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ANEW

Geographical, Hiftorical, and Commercial

GRAMMAR.

AND

PRESENT STATE

OF THE SEVERAL

KINGDOMS OF THE WORLD.

CONTAINING,

■■'i.

■ *

I. The Figures, Motioni, and Diftance* of J
the PlaneUtaccordinBtothc Ncwtuniiin
Syllem, and the UtcA Obferrations.

II. A jfcncral View of the Eanh coiifidired
as a iManet ; with fevcral ufcful C^-'ogra-
phical Dciiiiitiiiiu and Pruhlems.

HI. I he grand nivifiointof the (Wohc into
I,»nd and Water, Continent* and Iflands.

IV. rhe Situation and Extent of EninirL*,
Kingdoms, States, Provinces, and Co-
loriie*.

V. 1 heir Climate, Air, Soil, vegetable
Produi^iion*, Metals, Minerals, numral
Curiolities, Seas, Rivers, Bays, Capes,
Promontories, ;iiid Lakes.

VI. The Hirds and BcaAs peculiar tu eHt h
Country.

^^I. Obfervations on the Changes that
hivc been any where obfervcd upon the
I'ace of Nature, fince the moll early
Periods of Hiftory.

VIII. The Hiftor)' and Origin of Nations:
their I'orms of (Government, Religion,
Laws Kcvcnuci, Taxes, naval and mili-
tary Strength, Orders of Knighthood,&c.

IX. I he Oeniut, Maiiucrs, Cuil^onu, aad
Habits of the People.

X. Thctr Language, Learning, Arts, Sci«
cnces, Mainttadures, and Commerce.

XI. The chief Cities, Stru<Surcs, Ruini,
and artificial Curiofiticv

XII. The Longitude, Latitude, Bearings,
and Diltances of principal Placet from
London.

TO WHICH ARE ADDED,

I. A GfiooRAPHicAt, ][i|fb.e'x, with the KH-nprcf }'|;iccs alphabetically
arrai>t,'ed. II. A n!/i«L».Ai" the Coins- dt'dll "Nations, and their
Value in English .MoNi<v. HI* i\ .CHAaK0L6«.;icAL Table of
remarkable Event* f;V»n* rjir Crca<^oit^9.;$?J*refcm Ti.i.e.

". By W I L L I a M G U T H R I E, EhJ!
^ The Astronomical Tart by James Ferui'.-on, F.R.S.

ILLUSTRATED WITH

* A CORRECT SET OF M A l» S,
Engraved by ISIr. Kitchin, Geographer, . »

The TENT H E D I T I O N, CorredcJ.

LONDON,

Printed for Charles D i l l y, in the Poultry ; and
G, Q. J. aud J. Robinson, in Piitcr-noller Row.

■ 1787- '

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ADVERTISEMENT.

^THE many Editions through which this work hath
^ faffedt and the rafidity qf the J'ale, are firong
and Jufficient evidences of the approbation of the Public,
and of' their conviSiion of its utility and isccellence,

T^be Proprietors^ thus encouraged, home feared na

expence, that this new 'E^^ition Jhould every way defer%t

the general countenance and ejieem, in receiving every

f uit able cor reQion and improvements (vA-xtu ,k- .

W.^.; ^.•,. ^iSi.

Since the laft Edition, in 1783, fever al valuable aC"
counts of Travels and Voyages have been publijhejd,,
which have conjiderably added to thejiock of Geographj"
cal knowledge. Thefe have been carefully perufed, and
from them, many interejiing particulars are now added
to the defer iptions of Rujia, Poland, Sweden, Denmark,
Spain, Switzerland, the two Sicilies, the Eap Indies^
and other countries.

As this work is hijlorical as well as geographical,
the perpetual fudiuation of States and of human affairs,
hath rendered fome conjiderable additions and alterations
neceffary alfo in the Hijlorical part , Such have been made
in this Edition ; and the hi/lory of each kingdom is
brought down to the prefent tir^e, with a particular en-
largement on that of our own, Jince the laft peace, and
the eftablijhment of the Thirteen United States of

Atnerica,

A 2 ~ Great

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69849

[ iv ]

Gneat improvements have keen made alfo in the Chro-
nological part of the work^ the origin of Nations, the
noble and military Orders of Knight hood, 6fr. &lc,

to makt room for introducing irew articles, and mo^
dern difcoveries from approved authorities, fo neceffary
to render the work more perf0\ fome parts of it which,
appeared too diffufe have been abridged, and others lefs
important have been omitted. Indeed alterations and
torreSiions every where occur, The additions are too
numerous to be here dijlin&ly Jpecifed, Though the bulk
tfthe laji Edition et^ceeded the preceding one, by Eighty
pages, this which is. now tendered to the Public exceeds
the former full Eighty pages more, '-^ A proof that
great pains and attention have been employed to give
the work a juji and continued claim to general notice
and approbation,

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PREFACE.

L»*.

TO a man lincerely ititerelled in the welfare of fociety and
of his country, it mUft be particularly agreeable to refle£l
on the rapid progrefs, and gienieral difflifion of learning and
civility, which, within the prefent age, have talcdn place in Great
Britain. Whatever may be the cafe in fomc other kingdoms of
Europe, we, in this ifland, may boad of our fuperiority to thofe il»
liberal prejudices, which not only cramp the genius, but foiir the
temper of man, and di^urb all the agreeable intercourfe of fociety.
Among us, learning is no longer confined Within the fcho^) of the
philofophers, or the courts of the great ; but, like all the greateft
advantages which heaven has bellowed on mankind, it is become as
univerfal as it is ufefuh

This general difFufion of knowledge is one cfTeft of that happy

conftitution of government, which, towards the clofe of the laft

century, was confirmed to us, and which conftitutes the peculiar

glory of this nation. In other countries, the great body of the

people poffefs little wealth, have little powel-, and confeqiiently

meet with little rcfpe£l j in Great Britain the people are opulent,

have great influence, and claim, of courfe, a proper (har6 of atten*

tion. To their improvemcnt» therefore, men of lettets have lately

direQed their ftudies ; as the great body of the peopk, no lefs than

the dignified, the learned, or the wealthy few, haVe an acknowledged

title to be amufcd and inftru£ted. Books have been divefted of the

terms of. the fchools, reduced from that fize which fuited only the

purfes of the rich, and the avocations of the ftudious, and are adapted

to perfonsof more ordinary fortunes, whofe attachment to other pur-

fuits admitted of little leifure for thofe of knowledge. It is to books

pf this kind more than to the works of our Bacons, our LockeS)

tind our Newtons, that the generality of our countrymen owe that

Cuperior improvement, whi«h diilinguilhea them from the lower

A 3 nx^g

6 PREFACE.

ranks of men in all other countries. To promote and advance ttiis
improvement, is the principal defign of our prefent undertaking.
No fubje£t appears more interefting than that we have chofen, and
none feems capable of being handled in a manner that may render
it more generally ufeful.

The knowledge of the world, and of its inhabitants, though not
theTublimeft purfutt of mankind, it mud be allowed is that which
mod nearly interefts them, and to which their abilities are bc(i
adapted. And books of Geography, which defcribe the fituation,
extent, foil, and produ£tions of kingdoms i the genius, manners,
religion, government, commerce, fclencesi and arts of all the in>
habitants upon earth, promife the beft aflldance for attaining this
knowledge.

The Compendium of Geography, we now offer to the Public,
differs in many particulars ftqm other books on that fubje£t. Be-
(ides exhibiting an eafy, diftin£l, and fyftematic account of the
theory and pra£^ice of what may be called Natural Geography, the
Author has attempted to render the following performance an in>
ftru£tive, though compendious detail of the general hidory of the
world. The character of nations uepends on a combination of a
great many circumftances, which reciprocally affe£t each other.
There is a nearer conne£tlon between the learning, the commerce,
the government, &c. of a (late, than mod people feem to appre-
hend. In a work of this kind, which pretends to include moral,
or political} as well as natural geography, no one of thefe obje£ts
Ihould pafs unnoticed. The omiflion of any one of them would, in
reality, deprive us of a branch of knowledge, not only interefting in
ttfelf, but which is abfolutely neceflary for enabling us to 'A)rm an
adequate and comprehenfive notion of the fubje£l in general. We
hav^ thought it neceffary, therefore, to add a new article to this
worki which comprehends the hiftory and prefent ftate of learning*,
in t^e .feveral countries we defciibe, with the characters of fuch
perfons as have been mod eminent in the various departments of
letters and philofophy. This fubje£t will, on a little refledKon
ap^&r altogether requifite, when we confider the powerful influence
of learning upon the manners, government, and general character
of natH>n8. Thefe objefks, indeed, till of late, feldom found a
plao^ in. geographical performances ; and, even where they have
been introducedi arc by no means handled in an entertaining or
;! , ;. ► inftruftive

PREFACE.

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Inilruftive manner. Neither it this to be altogether imputeil to the
fault of geographical writers. The greater part of travellers, z€k^
inj; folely under the influence of avarioe, the pa(fion which firft
induced them to quit their n;ttive land, were at little parns, and
were indeed ilUqunUBed to colte£^ fuch materials ak are proper for
gratifying our curioOty, with regard to thefe particulars. The
geographer then, who could only employ the materials put into hie
hands, was not enabled to give us any important information upon
Aich fubje£ts. In the courfe of the prefent century, however,
men have begun to travel from different motives. A third for
knowledge, as well as for gold, has led many into diftant lindi*
Thcfe they have explored with a philofophic attention \ and bf
laying open the internal fprings of a£lion, by which the inhabitants
of diflerent regions are aduated, exhibit to us a natural and ftrikitig
pi£lure of human manners, under the various ilages of barbarity and
irefinement. Without manifeft impropriety, we could not but avaif
ourfelves of their labours, by means of which we have been enabled
to give a more copious, and a more perfe£l detail of what is called
Political Geography, than has hitherto appeared.

In confidering th^ prefent (late of nations, few drcumftances are
of more importance than their mutual intercourfe. This is chiefly
brought about by commerce, the prime mover in the oeconomy of
modern dates, and of which, thcrefofei we have never loll fight in
the prefent undertaking. -^

We are ftnfible that a reader could not examine the prefent (late
of nations with much entertainment or inftrudlion, unlefs he was
alfo made acquainted with their fituation during the preceding ages,
and of the various revolutions and events, by tlie operation of which
they have afTumed their prefent form and appearance. This con-
(litutes the hidorical part of our work ; a department which we
have endeavoured to execute in a manner entirely new. Indead of
fatiguing the reader with a dry detail of news-paper occurrences,
no way conne£led with one another, or with the general plan of
the' whole, we have mentioned only fuch fa£ls as are interedin^,
either in themfelves, or from their relation to objedls o( import-
ance. Inftead of a meagre index of incoherent incidents, we have
drawn up a regular and connefted epitome of the hiftory of each
country; fuch an epitome as may be read with equal pleafure and
advantage, and which may be coniidered as a proper inirodu£lion
to more copious accounts.

a paving.

PREFACE.

' Having, through the whole of the work, mentioned the ancient
names of countries, and in treating of their particular hiflory fome-
times carried our refearches beyond the limits of modern timesi we
have thought it necelTary, for the fatisfa£lion of fuch readers as are
unacquainted with claflical learning, to begin our hiftorical Intro-
duAion with the remote ages of antiquity. By inferting an account
of the ancient world in a book of geography, we afford an oppor-
tunity to the reader, of comparing together not only the manners,
government, and arts of different nations, c^ they now appear, but
33 they fubfiRed in ancient ages; which exhibitin{<; a general map,
as it were, of the hiftory of mankind, renders our work more com-
plete than any geographical treatife extant.

In the execution of our delign, we have all along endeavoured
to obferve order and perfpicuity. Elegance we have facrificed to
brevity : happy to catch the leading features which diflinguifh the
chara£lers of nations, and by a few (Irokes to hit off, though not
completely to finifh, the ptfture of mankind in ancient and modern
times.

"What has enabled us to comprlfe fo many fubje£^s within the
narrow bounds of this work, is the omiflTion of many immaterial
. circumftances, which are recorded in other performances of the fam«
kind, and of all thofe fabulous accounts or defcriptions which, to
the difgrace of the human underftanding, fwell the works of geo-
graphers } though the falfity of them, both frohi their own nature
and the concurring teftimony of the moft enlightened and beft in-
formed travellers and hiftorians, be long fmce detedlejd*

As to particular parts of the work, we have been more or Icfs
diffufe, according to their importance to us as men, and as iubjcdls
of Great Britain. Our own country, in both refpe£ts, deferved
the greateft fhare of our attention. Great Britain, though flic
cannot boaft of a more luxuriant foil or happier climate than many
•ther countries, has advantages of another and fuperior kind,
Avhich make her the delight, the envy, and the miftrefs of the
world: thefe are, the equity of her laws, the fieedom of her poH-
«ical conftitutlon, and the moderation of her religious fyrteni.
With regard to the Britifh empire we have therefore been fingularly
copious.

PREFACE.

Next to Great Britain, we have been moil particular upon the
other dates of Europe j and always in proportion as they prefent
us with the largeil field for ufeful reflection. By comparing toge-
ther our accounts of the European nations, an important fyftem of
practical knowledge is inculcated, and a tboufand arguments will
appear in favour of a mild religion, a free governm'ent, ahd ah ex-'
tended, unreftrained commerce.

Europe having occupied fo large a part of our volume, Alia next:
claims our attention; which, however, though in fome refpeCtt
the moft famous quarter of the world, offers, when compared to
Europe, extremely little for our entertainment or inflruClion. In
Ada, a ftrong attachment to ancient culloms, and the weight of
tyrannical power, bears down the a£live genius of man, and pre-
vents that variety in manners and chara£ler, which diflinguiflies the
European nations.

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In Africa the human mind feems degraded below its natural
ftate. To dwell long upon the manners of this country, a country
fo immerfed in rudenefs and barbarity, beiides that it could afford
little inftruClion, would be difgufting to every lover of mankind.
Add to this, that the inhabitants of Africa, deprived of all arts
and fciences, without which the human mind remains torpid and
inactive, difcover no great variety in manners or charaAer. A"
gloomy famenefs almoit every where prevails ; and the trifling
diftinCtions which are difcovered among them, feem rather to arifc
from an excefs of brutality on the one hand, than from any per*
ceptible approaches towards refinement on the other. But though
thefe quarters of the globe are treated lefs extenfively than
Europe, there is no dillriCt of them, however barren or favage,
entirely omitted. ,...,"■-

America, whether confidered as an immenfe continent, inha-
bited by an endlefs variety of different people, or as a country inti-
mately connected with Europe by the ties of commerce and govern-
ment, deferves very paiticular attention. The bold difcovery, and
barbarous conqued of this New World, and the manners and pre-
judices of the original inhabitants, are objeCts, which, together
with the defcription of the country, defervedly occupy no fmall
(hare of this performance,

I«

P R E F A C E.

^ Ifi treating of fuch a variety, of C»hje€ts^ foiqe lefs obvioas par-
t|cubrs, no doubt, mud efcape. our notice. But if our general plan
^gpotJ* and'the outlines ;|n4 cfci^f figui[e8„fketched with truth
s^d^u<|gipent,j^he candour of the learned, we hope, will ^xcufe.
imperfej^ious wmch are unavoit^aole in a work of , ^is extenfive

kind. . . 's 1

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ki(id.

We cannot, without exceeding tW'feoVniis oY'a'Pre/ace, inlift'
i^pon the other parts of our plan. The MapSf which arc executed
with carie, bj( the beft informed aitifts in thefe kingdoms, will,
we ho^, afford 'fatisfaftion. , The (Viejice of natural geography*
iof wan I of proper encouragement fiOth thofe wf*p are alone capa-
ble of giving it, ftill remains in a very imperfe£l ftatc j and the
cxafl divifions and extent 6/ countries, for w^nf of geometricai
fmryeys, are far from being Weft jifccrtaincd. ^'his confideratipn
iias induced us to adopt the ni'oft Cinexceptidndble of Templeman>
Tables, which, if they give not the exa£left account, afford^tleaft
^ general idea pf this fubje£k } which is ail indeed we can"attain,
until the geographical fbietfce arrives at greater pfei^eft ion. '

!.'. , . ' •• , ■ A -.0 jtftf . ..

DIRECTIONS lor placing the M A P S.-A f.<ti

The WORLD, To front tit Titlt.

T|w SPHERE, pagei,

ByROPE, —r— T 59

DEt^TMARK, SVVEDEN, and
- NORWAY, -^ ! 6i
RUSSIA in Evao^E, ' xit

$jQOTLAND, , i ! !. ^48

ENGLAND and WALES, 198
IRELAND, — 417

FRANCE, 445

GERMANY, including the
NETHERLANDS, 499

I NORTH AMERICA,

WEST INDIES,

SOUTH AMERICA,
The Amount of the Funds, To front Page — . ,—

POLAND, LITHUANIA, and

PRUSSIA, - ftezif

SPAIN and P O^yUGA £/ Wi

TURKEY in Europe, m
Hungary, *^'~-r-

ASIA, : ff i I . I ! .

EAST INDIES,

AFRICA,

597

726

822
839
299

iii» jijii .

T/Jt Binder is defircdto heat the Book before Replaces the Mafit

oft;rr»fifi'.

C O N T E N T S.

J ? r R ^"^) u <: T I o N. V

A R T li Of Jifirjmtmical Geograpfff^ f-j

SOLAS. Syiijsm
Table qf (k^ Pv»mei;fn>« PWfl<k,rfiw!, ^f t)«| ^^^ Fk«IQtti»

<he Solar Syltem ^ . ... :— i,, ..^,,,.^ > vr^ ff i ' l ' i ' w J.'t Li.-n^ i v.!}

gtars and ConneUatioxu jaj » '■'■

Copernicaa and other SyQfiipv '. ' .. ' m ■»

Coiinetv .1 . i/ /. f.;<i[i |i iin y> ii ? -.•'.•_ "r;^

Dofd^rine pf the Sphere — ^ — -

• ~ Glob* . ^ .i--4f

*iii>'

1 ^.!; {T!. .'

Problems perforiti!!!d by tlt« GMlff '
GeographicaV Obfervationa

< Natural Pivifi^na of the E»rth -; ^

Winds aiid Tides ^ ^i « '"i i M -
Itfaps and Cardinal Points -'•'•■^

P A R T II, Of the Otigiit »f Lmns^ O^vernmeMt, and Ctmnurct*
: r A R T III. Of fhe Origin ami Progrefs of SfHfiiifi, " ."
Of the natyral and political p«^nu of EtJItP^E :. . •
Its Situation, JBoMnd^ries, grand tivmpn^. ajid Hi|t<>^

Denmark — '■ — -

Eafl and WeftGreettlapd, m^i Iceland
Norway ■
penmark Proper '■

. )L.apla|>d •-

Sv|reden ' ••• i f
Mufcovy, pr the Ruffian Emmre
Scotland, ^nd thp fIebr*ideS| Orkney, 8{C.
, £nglai^d — "^ i ... '

Jrejand ■
, |fle of Map, Ifle of Wight, Jprfeyi pi^crpfey, &<l. '
.' France ' — ^— ' : , ' ^^'^^

8
9

y^ited Netherlands, or Holland
Auitrian arid French Netherlands
Gertnany - »■ "mi ■ >..
Pfuflia ■ ■

Sphemia ■ ■

Hungary •*' *

Tranfylvania^ Sclavonia, and Croati:^
Ppland and Lithuania
Switzerland •■ ■

Spain .

. Portugal '

Italy

TMrkey in Europe, the ancient Greece TT^ —

Turkim Iflands m the Levant, boing Psittof aqcient Greece

f 4"f Othev European Iflands ar^ ds&pbcdjwifh fhe Coiu^r^ to .wbicl|
thpy refpciStirely belong.
/ AS I A,

Its Situation, Boundaries, Grand Piy^ions, and Hiftory -^ 64c
9f Turkey, Afi^. ^^.^ ^^^.^ 25-,-. 639

£:- ^ • ..

<; O U T K;N T S.

Tarttry inAfiit)

CWm ■ -.-

India in geneiral -

fndlii beyond t^e Qanges

Jndk vnt\m the Gangeti oi* tiic Empire bf the Great Mogul

The Peninfula within the Ganger - • m—. ■

<Arabi« •- ' ■■■ > li— ■ — —

"Indian andOriental Iflei belonging to Afia * ';'"

(. """ "..1 A F JUJ C A.

Iti SitugtioA, Boundarici* grtnd Divifi^, and Hiftoiy -

fif EgysL .:. -^ -r, ,

,The Stajejt of Barbary - ,•- i •

Africa from jthe Tropicitf Cancer to the Cape of Good Hope

^African I(luid> . a. . — — — •r— r-

.'.'5..

A M

It« DifcoYfry and Hiftory

OriginaVlnhabitacfts '

^^tuatibnt Boundancaf jind grand D|vifions - '

^ ^ r"NeV BrWaini and other Countries towards the North

«.§)• Fole .

gSjCanada — - -1— — rT •—

-^< <• Nov a Scotia _^ ■ " - ■ ' — »—

tj^ited 'States of America n ■ » ' ■

Jiew EngFa nd — r~'.. / ' ■

Kcw York " — , , >

:New Te"ae"y;__ ^ — ' , '. , 'f—-^, .,:'". ; ■ ■ • — —

Fennfylvami" 2 ...j^- < .-^'•■ - ^ ■ - ,-^ — ^i^;^

Mar]^land ■ ■ ■ - ' ' —

Virginia' ^ ■ —— « — — -

Ntfrth anT South CaroUna, with Qeojrgia " ' " » ,,

General CeTci-iptipnof the Wcit Indies • ■ '

jf4maica, and other Iflands in the Weft Indies ' i

%;rEa(fana:_Weft Florida .^ ' ■■ —

.5 I NewTVJexico, including California 1 \t«,»u a.«.J:V.~
f I Old-Mexico, or New Spain } North America -

§3 Terra Jnnma

Peru
Chill

ita 3

South America

■g, » Paraguay, or ta Plata

«o ICubaand Hifp'aniola. and othcrTflands in America — —

fortuguefe America, Braul ■ ■

rehch America, Qayenne

6c8

66c

«78
682

688
697
70J

71*
718

726
729

737

^^
740 V

7'53
763
777

779
78s

790
79»
793
8oa
804
806
811

81?

8X2

* 816

83?

58331
1 840

Hi
847

8jr

8j;2

85+

857'
86a

artinicO) Guadaloupe, and other French Iflands in the Weft Indies 86c

tch America, Sunnam

^f. Euilatia, aud'Oth|:r Putc^Xfland; inthe Weft Indies
»..^homas!sy and/6t|iefl)anifti Iflands^ in Ditto
New-IHfct»*(feiie8'' -■' ■•'■'■'■ < i.. ; .J.ii> ; > -:. . . .i „ m

Terra Incognita — — — r— ' l u i

A New Geographical .Table',- a^habetically arranged

86j
86J;.
867
ibid;
879
88n

A Tabhrof thc'Goiris of all Nations, aiid- their value in Ehg. Money 896
I A Chmuolo^cal Table of Remarkable Events, 2(c. ■ ! j— 9)1

•<■«■

INTRODUCTION.

PARTI.

Of Astronomical Geography.

SECT. I.

TH IS. fcietice of GEOORAPiiy cannot be completely underftood
without confidcrio? the earth a« a planet, or as a body movinf
round another at a confiuerable didance from it. But the fcicncc which
treats of the planets, and other heavenly bodies, is called AsTRONOMr-.
lience the necellity of beginning thii.work with an account of Ailronomy,
dr of the heat enly bodies. Of thefe, the moft confpicuous is that glo-
rious luminary the Sun» the fountain of light and heat to, the feveral pla- .
nets which move round it; and which, together with rhe fun, compofe
what aftronomers have called the Solar Syflem. The way, or path, in which
the planets move round the fun, is called their Orbit ; and it is now fuily
proved by aftronoiBers, that there are fix planets, which move round the
fun, each in its own orbit. I'he names of thefe, according, to their near-
nefs to the centrei ormiddle DOint of the fun, are Mercury, Venus, the
Earth, Man, Jupiter, and Saturn. The two iirft, becaufe they move
within the orbit of the earth (being nearer the fun) are calkd infer/or

{tlanets, or, perhaps more properly, iui trior or intitr planets ; the 'three
aft, moving «||thout the orbif of the earth, are called fuptrior^ or, per-
haps more properly, txttrlor or outtr planets. If we can form a notion
of the manner in w(fich any one ,of thefe planets, fuppofe our earth*
mores round the fun, we can eafily conceive the manner in which all
the reft do it. We fliall only therefore particularly confider the motion
of the earth, or pUnet on which we live, leaving that of the others to be
coUefted from a table, which we (IihU fet down with fuch explicatioi)S as
may render it intelligible to the meaneft capacity.

The earth upon ivhich we live, was long confidered as one large ex-
tenfive plane. The heavens, above it, in which the fun, moon and
ilars appeared to move daily from eaft to weft, were conceived to be at no
great diftancc from ir, and to be only defigned for the ufe or ornament of
our earth : feveral reafcjns, hwvever, occurred, which rendered this
opinion improbable; it i| needlcl's to mention them, becaufe we have
now a fuflicient proof of the figure of the earth, from the voyages of many
navigators who have actually failed round it : as from that of Magellan's
iliip, which was the firft that furrounded the globe, failing eaft from a
port in Europe in 1 5 19, and returning to the fame, after a voyage of 1 124
days, without apparently altering his diredtion, any more thaa a ^f
would appear to do in moving around a ball of wax.

The roundnefs of the earth being thoroughly eftabliflied, a way WM
thereby naturally opened for the oifcovery of its motion. For while it
was coniidered lu a plane, mankind had an ohfcurc notion of its beimf
fupported, like a fcafiblding, on pillars, though they could pet tell what

fu^?

a INTRODUCTION.

fupported thcfir. But the figure of & globe is much better adapted to mo*
tion. This it confirmed by confiderine, that, if the earth did not move
lEound the fun, not only thefuiii but aU the ftart and planets, mud move
round the earth. Now, as philofopheri, by reckonings foundcd'on the
fureft obfervatiuni, have been able to guefs pretty nearly at the diAancea
of the hfivenly bodiea from the earth, and from each other, juft as every
body that knows the firft elements of mathematics can meafure the
height of a Aeeple, or any obje£t placed on it; it appeared that, if we
conceived the heavenly bodies to move round the earth, we muft fuppofe
t'liem endowed with a motion or velocity fo immenfe as to exceed all con*
ception i whereas all the appearances in nature miiy be as well explained by
imagining the earth to move round the fun in the fpace of a year, and to
turn on its own axis once in the 24 hours.

To form a conception of thefe two motions of the earth, we may ima-
gine a ball moving on a biliiard-table or bo«'ling ereen : the ball prc«
ceeds forwards upon the gi-ecu or table, not by fliaing along like a plane
upon wood, or a {late upon ice, but by turning rourtd its own axi?.
Which is an imaginary line drawn through the centre or middle of the
ball, and ending on its furface in two points called its (X>les. Conceiving
the matter then iu this way, and that the earth in the fpace of 24 hour?,
moves from weft to eafl, the inhabitants on the furface of it, like men
on the deck of a (liip, who arc inienfible of their own motion, and
think that the banks move from them in a coAtrai^ diredKon, will con«
ccive that the fun an<? ftars move from e^ft to welt m the fame time of 24
hours, in which they, along with the earth, move from weft to caft. This
daily or diurnul motion of the earth being once clearly conceived, will
enable us eafily to form a nbtionof its annnalor yearly motion round the
fun. For as that luminary fecms to have a daily motiofn round our earth,
Hrhich is really occafioned by the daily motion of the earth^round its a*is,
fo, in the courfc of a year, he feems to have an annual rtieiion in the hea«
vens, and to rife and fet in different points of theiA, which is really oc>
cafioned by the daily motion of the earth in its orbit or path roumf tht
fun, which it completes in the time of a year. Now as to the firft of
thefe motions we owe the difference of day and night, fo to the fecoiid
we are indebted, for the difference in the length of the days and nights,
and in the feaibns of the year.

Thus much being laid with regard to the motion of the earth, which
the fmallcft icflcclion may lead as to apply to the other planets, we muft
obfervc, before exhibiting our tnble, that, bcfides the fix planets already
mentioned, which move round the fun, there are other ten bodies which
move round three of thefe, in the fame manner as they do round the fun f
aqd of thefe our earth has one, called the moon; Jupiter has four, and
Saturn has five. Thefe are all called moons^ from their agreeing with
our niooii, which was firft attended to : and fometimcs they are called,
Jnanda^y planets, becaufe they feem to be attendants of the' Earth, Ju-
piter, and Saturn, about which they move, and which are called /r/-

Th«re are but two obfervations more, neccflliry for undcrftanding the

following table. They are thefe : we have already fiid that the annual

lotion of the earth occafioued the diverfity of feafons. But this would

apt happen, were the axis of the earth exadly parallel, or in a line

IKA tbc ajcis ifjf Its orbit; becaufe then the fame parts of the earth wotiljj

^ tuiwed towaWs the fun in every diurnal revolution $ which would dc.

** " prive

INTRODUCT ION.

mire mankind of the grateful viciffitudet of the feafoni, arifing from thi
diflfetence in length of the da^i and nights. Thi* therefore it not the
caftf--4be axis of the earth i> inclined to the plane of the earth's orbfr,
which we rwy coBeeive by fuppofinj; a fpindle put thiough a ball, with
one end of it tonchittg the ground ; if we more the ball direftly forwards,
while one end of the fpindle continues to touch the ground, and tVa
other points towards fomc quarter of the heaven?, we may fornt a notion
of the inclination of the earth's axis to its orbit, from the indtnatioti of
the fpindle to the ground. The fame obferration applies to fome of
the other planets, as may be feen from the table. The only thing that
now remams, is to conlider what is meant by the meaH diftances of the
planets from the fun. In order to underftand which, we muft learn
that the orbit, or path which a planet defcribes, were it to be marked
out, would not be quite round or circular, but in the fliapc of a figure called
an ellipiis, which, though refembling a circle, is longer thin broad. Hence
tl^ fame planet is not always at the fame diilance from the fun, and the
ihean diftance of it is, that which is eza£ily betwixt its greattft and leaft
difbnce. Here follows the table.

A TABLE of the Diameters, Pertodf, &c. of the« fsrei'at rianeti

in the Solar Syflem^

Mean diftances

3-1

Names

of the

planets

from the fun
•s determined
Irom obferva-
tions of the
traiifitof Venus

Annual

periods

found the

fun.

Diurnal

rotation

on its

axis.

S B

in 1761

r a

•n

d. h. m.

Sun

890,000

y. d. h.

as ,6 c

3.818

8» d

Mercury

3,000

36,?4i,468

87 «3

unknown

109,699 unknown

unknown

Venus

9.330

68,891,486

P 224 17

14 8

80,195

nl 0'

Earth

7.970

9S,i73.ooo

I 6

1 c

68,143

I^l

»3' »9

M<^on
Mars

2,180

5,400

ditto
145,014,148

IOC

1 lit 17

»9 »a 44
a4 4c

»2,aoo
5S.»|7

556

»» 10'
c« 0'

Jupiter

94,000

494.990.976 «« 314 J»

9 5(

a9,c83

a 5,910

0' &

Saturn

78,00c

907,956,13011* 167 6

unknowt

S2,ioi'unkiiown

unknown

The reader baring obtained an idea of the folar fydem from this table,
and the prerious obferrations neceflary for underdandtng it, mud next
turn his refledHon to what are called the fixed ftarSf which comprehend the
luminaries abore our heaus that hare not been explained. The fixed ftars
are diftinguidied by the naked rye from the planets, by being Icfs bright
and luminous, and by continually exhibiting that appearance which we
call the twinkling of the ftars. This arifes trom their being fo extremely
fmall, that the interpofition of the leaft body, of which there are many
conftantly flmiting in the air, deprires us of the light of them ; when the
interpofed body changes its place, we again fee the ibr, .and this fuc-
ceifion being perpetual, occafions the twinkling. But a more rcmark>
able property of the fixed lUrs, and that from whi^h they have obtained
their name, is their never changing their fitUation, with regavd to each
other, as the planets, from what we hare already feid, tnuft eridently be
always changing theirs. The ftars which are neareft to ua feem largeft;
and are therefure trailed of the firft magnitude. Thofe of the fecond

I N T R o D u c T ro N:

:i'

maenitude appear left, being at a greater diitancc ; and fu proceediiti; on
to the iixth m<<enitude» i^hich includes all the fixeti flara that are viiibis
Mthout a tclelcopc. As to tlieir number, though in a clear wii»ter'»
night, withoui n«)on(hinc, they leem to be innumerable, which is owing
po their lUong Tpurklin^, and our looking at them in a confufed manner ;
yet when the whole firmament is divided, as it has been done by the an*
cients, into figns and conllcllariims, the number tharcan be I'ecn nt »
time, by the b^re eye, is nut above a thoul'and. Since the introdudtion
ot tcicfcopes, indeed, the number of the fixed (lars has been jufilpr con>
fidered as immenfe ; becaulc the greater perfection we arrive at m our
glafles, the more ftars always appear to us. Mr. Flamftecd, late royal
allninumer at Gt-ecnwich, has given us a catalogue of about 3000 ftars,
which. i» the moll complete that has hitherto appeared. The immenfe
dilknce of the fixed liars from our earth, and one another, is of all con~
fiderations the moll projwr for raifing our ideas of the works of God.
{i'or notwlthllanding the great extent of the earth's 01 bit or path
/which is at leail 160 millions of miles in diameter) round the fun, the
dillance of a fixed liar is not fenlibly atfeftcd by it > lb that the fturdoea
not appear to be any nearer us when the earth is in that part of its orbit
nearell the fiar, than it Teemed to be when the earth was at the molVdi*
llant part of its orbit, or 161 millions of miles farther removed from the
fame liar. The flur nearcft us, and confcqucntly the largeft in appcar-
ancev is the dog-lhtr, or Sirlos. Modern ififcoveries make it probable
th^t each of ihefe fixed ftars is a fun, having worlds revolving round
it, as our fun has the earth and other planets revolving round him. Now
the dog-dar a|>(>car8 27,000 times lefs than the fun, and, as. the di(lanc«
of the liars, mull be greater in proportion as they fcem Ids, mathe-
maticians h-.ive computed the dilliince of .Sirius from us to be two
billions and two hundred thoudnd millions of miles. The motion of
light, therefore, which thoujrh fo quick as to be commonly thought
intlantaneous, takes up more time in tnivelling from the llius to us than
we do in making a Well India voyage. A ibund wouid not arrive to us
frdm thence in 50,000 y tars ; which, next to light, is confidered as the
quickcll body we are acquainted with. And a cannon ball Hying at the
rate of 480 miles an hour, wouUi not reach us in 700,000 years.

The llurs being at fuch iinmcnfe djlla").cs fiom the fun, canipt |X)f-
fibly receive from him fo llrong a light ,4s they feem to have ; nor any
brightu'efs fufficient tf> make them vilihlc to us. For the fun's rays mull
1)6 fo fcattered and didipated before they reach fuch remote objcfts, that
they can never be tranfmitted back to our eyes, fo as to render thefe ob-
jefts yiliblc by reflexion. The ftars therefore llijnc with their own na-
tive and unborrowed lull re, as the fun docs ; and fincc each particular
liar, as well as the fun, is confined to a particul.tr portion of fpace, it
is plain that the ftars are of theiame nature with the fun.

It is no way probable that the Almi<jhiy, who always arts with infinite
wifdom, and docs nothing in vain, ftiould create I'o many glorious funs,
fit for lb' many itnpoitant purpofes, and place them at fuch diftances from
one another, without proper objects near enough to be benefited by their
infiueoces. Whoev<;r imagines that they were cie^ted only to give a
faint glimmeriiJg light to the inhabitants of this globe, muft have a very
iuperticial knowle<%c of aftronomy*, and a mean opinion of the Divine

■ •Efpf.clally fincc there are many ftars which arc not vlfible without the afliftance
of a g«(id tt-lefecipc ; -aticl, therefore, inftead of giving light to thii worl»l, they cai
•uly bit fccii by a fww ailronuiner*. & -i

Wifdom ;

oceeciiitg on
t are viiibis
eur winter**
ich is owing
cd nmniier ;
e by the an*
)e I'ccn 8t »
introduf^ion

juftly con-
e at in our
I, lute royal

3000 flart,
he immenfs

of all con-
rks of God.
bit or path
ihc fun, the
the ilui* doet
t of its orbic
the moil di-
sd tVoin the
[ in uppear-
' it probable
iving round
him. No\v
the didanc*
cfs, mathe-

to be two

motion of

nly thought

to us than

arrive to us
dered as the

ying at the

ars.

cannot jx»f-
nor any

s rays muil

»bjcfts, that
thefe ob«

en' own na-
particular

of (pace, it

,'ith infinite
orious funs,
rtances from
ted by their
to give a
have a very
the Divine

the afliftance
tIH, they calk

VVifdom ;

IN t R 5 b tJ C T I O I^.

Wifdem : fmcc, by an infittircly lefs exertion of creating power, the
Deity could have given our curth much more light by one fingle addi-
Clonal moon.

Inllead then of one fun and one world only in the tiniverfe, as the un«
Ikilful in alli'onomy imagine, tiuit fcicncc difcovers to us fuch an incon-
ceivable number of funs, fy tlems and worldii, difperfed through bound-
Icfs fpace, that if our fun, with all the planers, mount, and cuiiiets be-
longing to it, were annihilated, they would be no more milled by an eye
that could take in the whole creation, than a grain of fand from the fea-
fliore : the fpacc they polfefs, being comparatively fo fmnll, that it '
would fcarcely be a fenfible blank in'the univerfc, although Saturn, the
outermoll of our planets, revolves about the fun in an orbit of 4884
millions of miles in circumference, and fome of our comers make ex-
curfions upwards of ten thonfand millions of miles beyond Saturn's or*
Vit ; and yet, at that ama/.ing dillance, they arc incomparably nearer fo*
the fun than to any of the Ihirs ; as is evident from their' keeping clear
of the attracting power of all the fturs, and returning periodically by
virtue of the fun's attratSlion.

From what we know of our own fyftcm, it may be reafonably con-
cluded, that all the reft are with equal wifdom contrived, fituated, and
provided with accommodHtions for rational inhabitants. For although
there is almofl an infinite variety in the parts of the creation which we
have opportunities of examining, yet there is a general analogy running
through and connecting all the parts into one fcheme, one defign, one
whole !

Since the fixed liars are prodigious fpherrs of fire, like our fun, and
at inconceivable diifances trom one another, as well as from us, it is
reafonable to conclude they are made for the fame purpofes thai the
fern is ; each to bellow light, heat, and vegetation on a certain number
of inhabited planets, kept by gravitation within the fphere of its activity.

What an auguft ! what an amazing conception, if hum-^n imagination
can conceive it, does this give of the works of the Creator! Thou-
fands and thoufands of funs, multiplied without end, and ranged all
around us, at immenfe dillances from each other, attended by ten thon-
fand times ten thoufand worlds, all in rapid motion, yet calm, regular,
and harmonious, invariably keeping the paths prefcribed them ; aniJUhi
thefe worlds peopled with myriade ot intelligent beings, formed for end-
lefs progretlion in perfedion and felicity.

It fo much power, wifdoqi, goodncfs, and magnificence is difplaycd
in the material creation, which is tjie Icaft confiderable part of the uni.-
veife, how great, how wife, how good mull HE be, who made and go-
veins the whole I

The fitji peofi/e who paid much attention to the fixed llan, were the
fifpherds in the beautiful plains of Egypt and Babylon ; who, partly froni
amufcment, and partly with a view to direct them in tr:«velfing during
the night, oblerved the fitimtion of thefe cclcilial bodies. Endowed
with a lively fancy, they divided the flars into diflirrent companies op
conrtellations, each of which they luppofed to rfcprefent the image of fome
aniiital, or other terrellrial objcrt. The peafnnrg in our own country d(»
theiaine thing; for they dilUnguifli that great northern conlleliation, which
philofophcrs call the Urfa Major, bv the name of the Plough, the figure of
which it certainly may reprefent with a very little help from the fancy,
Sut the conflclUtions in general have preferved the natnes which w^re

]P \ g'vctv

INTRODUCTION.

given them by the encientt; and thejr are reckoned ai nerthtrwf end \%
frutbttu \ but the modern* have increafied the number of the northern to
34, and ot the fouthern to 3 1. Befide thefe, there are the 1 ifigni or con"
Aellationt in the Zodiac, at it it culled fro<n a Greek wore) fignilf'yin^ an
animal, becaufe each of thefe i> reprefenti Tome animal. 1 hit it a
great circle which dividet the heavens into two equal partt, of which we
flwll fpeak hereafter. In the mean time, we ihall conclude thit feAion
wi'h an account of the rife, progrcfi, and revolutiont in aftronomy.

Mi^nkind muft have made a very confiderable improvement in obferr*
ing the muiiont of the heavenly bodiet, before they could fo far difen*

fnge themfelvet from the prejudicei of fenfe and popular opinion, at to
citeve that the earth upon which we live w<it not fixed and immoveable.
We find accordingly, that Thalet, the Milefian, who, about 580 yenra
before Chrift, firil taught agronomy in Europe, had gone fo far in thia
'fubje^V as to calculate eclipfct, or interpofition* of the moon between
the earth and the fun, or nf the earth between the fun and the moon
(the nature of which may be eafily underiluod, from what we have aU
ready obferved.) Pythagoras, a Greek philofopher, Aouriflied about
50 yeart after Thalet, and was, no doubt, e(\ually well acquainted with
the motion of the heavenly bodies. This led Pythagoras to con»
cei^e an idea, which there is no reafon to believe had ever been thought
of before, namely, that the earth itfelf was in motion, and that the fun
w»t at reft. He found that it wai impoflible, in any other way, to i;ive
« Conlalent account of the heavenly morions. The fyftem, however,
was lo extremely oppoflte to all the prejudicet of fenfe and opinion, that
St never made ^reat progrefs, nor wat ever widely diftufed in rhe ancient
world. The philofophers of antiquity, defpairing of being able to over«
come ignorance by rcvfon. At themfelvet to adapt the one to the other,
and to form a reconcili:ition between them. Thit was the cafe with
Ptolemy, > an Egyptian philofopher, who flouriflied 1 38 years bef«)r«
Chrift. He fuppofed, with the vulgar, who meafure every thing by
themfelves, that the earth wat fixed immoveably in th? centre ot the
vniverfe, and that the feven plaoett, confidering the moon at one of the
primaries, were placed near to it; above them wat the firmament of
£xed ibtrs, then the cryftalline orbt, then the primum mobile, and, laft
«irikOf all, the caelum empyrium, or heaven of heavens. All thefe vaft orbt
he fuppofed to move round the earth once in 34 hours ; and befides that,
in certain dated and periodical times. 7 o aceubnt for thefe motiont, he
wfli obliged to conceive a number of circles, called excentrics and epi"
cycles, croflin(<[ and interfering with one another. This fyftem was uni-
verfally maintained by the Peripatetic philofophers, who were the moft
confiderable fe<£t in Europe from the tiroe of Ftolemy to the revival of
learning in the fixteenth ccstury.

At length, Copernicus, a native of Poland, a bold and original ge«
nius, adopted the Pythagorean, or true fydem of the univerfe ; and pub«
lifhed it to the world in the year 1530. This doftrin^ had been fo long
in obfcuriiy, that the retlorer of it was confidered at the inventor; and
the fyftem obtaioed the name of the Gopemican philofophy, though
only revived by that great man.

Europe, however, was ftill immerfed in ignorance ; and the general
ideas of the world were not able to keep pace with thofe of a refined
philofophy. Thit iccafioncd Copernicus to hare few abettors, but many
bppooenu. Tycbo Brahe, in particular, a noblt Dane, Anlible of the

defeiSts

INTRODUCTIO N. ^ /

4|efe^ of t>i« Ptolemaic fyftemt but unwilling to acknowledge the mo«
tion of the eaith, enden< ' ured, about 1586, to e(labli(h a new (y^em of
hit own, which was flill more perplexed and cmbarraiTed than that of
Ptolemy. It allowt a monthly motion to the moon round the earth, at
the centre of iti orbit ; and it makes the fun to be the centre of the or*
bits of Mercury, Venut, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. The fun, howover.
with all the plancu, is fuppofed to be whirled round the earth in a year, and
even once io the twenty>taur houn. This fyftem, notwiihft»nding its ab*
furdit^, met with its advocates. Longomontanus, and others, fu far refined
upon ir, at to admit the diurnal motion of the earth, though (hey infifted
that it had no annual motion.

About this time, after a darknefs of a great many age», the firft dawn
of learning and tafte began to appear in £urope. Learned men in dif«
ferent countries began to cultivate adroQojjiy. Galileo, a Florentine,
about the year 1610, introduced the ufe df telefcopes, which difcovered
new arguments in fupport of the motion of the earth, and confirmed the old
ones. The fury ana bigotry of the clergy indeed had ahnoft checked this
flourifliing bud : Galileo was obliged to renounce the Copernican fylleni|
as a damnable herefy. The happy reformation in religion, however,
placed the one half of Europe beyond the reach of the pap.il thunder. It
taught mankind that the fcriptures were not given for explaining fyfteroa
of natural philofophy, but for a much nobler purpofe, to make us juft, vir*
luous, and humane : that, indead of oppoling the word of God, which in
fpeaking of natural things fuits itfelf to the prejudices of weak mortals,
we employed our faculties in a manner highly agreeable to God bimfelf,
i;i tracing the nature of his works, which, the more they are confidered,
afford us the greater reafon to admire his glorious attributes of power^
wifdoni, and goodnefs. From this time, therefore, noble difcoveriea,
were made in all the branches of allronomy. The motions of the hea*
venly bodies were not only clearly explained, but the generM law of natuFOy
according to which they moved, was difcovered and illuftrated by the im*
mortal Newton. This law is called Gravity or AuraHim^ and is the fame
by which any body falls to the ground, when difengaged from what
fupporied it. It has been deiYiondratcd, that this fame law which
keeps the fea in itc channel, and the various bodies which cover the fur«
face of this earth from flying off into the air, operates throughout the
univerfe, keeps the planets in theii orbits, aud preferves the whole fabric
of nature from confuiion and diforder*.

SECT.

» .... . ■ - i J.I 11 II I I I I I I I ! ■

• Befides the planets and flars mentioned above, we perceive, in the expanre of
the uriverfe, many other bodies btloneing to the fyftem of the fun, that fcem to
have much more irregular motions. Thefe are the comets, that dercending from th«
far diftant parts of the fyftem with great rapidity, furprife \a with the fitigular appear-
ance of a train or tail, which accompanies them } become vilible to un m the lower
parts of their orbits, and, after a (hurt ftay, go off again to vaft diftances, aud dif-
appear Though fome of the ancients had more juft notionit of them, yet the opi«
nioii having prevailed, that they were only meteors generated in the air, like
to thofe we fee in it every night, and in a few moments vasiilhing, no care wa»
taken to obferve or rtcyrd their phsnomcna accurately, til! of late. Henoe this part
of aftronomy is very imperfed. The gctMrral doftrine is, that they are lolid, com.
paa bodies, like other planets, and regulated by the fame laws of gravity, fo «» to
defcribe equal areas in proportional times by radii drawn to the common ccrare. They
move about the fun in very eccentric ellipfes, and arc of a much greater denfity than
the earth ; for fome of them are heattd in every period to luch a dearee as would
vitrify or diffipate any fubftance known to us. Sir Iftac Newton eom^JUtcd the heat of

t XNTRODUCTION.

SEC T. II.
Of the Doctrine of the Sphere.

HAVING, in the foregoing Section, treated of the univhie in g»«
ncrul, in which the earth hai been confidercd as a planet» wre now
proceed to the D«^triiTe of the Spherb, which ought alwaytto be premif-
cd before that of the Globe or earth, ai we (hull fee in the next ScAion.
In handling this fubjct% wc Ihnll confidcr the earth ns at r» ft, and the
heavenly bodies, as perfonoing their revolutions around it. This method
cannot le:id the reader into any miftake, lince we have prcvioufly ex-
plained the true fyrtem of the univcrfe, from which it appears that it it
the real \pnx\on of the earth, which octafmns the apparent motion of the
heavenly bodies. It is befides attended with this advantage^ that it pcr-
fe^Vly agrees with the information of our fenfcs, which always Uad u»
to conceive the matter in this way. The imaginittion therefore is not
put on the ftretch ; the idea is eafy and familiar, and in delivering the cle-
Ificnts of fcicnce, this objcii'l cannot be too much attended to.

N, B. In order more clearly to comprehend what follows, the reader
may oecafionally turn his eye to the figure of the artificial fphere, on the
oppuiite page.

The ancients obferved, that all the ftars turned (in appearance) round
the earth, from eaft to weft, in twcnty«four hours; that the circles
which fhey defcribed in thofe revolutions, were parallel to each o-
ther, but not of the fame magnitude i thofe )>a(ring over the middle of
the earth, being the largeft of all, while the reft diminiflicd in propor*
tion to their diftance from it. They alfo obferved, that there were two

the comet that appeared in the year i6fto, when neareft the fun, to be zooo times
hotter than red-hot iron, and that, being thus heateJ, it muft retain its heat till it comes
nnind agrain, although it* period (hould be more than lo.coo years ; and it is computed
to be only 575. It is believed that there are at leait ai comets belonging to our fyf-
tem, moving in all manner of dire^tion^ ; and all thofe which have been obferved
have moved through the ctherial regions and the orbits of the planets, without fuffer-
ing the lead fenfible refinance in their motitmi, which fufHciently proves that the pla-
nets do not move in folid orbs. tt{ all the comers, the periods of three only are
known with any degree o^ certainty, being found to return at intervals of 75, 129,
*nd 575 yors; and of thefe, that whirh appeared in 1680 is the moft remarkable.
This comet, at its greated diftance, is about 1 1 thoufand zoo millions of miles from
the fun, while its lead diftance from the centre of the fun is about 4uo thoufand
milits ; within lefs than one third part of the fun's femi-diameter from his furface. In
that part of its orbit tvhich is nearell the lun, it flies with the amazing velocity
of 88o,roo miles in an hour; and the fun, as feen from it, appears 100 degrrcs
in breadth, confequently 4o,roo times a» laree as he appears to us. The alio.
Iiiihiiig diftanee that this comet runs out into empty fpace, naturally fuggtfts to our
imagination, the vaft diftauce between our fun and the neareft of the fucd ftars,
pf whofe attra^ions alj the emnets miift keep clear, to return periodically and go
round the fun. Dr. Hjllcy, to whom every part of aftronnmy, but this in a particular
maimer, is highly indebted, has joined his labours to thofe of the great Sir Ifaac
Newton on this OihjcA. Qur earth was out of the way, when this comet laft pafled
near her orbit ; but it requirrs a more perleft knowledge of the motion of the comet,
to be able |o judtfc if it will always pafi by us with fo little efftft ; for it may be hi-re
(ihferved, that the conict, In one part of its orbit, approaches very near to the orb t
#1 fiiir rai th ; fo thaf, in fonie revolutions^ it may approach nrnr enwugh to have verv
conftderable, if not fatal iffefis upon It. §ee Newton, Hallcy, Gregory, KcilJ,
^'Lj^^irid, Durham, Fcrg\ifon, and whiAon,

points

000 times

II it comes

computed

o our fyf-

oWtTved

ut fufier-

the pla-

(>nly are

75. »»9»

nurkable.

It8 from

thdufaiid

facL-. Ill

Telocity

degrees

he alln-

to our

cd Aars,

y and go

articular

Sir iraae

A paired

e comet,

br hire

he orb t

live vcfT

U Kcilf,

points

■->• .«»

INTRODUCTION. . 9

points In the heavens, which alway* preferved the Tame fituation. Thefe
points they termed celcftial poles^ becnufe the heavens Iceined to turn
round them. In order to imitate thefe motipns, they invented what ts
called the Artificial Sfihere, through the centre of which they drew a
wire or iron rod, called an Axis^ whofe extremities were fiired to
the imtnovcable points called Poles, They farther obferved, that oa
the zcth of March, and 23d of September, the circle defcrihed bf' the
fun, was at an equal diflance from both of the poles. This circle*
therefore, muil divide the earth into two equal parts, and on this account
was called the Equator or Equaller, It was alfo irallcd the EquinoHial
Linty bccaufe the fun, when moving in it, makes the days and nights
of equaMength all over the world. Having alfo obferved that from the
2ift of June to the zzd of December, the fun advanced every day ti»r
wards a certain point, and having arrived there, returned towarrds that
from whence he fet out, from the 2 2d of December to the zift of
June; they fixed thefe pointi^ which they called S»lfiice$, hecaufe
the direct motion of the fun was flopped at them ; and rcprefented
the bounds of the fun's motion, by two circles, which they named
Tropics^ hecaufe the fun no fooner arrived there than he turned
back. Afironomers obferving the motion of the fun, found its quan-
tity, at a mean rate, to be nearly a degree (or the 360th part) of a great
circle in the heavens, every 24 hours. This great circle is called the
Ecliptic^ and it palFes through certain conftellations, dilHnguiihed by
the names of animals, in a zone called the Zodiac. It touches the tropic
of Cancer on one fi^e, and that of Capricorn on the other, and cuts the
equator obliquely. To exprefs this motion, they fuppofed two points in
the heavens, equally diAant from, and parallel ro, this circle, which
they called the Poles of the Zodiac, which, turning with the heavens*
by means of their axis, di&iai\>& t)\t two polar circles* In the artificial
fphere, the equinoAial, the two tropics, and two polar circles, are cue
at right angles, by two other circles called Colures, which ferve to mark
the points of the follUces, equinoxes, and poles of the zodiac. The
ancients alfo obferved, thnt when the fun was in any point of his courfe,
all the people inhabiting direflly north and Ibuth, as far as the poles*
have noon at the fame time. This gave occahon to imngine a circle
paffing through the poles of the world, which they called a Meridian,
and which is immoveable in the artificial fphere, as well as the horizon ;
which is another circle reprefenting the bounds betwixt the two hpini-
fpheres, or half fphcres, viz. that which is above it, and that which ia
below it.

SECT. III.

The Dodrlne of the Globe naturally follows that of the

Sphere.

BY the Doftrine of the Globe is meant the rcprefentation of the
different piuces and countries, on the face of the earth, upon an ar-
tificial globe or ball. Now the manner in which geographers have re-
prefeiitcd the fituation of one place upon this earth with repaid to an-
other, or with regard to the earth in general, has been by transferrin^-
the circles of the fphere to the artificial globe ; and this is the only
method they could employ. This will be abundantly obvious ivom au
example. After that circle in die heavens, which is called the equator,

was

INTRODUCTION.

Wat known to aftronoiners, there waa nothing more enfy than ta
transftrr it to the cartb, by whkh the lituatlon uf |>laces was determinrd,
according as they lay on one tide of the equator or another. The fame
may be oblerved of the other circles ot the fphere above mentioned.
The reader halving obtained an idea of the principle upon which the
Do^riue uf the Globe is founded, may proceed to confider this do^inc
iiiciif or, in other words, the dercription of our earth, as reprefented by
the artiJUlal^lobt,

Figure of the £arth.3 Though in fpeaking of the earth, along
with the other planets, it was fuiiicient to confider it as a fpheiical or
jtobular body ; yet it has been diicov«red, that this ii not its true
figure, and that the earth, though nearly a fphere or ball, is not per*
tcdtly fo. . This matter occalioned great difpute between the philolb*
phers of the bll a^e, among whom fir Ifaac Newton, and Caffini, a
French aQronomer, were the beads of two difierent parties. Sir Ifaac
demonilrated, from mathematical principles, that the earth was an
aitatt fpbere^ or that it was flatted at the poles, or north and fouth
pMnts, and jutted out towards the equator ; fo that a line, drawn
through the centre of the earth, and paiUng through the poles, which
is called a liiaineter, would aot be fo lung as a line drawn through
the fame centre, and paiSng through the eaft and weit points. The
"f rcnch philofopher afl'erted quite the. contrary. But the matter was
put to a trial by th« French king in 1736^ who font out a com-
piny of philolbphcrs towards the north pule, and likewife towards the
•(^uutor, in order to meafurc a degree, or the three hundred and fixtieth
part of a great circle in thefe different parts ; and from their report, the
opinion of lir Ifaac Newton was confirmed beyond difpute. Since that
time, therefore, the earth has always been contidered as mure flat towards
the poles than towards the equator. The reafon of this figure may be
««lily underiioud, if the reader fully comprehends what we formerly obferr-
cd, with' regard to the earth's motion. For if we fix a ball of clay on a
fpiodle, and whirl it round, we fhitU find that it will jut out or projcd to<
wards the middle, and flatten towards the pules. Now this is exactly the
cafe, with regard to our earth, only that its axis, reprefented by the fpin*
die, is imaginary. But though the earth be not properly fpherical, the
difference frum that figure is fo fmall, that it may be reprefented by a
globe or ball, without any fenfible error.

ClRCUMFBRFNCE AND DIAMETSR OP THE EARTH.] In the general

table which we have exhibited, page j, the diameter of the globe is
given, according to the beft obfervations : fo that its circumference U
25,038 Englifh miles. This circumference is conceived, for the con-
\cnicncy of meafuring, to be divided into three hundred and fixty
parts or decrees, each degree containing fixty geographical miles, or
fixty-ninc English miles and an half. Thefe degrees are in the fame
mnnnt-r conceived to be divided each into fixty minutes.

Axis and potES of the earth.] The Axis of the Earth is that
imaginary line, paffing through its centre, on which it is fuppofed to
turn round once in twenty-four hours. The extreme points of this line
are called the Poles of the earth ; one in the north, and the other in
the fouth, which are exn^ly under the two points of the heavens called
the North and South Poles. The knowledge of thefe poles is of great
ufe to the geographer, in determining the dilVanee and fituation of
places ; for the poles mark us it were the ends of the earth, which is
divided in the middle by the equator ; fu that the nearer one approaches

INTRODUCTION.

thnt

ine

r ill

■illcd

reat

I is

lies

to the polei, the farther he removes from the equator, and contrariirifc,
in removiDg front the poles, you approach the eijuator.

Circles of the globe.] Thefe are commonly divided into the
greater and lejfer* A great circle is that whofe plane palles through th«
centre of the earth, and divides it into two equal parts or hemifpherek.
A lefTer circle is that which, being parallel to a greater, cannot paft
through the centre of the earth, nor divide it into two equal parts. The
greater circles are (ix in number, the lcili:r only four.

Eqjjator.] The firlt great circle we (hall fpeak of is the Equator,
which we have had occafion to hint at aleady. It is called fometimes
the EquinolliaU the reafon of which wc have explained ; and by navio
gators it is alfo called the Lw, becsufe, according to their rude no-
tions, they believed it to be a great Line drawn upon the fea from e»il
to wel), dividing the earth into the northern and Ibuthern hemifpheres.
and which they were actually to pafs in failing from the one into the
other. The poles of this circle are the fame with thofe of the world.
It pafl'es through the ead and weft points of the world, and, as has been
already mentioned, divides it into the northern and fouthem hemifpheres.
It is divided into three hundred and Axty degrees, the ufe of which will
loon ap|)ear.

Horizon.] This great circle is reprefented by a broad circular
piece uf wood, encompalUng the globe, and dividing it into the upper
and lower hemifpheres. Greographers very properly didinguidi the
horizon into ^tfenfihle and rational. The iiril may be conceived to be
made by any great plane on the furface of the fea, which feems to
divide the heavens into t'.vo hemifpheres, the one above, the other beloir
the level of the earth. This circle determines the riling or fetting of
the fun and (iars, in any particular place ; for when they begin to ap«
pear above the eaftern edge, we fay they rife, and when they go beneath
the wellern, we fuy they are fer. It appears then that each place has ita
own fenlible horizon. The other horizon, called the rational^ encom«
palles the globe exadtly in the middle. Its poles (that is two points in
Its axis, each ninety degrees diftant from its plane, as thofe of all circlet
are) are called the Ztnitb and Nadir ; the firft exactly above our heads,
and the other dlredly under our feet. The broad wooden circle, which
reprefents it on the globe, has feveral circles drawn upon it: of theff
the innermoft is that exhibiting the number of degrees of the twcli^
ligns of the Zodiac (of which hereafter), viz. thirty to each fign. N«sC
to this, you have the names of thefe iigns. Next to this, the d^yf of
the month according to the- old fiyle, and then according to the new
ftyle. Befides thefe, there is a circle rcprefenting the thirty-two rhumb!',
or points of the mariner's compafs. The ufe of all thcic will ^ ex«
plained afterwards.

Meridian.] The circle is reprefented by the hmfs ring^ on whicH
the globe hangs and turns. It is divided into three hundred and fixty
degrees, and cuts the equator at right angles ; fo that, counting from
the equator each way to the poles of the world, it contains four timet
ninety degrees^ and divides the earth into the eaftern an4 wedern
htniifpht-res. This circle is called the meridian, becaufe whtfi the fun
comes to the fouth part of ir, it is then meridies or mid-day, and then
the fun hits its greateli: altitude for that day, which is thfrft'ore called,
its meridian altitude. Now &s the fun is never in its merldiMl altitude, '
at two pliiccs call or wert of one another at the fame time, each of
thefe places rau(t have its own meridian. There are comn^pBly Inarked

f»

INTRODUCTION.

I. Aries r — —

March

7. Libra ^s —

2* Taurus « — —

April

8. Scorpio wi

3. Gemini n — —

May

9. Sagittarius t

4. Cancer as — ^ — •

June

10. Capricorn Vf

r;. Leo ft —

July

11. Aquarius ;::

." 6, Virgo ttR — —

Auguft

12. Pilces X —

on the pflobe twenty -four meridians, one through every flfteen degrcet
ot the equator.

Zodiac] The Zodiac is a broad circle, which cuts the equator ob«
ti(|uely ; in which the twelve ligns above tnentioned are reprefented.
In the middle or this circle is fuppofed another called the Ecliptic, from
which the fun never deviates in his annual courfe, and in wliich he ad*
ranees thirty degrees every jiionth. The twelve ligns are,

- September

- Oftober

- November

- December

- January
• February.

. CoLVREs.] If you imagine two great circles palling both through
the poles of the world, and one of them through the equinoctial pointu
Aries and Libra, and the other through the folilitiiil points Cancer and
Capricorn, thcfe are called the Colures, the one the Equinoiftial, the
other the Solftitial Colure. Theie divide the ecliptic into four equal
parts or quarteis, which are denominated according to the points which
thefe pais through, viz. the four cardinal' points, and are the firft
points of Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn ; and thcle are all the
great circles.

Tropics.] If you fuppofe two circles drawn parallel to the equi-
noflial, at twenty«three degrees thirty minutes diltance from it, mea-
fared on the brazen meridian, and one towards the north, the other to*
wards the fouth, thefe are called Tropics, becaufe the fun appears,
when in them, to turn backwards from his former courfe. The one is
called the Tropic of Cancer, the other of Capricorn, becaufe they pafs
through thefe points.

PoLAK CIRCLES.] If two Other circles are fuppofed to be drawn ac
the like dilbnce of twenty-three degrees thirty minutes, reckoned on the
meridian from the pobi' points, thefe are called the Polar Circles.
The n&rtbern is called the ArHic, becaufe the north pole is near the con-
ilellation of the Bear ; the foutbern^ the AntarSiic^ becaufe oppoiitc to
the former. And thefe are the four lelTer circles. Belidcs thefe ten
circles now dcfcribed, which are always drawn on the globe, there are
fevcral others, which are only fuppofed to be drawn on it. T htfe will
be explained as they become neccffary, left the reader fliould be dif-
gufted with too many definitions at the fame time without feeing the
purpofc for which they fcrvc. The main delign then of all thefe cir-
cles being to exhibit the refpe«Stive fituation of pluces on the earth, we
fliall proceed to confidcr more particularly how that is eU'eCted by them.
It wa3. found cafier to dilHnguifli places by the quarters of the e;irth,
in which they lay, than by their dillance from any one point. Thus
after it was difcovered, that the equator divMcd the earth into two parts,
called the Northern and Southern heinifpheres, it was eafy to fee that
ail pluses On the globe mi^ht be dilHnguiflied, according as they lay on
the north or fouth fide of the equator. Befides, nfter the fo'ir leffer
circles we have mentioned came to be known, it was found that the earth
by means of -them, migjt be divided into five portions, and confequently
th:it the places on its furface might be diftinguilhed according as they lay
in one or ot:her of thefe portions, whjch are called Zones, from the
Greek word ^-o.'h;, which lignifics a'girdle ; being broad fpaces, like
fwiithes, j;;irding the earth about. That part of the earth between the
tiu. ~ Tropic?,

INTRODUCT ION.

Tropics, was called by the ancients the Torrid or Uurnt Zone^ becaufe
they conceived, that, being continually cxpofed to the perpendiciilHr or
direct rays of the fun, it was rendered uninhabitable, and contained no^
thing but parched and fandy deiarts. This notion, however, has long
fincc been refuted. It is found that the long nights, great dews, re-
gular rains and breezes, which prevail almofl: throughout the torrid zone,
render the earth not only habitable, but fo fruitful, that in niHny place*
they have two harvclls in a year ; all forts of fpices and drogs are ahnoll
folcly produced there ; and it furnifhcs more perfe<ft nietah, prcdoiu
flonea, and pearls, than all the rell of the earth together. In Hurt, the
countries of Africa, Alia, and America, which lie under this zone, arcia
all refpefts the moil fertile and luxuriant upon c.irth.

The two temperate zones are compiifed between the tropics and polar
circles. They arc called temperate, becaufe, meeting ibe rays of tlic,
fun obliquely, they enjoy a moderate degree of hear. The wvo frig'itd
zones lie betiveen the polar circles and the poles, or rather ar« incloied
within the polar circles. They are called the Frii;id or Frozen, becaufe
molt part of the year it is extremely cold there, and every thing is frozca
fo long as the fun is under the horizon, or but a little above it. How-
ever, thefc zones are not quite umhliabitable, though much lefs fit Iw
living in than the torrid.

None of all thefe zones are thoroughly difcovcred by the Europeans.
Our knowledge of the fouthern temperate zone is very kaiv y ; we knoir
little of the northern frigid zone; and liill lefs or tbe fouthein frigid
zone. The northern, temperate, and torrid zones, arc thole we are bed
acquainted with.

C\MMATEs.] But the divifions of the earth into hemlfpheres aod
zonei', though it may be of advuutage in letting us know in what quar-
ter ot the earth any place lies, is not Aithcicntly minute lor giving us a
notion of the diftancts between one place and another. This however
is Hill mflrc neceflary ; becaufe it is of more importance to mankind, ta
know the fituntion of places, with regard to one anotlter, than with ic-
gard to the earth itlelt. The firli ftcp taken for determining this matter,
was to divide the earth into what are called Climates. It was obicrved,
that the day was always twelve hours long on the equator, and that the
longeft day increafed in proportion as we advanced north or fouth on ei-
ther fide of it- The ancients therefore determined how far any place was
north or fouth of the equator, or wh;it is called the Lati/nJr of the place,
from the gTcateft length ot the day from that place. This m.ide tliem
conceive a number of circles paralkl to the etjuator, which bounded tli«
length of the day at different diilanccs from the equator. And as thcjr
called the fpace contained between tlul'e circles, Climaits, becaufe they
declined from the equator towards the pole, fo the circles themfeives m-iy
he i:a\l<:d Cllmafical Parti/irJt. Thi?, therefore, was a new divilion of the
earth, more minute than that of zones, and dill continues in ufe ;
though, as wc fliall fiicw, the defign which tirrt introduced ir, may be
better anfwered in another way. There are 36 climates l)etween the
equator and either pole. In the firll 24, the days increafe by half hours ;
but in the remaining fix, between the polar circle and tlie poles, the days
increafe by months. This the reader will be convinced of, when he bt'-
comes acquainted with the ufe of the globe : in tlie mean time we flivll in*
fert arable, which will ferve to fliew in what climate any country lies,
fuppofmg the length of the day, and the diiiance of the place froiw the
tquator, to be known. .

•='"** •»»►• ^t»-,. . ^i-^a*»* •» «. .\.» J.

^INTRODUCTION.

0| Latitude! Breadth. Long. D.
""- " D. M.'H. M

8 as

ij6 is

2} 50

430

36 28

4»

45 29

840

95*

1054

56
1258

'3,59
i4;6i

.6;63

I7I64
1864
1965

2065

.166

2i66
2366
2466

2s\67
2669

27173
2878
29I84
30:90

37
29

5»
18

06I

49
21

20
38

31
21
48

37
30
05

8 25 12 30 1

13 ^ llf Heif! lie Abyffinia in Africa; S

,>^^f4^M(« tJPonuicherry in the Eaft-Indies;

'tttwcon N. and S. America;

t3 30

'4 30

4 54 '5

32
57
29

52
29

32
22

8
3

'7
18

18
19

•9
20

22
22

23
23
24

Names <<{ Countries and remarkuiiiu piuce* lituated
in every climate north of the equator.

'5 30
16

i6 :

Within the fiift Climate lie the Gold and Silver

Coall in Africa; Malacca in the £aft Indies;

Cayenne and .Surinam in Terra Firma, S. America.

Here lie AbyfTmia in Africa ; Siam, Madrafi, and

jfiMMts of Daricn,

, Tobago, the Cra-

np.dcs, St. Vincent, and Barbadoes in tnc W. Indies.

III. Contains Mecca in Arabia; Bombay, Part of
B.-nj:;.!, in the Eaft-Indies; Canton in China
Mexico, Bay of Campcachy, in North America
Jamaica, Hifpanioia, St. Clirillopher'i), Antigua,
Alurtinico, and Uuadalupc, in the Weft-Indies.

IV. Epypt, and the Canary Iflands, in Africa;
Delhi, capital of the Mogul Empire in Afia
Ouir of Mexico, and EaJl Florida, in North Anie
rica ; the Havanna, in the Weft-lndics.

CJibraltar, in Spain; part of the Mediterranean
iea ; the Barbary coait, in Africa; Jerufalem ; If-
pahan, capital of Pcrfia ; Nanking, m China ; Ca»
iifiiiiiia. New Mexico, VVeft Florida, Georgia, and
the Carolina?, in North America.

VI. Lifljon, in Portugal ; Madrid in Spain ; Ml
norca, Sardinia, and part of Greece, in the Medi-
terranean ; Alia Minor; part of the Cafpian Sea;
Samarcand, in Great Tartary ; Peking, in China ;
Corca and Japan; Williamlburgh, in Virgin.'a;
Maryland, and Philadelphia, in N. Amei'ica.

VII. Northern provinces of Spain; fouthern ditto
of France; Turin, Genoa, and Rome, in Italy,
Conftantinople, and the Black Sea, in Turkey;
the Cafpian Sea, and part of Tartary ; New York,
Bofton in New England, North America.

VIII. Paris, Vienna capital of Germany ; Nova Sco-
tia, Newfoundland, and Canada, in N. America.

IX. London, Flanders, Prague, Drefden ; Cracow
in Poland; fouthern provinces of Ruifia; part of
Tartary ; north part of Newfoundland.

X. Dublin, York, Holland, Hanover, and Tartaryj
Warfaw in Poland; Labrador, and New South-
Wales, in North-America.

XI. Edinburgh, Copenhagen, Mowfcow cap. of RufBa

XII. South part of Sweden ; ToboUki cap. of Siberia

XIII. Orkney Ifles, Stockliolm, capital of Sweden.

XIV. Eergon in Norway ; Peterfburgh in Rufiia.

XV. Hudfon's Straits, North America.

XVI. Siberia, and the South part of Weft Greenland.

XVII. Drontheim, in Norway.

XV III. Part of Finland in Ruffia.

XIX. Archangel on the White Sea, Ruffia.

XX. Hecla, in Iceland.

XXI. Northern parts of RuiSa and Siberia.

XXII. New North Wales in North America,
90'XXni. Davis's Straits, in ditto.

XXIV. Samolcda.

XXV. South part of Lapland. '
XXVL Weft-Greenland.

XXVII. ZembU Auftralis.

XXVIII. Zembla Boreahs.

30
30
30
30
30

1 Mod til

2 Months

3 Months

4 Months

5 MonthSjXXIX. Spit(bcrg«Ji or Eaft Greenland.

6 Months.XXX. Unknown.

I N T R O D U C T I O IJ.

«J

eenland.

The d'lftance of places from the equator, or what is called their l^"
tituJtt n eaiily meaiured on the globe, by mean« of the meridian abuve
dei'crihed. For we have only to bring the place, whofe latitude w«
would know, to the meridian, where the degree of latitude is marked, an J
will be exa<5lly over the place. Now thiii it the manner alKidcd to, by
which the dillance of places from the equator, is mod properly diftiii-
guiilied ; but iv coulU not be adopted, until the figure and circumfereuoe
of the eanh were known, after which it was caly to determine the nuwi
ber of milei in each 360th part or degree of this circumference, and con-
fequcntly know the latitude -of places. As latitude 'n reckoned from ifae
equator towards the poles, it is either northern or fouthern, and the nearer
the poles the greater the latitude ; and no place can have more than 9a
degrees of latitude, bscaufe the poles, where they terminate, arc at toa^
diliance from the equator. j

Parallels of Latitude.] Through every degree of latitude, or
more properly through every particular place on the earth, geographer
fuppofe a circle ^o be drawn, which they- cull a parallel of latitude. The
interfr£lion of this circle, with the meiidian of any place, fllcws the true
fituation of that place.

Longitude.] The Longittrdeoi a place h its fituafioo with regard to
its meridian, and confequently reckoned tf)wards the eaft or weft : in rec-
koning the longitude there is no particular fpot from which we ought to fot
out preferably to another; but, for the advantage of a general lule. the
meriJianof Ferro, the mod wcfterly of the Canary Illands, was coniidercd
as the firfl meridian in mod of the globes and maps, and the longitude of
places was reckoned to be fo many degrees eafl or weft of tltc meridian of
Ferro. Thefe degrees are marked on the equator. No place can have
more than 180 degrees of longitude, becaul'e, the circumference of tlie
globe being 360 degrees, no place can be moved from annther above bait
that diftance ; but many foreign geographers very impropcily reckon the
longitude quite round the globe. The degrees of longitude are not equ^t
like thofe of latitude, bur diminifli in proportion as the meridians incline,
or their didance contra^s in approaching the pole. Hence in 60 degrees
of latitude, a degree of longitude is but half the quantity of a degree oti
the equator, and fo of the reft. The number of miles contained in a df>
gree of longitude, in each parallel of latitude, are fet down in the tabjp
in the following page.

Longitude and Latitude found.') To find the Lohgitude and
Latittidc of any place, therefore, we need only bring that place to tJie
braztu (Meridian, and wc fliall find the degree of longitude marked on the
equator, and the degree of latitude on the meridian. So that to find the
difference between the latitude or longitude of two places, we have only
to compare the degrees of either, thus found, with one another, and the
redu£lion of thefe degrees into miles, according to the table given below,
and, remembering that tvtty degree of longitude at the equator, and every
degree of latitude all over the globe, is equal to 60 geographic miles, or
69! Engliih, we fliall be able exa^ly to determine the dilhnce between
any places on the globe.

Distance of places measured.] The diflance of Places which
||e in an oblique dire«^ion, i. e. neither diredlly I'outh, north, eaH, nor
wefl, from one another, may be meafured in a readier way, by extend-
ing the compaiTes from the one to the other, and then applying them to
the equator. For inftatKe, extead the ccmpafTes fro(n Guinea in Africa,

INTRODUCTION.

to Brazil in America, and then apply them to the equator, and you wilt
find ihe diAance to be 21; degreei, which at 60 miles to a degree, maktt
the diUance 1500 mile*.

A T A B L E

SHEWING

The Number of Miles contained in a Decree of LongitudCi in
each Parallel of Latitude from the Equator.

•

■8 .

1 •

•

I 5

3»

*■

9 96

r«

2 (

9 94

3 5

9 9»

4 5

9 86

5 5

9 77

»5

«$

6 5

i9 67

4»

■9 56

♦S

8 <

19 40

28-

9 i

19 20

10 5

9 08

II f

,8 89

4»

7«

54 '

12 1

8 68

>3 5

8 46

54.

»4 i

i8 22

»5 !

.8 00

«5

16 j

!7 60

'2 5

17 so'

4«

•3

18 j

\7 04

•

»S

»9 5

;6 73
;6 38

20 «

21 (

;6 00

■

22 5

15 <53

5»

as i

15 23

■

24 f

J4 81

25 i

i4 38

26 j

•4 00

27 J

►3 44

•4

38 5

■3 00

3»

29 J

;2 a8

JOJ

1 96

60 ;^o

90 |oc

CO 1

introduction;

QtfADRANT or ALTITUDE.] In ordoT to fupply the place of
compafle& in this operation, there is commoplv a pliant narrow plate «. .
brafs, fcrewed on the brazen meridian, which contains 90 degrees, or
one quarter of the circumference of the globe, by means of which the
difiances and bearings of places are meafured without the trouble of firft
extending the compafles between them, and then applying the fame to the;
equator. This plate is called the Quadrant of Altitude.

Hour circle.] This is a fmall brafs circle fixed on the brazen meri-
dian, divided into 24 hours, and having an index moveable round the axis
of the globe.

PROBLEMS PEILFORMED BY THE GLOBE.

P I'T'HE diameter of an artificial gUie ieing given, to find in

) furfaceinfquarc^anditsfolidilyincubicmeafure,

Muhiply the diameter'by the circumference, which is a ^reat circle
dividing the globe into two equal parts, and the produA will give the
firil : then multiply the faid product by one fixth of the diameter, and
the product of that will give the fecond. After the fame manner vre may
find the furface and folidity of the natural globe, as alfo the whole
body of the atmofphere furrounding the fame, provided it be always and
every where of the fame height ; for having found the perpendicular
height thereof, by that common experiment of the afcent of Mercury at
the foot and top of a mountain, then double the faid height, and add the
fame to the diameter of the earth ; then multiply the whole as a new dia«
meter by its proper circumference, and from the produA fubtradl the
folidity of the earth, it will leave that of the atmofphere.

Prob. 2. To reRify the glohi:.

The globe being fet upon a true plane, raife the pole according^to the
given latitude ; then fix the quadrant of altitude in the zenith, and if
there be any mariner's compafs upon the pedeflal, let the globe be fo fi*
tuated, as that the brazen meridian may iland due fouth and north, ac«
cording to the two extremities of the needle, allowing their variation.

Prob . 3. 7oJtnd the longitude and latitude of any place.

For this, fee above.

Prob. 4. The longitude and latitude of any place ieing given, to find
that place on the globe.

Bring the degree of longitude to the brazen ttieridian ; reckon upon
the iaine meridian the degree of latitude, whether fouth or nortln and
make a mark with chalk where the reckoning ends } the point exaSly un-
der the chalk is the place defired.

Prob. 5. TheJatitude of any place being given^ to find all tbofe plaett
that have the fame latitude.

The globe being redificd (a) according to the latitude of *^ ■ p^^^^ ^^
the given place, and that place being brought to the brazen
meridian, make a mark exa^ly above the. fame, and turning tlio glbbe
round, all thole places palling under the faid thark have the fame latuude
uifh the given place.

Prob. 6. To find the Sun*s place in the Ecliptic at any timtk,

'The month and day being given^ look for the fame upon fli^ wooden
horizon ; and over-againil the day you will find the particular fign and
degree in which the Sun is at tint time, which;fign and degree being
noted in the ecliptic, the fame is the Sun's pla8C| or nearly at the time
defired. -

tfr

INTRODUCTION.

• ?HOP. 7. The mtnfb and Jity hein^; given, at al/o the particulmr lime of
thai day^ to find thofe placet of tht globe to vnbitb the Smh it in tho mtridiam
Ht that particular time.

The pi)lc being elevated according to the ludtiide of the given
|)1acc, briti)! the fitid plai c to the brazen meridian, and Tetting the index
•f the horary circle at the hour of the day, in the (;iven plate, turn the
globe till the index {wints at the upper figure of XII. which done, fix
the globe in that fituaiion, and obferve what places are exat^^ly under the
vpi>cr hetnifphere of the brazen meridian, tor thofe are the places de^
fired.

Pkob. 8. To kuow the length of tht dayimnd night in any place of the
earth at any time.

Elevnte the pole fa) according to the latitude of tho
fa) Prob, %. g',vc,^ pjace ; find the Sun's place in the ecliptic (b) at that
kJ »•»■• • time, which being brought to the eaft fide of the horizon,
let the Index of the horary circle at noon, or the upper figure XII. and
fuming the globe about till the aforefxid place of the ecliptic touch tho
wt-ilern fide of the horizon, look upon the horary circle, and v^'hcrefoever
the index pointeth, reckon the number of hours between the fime and
the upper figure of i j, for that is the length of the day, thf complement
whereof to 24 hours is the length of the night.

Pro B. 9. To know ivhat o'clock it it hy the globe in any part of .he worlds
mnd at any timef provided you know the hour of tlie day where you are at the
fame time.

(c) Prob. » Bring the place in which you are to the brazen meridian,
the pole being raifed (c) according to the latitude thereof,
and fet the Index of the horary circle to the hour of the day at that time,
Then bring the dcfired place to the brazen meiidian, and the index will
|)oint out the prefent hour at that place wherever <t- js.

Proh. 10. A place being given ir the Torrid Zone, to find thofe two dap
of the year in which the Sunjmall be vertical to the fame.

Bring the given place to the brazen meYidinn, and mark what degrUe
of latitude is exaAly abore It. Move the globe round, and obferve the
two points of the ecliptic that pals through the fnid degree of latitude.
Bearch upon the wooden horizon (or by proper tables of the Sun'a an-
hual motion) on what days he pafled through the aforefaid points of thd
.ecliptic, for thofe -are the days required in which the fun is vertical to the
given place.

Prob. I :♦ The month and the day being given, to find by the globe thofe
places of the North Frigid Zone, ivhere the fun be^^innetb then tojhine confiant'
y without fttting ; as alfo thofe places of the South Frigid Zone^ where he
then begins to be totally abfcnt.

Thcday ^iven (which muft aiways be.one of thofe either between the
vernal equinox and the fummer folilice, or between the autumnal equi-
td\ Pro* 6 "°* ^^^ Winter folrtice), find (d) the fun's place in the
ecliptic, and marking the fame, bring it to the brazen me-
ridian, and reckon the like number of degrees from the north pole to-
wards the equator, as there is between the equator and the fun's place iu
the ecliptic, fetting * mark with chalk where tha reckoning ends. This
done, turn the globe round, and all the places palling under the fitid chalk
are thofe in which the fun begins to fliine conftantly without fetting upon
the given day? For folution of the latter purt ot the' problem, fet off
tbe ume dUlaoce from the fouth pol^.upoa tlie brazen mctidiaa towards
-- • I - til*

INTRODUCTION.

«r timt of

he gWen
the index
turn tha
done, fix
under the
places de^

)taci of the

jde of the
(I) at that
c horizon,
:Xn. and
; touch the
'hcrelbever
; TuTic and
•oruplement

\f^he ivorU^
u art at the

in tnerjdian,
ude thereof,
u that time,
B index will

oft two dap

what degree
obferve the
of latitude.
Sun'j an'
oints of thd
rtical to the

ye globe tboft
Xine confant'
If, vihere he

letween the
jmnal equi-
tace in the
I brazen mc-
[th pole to-
place io

|e fiud chalk
letting upon
lem, fet off

Ian towards
ti)«

«l

the equator, as was formerly fct off from the north j then marking wUH
chalk, and turning the globe round, all places pafling under the nriark
are thofe where the fun begins his total difappeai-ance from the given
djiy.

Fkor. 1 2. A place being given in tie North Frigid ZonCj to find by I hi
globe •what number of days the fun doth canflantly fhine ubon the faid place % and
<wh<tt days he is abfent^ as al/h thefirfi and lafl day of his appear ance*

Bring the given place to the brazen meridian, and oblerv- /^\ p,o,, ,,
ing its latitude {a) elevate the globe accordingly ; count the
fame number of degrees upon the meridian jrom each fide of the equittor
as the place is diflant from the pole ; and making marks where the reckon*
ings end, turn the globe, and carefully obferve what two degrees of
the ecliptic pafs exaAly under the two points marked in the meridian ;
firft for the northern arch of the circle, namely that comprehended be>
tween the two degrees marked, beiw^ reduced to time, will give the
number of days that the fun doth conllantly fliine above the horizon of
the given place ; and the oppofltc arch of tne faid circle will in like man>
^er give the number of dnys in which he is totally abfent, and alfo
will point out which days thofe are. And in the interval he will rife and
fet.

Prob. 1 3. The month avd day being givcn^ to find thojc places on theglobtf
to ivhiih thefuttt t-vhen on the rfteridian^ Jhall be vertical on that day.

The fun's place in the ecliptic being (^) found, bring the /^s pr„,. 4.
fame to the brazen meridian, in which make a fmall mark
ivith chalk, exaftly above the fun's place. Which done, turn the qjlobc
and thofe places which have the fun vertical in the meridian, will fuc>
cellively pafs under the faid mark.

Prob. 14. The month and day Icing given^' to find upon ivhat point of
the compafi the fun then riftth andfetteth in any place-

Elevate the pole according to the latitude of the deiired place,, and,
finding the fun's place in the ecliptic at the given time, bring the fame
to the eaftern fide of the horizon, and you may there clearly fee the point
of the compafs upon which he then rifeth. By turning the globe about
till his place coincide with the weftern fide of the horizon, you may alfo
fee upon the faid circle the exadl point of his fctting.

Prob. 15. To know hy .the globe the length of the longrfl and Jhortcfl days
and }iights in anv part of the "Morld,

Elevate the pole according to the latitude of the given place, and bring
the firft degree of Cancer if in the northern, or Capricorn if in the
fouthern hemifphcre, to the eaft fide of the horizon ; and fetting the in-
dex of the horary circle at noon, turn the globe about till the fign of
Cancer touch the weftern fide of the horizon, and then obferve upon the
horary circle the number of hours between the index and the upper figure
of Xil. reckoning them according to the motion of the index, tor that is
the length of the longeft day, the complement whereof is the extent pf
the Qiorteft niglu. As for the lliortcft day and longed night, they arc
only the reverfe of the former. '

Prob. 16. The hour of the day being given in any place ^ to find thofe
placci of the earth ivhcre it is cither noon or midnight, or any other particular
hour at the fame time.

Bring the given place to the brazen meridian, and ftt tha index of the
horary circle at the hour of the day in thjit place. Then turn about the
globe till the index point at the upper figure of XII. and obferve what

C i places

%f>

INTRODUCTIO N.

place* ire exa^y under the upper femicirde of the braien moriJian, for
in ihcm it it mid-day at the nme given. Which done, turn the glube
about till the index point at the lower figure of XII. and what placet are
then in the lower femicirde of the meridian, in them it it midnight at the
given time. After the fame manner we may find thofe placet that have
anv other particular hour at the time given, by moving the globe till the
index point at the hour defired, and obferving the placet that are then un-
der the biazen meiidian.

PaoE. 17. T/jc Jay and hour leing given^ to find by the globe that parti'
eular place of the earth to which the fun it vertical at that very time.

The fun't place in the ecliptic {a) being found and

^'^p*"'- ^' brought to the brazen meridian, make a mark above the
\ ) Roi. 1 . ^^^^ ^yi^i^ ^i^^ii^ , ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^1^^^^ placet of the earth in

whofe meridian the fun it at that itvf^unt, and bring them to the brazen
meridian ; which done, obferve narrowly that individual part of the
c.irth which falli exadly under the aferelaid mark in the biazcn meri-
dian ; for that it the particular place to which the fun it vertical at that
veiy time.

Paor. 18. The day and hour at any place being given^ to jind all thjfe
places where the fun it then rijing^ orfettiugt or on the meridian ; confequeut-
ly^ all thofe places vnhich are enlightened at t^jat time^ and thofe vthich are in
tbc dark.

This problem cannot be folved by any globe fitted up in the common
fvff with the hour-circle fixed upon the brafs meridian ; unlcfs the fun
be on or near fome of the tropics on the given day. But by a globe fit-
ted up according to Mr. Jofeph Harrit s invention, where the hour>
drcle lies on the furface of the globe, below the meridian, it may
be folved for any day in the year, according to his method ; which it as
follows.

Having found the place to which the fun is vertical at the given hour,
If the place be in the northern hcmifphere, elevate the north pole at
B^any decreet above the horizon, as are equal to the latitude of that
place ; if the place be in the fouthern hemifphere, elevate the fouth pole
accordingly ; and bring the faid place to tbe brazen meridian. Then,
all thofe places which are in the weflern femicirde of the horizon, have
the fun riling to them at that time ; and thofe in th^ eaftern femicirde
Bave it fetting; to thofe^ under the upper femicirde of the brafs meridi-
an, it is noon ; and to thofe under the lower femicirde, it is midnight. All
thofe places which are above the horizon, are enlightened by the fun,
and have the fun jull as many decrees above them, as they themfelves are
above the horizon; and this height may be known, by fixing the quu-
drant of altitude on the brazen meridian over the place to which the fun
is vertical ; and then layiu? it over any other place, obferve what num-
ber of degrees on the quadrant are intercepted between the faid place and
the horizon. In all thofe places that arc 1 8 degrees below the wcOeru
femicirde of the horizon, the morning twilight is jull beginning ; in all
thofe places that arc 18 degrees below the femicirde of the horizon, the
evening twilight is ending; and all thofe places that are lower than 18
degrees, have dark night.

If any place be brought to the upper femicirde of tlic brazen meridian,
and the hour index be fet to the upper XII. or noon, and then thc.globc
be turned round eallward on its axis : when the place comes to the weft-
cm femicirde of the horizon, the index will (hew the time of fun-rifing

INTRO D U C T I O N.

«t ihtt place I m<\ wlien the fame place comei to the eaftern femicircle of
the horicon, the inJrx wilt (hew the .time of fun-fet

To thofe places which do not uo under the horixon, the fun fcti not
ou that day : and to thofe which do not come above iti the fun doei not
rife.

Pro». 19. 7'^e menlh and day hiMg givtn^ with the plan tf tht m»»m
ill the zodiac ano her tmt lalitudf^ to find thtrthy tht txaff hour tvhen Jhi
Jhollrifi aitdjltt togtthvr V)itb htr fouthing^ orstmiHglo iht mtridimn •/ ikt
place.

The moon's place in the zodiac may be found rendily enoii^jh at any
time by nn ordinary almanack ; and her latitude, which ii her diilancc
from the ecliptic, by applying the femicircle oi pofition to her place in
the zodiac. For the folution of the problem («), elevate /j\i»,oi.i
the pole according to the latiluwPljf-the.givtn place, and
the fun's place in the ecliptic at thi^ tfme'btit^ (*) fouftd-i' *|>.* ■
and mnrked with chalk, as alfo the mWM^'i place atYtic f>tro«, xH^/'"** ^
bring the fun's place to the brazen merWiali, and fet the ind«j|jjM'|^
horary circle at noon, then turn the globe tlU the moon's place l\3lt$myt-
ly meet with the e<«llcrn and wcllern fide of the horizon, as alfo tlie bra«
zen meridian, and the index will point at thofe various timei, the parti*
cular hours of her rifing, fetting, and fouthing.

Prob. 20. Two places being given on th« globe^ to find the true dijiantt
between tlnm.

Lay the graduated edge of the quadrant of altitude over ^th the
places, and the number of degrees intercepted between them will btl their
true diflance from each other, reckoning every degree to be 69 j Eoglifli
miles.

Prob. at. A place being given on the globe ^ and iti true diftance from a
Jfcondplace% to find thereby all other placet of the earth that art of tht fame
dijlance from the given place.

Bring the given place tc the brazen meridian, and elevate the pole ac-
cording to the latitude of i faid place ; then fix the quadrant of altitude
in the zenith, and reckon upon th*; laid quadranr, the given diftance be>
tween the firft and fccond place, provided the fame be under 90 degrees*
otherwife you mvift ufe the femicircle of pofition, and making a mark
where the reckoning ends, and moving the faid quadrant or- femicircle
quite round upon the furface of the globe, all places paffing under that
mark, are thofe dciitcd.

GEOGRAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS.

1. The latitude of any place is equal to the elevation of the pole above
the horizon of that plnce, and the elevation of the equator is equal to the
complement of the latitude, that is, to what the latitude wants of 90 de-
grees.

2. Thofe places which lie on the equator, have no latitude, it being
there thac the latitude begins ; and thofe places which lie on the firft me*
ridian have no longitude, it being there that the longitude begins. Con-
(equcntly, that particular place of the earth where the firft meridian inter-
feas the equator, has neither longitude nor latitude.

3. All places of the earth do equally enjoy the benefit of the fun, ia.
refpeft of time, and are equally deprived of it.

4. All places upon the equator have their days and nights equally
long, that is, 12 hours each, at all times of the year. For although
the fun declines alternately, from the equator towards tlie north and

C 3 tq-

I N T R O I^ U C T I O K.

towards the fouth, yet, ns the horixou of the equator cuts all the parattefs
of latitude and declination in halves, tlie fun muft always continue a^ove
the horizon for one half a diurnal revolution about the earth, and for the
ether half below it.

c. In all plices of the earth between the equator and poles, the day*
aind nights arc equally long, viz. 12 hours each, wh<>n the fun is in the
equinoiftia! : for, in all the elevations of ths pole, fliort of 90 degrees
(which is the grcaieft), one half of the equator or equinodlial will be
above the horizon, and the other half below it.

6. The days and nights arc never of an equal length at any place
between the equator and polar circles, but when the fun enters the ligna
«y Aries and td Libra. For in eVcry other part of the ecliptic, the
circle of the fun's daily motion is divided into two unequal parts by the
horizon.

7. The nearer that any place is to the equator, the lefs is the difference
between the length of the days and nights in that place ; and the more
remote, the contrary. The circkn which the fun defcrlbes in the heaven
cveiy 24. hoursj being cut mdic nearly equal in the former cafe, and more
unequal in the latter.

8. In all places lying upon any given parallel of latitude, however long
or fliort the day and night be at atiy one of thefe places, at any time of the
year, it is then of the fame length at all the reft ; for in turning the globe
round its axis (when rei'^ified according to the fun's dcclinutionj, all thefe
places will keep equally long above or below the horizon.

9. The fun is vertical twice a year to every place between the tropics ;
♦o thofe under the tropics, once a year; but never any where elfe. For,
there can be no pl.icc between the tropics, but that there will be two
points in the Ecliptic, whufe declinations from the equator is equal to the
latitude of that place ; but one point of the ecliptic which has a dcclina*
tion equal to the latitude of places on the tropic ivhich that poinr of the
ecliptic touches ; and as the fun never goes without the tropics, he can
never be vertical to any place that lies without them.

lo.'^n all places lying exadly under the polar circles^, the fun, tvhcn
he is in the neared tropic, continues 24 hours above the horizon without
fctting ; becaufe no part of that tropic is below their horizon. And
when the fun is in the fartheft tropic, he is for the fame length of time
without rifmg ; becaufe no part of that tropic is above their horizon.
But, at all other times of the year, he rifcs and fcts there, ai in other
p'nces ; becaufe all the circles that can be drawn parallel to the equator,
bt t'.vccn the tropics, are more or lefs cut by the horizoin, as they are far-
ther from, or nearer to, that tropic which is all above the horizon ; and
when tht: fun i; not in either of the tropics, his diurnal courfe mull be in
one or other of thefe circles. ;""'

1 1. To iiil i^Iacts in the northern hemil.here, from the equator to the
polrir circle, the loni^cft day and Ihorteil night is when the (un is in the
northern tropic ; and the Ihorteft day and longeft night is when the fun is
in tht; I'ouihern tropic ; becaufe no circle of the fun's daily motion is i'o
much above the horizon, and fa little below it, as the northern tropic ;
and no i fo little above it, aad fo much below it, as the fouthern. In
the foul hern hcrnifphcre the contrary.

12 In ;ill pl.iccs between the polar circles and poles, the fun appears

for fomr nitmbci* of days (or rather diurnal revolutions) without fetting ;

and H tiit oppolitc time of the year without riling : becaufe fome part of the

., ^; ,.. ^' . , ._ . ecliptic

INTRODUCTION*

ecliptic never fets in the former cafe, and as much of t\\t oppofite jniit
never rifcs in the latter. And the nearer unto, or the more remote from,
the pole, thefe places arc, the lon^r or iliortcr is the fun's continuing
prefence or abfence. -

13. If a fliip fets out from any port, and fails round the earth call*
ward to the fame port again, let her take what time flie will to do it in,
the people in that fliip, in reckonin^a^ their time, will gain one complete
day at their return, or count one d.iy more than thoftt who relid^ at the
fanfe port ; hecaufe, by goin|; contrary to the fun's diurnal motion, and
being forwarder every even'ng than they were iu the morning, their ho-
rizon will get fo much the founer above the fetting fun, than if they had
kept for a whole day at nny particular place. And thus, by cutting oft'
a part proportionable to their own motion, from the length of every day,
they will gain a complete day of that fort at their return ; without gaiiv-
ing one m(»ment of abfolute tinte more than is elapfed duiing their courfe,
to the people at the pert. If they fail vveilivard they will reckon one day
lefs than the people do who rcfide at the fnid port ; becaufe, by gradually
following the apparent diurnal motion of the fun, they will keep him each
particular day fo much longer above their horizon, as anfwers to that day's
courfe; and thereby they cut off a. whole day in reckoning, at their re«
turn, without loling one moment of abfolute time.

Hence, if two fliips fliould fet out at the fame time from any port, and
fail round the globe, one eaftward and the other wcllward, fo as to meet
at the fame port on any day whatever, they will differ two days in reckon-
ing their time, at their return. If they fail twice round the earth, they
will differ four days ; if thrice, then fix, &c.

OF THE NATURAL DIVISIONS OF THE EARTH.

TH E conflituent parts of the Fjirth arc two, the la/rJ and water.
The parts of the land are continents, illands, peninfulas, ifthmufes,
promontories, ca|)es, coafts, mountains, &c. This land is divided into
two great continents (befides the illands), viz. the eafier>t and wejlcrn
continent. The eailcrn is fubdivided into three parts, viz. Europe, on
the northweft ; Afia, on the north-eafl: ; and Africa (which is joined to
Afia by the idhmus of Suez, 60 miles over), on the fouth. The wedern
continent confids of North and South America, joined by the iflhmus of
Daiicn, 60 or 70 miles broad.

A continent is a large portion of land, containing feveral countries or
kin<;dom8, without any entire feparation of its parts by water, as
Europe. An illatid is a fmallcr part of land, quite furrounded by water,
as Great Britain, hpeninfula is a traA of land every where furrounded
by water, except at one narrow neck, by which it joins the neighbour-
ing continent ; as the Morea in Greece : and that neck of land which fo
joins it, is called an ijihmus : as the idhmus of Suez which joins Africa
to Afia, and the iithmus of Darien which joins North and South Ame-
rica. A promontory is a hill, or point of land, ftretching itfcif into the
fea, the end of which is called a cape ; as the cape of Good Hope. A
coaft or Jljore is that part of a country which borders on the fea-fide.
Mountains, vallies, woods, deferts, plains, &c. need no defcription.
The moil reinarjcable at-e taken notice of, and defcribed ia the body of
this work,

C 4 Tb#

«4

INTRODUCTION.

The pirti of the vrater are oceans, feas, lakes, ftraits, gulfs, bays, or
creeks, rivers, &c. The waters are divided into three exteafive oceans
(bcfides lefler feas, which are only branches of thefc), viz. the Atlantic^
the Pacific^ and the Indian Ocean. The Atlantic, or WeOern Ocean,
divides the eaftcrn nnd wcilern continents, and is 3000 miles wide.
The Pacific divides America from Alia, and is 10,000 miles over. The
Indian Ocean lies between the £aft Indies and Africa, being 3000 miles
wide.

The ocean is a great and fpacious coUed^ion of water, without any
entire feparation of its parts by land ; as the Atlantic Ocean. The feci
is a fmaller coUet^ion of water, which communicates with the ocean,
confined by the land ; as the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. A lake is
a large colled\ion of water, entirely furrounded by land ; as the lake of
Geneva, and the lakes in Canada. A Jlrait is a narrow part of the fea,
redrained or lying between two fliores, and opening a paifage out of one
fea into another ; as the ftrait of Gibraltar, or that of Magellan. This
is fometimes called a found ; as the ftrait into the Baltic. A gulf is a
part of the fea running up into the land, and furruunded by it, except
at the paifage whereby it is communicated with the fua or ocean. If a
gulf be very large, it is called an inland fea ; as the Mediterranean : if
it do not go far into the land, it is called a hay^ as the Bay of Bifcay :
if it be very fmall, a creeks baven^ flation^ or road for fliips, as Milford
Haven. Rivers, canals, brooks, &c. need no dcfcription : for thcfe
leflcr divifions of water, like thofe of land, are to be met with in mod
cbuntries, and every one has a clear idea of what is meant by them. But
in order to ilrengthen the remembrance of the great parts of land and
water we have defcvibed, it may be proper to obferve, that there is a
Arong analogy or refemblance between them.

The defcription of a continent refembles that of an ocean ; an ifland
encompalTed with water refembles a lake encompaiTed with land. A pe«
xiinfuia of land is like a gulf or inland fea. A promontory, or cape of
}and, is like a bay or creek of fea : and an ifthmus, whereby two lands
are joined, refembles a ftrair, which unites one fea to another.

To this defcription of the divifions of the earth, rather than add an
enumeration of the various parts of land and water, which correfpond to
them, and which the reader will find in the body of the work, we (liall
fubjoin a table, exhibiting the fuperficial content of the whole globe in
fquare miles, fixty to a degree, and alfo of the feas and unknown parts,
the habitable earth, the four quarters or continents ; likewife of the great
empires and principal iflands, which ihall be placed as they are fuburdt>
Date to one another in magnitude.

7 -

"If , ' • ■

■ ' f

Tne

sJT

INTRODUCTION.

Square

m\e».

Iflands.

.SquBie
Miles,

j6,ooo

lilandi.

rlie Globe —

'99.5'»)S'>5

Hifpaniiila

t>kye

900

Scu» and unknown Par(» —

100,512,016

Newfuundlaiid

,1!,5oo

Lewi*

8D0

The Habitahic World • —

38,990,569

Ccvlon
Ireland

—

i 7,7 JO

Funcn

768

Kuropc — — -^—

4,45C>,(/)5

—

»7,457

Vvica

—

fiij

Alia —

jo,7«'<,8i3

Formofa

—

1 7,c/0o

Minorca

to-

<»«

Africa — — —

9,6^4.^07

Anian

11,90c

lUhodes

480

14,110,874

Gilolo

—

10400

Cuphalonia

—

4*0

Pcrtian Empire under Darius

i,6i(o,coo

Sicily

—

9.^00

7^00

lAmboya

— .

40«j

Rnin. Kmp. in its utmoft height

1,610,000

Timor

—

Urkneyl'oniona

•j»4

4,t6i,6«5

Sardinia

—

6600

Scio

jr.o

Chinefc —

1,749,000

Cyprus

—

6300

Martinico

—

t6o

Great Mogul — —

i,ii6^J0

050JI57

BOO,OCO

Jamaica
Klores

—

6.00

Lemuos

120

Turkifli — — —

—

6(iof)

Corfu

'94

Ccram

—

5400

Providence

«M

16S

Urcton

—

4U00

Man

—

160

■ Dnrneo — —

aiS.ooo

Socatra

3600

Bonibolm

—

160

Madagafcar — —

i6S,ooo

Caiidia

—

;)2zo

Wight
Malta

150

Kun>atra — —

laj.oo

l*orto Ric»

3200

ISO

Japan — —
Great Britain — —

ll><,000

Corlica

2520

barba<ioct

— .

140

71,926

Zealand

—

>915

iZant

1(0

•3

Celebes — ~

6S,400i

Majorca

—

1400

Antigua

ICO

Manilla — —

58,500'

St. jHjro

—

1400

St.Chrlftoph

cr'»

Iceland ~ ^ —

46,ocoi

Ncgiopont

—

1300

St. Helena

—

Terra del Fuego —

4».o7'!;

Peneriff

—

iz'yi

Gucrnfcjr

.JO

Mindinao — —

39,iOO

Gotiiland

—

1000

Jericy

4.1

Cuba — —

.38,400

Madeira

—

9!io

Ucrniudat

3«.»Jo

■St. Michac

()l(Sl

Rhode

—

To thefe iflandj may be ad

led the following, whit

h have lately been dlfcovered,

!«• more fully explored. Thee
may be arranged lin the follow

tadl dimcnflons of them

are not afctrtained ; but they

ing order, according to

their magnitude, beginning at

the lurgeft, which is fuppoled

to be nearly e(|uul in

ize to the whole contiucut ol

ICurope :

New Holland,

Otahcite, or Ki

ng George'v Ifland,

New Guinea,

Friendly Iflandi

New Zealand,

Marquefas.

New Caledonia,

Eader, or Daviit's Ifland.

New Hebrides,

Winds and tides.] Wc cannot finiih the doftrine of the earth,
\vttl)0ut confulering Winds and Tides, from which the changes that hapr
pen on its furfacc principally arife.

W'iNDs.] The earth on which wc live is every where furrounded by
a fine invilible fluid, which extends to feveral miles above its rurtace,
and it called jlir. It is found by experiment, that a finall quantity of
air is capable of being expanded, fo as to fill a very large fpacc, or to be
comprclicd into a much fmaller compafs than it occupied before. The
general caufe of the expantion of air is heat, the general caufc of its
comprelTion is cold. Hence if any part of the air or atmofpherc receive
a greater degree of cold or heat than it had before, its parts will be put
in motion, and expanded or comprefled. But when air is put in motion,
wc call it -wind in general ; and a breeze, gale, or Aorm, according to the
qiiicknefs or velocity of that motion. Winds, therefore, which arc cou-

•• The number of inhabitants com- -% C Europe contains
piited at prefent to be in the known / \ Afia
world at a medium, taken from the > \ Africa
lull calculations, are about 953 mil- I /America

liuus. J *•

Ucunipc loiiiairis —

Afia — .
Africa 1

153 Millioxu,

150
»50

Toul 9^3

monly

(£6

INTRODUCTION.

Monlj conudcred »% things extremely rariable and uncertain, depend on
a general caule, and a£t with more or lefs uniformity in t>i'oportion as
the a<ftion of this caufe is more or lefs conAant. Jt Is found by ob-
fcrvations made at lea, that from thirty degrees north btitudc, to thirty
degrees fouth, there is a conllant eaft wind throughout the year, blow,
ing on the Atlantic r.nd Pacific oceans, and called the Inuli; Hind,
Tfhis is occaiioned by the ai'Uon of the fun, which, in tnoving from eaft
to wefl, heats, and conicquently expands the air immediately under
turn ; by which means a ilreain, or tide of air, always accompanies him
in bis courfe, .Ind occafions a perpetual eail wind within thefe limits.
This general caufe however is modified by a number of particulars, the
explication of which wmild be too tciiious and complicated for our prefent
pt»n ; which is to mention fai^s rather than theories.

The winds called the Tropical JVindsy which blow frtwii fomc particular
|)oittt of the coiT>pafs without much variation, are uf three kinds : i. The
General 7 ra^c If tntiswhkh extend to near thirty dtgrees of latitude or\
each ftde of the equator in the Atlantic, £thiopic, and Pacific feats.
3. The Mon/oons, or fhifting trade winds, which b'ow fix mouths in one
dtredHon, and the other ilx months in the oppofire dire<5tions. Thel'e
are moflly in the Indian, or Eaflern Ocean, and do not extend above
two hundred leagues from the land. Their change is at the vernal and
autumnal equinox, and it is accom palsied with terrible (lorms of thunder,
lightning, and rain. 3. The Sea and LanJ Breezes, which are another
kind of periodical winds, that blow from the land from mid-night to
nid^day, and from the fca from about noon, till midnight : thcfc, how-
ever, do not extend above two or three Ic.igucs from fliorc. Near the
coaflb of Guinea in Africa, the wind blows nearly always from the wefi,
Ibuth-wefi, or fouth. On the coaft of Peru in South America, the winds
blow conftantly from the fouth-wefi. Beyond the latitude of thirty
north and Ibuth^ the winds, as we daily pirceive in Great Britain, are
more variable, though they blow oftcner from the well: than any other
point. Between the fourth and tenth degree of north latitude, and be-
tween the longitude of Cape Vcrd and the en'fternmoft of the Cape Vcrd
Ill;mds, there is a tradt of fea condemned to perpetual calms, attended
with terrible thunder and lightning, and fuch rains, that this fca has
Acquired the naine of the Rahs.

It may be alfb uftful to liudents in navigation and geography to ob-
fcrve farther, that the courfe or latitude our Ihips grneriilly keep in thtir
IJaffige from England to America and the Well Indites, is

To Bodon in New England, and Halifax in Nova Scotia, from 42 to^
43 degrees.

To New York by the Azores or Wcflern Iflands, 39 degrees.
To Carolina and Virffmia by Madeira, which is called the upper
courfe, 32 dfgrees : but the ufual courfe, to take advantage of the trade
winds, is from 16 to 23 degrees; and in f.iis courfe they frequently
fonch at Antigua : it is this courfe our Weft India (hips fail in.

The Spanifli galleons and the flota froin Spain keep from i ; to 1 8 de-
gr«cs ; and in their return to Spain about 37 degrees.

TiDiiS.] By the tides are mennt that regular motion of the fca, ac-
cording to which it ebbs and flows twice in twenty-four hours. The
doftrine of the Tides reinaincd in obfcurity till the immortal Sir Ifaac
Newton explained it by his great principle of gravity or attr<ii!lion. For
kavin^' jlcmonllrated that there la a principle in all bodies, within the

fojar

INTRODUCTION.

«7

filar fyftcm, by vi\\[d\ they mutunllv draw, or attract one another, in
pruportiort to their itiftance ; it follows, that thofe parts of the fea
which are immediately hclow the moon, muft he drawn toward* ^it, and
confequently wherever the moon is nearly vertical, the fca will be
raifed/ which occaiions the flowing of the tide there. A flmilar rcafon
occaflons the flowing of the tide likewife in thofe places where the
moon is \A the nadir, and which muli be diametrically oppolite to the
former : for in the heii>ifphere farthcll from the moun, the parts in the
nadir biing lefs atini^ted by her than the other parts which are nearer
to her, gravitate lefs towards the earth's centre, and confcquently mud
be higher than the refl:. Thofe parts of the caith, on the contrary, where
the moon appears on the horizon, or ninety degrees didant trom the
zenith and nadit't will have low water ; for as the waters iti the zenith
and nadir rife at the fame time, tht waters in 'heir neighbourhood will
profs toWilrds thofe rlaces to maintain the equilibrium ; to fupply the
places of thei'e, others will move the fame way, and fo on to the placet
ninety degrees didant from the zenith and n.«dir, where the water will
be lowed. By combining this do£lrine with the diurnal motion of the
earth, above explained, wc fliall be fcniible of the reafon why the tides
ebb and flow, twice in twenty-four hours, in every place on this globe.

The tides are higher than ordinary twice every month, that is, about
the times of new and full moon, and are called Spring Tides : for at thefe
limes the <idions of b(>th the fun and moun are united, and draw in the
fame firaight line, and confcquently the iea niuft be more elevated. Ac
the conjunt^Uon, or when the fun and moon are on the famr fide of the
earth, they both tronfpiVe to raife the waters in the zenith, and con-
fequently m the nadir ; and at the oppofition, or when the earth is be-
tween the fun and moon, while one occaiions high water in the zenith
and nadir, the other does the fame. The tides are \t(i than ordinary
twice every month, about the (irft and lad quarters of the moon, and
arc called Neap Titles ; for in the quarters the fun raifes the waters where
the moon dcprcfles them, and deprefles where the moon raifes them: fo
that the tides are only occafioncd by the difference by which the a^ion of
the moon, which is nearcft us, prevails over that of the fun. Thefe
things would happen uniformly, were the whole furface of the earth co-
vered with water t but fitice there arc a multitude of iflands, and conti-
nents, which interrupt the natural courfe of the water, a variety of ap-
pearances are to be met with in different places, which cannot be explained
without regarding the fituation of fhorcs, ftraits, and othef objcds, which
have a fliare in producing them.

There are frequently llireams or currents in the Ocean, which fet fliips
a j»rcat wav beyond their intended courfe. There is a current between
Florida and the Bah:ima Iflands, which always runs from north to fouth..
A current runs contbntly from the Atlantic, through the ftraits of GI«<
braltar, into the Mediterranean. A current fets out of the Baltic fea,
through the Sound or ftrait between Sweden and Denmark, into the
Britifh channel, fo that there are no tides in the Baltic. About fmall
iflands and head-lands in the middle of the oce»n, the tides rife very lit-
tle ; but in fome bays, and about the mouths of rivers, they rife from 12
to 50 feet.

Maps,] A map is the reprefentation of the earth, or a part thereof,
on a plane furface. Maps differ from the globe in the fame manner as a
picture does from a iUtue. The globe truly reprefcnts the earthy but a

ma;\

ftS

INTRODUCTION.

tnap no more than s plnne furfice can reprefent one that is fpheric^.
But although the earth can never be exhibited exactly by one map, yet,
by means of fcvcrul of them, each containing about ten or twenty de*
grecs of latitude, the rfprefentation will not fall very much fliort of the
giolx for cxadncfs; bccaufc I'uch maps, if joined together, would form
a fpherical convex nearly as round as the globe itfelf.

Cardinal Points.] The north is conAdercd as the upper part of
the map ; the fouth is at the bottom, oppofite to the north ; the ea{\
18 on the right hand, the face being turned to the north ; "nd the weft
on the left hand, oppolite to the ead. From the top to the bottom are
drawn meridians, or lines of longitude ; and from fide to fide, parallels of
Lvitudc. The outermoll of the meridians and parallels are marked with
degrees of latitude, or longitude, by means of which, and the fcale of
miles commonly placed in the corner of the map, the fituaiion, diftance,
&c. of places, may be found as on ths artificial globe. Thus to find
the dilbnce of two places, I'uppofe London and Paris, by the (nap, we
have «nly to meafure the fpace between them with the compafTes or a
bit of thread, and to apply this diftance to the fcalc of miles, which
^ews thut London is 210 miles diftant from Paris. If the places lie di-
re(flly north or fouth, eaft or weO, from one another, we have only to ob-
ferve the degrees on the meridians and parallels, and by turning thefe into
iniles,^ we obtain the dilbnce without meafuring. Ritrers are 3cfcribed
in maps by black lines, and are wider towards the mouth than towards
the head of the fpi'ing. Mouniains are (ketched on maps as on a pic<
fure. Forefts and woods are reprefented by a kind of (hrub ; bogs and
morafll-s, by fliades ; fands and fliallows are defcibed by fmall dots ; and
roads ufually by double lines. Near harbours, the depth of the water
is expreffed by figures reprefenting fathoms.

Lewgth of miles in DifFERENT countries.] There is fcarccly
a greater variety in any thing than in this fort of meafure : not only
thofe of fe}»arate count) ics differ, as the French from the Englifli, but
thofe of ?he fame country vary, in the different provinces, and all com-
monly from the flandard. Thus the common Englilh mile differs from
the flatute mile, and the French have three forts of leagues. We fliall
here give the miles of feveral countries compared with the £nglifh by
Dr, Halley.

The Englidi ilatute mile confifts of 5280 feet, 1760 yards, or 8 fur.
lon{;s. ,

The Ruffian vorft is little more than -} Englifh.

The TiMkifh, Italian, and old Roman lefler mile is nearly 1 Englifh. ;.

The Arabian, ancient and modern, is about 1 J Englifli.

The Scotch and Irifli mile is about i^ Englilh.

The Indian is almoft 3 Englifh. ,

The Dutch, Spanifh, and Polifli, is about 3^ Englifh.

The German is more than 4 Englifli.

The Swedifli, Danifli, and Hungarian, is from 5 to 6 Englifli.

The French common league is near 3 Englifh, and

The Englifli marine league is 3 Englifli mills.

">»

•■h\' "'

fJr r

-,, ,.

PART

INTRODUCTION.

«9

PART

II.

OF THE ORIGIN OF NATIONS, LAWS, GOVERNMENT,

AND COMMERCE.

HAVING, in the following work, mentioned the ancient namei uf
countries, and even fomctimet, in fpeakiiig of thefe countries, car-
tur refearches beyond modern times ; it was thought neceflary, in
order to prepare the reader for entering upon the particular hiftory of
each country vk defcribe, to place before his eye a general view of the
hiftory of mankind, from the iirft ages of the world, to the reformation
in religion during the i6th century. By a hidory of the world, we do
not mean a mere lift, of dates, which, when taken by itfelf, is a thing
extremely ihfignificant ; but an account of the moft intereding and im-
portant events which have happened among mankind ; with the caufes
<irhich have produced, and the efk^i which have followed from them.
This we judge to be a matter of high importance in iti'elf, and indifpcnfa*
bly requisite to the unllerftnnding of the prefent ftate of cqmmcrce, go-
vernment, arts, and manners, in any particular country ; which may be
called commercial and political geography, and which, undoubtedly, con-
flitutes the moft ufcful branch of that fcience.

The great event of the creation of the world, before which there was
neither matter nor form of any thing, is placed according to the left
chronologers in the year before Chrift 4004 ; and in the 7icth year of
what is called the Julian period, which hath been adopted by fome chro-
nologers and hiftoi'iang, but is of little real fervice. The facred records
have fully determined the nueftion, that the world was not eternal, and
alfo afcertaincd the time of its creation with great prucifion *.
,_ It appears in general, from the firft chapters in Genelis, that the
world before the flood, w^s extremely populous, that mankind had made
confiderahle improvement in the arts, and were become extremely vi-
cious both in their fentiments and manners. Their wickedncfs gave oc-
cafion to a memorable cataftrophe, by which the whole hu-
man race, except Noah and his family, were fwept from Bef<""« Chri|l,
off the face of the earth. The deluge took place in the *^^
1656th year of the world, and produced a very conliderable change oti
the foil and atmofphcre of this globe, and gave them a form lefs friendly
to the frame and texture of the human body. Hence the abridgment of
the life of man, and that formidable train of difeafes which hath ever
iince made fuch havock in the world. A curious part of hiftory follows
that of the deluge, the repeopling of the world, and the rifing of 4.
new generation from the ruins of the former. The memory of the
three fons of Noah, the firft founders of nations, was long prefcrved
among their feveral defcendants. Japhet continued famous among the
ucftcrn nations under the celebrated name of Japetns ; the Hebrews
paid an equal veneration to Shem, who was the founder of their race ;

• The Samaritan cdpy of the Bible makes the antediluvian pericid only 130- year?,
349 fliort of the Hebrew Bible computation; and the Septtiagint topy ftretches it ro
ii.(}i years, whith is 606 years exceeding it; but the Hebrew chrunplojjy i> gifiicriUy ;
acknowledged to be of fupcrior authority.

and

INTRODUCTION.

and among the Egyptians, Hnm was \onfr revered as a divinity, under
the name of Juptter-Hummon. It appears cbat hiuiting was the princi-
pal occupation fome centuries after the deluge. The world teemed with
wild beafts ; and the great hetoifm of thofe times ^ontiAcd in d'.'ilroying
diem. Hence Nimrod acquired immortal renown ; and by the admira-
tion whi«,^h his courage and dexterity univerfally excited, was en-
^^'* abled to acquire an authority over his £eUuw>creaturca, and
to found at BaWlon the lirfl monarchy whofe origin is particutlrljr
mentioned in hiftory. Not long after, the foundation of Nineveh was
laid by Affur; in Egypt the four governments of Thebis, Theri.
Memphis, and Tanis, began to alTume fome appearance of form and
regularity. That thefe events (hould have happened fo foon after the
deluge, whatever furprife it may have occufloned to the learned fame
centuries ago, need not in the fmalleft degree excite the wonder of the
prefent age. We have feen, from many inilanres, the powerful cffeds
of the pnnciples of pupuhiion, and how fpeedily mankind increafe
when the generative faculty lies under no rcuraint. The kingdoms of
Mexico and Peru were incomparably more cxtendve than thofe of
Babylon, Nitieveh, and Egypt, during this eariy age ; and yet thefc
kingdoms are not fuppofed to have exifted four centuries before the
difcovery of America by Columbus.^ As mankind continued to multiply
on the earth, and to feparate from each other, the tradition conccrnmg
1^ the true God was obliterated or obfcured. This occafioncd.the
9^^ • calling of Abraham to be the father of a chofen people.
From this period the hiflory of ancient nations begins a little to expand
iifelf ; and we learn fevcral particulars of very confiderable import-
ance.

Mankind had not long beei> united into focieties before they fet them-
felves to opprefs and dcaroy one another. Chaderlaomer kinn^ of the
Elamites, or Perlians. was already become a robber and a conqueror.
His force, however, inuft not have been very confidet:able, fince^ in one
of thefe expeditions, Abraham, afTillec only by his houdiold, fet up-
on him in his retreat, and, after a fierce engageincnr, recovered all the
Ipoil that had been taken. . Abraham was foon after obliged by a
famine to leave Canaan, the country where God had conunanded him to
fettle, and to go into Egypt* This journey gives occaiion to Mofes to
mention fome particulars with regard to the Egyptians, and every ftroke
. difcovers the characters of an improved and powerful nation. The court
of the Egyptian monarch is dcfcribed in the moft brilliant colours.
He is furrounded with a crowd of courtiers, folely occupied in gratifying
\iia paflions. The particular governments into which this country was
divided) are now united under one powerful prince ; and Ham, who
led the colony into Egypt, is become the founder of a mighty empire.
We are not, however, to imagine, that all the laws which took place in
Egypt, and which have been fo julliy admired for their wifdoin, were
the work of this early age. Diodorus Siculus, a Greek writer, men-
tions many fucceffive princes, who laboured for their ellablifliment and
perfection. But in the time of Jacob, two centuries after, the firft prin-
ciples of civil order and regular government fecm to have been tolerably

• According to Dr. Playfair's chronological tables, the birth, of Abraham i» fixed at
■before Chrifl ;,o6o, aad hi» being called out of Urr at 1986.

undcrftood

INTRODUCTION.

J«

|« fixed -At
icrllood

gnderftood among the Egyp«an% The country wai divided into (everal
diftri^g or fcparatc departmrnts ; councils, compofi-d of experienced »nA
ieled\ pelfons, were edabliflied for \c management of public uftain f
granaries for prcfcrving corn were ere£ted ; and, in fine, the Egyptiam
in this age, enjoyed a commerce far from inconfidcrablc. Theie fiMSi,
though of an ancient date, deferTC our particular attention. It is from
the Egyptians, that many of the arts, buth of elegance and utility,
hiive been handed down in an uninterrupted chain to the modern nuiioM
of Europe. The Egyptians communicated their arts to the Greeks ;
the Greeks taught the Romans many improvements both in the arts uf
-<eace and war ; und to the Romans, the prefent inhabitants of Europe
ire indebted for their civility and refinemcnr. The kingdoms of Babylon
.ind Nineveh remained fcpnrate tor feveral centuries : but we know noc
even the numcs of the kings who* governed them, unleis it be Nlnus, the
fucceflor of AlVur, who, tired by the fpirit of conrjueft, extends the
bounds of his kingdom, adds Btbylon tu his dominions, and lays the
foundation of that monarchy, aliilied by his enterprifmg fucceflor Semt-
ramis, which, under the nam« of the Aflyrian cmpirt,' kept Alia under
the yoke for many ages,

Javan, fon of Japhcr, and grand-fon of Noah, is the ftock from ivhom
all the people known by the name of Greeks are defcended. Javan ellab-
liflied himfelf in the illands in the wcftern coaft of Alia Minor, fro«w
whence it was impoirible that fome wanderers fliould not pafs over into
Euro|>e. The kingdom of Sicyon near Corinth, founded by the Pclafgi,
is generally fuppofed to have commenced in the year before Chrift 3090.
To thefe lirft inhabitants fucceed a colony from Egypt, who, about acoo
years before the Chriftian sera, penetrated into Greece, and, under the
name of Titans, endeavoured to ellablifli monarchy in this country, and
to introduce into it the laws and civil policy of the Egyptians. But the
empire of the Titans foon fell afunder ; and the ancient Greeks, who
fecm at this time to be as rude and barbarouc as any people in the world,
anain fell back into their lawlef« -and favage manner of life. Several
colonicf, however, foon after paiied over from Ada into Greece, and by
remaining in that country, produced a more conlidcrable alteration in
the manner of its inhabitants. The mod ancient of thefe were the colo-
nies of Inachus and Ogyges ; of whom the former fettled in Ar- g
gos, and the latter in Attica. We know very little of Ogyges * '*°'
or his fucceflbrs. Thofe of Inachus endeavoured to unite the difjierfed
and Wiindeiing Greeks ; and their endeavours for this purpofe were noc
altogether unfuccefsful.

But the hiftory of God's chofen people, the Ifnielites, is the only one
with which wre aie much acquainted during thofe ages. The train <»f
curioi'.s events, which occafioned the fettling of Jac;»b and his family
tn that part of Egypt of which Tanis was the capital, are univerfally known.
That pariarch died, according to the Septuagint verfion, 1794 ao^
years before Chrift, but according to the Hebrew Chronology, '"

only i68q years, and in the year ot the World 231 ;. This is a remark-
able XTA with rufpirt to the nations of heathen antiquity, and concludes
that period of time which the Greeks confidered as altogether unknown,
and which they have greatly disfigured by their fabulous narrations. Let
us regard this period then in another point of view, and confider what we
^in learn from the facrod writings, with refpe(ft to the arts, manner^-, and
laws of ansicnt -n atioM.

INTRODUCTION.

It is a common error among writers on this fubje£>, to confider all the
nations of antiquity as bein^ on the fume footing with regard to thofe
tnatier^. They find fome nations extremely rude and barbarous* and
kcncc they conclude, that all were in that fituation. They difcover
others acquainted with many arts, and hence they infer the wifdom of
the fird ages. There appears, however, to have been as much differ-
ence between the inhabitants of the ancient world, in points of art and
Tctinement, as between the civilized kingdoms of modern Europe and
the Indians in America, or the Negroes on the coaft of Africa. Noah
WHS undoubteilly acquainted with all the arts of the antediluvian world :
thefe he would communicate to his children, and they again would hand
them down to their poller! ty. Thofe nations therenire who fettled
nearcfl the original feat of mankind, and who had the beft opportunities
to avail themfclves of the knowledge which their great ancedor was pof-
feiled of, early formed themfclves mto regular focietiC8,° and made con*
fiderable iniprovements in the arts which are mod fubfervient to human
life. Agriculture appears to have been known in the firft ages of the
world. Noah cultivated the vine ; in the time of Jacob, the fig-trte
and the almond were well known in the land of Cmaan ; and the indru-
mcnts of hufbandry, long before the dilcovcry of them in Greece, are
often mentioned in the facred writings. It is hardly to be fuppufed, that
the ancient citie$, both in Alia and cgypN whofe foundation, as we have
already mentioned, afcemls to the remoteft antiquity, could have bei'n
built, unlefs the culture of the ground had been prnttifcd at that time.
Nations who live by hunting or paflunige only, lead a wandering life,
and fcldom fix their refidence in cities. Commerce naturally follows
agriculture : and though we omnot trace the fteps by whi<;h it was intro-
duced among the ancient nations, we may, from detached pafTiges in fa>
cred writ, afcertain the progrefs which had been made in it during the
patriarchal times. We know, from the hidory of civil fociety, thui the
commercial inteccourfe between men muft be pretty coniiderable, before ,
the metals come to be coniidered as the medium of trade ; and yet this
was the cafe even in the days of Abraham. It appears, however, from
the relations which eftablilh this fadl, that the ufe of money had not
been of an ancient date ; it had no mark to afcertain its weight or finr-
nefs : and in a contra^ for a burying-place, in exchange for which
Abraham gave fiiver, the metal is weighed in prefcnce of all the peo-
ple. But as commerce improved, and bargains of this fort became more
common, this praflice was laid aiide, and the quantity of iilver was af« '
certained by a particular mark, which faved the trouble of neighing it.
But this does not a|'pear to have taken place till the time of Jacob, the
fecond from Abraham. The rcfilahy of which we read in his time, was
a piece of money, (lamped with the figure of a lamb, and of a precife
atidftated value, ft appears, from the hiftory of Jofcph, thiat the com-
merce between diflerent nations was by this time regularly carried on.
'The Iflimaelites afid Midianites, who bought him of his brethren, were
travelling merchants, refembling the modern caravans, who carried fpiccs,
perfumcii, and other rich commodities, from their own country into E»
gypt. The fame obfcrvatlons may be made from the book of Job, who,
aqpording to the befl writers, was a native of Arabia Felix, and alio a con-
tCTnporary with Jacob. He fpeaks of the roads of Thema and Saba,
i. e. of the caravarfS which fct out from thofe cities of Arabia. If we re-
fledl, that the commodities of this country were jpther the luxuries than

the

INTRODUCTION.

the conveniences of HiV, we (liall have rcnfnn to conclude, that the
countries into which tbey were fent tor iiilc, and pnrticularly Kgypt, :
were confklcrabiy improved in arts and refinement : for people do not
think ot luxuries, until the ufeful arts have made high advancement
among them.

in fpeuking of commerce, we ought cnrcfully to didinguifli between
the fpecies of it which is cnnird on by land, ur inland commerce, and'
that which is carried on by lia : which laft kind of traffic is both later in'
its origin, and iluwcr in iis progrcli). HaJ ihc dcfcendants of Noah bcen^
left to their own injjcnuiiy, ;md received no tincture of the antediluvian, I
knowledge from their wile anccflors, it is improbable th:it they (hould
have ventured on navic'ating the open fcas fo Ibun as wr find tliey did.
That branch of his polierity, who fettled on the coaflsof Palclline, were*
the fifft people of the vvorUf amimc; whom navigation was made fubfer-'
vicnt to commerce ; they were Jiilinguiflicd by a word, which, in the He-'
brew tongue, i'ni,n'\lnv:» mrnha/its, and are the fame nation afterwards known
to the Greeks by the name of Phoenicians. Inhabiting a barren and un-
grateful foil, they let thcmfclves to better their fituatipn by cultivating the
:trts. Commerce was their capital objeift: and, with all the Writeis of
pagan antiquity, they pal's for the inventors uf whatever is fubfervient to
It. At the time of Abraham they were regarded as a powerful nation ;
their maritime commerce is mentioned by Jacob in his lad words to hit
children ; and, if we may believe Herodotus in a matter of fuch remote
»ntic]uity, the Phoenicians had by this time navigated the cuails of Greece,
nnd carried off ;!ie daughter of Inachus.

The arts of agriculture, commerce, and navigation, fuppofe th»
knowledge of feveral others ; agronomy, for intlance, or a knowledge of
the Situation and revolution!! of the heavenly bodies, is ncceflary both
to agriculture nnd navigation ; that of working metals, to commerce ;
and fo of other arts. In h£t, wc find that before the death of Jacob,
feveral nations were fo well acquainted with the revolutions of the moop,
as to meafure by them the duration of their year. It had been an uni-
verfal cuftom among all the nations of antiquity as well as the Jews,
to divide time into the portion of a week, or feven days : this undoubt-
edly arofc from the tradition with regard to the origin of the world.
It was natural for thofe nations who lea a pai^oral life, or who lived un-
der a ferene Iky, to obfcrve that the various appearances of the moon
were completed nearly in four weeks : hence the divifion of a month.
Thofe people again who lived by agriculture, and who had gotten among
them the divilion of the month, would naturally remaik, that twelve
of thefe brought back the fame temperature of the air, or the fame
feafons : hence the origin of what is called the lunar ytai-y ivhich
has every where taken place in the infancy of fcience. This, toge-
ther with the obTervation of th^ fixed flats, which, as we learn from
the book of Job, inuft have been very ancient, naturally paved th$
way for the aifcovcry of the yZi/ar year^ which at thar time would be
thought an immenfe improvement in aftronomy. But with regard to
thofe branches of knowledge which we have mentioned, it is to be re-
membered, that they were peculiar to the Et^ptians, and a .few na-
tions of Afia. Europe offers a frightful fpffta^-lc during this period.
Who could believe thait the Greeks, who in later ages became the pat-
terns of politenefi and every eleg?.ut art, were defcended from a favngc
race of men, traveriing the woods and wilds, inhabiting the rocks and
cav«rnS} a wretched prey to wild animals, and fomctimci to oue another ?
i D Tnis

INTRODUCTION.

Thii, however, it no more thnn what was to be exprif^ed. The defcend*
•ntt of Nuah, who removed at » ^reat diflance from (he plaint of Shinar,
loil all connexion with the civilifed part of mankind. Their uofterity
became (lill mure ignorant ; and the human mind was at length funk into
an abyft of mifery <tnd wretchodnefi.

Wc might naturnlly expedt, that from the death of Jlicob, and at w«!
advance forward in time, the hiftory of the great empires of %ypt and
AtFyria would emerge from their obfcurity. This, however, it far from
being the cafe : we only get a jjlimpfe of them, and they difappcar entire-
, ly for many ages. After the reign ot Niuivit, who fucceeded Se«
'^^* miriinvt and Ninut in t4)e Aflyrian throne, wc find an adonifhing
blank in the hil^ory of this empire, for no left than eight hundred yeart.
The nience of ancient hillury on thit fiil)je£f, iii'commonly attributed to
the Ibftnels and clieminacy of the fuccefl'urt of Niiuis, whofe livet Htford*
ed nu events worthy of narration. Wurt and cnmmuriunt arc the G[re;it
themes of the hiliorian, while the gentle and huppy reigns of wife princca
pafs iinobfervcd and unrecorded. SefoArit, a prince of wonderful abili-
ties, is fuppofcd to have mounted the throne ot Egypt after Amenophir,
who was fwallowed up in the Red Sea about the year before Chrift 14.92 ;
by his afliduiiy and attention, the civil and military eftablilhments of the
Egyptians received very contidcrable improvements. £K}'pt, in the time
iA Sefoftrir, and his immediate fuccefluri, was in all probability the
moft powerful kingdom upon enrth, and, according to the bed ctlculation,
is fuppoffd to have contained twenty-feven millions of inhabitants. But
ancient hillury often excites, without gratifying our curiofity : for, from
titt reign of Scfolhisto that of Bocchoris, m the year before Chrift 781,
we have little knowledge of even the names of the intermediate princes. It .
we judge, however, from collateral circumtlanccs, the country mulf iHU
have continued in a very flourifhing condition ; for £gypt continued to
pour forth her colonies into didant nations. Athens, that feat of learn-
^ ing and politenefs, that fchool for all who afpire after wifdom,
*S5 * owes its foundation to Cecrops, who landed in Greece with an
Egyptian colony, and endeavoured to civilife the rough manners of the
original inhabitants. From the infiitutions which Cecrops edabliflied
among the Athenians, it is eafy to infer in what fituations they mud
have lived before his arrival. The laws of marriage, which few nations
are fo barbarous as to be alt^igetlier unacquainted with, were not known in
Greece. Mankind, lik^ the beaf^s of the Held, were propagated by acci-
dental rencounters, and with little knowledge of thofe to whom they owed
their generation. Cranaus, who fucceeded Cecrops in the kingdom of At*
, ticn, purfued the fame beneficial plan, and endeavoured by wife in-
'5° * (titutions, to bridle the keen paffions of a rude people.

Whilfl thefe princes ufcd their endeavours for civiiiling this corner of
Greece, the other kingdoms, into which this country, by the natural
boundaries of rocks, mountains, and rivers, is divided, and which had
been already peopled by colonics from Egypt and the Eaft, began toafliime
. ^ , fome appearance of form and regularity. This engaged Amphic-
,^49^* tyon, one of- thofe uncommon geniufcs who appear in the world
for the benefit of the age in which they live, "nd the admiration of poftc-
rity, to think of loine expedient by which he might unite in one plan of
pontics the fcveral independent kingdoms of Greece, and thereby deliver
them from thofe inteftine divifions, which mull render them a prey to one
another, or to the firll enemy who might think proper to invade them.
Thefe reflections he conucunicated to the kin^s,. or leaders of the differ-

INTRODUCTION.

eat territnriei I and by hit doquence tnd nddrvfi engfiiged twelve citiei
to unite ttiget Iter for thrir mutual prcfcrvutiniii Two deputiei from each
ol' there ciiici afTembled twice a year at Itiermopylac, and formed what^
nfter the iiiimc ot its tuunJrr, wai called the Amphl^yonic council. In
thii ailembU'i whatever reUied to the general intereft of the confederacy
Wttt dircufled, and fitmWy determined. Amphi<£tyon Ittewifp, fenfiblt
that tiiole puUtical connedtioni are the mol> lulling which me itrcngthen-
ened bv rclieion, committed to the Amphi^tvr.ns the care of rhe temple at
Delphi, anaof the richci which, f(Om the dedicntinni of thofe who con'
fuited iha oracle, had been amaflcd in it. Thii alTcmblv, conllituted on
fuch foUd fuundationi, was the great fpring of ai^inn in Orvrcri whilff
that country prcfcrved its inc1e|)«nclence ; and, by the union which it iti'
fpircd among ihe Greeks, enable'd them to defend theij: liberties againft
all the force of the Perfian cmpiie. Conficlering the circumi^anccs of the
age in which it was inditutcd, the Amphi^lyonlc council is perhnps th((
mud remarkable |>oliiicsil cOabliihment wliich ^vrr tonk place among man«
kind. In the year before Chrift i ^si, the lOhmian games were inftttuted
It Corinth ; and 1303 the famous Olympic games by Felons.

The Greek dates, who formerly had no connection wirn one another^
except by mutiiul inroads and hoflilities, foon began toafi with concert, and
to undertake dilbnt expeditions for the general intereO of the community* .
The iirll ot thcfc was the obfcure expedition of the Argonauts, in Which
all Greece appears to have been concerned. The olijecl of the .,
Arjjonauts was to open the commerce of the Euxine i'ca, and to '*"*•
cltaolilh colonies in the adjacent country of Colchis. The ihip Argo«
« hich was the admiral of the fleet, is the only one particularly t Aen no^*
ticeof; though we learn from Homer, and other ancient writers, that
feveral fail were employed in this expedition. The fleet of the Argonauts
was, from the ignorance of thofe wno condudted it, long tofTcd about on
diiTcrent coafts. The rocks, at fome diflance from the mouth of the
Euxine fea, occafioned great labour : they fent forward a lic;ht veiTcl^
which paired through, but r'^turned with the lofs of her rudder. Th*!
is exprefled in the fabulous langu^ige of antiquity, by their fending out i
bird which returned with the lofs of its tail, and may give us an idea of
the allegorical obfcurity in which the other events of this expedition art
involved. The fleet, however^ at length arrived at >Eon, the capital of
Colchis, after performing a voyage, which, confidering the mean condi*
tion of the naval art during this age, was not lefs coi?fiderahle than the
circumnavigation of the world by our modern difcoverers. From this
expedition, to that againft Troy, which was undertaken :o recover ^
the fair Helena, a queen of Sparta, who had been carried off by "''4*
Paris, fon of the Trojan king, the Greeks mull have made a wonderful
progrefs in power and upuleiKe : r.o lefs than twelve hundred veflels were
employed in this voyage, each of which, at a medium, contained upwards
of a hundred men. Thcfe veiTelf, however, were hut half decked ; and
it docs not appear that iron entered at all into their conftrui^tion. If w*
add to thefe circumftances, that the Greeks had not the ufe of the faw, an
inftrument fo neceflary to the carpenter, a modern muft form but a ra^a
notion of the ftrength or elegance of this fleet.

Having thus confldered the ftate of Greece as a whole, let us examine
the circumftances of the particular countries into which it wns divjded.
This is of great importance to our prefent undertaking, bacaufe itisilithia
country only that we can trace the origin «nd progrefs of gov«rtmieat»

D a ar^y

INTRODUCTIO N.

arts, and manner*, which compofe fo great a part of our prefent work.
There appears originally to have been a very remarkable refemblance
between the political fituation of the different kingdoms of Greece. The^
were governed each by a king, or rather by a chieftain, who was their
leader in time of war, their judge in time of peace, and who prelided in'
the adminidration of their religious ceremonies. This prince, however,
was far from being abfolute. In each fociety there were a number of .
other leaders, whoie influence over their particular clans, or tribes, was
sot lefs confiderable than that of the king over his immediate followers.
Thefe captains . were often at war with one another, and fometimes.
with their fovereign. Such a fituation was, in all refpe^ts, extremely
unfavourable : each particular (late was in miniature what the whole
country had been before the time of Amphidyon. They required the
hand of another delicate painter to (hade the oppofite colours, and to
enable them to produce one powerful tSc&. The hiflory of Athens af-
fords us an example of the manner in which thefe dates, that, for want
of union, were weak and iniigniHcant, became, by being cemented toge.
thet*, important and powerful. .Theleus king of Atticn, about the year
before Chrift 1234, had acquired a great reputation by his exploits of va-
lour and ability. He faw the incouvenictces to which his country, from
being divided into twelve didvids, was expofed; and he conceived, that
by nfeans of the influence which his perfonal character, united to the royal
authority with which he was inveHed, had univerfally procured him, he
might be able to remove them. For this purpofe he endeavoured to
maintain, and even to incrcafe, his popularity among the peafants and
artifans: he detached, as much as poiTible, the different tribes from the
leaders who commanded them : he aboliflied the courts which had been
eftablifhed in different parts of Attica, and appointed one council-hall
common to all the Athenians. Thefeus, however, did not truft folely to
the- force of political regulations. He called to his aid all the power of
religious prejudices ; by eftablifliing common rites of religion to be per-
formed in Athens, and by inviting thither ftrangers from all quarters,
by the profpe£t of prote£tion and privileges, he raifed this city from aid
iDConfiderable village to a powerful metropolis. The fplendor of Athens
and of Thefeus now totally eclipfed that of the other villages and their
particular leaders. All the power of the ft;fte was united in one city, and
under one fovereign. The petty chieftains, who had formerly occalioned
fo much confufiun, by being divefted of all influence and coniideration,
became humble and fubmiffive ; and Attica remained under the peaceablo
government of a monarch.

This is a rude Iketch of the origin of the firft monarchy of which we
have a diftindl account, and may without, much vdriation, be applied to
the other ftates of Greece. This country, however, was not dellined to
continue long under the government of kings. A new influence arole^
which in a flaort time proved too powerful both for the king and the no-
bles. Thcfcus had divided the Athenians into three diftin»ft claffes ; the
nobles, the artifans, and the hufbandmen. In order to abridge the exoi»
bitnnt power of the nobles, he had bellowed many privileges on the two
other ranks of peribns. This plan of politics was followed by his foccef^
fors ; and the lower ranks of the Athenians,' partly from the countenance
of their fovereign, and partly fiom the proj^refsof arts and manufai^iiresj
which fjave them an opportunity of acquiring property, became conlidcr-
able and independent. Thefe tircumllances were attended with a remark*,
able effedt. Upon the death of Codrus, a prince of grtat ineiit, in the

INTRODUCTION.

/liich we
)lied to
llined to
je aroie^
the ne-
bs; the
exoi».
the two
fuccef*.
tenantc
iu'^^iires^
;)iilidcr-

in the

year B. C. 1 070* the Athenians, become weary of the regal authority, under
pretence of finding no one worthy of filling the throne of that monarch, who
had devoted him'ielf to death for the fatety of his people, abuliflied the
regal power, and proclaimed that none but Jupiter Ihould be king of
Athens. This revolution in favour of liberty was fo much the more re-
markable, as it happened fbon after that the Jews became unwilling toi.
remain under the government of the true God, and defired a mor- .
tal fovereign, that they might be like unto other ;iaiion8. ^^9S'

The government of Thebes, another of th^«Grecian fli^rcsi,- much
about the fame time, aflfumed the republican form. Near a centillry be-
fore the Trojan war, Cadmus, with a colony from Phccnicia, had founded
this city, which from that time had been governed by kings. But the
lalV fov(.<-eign being overcome in fingle combat, by a neighbouring prince*
the Thebuna aboli(hed the regal power. Till the days however of Pelo-
pidas and Cpannnondits, a period of feven hundred years, the Thebans
performed nothing worthy of the republican fpirit. Other cities of
Greece, after the examples of Thebes and Athens, erected themfelves into
republics. But the revolutions of Athens and Sparta, two rival ftates,
v/iiicb, by meuns of the fuperiority they acquired, gave the tone to the
manner!^, genius, and politics of the Greeks, deferve our principal atten-
tion. We have feen a tender (lioot of liberty fpring up in the city of
Athens, upon the deceafe of Codrus, its laft fovereign. ^'his (hoot gradu-
ally improved into a vigorous plant ; and it cannot but be pleafant to ob-
ferve its prugrefs. The Athenians, by abolifhing the name of king, did
not entirely fubvert the regal authority : they eftahlifhcd a perpe-
tual m'agiftrate, who, under the name of Archon, was inveftcd with ' '
almoft the fame rights which their kings had enjoyed. The Atheni-
ans, in time, became fenlible, that the archonic office was too lively an
image of royalty for a free flate. After it had continued therefore three hun-
dred and thirty-one years in the family of Codrus, they endeavoured to lefTea
fts dignity, not by abridging its power, but by (hortening its duration.
The firll period aliigned tor the continuance of the archonfliip in the fame
hands, 'vas three years. But the defire of the Athenians for a more per-
feft fyfttm of freedom than had hitherto been cftablifhed, increafed gg
in proportion to the liberty they enjoyed. They again called out '*■*
for a frefli reduiftion of the power of their archons ; and it was at length
determined that nine annual magiftrates fhould be appointed for this oAkc.
Thefe magiftratcs were not only chofen by the people, but accountable tb
them for their conduct at the expiration of their ofKce. Thel'e alterations
were too violent not to be attended with fome dangerous confeqtiences.
Th(^ Athenians, intoxicated with their freedom, broke out into the moft
unruly and licentious behaviour. No written laws had been as yet enacted
in Athens, and it was hardly poflible that the ancient cu(loms«f the realm,
which were naturally fuppofed »o be in part aboliihed by the fucceffive
changes in the government. liiould fufficiencly reftrain the tumultuary fpi«
rits of the Athenians. :>i the firlt flutter of their independence. This en-
gaged the wifer puit of the flate, who began to prefer any fyftem of go-
vernment to their prefent anarchy and conr'uHon, to cafl their eyes on
Drnr^r,, a man of nn auflerc but virtuous difpolition, as the fittefl perfon
tor compofing a fyllem of law, to bridle the furious and unruly manners of
their countrymen. Druco undertook the office about the year 628, but
executed it with fo much rigour, th»t, in the words of an ancient hiflorian,
•* His laws were written with blood, and not with ink." D^iith was the
indifcriininute punilhmem of every offence, and the laws of Draco were

D 3 found

^3«

INTRODUCTION.

^und to be a remedy worfe than the difenk. Affairs again returned int6
confullon and difordery and remained (o till the time of Stilun, who
died in the year before Chrift 549f The gentle manrers, dilinteielk-d
virtue, and wif'dnm more than human, by which this fage was diftin-
j^uiflied, pointed him uut as the only charadler adnpted to the molt impurt<
■nt of all offices, the giving laws to a free people, Solon, though this
employment was aiiigned him by the unanimous voice of his country, -long
deliberated whether he Ihould undertake it. At length, however, the mo»
fives of public utility avercame all coniiderations of private eafe, fafety, and
reputation, and determined him to enter an ocean pregnant with a thoufand
dangers. The firfl flep of his legiflation was to abolifl) all the laws of Dra'r
CO, ezceptiDg thofp relative to murder. The puni(h<nent of this crime
could not be too great ; but to confider other offences- as equally criminal,
was to confound sl\\ notions of right and wrong, and to rctider the luW
inefiedlual by means of its fevcrity. Solon next proceeded to ncvt model
the;political law ; and his eflabliHiments on this head remuined among the
Athenians, while they prefervcd their liberties. He feems to have let out
with this principle, that a perfect republic, in which each citizen Ihould
have sn equal political importance, was a fyftem of government, beauti«
ful indee4 in theory, but not reducible to pradice. He divided the citizens
therefore into four claffes, according to the wealth which they pollcfled,
9nd the pooreft clafs he rendered altogether incapable of any public oiFice.

They had a voice, however, in the general council of the nation, in
which all matters of principal concern were determined in the laft refort.
But left this affembly, which was compofed of all the citizrns, ihould,
in the words of Plutarch, like a (liip with too many fails, be expofed to
theguft of folly, tumult, and difordcr, he provided for its fafery by the
two anchors of the Senate and Areopagus. The firft of thef? courts con-
iifted of four hundred pcrfons, a hundred out of each tribe of the Athe>?
nians, who prepared all important bill; that came before the aflembly of
the people ; the fecond, though but a court of juftice, gained a prodigi-,
ous afccndancy in the republic, by the wifdom and gravity of its niemben,
who were not chofcn, but after the ftridcft fcrutiny, and the mbft ferious
d^Iiberatibn.

Such was the fyftem of government eftabliflied by Solon, which, the
nearer we examine it, will afford the more matter for our admiration.
Upon the fame plan moft of the other ancient republics were ellablilhcdt
To infift on all of them, therefore, would qeither be entertaining nor
inflru£live, But the government of Sparta, or Lacedaemon, had ibme-
thing in it fo peculiar, that the great lines of it at leall ought not to be
omitted even in a delineation of this fort. Sparta, like the other Ihitcs of
Greece, was originally divided into a number of petty principalities,
of which each was under the jurifdii^ion of its own immediaie chieftain.
J^elex is faid to be the firft kin^, about the year B. C, 1 516. At length,
the two brothers Eurillhcnes and Procles, getting poffeffion of
• this country, became conjunft in the royalty ; and, what is ex-r
<remely lingular, their pofterity, in the direfr line, continued to rule coii-
jun»aiy for tiine hundred years, ending with Cleomencs, anno 220 before
the. Chriflian aera. The Spartan government, however, did not take
gg that Angular form which renders it fo remarkable, umil the time

^* of Lyourgus, the celebrated legiflator. The plan of policy de-
v'xkdhy Lycurgus, agreed with that already defcribed in comprehending a
fenatc and alTembiy of the people, and in general in all thofc eliablilliments
Hrhich arc cjeemcd moft reUuiftK; for the icturity of political independence.

turned int6
Solon, who
dilinteielk'd
was didin.
nolt import-
hough this
iiury, -long
'er, the mo-
fafety, and
I a thoufHnd
awsofDra^
this crime
ly criminaf,
er the la*-
ncit model
I among the
tiave fet out
ztn Ihould
nt, bcauti..
the citizens
7 poilcfled,
ibiic ofiice.
nation, in
lall refort.
IS, flioiild,
expofed to
ety by the
:ourts con-
be At he-.
Tembly of
prodigi,
em ben,
i)ft ferious

hich, the
niration,
ablilhedf
ning nor
Jbme-
lot to be
ihitcs of
palities,
licftain.
length,
bffion of
It is cx-
nlc coii-
bcfore
ot tnkc
le time
icy de-
riding a
imtnts
dence.
It

INTRODUCTION.

It differed from that of Athens, and indeed from all other governments,
in having two kings, whofe oHice was hereditary, though their power Wat
fufHctenrly circumfcribed by proper checks and reflraints. Bur the great
charadteriilic of the Spartan conilitution arofe from this, that in all laws,
Lycurgus'hnd at leaft as much refpeft to war as to political liberty- With
this view, all forts of luxury, all arts of elegance or entertainment, every
thing, in (hort, which had the ffnalleft tendency to foften the minds of the
Spartans, was abfolutely profcribed. They were forbidden the ufe of ino^
ncy, they lived ifit public tables on the coarfeft fare, the younger wer^
taught to pay the utmofi reverence to the more advanced in yeers, and all
ranks, capable to bear arms, were daily accudomed to the moll painful
exercifes. To the Spartans alone war was a relaxation nnher that) a hard*
fliip, and they behaved in it with a fpirit of which hardly any but a Spar-
tan could even form a conception.

In Older to fee the eifcdi of thefe principles, aiid to conne£t under one
point of view the hifiory of the diflferent quarters of the globe, we muil
now caft our eyes on Afia, and obferve the events which happened in
thole great empires, of which we have fo long lod light. We have al*
ready mentioned in what obfcurity the hidory ot Egypt is involved, »
until the reign of Bocchoris. From this period, to the dilTolutioii '
of their government by Cambyfes of Perlia, in the ycir B. G. $z^, th«
£gypti->-is are more celebrated for the wifdom of their laws, and politicd
inllu'ic;: V, t^^an for the power of their arms. Several of thefe leem to
have I •;■" 'I 'ated by the true fpirit of civil wifdom, and were admirably
calculh -v; i^e prefervin;^ order and good government in an extenfive king-
dom. The great empire of Affyxin likewife, -which had lb long difappear-
ed, becomes again an objed of attention, and affords the firft inilance wfc
meet with in hiflory, of a kingdom which fell afunder by its own wcighr,
and the edcminate weaknefs of its fovereigns. Sardunapalus, the laft
emperor of AlFyria, negleding theadminiilration of a^irs, and fliutting
hitnfelf up in his palace with his women and eunuchs, fell into contempt
with his luhjeds. The governors of his provinces, to whom, like ft
weak and indolent prince, he had entirely committed the conAmand of his
aimics, did not fail to lay hold of this opportunity of raifing their own
fortune on the ruins of their mailer's power. Arbaces governor of Medi^
and Belelis governor of Babylon, confpire againfl their fovereign, fet iir«
to his capital, in which Sardanapalus perifhed, B. C. 8 so, and divide
between them his extcnfive dominions. Thefe two kingdoms, fometimec
united under one prince, and fometimes governed each by a particular fo*
vereign, maintnined the chief fway of Afia for many years. Phul revived
the kingdom of AlTyria anno B. C. 777, and Shalmanezer, one of hit
fuccclfors, put an end to the kingdom of Ilrael, and carried the ten Trib«s
captive into Aflyria and Media, B. C. 721. Nebuchndacxur king of
Biihylon alfo, in the year B. C. 587, overturned the kingdom of Judaht
which had continued in the family of David from the year 1055, and maf»
tcred all the countries around him. But in the year 558, Cyrus the Great
took Babylon, and reduced this quarter of the world under the Per- g
fian yoke. The manners of this people as brave, hardy, and inde- " *
pendent, as well as the government of Cyrus, in all its v:»riou8 depart-
ments, are elegantly defcrihcd by Xenophnn, a Grecian philofophcr and
hirtorian. It is not ncceflary, howevvr, that we fliould enter on the fame
detail ufwn this fubjcft, as with regard to the affairs of the Greeks. Wc
have, in modern times, fufficient examples of monarchical governmenu :
but how few are our republics i* But the cera of Cyrus is in one refpeft ex-

D 4 ticmcly

4«

INTRODUCTION.

tremely remarknble ; befidc delivering the Jews fiom their capHvity, be.
Cifiife, with it the hiftory of the great nations of Hntiqvuty, which has hin
therto engaged our attention, may be fuppofed to iinifh. Let ur confider
then the genius of the AiTyrians, Babylonians, and Egyptiuns, in arts and
fciences ; and if poflible, difcover what progrcfs they had mude in thofd
acquirements, which are mbft fubfervient to the iitterefis of fociety.
■ The taile for the great and magnifltent, fecms to have been the pre-
vailing charatf^er of thefe nations; and they principally difplayed it in
<heir works of architecture: There are no vcftige?, however, now re-
maining, which confirm the teftimony of ancient xvriters, with regard to
the gieat works which adorned Babylon :ind Nineveh : neither is it clearly
determined in what year they were begun or iinilhed. There are three
pyranidf, ftupetidous fatric', ftill remaining in Kgypt, a: tome leagues
diftanx from Cairo, ana abrut nine miles from the Nile, which are fup-
pofed to have bern the burving places of the ancient Egyptian kingfi.
The Urgcft is five hundred feet in height, and two thoufand dx hundred
and forty broad each way at I ottOm. The apex is i .? feet fquare. The
iccond (Ian is on as much ground as the iirfl, but is 40 feet lower. It was a
I'uptrftition among this people, derived from the carlieft times, that even
after death the fool continued in the body as long as it remained uncor-
-rnptcd. Hence proceeded the cuilom of embalming, or of throwing into
the dead body fuch vegetables as experience had difcovered to be the
greateft prefervatives againft putrefadtion. The pyramids were erected
with the fame view. In them the bodi:s of the Egyptian kings were con-
cealed, lihts expedient,, together with embalming, as thefe fupcrftiiioiis
ironarchs conceived, would inevitably fccu re a fafc and comfortable re-
treat for their fouls after death. From what we read of the walls of Baby-
lon, the temple of Belus, and other works of the Kufl, and froj 1 what
travellers have recorded of the pyramids, it appears tbat'they were really
fuperb and magnificent Arudttires, but totally void of elegance. The or-
ders of architedlure were not yet known, nor even the conflrudting
of vaults. The arts, in which thcfc nations, next to archite«Skure, prin-
cipally excelled, were fculpture and embroidery. As to the fcicnccs,
•they bad all along continued to bci!low their principal attention on aftro-
nomy. It does not appear, however, that they made great progrcfs in ex-
plaining the caufes of the phenomena of the univerfe, or indeed in any
fpecies of rational and found philofophy. To demonftiutc this to an in-
tcUigen*: reader, it is fuflicient to obferve, that, according to the teAiinony
•of facred and profane writers, the abfurd reveries of 'magic and aftrology,
which always decreafein propoition to the advancement of true fcience,
were in high eftcem among them, during the lateft period of their govern-
ment.,, The countries which they occupied were extremely fruitful, and
afforded without much labour all the necefTaries, and even luxuries of life.
'They had long been accuftomed to a civilized and poliflied life in great
cities. Thefe circumflances had tainted their manners with effeminacy
and corruptioii/and rendered them an eafy prey to the Perfians, a nation
juft emerging from barbarifm, and of confequence brave and warlike.
This was flill more eafy in the infancy of the military art : when flrength
and courage were the only circumllances which gave the advantage to one
nation over another ; when, properly fpeaking, there were no f )rtificd
places, which in modern times have been difcovered to be fo ufei'ul in rtop-
ping the progrefs of a viftorious enemy ; and when the event of a battle
commonly decided the fate of an cinpiie. But wc muft now turn our at-
tention to other objed^.

<'• The

INTRODUCTION.

4»

m any
»n in-
iinooy
rology,
cicnce,
jovern-
I, and
|of life,
great
ninacy
nation
arlike.
ength
to one
rtificd
ibp-
battle

Tlic hiftory of Perfia, flfter the reign of Cyruf, who died in tlie yejir
B. C. 539, olfert little, conlidered in iifelf, that merit* our regard: bat
when combined with that of Greece, it becomes particularly intercli.''«p.
The rnonarclis who fucceeded Cyruf, gave an opportunity to the Greeks
to exercife thofc virtues, which the trecdom of their government hu4
created and confirmed. Sparta remained under the influence of Lycuraua't
in(litutioii5 : Athens had jull recovered from the tyranny of tl<s Piimra-
tidx, a family who had trampled on the laws of Suion^ and ufurpcd the
iupr«nic power. Such was their fltuittion, when the lult of univer*
fal empire, which feldom fails to torment the breiift of tyrantf, led 5^4*
J[)arius (at the indication of Kippias, who had been expelled from Athens,
and on account of the AThcn'ans burning the city of Sardis), to fend
forth his numcioui) armies into Greece. But the Perfians were ho longer
thofe invincible Ibldiers, who, under Cyrus, had conquered Alia. Their
minds were enervated by luxury and fervitude. Athens, on the contrary*
teemed with great men, whofe minds were nobly aniinated by the late re-
covery of their freedom. Miliiades, in the plains of Marathon,
with ten thoufand Athenians, overcame (he Perlian army of a huh- ^^
dred thoufand Foot, and ten thoufand cavalry. His countrymen. The-
miftocles and Ariilidcs, the firft celebrated fur his abilities, the fecond for
Ills virtue, gained the next honours to the general. Tt does not fall with*
in our plan to mention the events of this war, which, as the nnbteA mo-
numents of virtue over force, of courage ovcraumbcrg, of, liberty over
fervitude, c .fcrve to be read at length in ancient writers.

Xerxes, the fon of Darius, came in perfon into Greece, with an .
immcnle army, which, according to Herodotus, nmounred to two ^ *
millions and one hundred thoufand men. This account has been juAly
confidered, by fome ingenious modern writers, as incredible. The truth
cannot now be afcertaincd : but that the army of Xerxes was extremely
numerous, is the more probable, from the great extent of his empire, an4
from the abfurd pra£ticc of the eadern nations, of encumbering their
c.imp with a fupcrfluous multitude. Whatever the numbers of his army
were, he was every where defeated, by fca and lind, and' efcaped to Afia
in a Hfliing boat. Such was the fpirit of the Greeks, and fo well did they
know that " wanting virtue, life is pain and woe ; that wanting liberty,
" even virtue mourns, and looks around for happincfs in vain/* But
though the Perlian war concluded glorioully for the Greeks, it il, in a
great meafure, to this war, that the fubfequent tnisforrunes of that nation
are to be attributed. It was not the battles in which they fuffered the
lols of fo many brave men, but thofe in which they acquired an immenfiry
of Perlian gold ; it was not their enduring fo many hardfliips in thecour(«
of the war, but their connexion with the Perlians, after the conclufion of
it, ivhich fubverted the Grecian crtablifl»meuts, and ruined the mod vir-
tuous confederacy ihat ever ex'.fttrd upon earth. The Greeks became
haughty afier their victories : delivered from the common enemy, they

-gan to quarrel with one another : their quarrels were fomented by
Perfian gold, of which they had acquired enough to make them de«
iirous of more. Hence proceeded the famous Peloponnefinn war,
in which the Athenians and Lacetfxmonians A&ed as principals, and ^' *
drew after them the other ftates of Greece. They continued to weaken
themfelves by thofe inteftine divifions, till Philip king of Macedon (a
country till this time little known, but which, by the aftive and crafty
genius of this prince, became important and poffcrful), rendered himfelf

% the

INTRODUCTION.

J. tKeabfolurc matter of Grwcc, by the battle of Chfron«a. But
*^ * (hi* conqucll is on? of the lirA vx lueet with in hiliory which lUd
not liepetid on the event of a bnttle. Philip had laid his fchemes fo deeply,
and by bribery, promifes, aiid intrigues, gained over fuch a number of
coDnder.ible i^rfons in the feveral fiates of Greece to his interel>, that an*
other day would have put in his poflcllion what Cheronaea hud denied
Vim. T3:c Greeks had loll that virtue, which was (he b^llisnf their con-
federacy. Their popular governments fcrved only to give a fant'tion to
their liccnttoufn(Ts ami corruption. The principal orators, in moft of
their thites, were bribed into the fervice of Philip ; and all the clo<iuence
of a Demotlhenes, allifted by truth and virtue, was unequal to the mean,
but more feduClive arts of his opponents, who, by flattering the people*
ufcd the fureil method of winning their affections.

Philip had propofed to extend the boundaries of bis empire beyond the
narrow limits of Greece. But he did not long furvive the battle of Che.
ronxa. Upon his deceafe, his fon Alexander was chofen general againft
the Perli>>ns, by all the Grecian Dates, except the Athenians and The-
bans. Thefe made a feeble eflbrt for expiring liberty. But they
334* ^.gfg obliged to yield to fupcrior force. Secure on the fide of
. Greece, Alexander fet out on his Pcrfian expedition, at the head of
thirty thoufand foot, and live thoufand horfe. The fucccfs of this army
in cunqiiering the whole force of Darius, in three pitched battles, in
OTcr-running and fubduifg not only the countries then known to the
Greeks, but many parts of India, the very n.tn. .s of which had never
reached an European ear, has been defcribcd by many aiithors both an-
cient and modern, and conlHtutes a linguhir part of the hidory of the
world. Soon after this rapid career of viftory and fuccels, Alex-
3^3* under died at Babylon. His captains, after facrificinf; all his fa»
mily to their ambition, divided among them his dominions. This gives
rife lo a number of xnts and events too complicated for our prcfent pur',
pofe, and even too iinintcrefting. After coniidering therefore the ftate of
arts and fctenccs in Greece, we (hall pafs over to the Roimin atlairs, where
the hi(b>rical dcdudion is mure fimple, and alfo mnrc important.

The bare nanies of illullrious men, who fiourifhcd In Greece from the
time of Cvrus to that of Alexander, would fill a large volume. During
this period, all the arts were ciin-ied to the higheli: pitch of perfeftion ;
and the improvements we Rave hitherto mentioned, were bur the dawn-.
ii>gs of this glorious day. Though the eaflern nations had raifed mag-
niliccnt and liupendous lbuftiire«, the Greeks were the firlT: people in the
yrorld, who, in their worki of architecture, added beauty to magnificence,
|ind elegance to grandeur. The temples of Jupiter oiytnpus, and the
Ephe'ian Diana, are the tiril monuments of good tafte. They were
creiiled by the Grecian colonic?, who fettled in Alia Mnor, before the
reign of Cyrus. Phidias, the Athtnian, who died in the year B. C. 432,
is the firil (culptor whofc woiks have been immortal. Zcuxis, Parrhalius,
and Timantheus, during the fame a^e, firll difcovered the power of the
pencil, and all the magic of painting. Compolition, in all its various
branchef, reached a decree of perfeiftioii in the Greek language, of which

n modern

reader can hardly form an idea. Alter Heliod and Homer,
who flouriflicd roco years before titc Chrillian oera, the tragic poets il^f-
chyliTs,' Sophocles, a:ul Euripides, were the firll coiiiidorablc itnprovers of
poetry, Herodorus gave limplicity and elegance to profaic writing. Ifo^
crates <;ave it cadence and harmony, but it was left to Thucvdides and
Dciuo^hcncs, to dilcover the full forge of the Gfeck tongue* It was not

I however

I N T R O D U C T vl O N.

the

liowerer in the*finer sm alone tbnt the Ortelcj cTcelled. Erery f^irt
of philofophy was cultiviited among them with the utmoft fucceis. Noc
to mention the divine Socrates, the virtue of whofe life, and the ex-
cellence or whofe philofophy, juftly entitled him to a very high degree of
veneration ; hii three difciples, Plato, Arlfluile, and Xcnophon, may,
for ftrengrh of reafuning, juflnefs of fentimcnt, and propriety of expref-
fion, be put on a footing with the writers of any age or country. £x}x-
ricnce, indeed, in n long courfc of years, h.is taught us many I'ecrcts in
niiture, wiih which thcfe philolbphcrs wtre unacquainted , and which
no flrcngth of genius could divine. But whatever fume vain empirics in
learning may pretend, the moft learned and ingenious men, both in
France and £ngl;md, have ncknoivledgcd the fuperiority of the Greek •
philofophers ; and have reckoned themiclvcs happy in catching their turn
of thinking, ami manner of cxprdFion. But the Greeks were not lefs
diftinguiflied for their ai^ivc than for their fpeculative talents. It would
be endlefs to recount the nnmes of their fumous flatefmcn and warriors,
and it is impoHible to mcnt'on a few without doing iimiliicc to a greater
number. War was firrt reduced into a fcicnte by the Greeks. Their
foldiers fought from an aftcction to their country, and an ardor for glory,
and not from a dread of their fuperiors. We have feeo the eftcft of this mi-
litary virtue in their wars ngainft tlic Periians : the caufe of it was the wife
laws which Amphitftyon, Solon, and Lycurgus had eilablifhcd in Greece.
But ^c inuft noW leave this nation, whof(i hidory, both civil and philo-
fophical, is as important as their territory was inconiiderable, and turn
our attention to the Roman afl'drs, which are dill more interefling, both
on their own account, and from the relation in which they (land to thofe
of modern Europe

The charadter of Romulus, the founder of the lloman flaic, when we
view him as the leader of a few lawlefs and wandering banditti, is
an objeft of extreme iniignificance. But when we conlidcr him as ' ^^*
the founder of an empire as extcnfive as the world, and whofe progrefir
and decline have occanoned the two greateft revolutions that ever hHppen*
cd in Europe, we cannot help being intere^ed in his condu(5t. His dif-
pofitioQ was extremely martial ; and the political flatc of Italy, divided
into a number of fmall but independent dii^ridls, afforded a noble field for
the difplay of military«talents. RomHilus was continually embroiled with
one or other of his neighbours ; and war was the only employment by
which he and his companions expe(fled not only to aggrandixe themfelves,
but even to fubfirt. In the condufl of his wars with the neighbouring
people, we may obfervc the fame maxims by which the Romans after-
wards became mafters of the world. Indead of dellroying the nations he
had fubjeded, he united them to the Roman Hate, whereby Rome aCt
quired a new acccilion of ftrength from every war (he undertook, and be-
came powerful and populous from that very circumftance which ruins
and depopulates other kingdoms. If the enemies, with which he cont
tended, had, by means of the art or arms they employed, any confider-i
able advantage, Romulus immediately adopted that pradtice, or the ufe of
that weapon, and improved the military, fyftem of the Romans by the
united experiencp of ail their enemies. We have an ex-implc of both
thefe inaxim<t, by means of which the Roman flate arrived at fuch ^
pitch of grandeur, in the war with the Sabinc$. Romulus having con-,
rjucred that^nation, not only united tnem to the Romans, but finding
their buckler preferable to the Roman, inflantly threw afide the latter,
f^ud m^dc ufe of \hc Sabine buckler iu fighting againd other Aatcs. Ro*

muluS)

INTRODUCTION.

nOtlls, though principally attached to war, did not altoyther nesrlcA tV%
civil policy of his ini'aac kingdom. He inlHtuced what was cnlKd the
Senate, a court orio.inally compofed of a hundred peH'ont, dlAinguiflied
lor their wifdom and experience. He enadted laws for the admiaiflratiun
of juOice, and for bridling the fierce and unruly p^iflions of his followers :
and after a long reign fpeiit in promoting the civil ur military intcreOs of
his country, was, according to the moil probable conjedurr, prt-
7 '7' vately aiTalTinated by foine of the merabets of that fcuate, Which
lie himfelf had inflitutcd.

The fucccflbrs of Romulus were all very extraordinary perfonages.
Kuma, who came next to him, elLblilhed the religious ceremonies of the
Komans, and infpired theiti with that veneration for ao oath, which
nas «ver after the Ibul of their military difcipline^ Tullus Hoftilius,
i^ncus Martins, Tari|uiuiu8 Pritcus, and Scrvius Tullius, laboured each
during his ivign for the' grandeur of Rome. But Tarquinius Supt rhus,
the feventh and laft king, having obtaintd the crown oy the execrdblc
murder of his father-in-law Servius, cont<r>ucd to fupport it by the mull
cruel and infamous tyranny. This, together with the inlblence ot his
ion Stxats Tarquinius, who, by diflionouring Lucretin, a Roman lady,
affronted the whole nation, occafioned the expullion of the Tarquin
5°9* family, and with it the diflolution of the regal government. As
the Romans, however, were continually engaged in war, they found it
BccclFary to have fume officer inveilcd with fupreme authority, who might
cundu«ft them to the field, and regulate their military cnterprifcs. in
the room of the kings, therefore, they appointed two annual magillrates
called confuls, who, without creating the fame jealoufy, fuccecded to all
•he powers of their fovereigns. This revolution was extremely favourable
to the Roman grandeur. The confuls, who enjoyed but a temporary
piwtrr, were dehrous of iignalizing their reign by fome great acflion : each
vied with thofe who had gone before him, and the Romans were daily led
ot>i againii fome new enemy. When we add to this, that the people,
naturally warlike, were infpired to deeds of valour by every coniidcration
which could excite them : that the chizens of Rome were all foldiers, and
fought for their lands, their children, and their liberties, we need not be
forprifed, that they (hould, in the courfe of fome centuries, extend their
power all over Italy.

The Romans, now ftcure at home, and finding no iencmy to contend
with, turn their eyes abroad, and meet with a powerful rival in the Car-
thaginians. This (late had been founded or enlarged on the coaft of the
Mediterranean in Africa, fome time before Rome, by a colony of Phoe-
nicians, anno B. C. 869, and, according to the praaice of their mother
country, they had cultivated commerce and naval greatncfs.

Carthage, in this dclign, had proved wonderfully fuccefsful. She now
comjTianded both fides of the Mediterranean. Befides that of Africa,
»vhich flie alrnoft entirely poflTciTed, fhe had Extended herfelf on the Spanifli
fule, thioiigb the Straita. Thus miftrcfs of the fea, and of commerce, flie
had fcized on the liknds of Corfica and Sardinia. Sicily had difHculty to
r defend itfelf ; and the Romans were two nearly threatened not to take

■•* up arms. Hence a fucccflion of hotlilities between thefc rival
ilates, known in hirtory by the nair.e of Punic wars, in which the Car-
thaginians, with al) their wealth and power, were an unequal match for
the Romans. Carthalgc was a powerful I'cpublic, when Rome was an in-
ctyilidcrable flatc ; but ilic was now become corrupt and effeminate, while
Rome was in the vigour of hef politicrtl coulUtution. Carthage crn-

ployed

INTRODUCTION.

!t\

which

ployed mercenariea to carry on her wart < Romef as we have already men-
tioned, was compofed of Toldicrs. Ihe firft war with Carthage laAe4
twenty>thrce years, and taught the Romans the art of fighting on the fen,
with which they had been hidieno unacquainted. A diirthaj^iaian veflH
was wrecked on their coaft { they ufcd it for a model, in three ,
months fitted out a fleet, and the conful Duilius, who fought their
firft naval battle, was viAorious. It is not to our purpofe to mention all
the tranfadlions of thefe wart. The behaviour of R<^ulu$, the Romaa
general, may give us an idea of the fpirtt which then animated this |):;ople.
Being taken prifonei* in Africa, he is fent back on his parole to ,
negociate a change of prilbnerst. He maintains in the fenate, the '
propriety of that law, which cut off from thofewho fuftered themfevet to-
be taken, all hoprs of being faved, and returns to a certain death.

Neither was (Jarthage, though corruptfd, deficient in great men. Of
all tlie enemies the Romans ever had to contend with, Hunnibal the Car-
thaginian was the moll inflexible and dangerous. His fnthrr Hamiicar
bad imbibed an extreme hatred againd the Romuns, and having fettled
the inteftine troubles of his country, he took an early opportunity to
infpirc his iim, tbotigh but nine year^ old, with his own fcncimcnts. For
this purpofe he ordered a folemn facrifice to be oti'ered to Jupiter, and
leading his ion tn the alrar, afkid him whether he w<i8 willing to atteni
him in his expedition ngaind the Komnns ; the courageous boy not only
confented to go, but conjured his tether by the gods prcicnt, to form hiin
to victory, wnd teach him the art of con(]uenng. That I will joyfuUy^
do, replied Hamiicar, and with all the care of a father who lovc» you, if
you will fwear upon the altar to be an eternal enemy to the RomiUi'i.
Hnnnibal readily complied; and the i'olenmiry of the ceremuny, and the
facreduefs of the oath, made fuch an imprcinon upon his mind, as no-
tning'afterwards could ever eflace. Being appointed general at twenty-
five years of age, he crofles the £bro, the Pyrenees, and the Alps, and in
a moment falls down upon Italy. The lofs of four battles threat- -.
ens the fall of Rome. Sicily fides with the concjueror. Hierony- *
mus king of Syracufe declares againll the Romans, and almbd all Italy
abandons them. In this extremity, Rome owed its prcfervation to three
great men. Fabius Maximus, defpiiing popular clamour, and the mili-
tary ardour of his countrymen, declines coming to an engagement. The
ftrengrh of Rome has time to recover. Marcellus raifcs the ficge of Noc
la, takes Syracufe, and revives the drooping fpirits of his troops. The
Romans admired the character of thefe great men, but faw fuinethiug
more divine in the young Scipio. The fuccefs of thi? young hero con-
ficmed the popular opinion, that he was of divine cxtraiflion, and held
converfe with the gods. At the age of four-and-twenty, he flies
into Spain, where both his father and uncle had loft their livec, at- ' *
tacks New Carthage, and carries it at the firft aflault. Upon his arrival
in Africa, kings fubinit to him, Carthage trismbles in her turn, and fees
her armies defeated. Hannibal, fixteen years viiftoriovis, is in vain called
home to defend his country. Carthage is rendered tributary, gives
hoftages, and eng-agcs never to enter upon a war, but with the con- '

fcnt of the Roman people.

After the cnnqueft of Carthage, Rome had inconfiderable wars but greit
^idtories; before this time its wars were great, and its viiSlones inconfi-
derable. At this time the vvorld was divided, as it were, into two parti :
in the one fought the Romans and Carthiginians ; the other was agitated
by thoic quarrels which had lafled iiiice the death of Alexander the
. / .■_.-■- ■■■:', - ■ P ■ , Great.

46 INTRODUCTION.

Greic. Their fctno of adion wai Greece, Rgypt, and the E^ft. Th«
ifaitet of Greece had once more dif«n||Hged themielvcs fruiii afureign yuke.
Thay were divided into three confederaciet, the Etoliani, Acheanit, and
Beoiian ; each ot thefe was an aflfociaiioa of free citiei, which had aflcm.
bliei and magiftrates in common. The Etoliani were the mud confujer*
able of them all. Tho kings of Macedon maintained that fuperiority,
which in ancient times, when the balance.of power wus little attended to,
a ^reat princ« naturally poflefled over his lefs powerful neighbours.
Philip the pVefent monarch, had rendered h}mfelf odious to the Greeks,
by fomc unpopular and tyrahnical Heps ; the Etolians were tnoft irritated (
and hearing the fame of tlie Roman arms, called them into Greece, and
overcame Philip by their afliftance. The vidory, however, chiefly re-
doundtd to the advantnge of the Romans. The Macedonian gurriibni
were obliged to evacuace Greece ; tlie cities were all declared tree ; hue
Philip became a trihucary to the Rnmans, and the dates uf Greece became
their dependents. The Etolians difcovering their iirii error, endeavoured
to remedy it by another iVill more dangerous to themfclves, and more nd«
vantagcous to the Romans. As they had called the Romans into Grecca
to defend them agiiinll king Pliiliii, they now called in Antiochus, king
of Syria, to defend them aj^ainll the Romans. The famous Hannibal too
had recourfe to the lame prince, who was at this time the moll powerful
monarch in the Eafl, and the fuccellbr to the dominions of Alexander in
Alia. But Antiochus did not follow his advice fo much as that of the
Ktolians ; for, inikad of renewing the war in Italy, where Hannibal, from
experience, judged the Romans to be moft vulnerable, he landed in
Greece with a fmall body of troops, and being overcome without diihculty,
fled over into Alia. In this war the Romans made ul'c of Philip for con>
^uering Antiochus, as they hud before done of the Etolians for conquering
Philip. They now purfue Ati'iochus, the laft objert of their rc«
' ' fentment, into Afia, and having vanquiihed him by fca and land,
compel him to fubmit to an infamous trei>ty.

In thefe conquells the Romans flill alU)wed the ancient inhabitants to
poflefs their territory ; they did not even cl'ange the form of government;
the conquered nations became the allies of the Roman people, which de«
nomination however, under a fpecious namt, concealed a condition very
iervilc, and inferred, that they fliould fubmil to whatever was required of
them. When we reflcft on thefe cafy conq Jefts, we have reafon to be
ai>oni(l)ed at the reiilhnce which the Romans met with from Mithridatea
King of Potvfus, for the fpacb of z6 years. >'ut this mooarch had great
Kfources. His kingdom bordering on the ioacceflible mountains of Cau*
cufus, abounded in a race of men, whofe minds were not enervated by
pleafurc, and whofe bodies were Arm and vigoious, and he gave the Ro-
mans more trouble than e,ven Hanibal.

The different ftates of Greece and Afia, who now began to feel the
weight of their yoke, but had not a fpirit to fliake it off, were tranfported
at finding a prince, who dared to fliew himfelf an enemy to the Romans,
and cheerfully fubmitted to his protection. Mithridates, however, at laft
was com|)elled to yield to the fuperior fortune of the Romans. Van-
quiflied fucceflively by Sylla and Lucullup, he was at length fubdued by
P«mii)ey, and ilripped of his dominions and of his life, in the year B. C.
63. In Africa, the Roman arms met with equal fuccefs. Marius, in
g^ conquering Jugurtha, made all fccure in that quarter. Even the
barbarous nations beyond the Alps, began to feel the weight of
the Roman arms. Gallia Narboneufis had been reduced into a pro»

viace.

INTRODUCTION.

41^

ioi<

vtncf . The Ciinbri« Teutoney, and other northern natbni of Europe,
broke into thii part of the empire. The fame Martui, whofe name trus
fo terrible in Africa, then ntside the North of Europe fo tremble.
The BHrbarians retired to their wildi and defMrts, Icfs formiditble
than the Roronn legiont. But while Rome conquered the Vorld, th(?ro
fubfiAed an tntcrn;il war within her wall*. This war had fubtiftod
from the firft periodf of the government. Rome, after the expulfion of
her kings, enjoyed but a partial liberty. The defccndtinis of the fenatort,
who were diltinguiflied by the name of Piittici»t^s, were inveiled with (9
many odious privileges, that the people felt thvir dependence, and became
determined to (liake it off. A thmifnnd difputes on this fubjeA arolc ht:-^
twixt them and the Patricians, which nUvays terminated in lavour of lir

berty.

Thcfc difputes, while the Romans prefcrved their virtur, tverii not ac-
tended with nny dangerous confcqucnccs 7'he Putricinns, who loved
their country, cheei fully parted with fome of their privile<^re8 to futisfy
the people ; and the people, on the other h:mci, thcuiph they ohtained
laws, by which they might he Hdmitrcd to enjoy the hi'ft offices of the
flatc, and though they had the power of nomin:iu;-n, aKviiys named Patri-
cian)*. But when the Romans, by the conqui i"i ot foreign Dutioni', l»c-
came acquainteil with all their luxuri«rfi and refinements ; when they be-
came tainted with the etteininncy and corruption of the ciilk-m couits. and
fporttd with every thing juft and hunourable, in order to obtain them, tl««
Hitte, torn by thjc fa(^ti()ns between its members, und without virtue oti ei-
ther fide to keep it together, became a prey to its own children. Ilriue
the bloody ftd.tions of the Gracchi, which paved the way fv)r im extlr-
guiflinble hatred between the nobles and commcns, and made it cafy ((»r
any turbulent demagogue to put them in adion agninii each other. The
love of their country was now no more than a fpecious nanvc ; the betttr
fort were too wealthy and effeminate to fubmit to the rij/ours of military
difciplinc, and the foldiers, compofed of the drejjs of the republic, uei<
no longer citizens. They had little refpeiJt for any but their comm:.nder ;
under his banner they fought, and cotujucred, and plundered ; and for
him they were ready to die. He might command them to embrne their
hands in the blood of their country. They who knew no country but the
camp, and no authority but that of their general, wore tvtr ready m
obey him. The multiplicity of the Roman conqutft?, Viowevcr, whi^-h
i^equired their keeping on foot fevcral armies at the fame time, retarded
the fubverfion of the repubiic. Thefe armies were fo mnny checks upon
each other. Had it not been for the fidiliers of Sylla, Rome would have
furrendered irs liberty to the army of Mariu?.

Julias Cxfiur at length appears. By fubduing the Gauls, he gained
his country the moft ufeful conqueft it ever made. Pompey, his „
QWn rival, js overcome in the plains of Pharfalia. Caei'ar a|)- * *
peats vidorious almoft at the fame time all over the world : in Egypt, lA
Afia, in Mauritania, in Spain, in Gaul, and in Britain : conqueior ott
all fides, iic is acknowledged irt^fter at Rome, and in the whole empire,
Bruttis and Ciillius think to give Rome her liberty, by Itabbing b.im in the
fenate*houfe. But though they thereby deliver the Rom;in» from
the tyranny of Julius, the republic daes not obtain its freedom. ***
It falls into the nands^of Mark Anthony ; young Ciefar Oftavianu«, ne-
phew to Julius Ctffar, wrclls ill from him by the fea-fight at A^ium, and
there is no Brutus of C-iflius to put an end to his life, Thofe
frtciuis of liberty had killed themfdves in defpair} and Of?a\ius, 5'*

under

48 INTRODUCTION.

under the name of Auguilui, and title of emperor, remained the undif'
tiirbed mader of the empire. During thefe civil cnmmotioni, the Ko*
mani ftill preferved the a}ory of their arms among diftnnt nationi ; and,
while it was unknown wnu Aiould be mailer at RoiOf, the Komuni were
without dii'piice, the maileri of the world. Their military difciplinc and
valour aboiiihed all the remains of the Carthngian, the Perfian, the
Greek, the AiTyrian, and Macedonian glorv ; they were now only a name.
No fooner, therefore, wag O^avius eAabliflied on the throne, than am-
bafTadors from all auarteri of the known world, crowd to miike their fub-
tnitlions. i£thiopia fues for peace ; the Parthiani, who had been a moft
iormiduble enemy, court his friendfhip ; India fecks hit alliance ; Panno-
nia acknowledges him ; Germany dreads him ; and the Wefer n-
'' ceivcs his laws. \ i£lorious by fea and land, he lluits the temple of
Janus. The whole earth lives in peace under his power,, and Jefus Chrift
comes into the world, four years before the common seia. '

Having thus traced the progrcfs of the Roman government, while it
remained a republic, our plan obliges us to fnya few words with regard tu
she ans, fcicnces, and manners of that people. During the fird ages of
the republic, the Romans lived in a total negle£t, or rather contempt, of
all the elegant improvements of life. War, politics, und agriculture,
were the only arts they fludied, becaufe they were the only arts they'
cftecmed. But upon tlie dowrtfal of Carthage, the Romans having no
cnemv to dread from abroad, began to talle the fweets of fecurity, and
to culiivate the arts. Their progrefi, however, whs not gradual, as in
the other countries we have defcribed. The ccnqueft of Greece at once
put them in pollcflion of every thing mod rare, curious, or elegant. Aliit,
which was the next victim, offered all its Aores ; and the Romans, from
the mott £mple people, fpeedily became acquainted with the arts, the
luxuries and refinements of the whole earth. liloquence they had always
cultivated as the high road to eminence and preferment. The orations of
Cicero are inferior only to thofeof Demofthenes. In poetry Virgil yields
only to Homer, whofe verfe, like the profe of Demofthenes, may he con-
fidered as inimitable. Horace, however, in his fatires and cpilHes, had no
model among the Greeks, and {lands to this day unrivalled in that fpecies
of writing. In hifiory, the Romans can boaft of Livy, who pofTefles all
the natural eafe of Herodotus, and is more defcriptive, more eloquenr,
and fentimental. Tacitus indeed did not flourifli in the Auguftan age, but
his works do himfelf the greateft honour, while they difgrace his country
and human nature, whofe corruption and vices he paints in the mod drik*
ing c6lour;. In philofophy, if we except the works of Cicero, and the
fyuem of the Greek philofopher Epicurus, defcribed in the nervous poe*
try of Lucretius, the Romans, during the time of the republic, made not
the leaft attempt. In tragedy, they never produced any thing excellent ;
and Terence, though remarkable for purity of flylc, wants that cowica v/j,
or \\vc\jr vein of humour, that diftinguiflies the Greek comedians, and
which diftinguiflies our bhakfpeare.

We now return to our hiftory, and are arrived at an ara, which pre-
frnts us with a fet of inonfters, under the name of emperors, whofe hifto>
ries, a few excepted, difgrace human nature. They did not indeed abo-
li(h the forms of the Roman republic, though they extinguifhcd its liber-
ties ; and, while they were praif^iling the mpft unwarrantable cruelties
upon their fubjctfts, they theinfclves were the flaves of their foldiers.
They made the world tremble, while they in their turn trembled at the

INTRODUCTION,

army. Rome, from the dmc of Auguflui, became the moft defpottc em-
pire chHt ever i'ubfiftcd in Europe. 'J'o form nii idea uf their governmenC«
We need only recall to our mind the fitUHtim o( Turkey at prefent. Ic ii
of no importance therefore to confidcr the charaflcr of the emperors, fince
they had no power hui what arofe from a mercenary (landing army ; nor to
etitcr into a det:\il with regard to the tranfaflions of the court, which were
direftcd with th;tt caprice, und cruelty, and corruption, which univerful«
ly prevailed under a defpotic guvcrnmunt. When it is faid that the Ro-
man republic conquered the world, it is only meant of the civilized part
of it, chiefly^ Greece, Carthitue, and Afi:i. A more difficult talk Hill
remained for the emperors, to fubdue the baibarous nations of Europe ;
the Ocrman?, the Gauli, the Britonf, and even the remote corner of
Scotland ; for thoiij{h thefe countries had been difcovered, they were not
eftedtuftlly fubducd by the Roman generals. Thefc nations t*^ough rude
and ignurant were brave and independent. It was rather iu.>n the fu^-
riority of their difcipiinc, than of their courage, that the Romans gained
any advantage over them, 'i he Roman wars with the Germans are de-
fcribcd by Tacitus, and from his accounts, though a Roman, it is eafy to
difcovcr with what biavcry they fought, and with what reludla.ice ihey
fubmitted to a foreign yoke. From the obOinate reliOance of the Ger-
mans, we may judge of the difficulties the Romans met with in fubduiog
the other nations of Europe. The contells were on both fides bloody ; the
countries of Europe were fucceffively laid waile, the inhabitants )-. •
riflied in the field, many were carried into iiavery, and but a feeble re; i-
nant fubmitted to the Roman power. This fituation of aftairs was extreme-
ly unfavourable to the happinefs of mankind. The barbarous nations,
indeed, from their intercourfe with the Rimians, acquired fomc tafte for
the arts, fciences, language, and manners uf their new maflers. Thefs
however were but milcrablc confolations for the lofs of liberty, for being
deprived of the ufe of their arms, for being over-awed by mercenary fc;-
diers kept in pay to rcflraio them, and for being delivered over to rapaci-
ous governors, who plundered them without mercy. The only i ircum-
(lance which could fupport them under thcfe complicated calamities, was
the hope of feeing better days.

The Roman empire, now ftretched out to fuch an extent, had loft its
fpring and force. It contained within itfelf the feeds of dilTohitiun ; and
the violent irruption of the Goths, Vandal?, Huns, and (..'; cr barbaiianjs,
hailcncd its dcftru(5tion. Thcfe fierce tribes, who came to t.r.l<c vengeance
on the empire, either inhabited the various parts of Germany, which had
never been fubdued by the Romans, or wci<i fcattered over the vaft coun-
tries of the north of Europe, and north-weft of Afia, 'vhich are now in-
habired by the Danes, the Swedes, the Poles, the fubjeds of the Ruffian
empire, and the Tartars. They were drawn f)oin their native coun-
try by that reftlelTnefs which actuates the minds of barbarians, and makes
them rove from home in qneft of plunder, or new fettlements. The
firft invaders met with a powerful rcliftancc from the fuperior difd-
plineof the Roman legions; but this, inftead of daunting men ofa ftrotig
and impetuous temper, only roufed them to vengeance. 1 hey return to
their companions, acquaint them with the unknown cdnveniencies and
luxuries that abounded in countries better cultivated, or blefled with a
milder climate thnn their own ; they acquaint them with the battles
they had fought, of the friends they had loft, and warm them with re-
fentment againft their opponents. Great bodies of armed men (fays an

£ cle-

INTRODUCTION.

elegant hldortan, in defcribing this fcene of defolation) with their wivei
and children^ nnd flaves and Hucks, iifued forth, liVe regular colonies, in
queft of new fettlemcnts. New adventurers followed them. The lands
which they deferted were occupied by more remote tribes of barbarians.
Thefe, in their turn, puflied forward into more fertil; countries, and, like
a torrent continually increafing, rolled on, and fwept every thing before
them. Wherever the barbarians marched, their route was marked with
blood. They ravaged or deftroyed all around them. They made no
difiin^ion between what was f.icred, and what was profane. They ref-
pedted no age, itr fcx, or rank. If a man was called to fix upon the
period in the hiftory of the world, during which the cc ndition of the hu-
man race was moil calamitous and afflided, he would, without hefiration,
name that which elapfed from the death of Theodofius the Great, A. D.
395, to the eilabliflimcnt of the Lombard* in Italy, A. D. 571. Thfr
cotetnporary authors, who beheld thut fcene of defolation, labour and
are at a lofs for cxprelfions to defcribe the horror of it. T/jf/tonr^e o/Gotff
the deftroytr of nations ^ are the dreadful epithets by which they diftlnguifti
ihe molt noted of the barbarous leaders.

Cor>ftantine, who was emperor the beginning of the fourth century,
and who had embraced Chriftianity, changed the feat of empire from

a Rome to Conftantinople. This occalioned a prodigious alteration.
3' * The weftern and caftern provinces were feparated irom each other,
and governed by different fovereigns. The withdrawing the Roman legi-
ons trom the Rhine- and the Danube to the Eaft, threw down the weflcrn
barriers of the empire, and laid it open to the invaders.

Rome (now known by the name of the Weftern Empire^ in contradiftinc-
tion to Conftantinople, which, from its lituation, was called the Eaftern
Empire), weakened by this divilion, becomes a prey to the barbarous na-
tions. Its ancient glory, vainly deemed immortal, is effaced, and Odon-
cer, a barbarian chiefcan, is feated on the throne of the Caefars. Thefe

r irruptions into the empire were gradual and fucceifive. The in>-
^' ' mcnfe fabric of the Roman Empire was the work of many ages,
and feveral centuries were employed in demolifbing it. The ancient dif-
ciplinc of the Romans, in military affairs, was fo efficacious, that the re-
mains of it dcfcended to their fuccelfors, and muft have proved an overmatch
for all their enemies, had it not been for the vices of their emperors, and
the univerfal corruption of manners among the people. Satiated with
the luxuries of the known world, the emperors were at a lofs to find new
provocatives. The moil diftant regions were explored, the ingenuity of
■ mankind was cxercifed, and the tribute of provinces expended upon one
' favourite difli. The tyranny, and the univerfal deprivation of manners
that prevailed under the emperors, or, as they are called, Cafars, could
only be equalled by the barbarity of thofc nations who overcame
bem.

Towards the clofe of the fixth century, the Saxons, a German nation,
were ntafters of the fouihern and more fertile provinces of Britain ; the
Franks, another tribe of Germans, of Gaul ; the Goths, of Spain; the
Goths and Lombards, of Italy, and the adjacent provinces. Scarcely
any veftigc of the Roman pulicy, jurifprudence, arts, or literature re-
mained. New forms of government, new laws, new manners, new
dreiTes, new languages, and new names of men and countries, were every
where introduced.

From this period, till the 16th century, Europe exhihitcd'a picture of
moil melancholy Gothic barbarity. Literature, Icicnce, tallc, were words

2 fcuicely

'fi

lNTROt)trCTlON.

irwivet
inie», in
tie lands
barians.
ind, like
g before
ced with
nade no
hey ref-
pon the
"the hu-
efitation,
, A. D.
I. The-
jour and
e ofGotff
iftfnguilh

century,
lire from
ilteration.
ch other,
man legi-
le weftcrn

tradiftinc-
e Eajieru
laroiis na-
nd Odoa-
Thcfe
The in>-
»ny ages,
cient dif-
t the re-
verm atch
Irors, and
ted with
find new
enuity of
ipon one
" manners
s, could
vtrcamc

In nation,

lain ; the

Scarcely

iiiture rc-

^rs, new

:re every

li^ure of
\vc words

Icaiccly

fcarce in ufe during thefe ages. Pcrfona of the higheft rank, and in the
mod eminent Aations, could not read or write. Many of the cleigy did
not underftand the breviary which ihey were 6bliged daily to recite :
iottM of them could fcarcely read it. The human mind ncgledtedj uncul-
tivated, and depreflcd, funk into the mod profound ignorances The fu-
pcrior genius of Charlemagne, who, in the beginning of the 9th century,^
governed France and Germany with part of Italy ; and Alfred the Great
in England, during the latter part of rlie f.ime century, endeavoured to
difpel this darknels, and give their fubjedtr \ (hort gllmpfe of light. But
the ignorance of the age was too powerful for their efforts and inftitu'
tions. The darkaefs returned, and even incrcafed j fo that a dill grcatec
degree of ignorance and barbarifni prevailed throughout Europe.

A new divifion of property gradually introduced a new fpecies of go*
vcrnment formerly unknown ; which hngular inftituttoii is now diftin-
ftuiflied by the name of the Feudal Syji.m. The king or general, who led
the barbarians to conqueft,^ parcelled out the lands of the vanquiflicd a-
mong his chief officers, binding thofe on whom they were beftowed to
follow his ftandard with a number of men, and to bear arms in his defence.
The chief officers imitated the example of the fovercign, and In diftribut*
ing portions of their lands among their dependants, annexed the fame
condition to the grant. But though this fyftem feemcd to be admirably
calculated for defence againft a foreign enemy, it degenerated into a fyftem
of opprellion.

The ufurpation of the nobles became unbounded and Intolerable*
They reduced the great body of the people into a ftate of aitual fervitude.
They were deprived of the natural and moft unalienable rights of humani-
ty. They were flaves fixed to the foil which they cultivated, and together
with it were transferred from one proprietor to another, by fale or by coiv
Tcyance. Every offended baron, or chieftain, buckled on his armour
and fought redrefs at the head of his vafl'als. His adverfaries met him it
like hoftile array. The kindred and dependants of the aggreflbr, as well
trs of the defender, were involved in the quarrel. They had not even the
liberty of remaining neuter ".

The monarchs of Europe perceived the encroachments of theil' noble)
with impatience. In order to create fome power that might counterba-
lance thofe potent vaffals, who, while they enllaved the people, controlled
or gave law to the crown, a plan was adopted of conferring new privileges
on towns. Thefe privileges abolifhcd all marks of fervitude j and the in-
habitants of towns were formed into corporations, or bodies politic, to be
governed by a council and magiftrates of their own nominationi

The acquUition of liberty niade fuch a happy change in the conditioa
of mankind, as roufed them from that ftupiditjr and in.iflion into which
they had been funk by the wretchednefs of their former ftate. A fpirit
of induftry revived ; commerce became an object of attention, and began

to iiourilh. , . ....

Various caufes contributed to revive this fpint of commerce, and to re-
new the intercourfe between different nations. Conftantinople, the capital
of the Eiftern or Greek empire, had efcaped the ravages jf the Goths and

»
m

• Thig Gothic fyftem 'I prevails in Poland: a remnant of it continued in the
Highlands of Scotland I .ate as the year 1748. And even in Enjrland, a coutittf
renowned for civil and relijiom liberty, fome r<slick$ of thcfc Gothic inftitutioot ar*
perceivftbk: at this dar.

^- . ^ ■' J, ^ Vandal!

^
\

INTRODUCTION.

1096.

VandaU, who overthrew that of the Weft. In this city, feme retnaina
of literature and fcience were preferved : this too, for many ages, was th«
griat emporium of trade, and where fomc relifh for the prtcious commodi-
ties and curious manufafiures of India was retained. They commanicated
fome knowledge of thefe to their neighbours in Italy ; and the crufadei
which were begun by theChriftian powers of Europe with a view to
drive the Saracens from ]erufalem, opened a communication be-
tween Europe and the Eaft. Conftantinople was the general place of ren-
dezvous for the Chriftian armies, in their way to Paleftine, or on their
return from thence. Though the objeft of tbefe expeditions was conqueft,
and not commerce, and though the ilfue of them proved unfortunate, their
commercial efTeds were both beneficial and permanent.

Soon after the clofe of the holy War, the mariners compafs was invented,
which facilitated the communication between remote nations, aad
' * brought them nearer to each other. The Italian ftates, particular-
ly thofc of Ven'ceand Genoa, began to cftablifti a regular commerce with
the Eaft, and the ports of Egypt, and drew from thence all the rich pro-
duftions of India. Thefe commodities they difpofed of to great advan-
tage among the other nations of Europe, who began to acquire fome tafte
of elegance, unknown to their prsdeceffois, or defpifcd by them. During
the 12th and 13th centuries, the commerce of Europe was almoft entirely
in the hands of the Italians, more commonly known in thofe ages by the
name of Lombards. Companies, or focieties of Lombard merchants,
fettled in every different kingdom ; they became the carriers, the manu-
facturers, and the bankers of Europe. One of thefe companies fettled in
London, and from hence the name of Lombard Street was derived.

While the Italians in the f«uth of Europe cultivated trade with fuch
induftry and fuccefs, the cdfhniercial fpirit awakened in the North to«
wards the middle of the thirteenth century. As the Danes, Swedes, and
other na^''>ns around the Baltic, were at that time extremely barbarous,
and infelted that fea with their piracies, this obliged the cities of Lubec
and Hamburg, foon after they had begun to open fomc trade with the
Italians, to enter into a league of mutual defence. They derived fuch.
advantages from this union, that other towns acceded to their confederacy ;
and, in a fliort time, eighty of the mofl conliderable cities, fcattered
through thofe large countries of Germany and Flanders, which flretch
from the bottom of the Baltic t9 Cologne on the Rhine, joined in an alli-
ance, called the Hanfeatic League ; which became fo formidable, that its
alliance was courted, and its enmity was dreaded by the greateft monarchs.
The members of this powerful aflbciation formed the firft fyftematic plan
of commerce knovv in the middle ages, and conducted it by cotnmon
laws enabled in their general alTemblies. They fuppli^d the reft of Eu-
rope with naval ftores ; and pitched on different towns, the moft eminent
of which was Bruges, in Flanders, where they cftabliflied ftaples, in
which their commerce was regularly canied on. Thither the Lombards
brought the productions of India, together witli the manufactures of^Italy,
and exchanged them for the more bulky, but not lefs ufeful commodi-
ties of the North.

As Bruges became the centre of communication between the Lombard!

and Hanfeatic merchants, the Flemings traded with both in that city to

fuch extent, as well as advantage, as ditful'cd among th- in a general habit

•f induftry, which long rendered Flanderg and the adjacent proviixces the

I moft

INTRODUCTION*

ihcir

mod opulent, the moft populous, and bell cultivated countries in £u«
rope. *

Struck with the flourifhing flate of thcfe provinces, of which he dif-
covered the true caufe, Edward III. of England, endeavoured to
excite a fpirit of induflry among his own fubjeds, who, blind to '•' *
the advantages of their iituation, and ignorant of the fource from which
opuleuce was defined to flow into their country, totally negle(5ted com-
merce, and did not even attempt thofe nianufadlures, the materials of
which they furniihed to foreigners. By alluring Flemifli artifans to fettle
in his dominions, as well as by many wife law; Tor the cicouragement
and regulation of trade, he gave a beginning to ;he woollen manufac-
tures of England ; and firfl turned the aiSlive and entercrifing genius of
his people towards thofe arts which have raifed the Englilh to the firft
rank among commercial nations.

The Chriftinn princes, after their great lofles in the crufades, endea*
voured to cultivate the friendfliip of the great khans of Tartary,
whofe fame in arms had reached the moil remote corners of Europe and
Afia, that they might he fome check upon the Turks, who had been
fuch enemies to the Chriftian name ; and who, from a contemptible
handful of wanderers, fcrving occationally in the armies of contending
princes, had begun to extend their ravages over the iineft countries of
Afia.

The Chridian emballies were managed chiefly by monks, a wandering
profelTion of men, who, impelled by zeal, and undaunted by ditficulties
and danger, found their way to the remote courts of thefe infidels. The
Englifh philofopher Roger Bacon, was fo induftrious as to colledt from
their relations, or traditions, many particulars of the Tartars, which are
to be found in Purchas's Pilgrim, and other books of travels. The firft
regular traveller of the monkilh kind, who committed his difcoveries to
writing, was John du Plant Carpin, who, with fome of his bretliren,
about the year 1246, carried a letter from pope Innocent to the great
khan of Tartary, in favour of the Chriftian fubjtc^s in that prince's ex-
tenfive doniinioiis. Soon after this, a Ipirit of travelling into Tartary and
India became general ; and it would be no difficult matter to prove that
many Europeans, about the end of the fourteenth century, ferved in the
armies of Tamerlme, one of the greateft princes of Tartary, whofe con-

aucfts reached to the moft remote corners of India ; and that they intro-
uccd into Europe the ufe of gunpowder and artillery; the difcovefy
made by a German chemilt being only partial and accidental.

After the death of Tamerlane, who, jealous of the rifing power of the
Turks, had checked their progrefs, the Chriftian adventurers, upon their
return, mai^niiying the vail riches of the Eaft Indies, infpired their
countr\nicn with a fpirit of adventure and difcovery, and were ^ '*
the fii'ft that rendered a pafl'agc thither by fea probaole and pradlicable.
The Portuguefe had been always famous for their application to maritime
affairs ; and to their difcovery of the Cape of Good Hope, Great Britaia
is at this day indebted for her Indian cominercc.

At firft they contented thcmfelves with ftiort voyages, creeping along
the coaft of Africa, difcovering cape after cape; but by making a gradual
progrefs fouthward, they, in the year 1497, wore fo fortunate as to fail
beyond the cape, which opened a pafTagc by fea to the eaftern ocean, and
9II thofe countries known by the names of India, China, and Japan.

While the I'ortuguefe were intent upon a paffage to India by the eaft,

Jg 5 Col^^i%^

JNTRODUCTIO N.

Columbus, a native of Genoa, conccWcd a prqjeft of failing tlilther b]/
^he weft. His piopofal being condemncvl by his countrymen aa chime-
rical and abfurd, he laid hi. fchemes fuccelfivcly before the courts of
France, England, and Portugal, where he had no better fuccefs. Such
repeated difappointmcats would have broken the fpirit of any man but
.Columbus, The expedition required expencc, and he ';:ad nothing' to
defray it. Spain was now lis only refouicc; and there, after eight
yeais attendance, he at lcnj;ui fucceeded, through the intcrelt of queen
ifabella. This princefs wi' j 'vailcd upon to patronize him, by the rcr
prefentations of Juan Perf g ^ rdian of the monaficry of Pabida. He
»va6 a man of cp;ifiderable . arning, and of fome credit with queen Isabel-
la ; gnd being warmly attachcfl tpCoKimbus, from his perfonal acquaint-
fince with him, and knowledge of his merit, he had enteied into an ac»
curate examinatioi) of that great man's projeft, in conji-inftipn with a
phyfician fettled in his neighbouihood, who was eminent for his Ikill in
mathematical knowledge. Tj:is inve1iiga;ion completely fatisficd them
pf the folidity of the piinciplcs on which Columbus founded his opinion,
^nd of the probability of fuccefs in executing the plan which he propofed.
JPerer. thpreforp fo ftrongly recommended it to queen Ifabella, that flic
entirely pntered into the fcheme, and even generoully oflered, to the ho-
nour of her fex, to pledge her own jewels in order to raifc as much moT
jTjey as might be required iii making preparations for the voyage. But
Santagel, another friend nnd patron ot Columbus, immediately engaged
to advance the fum that was rcquifite, that the queen might not be re-?
^uced to the neccflity of having rcvourfo to that c::pedicnt.

Columbus now fet fail, anno 1+9::, with a fleet of three fliips, upon
dne of the molt adveuturous attempts ever undertaken by man, and :>'.
%h£ fate pf which the inhabitants of two world;; were inteieiled. 7n this
voyage he had a thoufand difficulties to contend with ; ai.d his lailors,
who were often difcontcntcd, at length L?i,an to inlift upon his return,
threatening, in cafe of rcfufal, to throw him overboard ; but tre firnintfa
pf the commander, and the difcovery of land, after a palfagc of 33 days,
put an end to the commotion. From the appearance of the natives, he
found to his furprize that this could not be tlic Indies he was in quefl of,
and which hp foon difcovered to be a new world : of vvhich tl.v. rea;?er
will find a more circumftantial account in that part of the following woik
which treats of America.

Europe now began to emerge out of that darkncfs into which flie had

been funk lince the fubvcrlion of the Ron an empire. Thefe difcoveries,

frorti which fuch wealth was dellincd to How to the commercial nations

pf Europe, were fucceeded by others of unfpeakable benefit to mankind.

The jnvention of printing, the revival of learning, arts, and fci-

^^ ■ ences ; and, laflly, the happy reformation in religion, all dillin-

guifli the i^th and i6th centuries as thetirft a-ra of modern hiftory. " It

was in thefe ages that the powers of Europe were formed into one greaj:

political lyflem, in which each took a ftation, wherein it has iince reinain-

p^y with iefs yariation than could have been expe6ted, ^fter the ilipcks

pccafioned by fo many internal revolutions, and fo many foreign wars,

pf which ^ye have given foine account in the hiilory of each p.Hrticular

|la^piji jhP following work. The great events which happened then have

pot hitherto fpcnf their force. The political principles' and maxims then

Iflljjbjilhpd, ffi|i continue to operate j {^d thp jde^s conccrninij the b^jiyiGc

INTRODUCTION.

nimla
days,
vcfi he

of power then introducrd, or rendered general, ilill influence, in fume de«
gree, the councils of European nations."

/ From all which it feems extremely cer'nin, tlwt the concurrence of fo
many rival princes will always prevent ar. ne of them from gaining the
empire over £urope. But it is no lefs ce. ..i, that, in contending for it,
they mufl weaken their own force, and may at length render themfelves
incapable ofdefcnding even their juflpoiTeflions. The partial conquers they
may make are extremely illufive ; inllead of promoting, they rather op-
poic iheir defigns ; the more any kingdom is extended, it becomes the
weaker ; and great proje6ts have not been fo often executed by flow reiterat-
ed eftbrt6, as jn the cuurfe of a few years, and fometimes by a fingleexpe-
dicion. A prince may form a deliberate plan of deftroying the rights of
his fubjefts ; he may proceed by flow degrees in the execution of it, and
if he die before it is completed, his fuccellbi- may purfue the fame ileps,
and avail himfelf of what was done before him. iHwt external conquefts
cannot be concealed ; they generally occai:on mo'/e fear than hurt, and
are almoft alwsiys lefs folid than brilliant. Hence thr; alarms they excite,
the confederacies they give occafion to, by which the prince who, by mis-
fortune, hu8 been a conqueror, is commonly reduced to the laft extremi-
ties. This doArinc, however contrary to the prejudices of a powcrfuf
and vidorious nation, is one of the bell cftabliflicd in the fcicnce of politics*
It is confirmed by examples both ancient and modern. The ftates of
Greece, in particular, delivered from the terror of the Perfian invaiions,
exhibit the fame truth in a great variety of lights. There was not one of
the moil inconfulerable of thefe little focieties, but in its turn imbibed
the frenzy of conqueft, and in its turn too was reduced by this frenzy to
the utmoft mifcry and dillrefs *. The modern examples are fo well
known, that it is almofl unneceflary to mention them. Who does not
know that the houfe of Auftria f excited the terror of all Europe, before
it excited the pity of Great Britain ! Had that family never been the ob-
jcft of fear, the emprefs quecti would never have become the objedl of
companion. France affords an example not lefs flriking. The nerves of
that kingdom were flrained fo far beyond their flrcngth, by an ambitious
monarch, that it feemcd hardly poflible they fliould acquire their natural
tone in the courfe of this century. The debility of their efforts in the
war of 1756 prci-ed the greatnels of the evil, and the inefficacy of any re-
medy which is not flow and gradual : but the Britiih cabinet, in agitating
a civil war with the North Americans, hath greatly contributed to reftore
and augment thci.* naval power.

• The reader who would fee *his fubjeft fully illuftrated, may look at Ifocrates*
Oration on the Peace; one of t moil: 6nifhed modeU of ancient eloquence; and
which contains a rich fund of poUtiritl knowledge,

t Germany, Holland, and all the Low Countries, fevcral ftates in Italy, the king-
dom of Spain, \vi''i the vaft 'mpires of Mexico anil Peru in South America, were,
at the time of the Reformation, governed by Charles V. of the houfie trf Auftria : ter-
ritories which, though exceeding in riches and extent the moft powerful empires of an-
tiquity, did not gratify the ambition of that monarch ; and his whole reign w^s a
fctnc of hollility ag8'"ft his neighbours. One of his fucceffors, the late e:nprcfsuuecn,
and the reprefentative of that family, was, however, upon the death jf her Mther,
not only ftrippcd of her dominions, but reduced fo low as to be ii the want of ueceffa-
rics; and contributions were a(5lually raifed for her in Great Britain, whofe kinjr,
George II. engaged in her caufe, and at the oxpcnce«f this oation reinllated her :tp-
©n the Jpiperial throne,

E 4 C|

INTRODUCTION.

Of all the kingdoms of Europe, Great BritHin, for a lung t\pne, eJi-'
joyed the jjreatell degree of prufpcrity Jind glory. She ought, therefore,
to have been the more itttentive to prcfcrve fo brltliant an exigence. A
greut empire cannot be continued in a happy litiuttion, but by wifdom and
moderation. The unhappy conteft of Great Britain with the Aim-rioan
colonies, through the folly, arrogance, or arbitrary defigns nx her then
miniflers of ftafe, has plunwi d her into the greatcft difficuhii:s ; b.'i na-
tional debt has been augmentet? to a prodigioiia height ; her t !s,cs gwitly
increafcd, and her trade diminiftied. Hiippy will it be, it" the prefr* t
peace with America, iiixd with the European powers with whoui flic has
Tjcen involved in w.ir, in confequcnce of htr ev;r to be laii;ent« li contcll
with the colonies, Hiould again lertore her to her former profpciity and
tranquillity.

PART III.

OP THE ORIGIN AND PROGF.ESS OF RF^LIGION.

EITY 13 an awful obje£^, and has ever rouftd the attentit i^ of
maukiuc' : but they being incapable of ele»ating their id'.-as to all
the fttblimity of his j.erfe6lionp, have too often brought down his per-
fections to the level of their ovyu ideas. This is more pa-t'cularly true
with regard to thoi'< r.ttions whofe religion had no other foundation but
the natural itclingSs j:;d more often the irregular palfions, of the human
heart, nnd who haa received no light from heaven refpedting this imports
ant object. In deducing the hillory of religion, therefore, wc muft make
the famedillinftion, which we have hitherto obferved, in tracing the pro-
grefs of arts, fcienccs, and of civiliication among mankind. Wc muft fe^^.
parate what is human from what is divine, what had its origin from par-
ticular revelations, from what is the eftedt of general laws, and ot the un-
alfifted open'idons of the human mind.

Agreeably to this diftindVion, we find, that in the firftagesofthe world,
the religion of the ealiern nations was pure and luminous. It;arofe from a,
divine fource, and was not then disfigured by human fancies or caprice.^
in time, however, thefe began to have their inftuence ; the ray of tradi-
tion was abfcured, and among thofe tribes which feparatcd at the greatell:
diftance, and in the fmalleft numbers, ^romthe more improved focieties of
men, it was altogether obliterated.

In this fituation a particular people were felefted by God himfelf, to.
be the depolitories of his law and wOrfliip ; bi\t the reft of mankind were
left to form hyppthcfes upon thefe lubje(5ts, which were more or lefs per-
fe6l according to an infinity of circumftauces, which ca,nnot properly be
Ifcdticed under any general heads.

The moft common reIij.;ion of antiquity, that which prevailed the long-,
^ft, and extended the widcft, was Polytheism, or the do£trine of a plu-
rality of gods. The rage of fy-ftcm, the ambition of reducing all the
phenomena of the moral world to a few general principles, has occafioned
ifianyimperfedl accounts, both of the origin and nature of this fpecics of
Worfliip. For without etjtering into a minute detail, it is impoffible to give
an adequate idea of the fMbjcft ; and what is faid upon it in general, mull
alw.iys be liable to many exceptions.

^ One thing, however, may be obferved, that the polytheifm of the an-
9^e^ts fecms neither to have been the fruit pf philolbphical fpeculations.

INTRODUCTION.

nor «f trisfigured triiiVitions, concerning the nature of the divinity. It
feems to have arifen during the rudeA aees of fociety, while the rational
powers were feeble, and while mankincT were under the tyranny of ima-
ginntion and palTion. It was built therefore folely upon fentiment ; at
each tribe of men had their huroei, fo likewile they had their gods.
Thofe heroes Wiio led them forth to the combat, who pretided in their coun-
cils, whofe imnge was engraved on their fancy, whofe exploits were im«
printed on their memory, even aftet' death cmoyed an exigence in the
imagination of their followers. The force of blood, of friendfhip, of
vfTtvlion, among rude nations, is what we cannot eafily cotu:eive : but the
power of imagination over the fenfes is what all men have in fome degree
experienced. Combine thefe two caufes, &nd it will not appear flrange
that the image of dep:uted heroes (hould have been feen by their compa-
|iio'ns, aniinating the battle, taking vengeance on their enemies, and
performing in a word, the fame funiTtions which they performed when
alive. An appearance fo unnatural would not excite terror amang men
unacquainted with evil fpirits, and who had not learned to fear any
thing but their enemies. On the contrary, it confirmed their courage,
flattered their vanity, and tiic tcdimony of thofe who had feen it, fup- .
ported by the extreme credulity and romantic cad of thofe who had not^
gained an uuiverfal afl'ent among all the members of their fociety. A
Imall degree of reflexion, however, would be fufficient to convince them,
thar, as their own heroes exiftcd after death, it might likewifc be the
cafe of thofe of their enemies. Two orders of gods, therefore, would
be eftabliflied, the propitious and the hoflile ; the gods who were to be
loved, and thufe who were to be feared. But time, which wears off the
impreffions of tradition, the frequent invalions by which the nations of
antiquity were ravaged, defolatcd or tranTpUnted, made rhem lofe the
names, and confound the charafters of thofe two orders of divl ' ics, and
form various fyftems of religion, which though warped by a thoufand
particular circumllances, gave no fmall indications of their firfl texture
and original materials. For in general the gods of the ancients gave
abundant proof of human infirmity. They were fubjedt to all the paf-
iions of men ; they partook even of their partial affections, and in many
inflanccs difcovered their preference of one race or nation to all others.
They did not eat and drink the fame fubllances with men ; but they lived
on nectar and ambrofia ; they had a particulac^ pleafure in fmelling the
ileam of the facrificcs, and they made love with a ferocity unknown in
northern climates. The rites bv which they were worfliipped, naturally
refultcd from their character. The mod enlightened among the Greeks,
entertained nearly the fame notions of gods a,nd religion, with thofe that
are to be met with in the poems of He(i«d and Homer ; and Anaxagoras,
who flouriflied B. C. 430 years» was the firft, even in Greece, that pub-,
licly announced the exigence of on? Creator and Governor of the
univerfc.

It muft be obferved, however, that the religion of the ancients waa
npt much connected, either with their private behaviour, or with their
political arrangements. If we except a few fanatical focieties, whofe
principles do not fall within our plan, the greater part of mankind were
extremely tolerant in their principles. They had their own gods who
Watched over them ; their neighbours, they imagined, alfo had theirs ; .
and there was room enough in the univerfe for b'th tp live together ii\
good fellowfliip, without interfci;ing'or joflling with one anpther.

■■■'■■•■■■ ■ Thei

5«

INTRODUCTION.

TIieintrodvKftjon of ChrJflian'ity, by Inculcating the unity of God, Ivy
announcing the purity of his chariu^cr, atu4 by explaining the fcrvicc he
retiuiied of men, produced a total alterntiun in their religious fentiineiita
anct belief. But this is not the place for handling thiufublimc fubjcd. It
is Aillicicnt to obicrve here, that a religion, which was founded oti the
unity of ihc Dciiy, which admitted oi no ailbciation with falfc gods, mult
either be ultoqcthcr dcftroyed, or become the prcvailin<; In lief of man*
kind. 'I he latter was the cafe. Chiiiliauity tnadc its way among the
rivilized part uf mankind, by the fub imity of its dodiinc» and preci pts ;
it \C(\ lircd not the aid of human power ; it fuibiined iifelf by the truth
and wildom by which it was char.iaciifcd. But in time it became cornip;*
ed ly the introdudion of worldly maxims, of maxims very inconfiOent
with the precepts of its divine author, and by the ambition of the clergy j
which ar length occafioncd the elevation, and exorbitant claims of the
bid)op of Rome.

The m:inagement of whatever related to the church being naturally
conferred on tlioie who had eftabliflied ii, liill oceatiuncd the elevation and
then the domination of the clergy, and afterwards of the bifluip of Rome,
over all the members of the Chriftian world, it is impoHible to delcribc,
within our narrow limits, all the concomitant eaufes, fome of which were
extrtmely delicate, by wiiich this fpecies of univerfal monarchy was el*
l.'iblifticd. The bifhops of Rome, by being removed from the control
of the Roman emperors, then rcfiding in Cunflantinoplc ; by borrow-
ing with little variation, the religious cetemonics and rites eilablifhed
among the heathen world, and otherwife working on the credulous mindt
of birbarians, by whom that empire began to be difmcmbercd j^ and by
•vailing tbemfclvcs of every circumftance which fortune threw in their
Way, flowly crciJkd the fabiic of their antichriftiaii power, at firft an ob-
ject of veneration, and afterwards of terror, to all temporal princes.
The eaufes of its happy diUblution arc more palpable, and operated with
greater ati^ivity. The moll efficacious was the rapid improvetncnt of arte,
poveminent, and commerce, which, :ff'er many ages of barbarity, made
lis way into Europe. The fcandalous lives of thofe who called them-
fclvts the " minijlers nf Je/us Chriji** their ignorance and tyranny,
the deflre natural to fovcreigns of delivering thcmfelvcs from a foreign
yoke, the opportunity of applyjtig to national objcdtr, the iinmcnfe
wealth which had been diverted to the fervice of the church in every
kingdom of Europe, tonfpired with the ardour of the tirft reformers,
and hallened the progrefs of the reformation. The unreafonablencfs of
the claims of the church of Routt was dt-monllrated ; ttiany of their doc«
trines were proved to be equally unfcriptural and irrationnl ; and fome of
iheir abfurd mummeries and fuperftitions were expofed both by argu-
ment and ridicule. The fervices of the reformers in this rcfpecl give
thctn a jull claim to our veneration ; but, involved as they had themfelvei
been in the daiknefs of fuperlHtion, it w.'S not to be expefted that they
Hiould be able wholly to free themfelves from errors ; they ftlll retained
an attachment to fome abfurd dodrines, and preferved too much of the
intylcrant fpirit of the church from which they had feparatcd themfclves.
With all their defe(5t«, they are entitled to our admiration and cfteem ;
and the refurmution began by Luther in Gennany in the year 1517,
and which took place in Englana A. D. 15^4, was an event highly favour,
able to the civil, as well .as to the religious rights of mankind.

We fliall now proceed tg the main p4rt; of our work, beginttlog witU
Euaopc.

wJtU

t S9 1

EUROPE.

EUROPE, thoujrh the Icaft extenfiye quarter of the fflohc, contaTn-
ino; only about ;, 4.56, 061; Iq'iare miles, vvhercaH the habitable parti
of the world in the ether qiiiirtcrs, are cftiniiitcd at 36,666,806 fquara
miK'9, is in miiny refpcv^ts that which mofi defcrvcs our attention.
There the human mind lv>s made the grcatcrt progn;!, towards its im-
pr{)vi.-ment ; and there the arts, whether of utility or ornrmicnt, the fd-
enri'.-, both military and civil, have been carried to the greuffft perfec-
tion. If we except the earlicll ages of the world, it is in Juirope that wo
find the j^reatcft variety %{ charadcr, government, and manners, and
from whence we draw the ^rcateft number of fa'ts and memorials, cither
for our entertainment or inftriiction.

Geography difcovcrs to us rwo circumftances with regard, to Europe,
which perhaps have hadaconfiderable tendency in giving itthcfupcrioriiy
ovf r the reU of the world. Firil, the happy temperature of its climate,
no put of it lying within the torrid zone ; and fecondlr, the great v;'.-
rit cy of its furtace. The eftetft of a moderate dim ite, botli on plants ami
anitnals, is well known from experience. The immcnfc number of moun-
tains, rivers, fcas, ^c. which divide the different countries of Europe
from one another, is likewife <xtremely «:ommodious for its inhabitants,
Thefe natural boundaries check the progrcfs of conqucfl or defpotifin,
which has always been fo rapid in the extenfive plains of Africa and the
Ealt : the feas and rivei;s facilitate the intercourle and commerec bctweeii
different nations ; and even the bruren rocks and mountains are more fa-
vourable for exciting human induftry undinveniion, than the natural un-
folicited luxurinncy of more fertile Ibils, There is no part of Europe fo
diverlified in i»-s furface, fo interrupted by natural boundaries or divihons,
as Greece : and we have feen that it was there the human mind began to
know and to avail itfelf of its flrength, and that many of the arts, ful'-
fcrvient to utility or pleafiire, were invented, or at leaft greatly improved.
What Greece therefore is with regard to Europe, Europe itfelf is with re-
gard to the reft of the globe. The anah)gy may even be carried fan her,
and it is worth while to attend to it. As ancient Greece (for we do notfpeak
of Greece as it is at prefent, under the domination of Turks and unnatural
tyranny of Barbarians) was diftinguifhed above all the reft of Europe for
the equity of its laws, and the freedom of its political conftitution ; fo hasi
Eur6pe in general been remarkable for fmaller deviations, at leaft, hoai
the laws of nature and equality, than have been admitted ia other quar-
ters of the world. Though moft of the European governments arc mo-
narchical, we may difcover, on due examination, that there are a thou^
fand little fprings, which check the force, and foften the rigour of mo-
narchy in Europe, that do tiot exift any where elle, In proportion to the
number and force of thefe checks, the monarchies pf Europe, fuch 93
Ruflia, France, Spain, ajid Denmark, differ from one another. Belides
niofiarchtesy in which one man bears the chief fway, there are in Europe,
arifiocracics or governments of the nobles, and democracies or govern-
ments of the people. Venice is an example of the former ; Holland, an4
fome ftates of Italy atid Switzerland, afford examples of the latter.
There are, likewife, mixed governments, which cannot be afligned to any
pne clafs. Great Britain, which partakes of all the three, is the moft
i]i>gular inftance ot .^his kind we are acquainted with. The other mixed
IJQvprnment} of Eyrope axe compofcd only of two of the fimple forms,

'-^i^f

a..

'<VM

•"-j-T«<i t^-j-' ^:\P ^^ ^V?l .-«ft^lr%^^ ^'^tk/jA*\

SagliihCli
-^^ " S*SLU/}

7^ JTa^C'''

fc>f

^J- r<^^«'l>ii^'^^

^^s^

^^r*t5. ■% >4r^::5- »jf?^. ^^

^'''^rC'^^^A'^

Sf*'

."SaOg

^U/US ' ,

»>i>ii&r.

■^r.-MCM JiJ ■■■f l ■ ■'■■■■ mm m ■! j « ^ \^^ ''^ —

ICY s V. X \ \ ^i> X k5!^Cp> \ , - ' y

, Worth C.ipe .\ J\0<^^';-^ ^.V''!L/i''\ \ / ^'

"•*»

'»

Itmbufil

tffi'''"^'

>» ^ Itomf

i^V'%\^.^>.

— _-_ Peluasli

i«*!i.

McT,
real

IJIIOPE

,ii\ ■^^U.E./rcjkl.onifon

6o EUROPE.,

fuch as Polaiul, fevcral dates of Italy, &c. all which fliall be explained
at length in their proper places.

The Chriftiau religion is eftabliflied throughout every part of Europe,
except Turkey ; but from the various capacities of the human mind,
and the ditferent lights in which fpeculative opinions are apt to appear,
when viewed by perlbns of different educations and paffions, that religion
is divided into a number of different fci'^s, but which may be compre-
hended under three general dei.ominations ; if>, The Greek church;
2d, Popery : and 3d, Proteftantifm : which laft is again divided into Lu-
: theranifm and Calvinifm, fo called from Luther and Calvin, the two dif-
tinguifhed reformers of the 16th century.

The languages of Europe are derived* from the fix following: the
Greek, Latin, Teutonic or old German, the Celtic, Sclavonic, and Gothic.

GRAND DIVISIONS OF EUROPE.

' 1 *HIS grand divifion of the earth is fituated between the loth degree
4 weft, and the 6^th degree eaft longitude from London j and br-
nvecn the 36th and 7 2d degree of north latitude. It is bounded on the
north, by the Frozen Ocean ; on the eaft, by Afia ; on the Ibuth, by the
Mediterranean Sea, which divides it from Atrica ; and on the weft, by the
Atlantic Ocean, which feparates it from America : being jooo miles long
f'om Cape St. Vincent in the weft, to the mouth of the river Obyin the
north-eall ; and 2500 broad from north to fouth, from the north Cape in
Norway to Cape Cayha or Metapar in the Morea, the moll fouthern pro
montiry in Europe. It contains the following kingdoms and ftates.

■CB}

i .

V -r. r
jr: -^ J

■1

•2 ,

tl)

— u:

Kingdoms.

Len.

>co
j'm;

14c

80c

I50C

700

60u

6cc

.re

IsC

ZO'
(,rc
70c

Hth.

30c

IS-

10 ■

3°

50c
1 ire

^-e
iff

»J0

Chief City

Uift. & Bearing
from London.

Dili, of 'i'lnic
from Lonuoii.

P.eligions.

England
.Scotland
Ireland

London

i<linburgh

Dublin

Mile;;.

• • •

400 N.
470 N. W.

H. M.

• • •

Is aft.
26 aft.

Calvinifts, Lnth. i
Calvinifts, &c.
Calvinifts & Papif!

Norway
Denmark

Bergen
Copenhagen

540 N.
^00 N. E,

24 bef.
50 bef.

Lutherans
Lutherans

Sweden

Stockholm

750 N.E.

I 10 bef.

Lutherans

Kuilla

i'cterfburgh

1140 N. h.

a 4 bef.

Greek church

Poland

vV'arfaw

760 E.

1 24 bef.

Pap. Luth. and Cs

K.of Pr.Dom.

Berlin

;4P E. > 59 bef.

Luth. and Calv.

fJerniaiiy

\'ienna 6co E.

1 5 b- r

Pap. Luth. and Ca

Bulicn^iH

Prague 600 E,

I 4 btl'.

Papifts

Holland

IOC

20c

500
sec
10:

IOC

Amilcrdam 180 E.

iS bef.

Calvinifts

!• landers
France

Brufiels 180 S. K.

16 bef.

Papift»
Papifts

Paris 1 400 S. E.

f) bef.

Spain

Madrid

Soo S.

17 aft.

Papifts

I'ortugal

l.ifbon

850 S. W.

38 aft

J'apifts

fiwitzerlaud

zOo

iiern, Coire,
Stc.

420 S. E.

28 bef.

Calvin, anu i.'.^\nu

Several T Piedm.Montfcrat,MiIan,Parma,Modena,Mantua,Venice,Genoa,l'ufcany,J
fmall ftates J Turin, Cafal, Milan, Parma, Modena, Mantua, Venice, Genoa, Floren

Popedom

24c
280

I2C
120

240
240

Rome

-820.S. t.

51 bi'f.

Papifts

Naples

8 -<D S. E.

I bef.

Papifts

Hungary ' 1 .^<o

Huda

7i)0 S. £.

. 17 bef.

Pap. ami ProtcfUii

Danublan
I'rovinces

I.it.-Tartary*
(•rceri;

600

400

/(-'oriftan-
\ tinople;
I'rccop

■Athens

15x0 S. E.

1.700 E.
T.V'o S. E.

1 58 bef.

2 24 bef.
I V lief.

Mihometans, an
Urcek Church.

- • ihis uiciuurS ilic v.,riin lartai),aow cedtd to Kuilia,lor the pf rticuU « of which, fee Kins

1 be explained

»rt of Europe,
human mind,
apt to appear,
), that rehgion
ly be compre-
rcek church ;
vided into Lu-
1, the two dif-

allowing : the
c, and Gothic.

le I oth degree
don ; and br-
3unded on the
; Ibuth, hy the
lie weft, by the
000 miles long
ver Oby in the
north Cape in
\ fouthern pro
md ftates.

P.eligiona.

Calvinifts, Lnth
Calvinifls, &c.
Calvinifts & Papifl

Lutherans
Lutherans

Lutherans

[Greek church

Pap. Luth. and O

Luth. and Calv.

iPap. Luth. and Ca
Ipapifts "

Ualviniils

ii.pifto

fapifts

I'apilh

Calvin, and I'.i] lUiI

p,Uenoa,l"ufcanyJ
ice, Genoa, Florcnl

papifts

apil^s

fap. and I'rotclUnl

ihometans an
Greek Church.

s\hich, fecRu«|

£xc

U R O

Exclufive of the Britifliifles, before mentioned, Europe contains the fol-
lowing principal Illiinda :

lilurids.

In the Northern
Ocean.

i Icrla.id

B«ltic Ses.

Mediterranean

StSL.

Zealand, Funen, Alfen, Falfter, Lang- .-
land, Laland, Feniercn, iVona, Born- I

Gothland, Aland, Rugen,

Old, Dagho, -^—

Ulcdom, Wollin, ——

■"Ivica, ■ ■■

Majorca, ' -

Minorca, ■

ICorfica, — ___ — ■ ■ —

Sardinia, ______ ■■
Sicily,

_ J J

'Adriatic, or JLuficna, Corfu, Cephalonia, Zant,"|
Oiilf of Venice. \_ Leucadia, j

Archipelago,
and Levant
Seas.

Candia, Rhodes, Negropont, Lcmnns, 1
Tenedos, ijcyros, Mytclcne, Scio, /
Sanios, PatnioB, Paros, Ccrigo, San- V
torin, &c. being part of ancient and 1
modern Greece. — J

chief Towns

Skalholt

Ivica

Majorca

Port Mahon

liaftia

Cag'.iari

Palermo

Subject to

Uenniark
Denmark

Sweden

Kullia

I'ruflia

.ipain

Ditto

Ditto*

France

K. of Sard

K, of a Sic

Venire

rurkey

DENMARK.

I Shall, according to my plan, begin this account of his Danifh Ma-
jelly's dominions with the moft northerly lituations, and divii'e them
into four parts : ift, Eall and Weil Greenland, Iceland, and the illandjs
in the Atlantic Ocean ; 2d, Norway ; 3d, Denmark Proper ; and 4th,
his German territories.

The dimcnfions of thefe countries may be feen in the fcjUnwing table.

Denmark.

Square

Miles.

Chief Citici,

Denmark
Proper.

■ North Jutland,
1 South Jutland,
or Slcfwick,

2,115

'55

Wyburg.

•J

C .11

Zealand,

1.9 ?5

6->

C<,>hE\-"l N. Lat. i;j— 4f
ii.\GE.N,/ E. Lon n— 50

Funen,

768

3»

Odcnlce,

Falfter aud
Langland,

> 2:0

a;r

f Nikoping. .J
L N:i\kuw.

rt 1^

Femtren,

1 i

Horge.

Alfen,

I';

Sonderborgc. '..

Men a.

Stcge.

1 Bornholm,

t6o

i<ollcomby.

In the North Seas, Iceland llland,

46,000

4^^

I?.?

.'^k:ilholt.

Norway,

7t,4co

7vC

170

Bergen.

Danifh LajiUmd,

28,+co

i«^

lyz

V.'.iidhuys.

Weftphalla, Oldei-burg,

I26w

(.2

Oldenburg.

Lower Saxony, Stormar,

ICOC

.32

GluckfUlt.

Danifli Hclftein
■lotul

163,041

• Minorca was taken from Spain by General Stanhope 1 -08, and confirmed to Great
Britain by the Treaty of Utrecht I'/ij, but was b(;lipged and taken by the Spaniards.
February ic, 1782, and coulirwcd to them by thii definitive Treaty of Pea.t, fignsa
at Paris, Sept. 3, 1783.

WEST GREENLAND.

The reader may perceive, that in the preceding tabic no calculation is
made of the dimcnlions of Eaft and Weft Greertland ; bectiife, in fac%
they are not yet kiiown'^ or known very iniperfedly : we fliall proceed to
give the lateft accounts of them, and from the befl authorities that have
come to our hands.

EAST ANP WEST GREENLAND, ICELAND, an»
THE ISLANDS IN THE Atlantic Ocean.

EAST GREENLAND.

^"ir^HE moft northerly part of iiis Danifh majefty's dominions ; or,
j[ as rithcrs call it, New Greenland, and the country of Spitzbergen,
lies between 9 and 20 dtg. E. long, and 76 and 8r deg. N. lat. accord-
ing to Captain Phipps's oblervations in his Voyage 1773. Though it is
low claimed by Denmark, it certainly was diicovercd by Sir Hugh
Willoughby in 1553 ; and is fuppwfed to be a continuation of Old Green-
land. It obtained the name of Spitzbergen from the height and rag-
gednefs of its rocks. Few animals or vegetables arc to be found here,
and the fifli and fowl are faid to forfake the coaft in whiter. The Ruflians
of Archangel have formed within the laft 30 years, Gttlements for hunting
in feveral places of the iiland of Spitzbergen. The Aurora Borealis and
the northern lights reflcrtcd from the fnow, enable them topurfuethechace
iuiring the long winter's night that reigns in thofe gloomy regions, and
?:hey take a great number of fea-lions, which fcrve them for food. There
is a whale-fifliery, chiefly prolccuted by the Dutch and fomc British veffels,
on its coaft. It likewife contains two harbours ; one called South HaveUf
and the other Maurice Bay ; but tlie inland parts are uninhabited.

WEST GREENLAND

LIES between the meridian of Lqndon, and 50 deg. W. long, and
between 60 and 76 deg. N. lat.
Inhabitants.] By the lateft acc/)unt» from the miffionaries employ-
ed for the converlion of the Grecnlanders, their whole number does not
amount to above 957 ftated inh^ibitants : Mr. Crantz, however, thinks
the roving fouthlande' of Greenland may amount to about 7000. There
is a g; -"at refemblance hetweer< the afpeft, maniners, and drefs of thofe
native. ;tnd the Erquimaiix Americans, from v/hom they naturally dif-
fer but rfttk', even after all f he pains which the Danifli and German mif-
lionarie* have taken to convert and civilize them. They are low of fta-
ture, few excccdinof five feet in height, and the generality are not fo tall.
The hair of th'.ir Keadsis - >g, f ' -ght, and of a black colour ; but they
have felilom any Wards, .bcLaufeit is their cor .1-ant pradice to root them
out. Ti>ey have high bre.if!:s and broad flioiin_v rs, efpecially the women,
who arc obliged to carry g .at burdens from their younger years. They
are very li^ht and nimble of foot, and can alfo ufe their hands with much
Ikill and dexterity. They are not very lively in their tempers, but they are
good hjmou red. friendly, and unconcerned about futurity. Their moft
r.t(rccable food .s the flcfii of rcin-decr ; but that is now fcarjc among
tficm, ;t»nd their beft provilions are iifh, fcals, and fea-fowl. Their
ilriivk is clear water, which ftandsin the houfe in a great copper veffel, or
in a wooden tub, which is very nearly made by them, ornamented with
fifti-boncs and rings, and provided with a pewter ladle 01 dipping difli.

The

W£ST GREENLAND.

•?

lere
hole

aif-

mil-
fta-

I tall,
they

them

Ey are
tnaft
long
"heir
;1, or
with
difli.
The

The men make their hunting and filhing implements, and prepare tho
wood-work of their boats ; and the women cover them with Ikins. The
men hunt and fifli, but when they have towed their booty to land, they
trouble thcmfelvcs no farther about it ; nay, it would be accounted be-
neath their dignity only to draw the feal up upon the ftiore. The wo-
men are the butchers and cooks, and alfo the currier* to drefa the pelts,
and jnake cloaths, fliocs, and boots, out of them ; fo that they are like-
w ife both fhoemakers and taylora. The women alfo build and repair the
houfcs ar/d tents, fo far as relates to the mafonry, the men doing only th»
carpenters work. They live in huts during their winter, which is incre-
dibly fevere ; but Mr. Crantz, who has given us the latell and beft ac-
counts of this country, fays, that in their longeft fummer days itisfo hot
that the inhabitants are obliged to throw off their fummer garments. They
have no trade, though they have a inoft improveable ffihery upon their
coafts ; but they employ all the year either in Hilling or hunting, in whicH
they arc very clextrous, particularly in catching and killing feals.

Curiosities.] The taking of whales in the feas of Greenland, among
the fields of ice that have been increafiug for ages, is one of the greatelc
curiolities in nature. Thefe fields, or pieces of ice, are frequently more
than a mile in length, and upwards of i oo feet in thicknefs ; and when.
tlicy are put in motion by a ftorm, nothing can \tc more terrible ; the
Dutch had 1 3 fliips cruflied to pieces by them in one feafon.

There are Ibveral kinds of whales in Greenland ; fome white, and others
black. The black fort, the grand bay whale, is in moll elleem, on ac-
count of his bulk, and the great quantity of fat or blubber he affords,
which turns to oil. His tongue is about 18 feet long, inclofed in long
pieces of what we call whalebone, which are covered with a kind of hair
like horfe-hair; and on each fide of his tongue are 250 pieces of this
whalebone. As to the bones of his body tliey arc as hiu-d as an ox's
bones, and of no ufe. There arc no teeth in hi? mouth ; and he is ufu-
ally between 60 and 80 feet long j very thick about the head, but grows
lels from thence to the tail.

When the feamen fee a whale fpout, the word is immediately given,
fall, fall, when every one haftens from the Ihip to his boat ; fix or eight
men being appointed 10 a boar, and four or five boats ufiially belong to
one iliip.

When they come near the whale, the harpooner ftrikes him with his
harpoon fa barbed dart), and the m<nili:er, finding himl'ell" wounded, runs
fwiitly down into the deep, and would carry the boat along with him if
they did not give him line fait enough ; and to prevent tho wood of the
boat taking* fire by the violent rubbing of the rope on the fide of it, one wets
it conltantly with a mop. Alter the whale has run fome hundred fathoms
deep, he is forced to i.oine up for air, when he makes; l'ac;h a terrible ns)il'c
with his fpouting, that fome have compared it to the firing cf :Annon. A»
fqon as he appears on the farface of the water, fome of the harpooners fi«
another harpoon in him, whereupon he plunges again into the deep ; ana
when he comes up a fecond time, they pierce him with fpesas in the vit;U
parts till he fpouts out ilrcams oi' blood inllead of water, beating the
waves with his tail and fins till the feu is all in 4 foam, the boats continu-
ing to follow him fome leagues, till he has loft his ftrcngth ; andwr-.en he
is dying he turns himfclf upon his back, and is drawn on fliorc, or to the
lliip, if they be at a diltance from the land. There tbcy cut himiij pieces,
aad by bailing the blubber extra6t the oil, if they have co.nvejuenc*s

; on

«4

ICELAND.

on fhore ? othenvife they barrel up the pieces, and bring them home ;
but nothing can fmell ftronger than thefe fliijps do. Every iifli i» comput-
ed to yic'.d between 60 and 100 barrels of oil, of the value of 3I. or 4I. a
barrel. Though the Danea claim the country of Eaft and Weft Green-
land, vhere thefe whales are taken, the Dutch have in a manner mono-
polized this fifheiy. Of late the Englifh have alfo been very fucccfsful
in it.

ICELAND. • >

TTi I S ifland, which receives Its name from the great mafles of ice
vhat are feen near it, lies between 63 and 67 dog. N. lat. and be-
tween I ' and 27 deg. W. long. It extends four hundred miles in length,
end a', hundred and lixty in breadth, containing about 46000 fquare
miles. In April, !7'83, the inhabitants of Iceland obferved fomething
rifen and flaming in the fea, to the fouth of Grinbourgh, at eight miles
diftant from the rocks des Oifeaux, which afterwards was found to be a
new illaud. The fa£t is authentic, but its dinienfions and fituation are
not wcil afcertained. The information brought by the laft fliip from
thence, Wi<s, that the ifland was flill increaiing, and that great quanti-
ties of fire iirued from two of its eminences.

Population, Inhabitants, Manners, and Customs.] It ap-
pears that a Norwegian colony, among which there were many Swedes,
fettled in Iceland in the ninth century. They found there inhabitants
who were Chviilians, and whom tney called Papm, It is faid, that the
Norwegians alfo found among them Irifli books, bells, and croliers : and
it is conjectured, that the people who were there, when the Norwegians
arrived in the illand, originally came from England and Ireland. The
inhabitants long retained their freedom ; but they were at laft obliged to
fubmit to the kings of Norway, and afterwards became fubjert, together
with Norway, to the kings of Denmark. They \. sre at lirft governed by
an admiral, who was fent there every year to make ihe neccfl'ary regula-
tions : but that mode has now been changed for many years, and a gover-
nor appointed who is ftyled Stiftjamtmann^ and who conftantly refides in
the country.

Thenumberof the inhabitants of Iceland is computed at about 60,00c,
which is by no means adequate to the extent of the country. It has b.ien
much more populous in former times, but great numbers have been de-
ftroyed by contagious difeafes. The plague curried off many thoufand*
from 1402 to 1 404. Many parts of Iceland huvc alfo been depopulated
by famine ; for though the Icelanders cannot in general be faid to be in
want of necelfary food, yet the country has fcveral times been vifited by
great famines. Thefe have been chiefly occafioned by the Greenland
floating ice ; which, when it comes in great quantities, prevents the grafa
from growing, and puts an entire ftop to their iilhing. The fmall-pox has
likewife been very fatal here ; for in the years 1 707 and 1 708 that difeafe
deftroyed 16,000 peifons.

The Icelanders in general are middle -fized, and well made, though
not very ftrong. They are an honcil, well intentioned people, modc-
fetely induftrious, and very faithful and obliging. Theft is f. Idom heard
or among them. They are much inclined to hofpitality, and exercife it
as, far as their poverty will pern-it. Their chief employment is attending
to Iilhing^ suui the care of J^eir cactle. On the coafts, the men employ

their

ICELAND.

63- .

hough
modc-
1 heard
rcife it
endlnnf
;mploy
their

tliclr time in fifliing both winter and rummer ; and the women prepnre rfie '
fifij, and few and Ipin. The men alfo prepare leather, work iit feveral •
mechanic trades, and fome lew work in geld and filver. Tlicy likcwifo :
manufadure a coarfe kind of cloth, which they call Wadmal. They >
have an uncommonly llrongatt>Khment to their native country, and think '
themfclve.i no where elfe fo huppy. An IccLinder, therefore, i'eldom fct«
tk's in Copenhagen, though the moft iidvantagcous conditiona (liould be :
oHcrcd him. Their difpofitions are letiojs, and they are much ir.clmed
to religion. They never p.)!s a river, or any orher ditngeroun place, with* .
out prcvioufly taking oft'thrir hats, and imploring the divine protection : i
and they arc always thankful for their pfefervation, when they have pafied '
the danger. When they meet together, their chief patiime confirts in'
reading their hiftory. The m.irterof the houfc begins, and the rcfl con» 1
tinue in their turns when he is tired. They arc famous for playing at
chefs ; and one of their paftimes confifts in reciting verfes. Sometimes'
a man and woman take one another by the hand, and by turns fing flan*-
zas, which are a kind of di;d(>;;ue, and in which the company occafional-
ly join in chorus. The drefs ot the L;rl;mderi is not elegant or orna-
mental, but ib neat, cleanlv, ond fiiited to the climate. On their fingers
the women wear feveral gold, lilver, or brafs rings. The poorer women
drefs in the coarfe cloth, called wadinal, and always wear black : thofe
who are in better circumllances wear broad clorh, with lilver ornaments,
gilt. The houfes of the Icelanders iirc generally bad : in fome places they
are buiit of drift wood, and in others ihey are railed of lava, with mofs,
Auffed between the lava. I heir roots are covered with fods laid ove?
rafters, or fometimes over ribs of wh;dcs, which are both more durable
and more expenfive than wood. They have not even a chin>njy in their
kitchens, but only lay their fuel on the earth, be;wccn three Itones ; and •
the fmoke iffucs from a fquare hole in the roof. Their food principlly
confiils of dried fi(h, four butter, which they coi-fider as a great dainty,
milk tiiixed with water and whey, and a little meat. Bread is fo fcarce
among them, that there is hardly any peafaat who eats it above three or
four months in the year. >;

Religion.] The only religion tolerated in Iceland is the Lutheran.'
The churches on the eaft, fouth, and welt quarters of the ifland, are un-
der the jurifditYion of thcbifliop of Skalholt (the c ;p'.tal of the ifland , and
thofe of the north quarter are fubjcct to the bifiiop of Hoolum. The
lUand is divided into 189 pariflies, of which 1:7 belong to the fee of SkuU
holr, and 62 to that of Hoolum. Ail the minillers are natives of Icel nd,
and receive a yearly falary of four or five hundred rix-doUara from die
Icing, exclufivc of what they have from their connfrcgations.

Language. I The language in Iceland is the fame as iiv^t formerly
fpoken in Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, and has been prefervcd fo
pure, that any Icelander underi^ands their moil ancient traditional hillo-
ries.

Learning and learned men,] It is faid that poetry formerly,
flouriflied very much in Iceland: and we are informed that E>;il Skalla*
grimfon, Kormack, Ogmundfon, GlumGeirfon, and Thorlief Jarlia were
celebrated as great poets. But the art of writing was not much in :tfe till af-
ter the year 1 000 ; though the Runic characlers were known in that country
before tha: period, and molt probably biougbt thither from, Norway.
After the reception of the Chriliian rcl'gion, the Latin ihuaders were
immediately adopted, as the Rumc alphabet, which only coulillsof Jixteeii

F kucrs.

6€

ICELAND.

lottftrs wai found infufficient. The firfl Icelandic bldiop, Ifleif, found-
ed a fchoul at Skalholt ; and foon after they founded four other fchot .j,
ia which rhe youth were inflruifteJ in the Latin tongurf divinity, and
fomc parts of theoretic philofophy. And from the introdui^^ion of the
Chriflian religion here till the year iib^^ when Iceland became i'u'>it6l
to Norway, it was one of the lew countries in Europe, and the nJ; one
in the North, wherein the fcicnccs were cultivated and held in eilecm.

But this period uf time feems to have produced more learned men in
leelantH'than Hny other period fince. It appears from their ancient chru*
nicies, that they hud cunfiderable knowledge in morality, philofophy, na-
tural hiftoiy, and aftronomy. Moll of their works were written in the
nth, 1 2th, 13th, and 14th centuries; and fome of them have been
printed. Mr. Banks, now Sir Jofeph B;<nks, prcfented one hundred and
M^ity-two Icelandic manufcripis to the Britifti Muleum. That gentleman
Tifited Iceland in 1772, accompanied by Dr. Solander, Dr. Van Troil,
and Dr. Lind. Dr. Van Troil, who publiihed an account of their voy-
age, obferves, that he found more knowledge among the lower clafs in
Iceland, than is to be met with in nioft other places ; that m;iny of them
could repeat the works of fomc of their poets by heart ; and that a pealant
Wasfeldom to be found, who, belidcs being well inftrufted in the princi-
ples of religion, was not alfo acquainted with the hlftory of his own coun-
try ; which proceeds from the frequent reading ut their traditional bllio•^
ries, thatbeinj one of their principal amufements,

John Arefon, biflicp of Hoolum, employed John Matthieflfon, a native
of Sweden, in eftabliAiing a printing-prcfs in Iceland, about the year
1530 ; and the firll book pi'inted by him there was the Breviarium Nid;iro-
iiepfe. He alfo printed an ecclcfiaiUcal manual, Luther's catcchifm, and
other books of that kind. The Icelandic code of laws .ippeared in 1578,
nnd the Icelmdic 'libL- in 1^84. A new privileged printing-office has
Uuiiy been elhibliilicd ai Hrappfcy in this ifland, and at which feveral
valuable book?, ba^ e been printed.

Moon VAINS, v< LCANotji, and natural curiosities.] Though
this ifland is lituated lb far to the north, earthquakes and volcanoes are
more known thaa in many countries in much warmer climates. The for-
mer havt feveral times laid the country almod defolatc, particularly in the
years 1734, 1 752, aijd 1755, ^hcn fiery eruptions broke ouc of the earth,
and produced very fatal confecjuences. Many of the fnovvy mountains
h?ve alfo gradually become volcanoes. One of thefe burning mountaina
Heckla, is the beft known, efpecially to foreigners. This nvjuntain is fi-
tuaicd in the fouthern part of the ifland, about four miles from the fea-
coall, and is divided inro three points p.f the top, the highefl: of which ia
that in the middle ; and which is computed to be above cono feci higher
than the fca. This mountain has frequently fent forth flames, and a tor-
rent of burning matter. Its eruptions were particularly dreadful in 169 ,-,
when they occifioned terrible deviittatlons, the afljes being tlirowin all
round the ifland to the diflance of 1 80 Englifli miles. 7 he laft eruption of
mount Heckla happened in 1766. It began on the 5thof April, and conti-
nued to the 7th of Sej)teir»ber following. Flames proceeded alfo from it in
December 1771, and 1772 ; but no eruptions of lava.

But amongil all the curiofities in Iceland, nothing is more worthy of

attention than the hot fpouting watcr-fprings with which this ifland

abounds. The hot ^^>rings at Aix-la-ChapcUe, Carllbad, Bath, and

SwitzerJaiMl, and feveral others found in Italy, arc cpnfidcred as very re-,

'. ■• * - mat kable :

-W'

\y of

liland

and

|:y re-.

ible ;

I f: E L A N D. ij;

tnarkable : but, excepting in the lad mentioned country, the water no
M'here becomes fo hot as to boil ; nor is it any where known to he thrown
fo high, HS the hot fpouting water-fprings in Iceland. All thofe water
works that have been contrived with fo much art, and at fo enormous an
cxpence, cannot by any means be compared with theCe. The water-works
at St. Cloud, which are thought the greateft among all the French water*
works, cad up a thin column eighty rect into the air : while fome fpringi
in Iceland fpout columps of water, of fcveral feet in thicknefs, to tnii
height of many fathoms ; and, as many affirm, of feveral hundred feet.
Thefe fpiings are of unequal degrees of heat. From fome, the water
flows gently as from other fprings, and it is then r >" bath i from

others, it fpouts bolting Wiitcr with a great noife, n then called a

kettle. Though the degree of heat is unequal, yet r',.o;| (nyt^

that he does not remember ever to have oblcivcd it i Fahren-

heit's thermometer. At Geyfcr, Rccyhum, and L; he found

it at 212 ; and in the laft pl.icc, in the ground, at a 1 ;.ic ho: i_,.rrcntof
water, 21 3 degrees. It is very common for fome of the fpoutIn}j;-fptingf^
to ceaic, and others to rife up in their (lead. Frequent earthquiikcii, and
fubteriiirican noifcs, heard at the time, caufe great terror to the people
who I've in the neighbourhood. In feveral of thefe hot fprings, the inha«
bitants who live near them boil their viftuals, only by hanging a pot into
which the flefli is put in cold water, in the water of the fpriug. They alfo
bathe in the rivulets that run from them, which, by degrees, become
lukewarm, or arc coded by their being mixed with rivulets of cold wa-
ter. The cows that drink of thefe fprings are faid to yield an extraordi-
nary quantity of milk , and it is likewifc clleemed very wholefome when
drank by the human fpecier.

The largeft of all the fpciiting- fprings in Iceland is called Geyfer. K
is about two days journey uom Heckla, and not far from Skalholt. In
approaching towards it, a lo.id roaring noife is heard, like the rufliing oC^
a torrent, precipitating itfclf from ftupendous rocks. The water here
fpouts feveral times a day, but always by ftarts, and after certain intervals.
Some travellers have affirmed that it fpouts to the height of fixty fa-
thorns. The water is thrown up much higher at foine times than at
others ; when Dr. Van Trcil was there, the utmoil; height to which it
mounted was computed to be 93 feet.

Bafaltinc pillars are likewife very common in Iceland, which arc fup-
pofed to have been produced by fubterraneous fires. The lower fort of
people imagine thefe pillars to have been piled upon one another by gi-
ants, who made ufc of fupernatural force to efFedl it. They have gene-
rally from three to feven lides, and are from four to feven feet in thick-
nefs, and from twelve to fixteen yards in length, without any horizontal'
divifions. In fome places, they are only fecn here and there among the
lava in the mountains : but, in fome other places, they extend two or three
miles in length without interruption.

There are iminenlc m.ifies of ice, by which every year great da-
mage is done to this country, and which affeft the climate of it ; they,
trrive commonly with a N. W. or N. N. W. wind from Greenlaud,
The field-ice is of two or three fathoms thicknefs, is fcparated by the winds,
and lefs dreaded than the rock or mountain-ice, which is often fcen fifty
and more feet above water, and is at leaft nine times the fame depth below*
water. Thefe prodigious maffes of ice are frequently left in (hod water^
tixed» as it were, to the ground, and in that ilato remain maoj month?i

^^^..^e

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

2.2

2.0

1.8

— "''-'4 IIIIIM

'^'3^ o'if'

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

'9)^

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

<.^.

4^0

.68

N O R W A Y.

nay, it is faid, even years undiflblved, chilling all the ambient pnri
of the atmofpherc tor many miles round. When many fuch lofty and
bulky mali'es of it'c are floating together, the wood that is often drifted
along between them, is fo much chafed, and prefled with fuch violence
together, that it takf s fire : which circumflance has occafioned fabulous
accounts of the ice being in flames. The ice caufed fo violent a cr>ld in
1753, and 1754, that horfes and flieep dropped down dead on account of
if, as well as for want of food : horfes were obferved to feed upon dead
cattle, and the (hccp to eat of each other's woo). A number of bears
arrive yearly witli the ice, which commit great ravages, particularly
among the flieep. The Icelanders attempt to deftroy thefe intruders at
foon as they get fight of them ; and fomctimes they afliemble togetl-.er,
and drive them back to the ice, with which they often float cffagaih. For
want of fire-arms, they are obliged to make ufe offpearson thefe occi-
Cons The government encourages the natives to deftroy thefe animaU,
by paying a premium of ten dollars for every bear that is killed. Their
(kins are alfo purchafed for the king, and are not allowed to be fold to
any othtr perfon.

It is extraordinary that no wood grows fuccefsfully in Iceland ; nay,
there are very few trees to be found on the whole ifland, though there
are certain proofs that wood formerly grew there in great abundance.
Nor can corn be cultivated here to any advantage ; though cabbages
parfley, turnips, and peas, may be met with in five or fix gardens,
which are faid to be all that are in the whole ifland.

Trade.") The commerce of this ifland is monopolized by a Danifii
company. The foil upon the fea-coafts is tolerably good for pafture:
and though there is not any confidcrable town in the whole ifland, tht
Icelanders have fcveral frequented ports. Their exports confift of dried
fifli, falted mutton and lamb, beef, butter, tallow, train-oil, coarfe
woollen-cloth, fliockings, gloves, raw wool, flieep-lkin?, lamb-ikins,
fox-fnrs of various colours, eider-down, and ftathtrs. Their imports
Confift of timber, filhing-lincf, and hooks, tobacco, bread, horfe-fliors,
brandy, wine, filt, linen, and a little filk ; exclufivc of fome necdTa*
ries and fuperfluitics for the more wealthy. ' /,

Strenotk, AND REVENtjE.] As Iceland affords no bait for aivarict
or ambitiun, the inhabitants depend entirely upon his Daiiiili majefty*»
J r )tc<5lion ; and the revenue he draws from thg country amounts to
about 30,00 . crowns a year.

THE FARO OR FERRO ISLANDS,

^O culled from their lying in a clufter, and the inhabitants ferrying
i^J from one ifland to another. They are about 24 in number, and lie
between 61 and 63 tieg. W. long, froin London. The fpace. of this cluf-
t'^r extends about 60 miles in Icngfh and 40 in breadth, .•;oo miles to the
weflward of Norway ; having Shetland and the Orkneys on the fouth'
Caft, and Greenland and Icelund upon the north and north •weft. The
rr'fldc and income of the inhabitants, who may be about 3000 or 4000,
add little or nothing to the revenues of Denmrxrk.

Name, bounoarus,

AN£i EXTENT,

]

Touth by the entrance iiito the

O R W A y. . '

HE natural fignificat'on of Norway is,

the Nor/Jjeiii-wrty. It is bounded on the

Baltic called the Sca^gerac, or Categate ;

N O R V/ A Y.

<59

bient p?rt
I lofty and
ten drifted
:h violence
:d fabulous
t a cr>ld in
account of
upon dead
er of bears
particularly
intruders as
,e togetlier,
igaih. For
thefe occa-
:fe animals,
cd. Their
3 be fold to

:land ; nay,
jough there
abundance,
^h cabbages
fix gardens,

by a DaniOi
for prtfture:
E ifland, th«
r.fift of dried
i-oil, coaffc
lamb-lkins,
icir imports
orfe-fliocs,
)me necefllv-

for avarice
niajefty*»
amounts to

nts ftrrying
ber, and lie
of this cluf-
miles to the
the fouth-
•weft. The
00 or 4000,

Norway is,
luded on the
)t Categate ;
on

on the weft and north by the northern ocean ; and on the eaft it is di-
vided from Sweden by a long ridge of mountains, called at different parrs
by different names ; as Filleficld, Dofrefield, RundfielJ, and Dourtield.
Thc'reader may confult the table of dimenfions in Denmark for its ex-
tent ; but it is a country fo little kno»n to the rell of Europe, that it is
diflicult to fix its dimenfiuns with preciiion.

Climate.] The climate of Norway varies according to its extent,
and its pofition towards the fea. At Bergen the winter U moderate, and
the fea is prafticable. Tlie eaftern parts of Norway are commonly co-
vered with fnow ; and the cold generally fets in about the middle of Oc-
tober, with intenfe feverity, to the middle of April ; the waters being all
that while frozen to a confidcrabic thicknefs. In 17 19, 7C00 Swedes,
who were on their march to attack Drontheim, periflied in the fnow, on
the mountains which feparate Sweden from Norway ; and their bodies
were found in different poftures. But even froft and fnow have their con-
vcniencies, as they facilitate the conveyance of goods by land. As to
the more northern parts of this country, c;illed Finmaik, the' cold is fo
intenfe, that they are but little known. At Bergen, the longcfl day con-
iifts of about 19 hours, and the fliorteft of about (ix. In lummer, the
inhabitants can read and write at midnight by the light of the Iky ; and
in the moft northerly parts, about midfummer, the fun is continually in
view. In thofe parts, however, in the middle of winter, there is only a
faint glimmering of light at noon for about an hour and a half; owmg
to the refledlon of the fun's rays on the mountains. Nature, notwith-
ftanding, has been fo kind to the Norwegians, that in the midft of their
darknfefs, the Iky is fo ferene, and the moon and the aurora borealis fo
bright, that they can carry on their fiftiery, and work at their fcveral
trades in open air.

The air is fo pure in fome of the inland parts, that it has been faid the
inhabitants live fo long as to be tired' of life, and caufe thcmfelves to be
tranfported to a lefs falubrious air. Sudden thaws, and fnow- falls, have
however, fometimes dreadful effeifls, and deftroy whole villages.

Mountains.] Norway is reckoned one of the moll mounta'nous
countries in the world ; for it contains a chain of unequal mountains run-
ning from fouth to north : to pafs that of Hardanger, a man muft travel
about feventy Englifli miles ; and to pafs others, upwards of fifty. Do-
frefield is counted the highefl mountain, perhaps in Europe. The rivers
and catarafts which interfeft thofe dreadful precipices, and that are p.ilT
able only by llighr tottering wooden bridges, render travelling in this
country very terrible and dangerous ; though the government is at the
cxpence of providing, at different (lages, houfes accominodated with fire,
light, and kitchen furniture. Detached from this vaft chain, other im*
menfe mountains prefent theinfelves all over Norway ; fome of them with
rcfervoirs of water on the top ; and the whole forming a moft furpriling
landfcape. The a£livity of the natives in recovering their flieep and
goats, when penned up, through a falfe Hep, in one of thofe rocks, is
wonderful. The owner direds himfelf to be lowered down from the top
of the mountain, fitting on u crofs fiick, tied to the end of a long rope ;
and when he arrives at the place, where the creature (lands, he faftens it
to thp fame cord, and it is drawn up with himfelf. The caverns that are
to be met with in thefe mountains, are more wonderful than thofe, per-
haps, in any other part of the world, though lefs liable to obfervation.
One of them, called Dolfteen was, in 1750, vifited by two clergymen;
who reported that they proceeded in it till they heard the fea d^(hin^

F } w^

N O R. \V AY.

over their liea^sj that the pafllige was as wulc and as high a» an ordina-7
church) the fides perpendicular, and the root' vauhed : that they dcfcciuied
• flight of natural flairs ; but when they arrived at another, they durft
not venture to proceed, but returned j and that they confumed two caudles
going and returning.

Forests.] The chief wealth of Norway lies in its forefts, which
furnifti foreigners with marts, bcaits, planks and boards : and ferve bc-
iide for all domeftic ufes ; particuliirly the conftruction ot houl'e?, bridges,
fliips, and for charcoal to the foundcries. The chief timber growing
here are fir and pine, chn, alh, yew, benreed (a very curious wood),
birch, beech, oak, elm or alder, juniper, the afpin-trec, the comol or
(loe-tree, hafel, elder, and even ebony (under the mountains of Kolen),
lime or Hnd<en-tree, and willows. The fuins which Norway receives for
timber are very confidcrable ; but the induftry of the inhabitants is greatly
aflifted by the courfe of their rivers, and the fituation of their lakes;
which afford them not only the conveniency already mentioned, of float-
ing down their timber, but that of ercAing faw-mills, for dividing their
large beams into planks and deals. A tenth of all fawed timber belongs
to his Daniih majefly, and forms no inconiidcrable part of his re«
yenue.

Stones, metals, and miner als.1 Norway contains quarries of
excellent marble, as well as many other kinds of ftones ; and the magnet
is' found in the iron mines. The amianthus, or albeftos, which being of
an incombuflible nature, when its delicate fibres are woven into cloth, is
cleaned by burning, is likewife found here j as are tryftals, granates,
amcthyfls, agate, thunder-rtones, and eagle-ftoncs. Gold found in Nor-
way has been coined into ducats. His Danifli majefty is now working, to
great advantage, a filver mine at Coninglberg ; other filver mines have
been found in different parts of the country ; and one of the many filver
mafles that have been difcovered, weighing 560 pounds, is to be feen at
the Royal Mufeum at Copenhagen. The lead, copper, and iron mines,
urc common in this country j one of the copper-mines at Roraas is
thought to be the richeft in Europe. Nonvay likewife produces quick-
filver, fuiphur, fait, and coaUmines t vitriol, alum, and various kinds
''f loam ; the different manufitdurcs of which bring in a large revenue
to the crown.

Rivers and lakes,] The rivers and frefli water lakis in this coun-
try are well Hocked with fifli, and navigable for ftiips of conllderablo
burden. The moft extraordinary circumilance attet^d" the lakes is,
that fomc of them coiliain floating illands, formed by th- 'fion of roots
of trees and fl)rubs; and though torn from the ma'n 1. .. Orar herbage
and trees. So late as the year 1702, the noble family feat of Borge, near
Frjdericftadt, fuddenly funk, with all its towers and battlements, into an
abyfs a hundred fathom in depth ; and its fite was inilantly hlled with a
piece of water, which formed a lake 300 ells in length, and about half as
Broad. This melancholy accident, by whim 14 people and 200 head of
cattle perilhed, was occafioned by the foundation being undermined by
the waters of a river.

Uncommon ammals, 7 All the animals that are n&tives of Deny
FOWLS, AND FI9HES. J mark arc to be found in Norway, with sin
addition of many more. The wild beads peculiar to Norway, are the
cjk, the rein^dcer, the hare, the rabbit, the bear, the woU, the lynx,
the fox, the glutton, the leming, the ermine, the martin, and the beaver.
H^iie ell( is a taU||, afli'CvlQured apuoalA its Ihape part^kjj^g at once of the.

bqrfe

NORWAY.

nordina"'

dcfceiuleJ

they diirft

wo caudles

tfls, which
ferve bc-
:s, bridges,
:r growing
)us wood),
! coiDol or
of Kolen),
eceivt'S for
s is greatly
heir lakes;
d, of float-
iding their
ler belongs
of his ve«

quarries of
;hc magnet
:h being of
ro cloth, is
I, granatcs,
nd in Nor-
ivorking, to
mines have
lany filver

be feen at
ron inines,

Roraas is
Lices quick-

ious kinds
^e revenue

this coun-

niiderable

: lakes is,

on of roots

ar herbage

orge, near

Its, into an

led with a

out half as

oo head of

mined by

es of Denf
, with sin
, are the
the lynx,
he beaver,
nee of the.
bgife

faorfe and the flag ; it is harmlefs, and, in the winter, fecial ; nnd the
flclh of it taftcs like venifon. The rein deer is a fpeci?s of Itag ; but .wte
Ihall have occalion to mention him more particularly afterwards. The
hares arc fmall; and are laid to live upon mice in the wintertime, and
to change their colour from brown to white. The Norwegian b^ars are
ftrong and lagacious : they are remarkable for not hurting children ; but
their other qualities are in common with the rell of their ipccies in north-
ern countries ; nor can we much credit the very extraordinary fpecimens
of their fagacity, recorded by the natives : they are hunted by little dogs j
and fomc prefer bear hams to thofe of Wellphalia. The Norweuiaa
wolves, though fierce, are fliy even of a cow or goat, unlets impelled bjr
hunger : the natives arc dextrous in digging traps for them, in which
they are taken or killed. The lynx, by lome called the guupes, is fmalleir
than a wolf, but as dangerous; they are of thecit^kind, and havp chiws
like tygers, they dig under ground, and often undermine flieep-folds,
where they make dreadful havock. The Ikin of the lynx is beautiful and
valuable ; as is that of the black fox. White and red foxes are likewile
found in Norn'ay, and partake of the nature of tl)at wily apimal in other
countries ; they have a particular way of drawing crabtj aAiore, by dip-
ping their tails in the water, which the crab lays hold of.

The gluttotj, otherwife called the erven, or vielfras, refembles a tunt-
fpit dog ; with a hmg body, thick legs, fliarp claws and teeth : his fufj
which is variegated, is lb precious, that he is (hot with blunt arrows, t6
prelerve the ikin unhurt: he is bold, and fo ravenous, that it is faid he
will devour a carcale larger than himfelf, and unburthcns his ftomach by
fqueezing himfelf between two clofe-ftanding trees : when taken, he hat
been even known to eat Hone and mortar. The ermine is a little crea-
ture, remarkable for its fliynefs and cleanlinefs ; and few of our readers
need be told, thnt their fur forms a principal part even of royal magnifi-
cence. There is little difference between the martin and a large browa
forell car, only its head and fnout are Iharper ; it is very fierce, and its
bite dangerous. We fliall have occalion to ntention the beaver in treating
of North America.

No country produces a greater variety of birds than Norway. The
alks build upon rocks ; their numbers often darken the air, and the noif&
of their wings refembles a ilorm ; their (ize is the bignefs of a large duck c
they are an aquatic fowl, and their flefli is much elleemed. No fewer
than 30 diftcrcnt kinds of thrufties refide \n Norway ; with various |pnds
of pigeons, and feveral forts of beautiful wild ducks. The Norwegtaa
cock-of-thc-wood is of a black or dark grey colour, his eye refembling
that of a pheafdHt ; and he is faid to be the largell of all eatab'.e birds*
Norway produces two kinds of eagles, the land and the fea ; the former
IS fu Hrong, that he has been known to carry off a child of two years old :
the feu, ur fifli-eagle, is larger than the other; he fublifts on aquatic
food ; and fometimes darts on large fiihes with fuch force, that, being
unable to free his talons from their bodies, he is dragged into the water
and drowned.

Nature feems to have adapted thefe aerial inhabitants for the coall 6i
J^orway ; and induftry has produced a fpecics of mankind peculiarly fitted
for making them ferviceable to the human race ; thefe are the birdmen,
or climbers, who are amazingly dextrous in mounting the flecpefl rocks,
and bring away the birds and their eggs : the latter are nutritive food,
and are parboiled in vinegar ; the flefh is fometimes eaten by the peafants,
who generally reliAi it j while the feathers and 'down form a profitable

F 4 commodity.

N O R W A Y. ^

jCommodltj'. Even the dogs of the farmers, in the northern diflrlfts, arc
trained up to he uflillju-us to thcfe birdmcn in feiiinj; their prey.

The Scandinavian lakes and leas are aftoniiliingly fruitful in all fifli that
are found on the fen-coalls of Europe, which need not be here enume-
rated. Stock-fifli innumerable, which are dritd upon the rocks without
falting. Some fiflies in thofc icas, however, have their peculiarities. The
.ha;ic moren, is a fpccics of fli.irk, ten fathoms in length, and its liver
yields thire calks of ir.iin oil. The tuclla tlyndcr is an exceflUvely large
turbot, which has been known to cover a m;m who has 'alien over-
bouid, to keep hini lr<<in riling. The feafon for herring filhing is an-
nounced to the fifliermen by the fpouting of water from the whales (of
which fcven different fpecies are meniioned), in following the herring
flioals. 'I'he larf»e whale rtfenibles a cod, with fmall eye^, a dark mar-
bled (k'n, andwhiie bc.ly : they fpout out ihe water, which they take in
bv infpirat'on, through tAo holes or openings in the head. They copu.
late l.ke 1 md animals, Handing up'i^ht in the fca. A young whale, when
firft produced, i- about nine or ten feet long ; and the female Ibmetimes
brings forth two at a birth. The whale devours fuch an incredible num-
ber of fmall fiih, thar his belly is often ready to burft ; in which cafe he
makes a molt tremcndwus noile from pain. The fmallcr fifti have 'their
.revenge ; Ibme of them fallen on his back, and incclliuitly beat hiin ;
others, with fltarp horn?, or rather bones, on their beaks, fvvim under
his belly, and fomctiines rip it up ; fome are provided with long (liarp
teeth, and tear his ficfli Even the aquatic birds of prey declare war
againrt him when he comes near the furface of the water; and he has
. been known to he fo tortured, that he h is beat himfelf to death on the
rocks. The co ifl of Norway may be faid to be the native country of
herring?. InnumeraMe are the ihoals that come from under the ice at the
.north p.)le ; and about the lattude of Iceland divide themfclves into three
bodies : one ot thefe fitpply the Weftern Ifles and coalts of Scotland, an-
other d'.rvfts its courl'e round the eaftcrn part of Great Britain down the
Chaunfl, and the third enters the Baltic through the Sound. They form
great pait of the food of tlic common people; and the cod, ling, cabe-
iiau, and torlk fithcs toUow them, and feed upon their fpawn ; and are
taken in prodigious luimberi in ^o or 60 fathoms water: theTe, efpe-
ciiilly their rots, and the oil extiai^ed fioin their liven, ate exported and
fold togient advantage ; and above 150,000 people aie mainta'ned by the
Jierring and other fiihing on rhe coall of Norway. The fea-devil is about
lix feet in length, and is lb culled from it^ monftrous appearance and vo-
racity. The fea fcorjjion is likewife of a hideous form, its head being larger
than its whole body, which is about four feet in length, and its bite is
faid t ^ be poifonnus.

. 1 he mijft feeminj^,ly fabulous accounts of the ancients, conceming fea-
mon.lers, are rendered credible by the produftions of the Norwegian
feas ; and the fca-fnake, or ferpent of the ocean, is no longer counted a
chimera. In i-J'', one of them was lliot by a mailer of a fliip ; its head
refembled that of a horfc ; the mouth Wijs large and black, as were the
eyes : a white mane hanging frun its neck : it floated on the furface of
the water, and held its head at leal) two ftet out of the fea : between the
head and neck wfre feven or eight folds, which were very thick; and the
length of this fnake was more than a hundred yards, fome fay fathoms.
They have a remarkable averfion to the fmell ot Ciiflor : for which reafon,
(iiip, bo;-t, and bark mailers provide themfelvcs with quantities of that
ifJrtig, to prevent b^ing qverfet ; the ferpent's olfadlory nerves being rc-
-,. ;; . [ . maikably

NORWAY.

are

markaWy eKquifitc. The particularities related of this animal would be
incredible, were they not attclted upon o-.ith. Egcde (a vtry reputable
author) fayd, that on the 6th day of July, 1734, a large and frlgbttul
fea-monllcr raiftd itfelf fo high out ot the water, that its head nTichcd
above the main top-mart of the Ihip^ that it had a long ftiarp fnout, broad
paw?, and rpout<;d uater like a whale; that the body leemcd to be covered
with fcales ; the fkin was uneven and wrinkled, and the lower p,u"t was
formed like a liiakc. The body of this moiiltcr is faid to be as thick as a
liogfhead; his Ikin is variegated like a tortoilc-flitll ; and his excrement*
which fliats upon the fiM face of the water, is corrofive, and bliflers the
hands of the feamcn if they handle it.

I Ihoiild be under great difficulty in mentioning the kraken, or korven,
were not its c\-;ftc-nce proved lo llrongly, as fccms to put it out of all
doubt. Its bulk is faid to be a mile and a half in circumference ; and
when part of it appears above the water, it refembles a number of fmall
iflands and fand-Sanks, on which fifties difport themfeKes, and fea-weeds
grow: upon a farther emerging, a number of pellucid antennae, each
about the height, form, and fize of a moderate malf, appear ; and by
their att'xon and re-aftion he gathers his food, confirting of I'mall fiflies.
When he links, which he does gradually, a dangerous fwell of the fea fuc-
ceeds, and a kind of whirlpool is naturally formed in the water. In 1680,
a young kraken perifhed among the rocks and cliffs of the parilh of Alfta-
hong ; and his death was attended by fuch a flench, that the channel
where it died was impafllible. Without entering into any romantic the-
ories, we may fafely fay, that the exiftence of this firti being proved, ac-
counts for many of thefe phoenomena of floating iflands, and tranlitory
appearances in the fea, that have hitherto been held as fabulous by the
learned, who could have no idea of fuch an animal.

The mcr-men and mer-women hold their refidence in the Norwegian
feas ; but I cannot give credit to all that is related concerning them by the
natives. The mer-nian is about eight fpans long, and, undoubtedly, has
as much refemblance as an ape has to the human fpecies; a high fore-
head, little eyes, a flat nofe, and large mouth, without chin or ears, cha-
racterize its head; its arms are iliort, but without joints or elbows, and
they terminate in members refembling a human hand, but of the paw

imbrane : the parts of generation
.^ ^. ^. parts, which remain in the wa-
ter, terminate like thofc of fifties. The females have brealls, at which
they fuckle their young ones. It would far exceed the bounds allotted to
this article, to follow the Norwegian adventurers through all the dif-
ferent defcriptions which they have given us of their filhcs ; but they are
fo well aiithi'nticated, that I make no doubt a new and, very furprifing
theory of a(]uatic animals may in time be formed.

Curiosities.] Thofc of Norway are only natural. On the coafl, la-
titude 67, is that dreadful vortex, or whirlpool, called by navigators the
navel of the fea, and by fomc Maleftrom, or Moflcocttrom. The ifland
Molkoe, from whence this llream derives its name, lies between the moun-
tain Hcfleggen in Loioden, and the iftand Ver, which are about one league
difl:ant ; ana between the ifland and coafl on each tide, the dream makes its
way. Between Mofiioe and Lofodcn it is near 400 tathoms deep ; but be-
tween Moikoe and Ver, it is fo ftiallow as not to affoid piflligc for a fmall
fllip. When it is flood, the itream runs up the country between Lof()Jen
and Mofkoe with a boiflerous rapidity ; and when it is ebb, returns to the
fea with a violence and noifc unequalled by the loudeil catarads. It is
.'■- heard

kind, and the fingers connefted by a mer
indicate their fexes : thoujjh their under

NORWAY.

heard at the difiance of many leagues, and furmt a vortex or whirlpool of
i;reat depth and extent ; lb violent that if a fliip comes near it, it it imme-
diiiiely drawn irrelillibly into the whirl, and there difuppears, being ah-
IbrbeJ and carried down to the bottom in a moment, where it is dufhcd to
pieces againft the rocks; and jud at the turn of ebb and flood, when the
water becomes &\\l for about a quiirtcr of an hour, it riles again in fcatter-
cd fragments, fcarcely to be kno^n for the parts of a fliip. Wi\cn it is
agitated by a ilorm, it haj reached velieis ut the dinnncc of more than a
Norway mile, where the crews have thought thcmftlves in perfcihl fccurity.
Fcrh.ips it is hardly in the power of fancy to conceive a iituation of more
honor than that of being thus driven forward by the fudden violence of
an imi)etiiOUs lorrent to the vurtcx of a whirlpool, ot which the noife and
turbulence iiill.increaiu.c,^ as it is approached, aic :in earncft ot quick nnd
inevitable dcftru6tion; while the wretched vi(5tinis, in fn agony of dcfpair
and ttrror, cry out for ih;it help which they know to be inipiilUble ; iiud
lee birfurc them the dreadrul at>yts into wliich they are about to be plunged,
and dalhcd among the rocks at the bottom.

Even animals, which have come too near the vortex, have cxprcfltd
the utmort terror when they find the flrcam irrcfilHblc. Whales are tre-
quenlly carried aw.iy ; and the moment they feci the force of the water,
tbey rtrugj^le againft it with ail their might, howling and bellowing in a
frightful manner. The like happens frequently to bears, who attempt lo
fwim to (he itland to prey upon the flieep.

It was the opinion oi'Kircbcr, that the Maltyftrom is a fea vortex, which
attracts the flood under the fliore of Norway, and difcharges it again in
the gulf of Bothnia r but this opinion is now known to be erroneous, by
the return of the (liattered fragments of whatever happens to be fu< ked
down by it. The large ftcms of firs and pines rife again lb lliivered and
fplintered, that the pieces look as if covered with briiUes. The whole
phaeuomena are the ctibcts of the violence of the daily ebb and flow, occa-
fioncd by the contraction of the ftream in its courfe between the rocks.

People, language, religion,/ The Norwegians are a tniddling
AND CUSTOMS OF NoRWAY. ) kii^d of people, between the lim-
plicity of the Greenlanders and Icelanders, and the more polillied inanners
of the Danes. Their religion is Lutheran j and they have bilhops as thole
of Denmark, without temporal jurifdit'tion. Their viceroy, like his
roaf'er, is abfolute: but the farmers and common people in Norway are
much lefs opprefled than thofe in Denmark.

The Norwegians in general are ftrong, robuft, and brave; but quick in
refenting real or fuppofed injuries. The women are handlbtne and courte-
ous; and the Norwegian forms, both of livtng, and enjoying property,
urc mild, and greatly n fembling the Saxon anccftors of the prdent liiig-
li(h. Every inhabitant is an artifan, and fupplics his family in all its ne-
ceflarics with his own m.inufa<5ture8 ; fo that in Norway there arc few by
profellion who arc hatters, flioe-makers, taylors, tanners, weavers, car-
penters, fmiths, or joiners. The loweft Norwegian peafant is an artift
pnd a gentleman, and even a poet. They often mix with oat-meal the
bark of the fir, made into a kind of flour; and they are reduced to very
extraordinary Ihifts for fupplying the place of bread, or faiinaceous food.
The manners of the middling Norwegians form a proper fubject of con-
templation even to a philofopher, as they lead that kind of life which we
may fay is furnifhcd with plenty ; but they are neither fond of luxury,
nor do they dread penury : and this middle ftatc prolongs their ages fur-
prilingly. Thoug,h their drefs is ia many rcfpeds accommodated to their

climate,

dimatd
weathe
any col
years
were
ages,
Th«

DENMARK.

dimate, yet, by ciiftom, inftead of guarding againft the inclemency of the
weather, thty outbiavf it; to;- they cxpol'e themfclvcs to cold, without
any coverture upon tlicir brcalls or necks. A Norwegian ot jjn huiidreti
years of age is not accooiucii pad his hil:ioiir: and in 1733, lour couples
were m^tiricd, and danced beiorc hib Danilh majelty at Frcdcncfli<ill,^whofe
ages, when joined, fxcecdcd « c years.

The funeral ccreniojiies of me .Norwegians contain veftiges of their for-.
mcr pagiinifin ; they play on tlio violin at the head of the colJin, and while
the ^orple is cairivd to ihe church, which is often done in a boiit. In fomc
places the niourners afk the dead perlon why he died ; whether his wite and
neighbour* were kind to him, and other fuch queflions; irequciitly kneel*
ing down and afking forgivcnefs, il ever they had otlended the dcceaicd.

Commerce.] We have little to add to inis head, ditlerent from what
fliall be oblerved in our account of Denmark. The duties on their exports,
mod of which have been already recounted, amount to about ioo,ojo lix-
dollars a year.

Strength and revenue.] By the beft CHlculations, Norway can
furnifli out 14,000 excellent I'camen, and above 30,000 brave ioldiers, for
the ufc of their king. The royal annual revenue trom Norway amounts
to near 200,cool. and till bis prefent mujelly's nccciTion, the army, inlkad
of being expenlive, added confiderably to his income, by the fubfidies it
brought him in from foreign princes.

History.] We muft refer to Denmark likewife for this head. The an-
cient Norwegians certainly were a very brave and powerful people, and the
hardiell feamen in the world. If we are to believe their hiUorie?, they
were no ffrangers to An^crica long before it was difcovered by Columbus,
Many cuiloms of their aiitoitors are yet difcernible in Ireland and the north
of Scotland, wheie they m.ide frequent deicents, and fome fettlements,
which are generally contounded with thole of the Danes. From their being
the moll turbulent, they are become now rbe moft loyal fubjeds in Europe ;
which we can calily account for, from the barbarity and tyranny of their
kings, when a feparate people. Since the union of Calmar, which Unitc4
Norway to Denmark, their hiftory, as well as intcrefls, are the fame- with
that of Denmark.

DENMARK* Proper, or JUTLAND, exclufive
of the Islands in the Baltic.
Extent and Situation.
Miles. Degrees.

Length 24of ) !,...„--_ \ 54 and 58 North latitude.
Breadth 114. J oewveen ^ g and 1 1 EalUongitudc.
Boundaries and I TT is divided on the north from Norway by th^
DIVISIONS. J 4 Scaggcrac fea, and from Sweden on the call by
the Sound ; on the fouth by Germany and the Baltic ; and the Gcrmaa
fea divides it from Great-Britain on the well.

• See Mallet's Denmark, p. i. to 18. vol, v.

f Meaning where longeft and broadcft, a method which the author has every where
oblervf d ; and it feems to be the pradice of other writers on the fuhjcd. Great aU
lowarcetmuft therefoie be made in moft countries, as the reader will perceive by look-
ing «n the maps. Jutland, for inilaitce, U < '4 n>)hs where bfoadeft, though in I'undry
others fiiru it it net ^9. '

Denmark

DENMARK.

Dfmn.iiV Proper is ilivu'pil info two parts; the pcninfula of Jutland .in«
cirri' ly callcl Lvncy'ia Clytfoncfuiy nn 1 th-j ifliinds ;it the entrance ot the
B.iitiv, rri' ntionrii in the fiihlo. Ir is rcinurkahlc, th.it though nil thcle to-
fjcihur conlHruif rhc kin:^.l(»in of D^unvirk, yet not any one of them is fc-
uarntcly o.ilK'd hy that nnine. Copenhagen, the mctropolit, is in the
itUtnd of Ziainnd.

Air, ci.imatf, son,, stati of aoriculture, &c.] One of the
largcft and niort t'cnile of all the provincrs of this kingdom i« Jutland,
which produces abundance of all foris of grain and pafturage, and is a kind
«f mitgiizine for Norway on all occuiions. A great niiinher of fmail cattle
flic bred in this province, and afterw uds tranlportcd into HoUlein, to be
fed for the irt'c of Hamburi{h, Liibcc, and Amftcrdani. jutlRnd is every
where intcrfperfcd with hills, and on the enll fide has fine woods of oak,
fir, IxTch, birch, and other trcs ; but the well fide btinjj Icfs woody,
the inhabitants nie obli'^cd to ufc turf and heath for fuel. Zt aland is for
the molt part a fandy foil, but nther fertile in grain and pallurage, and
agrce.ibly variegated with woods and lakes of water. The climate is more
temperate here, on account of tl)C vapours from the furrounding fe.i, than
it is in many more Ibutherly parts of Europe. Spring and autumn are fca-
Ibns fcarccly known in Denmark, on account of ihc fudden tranlitions
from cold to heat, and frv):ii h-:at to colJ, which diftinguifh the climate of
this kingdom. In all the njrthein provinces of Denmark the winters arc
very fc VI re, fo that the inhabit ints often pafs arms of the f(;a in iledgea
upon the ice; and duiing the wlntir all their harbours arc fio/.cn up.

The j;reHteft part ot iIil' land.i in D. nmark and HoKlein arc iicfs, and the
aicicr.t nobility by grants which they cxroitcd at difterent times from the
crown, g.iincd Aich a i)owcr over the farmers, and thofe who refided upon
their dlarts, that at lcny;th they rc.tuccd them to a tlate of exirMiic ilavery ;
fo that they weic bo ii;ht and fuld with the lands, and were clkenied the
prop rty of tlieir lords. Many of the nol)lc landholdfis in Slclwick and
Holllcin, have the powrr f)f life and drarh. The lituation of the f.irnicrs
lias, indeed, ben m.idc fomcwhat more agreeable by fomc modern edicts ;
buc they are ftill, if fuch an cxprcHion may be allowed, chained to their
far. lis, and are difpofed of at the will of thrir lords. When a farmer in
Denmark, or in HoUiein, happens to be an indulbious man, and is lituat-
c.i u.)(jn a poor farm, which by great diil^cnec he has laboured tocuItivat«
adi'ant.igeoufly. as foo:\ as he has performed the toilfome talk, and expeds
to reap the profits of what he has fown, his lord, under pretence of taking
it into hisown hand, removes him from that farm to another of his poor
farm-;, and experts thar he llionkl perform the fame laborious talk there,
xv'thout any other emolumcr.t than what he Ihall think propyl to t;ive him.
'I his hbs brcn fo long ihc pradViee in this country, that it nccefllirily throws
the greatclt damp upon the efforts of indullry, and prevents thole im-
provements in a!.;ricultiire which would otherwife l)« introduced: the con-
leipicnce of which i.<, tliat nine pans in ten of the inhabitants are in a ftate
of great poverty. But it the farmers had a Iceurity for their property,
the lands of Dcnin irk nii/jit have been cultivated to much greater advan-
an they arc at piefcnt, and a much ereater number

tag

ported by the pt-oduce of agriculture

people fup-

Amimai.s.] Denmark produces an eitcellent breed of horfes, both for
the faddle and carriage, about 50 o arc fold annually out of the country,
and of their horned cattle to 30, cor. Befides numbers of black cattle, they
have ihcep, and h't^s, and gime; and the fea coarts are generally well
fupplicd uith fiUi.

Popi;-

Popt

iTtade it

tn.irk,

Oldcnb

■.^

DENMARK.

Population, manners, and customs.] By nn atonal numeratiun
iTiiide in i7;(;, ut hit Danidi mnjcily't i'uhjidts in iiii domiinum ut' Ucn*
tn.trk, Norway, iluldcin, the illanus in the Baltic, and the cnimtivt ot'
Oldcnburgh and Dclmrnhorif, in VVellphaiiu ; they were (itid to amount
tu 3,444,000 I'uuls, cxclulivc ot' the IccliindciH :uk1 Grecnlanders. The
moll accurate account of the population, it that made under the direction uf
the famous Scrucnlce, by which

Jutland numbered
Dcnmaikloelaud
Funcn
Niirway
Illandst of Ferro

35^^. '36
203,466
143,988

723»«4«
4»75+

Iceland 46,101

Duchy of Slcfwiclc 243,^0;;

Duiliy of Holrtcin 134/JO5

Oklcnburgii b2,8^^

Delmcnhoid i(>,^i7

Sum Ti)til 2,017,017

Several of th« fmallcr iflands incKidcJ in the dirtrift of Fionia aie omit- «'
ted in this computation, which may coi.tuin a tew thoufands.

However difproportioncd this number may fccm to the extent of his Da.
nifli majelly's dominions, yft, every thiiuj onlidercil, it h tar jjrcurfr t!v,i(|
could have been expedlcd from the unculiivarcd Ihitc ot hia \n,ti liion;..
But the trade of Denmark hath been fo fliackled by tli« corruption ;ui>l .ir'ai-
trary proceedings of her minillcrs, and her merchants arc fo terrified by
the defpotlfm ot her government, that this kingdom, which might be ren-
dered rich and flourifhini;, is at prcfcnt one of the m^.i^ indigent and dil-
treifed flutes in Europe'; und thcfe circumlbmccs prevent Denmark frmn
being fo populous as it othcrwitc would be, if tiic ndminitbMtiou of go*
vernment were more mild and equitable, and if proper cncouragemfnt
were given to foreigners, and to ihofc who engage in agricultuie, uni '
other arts.

The ancient inhabitants of Dcnmaik poflelTcd a do{;rce of courage which
approached even to ferocity; but by a continued feries of tyranny and
oppreiTion their national charader is much changed, and from a br.ivc,
cnterprifing, and warlike people, they arc become indolent, timid, and
dull of appreheiifinn. They value themfelvcs extremely upon thofc t't^a
and privileges which they derive from the Crown, and aie exceedingly tond
of pomp and (hew. They endeavour to imit;itc the French in their man- ■
ners, tlrefs, and even in their gallanrry; though they arc ii.iturally the
very contrail of that ivition. They fall much into thiit indolcnoc and timi-
dity which form a cofiderablc |Ktrt of the charadlers of the modern Danes ;
but in other rcfpe(fl3 are well-meaning people, and acquit thcmfelvts pro-
perly in their rcfpc£Hve employments, 'lli: Dane-, like other northern
nations, arc given to intenipeiance in drinking, and convivial enteriain*
inents; but their nobilitv, who now begin to vilit the other cjurts of Eu-
rope, arc refining from their provincial habits imd vices.

RiiLiGiox.] The religion is Lutheran ; and the kingdom ii" divided .
into lix diocefes ; one in Zealand, one in Funcn, and four in Jutland;
thefe diocefes arc governed by billinp?, whole proieiliv)-* is entirely to fu-
pci intend the other clergy ; nor have they any other mark of pe-cminency
than a diftindicm of their ecclefiallical drefs, for rhcy have neither cathe-
dral nor ecclelialUcal courts, nor the fmallell ccni ern with civil nfta-is:
their morals, however, are fo good, th-.it they art* revtrnl by the people.
They are paid by the Hare, as all the church-lands vveie v.ifely itppropnared
to the govemment at the Reformation.
^ii4NCUAe£ AND LEARNi: G ] The langUiige of Dcnmaik is a dLilcfl

V of
■•ri/

'■*;«!«:,<■**

DENMARK.

of the Teutonic; but High Dutch and French are fpoken at court; and
the nobility have lately made gre^t ndvnncci in the Englifli, which i* novf
publicly tnught at Copenhagen as a ncceirary part ot education. A com-
pany of Engliili comcdinns uccafionally vilit that capital, where they iRnd
tolerable encouragennent.

The univerfity of Copenhngrn hat funds for the grntuitoui fupporr of
318 (ludents ; thcfe fundi are t':iid to amount to 300,000 rix<dollAri; but
the Danes in gcnrnil make no gie;u figure in litciuturc ; though aftronomy
and medicine arc highly indebted to their Tycho Brahc, Borrichius^ and
the Banhulines ; and the round tower .ind Chriilian's haven difpl.iy the
mechanirul genius of a Longoinontaniia: not to mention that the Danes
begin now to make foine proniilin^ attempts in hiOory, poetry, and the
drama. It appear*, however, that, in general, literature receives very
little countenance or encuurugrment in Denmark; which may be confi-
dcred as the principal caulc of iti being fo little cultivated by the Danes.

CiTiuu ANU CHibF IS u ILDINOA.] Copenhagen, which is lituated on
the fine iiliind of Z^-alnnJ, was oiiginnlly a fettlcment of Tailors, and firft
founded by Ibmc wandering tilhermcn in the twelfth century, but is now
the metropolis, fuid ;nakcs a magnificent appearunce at a didance. It it
very iirung, and defended by four royal caliles or forrs. It contains ten
pariili churchc?, befidcs nine others, belonging to the CalviniOs and other
perlualions, and Ibmu hofpttala. Copenhagen is adorned by fome public
and private palaces, as they arc called. Its Areet< are 186 in number;
and its inhahitans amount tu ioc,ooc. The houl'esin the principal ilrccts
arc built of brick, and thole in their lanes chiefly of timber. Its univeril-
ty has been already menti(med. But the chief glory of Copenhagen is its
harbour, formed by a Iiir^e canal Howing through the city, which admits
indeed of only one fliip to enter at a time, but is capable.of containing
coo. Scvend of the Arcets have canals, and quays for (hips to lie clofe to
the houfes ; and its naval arl'enjl is laid far to exceed that 01 Venice. The
road for the <hipi>ing begins about two miles from the town, and is dc-
ffv.-ded by 90 pieces of cannon, as well as thfl difficulty of the navigation.
But notwithflanding all thcfe advantages, there is little appearance of in*
duitry or trade in this city ; and Copenhagen, though one of the fined
ports in the world, can bead of little commerce. The public places are
filled with officers either in the land or Tea fervice; and the number of
forces kept up is much too large for this little kingdom. The police of
Copenhagen is extremely regular, and people may walk through ths
ivhole city at midnight with great fafety. Indeed, it is ufually almoft as
quiet here at eleven olclock at night as in a country village, and, at that
time, there is fcarcely a coach heard to rattle through the itreets.

The apartments of the palace at Copenhagen are grand, and the tapeftry
in many of them, beautiful, particularly the Aory of Efther, and an af-
fortment of wild beafts, after the manner of Quida. A colonnade at each
extremity forms 1 ^. (tallies, which for their extent and beauty of furniture,
are equal to any in Europe. But the fined palace belonging to his Danifh
majeu}'' lies about 20 Engllfh miles from Copenhagen, and is called Frede*
ricfburg. It is a very large building, moated round with a triple ditch,
and calculated, like mod of the ancient refidenccs of princes, for defence
againd an enemy. It was built by Chiidian the IVth, and, according to
the architet^ure of the tinips, partakes of the Greek and Gothic dylcs. Ii»
the front of the grand quadrangle appear Tufcan and Doric pillars, and on
tlvc fummit of the buildipg are fpires and turrets. Some of the rooms are

Tcry

DENMARK.

tapeftry
i an af-

nt each
irnitiirc,

Danifti

Frede-
e ditch,
defence
rding to
Ics. Ii>

and on
oms are
Tcrjr

very fplendld, though furniflied in the antique taHc. The Knights* hall
i* of great length. The tapedry reprcfcnii (he wars of Denmark, aod the
cicling is a muft minute and labuurcd performance in fculpiure. The
chimney-piece was once entirely covered with plates of Ulver, richly orn*-
mented ; but tl\c Svvidcs, who have often landed here, and even bclieged
the ciipitid, tore the n uU away, and rifled the pal:ice, nocwithflanding its
triple iiiuiit and formidable ii|)|icaranec. The late unhappy queen Matilda
fpLiit much or her time ut this palace, during the king's tour through Eu-
rope. AI)out two miles from EUiiiour is another fmall royal palace, flat
roijfcd, with i;t windows in front, faid to be built on the place formerly
(HCiipicd by the palace of Hamlet's father. In an adjoining garden, ii
Ihcwii the very fput where, according to that tradition, that prince was
j'oifoncd.

Jii^i;iA)urgh 1$ a p rk which contains a roy;J coinitry fear, called th« "
Mcriiiitagc; which i^ rem'.trk.iblc for ilic difpoiiiion oFitsapartmt'nis, an4
the quainincfs ot its I'liruiturc; piiticulaily a machine which conveys th«
diflies to and from the kind's tiiblc in the lecoiui itory. The chief eccle-
hatViCiil building in IX-mnark i» the cathedral of Roi'chiM, where the kings
and (piccns of Dcmiiark were tomierly buritd, and their monuments llill
remain, joining to this cathedral, by a covered palLtge, is a royal jialdcc*
built in l*'33.

CoMM<LucB.] The kinp;dom of Denmark is extremely well fitoated fov'
commLrcc; her harbours ;irc well calculated for the i-eccption of (hip4 o«
all burdens, and her inari'icrs ikrc very expert in the navigation of th« diifc-
rent parts of the ocean. Ttie doniinious oF his D.inifli ma jelly alfu Amply
a great variety of timber, ami other materials forfliip-buiiding; and Iwnc
of his provinces aBord many natural productions for exportation. Amonff
thefc, befides fir, and (.thcr timber, are black cattle, horfes, butter, (tock-
filli, tallow, hides train-. lil, tar, pitcii, and iron, which being the natu«
ral produdit of the Dunifh dominiums, arc confcquently ranked under the
head of exports. To thefe we may add furs ; but the exportation of cats
is forbidden. The imports arc, fait, wine, brandy, and lilk from France,
Portugal, and Italy. OHute the Danes have had a great intcrcourfi! wirU
England, from whence they import broau-cloths clocks, cabinet, lock«
work, and all other manufadurcs carried on in the great trading towns of
England. But nothing iliows the commercial fpirit of the D^nes in a inoi9
favourable lig^N than their cihblidiments in the Eafl and Weft Indief>.

In 1613, ChrilVian IV. of Denmark, elbbliilied an Eaft India Coinp>
ny at Copenhagen ; and foon after, four iliips failed from thence to the '
fiiill Indies. The hint of this trade was given to his Danifli majefty by'
James I. of Eng'and, who married a princefs of D;:nmark ; and in 1617,
they built and tortiiied a ciftle and town at Tranquebar, on the coali of
Coromandcl. The fecurity which many of the Indians found under the
cannon of this fort, invited numbers of them to fettle here: fo thai th«
Dunilh Eafl India Company were foon rich enough to pay their kini; ayear-
ly tribute of zo,ooo rix-doUars. The Company* however^ willing to hc-
comc rich ail of a fuddcn, in i620ende?tvouiud to pofRfs thenvfelves^f rhO'
fpice-trade at Ceylon j but were defeated by the Portoguefc, The truth
is, they foon ^mbroileil themfelves with the native Indians on alt luHids ;.
and had it not been fop the generous ninHanciQ given them by Qdri^Fiir, an
Enwlifli Eaft India governor, tbefcttlement at TraiKiuebar muft h^ve been
taken by th« Rajah of Tanjour. Upon the clofe of the wars in Europief
after the death of Charles XXI, of Sweden, the Dsnilh £att India Qom^^

pan/

I [

DENMARK.

pany fouinl themfelves fo imich in debt, tliat thcv publiflied propofals for
anew fiibfcriptiou for enlarging their ancient capital iWk, and for fitting
out fliips to Tranqucbar, Bengal, and China. Two years after, his D..-
nif.i innjerty granted a new charter to his Eaft India Company, with vaft
privileges ; and for fome time its commerce was carr cd on with great vi-
gour. I fhall jiift mention, that the Danes likewifc poflefb the iflands of
St. Ihonias and Sr. Croix, and the I'mall illand of St. John, in the Weft
Indies, which are free ports and celebrnted for fmuggling ; alfo the fort of
Chrillianbur'j on the coalT: of Guinea ; and carry on a coniiderable com-
merce with the Mediterranean.

CuRiosiTiiis, NATURM, AND ARTIFICIAL.] Denmark Proper af-
fords fewer of thcll- than thcothcr parts of his Danill. .'■^liclly's dominions,
if wc except the contents of the Royal Miilcum (it Copenluigcu, which
conliHs of a numerous collodion of both. It contains fcveral good paint-
ings and a fine collcftion of coins, particularly thofc of the Confuls in the
time of the Roman Republic, and of the emperors after the feat of em-
pire was dividt'd into the Ealt and Wtil. JBefulcs artificial Ikclctons,
ivoiy carvings, models, cluck-work, and a beautiful cabinet of ivory and
ebony, made by a Danilli artill who was blind, here arc to be fecn two
famous antique drinking velVcls; the one of gold, the other of lilvcr, and
both of the form of a hunting horn : that of gold fccins to be of Pagan
inanufadurc; and trnm the railVd hieroglypliical figures on its outfidc, it
probably was made ufe of in religious ceremonies : it is about two feet
'nine inches long, weighs 102 ounces, contains two Engliflj pints and a
half, and was found in the diocefc of Ripen, in the year 1639. The
other, of filvcr, weighs about four pounds, and is termed Cofnu OLlett'
iurgkum; which, the'y fay, was prefcntcd to Otho I. duke of Olden'
burg, by a gholl. Some, however, arc of opinion, that this veflel was
made by order of Chriftian I. king of Denmark, the iirft of the Olden-
burg race, who reigned in 1448. I fliall jull mention in this place, that
feveral veffels of different metals, and the fame form, have beeij found in
the North of England, and are probably of Danifh original. This mu-
feum is likewife furnillicd with a prodigious number of aflronomical, op-
tical, and mathematical inftruments ; fome Indian curiofities, and a fet
of medals ancient and inodcrn. Many curious ailronomical inftruments
axe likewife placed in the round tower at Copenhagen ; which is fo con-
trived that a coach may drive to its top. '1 he village of Anglen, lying
between Flenft)urg and Slcfwick, is alfo eflecnicd a curioiity, as giving its
name to the Angles, or Anglo-Saxon inhabitants of Great Britain, and
the anceftors. of the bulk of the modern Englilh.

The greJitcft laritics in liis Daniili majelly's dominions are omitted,
however, by giogiapliers ; \ mean thofc ancient infctiptioiis upon rocks,
that are mentioned by antiquaries and hiftorians ; and are generally
thought to be the old and original manner of writing, before the ufc of

{»aper of any kind, and waxen tables, was known, 'i licfc cbaradtrs are
lunic, and fo imperfectly undcKftood by the 'earned thcmfclvc?, that
their meaning is very uncertain ; but they are imagined to be hiftorical.
Stephanus, in his notes ujion Saxo-GraminaticuSj^ has exhibited fpccimens
of feveral pf thofe infcriptinn? .

CivmtioNSTiTuTioM, GOVERN-) The ancient con(litu!ion of

MENT, ANP LAWS. J Denmark was originally much

upon the fame plan with other Goihic yovfrnmerit?. The king came to

the throne by election; and, in conjun^Jtion with the fcnatv; where he pre-

• , ' lid?d,

DENMARK.

fided, was inverted with the executive power. He likewife commanded
the army, and decided Hnally all the difputes which arofe between hisfub-
jefts. I'he legiflative power, together with the right of eleftion of the
kinjf, was veftcd in the dates ; who were compofed, Hrft, of the order of
nobility, and fecondly, the order of the citizens and farmers ; and after
the Chriftiun religion had gained ground in the North, the clergy were
alfo admitted, not only to be an order of the ftates, but to have feats
likewife in the fenatc. Thefc orders had their refpeftivc rights and pri-,
vileges, and were independent of each other j the crown had alfo its pre-
rogatives, and a certain iixed revenue arifing out of lands, which were
appropriated to its fupport. This conflitution had many evident advan-
tages : but, unfortunately, the balance of this government was never
properly adjuiled ; fo that the nobles very foon aiuimeda di£^atorial pow-
er, and greatly opprefTed the people, as the national afTemblics were not
regularly held to redrefs their grievances. And when the Roman Catholic
clergy came to have a fliare in the civil government, they far furpalledthe
nobility in pride and ambition. The reprefentatives of the people had
neither power, credit, nor talents, to counteradt the efforts of the other
two orders, who forced the crown to give up its prerogatives, and to op-
prefs and tyrannize over the people. Chrifhan the Second,' by endeavour-,
nig in an imprudent manner to ttcm the torrent of their opprefTion, loft
his crown and his liberty ; but Chriftiun the Third, by uniting himfelf
with the nobles and the fenate, deftroyed the power of the clergy, though
the oppreffion of the common people by the nobility ftill remained. At
length, in the reign of Frederick the Third, the people inftead of exerting
themfelves to remedy the defects of the conftitution, and to maintain their
common liberties, were fo infatuated as to make the king defpotic, ii|
hopes thereby of rendering themfelves lefs fubjeft to the tyranny of the
nobility. A fcries of unfuccefsful wars>had brought the nation in general
intofo miferablc a condition, that the public had not money for paying '
off the army. The difpute came to a fnort queftion, which was, that the
nobles fliould fubmit to taxes, from which they pleaded an exemption*
The inferior people upon this threw their eyes towards the king, tor re-
lief and protection from the opprcllions of the intermediate order of nobi-
lity : in this they were encouraged by the clergy. In a meeting of the
flutes, it was propofed that the nobles fhould bear their (hare in the com-
iijon burden. Upon this, Otta Craeg put the people in mind that the
commons were no more than Jlavcs to the lords.

This was the vvatch-word which had been concerted between the leaders
of the commouK, the clergy, and even the court itfelf. NanfQn, the
fpeaker of the commons, catched hold of the term Slavery; the aflembl/
broke up in a ferment ; and the commons, with the clargy, withdrew to s»
houic of their own, where they refolved to make the king afolcmn tender
of their Uberties and fervices, and formally to eftablifli in his family the
hereditary fucccllion to their crown. This rcfolution was ep^ecutcd the
next day. The bifliop of Copenhagen oiliciated as f^eaker for the clergy
and commons. The king accepted of thcirtender, promiling them relief
and protection. The gates of Copenhagen were fhut ; and the nobility^
finding the nerves of their power thus cut, fubmitted with the bed gracf
they could to confirm what had been done.

On the loth of January, i6'Ji, the three orders of nobility, clerjfy,
and people, ligned each a fcparate aift ; by which they copfented that thf
crown fhould be hereditary in the royal family, as well in the female as in

DENMARK.

the male Hhc, and by which they iiivcftcJ the kinj; with abfolute powf r,
and gave him the ri<jht to re^fulute the fucccflion and the regency, m cafe
of a minority. This renunciation of their rights, fubfcribedby the firft
nobilitv, i^ iUIl prcfervcd as a precious relic among the archives of the
royal family. A relic, which perpetuates the memory of the humbled
inlolencc of the nobles, and the hypocrify of the prince, who, to gratify
his revenge againft them, perfiiaded the people that his only wiflies were
to repair a decayed edifice, and then excited them to pull it to the ground,
crufhing thcmfelves ui;ider its ruins.

After this exfaordinary revolution in the government, the king of
Denmark diverted the nobility of many of the privileges which they had
before enjoyed ; but he. took no method to relieve thofe poor people who
had been the inilruments of invefting him with the foveicign povv^r, but
left them in the fame ftate of flavery In which they were before, and in
which they have remained to the prefeAt age. When the revolution in the
reign of Frederick the Third had been clleftcd, the king re-united in his
perfon all the rights of the fovcreign power ; but as he could not exer-
cife all by himfclf, he was obliged to intruft fome part of the executive
power to his fulycds ; the fupreme court of judicature for tlie kingdoms
of Denmark and Norway is holden in the royal palace of Copenhagen, of
which the king is the nominal prelident. What they call the Germari
provinces have likcwife their fiiprcme tribunal ; which, for the duchy of
Holftein is holden at Gluckftadt ; and for the duchy of Slefwick in the
town of th.at name.

As to matters of importance, the king for the moft part decides in his
council, the members of which are named and difpluccu at his will. It is
in this council that the laws are propofed, -difcufi'ed, and receive the royal
authority ; and that any great changes or eftablifliments are propoicd,
and approved or rejci'tcd by the kirig* It Is here likcwife, or m the ca-
binet, that he grants privileges, and decides upon thccxplication of laws,
their extenlion, or their reftriiTtion ; and, in fiift, it is here that the king
exprefles his will upon the moft important affairs of his kingdom.

In t^is kin?;dom, as in many others, the king is fuppofed to be prefcnt
to adminifter juflice in the fupreme court of his kingdom; and, there-
fore, the kings of Denmark not only preAde nominally in the fovcreiga
court of juflice, but they have a throne erefted in it, towards which the
hiwyers always addrefs their difcourfes in pleading, and the judges the
fame in giving their opinion. Every year the king is preient at the open-
. hig of this court, and often gives the judges fuch mftrudions as he thinks
» proper. The decifion of thefe judges is final in all civil actions ; but no
V criminal fentence of a capital nature can be carried into execution till it
h figned by the king.

There are many excellent regulations for the adminiftration of jufticc in

; Denmark ; but notwithftanding this, it is fo far from being diftributed in

dn equal and impartial manner, that a poor man cao fcarcely ever have

.• juftice in this country againft one of the nobility, or againft one who is

favoured by the court, or by the chief miniftcr. If the laws are fo clearly

jn favour of the former, that the judges are alhamed to decide againft

; :them, the latter, through the favour of the minifter, obtains an order

from the king to ftpp all the law-proceedings, or a difpenfation from ob-

:. fcrving particular laws, and there the matter fends.' The code of laws at

prefent eftabliflied in Denmark was publiflied by Chriftian V. founded up-

hn the code of Valdcinar, and all the other codes which have fincc been

publilUedf

viol

DENMARK.

«3

Isjbllfliei^, and IS nearly the <■ with that publidied in Norway. Thefc
aw8 are very juft and clear ; m, if they were impartially carried into
execution, would be produdivc ot many beneficial confcquences to th«
people. But as the kmg can change ana alter the laws, and difpenfe with
them as he plcafcs, and fupport his minifters and favourites in any a£t% of
violence and injuftice, the people of Denmark undergo a great degree of
tyranny and opprcffion, and have abundant rcafon to regret the tamenefs
and fervility with which their liberties have been furrcndered into tho
hands of their monarchs.

Punishments.] The common method of execution in Denmark it
behciiding and hanging : in fomc cafes, as an aggravation of the puniih-
mcnt, the hand is chopped off before the other part of the fcntence is ex-
ecuted. Fur the moft atrocious crimes, fuch as the murder of a father
or mother, hufband or wife, and robbery upon the highway, the male*
fador is broken upon the wheel. But capital punifliments are not com-
mon in Denmark : and the other principal modes of punifliment are brand-
ing in the face, whipping, condemnation to the ralp-houfc, to houfes of
corrcdtion, and to public labour and imprifonment ; all which are varied
in duration and rigour, according to the nature of the crime.

Political and natural » After the acceffion of his prefent ma-
INTERESTS OF DENMARK. \ jcfty, his court feemed for fome time
to have altered its maxims. His father, it is true, obferved a moft re-
fpcftable neutrality during tj?c late war ; but never could get rid of French
influence, notwithftanding his connexions with Great Britain. The
fubfidies he received maintained his army ; but his family-difputes with
Ruffia concerning Holftein, and the afcendancy which the French had
obtained over the Swedes, not to mention many other matters, did not
fuffer him to atft that dccifive part in the affairs of Europe, to which he
was invited by his fituation ; efpecially about the time when the treaty of
Clofter-fevcn was concluded. His prefent Danifli majefty's plan feemed,
foon after his acceffion, to be that of forming his dominions into a ftate
of independency, by availing himfelf of their natural advantages. But
fundry events which have fince happened, and the general feeblenefs of
his adminiftration, have prevented any farther expectations being formed,
that the real welfare of Denmark will be promoted, at lead in any great
degree, during the prefent reign.

With regard to the external intercfts of Denmark, they arc certainly
bed: lecured by cultivating a friendihip with the maritime powers. The
exports of Denmark enab her to carry on a very profitable trade with
France, Spain, and the IVlcditcrranean ; and (he has been particularly
rted by the Mahometan ftates, on account of her fliip-buildingftores.

court

The prefent imperial family of Ruffia has many claims upon Denmark,
on account of Holftein ; but there is at prefent fmall appearance of her
being engaged in a war on that account. Were the Swedes to regain
their mihtary charaifler, and to be commanded by fo enterprifing a pnnce
as Charles XII. they probably would endeavour torcpoflefs themfelves,
by arms, of the fine provinces torn from them by Denmark. But the
greateft danger that can arife to Denmark from a foreign power is, when
the Baltic fca (as has happened more than once) is fo frozen over as to
bear not only men but heavy artillery ; in which cafe the Swedes have
been known to march over great armies, and to threaten the conqueft of
the kingdom.

Revenues.] Hit DanHh m^efty's revenues have three fources : the

G a im-

DENMARK.

iiiipofitions he lays upon his own fubje^s ; the dutie» paid by foreigners ;
and his o\vn de'mcine lands, including confifcations. Wine, fait, to-
bacco, and proviiions of all kinds, are taxed. Marriages, paper, cor-
porations, land, houfes, and poll-money, alfo raife a coniiderable fum.
The expences of fortifications are borne by the people : and when the
king's daughter is married, they pay about 100,000 rix-dollars towards
her portion. The reader is to obferve, that the internal taxes of Den-
mark are very uncertain, becaufe they may be abated or raifed at the kind's
will. Cuftoms, and tolls upoii exports and imports, are more certain.
The tolb paid by firangers, arife chiefly from foreign (hips that pafa
through the Sound into the Baltic, through the narrow ftr^t of half a
mile between Schonen and the illand of Zealand. Thefe tolls are iri
proportion to the fize of the fhip and value of the cargo, exhibited in
bills of lading. This tax, which forms a capital part of his Danifh ma-
'jelly's revenue, has more than once thrown the northern parts of Europe
into a flame. It was often dil'puted by the Englifh and Dutch, being
nothing more originally than a voluntary contribution of the merchants
towards the expcnce of the light-houfes on the coaft ; and the Swedes, who
command the oppoiite (ide of the pafs, for fomc time rcfufed to pay it :
but in the treaty of 1720, between Sweden and Denmark, under the gua-
rantee of his Britannic majefty George I. the Swedes agreed to pay the
fame rates as are paid by the fubjc^^s of Great Britain and the Nether-
lands. The firft treaty relative to it, was by the emperor Charles V.
on behalf of his fubjeds in the Low Countries. The toll is paid at El-
finour, a town fituated on the Sound, at the entrance of the Baltic Sea,
and about 18 miles diftant from Copenhagen. The whole revenue of
Denmark, including what is received at Eliinour, amounts at prel'eiit to;
above 5,000,000 of rix-dollars, or i,ooz,ocol. fterling yearly.

> The following is a lift of the king's ievenues,exclufi ve of his private eflates.

*, Rix-dollars at

Tribute of hard torn or land-tax.

Small taxes, including poll-tax, pound-rents, excite,

marriages, &c. - . . - j

Cuftom-houfe dutie?, ...

Duties of the Sound, - •'""'• *->.;,

Duties of Jutland, from falt-pits, - ^-' *■ -

Tythes and poll-tax of Norway, - » '

Tolls of Bergen, Drontheim, Chriftianfand, and Chrifliana,
Other tolls, » - « -

Revenue from mines, - '■'••'" - -

Revenue from Slefwick, Holftcin, Oldenburgh, and Del

menhorft, - - - -

Taxes on acorns, and niaft from beech.
Tolls on the VVefer, . , ^

Poft-ofBce, - .-*-.' -

Farms of Iceland and Ferro,

FarrAs of Bronbolm, ...

Oyfter Fifhery, - »

Stamp Paper, « . - ..

4s. each.
1,000,030

}

950,000

154,000
200,000
37,000
770,000
160,000
552,006
300,000

690,000

20,000
7,500
70,000
35,000
14,800
22,000
40,000

■ J ii-vr

f./.i .V. •■■■■:

/I .

Sum total, 5,012,300

In Englifli money, 1,002,460

P E N M A R K.

«S

95c,oco

154,000
1 200,000

37,000
1770,000
1 1 60,000

552,006
300,000

[690,000

20,000
7,;co
70,000
35,000
14,800
22,000
40,000

>I2,300

302,460
By

By a lift of the revenue taken in 1 730, it then only amounted to Eng-
lifh money jf. 454,700. '■'•■ ■

Army and navy.] The three laft kings of Denmark, notwithfland-
ing the degeneracy ot their people in martial affairs, were very refpcft-
able princes, by the number and difcipline of their troops, which they
kept up with vad care. The prefent military force of Denmark coniiits
of 70,000 men, cavalry and infantry, the greateft part of which confifts
of a militia who. receive no pay, but are regillered on the army lifV, and
every Sunday exercifed. The regular troops are about 20,000, and mod*
ly foreigners, or moll of whom are oflicered by foreigners ; for Frederic
III. W.IS too refined a politician to trufthisfecurityinthe hands of thofe
he had tricked out of their liberty. Though this army is extremely
burdcnfumc to the nation, yet it colis little to the crown : great part of
the infantry lie in Norway, where they live upon the boors at free quar*.
ter : and in Denmark the peafantry are obliged to maintain the cavalry
in viduals and lodging, and even to furniih th^m with money. The pre*
fent fleet of Denmark is compofed of 36 flups of the line, and 1 8 fri^
gates ; but many of the fhips being old, and wanting great repairs, if
they can fend out 25 fhips upon the greateft emergency, this is fuppofed
to be the mod they c»n do. This fleet is generally flationed at Copenha-
gen, where arc the dock-yards, {tore^houfes, and all the materials necef*
fary for the ufe of the marine. They have 26,000 regiftered feamen,
who cannot c^uit the kingdom without leave, niJi' ferve on board a mer-
chant-man without permiiHon from the admiralty ; 4000 of thefe are kept
in conftant pay and employed in the dock-yards ; their pay, however,
fcarcely amounts to nine fliillings a month, but then they have a fort of
uniform, with fome provifions and lodgings allowed for themfelves and
families.

Orders of knighthood in Denmark.] Thefe are twoj that
of the Elephant^ and that of Daueburg: the former was iniiituted by
ChrilHan I. in the year 1478, and is deemed the mod honourable; its
badge is an elephant furmounted with a caftle, fet in diamonds, and fuf*
pended to a Iky-blue watered ribbon ; worn like the George in England
over the right (lioulder : the number of its members, befides the fove*
reign, are thirty, and the knights of it are addrefTed by the title of ex«-
cellency. The badges of the Daneburg order, which is fjud to be of
the highell antiquity, inftituted in the year 12 19, but it became obfo-
letG, and was revived in 1671 by Chriftian V. confift of a white ribbon
with red edges, worn fear f ways over the right fhoulder; from which de>
pcnds a fmall crofs.of diamonds, and an embroidered (lar on the bread of
the coat, furrounded with the motto, Pietate t^ juftitia. The badge 13
a crofs pattee enamelled white, on the centre the letter C and 5 crowned
with a regal crown, and this motto Rejiitutor, The number of kpights
is numerous, and not limited.

History.] We owe the chief hillory of Denmark to a verj' extraor-
dinary phenomenon ; I mean, the revival of the purity of the Latin
language in Scandinavia, in the pcrfon of Saxo-Grammaticus, at a time
(the 1 2th century) when it was lod in all other parts of the European
continent. Saxo, like the other hidorians of his age, has adopted, and
at the fume time ennobled by his dyle, the mod ridiculous abfurdities of
remote antiquity. We can however colleft enough from him to conclude^
that the ancient Dahes, like the Gauls, the Scots, the Irifh, and other

G 3 northctu

DENMARK.

northern nationi, liad their bards, who recounted the military atchicve*
menti of their heroes ; and that their firft hitiories were written in verfe.
There can be no doubt that the Scandfiniivians or Cimbri, and the Teu-
tones rthe inhabitants of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) were Scy-
thians by their orighial ; but how far the trai^^s of land, called either
Scythia * or Gaul, formerly reached, is uncertain.

Even the name of the firft ChrilUan Danifli king is uncertain ; and
thofe of thet>eople whom they commanded were fo blended together, that
it is impoflible for the reader to conce iv(:: a precife idea of the old ScandU
navian hiftory. This, undoubtedly, was owing to the remains of their
Scythian cuftoms, particularly rhat of removing from one country to an-
other ; and of feveral nations or fcpts joining together in expeditions by
fea or land ; and the adventurers being denominated after their chief
leaders. Thus the terms, Danes, Saxons, Jutes or Goths, Germans,
and Normans, were prumilcuoully ufed long after the time of Charle-
magne. Even the (liort revival of literature, under that prince, throws
very little light upon the Danifli hiilory. All we know is, that the in-
habitants of Scandinavia, in their maritime expeditions, went generally
under the name of Saxons with foreigners ; that they were bold adven-
turers, rude, fierce, and martini : that fo far back as the year of Chrift
^oo, they infulted all the fea-coails of Kuropc ; that they fettled in Ire-
land, where they built ftone-houfes ; and that they became matters of
England, and fome part of Scotland ; both which kingdoms ftill retain
proofs of their barbarity. When wo read the hiOory of Denmark and
that of England, under the Danifli princes who reigned over both coun-
tries, we meet with but a faint refemblance of events ; but the Danes as
conquerors, always give themfelves the fuperiority over the Englifli.

In the eleventh century under Canute the Great, Denmark may be faid
to have been in its zenith of glory, as far as extent of dominion can give
fantlion to the expreflion. Few very interefling events in Denmark pre-
ceded the year 1387, when Margaret mounted that throne ; and partly
by her adai-efs, ana partly by hereditary right, flie formed the union of
Calmar, anno 1 397, by which flie was acknowledged fovcreign of Swe-
den, Denmark, and Norway. She held her dignity with fuch nrninefs and
courage, that ftie was juftly ftyled the ^cmiramis of the North. Her fuc-
ceflbrs being deftitute of her great qualifications, the union of Calmar,
by which the three kingdoms were in future to be under one fovereign,
fell to nothing ; but Norway ftill continued annexed to Denmark. About
the year 1448, the crown ot Denmark fell toChriftian, count of Olden-
burg, from whom the prefent royal family of Denmark is defcendcd.

Jn «5i3, Chriftian II. king of Denmark, one of the moft complete
tyranti that modern times have produced, mounted the throne of I)en-
mark ; and having married the filter of the emperor Charles V. he gave
a full loofe to his innate cruelty. Being driven out of Sweden, for the

* By Scythia may he underftood all th«ife northern cotintries of Europe and Afia
(now inhabited by the Danes, Norwe|viiins, SwctU's, RuflTians, and Tartarx, fee the
Introdufiion), whofe inhabitants ovt-rturned and peopled the Roman empire, and con-
tinued folate as tl»c i.^th century to iifue forth in large bodies, and naval expeditions,
ravaging the rn^re fcuthcrn and fertile kingdoms cf Europe ; hence by hr William
Temple, and other hiitorians, they are tciincd the Noil{nrn Hivi, ibi Motbn- cf N*-
tivu, tbe Stordoiije of Europt, ^ ,

bloody

DENMARK.

8r^

bloody maiTacrei he committed there, the Danes rebelled againft hinn
likewife ; and he fled, with hid wife and children, into the Nctherlandi.
Frcdei'ick, duke of Ilolfiein, was unanimoudy called to the throne, on
the dcpofition of his cruel nephew, who openly embraced the opinions
of Luther, and about the year i;36, the proteflant religion was ella*
bliflied in l)tnmark, by that wife and politic prince Chriilmn III.

Chrirtian IV. of Denmark, in 1629, was chofea for the head of the
protcliant league, formed a;;ainU the houfe of AuAria ; hut, though brave
in his own perfon, he was in Jangrx of lofmg his dominions ; when he
was fuccccded in that command by GuHavus Adolphus king of Sweden.
The Dutch having obliged Chriltian, who died in 1648, to lower the
duties of the Sound, his fon Frederic III. confcnted to accept of an an*
nuity of i gcooo florins for the whole. The Dutch, after this, per*
fuaded him to declare war againd Charles Guftavus, king of Sweden;
which had almoll coft him his ciown in 1657. Charles {formed the for-
trcfs nf Fredericdadt ; and in the fucceeding winter he marched his army
over the ice to the iiland of Funcn, where he furprifed the Danifh troops,
took Odcnfcc and Nyburg, and marched over the Great Belt to beficge
Copenhagen itfclf. Cromwellj who then governed Kngland under the
title of Prute(!^or, interpofcd ; and Frederic defended Tub capital with
great magnanimity till the peace of Rofchild ; by which Frederic ceded
the provinces of Halland, Bleking, and Sconia, the ifland of Bornholm«
and Bahus and Drontheim in Norway, to the Swedt-s. Frederic fought
to elude thcfe fevere terms ; but Charles took Cronenburgh, and once
more bcfieged Copenhagen by Tea and land. The ilcady intrepid condudl
^f Frederic, under thefe misfortunes, endeared him to his fubje^s ; and
^he citizens of Copenhagen made an admirable defence till a Dutch fleet
ari-ived in the Baltic, and beat the Swedifli fleet. The fortune of war
was now entirely changed in favour of Frederic, who fliewed on every
occafion great abilities, both civil and militaiy ; and having forced
Charles to raife the ficge of Copenhagen, mi^ht have carried the war
into Sweden, had not the Englifli fleet under Montague, appeared in the
Baltic. This enabled Charles to befiege Copenhagen a third time ; but
France and England offering their mediation, a peace was concluded in
that c ipital ; by which the iiland of Bornholm returned to the Danes ;
but the ifland of Rugen, Bleking, Halland, and Schonen, remained with
the Swedes.

Thou^^h this peace did not reftore to Denmark all flie had loft, yet the
magnanimous behaviour of Frederic, under the moft imminent dangers,
and his attention to the fafety of his fubjct'^s, even preferably to his own,
greatly endeared him in their eyes ; and he at length became abfolute, in
the manner already related. Frederic was fucceeded in 1670, by his fon
Chriflian V. who obliged the duke of HoUlein Gottorp to renounce all
. the advantages he had gained by the treaty of Roft;hild. He then re-
covered a number of places in Schonen ; but his army was defeated in
the Woody battle of Lunden, by Charles XJ. of Sweden. This defeat
did not put an end to the war ; which Chriflian obftinately continued,
till he was defeated entirely at the battle of Lat^dfcroon : and having al-
moft cxhauilcd his dominions in his military operations, and being in a
manner abandoned by all his allies, he was forced to fign a treaty, on
the terms prefcribed by France, in 1679. Chriftian, however, did not
defift from his military attempts ; and at lull he became the ally and fub-
fidiary of Lewis XIV. who was then threatening Europe with chains.

6 ^ Chriftian,

DENMARK.

Chriftian, ifter a vaft variety of treatinjf and fighting with the Holftel-
ner«, Hambuighere, and othei* northern powers, died in 1699. He waa
AicCeeded by Frederic IV. who, like his prcdecclTors, maintained his
pretenfions upon Holftein ; and probably mud have becomfe mailer of
that duchy, had not the Englifh and Dutch Heets raifed the fiege of Ton*
u'ngcn, while the young king of Sweden, Charles XII. who was then
no more than fixtcen years of age, landed within eight miles of Copeh*
hagen, to affift his brother-in-law the duke of Holftein. Charles proba-
bly would have made himfelf mafter of Copenhagen, had not his Danifh
najefty agreed t6 the peace of Travendahl, which was entirely in the
duke's favour. By another treaty concluded with the States General,
Charles obliged himfelf to furnifli a body of troops, who were to be paid
by the confederates ; and afterwards did great ferutce againft the French
in the war of queen Anne.

Notwithftandinj; this peace, Frederic was perpetually engaged in wars
with the Swedes, and while Charles XII. was an exile at Bender, he
made a defcent upon the SivediHi Pomerania ; and another, in the year
1712, upon Bremen, and took the city of Stade. His troops, however,
-were totally defeated by the Swedes at Gadefbuch, who laid his favourite
city of Altena in aftxes. Frederic revenged hinjfelf, by feizing great part
of the ducal Holftein, and forcing the Swedifli general, count Steinbock,
to furrender himfelf prifoner, with all his troops. In the year 1716, the
fucceffes of Frederic were fo great, by taking Toningcn and Stralfund,
by driving the Swedes out of Norway, and reducing Wifinar in Pome-
rania, that his allies began to fufped he was aiming at the fovereignty
of all Scandinavia. Upon the return of Charles of Sweden from his ex-
ile, he renewed the war againft Denmark with a moft imbittered fpirit ;
but on the death of that prince, who wan killed at the liege of Frederic-
flial, Frederic durft not refufe the offer of his Britannic majefty's medi-
ation between him and the crown of Sweden ; in confequence of which
a peace was concluded at Stockholm, which left him in pollclfion of the
duchy of Slefwick. Frederic died in the year 1730, after having two
years before feen his capital reduced to aflics by an accidental fire. His
'fon and fucceflbr, ChriOian Frederic, or Chriftian VI. made no other
ufe of his power, and the advantages with which he mounted the throne,
than to cultivate peace with all his neighbours, and to promote the hap-
pinefs of his fubjefts ; whom he eafcd of many oppreffive tujies.

In 1734, after guarantying the Pragmatic Sanation *. Chriftian fent
6000 men to the ailiftancc of the emperor, during" the diipute of the fuc-
cei^on to the crown of Poland. Though he was pacifir, yet he was jea-
lous of his rights, efpecially over Hamburgh. He obliged the Ham
burghers to call in the mediation of Pruffia, to abolilh their bank, to ad-
mit the coin of Denmark as current, and to pay him a million of iilver
marks. He had, two years after, viz. in 1738, a difpute with his Bri-
tannic maiefty about the little lordihip of Steinhorll, which had been
mortgaged to the latter by a duke of Holftein Lawenburgh, and which
Chriftian faid belonged to him. Some blood was fpilt during the con-
teft; in which Chriftian, it is though', never was in earneft. It

• An agreement by which the princes of Europe engaged to fupport the Houfu of
Auftria in fevour of the ^ucen of Hungary, daughter of tlic cniperor Charles VI.
who htid no mole iiTuc. .«.

* brought

r E N M A R K. tf

brought on, however, a treaty, in which he availed himfclf of hia Bri-
tannic maielty'spredilcdion for his German dominions ; for he agreed to
pay Chriuian a fubfidy of 70,000!. Aerling a year, on condition of keep*
ing in readinef» 7000 troops for the protcdion of Hanover : this was a
gamful bargain for Denmark. And two years after, he feized foine
-Dutch fbips, for trading without his leave to Iceland ; but the difference
was made up by the mediation of Sweden. Chril^ian had fo great a party
in that kingdom, that it was generally thought he would revive the union
of Calmar, by procuring his fon to be declared fucceflbr to his then Swe-
dilh majelly. Some Oeps for that purpofe were certainly taken ; but
whatever Chriftian's views might have been, the defign was frultrated by
the jealoufy of other powers, who could nut bear the thoughts of feeing
all Scandinavia fubjcd to one family. Chrillian died in 1746, with th&
charatfier of being the falicr of his people.

His fon and fuccefTor, Frederic V. had, in 1743, married the princeft
Louifa, daughter to his Britannic majcily George II. He improved up*
on his father's plan, for the hnppinefs of his people ; but took no con-
cern, except that of a mediator, in the German war. For it was by hit
intervention that the treaty of Clofler-feven was concluded between his
royal highnefs the late duke of Cumberland, and the French general
Kichlicu. Upon the death of his firA queen, who was mother to his pre-
fent Danidi majedy, he married a daughter of the duke of Bnmfwic-VVol-
fcnbuttle ; and died in 1 766. His fon, CMiriftian VII. was born the 2gth
of January, 1749 ; and married his piefent Britannic majeOy's youngeft
filler, the princefs Carolina-Matilda. But this alliance, though it wore
at firft a very promiiing appearance, yet had in the event a very unfor-
tunate termination. This is partly attributed to the intrigues of the
queen-dowager, mother-in-law to the prefent king, who has a fon named
Frederic, and whom flie is rcprefrnted as delirous of raifing to the throne.
She poflelTes a great degree of dillimulation, and when the princefs Caro-
lina-Matilda came to Copenhagen, fixe received her with all the appear-
ance of friendfliip and affe<5lion, acquainting ' her with all the king's
faults, and at the fame time telling her, that flie would take every op-
portunity, as a mother, to ailiil her in reclaiming him. By this condudt*
fhe became the depofitory of all the young queen's fecrets, whilft at the
fame time it is faid (he placed people about the king, to keep him con-
flantly engaged in all kinds of riot or debauchery, to which ine knew fae
was naturally too much inclined : and at length it was fo ordered, that a
miftrefs was thrown in the king's way, whom be was perfuaded to keep
in his palace. When the king was upon his travels, the queen-dowager
ufcd frequently to vifit the young queen Matilda ; and under the maflc of
frienddiip and affedtion, told her often of the debaucheries and exceiTes
which the king had fallen into in Holland, England, and France, and
often perfuaded her not to live with him. But as foon as the king re-
turned, the queen reproaching him with his condutfV, though in a gen-
tle manner, his mother-in-law immediately took his part, and endeavour-
ed to perfuade the kinif to give no ear to hercounfels, as it was prefump-
tion in a queen of Denm^irk to diredl the king. Queen Matilda now be-
gan to dilcover the defigns of the quecn-dowager, -and afterwards lived
upon very good terms with the king, who for a time was much reclaimed.
The young qi-ecn alio now alTumed to hcrfelf the part which the queen-
dowager had been complimented with, the management of public affairs.
This iluug the old queen to the quick ; and her thoughts were now entirely

occupied

90 DENMARK.

occupied with fchemei of rtrtngt. She at length found meant to gratify
it in » very smptc manner. About the end ot the year 1770, it wu< ob>
lerved that Brandt and Struenfce were particubrljr' regarded by the king;
the fonner as a favoutite, and the latter as a minifler, and that they paid
gceat court toe^ueen Matilda, and were fuptiorted by her. This opened
a Dcw. fcene of mtrigiie at Copenhagen ; all the difcardcd placemen paid
their court to the queen-dowager, and (lie became the head and patronefi
of the party. Old count Molkc, an arttiil difplaccd Hatefman, and othcr«,
who were well verfcd in intrigues of this nature, perceiving that they
liad unexperienced young pcrfons to contend with, who, thoujih they
might mean well, had not lutficient knowledge and capacity to conduct the
public affairs, very foon predicted their ruin. Struenfe and Brandt want-
ed to make a reform in the adminiftration of public adairs at once, which
ibould have been the work of time : and thereby made a great number
of enemies, among thofe whofe intered it was that things fhould continue
wpon the fame footing ihat they had been for fome time before. After
this queen Matilda was delivered of a daughter, bur as foon as the (jucen-
duwager faw her, (lie immediately turned back, and with a malicious
fmile, declared, that the child had all the features of Struenfce : on
ivhich her friends publiHied it among the people, that the queen mull
have had an intrigue with Struenfce ; fvhich was corroborated by the
queen's often (peaking with this minifler in public. A great variety of
fiw'ii reports were now propagated againft the reigning queen ; and an-
other report was alfo indulkioufly (pread, that the governing party had
formed a defign to fuperfcde the king, as being incapable of govern-
ing ; that the queen was to be declared regent during the minority of
her fon ; and that Struenfce was to be her primc-minirter. Whatever
Strueufee did to reform the abufcs of the late minidry, was reprei'ented
to the people as fo many attacks upon, and attempts to deitroy, the
government of the kingdom. By fuch means the people began to be
greatly incenled againfl this nvjnifter : and as he alfo wanted to make a
reform in the military, he gave great offence to the troops, at the head
of ytrhich were fome of the creatures of the queen-dowager, who took
every opportunity to make their inferior officers believe, that it was the
defign of^ Struenfce to change the whole fyflem of government. It muft
be admitted, that this mini(\er feems in many refpetfls to have a6fed
very imprudently, and to have been too much under the guidance of his
paflions : his principles alfo appear to have been of the libertine kind.

Many councils were held between the queen-dowager and her friends,
upon th« proper mcafures to be taken for effeduating their defigns : and
it was at length refolved to furprife the king in the middle of the night,
and force him immediately to lign an order, which was to be prepared
in readinefs, for committing the pcrfons before mentioned to feparate
prifons, to accufe them of high Miafon in general, and in particular
of a defign to poifon, or dethrone the king ; and that if that could not
be properly fupported, by torture or otherwife, to procure witnefTes to
confirm the report of a criminal commerce between the queen and Stru-
enfce. This was an undertaking of fo hazardous a nature, that the
wary count Moltke, and moil of the queen-dowa.'i^er's friends, who had
any thing to lofc, drew back, endeavouring to animate others, but ex-
cufing themfclves from taking any open and at'Uve. part in this affair.
However, the quecn-duwagcr at lall procured a futlicicQt number of ac-
5p' - ' . tive

DENMARK.

9«

five inftrumenti for the execution of her defigna. On the t6th of Jt^
nuary, 1773* > matked ball was given at the court of penmsrk. Th«
king had danced at this ball, and afterwards played at quadrille with ge-
neral Oahler, his lady, and counfcllor Struenlee, brother to the count.
The queen, after dancing ab ifual one country-dunce wirh the king,
gave her hand to count Struenfee during i e remainder of the evening.
She retired about two in the morning, and was followed by him and
count Brandt. About four the fame morning, prince Frederic, who '
had alib been at the ball, got up and drefled himfelf, and went with the

2ucea-dowagcr to the king s bea-chamber, accompanied by general Eich-
edt and count Rantzau. They ordered his majedy's valet>de«chambrs
to awake him, and in the midft of the furprife and alarm, that this un-
expected intruiion excited, they informed him, that queen Matilda nnd
the two Strucnfces were at that inftant bufy in drawing up an a£k of re-
nunciation of the crown, which they would immediately after compel
him to iign : and that the only means he could ufc ro prevent fo imnii*
nent a danger, was to Iign thofe orders without lofs of time, which they
had brought with them, for arrelHng the (jueen and her accomplices. It
is faid, that the king was not cafily prevailed upon to Iign thefe orders ;
but at length complied, though with reluctance and hefitation. Count
Kantzau, and three ofHcers, were difpatched at that untimely hour to
the queen's apartments, and immediately arrefted her. She was put in-
to one of the king's coaches, in which (he was conveyed to the catUe of
Cronenburgh, together with the infant princefs, attended by lady Moftyn,
and efcorted by a party of dragoons. In the mean time, Struenfee and
Brandt were alfo fcized in their beds, and imprifoned in the citadel.

Struenfee's brother, Ibme of his adheients, and mod of the members
of the late adminiftration, were feized the fame night, to the number of
about eighteen, and thrown into confinement, i'he government after
this feemed to be entirely lodged in the hands of the queen-dowager and
her fon, fupported and alTiAed by thofe who had the principal (hare in
the revolution ; while the king appeared to be little more than a pageant,
whofe perfon and name it was necciTary occafioniilly to make ufe of.
All the officers who had a hand in the re't'olution were immediately pro-
moted, and an nlmoft total change took place in all the departments of
adminillration. A new council was appointed, in which prince Frederic
prclided, and a commilTion of eight members, to examine the papers of
the prifoners, and to commence 4 procefs a<;ainft them. The fon oi
queen Matilda, the prince royal, who was entered iirto the fifth year of
his age, was put into the care of a lady of (]uality, who was appointed
governefs, under the fuperintcndcncy of the (juccn-dowager. Struen-
fee and Brandt were put in irons, and very rigoroufly treated in prifon :
they both underwent long and fre(|i!ent examinations, j^nd at length re-
ceived fentencc of death. They were beheaded on the 2 3th of April,
having their right hands previouUy cut off; but many of their friends
and adherents were afterwards ftt at liberty. Struenfee at firft had abfo-
lutely denied having any criminal intercourfe with the (lueen ; but this
he afterwards confelTcd ; and though he is faid by foinc to have been in-
duced to do this only by the fear of torture, the proofs of his guilt in
this refpeft were efteemed notorious, and his confellions full and expli-
cit. Befide, no mcafures were adopted by^hc court of Great Britain to
clear j^ (^^ queen's charaCler in this refpcd. But in May, his Britannic

majclty

DENMARK.

wajefly ftnt ft fmnll fnnadron of (hips to convey that princefi to Gcr.
ntiiny, and appointed the city of Zell, in hi« electoral dominioni, for ihtt
place ot her tmure rcfidcnce. »Shc died th«re, of u nutignant fever, on
the loth of May, fjfif aged i\ ynirt and lO montfis.

In 1780, h»« Danifh majclly acceded to the arintd neutrality propofcd
by the emprefs of Riilfiii. He appears at prcl'cnt to have fiich a debility
of iindcrilandinfi:, as to difqualify liiin tor the pro]icr mnnagemeiit nf
public aftiiirs; but on the 16th of April, 1784, another court revolution
ttwk place. 'Ihc que(i>-dowa},ffr'» friemls were removed, ti new council,
formed under the aufpices of the prince royal, foinc of the former old
membcfii rellorod to the cabinet, and no regard it to be p.iid for the fu-
ture to any inrtrument, unlcl» ligned by the king, and coutucrligned by
the prince royal.

Chriitian VII. reigning king of Denmark and Norway, LL. D. and
F.R.S. was born in 1740 ; in i76C< he was married to the priiicefn Ca-
rolina Matilda of England ; and has ilHie, Frederic, prince royal of Ocn-
mark, born January iHy ►708 ; Louifa Augulla, princelu ri)}ul, born Ju-
ly 7. »77'-

His Danish Majesty's GERMAN DOMINION^'.

H0L9TEIN, a duchy of Lower Saxony, about 100 miles long and
^o broad, and a fruitful country, wan formerh' divided between
the cmprrfs of Kullia (termed Ducal tiollUin), the king of IX'nmark,
and the imperial cities of Hamburg and Lubeck ; but on the 16th of No-
vember, 1773, the Ducul Ilnliiiin, with all the rights, prerogativcH, and
territorial fovcrcignty, was formally Mansfcrred to the king of Denmark,
by virtue of a treaty between both courts. The duke of liollicin CJot-
torp is joint fovereign of great part of it now, with the Danifh monarch.
Kiel is the capital of Ducal Holllcin, and is well built, bus a harbour,
and neat public edifices. The capititl of the Dauith Holllcin h Gluck-
Aadt, a well-built town and foitrefs, but in a marlhy fituatiun on the right
ol the Elbe, and has fomc foreign commerce.

Altrna, a larr^c, populous, and handfomc town, of great tr.ifhc, is
comniodioufly fituated on the Flbc, in the neighbourhood of Hamburg.
It was built profeflcdly in that fit^tation by tlic kings of Denmark, that
it might fliirc in the commerce of the lonmr. lieing declared a free
port, and the llaplc of the Danifli Eaft India comp.my, the merchants
alfo enjoying liberty of confciencc, grtat numbers flock to Altena from
all parts of the Nt)rth, and even I'rom Hamburg itfelf.

The famous city of Hamburg lies, in a grographical fenfc, in IIol-
flein ; but is an imperial, free, and lianfeatic city, lying on the verge
of that part of H(jillciii, called Stormar. It has the fovcrcignty of a
fmall dillrid round it, of about ten m les circuit: it is one of the molt
flourifhing commercial towns in Europe ; and though the kings of Den-
mark ftill lay claim to certain privileges within its walls, it m.iy be con-
(Idered as a well-regulated commonwealth. The number of its inhabit-
ants arc faid to amount to 180,000 ; and it is furniflied with a vaft va-
riety of noble edifices, both public and private : it has two fpacious har-
bours, formed by the river Elbe, which runs through the town, and 8+
bridges arc thrown over its canals. Hamburg has the good fortune of

having

L A P L A N O.

93.

havinj^bern peculiarly fiivourcd in its commerce by Grent Britain, with,
whom it (Vill curries on n gieat trade. Tlu Kuinbiir^crit in.iiiituia
twelve conipaities ot° foot, aiul uiic trutip of druguuns, bcUdci an artil-
lery Company.

Lubcc, all iin()crial city, with a good barbour, and uno the capital-
of the Hani Towni*, ami llill a rich and populous plicc, is alfu iii tl>is
duchy, and govcrhcd bv its own ma](|;ilh-atc!i. It has j? pjrilli ck,urchc« .
bclidrs a large cathedral. Luthcrauirm it the Ui >bli(hcd rclijiion of tho .
whole duchy.

In Wksti-hm.ia, the kin;:; of Denmark has the counties of Olden*
burg and DclnicnhurO, about aoco lijuare miles ; they lie on the luuth
}id(* of the Wefcr ; their capitals have the (ainv name i the firll has the
ri'iiiiiinH ot a fortitication, and the lull is an open place. 01u«iibur}(
gave a tide to the firll royal anccllor of his prcfcnt Danifli majclly. The
country abounds with marlhcs and hcuthii, but its hurlci iire the bcft ia
Gcrinanv.

L A P L A N D.

TH E northern fituation of Laplamf, and the divifion of its pro-
perty, rcnuirc, before I proceed farther, that 1 fliould treat of it
under a iIilHnCt head, and in the fame method that I obferve in other
countries.

Situation, exti'.nt, division, 7 The whole country of Lap-
ANU NAMi'. S '^"*l cxtcnd:i, fofur as it is known,

from the North Cii[)c in 71'' 30' N. hit. to the White Sea, under tlvc ,
ari'tic circle. Part of i.a])laiul belongs to the Danes, and is included
in the government of Wardhuys ; part to the Sweden, which is by far
the moll valuable ; and Ionic j)arts in the cnii, to the Mufcovites or
Rullians. It would be little better than walHng the reader's time, to
pretend to point out the fiippofcd dimenlions of each. That bclonginf;
to the Swedes, may be feen m the table of dimenlions given in the ac-
count of Sweden : but other nccounti lay, that it is about too German
miles in length, and 90 in breadth : it comprehends all the country from
the Baltic, to the mountains that feparate Norway from Sweden. The
Mufcovitc part lies towards the call, between the lake Knarak and the
White Sea. Thofe parts, notwithftanding the rudenefs of the country,
are divided into fmaller dirtrii'ts : generally taking their nunics from ri-
vers : but, xinlefs in the Swedifli part, which is lubjci'i to a prefeift, t\\Ht
Laplanders can be faid to be under no regular govcinincnt. 'J'he iiwe-
didi Lapland, therefore, is the objed chictly conlidcrcd by authori in
dcfcribing this country. It has been generally thought, that tlu? Lap-
landers arc the defcendanti of Finlandcis driven out ot their own country,
aad that they take their name from Lcttpcs, which figniflcfi exiles. The
reader, from what has been faid in the introdudUon, may eafily conceive
that in Lapland, for fome months in the lurnmcr, the fun never lets ;>
and during winter, it never rifes : but the inhabitants are fo wcHullilred
by the twilight and the aurora borealis, that they never difcontinuc their
work through darknefs.

Climate.] In winter it is no unfual thing fox their lips to be fro<
zcn Co the oup in attempting to drink ; and in Ibrne thermometers, fpi-

rity

LAPLAND.

rhs of wine a're concreted into ice : the limbs of the inhabitants very" of-
ten mo'tify with cold : drifts of fnow threaten to bury the traveller, and
cover the ground four or five feet deep. A thaw fometimes takes place,
and then the frolt that fucceeds, prefcnts the Laplanders with a fmooth
level of ice, over which he travels with a rein-deer in a fledge with in-
conceivable fwiftnefs. The heats of fummer are excclfive for a fliort
time ; and the catara^s, which dalh from the mountains, often prefenc
to the eye the mod pic^urefque appearances.

Mountains, rivers, lakes, t The reader mufl form in his mind
AND FORESTS. * a vaft mafs of mountains, irregularly

crowded together, to give him an idtea of Lapland ; they are, however,
in fome interftlces, feparated by rivers and lakes, which contain an
incredible number of iflands, fome of which form delightful habitations ;
and are believed by the natives to be the terreftrial Paradife : even rofea
and other flowers grow wild on their borders in the fummer ; though
this is but a iliort gleam of temperature, for the climate in general is
exceffively fevere. Du|ky forells, and noifome, unhealthy moraffes, and
barren plains cover great part of the fiat country, fo that nothing ean
be more uncomfortable than the (late of the inhabitants.

Metals and minerals.] Silver and gold mines, as well as thofe
of iron, copper, and lead, have been difcovered and worked in Lapland
to great advantage ; beautiful cryflals are found here, as arc fome ame-
thyfis and topazes ; alfo various forts of mineral llones, furprifingly
poliflied by the hand of nature ; valuable pearls have likewife been fome-
times found in thefe rivers, but nevqr in the feas.

Animals, qjuadrupeds, birds, 1 We mud refer to our accounts
FISHES, AND iNsr':TS. J of Denmark and Norway for

great part of this aiticle, as its contents are in c.ommon with all the
three countries. The zrhelitiy a creature refembling the marten, is a
native of Lapland ; and its ikin, whether black or white, is fo much
eileemed, that it is frequently given as prefents to royal and dininguiflied
perfonages. The Lapland hares grow white in the winter; and the
country produces a large black cat, which attends the natives in hunting.
By far the mod remarkable, however, of (he Lapland animals, is the
reiu'deer ; which nature fcems to have provided to folace the L:iplandcrs
for the privation of the other comforts of life. This animal, the mod
ufeful perhaps of any in the creation, refembles the dag, only it lome-
what droops the head, and the horns projed forward. All defcribers
of this animal have taken notice of the cracking noife that they make
when they move their legs, which is attributed to their feparating and af-
terwards bringing together the divifions of the hoof. The under part is
entirely covered with hair, in the fame manner that the claw of the Ptar-
migan 13 with feathery bridles, which is almod the only bird that can en-
dure the rigour of the fame climate. The hoof however is not only
thus protedcd ; the fame neceflity which obliges the Laplanders to ufc
ihow flioes, makes the extraordinary width of the rein's hoof to be
equally convenient in paQing over fnow, as it prevents their finking too
deep, which they continually would, did the weight of their body reft
only on a fmall point. This quadruped hath therefore an indindt to ufe
a hoof of fuch a form in a dill more advantageous manner, by feparat-
ing it when the foot is to toach the ground fo as to cover a larger fur-
face of fnow. The inftant however the leg of the animal is raifed, the
hoof is immediately contraAed, and the collilion of the parts occaiions
I the

LAPLAND.

the fnapping which is heard on every motion of the rein. And proba-
bly the cracking which they perpetually make, may ferve to keep tlKia
together when the weather is remarkably dark. In fumnicr, the rein-
deer provide themfelves with leaves and grafs, and in the winter they
live upon mofs : they have a wonderful fagacity at finding it out, and
when found, they fcrape aw.iy the fnow that covers it with their feet.
The fcantinefs of their fare is inconceivable, as is the length of the j jur-
nies which they can perform without any other fupport. Thry fix the
reindeer to a kind of Hedge, fliaped like a fmall boat, in which the tra-
veller, well fecured from cold, is laced down with the reins in one handy
and a kind of bludgeon in the other, to keep the carriage clear of ice and
fnow. The deer, whofe harncirmg is very iimple, fets out, and con-
tinues the journey with prodigious fpeed ; and is fo fafe and tr;i6tab'.e,
that the driver is at little or no trouble in direding him. At night they
look out for their own provender ; and their milk often helps to fuppoit
their matter. Their inlHnft in chooling their road, and direfting rlieir
courfe, can only be accounted for by their being well acquainted with
the country during the fummcr months, when they live in woods.
Their flefh'is a well tailed food, whether frefh or dried ; their (kin forms
excellent clothing both for the bed and thi body ; their milk and cheelis
are nutritive and pleafant ; and their inteftines and tendons fupply their
matters with thread and cordage. When they run about wild in th«
fields, they may be fliot at js other game. But it is faid, that if one is
killed in a flock, the furvivors will gore and trample him to pieces ;
therefore fingle ftragglers are generally pitched upon. Were I to re-
count every ciicumltanct, related by the credulous, of this animal, the
whole would appear fabulous. With all their excellent qualities, how-
ever, the rein-cieer ha' e their inco-veniences.

It is difficult ill fummer to keep them from draggling ; they are fome-
times buried in the fnow ; and they frequently grow relHve, to the great
danger of the driver and his carriage. Their furprifing fpeed (for they
are faid to run at the rate of 200 miles a day) feems to be owing to
their impatience to get rid of their incumbrance. None but a Lap«
lander could bear the uneafy pofture in which be is placed, when he is
confined in one of thofe carnages or pulkhas ; or would believe, that,
by whifpering the rein-deer in the ear, thty know the place of their
deilination. But after nil thefe abatements, the natives would have dif-
ficulty to fubfirt without the rein-deer, which ferve them for fo many
purpoics.

People, customs, and manners.] The language of the Lap-
landers is of Finnifli oiigin, nnd comprehends fo many dialei^s, tint it U
with difficulty they undcrfland each other. They have ucither writ'ng
nor letters among them, but a number of hieroglyphicSj which they
make ufe of in their Rounes, a fort of iHcks that they call Pillave, and
Which ferve them for an almanack. Thefe hieroglyphics are alfo the
marks they ufe inftead of fignatures, even in matters of law. MifHona-
rics, from the chriftianized parrs of Scandinavia, introduced among
them the Chriftian religion ; but they cannot be faid even yet to M
Chriftiins. though they have among them fome religious feminarics,
inftituted by the king of Denmark. Upon the whole, the nwjority of
the Laplanders praflife as grofs fuperftitions and idolatries, as are to b«
found among the moft uninftruiSted pagans ; and fo abfurd, that they
fcarcely deferve to be mentioned, were it not that the number and oddi-
ties

LAP L AN D.

tie* of their fujierfiitions have induced the northern traders to beliere,
that they are ikilful in magic and divination. For this purpofe their ma-

Sicians, who are a peculiar fet of men, make ufe of what they call a
rum, made of the hollowed trunk of a fir, pine, or birch-tree, one end
of which is covered with a fkin ; on this thejr draw, with a kindof red
colour, the .figures of their own gods, as well as of Jefus Chrift, the
apoflles, the Ain, moon, iTars, birds, and rivers ; on thefe they place
one or two brafs rings, which, when the drum is beaten with a' little
hammer, dance over the figures ; and according to their progrefs the for-
cerer prognoflicates. Thefe frantic operations are generally performed for
f ain ; and the northern Ihip- matters are fucb dupes to the arts of thefe
Mnpoilors, that they often buy from them a magic cord, which contains
a.number of knots, by opening of which, according to the magician's
diredion?, they gain what wind they want. This is alfo a very com-
mon traffic on the banks of the Red Sea, and is managed with great ad-
drefs on the part of the forcercr, who keeps up the price of his knotted
talifm!an. The Laplanders ftill retain the worftiip of many of the Teu-
tonic gods ; .but have among them great remains oFthedruidical inflitu-
tions. They believe the tranfmigration of the foul, and have fettivals
fet apart for the worfliip of certain genii, called Jfeuhles, who they
think inhabit the air, and have great power over human actions ; but
being without form or fubftance, they affign to them neither images nor
ilatues.

Agriculture is not much attended to among the Laplanders. They
are chiefly divided into Lapland fifliers, and Lapland mountaineers.
The former always make their habitation on the brink, or in the neigh-
bourhood of fome lake, from whence they draw their fubflflence. The
others feck their fupport upon the mountains, and their environs, pof-
feiling herds of rein-deer more or lefs numerous, which they ufe ac-
cording to the feafon, but go generally on foot. They are excellent and
very induftrious herdfmen, and are rich in comparifon of the Lapland filh-
ers. Some of them poffefs fix hundred or a thoufand rein-deer, and have
often money and plate beiides. They mark every rein-deer on th.e ears,
and divide them into clafles ; fo that they inflantly perceive whether
any one is ikayed, though they cannot count to fo great a number as
that to which their flock often amounts. Thofc who polFefs but a
fmall flock, give to every individual a proper name; The Lapland
fifliers, who are alfo called Laplanders of the Woods, becaufe in fum-
mer they dwell upon the borders of the lakes, and in winter in the
forcfls, live byfifliing and hunting, and chufe their fituation by its con-
venience for either. The greatell part of them, however, have fomc
rein-deer. They are aftive and expert in the chace : and the introduction
of fire-arms among them has almofl: entirely abolilhed the ufe of the
bow and arrow. Befldes looking after the rein-deer, the fifliery, and
the chace, the men employ themfelves in the conftruftion of their ca-
noes, which are fmall, light, and compadt. They alfo make fledges,
tp which they give the form of a canoe, harnefs for the rein-deer, cups,
bowls, and various other utenfils, which are fometimes neatly carved,
at)d fometimes ornamented with bones, brafs, or horn. The employ-
ment of the women confifts in making nets for the fifhery, in drying
fifh and meat, in milking the reii^-deer, in making checfe, and tanning
hides : but it is underflood to be the bufinefs of the men to look after
the kitchen ; in which, it is faid, the women never intefere.

The

L A P L A N t).

The

The Laplanders live in huts in the form of tents.. A hut is about
twenty-five to thirty feet in dinmetcr, and not much above fix in height*
They cover them according to the feafon, and the means of the pofleflori
fome with briars, bark of birch, and linen ; others with turf, coarfe
cloth, or felt, or the old (kins of rein-detf. The door is of felt, made
like two curtains, which open afunder. A little place furrounded with ' '
ilones is made in the middle of the hut for the fire, over which a chain
is fufpended to hang the kettle upon. They are fcarcdy able to Hand
upright in their huts, but conftantly fit upon their heels round the fire.
At night, they lie down quite naked ; and to feparate the apartments^
they place upright flicks at fmall diftances. They cover themfelves with
their cloaths, or lie upon them. In winter, they put their naked 'cet
into a fur bag. Their houfchold furniture confius of iron or coppef
kettles, wooden cups, bowls, fpoons, and foinetimes tin, or even filve^
b.ifons : to thefe may be added, the implements of fifliing and hunting.
That they may not be obliged to carry fuch a number of things with,
them in their exciirfions, tliey build in the forefts, at certain diftances^
little huts, made like pigeon -houfcs, and placed upon a pol>» which is
the trunk of a tree, cut off at about the height of a fathom or fix foot from
the reot. In thefe elevated hvits they keep their goods and provifions )
and though they are never fliut, yet they arc never plundered. The
rein-deer fupply the Laplanders with the greatell part of their provifions ;
the chace and the fiflicry fupply the reft. Their principal dirties are the
flefli of the rein-deer, and puddings which they make of their blood,
by putting it cither alone, or mixed with wild berries, into the fto-
mach of the animal from whence it was taken, in which they cook it
for food. But the (leJh of the bear is coiifiJcred by them as their moft
delicate meat. Iliey eat every kind of fiih, even the fea-dog ; as well
as all forts of wild animals, not excepting birds of prey, and carnivo-
rous animals. Their winter provifions confift chiefly of flefli and fifh
dried in the open air, both of which they eat raw, and without any fort
of drefling. Their common drink is water, fometimes mixed with milk :
they make alfo broths and fifli-foups. Brandy is very fcarce with them/
but they arc extremely fond of it. Whenever they arc inclined to eat,
the head of the family fpreads a mat on the ground ; and then men and
women fquat round this mar, which is covered with dilhes. Every Lap-
lander always carries about him a knife, a fpoon, and a little cup foi*
drinking. Each has his portion feparately given him, that no perfoa
may be injured ; for they are great eaters. Before and after the meal
they make a (hort prayc r : and, as foon as they have done eating, each
gives the other his hand.

In the drefs of the Laplanders they ufc no kind of linen. The
men wear clofe breeches, reaching down to their flioes, which are made
of untanned (kin, pointed, and turned up befnre ; and in winter they
put a little hay in them. Their doublet is made to fit their fliape, and
open at the breaft. Over this, they wear a clofe coat with narrow
flecves, whofc Ikirts reach down to the knees, and which is fallened
round them by a leathern girdle, ornamented with plates of tirt or brafs*
To this girdle they tie their knives, their inftruments for getting fire,
their pipes, and the icft of their fmoaking apparatus. Their oloaths are
made of fur, of leather, or of cloth ; the clofe coat of cloth or leather,
always bordered with fur, or bindings of cloth of different colours.
Their caps are edged with fur, pointed at top, and the four fcams a-

H dorncd

jl«

L A P L A N t).

dcrned with lifls of a diflfcrent colour from that of r cap. The. wo*
men wear breeches, fliocs, doublets, and clufe coatt, in the fame man-
ner as the men ; but their girdle, at which they carrjr likewife the im-
plements for fmoking tobacco, is commonly embroidered with brafs
wire. Their dofe coat hath a collar, which comes up fomewhat higher
than thtit of the men. Befides thefe, they wear handkerchiefs, and lit-
tle aprons, made of painted cloth, rings on their fingers, and ear-rings,
to which they fometimes hnng chains of filver, which pafs two or three
times round the neck. They are often drefled in caps folded after the
manner of turbans. They wear alfo caps fitted to the fliape of the
head ; and as they are much addidled to finery, they are all ornamented
with the embroidery of brafs wire, or at leail with lift of different
Colours.

Lapland is but poorly peopled, owing to the general barrennefs of its
foil. 1 he whole number of its inhabitants may amount to about 60,000.
Both men and women are in general confiderably fhorter than more
fouthern Europeans. Maupertuis meafurcd a woman who was fuck-
ling her child, whofc height did not exceed four feet two inches and
tbout a half; they make, however, a much more agreeable appear-
ance than the men, who are often ill-fhnpcd and ugly, and their hc.ids
too large for their bodies. Their women are complaifant, chafte, often
well made, and extremely nervous ; which is alfo obfervable among the
men, although more rarely. It frequently happens, that a Lapland
woman wiH laint away, or even fall into a fit of frenzy, on a fpark of
fife flying towards her, an unexpedted noife, or the fudden fight of an
unexpe^ed object, though it is in its own nature not in the leafl alarm-
ing : in fliort, at the mofl trifling things imaginable. During rhefe pa-
roxyfms of terror, they deal about blows with the firft thing that pre-
fent&itfelf; and, on coming to themfelvcs, are utterly ignorant ot all
that has pafTed.

When a Laplander intends to marry a female, he, or his friendS|
court her father with brandy ; when, with fome difficulty he gains ad-
mittance to his fair one, he offers her a beaver's tongue, or fome other
eatable ; which fhe rejc£ls before company, but accepts of in private.
Cohabitation often precedes riarriage ; but every admittance to the fair
©lie \i purchafed from the father by her lover with a bottle of brandy,
and this prolongs the courtfliip fometimes for three years. The prieft of
the parifli at laft celebrates the nuptials ; but the bridegroom is obliged
to fcrve his father-in-law for vour years after. He then carries his wife
and her fortune home.

CoMMBRCF.] Little can be faid of the commerce of the Lapl.mdcrs.
Their exports confifl of fifli, rein-deer, furs, bafkcts, and toys ; with
fome dried pikes, and cheefes made of rein-deer mi!k. They receive for
thefe, rixdollars, woollen cloths, linen, Copper, tin, flour, oil, hides,
needles, knives, fpirituous liquors, tobacco and other iiecelTaries.
Their mines are generally worked by foreigners, and produce no incon-
fiderable profit. The Laplaiviers travel in a kind of caravan, with their
families, to the Finland and Norway fairs. And the reader may make
fome efliinate of the medium of commerce amoug them, when he is told,
that fifty fquirrel fkins, or one fox fkin, and a pair of Lapland flioes,
produce one rixdollar j but no coirputation can be made of the public
icvecue, the grcatcil part of which is allotted for the inaiotenance of

the

SWEDEN.

the clergy t With regard to the fecurity of their property, few dtfpute*
happen ; and their judges have no military to enforce their decreet, the
people having a remarkable arerfioQ to war ; and, fo far as we know,
are never employed in any army.

SWEDEN.

1 Extent and Sitvation.

Length
Breadth

Miles.
800 >
500 i

between

{

Degrees.

56 and 69 North latitude

10 and 30 £aft longitude*

BotTNOARiES AND 7 TpHIS countrv is bounded by the Baltic Sea, the
DIVISIONS. J X Sound, and-the Categate, or Sca^erac, on the
fouth ; by the impaffable mountiins of Norway, on the weft ; by Daniih
or Norwegian Lapland, on the north ; and by Mufcovy on the caft. It
is divided into feven provinces : i. Sweden Proper. 2. Gothland. 3* Li-
vonia. 4. Ingria. (Thcfe twe laft provinces belong now, however, to
the Ruffians, having been conquered by Peter the Great, and ceded by
pofterior treaties.) 5. Finland. 6. Swedifti Lapland : and 7. The Swe-
diih iflands. Great abatements muft be made for the lakes Mnd unim«
proved parts of Sweden; which are fo extenlive, that the habitable part
IS confined to narrow bounds. The following are the dimenlions given uy
of this kingdom.

Sweden.

Square
Miles.

76.835

Sum
total.

W8.71S

bB'

Capital Citie*.

Sweden Proper •»- —

Gothhod — —
Schonen — —

47,900

*5,91S
1,960

76,000

73,000

1000
560

960
360

76.83s
i5o,s6o

T,liO

344

*53
77

4x0

395
80
84

47
24

194
r6o

215

23
9

Stockholm.

N. Lat. 59— 3a

E. Long, 19—15.

Calmar.

Luudeu.

Torne. ' 1 . >

Uma. .. ^

Abo.

Cajcnburg.

VVifty.

Barkholm.

Stralfund.
Bergen.

Lapland and 1
W. Bothnia. /
Swedilh Finland, aud 1
Eafl: Bothnia J
Gothland I. —
Oeland I. — —

Upper 1 Pomerauia, P.
Saxony jRugen I.

Of Sweden Proper, the following are the fubdivifions :

Uplandia, Helfingia,

'■■' Suderinania, Dalicarlia,

Wfi.^tiiftiiii^i ..'"■.•* Medclpe^iH, ; : "
, Ksndiiy ':..:'■ .' ; 'AflgerbigakJ >'

fieUcicia, ,., , Jemptu.

fOO

SWEDEN.

.' 7(1

Of Gothland, the following are the fubdivifiong ;

Eaft Gothland, Dalia,

Weft Gothliind, Schoncn, : t, j

Smaland, Blcking, v . , v , ' i

Wermeland, Halland.

' Of Swediflx Lapland, the following ate the fubdtvifions:

Thornc Lapmark, Pithia Lnpmark,
Kiini Lapmark, Uma Lapmark.

Lula Lapmark,

The principal places in Weft Bothnia arc Umea, Pitea, and Tornca.
Of Finland, the following are the fubdivilions :
*^ ■ Eaft Bothnia, NylanJ, *

' " "'■ Cajania, Travaftia, '

Savoloxia, Finland Proper.

The Swedifli ifles are Gorbland, Ocland, Aland, and Rugcn.
The face of Sweden is pretty fimihir to thofe of its neighbouring coun-
tries ; only it has the advantage of navigable rivers.
Climate and seasons, roiil The fame may be faid with regard
AND PRODUCTIONS. 5 to this article. Summer burfts from

winter ; and vegetation is more fpcedy than in fouthern climates ; for the
fun is here fo hot, as fomctiiiies to fct (orerts on fire. Stoves and warm
lurs mitigate the cold of winter, which is fo intenle, that the nofcs and
extremities of the inhabitants are fumetimes mortified ; and in fuch cafes,
the bell remedy that has been found our. is rubbing the aftefted part with
fnow. The Swedes, fmce the days of Charles XII. have been at incredi-
ble pains to correct the native barrennefs of their country, by ere<rHng
colleges of agriculture, and in fomc places with great fucccfs. The foU
is much the fame with that of Denmark, and fome parts of Norway, ge-
nerally very bad, but in fome vallics furprifingly fertile. The Swedes,
till of late years, had not induftry fufficient to remedy the one, nor im-
prove the other. The peafants now follow the agriculture of France and
England t. and fome late accounts fay, that they raife almoft as much grain
as maintains the natives. Gothland produces wheat, rye, barley, oats, peas,
and beans ; and in cafe of deficiency, the people are fupplied from Livo-
nia and the Baltic provinces. In fummer, the fields are verdant, and cover-
ed with flowers, and produce ftrawberries, ralberries, currants, and other
fmall fruits. The common people know, as yet, little of the cultivation
of apricots, peaches, nectarines, pine-apples, and the like high -flavoured
fruits ; but melons are brought to great perfection in dry feafons.
' Minerals AND METAL8.] Sweden produces cryftals, amethyfts, to-
mzes, porphyry, lapis-lazuli, agate, cornelian, marble, and other foflils.
''The chief wealth of Sweden, however, arifes from her mines of filvcr,
copper, lead, and iron. The laft mentioned metal employs no fewer
than 4f;o forges, hammering-mills, and fmelting-houfes. A kind of a
gold mine has likewife been difcoveied in Sweden, but fo inconfiderable,
that from the year 17*^1 to 1747, it produced only 2,398 gold ducats,
each valued at 9s. 4d. fterling. The firft gallery of one filver mine is
100 fathoms below the furface of the earth ; the roof is fupported by
prodigious oaketi bd9n\'s.;'w>!d ffOm- thence .the miners defcend about 40
fathoms to the lowed ycfn.'. This mine i;'fai4 X*^ fii'oduce 20,000 crowns
• year. The jprbdu<6i of the cop^er-raines i^ uncerjtaia; but the whole is
• ' *. ' : ,;•.'.'. ' ■ loaded

S W E D E N.

101

■ -;■

loaded with vaft taxes and redin^tons to the pfovernment, which has no
Other rcfourccs for the exigencies of rtate. Thefe fubterrancous manHont
arc nilonilhingly I'pacious, and at the fame time commodious for their in*
habitants, fo that they fecm to form a hidden world. The water-tails in
Sweden udbrd excellent conveniency for turning mills for forges ; and for
fome years, the exports of Sweden for iron brought in 300,0001. fterl'.ng.
Dr. Bufching thinks that they conHituted two thirds of the national re*
venue. It mull, however, be obfervcd, that the extortions of the Swcdifh
government, and the importatif)n of American bar-iron into £uro|)e, and
fome other caulcs, have greatly diminifljcd this manufai'iture \r. Sweden ;
fo that the Swedes will be obliged to apply tbemfelves to other branches
of trade and improvements, el'pecially in agriculture.

Antiquities and curiosities, J A few leagues from Gottenburg
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. ) there is a liideous prccipicc, down
which a dreadful catarad of water ruflies with fuch impetusfity, from the
height into fo deep a bed of water, that large mafls, and other bodies of
timber th;it are precipitated down it, difappear, fome for half an hour,
and others for an hour, before they arc recovered : the bottom of this
bed has never been found, though founded by lines of feveral hundred
fathoms. A remarkable (limy lake, which fingcs things put into it, has
been found in the fouthern part of Gothland : and feveral parts of Swe-
den contain a ilone, which being of a yellow colour, inteniiixcd with fe-
veral ftreaks of white, as if compofed of gold and filvcr, aftbids fulphur,
vitriol, alum, and minium. The Swedes pretend to have a manufcripc
copy of a tranflation of the Gofpcls in Gothic, done by a bifliop 1 300
years ago.

Seas.] Their feas are the Baltic, and the gulfs of Bothnia and Fin-
land, which arc arms of the Baltic ; and on the well of Sweden arc the
Catenate fea, and the Sound, a flrait about four miles over, which divides
Sweden from IX-nmark.

Thel'e feas have no tides, and are frozen up ufually four months in the
year ; nor are they fo fait as the ocean, never mixing with it, becaufe a
current fets always out of the Baltic fea into the ocean.

Animals, quadrupeds, | Thefe differ little from thofe already
B.RDS, AND fishes. 5 d^^fcribed in Norway and Denmark, to
which I muft refer ; only the Swediili horfes are known to be more fer-
viceable in war than the German. The Swediili hawks, when carried to
France, have been known to revifit their native country ; as appears from
one that was killed in Finland, with an infcription on a fmall gold plate*
lignifying that he belonged to the French king. The fiflies found in the
rivers and lakes of Sweden, are the fame with thofe in other northern
countries, and taken in fuch quantities, that their pikes (particularly) are
faltcd and pickled for exportation. The train-oil of the feals, taken in
the gulf of Finland, is a conliderable article of exportation.

Inhabitants, manners, and customs.] There is a great diver-
fity of chambers among the people of Sweden ; and what is peculiarly
remarkable among them, they are known to have had different charattera
in different ages. At prefent, their pea'.'ants fecm to be a heavy plodding
race of men, rtrong and hardy ; but without any other ambition than
that of fublilllng themfelves and their families as well as they can : the
mercantile clafles are much of the fame caft ; but their application and
pcrfeverance is difcovered among them all. One could however, form no
idea that tUe modern Swedes arc the defccndaius ojf thofe, who, under

H 3 Guftavus

101.

SWEDEN.

Guftavus Adolphus and Charles XII. carried terror in their namea
through diftant countries, and (hook the .foundations of ihe greuteft en>«

{tires. The inrrlgues of their fenators tlrHf;ged them to take part in the
ate war againil Prullia ; yet their behaviour was fpiritlels, and their cou-
rage contemptible. The principal nobility and gentry uf Sweden are na»
turally brave, polite, and hofpituble ; tlicy have high and warm notions
of honour, and arc jealous of their national intcreHs. The drcfs, exer>
cifes, and diverlions, uf the common people, arc nUnoll tlie fame with
thofe of Denmark : the better fort are infatuated with French moiirs and
fafliions. They are not fond of marrying their daughters when young,
as they have but little to fparc in their own life-timc. The women go to
plough, threfh out the corn, row upon the water, ferve the bricklayers^,
carry burdens, and do all the common drudgeiies in hufbaudry.
. Religion.] Chrillianity was introduced here in the qih centary.
Their religion is Lutheran, which was prop^igated amont; them by Gitf-
tavus Vafa, about the year I5i3. The Swedes are furprifiiigly uniform
^nd unremitting in religious matters ; and have fuch an averfion to
popery, that caAration is the fate of every Roman catholic prieil dilco«
vered in their country. The archbilliop of Upl'al has a revenue of about
400 1. a year ; and has under him 13 fuifragrfn?, befides fupcrintendaius,
with moderate Aipend£. No clergyman has the Icaft ilircaion in the af-
fairs of ftate; but their moraU, and the fandity of their lives, endear
them fo much to the people, that the government would repent making
them its enemies. Their churches are neat, and often ornamented. A
body of eccIeiiaiUcal laws and canons direct their religious oeconomy. A
converfion to popery, or a long continuance under excommunication,
«<rhich cannot pais without the king's permilTion, is punidicd by impriibn«
ment and exile.

LANGtJAGB, I,BARNINC, AND LBARNED MEN.] Thc Swe^ifh lan-
guage is a dialeft of the Teutonic, and refembies that of Denmaik. The
Swedifli nobility and gentry are, in general, more converfant in polite lite-
rature than thofe of many other more Houriflung Oatep, They have of laie
exhibited fome noble fpecimens of their munificence for the improvement
of literature ; witnefs their fending, at the expence of private perfons,
that excellent and candid natural philofopher HaiTclquiil, into the eaflern
countries for difcoveries, where he died. This noble fpirit is eminently
encouraged by the royal family ; and her Swedilh majefly purchafcd, at
no inconfiderable expence for that country, all Haflclquift's colle£lion of
curioiities. That able civilian, llatefman, and hi^orian Puflendorif, was
a native of Sweden ; and fo was the late celebrated Linnaeus, who can ied
natural philofophy, in fome branches at leail, particularly botany, to the
higheft pitch. The pailion of the famous quccii Chridina for literature,
is well known to the public ; and flie may he accounted a genius in many
branches of knowledge. Evett in the midft of the late diftnidions of
Sweden, the fine arts, particularly drawing, fculpture, and archite^ure,
were encouraged and protected. Agricultural learning, both in theory
.and practice, is now carried to a coniidcrablc height in that kingdom ;
and the character given by fome writers, that the Swedes are a dull heav^
people, fitted only for bodily labour, is in a great meal'ure owing to their
having no opportunity of exerting their talents.

Univsjisities.] The principal is that of Upfal, inftituted near 4C0
years'ago, and patronized by feveral fucceffivp monarchs, particularly by
the great Guilavui Adolphu;, and hh daughter que«» ChnAina* Theta

per

SWEDEN.

103

are near 1500 (fudents in this univerfity ; but for the mod part they are
extremely indigent, and lodge five or fix together, in very poor hoveU.
The proteflbrs in different branches of literature are about twenty-two ;
the l.irgefi of whofe lataries does not Exceed 130 K or 1 40 1. per annum,
and they are in general not half that fum. There is another univerlity
at Abo in Finland, but not fo well endbwcd, nor fo flourifliing : and
there was a third at Lundcn, in Schoncn, which is now fallen into decay.
£vcry diocefe is provided with a free-fchool, in which boys arc qualified
ior ihe univerfity *.

Manufactures, trade, com- 7 The Swcdifh commonalty fubfift
MBRCB, AND CHIBF TOWN'S. 5 by agricuUurc, mining, ^{rasing,
hunting, and fifhing. Their materials for trailic, are bulky and ufeful com«
modities of mafls, beams, deal-boards, and other forts of timber for fliip*
ping ; tar, pitch, bark of trees, pot-a(h, wooden utenfils, hides, fiax*
hemp, peltry, furs, copper, lead, iron, corduge, and fifli. £ven the
roanufixSturing of iron was introduced into Sweden fo late as the i6th
century ; for till thatt time they fold their own crude ore to the Hanfe
towns, and brought it back again manufactured into utenfils. About the
middle of the 17th century, by the afliilance of the Dutch and Flemingt*
they fet up fome manufuaurcs of glafs, fiarch, tin, woollen, filk, foap,
leather-dii^lling, and faw-mills. Book-felling was at that time a trade
unknown in Sweden. They have tince had fugar- baking, tobacco- plan*
tations, and mauufaiftures of fail-cloth, cotton, fufiiun, and other fiuifs}
of linen, alum, and brimftone ; paper-mills, and gunpowder-mills ; vaft
quantities of copper, brafs, fieel, and iron, are now wrought in Sweden,
They have alfo founderies for cannot^ forges for fire-arms and anchors,
armories, wire and fiatting-mills ; mills alfo for fulling, and fur boring
and (lamping ; and of late they have built many (hips tor fale.

Certain towns in Sweden, 24 in number, are called Staple-ton ns, where
the merchants are allowed to import and ex|x>rt commodities in their own
fliips, Thofe towns which have no foreign commerce, though lying near
the fcH, arc called land-towns. A third kind are termed mine-towns, at
beionfifing to the mine diftrids. The Swedes, about the year 1752, had
greatly iucreafed their exports, and diminiflied their imports, mofi part
of which arrive, or are fent off in Swedilli fliips ; the Swedes having now
a kind of navigation-H^l, like that of the Englifli. Thcfe promiitng ap«
peaninces were, however, blalled, by the madnefs and jealoufies of the
Swedifli government.

Stockholm is a ilaple-town, and the capital of the kingdom ; it fiandt
a^)0ut 760 miles north-eafl from London, upon lix contiguous iilands, and
built upon piles. The caflle, though commodious and covered with cop.
per, has neither ftrength nor beauty ; but accommodates the royal court,
and the national courts and colleges. The number of houfe-keepers, who
pay taxes, arc 6o,oco, The harbour is fpacious and convenient, though
difficult of accefs, and this city is furnidied with all the exterior marks of
magniiicence, and eredtions for manufaflures and commerce that are com-
mon to other great European cities, particularly a national bank, the ca-
pital of which is 466,666U 1 3s. 4d. llerling.

»r9

•An aciideniy of arts and fciences was fome years fincc eftablifhed at Stockholm,
and is now in ;i ilourifhing condition. I'iicy have publiDiod fcvcral volumes of me.-
n^ifs, wlii«h buve bceu well received by the public . . '

H 4 ' ' Govern-

104

SWEDE K.

GovEHNMKNT.] Thc poTcrnmciu of Sweden hiis vimlfij'onc many
changes. The vSvvalcs, like thr n.mti*, wcic rtiijjiii;illy free, iuiil during
the coiirfe of ininy centuries thc crown was f Icdtivc j but '.iltcr vaiioiiK
revolutions, which will be hcreafttT nuntioncil, Charles X 11. who wms
killed in 171 H, bccnine iltfpotic. lie wns lucccciicil by bis filler, Ul-
rica ; who confenliil 10 t!u- iholition of del'potinn, iinil rclloicti thc Ibite*
to their former lil^crties ; and they, in return, :illi)ciafed her hnfl)and thc
landgrave of H<llc-Caflll, with her in ihc ;;overnment. A new n>odel
of the conftitution was then drawn up, by which tin; royal power was
brought, perhaps too low; for the king of Sweden could U:;uTily be
' called by that name, being limited in cvc"y exercifc of government, and
even in the education of his own children. Thc diet of the thites ap-
pointed the great oflic* rs of the kingdom j and :ill employ nients of any
value, ecclcllallical, civil, or military, were confoired by the king only
with the approbation of thc fcnatc. The ellates were formed of deputicj
from the four orders, nobility, cUrgy, buri'.hcrs and pealants. Thc rc»
prefentativet of the nobility, which included the gentry, amounted to
above icoo, thofe of the clergy to 200, the burghers to about ijo, and
the peafants to 3;o. Each order fat in its own houfc, and had its own
fpcaker; and each chofe a fecrct comniittfc for thc difpatch of bulincfs.
The ftatcs were to be convoked once in three years, in the month of Ja«
miary ; and their collective body had greater powers than the parliamciU
of Great Britain ; becaufe, as is has been obferved, thc king*!) preroga-
tive was far more bounded.

When thc rtatcs were not fitting, the affairs of thc pnblic were managed
by the king and the fenate, which were no other than a committee of
>he (latcs, but chofen in a particular manner ; thc nobility, or upper
houfe appointed 24 deputies, thc clergy 12, iind ihc burj;licrs i?. j thefe
Chofc three perlbns, who were to be pveleiucd to thc king, that he might
nominate one out of the th'ee for eaiii v.Kaiicy. The peafants had no
vote in elet'^ing a fcnator. Abnoft all the extcutivc power was I deed in
the fenate, which confirted of 14 members, bclides thc chief govtriiors of
the provinces, thc prefuluit of the chancery, and the grandmarflutl.
Thofe fenators, during the rtcefs of the flutes, formed the king's pfivy-
council ; but he had no more than a calling vote in their deliberations,
Appeals lay to them from different courts ol judicature ; but each fenator
»va8 accountable for his coiuluCl lo thc llate.s. Thus, upon the whole,
the government of Swciitn might be c ilU d republican, tor thc king'a
power was not fo great as that ot a fhuithoUler. The fenate had even a
^ower of impofing upon thc king a fub-committce of their number who
were to attend upon his perfon, and to be a check upon all his proceed-
ings, dovvn to thc very management of his family. It would be endlef?
to recount the numerous fubordiuare courts, boards, commiilions, and
tribunals, which the jealoufy of the Swedes had introduced into the ad-
minillration of civil, military, commercial, and other departments; it is
fufticient to fay, that though nothing could be more plaufible, yet no-
thing was lefs pradticablc than thc whole plan of their dillributive powers.
Their ofHccrs and minillers, under thc notion of making them checks
upon one another, were multiplied to an inconvenient degree; and the
pperafions of government were' greatly retarded, if not rendered ineflec-
tH'<l( by the tedious forms through which they mufl pafs,

Buf in Auguf}, 1772, the whole fyliein of the Swedifli governincnt was
Ifltall^ cl^ajiged b^ the pvcfpnt jcir^g, by force^ and '\n tlie moft unexpe^fcd

planner.

SWEDEN.

»o5

)t wns
uner.

manner. The circumrtnncc* which attended thii cxtraonlinary revolu-
tion, will he t'umul at the dole ot' our review of the hiflory ui Sweden*
By that cvenr, the Swedes, inllcud of having the particular defcdti ot'
their conrtitution rectified, found their kin|^ inveflcd with a degree of au-
thority little infrritir to that of the moll dcfpotic princes of Europe. By
the new form of government, the kinj; xa to nflemhlc and feparatc the
Hates whenever he plcafts; he is to have the folc difpofal of the army,
the navy, financca, and all employmenis, civil ami military ; and though
by this hcvv fyilcm the king doeit not openly cl.iim a power of impofing
taxes i-tn nil occalioni', yet iiich as alicaily I'uhliil arc to he perpetual ; ami
in cafe of invafion, or prciring ncccllity, the king may impolc fome taxes
till the Itatcs can he iifllmbleil. But of ihi» ncccllity he is to he the judge,
Hnd the meeting of the (late^ depends wholly upon his will and plc.ifurc.
And when they arc allcuibUd, they arc to deliberate upon nothing hut
whiit the king thinks proper to lay before them. Jt is cafy to dilccin,
thiit a ('"vcrnmcnt thus conlHtutci!, c;\n be httlc removed from one n{
the molt dnr|j(itic kind. However, th" Swcdifh nation is Hill aniulcd with
fomr lliv,ht appc;inn<;c« of a legal and limifid (government, (or in the
new fyllcm, which conliOs of lilty-fevcn articles, a ftnate is appointed,
conlillin,; of fcventecn members, comprchrnding the great officers of the
crown, iind thr governor of Pomcranin : ;uid th y are required to give
tlicir advice in all u\c affairs of the ftatc, whenever thf king fliall demand
it. In that cufe, if the (piediotts agitated arc or great importance, and
the advice of the fcnators IhouUl be contrary to the opinion of the king;,
and they unanimous therein, the king, it is faid, lliall follow their ad-
vice. But this, it may be olilVrvcd, is a circumllancc that can hardly
ever hupp'.-n, that all the members of a lem^te, conlirting chiefly of of-
ficers oHhc crown, Ihould givi; their opiirions againft the king; and in
every other cafe tlic king is to hear their opinions, and then to aft as he
thinks proper. There are fome other apparent reilraints of the regal
power in the new fyllcm of government, but they arc in reality very in-
conlidcralile. It is laid, indeed, that the king cannot edablilh any new
law, nor abulifli any old one, without the knowledge and confent of the
Ihitcs. But the king of Sweden, according to the prcfent conltitutton, is
inverted with fo much authority, power, and influence, that it is hardly
to be cxpcrtcd that any perfon will venture to make an oppolition to what-
ever he iball propofe.

Punishments.] The common method of execution in Sweden is be-
heading and hanging ; for murder, the hand of the criminal is firft
chopped oft", and he is then beheaded and quartered ; women, after be-
heading, inlTead of being quartered, are burned. No capital punifli-
nient is inflii^ed without the fentence being confirmed by the king. Every
prilbner is at liberty to petition the king, within a month after the trial.
The petition either complains of unjuft condemnation, and in fuch a cafe
demands a revifal of the fentence; or clfe prays for pardon, or a mitiga-
tion of punifliinent. M dcfai'^ors are never put to death, except for very
atrocious crimes, fuch as murder, houfebreaking, robbery upon the high-
way, or repeated thei'tF, Other crimes, many of which in fome coun-
tries are confidcrcd as cnpital, are chiefly puniflied by whipping, con-
demnation to live upon bread and water, imprifonment, and hard labour,
either for life, or for a ftaied time, according to the nature of the crime,
(^lii^iniils were lortyrcd to extort conC^flioo til) the reign of the prcfent

kingi

io6

SWEDEN.

kin^; but, in 17731 '''' Swtrdifli majelly abolilhcd thu cruel nnd abfuri
prarticc.

Political intcresti of Sweden.] In the rei;;n ofGuftavus Vafa,
a trcity uf alliance (irll took pUce brtwten Sweden and Fninic ; and iit'ttrr*
wards, Sweden alio entered into a (\ibruli.)ry treaty uith Fnince, in the
reign of Gullaviis Adolphux. In confccjucnce of thcfc treaties, France by
degrees ai-quired an nfccniluncy in Sweden, which was very pernicious to
ihe intcrefts ot that, kingdom. This crown has generally received a fubli-
dy from France for above 100 years pall, and h^^ much fufttrcd by it.
During the reign of Charles the Xith and Charles the Xllth, Sweden wal
lacrificed to the intereft of France ; and during the tad war with the king
of Prulfia, for the fake of a fmall fublidy from France, the crown of Swe-
eten was forced to contra^ a debt of 3,;oo,ocol. which has lincc been con«
iiderably augmented, fo that this debt now amounts to near five mil-
lions. Some of their wifcil men have perceived the mifchievous tendency
of their c(>nne(flion with Fr.incc, and have cndeavuuied to put an end to
if. Eut the influence of the French court in Sweden, in confcquence of
their fubfldies and intrigues, has occnlioncd coniidrrabic fut.'^ions in that
kini;doin. In 1738, n moll powerful party appeared in the diet in favour
cf French meafurcs The perfons who cnmpofed it went under the deno-
mination of Hats. The nbje<ns they held out to the nation wiiii, the leco-
very of fome of the dominions yielded to Rullia; and confequcntly the fy-
iiem they were 10 proceed upon, was to break with that power, and con-
nc«5l themfelves with France. The p.arry dirci'My oppolcd to them was
headed by count Horn, and thofc who had contributed toc(lablilli the new
form of government, which was fettled after the death of Chiirles XII.
Their objeil was peace, and the piomoiion of the doineflic welfare of the
nation. The fyllcm therefore, which ihey adopted, was to maintain a clofo
correfpondencc with Rulfia, and to avoid all farther conneiflion with
France. Thefe were ftyled the Caps. There was befides a third party,
called the Hunting Caps, compofed of perfons who were as yet undetermi-
ned to which of the other two they would join themfelves. Theie parties
long continued, hut the French party generally prevailed, greatly to the
detriment of the real intereil of the kingdom. Some efforts were employed
by the Englilh court to leflcn or deftroy the French influence in Sweden,
lind for fome time they were fuccefsful : but the Hat party again acquired
the afiendttncy. Thefe parties, however, are now abolilhed, in confe-

auence of the prtfcnt king of Sweden having made fuch a total change in
. >e conllitution of government. And as, whatever reafon bis f'ubje^s may
fiavc to complain "f him, on account of the power he has affuined, he is
Certainly a prince of very confidcrablc penetration and abilities, and it is pro-
bable, that when his own interefts and thofc of his fubjeifls do not interfere,
he will attend to the advantage uf the nation. His fagacity, therefore,
thcic is reafon to conclude, will lead him to promote the external political
interefls of Sweden t and he tn;»y, perhap?, be contented, under the gua-
rantee of Great-Britain, to obferve a ihift neutrality with regard both to
Dentn irk and Rulfi , The intereft of Sweden even reaches as far as Tur-
key ; for rhat emnire found its account in balancing the power of RulTxi by
that of Cha-lcsXII.

Rii.vfe.NuE AND COIN,] Thc rcvenuc of Sweden, by the unfortunate
\\;wi of Charles XII. and with the Rullians fince, has been greatly redu»
Ced,. Livonia, Bremen, Verden, and other places that kingdom was
dripped of, contained iiliout 78)009 fquai'9 miles. Her gold and filver

f^iecip

SWEDEN.

107

fpecie in the late rrign, arofe chiefly from the king's German domit/ionr.
Formerly, the crown liind&, poll-moncy, titlvci, mine*, and utiicr arti>
cleif are titid to have produced a million llerling. The payments that ure
made in copper, which it here the chief medium of commerce, \i extreme-
ly iuconvfiui'nt ; fume of thofe j/icccs being as h<rge as tiles ; nnd a cart
or whcelhiirrow is t)Uen required to carry home u nioderBtc Cum. The
Swedes, however, have gold ducits, and eight-mark pieces ot filvcr, va-
lued each Ht ;8. 2d. but thefe luo v^ry I'carcc, and the inhalutanis of Swe-
den have now very little fpecic .11 ciiculatinn; iHr^c pieces of copper
Aninped, and finall bank notes, being almoll their only circulatii.g
money.

Strength anu forces.] I have already hinted, ifcnt no country in
tlie world has produced greater heroes, or braver troopf, than the SvicUes ;
and yet they cannot be laid to tnniiitain a Aanding army, as their forces
confill of a regulated inilit>a. The cavalry is clothed, armed, and inuin-
tainvd, by a r<ttc railed upon the nobility and gentry, according to their
ctl.tt('3 ; and the infantry by the |Kafants. £iK:h piovince is obliged to
find its proportion of foldiers', according to the number of farms it con-
tains ; every farm of 6o or yr\. per annum, is charged with a footful-
dier, furnilliing him with diet, lodf^ing, and ordinary cloarhs, and about
30S. H year in money ; or clfe a little wooden-houfe is built him by the
farmer, who allows him hay and pulhirai^^e for a cow, and ploughs and
fows land enough to fupply him wiih bread. When embodied, they arc
fubjet't to military law, but othcrwifc to the civil law of the country. It
may therefore literally he faid, that every Swcdifii foldier has a property in
the country he Oetends. This national army is thought to amount to above
40,000 men, but before the lofs of Livonia to 60,000; and Sweden for-
merly could have iitttd out 40 (liips of the line ; but of late years their
(hips, together with their dock?, have been fuffered greatly to run to de^

Royal style] The king's ftyle is king of the Goths and Vandals,
great prince of Finland, duke of Schonen, Pomeran, Sec.

Orders of knighi hood]. Thefe arc, the order of the Norfb or /*«•
Jar Star, intUtutcd by Frederic I. in 174S, )nfilling of 36 members, of
which 12 are llyled commanders: the badge is a golden (lar of eight
points, enamelled white and edged with gold ; on the centre is a circle en«
ainelled blue, thereon a rtar of five points enunclled white, encirclad with
this motto, Nejiit Ocdi/um. The ordci if the Sivortf, inflituted by Gulla-t
Tus Vafa, anno i;^;. but foon declined, and lay dormant till the year
1748, when Frederic I. revived it as a military order. It conliih of three
dalles, grand-croflcs, commanders, and junior knights. The cnfign is
■a gold crofs of eight points enamelled white and edged with gold : in the
centre is a fword ered, white hilt and poti.mel gold, between three ducaj
coronets gold ; between the four points of the crofs are four ducal coro-
nets, and towards the ends of the points fix fwordsgold ; over the two in
chief is a regal crown of Sweden, the cap enamellect blue, The order of
the Seraphim or of Jifus, is the chief order firft inllitiited by Magnus II.
anno 1334. Jt flouriflied from that time till the Reformation was introdur
ced, and then w^'s fet alide, but Frederic I. revived it alfo in the year 1748,
The b.tdgeof this order is a (lar of eight points enamelled white ; the centre
blue, with the arms of Sweden, and the initial letters I. H. S. Over the H
a crofs, the arms tnclofed with four leniphs heads, and in the arms, under
ihs }owefl $ruvv;>, ar^ the ^al]IoD nails ; the collar is compQfcd of eleven
• goldep

io8

SWEDEN.

golden heads of feraplis, with wings expanded, and eleven blue patriarchal
croffes enamelled on gold, all joined together witli chains of gold. The
order of A'^f/ii, inttituted by the prtient king in May 1772. There arc
three clufles. giand-crofl'es, commanders, and junior knights. The
ribbon of the order isgrt-eu and watered ; the collar chafed and enamelled,
rtmpofed of four whcat-fhcaves, eij^ht flnclds of the aims of Sweden, and
frtur of the arms of Holflein, the whole joined with fmall chains of gold.
To the centre is pendent a medal of gold, chafed and pierced with a ^arb,
as in the collar, with a Swedifti muttu: *' Gujlaf, Den. trctiie injihkjlare^
1772," which is the enfign.

History of SwEObN.] The Goths, the ancient inhabitants of this
country, joined by the Normans, Danes, Saxons, Vandals, &c. have had
the reputation of fiibdning the Roman empire, and all the fouthern nations
of Europe. 1 fliuU not here follow the wild romances of Swcdidi hiflo-
rians throuoh the early ages, from M:i;rog the grcat-^rand-fon of Noah.
It is fufhcient to fay, that S>veden has as go(<d a claim to be an ancient
monarchy, as any we know of. Nor llvill I difpute her being the para-
mount ftate of Scandinavia (Sweden, Denmark, and Norway) and that
flie borrowed her name from one of her princes. The introduction of
Chriftianity by Anfjarius, billiop of Bremen, in 829, fcems to prefent the
firft certain period of the Swedifh hiftory.

The hirtory of Sweden, and indeed of all the northern nations, even
.during the firlt ages of Chriltianity, is confufed and uninterefting, and of-
ten doubtful 5 but fufliciently replete with murdeis, mniliicres, and rava-
ges. That of Sweden is void of^coniillency, till about the middle of the
fourteenth century, when it alliimes an appearance more regular, and af-
fords wherewith to rccomj)enfe the attention of thofe who chufe to make it
an object of their lludies. At this time, however, the government of the
Swedes was far from being clearly afcertained, or uniformly adinini-
llered. The crown was elective, though in this election the rights of blood
were not altogether difrcgarded. The great lords polleflcd the mod conli-
derable part of the wealth of the kingdom, which confided chiefly in land ;
commerce being unknown or ncglerted, and even agriculture itfelf in a very
rude and imperfedf ilate. The clergy, p;uticularly thofe of a dignified
rank, from the great refpc6> pniil to their chatafter among the inhabitants
of the North, had acquired an iivmicnfe influence in all public affairs, ;ind
obtained poflTeflionsof what lands had been left unoccupied b)' the nobility.
Thcfe two ranks of men, enjoying all the property of the llate, formed a
council called the Senate, which was mafter of all public deliberations.
This fyftem of government was extremely unfavourable to the national
profperity. The Swedes periflied in the dilfenfions between their prelates
and lay-barons, or between thofe and their fovereign ; they were drained
of the little riches they poflcfTed, to fupport the indolent pomp of a few
magnificent biihops ; and, what was ftill more fatnl, the unlucky fituation
of their internal affitirs expofcd them to the inroads and oppreflion of a fo-
reign enemy. Thefc were the D;ines, who, by their neighbourhood and
power, were always able to avail thcmfelves of the dilTenfions in Sweden,
jind to fubjcrt under a foreign yoke, a coun'ry weakened and exhaufled by
its domeflic broi's In ttiis deplor.ible fituation Sweden remained for
more than two centuries ; fomctimcs under the nominal fubjedion of its
own princes, fometimes united to the kingdom of Denmark, and in either
cafe e<]u;dl} opprellvd and infulted,

Magnui Ladulus, crowned in 1 276, feoms to have been the firft king of
Sweden why puifacd u reijulur fyltein to incrcufc his authority ; and to

iuccced

SWEDEN.

10^

fucceed in this, he made the argumentation of the revenues of the crown his
principal objcft. He was one of the abled princes who had ever Cit on the
Swediili throne ; by his art and addrefs he prevailed upon the convention

of eftates to make very extraordinary grants lo him for the fupport of his
royal dignity. The augmentation of the revenues of the crows was natu-
rally followed by a propqftionable Increafeof the regal power ; and whilfl,
by the fleady and vigorous exertion of his power, Magnus humbled the
haughty fpirit^of his nobles, and created in the red of the nation a refpe^
for the royal dignity, with which they appear before to have been but lit-
tle acquainted ; he, at the fame time, by employing his authority in many
refpefts for the public good, reconciled his fubjc6ts to a«5t8 of power, which
in former monarchs they would have oppoled with the utmoft violence.
The fucceffors of Magnus did not maintain their authority with equal abili-
ty ; and feveral commotions and revolutions followed, which threw the na-
tion into great diforder and confuiion, and the government was for a long
tiir» in the moft unfettlcd flate.

lu the year i 387, Margaret, daughter of Valdemar, king of Denmark,
and widow of Huguin, king of Nonvay, reigned in both thefe kingdoms.
That princefs, to the ordinary ambition of her fcx, added a penetration
.and enlnrgemcnt of mind, which rendered her capable of conducing the
grcatefl and moft complicated defigns. She has been called the Seiv.iiatn's
of the North, becauff, like Semiiamis, llie found means to reduce by arms,
or by intrigue, an immenfe extent of territory ; and became <juee« ot D. a-
mark, Norway, and Sweden, being elc.'lcd to this laft in 1394. She pro-
jeifted the union of Calmar, fo famous in the North, by which thcfc king-
doms were for the future to remain under one lovenign, elected by each
kingdom in its turn, and who fliould divide his relidencc between them all.
Several revolutions enfued after the death of jNIargnet; and at length
Chriflian II. the laft king of Denmark, who, by virtue of the treaty of
Calmar, was alio king of Sweden, engaged in 4 fchemc to render himfelf
entirely abfolute. The barbarous policy by which he atttinpted to eftc»it
this defign no lefs barbarous, proved the dcftru6tion of himielf, and af-
forded an opportunity for changing the face ot aftaiis in Sweden. In or-
der to eftabiifli his authority in that kingdom, he laid a plot for tnafftcring
the principid nobility. This horrid defign was aftually carried into execu-
tion, November 8, 1520. Of all thofc who could opjiofe the defpotlc
purpofcs of Chriftian, no one remained in Sweden, but Guftavus Vafa, a
^'oung prince, defcended of the ancient kings of that country, aud who
had already figualized his arms againrt the kin^ ot Denmark. An immenfe
price was laid on his head. The Danifli foldicrs were fcnt in purfuit of
hitn ; but by his dexieiity and adJrels he eluded all their attempts, and
efcaped, undrr the difguife of a peafanr, to the mountains of Dalicarlia-
This is not the place to relate his dangers and fatigues, how to prevent
his dilcovery he wrought in the brafs-mine?, how he was betrayed by thofo
in whom he repofed his confidence, and in fine furinounting a thoufand ob-
flacles, engaged the favage, but warlike inhabitants of Dalicarlia, to un-
dertake his caufe, to oppofe, and to conquer his tyrannical oppreflbr.
Sweden, by his means, again acquiicd independence The ancient nobi<»
lity were moftly deftroyed. Guftavus was ^t the head of a viflorlous army,
who admired his valour, and were attached to his perfon. He was created
therefore firft adtniniftrator, and afterwards king of Sweden, by the univcr-
fal confent, and with the (houts of the whole nation. His circumftances
were much more favourable than thofe of any former prince who hadpof-
UBkd this dignity. The malTacre of the nobles, had tid hitn of thofe

proud

Xi'

SWEDEN,

proud and haughty enemies* who had fo long been the bane of all regular
government in Sweden. The clergy, indeed, were no lefs powerful than
dangerous ; but the opinions of Lurher which began arthi^time to prevail
in the North, the force with which they were fupported, and the credit
which they had acquired among the Swedes, gave him an opportunity of
changing the religious fyftem of that country ; and the exercife of the Ro-
man catholic religion was prohibited in the year i;44» under the fevereft
penalties, which have never yel been relaxed. Inltead of a Gothic arifto-
cracy, the moft turbulent of all government, and, when cmpoifoncd by
religious tyranny, of all governments the moll wretched, ::>wedcn, in this
manner, became a regular monarchy. Some favourable effefts of this
change were foon vifiblc : arts and manufaftures were cftabliflied and im-
proved ; navigation and commerce began to flourifti ; letters and civility
were introduced ; and a kingdom, known only by name to the reft of Eu-
rope, began to be known by its arms, and to have a certain weight in all
public treaties or deliberations.

Guftavus died in 1 5 ?9 ; while his eldeft fon Eric, was preparing to em-
bark for England to marry t]uetn Elizabeth.

Under Eric, who fuccce^led his father Guftavus Vafa, the titles of
eo'int and bai'tjn were introduced into Sweden, and made hereditary. Eric's
niiferable and cnufelefs jcaloufy of his brothers forced them to take up arms ;
and the fenrite liding with them, he was depofcd in 1566. His brother
John fucceeded him, and entered into a ruinous war with Ruflia. John at-
tempted, by the advice of his qiieen, to re-eftablifli the catholic religion in
Sweden ; but, though he made flrong ettbrts for that purpofe, and even
reconciled Mmfelf to the pope, he was oppofed by his brother Charles,
and the fchcmc proved inctte£tual. John's fon Sigifmund, was, however,
chofen king of Poland in uS;, upon which he endeavoured .ngain to re-
flore the Roman catholic religion in his dominions ; but he died in 1592.
Charles, brother to king John, was chofen adminiftrator of Sweden ;
and being a llrenuous proteftant, his nephew, Sigifmund, endeavoured
to drive him from the adminiftratorfhip, but without effeft ; till at laft he
and his family were excluded from the fucceflion to the crown, which was
conferred upon Charles in 1 599. The reign of Charlos, through the prac-
tices of Sigifmund, who was himfelf a powerful prince, and at the head of
a great party both in Sweden and Ruftia, was turbulent ; which gave the
Danes encouragement to invade Sweden. Their conduct was checked by
the great Guftavus Adolphus, though then a minor, and heir apparent to
Sweden. Upon the death of his father, which happened in 1611, he was
declared of age by the ftates, though then only in his eighteenth year.
Guftavus, foon after his acceffion, found himfelf, through the power and
intrigues of the Pole?, RuiHans, and Danes, engaged in a war with all his
neighbourE, nntierinfiiiltedifadvantages; all of which he furmoumed. He
narrowly mifled being maftcr of Ruflia ; but the Ruffians were fo tenacious
of their independency, that his fcheme was baifled. In 1617 he made a
peace, under the mediation of James I. of England by which he recover-
ed Livonia, and four towns in the prefedurcof Novogorod, with a fum of
money betides. *

The ideas of Guftavus began now to extend. He had feen a vaft deal
of milirai-y fervice, and he was affiled by the counfels of La Gardie, one
of the beft generals and wifeft ftatefmcn of his age. His troops, byperpp.
tual war, had become the beft difciplined and moft warlike in Europe; and
kc carried his ambition farther than hiftorians arc willing to acknowledge.
The piinces of the hoyfc of Auftria were, it is certain, early jealous of

y his

Charh

SWEDEN.

Ill

traft deal

lie, one

— y perpp-

>e ; and

wledge.

alous of

j his

his cnterprifi'nf' fpirit, and fupportcd his ancient implacable enemy Sigif-
niund, whom Gullaviis defeated. In 1627, he formed the fiege of Dnnt-
zick, in which he was unfucceGful ; but the attempt which was detcated
only by the fudden rife of the Viftula, added fo much to his military cha-
radter, that the prottftant caufe placed him at the head of the confederacy
for reducing the houfe of Auftria. His life, from that time, was a conti-
nued chain of the molt rapid and wonderful fucceffcs : even the mention of
each would exceed our bounds. It is fuflicient to fay, that after taking
Riga, and over-running Livonia, he entered Poland, where he was vii%-
rious ; and from thence in 1630, he landed in Pomerania, drove the Ger-
mans out of Mecklenburg, dcleated the famous count Tilly the AuUrian
general, who was till then thought invincible ; and over-rnn Franconia.
Upon the defeat and death of Tilly, Wallenftcin, another Aullrian gene-
ral, ofequal reputation, WIS app<)inted to command againft Gurtavuf, wlio was
killed upon the plain of Lutzeu in 1632, after guining a battle ; which, had
he furvivtd, would probably have put a period tu tlie Aulb ian jirL-atiicfs.

Tlie amazing abilities oi Guftavus Adolpbu?, both in the cabin^rt and
the field, never appeared fo fully as after his d-sath. He left behind him a
fet of generab, tiained by himlllf, who mHintaliicci the glory of the Sive-
dilb army with mod aftoniHiing valour and fucter:. The names of duk»
Bernard, Bmnier, Torftenlop, VVrangel, ai.d other?, and rher prodigious
actions in war, never can be forgotten in the aiin:ils oF Europe. It is un-
certain what courfe Gulbivus would have purfueJ, had his liie bi-cn pro-
lons^cd, and his fucccH'cs continued ; but there is the llrongell icifon t<»
believe, that he had in his eye foinewhat more than tiie relief of the pro-
teitiints, and the relloration of the Pula'ine family. His cliancellor Oxen-
ftiern was as confummate a politician as he was a vvanior ; and during the
minority of his daughter Chiillina, he managed the aftairs of S»vedin with
fuch fuccefs, that (lie in a m inner dii'tated the pe.ice of VV^cftphalia, in 1648,
which threw the aftairs of Europe into a new fyftc-m.

Chridina was but lix years of age when her father was killed. She re-
ceived a noble education; but her fine genius took an uncommon, and in-
deed romantic turn. She invited to her court, IXfcartes^, S.ilmifiu?, ani
other learned men ; to whom flic was nor, however, exrrenuly l,')tral.
She exprelfed a value for Grotius ; and (lie was an excellent judge of the
polite arts; but illiberal and indelicate in the choice ot her private ftvoui-
ites. She at the fame time difcharged all the duties of her high Ibition ;
and though her generals were bafely betrayed by France, flic continued to
fupport the honour of her crown. Being refolved not to .rry, file re«
figned her crovvn to her coufin Charles Gudavus, fon to the uuke of Deux-
ponts, in 1694.

Charles bad great fuccefs againft the Poles : be drove their king John
CafiiTiir, ii'.t) Silclia ; and received from them an oath of allegiance,
which, with their ufual inconlhnc}', they bnjke. His progrefs upon the
ice againft Denmark, has been already mentioned ; and he died of a fever
in i66o. His fon and fucceffor, Charles XI. was not five ytars of age at
his father's death ; and this rendered it neceflary for his guardians to con-
clude a peace with their ntighbours, by which the Swedes gave up the
ifland of Bornh-dm, and Drontheim, in. Norway. All differences wcfc ac-
commodated at the fame time with Rulf!! and Holland; and S^vcden con-
tinued to make a very refpedable figure in the affairs of Europe. When
Charles came to be of age he reccired i» fubfidy frojn the French king,
Lewis XIV. bu^ perceiving the liberties of Europe to be in dan;^er from
that monarch^ ambition, he entered into the alliance with England

a and

112

SWEDEN.

and Holland againft him. He afterwnrds joined with France againft tfte
hoiife of Auftiia ; but being beaten in Germany at Feleni BcUin, a power-
ful confederacy was formed againflhim. The cle(Sor of Brandenburg made
himfelf maftcr of the Swcdifli Pomerania ; the bi(hop of Munfler over-ran
Breden and Vcrden, and the Daries took WifmHr, and feveral places in
Schonen. They were afterwards beaten ; and Charles by the treaty of St,
Germains, which followed that of Nimegiien in 1678, recovered all he
had loft, except fome places in Germany. He then married Ulrica Leo-
nora, the king of Denmark's lifler : but made a very bad ufe of the tran-
quillity he had regained ; for he enflaved and beggnred his peo|)le, that he
might render his power defpotic, aadhis army formidable. The ftatcs loft
all their power ; and Sweden was now reduced to the condition of Den-
mark. Heordered the brave Patkul,vvho was at the head of the Livonian
deputies, to lofe.his head and his right hand, tor the boldnefs of his remon-
llrance in favour of his countrymen, but he faved himielf by flight: and
Charles btcatiit; fo confidcrablc a power, that the conferences for a general
peace at Ryfwick, 1697, were opened under his mediation.

Charles XI. died in 169;', and was fuccetded by his minor fon, the fa-
mous Charles XII. The hillory of no prince is better known than that of
this hero. His father's will had fixed the age ot his majority to eighteen,
but it was fet alide for an e;arlier d;ite by the management of count Piper,
who tjjcreby bcciinie his fiift minifter. Soon aftt r his accelTion, the kings
of Denmark and Poland, and the czar of Mufcovy formed a pow-
erful confederacy agaiiilT: him, encouraged by tire mean opinion

abilities. He made head againft th^m uU ;
he (liLTiatcd the pe.icc of Travendahl to
which the duke of Holftcin was re- '
The czar Peter was at this time ravaging In-
gria, at the htad ot 80,000 men, and had befiegcd Narva. The army of
Charles did not exceed 20,00^ men ; but fuch was hii* impatience, that he
advanced at the head of 8coo, entirely routed the main body of the
Ruffians, and raifed the fiegc. Such were his fuccefles and fo numerous
his priibneis, that the Rullians attributed his a("riions to necromancy,
Charles from thence marched into Saxony, where his warlike atchieve-
mcnts equrilled, if they did not excel, thole of Guftavus Adolphus. He
dethroned Auguftus king of Poland : but ftained all his laurels by putting
the brave count Patkul to a death equally painful and ignominious. He
raifed Sranitlaus to the croivn of Poland in 1705, and his name carried
iri'h it fuch terror, that he was courted by all the powers of Europe ;
and among others, by the duke of Marlborough, in the name of queen
Anne, ani'dll the full career of her fuccefles againft France. His ftub-
bornnefs and implacable difpolition, however, were fuch, that he cannot be
confidered in a better light than that of an illurtrious madman ; for he loft
in the battle of Pultowa, 1 709, which he fought in his march to dethrone
the czar, more than all be had gained by his vidories. His brave army
was ruined, and he was forced to take refuge among the Turks at Bender.
His anions there, in attempting to defend himfclf with 300 Swedes againl|
30,000 Turks, prove him to have hem worfe than frantic. The 1 urks
Found it however convenient for their aft'airs to fet hiin at liberty. But
his misfortunes did not cure his military madnefs ; and after his return to
his dominions, he profecutcd his revcnjjp againft Denmark, till he was
Icilled by a cannon-lhot, as it is generally faid. Jit the liege of Frederic-
flially in Norway-, belonging* to the Danes, in 1718, when he was no
mor^ thuQ ihirty-llx years ojF age. It has been fuppofed^ that Charles

• ■ "-L ' wai

they had of his youth and
and belieging Copenhagen
his Danifli majelly, by
eftabliftied in his dominions.

SWEDEN.

tij

was not in rCRlity killed by a fliot from the walls of Fltdeticflialli bqt thut
a pidol from fome neare;- hand, from one of thofe about, him, gare the
deciiive blow, which put an end tc the life of this celebrated monarch*
This opinion is faid to be very prevalent among the bed informed perfoni
in Sweden. And it appears that the Swedes were tired a( a prince under
whom they had loft their richert provinces, their bravcft troops, and theif
national riches ; and who yet, untamed by ndverfity, purfued an unfuC-
cefsful and pernicious war, nor would ever have liftened to the voice of
peace, or confuhed the internal tranquillity of his country.

Charles XII. was fucceeded, as hath been' already mentioned, by hit
fifter, jthe princefs Ulrica Ele;inora, wife to thr hereditary pj-'nce of HelTe*
We have alfo feen iir wSiai manner .the Swedes recovered their liberties j
and given fome account of the capitulation limned by the queen and he^
hufband, when they entered ujwn the exciciic of government. Theic
firft rsrc was to make a peace with Great J^ritain, which the late king in**
tended to have invaded. The Swedes thcti, to preV«;nt their farther JoflTet
by the progrefs of the Ruflian, tlie Danifll, the Saxon, and Ciher arm^*
made many great facrifices to obtain pftace iVom thofe powers. The French,
however, about the year 1738, formed that d:'ngeroU9 party in the king*
dom, under the name of the Haft, which hath been already fpoken orj
which not only broke the internal quk-t of the kingdom, bulled it into a
ruinous war with Ruifia. Thei> Sv.vdifli niajefties having no children, it
was neceflary to fettle the fuccti'Boii ; efpecially as the duke of Holftciti
was defcended from the queen's eldeft liUer, and was, at the fame time,
the prefumptive heir to tlie empire of Ruffia. Four compet'tors appeared |
the duke of Holftein Goiturp, prince Fr;'cieric of Hcffe-Cairel, ncphevv to
the king, the prince of Denmark, and the duke of D ux-Ponts. Thi
duke of Holftein would hnvc carried the cledion, had he riot embraced thi
Greek religion, that he might mount the throne of Ruflia.- The czarina
interpofed, and oftered to reftore all the conqueiis (lie had made from Swe-
den, excepting a fmall diftrid in Finland, if the Swedes would receive the
duke of Holftcin's uncle, the bilhnpof Lubeck, as their hereditary prince,
and fucceffor to their crown. This was agreed to ; and a peace was con-
cluded at Abo, under the meo''.ition of his Britannic majt-fty. This peacft
was fo firmly adhered to by tii"e czarina, thr^r hig Danilh' m.ijelly thought
proper to drop all the etfedts of his refcntmenr, and fotget the indignity
done to hisfon. The princes fiiccelfor, Adolphus Frederic, married the
piincefs Ulrica, fifter to the king of Pruffia ; and entered into the pofTefliot)
of his new dignity in 1 75 1 . He was a prince of a mild and gentle temper,
and much harrafled by the contending Swedifti factions, and found his ntU-
ation extremely troubtclbme, in confequence of the reftraints and oppofl*
ti(m which he met with from the fenate. He paffed the greateft part of his •
reign very difagrceably, and was at length, through the iiirrigues oftht
queen, brought over to the French party. He died in February, 177 1,
and was fucceeded by his fon, Guftavus the Third, the prefenr reigning
prince. He pofleflbs abilities greatly fuperior to thofe of his farher, and
has much more ambition. He was about five and twenty yertrs of age wheii
he was proclaimed king of Svveden, his underftanding hud been much Cul-
tivated, he hath an infinuating addrefs, and a graceful and commanding
elocuton. He was at Paris at the lijjie of his father'« death, from whericft
he wrote in the moft gracious terms to the fenate, repeatedly ilfuring them
that he deligned to govern according to the laws. In conifequencc of the
death of the late king, an extraordmary diet was called to regulate the af-
fain of the government} and to fettle the form of the corouatioo oath fot

114

SWEDEN.

the prefent king. Suitie time after his arrivnl in Sweden, on the sOth c^
March, lyyx, nis inajefty foleninly figned and fwore to obferve twent;^-
four articlest relative to his future adminiftration of government. This
was termed a capitulation ; and among the articles were the following :
f * The kins promifcs before God to fupport the government of the king*
dom, as then edabllflicd ; to maintain the rights and liberties of ths
ftntes, the liberties and frcurity of all his fu^edts, and to reign with
gentlenefs and equity according to the laws of^the kingdom, the form
of the regency as it was edabliflicd in the year 1720, and conform-
able to the prefent adl of capitulaiion. In confcquence of the dc«
claration of the Hates, the king fliall regard any perfon, who fliall openly
or clandcflinely endeavour to introduce abfolute lovereignty, as an enemy
of the kingdom, and as a traitor to his country, as every perfon mud take
an oath refpefling this matter, before he can take poflcflion of any employ-
ment. With rrgaril to the affairs of the cabinet and the fenate, the king
promifes to follow the regulations of the year 1720 upon that head, which
were to be dirc«flt'd always by a majority of votes, and never to do any
thing therein without, and much Icfs againft, their advice. To the end
jhat the council of ftatc may be fo much the more convinced of the inviol-
able defigns of his majcAy, and of his (incere love for the good of his pco
pie, he declares them to be entirely difcngaged from their oath of fidelity,
in cafe that he wilfully a£ts contrary to his coronation-oath, and to this ca-
pitulation. And laftly, the king threatens any perfon with his highefi
difpleafure, who (hall be fo inconliderate as to propofe to him a greater de-
gree of power and fplcnilor than is inarkfld out in this aft of capitulation,
as his majefty drfires only to gain the affcdlions of his faithful fubjefts, and
to be their powerful defender sgaiuA any attempts which may be made up-
on their lawful liberties."

But fcarcely had the king taken thcfe folemn oaths to rule according to
the then edabliihed form of government, and accepted the crown upon
thefe conditions, before he formed a plan to govern as he thought pro-
per, regarding thefe oaths only as matters of ceremony. And he made
ufe of every art, the mc^ profound diflimulation, and the utmoll dexterity
and addrefs, in order to render this hazardous enterprife fuccefsful. At hi^
firil arrival at Stockholm, he adopted every method which could increafe
his popularity. Three times a week he regularly gave audience to all who
prefented thcmfelves. Neither rank, fortune, nor intered, were neceffa-
ry to obtain ^accefs to him : it wag fufiicient to have been injured, and to
have a legal caufe of complaint to lay before him. He lidencd to the
meaneftof his fubjefts with affability, and entered into the minuted details
that concerned them ; he informed himfelf of their private affairs, and
fcemed to intereft himfelf in their happinefs. 1'his conduct made him
confidered as truly the fat\ier of his people, and the Swedes begun to idoU
ize him. In the mean time, there happened fome contentions between the
different orders of the Swcdifh dates ; and no methods were left untried to
foment thefe jealoufics. EmilTaries wer<^ likewife planted in every part of
the kingdom, for the purpofe of fowing difcontent among the inhabitants,
of rendering them difaffefted to the edabliflied government, and of exciting
them t(^ an infurreftion. At length when the king found his fchcme ripe
for execution, having taken the proper meafures for bringing a confiderable
number of the ofiicers and foldiers * into his intered, on the 19th of Au-

■ ^^ gi'^N

• The fidelity which was manifefted by a private foldier, o; this occifio , defervc:»
M be recorded. The night preceding the revolution, the ki.g being dcfirouj of vifiN

ing

SWEDEN.

«'5

deferve»
, of VillN

ing

guft, 177*1 be totally overturned the Swedifh conditut'ion oF government.
In lefs than an hour he made himfclt' mafter of all the military force of
$tockhulm. He planted grenndiers, with their bayot>et3 fixed, at the
door of the counciNchamberi in which the fenate were alTcmbled, and
made all the members of it priforers. / nd that no rt^iws might be carried
to any other part of Sweden, of ths tranfiiftlon in which the king was en*
gaged, till the fcheme was completed, cannon witc drawn from the arfc-
nal, and planted at the palace, the bridges, and oilier parts of the town*
and particularly at all the avenues leading to it. Soldiers flood over thefc
with matches ready lighted ; all com miuii cation with the country was cut
ofty no one without a pafTporr from the king being allowed to Icii ve the city.
The fcnators wcve then confined in feparate apartments in the palace, and
many others who were fuppofed to be zealoiifly attached to the liberties o(
Sweden, were put under arreft. The remainder of the day the king em-
ployed in viliting diftercnt r|uarteis of the town, in order to receive oaths
of fidelity to him from the magiftrate?, the colleges, and city militia.
Oaths were alfo tendered the next day to the people in general, to whom he
addrelled a fpecch, which he concluded by declaring, that his only inten-
tion was to reftore trarquillity to his native country, by fupprefliUq; Jfcen-
tioufnefs, oveitiirnlng the aiiftocratic form of government, reviving the
old Swedifli liberty, and reftoring the ancient laws of Sweden, fuch as
they were before 1680. " I renounce now," faid he, *' as I have already
♦< done, all ide^ of the abhorred abfoliuc' power, or what is called /ovc
*♦ rcigtity^ eflteining it now, as before, my greatefl glory to be the firfl
*' citizen among a truly' tree people." Heralds then went through the
different quarters of the town, to proclaim an afTembly of the (lates for the
following day. This proclamation contained a threat, that if ahy member
of the diet fliuuld abfent himfelf, he fliould be confidercd and treated as a
traitor to his country.

On the morning of the 2ifl of Auguft, a large detachment of guards
was ordered to take pofTcflion of the Jt^uare, where the houf'c of nobles
ftands. The palace was iavcfted on all fides with troops, and cannon were
planted in the court, f icing the hallvvhcrc the fVates were to be afTemblcd.
Thefc were not only charged, but foldiers ftood over them witli matches
ready lighted in their hands. The feverjil orders of the ilates were here
compelled to afTemb'le by the king's order, and thefe military preparations
were made in order to aflift their deiibcrarions. The king being feated on
his throne, furiou'.uled by his guards, and a numerous band of officers,
after having addrtfTed a fpeech to the flates, he ordered a fecretary to read
a new form of government, which he offered to the flates for their accep-
tance. As they were furrounded by an armed force, they thought proper
to comply with what was required of them. The marflial of the diet, and
the fpeakers of the other orders, figned the form of goveVnmenr ; and the
ftatcS took the oath to the Icing, which he dirtated to them himfelf. Thia
extraordinary tranftftibn was concluded in a manner equally extraordinary.
The king drew a book of pfalms from his pocket, and taking off his crown j

ing the arfeoal, went thither, and ordered the centinel to admit liim. The latter re-
fufed. " Do you k ow who you are fpealcing to ?" laid tho king. " Yes;" replied
the foldier, but 1 litewife ki.ow my duty." — ^/rfir a very judicious a'^d welUwrittutl
account ol this extraordinary revolution in Swede'', piiblifhed by Charles Francis She-
ridan, ci'q. who wat ftcretary to the Britifli cnvoy In Sweden, at the time of the revo-
lution.

I z began

ii6

RUSSIA-

began to Hng Te Dtumy in which he was joined by the aflembly. He af.
terwardi gave them to underhand, that he intended in fix years time again
to convene an alTembly of the ftates. Thus was this great revolution com-
pleted without any bloodfhed, in which the Swedes lurrcndercd that con-
flitution, which their forefathers had bequeathed to them ?fter the death
•f Charles the Twelfth, as a bulwark againlV any defputic attempts of
their future monarchs.

The Swedes, at fome period», have difcovered an ardent love of liberty ;
at others, they have feemed fitted only fc. flavcry : and when they were
labouring to render thenil'elvcs free, they have wanted that found politi*
cal knowlcge, which would have pointed out to them the proper methods
for fecuring their future freedom. The moft capital defect of^the Swcdifli
conAituticn was the total want of all balance of its pans : and the divifion
of the Swedilh nation into three diilindt cbfTes of nobles, burghers, and
peafants, whofe intereils were perpetually clafliing, has been a circumftance
very unfavourable to the liberty of the Swedes. The power of their kings
was much reftraimd ; but no fufficient regulitions were adopted for fecur-
{••(J the perfonal freedom of the fubje(3. Thefc defetts in the Swedifli
conftitution paved the way for the late revciution : but it is notv.'ithiiand'^ '
ing a jud fubjff£t of furpnfe, that a bold and hardy people, who had fo
cautiouily limited the power of their prince, flioald at once without a
ftruggle, fuflfer him to proceed to fo great an extenfion of his authority.
It appears, however, (hat the exorbitant power which Guftavus the f hiid
hath thus alfumed, he has hitherto, fincc the revolution, cxercifed with
fome degree of moderation.

Guftavus of Holllein-Gottorp, king of Sweden, was born in 17x6^
and fucceeded his father in 1771. He was married in 1766, to Sophia
Magdelena, the princefs-royal of Denmark, by whom he has ilTiie a prince,
Guftavus Adolphus, born November i, 1778. His brothers and (ifier
are, 1. Charles, born in 1748. 2. Frederic Adulphus, born in 1750.
3. Sophia Albertina, born in 1753.

MUSCOVY, OR THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE in
EUROPE AND ASIA.

Situation and extent of the Russian empire in

Europe.

Miles.

Degrees,

:, Length 1 joo 7 .^j^ f 23 and 65 End longitude.
Breadth 1100 3 l- 47 and 72 North latitude.

Divisions 1 \ CCORDING to the moft authentic accounts of this
AND NAME. \ /\. mighty empire, it confifts of fifteen (Mr. "Voltaire
fays fixteen) provintes, or governments : befides part of Carelia, Eftho*
nia, Ingria, Livonia, and part of Finland, which were conquered from
Sweden ; the Crimea, orCrim Tartary, anciently the Taurica Cherfone-
fus, a peninfula in the Euxine fca, fubjed to the Turks formerly, but add»
ed in the year 1783 to the Ruflian empire, with the ifle of Taman, and
part of Cuban * ; alfo the duchy of Courland in Pjl:>.!id, of which the cm-
prefs of Riifila-has has now the entire difpofal.

* The RuiCant are fuff ofed to have gained ;»beve a million «f rubiest by thii

The

RUSSIA.

The foUowini; uhle uill give fome idea of the RufliiD f mjpire, properly
fo called, or Ruflia in Kuropc, with iti acquifitioni from Sweden in th«
prefent century. And ilfu of the Rutfian empire in its moft cxienfive
fenfe, for we muft alio include all the acquilitioDi in Tartury, now known
by the riame of Siberia : the whHe comprehending the northern parti of
Europe and Afia, Ihetching from the Baltic and bweden on the weft, to
Kamtfchatka and 'hu Eaitern Ocean ; and on the north, from the Frozen
Ocean to the forty-fcventh degree of latitude, where it it bounded by Fo*
land, Little Taitar^, Turkey, Georgia, the Euxine and Cafpian feat,
Gkeat Tartary, Chmefe Tartary, and other unknown regioni in Afia.

The country now comprized under the name of Ruflia or the Rufliac, it
of an extent nrarly equal to all the rell uf Europe, and ereaier than the
Roman cniuirc in the zenith of its power, or the empire ufDariui fubdued
by Alexander, or both put together, as may be fcen by turning to the ta*
ble, page 23, to which we may add the authority of Vultaire.

Ruflian Empire
in Eurape.

Greek Church.

Conquered f
from Sweden fi&ce t
1700. ^

Seized from the/
Turks in 1783. \

Chriftiant and
Idolaiera

Ruf, or Mufcl
Bcl);rod,
Don Cofliict,
Uk. CofliiM,
Lapland,
Ruf. Finland,
Livoiiia,

Ingria,
Crim. Tart.

RuiTun Emp.
in Afla.

Mufcovy Tar-
tary Ic Siberia,
Kaim. Taic.

Square
Milei.

7i*4i650
71,900
< 7,000
4<,ooo
72,000
41,310
>«.5»S

9,100
8,aoo

>,eoo,oeo
Sso,oeo

Total4,:6i,68i

11 bo

375
400

330
405
3«
218

»7J

itfo

JI50

(ISO

1050

«i5
180
205
S70
180

«45
90
«J

1500

750

Chief Citiei.

Molcuw.

Waionctz.

Paochioa.

Kiow.

Kola.

Wyburg.

Riga.

PnaasawBo/^-,^"- *«•
1 E. L. to-at

Kaffa.

Toboliky.
Aftfachao.

Ruffia has been alfo fubdivided iuto thirty<one provinces* vis

u
O

I. Lapland,
a. Samoida,

3. Ballamoreoikeyi

4. Mefeen,

5. Dwina,

6. Syrianei,

7. Permia,

8. Rubeninflti,
.9. Belaefeda.

fio. Rezan, or Pereflaf)

I I . Belozero,
12. Wologda,

riy. Bulgar,
I 18. )C-*uin.

Tfcheremiffi,
Little NoTogrod,
Don Cofla«k'.

«S P 1 20.

^ rii. Great NoTOf.rod,
^ S I 23. Ruffian Fitaland,
$; g << 24. Kexholm,
<3'? I 15. Kaleria,
^ (.26. I

^ 15. ]

Jerafiaf,
Tweer,
Mofcow,
Belgorodt

ngria.

'27. Livonia,
28* Smolenflco,

29. Zernigof,

30. Seef)k|

31. Ukraine, or country ot
tbeOidCofiiici.

MrJ

tiS

RUSSIA.

Mr. Tookc, chaplain to the Bririfii fwtftory at Pctcrlburgh, who has
lately publiihc-ti an account nf Kullla, has enumcrntcd the rollowing na-
tions IIS comprchcndcil in this great e umpire :

The Mongouli,
The Kalinucj,
The Tartars,
The SamoJdcs,
The Oftiac?,
The Burattians,
The Jakutans,
The Tungufians,
The Voguls,
The l^aplandcrsy
The Finns,
The Lcttoniatis,
The ElUionians,
The LieiTs,
The Ingrians,
The Tlcheremifles,

Tl'c Tfcoiiwafclics,
The Mordvines,
The Votiaks,
The Tcrptyaireis,
The J artarsofKafiinand

Orenburg,
The Tartars of Tobolflc,
The Tartars of Tomfk,
The Nogay^n Tartars,
The Tartars of the Ob,
The Tfchoulyni Tartars,
The Katfchint;^ Tartars,
The Teleutcs,
The Abinzes,
*X'he Biryquffes,

The Kiirilitins,

The Kiftim and Tou.

liheit Tartars,
The Vcrgo Tomfkoi

Tartars,
The Sayan Tartars,
The Touralinzes,
The Pougharians,
The Bafchkirians,
The Meflfchtraiks,
The Burabinzes,
The K'rkguifians,
The Bcltirians,
The Yakoutes,
The K^mtfchad^lesy

nnd various others ; but fome of which muft be confidcred rather as di«
itin6t tribes, than as diilin^l nations.

As to the names of Rulfia and Mufcovy, by which this empire is arM«
trarily called, they piobably are owing to the ancient inhabicaiits, the
RuiTi, or ^oruiTi, and the river Mofca, upon which the ancient capital
^ofcow was built; but of this wb know nothing certain.

Cj-iMATE, SOIL, PRODUCTIONS, vhGE-1 In the fouthcrn parts of

TABLES, MINES, AND MINERALS. J Rllflia, Or MufcOVy, the

)onge(l day does not exceed fifteen hours and a half; whereas, in the mod
porthern, the fqn is feen in fummer two months above the horizon. The
reader from th}s will naturally conclude, th^t there is in Mufcovy a vaft
diveriity of foil as well as climate, and the extremes of both are ken aqd
felt in this vafl empire.

The fipvcrity of the climate, however, iu Riiflia properly Co called, is very
great. Dr. John Glen King, who refided eleven years in Kuilia, obferves,
fhat the cold in St. Peterfljurgh, by Fahrenheit's fcale, is, during the months
of December, January, and February, ufually from 8 to i; or 20 degrees
l)elow o ; that is, from 40 to 52 degrees below the fieezing point : tho' com»
monly, in the courfe of the winter, ir is for a week or ten days fome de-
grees lower. The fame writer remarks, that it is almoft difficult for an
inhabitant of our temperate climate to have any idea of a cold fo gre:it :
but it msy help to give fome notion of it to inform the reader, that when
H perfon walks out in that fevere weather, the cold makes the eyes water,
9n(l that water freezing, hangs in little icicles on the eyc-laihes, As the
(ommon peafanis ufually wear their beards, you may fee them hanging at
thp chin like a folid lump of ice. But, even in that ilate, the beard ig
found very ufeful in protecling the glands of the throat ; and thp foldiers,
who do not wear their beards, arc obliged to tic a handkerchief under
the chin to fupply their place. AH the parts of the face, which are ex»
pofedt are very liable to be frozen : though it has often been obferved,
fh^t the peilbn himfelf does not know wlten the freezing bti-gjns ; but is
(9tfii|ionIy told of it $rft by thof? whQ m^et him, an4 who cdl Qi\r tq
• .. . ; him

RUSSIA.

119

hiiti to rub his f«ce with fnow, the ufual vrzy to thaw it. It is alfo re-
marked, that the part, which has once been frozen, is ever after mod li>
able to be froien again. In fome very fevcre winters, fparrows, though
a hardy fpecics of birds, have been feen quite numbed by the intenfe
cold, and unable to fly : and drivers, when fitting on their loaded car>
riages, have fonietimcs been found frozen to death in that poHure. When
the theimomt'ter has ftood at 2^ degrees below o, boiling water thrown
up into the air by an engine, fo as to fpread, has fallen down perfci^liy
drv, formed into ice. A pint bottle of common water was found by Dr.
King frozen into ^ folid piece of ice in an hour and a quarter. A bottle of
Arong ale has alfo been frozen in an hour and a half : but in this fubftance
there was about a tea cup full in the middle unfrozen, which was at
flrong and inflammable as brandy or fpirits of wine. But notwithdanding
the t'everity of the cold in Ruilia, the inhabitants have fuch various mvant
and provilions to gunrd againfl it, that they fuffer much lefs fnfm it than
might be expected. The houfes of perfons of tolerable circumflances are
fo well protcd^ed, both without doors and within, that they are fefdomi
heard to complain of cold. The method of warming the houfes in Ruf-
iia is by an oven condrudted with fcveral fluet^, and the country abounds
with wood, which is the common fuel. Thcfe ovens confume a much
fmallcr quantity of wood than might be imagined, and yet they ferve at
the fame time for the ordinary people to drefs their food. They put
a very moderate faggot into tbem, and fuffer it to burn only till the.
thicked bl.?ck fmoke is evaporated ; they then fhut down the chirimey to
retain all the reft of the heat in the chamber ; by this method the ch'an>
ber keeps its heat 34 hours, and is comanonly fo warm that they fit with
very little covering, efpecially children, who are ufually in their fhirts. The
windows in the huts of the poor are very fmall, that ns little cold may be
adntitted as poflible : in the houfes of perfoos of condition, the windows are
caulked up againft winter, and commonly have double glafs frames. In
fliort, they can regulate the warmth in their apartments by a thsrmometer
with great exa£tnef8, opening or fliutting the fiats to increal'e or diminifh
the heat. When the Kuflinns go out, they are clothed fo warmly, that
they almod bid i^^fiance to frod and fnow ; and it is obfervible, that the
wind is feldom v'olent in the winter; but when there is much wind, the
cold is exceedingly' piercing.

One advantage, which the Ruflians derive from the feverity of their
climate, is, the preferving provifions by the frod. Good houfewives, m
foon as the frod fets in for the winter, about the end of October, kill their
poultry, and keep them in tubs packed up with a layer of fnow between
them, and then take them out for ufe as occadou requires : by which
nteans they <?.ve the nouridiment of the animal for feveral months. Venl
frozen ai Archangel, and brought to Peterfburgh, is edeemed the fined
they have ; nor can it be diftinguifhed from what is fredi killed, being .
equally juicy. The markets in Peterfburph arc by this means fupplied in
winter with all manner of provifions. zt. a cheaper rate than would other*
wife be polfible ; and it is not a !iitie curious to fee the vad (lacks of whole
hogs, fticep, fidi, and othT animals, which are piled up in the markets
for fale. The me'^iiod of thawing frozen provifions in Rufliat is by am'
merging th**..! in cold water : for when the operation of thawing them H
cne«-ica by hear, it feems to occafion a violent fermentation, and almoft
ft fudden putrefadtion : but when produced by cold water, the ice feema
to be attra^ed out of the body, and forms a troofpareut incruilatiou round

1 4 Ua

4«0

H U S S I A.

■it. If a tabbage; which 19 thoroughly frozen, be thawed by cold water,
it is as frefli a» if jul\ gathered out of ihe garden 5 but if it be rhHWcd by
fire or hot water, it becomes fo rancid and ftrong that it cannot be eaten.

The quicknefs of vegeration in Ruffia is picrty much the fame as has
teen defcribed in Scandinavia, or Sweden and Denmark. The fnow is
,the natural manure of Rufiia, whrre grain grow* in plenty, near Pohind,
and in the warmer provinces. Tfee bulk of the people, however, are
' miferably fed ; the foil produces a vafl number of muflirooms for their
fubfiilence ; and in foii.e places, befides oaks and firs, RuHia yields rliu*
barb, flax, hemp, pafture for cattle, wax, honey, rice, and melons. The
boors arc particularly cureful in the cultivation of honey, which yields
them plenty of metheglin, their ordinary drink ; they likcwife extradt a
fpirit from rye, which they prefer to brandy.

That a grtat part of Ruma was populous in former days, is not to be
difputed; though it is equally certain, that the inliabit<mts, till lately,
were but little acquainted with agriculture : and fupplied the pl.ice of
bread, as the inhabitants of Scandinavia do now, with a kind of faw-duft
and a preparation [of fifli-bones. Peter the Great, and his fucceltbrs,
down to the prefent emprefs, have been at incredible pains to introduce
agricultvre into their dominions ; and though the foil is not every where
{>roper for corn, yet its vaft fertility in fome provinces, bids fair tq
make grain as common in Rulli», as it is in the louthern counticH of Eu>
rope. The vaft communication, by means of rivers, which the inland
|>artt of that empire have with each other, ferve to lupply one province
with thofe products of the earth in which another may be deficient. .A*,
to mines and minerals, they are as plentiful in Ruflia as in Soandiuavia ;
Ud the people are daily improving in working them. Mount<kins of rich
Iron ore are found in fome places, moll of which produce the load-ilone,
aud yield from 50 to 70 per cent. Rich filver and copper mines are found
on the confines of Siberia,

Movi^TAiNSf RivEKs, lOREsTS, \ Ruflia 16 in general a flat, level
And Face of the cotiNTay. J country, except tywjirds the north,
where lie the Zimnopoias mountains, thou(>;bt to be the fiimous Monte*
Hiphfei of the ancients, now called the G it die cf the Eitrth, On the
Hveflern fide of the Dnieper comes in part of the C'nrpathian mou^itains,
and between the Black 8ea and the Cafpian, Mount Caucafus borders a
range of vafl plains extending to the fea of Oral, And here we may ob«
ferve, that from Peterlburgh to Pekin, one ihail hardly meet with a moun*
tain on the road through Independent f arrary ; and from Peterlburgh to
%hp ,iorth part of France, by the road of Dantjjic, Hamburgh, and Am»
fierda.7. wp fcarcely can perceive the fmalleft hill.

Thp moft confiderable rivers arc the Wolga, or Volga, running eaft an4
Couth, whichf after traverfing the greatefl part of Mufcovy, and winding
acourfeof 3000 Englifh miles, difcharges itfelfinto the Cafpian fea 1
it it not only reckoned the largeft, but one of the pioft ferule riven
of Europe: it produces all kinJs of fid), and feitiliaes all the lands on
each fide with the richeft trees, fruits, and vegetables ; and it is remark*
able, that in all this long courfe there is not a fipgle cataract to interrupt
the navigation, but the nearer it approaches to its mouth, multiplies its
quantities of ifles, as it divides itfelf into a greater number of arms than
any known river in the world : and all thefe arms divide themfelves intQ
others flill left, which join and meet again, fo that the Wolga difcharges
itfiilf into the Cafpian fea by more than 70 mouths, Sy means of this

noblt

«. tj S S I A.

I2l

noble rlver^ the city of Mofcow prefcrvcg a comnninication, not only
with all the fouthern parts of Rnlta, but even with Pcrfia, Georgia, Tar-
tary, aud other countries bordcriiiir on the Cai'pian fca. The Don, or
Tan'iis, which divides the moft cailern part of Ruflia from Alia ; and in
its courfe towards the eafl, comes fo near the Wolga, that the late czar
bad unde L'.kea to have a communication between them by means of a
canal: this grand proj eft, however, was defeated by the irruptions of the
1 artars. This river, excltiiive of its turnings and windings, difchargcs
itfeU into the PaUis Msotis, or fea of Afoph, about four hundred miles
from its rife. The Boridhenes, or Dnieper, which is likewife one of the
'largell rivers in Europe, runs through Liihuimia, the country of the Za-
porog Colfacs, and thatof the Nagaifch Tartars, and falls into the £uxine»
or Black Sea, at Kinbourn, near Oczakow ; it has thirteen catara«5)6 with-
in a fmall diflance. To ihefc may be added the two Dwinas, one of
which empties itfolf at Riga imo the Baltic ; the other has hi fource near
Ul^iaga» and dividing itl'elf into two branches near Archangel, there fails
into the White Sea,

As to forelh, they abound in this extenfive country { and the northera
and north-eailern provinces are in a maimer defart ; nor can the few in«
habitants they contain V>e called Chriftians rather than Pagans.

Animals, quadrupeds, birds, 1 Thefe do not differ greatly fiom
FISHES, and INSECTS. I thofe defcribed in the Scandinavian

provinces, to which we muft refer the reader. The lynx, famou? for its
piercing eye, is « Piuive of this empire j it makes prey of every creature
it can mailer .; r ' ". . '"•lid to be produced chiefly in the fir-trte forclU,
The hysenas, cn,\ Aolves, foxes, and other creatures already de-
fcribed, aflbrd i ■ 'r ';.r3 for cloriiinfi; the inhabitants ; but the furs of the
black foxes and f;rminc arc more valuable in Ruflia than clfewhere. The
dromedary and caint'l were formerly ali?ioft the only bealls of burden
known in many parts of Rufli u The czar Peter encouraged a bre«c| of
large horfcs for war and carriages; but thofe employed in the ordinary
purpofts of life are but fmall ; as ai e their cows and il-.cep.

We know of few or no birds in Ruflia, that have not been already de^
fcribed. The fame may be faid of filhes, only the RulBims are better
provided than their neighbours with flurgeon, cod, falmon, and beluga :
the latter rcfemblesa fturgcon, and is often called the large fturgeon ; it
is from twelve to fifteen feet in length, and weighs from 9 to 16 and iS
hundred weight; its flefh is white and delicious. Of the roe of the ftur-
geon and the beluga, the Rullians make the famous cavear lb much ef-
teemed for its richnefs and flavour, that it is often fent in prefenis to
crowned heads. In cutting up the belugas, rhey often find what is calle^
the belugarftones, which is con>.ealed in thdt mufs of glandular flefl\
which covers the pollerior parts of the dorfal fpine, fupplying the place of
a kidney in fifb. The inftant it is taken from the fill), it is foft and moift,
but quickly hardens in the air. Its lize is that of a hen's egg, ihape fomer
times oval and fometimes flatted, and commonly fe)ls for a ruble. 1 his
(lone is fuppoled by profelTor Pallus to belong to the genitals of the fifli t
it holds a conlidenible rank, though with little merit, amopg the domcflic
remedies of the Rullians, who fcrape it, and, mixed with water, give it
in difhcult labours, in the difeafes of children, and other diforders.

PoPVtATlON, MANNERS, AND CUSTOMS.] Nothing can be more in-
judicious, or remote from truth, than the accounts we have from author!i|
fti the jjwpulaiion of tbit yaft empire; the whole of which, they think,

124

R U S S I A.

does not exceed* at modt fcven millions. 'It is furprinng that fucti n iriK"
take Aiould havecoiuinued i'o long, when we coiidder the itnmenfe armies
bioiight into the field by rhc iuvcreigns of Ru^ia, atid the bluody wart
they maintained in Afia and Eiiiopc. Mr. Voltaire is, perhaps, the firft
author who has attempted to undeceive the public in this refpcA ; and
has dune x* upon very authentic gruuiids, by producing a lift, taken in
1-47, of nil the males who paid the capiuirion or poll-tax, and which
amount to fix millions lix hundred smd torty-fix thoiii'ind three hundred
iind ninety. In this number are included boys and old men ; but girls
and women are not reckoned, or boys born between the making of one rc-

{;irter of the hinds and another. Now, if we only reckon triple the nom-
>. r of heads <'tibjecl 10 be taxedj including women and girls, we (hall find
near iwcntv millions of fou's. To this account may be added three hun-
dred and fifty thoufrnd foUliers, aiid tv.o hundred thoufand nobility and
clerjjy: and foreigrcrs of all kinJs, wha i.re likcwife exempted from the
poll t:,x ; as alfo (lays Mr. Volraire) the inhabitants of ihe conquered
cour.trios, namely, Livonia, Erthoni.!, L-.giia, Careiia, .aid a part of Fin-
Ja'id ; the Ukraine, and the Don CoHiics, ihc Kalmucs, and other Tar-
<^ars ; the Samuides, the Laplanders, the Ofiac, and all the idolatrous
people of Siberia, a coun'ry of greater extent than China, are not in-
cluded in this lirt. The r.ew regilier in -.764 contains 8,500,000 fubjeft
to the poll-tax ; and a late ingenious Wi iter relidcm fume time in RuiFu
gives the following ellimatc :

J,c^«ver clafs of people paying capitation tax.

Conquered provinces, — — —

Nob t- families, — — —

Clergy, — : ' " *»: * "■ y^"_ —

Military, — — — —

Civil, — — — _

Ukraine, Siberia, Coflacs, Stc. — —

l8,ooo,coo

I,2CO,000

6 ,000
1 00,000
360,000

30,000
350,000

"l/k'

20, ioo,coo

To thefc muft now be added near a million more by the acquifuions of
the Crimea, and part of Cuban Tartary.

As her imperial niajefty of all the RulTias pofleffes many of the coun-
f jes from whence the prodigious fwarms of barbarians who overthrew the
Ro^nan empire iiTued, there is the lirongcft rt-afon to believe, that her
dominions mull have been better peopled formerly than they are at pre-
fent ; twcmy-four millions, arc but a thin population for the immenlit
tract of country flic pofiiiircs. As the like dccrealc of inhal)itants is
obfervable in many other parts of the globe, we arc to look lor the rta-
fon in natural cauies, which we cannot dll'euis here. Perhaps the intro-
duiflion of the ihiall-pot and the venereal difeai'e may have aflillcd in the
depopulation ; and it is likely that the prodigious quantity of ftiong and
fpirituous liquors, confuined by the inhabitants of the North, is un^^
friendly to generation.

The Rullians properly fo called, are in general a pcrfonable people,
hardv, vigorous, and patient of labouV, efpecially in the field, to an in-
credible degree. Their complexions differ little from thofe of the Englidi
or Scots J but the women think that an addition of red heightens their
beauty. Their eve-fight feems to be dcfedlive, occafioned, piobably, by
the fuow, which tor a lung time of the year is continually prcfent to theip
. T " ' ' ' , ' cyos.

RUSSIA;

laj

eye*. Their officers and foldters always poflefled a large (hare of paflive
valour; but in the late war "with the king of Pruflia, thry proved as af
tive as any troops in Europe ; and in the laie WHr with the Turks they
greatly diftinguiflied themfelves. They are implicitly fubinillire to dif-'
cipline, let it be e«er fo fevere ; they endure extreme hardihips with
great patience ; and can content themfelves with very hard fare.

Before the days of Peter the Great, the Rufliiins were in general bar*
barous, ignorant, mean, and much addi^ctd to drunkenneCs ; no lefs than
40CO brandy-fliops have been reckoned in Mofcow. Not only the com-
mon people^ but many of the boyars, or nobles, lived in a continual ft.ite
of idlenefs and intoxication ; and the moll complete objed\s of mifery and
barbarity prefented themfelves upon the ftrcets, while the court of Mof-
cow was by far the mod fplendid of any upon the globe. The czar and
the grandees dreHed after the mod fuperb Aiiatic manner ; and their mag-
nificence exceeded every idea that can be conceived from modern exum-
ples. The earl of Carlillc, in the account of his embHlTy, fays, that he
could fee nothing but gold and precious Hones in the robes of the czar
and hi j courtiers. The manufs6\ures, however, of thofe, and all other
luxuries, were carried on by Italians, Germans, and other fcicigners.
Peter faw the bulk of his fubjeds, at his accelTiun to the throne, little
better than bealls of burden to lupport the pomp of (he court. He forced
his great men to lay aiide their long robes, and drefs in the European
manner ; and he even obliged the laity to cut oif their beards. The
other improvements, in learning and the arts, which he made, (hall be
mentioned elfewhere The Rullians, before his days, had hardly a fhip
upon their coafts. T**./ had no conveniences for travelling, no pave«
ments in their ftreets, >io places of public diverlion ; and they entertained
n fovcreign contempt for all improvements of the mind. At prcfent, a
French or Englifh gentleman may make a (hift to live as comfortably and
fociably in Ruffia, as in mod other parts of Europe. Their polite aiTem*
blies, lince the acceflion of the prefent eniprefs, have been put under
proper regulations ; and few of the ancient ufages remain. It i;>, how-
ever, to be obferved, that notwithdanding the feverities of Peter, and
the prudence of fucceeding governments, drunkennefs dill continues
among all ranks ; nor are even prieds or ladies aOiamed of it on holi-
days.

The Rudians were formerly noted for fo drong an attachment to their
native foil, that they feldom vifited foreign parts. This,' however, was
only the confequence of their pride and ignorance ; for Rudian nobiiity,
beddcs thofe who are in a public chara<Ser, are now found at every court
in Europe. Her imperial niajedy even intcrefts herfclf in the education
of young men of quality in the knowledge of the world, and foreign fcr-
vices, particularly that of the Britifli deet.

It is fald that the Rudian ladies were formerly as fubmidivc to their
hufbands in their families, as the latter are to their fuperiors ia the Held ;
and that they thought themfelves ill treated if they were not often re-
minded of their duty by ;lie difcipline of a wli'ip, mimutadured by them-
felves, w' ich they prefented to their hudjand;; on the day of thtir m.ir-
riage. 1 heir nuptial ceremonies arc peculiar to themfelves ; and formerly
conlided of fome very whimdcal rite^, m.iny of which are now difufed.
When the parents arc agreed upon a match, though the parties ptrhap?
haye never feen f ach other, thtf bride is pxumined 5ark naked by a ccrtajn
— ' • '^ ■ ' number

MMmMMM

IPPIilPXFf*^

mtffffn

RUSSIA.

number of femalei, who are to correA, if poflible, any defedls tliey find
in her perfon. On her wedding-day (he is crowned with a garland of
wormwood ; and after the prieft has tied the nuptial knot, his clerk or
fexton throws *. handful of hops upon the head of the bride, wiihing
that (lie may prove as fruitful as that plant. She is then led home, with
abundance of coarfc, and indeed indcc-ent ceremonies, which are now
wearing oif even among the lowed ranks ; and the barbarous treatment
or' wivt'S by their hulbanJs, which extended even to fcourging or broiling
them to dt ath, is either guarded againlt by the laws of the country, or
by particular flipularions in the mnriiage.contradt.

FuNERAts ] The Ruffians entertain many t'antaOic notions with re-
gard to the'ftute of^ departed fouls. After the dead body is dreiled, a
pried is hired to pray for his foul, to purify it with incenfc, and to fprinkle
It with holy water while it remains above ground, which, among the
better fort, it generally does for eight or ten days. When the body is
carried to the '^^rave, which is done with many gedtculations of forrow,
the prieft' produces a ticket, iigned by the bifhop and another clergyman,
as (he deceafed's palfport to heaven. When this is put into the coffin
between the fingers of the corpfe, the company return to the deceafed's
bouli;, where tht-y drown their forrow in intoxication ; which lafts, among
the better fort, with few intervals, for forty days. During that time, a
prieft every day fays prayers over the grave of the deceafed ; for though
tliie Rulfiaus do not believe in purgatory, yet they imagine that their de-
parteii friend may be affifted by prayer, in his long journey, to the place
of his dedination after this life.

Punishments.] The Ruffians arc remarkable for the '..verity and va-
riety of their punifliments, which arc both inflidted and endured with a
wonderful infenfibility. Peter the Great ufcd to fufpend the robbers upon
the Wolga, and other parts of his dominion!^, by iron hooks fixed to their
ribs, on gibbets, where they writhed themfelves to death, hundreds, u%j
thuufand}, at a time. The (ingle and double knout were lately inflifled
upon ladies, as uell as men of quality. Both of them are excruciating ;
but in the double knout, the hands are bound behind the prifoner's b.ick,
and the cord being fixed to a pulley, lifts him from the ground, with the
ditlucation of both his Ihoiilders ; and then his back is in a manner fcari*
ficd by the executioner, with a hard thong, cut irom a wild afs's (kin.
This punifliment has been fo often fatal, that a furgeon generally attends
the patient, to pronounce the moment that it Ihould ceafe. It is not al-
ways the number of the ftrokes, but the method of applying them, which
fK'calions the death of the criminal; for the executioner can kill him in
thrpe or four Wows, by ftriking him upon the ribs ; though perfons are
ibmctimei recovered, in a few weeks, who have received three hundred
llrokes, moderately inflicted. The boring and cutting out iiio tongue,
are likewife prartifed in Rufiia; and even the late emprefs Elizabeth,
though (he prohibited c^P'tal punifhmcnts, was forced to give way to the
fuppofcd neceifity of thofe tortures.

According to the Q.i\(\. letter of the law, there are no capital punifh-
mcnts in Rudia, except in the cafe of high treafon : but when this matter
is thoroui^hly invclHg-ited, there is much lefs humanity in it than has
been fuppofcd. For there are many felons who die under the knout, and
others die of fatigue in their journies to Siberia, and from the hardfhips
%\":v fuflfcr \a (he nna^t y fo that there is reafon to belicTet that np fewer

crimiiuU

R U S S I A.

s^9

oiminah fuifer death Id Ruffia t|||^n in thofe couatnM wkerein capital pu-
ntfliincnts are authoriied by the laws.

Felons, after receiving ihe knonr, and having their cheeki and fore*
heads marked, are fotnetimes fentenced for lite to the public works at
Cronftadt, Viihnei Vol(^ok, and other places : but the common practice
is to iend them into Siberia, where they are condemned for life to the
mines at Nerlhink. There are upon an average from 1600 to scoo couii
vi&» at thefe mines. The greatefl part are confined in barracks, ezccpt-
iiig thofe who are .married: the latter are permitted to build hutd, neaf:
the mines, foi themfelves and families. .

^TravbllimoO Among the many conveniences introduced of late
into Ruffia, that of travelling is extreanely remarkable, and -the ex pence
very trifling. Nothing ftrikes, either a rcaiier or a Aranger, more than this,
facility with which the Ruffians perform the Umgell and moA uucotn fort-
able journies. Inke their Scandiaavi.tn neighbours, alreiidy defcribcd,
they travel in fledges made of the bark of the lindcu-tree, lined \vith
thick feir, drawn by rein>deer, when the Ihow is frozen hard enoni>h tp
bear them. In the internal parts 6t Rufli.i liorl'es draw tlieir tkdgcsj
and the fledge-way towards February, become fo well beaten, that they
ere<5t a kind of coach upon the iledi^es, in which they may lie at full
length, and fo travel night and day, wrapped up in good furs ; thus they
often perform a journey of about 4:0 miles, iuch as that between Pt-.
terfburgh and Mofcow. in three days and nights. Her imperial majelly,
in her journies, is drawn in a houfe which contains a bed, a cable, chairti,
and other conveniences for four people, by 24 poll-horfcs ; and the huul«
itielf is fixed on a fledge.

DiFFERBNT NATIONS ) As thc pvcfcnt fubjc^s of the RufTian em«

SUBJECT TO Russia, ipire, in its moft extenlive fcufe, are the de-
fcendants of many diifeient people, and inhabit prodigious trails of coun-
try, fo we F;»d among them a vaft variety of chara£tcr and manners ; and
the great reformations introduced of late years, as well as the difcoveries
made, render former accounts to be but little depended upon. Many of
the Tartars, who inhabit large portions of rhe Ruffian dominions, now
live in fixed houfes and villages, cultivate the land, and pay tribute iikq
other fubje£ts. Till lately, they were not admitted into the Ruffian ar«
mies ; but now they make excellent foldiers. Other Ruffi.m Tartars re-
tain their old wandering lives. Both lides of the VVolga are inhabited by
the Tfcheremifes and Morduars, a peaceable indulhious people. The
Bafkirs are likewife fixed inhabitants ot the tratf that reaches Irom Kulan
to the frontiers of Sibciia ; and have certain privilcoes, of which tht-y
are tenacious-. Thc wandering Kalmucs occupy the relt of the tract to
Adrach.m and the frontiers of the Uibecs ; and in cunfideration of certain
piefents they receive from her imperial majefty, they ferve in her uimief
without pay, but are apt to plunder equally friends and foes.

The Ctjacsy who lately made a figure in the military hiftorv of Eu-
rope, were originally Polifli peafants, and fervtd in thc Ukraine as a mif
litia againft the Tartars. Being opprefTed by their unfeeling lords, a p^rt
of them removed to the uncultivated banks of tfae Don, or Tanais, and
there eftabliflied a colony. They were foon after joined, in 163-, by
two other detachments of their countrymen ; and they reduced Afopti,
which they were obliged ro abandon to the Turks, after laying it in
aflies. They next put themfelves imder the protefti'^n of the Ruffians,
built Circaflca, on an illmd ih rhe Don ; and their pv/ii'cffions, which cm-

2 ^ilcd

126

RUSSIA.

fified of tlitrty>nine towni on both (idei that river, retched from Ribntto
Afoph. They there lived in a country^ which they took care to cuhi<
vate ; nnd they were fo wedded to their original cultomsi that they were
litile better than nominal fu^e^s of theczan, till the time of Peter the
Great. They profefled the Creek religion ; their inclinations were war'
like, and they occafionully ferved againll the Tartars and Turks on the
Falus Masotis.

The internal government of the Coflacs approaches rery near to the
idea we form of that of the nncient Germans, as defcribed by Tacitus.
The captains and officers of the nxtion choofe a chief, whom they call
hauptman, and he refides at Circaflca ; but this choice is confirmed by the
caar ; and the hauptman holds his authority during life. He z&» as a
fuperior ovei*the other towns of the nation, each of which is formed into
a feparate commonwealth, governed by its own hetman, who is chofen an-
nually. They ferve in war, in conlideration of their enjoying their laws
and liberties. They indeed have feveral times rebelled, tor which they
fuSered fevcrcly under Peter the Great. But the RuiTian yoke was fo
much eafier than thut of the Poles, that, in 165^, the CufTucs of the
Ukraine put themfclves likewife under the protcaiOu of Ruffia. They
complained, however, that their liberties had been invaded ; and in the
war between Charles XII. and Peter, their hetman Mazeppa, joined the
former ; but he found himff If unable to fulfil the magnificent promifes
he had made to Charles. He brought over, however, fome of the Zapa>
ruvian CofTacf, who were fettled about the falls of the river Nieper, but
moft of them were cut in pieces.

The ihieii and chara<5ttr of the Tartars of Kafan, and of thofe derived
from them, are very uniform, and may ferve for the charafteriftic marks
of all the Mahoinetan Tartars in their neighbourhood. Very few of
them are tall ; but they are generally flraight and well-made, have fmall
face?, with freflj complexions, and a fprightly and agreeable air. They
are hautrhty and jealous of their honour, but of a very moderate capa-
city. They are fober and frugal, dexterous at mechanical trades^ and
fond of neatnefs. The Tartarian women are of a wholefome complexion,
rather than handfome, and of a good conllitution : from their earliefl in*
fancy they are accudomed to labour, retirement, modeily, and rubmilTion.
The Tartars of Kalan tiike great care of the education of their children.
They habituate their youth to l.iboUr, to fobriety, and to a ftrift ob-
fervancc of the manners of their ancedors. They are taught to read and
write, and are inftrudcd in the Arabic tongue, and the principles of their
religion. Even thcftn:ille(l village has its chapel, fchool, pried, and fchooU
maOer; though fome of thefc prieds and fchool-mafters are not much
fkilled in the Arabic language. The belt Tartarian academies in the Ruf;
(ian empire are thofe of Kafan, Tobo^fk, and Adrachan, which are unr
der the dirciflion of the gagouns, or high-prieds. It is not uncommon
to find fmall collcc^ious of liii'torical anecdotes in manufcript, in the huts
of the buors ; and thtir merchants, b^'-tidcs what thefe little libraries con-
tain, arc pretty extenfivcly acquainied with the hiftory of their own peo- '
p!e, and that of the ciicumjacent ftates, with the antiquities of eachi^
Such as chofe to make a progrcls in theology, enter themfelves into the
fchnols of Boughaiia, which are more complete than the others.

The Tartar citizens of Kafan, Orenberg, and other government?,
carry on commerce, exeicife feveral trades, and have fome manufa<ftoric8.
Their manner of dealing b chiefly by way of barter ; etna is very rarely

leen

iCBBM

RUSSIA.

ii;

feen among them, and bills of exchange never. They are not in geuerul
very enterpriiing ; but ai they extend their connedtiotit by partners an4
clerks, many oftbeip carry on a great deal of bufinefg, which their pur-
fimonious way of lite renders very lucrative. At Kafan ihey make •
trade of prcpitring what is called In £nglun(J, Morocco leather. Tlie
villages ot thefe pe>)plc comprehend from tun to one hundred farms. 1 hei'e
villages were at tirft CDinpofed of troops of wandering fliephcrds ; but br*-
ing drawn gradually clolcr together by iuccefiivc population, they found
themfeives under the necellity of cultivating the cuith, and creifting lixcd
habitations. They never leave their fields fallow ; for which reafon they
ufe more manure than the Rullians. They are much attached to the cul-
tivation of bees ; m.'tny <>f them are pcrfcd mailers of this part of rural
ceconomy, ami reap great profit from it. Moft of the villages alfo coo*
tain tanners, llioe 'makers, taylors, dyers, fiiiiths, and carpenters, 'i he
laborious females fpin, and make cloth from the fleece ut their Hock.,
and thread from hemp of their own cultivation. OIU men, who have
maintained j^bod char»£ter8, are held in great veneration amung them,
and a grey beard is contidered as n<ititnilly intitling a man to refpedl. Tlicy
are fond of afking advice of tlicir old men, wh> have always prefeieuct
and precedence, and are the arbitrators in all dif}>u es.

I he habitations and manner of living of the Tartar citizens and villagers
of Aftrachan are perfectly fimilar with thofe of the Tartars of Kafan.
In the city of Aflrachan they have a large magazine for gooJs^ built of
bricks, and fcveral (hops upon arches. They cai-ry on an important com-
merce with the Armenians, Perlians, Indians, and Bougharians ; and
their manutadories of Morocco leather, cuttonc, cniclots, and iilks, are
in a very thriving fl.itc.

The Finns are of Afiatic origin, and have a clofe refemblance to the
Laplanders, only they are more civilized, and better informed. They
live in towns and villages, have fchools and academies, and make fome
progrefs in the arts and fcienccs. They profefs ihc Lutheran faith, and
ufe the ChrilHan aera in their chronology. They carry on commerce,
and cxercife mofl of the common trades. The boors are chiedy employe^
in agriculture, hunting, andjilhing. They arc great eaters, making iiv]8
meals a day, and are immoderately fond of brandy. They enjoy a
coniiderable degree of freedom, as the Rullian government has continued
to them the enjoyment of the privileges which they formerly had under
the crown of Sweden.

The yotiaksy who are a Finnifli race, chiefly inhabit the province of
Viaitk, in the government of Kafan. This nation was one ot thole who
were formerly under the protection of the Tartars ; but, fince it has been
fubjefted to Ruflia, it has preferred the cjuiet and fecurity which agiicul-
ture affords, to the ambulatory life of herdfmen and IhephcrJ^, and
fixed habitations to tlitir ancient tehr«. Some of rhe Votiaks arc Chrif-
tiins, but a great part of them are heathens and idolaters; though even
thefe believe the dodrine of a iuture if.tc of rtwaids and puniflimcnts.

The OJiiaku who are likcwile a Finnilh race, are one of th ■ moll nit«
inerous nations of Siberia. Ktfore they were in fuhjertion ro RulUa, they
were governed by princes of their own nation, and their defccndanrs are
ilill reputed noble. As thefe people divide themlelves into dilferent liocks
or tribes, they ch ufe their chiefs froni among the progeny of their ai -
cient rulers. Thefe maintain peace and gowtl order, and fiiperintf nd the
payment of the taxes. They are entirely un.tcquuintcd with the ule of

letters

128

RUSSIA.

letters, and are extremely ignorant ; they can reckon u far u ten, but
DO farther, as is the cafe with other Finnllh nations.

The Fcgnuh are rather beloir the middle fUiure, hnve generally black
hair, and a fcHnty beard. They are of a gav difnofition, honed, la*
borious and acute ; but flovenly and fickle, and inclined to be extremely
paflionfite. Their women are well made, robuft, civil, and laborious.
They are unacquainred with the ufe of lexers as well as fome of their
kindred nations : they do not reckon their time by years, thoueh they
mark the months, and name them after the various revolutions of lutura
which they obferve in their foreft. They diflinguifli themlelves into
tribes or races ; and a Vos;oul village is commonly compofed only of one
family, whofe chief or elder performs the functions et' ftarofte, or magif*
trate of the vill;tge. Their principal occupiition is the chiice, in which
they difcover much eagcrneU and addrefg; ufing indifcriininately fire>
arms, the how, and the ffiear. They are alfo fliilful in contriving traps,
fnares, and gins, and all the lures of game.

The 7fcbeuvi'afchfi dwell along the tww fidrs of the Wolga, in the go.
vernments of Nifchnei-Novogorod, Kafun, and Orenberg. They never
live in towns, but aflemble in fmall villages, and (fhoofe the forefls for
their habicatinns. They are very fond of hunting, and procure for that
purpofe fcrew-barrel muikcts, which they prefer to the bow. One of
their marriage ceremonies is, that on the weddin){ night the bride is ob>
liged to pull off her hufband's boots. A late writer fays, <* Among the
*' Tfchouwafches the liu(bi<nd is mafler of the houfe ; he orders t\tty
•* thing himfelf; and it is the duty of the wife to obey without reply :
*'' a cuAom calculated to prevent domeflic broils. Accordingly quarrels
•* are very unrommon in the families of the Tfchouwafches.

The Khguijiaiis have a frank and prepoiTefling air, fimilar to that which
chara6terifes the Tartars of Kafan. They have a (harp, but not a fierce
look, and fmaller eyes than thofe Tartar:. They have good natural
fenfc, and are afTable, and high-Cpirited ; but fond of iheir eafe, and vo-
luptuous. They dwell always in portable huts, wandering about their
defarts in fearch of pafturage for their flocks and herds, which cunftitute
their principal occupaiiun. The decoration of their horfes employs
them »lmo(l as much as that of their pcrfons ; they having generally ele*
gant faddlet, handfome houlings, and ornamented bridles. They are
great eaters; and they alfn fmoke tobacco to ex'cefs. Men, women, and
children all fmoke, and take fnuff : they keep the latter in little horns faf-
tcned to their girdles. The great and wealthy live perfeAly in the fame
manuci* as the reft of the jieople, and are diuinguifli id only by the nu-
merous train that accompanies them in their cavalcWvS, and the quantity
of huts which furroitnd their quarters, inhabited by their wives, chil-
dren and flave?.

The Tungn/tans form one of the moft numerous nations of Siberia.
They are of a middle ftature, well made, and of a good mien. Their
fight and hearing are of a degree of acutenefs and delicacy that is alinoft
iiicredible ; but thfir organs of fmelling and feeling are confiderably more
blunt than ours. They are acquain-ed with altnoft every tree and ftonie
within the circuit of their ufual perambulations ; and they can even de-
fcribe a courfe of fomc hundred miles by the contigurations of the trees
and tlones' they meet with, and can enable others to take the fame route by
iwch def.riptions. They alfo difcover rhe tratfts of the game by the com-
preflion of the grafs or mofs. They alfo learn foreign bnguages with eafe,
are alert ob horfeback, goud hunters, and dexterous at the bow.

The

RUSSIA.

rap

« ten,

bat

rally black
honed, 1r'
! extremel/
i laborioui.
ne of their
tough they
IS of nature
nlelvea into
only of one
', or magif-
f, in which
linately fire-
riving traps,

, in the go-
They never
ic forefts for
cure for that
(W. One of
! bride is ob-
♦ Among the
orders every
thout reply :
lely quarrcli

to that which
It not a fierce
good natural
eafe, and vo-
g about their
ich conflitwte
rfes employ*
generally ele-
They are

women, and
;tle horns faf-
r in the fame
y by the nu-

the quantity

wives, chil-
ls of Siberia,
jnicn. Their
Ithat is alinoft
Iderably more
Iree and (lone

can even de-
fs of the trcw
|ame route by

by the com-
Iges with cafe,

The

*!Phe Kalmuct are a courageous tribe, and numerous ; for the moft part
raw-boned and llout. Their vifage is fo flat that the Ikull of a Kalmuc
may eafily be known from others. They have thick lips, a fmall nofe,
and a (hort chin, the complexion a reddifli and yelluwilh brown. The
tvomen are of the fame ihape and make with the men, and the iktn of
their face a wholefuine .white and red ; they are lively, agreeable, and
induftrious. The (landing chara£ler of thi« tribe is, rough, but lefs dif**
folute and bafe than they are commonly fupiMfed ro be. They are
much attached to their chiefs or maftcr:!) but their a£)ive fpirjr, and their
improvidence and carelelTneft, make them thicvini and dirty. In their
robberies, they ufe more llratagem than violence, and as they believe in
the nocturnal wandering of dead men's fpirits, they are feldom accompa^
iiied with murder. They are fupcrftitious about good and bad dayi,
»nd have written laws which are founded on reafon, cudom, and the will
of the prince. Their code is very favourable to females, and never looks
lipon a woman as the author of any crime. A rape and adultery it puo
milled with a muld of nine head of cattle. Their fpeech is a mongrel
tiiajecl with many Tartarian words, but their religious books are in the
Tangut or Tibetan. The fole profelfion among them is the breeding of
cattle ; they purfue the chace as an amufcment ; their dwelling is in tents,
or yourts of felt, which they call^ar, and the Ru(rians kihiika, and much
refemble the Kirguilinns. Their clothing is oriental, anu their heads
are exaflly Chined. Some of their women wear a large golden ring in
their nollrils. Their principal food is animals, tame and wild, and even
their chiefs will feed upon cattle that h^ve died of dillempcr or age, and
let it (link ever fo much ; fo that in every hord the flefli«market hath the
appearance of a lay-ftall of carrion ; they eat likewife the roots and plants
«f their defarts. They are great eaters, but can endure waiit for a long
time without complaint. Both fexes fmoke continually : during the fum*
nicr they keep to the north, and in the winter to the fouthern defartSk
They fleep upon felt or carpeting, and cover themfelves with the fame.

The KamtfchailaUs have a lively imagination, a ftrong memory* and a
great genius for imitation. Their chief employments are hunting and'
iifliing. The chace furnilhes them with fables, foxes, and other game.
They are very expert at filhing, and are well acquainted with the proper
feafons for it. Their nets are made of the ftamina of nettles. Whea
they are not engaged in hunting and fifliing, they fomctimes employ
themfelves in building huts, forming different woodien utenfils, cutting
wood for fuel and building, and makmg bows and arrows ; but much of
their time is paifed in abfolutc idlenefs ; for they arc naturally extremely
indolent. Poverty gives them no concern ; and nothing but the calfs of
hunger Can drive them to the chace. They live ip villages, coniiiling of
a few finall houfcs, and (ituated in general near fome river. When a
village becomes too populous, they feparate and form a new village. They
eat and drink great quantities ; but as what they eat is always cold, their
teeth are very fine. Dogs arc their only domelHc aniitials, and they put
a high value upon them. Some of them travel in fmall carriages drawn
by dogs; and a complete Kamtfchadalian equipage^ dogs, hi^rncfs, and
flll, cofts in that country 4I. los. or near twenty rubles. The Kamt-
fchitdales believed the immortality of the foul, before they ivere pre-
vailed upon to embrace the Chriftian religion. They aie fupcrftitious ro
extravagance ; and extremely fmgular and capricious in the difl'erent en-
joyments of life, partlcularlv their convivial entertainments.

K The.

J30

RUSSIA.

Tbe mannera of the Sihtriant were formerly fo barbtroui« that Peter
the Great thought he could not inflict a greater puntihment upon ,hii ca-
pital enemiei, the SMrcdet, than by banifliiny them to Siberia. The
tfitd wai, that the Swedifli officers and fuldiert aotroduced European
tifagca and raanufaAuret into the country, and thereby acquired a com-
monable living. In thit wide and forlorn region, that was fo long un-
Known to Europe, fome new mines have lately been difcovercd, which*
upon thefl' firA opening, have yielded 4j,ooo pounds of fine (ilver, and
wnich it fuid to have ^en obtamed with little difficultv or expence. But
Kamffchatka it now confidered ai the moft hoi rid place of exile in the
^aft empire of RuHia, and here fome of the sreaieft criminals are fent.

RiLicioN.] The edabliflied religion o^ Kuflia it that of the Greek
church, the tenets of which are by far too numerous and complicated to
be difcufled here. It is fufficient to fay, that they deny the pope't fu-
premncy ; and though they difclaim image-worflup, they retain many
fdoiatruuB and fuiierltitioui cuilumt. 1 heir churches are full of pi£lurct
of faints whom they coniider at mediators. They obferve a number of
fa(ts and lents, fo that they live half the year very abflemioufly : an in-
iUturion which is extremely convenient for the foil and climate. They
havf many peculiar notions with regard to the facraments and Trinity.
They oblige their bilhops, but not their priefts, to celibacy. Peter the
Great (hewed h's profound knowledge of sovernment in nothing more
than in the reforiiMtion of his church. I^ broke the dangerous powers
of the patriarch, and the great clergy. He declared himfelf the head of
the church ; and prcferved the iubordinations of metropolitans, arch-
biihops, and bidiops* Thtir priefts have no fixed income, but depend
for fubllftencc upon the benevolence of their flocks and hearers. Peter,
lifter efbblilhing this great political reformation, left his clerg}' in full
t>o(reffion of all their idle ceremonies ; nor did he cut oiT the oeards of
his clergy ; that impolitic attempt was referved for the late emperor, and

Sreatly Contributed to his fatal cataftrophe. Before his days, an incre-
ible number of both fexes were fhut up in convents ; ror has it been
found prudent entirely to abolifli thofe focietics. The abufes of (hem,
however, are in a great meafure removed ; for no male can become a
monk till he is turned of thirty : and no female a nun, till (be is fifty ;
•nd even then not without permiflion of their fuperiors.

The conquered provinces, as already obferved, retain the eiercife of
their own religion ; but fuch is the extent of the Ruffian empire, tJbat
m my of its fubjcfli are Mahometans, and more of them no better than
Pagans, in Siberia and the uncultivated countries. Many ill-judged at-
tempts have been made to convert them by force, which have only tended
to confirm them in their infidelity. On the banks of the river Sarpa, is a
flourifliing colony of Mfravian brethren, to which the founders have
given the name of Sarepta: the beginning of the fettlement was in 1765,
with difiinguilhcd privilejges from the imperial court.

Language.] I'he common language of RufTia is a mixture of the
Polilh and Sclnvonian; their pricfts however, and the moil learned
clergy, make ufc of what is called modern Greek; and they who know
that lan;;uage in its purity, are at no lofs.for underdaj^ding it in its cor-
rupted llate. The Ruffians httve thirty fix letters, the forms of which
' have a flrong refemblance to the old Greek- alphabet.
V , Learning akd lcarned men.] The Ruffians, hitherto, have made
but aa iuconiiderable appearance in th« republic of letters ; but-«he great

encou-

RUSSIA.

131

^couragement girea by their fovcreigna of late, in thf iiiflkutlon of
academiei, and other literary boardi, hat produced fuliicient proofi, that
they are no way deficient at to intelleAual abilitiei. The papers exhi-
bitt-d by them, at their academical mccungi, have been tnvuurably re*
ceived all over Europe; efpecially thofe that relate (o a(tronomy, the
mathemittici, and narural philofophy. The fpeeches proitounced by the
bifhop of Turer, the metropolitan of Novogorod, the vicc>chancellory
jind the marihat, atihe late opening of the cominmiiriun fpr a new code of
lawa, are elegant and claflical ; anathe progreft which le.irning has madts
in' that empire fi nee the beginning of thii century, with the fpecimeiu
of literature publiihed both at Peteriburg and Mofcow, it an evidence^
that the Ruliiant are not unqualified to fhine in the artt and fciencet.
However, the cfTortt to civilise them did not begin with Peter the ,Grea^»
but were much older. A fmall glimmering, like the firll d>y*bre.ik, wm
fecn under Czar Iwan, in the. middle of the 16th century. This becanua
more confpicuout under Alexius Michaelowitz : but under Peter it burft
forth with the fplendour of a rifing fun, and hath continued ever fince to
afcend towards itt meridian.

UNivERtiTrEt.] Three colleges were founded by Peter the Great at
Mofcow ; one for cl.<i1ical learning and philofophy, the fecond for mathe*
maiics, and the third for navigation and aflronoinv* To thefe he added
a difpenfary, which it a magnificent building, and undfr the care of fome
able German chcmids and apothecaries : who turniih medicines not onl/
to the army, but all over the kingdom. And within thcfe few years,
Mr. de Shorealow, high chamberlain to the emprefs Elizabeth, daughter
to Peter the Great, has founded an univerlity in this ciry. The prefenC
emprefs has iilfo founded an nniverfity at Peteiiburg, and invited i<>me of
the moft learned foreigners in every faculty, who are provided with good
falaries ; and alfo a military academy, where the young nobility aiio of*
iicers font arc taught the art of war.
CiTut, TowMt, PALACEi, I Pcterfburg naturally takes the l(;ad in
AND OTHER BU|LDiNOi. ) this diviflon. It lies at the iunAioin iqf
the Neva, with the lake Ladoga, already mentioned, in latitude 60 ; bi^C
the reader may have a better idea of its fuuaiion, by being informal
that it (lands on both fides the river ^eva, between that lake and.the bot«
tom of the Fii)land gulf. In the year 1703, this city conliftsdof a few
fmall fifhing huts, on a fpot fo waterifli and fvvampy, that the ground
was formed into nine iilandt ; by which according to Vpltaire, its prin-
cipal quarters arc Hill divided Without entering into too minute a ];•
fcription of this wonderful city, it is fuiHcient to fay, that it extends a!>oi'^
fix iniles every way ; and contains every ftruflurc for magnificence, thtt
improvement of the arts, revenue, navigation, war, commerce, and the
like, that are to be found in the moil celebrated cities in Europe. But
there is a convent which defervea particular notice, in which 4j>o young
ladies are educated at the emprcfs's expence ; 200 of th'.m ol fuperioC
rank, and the others, daughters of cirizens and tradefinfen, who, after a
certain time allotted to their education, quit the convent with improve-
ments fuitable to their conditions of life, and thoie of the lower clafs are
prefenced with a fum of money as a dowry if they marry, or ro procure
to chemfelves a proper livelihood. Near to this convent is a foundling
Hofpital, afliftant to that noble one eftabllfhcd at Mofcow, and where the
i^Qther may come t9 be delivered privately, ufj^i ;hf o>. after the^tmoft at«

K 2 '-••,■.;.. tentlQii

IJl

RUSSIA.

tcDtion to her, ihe leaves the child to the Aate, as a parent more capable
•f promoting i» welfare.

As Peterlburgh is the emporium of RufTM, the number of foreign flitps
trading to it in the fummer-time is furprifing. In winter, 3000 one-
horfe fledges are employed for paflcngers in the (Ireets. It is fuppofed,
that there arc 400,000 inhabitants in this city ; and it is ornamented with
thirty-five great churches ; for in it alnnofl every f«£t of the Cl.\riftian re-
ligion is tolerated. It alfo contains five palaces. Tome of which are I'u-
pcrb, paiticularly that which is called the New Summer Palace, near
the Triumphal Port, which is an ekgant piece of architeflure., This
magnificent city is defended on that fide next the fea by the t'ortrefs of
Cronftadt ; which, confidering the difficulty and danger of navigating a
large naval force through the gulf of Finland, is fufficient to guard it on
that fide from the attempts of any enemy. Peterfburg is the capital ot
the province of Ingria, one of Peter the Great's conqtiefls from the
Swedes. All the neighbourhood of this city is coyered with country-
houfcs and gardens.

The city of Mofcow was formerly the glory of this great empire, and
it MW continues confidcrable enough to figure among the capitals of Eu-
rope. It flandf , as has been already mentioned, on the river from whence
it takes it name, in lat. 55 4^, and about 1414 miles north-eafl uf Lon-
don ; and though its flreets are not regular, it prefents a very pidu-
rel'quc appearance : for it contains fuch a number of gardens, groves»
lawns, and Itream!!, that it feems rather to be a cultivated country than
n city. The ancient magnificence of this city would be incredible, were
it not attefled by the mod unqueflionable authors : but we are to make
great allowances for the uncultivated ftate of the adjacent provinces,
which might have mnde it appear with a greater luflre in a traveller's
eyes. Neither Volttiire nor Bufching gives us any fatisfaftory acvount
of this capital ; and little credit is to be given to the authors who divide
it into regular quarters, and cnch c^uarier inhabited by a different order
or profelTion. Bufching fpeaks of it as the largefl city in Europe ; but
thut can he only meant as to the ground it (lands on, computed to be 16
miles in circumference. It is generally agreed, that Mofcow contains 1600
churches and convents, and forty-i'.iree places or fquares. Bufching
makes the .mrrchant's exchange to contain about 6coo fine fliops, which
dif|)lny a vaft parade of conimerce, efpecially to and from Cituna. No
city liilplays a greater contrail than Mofcow, of magniticence and
nieannefs in building. Ti>c lioufes of the inhabitlnts in general are
nufevable timber booths ; but their palaces, churches, convents, and
other public edifices, are fpacious and lofty. The Krimlin, or grand im-
pciial palace, is mentioned as one of the mofl fupcrb flruftures in the
world : it ftands in the inrerior circle of the city, and contains the old
imperial p.tlace, pk'afurc houl'e, and flables, a viclualling houfe, the
palace which formerly belonged to the patriarch, nine cathedrals, five
convents, four parifll chvnxhes, tlui arfeual, with the puMic colleges, and
other offices. All. the churches in the Krimlin have beautiful fpircs,
inoft of thcin gilt, or covered with filver : the aithitet^uic is in the Go<
tbic tafte; but the iMlides of the churches are richly ornatnented ; and
the piilures of the faints are decorated with gold, filver, and precious
vroncs. Mention is made of the cathedral, which has no fewer than nine
rowers, covered with copper double gilt, and coutiilns a filver branch
with forty e'^'lu li^lusj hiid t^ weigh 2S00 pounds. A volume would

I fcarccly

RUSSIA.

»33

fcarccly fuffice to recount the other particulars of the magnificence of this
city. Its fumptuous monuments ot the great'dukes and czars, the ma'^
gazine, the patriarchal palace, the exchequer, and chancery» are noble
ftru^tures. The public is not unactiuainted with the barbarous anecdote,
that the czar John Bafilides ordered the architeA of the church of Jeru*
falem to be deprived of his eye-fight, that he might never contrive its
e(|ual. The ftory is improbable, and might take us rife from the arbi-
trary difpofition of ihat great prince. I (hall have occafion hereafter to
mention the great bell of Mofcow ; where the inhabitants are fo diftra£t*
edly fond of bells, that they are always tinkling in every quarter. Th«
jewels and ornaments of an image of the virgin Mary^ in the Krimlia
church, and its other furniture, can be only equalled '.ty Avhs^t is feen at
the famous Holy Houfe of Loretto in Italy. Mr. Voltaire fays, that
Peter, who was attentive to every thing, did not negle£l Mofcow at the
time he was building Pcterfburg ; for he caufed it to be paved, adorne(i
it with noble edifices, and enriched it with manufudlures.

The foundling hofpital at Mofcow is an excellent inflitution, and ap*
*iears to be under very judicious regulations. It was founded by the pre«
funt emprefe, and is fupportcd by voluntary contributions, legacies, and
other charitable endowments. It is an immenfe pile of building, of a
quadrangular fliape, and contains 3000 foundlings : when the eftabliih-
ment is completed, it is intended to contain 800a. They are taken great
care of ; and at the age of fourteen, they have the liberty of choofing any
particular branch of trade ; and for this purpofe there are different fpecica
of manufadlures edabliflied in the hofpital. When they have gone
through a certain apprenticelhip, or about the age of twenty, they are aU
lowM the liberty of ferting up for themfelves: a fum of money is be-
llowed upon each foundling for that purpofe, and they are permitted to
carry on trade in any part of the Ruffian empire. This is a very confi-
derable privilege in Rullia, where the peafants are (laves, and cannot leave
their villages without the permitlion ot their mailers.

Nothing can be faid with certainty as to the population of iMofcow.
When lord Carlifle was the Englifti ambaffador there, in the reign of
Charles II. this city was 12 miles in compafs, and the number of houfe^
were computed at '40,000. Voltaire fays, that when he wrote, Mofcow
was twenty miles in circumference, and that its inhabitants ^mounted to
500,000 ; but it is alinoft impollible to make an ellimate of it^ prefcn^
population.

Curiosities,] This article affords no great entertainment, as Ruf-
iia has but hitcly been admitted into the rank of civilized nations. She
can, however, produce many ftupendous monuments of the public fpirit
of her fovereigns; paiticularly her canals made by Peter the G rear, for
the btnetit of commerce. Siberia is full of old fcpulchres of an unknowi^
nation, whofe inftruments and arms were all made of copper. In the
cabinet of natural hillory at Peterfburg, is a rhinoceros, dug up on the
banks of the river Valui, with his Ikin, and the hair upon it, perfeA. I
have already hinted at the paiCon the Ruffians have for bell -ringing ; and
we are told, that the great bell of Mofcow, the largeft in the world,
weighs 443,772 pounds weight. It is 19 feet high, and 1$ in diameter;
.and was c*U in the reign of the emprefs Anne ; but the beam on
which it hung, being burnt, it fell, and a large piece is broken out of it;
€0 that it lately lay in a manner ufelefs. Mr. Bruce, in his late Memoirs
mentions a bell at M»fc9w ^'"-nded in Czar Bovls'« time, j^q feet high,

1^? '}

"f!"'

»34

RUSSIA.

23 in dtameter, 6* in circumference, nnd two in thicknefi, that weighrd
536,000 pounds. The building of Pucrlburg, nnJ ruiriii^ it ofu foci-
den from a tew fiihing huts to be n populous and rich cit.y, is )H;rliaps a
curiofity hardly to bo paralleled fince the erection of ihc Kgypfiiin pyra«
inids. The f«mc may be f; lid of the fortreft of Cmnfladt, in the neigh-
bourhood of Peteriburg, which is almoft impregnable. Thuk* fortiefs
und city, tmnloycd, for fome ycurs, 300,000 men in laying its fouttdu.
tioni, and driving piles, night nnd day ; a work which no nionnrch in
£uro|)e (Peter excepted) cOuKl buve executed. The whok plan, with
il very little afllllance from fome Oermiin engineers, was dmwn by hit
own band. Equally wonderful wus the navy which he rHifcd^e his peo-
ple, at* the time when they could hardly be faid to have p^teifed a fliip
in any part of the globe. What is more wonderful thnn all, he oiten
wrouf^ht in perfon in all tbofe nmuziag works, uith the fame afliduity as
if he hud been a common labuurei .

CoMMKRCF AND MA- ) In treating of the Ruffian commerce, forifler
RiTiME ruRct. ) aclounts are ot little ferv ice at this time, becaufe
of its great improvements and variations. By the bett and furcft infor-
niation^ the annual exjior'-i bt lluflla ut prcfent nmount to four mil-
lions of rubles ; and her imports do not exceed three millions ; fo that
the balance of trade is yearly 225,0001. llcrling in her favour.

Ruflfm's productions afid exports, in' general, are many, and very va-
luable, viz. ' furs and }>eltry of various kinds, red leather, linen and
thread, iron, copjper, fail-cloth, hemp and flax, pitch and tar, wax,
honey, tallow, iling-glafs, linfeed-oil, pot-a(h, foap, feathers, tr.in-
oil, hogs brinies, mufk, rhubarb, and other dru^s, timber, and alio
raw filk from China and Pcrlia.

Her foreign commerce is much increafed fince her conquefts from
Sweden, efpecially of Livonia and Ingria ; and* lincc the eftiiblidninji of
her new emporium of Pctcifturg; when-by her naval iittercourfe with
^Europe is made much more fliort and eafy. The Ukraine may be called
the j»ranarie8 of the empire ; the bcft corn, hemp, flax, honey, and wax,
come from this ier^-':* province, and lo.coo head of horned cattle are
annually fent from its pallurcs into Silelia and Saxony.

{^uffia carries on a commerce ovcr-l.md, by caravans, to China, chief-
ly in furs : and they bring back from thence, tea, filk, cotton, gold, &c.
To Bocharia near the river Oxus in Ifartary, Ruflia fends her own mer-
chnndife, in return for Indian filks, curled lamb-lkins, and ready money ;
and alfo fiom the annual fair at Samarcand ; (lie likewife trades to Perlia
by Artrachan, crofs the Cafpian fea, f«r raw and wrought (ilk. The em-
prefs, this year 1784, ifTued an edift, permitting all foreigners to carry
on a free trade by fea and land with the I'evcral countries bordering on the
Euxine, which have been lately annexed to the-empire. The fan>e pri-
vileges, re!'gious and civil, are llowed to them in the ports of Clicrlon,
SebafliopoHs, and Theodofi.i (formerly Cafta), in the province of Tau-
rica, as in Pcterfburg.

Before the time of Peter the Great, Ar<hanpel, which lies upon the
White Sea, was the only port of naval communicutiun which Ruffi.i had
with the reft of Europe ; but it was fubjcCl to a long and tcmpeiluous
voyage. They have now 13 ports, Archangel, Pcterfburg, Riga, Re-
vel, Perncau, Narva, Wibourg, Fiedericfham, Aftrachan, and Kola;
and the three opeired in their new confjuells. Tliis to\vn is about
three EngliQi miles in length, and one in breadih r built all of wood, ex".

tcpting

RUSSIA.

«3|

cepting the exchange, which ii of (lone.

' " Arcnangel, by building i'ctcrfljurg, it liil
lideiablc quantity of merchundifc. 'I'heir maui and

of the trade of Arc!

Notwithftanding tht dccreafs
'II cxporti aeon*
timber for the
dock'yardi* come chiefly from the forcllt of Kafani that border on (h«
province of Aftrachan.

The prefent iUte of their navy, according ,to a late lid is 36 men of
war of the line, 35 frigates, 101 galleys, 10 proams from 50 to 24 guns,
two bombs, feven pinks, &c. ; 1^,000 fuilors are kept in conAant pay
and fcrvicc, either on boiird the fliips, or in the dock*yards. The har.
hour is at Cronftadt, feven Icngues trum Pctcifbiirg, defended on one fidt
by a fort of four baflions, and on the otiter, by a battery of 10:) uieces
of cannon. The canal and large bafon will contain near ^09 uil of
fljipB.
Government, laws, and 7 The fovcirign of the Rufli.m cmpiro
DISTINCTION op RANK. I is abfolute and defpotic in the full^il
extent of thofe terms, and mafter of the lives and properties of all his
fitbje^ts ; who, though they are of the iiril nobility, or have l>cen highly
inllrumcnt;il in uromoting the welfare of theflatc, may iiutwithllanilmg,
for the mod trifling oflence, or even for no oflence at all, be fcized upon
and fcnt to Siberia, or made to drudge for life upon the public works, and
have all their goods conKfcatcd, whenever the lovereign or his inininers
fli.ill think proper. Perfonsof any rank may be banilfied into Sibcria.for
the ilightelt political intrigue, and their polTeirions being confifcated, a
whole family may at once be ruined by the infmuations of an artful cour.
tier. The lecret court of chancery, which is a tribunal compnfed of a
few miniders chofcn by the fovereign, leaves the Ijves and fortunes of
all families at their mercy. Even the nobility of Ruiiia, being thus
brought under the yoke of the mod dreadful flavery, do not fail to reta-
liate upon the people, who are iluvcs to the nobles as >icll as to the fo*
vcreign.

The fydem of civil laws at prefent edablilhcd ir Rudla is very imper*
fc6i, and in many inftanccs barbarous and unjud ; being an aiicmbla|j;e
of laws and regulations drawn from mud of the dates of Europe, ill di>

iredod, and in nuny refpcds not at all adapted to the genius ot the Ruf.
Ian nation. But the prefent emprafs has ixudc foine attempts to reloiiu
the laws, and put them upon a better footing. The courts of judicc
here were in general very corrupt, and thofe ()y whom it was admini- .
ttered extremely ignorant ; but the cmprcls hath lately made fome ju-
dicious regulations, and flxcd a certain f.il.iiy to the oflice of judge,
which before depended on the contributions of the unhappy clients, and
thus the poor were without hope or remedy. It is hoped that the new
code of laws for which flte hath given inUrudtionf, will foon be produced,
to increafe the people's liberty, fecurity, and felici.ty.

The didindlions of rank form a confiderable part of the Ruitian condi-
tution. The late cmpredes took the title of AutocrHtix; which implies,
that they owed their dignity to no earthly power. Their ancient nobility
were divided into knczes or knazcys, boyars, and vaivods. The knczea
were fovereigns upon theit own cdatcs, till they were reduced by the
czar ; but they dill retain the name. The boyars were nobility under
the knezes ; and the vaivods were governors ot provinces. Thofe titles,
however, fo often revived the ideas of their ancient power,- that the
prefi^nt and late empre<Ic9 have introduced among their uibje6ts the titles

K 4 Pf

MWWWlUllil

fifmmimmmmKimgm

136

R u s :§ I A.

of counts and princes, and the other diAIn6t'iojis of nobility th^t are
common to the reft of Europe.

Revenuk and expunges.] Nothing certain cJ^n be faid conccr'iinjj
tile revenues of this mighty empire ; bur they are, undoubtedly, at pre-y
fent, far fuperiorto whiit thty were in former times, even under Peter the"
Great. The vail exertions for promotJnj; induftry, ma4«^ by his fucccfi
fors, efpeeially her prefent imperial majefty, mufl have greatly added to
their income', which can Icarccly be reckoned at lefs than 30,000,000 of
yublet>> or nearly fix millions Iterling annually. Thus computed ;

Capitation tax, ...

Qther taxes and duties, *•
Her own eftates, with other domi-
nions taken from the clergy,
Produce of the mines,
Monopoly of diftilled liquors,
^lonopoly of falr^^ - >< _

Rubles.

8,500,000
7,ooo,coo

? 6,000,000

1,500,000
4,ooc,ooo
i,8co,ooo

28,8oo,oco

Tic deficiency of the fum total may be e«fily made up by the profit
nril iig from Itamp-papcr, parents, poft'office, and other articles omitted
in the general calculation, befidjs <wc percent, every Ruffian merchant
is obliged to p^y on his yearly capital.

When the reader confiders thu fum relatively, that is, according to '
the high value of money in that empire, compared to its low value in
Great Britain, he will find it a very confiderablc revenue. That it is fo,
appears from the vaft armies maintained and paid by the late and prefent
emprefs, in Germany, Poland, and elfewhere, when, no part of", the
money returned to RuiTia ; nor do we find that they received any confi-
derable fublidy from the houfes of Bourbon and Auftria, who, indee.-i,
were in ho condition to grant them any. Mr. Voltsire fays, that lu
173 '» reckoning the tribute paid by the Tartars, with all taxes arid duties
in money, the fum total amounted to thirteen millions of Rubles (each
ruble amounting to about 4s. 6d. fterling.) This incpmc was at that
time fufticient to main.Jiin 339,500 men, employed in the land and its,
fervicc. The other expences bclides the payment of the urmy and navy
of her prefent majefty, the number and dikipline of which are at lead
equal to thofc of her grcateft piedeccflbrs, is very confider-ible. Her
p.jurt is elegant and magnificent ; her guards and attendants fplendid ;
iiud the encouragenient fhe gives to learning, the improvement of the
arts, apd ufeful clifcoverics, coft her vaft fums, exclufive of her ordi-
paryexpences offtate.

Some of the Ruffian revenues arife from monopolies ; which are often
lieceflTary in the infancy of commerce. The moll hazardous enterprife
undtrtaken by Peter the Great, was his itnitating the conduct of Henry
yill. of England, in fcizing the revenues of the church. He found
perhaps, that policy and neccinty required that the greateft part of them
ihould be reftorcd, which was accordingly done ; his great aim being to
deprive the patriarch of his exceff.ve power. T^^e clergy are taxed in
Ruifia : but the pecuniary revenues of the crown arife from taxes upon
fCUaies, b^'^nios, bees, mills, filheries. and other particulars.

' ' ■ The

RUSSIA.

'37

The Ruffian armies are raifed at little or naeicpcnce ; and, while ia
fhcir own country, fublift chiefly on provifions furniflied them by the
country people, according to their internal valuation. The pay of a
jToldier fcarcely amounts to 50 fllillings yearly ; in garrifon he receives
only five rubles yearly. The pay of a fiiilor and a gunner is a ruble z
moath, and they are found in provifions when a-fllore.

Orders.] The order of St. Andrew inftituted by Peter the Great ia
1698, to animate his nobles and officers, in the wars againft the Turks.
He chofc St. Andrew for his patron, becaufc by tradition he was the foun-
der of Chrirtiitnity in the country. The knights are perfons of the firft
rank in the empire. ' The badge is the image of St. Andrew on the crofs
enamelled oft an imperial eagle. On days of ceremony it is worn pen-
dant to a collar of gold, the eagle ducally crowned, and over both heads
an Imperial crown, in the right claw a fceptre, and in the left a mound,
upoti the breaft a fliield charged with St. George flaying the Dragon.
1 he order of St. Alexander Nev^Jli^ was alfo inftituied by Peter the
Great, and confirmed by the emprefs Catherine L in the year 1725 : the
enfign of the order is a crofs pattee enamelled red, and edged with gold,
the centre enamelled white, and thereon St. Alexander on horfeback : all
proper, in each angle an imperial eagle, the crofs furmounted with aa
imperial crown proper. The order of St. Catherine was inflituted bjr
Peter the Great, in honour of his emprefs for her afliflance on the Banks
of the Pruth. He declared her fovereign of it, and though both fexes
were firll admitted, yet it is now appropriated to the fair alone, and perfons
of the firfl diftin^Vion of Europe : the badge is a medallion enriched with
diamonds, and chaiged with the image of St. Catherine, pendant to a broad
whive ribband worn iuihwife over the right (houlder : on the left fide of
the ftomacheris embroidered a filver ftar of three points, on the centra of
which is a crofs. The order of iit. Kieorge inflituted by the prcfent em-
prefs Catherine II. in favour of the military officers in her fervicc. The
radge is a golden crofs enanjelled white| on the centre o^ which 13 a me-
dalhon with the figure of St. George killing the Dragon : this is worn
pendant 10 a black riband flriped and edged with yeilow^ the order is di-
vided into four clafles. The order of St. If^oledtnnr was inflituted about
0£lober 3d, 1782, by the emprefs in favour of thofe who fervc her in a
civil capacity, and nearly on the fame footing with the order of St.
George : there are ten great croflTes of it, twenty of the fecond clafs,
thirty of the third, £.nd fixty of the fourth, befides a fifth clafs for ihofe
who have ferved in ?. civil employment 35 years| which entitles them to
wear it.

History.] It is evideof, both from ancient hiftory and modern dif-
coveries, that fome of the moft negleiftcd parts of the Ruffian empire at
prefent, were formerly rich a'id populous. The reader who throws his
eyes on a general map of Furope and Afii may fee the advantages of
their fituation, and their communication b; rivers with the Black Sea,
and the richefl provinces in the Roman and Greek empires. In later
times, the Afiatic part '^f Rulfia bordc-ed with Samarcand in Tarcary,
once the capital under Jenghis Kan and Tamerlane, of a far more rich
and powerful empire than any mentioned in hiftory ; and nothing is
more certain, than that the roncjueft of Rufiia was among the laft at-
tempts made by the former of thofe princes. The chronicU* of this em-
pire, rer.ch no higher than the 9th century, but they have vended a tra-
dition, that Kiovia and Novogorod >rcr^ founded by Kit in the year 430.

This

!!P«wr

138

R U S 6 I A.

Tliit Kli ts by fotne conidered ns au ancloot prince, while others men-
tion htin as a utnplc boattnau, who ufcd to tranfport goods and paflengers
scrofs the ^eiper. For a long time the chief or ruler had the title of grant!-
duke of Kiour. We cannot, with the fmalleft degree of probaoility,
carry our conjeflures, with regard to the hiflory of Ruflia, higher than
the introduction of Chrillianit^, which happened about the tenth cen-
tury ; when the princefs of this country, called Olha, is faid to have been
baptifed at Conflantinopk, and refufed the hand of the Greek empe-
ror, John Zimifccs, in marriage. Thi^ accounts for the RuiTians adopr«
ing the Greek religion, and part of their alphabet. Photius the famou:)
Greek patriarch, fent priefts to baptize ilie RuiTians, who were for fume
time fubje£t to the fee of Conlli^nimople ; but the Greek patriarchs ui-
terwards refigned all their authority over the RulTian church ; and its
bilhops erected themfclves into patriarchs, who were iu a manner inde>
pendent of the civil power. . It is certain, that, till the year 1450, the
princes of RuiCa were but very little coofidercd, being chiefly fub-
3c£ted by the Tartars. It was about this time, that John, or Iwan "Bifx-
lidesi, conquered the Tartars, and, among others, the duke of Gtf:<iC
Kovogorod; from whom he is faid to have carried 300 cart loads of
gold and iiker.

His grandfon, the famous John BafilcwitK II. having ckarcd his
country of the intru'.'in{j 1 artars, fubdued the kingdoms of Kafau and
Atlrachau Tartary, in A'i-a, sd-'J annexed them to the Ruffian dominions.
Cy bis cruelty however, h'.- obiigcd the inhabitants of fome of His iincft
provinces, particularly Lii'on'i and Efthonia, to throw themfclves under
the piotedlion of the Poles sutv Swedes. Before the time of this John II.
the fo-vereigu of Ru'Iiif tt»ok the title of Welike Knez, •* great prince,"
great loiJ, or great chief ; .which the Chriftian nations afterwards ren-
dered bv that of great duke. . The title of Tzar, or, as we call it, Czar,
was added tathatof the RuiTian fovereigns, but it fcems to have been of
rerfiiin or Afiaiic original ;■ becaufe, at firil," it was applied only to Ka-
fiiii, Ailrachan, and the Aiian Siberia. Upon the death of John Bafilo-
(V <tz, the RutSan fucceflion was filled up by a fet of weak cruel princes j
0ri(i their territories vvers torn ill pieces by civil wars. In 1597* Boris
Godonow, according, to Voltaire, whofe information I prefer, as it feem^
to be eh«; mufl autheutic, aflaflinated Demetri, or Demetrius, the lawfijl
heir, au :! iifurped the throne. A young monk took the name of Dame-
trius, pretending to be that prince who had efcaped from his murderers ;
and with the aiTillance of the Poles, and a confiderable party (which
every tyrant has againft htm), he drove out the ufurjwr, and feized the
crown liiinfclf, Tiie impoliure was difcovered as foon.as he came to the
fovercignty, becaufe the people were not pleafed with him, and he was
jnurdered. Three "other falfe Demetrius's ftarted up one after another.

Thcfe impaflures pro»c the defpicable (late of ignorance in which the
Ruffians were immerged. Their country became by turns a prey to the
Poles and the Swedes ; but was at length delivered by the good fenfe of
the boyars, impelled by their defp.dr, fo late as the year 161 3. The in-
dependency of RuiTia was then on the point of being extinguiflied. Ula*
diflaus, fon to Sigifmund II. of Poland, had been declared czar ; but
(he tyranny of the Poles was fuch, that it produced a general rebellion
ox the Ru'^nns, who drove the Poles out of Mofcow, where they had for
fome time defended thcmfelvcs with unexampled courage. I'hilaretcs,
srchbilhop of Roflow, whofe wife was defcended.of the ancient fove-

RUSSIA.

»3^

reigns of Ruflia had been fent ambaflador to Poland by X)iemetriu9, ob«
of the ItuiSan tyrants: and there was detained prifoner, under pretence '
that his countrymen had rebelled againft Uladitlaus. 1 he boyars met •
in a body; and fuch was their veneration tor Philarctes and his wife,
whom rhe tyrant had (hui up in a nuntiery, that they eledted their fon,
Michael .Fsdorowitz, of the houfe of RomMnuft*, a youth of i; years o( '
age, to be their fovereign. The father being exchanged for futne Polifl^
priloiicrs, returned to Ruflia ; and being created patriarch by his fon, he
rei|;iud itl the young man's right with great prudence and fuccefs. Ho
dekiit:;l the attempts.of the Poles to replace Uladillaus upon the throne,'
nnd U^i ifc the claims of a brother of Guftavus Adolph us. The claims
of th'^ t'vvedes and Poles upon Rullia occalioned a war between thofe two
people, which gave Michael a kind of a breathing-time; and he made
ufc of '' for the benefit of his fubje£ls. Soon after the election of Mi-
chael, James I. of England fent, at his invitation, fir John Mcyrick, at '
his am'i^iTador to Rutna, upon fome commercial nifairs, and to reclaim
\i .:ertai!i fum of money which James had advanced to Michael or his pre-
deceflbrs. The Englifli court, however, was fo igiiprant of the aftairs
of that country, though a RulFian company had beeii'eftabHfhed at Lon-
don, that James was a^ually unacquainted with the czjr's name and ti-
tle, for he gave him no other denomination than that ot great-duke, and
lerd of Ruffia. Three years after, James and Michael became much bet- •
er acquainted ; and the latter concluded a commercial treaty witli £ng-
and, which flicws him to have been not only well acquainted with tho
intetefts of his own fubjeAs, but the laws and ufages of nations. Hq
reigned thirty>three years ; and by his wifdom and the mildneft of his
charafter, he reftored cafe and tranquillity to his fubjefts. He encou-
raged them to induftfy, and gave them the example of very commend-
able behaviour in his own pcrlon. Before we take leave of Michael, it may
be proper to mention the mode of the czar's nuptials, which could not
be introduced into the mifcellancous cufloms of their f!.ibje£t«, and which
arc aa follow. His czarifli maiel\y*8 intention to marry being known, the
moft celebrated beauties of his dominions were fent for to court, and
there entertained. They weie viiited by the czar, and the moft magni-
ficent nuptial preparations were made, before the happy lady was de-
clared, by feniVing her magnificent jewels, and a wedding robe. The reft
of the candidates were then difmifled to their feveral homes, with fuitablo
prefents. The name of the lady's father who pleafcd Michael, waa
Sirefchnen ; and he was plowing his own farm when it was announced to
liim, that he was father-in-law to the czar.

Alexius fucceeded his father Michael, and was married in the fame
manner. He appears to have been a prince of great genius. He re«
covered Smolenlko, ELiow, and the Ukraine but was unmrtunate in bia
wars with the Swedes. When the grand fignior, Mahomet IV. haugh-
tily demanded fome pofleflions from him in the Ukraine, his anfwer was,
*< that he fcorncd to fubmit to a Mahometan dog, and that his fcymitar
was as good as the grand fignior's fabre." He promoted agricultitre {
Introduced into his empire arts and fciences, of which he was himlclf a
iover ; publilhed a code of laws, fome of which are ftill uied in the ad-
miniftration of juftice ; and greatly improved his army by mending iia
difcipline. This he effefted chiefly by the help of urangers, moll of
whom were Scotch. He cultivated a polite currefpondcnce with the
D^her powers of Europe ; and even with the coutt of Rome, though he

ordered

140

RUSSIA.

orilcrcd his amhanadors not to kif» the popf's toe. He fubducd a ch'tf
of the Dull Collkii, iisiineii Strnko Uafiit, who eiidcuvuurid to mukc him-
felt kin;; of Ai>nM:h«u j and the nbcl, with 15,000 of hit adherenti,
were h nged on the hiyh- roadi. He iiuroduced linen and filk manuf.ic-
lurct into hi» dominionii : tiiid inOeitd^ of puitiiiK to death, or rntlavin};
hir Liihuaniun, Pulifli, and Tartar prifoncis, he fciit thtm to p«optc tha
banks of the Wulga and tl>c Kama. Theodore fuccccdcd hit father AU
C3iiu8 in 1667. He wai ol' a gentle dilpnlition, and- weak cnnllitiitiun ;
fond of pomp and niagniiiccncc ; and in gratifying this propcnfity con-
tributed to pel ifli hi* fubje^s by the iniroduaion uf foreign nianufui-
ttiret, and nrticiei of elegance, which they ioon began to aaopt and inii-
l4itc. He delighted much in horf«i, und he rciulcnd a real fcrvicc to his
. country, in the beginning and eftablifliing very <inc breeds of them in
the Ukraine, and ellewherc. He reigned liven years, and having on his
«leath-bcd called hiit boyartt raiind him, in the |)icrcnce of his brother and
tiikr, I^vun and Sophia, atul ot Peter, who w. s aftcrwaiH'.a To celebrated,
and who wai his half-brother, h»; f<iid to them, *' Hear my lad fcn-
** limcnts ; they are dirtated by my love for the (late, and by my artl'flion
«* for my people The bodily infirmities of Iwun necefliirily mull af-
♦* fti.i hi« mental faculties ; he is incapable of rnlinj/ a dominion like
*< that of Ruliia ; he cannot take it amif?, if I rccummend to you to (ci
*« him afidc, and let your approbation fall on Peter, who to a robuft
*• conrtituiion joins grc<t rtrength of mind, and iruirks of :i fiipcrior un-
•* dcrrtanding." But this wile dellination extremely o<rendeu the prin-
cely S)phi,.t» who was a woman of great ambition, and who, after the
death of Theodore, fouuil means to excite a horrible feditinn among the
Strclitzes, who then formed the llanding army of RulTia. TheiV ex-
cttfllra furpnlFed all defcription ; but Sophia, by her management, rc-
|>liiced her brotlier Iwdn in his biithright ; and exercifcd the government
lierfelf, with the greateA feverity and inhumanity; for all the RuiTian
grandees who were related to Peter, or whom flic fuppofed to favour him,
*vere put to cruel dcathii. Th'^ indances given by Voltaire, of her bar-
baroua adminillration, are Ihockin^ to humanity. At length, in 1682,
4he two princes, I wan and Peter, were declared joint fovcreigns, and
their filler their afliiciate co-regent. Her admin iteration was bloody and
tumultuous; nor durft flic venture to check the fury of the Strelitzes,
and other infurgcnts. Finding this debility in her own perfon, (he in-
tended to have married prince Balil Oalitzin, who is laid to have been a
.man of fcnfc and fpirit, and fome Ic.irnin?. Being placed at the head of
the army by Sophia, he. marched into Cum Tartary ; but Peter was now
flbout 17 jears of at^c, and allertcd his right to the throne. Sophia and
Iwan were th«n at Mofcow ; and upon Peter's publidiing aloud that a
confpiracy had been formed by ^is lifter to murder him, he was joined
by the Sircliizes, who defeated or'deftroycd Sophia's party, and tbrccd
bcrfclf to retire to a nionailcry. Galitziii's life was fpared, but his
^rcat elLite was conliKrated ; and the following curious fcntcnce was pro-
inounccd as his punirnmert, " Thou art commanded by the moil clement
*' czar to repair to Karga, a town under the pole, and there to continue
•' the remainder of thy days. His mnjelly, out of his extreme goodncfs,
** allows thee three pence pir day tor thy fubfiftence." This left Peter
with no other compctuor, in the year 16^9, than the mildand^eafy Iwan,
jind upon his dctth, which happened in 1696, Peter reigned alone, and

cruelly

RUSSIA.

14,1

cruelly provided for his own future fccurity, by the execution of above

3000 Strelitzes.

It far exceeds the bounds prefcribcd to this work, to give evrn n fum-
miiry detail of thi« great prince** attions. Thev may be collcdcd from
I he hillorics of tb« northern nntions, Poland, Germany, and other couii-
trirs ; fome of which I have already exhijbitcd, as I intend to do the rclt.
All thfTcforc tliat in nccofliiry in this place, is to give a general view ot*
his power, and the vail reformation he intrrulitced into his dominions.

Peter, though he had been but very indifferently educated, through
the jc»loiiry ot his li Her, nliuciatcd himielfwish Ocrmans and Dutch;
with the former for the fake of their manufai^tures, which he early intro-
duced into hi;) dominions ; and with the latter for their Ikill in niiviga*
tion, wliirh he pnic^tlfed himltir. His inclinatiou for the arts was en>
cotiraged by his favourite Le Forr, a Piedmontefe; and general Gordoir,
a Seoicliiiian, dilcmlined the i-/,ar'ti own regiment, conliiling of ^oco
foreigners; wlule Le Fort nifed a regiment of u.oo.^ among whom
he. introduced the French and Gcrnian cxcrcifes of arms, with a view of
employing them in curl)ing the infolence of the ,Sriclit7.cs. Peter, af-
ter this, l)c^>an his travels ; leaving his military affairs in the hands 'if
Gordon. He fet out as an attendant upon hi» own ambafl'idors ; and hia
adventurer in lioll.uid uimI Englund, and other courts, are too nume-
rous, and too well known, to be inferred here. By working a« a com-
mon Ihip-carpenier at Dcptford and Snardam, he completed himfelf in
fllip-huilding and navigation ; und through the excellent difcipline intro-
duced among hi& troops by the foreigners, he not onlv over-awed or
vrulhcd all civil infurrei^tions, but all his enemies on this fide of Alia (
and at hill he even exterminated, excepting two feeble regiments, the
whole body ol the StrclitKes. He role gradually through every rank and
fcrvicc both hy fea and land; and the many defeats which he received,
^-flicciitlly that from Charles XII. at Narva, fcemed only to enlarge hi»
ambition, and extend his ide;is. '1 he battlci he loft rendered him a con-,
cjv'cror upon the whole, by adding experience to his courage: and the
generous fricndihip he (liewcd to Aiigulhis king of Poland, both before
and after he was dethroned by the king of Sweden, redounds gicatly to
his honour. He had no regard for rank, diflini^t from merit ; and he at
]j\i\ married Catharine, a young Lithuanian woman, who had been be-
trothed to a SwcdiH) fnldier ; becaufc, after a long cohabitation, he found
her poircHed of a foul formed to execute his plans, and to aflifl his coun-
cils. Catharine was fo much a flranger to her own country, that her
hulband afterwards difcovered her brother, who ferved as a common foi-
dier in his armies. But military and ivu'al triumphs, which fucceeded
one another after the battle of Pultoua in 1709, with Charles XII. were
not the chief glories of Peter's rr'gn. He applied himfelf with equal af-
fiduity, as already mentioned, to the cultivation of commerce, arts, and
fiiences : and, upon the whole, he niulc fuch acqiiifiiions of dominion,
even in F.uropc ttfelt", that he may be faid at the tiine of his death,
which happened in 1725, to li»ve been%e mod powerful prince of hi^
age, but moie feaicd than beloved by his fnbjci'ts.

Peter the Gicat was unfortufiatc in his eldeft fon, who was called the
czarowitz, and who, marrying wirhoyt his conlent, entered, as his father
alleged, into fome dangerous pr,i(ftices agai.'.lt his pcrfoii and govern-
mcnt ; for which he wa tried and condemned to death. Under a fovc-
rdjgn fo uelpotic as Peter was, we can l'«y nothing as to the juflke of the

charge.

S:^

141

RUSSIA.

charge. It was undoubtedly his will, that the younj; prince fliould be
found guilty ; and the very reading of the fentencc appears to have been
fatal to him. It ii fnid, th;!t h» ftwn at the fentence of death was pro-
nounced upon the prince, wherein were the following words, «* The di<
** vine, ccclefiaftical, civil, and military laws condemn to death, with.
** out mercy, all thoK. whofe attempts ngaind iheir lather and their fo>
** vereign are manifcA," he fell into the moft violent convulfionn, from
which it was with the grcated difficulty that he regained a little interval
of fenfe, during which he delired his father would come to fee him,
.when he alked his p.trdon, and foon after died. After this event, Peter
ordered his wife Catharine to be crowned, with the fame magnificent ce-
•remonics as if (he had been a Greek emprefs, and to be recognized as
4iis fucceflbr ; which ihe accordingly was, and mounted the Rullian
throne upon the dcccafe of her hulbamt. She died, after a gloriousi reign,
in 1727, and was fucceeded by Peter II. a minor, fon to the czarowitz.
Many domellic revolutions happened in Ruflia during the fljort reicn of
this prince ; but none was more remarkable than the difgrace and exile of
•prince Mcnziknif, the favourite general in the two late reigns, and ef>
teemed the richcA fubject in Europe. Peter died of the fmall<pox, in
1730.

Notwith (landing the dcfpotifm of Peter and his wife, the RulTun fe«
nate n.nd nobility, upon the death of Peter II. ventured to fet nlide the or<
■^cr of fucceffion which they had cftabiilhed. The male ifllie of Peter
was now extinguifhcd ; and the duke of Holflein, fon to his elded daugh>
ter, was, by, the dcilination of the late emprefs, entitled to the crown:
but the Rumans for political reufons filled their throne with Anne, duchefs
of Courland, fecond daughter to Iwan, Pctpr's eldell brother ; though
her cldcft lifter the duchefs of Mecklenburgh was alive. Her reign was
extremely profperous ; and though flie accepted of the crown under li-
mitations that fome thoui;ht derogatory to her dignity, yet flic broke
them all, aflerted the premgativc of her ancedors, and puniflicd the
afpiring Dolgorucki family, who had impofed upon her limitations,
with a view, as it is faid, that they themfeWes might govern She
raifed her favourite, Biron, to the duchy of Courland ; and was obliged
to give way to many fcvrie executions on his account. Upon her death
in 1740, John, the fon of her niece the princefs of Mecklenburgh, by
Anthony Ulric of Brunfwick Wolfenbuttle, was by her will, entitled
to the fucceffion : but being no more than two years old, Biron was ap-
pointed to be adminiflrator of the empire durii;g his nonage. This
deilination waS' difagrccable to the princefs of Mecklenburgh and her
hufband, and unpopular among the Rullians. Count Munich was em-
ployed by the princefs of Mecklenburgh to arreft Biron ; who was tried,
• and condemned to die, hut was feni in exile to Siberia.

The adminiftration of the princefs Anne of Mecklenburgh and her
huiband was, upoti many accounts, but particularly that of her German
connections, difagrccable, not only to the Rulfians, but to other powers
of Europe; and notwithftandii^ a profperous,war they carried on with
the Swede?, the princefs Eli/alrcth, daughter, by Catherine, to Peter the
Great, formed fuch a party, that in one niijht's time fhe was declared and
proclaimed emprefs of the Rulfias ; and the princefs of Mecklei>burgh,
her hufband, and fon, were made prifonets. .

Elizabeth's reign may be faid to have been more glorious than that of
any < ' her prcdcceflbrs, her fathw excepted. She aboliflied capital pu-

niiluncuts ;

' k

RUSSIA.

: flioutd be
hnve been
th wu pro-

" The di-
leath, with«
id ihcir fo«
Ifioni), from
tie interval
Co fee him,
vent, Peter
nificent ce-
ognized at
the Rullian
rioui. reign,

czarowitz.
trt reign of
and exile of
ni, and ef.
lalUpox, in

RufTun fc>
fide the or-
le of Peter
ded daugh«
the crown :
ne, duchefi
r; though

reign was
. under li-
flie broke
miflicd the
imitations,
em She
iras obliged

her death
burgh, by

, entitled
)n was ap-
re. This
and her
vwas cm-
was tried,

and her
German
ler powers
d on with
Peter the
:lared and
let>burgh,

n that of
ipital pu>
fliments ;

'f§

niflimenti ^ and introduced into all civil and military proceedingt a mo<
deration, till her time unknown in Ruffia: but at the i.uiie time (he pu-
niflied the countt Munich and Oflerman, who had the chief management
of affairs during the late adminiftration, with exilei She made peace
with Sweden ; and fettled, as we have already feen, the fuccefliun to
that crown, as well as to her own dominioni, upoii the mod equitable
foundation. Having gloriouflv finiflied'a war, which had been ftirred
up againd her, with Sweden, flie replaced the natural order of fuccelTioit
in her own family, by declaring the duke of Holdein-Gottorp, who waa
defcended from her elded fider, to be her heir. She gave him the title of
grand-duke of Rudia ; and foon after her accetfion to the thrcne, die
called him to her court ; where he renounced the fuccedion of the crowa
of Sweden, which undoubtedly belonged to him, embraced the Greek
religion, and married a princels of Anhalt-Zerbd, by w^om he had a fon,
who is now heir to the Kudian empire.

Few princes have had a more uninterrupted career of glory than Eli-
zabeth. She was completely viAorious over the Swedes. Her alliance
was courted by Great Britain, at the expence of a large fublidy ; but
many political, and fomc private reafons, it is faid, determined her to
take part with the houfc of Audria againd the king of Pruflia in 17(6.
Her arms alone ga.ve a turn to the fuccefs of the war, which was in dif-
favour of Prudia, notwithdanding that monarch's amazing abilities both
in the field and cabinet. Her conqucds were fuch, as portended the en*
tire dedrutftion of the Prudian power, which was, perhaps, faved only
by her critical death, on January ;, 1762.

Elizabeth was fucceeded by Peter III. grand-prince of Ruflia, and
duke of Holdein : a prince whofe condu61 has been varioufly reprefenied*
He mounted the throne podcded of an enthudadic admiration of hie
Prudidn majedy's virtues ; to whom he gave peace, and whofe principlct
and praAices he feems to have adopted as the directories of his future
reign. He might have furmounted the edefts even of thofe peculiari-
ties, unpopular as they then were in Rudia ; but it is faid, that he aimed
at reformations in his dominions, which even Peter the Great durd not
attempt; and that he even ventured to cut od' the beards of his clergy.
It is alfo alleged, that he had formed a refohition to dedroy both his ein-
prefs and her fon, though they had been declared heirs to the impertHt'
throne by the fame authority which had placed the crown upon his
bend : and even the advocates of Peter, the Third acknowledge, that he
had refolved to diut up his wife «nd fon in a convent, to place his mif-
trefs upon the throne, and to change the order of fuccedion. However,
the execution of his dedans was prevented by -an alinod general confpi-
racy being formed ngaind him, in which the emprefs took a very active
part ; ana this unfortunate prince fcarcely knew an interval betue.cn the
lofs of his crown and his life, of which h^ was deprived, \vhile under
an ignominious confinement, in July 1762. That his condud with re*
gard to Prullia was not the folc cnufeof his dcmfition, feems pictty e^vidcnt
from the meafures or" his fucceflor, who was his own wift-,- and ;)ow. reigns
by the title of Catharine II. That princels, with regard to Pruflia, trod
ill her hulband's Hep?, and now follows the plan he chalked out. The
mod remurk.ible doinedic occurrence of her reign hitherto, is the death of
prince Iwan fon to the princefs of Mecklenburgh.

This young prince, as loon as he came into the world was defigncd,
though UDJudly and illegally, to wear the im|'erial crown' of Rufiia, af-
ter

144

RUSSIA.

tcr the death of hit great aunt, the empreri Anna Iwanowna s but I)/
the advancement of the cniprefs Elizabeth, he was comicinned to lead an
obfciire life in the caftle of Schluflelbourg under a {Irong guard, who had
purticular orders, thnt if any pcrfon, or any armed force, was employed
sn attempting to deliver him, they Ihould kill him immediately. He
lived quietly in his prifon when the emprefs Catherine II. mounted the
throne ; and as the rcvulution (vhich dc|)ofed her hufband Peter III. had
occ^fiohed h rtrong ferment in the minds of the people, Catherine was ap«
prchenlivc that fome attempts might be made in favour of Iwan : ihe
therefore doubled the guards of this unhappy prince, anil piirticularly
cntrulled him to the care of two olKccrr, who were devoted to her intcreit.
However, a lieutenant of infantry, who was born in the Ukraine, under*
took, or at lead pretended fo, to deliver Iwan by force of arms, from the
furtrefs of Schluflelbourg; and under this pretence the piince was put
to death. The lieutenant who attempted to deliver him was arreded,
and afterwards beheaded : but, notwiihdanding this, it has been rcpre-
fented that he was a mere tool of the court, though he fuifered for ex*
ccuting the inArut.'lions that he had received.

While this event excited the attention of the Ruffian nation, the flaines
of civil war broke out with great violence in Poland, which has gene-
rally been the cafe when the throne was vacant. And as the internal
tranquillity of Poland is a capital objeifl with Ruilia, the emprefs Catherine
fent a body of troops into Poland, an^d by her influence count Poniatow-
fki was raifed to the throne. She alfo interpofed in order to fecurc the
rights which the treaty of Oliva had given to the Greek and proteftant
fuDJeds of Poland. But the umbrage which her imperial majelly's
armies gave to the Reman Catholic Poles, by their leiidence in Poland,
increafed the rage of civil tvar in that country, and produced confede-
racies againft all that bad been done duiing the late election which ren>
dered Poland a fcene of blood and confution. The conduct of RuHia
with regard to Poland, gave fo much offence to the Ottoman court, that
the Grand Signior fent Obreflcofl:', the Rulfian minifter, to the prilon of
the Seven Towers, declared war againd Ruflia, and marched a very nu-
merous army to the confines of Ruilia and Poland. HoQilities foon com-
menced between thefe rival and mighty empires. In the months of Feb-
ruary and March 1:69, Crim Gucray, Khan of the Tartars, at the
head of a great bodv'of Tartars, Supported by ir,ooo Spahis, having
broken the Ruflian lines of communication, penetrated into the province
of New Servia, where he committed great ravages, burning many towns
and villages, and carrying off fome thoufand families captive. In April
following, th& Grand Vizir, at the head of a great army, began his
inarch from Conilantinople, and proceeded towards the Danube. In the
mean time prince Gallitzin, who commanded the Rulfian army on the
banks of the Neider, thought this a proper time to attempt fomething dc-
cilive, before the arrival of the great Turkifli force in that quarter.
Having accordingly crofled the Neifter with his whole army, he advanc-
ed to Choczim, where he encamped in fight of a body of 30,000 Turks,
commanded by Caraman Pacha, and intrenched umier the cannon of the
town. The prince having made the neccflary difpofitions, attacked the
Turks in their intrenchments early in the luprning of the 30th of April,
#nH, notwithftanding an obftinate defence, and a dread hil Hrc from the
forirels, at length beat them out of their trenches. Ti>e Turks endca-
vcurcd to cover their retreat, by detaching a large body of cavalry to at-

. tack

wna ; but b/
led to lead Hn
ard, who had
WM employed
idiatcly. He
mounted the
'cter III. had
erine was ap«
>f Iwan : (he
1 particularly

her intcreu.
raine, under-
ms, from the
ince was put
was arreted,

1 been rcpre-
feied for ex-

in, the flame§
ch has gene*
^ the internal
efs Catherine
int Poniatow*
to fecurc the
nd proteftanc
iai majefty's
;e in Poland,
^ced confcde-
which ren-
la of Ruilia
court, that
the prilon of
a very nu-
cs foon com-
iths of Fcb-
tars, at the
nhis, having
:he province
many towns
e. in April
, began his
ibe. Ill tlie
rmy on the
mething dc-
lat quarter,
he advanc-
oco Turks,
nnon of the
attacked the
th of April,
e from the
urks endca-
valry to at-
tack

RUSSIA

;4S

f.rtack the right wltig of the RufBan army { but they hid fuch a warm re-
ception from the artillery, th^t they foon retired in great difordcf. Ge-
neral Sioilein and prince Dolgorucki were then ordered to purfue the fu-
gitives, at the head of eight batciilions ; which they did fo eftcdtually*
that they followed them into the fuburbs of Choczim, and their purfuit
was at length only (lopped Ify the palifadoes of the fortrels* Soon after,
the town w.is let on fire by red hot bulls, and a great number of Jews ana .
Chrillians took refuge in the RiifTian camp. From thefe fuccedes of the
Ku(!ian», it might hiive been cxpe£ted that Choczim would have imme-
diatfly fullrn into their h^nds But this was not tha cafe; for prince
Gallitzin thouf/ht proper to retire from Chocxim, and to repnfs the Nei*
iter. The realuns alFigned fur this condutft were, that Choczim was gar*
rifoned by i8,030 men, well provided with artillery; that feveral great
bodies of Turkifh troops appeared in the neighbourhood ; that the coun-
try was fo waAcd, the army could not be fupplied with provifions ; and
that prince Gallitzm, not having fufiicient artillery along with him, chofe
for the prcfent to fufpend his defign of befieging the place. Indeed it
appears that the Turki(h cavalry had over-run the neighbouring countryi
burnt (oine fmall towns, and dt-uioyed fome Rulfian magazines.

While the RulTians and Turks were attacking each other in different
places of their dominions on the fule of Europe, the Tartar Aiiatic na-
tions in their difierent interefts, extended the rage of war into another
quarter of the globe. On the 9th of May, a bloody engagement wai ''
fought between the Kalmucs, and thofe 7'artars that inhabit the hanks of
the Cuban, lying bet^veen the Black and the Cafpi<in fcas. This en-
gagement continued from\two in the afternoon till fun-fet ; when the
Kalmuct, by the alTiAance of fome Ruili;in officers, with a detachment of
dragoons and Colfacs, end two pieces of cannon, obtained a complete
vi^ory, having made a great (laughter, as the Kalmucs gave no quarter.
On the other hand, the European Tartars penetrated into the KuHian
Ukraine on the tide of Backmuth, where they made great devailations in
the country.

On the 13th of July, a very obftinate battle was fought between a.
coniiderable Turkilli army, and the RuiTiaAs under prince Gallitzin, in
the neighbourhood of Choczim, in which the Turks were defeated. The
Rudians immediately invelled Choczim; but the gariilun boin? nume-
rous, made frequent fallies, and received great reinforcements from the
grand vizir's camp, who was now conliderably advanced on this lide of
the Danube. Several aflions enfued, and prince Gallitzin was at length
obliged t'» retreat from Choczim, and again to repafs the Ncifter, It was
computed that the liege of Choczim, and the actions coufequent to it,
coft the RulFiaus above 20,000 men.

In the man.igemcnt of this wsir, the grand vizir hwd adted with a dc
grcc of prudence, which it h;'.8 been thought would have proved fatiil to
the delijrns of the Ruffians, if the fame conduct had bien afterwards pur-
fued. Bot the army of rhe vizir was extremely licentious, and his cau-
tion gave offence to the Janizaries ; fo that, in confequencc of their cla-
mours, and the weakncfs of the councils that prevailed in the feraglio, he
at length became a facrificc, and Moldovani Ali Pacha, amanxrfmore
cournge than conduct, was appointed his fuccelTor.

Diuin;', thele tranfacVions", general Romanzow commttte,^ great de-
vaftations upon the Turks in the borders of Bender and Ocz iVovv, where
he plundered and burnt feveral towns and villages, defeated a Turkiili de-
ls tachjnent,

14^

RUSSIA.

tachment, and cartied oS a great booty of cattle. The Tartart sACo
commttted great ravages in Poland, where they almoft totally deftroyed
the palatinate of Braklaw, belides doing much, mifehief in other places.
In the beginning of September, the Ruffian army was aeiin pofledon the
t)ank9 of the Ncifler, and efTe^ually defended the paUage of that river
Bgainft the Turks, whufe^whole army, under the command of thie ndiv
Vizir, \v»s airrived-on the oppofite fliore. -Having laid three bridgiei oyer
the Neifter, the Turkilh army, without any pretence of ftratngem or de-
ception, began to pafs the river in the face of the enemy. Prince Gal*
litzin having perceived this motion early in the morning of the 9th o£-
Se|)tember, immediately attacked thoie troops that had crofTed the
river in the night, who cohfeqaently could neither choofe their ground*
nor have time to extend or form ihenifelTea^mperly where they were.
Kotwith Handing thefe extreme difadvantages, the.engagfement was very
fevere, and continued from feven in the mort:ing till noon. The Turks
fought wich great obflinacy ; but they were at length totally defeated,
and obliged to repafs the river with great lofs, and in the utmoft diforder
and confution. It was computed, that about 60,000 Turks crolTed the
river, before and during the time of the engagement. Prince Gallitzin
tharged at the head of five columns of infantry, with fixed'bayonets, who
defiroyed the flower of the Turkifli cavalry.- it is faid, that the lofs of thq
Turks, in this battle, amounted to 7000 men killed, upon the fpot, be-
fides wounded and prifoners, and a great number who were drowned.
Though the ill conduct efthe vizir had greatly contributed to this capital
misfortune, yet this confideration did not prevent him from engaging in
another operation of the fame nature He now laid but one bridge over
the river, which he had the precaution ttf cover with large batteries of
cannon, and prepared to pafa the whole army over. Accordingly, on the
17th of September, eight thoufand Janizaries and four thoufand regular
cavalry, the flower of the \vhole Ottoman army, pafTed over with a large
train of artillery, and the reft of the array were in motion to follow, when
a fudden and extraordinary fwell of the waters of the Neifter carried
away and totally deftroyed the bridge. The Ruffians h>ft no time in mak-
ing ufe of this great and unexpected advantage. Ambft defpcrate en<-
{!:agement enfued, in which the flaughter of the Turks was prodigious.
Not only the field of battle, but the river over which fome few hundreds
of Turks made their efcape by fwtmming, was for fcveral miles covered
with dead bodies. The Ruflians took 64 pieces of cannon, and above
1 50 colours and horfe-tails. The Turks immediately broke up their camp,
and abandoned the flrong tbrtrefs of Choczim, with au its ftoris and nu-
merous artillery, and retired tumultuoufly towards the Danube. They
were much exafpcrated at the ill-conduft of their commander the vizir;
and It was computed that the Turks loft 28,000 of ihe bcft and bravcft
of their troops, within little more than a fortnight ; and that 48,000
more abandoned the army, and totally dcferted, in the tumultuous retreat
to the Danube. Prince Gallitzin placed a garrifon of four regiments in
the fortrefs of Choczim, and foon after rcligned the command of the
army to general count Romanzow, and returned to Peterlburgh, covered
with laurels.

The Ruffians continued to carry on the war wiih fuccefs ; they overTun

the great province of Moldavia, and general Elmpt took pofl'cmoi) of the

capitrtl city Jafly, without oppofitioh. And as the Greek natives of this

province bad always fecretly favoured the Rufllans, they now took this

' " *' •' -W' ' opponuuity

e Tartan alfo
tally deftroyed
I other places,
pofledon the
of that river
d of theni^
«bridgeaoyer
'atflgem or de-
Prince G^I"
of the 9th o£^
1 croiTed the
their ground*
re they were,
lent was very
TheTurka
;ally defeated,
itmoft diforder
ks croiTed the
ince Gallltzin
bayonets, who
the lofs of thq
the fpot, bc-
rere drowned.
to this c'dfiital
n engaging in
le bridge over
e batteries of
lingly, on the
ufand regular
r with a large
follow, when
eifler carried
time in mak-
deipcrate en*
18 prodigious,
few hundreds
miles covered
and above
p their camp,
loriS and nu-
lube. They
er the vizir ;
and braveft
that 48,000
Ituous retreat
regiments in
mafid of the
rgh, covered

hey overTuo
(lemot) of the
tives of this
ow rook thi.s
opporiuulty

k u s s i Ai

^portunity of their fuccefs, atid the abfence olr tbe Turks^ to declare
Ihcmfelves openly. The Greek inhabitants of Moldavia, and afttrwai-di
thofeofWallachia, acknowledged the emprefs-ef Ruflia their fovereign^
and took oaths of fidelity to hen On the 18th of July, I770, general
Romaozow jlcfpftd a 1 urkilh army, near the river Lvrgft : tn^ Turks arb
fatd to haveamdiintcd to Soiooo men, and Were cotttmanded by the khant
of the Crimeii. But on the fecond of Auguft, the fame Ruffian general
obtained a (lill greater vidtory oyer another army of the Turks, cditi-
mandcd by a new grand visir. This army was very numerous; but wai
totally defeated. It is faid that above 7000 Turks were kilted in the fielcl
of battle, and that the roads to the Danube were covered with d6ad bodies t
a vail quantity of ammunition^ 142 pieces of brafs canjion, arid (bme thou*
Cind carnages loaded with ptovifions, fell into the hands of the Ruilians.

But it was not only by land that the Ruflians carried on the war fucceli-
fully againfl the Turks. The emprefs fent a confiderable fleet of men b^
war, Ruffian-buiit, into the Mediterranean, to a£t againll the Turks on
that fide. And, by means of this ileet, the RulHabs fpt'ead ruin and de*
folation through the open tfliinds of the Archipelago, and the neighbour-'
ing defencelefs coalts of Greece and AHa. It is obfervable, that iti thia
attempt of the Ruilians to a£l as a maritime power, they wefe gl^atly
aflifted by England ; hut whether in this the Englidi government WAs in-
fluenced by principles of found policy, mdy very, reasonably be quef-
fioned.

The war betwetn the Ruffians and the Turks dill continiied to be car-
ried on by land, as well as by iea^ to the advantage of the former ; but
at length fome attempts weri; made to nfegociate a peace : it was, hdwer »r^
a long time before matters couid be accommodatfd between, thefe greai
contending powers j hoftilities were repeatedly fufpended, and afterwards
renewed ; but at laft a peace Was concluded, on the 21ft of July, 1774,
highly honourable and beneficial to the Ruffians, by which they ob^
tained the liberty of a free navigation over the Black Sea, and a free
trade with all the parts of the Ottoman empire.

Before the conclufion of the war with the Turks, a rebellion broke out
in Ruffia, which gave much alarm to the coUrt of Peterlburgh. A Cof-
iac, whole name was Pugatfcheflj alTumed the rtiihe and charafter of the
late unfortunate emperor Peter the Third. He appeared in th5 kingdom
ot Kafan, and pretended that he made his efcape, through an extraor-
dinary interpolition of Providence, from the murderers who were cm-
ployed to aflaffinate him ; and rhat the report of his death was only :\ fic-
tion invented by the court. There is faid to have been a ftriking refeiii-
blance in his perlon tathat of the hire emperor, iwhich induced him to
ftngagein thisenterprize. As he poneiTed abilitiesand addrefsj his tollowers
foon became very numerous ; and lie lu length found himfelf fo power-
tuli his followers being armed, and provided with artillery, th:it he flood
(everal engagements with abU Rulllan generals, at the head of large bo-
dies of troops, and committed great ravages in the country. But being
at ialt totally defeated, and taken priibner, he was broi\g:ht to Mofcow in
an iron cage, and there behciuled, on the 2 id of Junu-.ny, 1775.

The prefent emprefs of Rjilia, notwithftani'ing the very unfavourabl*
circurtiftances whii ii attended her taking pofTclIion of the government of
that empire, ha», from the Commencement of her reign, filled her high
Aatian with dilling-iflie;! reputation and ability. She h.is •encouraged
learning and the arts, and cudcivoured greatly to extend the commerce

L 2 <rf

148

ISLES OF SCOTLAND.

of her fubjefts : though tlie extreme defpotifm of the Ruiliati govern-
ment is a great impediment to the.progrefs of the arts and fciences, and
to the real profperity of the empire. Her imperial majefty has, however,
efte^ed many beneficial and important regulations in the interior police
of her \aA empire, and particularly in the courts of juftice. One ot thefe
>s» the abolition of the ufe of torture; and flie has silfo 'adopted an e\-
ceilent plan for the reformation of prifons. Th|e new code of laws for
which me hath given her inllru<5^ons is yet wanting to give political fe-
licity to an opprefled people. But one of the moft remarkable tranfac-
tions of her reign, is an ellablifliment of an armed neutrality, for the
protection of the commerce of nations not at war, from any attacks or
infults from belligerent powers. By the code of maritime law, which
her imperial majefty has endeavoured to enforce, neutral {hips are to en-
joy a ftee navigation, even from port to port, and on the coalls of bel-
ligerent powers ; and all e&ds belonging to the fubjefts of belligerent
powers are looked upon to be as free, on board fuch neutral Ihips, ex-
. cepting only fuch goods as are exprefsly ftipulated contraband in her
treaty of commerce with Great Britain. It was in 178c, that her impe-
rial majefly invited the powers not at war to accede to this armed neu-
trality. Thofe who engaged in it were to make a comipon caufe of it
at fea, againftany of the belligerent powers wlo (hould violate, with re-
fpedt to neutral nations, thefc principles of maritime law. The arified
neutrality was acceded to, the fame year, by the kings of Sweden and
Denmark, and by the States-General.

Catharine II. emprels of all the Ruflias, princcfs of Anhalt Zerbft, was
born in 1729, and afceuded the throne in 1762, upon the depolition and
death of her hufband. She was married to that prince whtlft duke of
Holftein Gottorp, in 1745, by whom (he has ifTue Paul Petrowitz, great-
duke of Ruilia, born in 17^4, who has been twice married, and -by his
prefcnt duchefs, the piiiicefs of Wirtemberg, has had two fons Alexander
and Conflantine, and a daughter Alcxandtina Pawleona.

SCOTLAND, AND ITS adjacent ISLES.

ISLES OF SCOTLAND.

1 Shall, according to the general plan I have laid down, treat of the
iflands belonging to Scotland, before I proceed to the defcription of
that ancient kingdom ; and, to avoid prolixity, I Ihall comprehend under
one head, thf)ie of Shetland, Orkticv, and the Hebrides, or Weflern ifles.

Situation and exteni.] The illands of Shetland lie north-eaft of
the Orcades, or Orkney-iflands. between 60 and 61 degrees of north lati-
tude , and part of the ihire of Orkney.

The Orcades lie north of Dung{by-head, between 59 and 60 degrees of
north latitude; divided tVom the continent by a tempeiluous ftrait called
IVntlaiid Frith, 24 miles long^ und 12 broad.

The Hebrides, or Wellcin illcs, arc very numerous, and fome of them
larj^e ; fituatcd between 55 and eg detfrecs of north latitude.

Ci-iMAit,"} There is very little ditteren^e in the climate of theft
iflands, the air beins kt< n, pieicing, and falnbrious ; fo that mar.y of the

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ISLES OF SCOTLAND.

149

natives live to a great age. lu the Shetland and Orkney iflandi they fee
to read at midnight in June and July ; and during four of the fummer
months, they have.,frt'quent communications, both lor bufinefs and curi«
ofity, with each other, and with the continent : the reft of the year, how
ever, they are almoft inacceffible, through fo^s, darknefs, and itorms. It
is a certatn^fad, that a Scotch Mierman was imprifoned in May, for pub-
lifliing the account of the prince and princefs of Orange being raif&d to
the throne of England the preceding November ; and he woula probably
have been ^hanged, had not the news been confirmed by the arrival of a
fliip.

Chief islands and towns.^ The largeft of the Shetland iflands,
which are forty-fix in number (though many of them are uninhabited),
is Mainland, which is 60 miles in length, and 20 in breadth. Its prin-
cipal town is Larwick, which contains 300 families ; the whole number
ot families in the ifland not exceeding jco. Skalloway is ariother town,
where the remains of a caflle are flill to be feen, and it is the feat of a
preibytery. On this ifland the Dutch begin to fiili for herrings at Mid«
fummer, and their fifliing leafon lalls fix months.

The largeft of the Orkney iflands, which are about thirty in numbec
(though feveral of them are unpeopled), is called Pomona. Its length is
33 miles, and its breadth, in fome places, nine. It contains nine parifli
churches, and four excellent harbours.

The lile of Mull, in the Hebrides, is .twenty-four miles long, and, in.
fomc places, almoft as broad. It contains two pariflies, and a caftle, call-
ed Duart, which is the chief place in the ifland. The other principal
weftern iflands are, Ixiwis, or Harries (for they both form but one ifland),
which belongs to the (hire of Rofs, and is too miles in length, and 1 5
or 14 in breadth, its chief town is Stornway. Sky, belonging to the
ilure of Inverneis, is 40 miles long, and, in fome places, 30 broad ;
fruitful, and well peopled, fiute, which is about ten miles loug, and
three or four broad, is famous for containing the caftle of Rothfay, which
gave the title of duke to the eldeft fons ot the kings of Scotland ; as it
now does to the prince of Wales. Rothfay is likewife a royal burgh ;
and the iflands of Bute and Arran for,m the fliire of Bute. The iflcs of
Ila and Jura, arc part of Argylefliin'e, and contain together about 570
fquare miles, but they have no towns worthy notice. North Ui ft con-
tains an excellent harbour, called Lochmaddy, famous for herring*fifl>-
ing. I (hall omit the mention of many other of ^he Hebrides iflands,
which are at prefent of fmall importance, eithsr to the public, or the
proprietors ; rhough, probably, they may, in future times, be of great
confequence to both, by the very improveable fiflierics upon their coafts.
I cannot, however, avoid mentioning the famous i^fle of lona, once the
leat and I'anftuary of wertern learning, and the burying-placc of many
kings of Scotland, Ireland, and Norway. It is ftill famous for its re-
liques of fantStimonious antiquity, as fliall be hereal^ter mentioned. Some
authors have been at great pains to defcribe the ifland of St. Kilda, or
Hirt, for no other reafun, that I can difcover, but becaufe it is the re-
Saoteft of all the north-weft iflands, and very difficult of accefsj for if
does not contain above thirty-five families, all of which are proteftantfai^^
know very little of the value of money. *

Inhabitants, customs, popula- ) It is opt to be imagined, th^t

TiON,LANeyAaE, ANP RELIGION. ) the inb^bi^aiUs of the iflaotis

, . L J •* . ' beiongitig

A(J-/.;.!A'Ii

S$Oi

ISLES #7 SCOTLAND.

belonmqg to Scotlfliid can be (o minutely defcribed here, n th«y kare
peen by fome other authors ; nut fo much on account of their importance,
as their curiofity. 1 hofe o> Shrt^and amd Orkney were formerty fubje^fc
to the Normans, who conquered them in 1099, a few years aner they
landed in England under VVillinm called the Conqueror. In the year
1263 th^y were in pofkfkon qf Magnus of Norway, who fold them tp
Alexander ki/)g ef Scots, and he gave them as fiefs to a nobleman of the
name of Speirei After this, they were claimed by, and became fi^bje£t
to the crown of Denmark. Chriftian I. in the reign of James III. co^r
vsyed them in property to the crown of Scotland, as a marriage' portion
with his daughter V'jrgarer, and all fucure preteiifions were entirely ceded
on the marriage 1/ Jamca VI. of Scotland with Anne of Denmark. The
iflcs of Shetland and O^'kney Yonn a ftewartry, or ihirc, which fends a
member topar}i.<menr. At prtfent the people in geineral difTer Httle fron^
^^c Lowlandefs of Scotland ; only, perhaps, they are moie honeft and
religious. Men 0^ ^rtuhe thc.rc lin^e improved their cftaies \Yonderfully
of late years'; and have introduced into their families many elegancies
an4 luxuries, 'i'hey build their dwelling, and other houfes, in a modeiti
talle ; and are remai-ltab^ for the finenefs of their linen. As to the com-
inon people, they li/e upon butter^ checfe, filh, fea and land fowl (of-
which they "have great plenty)^ particularly geefe ; and their chief drinic
is whey, which they hav? the art to ferment, (b as to give it a vipous
quality. In fome of the northern illatida, the Norwegian, which is callc^

ge Norfe language, ip ftill fpokcji. Their vaft intercourfc with -the
Utch, during the fthing tcafon, renders that language common in the
Shetland t^nd Orkney tflands. The people there arc aj expert as the
Norwegians, already defcribed, in fcizihg the iielts of fea-fowls, who
build in the moft frightful precipices and rocks. The people's temperanco
preCerves them from any diieafes known to luxury. They cure the fcurvy
and the jaundice, to which they are fiibjei.'^, with the powder of fnail-
Ihells and fcurvy-grafs, of which they have plenty. Their religion is
prpteftant, and according to the difcipline of the church of Scotland }
|ind their civil inilituiions are tr^ich the lame vyith thole of the country
to which they belong.

Nothing certain can be mentioned, us to the population of thefe three
diviiions of iflatids; We have the moft undoubted evidences of hiftory,
that about 400 years ago, they were much more populous than they are
now : for the Hebrides themfelves were known often to fend 10,000 fight-
ing men into the field, without prejudice to their ugiiculturf . At prelent,
their numbers are fatd not to exceed 48,000. The people of the Hebrides
are clothed, and live like the Scotch Highlanders who (Hall hereafter be
defcribed. They are fimilar in perlbns, conftitutions, cuftoms, ;«nd pre-
judices ; but with this difference, that the more poliflied manners of the
Lowjanders are every day gaining ground in the High!a,nds. Perhaps the
defcetidants of the ancient Caledonians, in a few years, will be difcernible
only in the Hebrides.

"'Thofe ifland^ alone retain the ancient u.fage>s of the Celts, as defcribed
jby the ol'd^ft arid beft authors > but with a (irong tincture bf the feud.1l
COnllltUtion. Their fhanachics or ftory-tellers fupply the place of the an-
cient bardf, fo fi^mous in hiftory ; and are the hiftorians, or rather gene-
alogtfls, as well as poets, of the nation and family. The chief is likewifc

^'^t^eodgd. When he appears abroad, with his mufician, who is gener;illy

».■■«■:"■■' ' * '■- '• * ;••■'-.'•_;;. ■- ' af'bag*

ISI,ES OF SCOTLAND.

hare

three

liftory,

[ey are

fight-

|rel"ent,

ibridcs

"ter be

Id pre-

|of the

ips th«

TQible

Icribed

Ifeud.il

|he an-

1 gene-

tewife

ler>»Uy

wbag".

(

» bttpiper, and dreiTed in thd innnner, butt «* >t >• (*id, more futnp' '
tuoully than the Enelifli minftrels of former times *. Notwithftanding the
contempt into which that mufic'is fallen, it is almoft incredible with wha(
care and attention it was cultivated among thefe illaaders (a late as the
beginning»of ths prefent century. They had regular colleges and proa
fcuors, and the ftudents took degrees according to their proficiency. Many,
of the Celtic rites, fome of which were too barbarous to be letained, or
even hientioned, are now aboliflied. The inhabitants, however, lliU pro-
ferve the moft profound refpedt and offeftion for their feveral chieftaini«
notwithftanding all the pains that have been taken by the Briiifli legilla-
ture to break thoCe connexions, which experience has (liewn to be fu dan«
gerous to government. The common people are but little better lodge4
than the Norwegians and Laplanders already dcfcribed ; though they cec ■
tainly fare better, for they have oatmeal, plenty of lifli and fowl, chcefe,
butter-milk, and whey ; and alfo mutton, beet, goat, kid, and venifon,
Th^ indulge themfelves, like their forefathers, in a romantic poetical
torn, which is an enemy to indudry, and indeed to domeHic and perfonaj
cleanlincfj. The agility of both fexes in the cxcrcifes ot the field, and in
dancing to their favourite nnific, is remarkable.

The reader would not pardon an author, who, in treating of this fub«
jrft, Hiould omit that remarkable mantology, or gift of prophecy, which
diftinguidies the inhabitants of the Hebrides under the name oi/eeomi
fight. It would be equally abfurd to attempt tt) difprove the reality of
the inftitnces of this kind that have been brought by reputable authors, as
to admit all that has been faid upon the fuhjedt. The iidepts of the fe-
cond fight pretend that they have certain revelations, or rather prcfeata*
tions, either really or typically, which fwim bcfote their eyes, of certain
events that are to happen in the compafs of 24 or 48 hours. I do not,
however, from the befi information, obferve thnt any two of thofc adepts,
agree as to the manner and forms of thofe revelations, or that they h-tvft
any fixed method for iutcrpretiug their typical appearances. The truth
feems to be, that thofe illanders, by indulging themfelves in lazy habits,
acquire vifionary ideas, and overheat their imaginations, till they are pre-
fented with thofe phantafms, which'thcy mistake for fatidical or prophetic
manifeflations. They inftantly begin to prophefy ; and it would be ab-
furd to fuppofe, that amidft many thoufands of predidlions, fome did r>ot
happen to be fulfilled ; and theie being well attciled, gave a lan£lion to
the whole.

Many learned men have been of opinion, that ths Hebrides, being the
moll wederly iflands where the Celts fettled, their language mufl remain
there in its greatefl purity. This opinion, though very plaufiblc, has
failed in experience. Many Celtic words, it is true, as well as cuf^oms,
are there fop.id ; but the vail intercourfe which the Hebrides had with the
Panes, the Norwegians, and other northern people, whofe language is
mixed with Sciavonian and Teutonic, whi(;h laft has no affinity with
the Celtic, has rendered their language a compound ; fo that it approaches
in no df gree to the purity of the Celtic, commonly called Erfc, which
was fpuken by their neighbours in Lochabcr and the oppoUte coafts of
Scotland, x\% undoubted defcendants of the Celts, among whom th9tr
liinguage remains inore unmis;ed.

* &(« Percy's ReliqacsBf Ancient En^ifh Poftry, in 3 vols.

The

152

ISLES OF SCOTLAND.

The religion profeiftd in the Hebrides is chiefly prefbyterian, as 0(Fa-
blifhcd in the church of Scotland, but popery and ignorance' ft! il prevail
amon;; fome of thr iflanders, whilft fuperilitidus practices and cuiloma
feem to be almoft grafted in their nature.

' Soil, mines, and (^iahries.] Though it is not in the power of
nittural philofophy to account for the reafon, yet it is certain that the
foil, both of the northern and wcOern iflands belonging to Scotland, hat
fuffered an amazing aheraiian. It is evident to the eye-fighi, that many
of the-fe iflnnds have been the habititrinns of the Druids, whofe temples
are Hilt vifible in moft of them ; and thofe temples were furroundcd by
proves, though little or no timber now grows in the neighbourhood. The
flumps of former trees, however, are difcerniblc, as are many vcftiges of
grandeur, even iince theadmidion of the ChiiiHan religion ; which prove
the decreafe of the riches, power, and population of the inhabitants.
Experience daily (hews, that if the foil of the northern and weilern iflands
till of late were barren, cold, and uncomfortable, it wus owing to their
want of culture ; for fuch fpots of them *as are now cultivated, produce
corn, vegetables, and garden-fluff, more than fufficient for the inhabit-
ants ; and even fruit-trees are now brought to maturity. Tin, lead, and
Jilver mines ; marl, flat**, frce-ftone, and even quarries of marble, have
bcf n found upon thcfe iflnnds. They are not deflitutc of fine frclh wa-
if r ; nor of lakes and rivulets that abound with excellent n out. At the
fame time it nuift be owned, that the prcfent face of the foil is bare, and
unornamented with trees, excepting a few that are reared in gardens.

Trade and manufactures.] Thefc are all in their infancy in rhofe
iflatids. The reader can eafily fuppofe, that their flaplc commodities con-
fiil of fifli, efpccially herrings, which are the bell in the world, and,
when properly cured, are equ?il even to thofe of the Dutch. They carry
iin likewife a confiderable trcds v? down and feathers ; and ti.eir flieep af-
ford them woulj .vhtch they inainifatfture into coarfe cloths ; and even
the linen manuf;ifl;urea rnnke no fnall progrefs in thcfe iflands. They
carry their black oattie wliv*" to the adjacent parts of Scotland, where
they arc difpofed of in fale or barter ; as are large quantities of their
in uttor, which they f;>lt in the hide. Upon the whole, application and
Induftry, with fome portion of public entuuragemenr, are only wanting
to render thefe iflands at once ornamental and beneficial to the mother-
country, as well as to their inhabitants.

Bbasts, birds, and fishes.] Little can be faid on this head, that
is peculiar to thefe iflands. In the countries already defcribed, mention has
been made of moil of the birds and tiflies that have been difcovered here ;
only it is thought that they contain a fpecies of falcon or hawk, of a more
noble and docile nature than any that are to be found elfewhere. The
Shetland ifles are famous for a fmall breed of horfcs, which are incredibly
aiiive, ftiong, and haidy, and frequently fecn in tiie ftreets of London,
yoked to the iplendid carriages of the curious r.id wealthy. The coafls of
thofe. iflands, till wifhin thefe 20 years, fcemed, however, to have been
crt-ated, not for the inhabitants, but for flrangers. The latter lurnifh
the former with wines, ftrong liquors, fpice, and luxuries of all kinds,
for their native commodities, at the gain of above 100 per eenr. But it
is to be hoped that this pernicious traffic now draws to an end. Three
thoufand buflfes have been known to he employed in one year by the
Diitih in ihe herring fifliery, befidcs thofe fitted out by the Hamburj;hers,
Bremeners, and other northern ports.

" *^ Raritibs

ISLES OF SCOTLAND.

R. Hi-iiBs AND CURIOSITIES, I Thefe iflands exhibit many preg-

a;;<txficial and natural, jfnant proofi, ia their churches, the
▼eftiges tf old forts, and other buildings both facred and civil, of what
hath been already obiiervcd, that they were formerly more populous than
they are now. The ufe and conftruaion of fome of thofe works are not
cafily accounted for at prefent. In a gloomy valley belonging to Hoy,
one of the wedern illandi, is a kind of hermitage, cut out of a Hone
called a dwarf Aone, 36 feet long, 18 broad, and nine thick; in which it
a fquare hole, about two feet high, for an entrance, with a il^ne qf the
fame fize fur a door. Within this entrance is the refcmblance of a bed,
with a pillow cut out of the (lone, big enough for two men to lie on : at
the other end is a couch, and in the middle a hearth, with a hole cut out
above for a chimney. Ic would be endlefs to recount the various < ^iges
of the Druidical temples remaining in thefe iflands, fome ot " javs

required prodigious labour, and are flupendous creations, <ame

nature as the famous Stonehenge near Salilbury. Others feeii ii •

moiials of particular perfons, or aiSlons, conrifiing of one le

(landing upright : fome of them have been fculptured, and oth^,^ a»,c
fervcd as feptilchres, and are compofed of flJ|ie8 cemented losether.
Barrows, as tlicy are called in England, are frequent in thefe iflands;
and the monuments of Danilli andNorwegian fortifications might lon^;
employ an able antiquary todefcribe. The gigantic bones found m many
burial-places here, give room to believe, that the former inhabitants were
of larger lize than the prefent. It is likeivife probable, from fome an>
cienMrcmains, particularly catacombs, and nine filver iibuiz or clafps»
foum at Stennis, one of the Orkneys, that the Romans were well ac-
quainted with thefe parts.

The cathedral of Kirkwall, the capital of the Orkneys, is a fine Gothic
building, dedicated to St. Magnrs, but now converted into a parilh
church. Its roof is fupported by 4 pillars on each fide, and its fteeple,
ip which is a good ring of bells, by four large pillars. The three gatet
of the church are chequered with ted and white poliflied llone, emtofled
and elegantly flowered.

The Hebrides are ftill more diftinguiflied than the Orkney or Shet-
land iHes for their remains of antiquity ; and ir would far exceed the
bounds allotted to this head, were wc even to mention every noted
monument found upon them, deuicated to civil, religious, or warlike
purpofes. We cannot, however, avoid taking particular notice of the
celebrated ifle of lona, called St. Columb-Kill. Not to enter into the
hillory or origin, of the religious ereilions upon this ifland, it is fuf-
ficient to fay, that it fcems to have ferved as a fanftuary for St. Columba,
and other holy men of learning, while Ireland, England, and Scotland,
were dcfolated by barbarifm. It appears that the northern pagans often
landed here, and paid no regard to the fiindtity of the place. 1 he church
of St. Mary, which is built in the form of a cathedral, is a beautiful fa-
brlc. It contains the bodif s of fome Scotch, Irifli, and Norwegian kings,
with fome Gaelic infcriptions. The tomb of Columba, who Tics buried
here, is nninfcribcd. The llceple is large, the copula 2 1 feet fquare, the
doors and windows are curioufly carved, and the altar is of the fineft mar-
ble. Innumerable are the infcriptions of ancient cuiloms and ceremonies
that aic difcerniblc upon this ifland ; and which give countenance to the
well-known obfervation, that when learning was nearly exiinrt on the
continent of Europe, it found a refuge in Scotland, or rather in tbefelflands.

The iflands belonging to Scotland conrain likewifc feme natural curi-
• olitics

lAAAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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5* *^ ^ r\

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tS4

ISLES OF SCOTLAND.

ofittes peculiar to tLcmfelves : the phaftoji, or Molucca bean, have baeti
found in the Orkneys, driven as fuppoTed, from the Weil Indies, by '
the wcllerly winds, which often force' afliore many curious ibelU and ma^
rine productions, highly efteemed by naturalills. . lit the pariih of Harn,
a large piece of Hag's horn was found very deep in the earth, by the, in-
habitants, who were digging for marl ; and certain bitumln-^us effluviir pro«
duce furprifing phaenoniena, Which the natives believe to be fupernaturiii.

But foine of the mail aftoniihing appearances in nature have remained
vndei'cribed, and, till lately, unobferved even by the natives of thefe
iAunds. A difcovery rt{i\riei for the inc^uilitive genius of Mr. Banks,
now Sir Jofeph Banks, who, in relating his voyage through the Hebrides,
anno 177*, fays, *' We were no fooncr arnved, than we ,wcrc ftrficfc
with a fcene of magnificence wbicii exceeded our expefiations, thougii
founded, as we thought, upon the moft fanguinc foundations : the wbole
^ that end of the iwand (viz. StafTa,. a mile in length, and half a mite
in breadth) fupiwrted by ranges of natural pillars, moftly above fifty feet
' high, Ihinding in natural colonnades, according as the bays or pinnts of
land formed themfelves : upon a firm baiis of fclid unformed rock,^above
thefe, the ftratura whicH- reaches to the foil or furface of the ifland, vti-t
Tied in thick4iefs as the ilknd itfelf formed into hilis or vallics ; each hill,
.which hung over the columns below, forming aa ample pediment ; fome
/of thc(b, above iixty feet, in thicHnefs from the bafe to the point, formed^
by the floping of the hill on each fide, almoft in the iliape of thofe ufed
SB architeilure, : ..

^* Compared ro this, what are the cathedrals or palaces built bylMpen ?
mere models or play-things. Imitations as diminutive, as his worln will
always be, when compared to thofe of natuie. Where is now the boa<il
of t)w architect : regularity, the only part in which he fancied himfclf to
exceed his midrefs. Nature, is heie found in her poflcflion ; and here it
has been forages undefcribed.— Proceeding farther to the N. W. you rflect
with the highcft ranges of pillars, the magnificent appearance of which is
paft all dcfcrijrtion : here they are bare to their very bafes, and the ftratuni
below them is nlfo vifible." Mr. Banks particularifes fundry other ap-
pearances in this and a neighbouring iiland, which is wholly compofed of
pillars without any ftratum. In fome parts of Staffa, inllead of being
pis'xd upright, the pillars' were obfervcd to lie on their fides, each form-
, jng a fcgment of a circle ; but the moft ilriking objeft in this field of
fceocry is Fingal's Cave, which Mr. Banks dcfcribes in the following
manner : — «♦ With our minds full of fuch reflexions, we proceeded along
fhe ihore, treading upon another Giant's Caufeway^ every ftone being
regularly formed into a certain number of fides and angles ; till, in a ftiort
tirtie, we arrived at the mouth of a c^ve, the moft magnificent, I fup-
pofe, that has ever been defcribed by travellers *. The mind can hardly

* "fhe dimenfion* of the catve are thus given by Mr. Banks :

Length of the cave from tht arch v/ithout —

Frdm the pitch of the arch — —

Breadth of ditto at the mouth — —

Ac the farther end __ _ _

jfleight rtf the arch at the mouth ' — '—

At the «nd — — . — . —

Heijtht of an ontfide pillar — —

Of one at the N. W. corner — -—

Pefth of water at the month -r? —

At the bottom —• •» «r»

Feet.

371

53
20
117
70
39
54
18

SCOTLAND.

*55

form an idea thore magnificent thaa fueh a fpace, fupported on each
fide by ranges of columns, aifd roofed by the 1>ottoras of thofe wbick
have been broken oft in order to form it ; between the angles of which, n
yellotV (lalagmitic matter ha> exuded, which ferres to define the angles
precifely, and at the'fame time vary the colour, with a great deal of ele«
gance; and to render St ftiH more agreeable, the whole is lighted from
without ; fo that the fartheft extremity is very plainly fcen, from without ;
and the air within being agitated by the flux and reflux of the tide, !■
perfectly dry and wholefbme, free entirely from the damp of vapours with
which natural caverns in general ubound."

Mr. Pennant, who alio made a voyage to thefe iflands in the fame year,
had a glance of Staffa, in hi? palTage from lona to Mull, but was pre-
vented by ftormy weather from approaching it. " On the wel>," ijiys
he, "appears the beajuiiful groupe of the 'Treafljunifh ifles. Neareft lieg
StaiT:!, a new Cr^ant's Caufeway, riling amidfl the waves, but with co>
iumns of double the height jof that in Irelq^pd; gloffy and f efpiende^Hf -
from the beams of the eaftern fun." And in the itle of Sky, a confider-
able way northward, he refumes the fubjefl. ♦• We had in view a fine
fejries of genuine bafnltic columns, refembling the GiantV Caufeway ;
tftc pillars were above twenty feet high, confining of foar, five, and fix
angles, but moftly of five. At » fmall diftance from thcfe on the flope of
f hill, is a tradt of fome roads entirely formed of the tops of feveral fe-
rie9 of columns, even and clofe fet, forming a reticulated furl^ace of
amazing beauty and curiofity. This is the moft northern bafaltcs I am
acquainted with; the laft of four in the Britifli dominions, all running,
from foUth to north, nearly in a meridian : the Gi:int'» Caufeway appears
firft ; Staffit, &c. fuccceds ; the rock Humbla about twenty leagues far.
^her, and finally, thofe ceflumns of Sky : the depth of the ocean, in all
probability, conceals the yall links of this chain."

Learning, LEARNED MEN, AND HisTORYf See Scotland,

Feet.

371

250

l»7

!»

9 -

SCOTLAND.

Extent and Situatioh.
Miles. Degrees.

3°° I between 5 54 «n4 5? North latitude.

Length ^ _
breadth 190

> between <

and 6 Weft longitude.

»j , nr^HERE can be little doubt that the Soots were not the
*-• 1. original inhabitants of this kingilom, but o; the Celiae.
or Gauls, which they invaded about the beginning of the fourth century,
and having conquered the Pidls, the territories of i)oth were called Scot-
land' ; and that the word Scot is no other than a corruption of Scuyth, or
Scythian, being originally from that immenfe country, called Scythia by
the ancients. It is termed, by the Italians, Scotia; by the Spaniards.
Efcotia ; by the French, Elcotfe ; and Scotland by the Scots, Germans,
and Englifti. ■

Boundaries.] Scotland, which contains an xn of 27,794 fquare
^liles, is bounded on the fouth by England ; and on the noith, eaft, and
weft, by the Deucaledonian, German, and Irifl) feas, «r more properly,
the Atlantic occaQ*

: ; . • :^-'' J DivisioNfl

»5«

S COT L A N D.

V DiViiiONS AND SUBDIVISIONS.] Scotland is divided inro the coun-
tries fouth of the Frith of Forth> the capital of whigh, and of all the
kingdom, is Edinburgh ; and thofe to the north of the fame river, where
the chief town is Aberdeen. This was the ancient national divifion ; but
Ibroe modern writers, with lefs geographical accuracy, have divided it
into Highlands and Lowlands, on account of the ^different habits, man-
ners, and cuftoms of the inhabitants of each.

Eighteen counties, or (hires, are allotted to, the fouthern divifion, and
15 to the northern ; and thofe coii^tries are fubdivided into iheriftdoms^
ftewartries, and bailiwicks, according to the ancient tenures and privi-
kges of the' landholden*

Shires.

[

SheriiTdoms and other
fabdivifioni

Chief Towns.

I . Edinburgh (4 39* ) < Mid Lothian —

*) r Edinburgh, W. Ion. 3.
l) N. lat. 56. Muffel-

and

burch, Xchh,
Dalkeith.

H Dunbar, Haddington,
and North BerwiA,

Dunfe, and Lauder.

s. Haddington (lai)j Eaft Lothian

3. Merfe, anciently j The Merches, and I C

Berwick f (1 14) f Lauderdale -* 1 C

M iiA.>w«..».u.k/.^..\5 Tiviotdale, Lidfdale, 5 C Jedburgh, Kelfo, and
4.Roxboiough(i65)| Efcdale and Eufdal^ f r Melrofs.

""'" (19) Ettrick Foreft ^«-...,

Tweedale

5. Selkirk

6. Peebles

(4a)

7. Lanerk (388)< Clydefdale

8. Dumfries

9. Wigtown

io.Kircudbright(ioo) Galloway, Eaft part

. J Kyle, Carrick, and
'J Cynningham —

12. Dumbarton (66) Lenox — ;.

13. Bute {34) and ! Bute, ArranandOitk.

14. Caithnefs (1C5) 1 nefs —

-1{

ii. Air

15. Renfrew
1 5. Stirling

Selkirk.
Peebles.

Glafgow, W. Ion. 4-5.
N. lat. 1^5-52. Ha-
milton, Lanerk, and
_^ Rutherglen.
(188) Nithfdale, Annandale ^ Dumfries, Annan.

(.,0) { Galloway, W.« ,„■ } {^r'^Jii.fCr'

"■ " " " Kircudbright.

"^ rAir, Kilmarnock, Ir-

> < win, Maybole, Stew-
' ' ^ arton and Saltcots.

Dumbarton. •—
jf Rothfay. — —
'^>\ Wick, N. lat. 58.40.
J I and Thurfo.
"X t Renfrew, Paifley,

> } Greenock, & Port-
J t Glafgow.

Stirling and Falkirk.

(280)'

(126)

(76)

Renfrew —
Stirlin? -^

* The itumbers (hew the proportion of militia as propufcd to be raifed in each
Ihii-e, when that fcheme was la d before parliament in 17^5.

I Berwick, All th« north Tide of the Tweed, belonjged formerly to Scotland, and
fav« name to a ciuiitjr tn that kin{rdom ; bat it is row formed into a tnwn and county
(.•f itieif, in a political fe. i'e diftinil from Engla id aud ScutU'id, having its uwu pri>
filegcf. ;

noun-
1 the
vhere
i but
ded it
man-

I, and
loins*

S C O T L A N

Sbirei.

17.. Linlithgow

iR. Argyle

(80) j

SherifTdoms and other
fubdivilioni. '

Weft Lothian

-}!

f Argyle, Cowal, Knap-"
1 Dale, K "

19. Perth

2o« Kincardin (109)

IUale, Kintire, and
Lorn, with part of
- V • the WeOern Ifles, !
"H^^ particularly ma, Ju-r
I ra. Mull, Wift, Te-
I rif, Col, and Lif-
\, more — —

(Perth, AthoUGowfy, "]
Brondalbin, Mon-
teith, Strathern
Stormont, Glen
fliicld, and Raynork

D. isr

Chief Towns.

Linlithgow, Burrough
ftonner8,& Qneen's-
ferry.

Inverar/, DunftaiT-
nage, X.illontner, and
Campbeltown.

»7f

I \ Perth, Scone,
9f^ blane, Blaii
-V I Dunkeld.
kJl

Diim«
Blair> and

Merns — —

jei. Aberdeen

, X . Mar,Buchan,Garioch
^55 US and Strathbogle

12. Invernefs (282)

( Bervie, Stonhive and
1 Kincardin.
fold Aberdeen, W. Ion.
I-40. N. lat. 57-22.
. New Aberdeen, Fra-
Y ^ ferlburgh, Peterhead^

IKintore, Strathbogle,
Inverary, and Old
J L Meldrum.
Aird, Strathglafs, Sky, 1 c

Harris, Badenoch, ( \ Inverneft, Inverlochj',
Lochaber, and f j FortAuguftu8,Boileau
Glenmorilbn J L

23. Nairne (ij) and C Weftcrn part of Mur- ',

24. Cromartie (2|^)r. ray and Croraartie

. Fife

26, Forfar

27. BamflT

U^7)<

Fife —

( 3 26) < Forfar, Angus

BamfF, Srrathdovern,
(182)^ Boyne Euzy

-H

r uamn, JStrarnaovern, 1 m
\ Boyne Euzy, Bui- I J
J veny, Strathawin, f |
L and part of Biichan j (,

Nairne, Cromartie. ,

Bt Andrews, Coiv'jer,
Falkland, Kirknidy,
Inncrkythen, Ely,
Burnt Illand, Dum-
ftrmline, Dyfart, An-
ftruthcrandAberdouC

Montrofe, Forfar,
Dundee, Arbroth,
and Brechin.

Bamffand CuUen.

28. Sutherlapd (100) |

36. Clacmnnnah (31) [*

I Fife part

Strathnaver and Su-
therland —

and
30. Kinrofs

(»3)l

--H

> < Strathy ai;>d Dornoch.

Culrofs, Clacmstnnan,
Alloa, and Kinrufs.

31. Rofii

f5»

SCOTLAND.

Chief Tonrni.

31. Roft (aoi)-

Taine, Dingwall, Fdr-

Shires. Sheriffdoms and other
fubdivifions.
f Eaftcrand Welter Rofs"
liks of Lewis Loch-
broom, Lochcarren . ,

Ardmcanach, Red- W trofe, Rofamarkte,
cadle, Feriintofl), I | and New Kelfo.
Strathpeffer, and I
Ferrindonald J

«2. Elein (tac) 'Murray and Strathfpey "Eldn and Forres.

^ ^ r J r Kirkwall, W.lon.3 N.

i J l N. lat.6i.

In all thtrty-fhree (hires, which choofe thirty reprefentatives to fit in
the parliament of Great-Britain ; 3iite andCaithnefs chooiing alternately
St do Nairne and Cromartie, and Clacmanaan an<f Kiurofs.

The royal Boroughs which choofe reprefentatives are,

Edinburgh —

Kirkwall, Wick, Dornoch, )

Dingwall, and Tayne 1

f ortrofe, Invernefs, Nairne and )

Forres. — — J

Elgin, Cullen,Bamff,Inverary, I

and Kintors <— \

Aberdeen, Bervie, Moutrofe, )

Aberbrothe, and Brechin y
Forfar, Perth, Dundee, Cow per, )

and St. Andrews -— )

Crail,Kilrenny,AnftrathcrEafl 1

and Weft, and Pittcnweem J
Dyfert, Kirkaldy, Kinghorne, 7

and Burnt lilaiid — %

Un, 7
s, and V

Innerkythen, Dumfermli
Qocensferry, Culrofs,
Snrliug —

Glafgow, Renfrew, Rutherglcn, I
and Dumbarton — J

Haddington, Dunbar, North Ber- »
wick, Lauder, and Jedburgh j

Selkirk, Peebles, Linlithgow, I
and Lanerk — J

Dumfries, Sanquehar, Annan, >
Lochmaban and Kircudbright \

Wigtown, New Galloway, i

Stranraer, and Whitthorn J

Air, Invin, Rothfay, Campbel-
town, and Inverary

ipbcl- 1

Climate, soit, air, and water.] In the northern parts, day*
light, at. IVtidlummer, l.<fls 18 hours and 5 minutes; and the day and
night in winter are in the fame proportion." The air of Scotland is more
temperate than could be expe<Sed in fo northerly a climate. This arifes
partly from the variety of its hills, vallies, rivers, and lakes ; but ftill
hiore, as in England, from the vicinity of the fea, which affords thof©
tvarm breezes, that not only fofter the natural keennefs of the air, butj
by keeping it in perpetual agitation, render it pure and healthful, and pre-
vent tbofe epidemic diilempers that prevail in many other countries; lu
the neighbourhood of fome high mountains, however, which are generaU
iy covered with fnow, the air is keen and piercing for about nine months
in the year. The foil in general is not fo fertile as thatbf England ; and
in many places lefs fitted for agriculture than for pafture. At the fame
time, there are particular plains and vallies of the raoft luxuriant tiertility.
The finer particles of earth, iuccUumly wallied down from the mountains,

and

aitdl

iscfl
has I
fofJ

SCOTLAND.

«9

and reported In thefe valHes, alTord them a vegetative nouriftinent, which
is capable of carrying the ftrongeft plants to perfeAion : though experience
has proved, that many vegetables :ind horruiane proHudions do not come
fo fuon to maturity in this country as in £nglan<i. There is, indeed, a

Sreat variety of foils in Scotland, the face of which is agreeably divcrfifi^d
y a charming intermizturd of natural ohje^. The vaft inequalities of
the ground, if unfavourable to the labours of the hufbaudman, are parti*
(ularly pleating to a traveller, and atfurd thofe delightful fituatious for
country houfes, of which many of the Scottifli nobility and gentry have fo
judicioufly availed themfelves^ It is their fituation, more than any ex-
penfive magnificence, that oceafions the feats of t^p dukes of Argyle and
Athol, of lord Hopton, and many others, to fix the attention of every
traveller. The water in Scotland, as every where elfc, depends on the
qualities of the foil through which it paflcs. Water pafling through a
heavy foil is tui-bid and noxious, but filtrating through fand or gravel, it is
clear, light, and falutary to the (lomach. This lalT is in general the cafo
in Scotland, where the water is better than that of niore fouthern climates*
in proportion as the land is worfe.

Mountains.] The principal mountains in Scotland are the Grampian
hilts, which run from eafl to wefl, from near Aberdeen to Cowal in Ar-
gylefliire, almoft the whole breadth of the kingdom. Another chain of
mountains, called the Pentland-hills, runs through Lothian and join thoie
of Tweedale. A third, called Laramer-Muir, riles near the eaftern coaft,
and runs weftward through the Merfe. Befides thofe continued chains
^motig which Jve may reckon the Cheviot or Tiviot-Hilis, on the borders
of England, Scotland contains many detached mountains, which, from
their conical figure, fometimes go by the Celtic word Laws. Many of
them are {lupendoufly high, and of beautiful forms ; but too numerous to
b<l particularifed here.

Rivers, lakes, and forbsts.] The largeft river in Scotland is the
Forth, which rifes in Monteith near Callendar, and paffing by Stirling,
after a number of beautiful meanders, difcharges itfelf near Edinburgh
into that arm of the German fea to which it gives the name of Frith of
Forth. Second to the Forth is the Tay, which iffues out of Loch Tay,
in Broadalbin, and running fouth-eafl, pafTes the town of Penh, and tails
into the fea at Dundee. The Spey, which is' called the moft rapid river
in Scotland, iiTues from a lake of tbr fame name in Badcnoch, and, run^
ning from foufh-weft to north-eaft, fulls into the fea near Elgia; as do the
rivers Dee and Don, which run from weA to cad, atul difemboccue tbenv
felvcs at Aberdeen, The Tweed rifes on the borders of Lanerkihire, and,
after many beautiful ferpcntine turi^ing?, difcharges itfelf into the fea at
Berwick, where it ferves as a boundary between Scotland and England, oii
the eaftern fide. The Clyde is a large tiveron the weft of Scotland, ha*
its rife in Annandale, runs north'.weft through the valley of that name,
and, after palling by Lanerk, Hamilton, the city of Glafgow, Rei>frevv,
Dumbarton, and Greenock, falls into the Frith of Clyde, oppofite to the
iile of Bute. Beftdes thofe capital rivers, Scotland conr;iins many of an it>«
ferior forr, well provided with falmon, troin, and other fiflics, which equally
enrich and beautify the counrry. Several of thofe livers go by the nameef
ejkf which is the old Celtic name for ivater. The greateft improvement
for inland navigation that has been attempted hi that part of Great-Brkain,
was undertaken at a. very confidcrable expence, by a fociety of public-
fpirited gentlemen, forjoininjf the rivers Forth and Clyde together ; by

which

i6o

SCOTLAND.

which a communication has been opened between the eaft and well feaip
to the advantage of the whole kingdom.

The lakes ot Scotland (there called Lochs) are too many to be particu*
larly defcribed. Thofe called Lo^h Tay, Loch Lomond, Locheii,
Loch-Au, and one or two more, prefent us with fuch pidturefque fccnes as
•re fcarcely ecjuaUed in Europe, if we except Ireland. Several of thefe
lakes are beautifully fringed with woods, and contain plenty of frefli-watcr
filb. The Scotch iomctimcs give the name of a loch to an arm of the fea ;
for example. Loch Fyn, which is 60 miles long and four broad, and is fa-
mous for its excellent herrines. The Loch of Spinie, near Elgin, is re-
markable for its number of (wans and cygnets, which often darken the air
with their flights i owing, as fome think, to the plant olsrina, which gro^vi
in its waters, with a flraight ftalk and a cluftcr of feeds at the top. Near
Locknefs is a hill almofl two miles perpendicular, on the top of which is a
lake of cold freih water, about ^o fathoms in length, too deep ever yet to
be fathomed, and which never freezes ; whereas, but 17 miles from thence,
the lake Lochanwyn, or Green Lake, is covered with ice all the year
round. The ancient province 6f Lochabar, receives that name from be«^
ing the mouth of the lochs, by means of which the ancient Caledonians,
the genuine dcfcendatits of the Celts, were probably enabled to prd'erve
themfelvcs independent on, and unmixed with, the Lowlanders. Befidea
thefe rivers and lochs, and others too numerous to mention, the coails of
Scotland are in many parts indented with large, bold, and navigable bays
or arms of the fea ; as the bay of Glenluce and Wigtoun bay ; ibmetimea
they are called Friths, as the Solway Frith, which leparates Scotland from
England on the weft ; the Frith uf Forth, Murray Frith, and thofe of
Cromarty ana Dornoch.

The nice of Scotland, even where it is moft uninviting, prefents us
with the moft incontrovertible evidences of its having formerly abound-
ed with timber. The deepeft molTes, or moraftes, contain large logs of
wood ; and their waters being impregnated with turpentine have a preferv-
ing quality, as appears by the human bodies which have been dilcovercd
in thofe molliis. The Sylva Caledonia, or Caledonian foi-eft, the re-
mains of which are now thought to be Etrick wood, in the fouth of Scot-
land, is famous in antiquity for being the retreat of the Caledonian wild
boars ; but fuch an animal is not now to be fcen in iScotland. Several
woods, however, ftill remain in thi t country ; and many attempts have
been made for reducing them into charcoal, for the ufe of furnaces and
founderics ; but lying at a great diftaiice from water-carriage, though the
work fuccceded pt^rfeftly in the execution, they were found impra^icable
to be continued. Fir trees grow in great perfcd^lion almoft all over Scot-
land, and form beautiful plantations. The Scotch oak is excellent in the
Highlands, where fome woods reach 20 or 30 miles in length, and four or
five in breadth ; but, through the ioccnvenicocy already mentioned, with-
out being of much emplument to the proprietors.

Metals and minerals.] Though Scotland does not at prefentboaft of
Its gold mines, yet, it is certain, that it contains fuch, or at leaft that ^cot•
land formerly affotded a confiderable quantity of that metal for its coinage.
James V. and his father contrafted with certain Germans for working the
mines of Crawford-Moor i and it is an undoubted fad, that when James
V. married the French khig's daughter, a number of covered diihes, filled
"with coins of Scotch gold, were prefented to the guefts by way of defcrt.
The civil wars and troubles which followed, under his daughter, and in the

• ' minority

S C t L A 1^ D*

i$i

■coinage.

dng the
In James
les, filled
If defcrt.

id in the
minority

ihinonty of His j^randfon; drove thofc foKigneri, die chief df whom w0
c;tncd Cornelius, from their works, which fince tKat time Ijave never hteik
recovered. Some ftnall pieces of gold have been found in thofe partt
wafhed down by the floods. It Hkewife appcan by the public recordi'^
that thofe beautiful coins ftruck by James V. called bonnet2|>ieces, word
fibricatcd of gold found in Scotland, as were otlier medals of the CuHt

Several landholders in Sctltland derive a large profit from their le^d
mines, which are f.iid to be very rich, and to produce large duantities of
filver ; but we know of no filver mines that are worked at prefeht. Stimh
copper mines have been found near Edinburgh ; and many parts of Scot-
land, in the eaO, weft, and northern counties, produce excellent coal of
variou< kinds, Itirge qoantities of which »re exported^ to the vafl: emolu''^
mtnt of the public. Lime-done is here in grent plenty, sis is free-ftoires
fo. that the houfcs of ihc better fort are cvnurui'led of the mofl: beautiful
materials. The indolence of the inhabitants ofmanv plHces in ScbHatuf^
Where nu coal is found, prevented them from fupi^inj^ that defeat by
plantations of wood ; and the peat-mofles being in many pal'ts, of the nortn,
efpeciially, almoll exhauilcd, the inhabitants are put to gre<«t diiKcultiei
for fuel ; however the taflu for plantations, of all kinds, that now prevails^
will fuon remedy that Inconveniency.

Lapis lazuli is fuid to be dug up in Lanerkfhire ; alUm ihines have bifetk .
fuund in BamfDhire ; crydal, variegated pebbles, aind other tranfpareht
flones, which admit of the fineft poiidi for feuls, are foundin various parts }
as are talc, flint, rea*fliells, potters clay, aud fullers earth. The AoneA
which the country people call elf-arrow>head$, and to which tfaey afligti A
fupernatural origin and ufe, were probably the flint-heads of arrows madii
nfe of by the Caledonians and ancient Scots. No country produces greats
erj}lehty of iron ore, both in mines and iloncs, than Scotland } of which
die proprietors now begin to tafte the i'weets, in theiic founderics, as a^
Carron, and other metalline manufactures.
Vegetable ano animal pro ) It is certnin that the foil ofScok^
pvcTiONs, BY SKA ANO LAND. \ land may lie rendered, iii many
parts, nearly as fruitful as that of England. It is even fuid, that fomd
trafts of the low countries at prefent exceed in value Englifli eftatr )'' the
fame exftnt, becaufe they arc fo far lefs exhaulled and worn out thii.: .AoOi
of the fouthern parts of the ill md ; and agriculture is now perhtlps as well
underilood, both in theory and praftlce, among many of the Scotch land-
lords and' farmers, as it is in any part of Europe, ^y,

Such is the mutability of rhings, and the influence of commerce, .that a'
very confiderablc part oVthe bnded property has lately (perhaps happily
for the public) fallen into new hi^nds. The merchants of Glafgow, wKd
are the life and foul of that part of the kingdnmi while they are daily in-
troducing new branches of commerce, are^nolefs attentive to the progreft
of agriculture, by which they do their country in particular, and the whole
ifli.id in general, the moft circntlal fervicc. The a£live gsriius of thefe
people extends evfen to moors, rocks, and marlhes, which being hitherto
reckoned' ufelefs, were coufequently negleftcd, but are now brought tcf
produce cer.ain fpecies of grain of timber, for which the foil if bed'
adapted.

But the fruits of Ikill jtnd iriduftry are chiefly perceivable in the ddiJhtiet
lying upon the river Forth, cilled the Lothians, where agriculture i»
thoroughly underftood, and the farmers, who generally rent from 3 to

i€i

S C

T L A N D.

5'*o1* p«r nnn. are well fed, well clothed, and comfombly lodged. TIi«
reverfr, however, may be obfcrved of a very confidctable part of Scotland,
which Hill remains in a ilate of nature, via where the landlords, ignorant
of their real iatered, refufc to grant fuch leafcs as would encouruge the te<
nant to improve his own farm. In fuch places the hu(b,tndmen barely ex-
ill upon the sleanings of a fcanty farm, feldoin evcerding 20 or 30I. per
ann. the cattle are lean and finall, the hnufes mean beyond expreflion, and
the face of the country exhibits the mod deplorable marks of poverty and
oppreffion. Indeed from a millaken notion of the landed people in gene-
ral, the greaieft pan of tljie kingdom lies naked and expefrd, for WHnt of
fuch hedge*rows and planting at adorn the country of England. They
confider hedges as ufelefs and cumberlbme, as occupying more room than
what they call ilone inclofures, which, except in the Lothians already
mentioned, arc generally no other than low paltry walls, huddled up of
loofe ftones, withoat lime or mortar, which yield a bleak and mean ap-
pearance.

The foil in gencml produces wheat, rye, barley, oats, hemp, Har,
bay, and pafture. In the fouthern counties the fineft garden fruits, par-
ticularly apricots, ne£hirines, and peaches, are (aid to tall little, if at all,
(hort of'^thofe in England ; and the fame may be faid of the common. fruits.
The uncultivated parts of the Highlands abound in various kinds of falu-
biious and pleafant-tafted berries ; though it muft be owned, that many
extenfive traAs are covered with a ftrone heath. The fea-coaft producea
the alga-marina, dulfc or duliih, a moft wholcfome nutritive weed, in great
tiuantities, and other marine* plants.

The fifties on the coaft of bcutlnnd are much the fame with thofe of the
iflands and countries already dcfcribed ; but the Scots have improved in
their iiflieries as much as they have in their manufaftures and agriculture :
for focieties have been formed, which have carried that branch of national
wealth to a perfei^ion that never was before known in that country ; and
hids fair to emulate the Dutch themfclvcs in curimt, as well as catching,
their ii(h. In former times, the Scots feldom ventured to iifh above a
leaguers diflance from the land ; but they now ply in the deep waters as
boldly and riicceGifuUy as any of their neighbours. Their falmons, which
they can lend more early, when prepared, to the Levant and fouthern
markets than the EngHHi and Irifh can, are of great fervice to the nation,
as the returns are generally made in fpecie, or beneficial commodities.

This country contains ivw or no kmds, either of wild or domefiic ani-
malii, that are not common with their neighbours. The red-deer and the
roe-buck are found in the Highland!), but their fle(h is not comparable tft
£ngU{h venifon. Hares, and all other animals fur game, are here plenti<
ful ; as arc the groufe and heath-cock, which is a moi\ delicious bird, as
likewife are the capperkaily, and the tarmacan, which is of the pheafiint
kind, but thePe birds are fcarce even in the Highlands, and when difcn-
vered are very (hy. The numbers of blaclc cattle thar cover the hills of
Scotland towards the Htghlatids, ajgd (heep that are fed U|X>n the beauti''| I
mountains of Tweedale, and other parts of the fouth, are almoft incredible,
and formerly brought large fums into the country ; the black cattle efitc-
cially, which, when fatrened on the fouthern paftures, have been reckoned
fuperior to Englifli beef. It is to be hoped, however, that this trade is
row on its decline, by the vaft increafe of manufa£tures, whufe demand
for tiutcher*s meat mufi leflen the exportation of cattle into England. Some

are,

+-;■

SfcOTLANbi

i«j

aoi*
xd the

>le to

enti*
rd, ag

afiint
difco-

U of

uti^l
ibie,
efiw-
oned
dc is
mand
Some
are

•rf of eplpidn, that A fufficient HocV^ by proper mcthodf, may be raifed to
fuppl'y both miirketi, to ihe {{reat einolunlent of the nation.

Formerly the l(>ngi of Scorlaiid were at infinite pain* to men<jl the brted
bf the Scotch horfei, by imiwrting * liirger and more eeucrou* kind from
the continent : but th» truth ii, notwithl^iirtdiDg all the caie that wai ta-
ken) it wos found that the climitte and foil of Scotland wai Unfavourable
to ihHt noble animali. for they dimlnidied both in lize and fpirit i fo that
about (he (im« of the Unions few horfei, nHtivci of Scotland, were of mujh
value. Great cfr>>rU have been rtiudc uf Ute to Introduce the EnKlifli nnd
foreign breeds, and mufch pains, have been taken for providinj^ them with
proper food and itMnugcment, but with what fucceli i

) The population of Scotland ii |;e«
) neraliy fixed at about a million and a

lime alunt call dif*
coyer.

, PuPULATIONV IHHABITANTS,
MANNBRS, AND CUSTOMS.

half of fouU. 1 his calculation reds merely upob vague conjeAureSt as I
know of no attempt that has been made to fupport even its probabiliryt If
we form an eftimate upon any known principle^ the inhabitants of Scotland
are far more numerout. Jt is to be regretted that fome public encourage^
ment has not been given to brilig this matter nearer to A certainty^ wbich
might be done by the return! of the clergy from their fevefal pariQies. The
only records at prcfent th^t can be appealed to', are thofe of the army ; and^
by the bell information, they make the number of foldiers fuiroiihed by
Scotland in the wAr which began in I7$S» to amount to 80^000 men. We
are, however, to obferve, that about 60,000 of thefe were railed in the
iflands and Highlands, which form by far the lead populous part of i;cot<
land'. It belong)), therefore* to political calculation to eompdte whether
the population of Scotland does nut exceed two millions, as no country in
the world, exclulive of the army, fends abroad more of its inhabitants, ti
we confult the moA ancient and creditable hidories, the popuiarioii of Scot>
land in the thirteenth centuryt mull have been excelTive, as it afforded f«
many thoufandi to fall by the fwords of the Englifh^ without any fcutible
decrcafe (fo far a« I can find) of the Inhahitan<s.

The peopleofScotlandaregenerally raw-boued; «ndakindofchara*5te<
riftical feature, that of high cheek bones, reigns in their faces ; thiiy are
lean, but clean limbed, and can endure incredible fatigues. Their tldven«
turing fpiric was chiefly owing to their latjtrs of fucceffion, which invcfted
the elder brother, as head of the family^ with the inheritance^ and left but
A very fcanty portion lor the other fons. "tim obliged the latter to ferk
their fortunes abroad, though no people have more atfe<flioA for their na-
tive foil than the Scoti have ih genetal. It is true, this difparity of fortune
among the foni of one fathily prevails in England liKewife ; but the re*
fources which youpgcr brothers have in England are numerous, compared-
to thoi'e of a country fo narrow, and fo little improved, either by com*
inercc or agriculture^ as Scotland was fornieriyi

An Intelligent reader may eafily prrceivcj that the ridiculous family

ftride which is perhaps not yet entirely extinguiiilied in Scotland, was ow-^
Dg to the feudilt. inftitutions which pt;evail(id there in all their horrors of
blood and barbarity, ^heir family differences, efpecially the Highland*
ers, familiarized them to blood and llaughter ; and the death of an enemy,
however effedtedv was always a matter of triumph. Thefe pafliont did not
live in the breails of the common people only^ for they were authorized and
chcridied by their chieftains, many of whom were men who had feen thfli
WorM, were convcrfant in the courts of Europe, matters of polite literature.

M ?. . ,. ,. and

17©

SCOTLAND.

Mtid oinlabio in all the dutiei of civil and focial life. Their kingft except*
in^ ftiii)c of ihein who were endued with extraordinary virruca^ were con*
lidercd in Kitle other li^ht than commanders of their army in time of war i
for in time of peace their civil authority wa« fo little felt, that ever^ dan,
or family, even in the moft civilized parti of Scotland, looked upon ita own
chieftain- at the roTereigiv Thofe ideas were confirmed even by rhe law»,
which gave tbofe petty (}-rants a power of life and death upon their own
eilatei ; and they Mnc/iUly executed in four and tvienty hours after the
party wai apprehended. The pride which thofe chieftains had of outvying
each other m the numbers of tli«ir followers, created perpetual animofities,
which feldoin or never ended without bloodflied ; fo that tlie common peo-
pie, whofe beft qualification was a blind devotion to the will uf their
mailer, and the ag}{randizem«nt of his name, lived io a flate of continual
boAilky.

The late Archibald^ duke of Afgyle, was the firft chieftain we have
beard of, who had the patriotifm to attempt tn reform his dependents, and'
to banifh from them tholb barbarous ideasi His example has been follow-
ed by others t and there can fcarcely be a doubr, but that a very few years
will reconcile the Highlanders to all the milder habita of focioty. *

Brom what has been faid, it appears that the ancient modes of living a-'
poongthe Scotch nobility and gentry, are asfur from being applicable to
the prefent time, as the forms of a Roman fenatc are to that of a popifli
conclave ; and no natioH, perhaps, ever underwent fo quick and fo Hid-
den a tranfition of manners.

The peafantry have their peculiarities; their ideas are confined; butno
people can contorm their tempers better than they do to their ftations.
Thry are taught from their infancy to bridle their paflions, to behave fub-
miflively to their fuperiors, and live within the bounds of t^a moft ririd
eeconomy. Hence they fave their money and thcK conlHtutions, and tew
inilances of murder, perjury, robbery, and other atrocious vices, occur at
prefent in Scotland. They feldom enter fragly upon any daring enter-
prize ; but when they adt in concert, the fecrecy, fagacity, and refolution,
with which they carry on any defperate undertaking, is not to be pjurallel-
ed ; and their fidelity to one another, under the ilrongcil temptations arif-
jng from their ooveny, is flill more extraordinary. Their mobs are ma-
naged with all the caution of conf piracies j witncfs that which put Porteus
to death in 1 736, in open defiance ql^.law and government^ and in the midft
of 20,000 people ; and though tht Agents were well known, and fome of
them triedj with a reward of $ool. annexed to their conviction, yet no evi>
dence could be found fuiRcient to brint; them to punifliment. The fidelity
of the Highlanders of both fexef, under a (IHl greater temptation, to the
young Pretender after his defeat at Culloden, could fcarcely be believed,
were it not well attefted.

They affeft a fondnefs for the memory and language of their forefather*'
beyond, perhaps, any people in the world ; bat this attachment is feldom
or never carried into any thing that is indecent or difgudfulf though they
retain it abroad as well as at home. They are fond of the ancient Scotch
difhes, fuch as the haggefs, the (beep's head fingcd, the fifti in fauce, thte
chicken broth, and minced collops. Thefe difhes, in their original dreflf-
ingi'"were favoury and nutritive for keen appetites ; but the modern im-
pioveinents that have been made in the Scotch cookery have rendered them
:igreeable to the moft delicate palates.

■■■■•'• ■• TTio

■ "1 »• •• '

ii..'.A'

SCOTLAND.

i6i

The

The Inhnbttants ot' thofe ptirts of Scotland, w^o live ckiefly by paflurr^
have a natuml vein tor poetry ; and the beaiitttui fimplicity of the Scotch
tunei is rclKhed by all true judges of nature. Lovt it irenerally the fub-
jc^t, and many of the airn have been brought upon the Englilh ftage with
variationi, under new nnniei, but with thii d>fAdvantagr» that* ^though
rendered more contorniiible to the rulci of mufic, they are mollly alterM
for the worfe, bani^^ llript of that orif^inal fimpUcity, which, however ir-
regular, is thcii moft elleniiiil ch irai^crinic, it (o agreeable to the ear, and
has fuel) powers over the human bread. Thofe of a more lively and
merry firuin have had better fortune, being introduced into the army m
their native drrfs, by the fifes, an inrtrument for which they are remark-
ably Well fuitcd. It has been ridiculouilv fuppofed that Rizzio, the un-
happy Italian fecretary of Mary queen of Scots, reformed the Scotch m.f<
fie. This Is a faldtoqd invented by his dountnrmen, in envy to tlie Scott.
Their fincil tunes exidcd in their church munc, long before Rixziu's ar-
rival ; nor does it appear that Rizzio, who was chiefly ctttployed by hit
miftref!) in foreign difpatcheii, ever compofcd an air during the (liort time
.he lived in Scotland ; but, were there no other evidences to confute this re-
^rr', the original cliara^er of the muik itfelf is fulKcienC.

The lower people in Scotland are not fo much accuftomcd at the Englifll
.arc to clubn, dintKre, and other convivial entertainments ; but when they
partake of them, for that very reafon they fecm to enjoy them more com*
pletely. One inditution there is, at once fncial and charitable, and tkat
18, the contributions raifed for celebrating the weddings of people of an
interior rank. Thole fcftivitiea partake of the ancient Saturnalia ; but
though the company conlidi promlfcuoufly of the high and the low, the en-
tertainment is as decent as it is jovial. Each tfueft pays accarding to hit
inclination or ability, but feldom under a (hilling a head, for which they
have a wedding dinner and daiictng. When the parties happen to hcfer*
vants in refpet^tabie fiimilies, the contributions are fo liberal ihat they of-
ten eflablini the young couple in the world. 1

The common people of Scotland retain the folemn decent tnnl0m of
their anccftors at burials. When a relation dies in town, the paritlt bea*
die is fcnt round with a pafling, bell ; but he ilops at certain places, and
with a flow melancholy tone announces the name of the jparty deceafed,
•and the time of his interment, to which he invites all his fellow-country-
men. At the hour appointed, if the deceafed was beloved in the plarr,
vail numbers attend. The procefltc^i is fometimes preceded by the magi-
ftrates and their ofhcers, and the deceafed is carried in his coffin, covered
by a velvet pall, with chair poles, to the grave, where if is interred, with-
out any oration or addrefs to the people, or prayers or farther ceremony,
than the neareft relation thanking the company for their attendaooe* The
fuiierals of the nobility and gentry, are performed in much the fame manner
AS in England, but without any burial fervice. The Highland funerals
were generally preceded by bagpipes, which played certain dirges, called (-«-
ro/iac/ji, and were accompanied by the voices of the attendants of both fexes.

pancing is a favourite amufemeDt in this country, but little regard is
,paid to art or gracefulnefs : the whole confifts in agility, and in keeping
time to their own tunes, which they do with great exadtnefs. One of the
peculiar diverfions prav'^ifiKl by the gentlemen, is the Gefj which requires
^n equal degree of art and drcngth ; it is played by a bat and a ball ; the
tatter is fmaller and harder than a cricket ball ; the bat is of a taper con-t
^VU^i^, till it teiinina^cs in the part that fitikes the baU, whi^h is loi^ded

M i Huh

t66

SCOTLAND.

with If ad, and faced with horn. The divcrfiy itfelf rcf^mhles that o|
the Mall^ which wai common in England in the middle of the laft century.
An expert playev will fend the ball ap amasinc; dillance at one ftr«ke;

large flat Hones, often from twenty to two hundred pounds weight each,
which they hurl from a common uand to a mstrk at a certain diftance ; and
yhoever is neareft the mark is the vi<f}or. Thefe two m^y be calUd the
ilanding winter and fiimmeV diverlions in Scotland. The natives are ex-
pert nt all the other divcrlions common in England, crieiet excepted, of
which they have no notioj[i ; the gentlemen corfidcring it as too athltV.c
and mechanical.

LxKOVAGa AND DRESS.] I place thcfc two articleb under the fitme
head, becaufc they had formerly an intimate relation to each other, both of
them being evidently Celtic. The Highland plaid is compofcd of a wool-
len fluff, fometimes very fine, called tartan. This ftuflFconfitts of various
colours, forming ftripes which crofs each other at right angles ; and the
naiivi 8 value themfelves uf°on the judicioua arrangement, or what tbey
call fcts, of thofe flripes and colours, which, where ikilfuHy managed,
produce a pleafmg effect to the eye. Above the fliirt, the Highlander
wears a wailkoar of the fame compofitiofj with the plaid, which common-
ly conlills of twelve yards in width, aiid which they throw oyer the
fliouldcr into very near the form of a Roman toga, as reprefcnted in an-
cient flatues : fotnetimes it is fadened round the middle with a leathern
belt fo that part of the plaid hangs down before and behind like a petticoat,
and fupplies the want of breeches. This they call being dreiTed in apheiigf
\>\xt which the Lowlanders call a iiity and 1 make no doubt is the div/e.
word with Celt. Sometimes they wear a kind of petticoat of the fame va-
fiegattd llufT, buckled round the waift, and this they teim the philibegy
which fecms to be of Milefian extraftion. Their (lockings are likewiie df
tartilB, tied below the knee with tartan garters formed into taflels. The
poorer i>eoplc wear upon their feet brogues made of Ontanned or undrefled
leather ; for their heads a blue flat cap is ufed, called a bonnet, of a
particular woollen manufacture. From the belt of the philibeg hung ge-
nerally iheir knivesj and a dagger, Which they called a diik, and an iron
^ftol, fometimes of fine workmanlhip, and curioufly inlaid with lilver.
The introdudtion of the broad fword of Andrea Ferrara, a Spaniard (which
was always part of the Highland drefs), feems to be no earlier than the
reign of James III. who invited that excellent workman to Scotland. A
large leathern purfe, riihly adorned with filver, hangii)g before them,
was always part of a Highland chieftain's dreis.

The drefs of the Highland women confifted' of a petticoat and jerkin,
with ftrait fleeve?, trimmed or not trimmed, according to the quality of
ihc wearer ; over'ihis they were a plaid, which they either held clo(e un-
der (heir chins wi^h the hand, or 'fallencd with a buckle of a particular
lathion. On the head ihey wore a kerchief of fine linen of different forms.
'J he women's plaid has been but lately difiifed in Scotland by the Indies,
who ttore it in a graceful manner, the drapery falling towards the feet in
large tdiii.'-. ^ curious vir^uofo may find a ftrong refemblance between
the vuiiesrHted a;id fimbriated draperies of the ancients, and thofe of the
Tu(c lis (who were unqueftionably of Celtic original), as they arc tote
fccfi lA th^ monuments of antiquity. '
• ' ■ ■ - • . ' The

unto

had

then

ing

out,

took

no d

their

SCOTLAND.

16;

The nttachment of the Highlanders to this drcfs, rendered it a bond of
union, which often proved dangerous to the government. Many efibrts
had been made by the legillaturc, after the rebeltioo in 171 5, to difarm
them* and oblige rhem.to conform to the Low-country drcfles. The difarm-
ing fcheme was the moft fL-cceisful, for when the rebellion in 1745 hroke
out, the common people had fcarccly any other arms than thofe which they
took from the king's troops. Their overthrow at CuUoden, rendered it
no difficult matter for the legiflature to force them into a total change of
their drcf>. Its conveniency, however, for the purpofes of the field, is To
great, that fome of the Highland reginu tits uill retain H. Even the
common people have of late refumed the ufc of it ; and for its lightnefs and
freedom of the body, many of the Highland gentlemen Wear it in the
fumraer time.

The drefs of tlie higher and middle ranks of the Low Country, differ
little or nothing from the EngUih ; l)ut>many of the peafantry Aill retain
tlic bonnet, for the cheapnefs and lightnefs of the wear. The drcfs of the
women of all rat^ks arc much the fame in both kingdoms, but not fo as to
their neatncfs, and ihe cleunnefs of the female fervants.

1 have already mentioned the language of the Highlanders, efpecially
towards Lochaber and Badenoch. to be radically Celtics The Englim
fpoken by the Scots, notwithltanding its provincial articulations, which are
as frequent there as in the more fouthcrn counties, is written in the fame
manner in both kingdoms. At prefcnt, the pronunciation of a Scotchman
is greatly improving, nnd with fome does not differ from the pronunciation
of a Londoner, more than that of a Londoner does from an inhabitant of
Somei fetfhirc, and fome pnrts of Worcedcrllure,

Punishments.] Thefe are pretty much the famie in Scotland as in
England, only that of beheading is performed by an inilrument called the
Maiden : the model-of which, it is well known* was brought from Halifax
in England to Scotland, by the regent earl Morton, and it was firil ufed
for the execution of himfelf.

Religion.] Ancient Scottifli hiftorians, with Bede, and other writers,
generally agree that ChriAianity was firil taught in Scotland by fome of
the difciples of St. John the apoHlc, who fled to this northern corner to
■avoid the perfecution of Domitian, the Roman emperor ; though it was
not publicly profefled till the beginning of the third century, when a
prince, whom Scotch hiflorians can Donald the Firfl, his queen, and fe-
veral of his nobles, were folcmnly baptized. It was farther confirmed by
emigrations from South Britain, during the perfccutions of Aurelius and
Diocletian, when it became the eilabliflied religion of Scotland, under the
management of certain learned and pious men, named Cdldecs, who feein
to have been the firll regular clergy in Scotland, and were governed by
uvcrfeers or bifliops chofen by themfelves, from among their own body,
and who had no pre-eminence or rank over the reft of their brethren.

Thus, independent of the church of Rom-, Chriftianity feems to have
1)een taught, planted, and finally confirmed in Scotland as a nations)
•church, where it fl«)uri(hed in its native fimplicity, till the arrival of Pal-
jadius, a pricft fent by the bi(hop of Rome in the fifth century, who found
means to introduce the moJes and ceremonies of the Romifli church,
which at laft prevailed, and f cotland became involved in that darknefg
which for many ages overfpread Europe ; though their dependance upon
the pope was very llender, when compared to the blind fubjedliou of many
ffthcr nations, ' . . .. . . u. .1

H ^ ThQ

|60

SCOTLAND.

The Cpldees, hQW^ver, long retained their original tnanners, and re-
inained a diiliutSt order, potwiihdanding the oppremon of ibc Romifb cler'»
gy, fo late as the age pf Robert Bruce, in the i4<h centiirjr, when they
dtfHppearcd, But it is worthj> of obfervation, that the oppofition to popery
in this ifland, though it ceafrd in Scotland upon the extinction of the
Culdees, w^ in the fame age revived in England bv John WicjdifTe, a
plan of parts and learning, who was the forerunner jn the work of rofur-
inatioR, to John Jfufs, and Jerom of Prague, as the latter were to Mar?
t)n Luther, and John Calvin. But though the doftiincs of Wicklifte were
nearly the fame with thofc propagated by the reformers in the i6th cen-
tury, and the age feemcd Rrongly difpofcd to receive them, nfti»irs were not
yet fully ripe lor this great revolution ; and the finiflnng blow to popery
}n England was rcfervcd to the age of Henry VIII.

Soon af|er that inipurtapt event took place in Engl-.ind, when learning,
arts, and fciences began to revive in Europe, the abfurditics of the church
pf Rome, as well as the profligate lives of her clergy, did not elciipe the
notice of a free ^nd enquiring people, but gave rile to the Refoim^^tinn ii^
Scotland, It began in the reign of James V. niade great progrefs under
that of his daughter Miry, j^nd was at length completed through the
preaching of John I^lnox, who had adopted the do^rines qr Calvin, and
in a degice wi|s the apoflle of Scotland. It was natural tor his brethren tq
imagine, that upon the abolition of the Roman C;itholic religion, they
were to fucceed to the revenues of that cleigy. The great nobility whq
had parcelled out thofe poflipfliuns for themlelves, did not at hrll difcou*
rage this notion ; but, no fooner had Knox fuccceded in his deligns, which,
through the fury of the mob, deftroyed foine of the fined ccclefuftical
builditigs in the world, than the parliament, or ratV.cr the nobil.ty, mo-
popolized all the church living!^, and raofl fcandaloufly left the reformed
f lergy to live almoft in a flate of beggary ; nor could all their efforts pro-
duce any great ftruggle or alteration in their favour.

The nobility and great landholders left the doftiine and difcjpline of
i^be church to be modelled by the preachers, and they were confirmed by
parliament. Succeeding times rendered the prefbyterian clergy of vaft
iinportance to the ftate ; and their revetiues have been fo inuch mended,
that though no flipeud there exceeds 1 50!. a year, few fall fhort of 60I.
and none of 50I. If the prefent expeniive mode of living continues in
Scotland, the eftablilhed cjergy will ^lave ma^^y unanfwerable reafons tq
prge for the increafe of their revenues.

The bounds of this work do not admit of entering at large upon the
flodtrinal and oeconomical part of the church of Scotland. It is futhcienc
%o fay, that its firft principle is a parity of ccclenailical authority among all
its prefibyters ; that it agrees in its cenfures with the rcroimed churches
abroad in the chief heads of oppofition m popt- ry ; but that it is modelled
principally after the Calviniftical plan eftabliflied iit Geneva. This elln-
bliflimenr, at various periods, proved fo tyi;innical over the laity, by hav-
ijng the power of the greater and UlTc'r excommunication, which were atr
fended by a forfeiture of edate, and fometimes life, that the kirk fellions,
^nd other bodies, have been abridged of all their dangerous powers over
|he laity, who are extremely jealous of their being revived. It is faid^
fhat even that relic of popery, the obliging forniciitors of both fexes to fit
ppon what they call a repentrngrflool, in the church, and in full view o(
(he congregation, begins to wear out; it having been found, that the
l^o^cl^ wo^en^ on acc9^nt o( tliat peoauce, were the greatcft infanticide^

fo
tl

f:,

SCOTLAND.

%$9

popery

in the world. In fliort, ^ power of the Scotch clergy is at prefcnt very
niodcrate, or at leaft v? .moderately excrclfed ; nor are they accountable
for the extravagancies « Uicir piedecefflirs-. They have been, ever fince
the Revolution, firm adhcients to civil llbevty, and the houfc of Hanover;
find iidled with remarkable intrepidity durin<; the rebellion in 1743. They
j^iefb without clerical robes ; but fbme of them appear in the pulpit ia
gowns, after the Geneva form, and bands. They make no ufe of fet
f{)rms in woifliip, but are nor prohibited that of the Lord's Prayer. The
rents of the bifliops, hncc the abolition of epifcopacy, are paid to the king,
who commonly appropriates them to pious puipolcs. A thoufand pounds
9 yciir is always fent by his majejly for the uic of the proteftant ichoolt
eroded by aft of parliament in NorihrBritain, and the Welfern Ifles ; an4
the Scotch clergy, of latp, have planned out funds for the fupport of their
widows and orphans. The number of parilhes in Scotland are eight hun-
dred and ninety, whereof thirty-one are collegiate churches, that is, where
the cure is (erved by more than one minifL'r,

The higheft ccclefiaflical authority in Scotland is the general aflembly,
which we may call the ecclefiaflical parliament of ^^otlHnd. It confifls di
pommiflioners, fome of which arc laymen, under the title of ruling ciders,
*from prefbyteries, royal burghs, and uni'verfiticc. A prefbytery, confift-
ingot under twelve minifters, fends twominifters and one ruling elder: if
it contains betweeu'tweWc and eighteen minifters, it fends i;hree, and one
ruling elder: if it contains between eighteen and twenty -four minifters, it
fends four minifters and two ruling elders : but if the prefl)y tcry h;is twen-
ty-four minifters, it fends five minifters and two ruling elders. Every
royal burgh fends one ruling elder, and Edinburgh two ; whofe eledioa
inuft be attefted by the refpe^ive kirk-feflions pf.their own burghs. Every
uuiverfity fends one commiftioner, ufually a minifter of their own body,
f he commiffioners are choien yearly, fix weeks before the meeting of the
alfcmbly . The ruling elders are often of the firft quality of the country.

The king prcfidcs by hi? commiJlioner (who is always a nobleman) in
this aflcmbly, which meets once a year : but he has no voice in their deli-
berations. The order of their proceedings is regular, though the num-
ber of members often creates a confufion ; which the moderator, who is
(:hofen by them to be as it were fpeaker of the houfe, has not fuificient au-
^hoiity 10 prevent. Appeal* are brought from all the other ecclefiaftical
courts in Scotland to the general afi'embly ; and no appeal lies from U9.
determinations in relij^ious matters.

Provincial i'ynods are next in authority to the general aflembjy. They
{^re compofed of a lumber of the ndj.icent preibyteiies, over whom they
h.iveapnwer: anu there are fiiteen of them in Scotland ; but their aftj
are reverfible by the general aftembl)-,

Subordinate to the i'ynods, are prefljyteries, fixty -nine of Which arc i(j
Scotland, each confifting of a number of contiguous pariflics. The mini-
fters of thele pariihes, witl> one ruling elder, chofen half-yearly out of
every ftlljon, compofes a pre/bytery. Thcfe prefljyterics meet in the hea4
town of that divjlioti ; but have no jurifdii^ion beyond their own bouni^s,
thouj^h wiihin thefe they have cognifance of all ecclefioftical caufcs an4
matters, A chief part of their bufinefs is the ordination of candidates for
livings, in which they are regular and folemn. The patron of a living is
bound to nominate or prefsnt in fix months after a vacancy, othcrwife the
preft)ytcry fills the pl»cey«rf ^tvfl^to j but that privilege does not hold it^
J$>PI burghs.

Aklrlc-

T*mi^

170

SCOTLAND.

A kuk-fcflion ts the lowcft occlrfiaftical judicatory in Scoilanil, and its
authutity does not extend btyond its own parilli. Thc'.mcinl)erb conlift ol"
the minifler, ciders, and deacons. The deacons are laymen, and act
pretty much as churchwardens do in England, by having the fuperinten-
dtncy of the poor, and tukinj; care of other parochial att'airs.^ The elder,
or, as he U called, the ruling elder, is a place of great parochial trull, and
lie is generally a lay perfon of quality or intt reft in the parifli. They are
fuppofed to »A in a kind of co-urdinancy with the miniAer, and to be af-
fimng to him in many of his clerical duties, particularly in catechiling,
vifiting the fick, aad at the conimunion-tnhle.

The oitce of minifters, or preaching prefbyters, includes the offices of
deacons and ruling elders ; they alone can preach, adminider the facra*
ments, catechife, pronounce church cenfures, ordain deacons and ruling-
elders, aflift at the imporition ot° hands upon other ininiAers, and moderate
«r prefidc in all ecclefiailicil judicatories.

It has already been obfcrved, <hat the cft^blintcd religion of Scotland is
prelbytoiian ; that it was formerly of a rigid nature, and partook of all the
aulU-ruics of Calviaifm, and of too much of the intolerance of vpopcry ;
iot at prefem it is mild and gentle, and the fermons and tithcr theological
wiitings of many of the moilern Scotch divines, are equally dillinguidjcd
by good fenfu and moderation. It is to be wilhcd, however, that this m<<-
deration was not too often interrupted by the fanaticifin not only of lay fe-
cedcrs, but of regular mittilK-rs. 1 hcfe are indurtiious to Hx upon the
abfurditieft of former divines and vifioiiarit- s, and ecclelianical nrdinauccs
and difciplinc, which were fuppofed to be incompatible with the nature of
government. Avail number ot thefe fcccding congregations arc to be
fbu4id in the Lowlands, They maintain their own preachers, ; though
fcarccly any two congregations agree either in principle or pra^.ticc with
ciich other. We do not, however, find tl>at they fly in the face of the ci-
vil power, or at lead the inili^nces are rare and ineonlidcrablc : and pcr>
hips many of t\\c(e /eerfftons are lawful, or to be jnftilitd, on account of
the great abufes of patron\£;cs, by which tnsny parHhts have unworthy or
incapable minifler» impi>feii upon them, as is the qafc in many places in
England.

A different fet of difTentet's in Scotlandj^ confifla of the epifcopalians, a
few quakers, maiiv papills, and other fedlaries, who are denominated from
their preacher?. ^pifcopMcy, from the time of the Rclloration in 1660,
to that of the Revolution in 1688, was the eflablifbed church of Scot-
land : and would proklably havp continued fo, had not the bifliops, who
were In general verv weak men, and creatures ot the duke of York, af-
tcrwartis James VII. and II. rcfufed to rccognile king William's titl?.
The partifans of that unh;ippy prince retained the epilcopal religion ; and
king William's government was rendered fo unpopular in Scotland, that
jn <]ueen Anne's time, the epifcopalians were more numerous in fonie
parts than the prelbyterians ; and their meetings which thev held under
the A<^ of Tpleration, as well attended. A Scotch epifcopaliaii thus be-
coming another naijie for a Jacobite, th-y received fome checks after the
rtbrliiunin 17 1?; but thcv recovered themfelvcs lo well, that at the
breaking out of the rebellion in 1745, they became ag;iin numerous, alte|r
which the government found means to invalidate the a^ts of their clciic;ii
order. Their meetings however, liill fubfiil, but thinly. In the mean
while, the decline of the noninrovs is far from having fuppreifed epilco-
pary in Scotland ; the Engiilh bilbops fupply then) with clergy qu;ilified

SCOTLAND.

i7t

$ecori\t\s to hw, whofe chapels are chiefly filled by the Englifli, 8i>d fuch
Scotch hearers v{ that perlualion as have places under the government.

The detVlinn of fome threat tamilies from the cat^fc ot' popery, and
the exiiti^ion of others, hayc rendered its votaries inconlidembie in Scot-
land, "they are chiefly confined to the northern parts, and the iflandi :
and though a violent npp liition yfM lately r^ifed againft them, fearing their
tibenief were about to be eiilarged, they appear to be as quiet and in-
pflfennvc as protcflant fubjcdts.

Scotland, during the time of eptfcopacy, contained tvfo archbiflioo*
rirs, St. Andrewy anid Glafgow; and twelve bifliopricks, Edinburgh,
t>unkctd, Aberdeen, Murray, Brechin, Dumblaiti, Rufs, Caithnef8»,0rk-
fiey, Qalloway, Argyle, and the |fles.

Lbarmno, and LRARNen MEN.] For this article we may refer fo
the literary hiftory of Europe for 1400 years pafl. Thewefl:ern parts and
Ules of Scotland produced St. Patrick, the celebritted apoftle of Ireland ;
and many others fince, whofe bare names would make a long article. The
writings of Adamnarus, and other ^^uthors, who lived before, and at the
time of the Nortrian invafion, which are come to our hands, are (pect>
mens of their learning. Charles the Great, or Charlemagne, moft un«
queftionably held a correfpondence by letters with the kings of Scotland,
with whom he formed a famous league ; and employed Scotchmen in
planning, fettling, and ruling his favourite univerlities, and other fcm!-
haries of learning, in France, Italy, and Germany. It is an undoubted
truth, though a teeming paradoxical fa£t, that Barbour, a Scotch poet,
philoibpher, and biflorian, though prior in time to Chaucer, having ilou-
riflied in the year i}68, ^vrote, according to the modern ideas, as pure
Englifli as that bard, and his verfification is perhaps more harmonious.
The deflruAion of the Scotch monuments of learning and antiquity have
rcndewd their early annals lame, and often fabulous ; but the Latia
ilylc of Buchanan's hillory is to this day the moft daflical of all modera
productions. The letters of ^he Scotch kings to the neighbouring princes,
are incoinp.irably the fineil compofltions of the times in which iney were
written, and are free from the barbarifms of thofe fent them in anfwer.
Thi<i has been confidered as a proof, that claflical learning was more cul-
tivated at the coiirt of Scotland than at any other in Europe.

The difcovery of the logarithms, a difcovery, which in point of inge-
iiiiity and utility, may vie with any that has been made in modern times,
tb the indifputable right of Napier of Merchiftone. And fince his time,|
the mathematical fciences have been cultivated in Scotland with great fuc-
cefs. ^eil, in his uhylicp^mathematical works, to the cleamefs of his
reafoning, has addea the colouring of a poet, which is the more remark-
able, not only as the fubjeCt is little fufceptible 01 ornament, but as he
wrote in an ancient language. Of all writers on aftronomy, Gregory is
allowed to be one of the moft perfe6V and elegant. Maclaurin, the com-
panion and the friend of fir Ifanc Newton, was endowed with all that
preciljon and force of mind, which rendered him peculiarly fitted (ox
bringing down the ideas of that great man to the level of ordinary appre-
henfions, and for diftufing that light through the world, which Newtoii
had confined within the fphere of the learned. His Trearife on Fluxionft
is regarded by the bell judges in Europe, as the cleareft account of the
moft refined and fubtile fpeculations on which the hum»n mind ever
everted Itfelf with fuccefs. While Maclaurin purfued this new career, a
geometriciau tio lefs famous diftinguiflied hiinlelf in the fure, but almoft
I ' defertcv

SCOTLAND,

licrmtetl rrwSt nf «uMq,uMy. Thii was the late Dr. Sitnfoni fo well Jcnoua
over EuroiK, lor }m \\\\.\i\ri,iXum of tlve ancient geometry. Hi* Kleincntt
oi Eucrui, luid Above 41 lii)t Conic Sc('^!tioii«, arc fullicient, of iheni-
felv«!i, «o cftuliliili the roicntitk ro|Mitat4on of hiii miiivc couutiy.

ThUt however, docs not red on the charutltcr of a few iiiatliriniticitnw
lind nflrouoiucii. The Kne urtii huvu been called iiUuro to denote thi-ir
aiRairy. There !$ the fume coneiftion between the IcicnccHt purticularly
thofc which dci)cnd on obfervation. Matlienuiticii und phylicn, properly
&i ot^llod) vvcri: in i^cotlund nccon){Mnic(i by the other biunchcs of iludy
to wtuch they arc allicKl. In mcilicine particularly, the nuinrii of I'it-
ctfirn, Arbuthuot, Monr^, Smellic, unJ Wliytt, hold u diUinguilhed

|)1llCC.

Nor have the Scots been imrucccrkrul in culiiv;)ting the Belles Lettres.
Forciniers who inlixbit wanner clinutics, and conceive the northern no-
!lton» UKMi)id>le of tcnderncfti and-fccling, tire ufbnilhed ut the poetic ge-
>Ma* and aclicate I'enfibility of Thoinfon.

l}vitofuU litci'ury purHiits, that of rendering mankind more virtuous
and lutppy, which is the proper obje«!^ of what is c.ilU.d moralt, ou^ht to be
. regariled with peculiar honour and lefpetff. 'I'hc philofophy of Dr. Hui-
chcfon, not to meniion other works more fubtilc und elegant, but left con-
VincinK A>id lelli iutlruilivi-, dcfcrvrs to be read by all who would know
th<ir duty, or who would wifli to prat^ifc it. Next to Locke's KHjiy on
(the Human Undertlandinc;, i( i« pcrhaiis the bell dillVoVion of tlic luiinan
n\ind, that hath appeared iii inoderu times ; und it is tikcwife the molt
Vieful fupplemcnt to that clliiy.

It Would be cndlefs to mention all the individual, who have dilliii-
gtuflied themfclvcs in the various branches of literature ; particularly as
jhofc who arc alive (foinc of them in high ciKem f«>r hitlorical coinpo-
fuiou) difputc the p.tlin of ini;rK with the dead, and cover ihcir couuiry
yi'ith lau«ch, which noiihcr envy can blill, nor time can dellroy.

Univbiis.tibs.I Tlic univcifnics of Scotland are four, viz. St. An-
drews*, founded in 141 1. -Glaf^ow-j-i 14^;^,.— Aberdeen §, 1477. —
Aftd Edinburgh ;, icSji. ,.

CITIR8.

f III! I , , ^

'^ St. Andrews ha;* a Ch»ticrllor, two FrincipuU, and eleven ProfcfTon in

Crenk, Moral I'hilofophy, Church Hillorjr,

llumauity, . Natural l*h Idlophy, Divinity,

llcbrew, Matlicniatiis, Medicine.

l.pgK, Civil Hiftory,

^ Ciltti'^w has a Chancellor, Rcdlor, l>u*n of Faculty, Principal, and fourteen Pro-

, felTors in

fireek, .„. .„ Meral Philofophy.

Htmunity, Natural Philofophy,

Fcbnw, Mathematics,

Oriotal Laugusges, PrnOhcal Aftionomy,

Lt>^ic, Hiftor)',

$ Aberdeen has properly two collets viz. King's Colitge, and Marifchal College j

Kirg'« College has a ChaticeUor, Kcdor rriiicival, and fcven Prufcli'uri in

pr«:«k, Philofophy, Civil law,

t3..^ :... 'rt:..:..:.» kji..r.^:^.

Divinity,

Civil and Scotch Law,

Mtdicire,

A I. atomy.

Medicine.

Pr* .

Humanity, Diviniiy,

Pric tal La-'guagfs,

Marifchal college has a Chancellor, Reftor, Pri.cipal, and feven Profcfllirs in
fjrcck, Natural Philofopl^ Divinity,

pricftal Languages, Matheuiatict^ Medici^, ,"

Motal Fhiloiophyaud Logic.

the

SCOTLAND.

'73

CcTifis, TOWNS, ANDOTHiR BDincEil SdinHiirgh, tht capittf
pvui.iu ANti I'RivATi. I of Scotlntidi nnturatlv tnkor

the lend in thii irivilion. which thr boiimli of our woilc olili)^ vtn to con«
tndi. This enflli', before the iifc of nrtillci'v, w«i difcmrd to be imfnreg-
niible b^ force. It win prolmbly built by the Saxon kiiijj Edwin^ whbler
tcrritoriCB rcuchcd to the Frith of Forth, Hnd who ^avc hit niime tjtt Edfiw
burgh, ns it ccrrninty did not full into the hands of the Scots, till' tfi*i
reign of IndulphuB, who lived in the ycir 953. The town wns buiit" fnt
the benefit of proiei^Uon from the cultlrt and n more inconvenient fftu*
ntion for n ciipnul can fcnrcely be conceived : the hij^-Areet,- which iroitr
the rid}^c of u hill lyinj; enO imd well ; and tlie Junes running down it*
iideii, north nnd foutli. In former timc!i the town was furrounded' by
water, excepting towards the ciift ; fo that wlien tht French iMndeil in
Scotliind, during the rc}jciir^ of JMury vf Guile, they gave ir the ntime
of Lillcbourg. This fituHtioii fiijif^'elled the idc;i of buiUlii'g very \ohy
houfes divided into Aitriet, each of which conminii a' I'ltitc or roonrs, gc-
ncrally htrve and commodious for the ufe of a fiutiity ; fo that (\\e high'*
Ibroct of £diiibnigh, which is chieHy of hewn iH)nr, bioud, nnd well
paved, ntukcH a moll uuguQ iippcarnnce, clpecially ns it riles n full milciU
H dirctSt line, aud f;radunl ulcint from the puhicc of Holyiood-houfc on
the eaft, and is terminated (»n the well by the rude miijtlly of its carttie>,
built upon A lofty rock, inncccflible on all llde», except where it joins tor'
the city. The calilc not only overlooks the city, its environs, gnrdenff
the new town, nnd n fine rich nei(;hl)ourii:'^ country, but commands si
nioft exienlive profpcft of the river Forth, the (hipping, the oppofite confl
of Fife, and even fome hills at the didanie of ±0 or 50 miles, which*
border upon the Highlnnds. This crowded population, however, Wiis fo*
Ihockingly inamveuieut, that the Kn^^lidi,' who fcldom went farther int»
the country, returned with the decpeil impreinons ot Scotch nallincfs,
which became proverbial. ThecaHlc has fomc good apartments, a toler-'
able train of artillery, nnd has nor only a large magazine of arms and
ammunition, but contains the regalia, which were depofited here under
the moll folemu legal inflruments of their never being removed ffom
thence. All that is known »x prcfent of thofe regalia, is contained in tha
inilrumcnt which wns rnkeu at the time of their being depofited, whertf
they arc fully defcribcd.

Facing the caAle, as I have already obferved, at n mile's diflance, ftandd
the abbey, or rather palace, of Holy rood -hnufe. Th« inner quadrangle
of this palace, begun by Jatncs V. nnd fmiflicd by Charles I. is of mag-
nificent modern architcdture, built according to the pl.tn, and under the
direi'lion of Sir William Bruce, a Scotch gentleman of family^ and one^
of the greateft archiiedts of that a^c. Round the quadrangle runs an ar'
cade, adorned with pilafters : and the inlide contains magntiiceiit apart''

t Ediaburgh has a Patron, Prhicipal, and Prof^lT'iri in

Muthcmatlcs, Materia McdicOr.

Civil Hiftnry, Inft. of I'hyfic aoA McdU

Natural HiHorff ciite*

Scntch Law, PraAice of Mcdlcut^,

Civil Law, Chtmlftry,

Law of Nature aii4 Nafton»,Anatotry, " "'

Rhetoric atid fieUM Liittrcs, Midwifcty.

B«t»l>jr

Divinity.
Church Hiftory,
fireek,

Humanity/j, > .
Hebrew., , '

i'OgIC,

Moral Philofojjhf,
Natural {'hilofoptiy,

«74

S C d f L A N l5;

mentt for the duke of Hamilton, who is hereditary keeper of the PauK^;
and for other noblemen. Its long gallery contains figures, fome of which
•re from portraits, but all of them pointed by modern hands, of the kings
of Scotland down to the time of the Revolution. James Vn« when duke
of Yorkf intended to have made great improvemenCs about this palace I
for at prefent nothing can be more uncomfortable than its fituation, at th^
bottom of bleak unimproved crags and mountains, with fcarcely a iingle
tree in its neighbourhood. The chapel belonging to the palace, as it llood
when repaired and ornamented by thut prince, is thought to have been a
mod elegant piece of Gothic architecture. It had a very lofty roof, and two
rooms of ftone galleries, fupportcd by curioub pillars. Itwasthe conTentual
church of the old abbey. Its inlidc was dcmolilhed and rifled of all its
rich ornaments, by the tury of the mob at the Revolution, which even
broke into the repoiltories of the dead, and difcovered a vault, till that
time unknown, which contained the bodies of James V. his fird queen,
and Henry Darnley. The walls and roof of this ancient chapel gave
way and fell down on the 2d and 3d of December, 1768, occauoned by
the enormous weight of a new ftone roof, laid over it fome years ago,
which the walls were unable to fupport.

Thehofpital, founded by George Herriot, goIdfmithtoJamcsVI.com-
monly called Herriot's Work, Hands to the fouth-wefl of the cadle, in a no*
ble fituation. It is the fined and moft regular fpecimen which Inigo Jone^
(who went to Scotland as architect to queen Anne, wife of king James
VI.) has left us of his Gothic manner, and far exceeding any thing of
that kind to be feen in Engfand. One BalcanquhiUe, a divine, whom
Herriot left bis executor, is faid to have prevailed upon Jones to admit
fume barbarous devices into the building, particularly the windows, and
to have iufifted that the ornaments of each (hould be iomcwhat different
from thofe of the others. It is, notwithflandio^, upon the whole, a de-
lightful fabric, and adorned with gardens, not inelegantly laid out. It
was built for the maintenance and eduation of poor children belonging to
the citizens and tradefmen of Edinburgh, and is under the dircftion of
the city magiftrates.

Among the other public edifices of Edinburgh, before the Revolution,
was the college, which claims the privileges of an univerlity, founded by
king James VI. and bv him put under the direflion of the magirtrates,
who have the power of^chanccUor and vice-chancellor. Little can be faid
ot its buildings, which were calculated for the fobe r literary manners of
thofe days ; they are, however, improveable, and inny be rendered ele<

Eant. What is of far more importance, it is fupfiied with excellent pro-
'.ttora in the feveral branches of learning ; and its fchools for every pare
of the medical art are reckoned equal to any in Europe. This college is
provided with a library, founded by one Clement Little, which is faid to
have been of late greatly augmented ; and a mufcum belonging to it was
Kiven by Sir Andrew Balfour, a phyiician. It contains feveral natural, and
ibme literary curiofities, which one would little expe<^ to find at Edinburgh.
The Parhamcnt-Square, or, as it is there ciilled, Clofe, was formerly
tbe moft ornamental part of this city ; it is formed into a very noble qua-
-drangle, part of which confifts of lofty buildings ; and in the middle ia
a fine equedrian flatue of Charles II. The room built by Charles I. for
the parliament-houfe, though not fo large, is better proportioned than
WeiiminOer-h^ll ; and its roof,'though executed in the fame manner, has
been bv good judges held to be fuperior. It is apw converted into a court.

SCOTLAND.

»75

•fhvtr, where afingle judge, called the lord ordinary, prefides by rota-
toii; in a room near it, fu the other judges ; and adjoining are the pub-
lic offices of the law, exchequer, chancer) , flirievalty, and inagidr^cy oC
Edinburgh ; and the valuable library of the lawyers. This equals any
thing of the like kind to he found in England, or perhaps in any part of
Europe, and was at tiift entirely founded and furniflied by lawyers. The
number of printed books it contains is amazing; and the colledion has
been made wiih exquifue t<t(le and judgment. It contains likewife the mail
valuable manufcript remains of the Scutch hidory, chartularics and other
papers of antiquity, with a lerics of medals. Adjoiiiing to the library,
is the room where the public records arc kept ; but bjth it, and thuc
which contains the library, though loliy in the roof, are miferably dark
and difmal. It is faid that preparations are now carrying on, fur lodg-
ing both the books and the papers in rooms far belter fuited to their im-
portance and value.

TheHigh Church of Edinburgh, called that of St. Giles, is now divided
into four churches, and a room wherethe general aifembly fits. It is a large
Gothic building, and its fleepte is futmounted by arches formed into au
imperial crown, which has a good e(fc<ft to the eye. The churches, and
other edifices of the city, crefted before the Union, contain little but
what is coKimon to fuch buildings ; but the excellenr pavement of the
city, which wis began two centuries ago by one M::rtin, a Frenchman,
deferves partictl.ir attention.

The modern edificfs in and near Edinburgh, fuch as the Exchange^
public offices, its hofpiiaU, bridges, and the like, dcmnnflrate the vaU
improvement of the tade ofthe Scuts in their public works. Parallel ta
the city of Edinburgh, op the north, the nobility, gentry, and other?,
hHve begun to build a new town, upon a plan which does honour to the
prefcnt age. The ftrects and fquarcs are laid out with the utmod regu-
larity, and the houffs are to be built of ftone, in an elegant taile, with
all the conveniencies thut render thofe of England lb delightful and com-
modious. The fronts of fome are fuperbly tinilhed in all the beauties of
architedure, difplaying at the fame time the judgment ut the builder, and
the public fpirit of the proprietor.

Between the old and the new town, lies a narrow bottom or vale, which,
agreeably to the original plan, was to have been formed in'o a flieet of
warer, bordered by a terrace walk, and the afcent towards the new towa
covered with pleafurc gardens, fltrubherirs, &:c. But this elegant defiga
fell to nothing, through the narrow ideas of the magillrates, who, findint;
j^reatcr benefits by letting the ground to inferior tradefmen upon build-
ing Icafes ; this fpor, formed by nature as Hn agreeable opening to a
crowded city, became a nuifance to thofc gentlemen who had boca fo 11-!
beral in ornamenting the buildings upon the funiinir. A dccilion of the
Houfeof Lords (in whiih a certain great hunin;iry of the law, equally
diftinguidied for his taile and good fenfc, heartily concurrcj) put a Hop
to thefe mean eie^Hions. At the weft, or upper end of this vale, the
caftle, a folid rock, not lefs thantiventy ftories high, looks down with awi
ful n)agnificcnce. The eaftern extremity is bounded by a ftriking objcdt
«f art, a lofty bridge, the middle arch beinuj ninety feet high, which
joins the new buildings to the city, and render* the defcent on each fide
the valt (there being no water in this place) myre commodious for car-
riages. I am the more particular in defcribing this place, that the reader
TDay form foni^ idea of its pleafant (rtuation, Uandiog on an eminence^

with

17^

SCOTLAND.

with a gentle declivity oti each fide, in the hearf of a rich country j the
view fouthwnrd, thut of a tMinantic city, its mure romiintic callle, and
didant hilli riflng to an amazing height ; white the proineA nnnhWard
gives full fcope to the eye, pleafcs iho iinnginarion, and fills the mind
with fuch idecis as the works of nature alone can infpire. One agreeable
profpcdt, however, is dill wanting, a handfome clean inn, or tavern, with
a gerttcel coffte-room towards ihitt ruie which overlooks the Forth ; and
which might eafily be accom^'iflicd by Aibfcripcion, and from the great
jrefort of' travellers could not fail to bring a profitable return.

Edinburgh may be cohfiJerrd, natwithltanding its caftle, and an open
Wall which enclofes it on the Couth lide of a very modern fabric, but in
the Rortiun manner, as an op«n town ; lb th.it in fnfi it would have been
impnidticdblc for its inhabitiintis to hiive defended it nguind the rcbeU,
whd ro<ik poflTcIlion of it in 1745. A certain clafs of readers would jkt-
haps think it unp»rdon;ible, fliould I omit mentioning that Edinburgh
contains a pluyhoufc, which has now the faiiflion of un -aA of piirlinment ;
ttnd thiit concerts, afleinblitrs, bulls, mulic- meetings, and other polite
atnufements, arc as frequent hikI briUi,iut here, as in any part of his ma-
jelly's dominions, London smd Bith exvcpted.

Edinburgh is governed by a lord provoft, tbiir bailies, n dean of guild'»
ftlid a treafurer, annually chofeofron the common-counfil. Every com-
pany, or incorporated triide, choofrs its own deacon, and here are 14;
hinicly, furgcons, goldfmiths, fkinucrs, furriers, h;mimcr-nicn, wrights
bf carpenters, mafons, taylors, baker?, butchers, cordwainer!:, weavers,
fullers, and bonnet.mjkers. The lord provod is colonel of the town-
guard, a jnilit'ary indifution to be found in no part of his majedy's do-
tf^inions, but at Edinburi^h ; they fervc for the city watch, and parrule
the dreers, are ufef'ul in fupprcHing fmall commotions, and attend the ex-
ecution of fentences Upon ddiuquenrs. They arc divided into three com-
panies, and wear an uniform ; they are immediately commanded by three
officers, under the name of ciptains. Befides this guard, Edinburgh
l-aifes 16 companies of trained bands, which fcrve as mtliiiu. The reve-
tiue« of the city conlift chiefly of that tax which is now common in mod
of the bodie& corporate of Scotland, of rwn Scotch pennies, amounting
In the Whole to two thirds of a farthing, laid upon every Scotch pint of
ale (containing two Englidi quarts) confumed within the precin6ts of the
city' This is a mod judicious impod,-as it renders the poored people in-
fbnfible of the burden. Its produft, however, has been fudicient to de-
fray the expence of fupplying the city with excellent water, brought in
linden pi|)es at the did-mce of four milfs; ofercding refervoirs, enlarg-
ihg th^4iarbriur of LeithJ and cumpkiing other public works, of great
e'xpence and utility.

Leith, though neaf- t^vt) miles didant, may be properly called the har-
Iwur of Edinburgh, being under the fame jurifdiclion. It contains no-
thing rcmarlable, but the remains of two citadels (if they arc not the
fame), which were fortified and bravely defended by the French^ under
Mary of Ouife, againd the Englifh, and afterwards repaired by Crom-
well. I'he neighbourhood of Edinburgh is adorned With noble feats^
Which arc daily increaiing ; fume of them yield to few in England ; but
^hey are to6 numerous to be particularized here. I cannot however avoid
intentioning the earl of Abercorn's a (hort way from the city, the duke of
Biiccleugh's hoiUc at Dalkeith, that of the marquis of Lothian at New-
bottle, and Hoptoifhoufe, (o called from the earl its owner. About four

iniles

SCOTLAND. .17^

m'llci from Edlhburgh ii Roiliii, noted for a (lately Gothic clinpel, count-
ed one of the molt curious pieces of workmanfliip in Europe ; founded
in the ypr 1440 l<\- William Si. Clair, prince of Orkney, nnd duke of
Oldenbur^h.

Glafgow, in the (liire of Laiurk, fituntcd on a gentle declmty itopin;;
towards the river Clyde, 44. miles wed of Edinhuruh, ia, for nopulation»
commerce, and riches, the fccond city of Scotland, and, coniidering itt
fize, the iirll in Grcnt Britain, nnd perhaps in Europe, ns to elegance*
regularity, and the beautiful mHteiinls of iis buildin^^s. The flreeii croft
each other at r'i,'ht angles, and are broad, ftr.iight, well paved, and con*
fequently cle.in. The houfes make a grand appearance, tnd are in ge«
neral four or five ftories high, and many of them, tr /ards the centre
of the city, arc fupported by arcades, which form iv..zzas, ana give the
whole an air of mygnifivence. Some of the mo' ;a built churches are in
the fincrt rtyle of architei'hire ; and the c^ithcdral is a ihipcndoiii Gothic
building, hardly to be par.illeied in that kind of archited^urc. It contain!
three churches, one of whiih iV.inJs above iinother, and is farnillied with
a very fine fpiie fi><inoini; from a tower ; the whole bein<; reckoned a
malterly and matchlcfs fiibric It was dedicated to St. Mua^o, or Kcn-
fij;crn, who was biiliop of Glafgow in the 6th centiiry. T he cathednil
is upwards of 600 years old, and was prcfervcd from the fury of the rigid
Reformers by the relblution of the citizens. The town-houfe is a lofty
IniiHing, and has very nol-lc apartments for the magirtrates. The uni-
verlity iseftecmed the moft fpacious and bcrt built of any in Scotland, and
is at prefentin a thriving ftate. In thii city are feveral well endowed hof*
pitals ; and it is particularly well fupplicd with large and convenient inns,,
proper for the accommodation of ftrangcrs of any rank. They have lately
built a handfome bridge acrofs the river Clyde ; but our bounds do not
allow us to parjicul'.rize that, and the other public-fpirited undertakings
of this city carrying on by the inhabitants, who do honour to the bene-
fits arifing from their vaft commerce, both foreign and internal ; which
they carry on with amazing fuccefs. In Glafgow are feven churches, and
eight or ten mceting-houfes for feftarics of various denominations. Th«
number of its inhabitants have been eflimated at 50,000.

Aberdeen bids fair to be the third town in Scotland for improvement
and population. It is the capital of a (hire, to which it gives its name,
and contains two town'j, New and Old Aberdeen. The former is the
ftiire-town, and evidently built for the purpofe of commerce. Ic is a large
well built city, and has a good <]uay, or liJe-harbour : in it are three
churches, and feveral epifcopal tnecting-houfes, a confidcrahle degree of
foreign commerce and much fliipping, a well freqviented univerfity, and
above 12,000 inhabitants. Old Aberdeen, near a mile didant, though
almoft joined to the New, by means of a long village, has no depend-
ence on the other: it is a moderately large inarket town, but has no haven*
In each of thefe two places there is a well endowed college, both together
being termed the univerfity of Aberdeen, although quite independent of
each other. Perth, the capj/al totvn of Pfrthfliire, lying on the river
_Tay, trades to Norway and the Baltic: it is finely fituated, has an improv-
ing linen manufactory, and lies in the ncitjhbourhood of one of the moft
fertile fpots in Great Britain, called the Carfe of Gowry. Dundee, by
the general computation, contains about 10,000 inhabitants: it lies near
the moutb of the liver Tay ; it is a town of confiderablp trade, export*
injf much linen, grain, herrings, and peltry, to fttndry foreign parts }

N Mid

•7»

SCOTLAND.

•nd hai three cbuichei. Montroff, At>erbrothi^-k, and Brechin, lie in

the fame county of Angus: the firlt hns a great uiul tluiiriniing turcign

trade, ami the manufadurei of the other twu me upon the thriving hauJ.

It may be neceflhry again to pot the rcjder in ininJ, that I write with

Jreat uncertainty with reg:ird tu Scotland, on account of its improving
ate. I have rather under than ovcr>ratccl the number of inhabitants in
the town! I have mentioned. Edinburgh certainly contains more than
6c,ocofouli, which is the common computation, to which 1 all along cou«
^rm myfelf : but the iuHux ot people, and the increafc of matrimony in
proportion to that of property, mull create |{reut alterations for the bet*
ter, and few for the worfe, bccauPe the inhabitants who are difpoled to
indulhy may always find employment. This uncertainty is the reafon
why I omit a particular defcription of Dumfries, Air, Grenock, P.iifley,
Sterling, n.id about 50 other burghs and towns of very confidcrable trade
in Scotland. But great allowances are to be madi on the other hand, fur
the large emigrations of many to England, America, the Well and EaU
Indies, for new fettlemcnis.

The ancient Scots valued themfelves upon truding to their own valour«
and not to fortirications, for the defence of their country. I'his was a
maxim more hcroical perhaps than prudent, as they have often experi-
enced : and, indeed, at this day, their forts would make but a forry fi«
gure, if regularly attacked. The calUes of Edinburgh, Sterling, and
Dumbarton, formerly thought places of great flreiigih, could not holi
out 48 hours, if bencged by 6000 regular troops, witfr proper artillery.
Fort William, which lie> in the Well Highlands, is fuflicient to bridle
the inhabitants of that neighbourhood ; as .ire Fort George, and Fort Au*
gudus, in the north and noith-weih but none of them can be confidered
as defences againd a foreign enemy.

I (hall not pretend to enter upon a defcription of the noble edifices that,
within the cnurfe of this and the lalY century, have been ereAed by private
perfoDS in Scotland, bccuui'e they arc fo numerous, that to particularize
them exceeds the bounds of my plan. It is fufficient to (liy, th:it many of
them are equal to fome of the moll fujpcrb buildings in England and fo-
reign countries, and the reader's furprizc at this will ceafe, when he iiLin-
formed that the genius of no people in the world is more devoted to archi-
tcAurethan that of the nobility and gentry in Scotland ; and thatth9re is
DO country in Europe, on account of the cheapnel's of material;, where it
can be gratified at fo moderate an expence. This may likcwife account for
the ftupendous Gothic cathedrals, and oiher religious edifices which an-
ciently abounded in Scotland ; but at th? time ot the Reformation they
were moftly demoliflicd, by a furious and tumultuous mob, who, in theie
practices, received too much countenance from the reforming clergy, ex-
afperated at the long and fore lulTerings they had endured from the popidi
party.

Antiquities and curiosities, ) The Roman, and other anti-
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. ) quitic«, found in Scotland, have
of themfelves furnifhed matter for large volumes. The flations of the Ro-
man legions, their caftella, their pretenturcs or walls reaching acrofs the
ifland, have been traced with great precilion by antiquaries and hiilorians ;
^o that, without fome frefli difcovcries, an account of' them could afford
BO inftru£tibn to the learned, and but little aniufcmcnt to the ignorant ;
becaufc at prefent they can be difcovcred only by critical eyes. Some
nnntion of the chief, however, may be proper. The courfe of the Ro«

man

S C O T L A JT D.

«7^

nran whU (or at it ii called by the roqntry people, Oraham*i Dyhr^ from
a tradiiion ihnt a Scottifh wnrrior ot ti>,t( name tirft broke over it} between
th<^ '^'Ivde and Futth, which wit firli markeil out by Agricula, nnd com*

f>U .J by Antoniuuj Piui, ii (till «litcerniblet «» I'e I'cverul P.'tnimn camp*
n the ncighhnui houd *. Aii;ncol;i'8 cainj), at the buttuin of the Grampian
hilU, n a'llriking remain ol' Roman antiquity. It is fituated at Ardoch,
in PcrthOiirei and ii prenerally tltotn^i ^ to Imvc bt'cn the camp occupied by
Atjiicola, beturc he i'might the bloody hafic, lu well rccofc;e'l by THCtttia,
with the Caledonian ktn^ Galgaout, who w.is defeated. Some writcrt
think, that thi« remain of antiquity at Ardnch was, on account of the nu«
mctuus Roman coins and infctipiioni found near it, a Roman cadcllum or
fort. Be that ns it will, it certainly is the moA entire and belt prefervedof
nny Roman antiquity of that kind in North Britain, having no left than
five rows of ditches and lix ramparti on the fouth fide ; and of the four
gate! which lead into the area, three of them are very d'ldindt and plain,
vix. the pratoria, dccumana, and dextra.

The Roman temple, or building in the form of the Pantheon at Rome,
or of the dome of St. Paul's at London, ftood upon the banks of the river
Carron, in Sterlin^fhirr, but has been lately barbaroufly demnlilhed, by
a ncl ;',hbourin|{ Gotb, for the purpofc of mending a mill pond. Its herghc
VMS twrnty>two feet, and its external circumference at the bafe was eighty-
;:ight tc<:t ; lb that upon the whole it was one of the moli complete Romtin
antiquities in the world. It is thought to have been built by Agricola, or
loinc of his fuccellors, as a temple to the god Terminus, as it flood near
the prerenture which bouitdcd the Roman empire in Diitain to the north.
Near it are fome artificial conical mounts of earth, which flill retain the
name of Duni-pacf, or Duni-pacis : which fervc to evidence that there
was a kind nf folemn compromifc between the Romans and the Caledoninns,
that the former fliould not extend their empire farther to the north-
wards.

Jnnumcrsible are the coin?, urns, utenfils, infcrtptions, and other rr«
mains of the Romans, that have been found in dtftercnt parts of Scotland ;
fome of them to the north of the wall, where, however, it does itot appear
that they made any edablifliment. By the infciiptions found near the
wall, the names of the kgions that built it, and bow far they carried it on,
may be learned. 7'he remaiiu of Roman highways are frequent in the
fuuthern parts.

* Kear the weftern extremity of this wall, at Duntocher, in Dumhartnnniirc, a
countryman, in dij^^in^ a trench on the declivity of a hill, upon which are feen the
rrm.iirm nf a Roman furr, turned up feveral uncummon tiles, which exciting the curi-
oiity of the peal'untry in that nei^hbovirhuud, it was not loiij; before they hroie in upon
an citiie fubtcrrantoiis huUl'njt, fmm which they dug out a cart load of thtfc nlatc-
rials, A gi: tiemsT who wai then upon a joMrney throU);h that part of Scotlnnd,
f'Miud meai 8, upon the lecmidday, to flop all farther proceedings, in hopes that fomei-*-
public fpiHted pt-rfons would, by talcing off the furface, explore the whole without-de-
niolifhing it. ['he tiles are of leven ditt'crei t fizes ; the fmalleft heiaj; foven, aid ths
Jargeft t'.venty-oae inches fquare. They are from twn to three inchoK in thicknefs, of
a reddidi colour, ai.d in a perfc'i5l!y fuu.id condition. The K iTcr on<;^ con-pofe feveral
rows of pillars, which form a labyrinth nf {lufTagcs about eighiceii ii>(.heii tquire ; add
tlia \a ger tiles being laid over the whole, fcrvc as a roof to fupport the earth above,
which i« found lo be two feet in depth. The biiilding isfurroundcd by a fubterrane-
oiiH wall of hewn ftone. 'Ihe bones and teeth of animals, with a footy kind of
earth, were found in the piff-igcs ; from which fome have co' jedlur^ lihis building to
luvc bcc!j occupied as a hot-bed for the ufe uf the neighbouring garrifon,

N i Daniftx

x9o

SCOTLAND.

- DaniQieflifipt and fortifications arc eailly (Jifcernible in feveral horthcra
couuciei, and are known by their Iq.uure (i}]:urc8 and difHciilt fituations.
Some houfcsof ftupendous fabrics remain in Rofs-Uiire, but whe:her they,
are Danifl), Pic'Uni, or Scott ilii, does not appear. The elevations of two
of them are to be feen in Gordon'^ Itinerarium Septentrionaie. I am of
opinion that they are Norwegian or Sc^ndinuviitn ilrut^ures, and built
about the iitth century, tq fa.vour the dcicents of that people upon thofe
co<tAe.

Two Pi^tifli inonumentf, as ihey arc thought to be, of a very extraor-
dinary cuniti ui'tion, were lately itauding in Scotliind ; one or them at
Abernethy in Perthlhire, the other at Brechin in Angus ; both of them
are columns, hollow in the inlide, and without the llaiicufe ; that of Bre*
chin is the moft eniire, being covered at the top with a fpiral roof of llone»
Avith three or four windows above the cornice : it confilU of fixty regular
courfes of hewn frceftonc, l.iid circularly and regubrly tapering to-
wards the top. lithcfe coKinuis are really PiiStilh.; that people muft have
had among ihcin arcbitedtS' that far exceeded thi>fe of any coeval monu-
ment)) to be found in Europe, as they have all the appearance of an order;
and the building is neat, and in the Roman ilyleof archite^urc. It is,
however, difficult to allign them to any but the Piifts, as they Ibind in
their dominioKS ; and Tome fculpturcs u|>on that at Brechin, denote it to
beof ChriDian origin, it is not indeed iinpcinblc that thefe fculptures are
of a later date. Belides thefe two pillars, many other PiAilh buildi^igs are
found in Scotland, but not of the fame laCle.

The veiliges of crtdions by the ancient Scott themfelves, are not only
curious but inilrui^ive, as they regard many important events of their
hillory. That people had amongft them a rude notion of fculpture, in
which they (rar.fmiiwd the ai^ions of their kings and heroes. At a place
called Abetlemno, near Brechin, four or five ancient obelilks arc llill to
be feen, called the Danilh ftones of Aberlemno. They were ercrtcd as
commemorations of the Scotch vidlories over that people; and are adorned
with bas-reliefs of tntn on horfeback, and many emblematical figures and
hieioglyphicsnot intelligible at this day, but minutely defcribed by Mr.
Gordon. Many other hiflorical monuments of the Scots may be difcover-
ed on the like occalions : but it muft be acknowledged, that the obfcurity
of their fculptures has encouraged a field of buundlefs and frivolous con-i
jctftures, fo thut the interpretations of many of them are often fanciful.
It would, however, b6 unpardonable, if I fhould ncglcft to mention the
Itone near the town of Forres, of Fortrofc, in Murni y, which far furpaflcs
all the others in magnificence and grandeur, *♦ and is. (fays Mr. Gordoi-,)
perhaps one of the moll irately monummts of that kind in Europe, it rifcs
about 23 feet in. height, above ground, and is, as I am credibly infoim-
ed, no lefs th;>n 12 or 15 feet below; fo that the \yhole height is at Icall
55 feet, and its breadth near five, it is all one fingle and entire Hone ;
g rem variety of figures in relievo are carved thereon, and fomeof them fiill
dillinft and vifible; but the Injury of the weather has obfcurcd thofe to-
wards the upper part." Though this monument has been generally looked
upon as Danilh, yet 1 have little doubt of its being Scotch, ai:d that it was
rrectcd in commemoration of the final expulfion of the Danes out of Mur-
ray, where they held their lall fettlcment in Scotland, nfter the defeat they
received from Malcolm, a few years before ih€ Norman inv'nfion.

At Sandwick, in Rofs^fhire, is a very fplendid ancient obclilk, furround-
ed at the bate with large, well cut fing floncs, formed like llcps. Both

iidcs

" 1

SCO T L A N D.

i8i:

fides of the column are covered with varipus enrichmenti, in vcel) fiaiflied
carved work. The one face preft^nia a fuinptuuus crolit, with a figure 6f .
St. Andrew on each hand, and fomc uncouth animals and flowerings un-
derneath. The central divifion on the reverfe, exhibits a variety of curious
Hgurcs, birds, and animals. .

The ruiiis of the cathedral of Elgin are very flriking ; and many parts
6f that fine building have ftiU the remains of much grandeur and dignity in
them. The weft Uoor is highly ornamented, there is much elegance in
the ciirvings, and the whole edihce dilplays very elaborate workmanfliip.

Among the remaiqs of aficient calUes, may be mentioned Kildrumy caftle
in tlie north of Scotland, which was formerly a place of great ftrength and
magniticeBce* and utten ufcd as an afylum to noble families in periods of
civil war. laverugie caftle, the ancient feat of theearl.marefchals of Scot-
land, is alfo a large and lofry pile, (ituated on a fteep bank of the river ;
two very, high tapers bound the front, and even in their decaying fiate,
give the caftie an air of much grandeur and antiquity. Vaft rows of ve-
nerable trees, incloiing the adjoining garden, add to the dcfcdi of the de-.
eayed buildings. Near the town of .Huntley arc the ruins of HVintley
caftle. On the avenue that leads to it, are two large fquare towers, whica
hud defended the gateway. The caftle fcems to be very old, and great
part of it is deitioliiUed ; but there is a maily building oi a more modern,
date, in which, feme of the apartmetlts, and in particular their curioua
cielings are Hill in tolerable prefsrvation. '1 hey are painted with a great
variety of fubjei^ts, in fmall diviiions, in which are contained many em-
blcmaticftl lig*iipes.

Beiides tlwfc remains of Roman, l*i6lifti, Danifli, and Scotti(h aptiqui-
ties, many Diniidical mCwuments and temples are difcernible in the nor-
thern puns of Scotland, as well as in the illes, where we may fuppofe that
pagajiifm took its lalt refuge. They are ealily perceived, by their circular
forms ; but though they are equally rct>ular, yet none of them are i'o ftu-
pcndous as the Druidical eredtions in South Britain. There is in Perth-
Ihire a barrow which feems to be a Britifh erection, and the moft beautiful
of the kind perhups in the world ; it exadly rcfembles the figure of a fliip,
with the keel uppermoft. The common people call it Ternay, which fome
interpret to be terrtt navis, the fliip of earth. It feems to be of the moft
remote antiquity, and perhaps was erefted to the memory of fome Britifti
prince, who adfed as auxili^'y to the Romans; for it lies near Auchte*.
rarder, not. m^ny miles diftant from the great fcene of Agricola's ope-
rations.

The traces of ancient votcinoes are not unfrequent in Saotlandt The
hill of Finehavcn is one inftancc ; and the hill of Bergonium near Dun*
ftaii'<<ge caftle, is another, yielding vaft quantities of pumices orfcoriaof
different kinds, many of which are of the fame fpecics with thofe of the
volcanic Iceland, Among other natural curiofities of this country, men»
tion is miide of a heap of white ftoqes, moft of them clear like cryftaU to-
gether wiih great plenty of oyfter and other fe*»flK*ll8, that are found on
the top of a mountain called Skorna Lappich, in Kofs-ftiiie, twenty miles
diftant from the fea. Slains, in Aberdeenftiire, is faid to be remarkable for
a petrifying cave, called the Dropping-cave, where water oozing through
a fpungy porous rock at the top, doth quickly confolidatc after it dnips to
the bottom. Other natural curtoflties belonging to Scotland have their de-
Icriptions and hiftorics.; but they generally owe their extraordinary quali-
ties to the credulity of the vulgar, and vanifli ivhcn ihcy are Ikilfully exa-

t^ 3 piincd,

i8i

SCOTLAND.

mined. Some careras that are to be fouad in Fifefhire^ and lire pidbMf
natural, are of extraordinary diinenfions, and have been the fcenei of in*
human 'cruelties.

CoMivtERCE AftD MANUFACTVRBi.] In tbefo reffw^^s Scotland had,
-for fome years pniV, been in a very improving ftate. Without entering in-
to the dtfputrd point, how f«ir Scotland wat benefited by its union with
England, it is certain that ttie expedition of the Scots to take poflelQon oif
Darien, and to carry on an EhA and Wei}-]ndia ira'de, was founded upon
true principles of conimerce, and (fo far as it went) executed vt'nh a noble
fpirit of enterpriac. The mifcarriage of that lieheme, atftcr receiving the
higheA and moft folenin fan£Hons, is a difgrace to <ho anniili of that reign
in which it-happened ; *3 the Scots had then afree^ itid<:pendenv; nid un-
connected parliament. We are to Recount fur the long- bngour of the
Scuttifli commerce, ^nd many other misfortunes which thdt country fuf-
tained, by the difguft the inhabitants conceived on that acconnf, and foMtf
invalions of their rights afterwards, which they taought incontiftent with
the articles of union. The entnils and narrow fettlements of famit^y eftaites,
and fome remains of the feudal infUtutions, might contribute to the fame
caufe.

Mr.Pelbam, when at the head of the adminiftration in England^ after
the extinction of the rebellion in 1745, Wa»the firft miniAer who difcover'*
ad the true value of Scotland, which then became a more? cbnlitkrible tih-
ift€t of governmental inquiry than ever. All the benefits; rectfi^ed by that
country, for the relief of the people fromi their feudal tyrailoy, were ef-
fected by that great man. The bounties and encouragement ^tned 10 the'
Scots, for the benefit of trade and mahuiaCtures, during hi» admlniilration,
jnade them fenfible of their own importance. Mr. Pitt, ' a fucteeding mi-
nilier purfued Mr. Pelham's wife plan : and juftly boa(l<cdin parliament,
that he availed himfelf of the courage, good fenfe, and fpirit of the Scots,
in carrying «n the moftextenfive war that ever Great Bntain was engaged
in. Let me add, to the honour of the Britifh government, that the bcots,
have been fuffercd to avail themfelves of all the benefits of commerce and^
msnufiiCtures they can claim, either in right of their former independency,
the treaty of union, or pofterioraCts of parliament.

This is manifeft from the extenfive trude ihey lately carried on with the
Britifit fettlements in America and the Weft-Indies, and with all the na-
tions to which the Englifli themfelves trade ; fo that the increafe of their
(hipping within theie 50-3'cars paft has been very conliderable. The ex-
ports ofthofe fliips arccompofed chiefly of Scotch manufactures, fabricat-
ed from the product of the foil, and the induftry of its inhstbitaiits. In
exchange for thefr, they import tobacco, rice, cotton, fugar, and rum,
%-e>«n the Briridi plantations ; and from other countries, their produCts, td
the immenfe faving of their nation. The profperity of Glafgow and it»
neighbourhood hath been greatly owing to the connection and trade with
Virsrinia.

The fiflieries of Scotland are not confined to their own coaft, for they
have a great concern in the whale fifhery carried on upon the coaft of
Spitfcergen ; and their returns are valuable, as the government allows
them a bounty of 408. for every ton of fl)ipping employed in that article.
The late improvement of their fiflieries, which I have already mentioned,
and whichare daily increafing, open inexhauflible funds of wealth ; their
cured fifli being by foreigners, and the EngUfli planters in America, pre-
ferred to thofc of Newfoundland, m4?-^-^iU

The

S C O T LAND.

••l

. ThebuiTes^ or vefTels employed in the great herring fifltery on the welUtti
coalis of Scothntl) are fitted out from the north-weft parts df Enclaritt^ -
the north of Ireland, as well as the numerous ports of the Clyde »nd
neighbouring iflands. The je^and rendezvous is at Campbelt'ow'ft, a com*
modious port in Argyldliire, facing the north of Ireland, where fometimei
loOTeiTclB have been affembled. They clear out on the izth of Septem-
ber, and muft return to their diiTerent ports by the 1 3th of January. The/
are alio under certain regulations refpefting the number of toi^, tneOf
nets, &c. the whole being judicioufly calculated to promote the bed of na*
tional purpofes, its Arength, and its commcce. But though the political
txiftence of Great Britain dei^ends upon the number and bravery of ottf
feamen, this noble inflitutien has hitherto proved ruinous to mahv of thofe
who have embarked in it, and unlefs vigoroufly fupportfcd will end in
fm(Ae.

To encourage this fiftiery, a bounty of 5c s. per ton was granted b^
parliament } but whether from the infufficiency of the fund appropriated
for this purpofe, or »ny other caufe, the bounty was withrheki from yeat
to year, while in the mean time the adventurers were riot only finking
their fortunes, but alfo borrowing to theu'moftlimitsof theircredw. Th6
bour^ty has fince been reduced from 50 to 50s. with the ftron^i^ aiFurancti
of its being regularly paid when due. U})on the'ftrength of thefe promi^
fes they have again embarked in the fifhery, and it is to bte wifltfed, thai
no confideration whatever may tend to withdraw an induceinent fo requi^
fite to place tbis fifliery on a permanent footing. •

The benefits of thefe fifheries are perhaps equalled by other manuifaiftureft
carrying; on at land ; particularly that of iron at Carroh, iti Sterlingftiire;
Their linen-manufadtory, notwithflanding a ftrong rivalfllip from Ire'>
land, is in a flourifhing (fate. The thread manufafture of Scotland is equal,
if not fuperior, to any in the world ; and the lace fabricated from it, hab
been deemed worthy of royal wear and approba'tion. It has been faid, fomfe
years ago, that the exports from Scotland to England, and the Britifli plahta* >
tions, in linen, cambrics, checks, Ofnaburgs, inckle, itnd the likecom^
modities, amounted annually to 400,000! exclufive of their homte con>
fumption ;- and there is reafon to believe that the fum isconliderably larger
at prefent. The Scots are likewife making very proifliflng efibrts ror etta-
bliming woollen manufactures ; and their exports of caps^. flockihgs,
mittens, and other articles of their own wool, begin to he \tiy confider*
able. The Scots, it is true, cannot pretend to rival {he English in iheiir
finer cloths; but they make at prefent fome broad cl6th proper for thfe
wear of people of fafhion in an undrefs, and in quality and lineBeft equA
to what is commonly called Yorkfhire cloth. Amofag th6 Other lats im«
provements of the Scots, we are not to forget the vaft progrefs they have
made in working the mines, and fmelting the ores of their' country.
Their coal trade to England is well known ; and of late they have turned
even their flones to account, by their contrads for paving the flreets df
Loudon. If the great trade in cattle, which the Scots carried on of late
with the Englidi, is now diminiihed, it is owing to the bell of nation;il
caiifes, that of an increafe of home confumption.

The trade carried on by the Scots with England, is chiefly from Leithf
and the eaftern ports of the nation ; but Glafgow was the great emporium
for the American commerce, before the commencement of the unhappy
breach with the Colonies. The late junftion of the Forth to the Clyde
will render the benefits of trrde of mutual advantage to both pftrts of Scot-

N 4 land.

I<4

SCO T L A N D.

Jand. In (hprti the more that the Teas, the firuation, the foil, harbouV*,
f q4 fXV^Xi of (bis country are known* the better adsiptt;4 it appears for all
the purpofes of commerce, both foreign and domclHc.
. With renrd to other manufa^ures, not mentioned, fomc of them are
jjrer in their infancy. The town of Paifley alone employs an incredible
number of hands, in fabricating a pnrticiilar kind ofnoweredand ilrlpcd'
Vliyns, which are a reafoiiable and eiegant wear. Sugaivhoufes, glafs-
vvorks pf every kind, delfthoufes, and paper-mills, are eredcd every-
ivhere. The Scotch carpeting makes neat and litling furniture ; and
A>mc eifay* have been lately made, with no inconfiderable degree of fuc«
CCfff, to ct»rry that branch of munutaftureto as great perfedlionas is found
fO vny P^rt of Europe. After ail that has been faid, many )ear9 will be
]H;(^uired before the trade and improvements of ^cotbnd can be brought to
maturity. In any event, they never can give utpbra^c to the Englifli, as
the interefts of the two people are, or ougltt lo be the fame.

Having laid thus much, I cannot avoid obferving the prodigious difad*
vantages under which both the commercial and-landedintercil uf Scotland
lies, from her nobility and ^rcat land holders having coo fond an attach-
fnept fpr England, and foreign countries, where they fpcnd their ready '
money., This is one of the evils arifing to Scotland from the union, which
removed the feat of her legiflature to London ; but it is greatly augmented
\ty the refort of volunteer abftntecs to that capital. White this partiality
fiibfifls, the Scots will probably continue to be dillrefled for a currency ai
fpecie. How far paper c^n fupply that defeiSl, depends upon an attention
to the balance of trade ; and the evil may, perhap?, be fumewhat prevent*
f;d,by money remitted from England for parrying on the vail manufni^urcs
and YforYi noyf fee on foot in Scotland. The gentlemen who rt- fide in
Scotland, l^aye wifely abandot)cd French claret and brandy, (though toq
inuch i» 6il\ made ufe of in that country), for rum produced in the
^ritiOi plantations; atid their own malt-liq^oi?, are now ':ome nearly to
as great pcrfe4^onas thofe in England ; and it is faid, that they have late*
]y. exported large quantities of their ale to X^onc^on, Dublin, and the
Plantations.

RbvE!«ue«.3 See England.

Coins.] In the reign of Edward II. of England, the value and deno*
minations q( coins were the fame in Scotland as in England. Towards the
reign of Jaitnes II. a Scotch fliilling anfwered to about an Englifli fix-
pence; and about the n^ign of queen Mary of Scotland, it was not mo^e
than an EngUfh groat. It continued diminidiing in this manner till after
the union of the two crowns under her fon James VI. when the vnii re-
foft of the Scotch nobility and gentry to the Englifh court, occasioned
fuch a drain of fpecie from Scotland, that by degrees a Scotch (hilling fell
tto the value of one twelfth of an Bnglidi fliilling, and their pennies in pro-
portion. A Scotch penny is now very rarely to be found ; and they were
fucceeded by bodies, which was double the value of a Scotch [)enny, and
are ftilj current, but are daily wearing out. A Scotch h'<tlfpentiy was call-
ed 4 babie; fome fay, becaufc it was tirft ihniped with the head of James
III. when he was a babe or baby ; but perhapsi it is only the corruption
of two French words, hasp-pet fignif\inga low piece of nvmiy. The
faipe qbfervation that we have made of the Scotch fliilling, holds of their
pound^s or mark* ; which are not coins, but denomination of (urns. In all
other refpe^s, the currency of money in Scotland and England is the
ff^tji^e \ a» very few people now reckon by rhc Scotch computation.

" > .. « , QaDBH

.<<''

S a O T L AN D.

i8j

■ Order op thr thistlb.] This is a military order, inftituted, as
the Scotch writers affcrr, by their king Achaius, jn the ninth century^
upon his making an ofi'enfive and defcniive league with Charlemagne, kinj
of France, or as others i'ay, on account of his vitftory over AtheliUne, klnj(
of England, when he vowed iti the kirk of St. Andrew, that he and hit
pofteriiy would ever bear the figure of i hat crofs in their enfigns on which
the faint fuffcrcd. It has been frequently negle£te»l, and as often refunied.
It conlifts of the fovereign, and 1 2 companioTts, who arc called Knights of
the Thiftle, and have on their enfign this iignificant motto, tfrmp me im»
pune lairffit. " None flwU fafely provoke me." The ordinary fymboli
worn by the knights, are a ftar of four, points, in the centre is a Thiftle
properly embroidered on ihc lett breaft, and a green ribbHod over their left
flioulder, appendent to which is the image of St. Andrew. According to
the ftatutes of James II. the ribband was to be a blue watered tabby;
which by queen Anae in 170^ was changed to green. George J;
added the rays of glory to I'urround the figure of St. Andrew, \Vhieh haa^t
at the collnr.

Laws and constitution.] The ancient conAitution and govern*
ment in Scotland h<<s been highly applauded, as excellently adapted to the
prefervfltion of liberty ; ami it is certain, that the power of the king wag
greatly limited, and that there were many checks in the conditution upod
him, which were well CHlculated to prevent his aflliming or exercifing a
defpotic authority. But the Sconidi conftitution of government was to9
much of the aridpcratic kind, to alford to thexrommon people that equal
liberty which they had a right to e.ypeft. The king's authority was fufi
ficiently retrained ; but the nobles, chieftains, and great landholders,
had it too much in their power to tyrannize over and opprefs their tc«
nants, and the common people-

The ancient kings of Scotland, at their coronation) took the following
o.ith, containing three promifes, viz. \ < -

" In the name of Chrift, I promifc thefe three things to the Cfariftiaa
people my fubjeds : Firft, That I (hall give order, and employ my force
and afliUan^e, that the church of Go-i, and the Chrillian people may en«
joy true pence during our time, under our government. Seconclly, I
fliall prohibit and hinder all perfons, of whatever degree, fra^i violence
and injuflice. Thirdly, in all judgments I Ihall follow the prefcriptions of
juftice and mercy, to the end ihac our clement and merciful God may (henr
mercy unto me, and to you."

The parliament of Scotland anciently confifted of all who held any por-
tion of land, however fmall, of the crown, by military fervice. This par-
liament appointed the time of its own meetings and adjournment, and com-
mittees to fuperintcnd the adminil^ration during the intervals of parlia-
ment ; ir had a commanding power in all matters of government ; it ap-
propriated the public money, ordered the keeping of it, and called for the
accounts; ir armed the people, and appointed commatvdersi it named and
coinmilfioned ambalVadors ; it granted and limited pardons ; it appointed
judges and courts of judicature ; it named clfic-ers of Oateand privy-coun-
fellors ; it annexed and alienuted the revenues of the crown, and rcftrained
grants by the king. The king of Scotland had no negative voice inparlia-
nieit ; nor could he declare war, make peace, or conclude any other pub-
lic buiineCs of importance, without the advice and approba'i'on of parlia-
ment. The prerogative of the king was fo bftunded, that he was not even
intruUtd with the executive part of the govcrnincut. And fo late as the

minority

>8«

SCOTLAliD.

ifiinOritr of Jnmei IV. who wai concempnrary withi and fon iii-tuw to,
Henry Vll. oi: £ngland, the |mrti»incnt puiiucii.out to hun hi> duty, at
l)i^ fit'ft fervent of his people ; as appears by the »fts flill extant. In ihort,
ttkc conAUution waa raihcr ariiVxratical than montirchicai. The abufa ot
tliefe ariftocratiMl powrers, by tha chieftuins and greut landholder!} gave
the king, however, u very coundcrnhle intere(r amoii^ the lower ranks ;
aiwl a prince who had fenfe and uddrci's to retain the ail'ri.'^ions of his people^
wai gcnemUy able to humble the niuH over-grown of hit fuhjefts ; but
when, on the other hand, a king of Scuthini<» like ]nmc8 III. ihewed a
dHfvfpeA to his jmrliaoicot, the event was commonly futul to the crown.
The kihgs of Scotlnnd, nutwithlUitding this paramount power in the par-
riitment, found means to weaken and elude its force ; and in this ihcy wero
altttlcil by their clcrg}** whofe revenues were immenfe, and who had very
little depcndance upon the pope, and were always jealous of the po;vcrful
iiobUity . This was done by eitablifhing a feleCl body of nieuiberit, w ho were
called ttft UrJs »ftbt ar ticks, Thcl'e were chofcn out of the clergy, nobility,
khlghts, and burgeiTes. The biHicps for inlt;ince, chofe eight peers, and
the peers eight bilhops ; and thcfe iixtecn jointly chofe eight barons (or
inights of the fliire), '\\y\ eight commillioners for burghs ; and to all thofe
were added eight great officers of ilatc, the chancellor being prciideut of
the whole.

Thrir bofinefs was to prepare all queflions and bills, and other matters
l>rought iDtowarliament ; fo that in ht\ though the king could give no
negative, yet being by bis clergy, and t^e, places he had to bc({ovv, always
lure of the lords of articles, nothing coutd come into parliament that could
call fur his negative. It mud be acknowltdged, that this inlUiution feems
to have prevailed by ftcalih ; nor was it ever brought into any regular f) •
Aeni ; even its modes varied ; and the greatcft lawyers are ignorant w)icn
it took place. The Scots, however, never loll fight of their 9riginal prin-
tiples: and though Churies f. wanted to form thefe lords of the articles
into tegular niachmes for his o%vii defpoiic purpofes, he found iiiinpraAi-
cable ; and the melancholy confcquciices arc well known. At the Revolu-
tion, the Scots gave a frelh inilanre how well they underftood the piinci-
{ties of liberty,. by omitting all pedantic debates about abtlkntioii^ and the '
ike terms, and voting king James at once to have forfeited his crowu {
which they gave to the prince and princefs of Orange.

This fpirit of reHllance was the more remarkable, as the people had
groaned under the moll infupponablc minifterial tyranny ever fincc the Re-
iioratiou. It is aiked. Why did they luhmit to that lyianny ? The an-
iwer is. In order to prefer ve thtt inJepi-udency upon Enr;l:ini.l, which
Cromwf.ll and his parliament rndcivoiuTd to dclhoy, by uniting then\
dvith England : they therefore cholc to rubmir to a temporary evil ; but
ihcv took the firll opportunity to get lid oi their oppn l! )iv.

Scotland, when it was a Icpaiate kingdom, c.innot be laid to have had
any jiecrs, in the Engilfli Icnl'e of the word, J he nability, who were
dukrs, marquilFcs, earls, and lords, were by the kiiv,!; made hereditary
members of parliament ; but they lonned no dililurt hoiiiV, for they fat
in the fame room with the c nmnons, who had the lame deliberate and dc-
ciiive vote with them in all public mittteit. A b.non, though not a ba-
ron of parliamcr^t, might lit upon a lord's allize in matters of life and
jdcaih ; nor was it necellltry f)r the aflizcrs, or jury, to be unanimous in
their Vjcrdicl. The teudal turtoMis, even at the time of the Rertoration,
veie fo prevalent, a:>d the rclcue of a great ciiininal was commonly fo
- much

SCOTLAND.

«»r

much aplirehended, that fd(iom abo^e two days pafled between (ht fcntehce

and the execution. "" '{

Orent uniccrtointjr ot:c*6rl'1n the Scotch hiftory, by confburiding parlit'
inents with conVentioni { the difference was, that a parliament cdUM enaft
laws as well a<) lav on taxes : a convention, or meeting of the dates, only
met for the purpoibs of (mtation. Before the Union, >!.e kings of Scot^
l«nd had four great and fbur Itflcf oftkers of ftate ; the great, yftete thd
I6id hi^h chancellor, hlph-treafiner, pfity-ftal, and fccrctary : the foue
IcfTer were, the lords regifter advocate, treafurer-depute, and juftice clerk.
Since the Union nonedf theft continue, fcxcfcptiug the lords privy feah re-
giilcr, advocate, and ju(!ice ctefk : a third feci-etiry of ftate hai occanoft-
ally been lioitlihatfed by the king for* Sebttiih affiiit's, but undit the faMtf de-*
nomination as the other two Ibei-etarles. The above officers of Aate At in
the Scotch parliartientfcy virtue of thdi- ollkci.

The officers of the crown were, the high-chamberlain, conftable, ad-
miral, and miirfhnt. The offices of cdnftabic and marflial Were heredi.
tary. A nohlemun has tlill a penflon as admiral ; and the office of itiit*
ihal is estcrcifed by a Khtght inarftiat.

The ofhce of c|iaiicellbr of Scoilithd difftr^d little frohi thfe (kmh in Eng'
land. The fame may he faid of the lords treafbrer, privy-feal, dnd fecre*
ta^y. The lord-redtter WaS h^ad-clerk to the parliamcht, convention,
frfeafuty, fc*theqireP,' knA rtftim, and keeper of all public records.
Though his office was only ^lirihg the kint's jpleafure, yit it was Very lu*
cftRiVe, by difpofin^ of hl& deputatioh, Whleh hfted duting life. He a£t-
cd as teller to the parliameht ; ahd it was dangerous for ahy miiihbtr to dtf>
putc his report of the huirb6ri Upoh a diviflon. The lotd advocate's 6tRc6
rcreitibles thatof ibi: attorney>^cnerat in Englsind, only hh powers are faif
more extenfive ; bbcalilTe/ by the Sdo^ifh laws, he is the pt-ofecutor of all
capital crimes before thi JuUiciary, and likeWiiV concurs 'tti all piirfuiti be^
fore fovcre ign courts, fur breaches of the p(iace, and ulfb itl all rtratters cr«
vil, wherein the kihg, ot his dbnntbr. hath interef^. TiVo folicrtors ard
huined by his majclly, by way of aflmatits to thk lord-advotaie. The of-
fice; of juflicc-clerk, entitles the poitbdbr to prdide in the cfiminaJ court of
judice, while the juAice-genctal, an office I ihall defbribe hereafter, is ab^
font.

The ancient conftitution of Scbttand admitted of many otheroffiees both
of the crown and Hate ; but they are either now estiindii, or too incbnfider-
able to be del'cribed hert. That of Lyon king at annF* Or the Ux
faecialium, or grand herald of Scotland, is JSill in bein^ ; and it wa's for-
merly r:i office of great fplendour and importancfe, irtfijmu'ch that the
ifcicitcc of heraldry Was prtferved therfe in greater purity thah in any bthet
coimtiy in Europe. He was even crowned folcmnly in parliatneht with &
golden circle ; and his authority, which is hot the cafe in EnglAnd, in all
armorial affairs might bfe carried into executirin by the civil laW.

The privy-council of Scot'and before the Revolution, had, or aflumed^
inquifitorial powers, even that of torture; but it is now funk in the onr^
liament and privy-council cf Great-Britain ; and the civil and criminal
caufes in Scotland are chiefly cognifabk by two courts of judicature.

The firft is, that of the college of julHce, which was ihftitutedby Jame«
V. after the model of the French parliamei;it, to fupply an ambulatory
committee of parliament, who took to themfelves the nam^s of the lords
of council and fcflion, which the prefent members of the college of juftice
flill retain. This court confifts of a prefident and fourteen ordinary mem-
bers, befides extraordinary ones named by the king, who may Qt and vote,

feut

SCOTLAND*

but have no falariri, and are not bound to attendancei Thii court niftv be
culled a llHiiding jury in all mntteri of propercv thut lie before them. Ineir.
furrnn of proceeding do not lie within my piai;* neither uoei any inquiry
how far fuch an inUitution, in fu narrow a criuntry^us Scotland, u compa-
tible with the fecurity of private property. The civil law is their dirtitoty
in all matters thut come not within the municipal taws of the kingdom.'
it has. been often matter of furprit'c, that the Scots were fo'tcnaciousof the
forms of their courtj, and the tflt^nce of their l.iws, as to refcrvc them by
the articles of the Union, 'rhis, however, can be cafiTy accounted for,
becaul'c thofe laws and forms were eifentiul to the pollcliiua of «lliitcii and
lands, which in Scotland arc often held by modes incompatible with the
laws of England. I Ihall jufl add, that the lords of council and fcirion ai,i
lik'ewile as a court of equity ; but their decrees are (fortunately, perhaps
for the fubjetft) reverfible by the Britiflt Houfc of Lords, to which an ap>
t>eul lies.

The judice court is the higheft criminal trilninal in Scotland ; but in its,
prefcnt rorm k was inlVitutrd fo late as the year 1672, when a lord-jiilVice-
genernl, reinovable at the king's plcafure, was appqintcd. This lucni*
live office iUll cxiils in the {lerlbn oi one of the chief nohjlity ; but the
ordinary mcn\bers of the court, .are the jullice-dcrl^ and Ave other judges^
who are always nominated from the lords of fefTion. In this court the.
verdi£t of a jury condemns or acc^uits ; but, as I Imve already hinted*,
without any n^-'celHty of their being unanimous.

Befides thefe two great courts of law, ,the Scots, by the articles of the
Union, have a court of exchequer. This court has the fame power, au-
thority, privilege, and, jurifdidlion, over the revenue of Scotland, as the.
court of exchequer in England has over the revenues there; nnd all mat^
ters and things competent to the court of exchequer of England relating
thereto, are likewife competent to the exchequer of Scotland. The judges
of the exchequer in Scotland cxeiclfe certain powers which formerly be«
longed to the treafury, and are Hill veded in that of England.

The court of adiniralty in Scotland, was, in the reign of Charles ito
by a£V of parliarhcnt, declared to be a fupreme court, in all caufes com'<
petent to its own.juiifiliinion ; and the lord high admiral is declared to be
the kiiig's lieutenant and juliice-genernl upon the feas, and in all ports,
harbours, and creeks of the fame ; and upon freih waters and navigable
rivers, below the firft bridge, or within flood mark j fo that nothing com-
petent to its iurifdidion can be meddled with, in the firil indunce, but by «,
the lord higl) admiral and the judges of his court. Sentences palled ini
all inferior courts of admiialtyv may be brought again before his court ;
but no appeal lies from it to the lords of the fctrion, or any other judi-
catory, unlefs in cafes not maritime. Caufes are tried in this court by
the civil law, which in fuch cafes, is likewife the common law of Scut-
land, as well as by the laws of Oleron, Wifby, and the Hanfe towns,
and other maritime pra6lice$ and decilions common tipon the continenrl
The place of lord admiral of Scotland is little more than hoininal, but
the falary annexed to it is reckoned worth loool. a year ; and the judge
of the admiralty is co:rimonly a lawyer of dilHnftiun, with conddcrable
^perquiiUes pertaining tcThis office. ,T "^

1 he college or faculty of advocates, which anfwers to the Englifli inns
of court, may be called the feminary of Scotch lawycra. They are with-
in themfelves an orderly court, au'd their forms require great precifion
and examination it ipalify it| candidates for admiirion> Subordinate to

2 then)

til

S C O T L AN D.

«#•

them ii t body of inferior Uwyeri, or, «• they may be called, Rttomeya^
who culled themfelvci writers to the iignet, becautc they alone can fub*
fcrlbe the writs that pafs the fignct ; they likewife hiive a bye govern-
ment for their own regulation. Such are the different law-courts thac
arc held in the capital of Scotland : we fliall pais to thofe that are infe-
rior.

The government of the counties in Scotland was formerlv veiled in
flicriffs and Acw.irds, courts of regality, baron courtt, commliTariet, juf«
tices of the pence, and coroners.

Formerly (liertflfdoms were generally hereditable i but, by a late aA of
parliament, thry are now all veiled in the crown ; it being there enacted*
that all high-lheriffi, or llewards, (hall, for the future, bo nominated and
appointed annually by hii majcily, his heirs and fucceflbrs. In regard tu
the (heriif drpute<, and llewHi'd-leputes, it is enat^cd, that theie (hull
only be one in each county, or ftewartry, who muft be an advocate, of
three year* (landing at leau. For ihc fpace of feven years, tlicfe dcjtuiiea
are to be nominated by the king, with fuch continuance as his mujeiiy
fliall think fit ; arter which they are to enjoin their office adviiamaut cul-
pam^ that is, tor life, unlefs guilty of lome ofti-nce. Some other regu-
lations have been likewife introduced, hij^hly for the credit of the (herifia
courts.

Stewartries were formerly part of the ancient royal domain ; and the
(lewarts h.id much the fame power in them as the flieriif had in his
county.

Courts of regality of old were held by virtue of a royal jurifdi<^ion
veiled in the lord, with particular immunities and privileges %' but thefe
were To dangerous, and fo extravagant, that all the Scotch regalities are
now diflblved by an a£l of parliament.

Bnron courts belong to every perfon who holds a barony of the king*
In civil matters, they extend xo matters not exceeding fcrtv (hillings ftcr-
ling ; and in criminal cafes, to petty adlions of alTault ana battery ; but
the punifliment is not to exceed twenty fliillings (lerling, or ietting
the delinquent in'^the (locks for three hours, in the day time. Thefe
courts, however pttty, were in former days invcAed with the power of
life and death, which they have now lod.

The courts of commi(rarie8 in Scotland anfwer to thofe of the Engli(h
diocefan chancellors, the highed of which is kept at Edinburgh ; wherein,
before four judges, a^lions are pleaded concerning matters relating to
wills and tcHnments ; the right of patronage to eccleliadical benefices,
tythes, divorces, and caufcs of that nature ; but in almoft all other parts
of the kingdom, there fits but one judge on thefe caufes.

According to the prefent inditution, judices of the peace in Scotland
exercife pretty much the fame powers as thofe in England. In former
times their office, though of very old danding, was infigniiicant, bein({
cramped by the powers of the great feudal tyrants, who obtained an a^
of parliament, that they were not to take cognizance of riots till fifteen
days after the fa6l.
7 The inditution of coroners is as old as the reign of Malcolm II. the

f-eat legiflator of Scotland, who lived before the Norman invaiion of
nglar^d. They took cognizance of all breaches of the king's -peace ;
and they were required to have clerks to rcgider- difpofilions and matters
of fa£l, ns well as verdiAs of jurors ; the office, however, is at prefent
nuch difufed in Scotland.

, From

999

SCOTLAND;

, From th< above ikott vi«w of the Scotch lawi and inftitutioiw, it li
ttlftio tbtt thny^ett radlcaUy the (mse with thofc of the EnKliOi. Ths
latter alledgic, indeed, that the Scott borrowed the contents of their R$gi0m
fdaji/iattrnt their oldeft lawr*booki from the wovk^of GUnvilk, who wae
a jodge undet Henry li. of England. The Scots, on the other band,
fay, that Olanville'i work was copied from their Rtgiam Majeftatem^ even
With the peculiwrkiet of the Utter, which do not now, and never did, ex-
ift in the Uws of Englaad. /

The royal burght in Scotland form, as it were, a commercial parlia*
meiit, which memts once a ytur at Eduiburgh, cooiifting of a reprefeata-
five from each burgh, to consult upon tha common ^ood of the whole.
Their powers are pretty extenQvc, and before the Union they made laws
relating to fliipping, to mailers and owners of fliips, to mariners and mer>
chants, by whom they were freighbrd ; to maoutaduret, fuch as plaiding,
linen, and yarn ; to the curing and packing of fifli, falmon, and herrings^
tiui to the importing and exporting fevcral cominoidities. The trade be«
tween Scotland and the Netherlands is fubjeft to their regulation : they fix
the ftaple parr, which was formerly at Dort, and is now at Can prere*
Their contcrvator is indeed nominated by the crown, but then thei. 'on<
vention regulates his power, approves his deputies, and appoinr hu fa>
lary: fo that, in truthj the whole ftaple trade is fub]c«^cd to th^ur raa«
Mgemenr. U|wn the whole, this is a very lingular inllicution, and fuf*
fkieotly proves the vaA attention which the governinent ot Scotland tor^
merly paid to trade. It took its prefcnt form in the reign of James ill. .
1487, and had excellent confequrnces tor the benofit of commerce.

Such are the laws and conAitution of Scotland, as they cxift at pnefenl^
in their general view ; but our bounds do not permit us ta deicend to far*
ther particulars, which are various and complicated. The conformity
between the pra£)icc of the civil law qf Scotiaod, 0<:.-^ that in England,
ta remarkable. The EngUfli law report' ore of the ivme nature with the
Scotch practice ; and their a£b of federunt, acfwer to the Englith rules of
(ourc ; the Scottish wadfets and revcrflons, to the Engiiih mortgages and
(lefeafances ; their poinding of goods, after letters of horning, is much the
fame as the Engliih executions upon oiulawrics ; and an appeal againft
the king's pardon, in cafes of murder, by- the next of kin to the deceafcd,
is admitted in Scotland ^s well as in England^ Many other ufagcs iirc
the fame in both kingdoms. I cannot, however, difmifs this head with*-
out one obfcrvation, which proves the fimilarity between the Eiiglifli and
Scotch conftitutions, which I believe has been mentioned by no author.
In old times, all the freeholders in Scotland met together in pnefcnce of
the king, who was feated on the top of a hillock, which, in the old
Scotch conftitutions, is called the Moot, or Mute-hill ; all national affairs
were here tranfa^ed i judgments given, and ditl'crcnces ended. This
Moot-hill X apprehend to be of the fame nature as the Saxon Pole-mote,
and tQ figiufy no more than the hill of meeting.

HiSTOiK v.] Though the writers of ancient Scotch hiftory are too fond
of fyftem and fable, yet it is cafy to coUeCl, from the Roman authors,
and other evidences^ that Scotlarid was formerly inhabited by different
people* The Caledonians were, ptobabiy, the firft inhabitants ; the Pifts,
lUndout^edlywere the Britons, who were forced northwards by the Belgi:
GauUi «bov« fourfcoie years .before the defcent of Julius Caefar ; and
who fettling ioSffKlwd were joinedlby great numbers of their country-
neni that were driven northwards by the Romans.: The Scots mo(t pro-
I ; . , I bably.

SCOTLAND.

191

bnbly, were « nation of adventurers from ihe ancient Scyihia, who ha4
(crved in the armiet on the cdntinmr, nnd, ai hat been already hinted,
«fier conquerine; the other inhabitant;, gave their own name to the coun-
try. The trntS lying fouthward oi the Forth, appears to have been In-
habited by the Sxxons, and by the Britons who formed the kingdom oi
Akuith, the c.ipital of which was Dumbarton : but all thefe people in
procefs of time, were fubducd by the Scots.

Havinj; prcmifed thus much, it is unnecelTary fur me to inveftigatc tha
conlVitution ut Scotland from its fubulouf, or even its early- ages. It i«
fnificit-nt to <<c1d to what I hnve already faid upon that head, that they
fcem to have been us forwnrd as any ot their fouthern neighbours in the
arts of war and government.

It dues not appear tha: the Caledonians, the ancient Celtic inhabitants
<lf ^Scotland, weie attacked by any of the Roman generals before Agri-
«Mt^a,' anno 79. The name of the prince he fought with was Galdus, b;|r
Tacirus named Galgacus ; and the hiilory of that war it not only tranl*
twitted with great preciiion, but corroborated by the remains of the Ro-
man encampments and forts, railed by Agricola in his march towardi
Dunkcld, the capital uf the Caledonians. > The brave fiand made bf
Galdus againd that great general, docs honour to the valour of both peo-
ple ; and the fentimcnts of the C'uledonian concerning the freedom and
independency of his country, iip|)ear to have warmed the noble hi(h>«
rial) wirh the fame generous p'liion. It is plain, however, that Tacitus
thought it for the honour of Atjricnla, to conceal fume p;<rt of this war j
for though he makes hii countrymen victorious, yet they certainly re-
turned fuuthward, to the province of the Horcfti, which was the county
of Fife, without improving their advantage.

Giildus, othcrwife called Corbrcd, was, according to the Scotch hifto-
rians, the 2ift in a line.d dcfccnt from Fergus I. the founder of their
monarchy ; and though this genealogy has of late been difputcd, yet no*
thing chn be more certain, from the Roman hiftories, that the Caledo-
niiuis, or Scots, were governed by a fuccciHon of brave and wife princes,
during the abode of the Romans in Britain. Their valiant reliilance
obliged Agricola hiinfelf, and after Ivim the emperors Adrian and Severu?,
to build the two famous prctrntures or walls, one between the Frith of
Clyde and Forth already inenrionrd ; and the other between Tinmouth
and the Solway Frith, which will be defcribed in our account of England,
to defend the Romans from the C:iledoninns and Scots ; and which prove
that the independence of the latter was never fubdued.

Chriftianity was introduced into Scotland about the year 201 of the
Chriilian asra, by Donald I. The FitSls, who, as before mentioned,
were the dcfcendants of the iincient Biitonp, forced northwards by the
Romans, had at this time gained a footing in Scotland ; and being often
defeated by the ancient inhabitants, they joined the Romans ag.iintl the
Scots and Caledonians, who were of the fame original, and c(»nfidered
themfclves as one people ; fo tlut the Scors monarchy fuffc-red a ftiort
eclipfe : but it broke out with more lullie thsn ever under F«'rgus II. who
recovered his crown ; and his fuccelFors j/ave many feverc overthrows to
the Romans and Britons. •

When the Romans left Britain in 448, ihe Scots, as appears by Gild??,
a Britifli hiftori-in, were a po^'erfiil nation, and, in conjundtion with the
Pifts, invaded the Britons ; and having forced the Roman walls, drove
them to the vqtv fea; fo th.it the Britons applied to the Romans for re-
.. , . ' li.f:

1 9ft

SCOTLAND.

lief ; atiJ in the famoui letter, which they called ihelr preens, they tell
them, thut they had no choice left, but that of bein^ fwallowcd up by
the feu, or |)erilliing by the fwurdi of the barbarians ; fur (o hII nation*
vitrc culled who tvere not Roman, or under the RontHn prote^ion.

Dongard wai then kin^ of Scuiland ; and it iippcart from the oUled
hiiloiict, and thofe that ave leufl favourable to moniirchy, that the tucctfr-
fion to the crown of Scotland dill continued in the family of Fergus, but
j(cnerally defccnded collaterally ; till the inconvenient et of rhat mode ot
fucctlliun were fu much felt, that by degrees it fell into dilufe, and it wa«
at lni\ fettled in the right line.

About the yrar 79^, the Scots were governed by Achaius, a piince fo
much rcfpectcd, that his friendlhip was councJ by CMiarlcmagne, anJ u
kague was concluded between them, which cuniinucJ iiiviul.ite while the
monarchy of ScotUuid had an cxilknce. No fa<'t of ojual Hnii(|uiiy it
better attefted than this league, to;^ctiicr w",lh I'lic grout lervioc iwrfonncd
by the learned men of Scutlanci, in civilizing the vali dominions of th.ic
great conqueror, an h.ishvfii alrc.idy oblervcd under the article of learif
mg. 'i'he Pii'tH liill rcinaincJ in Scotland, us a fcparatc nation, niul were
powerful enough to nnike war upon tlic Scots ; who, about the year 8431
when Kenneth Mac Alpin was kinir of Scotland, finally fubducd them ;
but nut in the favur;c niuiincr mentioned by fonie hillorians, by extermi-
nation. Fur he ob>i,<4't'il tiicni to incorporate thcmfelves with their con*
Jjuerors, by lakini;;' their niunt*, and udupring their laws. The fucccf>
urs of Kenneth Mac Alpin maintained alniod perpetual wars with the
Sixons on the fouthward, and the Danes and other barbarous nations to-
wards the ealt ; whu, beini; mailers of the fea, harrafled the Scuts by
powertul invalions. The latter, however, were more fortunate than the
Englid), for while the Danes were erecting a monarchy in England, they
were every where overthrown in Scotland by bloody battles, and at lall
driven out of the kingdom. The Saxon and Danifli monarchs, who then
governed England, were not more futccfsful againft the Scots ; who main-
tained their freedom and independency, not only againll foreigners, but
again il their own kings, when they thought them endangered. The feu>
dal law was introduced among them by Malcoltn II.

Malcolt)) III. commonly called Malcolm Canmnre, frotn two Oaellic
words which lignify alarj^ehead^ but inoft probably from his great capacity,
was the cighty-iixth king of Scotland, frotn Fergus I. the fippofed found-
er of the monarchy ; tiie fofty-fcvcnth from its rcftorer, Fergus II. and
tlie twenty-fecond I'rotii Kenneth III. who conquered the kingdom of the
Picts. Kvery reader who is acquainted with the tragedy of Macbeth, as
written by the inimitable Shakfpcare, and who keeps clofe to the fads
delivered by kitlurians, can be no ftrangcr to the tate of Malcolm's fa-
ther, and his own hiflory previous to his mounting the throne in the year
1057. He was a wile and magnanimous prince, and in no refpctft infe-
rior to his contemporary the Nortnan conqueror, with whotn he was often
at war. He married Margaret, daughter to Edward, furnnmed the Out-
law, fon to Edmund Ironlide, king of England. By the death of her
brother Edgar Atheling, the Saxon right to the crown of England devolved
upon the pollerity of that princefs, who was one of the wifeft and worthieft
^vomen of the age; and herdaughtcr Maud, was accordingly married to
Henry I. of England. Malcolm, after a glorious reign, was killed, with
his fon, treachcroufly, it is faid, at the ficgc of Ainwic, by the belieged.
MalcQlm III. was fuccecdcd by his brother Donald Vll. and he was

dethroned.

s e t L A N ©*

iltthraned by Dunciin 11. whofe legitimncy was diff^tedi They wertfuc*
ceeded bv Edgar, the Ton of Malcolm III. who wai a wife ai^d Vitliant
prince ; ne was Succeeded by Alexander I. and upon his dcAth, David I*
mounted the ihionc.

NotwithUanding the endeavours of fome hifloriAni fo cohceal what
they cannot deny, I mean the glorici of this reign, it yet appears, that
David was one of the grcarelt pirinces of his agr^ whether we regard
him as t. man, a warrior, or a legidator; The noble actions he |ierform«
cd in the fcrvice of his niece, the emprcf* Maud, in her conipetitiot) with
king Stephen for the Englifli crowii, give us the highcft idea of his ttrn
tues, as they could be the refult only of duty and principle. To htm
Henry 11. the mi^'htiell prince of his sti^e, Owed his cro\^n ; and his
poflcHions in Enj'.Iand, joined to the kingdom of ScthmJ, placed David's
power nearly on au equality with that of England, wlicn conHned to thii
iflund. His actions and adventures, and the rcfources he always found in
his own courage, prove him ro have been a hero of the firft rtlnk. If ho
appeared to be too l.tviih to churchmen, and in his religious endowments,
wc are to confidcr, thcfc were the only means by which he could then
civilize his kingdom : and the code of laws I hnve already mcutioned to
have been drawn up by liim, do his memory immortal honour. They
are faid to have been compiled under his infpeftion by learned mtin,
whom he atTcmbled from all pates uf Europe in his magnificent abbey of
Melrofs. He was fuccecded by h'm grandfon, Makolm IV. and he by
\Vil(iam furnnmed from his valour the Lion. William's fon Alexander ll«
was fuccecded in 1 249, by Alexander HI. who was a good king. Hi
married, fir(l, MargaiTt daughter to Henry III, of England, by whom
he had Alexandei-, the prince who married the earl of Flanders^ daughter {
David, and Margaret who married Hangowan, or, as fome call him, Eric,
fon to Magnus IV. king of Norway, who bore to him a daughter nam*
td Margaret, commonly called the Maiden of Norway : in whom king
William's whole pofterity failed, and the crown of Scotland rtturiied to th<
<lefccndants of David earl of ' ' ntingdon, brother to king Malcolm IV.
gnd king Willinm.

I have been the more particular in this detail, becaufe h was ptoilu<^ive
of great events. Vp^m the death oi Alexander III. John Baliol) Who was
great grant'-fon to David t'ail of Huntingdon, by his elder daughter Mslr*
garer, and Robert Brut (grandfather to the great king Robert Bruce)
grandfon to the fame e: I of Huntingdon, by his younger daughter Ifabel,
became competitors for the crown of Scotland. Thfc laws of fuccelTiun,
which were not then fo well eftabliflicd in Europe as they are at prefenr,
tendered the cafe very diflic ilt. Both parties were nlmoft equally niatchcd
In intercft; but after a confufed interregnum of Ibme years, the great
nohility agreed in referring the decifion to Edword I* of England, the
nioft politic, ambiiious prince of his age. He accepted the office of af*
biter: but having long hiid an eye to the crowrt of Scotland, he revived
fome abfolcte abfurd claims of its dependency upon that of England ;
rtnd finding that Ballol was diipofcd to hgld it by that dilgraceful tenure,
Bdward awarded it to him : but afterwards dethroned him, and treated
him as a flave, without Baliol's refcnting it.

After this, Edward ufed many endeavours roannexthcircrowntohi^own ;
xvhich were often defeated, and though Edward for a fhort time made
himlelf mafter of Scotland, yet the Scots were ready to revolt againfl him
OD every favourable opportanity. Thofc of them who were fo zealouiljr

O aitachei

....w^

X94

S r,C O T L A N D.

atttched to the independence of their country, as to be refolved to hazard
every thin^ for it, were indeed but few, compared to thofe in the intereif
of i^dward and Buliolj which was the fame ; and for foine time they were
obliged to temporize. Edward availed himfelf of their weaknefs and his
pwn power. He accepted of a formal furrender of the crown of Baliol,
to whom he allowed a pcnlion, but detained him in England; and fent
every nobleman in Scotland, whom he in the lead fufpei^ed, to difiereut
prifons in or near London. He then forced the Scots to fign inftruments
of their fubjedlion to him ; and moft barbaroufly carried off, or deftroycd
all the monuments of their hiflory, and the evidences of their indepen*
ilency ; and particularly the famous fatidical or prophetic flone, which is
Aill to be iecn in Wcftminfter-Abbey»

Thcie fevere proceedings, while they rendered the Scots fcnfibleof thcii*
flavery, revived in them the ideas of their freedom ; and Edward, findinff
their fpirits.were not to be fubdued, endeavoured to carefs them, and of*
fecled to treat them on a footing of an equality with his own fubje£ts, by
projecting an union, the chief articles of which have fince taken place be-
tween the two kingdoms. The Scotch patriots treated this projeft with dif-
dain, and united under the brave William Wallace, the trueft hero of his
yge, to expel the Englifli. Wallace performed adions thirt entitle him to
eternal renown, in executing this fcheme. Being however no more than a
private gep^tleman, and his popuhtrity daily increaflng, the Scotch nobi-
lity, among whom was Robert Bruce, the fon of the firft competitor, be-
gan to lufpcdt that he had an eye upon the crown, efpecially after he had
^efeared the e.irl of Suny, Edward's viceroy of Scotland, in the battle
of Stirling, and had reduced the garrifons of Berwick and Roxburgh,
and was declared by the ftates of Scotland their protedor. Th?ir jcaloufy
operated fo far, that they formed violent cabals againft the brave Wal-
lace. Edward, upon this once more invaded Scotland, at the head
of the moft numerous and beft difciplined army England had ever Teen,
for it confifted of 8o,,oco foot, 3009 horlcmen completely armed, and
4060 light armed ; and was attended by a fleet to fupply it with provi-
finns. Tbefe, belides the troops who joined him in Scotland, formed an
irrctiliible.body : Edward, hov/ever, was obliged to. divide if, referving
the command of 40,000 of his bed: troops to himfelf. With thefe he
attacked the Scotch army under Wallace at Falkirk, while their difputcs
ran fo high, that the brave regent was.deferted by Gumming, the moft
powerful nobleman in Scotland, and at the head or the beft divifion of his
countrymen. tVall.ice, whofe troops did nor exceed 30^000, being thus
betrayed, was defeated with vaft lofs, but made:) n orderly retreat; during
which he found means to have a conference with Bruce, and to convince
him of his error in joining with Edward. W.illace iVill continued in arms,
and performed many gallant aftions againft th'* EngliHi ; but was betrayed
into the hands of Edward, who moi> ungencrou.ly put him to death at Lon-
don, as a traitor ; but he died himfelf, as he was preparing to renew his in-
vaJion of Scotland with a ftill more deliilating fpirit of ambition, after hav-
it\g deftroycd, according to the bell hiftorians, 100,000 of her inhabitants,
Bruc* died loon after the.-battie of Falkirk ; but not before he had in-
fpired his foiii who was a prifoner at large about the Englidi court, with
the glorious rcfolution of vindicating his own rights, and his country**
independency. He efcaped from London, and with his own hand
killed CummJng, for his attachment to Edward ; and after coUcfting a
fett' patriots, among whom were his own four brothers, he afliimed the
crown, but was defeated by the Englifli (who had a great army in
3 Scotland)

SCOTLAND.

head
!ecn.

putcs

moll;
of his

thus

uring

;ivince

arms,

trayed

Lon-
lis in:*
r hav-
itants*.
id iu'

with

I the
iy ill
iland)

Scotland) at the battle of Methven. After this defeat, he fled wkh onfc
or two friends to the Wcftcrn lfle«, and parts of Scotland, where his fa-
tigues and fufFerinps were as inexprefliblc, jis the courage with which he
and his few friends bore them (the lord Dougl.is efpecia^ty) was iocre-
dible. Though his wife and daughter were fent prifontrs t» Knglaod*
where the beft of his friends, and two of his brothers, were put to death,
yet fuch was his perfevering fpirir, that he recovered all Scotland, e)c-
ccpting the caiUe of Stirlinjj, and improved every advanttige that was
given htm by the diffipatcd condud of Edward II. who raifed an army
more numerous and better appointed ftill than that of his father, to nniate
a total conqueft of Scotland. It is faid that it confided of ioc,ooo mcQ^
though this h«9 been fupjxjfcd to be an esnggcrated computation j however,
it is admitted th;tr the army of Bruce did not exceed 30,000 ; but all of
them heroes who had been bred up in a deteltiuion of tyranny*

Edward, who was not dtficient in jioint of courage, led this mighty
hoft towafds Stirling, then belieged by Brure ; who hud chofen with the
gjcateft judgment, a camp near Ban nockburn. The chief officers under
Edward were, the earls of Gloucefter, Hereforrl. Pembroke^ and Sir
Giles Argcnton. Thofe under Bruce were, his own brother Sir Ed*
ward, who, next to himfclf, was reckoned to be the beft kn'ght In Scot*
land ; his nephew Randolph carl of Murray, and the young loid Walter,
high-fteward of Scotland. Edward's atiack of the Scotch army was ex-
ceedingly furious, and required all the courage and fiimnefs of Bruce
and his friends to refift it, which they did fo etteftually, ih.it they gained
one of the moft complete viclorici that is recorded in hillovy. The
great lofs of the Englifli fell upon the braveft part of their troops, who
were led on by Edward in perfon againll Bruce himfclf< The Scotch
writers make the lofs of the Englifh to amount to 50,000 men. Be that
as it will, there certainly never was a more total defeat, though the con-
querors loft 4000. 1 he flower of the Englifh nobility were either killed
or taken prifoncrs. Their camp, which was immenlcly rich, and calcu^
lated for the purpofe rather of a triumph than a campaign, fell into the
hands of the Scots : and Edward himfelf with a few I'oUowers, favoured
bv the goodnefs of their horfes, were j)urfued by Douglas to the gates of
Berwick, from whence he efcaped in a filhing boat. This great and de*
cifive battle happened in the year 1314*.

The remainder of Robert's reign was a ferics of the moft glorious fuc«
cefles; and fo well did his nobility underftaiid the principles of civil li*
hcrty, and fo unfettered vvcie they by relip,ious confiderations, that, in a
letter ihcy fcnt to the pope, they acknowledged that they had fet alide
Baliol for debafing the crown by holding it of England : and that they
\*ould do the fame by Robert, if he (liould make the like attempt. Ro«
belt having thus delivered Scotland, fent his brothu" Edward to Ireland*

imiy be
fellows

at the Scots of thofe days were better acquainted with Mars than tbe Mufes,
fceii frutn a^coffing baliud, muiie o . this memorable vidlory, whxh begins as

Maydcns of England fore may ye mourn,

Foj* zour kmmoiis zou have lo!t at Bannofkbutn.

Willi hcve a low 1 ••

Wbat ho ! v.'cen'<l the kinp of Kagland,
So loon tb have w^u all Si^9''l»n<l.

With i rvrahfiivr ! , '

19«

SCOTLAND.

M the htuil otttii uimy, \viil> wMch he cont]«cictl ihc jfrentcft part of
chut kingdom, niul wut pmcbintni it* kin^ ; but liv cxpuling hiiiii'clf too
much, he wan kilkii. Robert, before h'u ilciith, wliith hupprucd in i )sS,
'ni;ulenunilvitntttc[cmi« pence with Knt^liimls niul whrn ho died, he Witiuu-
lunwtod}>cd to be iiulilputubly tl)r );iruirl> hrr<i of hiii uj^c,

I'hc ciory of the Scoih luity be Cuid to have brcii io iti acniih under
■RolKrt I. who w«» furcerded by hlx ton David 11. Mo w«i u virtuoui
priucf, but hii abilities, botli in war and pence, were ci TplVd Ity hit bro-
ihcr-iit -htWHiuiencnty Kdvvardlll. of Knglund, whole (il)rr iic mHrrlcd.
Kdwurd, who wait us keen as nny ot liis picdrce|{i)r» upon ilto cotuiueil of
Scotland, elpniiled theciuire ol Ikliol, ion to Haliot the origintil com-
petitor. Hiit pro|;rel^ wno at lii tl amar.ingty rapid ; and he nnd Kdw.trd
riefc;ited the r«)yui party in many bloody battles ; but Kidiol wah ut lail
ihiven out ol' hi* ufuiped kingdom by the Scotch parriotc. David had
thr misfortune to be taken priloner by the iMv^lilh ai inc buttle of Durham i
«nd after continuing above eleven years in captivity, he p.iid i>o,(.oo
inar!viifor histanfom ; ami died in pence without ilVuc, in the yeur 1371.

The crown ot Scotland then devolved upon the fiunily of fituart, by iti
head havinj; been murricd to the d«uj;htcr «)f Robert I. The tirtl king of
that n,iM\e w»s Robert II. n wife nnd brave prince. Me wai fucccedcuby
hif Ton Robert IIT. whole n,i;c nnd intirnuiics dif(]unbHed him from reign-
\\\\.\ ; (o that he wiw forced to trull the government to hit brother, tiie
duke of Albany, hh ambitious prince, who ticriun to have had hu eye to
the crown for his own family. Robert, upon ibii», ntiempted to fend
hi* fecoud ton t<» Franco ; but he w.is n»oll ungcncroully intercepted by
Henry IV. of Knt'land ; nnd, alter fotVering n long captivity, he wui
obliv^ed to pay an exorbit.^nt ranfont. Diuini;' ihc imprifunment of Jnmet
in K!>«lu)d, ihe, military Rloiy ot the Scot* was carried to iti greatell
heij;ht in France, wlwie tliey i'upponcd that tottering monarchy neainll
Kui;lnnd, nnd their !;ciicrah obtaiitud I'ontc of the Hrif titles of tne king-
doni.

James the firll ol° th.it nnmo, upon bis return to Scotland* difcovered
great tinlents for >;()Voriui\eiu, enacted many wife laws, and was beloved by
the ])oople. Me bad received an excellent education in England diu'int;
the rciyna of Henry IV. and V. where lie f.iw the feudal fyilein reliiicu
fiom iw.my of the impei tei'tions which liill adhered to it in his own king-
dom ; he determined therefore to ubri4j<c the overgrown power of the nij-
Mtfs, and to recover fuch lands as had been unjuftly wrcfted from the
crmvn during his luinoiity and the preceding reigns : but the execution
of thcte dcligns coll him his lite, he bciu'i; murdered in his bed by fome
of the chief iiobiliiy in 1437, and the 44th year of his age.

A Kin>;' minority fuccecded { but j.inics II. would probably hnvc equalled
ihr grc.itell of his iiueellois lunh in warlike and civil virtues, had he not
be^n UuiJenly killed by the accidental I urlHng of a c»nnQn, in the thir-
ttciuh \car of his .ii;e. as he was beiic^inj; the caftle of Roxburgh, which
ivaii driended by the Knglilli.

Sufpicion. iiu':t>lcnce, immodrr.ite attachment to femaleit, nnd many of
the errors of a feeble mind, are viliblc in the conduit of James III. and
his tiiibulent rcif;n w;>s doled by a rebellion of his fubjedfs, bci.j[j llain in
b*ttle in 14^8, aged thirty tive.

His Ion, James IV. was the moll accompliflied prince of the age : he
«as natunlly gejierous nnd brave: he loved magnificence, he delighted in
irar. ajtd was eager to obtain fame. He encouraged and proteikd the
iDOmmerce of his liibjct^b, To that they greatly increafcd In riches ; and

i tha

S C O T L A N El.

197

ihc court of Jnmci, nt the liiuc of lil« marriiigc with M«M»ry VII.'* dflughv
tcr, wu« r|>tciurKl iiiul rcrpci'tiihlc. livvn thin alliiiiicc could not euro him
ot'hii tiimily diltrtn|)n-, ii nrrdilc/tioii lor ihefrciu-h, in whofe enure ho
riifhiy entcrrJ, Hitd wtu killed, with ihr tloivcr ot hii nohility, by (he
Knglilh, ill the buttle ut Floddcn, iiiii)(» 1^:3, and the luriieih year of
hit nge. *

The ininoiity of bin fon, Jnmen V. wsu lonj^f and turbulent: iind when
he urcw u]), he innrrii'd two French liidirn ; the ihll being dnii|;;hter to'
the Kh\g of Fnincc, iind ihc Inner ol'lhu houle ot' Ouil'c. lie indituteil
the couit of felfinn, rn,i<'.)cd many falut.uy law*, and greatly promoted
die trade of Scoil.iiul, p.iiticularly the working; of the niinci. At thtt
rime the b«llani;e of power w«» fo e^jually poilcd between the contending
princci of Kuropc, that fainci't fiirndlhip wa» courted by the pope, the
nnperor, the kinj{ of France, and hi* Mnrlc Henry VIII. of Knj^liind,
fiom all whom be received magnificcnr prc;fcnis. But ^4mci took little
fliarc in foreign alfaiiB ; he fccnicd rather 10 imitate liii prcdcceiibri in
their nttempr* to humble the nobility ; and the do^trinct oi the Keforma*
tion bej;innin{; to be prup.igated in Scotland, he jjavc way, nt the infti-
(^iuion of the clerpy, to 11 religious perfccuiion, though it ii generally be-
lieved that, had lie lived Ioniser, he would have fci'/.cd all the church re-
venues in imitation of Henry. However, having rather llijjhted foine
friendly overtures made to him by the king ot ICngland, and thereby
;fiven great uml>rngc to that prince, a war ur length ornke out between
them. A large army, under the command of the duke of Norfolk, en*
tcred Scotland, and ravaged the country north of the Tweed. After
this flwrt cxijedition, the Englirti army retired to Berwick, Upon thin,
the king of Scotland fmt ten thoufand men to the welU-rn hnrdcri, who
rntcrcd England, ni Solway Frith ; and he himfclf followod them nt a.
fnvdl diftnnce, ready to join them upon occafton. But he fooa nftcr gave
great oflence to the nobility dud the army, by imprudently depriving their
general, lord Maxwell, of his commillion and conferring the command
on Oliver Sinclair, a private gentleman, who was hi» tavouritc. The
?tnny were fo much difguflcd with this utteration, ihat they were ready
rr) dilband, <vhcn a fm,«ll body of Knglilh liorfe appeared, not exceeding
five hundred, A panic khxA the Scotii, who immediately took to flight;
fiip|H)fing thcmfclvcs to be attacked by the whole Kngliflj army. The
Knglidi hnrfe, feeing them flee with fuch preiipitation, clofcly purfuci
them, and ilcw great numbcm, taking or . ners feven lords, two hun«
drcd gentlemen, and eight hundred foldicrf, with twenty't'our pieces of
ord.mcc. This difaOcr fo much nifcdicd king James, that it threw h<tn
into n fit of illncfs, of which he fuon 'after died, on the 14th of Decern*
bur, 1542.

His daughter and fucceflbr, Mary was but a few hours old at the
time of her father's death. Her beauty, her mifconduifl, and her mif-
fortunes, are alike famous in hillory. It is fuilicicnt here to Oiy, that
during her minority, and while flie was wife to Francis II. of France,
the Reformation advanced in Scotland : that bcikig called to the throne of
her anceilors while a widow, (he married her own coufin-german, the
lord Darnlcy, whofe untimely death hath ^ivcn rife to much controverfy.
The confcquencc of her hulbimd's death, and of her mnrriage with
llothwcll, who was conlidercd as his murderer, Wiis nii infurre^Hon of her
fubjc(n8, from whom (he fled into England, wl.:re fhc was ongeneroufly
detained a pilfoner for eighteen years, and afterwards, on muiivcs of (late

0^ policy,

ENGLAND.-

policy beheaded by queen Eluahetli in 1587, iu the forty-fixtli year ol
l»er age,

Mary's fon, Jumcs VI. of Scorland, fuccetdcd, in right of his blooj
from Henry VII, upon the death cf quttn Elizabeth, to the Englilh
crown, after Ihcwing conWcniblc iibllitics iu the government ot Scotland.
This union of the two crowns, in fac'^, dclhoyed the indept-ndency, as it
impovcriflicd ihe people ot Scotland : for the feat of government beinjj
removed to England, thcii trade was checked, iheir agricultuie negleiteJ,
Unii their gentry obliged to feck ior bread in other countries. James;,
altera fplcndid, but troubklbnie reign over hib three kingdoms, left them
in 1 615, to his fon, the unfortunate Charles I. That prince, by his de-
luotic principles and condud, induced both his Scottiih and his En^liHi
Uibjeds to take up arms againd him : and, indttd, it was in Scotland
that the fword Was firft drawn againft Charles. But when the royal party
was totally defeated in Er.ghind, the king |)ut himfelf into the power of
%Ue Scottiih army ; they at lirfl treated him with rtfpeft, but iittcrwards
delivered h'm up to the EngHfli parliament, vn condition of their pay-
ing 400,000 pounds to the Scots, which was laid t'l be due to them tor
arrears. However, the Scots afterwards made feveral bloody, but iin-
ifuccefsful attempts, to rcllore his fon, Charles II. That prince was
finallv defeated by Cronuveil, at the battle of Worccficr, 1651, alter
which, to the time of his rcftoraiion, the commonwealth cf England, and
the protestor, gave law to Scotland. I have, in another place, touched
pn the moll matciiHl parts of Charles's reign, and that of his deluded
brother, James VII. of Scotland, and II. of England, as well as of kins;
William, who was fo far from being a friend to Scotland, that, relying ou
bis royal word to her parliament, flie w:.s brought to the brink of ruin.

The Hate of parties in England, at the acccflion of queen Anne, wask
ftich, that the Whigs once more had recourfe to the Scots, and offered
them their own terms, if they would agree to the incorporate Union as it
now flands. It was long before the majority of the Scotch parliament
would Ijften to the propofal ; but at laft, partly from conviction, and
partly through the force of money dillributcil aiiioiitx tlie needy nubility,
It was agreed to ; fincc which event, the hiilory of Scotland Uccomcs the
fame with that of England. • -. . .'

> f

ENGLAND.

Extent and Situation,

Miles.

Deirrces.

Length 380) . ( 50 and 56 North latitude.

Brciidth 300 3 ^"^^'=^" ( 2 Eaft and 6r30 Weil longitude,

Climate and ) ' ■ ^HE longeft day in the northern parts, contains
BOUNDARIES. S X 17 hours JO minutes ; and the ihorttll ift the
foutherii, near 8 hours. It is bounded on the north, by that part of the
Ifland called Scotlat»d; on the eaft, by the German ocean ; on the weft,
by St. George's Channel ; and on the foutb, by the Englifli Channel^
^hich parts it frcm France^ and cuntaips 49,450 I'quare miles,

,;■-■■ • '" ' ■ ' * The

W;iSk

I'^pBP^iWiP"'*

NPMVPMP

E N G L A . N D.

199

The fituation, by the fea wafliing it on three fides, renders England li-
able to a great uncertainty of weather, fo that the inhabitants on part of
the fea-coalh are often viii" jy agues and fevers, Oi» the other hand,
it prevents the extremes of heat and cold, to which other places, lying in
the fame degree of latitude, arc fubjed ; and it is, on that account, friend-
ly to the longevity of the inhabitants in general, efpecially thofe who live
on a dry foil. To this fituation likcwife we are to afcribe that perpetual
verdure for which England is remarkable, occafioned by refreHiing {bow-
ers and the warm vapours of the fea.

Name and divisions, ) Antiquaries are divided with regard to

ANCIENT AND MODERN. J the ctymolotfy of thc word £«g'/<7»</ ; fome
derive it from a Celtic word, fignifying a level country ; but I prt fcr the
common etymology, of its being derived from Anglcn, a province now
iubjedt to his Daniih majclly, which furniflied a great part of the origin»t
Saxon adventurers into this idand. In the time of the Romans the whole
iiland went by the name of Britannia . The word Brit, according to Mr.
Camden, ri(i;i)ified painted or llained ; the ancient inhabitants being fa-
mous for pinting their bodies; other antiquaries, however, do not agree
in this etymology. The weiicm traiS of England, which is almoft iepa«
rated from the reft by the rivers Severn and Dee, is culled Wales, or the
iand o/Ji rangers, becaufc inhabited by the Belgic Gauls, who were driven
thither by the Romans, and were ftrangers to the old natives.

When the Romans provinciated England they divided it into,
- I. fitiiannia Prima, which contained the fouthcrn parts of the king*
dom.

2. Britannia Secunda, containing the wedern parts, comprehending
Wales. And,

3. Maxima Caetaricnfis, which reached from the Trent as far north*
ward as the wall of Severus, between Newcaftle and Carlifle, and fome-
times as far as that of Adrian in Scotland, between the Forth and Clyde.

To thei'e (llvifions fome add the Flavia.Caefarisnlis, which they fitppufe
to contain (he midland counties.

When the Saxons invaded England about the year 450, and when the^
were eftabliftied in the year 582, their chief leaders appropriated to them*
felves, after the manner of the other northern conquerors, the countries
which each had been the mofl inftrumental in conquering ; and the whole
formed a heptarchy, or political republic, conGfting ot feven kingdoms.
But in time of war, a chief was chofen out of the fcvcn kings ; for which
reafon I call it a polit'-cal republic, its conftitution greatly refembling. tha|^
of ancient Greece.

■ Kingdoms erefted by the Saxons, ufually ftyled the Saxon Heptarchy.
Kingdoms, Counties. Chief Towns,

1. Kent, founded byf
Hengiftin 475, and< Kent •-
ended in 82 3. . ^

2. South Saxons, r . ,
founded by Ella in \ Suflex •»-
491, and ended in] Surry , ■ —

3. Eaft Angles, found- f ^o/' f
^edby Uffa,ia 575,} ?,"*^"iK.

«nd,„dcdul;,^^'[^-';hflfleofEIy"
I P4

i < Canterbury.

HChichefler
Southwark,

") r Norwich

/ ) BurySt. Edmonds,

n Cambridge

Ely,

Weft.

Kingdomi.

ENGLAND.

Counties.
f Cornwall

VVefl^axoni. fi"""

iQunded by Cardie J c '*"-.. .
5....ndindcdi«<Sjjjft

'°^«- Han"«

. Berk's
'Lnncaftcr
York
Durham

- 1 .

Chief Towpi^
f L.iuiicclbn
' Exeter
Dorchcftcr

I' Salift>ury
Wincheflcr
Abingdon.
[Lancstlkr
York
Durham
, Carlidc
Appleby

5. Northumberlam], 1 L»urnam
founded by Ida in^ Cumberland
574« and ended in i Wellmoreland -
7^2f I North uipberland, and

I Scotland to the Frith
\, of Edinburgh -

6, Eafl-Saxons, «- _ _ < ••

"^ founded by Erche-) g^'^, . , ""r 11 t 4

win in 527, and i Middlefe?, and part qf W London.

ended in 746. L Hertford "" J (

j LNewcaftlc.

'The other part of Hertfdrd'
Glouceftcr -

Hereford

Worccftcr

Warwick

Leiceller

Jutland'

7.Me.iaJoundedby|£;»,^-P^
Cndda in 58., and< H^„,j d„„
t«iedm874. Bedford

Buckingham

Oxford

Stafford

Derby "

Salop

Nouingham

Cheftcr

— I

= J

r Hertford

Glouceflcr

Hereford

Worceftcr

Warwick

Leicefler

Oakham

Northampton
. Lincoln
ys Huntingdon

Bedford

Aylelbury

Oxford

Stafford

Derby

Shrewlbury

Nottinghana

Chefler.

I have been the iriore folicitous to prefervc thefe divisions, as they ac«
count for different local cuiloms, and many very eflential modes of in«
heritance, which to this day prevail iii England, and which took their
rift: fro^i different iniHtutions'iinder' the. Saxons. Since the Norman in-
valion, England his been* divided into counties, a certain num^r of
which, excepting Middlcfex and Che(hire,'arie'coi9prehendcd in fix cir-
cuits, or annual progrel's of the judges, for admlniitering juflice to the
fubjc6t8 who are at a diflance from the capital. Thefe circuits are ;

!• Home

i; N G L A N D,

aoi

^rcuiti. CouDtieu

rEflex

Hertford
Kent

|. Home ;

L!irr>iiif. »

Circuit.

X, Norfolk

Circuit. ^Sugbllc

Surry

Suflex

'Bucks

Bedford
Huntingdon

Cambridge •—

Norfolk
j-Oxon

B^rks

3, Oxford ^
' Circuit. I

Glouceft^r —

Chief Towni.
•«-'^ pChelmiford, Cokhefter, Harwich,
Maiden, Saffron- Waldcu, Bocking,
Braintree, and Stratford.
Hertford, 9t. Alban's, Ware, Hitch-
in, Baldock, Biihop't-Stortiord,
BerkhamQcd,Hem(led,and Barnec.
Maidftone, Canterbury, Chatham,
Rochcfter, Greenwich, Woolwich^
Dover, Deal, Deptford, Feverfliam,
Dartford, Komney, Sandwich,
^ Sheernefs, Tunbridge, MargatCy
^ Gravefend, and Miltoo.
Southwark, Kingilori, Guildford,
Croydon, Epibm, Richmond,
Wandfwortb, Batterfea, Putney,
Farnham, Godalmin, Bagflior, Eg*
ham, and Dorking.
Chicheder, Lewei, Rye, £aft Grio*
fiead, Hafiingf,Horiham^Midhurft,
Shoreham, Arundel, Winchelfca,
Battel, Brighthelralione, and Pet*
^_ worth*

'Ay lelbury, Buckingham, High -Wick*
ham, urcat-Marlow, Stoney Strat-
ford, and Newport Pagnel.
Bedford, Ampthill, Woobum, Dun*

ftable, ^uton, and Bigelefwade.
Huntingdon, St. Ives, Kimbolton,.
Godmunchefler, St. Neot's, Ram- .
fey, and Yaxley.
Cambiridge, Ely, Newmarket, Roy^
flon, and Wiibich.
— )-^ Bury, Ipfwich, Sudbury, Leofloff,

Sart of Newmarket, Aldborough,
tungay, Southwold, Brandon,
Halefworth, Mildenhall, Becclei,
Framlingbam,Stow-market, Wood-
Bridge, Lavenham, Hadley, Long-
MeltordjStratford, and Ealterberg-
holt.
Norwich, Thetford, Lynn, and Yar-
mouth.
-Oxford, Banbury, Chippin-Norton,
Henley, Burford, Whitney, Dor.
ehefler, Woodllock, and Tame.
Abingdon, Windfor, Reading, Wal.t
L J lin^ford, Newbury, Hungerford,
Maidenhead, Far ringdon, Wantage,
and Oakingham.
Glouceller, Tewklbury, Cirencefter,
• part of Bridol, Campden, Stow*

I Berkeley, Durfley, Lechlade, Tet-

bury

Circuits.

ENGLAND.

J. Oxford
Circuit
coutioued'

Countiei.

Worceftcr, —

Monmouth

Hereford —

Salop —

Stafford —

'Warwick — "

Leicefter
' Derby

Nottingham

4. ^Midland •
Circuit. • Lincoln

' Rutland
Northampton

f Hants

5. Wcftcrn ^ Wilts
Circuit.

rn j Wilts

'■}

I Dorfet

Chief Towns,
bury, Sudbury, Wotton, k Marlh-
tield.
Worccllcr, Evcniam, Droitwich,
Bcwdley, Stourbridge, KUdtrmin-
Her, and I'lrniorc.
Monnioui'.i, Chipi'tow, Abergavenny,

Caerlcon, and NcwjiDit.
Hercfurd, Leominllci, Wcoblcy, Led-
bury, Kyneton, and Rofs.
Shrewsbury, Ludlow, Bridgnorth,
Wcnlock, Biftiop's Gallic, Whit-
Church, OfwcllryjWein, and New-
port.
Stuftbrd, Litchfield, Newcaftle under
1 Line, Wolverhampton, Rugcley,
1- Burton, Utoxctcr, and Stone.
Warwick, Coventry, Birmingham,
Stratford upon Avon, Tamworth,
Aulceftcr, Nuneaton, and Athcr-
ton.
Leiccfttr, Melton-Mowbray, Afliby-
dc-l<i-Zouch, Bofworth, and Har-
borough.
Derby, Chefterfield, Wirkfworth,
Ambourne, Bakcwell, BaUover,
and Buxton.
Nottingham, Southwell, Newark,
Eaft and Weft Retford, M:inslield, '
Tuxford, Workfop, and Blithe.
Lincoln, Stamford, Bodon, Gran-
tham, Croyland, Sp;ilding, New
Slcaford, Great Grimlby, Gainf-
borough, Louth, and Horncaftle.
Oakham and Uppingham.
Northampton, Peterborough, Da
vcntry, Hi^ijham-Kerrers, Brack-
ley, Oundle, Wellingborough,
Thrapfton, Towcefter, Rocking-
ham, Kettering, and Rothwell.
rWincheftcr, Southampton, Portf-
mouth, Andover, Batingftoke,
Chrilichurch, Petersfield, Lyming-
ton, Ringwood, Rumtey, Ariel-
ford : and Newport, Yarmouth,
and Cowes, in the Ifleof Wight.
Salifoury, Devizes, Marlborough,
Malmlbury, Wilton, Chippenham,
Calne, Cricklade, Trowbridge,
Bradford, ..id Warminfter.
Dorchcfter, Lyme, Sherborn.Shaftef-
bury, Poole, Blandfgsd, Brid-

port,

ENGLAND.

203

Circutti.

gh,

)rtf-
ake,
ng-
ef.
ith,
It,

id-
rt.

Countiei.

Somerrct

c. Wcftcrn r»
^ Circuir. < D«^°»
cpoiinued

>*,

Cornwall —

York

6, Northern /
Circuit*. "^

Durham -v-

Northumberlmd
Lancaller -r-

Weftnnoreland
Pumbcr^and

'<<

Chief Tou-ni.
port, Weymouth, Melcombc,
vVarcham, and VVinburn.

Bath, WcIU, Briftol in purr, Taun-
ton, Brid<;cwater, llcheltcr, MineU
hfad, Milbourn-Pert, Glafton-
bury, Wellington, Dulverton,
l)uii(Jlcr, WatchiCt, Yeovil, So-
mcnitn, Axbiidj^e, Churd, Bruton«
Shepton Mallet, Crui'comb, and
hroumr.

Exeter, Plymouth, Barnt^aple, Bid-
daford, Tiverton, Hooitoc, Dnit*
mouth, Taviflock, Topfluim, Oke-
hiimpton, Aflibunon, Crcdimn,
Moulton, Torrington, Totncl's,
Axminller, Plympton, and Ilt'ra-
comb.

LaunccHon, Falmi'«:th, Truro, SaU
ta(h, Bodmyn, St. Ivcs, Pad How,
Trcgony, fowey, Penrjn, Kcl-
lington, Lclkard, Leftwiel, HcU
Hon, Penzance, and Redruth.

York, Leeds, Wakefield, Halifax,
Rippon, Pontefra^t, Hull, Rich-
mond, Scarborough, Borough-
bridge, M. I'on, Sheffirld, Don-
cafter, Whiiby, Beverley, North-
allerton, Burlington, Knarefbc-
rough, Barnciley, Sherborn, Brad-
ford, Tadcafter, Skipton, We-
therby, Ripley, Heydon, How-
den, Thirlke, Gifborough, Pickr
cring, and Yarum^

Durham, Stockton, Sunderland, Stan-
hope, Barnard-Callle, Darlington,
Hartlepool, and Awkland.

Nfwciiftle,Tinmouth,NorthShields,
Moroeth, Alnwick, and Hexham.

Lancauer, Manchefter, Prefton, Li-
verpool, Wigan, Warrington^
^ochdae, Bury,Ormlkirk,Hawkf-
hcad, and Newton.

Appleby, Kendal, L( nfdalc, Kirkby-
Stephen, Ortou, Ambleiide, Bur-
ton, and Milthorpc.

Carlille, Penrith,. Cockermouth,
Whitehavtn, Ravenglafs, Egre^
inont, Kefwick, Workington, and
L Jerby.

• In the Lent or Spring aflizes, th-i Northern Circuit extends only to York and
I^ancafter : the aflizeg at Durham, Ncwcaftlc, Appleby, and Cariiflc being held orJy
in the Autumn, aud dillisguiihcd by tht uppcllutioii ol' th;> hue cimii:.
• *' • • ■ «. "t f rr . Middlefex

304'

ENGLAND.

Middlcfcx !• not comprehended ; and Chefliire is left out of thefe cir*
eutts, becaufe, being a county palatine, it enjojrs municipal laws and
privileges. Tke fame may be laid of Wales> which is divided into four
circuits.

ounties ex- I
uliveofthe'^

fMiddlefex — 1

cl«li
Cli'cuiis.

-1

'London, fiift meridian, N. Lat.
1-30. Weftminfler, Uxbridgc,
rentford, Chclfea, Highgate,
Hampftead, Kcnfington, Hackney,
^ and Hampton-Court.
Chcfter, Nantwich, Macclesfield,
M^ilpas, North wich, Middlcwich,
; I Sandbach, Conglcton, Knotsford,
J L Frodifljam, and Haulton.

Circuits of WALES.

r Flint
Nort^ Eaft J Denbigh
Circuit. I Mom|[oraery

iAnglefcy
Caernarvon
Merioneth
r Radnor
SouthEaft \ Brecon
Circuit, j Glamorgan

f Pembroke

South ^Weft ^ Cardigan
Circuit. •

I Cacrmarthen

«— "J r FJint, St. Afaph, and Holywell.

— II Denbigh, Wrexham, and Ruthcn.

I 1 Montgomery, Llanvylin, and Welch -
J C pool .

— -J I Beaumaris, Holyhead, & Newburgh.
I 3 Bangor, Conway, Caernarvon, and
f ] Puimiy. .

J ( Dolgelly, Bala, and H.irleigh.

— "J r Radnor, Preftean,and Knighton.

— r 1 Brecknock, Biiilt, and Hay.

— n Llandaff, Cardiff, Cowbfidge, Neath,
J L and Swanfcy.

— ") fSt. David's, Haverfordweft, Pefn-
J broke, Tenby, Fifcard, and MiU
i I fordhaven.

— i J Cardigan, Aberiftwith, and Llanb
^ - darn*vawer.

I I Cacrmarthen, Kidwelly, Lanimdo-
I • very, Llandilobawr, Langharn^
J I, and Lanelthy.

In ENGLAND.

40 Counties, which fend up to parliament
25 Cities (Ely none, London four) — — .

167 Boroughs, two each — —

c Boroughs ( Abingdon, Banbury, Bewdley,Hig

ham-Ferrars, and Monmouth), one each
» Univcrfities — — —

ii Cinque ports (Haftinps, Dover, Sandwich,
Romncy, Hy the, »na their three dcpende
Rye, Winchelfea, and Seaford), two each

}

icb,1
nts, y
:h J

fo knights.

50 citijien$.

3 j4. burgefles.

5 burgelTes.

4 reprefentativcs.

16 barons.

\VALES,

',V

ENGLAND.

WALES.

20$

1 2 Counties — — — 12 knights.

12 Boroughs (Pembroke two, Merioneth none), > ^^ burgeflcs,
one each — » — J

SCOTLAND.

3 3 Shires —

67 Cities anil Boroughs

30 knights.
15 burgeiTes.

Total 558

.■ Bciides the 52 counties into which England and Wales are divided,
there nre counties corporate, confilling ot certain diilridts, to which the
liberties and jurii'dit^tons peculiar to a county have been granted by royal
charter. Thus the city of London is a county dillinft from Middlcfex ;
the cities of York, Chefter, Britlol, Exeter, Norwich, Worcefter, and
the towns of Kingflon upon Hull, and Newcafllc upon Tyne, are coun>
ties ofthemfclves, diAini*) from thofc in which they lie. The fame may-
be faid of Berwick upon Tweed, which lies in Scotland, and hath within
its ju(irdidlon, a fmail territory of two miles un the north iide of the
river.

Under the name of a town, boroughs and cities are contained : for every
borough or city is a town, though every town is not a borough or city.
A borough is fo called, becaufe it fends up burgefTes to |<arliainent ; and
this makes the difterence between a village or t;)wn, and a borough. Some
boroughs are corporate, and fome not corporate ; and though decayed, as
Old Sarum, they ftill fend burgefles to parliament. A city is a corporate
boroueh, that hath had, or at prefent hath, a bifliop, for if the bifliopric
be diilblved, yet the city remains. To have fuburbs prove it to be a city,
'Jome cities are alfo counties, as before mentioned.

Soil, AiB, seasons, and water.] '1 he foil of England and Wales
differs in each county, not fo much from the nature of ih^ ground, though
that mud be admitted to occaiion a very confidemble alteration, :is from
the progrefs which the inhabitants of each county have made in the cul-
tivation of lands and gardens, the training of marfhss, and many other
local improvements, which are here carried to a much greater degree of
perfe<^ton than they are perhaps in any other part of the world, if we ex-
cept China. To enter upon particular fpecimf ns and proofs of thtfe im-
provements, would require a large volume. All that can be faid therefore
is in general, that if n<* unkindly feafon happen, England produces corn,
not only fufficien*' »o maintain her own inhabitants, but to bring large
fums of ready money for her exports. The benefits, however, from thefe
expo*-:* nave fometimes tempted the inhabitants to carry out of the kinj;-
iom more grain than could be conveniently fpated, and have laid the
poor nnJer diftrefs : for which rcafon exportations Imve been fometimes
checked by govcrmnent. No nation exceeds England in the produdionf
of the garden, which have come to fuch perfeiflion, that the rareft of fo-
reign fruit* have been cultivated here with fuccefs. If any farther proof
•f this Hiould be rcquiitcd, let ic be remcaihercd, that London and its
.• neighbour*

9o6

ENGLAND.

neighbourhood, though peopled by about i,oo3,ooo inhjbhants, Is plen«
tit'ully fupplicd with all kinda of fruits and vegetables from grounds with-
in 12 miles diilance.

The foil of England feems to be particularly adapted for rearing tim-
ber ; and the plantations of trees round the houfcs ot noblemen and gen-
tlemen, and even of peafanta, are delighrf'ul and adoniniing at the fame'
time. Some have obferved a decay of that oak timber ivhich anciently form-
ed the great fleets that England put to fea ; but as no public compliintsof
this kind have been heard, it may be fuppofed that great Oores are flill in
refervc ; unlefs it may be thought tliat our Ihip-yarJs have lately been
partly fupplicd from America, or the Baltic.

As to a.ir, I can add but little to what I have nlready faid concerning the
climntc *. Ill many places it is certainly loaded with vapours wafted
from the Atlantic Ocean by wefterly winds ; but they are ventilated by
winds and ftorms, fo that in this refpe6l England is to foreigners, and peo-
ple of delicate conftitutions, mote difagrecable than unfalubrious. It can-
not, however, be denied, that in England the weather is fo exceflively capri-
cious, and unfavourable to ceitain conftitufions, that many of the inha-
bitants are induced to fly to foreign countricsi in hopes of obtaining a re-
novation of their health.

After what we have obferved in the Englifli air,, the reader mty form
fome idea of its feafons which are fo uncertain, th,at they admit of no
defcription. Spiing, fummer, autumn, and winter, fuccced each other, but
in what nwmh their different appearances take place is very undetermin-
ed. The fpring begins fometimes in February, and fometimcs in April.
In R'lay the face of the country is often covered with hoaty froft inflciid of
blollbins. The beginning of June is fometimes as cold as in the middle
of December, yet at other times the thermometer rifes in that month as
high as it does in Italy, l^ven Auguft has its viciflitudes of heat and
criil, and upon an average September, and next to it Oftober, are the
two moft agreeable months in the year. The natives fometimes experi-
ence all the four feafons within the compafs of one day, cold, temperate,
hot, arid mild weather. After faying thus much, it would be in vain ro
gttetnpt any farther defcription of the Englifli feafons. Their inconftancy ,
however, is not attended with the efi'c6ts that might be naturally appre-
hended. A fortnight, or at moft three weeks, generally make up the
difference with regard to the maturity of the fruits of the earth : and it is
hardly ever obferved that the inhabitants fuSer by a hot fummer. Even

The climate of En<;land hns more advantages than are generally allowed it, if
V/t admit the opinion of King Charles the Second iipon this f. bjedl, which iscorro.
borated hy that o( Sir M'iilium Temple • and it may be obferved, that they were
both travellers, ' I niuft needs add one thing (fays Sir William, in his MifccUanca,
« part ii- p- « »4' edit 8vo. 1690.) in favour of our climate, which I heard the king

• iay, and I thought new and right, and truly like a king of England, that loved and

• eflecmed his own country. It was in reply to fume company that were reviling our

• climate, and extnUing thofe of Italy and Spain, or at leaft of France. He faiit,
«• He thought that was the bcfl climate wher« he could be abroad in the air with plea-
«' (are, or at' leaft wi»l«iiut ta.uble op inconvenience, Uie moft days in the year, and
" the Hind hours in the day ; and this he tlioii^-ht he could be in England, more than
" in any c(iuntrj»he know in I'luropf." ' And I believe (adds Sir William) it is true,

• not only of the hot and the cold, but even among our neighbours in France and the
« Low Countries thcmfelvci, where the hcatvor the coldi, and changes of feafons are

• kis treatable (or moderate) than they are with u»."

- -**

th«

ENGLAND.

ao7

the greateft irregularity and the moft unfavourable apneav:an£e* of the
feafons, are nor, as in other c ountries, attended with faininc, and very
feldom with fqarcity. Perhaps this, in a great meafure, may be ow-
ing to the vafl improvements of agriculture, for when fcarcity has beeii
complained of, it generally, if not always, proceeded from the eiccef-
fivc exportations of grain on account ol the drawback, and the profit
of the returns.

In fpeaking of water, t do not include rivers, brooks, or lakes, I jpeait
waters for the common conveniencies of life, and thofe that have mi-
neral qualitcs. The champaign pprts of England are generally fupplie4
with excellent fprings and foun;nJns ; though a difcerning palate may
perceive, that they frequently contain fome mineral impregnation. h\
ibme very high lands, the inhabitants are diftrelTed for water, and fup^
ply themfclvcs by trenches, or digging deep wells. The cunftitutions of
the Englifli, and the dileafes to which they are liable, have renderc4
them extremely inquifitive afcer falubrious waters, for the recovery an4
prefervation of their health ; fo that England contains as many mineral
wells, of known efficacy, as perh;ips any country in the world. The moll:
celebrated arc the hot baths of Bath and Briftol in Somerfetfliire, and of
Buxton and Matlock in Derbyfliire ; the mineral waters of Tunbridgc,
Epfom, Harrowgate, and Scarborough. Sea-water is ufed as commonly
as any other for medicinal purpofes ; and fo delicn'c are the tones of the
Enq^lidi fibres, that the patients can perceive, both in drinking and bathing*
a fl Terence between the fca-water of one coaft and that of another.

t .< .^ op THE COUNTRY ^ The iuduftry of the Englifl) is fucH, 3*
■ ^0 MOUNTAINS. 5 to fupply the abfence of thofe favours

Wiii(,h nature has To lavKhly b<?flowed upon fome foreign^liuuteSf andia
many refpefts even to cr.rsd them. No nation in the world can ecjual the
cultivatd parts of England in beautiful fcenes. The variety of high-'.ands
and low-lands, the former gently fvvelling, and both of them forming
profpci'^s equal to rhe moA luxuriant imagination, the corn and meadow
ground, the intermixtures of enclofures and planrarions, the noble feats*
comfortable houfcs, cheerful villages, and well-llncked (arms, often rifing,
in the neighbourhood" of populous towns and cities, decorated with the
moft vivid colours of natui*e, are inexprellible. The moft barren fppts
are not without their verdure ; but nothing can give us a higher idea of
the Engliihindurtry, thim obfcrving that fome of the picafanteft counties
in the kingdom are naturally the moft barren, but rendered fruitful by la-
bour. Upon the whole, it may be fafely affirmed, that no country ill
Europe equals Etigland in the beauty of its profpcdis, or the opulence of
its inhabitants.

Though England is full of delightful rifing grounds, and the moft en-
chanting flopes, yet it contains few mountains. The moft noted are the
fcak in Derbyfltirf , theEndle in Lancafliire, the Wolde in Yorkfhire, the
Cheviot-hills on the borders of Scotland, the Chiltern in Bucks, Malvern
in WorcefterfliiVe, Cotfwoldin Glouccfterfliire, the Wrekin inShropftiire ;
with thofe of Plinlimmon and Snowdun in Wales. In gtneral, however,
Wales, and the northern parts may be termed mountaino is.

Rivers and lakks,] The rivers in England add greatly to its beauty,
as well as its opulence. The Thames, the nobleft perhaps tb tliewoiId»
rifes on the confines of Glouccfterfliire, a little S. W. of Cirfeccfter, and
after receiving the many tributary ftreams of other rivets, itypaffes to Ox-
ford, then by Abingdon, Wallingford, Reading, Marlow, 'and Windfor.

t'rom

208

ENGLAND.

Tram ttiencc to Kingfton, where formerly it met the tidr, which, firic*
the building of Wcftminfter bridgc» is I'liid to flow no liiufhcr than Rich-
mond ; from whence it flows to London, and after dividinj; the cdunties
of Kent and Effcx, it widens in its pro^refs, till it falls imo the fe;i at
the Note, from whence it is navigable for large (hins to London-bridge :
but for a more particular defcription the reader mult oonfitlt the map. It
was ft»rmerly a matter of reproach to England ainon^ foreigners, tnat fo
capital a river fhould have fo few bridges ; thofe of London and Kin^fton
being the only two it had, from the Norc to the laft mentioned place, for
innny igcs. This inconvenicncy was in fomc mcafuvc owing to the dear-
refs of materials for building Hone bridges ; but perhaps more to the fond-
nefs which the Englifli, in former days, htitj for water-carriage, and the
enco'.uagement of navigruion. The great incrcafe of riches, commerce,
tnd inland trade is now multiplying bridges, and the world cannot paral-
lel fo' commodioufnefs. arcl iieAure, and workmanfliip, thofe lately creft-
ed at Wcf^mtnfter and Black Friars. Battcrfe^, Putney, Kew, Richmond,
Walton, and Hampton-court l^ave now bridges likinvilc over the Thames,
and others ;.rc projc^ing by ojblic-fpiritcd proprietors of the grounds on
both fides.

The river Medway wh"ch rlfes near Tunbridgc, falls into the Thame*
at Shcerneis, and is n:.vigab\e for the largeft (liips as far as Chatham.
The Severn, reckoned the Iccond river for importance in England, and the
firft for rapidity, rifes at Plinlimmon-hill in North Wales; becomes navi-
gable at Wellb-I'ool ; runs cart to Shrcwfl)ury ; then turning fouth, vi-
ms Bridgenorth, Worceftcr, and Tewkelbury, where it receives the Up-
per Avon ; Sifter having paflod GlouccHcr, it takes a fouth-weft dirertion :
li near its mouth increafed by the V. ye and Uftre, and difchargcs Jtfclf
into the IViftol Channel, neir K.ina:-road ; and there lie the great fliips
which cannot get up t6 Britbl. The Trent rifes in the Mot lands of
Stalfordflnre, and runing fouth-caft by Newcaftle-under-Line, d! ides that
county into two parts ; then turning north-caft on the conflnes of Derby-
shire, vifits Nottingham, running the whole length of that county to Lin-
colnfliire, and being joined by the Oufe, and feveral other rivers towards
the mouth, obtains the name of the Humber, falling into the fea fouth-
eall of Hull.

The other principal rivers m England, arc the Oufe (a Gaelic word fig-
ntfying wa/jT in general), which falls into the Humber, after receiving
the water of many other rivers. Another Oufe rifes in Bucks, and falls
into the fea near Lynn in Norfolk. The Tyne runs from weft to caft
through Northumberland, and falls into the German fea at Tinmouth, be-
low Ncwcartle. The Tecs runs from weft to eaft, dividing Durham from
Yorklhirc, and falls into the German fea below Stockton. The Tweed
runs from weft to eaft on the borders of Scotland, and falls into the Ger-
man fea at Berwick. The Eden runs from fouth to north through Weft-
morelar.d and Cumberland, and palling by Carlllle, f.iUs i;ito Solway
Firth below that city The Lower Avon runs wc.1 throiii;h Wikfliire to
Barh, and th«*n dlviiling 8i nuMfctfirire (Vein (Iloucclli rCi'trc, runs to
Briftol, fulling itito tlu' nuniiii ot ilio Severn b.-low ih;ir city,. The Dcr-
went, whiph runs from cail tti well througli Cuuihcilinui, and palling by

Cockermouth, falls into the Iri'fli fct a little bclo-.v.

uncadiirc, :in>i \\
'Vhr M-i!"fV

runs from
charges ItiV

eaA to u'o
h into th-'

•.1 t!

uoiigh L

ii.-a.

WIUl

eaft to (be north-wcU iluuugli Clicfl.iri', and then divi

Tlic Kibble, which
(lin:^ by Prelion, dif-
1 runi irom the fouth-
Cheftiirc front
Liinca-

liiiig

ENGLAND*

ft09

Lnncafliire^ pafles by Liverpool, and fiiUs into the Iriih fc'R 9 little beloMT
that town ; and the Dec lires in Wales, and divides Flintfl^re from Che*
ihirc, falling into the irifli channel below Chcftcr.

The Ukcs of Endand are few ; thovigh it is pUiin from hiflory and an*
tiquity, and iiulcecT, in fome places from the face of. the covui'.ry, th9t
ineres and fens have been frcciucnt in Kntrland, till drained and crtt.«erte(i
into arable land. The chief hikes remaining, are Soham mere, Wittlefen
mere, and Ijlamfay mere, in the Ille of Ely, in Cambridgrrn/jrc. All
thefc meres in a rainy fcafun are overflowed, imd form a lake of 40 or 5O
miles in circumference. Winander mere lies in Wedmoreland, and fome
fmall lakes in LancuHiire i^o by the name of Dcrwent waters.

Forests.] The iirA Norm«n kin);s of England, partly for political
purpofes, that they might the more cftcdually enflavc thtir new uibje£ts,
and partly from tjhc wantonncfn of power, converted immcnfc tracts <rf

f [rounds into forefts for the benefit of hunting, and thcfe were governed by
aws peciilii\r to thcmfelves : fo that it was necclfary, about- the time of
p;tflin>{ ihc Magija Charta, to form a code of the (orcll-laws; and juftice»
in Eyro, lb called from their fitting in the open air, were appointed to fee
them ohfCived. By degrees thofc val> tratjta were dislorefted ; and the
chief fi)rella,-propcrly lb called, rciniiinlng out of no fcwtjr than 6g, arts
thofc of \Vuifor, fs^cw Fovel\ the forcft of l;c,ui, and Sherwood
f ore(^. Thefc forcKs produced formerly great quantities of excellent
oak, elm, alli, and beech, befidcs walnut-trees, poplar, maple, and other
kinds of wood. In ancient times Encrland contained .large woods, if not
forells, of chefnui-trees, whijjh exceeded all other kinds of timber for the
purpofci' .)i building, as appears from many great houfes dill (landing, iti
which the chefnut beams and roots retrain lUll fre(h and undecayed,
thou^;.h fomc of them are above 600 ycats old.

Metai.s and minerals.] Among the minerals, the (inminrsof Cori;-
wall defervedly take the lead. They were known to the Greeks and Phce*
nicians, the latter efpecially, fome ages before that of the Chriftian iEra;
and fmce the Englifli have found the method of manufailuring their tin
into plates, ai>d white iron, they are of immenfe benefit to the nation.
An ore called mundicis found in the beds of tin, which was very little re«
garded till above 70 years ago; Sir Gibert Clark difcovcred the art of
manufacturing it, and it is faid now to brin^- in 150,0001. a year, and to
equal in aoodnefs the beu Sptrnifli copper, yielding a proponiunabie quan*
tity of lapis calarainaris for making brafs. Thofc tin-works are under pe*
culiar regulations, by what are called the flanoary laws ; and the mincra
have parliaments and privileges of their own, which are in force at thia
time. The number of Cornilb miners are faid to amount to ioo,ooo>
Some gold has likcwifc been difcovcred in Cornwall, and the Englifli lead
is imprfgnatcd with (ilver. The Engliflj coined lilver is panicularly •'
known by rofes, and thit of Wales by that prince's cap of featheis. Dc-
vonfliirc, and otiier counties of England, produce marble ; jjut the brift
kind, which i-efcmblcs Etrypli:'" ;i;r:init^', is exceflively hard to work.
Quarr',;s ot frccftone are lound in many place?. Northumberland and
Chtfliiie yield alum and filt pits. The Englifli fullers e»rth is of TucK
tonlcfiuenco to the clothing trade, th.it its exportation is prohibited under
feverc penalties. Pit and fea-coal is found in many counties of England ;
but the city of London, to entourage the nurfery of feamen, is chietly
fujiplied from the nits of Northumberland, and the biflioprick of Durham.
The cargoe: arc fliij'pcd atNewcaille and SundvTland, and the exportation
of coals to other countiiesis a valunMe article.

210

ENGLAND.

■■

Vegetablb a^d animal Pro- ) This is fo copious a fubjeA, and
DUCTioNs BY SUA AND LAND. ) fucli improTCinetits have been made
in gardening and agriculture, even fince the bed printed accounts we have
had of both, that much muft be left to the reader's own nbfervation and
experience. I hare already touched upon the corn trade of England;
but nothing can be fuid with any certainty concerning the quantities of
wheat, barley, ryt*, peas, beans, vetches, oats, and other grain growing
in the kingdom* Excellent inftitutions tor the improvement ofagiicul-
cure are now common in England, and thctr members arc fo publtc-lpirited
as to print periodical accounts of their difcoverics and experiments which
ierve to (heMT tlrat agriculture and gardening may be carried to a much
higher (late of perfedion than they are in at prei'ent. Honey and fafTron
are natives ot' England. It is almoft nccdle(s to mention to the mofi unin-
formed reader, in what plenty the moll excellent fruits, apples, pears,
|)lum8, cherries, peaches, apricots, nectarines, currants, goofeberries,
rafbcrrlcs, and other hortulan pruducliono, grow here ; and what quanti>
ties of cyder, perry, metheglin, and the like liquora, are made in fome
counties. The cyder of Dtsvon and Herefordfbiie, when kept, and made
of proper apples, and in a particular manner, is often preferred, by judi"
cious palates, to French white wine. It is not enough to mention thofe
imorovements, did we not ubfervc the natrves of England have made the
ditterent fruits of the world their own, fometimes by limplie culture, but
often by hot-beds, and other means of forcing nature. The Engliih pine
apples are delicious, and now plentiful. The fame maybe faid of other
natives of the Eaft and Wefl Indies, Pcrlia, and Turkey. The Englifh
grapes are pleating to the tulle, but their Hav ur is not exalted enough
^r making of wine ; and indeed wet weather injures the flavour of all the-
otherflne fruits raifedhere. Our kitchen gardens abound with all forts of
greens, roots, and fallads, in pcrfe^lion ; fuch as artichokes, afparagus,
cauliflowei-ji, cabl>agc8, cokwurts, brocoli, peas, beans, kidney beans,
^tnage, beets, lettuce, celery, endive, turnips, carrots, potatoes, mufli-
rooms, leeks, onions, and fliallots.

Woad for dying is cuUivared in Bucks and Bedfordihire, as hemp and
flax are in other coutities. In nothing, however, have the Englifti been
more fuccrfsfut than in the cultivation of clover^ cinquefoil, treroil, faint-
foin, lucern, and other meliorating grafles for the foil. It belongs to a
botanid to recount the various kinds ol'ufeful and falutary herbs, (lirubs,
Mnd roots, that grow in difltrcnt parts of England. The foil of Kenr,
£irex, Svirry, and Hamplhire, is moH favourable to the difficult and ten>
tier culture of hopS| which is now become a very coniiderable article of
trade.

With regard to animal productions, I fliall begin with the qua-
drupeds. The Englilh oxen are large and fat, but tome prefer for the ta/-
blc the fmaller breed of the Scotch and the Welch cattle, after grazing in
Eiiglifti paftures. The'iuvjjlifli horfrs are the heft of any in the world,
whether we regard their fpirit, llrcngth, fwiftnefs, or docility. Incredi-
ble have been the pains ta^cn, by all ranks, tor improving the breed of
this favourite and noble animal, and the fuccefs has been anfwerable ; for
they now unite all the qualities aud beauties of Indian, Perfian, Arabian,
Spani/h, and other foreign horl'es. The irrefiftiHle fpirit and weight of the
Englifh cavalry, render tbcni luperior to all others in war : and an Englifli
huuter willpeiiorm incrcUibk things in a fojt or ftag-chace. Thofe which
:- -;:. • -, . / • draw

fe Jl 6 i A N ii:

dit

)een made
» we have
ration and
£ngland ;
amities of
n growing
jf agiicul-
lic-lpirited
ints which
o a much
md faffron
noft uniu-
les, pears,
ofebeiries,
lat quanti-
E in fome

and made
, by judi-
ition thofe

made the
ilture, but
igliffa pine
id of other
e Englim
ed enough
■ ot all the
all forts of
afparagus,
ley beans,
€8, mufli-

hemp and
glilh been
oil, faint-
ongs to a
liirubs,
of Kent,
and ten>
article of

the qua-

'or the tai«

razing in

ic world,

Incredi-

breed of

|ible ; for

Arabian,

»t of the

Englifli

>fe which

dr&vf

inw equi|^gek on the ftreeti of London, are dftch pariicularljr beautiful
The export«ion of hoj-fcs has of late become a con(id£nible article of coin -^
merce. The breed.of aflet and mulci begin likewife to be improved and
ciicoiiraged in Engtand.

The Englifli flieepare of tv^okiilds ; ^ofe that are Taliiabtc for their
fleece, and thofe that are proper for the table. The idrmer are verjr
krge, and their fleeces tronliltute the original flaple commodity of En^^
land. I have been credibly informed, that in fame couhties the inhabi-
tants ^re as curious in their breed of rami, as in thofe of their horfes and
dogs, and that in Lincolnshire particularly^ it is tid Uncbmmon thing fof
one of thofe animals to fell f<)r 30U It mufl, hdwevei-; ht owned, that
thole large fat flieep are very rank eating. It is thought that ini England^
twelve millions of fleeces are fliorn antiually^ whicU, at a medium of la
a fleece, makes i,2oo,oool. It is fuppofed^ that by the fall of the value 0^
the fleeces, during the lad years of the w^irf a fourth part of this fum
ought to be deduaed, but now peace is reflorcd, iheir price mucK advan«
ces, The other kind of fheep which are fed updn the downs, fuih as thofo
of Banftead, Bagfliot -heath, and Devonfliire, where they have what the
farmers call, a ihort bite, is littlf, if at all inferior in flavour dnd fweet^
nefs to veniibn.

The Englifli mafiiffs and bull-dogs are faid to be the flrongeft and fierceflT
of the canine fpecies in the world ; but, cither from the change of foil, or
feeding, they degenerate in foreign climates. James I. otEngland by
way of Experiment, turned out two Englilh bull dogs upon one of the
fierceft lions in the Tower, and they foon coniftiered htm^ • TKe maftiifji
however, has all the courage of the bulUdos, without its ^rociry; and is
particularly diftinguiibed fur his fidelity and docility^ All the difli^nc
fpecies of dogs that abound in other countritt, for the field as well as do4
meflic ufes, arc to be found in England.

What, I hiive obfeived of th^ degeneracy of the Englifli dogs in fnreigii
countries is applicable to the Englifli game cocks, which afford much bar-
barous divcrflon to our fportltneni The courage of thcfe birds is aftoniih*
ing, and one of the true breed never leaves the pit alive without vidtory i
The proprietors and feeders of this generous animal, are likewife extreme-
ly curious as to his blood and pedigree.

Tame fowl are pretty much the fame in Englitnd as in other CQuntrirs i
turkies, peacocks, common poultry, fuch as cocks, pullets,' and capons^
geel'e, fwans, duckc, and tame pigeons. The wild fort are buflards^
wild geefe, wild ducks, teal, wigeon^ plover, pheafalits, partridges;
t^'oudcocks, growfe, quail, landrail, fnipe, WooJ-pigeons,' hawks of dii-
fcrent kinds, kites, owls, herons, crows, rooks, ravens^ magpies, jack-
daws and jays, blackbirds, thruflies, nightingales^ goldfinches, linnetsj
Inrkf, and a great variety of fmiill birds } tanary birds aUb breed in Eng-
land. The wheat-earis by many preferred to the ortolan tor the delicacy
of its flsfii and flavour, and is peculiar to Engiland.'

Few countries are letter luppUcd than England with river .and feal
fiih. Her rivers and ponds contain plenty ot falmon, trout,' eels, pike^
perch, fmelts, carp, tench, barbie^ gudgeohs, roach, .d.ice, grey
iiiullet, brtdiii, plrticc, flounders, and craw-fi(h, belides h delicate lake filh
called chir, which is found ih fome frefti Water Jakes , of Wales and CtHn-
berhnd, and as fome fay no where elfe. The fca-fifli are cod, mackarel-,
h;tddock, whiting,' herring', pilchiir' ,, ikaite, foles. The john-dory,-
found to,vards i\\t weftern coalt, is reckoned a great delicacy,- as is the, red

? 3 mullet*

dift

ENGLAND.

mullet. Several other fifh are found on the fame coafts. As to (hell-fifht
they are chiefly oyfters, the propagation of which, upon their proper
banks, requires a peculiar culture. Lobftcrs, crabs, fhripi, and efcal-
lops, oneofthemoft delicious of Ihellfldies, cockles, wilks, periwinkles,
and mufcles, wi;h many other Onall (helUfifli, abound in the Englilh feas.
The whales chiefly vifit the northern coaft ; but great numbers ofporpoiles
and feaU appear in the channel. After all, the £nglifh have been, per«
hap», with ^reat juilice, accufed of not paying proper attention to their
lifheries, which are confined to a few incoiifiderable towns in the weft of
England. The l>e(l fifh that comes to the tables of the great in London,
are fold by the Dutch to Englifh boats, and that induftrious people even
take them upon the Englifli coads. Great attention, it is true, has been
paid within thefc for^ years, to this important concern. Many public-
ipirited noblemen and gentlemen formed themfelves into a company for
carrying on a Britifli iiflicry. Large fums were fubfcribed, and paid
with unbounded gcnerofity. Bufles and other veflels were built, and the
moft pleafing profpetSts of fucceft prefentcd themfelves to the public. They
were, however, unaccountably difappo'nted, though it is hard to fay from
what caufe, unlefs it was, that the price of Englifli bbour was too dear tor
bringing the commodity to the maiket upon the fame terms as the
Dutch.

With regard to reptiles, fuch as adders, vipers, fnakes, and worms ;
Uni infef^s, fuch as ants, guars, wafps, and flies, England is pretty much
tipon a par with the reft of Europe ; and the diflcrence, if any, becomes
more proper for natural hiftorj- than geography. <'

Population, inhabitants, man- } The exemption of the Eng-

•NERS,. CUSTOMS, AND nivERsiONS. J Hfl* conftitution from thedefpo-
tic powers exercifed in foreign nations, not excepting republics, is one
great reafon why it is very difficult to afcertain the -number of inhabitants
in England ; and yet it is certain that this might occafionally be done, by
piirliament, without any violation of public liberty, and probably foon
will take place. With regard to political calculations, they muft be very
fallible, when applied to England. The prodigious influx of foreigners
who fettle in the nation, the emigrations of inhabitants to America and
the iflands, their return from thence, and the great nuniber of hands em-
ployed in (hipping, are all of them matters that render any calculation ex-
tremely precarious. Upon the whole, I am apt to think tha England is
more populous than the eftimators of her inhabitants are willing to allow.
The war with France and Spain before the laft, anmially employed about
a?o,coo Engliflimcn, exclufive of Scotch and Irifli, by fea and land j
and its progrcfs carried off", by various means, very -near that number.
The decay of population was indeed lenfibly ftlt, but not {o much as it
was during the wars in queen Anne's reign, though not halt of the num-
bers were then employed in the fca and land fervice.

At the fp.me time, I ?.m not of opinion, that En;j;land is nt prefcnt natu*
rally mora populous than (he was in the reign of Ciharles I. though flie is .
accidentnlly fo. Ti\c Englifli of former ages, were ftrangers to the ex-
ceflive ufe of fpirituous liquors, and other modes of living that arc dc-
flrtiftivc of propagation. On the other hand, the vaft quantities of culii-
vated lands in England, Cnce thofe times, might leafonably be prcfum-
ed, would he favourable to mankind : but this iidvant.igc is probably more
than counterbalanced by the prevailing practice of engroffing farms,
which is certainly unfavour;tblc to populatiyn ; ar.d independent of this,

upon

ENGLAND.

e, hai been

wpon an average, perhaps, a married couple has not fuch a numerous pro-
geny now aa formerly. I will take the liberty to make another obferva-
tion, which falls within the cogni^anre of almoA every tnan, and that i«
the incredible increafe of foreign names upon our parifli books^ and pub-
lic lids, compared to what they were even in the reign of George I.

After what has been premifed, it would be prefumptuous to pretend to
afcerratn the number of inhabitants in England and Wales ; but in my
own private opinion, there cannot be fewer than 7,000,000. Some how*
ever, will fuppofe this to be too large a calculation : and it muil be admitted*
that England has been exceedingly drained both of men and money, by
the unhappy and deilru^live war with the American colonies. But as to
political cnlcubrfons, the fallibility of thcfe appears in a very ftriking
light in thofe oF the population <if London, bccaufe it is impoffible to fix
it upon any of the known rules or proportions of births and burials. Cal*
culntors have been not only midaken in applying thole rules to London,
and, as they are called, the bills of mortnliiy, but even in topical matters,
bccaufe about ioo,coo inhabitants, at the very gates of London, do not
lie within the bills of mortality.

Englilhmen, in their perfons are generally well fized, regularly featured,
commonly fair rather than otherwife, and florid in their complexions. It
is, however, to be prcfumed, that the vnft numbers of foreigners tha't are
intermingled and intermarried with the natives, have given a caft co their '
perfons and complexions diiferent from thofe of their ancedors 150 years
ago. The women, in their fliapcs, fratures, and complexion, appear fo
graceful and lovely, that England may be termed the native country of fc-
male beauty. But beiide the external graces fo peculiar to the women in
England, they are ftiU more tu be valued for tlieir prudent behaviour,
thorough cleanlinefs, and a tender affedion for their hu(bands and chil< >
dren, and all the engaging duties of domeflic life.

Of all the people in the world, the Englifli keep themfetves the mod
cleanly. Their nerves arc fo delicate, that people of both fcxes are fome-
times forcibly, nay'mortally aflc«^ed by imagination ; infomuch, that be-
fore the pra^ice of inoculation for the fmall pox took place, it was thought
improper to mention that loathfome difeafe by its true name, in any po-
lite company. This over-fenfibility has been coufidered as one of the
fources of thofe lingularities, which fo ftrongly charaderize the Englifli
nation. They fometimes magnify the flighted appearnnces into realities*
and bring the moft diflant dangers immediately home to themfeives ; and
yet when real dangev approaches, no people face it with greater refolution,
or condancy of mind. They are fond of clubs and convivial aflTociati . is ; '
and when thefe are kept within the bounds of temperance and moderation,
they prove the bed cures for thofe mental evils, -.vhich are fo peculiar 10
the Englidi, that foreigners have pronounced them 10 be national.

The fame obfervations hold with regard to the higher orders of life,
which mud be acknowledged to have undergone a remarkable change
fmce the accedion of the Houfe of Hanover, efpecially of late years.
The EngUdi nobility and gentry of great fortunes, now aflimilate their
manners to thofe of foreigners, with whom they cultivate a more frequent
intercourfe that their forefathers did. They do not now travel only as pupib,
to bring home the vices of the countries they vifit, under the tuition per*
haps of a defpicable pedant, or family dependant; but they travel for the
purpofes of fociety, and at the more advanced ages of life, while their
judgments are mature, and their pndions regulated. This has enlarged

1'3

fociety

fti4

ENGLAND.

foci^tT in England, whjch forei|;neri now vifit ai commonly ai En£li(liinf||
viVtted them, and the cti'edti ofthe intercourfe become daily more vifible,
ffjicciHUy M it it tiot now, as formerly, confined to one fex.

Such of the Englifli noblemen and gentlemen, at do not ftrike into thofo
high wqtki of life, aifed rather what we call a fnug, than a fpiendid way
of living. They fludy and imderlland better than any people in the
world, cbnvcniency in their houfci. gardcni, cquipaK'** *"<^ ellntct, and
they {'pare no colt to purchafc it. It hat, however, been ubfcvvcd, that
this turn renders them lei's communicative than they ought tu be : but, on
the other hand, the few connection* ihcy form, are fmceie, cheerful, and
indiflblublc. The like hnbits dpfcend prettv fi«r into the lower runki, and
Arc often difcernible among trndefmen. This loyc of fuugnefs and conve.
hicncy may be called the ruling palTion of the Engilfli pebpte, and is th«
ultimate end of all their application, labours, and fatigues, which are in-
credible. A good oeconomift with a brifk run of trade, is generally, when
turned of 50, in a condition to retirt from bulineft; that is, either to

(>urchare an eilaie, or to fettle his money in the funds. He then common*
y rcftdes in a comfortable houfc in the country, often his native county,
and experts to be treated on the footing of a gentleman ; but his flyle of
living 18 always judicioudy Anted to bis circumdanccs.
■ The over-lenlibility of the Englifli, is difcovcred in nothing more than
in the vaft fubfcriptions for public chur'^tics, raifcd by all degrees of both
fexes. An Englifliman feels alt the pains which a feilovv-creature fuAers,
(ind poor and miferable objcdis arc relieved in England with a liberality,
that fomc time or other may prove injurious to iiidudry ; becaufe it takes
from the lower ranks the urual motives of labour; that they may fave
fomewhat tor thcmfclves and families, againil the days of age or iicknefs.
The very people viho contribute to'thofc coUe^ions, are aflelTcd in propor-
tion to their property for their parochial poor, who' have a legal demand
for a maintenance ; and upwards of three millions ilerling is faid to be
collected yearly in this country for charitable purpofes. The inllitutionf
however, of oxtra-parochiitl infirm'arits, hofpitah, and the like, are in
fomc cafes reprehenliblc. The vaft turns bedbwed in building them, the
contracts made by their governors, and even the cledtion of phyficians«
who thereby, qualified or imqualified, aciiuire credit, which is the fame
us profit, very often begets heats and cabali, which are very different from
the purpofes of difintercllcd charity, owing to the violent attachments and
prepolTeirions of friends, and too often even to party confiderations.

Notwithftandiiig thol'e noble provifions, which would banifli poverty
from any other country, tiie ftreets of L( ndon, aud the highways of
England, abound with ohjedls of didrefs, who beg in defiance of the
l.iws, which render the pr.K^icc fevcrcly punifhable. This is partly owing ^
to the manner in' which the common people I've, who confider the food to
be uneatable which in other countries'would be thought luxurious.

The Englifli, though iraf'cible, ars the moft placable people in the
world, and will often facrifice part of their intereft rather thap proceed to
extremity. They arc ealily prevailed upon to forgive by fubmiflion, and '
they carry this lenity' too far, by accepting of profellions of forfow pub-
liflied in advertifemetits by thofe who ofl'end them, and whoii^ldom are fin-
cere, nay, often' langh at' the eafincfs of their profecutors, for diniiifling
them fo gently. The uhfufpeding nature ofthe Englifli and their honeft
open maiwers, efpccially ot thofc in the mercantile way, render them
dupes in feveral refpcds. They attend to projcftot'S, and no fcheme is' fo
' ■ • ^ • ' . 1 . J , ' . .1 . .. - ridicvvlous

ENGLAND.

215

'4 ■■

tkUcuIoos that will not find iibcttort in EnglamU They liflen to tbe voico
of iniifortiinei in crndf, whether real or pretended, deicrved or accidental,
and gencrouily contribute to the relief nt' the paniei, fomctimet even by
placing them in a more creditable condition than ever. The loweft bred
of the Englifli, are capable of thefe and the like gencroui a^tionii but
they often make an otkntatiout dil'phiy of their own meritu, which dimi-
nilhct their value. There is among the generality of the Engliih of all
ranks, ait unpardonable preference ^ivrn to wealth, above mud other con«
tidcrationi. Riches hoth in public and private, are often thought to
compcnfatc for the abfcnce of almoA every |;ood ciuality. This offenflve
failing, arifes partly from the people being iu much addi£\ed to trade and
commerce, the great ubjoft of which is gam ; and partly from the demo-
cratical part of tneir conlUtution, which makes the pofleflion of property
a qualification for the legiilature, and for nlinoil every other fpecics of'
itta^iflracy, (rovernment, honours, and dilHniSiions.

An Engliihjnan, of cducacion and reading, is the mod accompliflied
gentleman in the world: he is howev«r fliy and retentive in his communi-
cations. This uiiamiablc coldnefs «s fo far from being aifeAcd, that it is
a parr of their natural conilitutioa. Living learning, and genius, often
meet not with fuitablc regard even from the lirll rate Englilhinen : and ic
IS not unufual for them to throw afide the beft lU'odut^Vions of litera-
turf, if they are not acquainted with the author. While the (late dif-
tiniStion of Whig and Tory fubtilled, the heads of each party afTcAed to
pittronize men of literary abilifics; but the pecuniary encouragements
^iven them were but very moderate, and the very few who met with prc-
termcnts in the flatc, might have earned them by a competent knowledge of
buflnefs, and that fUabiiity which the dependents in office generally pof*
fefs. VVefcarcely have an indance, even in the munificent reign of queen
Aiinc, or of her predecellbrs, who owed fo much to the prels, of a man
of genius m fMch, being made eafy in his circumdances. Mr. Addifon
had about 500I. a year uf the public money to adiil him in his travels ; and
Mr. Pope thou<»h a Roman catholic, was offered, but did not accept of,
the like |>enlion »roin Mr. Cr.iggs, the whig fecretary of ftate ; and it wa»
remaiked, that his tory friend and companion the carl of Oxford, wh(n
fulc minitler, did nothing for him, but bcwnil his misfortune in being a
papld. Indeed, a few men of diOinguiflicd literary abilities, as welfai
fome without, have of late received penlions from the crown ; but from
the conduct of fome of them it (hould feem, that date and party fervicea
h»ve been expefted in return.

The unevcnnefs of the Engiifliin their converfation is very remarkable:
fometimes it is delicate, fprightly, and replete with true wit ^ fometimes it
h folid, ingenious, and argumentative ; fumctinKS it u cold and phlegm:i-
tic, ;md borders ujjon difguft, and all in the fame ^lerfon. In many of
their convivial meetings they are very nuily, and their wit is of'tci) olfen-
iive, while the loudell arc the mod applauded. This is particu!;irly apt
to be the cafe in large companies ; but in fmallcr and more fcle6t parties,
all the pleafures of rational conwerlation, and agreable fociety, are en-
joyed in England in a very high degree. Courage is a quality that fecms
to be congenial to the Englidi nation. Boys, before they can fpeak, dif-
cover that they know the proper guards in boxing with their fifts ; a cjuali-
ty that perhaps is peculiar to the Englifli, and is feconded by a drength of arm
that few other people can exert. This gives the Engliih foldier an infinite
litperiority in all battles that aretp be decided by the bayvoet fcrcwed upon

ii6

ENGLAND.

the rouiker. The Engli(h conrngc h:i» likewlfe the property, un^er nhla
commanders, of hc'uy^ rt^ually palfive m a/tive. 'I'hrir loldirrs will keep
up their fire in the irtmith of d.tngiT, bur when they ticliver it, it hui h
moll dreadful eftet't ujjon their tncniiea ; and in n.iv;il enqatjemrnts thcv
are unec|uallcd. The Englifh are not reniarkHhlc lor invention, thouK»
they arc for their improvements iipun the invt-ntions of otl)«^s, and in the
mechanical arts ihey excel all nations in the world. The intcnfe applica*
tion which an E»x''''^'^''n gives to a favourite ftudy is incredihlr, and, ai
It were, nhforbs all hii other ideas. This eremites the numerous inlhuicea
of mental nbfcnces that arc to be found in the n.ition,

All that 1 have faid concerning the Kntjlid), is to be underftoodoTthem
In general, as thev arc at prel'ent ; for it is not to be dilTembled, that eve-
n'day produces urong indicniioni of gicat alteraiions in their manners.
The grcjit fortunes made during ihc Lite and the precfding wan, the im»
inenfe acquiiiiionj of territory liy the peace of 1:63, and alwve all, th6
(imazing increafe of territorial as well as commercial property in the E:t(l
Inditt, introduced a fpecies of people anion jj "he linglilh, who have be*
come rich without indul}ry» ana by diminidiing the value of gold and
Silver have created a new fyiUm of hnanccs in the nation, Time alone can
fhcw the event : hitherto the confequences feem to have been unfavour*
jtblc, as it has introduced among the commercial ritiiks a fpirit of luxury
Itnd gaming that is attended with the moft fatal cfkQr^ and an cmul.ition
pmong merchants and traders of all kinds, to equnl, or furpafi the nohl*
lity and the courtiers. The plain frugal manners of men of bulincia,
which prevailed fo lattly as the acccliion of the prefcnt family to the
crown, arc now difiegarded for tafteUfs extravagance in drefs, anil ei^ai'*
pge, and the moft exjienfive amiifcmcnts and d<verfionE, not only in the
capital, but all over the trading towns of the kingdom.

Even the cuUoms of the Englifh have, fine fl'c Ixginn'ng of this cen-
tury, undergone an almoft total alteration. Their anciint holpirality M)-> '■
(ifts hut in few places in the country, or is revived only upon elctftioneering
pccafions. Many of their favouiite divcrfions a;e now difufed. Thole
remaining, are operas, dramatic exhibitions, ridottos, and fotnciiinti
mafquei'udes in or near London; but conceits of mufic, and card and
(lancing aifemhlies, aie common all over the kingdom. I have already
incntiQned Hag and fox hunting and horfe races, of which many of tho
Engliih ftre fond, even to infatuation. Simewhat however may be offered
hy way of apology for thofe divirfions : the intenfe application which the
^n^lifl) give to bufincfs, their fediutary lives, and luxurious diet, rejuire
excrcife; and Ibme think that their excellent bieed of hoi ft s is increafed
gnd improved by thofe amufcmcnts. The Engliih are remarkably cool,
both in lofing and winning at play, but the former is Ibmetimes attended
with aAs of fuicidc. Aij Englifliman will rather murder himfelf, than
bring a fliarper, who he knows has fleeced him, to condign punilhment,
even though warranted by hiw. Next to hoifr-racing, and hunting,
tock-fighting, to the reproach of the nation, is a I'avourif diverfion among
the great, as well as the vulgar. Muhitudes of both clalFes afl'cmble
round the pit at one of thofe matche?, and enjoy the paii^,s and death of
the generous animal, every fpe£fator being concerned in a bet, fometimes
of high fums, The athletic diverfion of cricket is ftill kept up in the
foutherh and weftern parts of England, and is fometimes pradifcd by peo-
ple of the higheft rank. Many other paftimes are common in Eirgland,
fome of them of a very robuft nature, fuch ss cudgelling, wrertling,

. ' bowU,

ENGLAND.

ai7

bnwli, (kiiilef, quoit*, and prifnn-bnfc ; nnf to irrntion duck>1iuiilin};,
foo: nnd afs-riicev, iltincing, puppct-lhews, May gurluiidi, and above all,
rinjjinjj of belli, a fpecics ot imific which the Knglifli boaft they have
broughr into an art. The barbaroti* (tivctliunt of buxin}', and prize-fight-
in^i which vvt:rj as frt-nuent in Kn.>|and as tlie fl^ewi of glndiatori in
Rome, are now pcuhibitcd, thoogh often prac'tilcd ; and all placei of
public divcrfinns, exccpiin;{ the royul theatres, are under rrgulatiunt by
art <)t pnrliainent. Other diverfions, which are common in other coun-
ttiri, iucii an ttnnii, fives, liilliards, citrds, fwimminj;, nn tiling, fowling,
courling, and the likf, arc familiar to the Englilh. '1 Wo kinds, and ihote
hi,s:hly laudable, arc |v rhaps peculiar to tlieni, and thcfu arc rowing and
failing. The Litter, it not introduced, was patronized and encouraged by
his pnfcnt majcQy's father, the late prince of Wales, and may be conn-
derf d as a national iinprovtment. Tlie Knglllh nre niiiazingly fond of i'cat-
ing, in which, however, rhcy are not vrry expert, but they are. adventu«
rous in it often to the diini;cr an ' Id's of their livef. Th" vjanie a£ts have
taken from the comnvm people k jjrcat fund of dlverrion, .hough without
anfwering the purpoics of the rich : for the f.irmers and country people
d/ftroy the game in ihcir nefts, which they date not kill with the gjn.
'i'his monopoly of game, among' fo free a people as the En<,'ini, has bcca
conlidercd in various lights.

Dr ess,] In tht drefs of both fcxcs, before the prrfcnt reign of George
III. tht-y followed the French : but that of the military oiliccrs partook of
the German, in compliment to his late majefty. The En^lifli, at prefent,
bid fair to be the dictators of drel's to the French theinfclves, at Ic'i: x Uh
regard to elegance, ncathefs, and richnefs of attire. People of <\\inl'.y
and fortune, of both fexe;, appear on bi^h occafions, in cloth of }{old
and filver, the richell brocades, fattins, filks, and velvets, both flowered
an<j plain : and it is to the honour of the court, that the foreign manu-
fartures of all thcfc are difcv^uraged. Some of thefe rich (luH's are faid to
be brought to as great pcrfertion in England as they are in France, or
any other nation. The quantities oi jewels tHat appear on public oi:.'anon9
are incredible, efpccially (ince the vail acquiliiions of the Engliih in tho
Eafl Indies. The fame nobility, and perfons of didinrtion, on ordinary
occallons drefs like creditable citizens, that is, near, clean, and plain, in
the fincll cloth, and the bell of linen. The full drefs of a clergyman con«
fills of his gown, calfock, fcarf, beavcf'hat and rofc, all of black; his
undrcfs is a dark grey frock, and plain linen. The phylicians, the for*
mality of whofe drels, in large tic perukes, and fwo; .'.i was formerly re-*
markiible if not ridiculous, begin now to drefs like -•!;■( gentlemen, and
' men of butincfs ; that is, to wear a plain fuit of fuperfine cloth, excellent
linen nnd wigs that fuit their complexions^ and the form of their faccs^
Few Engliflimen, tradefmen, merchants, and lawyers, as well as men of
lunded property, are without fome pallion foi- the fports of the field, ©n
which occafions they drefs with rcmarkalie propriety in a light frock, nar-.
row brimmed bar, &c. The people of England love rather to be neat
tli;m fine in iheir apparel ; but (ince the accelfion of his prefent majelly,
the dicircs at court, on particular occafions, arc fupeib beyond defcription.
Few even of the lowed tradefmen, on Sundays, carry about them lefs than
1. 1, in clothing, comprehending hat, wig, (lockings, flioes and. linen,
and even many beggars in the ilreers appear decent in their drefs. In
Oioi't, none but the moll abandoned qf both ffxci are otherwife ; and tho

• . , appearance

ai8

E N G L A N D.

afil>rnnnce of an aruCan or mniuitufiurcr in holidny time;, is commonly
»n indicntion oi h'lR Induftry and morals.

RKtioioN.] Kufebius, mul other ancient mircw, pofitively nflerr,
thiit Chrillinnity wiio firll preiichcd m South BritHin by the apoftle^ und
their dilciplc*; «nd it is rcafonnblc to fiippole, ihat tlie tuccefn of the Ro-
ni«iu opened • hinhwiiy tor the triumphs of the K>')fpel of pence. It it
•certain uH'o, that mnny of the foKlicrs and oflictru in the Komuii armiet
(vcreChritiiuns; «nd M their legions were rcueutcdly fentovertoKnglnnd
«o fstciid as well as ^irclVrvc their conquclts, it is probably that thus
Chrilliunity watt diflulod among the nittives. If anv of 'the npoftlcs vilit«
ed (hill country imd our heathen nnccflors, it was i>t. Paul, whole zcul,
♦ViHgaue, and fortitude wt-rc abimdnut. But who was 'he tirrt preacher,
or the prccifc vcar uud jx-riod, the want of records le.tvcs us at h lofs ;
am! aM the traditions about jo(«;ph of Aiimathea nnd St. I'cter's preachin},'
•he Kol][>f I in Britain, and Simon Zelores lutit-rinj; n»iirtyrdom here, are
Tumuntic fables, monkilh Icgi-nds. We have good authority tn fay, that
3»bout the year ico, a great number of |>erfon8 protelled the Chrirtian faith
licrc, and, according to Archl>inv)p Ulher, in the year 182, there was a
(chool of Iriirning to prnvide the Pii-itifli churches with proper traclu-rii ;
•Hi) from that ptrioii it fccms as if Chrilliuniiy ailvanced us benign and la«
lutary inllucnces among the inhabit tnts in their fcveral dilirids. It u un.
STece<r»ry to repeal what has b«t n faid in tlic IntroduOlion icfpn^ting the
rife and fall of the church of Rome in Europe. I Ihall only obferve iti
♦hii place, that John IVicklitte, an Irnglilbman, educated at Oxford in
the rtigt» of Edward I!T. has ihc honour of being the lirll pcrfon in Ku-
nn>e who publicly called in riueftion, and boldly refuted rliol'e do<^rines
which had palled for eertriin during lo many ages; and that (he eftablilh-
rd religion in England, which ha»l its rife under Henry VIII. is reformed
from the errors of popery, and approaches nearer 10 the primitive Chrillia*
iiity, being etpudly lemnvrd from fuperOition and indelicacy in its wor«
Ihip, and as void of bigotry as of liccntioufnefs in its pradicc. The
conllituti(>n of the church is cpifcopal, and it is jjovcrned by biniops,
whofc benefices were convened by the Norman conipieror, iuro temporal
baronies, in right of which, every bifhop has a feat und vote in the houle
of peers. The benefices ot the inferior clergy, arc now fiechoUl, but tu
jnany places thtir tithes avc impropriated m favour of'.hclai;y. The
«cco»>omy of the Arhuich of I'lng ;muI has been accufcd for the iiietpiality of
its livings; fome of them exrending trom three hundred t« fonricen bun-
»lred a )ear. and many, pavticu'atly in Wales, being tfn» fmall to main-
t:«in a clersjyman, cfpeeiallv if he h;(« a family, with any toler.dilc decen-
cy ; Inif this feems not eafy to he remedied, unh is the dignified chr}j;y
would adi>pt and fiipporr the rclorming Ichcme. The crown, at well as
prixate perfons, has done great things towards the augment;iiion of poor
livings.

The dignitaries of the chnreli of England, fuch as deans, prebendaries,
and the like, have gencr.llv !aige incomes; fomc ot them exweeding iti
value tholcof biflinpriekf!, for wliieh re ifon the leven'ies of a rich deanery,
or other liviiv^, is ol'en :inrie\cd ro a poor bilbopiick. Al pre lent, the
cleigy of the i Ituvcfi nf I'.nplnnd as to temporal matters, arc in a mull
fiourilhip.g htuation, becuire the value of their tithes increafcs with rh«
impioveiiunrs or !,inds, wliieh of late have been :MnH7,ing in l.nghnd.
'J he fovereitins of F.n'.;Iand, e<er fince the reign of Henry VII i. biiv»
been callyd in poblic wiit;-, iIjo fupicmc htiidii of the cburcb; but this

title

ENGLAND.

S19

title eonveyi no futritual mciinin^, m it only denotcK the rfgal power, to
Drevent any cccUTihIHchI diifcrcncci, or, in other wutds, to hibltitute the
\inn ill place nt the pope before rlir Reformation, with re^.ird 10 tempom-
litie»( and the internHl cecoiiotnv of the church. The kin)(i of England
never intermeddle in ecclcflitlticiildirputea, untefi by preventing the con-
vociition from littii)}; to itgitHte them, and are contented to give a fandUon
to the ItrgHl rights of the clergy.
The church of Enghuul, under this defcription of the monarchical

Eower over it, is' governed by two archbiHiops, and twenty-four bi(hou(«
efides thehifhopof Soiior and Mo;v\vno not being poirclled of an Enghfli
barony, does not fit in the houfe of |>eers*. The two archbiOiops, are
thofe of Cun((erbury and York, uho are both digniried with the addrefi of
*your grace.' 'I'hc formrr is the fird pr cr ot the realm, hs well aa me-
tropolitan of the Engltfli church. He takcii precedence next to the royal
family, of all dukes Hiid officers of ftate. He is enabled to hold ecclefia-
Aical coutts upon all atVairs that were formerly cognifable in the court of
Rome, when not repugnant to the Uw of Goa, or the king's prerogative.
He hAs the privilege confequenily of granting in certain cales, licencea
and difpenfations, together with the probate of wills, when the party dy-
ing is worth upwardb uf Hve pounds. Befides hit own diocefe, he has un-
der him the biiheps of London, Winchefler, Ely, Lincoln, Kochefter,
Litchfield and Coventry, Hcieford, Worceder, Bath and Wells, Sali(bury,
Exeter, Chicheder, Norwich, Glouceftcr, Oxford, Peterborough, Brtf-
tol ; and, in Wales, St. David's, LandafT, St. Afaph, and Bangor.

The archbiflio^ of Canterbury, has by the conftitution and laws of Eng-
land, fuch extenlive powers, that ever lince the death of archbiihop Lsud
(wftofe chara£ter will be hereafter given) the government of England has
chiefly thought proper to rnife to that dignity men of very moderate prin-
ciples i but they have generally been men of confiderable learning and
abilities. fWit practice has been attended with excellent effeiSls, with re-^
card tq the public tranquillity of the church, and confequently of the

* To the following lift, I have fubjoincd the fum each fee it chnrged in the king^s
bookt { for though tnat fum h far from bciiiK the real annual value of the Ice, yet it

aflifti in forming a comparative eftimate but wccn the revenue* of each fee with thofe
of another.

ARCHBISHOPRIC
/;.t6?» : i» : » I York,

K S.

Canterburyi

B 1 S H

'RICKS.

London, • - 2000 : 0:0

Chichtfter,

Durham, • lizi : i : 3

St. AUph,

Winchcfter, — 3W4 : 12 : 8

Salifbury,

Thefe throe bifhoprlc* take precedency

Bangor, —

«)f all others in England, and the

Norwich,

others according to the fcninrity of

GloiiceUcr,

their confccratiua».

Lincoln, —

Fly, 2134 : 18 : 6

I.iindufT,

Bath and Wells, 5;^ : 1:3

Briftol,

Carliflc,

Rochefter, 3i^ '• 4 ! o

Kxtter,

Litchfield and Coventry, 559 : 17 : 3
Chcfter, — 410 : 1:8

Peterborough,

Oxford,

yiorctftcr, - • 9l'j : 13 s J

St. David's

£.j6io :

677 :
187 :
1,85:
131 ;
834 :

II : 8

16
If

3
1

— — 894 : 18 s I

»S4

*<J4
S3t
500
414
381
426

«4 J
II

4
o : o

17 : 8

II : o

* : s

The

lie

ENGLAND.

. The nrchhidiiop of York tHke« place of all dukei not of the blood roy*
Hi, mid of all offik-rr* of llntc, the lord chanccilor excepted. He hm in lii»
j)n>vitK;ct Iwfide his own dioccfc, the biflwpiick* ot Durhnin, CiirlUk,
Cheiirr, und Sodor and M<in. In Nonhuiubcrlnnd, he hua the power of
a pnlatine, und i(.irirdit''tiun in «U criininnl pincecdin"''**

'rill* bini(>|i» ure uddreilird by the uppcUiition of Vour Lordihipi, ftylcd
•♦ Rij',ht levciTud fathers in God," ant' t.ike the precedence of nil tempo*
Till b:m»n8. They have all the prlvilc5(cs of peers, and the bilhopricks of
jLondon. Winchekter, Dtuhan), Saliibury, Ely, und Lincoln, renuire no
4iddi(ionHl rcvinurs (o ftipport their prelates in the rank of noblemen.
Kn^iith bilhupti are toexan\ine und orduin prielh and deacons, (ocoDl'ecrate
churchts and burying places, and to ttdminiller the rite of conKrniation.
Their jurildirtion relates to the probation of wills ; to grant adminiftration
of ^>odt to fitch us die intclbite ; to take care of periflviblc goods when
1)0 o:h> will udininiilcr ; to collate to benefices ; to ^^rnnt inilitutions to
livings ; to defend the liberties of the church ; and to vifit t' .,^own dio-
xefes once in three years,

Deani and prebendaries of cathoilrals have been already mentioned ;
but it would pe. haps be dIfHcult to alVign their utility in the church, farther
than to Miki it> tlic pomp of worHup, and t<» make provilion for clergymen
of rmint'inc and ineii', but intcrell often prevails over merit in the ap-
pointment. F.nglitnd contains about lixty archdeacons, whofc office is to
vilit the chiirclies twiec or thrice every year, but their ofKces arc Icfs lu-
iiative than they are honouralilc, {Subordinate to them arc the rural
deans, formerly ilyled arch- pre fhyters, who (ignify the bilhop's plcafuic
lo his clergy, the lower clafsof which conlilHof piiefts and deacons.

The ccclelianical goveinmcnt of England is properly ft<eakiafr lodged
in the eutwocatlon, which is a national rcprefentativc or fyi^otl, und an-
i"*ei> picity nearly to the idc.ts wc have of a parliament. They uic con-
voked at the fame time with every parliament, and their bufjiuifa is to con-
lider oi' the Hate of the church, and to call thole to an iiccount who
have advanced new opinions, inconltlknt with the doftrincs «f the church
of KiigL.jd. Some high-flying clergymen, during the reign of queen
Anne, ami in the beginning of that of George I. railed the powers ottlie eon-
vocation to a heigbt that was inconliilent with the principles of religious
toleration, and indeed of civil liberty ; fo that the crown was obliged to
♦xcri its prerogative of calling the members together, and of dilVolving
them, and ever fmce they have not been permitted to fit for any time, in
*vhich they couid do bufinefj.

The comt «)f arches is the moft anciejit ponfiftory of the province of
Canteibury, and all appeals in church matters, from the judgment of the
Jiifcrior courts, are direcled to this. The procelVes run in the name of
the judge, who is call \1 tican of the arches ; and the advocates, who plead
in this courr mull be dodors of the civil law. The court of audience has
the fame authoiity with this, to which the archbifliop's chancery was
formerly joined. The prerogative court is that vvbcrein wills me proved,
;tnd adminillrations taken out. The court of peculiars, relating tw ccr»
ta-n parilhes, have a jurifdiflion among themt'clves, for the probate of
wills, and are therefore exempts from the bilhop's courts. The fee of
Canterbury has no lels than fifteen of thefe peculiars. The court of dc'*
legates receives its name fiom its confifting of commiffioners delegated ot
jjppointcd by the royal commilfion ; but it is no rt.uidnig courr. Kvery
tilhop has alfo a court of his own, called the conlillory court. Every

«4rch«

ENGLAND.

tit

« €'

? 4

nrchileacon hasVikewire his court, M well an the dean and ch.iptcrot every
Ciuiieilrul.

The church of England is now beyond any other national church, to-
lerant in iti principle*. Moderation is iti ^ijuvermixfr cliurai^.tcr, and in
England no relinioiiH (ctX in prevented from worlhipping; Uod in th;itnji(U.
ncr which their conlcicncCH approvn. Sonic Icvcrc lnwi were, indeed,
lately in force Hgiiinll thufc proteflunt diiicntepi who did not ullunt to the
iloi'lrinal iirticlcB of the cliurch of England ; but thcfc lawa were not exe-
cuted ; and, in 1771), rrligious liberty rctcivcd a conlidcrnblc augmenta-
tion, by iui ni^\ which w.is then paHed for granting a legal tolcruiioii to
dilll'nting miniiieri, and i'chooUmallure, without their fubfcribin|{ any of
the urticlca of the church of Kn^lnnd. Mot t^ ? iMcr upmi tUc motivn of
the reformation under Henry VIII. it it certain, that cpifcnpal govern-
ment, excepting the few yearn from the civil worn under Chariis I. to the
reiloration of his fon, has ever lince prevailed in England. The wifdoin
of ucknowled^inpr thu kin); the head of the church, is conCplciouB in
difciUiraging all religious porfecution and intolcrancy, and if religious foc-
taries have multiplied in lingland, it is from the fame principle that civil
Kccntioufncfs has prevailed ; I menu a tcndcrncf* in matters tiiat can af-
i'eA either confcicncc or liberty. The bias which the clergy had toward*
po|M:ry in the reign of Henry VIII. and hiu fon, and even fo late as tiiat
of Elixabeth, occaiioned an inturpolition of the civil power, for a farther
reformation, 'i'hcnce arofc the puritans^ fo called from their maintaining
a finguhir purity of tueand manners. Many of them were worthy pioiw
men, and lome of them good patriots. Their defcendants are ihe modern
prcihyterians, who retain the fame charac'ter, and have true principles of
civil and religious liberty ; but thoir thculogic il fentimcnts have under-
gone a coniidcrablu change. Their dodtrinc, like the church of Scotland,
was originally derived from the C/cneva plan, iolHtutfd by Cilvin, and
tended to an abolition of cjiifcopacy, and to veiling the government of
the church in a parity of prelbytcrs. But the modern Englidi prelbyteri-
ans, in their ideas of church-government, dilVer little from the inde-
pendents, or congregationalifts, who are fo called from holding the inde-
pendency of congregational churchep, without any rcfjjcdt to doitrine ;
and in this fenfe almoil all the dijffnttrs in England arc now become inde-
di'iemknts. As to point of dortrinc, the prelbyterlans arc generally Armi-
niaiiH. Many of their minifters have greatly diflinguiflied thcmfclvta
by their learning and abilities, and fome of their writings are held in high
cllimation by many of the clfrtiiy, and other mcmbt-rs of the cftablirtu'd
church. 'I he fame may be faid of fome of the independent and bapiift-
minirtcrs. The independents are generally Calvinifts. The bapylts do
not believe that infants are ptopcr objcds of baptifm, and in the bapiifin
of adults, they pradife immerlion into water. They are divided into two
claflcs, wliii'h are llyled general baptifts, and particular baptilb. The ^e-
n(?ral baptilh are Ariuinians, and the particular baptills arc CalvinilU.
The moderate clergy of ihc church of England treat the protcftant dif-
ftnters with aft"c(5tion nnd friendfliip : and though the hierarchy of their
church, and the charac'^er of tilhops are capital points in their religicn,
they confider their (iidciences with the prelbyterians, and even with ihc
b.iptillf, as not being very inart'rial to falvation ; nor indeed do many
<>1 the (.■liablill'.rd church think that they are IhiL'tly and conTcicntioully
bound ro btHevc the doi-'trinal parts of the thiity-nine article?, which they
aic obliged to fubfcribc before they can entev into holy orders. Sevciil

fill

E N O r. A N D.

«tt' thrm have of lute (Mniamlrcl in thrir wi'itingt t^nt all fubrcripitoni Ut
mUttUnii tyllcnu mv it:|)vi)(iiitnt to the i'lmii <il Cltiifliitnity, tuui to i«)or-
WMiun. 8om« iloiltriocK which were (ointcrly ^I'licritlly conridcrcil tit to6
fttcrvtl to l)c <)p)H>roU, or even cxMminct), uio now pubHcty contioVeffrrt^
pArticolui'tv tlir ilmMiliic ot ilto Trinity. i'luiTt of u'omii|) huv« Itcoii
rlUhlilltcit nt which thiitito«!h-ine httn Itroo openly rrnounveil i nnd fcvrrnl
tIcrgymetthMvrilmiwii \tp Vi<Uial>lc Hvinui iti tlirVhtmb, unci HlfignoU their
UilWiict nt' thnt doctrine uiihc imttive of thoir CDniln^h

The mttM(fi> Mir « fft\ o' m Imic indituiion, uiul thcii' fouutlcr i* gnte-
wily hM)kal upon to ho Mr ^ jcorj^r Whiit iirUI, h divine of thn church of
KnginnJ n hut it is liitHcu* f ()«(ciibo tlte tcnrt* of thin luimeroui (vtU
They pretend to ^t^Ht no 4iul devotion, loid tlicir founder thought
ihut the ionn uf tvcleiiuu ■»! wnNliip, ttnd prHVcru whether tnkcn troin %
common nitiyer hook, or poured forth cxiein|>ori', w«; h tnnttcr of it»dif-
jferctuT, he «c«\>itHi\gly tmulo uCe <»f lw»ih thefe nuihodn. Kli» follnwer*
iirtci rigid oMVrverA ot the doOtriottl Hitic>« of the Church of KiiKlund, itnti
)>ix>fe|» thcnWVIvii to bu Cidvinit)». hut even the fr«') of incthodifti \%
IpUi ttnionmhriolVlveu, foiue of theio ttcknowleduinjf Mr. VVhiicficId, Anil
other* Mr. Wriley, for their leader i not to iticn'ion m variety of fuhordi*
nutti lt\M« (Ibuu'. of whoin «re from Sct»ildiul, piirticulnrly the Sant/frntf
HtMUt) who httve their fepumte fdUiwei*, hut vny few Ht Londnn nnd
other |>iitce«i in Kn^ilund. Mr. Whitcfuld died n lew vciim (iiicc ; hut the
ntniecsof worlhip ercOled by hint near l.oiuion, urc Uill firqui'utcd by per-
lo»\« ot the fame priiiciides, nnd thoy profcfs it };;te«t tcipeol lor htN inc-
mory. Mr. ^^'clley ftno hi» foilowm* op|H»fc foiveol the Cid»'ii\illic dov-
iriiKt, pitniculurlv that of picdedinittiim ; but they tippcur llill to letuitt
tome of ihcm. Ue has lately cretMcd a veiy l.unc phicc of ,uiblic wor-
iliipncttr Moot tic k(ii» ;«tul h;)!i utuler himnconfidciuhle nutnbcrul fulv.>nli'>
»«te pietichci^t who ap|K?nr t«) fubmit to their leader very imidicitty, and
who)>ra|>oc;!ttc hisopiuioiiH, uikI make profclyu.s throughout the kiii^'doiOi
with grctu indutlry.

The ^uakfts form a numertniii feifl of diflcnterB itt I£n})li4iid, <tnd pcrhupi
if the pvofclled ptini'iples of tnin)y of them wcsc to undergo a very llriiiV
examination, they would appear to be founded in free.thinkin^^ though
they pixtend to be }(uided by interiMtl revtl««i«)n dit^fafcd by the lY\m of
CKkI. Thn* revelation, and that tpiiit, I'eeni however, to be jull uhn
they |»leafe to make them ; and if they moan anv thint;;, it is an abthi^c-
titMt lit)in all fenfual ident, in triatins( of the ChrilUun rdiv^ion and iti
wyfterics 5 ti;>r they attempt to alle;4oi ixc »\\ the fuC.ts in the y;ofpel. They
«iiicl)kim all relir^iuus creciU made vifc of by other Chridians, and nil the
inodea oi wortlup prav'lifed in vuher churci\;ti. They difrigard the au-
thority of the clcriry, and lefufe to p.ty (hithcs, unlefs thev are compelled
by l«w. They neither ufe bapiitm. nor partake of the Lord's buppcr.
^ hey atiVd a peculiar plainnefs of diets, btuhas to the Ijrrn and the co-
lours of their cloaths j nud they publicly declain> a^uiotl leliliaiice, und
the legality of j^»inij to w..r on any account. \\ ith rcj;:ud to the rcfur-
fr«i>ion of the body, and the deotrinc of iew;;id8 and pumllmunts heicaftcr,
nnd many other capital points of ChriiUanii), they have not yet e.vplaimd
themrclves aoihenfically ; .'Uii indeed there feemi to be a much i»rratcr
degree of wnitormity in ihiir drets than in their opinions ; though it ia
pix>hAble that the ^cencrabiy of them avlhere in fentimcnt tu the mull inH
portaat and fuuddn\cutal dodiincs oi Chrklii.iuity.

- :: , Wc»e

H N G L A N IX

aajr

tit

tcrliupi
y lliu^.k

piiit of
uiiat

niul It!

Tlicy

nil the

\\v iiu-

npcllcd
upjwr.

the CO-

:c, uutl
rclur-
ciiftcr,

pUiimd

Wri'c »U tUc prcur»ui'liicii »l fliiit U»H to Itr drU rlltrd, ti rPiuIcr, not i»f-
titiniiunl w'ltli U, womUI \>c ii|<i t«i think it iii)|«(>llihlc th.it it (h'luUlnlliictKta
with otttci ChiilliiiPN. Nothing huwovtM' in iitoic! I'ritiiin tliiiii tliitt tho
nuitkcr* iu<; moll ckccUuhi incinhfi* oltlic cnrttiminity. Tlir IliiiMiiefiuf ,
their iiUM'titiiy nuikcii iiiiiritiU tor tlic iKltliiieti ot thoir iiiiitciplrn, utiil tha i
(liitprit ity i>r tlu-ii- living lor (he wililnrlii of their opinion*. 1*hcir tcco-
tiutny i* inhuinihlc ; for thou^^h nouo of tUcni prctciut to nny cocrciva
power, yet tlu'ir cunfinrit urr lubniittril to iiit ini|ilici>l/ »» il tlicv wci«
Uoniiih ^ti^otii umlcv an inipiiliiion. The higtiell punilhtttcnt it n kind o(f
rxcoiniuinticHtton, Init which ii tukun olVu|>(m rr)KniHiuoHNtl niticiiJinrnty
unil the p irty ii ic-tulmiitril into nil thn privilrKi'it of their liody. 'rh«ii'
Kovc('nin«-nt ii truly rrpi,(l))ii'»n| und iidntirHhlv well luliiotcdio their |>rirt«
«iplcii. They haw nn luinuiil nii'rtin^; every Whiifnntidc, which i« };enC'*
riilly held ttt i.oitdont und thin in icfurtcd to by drputini from nil iMitH uk
<iri'ut Ui'ituin, Iicliind, liothtnd, Ot'imsiny, imd AincricA. In rhnt iitcet-
ini;; in cxumini'd ihr piooccdin};!! ol their other tncctiu^n, which urts
monthly und tpitntcrly. Indrcrncic» of every kind nro ccnfiircd, coiitri«
butioni itro rrccivcd, uctountu itrc rxioninrd, und dilVonrfeii, rxhorta*
liooH, Hod retnuioD uru delivered r<iitiililc t't the cxij^rncy of the tiniCH, unJ
their prcvnilinu viccw Htid imniunili(i(:v. Tiic yowi i'f.ni'c inr which thi»
fct'l i» icinnrkitolc, rcnilcin ihrir ItMdctK more rt:ipcdbd»lc thun ihofc which
ruyulty or power upiKtint over other coimnnnitioH. Thii, with the mild-
itrft of ihcir bchavi<ivir, fobricty, nnd ^;rcMt indullry, huve niiied thcni
bij;h lit the clleoin ol the Ivnilliiiiir, which liuwcvni indulged tln'm by «d-
iiM(iiii((ot' their tiUitnmiion, inlkuduf uu oiiih in civil cuul'tit, in thctouiii*
of jiilUcc,

I (hall not enter into ihrir political hiflory, or relate in what manner
u^c of thrii- Mumbnr, Williuni I'cnn, in tliu ici^n of Chttrlei H. fornicil
thitt Hdntinible clhibluhnuiic of their uivler, which ilill fnblillii in rciinryl-
vaniii. It i» fulticicni to ohfervc, that it: wan feuiid by ex|KrieiK'c, diirinjf
the two lall wars with iMiince, ilut tlicir principlcit were incunip.aible
with cither civil or military (government ; a|ui confcpifntly, that, unlcU
Uieir cnrniici hkid been i|iiakr.'r» likrwilb, kh^y nmit huvc b^cn inallciit of
ihcir I'ountry. Thi« created ^rc.it trouble with the inothci-countrv, and
it tinfitrtiin;itely liaopcnrd, th.it ihr (fuukcrt woic a« tcnacioutol their pri»-
wc'ty an ot their |i!ini'i;>l(». Nwrlfay and danjjcr however, iit lall, com-
pelled thent to contribute for their own dt-lcnce, by their uurfcn, though
we do not find that they did it in their perfonu : from all which it appearn,
ihar irwoiildbc iinprai'ticuble to form c)UiikerHintoH civil ^oveiinnentotany
kind ; iiiilefH p icilic principlcH were hup|)ily gitieraWy prevalent uinung
mankind than t icy aic.

The ij;norai)cc and entlnitiafm of fox, and ihc firft leaden of thin fo<!:t,
led tltc<)iinker.. imo u thoiifand cxtraviijancies, by iij;it-i''onH and fonvul-
fions of the l"./dy, which the' t«rmc':l the woikinjjs ot ihc fpnir Haichiy,
Keith, and fomc other nutai-hylical l.cndti, dctrtulcd ihe (to(ttrine, )h(iU){li
:hey diopt thi.: lin;.i;nliiriii('H ot the piofellion. Tlii^i tofteiicd the ridicule
of the jv'Mii'. iiud IJat< 1.4y*s fuvccdora have ontittcd in thfir bchiviour
and impciirance, many of thole unmcaninf,; hnmilnritieti. The tpiakerK,
it is tine, in general, Hi!! retain the iipjjtllatioii of fn'cnJ, inllead ot 8ir,
.'ittd make ufei.f /loii an<l 7'lff in dilcoiirfc ; neither arc tlie" vciy ready
to pull oiy their ham, by way of civility or relprd. They know, how-
ever, h'tw to nccoiniTiodatc ilifmlclvcs to the cotnaion uHixcb of lite, up-
va pititiculoi: envcigcncics ; und the iing.uluriues of aquakcr uf aJdrt.('» uie

LOW

024

ENGLAND.

m «

now but juft diloernlbk-, anH can give no offence to poHtenefs, unlefs they
•re aflefled.

It is impoiBble to (ay any thingj with certainty refpeiSting the number of
qaakers in England. lutiic beginning of the late reign they were efti'*
mated at 50,000 ; and I am apt to believe that they are increaled, though
that increafe is not perceptable, hy their laying nfide moft of their iiDf^U'
Iwnties. The r? ^ularity of their meetings is furprifing, and the adinonitiuns
which they give to their befhren, by circular letters from their yearly
wicetinga* arc worthy imitation by the mofl. civilixed governriift ■;, The
payment of tithes is a kind of Handing grievance, becaufe it U ;<euewed
every yean They are however ftcady in their oppolition to i% T'^iey
who pay them voluntarily, iine always cenfured. The books relating it>
their religion which they print, tnull be li'ccufed by a commluee before
th^ are difperfcd.

Many families in Enghitidftill profefsthe Roman catlioUc religion, and
itsexercife is under very mild :ind gentle reltrjdtions. Though tl?.c penal
laws againfl papifti in England appear at firft to be icvere, yci they are not
executed, or with fo much leni»y, that a Roma.u catholic feels himfelf un-.
ulcr few hardfiitps. Legal evufions are found out for ihei ■ do .tble tuics r ■
OKI their Imafd propcity, and, as they are fubjeil to jsone of the ex
pcm'es ar.i cioables (unlefs voluntary) attending public offices, pailia-
mentary eh ■'-.tHns, ;.nd the liki; burdens, the Eiiglifh papifts arc in geticral
in good circimUtint ♦,".!, as to tbtir private fortunes. Some of the penal
Saws a^ainft thr iix hivt -aKb lately been repealed, much to the fatisfac-
tion of all libor;.! li.iiided men, though a vehement outcry was afterwards
raifcd aifaiofl: t'.ic nici.funj by ignorance and bigotry. The papifts now
feem to be convinced, that a change of government, inflead of bettering
./ould hurt their fituation, becaufe it would increafe the jc.iloufy of the le-
giOator, which mufl: undoubtedly cxpofc them daily to gieatej burdens
and I'.eavier penalties. This fenfible confideration has of late made the
Roman catholics to appear as dutiful and zealous fubje£>s as :iuy his ma-
jefty has. Scarcely any Enc^lilh papifis excepting thofe who nre bred, or
had ferved abroad, were engaged m the rcbtllion of the year 1745, and
though thofe at home were moll carefully obferved, few or none of them
were found guilty of difloyal practices.

As England has been famous for the variety of its religious fe£ls, fo
it has been famous for its Frec-thinkeys ; but that term has been applied
in very different fcnfes. It has fometimes been ufed to denote oppofers
of religion in general, and in particular of revealed religion ; but it has
alfo been applied to thofe who have been far from dilbelieving Chriftiani-
ty, and who have only oppofed fome of thofe do6irines which are to be
found in public creeds and formularies, but which they conceived to be
no part of the original Chriflian fyftem. As to thofe who are truly dciftiy
or infiJelsy there is abundant reafon to believe, that this clafs of men is
much more numerous in fome popiHi countries than in England. Chrii-
tianity is fo much ohfcured and disfigured by the fopperies and foperdi-
tions of the Romifli church, that inen who thin^ freely are naturally apt
to be prejudiced againft it, when they fee it in fo uifadvantageous a form :
and this appears to be in fi6t very much the cafe aliroad. But in England,
where men have every opportunity of feeing it exhibited in a more ra-
tional manner, they have lefs caufeto be prejudiced againll it : and there-
fore are more ready to enter into an examination of the evidence of its
Nor does it appear, that the writings of the Dcifts agaiivft
z Chrif.

divine 01 igin.

E PJ 6 L A N i).

inlefs they

number of

r were efti"

ed, though

heir fingu-

dinonitions

heir yearly

)fn";. The

is : cue wed

iv Tnty

relating to

Irtee before

iligion, nnfi
h the penal
hey are nut
himielf un-
le tuics r,'-
of ilic ex
LPS, ))ailia-
: in getjcral
f the penal
he fatisfac-
I afterwards
papifts now
jf bettering
fy of the le-
:ei burdens
te made the
ay his ma-
re bred, or

4»j:

'745-

and

ine of them

113 fedls, fo

een applied

e opptifers

but it has

Chriftianl-

1 are to be

sived to be

truly </«V?j,

of men is
d. CluiJ-
nd fLiperfti-
aturally apt
)us a form :
in England,

SI more ra-

and thcre-
^ence of its

ills a^niivft
Chrif.

Ghridianity trave been of any real differvke to it. On the (Sohtntyt tfcey
have caufed the arguments in its favour to be ufcd with greater force and
clearnefs, and have been the means of producing fuch defences of it, ag
all the flcutenefs of modern infidelity has been unable to overthrow.

Languaqb.] The Englidi language is known to ben compound of
almoft every other language in Europe, partlculafly the 9azoti, th6
French, and the Celtic. The Saxon, however, predominates j and the
words that are borrowed from the French, being radically Latin, ard- '
common to other nations, particularly the Spaniards and the Italians*
Todefcribe it abflradtedly, would he fuperfluous to an Englifli reader, but
relatively it enjoys all the properties, without many of the defeats, o^
other European languages. It is more energetic, manly, and exprelfive^
than either the French or the Italian ; more copious than the 8pani(h«
and more eloqueht than the German, or the other northern tongues. It
is however fubje6l to fome cunfiderable provincialities in its accent, there
being much differtnce iu the pronunciation of the inhabitants of dffierent
counties ; but this chiefly afiedls the loweil of the people ; for as to welU
educated and well-bred perfofts, there is little difference ih their pronun-^
elation all over the kingdom. People of fortune and educaitoh in Eng'i
land, of both fexes, alfo commonly either fpeak, or unrlerfland the
French, and mHny of them the Italian and Spanifli : but it hag been ob^
ferved, that foreign nations have great difficulty in underllanding the few
Englifli who talk Latin, which is perhaps the rcufon why that lan«
guage is much difuTed in England, even by the learned profefTions.

Learning and learned men.] England maybe looked upon as
another word for the feat of learning and the Mufes. Htr great Alfred,
cultivated both, in the time of the Saxons, when barbarifm and igno*
ranee overfpread the reft of Europe; nor has there fmce his time been
wanting a continual fuccclTion of learned mcn^ who have diflinguiflied
themfelves by their writings or ftudies. Thefe are fo nunr-ous, that si
bare catalogue of their names, down to this day, would form a moderate
volume.

The Englifh inftituticns, for the benefit of fludy, partake of the cha-
radter of their learning. They are folid and fubflantial, and provide
for the eafc, the difencumbrance, the peace, the plenty* and the conve-
niency of its profeflbrs ; witnefs the two univerlities of Oxford and Cam-
bridge, inditutions that are not to be matched in the world^ and which
were refpeftcd even amidft the barbarous rage of civil war* The induf*
trious Leland, who was himfelf a moving library, was the firft who pub*
liflied a fliart colledion of the lives and charaders ofthofe learned per*
fons who preceded the reign of his matter Henry VIII. among whom
he has inferred fcvcral of the b'ood royal 6f both fexes, particularly a
fon and daughter of the great Alfredj Editha the queen of Etlward the
Confeflbr, and other Saxon piinces, fome of whom were equally devoted
to Mars and the Mufes.

In fpeaking of the dark agcsj it Would be unpardonable if I fliould
omit the mention of that prodigy of learning, and natural philolbphy,
Roger Bacon, who was the forerunner in fcience to the great Bacon lord
Verulam, as the latter was to Sir lUac Newton. Among the other cu«
rious works written by this illullrious tivm, we find trcatifes upon gram-
mar, mathematicf, phyfics, the flux and rtflux of the Britilh fea, optics^
geography, aftronomy, chronology, chemiftiy, logic, metaphyfics,
ethics, medicine, theology^ phjlology, and upon ih^ impediments of

Q^ knowledge,

■■m

92^

ENGLAND.

knowledge. He lived under Henry HT. and died at Oxford about the
year 1294. The honourable Mr. Walpolc has prefcrvcd ihe memory of
fomc noble and royal Englifli authors, who have ilone honour to learning,
and the Mules, and to this work I muft refer. Since the Refonnaiion,
England rcfembles a galaxy of literature *; and it is but doing juftice to
the memory of cardinal Wolfey, though othcrwife a dangerous and pro*
fligate minifter, to acknowledge, that both his example and encourage-
ment laid the foundation of the polite arts, and greatly contributed to the
revival ofclalTical learning in England. As many of the Englifli clergy
had different fcntimcnts in religious matters at the time of the Reforma-
tion, encouragement was given to learned foreigners to fettls in England.
Edward VI. (Turing his (hort life, did a great deal for the encouragement
of thefe foreigners, and (hewed difpofitions for cultivating the moif ufeful
parts of learning, bad he lived. Learning as well as liberty, fuffered
an almoft total eclipfe in England, during the bloody bigotted reign of
queen M»ry. Elizabeth her fiiler, was herfelf a learned princefs. She
advanced many perfons of confummate abilities to high ranks, both in
church and flate ; but (he feems to have coniidered their literary accom-
pli(hments to have been only I'econdarv to their civil. In this (lie fliewed
herfelf a great politician, but (lie would have been a more amiable queen,
had (lie raifed genius from obfcurity ; for though flic was no ftranger to
Spenfer's Mufe, (he fuffered herfelf to be fo much impofed upon by a
taftelefs minifter, that the poet languiflied to death in obfcurity. Though
(he tafted the beauties of the divine Shakfpeare, yet we know not that
they were diftinguiflied by any particular afts of her munificence ; but
her parfimony was nobly fupplied by her favourite the earl of Ellex, the
poljteft fcholar of his age, and his friend the earl of Southampton, who
were liberal patrons of genius.

The encouragement of learned foreigners in England, continued to the
reign of James 1. who was very munificent to Cafaubon, and other foreign
authors of diftinAion, even of different principles. He was himfelf no
great author, but his example had a conhderable effeft upon hisfubjefts ;
for in his reign were formed thofe great m.afters of polemic divinity,
vrhofe works are almoft inexhauftible mines of knowledge. Nor muft it
be forgotten, that the fccond Bacon whom I have already mentioned, was
by him created vifcount Verulam, and lord hij»h chancellor of England.
He was likewife the patron of Camden and other hiftorians, as well as
antiquaries, whofe works are to this dajr ftandards in thofe ftudies. Upoti
the whole, therefore, it cannot be denied, that Engli(h learning is under
obligations to James I. though, as he had a very pedantic lafte himfelf,
he was the means of diffiifing a fimilar tafte among his fubje(^s.

His fon Charles I. had a tafte for the polite arts, efpecially fculpture,

fainting, tnd architefture. He was the patron of Rubens, Vandyke,
nigo Jones, and other eminent artifts ; fo that, had it not been for he
civil \va's, he would probably have converted his court and capital into a
fccond Athens ; and the colleftions he made for that purpofe, confidering
his pecuniary diflioulties, were (lupendous. His favourite, the duke of
Buckingham, imitated him in that rcfpc£t, and laid out the amazing fum
of 400,00c '. ftcrling upon his cabinet of paintings and curiofities.

The earl of Arundel was, however, the great Maecenas of that age,
and by the immcnfe acquifitions he made of antiquities, efpecially his

See the Biographia Britannica.

faipous

fi N d L A N D.

1,27

firnoQS marble infcriptions, he may Hand upon a footings, ai to the en*
couragement and utihty of literature^ with the greate(l of the Mediceaii
princes. Charles and his court had little or no relifli for poetry ; but
luch was his generoHty in encouraging genius and merit of every kindf
that he increaled the fahry of his poet laureat, the famous Ben Tohnfon,
from 100 marks to lool. per annum, and a tierce of Spanifli wine ;
which falary is continued to this day.

The public encouragement of learning, and the arts, fuffered indeed an
eclipfe, during the time of the civil wars, atid the fuCceeding interreg<
num. Many very learned men, however, found their iituations un*
der Cromwell, thoueh he was no liranger to their political fentimentSf
fo ciify, that they {()llowcd their (ludies, to the vail benefit of every
branch of learning ; and many works of vaft literary merit appeared evert
in thofe timesof diilradtion. Uflier, Walton, Willes, Harrington, WiU
kins, and a prodigious number of other great names, were unmolefted
and even favoured by that ufurper ; and he would alfo have filled thb
univerfities with literary merit, could he have done it with any degree of
fafety to his government.

The reign of Charles II. was chiefly diAinguilhed by the great profi-
ciency to which it carried natural knowledge, efpecially by the inftitutioit
of the Royal Society. The king was a good judge of thofe ftudies^ and ■
though irreligious bimfclf, £ngland never abounded more with learned
and able divines than in his reign. He loved painting and poetry, but
was far more munificent to the former than the latter. The incompa-
rable Paradile Loll by Milton, was publiflicd in his reign, but was not
read or attended to in proportion to its merit ; though it was far from be-
ing difregardcd fo much as has been commonly apprehended. The reign
of Charles II. notwiihftanding the bad taAe of his court in feveral of the
polite arts, by fome is reckoned the Auguftnn age in England, and is dig-
nified with the names of Boy le, Halley, Hooke, Sydenham, Harvey, Temple,
TUlotfon, Barrcw, Butler, Cowley, Waller, Dryden, Wycherley, and
Otway. The pulpit afllimcd more majefty, a better flyle, and truer ener-
gy than it had ever known before. Clailic literature recovered many of
Its native gnices ; and though England could not under him boaft of a
Jones and a Vandyke, yet Sir Chndopher Wren introduced a more gene-
ral regularity than has ever been known before in architedture. Nor wai
Sir Cnriftopher Wren merely didinguiflicd by his ikill as an archctcft*.
His knowledge was very extenfive, and his difcoveries in philofophy, me-
chanics, &c. contributed much to the reputation of the new*cftabliflied
Royal Society. Some excellent Englifli painters (for Lely and Kneller -
were foreigners) alfo fiouriflied in this reign.

That of James II. though he likewife had 'a tafte for the fine arts, is
chiefly diftinguirticd in the province of literature by thofe compolttions
that were publiflied by the Englifli divines againd popery, and which,
for flrength of reafoning, and depth of erudition, never were equalled in
any age or country.

• Mr. Horace Walpole fays, that a variety of knowIe<1ge proclaims the univer-
fality, a nniitiplicity of works the abundance, and St. Paul's the grcatnefs of Sir
Chriftopher's genius. So many great architects as were employed on St. Peter's have
nof left upon the whole a more perfeA edifice than this workof afingle mind. Th«
nobleft temple, the iargeft palace, and the moft fumptuous hofpital, in fuch a king-
dom as Britain, are all the works of the fame hand. He reftored London, and re-
corded its fall. He built about fifty parifh churches, and defiznedthc monument.

Q^z The

»28

ENGLAND.

The namci of Newton and Locke adorned the reign of William IIL
and he h«*^ a particular cfleem for the latter, as he had alfo for Tillotfoa
and Buriiet, though he was far from being liberal to men of genius.
Learning flouriQicd, however, in his reigny merely by the excellency ox
the .oil in which it had been planted.

The mofl uninformed readers are not unacquainted with the improve*
ments which learning, and all the polite arts, received under the aufpicef
of Queen Antie, and which put her court at leaft on a footing with that
of Lewis XIV. in its moft fplendid days. Many of the great men, who
had figured in the reigns of the Stuarts and William were Hill alive, and
in the full exercife of their faculties, when a new race (prung up, in the
republic of learning and the arts. Addifon, Prior, Pope, Swifr, lord
Bolingbrolce, lord Snaftefhury, Arbuthnot, Congreve, Steele, Rowe, and
many other excellent writers, both in verfe and profc, need but to be men*
tioned to be admired ; »nd the Englifli were as triumphant in literature
as in war. Natural and moral philofophy kept pace with the polite arts,
and even religious and political difputes contributed to the advancement
of learning, by the unbounded liberty which the laws of England allow
in fpeculative matters, and which has been found highly advantageons in
the promotion of true and valuable knowledge.

The miniAers of George I. were the patrons of erudition, and fome of
them were no mean proticients themfclves. George IL was himfelf no
Maecenas, yet his reign yielded to none of the preceding in the numbers
of learned and ingenious men it produced. The bench of biiliops was
never known to be fo well provided with able prelates as it was in the
early years of his reign ; a full proof that his nobility and minifters
were judges of literary qualifications. In other departments of erudition,
the fav(iur of the public generally fupplicd the coldnefs of the court.
After the rebellinn in the year 1745, when Mr. Pelham was confidered
as being' firil miniilcr, this fcreen between government and literature was
in a great meafurc removed, and men of genius began then to tafle the
royal bounty. Since that period, a great progrefs has been made in the
polite arts in England. The Royal Academy has been inftituted, fomQ
very able artifls have arifen, and the annual public exhibitions of paint-
ing and fculpture have been extremely favourable to the arts, by promoting
a ipirit of emulation, and exciting a greater attention to works of genius of
this kind among the public in general. But notwithflanding thefe favour-
able circumdances, the fine arts have been fur from meeting with that
public patronage, to which thc) have fojufta claim. Few of our pub-
lic edifices are adorned with paintings or with ilatues. The fculptors meet
with little employment, nor is the hiflorical painter much patronized.
Though the Britifli artifls of the prefent age have proved that their ge-
nius for the fine arts is equal to thofe of any other nation.

Beiides learning, and the fine arts in general, the Englifli excel-in what
wc call the learned profcilions. Their courts of juflice are adorned with
greater abilities and virtues, perhaps, than thofe which any other country
can boaft of. A remarkable inftanceof which occurs, in the appointments
for the laft 200 years of their lord chancellors, who hold the highefl and
the moA uncontrollable judicial feat in thc kingdom, and yet it is acknow-
ledged by all parties, that, during that time, their bench has remained
vtkpolluted by corruption, or partial affedions. The (ew indances that
may be alleged to the contrary, fix no imputation of wilful guilt upon'
the parties. The great lord chancellor Bacon was cenfured indeed for

corrupt

£ N O L A N D.

22$

iU'tam lir.

•r TiUotfoa

of geolup*

ceUency ox

ic improve-
:he aufpices
ig with that
I men, who
[1 alive, and
f up, in the
Swiff, lord
, Rowe, and
ft to be men*
in literature
e polite artSf
advancement
igland allow
antageons in

and fome of
18 himfelf no
the numbers
■ bifliops was
it was in the
and minifters
I of erudition,
of the court,
ras confidered
literature was
\ to tafie the
1 made in the
cituted, fome
ions of paint-
Iby promoting
:s of genius of
I thefe favour-
ng with that
of our pub-
[culptors meet
patronized.
:hat their ge-

excelin what

adorned with

^ther country

lappointments

le highcfl and

lit is acknow-

Jias remained

Inftances that

ll guilt upon

|d indeed for

corrupt

corrupt praAices, but malevolence itfelf does not fay that he was guilt)r
•ny farther than in too much indulgence to his fervants. The cafe of
one of his fuccellbrs is ftill more favourable to his memory, as his cenfure
refleds difgrace only upon his enemies ; and his lordfhip was, in the
judgment of every man of candour and confciencc, fully acquitted. Even
Jeferies, infernal as he was in his politics, never wasaccufcd of partiality
in the caufes that came before him as chancellor.

It mull tbS acknowledged, that neither pulpit, nor bar-elonucnce, have
been fufliciAtly (ludied in England ; hut rhis is owing to the genius of
the people, and their laws. The fermons of their divines are often learn-
ed, and always found as to the pradical and doctrinal part ; for the many
religious ft\'T:s in England require to be oppofed rather by reafoning than
eloquence. An unaccountable notion has however prevailed even among
fome ot the clergy themfelves, that the latter is incompatible with the
former, as if the arguments of Cicero and Demofthenes \Cere weakened
by thole powers of language with which they are adorned, A fliort time
pel hips, nay remove this prepolTellion, and convince the clergy, as well
as the bity, that true eloqueti.ce is the firft and faireft handmaid of argu*
mentation. The reader, however, is not to imagine, that I am infinu-
ating that the preachers of the Englifh church arc deftitute of the graces
of elocution ; (o far from that, no clergy in the world can equal them in
the purity and perfpicuity of language, though I think that if they con*
lulled more than they do the powers of elocution, they would preach with
mure effect. If the Icmblancc of tliole powers, coming from the mouths
of ignorant enthuliads, arc attended with the amazing effeAs we daily fee,
what mull not be the confequence if they were exerted in reality, andfup*
ported with fpirit and learning?

The laws of England arc ot fo peculiar a caft, that the fevcral plead-
ings at the bar do not admit, or but very fpnringly, of the flowers of
fpeech : and I am apt to think, that a pleading in the Cicetonian manner
would make a ridiculous appearance in Wellminiler hall. The Englilh law-
yers, however, though they deal little in eloquence, are well verfcd in rhe-
toric and reiifoning.

Parliamentary fpeakinjf, not being bound down to that precedent which
is required in the courts of law, no nation in the world can produce fo
many examples of true eloquence as the Englilh fenate in its two houfes ;
witnefs the fine fpeeches made by both parties in parliament in the
reign of Charles I. and thole that have been printed fince the acceflion of
the prefent family.

Medicine and furgery, botany, anatomy, chemiftry, and all the artf
or ftudies tor prefer ving life, huve been carried to a great degree of per-
fedlion by the Englifli. The fame may be faid of mufic, and theatrical ex-
hibitions. Even agriculture and mechanifm are now reduced in England
to fciences, and that too without any public encouragement but fuch a>
is given by private noblemen and gentlemen, who aflbciate themfelves for
that purpofe. In (liip building, clock-work, and the various branches of
cutlery, they Hand unrivalled.

Universities.] I have already mentioned the two univerfities of
Oxford and Cambridge, which have been the feminaries of more learned
men than any in Europe, and fome have ventured to fay, than all other
literary intlitutions. Jt is certain that their magnificent buildings, which
irtfplendour and architefture rival the moft fupcrb roval cdihcs, the rich
endowments, the liberal cafe and tranquillity enjoyed by thofc who in-

C^j habit

23©

ENGLAND.

habit them, furpnfi all the ideas which foreignerii who ". fliem, con*
ceivc of Itternry fociciicii. So refpcdubie arc thev in then tuundationi,
that each univerfity fendi two mciiibcri to the Uiitifh purliamcnt, and
their chuncellori and oiKcers huvc ever a civil jurifdidtiun ovur their llu'<
ilenii, the better to Icciire thoir independency. Their collt-gfi, in their
revenue! and building*, exceed thole of many other univcriiiics. Iii
Oxford there arc twenty colieges und five hHlU : the former ure very
liberally endowed, but m the Tatter the (Indents chiclly maintiiin thrm-
fclve». Thii univerlity it of great antiquity : it in liippotcd to have
been a coniidcrablc place even in the time of the Hom<inH ; and Cain^
den lays, that ** wife antiquity did, even in the Briiiih age, confecrate
this place to the Mulct." It it faid to have been Oyled w univerlity be^
lore the time of king Alfred ; and the bed hiiloriant admit, that thii moll
excellent prince wut only a redorer of learning here. Alfred built three
coUeget at Oxi'ord; one for divinity, another for philofophy, and a third
\ for grammar.

The collegei of Oxford are,
. Univerfity, which it Htuated near, or on the fpot, where the college!
or hall* which were ereftcd by king Alfred ilood.
Buliol, founded by Sir John de Buliol, in 1363.
Merlon, founded t>y Walter de Morton, bifliop of Rochefler, and high
chancellor of England, in 1 367.

Exeter, founded in 1316, by Walter Staplcton, bifliop of Exeter, and
lord treafurcr of England,

Oriel, founded by Edward II. in the year 1324.
Queen's, founded by Robert Eglctlield, chaplain to queen Philippa,
conl'ort to Edward III. in her honour.

. New Collage, founded in 1386, by William of Wykeham, bifliop of
Winchelier, but finiOied by Thomas de Rotheiam, archbifliop of York,
and lord high chancellor, in the year lAjU

All Souls, founded by Henry Chichely, archbifliop of Canterbury,
in 1437.

Magdalen, founded by William Patten, alias Wainflect, bifliop of
Winchcllcr, nud lord chancellor, in the year 14.SH.

Brazen Nofe, founded in 1516, by William Smith, bidiop of Lin-«
coin.

Corpus Chrifti, founded in 1516, by Richard Fox, bifliop of Win*
chcfler.

Chrift Church, founded by cardinal Wolfey, in 1515, but completed
by others, and it now the cathedral of the dioccfe*

Trinity, founded by Sir Thomas Pope, foon after the Reformation.
St. John Baptiil was founded in 1555, by Sir Thomas White, lord
ipayor of London,

Jcfus, was begun by Dr, Hugh Price, prebendary of Rochcllcr, and
appropriated chiefly to the Welch.

Wadham, fo called from its founder Nicholas Wadham, of Somerfet-
fhire, Efq. It was begun by him in the year 1609, but iiniflicd after
his death, by his lady, in 1613.

Pembroke, fo called in honour of the earj of Pembroke, then lord
high chancellor, wasi founded by Thomas Tcfdale, Efq. and Richard
"VVhitwicke, B. D. in 1624.

Worcefter, was crctSlcd ^ntp a college, by S.ir Thoipa? QoqkG of Aft.«
ley, in Worcfftcrfliive, - - ■

^ncoli)

ENGLAND.

•Jl

♦nem, con«»
tuundattoni,
liamcnt, and
er their IUk
{^rt, ill their
crtitict. Ill
ner arc very
lintiiiu thrm-
>lcd to have
I ; and Cain^
B, cunfecrate
niverlity bc^
hat thift moll
i built three
, and a third

! the coUegei

lert and high
Exeter, and

en Phllippa,

tt, bifliop of
)p of York,

Canterbury,

, bifliop of

lop of Lin'«

op of Win*

c completed

rmation.
Vhitc, lord

:hcller, and

Somcrfct-.
niflicd after

then lord
id Richard

pke of Aft-

}^\ncolQ

Lincoln college, which wai founded by two bifliopi of Lincoln.

To thefe nineteen mny be added Hertford college, formerly Hart-
Hall; but a patent huvintf pafled the great feal in the year 1740, for
cre^Vmg it into :t colltfji^c, that defign ii now carried into execution.

The five halli arc thfi'c followinK; Alban-hull, Kdmund-hall, St.
Mary'i-httll, Newlnn-hall, and St. Mary Magdalen-hall.

The Univerfity of Cambridge confiila of twelve collegei, and four
halli} but though they are diftinguilhed by difterent namci, the privi*
legei of the college* and halli are in every refpcit the fame. They are
the following.

l'cter«hou7e, founded by Hugh Balflium, prior of Ely, in 1257, who
wai afterwards bilhop of that fee.

Clare>hall, founded in 1340, by Richard Radew and lady Elizabeth
Clare, couniefs of UlUer.

Pembroke-hall, founded feven years after, by a countefi of Pembroke.

St. Bennct'a or Corpus Chrifti. founded about the fame time, by the
united guilds, or fraternities of Corpus Chridi, and the bleflfed Virgin.

Trimiy>hall, founded by William Bateman, biftiop of Norwich, about
the year i;48.

Oonvil and Cnius, founded bv Edmund de Oonvil, in 1448, coih«
pirtcd by bifliop BHtemnn, and additionally endowed 200 years after, by
John Caius, a phyfician.

King's college, founded by Hiary VL and completed by his fuccef'
fors.

Queen's coUej^e, was founded by the fame king's confort, but finilhed
by Elizabeth, wife to Kdward IV.

Catharine-hall, founded by Richard Womllark, in 147^.

Jcfus collci^e, founded by John Alcock, bifliop of Ely, in the roign
of Henry Vi I.

Chrift college was founded about the fame time, by that king's mo«
ther, Margaret, countcfs of Richmond.

Sr. John's college was founded by the fame lady.

M-Hgdalen college was founded by Thomas Audlcy, baron of Walden,
and lord high chancellor, in the reign of Henry VIII.

Trinity college was founded by Henry VIII.

Emanuel college, by Sir Walter Mildmay in i;84.

Sidney college was founded by Tbomns Radcliff, earl of SuiTex, in
1588, and had us name from his wife Frances Sidney.

The fenate-houfc at Cambridge is a moft elegant edifice, executed en*
tirely in the Corinthian order, and is faid to have coil fifteen thoufand
pounds. Trinity C()llei|;c library is alfo a very magnificent flru£lurc,
and in Corpus Chrifli college library is a valuable collediion of ancient
manufcripts, which were prefcrved at the defolution of the monafteries,
and given to this collci^e by archbiibop Parker.

Antiquities and cuaiosiTiEs, > The antiquities of England aro
NATURAL AND ARTipiciAL, )eithcr BHtifli, Roman, Saxon,
Danifli, and Anglo-Normanic ; but thefe, excepting the Roman, throw
no great light upon ancient hiftory. The chief Britifli antiquities are
thoie circles of llones, particularly that called Stonehenge, in Wiltfliire,
which probably were places of worftiip in the times of the Druids.
Stonehenge is, by Inigo Jones, Dr, Stukcley, and others, defcribed
as a regular circular ilru£lure. The body of the work confifls of two
WQ\es and two ovals, which are thus compofcd : the upright Hones are
^ (^,4 ., placed

«;J4

ENGLAND.

placed at three Oset and a half diftance from each other, and joined at
the top by, over-thwart ftoncs, with tenons fitted to the mortifes in the,
uprights, for keeping them in their due pofition. Some of thele ftoiies
^re vaiUy large, mcafuring two yards in breiidtli, one in thicknefs, and
fibove feven in height ; others are ftfa in proportion. The uprights are
wrought a little with ^ chifcl, and fometimes tapered ; but the tranfomcs,
or ovcrrthwart floncs, are quite plain. The outlide circle is near one hun-
dred and eighty feet in dian^etcr, between which and the next circle there
is a walk of three hundred feet in circumference, which has a furpriling
find awful efFed upon the beholders. After all the defcriptions of, and
cliflertHtions upon, this celebrated antiquity by ingenious writers, it is
not to be denied, that it has given rife to many extravagant ridiculous
C.onjeftures, from the time of Leland, who has been very particular on
the fubjeft, down to Stukclcy, who on a favourite point of antiquity,
fometimes formed the molt enthufiaftic conjectures. The barrows that
Sre near this monument, were certainly graves of perfons of both fexes,
eminent in peace or war ; fome of them have been opened, and bones,
arms, and ancient trinkets, found within them.

Mopumeijits of the fame kind as that of Stonebenge are to be met vvith
in Cumberland, Oafgrdfliire, Cprnwall, Devonfliirf, and many other
parts pf England, as well as in Scotland, apd the illes, which have beea
plready mentioned.

The Roman antiquities in England,, confifl: phiefly of altars and mo»
numental infcriptions, which inlbuft us as to the legionary ftations of
d\e Romans in Britain, and the names of fome of their commanders.
The Roman military ways give us the highcil idea of the civil as well
as inilitary policy of thofe conquerors. Their veiliges are numerous;
flne is mentioned by Lelnnd, as beginning at Dover, aiul p.iiring through
Rent to London, from thence to St. Alban's, Dunfliblf, Stradord,
Towceftcr, Ljttlebunj, St. Gilbert's Hill near Slvreufliury, then by
$tratton, and fo through the middle of Wales to Cardigan, The great
Via Militaris called Hermen-llreet, palfed horn London through Lin-
poln, where a branch of it from Pontcfraift ip Doncaller, flrikcs out
to the weftward, palling through Tadcallcr to York, am; from thcncff
to Ajdby, where it again joined Hcrmen-fticct. There would, how-
ever, be no end of defcribing the veftiges of the Romao roads iii
England, many of which ferve as foundations to our prefent highways.
The great earl of Arundel, the ceJehrarcd Epglifli antiquary, had form-
ed a noble plan for defcribing thofe vVmch pals through Suilex and vSurry
towards London ; but the civil war breakmg out put an end to the uur
dertaking. The remains of many Roman caiiips are difcernible all over
England j one particularly very little defaced, near Dorchefter in Dor-
fetlhire, where alfo is a Roman amphitheatre, Their lituations are get
lierally fo we}l chofen, and their tortitications appear to have been fo
poinplete, that there is fome reafon to believe, tliat they were the con-
jftant habitations of the Romaii fuldiers in England ; though it is certain,
frorn the baths and teflelated pavements, that have been found in diUci cut
parts, tbat their chief officers or magiftratcs lived in towns or villas,
i^oman walls have Ijkcwife been found in England ; and, perhaps, upon
the horders of Wales, many remain§ of thcjr foitifications and cables are
Ixlended with thofe of ^ later date ; and it is difficult for the moil expert
architciS to prunounpe that fome halls and courts are not entirely Ro?
ifiati. The private cabinets of noblemen and gentlemen, as well as the
|uii)ilg rcpofitories, pont^ii^ ^ vafl ni|n>bef pf R.Ok^iaii ^rqis, poin?, fibula,

triitkets,

ENGLAND.

233

d joined at
;ifcs in tlie
hel'e itoiK3
:kuers, and
prights are

tmnfomcs,
»r one hun-
circle there
L furpiiling
)n8 of, and
iters, it is
: ridiculous
irticular on

antiquity,
.irrows thjt
both fexes,
and bones,

jC met vvith
nany other
I have been

IS and moT
rtiitions of
)mmaniJers.
:ivil as well
numerous;
|ig through
Straitord,
then by
The greaf
oufjh Lin-
firikcs out
oin tbcncff
uld, how-
Q roads in
highways,
had forin-
and Surry
to the unr
le all over
ler in Bor-
ons arc ge-?
ve been fo
re the con-
is certain,
in dirtercnt
or villas,
naps, upon
c allies arc
loil exper?
tirely Rot
ell as the
ij, fibulae,
triuHc^Si

trinkets, nnd the like, which have been found in England ; but the moft
amazing monument of the Roman power in England, is thepraetcnturc,
or wail of Severus, commonly called the Pids wall, running through
Northumberland and Cumberland ; beginning at Tinmouth, and ending
at Solway Frith, being about eighty miles in length. The wall at firft
confiftcd only of flakes and turf, with a ditch ; but Severus huilt it with
ftone forts, and turrets at proper diftances, lb that each might have a
fpeedy communication with the other, and it was attended all along by a
deep ditch, or vallum, to the north, and a military highway to the
fouth. This prodigious work, however, was better calculated to ftriko
the Scots and Pids with terror, than to give any real fecurity to the Ro-
man poflcirions. In fome pi tees, the wall, the vallum, and the road,
arc plainly difcernibie ; and the latter ferves as a foundation for a rno*
dern work of the fame kind, carried on at the public expence. A en-.
tical account of the Roman antiquities in England is among the defide-
rata of hiftory ; but perhaps it is too great a defign for any one man to
ejcecute, as it cannot be done without vifuing every place, and every
objedt in perlbn.

The Saxon antiquiiies in England confift chiefly in ecclefiaftical edi-
fices, and places of llrength. At Winchefler is (liewn the round table of
king Arthur, with the names of his knights. The antiquity of this ta-
ble has been difputed by Camden, and later writers, perhaps with rea-
fon ; but if it be not Britifli, it certainly is Saxon. The cathedral of
Winchcfter fcrved as the burying-place of fcvcral Saxon kings, whofc
bones were collected together by billiop Fox, in fix large wooden chefts.
Many monuments of Saxon antiquity prefe t themfelves all over the
kingdom, though they are often not to be difcerned from the Normanic ;
and the Britifli Mufeum contains feveml ftriking original fpccimens of
their learning. Many Saxon charters, iigned by the king and his no-
blcF, with a plain cioi's inllead of their names, arc dill ^o be met with.
The writing is neat and legible, and was always performed by a clergyt
man, who aflixcd the name and quality of every donor, or witnefs, to
his refpet^ive crofs. The Danifh eredions in England are hardly dir=
pernible from the Snxon. The form of their camps is round, and they
>jre generally built upon eminences, but their forts are fquarc.

All England is full of AnglorNormanic monuments, which I chufe to
call fo, becaufe, though the princes under whom they were railed wers
of Norman original, yet the expence \yas defrayed by Engliflimen, with
Englilh money. Yorkrminller, and Weibninfter-hall and abbey, are
perhaps the fined fpeciniens to be found in Europe, of that Gothic man-
ner which prevailed in building, before the recovery of the Greek an4
Roman architedure. All the cathedrals, and old churches in the king-
dom, arc more or lefs in the fame talle, if wc except St, Paul's, In
fliort, thofe ereflions are fo common, that they fcarcely deferve the name
of cuiiofiiies. It is uncertain, whether the artificial excavations, found
in fome parts of Enj^land, are Britifli, Saxon, or Norman, That, ui>?
dcr the old caflle of Rycgate in Surry is very remarkable, and feems tQ
have been defigned for fecrcting the cattle and eftcds of the natives, in
times of war and invalion. It contains an oblong fquare hall, round
which runs a bench, cut out of the fame rock, for fitting upon ; and
{tradition fays, that it was the room in which the barons of England met
during their wars with king John. The rock itfelf is fotr, and veiy
j)rd<^ic^blc ; buj it is hnrd to fay where the excavation, which is con?

Unuej}

]

a^*'

ENGLAND.

tinucd in a fquaro pafliigc, about fix feet high, and four wide, tcrmi-
iMtes, becaufe the work is fallen in, in fonic places.

The natural curiofiiies of England arc fo various, that I can touch
wpon them only in general ; as there is no end of defciibing the fcvcrul
medicinal waters and firings which are to be found in every part of th«
cojintry. They havr been analyfed with great accuracy and care by fc-
vcral learned naturaliiis, who, as their intcrclls or inclinations led them,
liave not been fparing in recommending their falubriuus qualities. Eng-
land, however, is not lingular in its medicinal waters; though in fome
vountrlrs the difcovering and examining them is fcarcely worth while.
In Kngland, a much fre'jnented well or fpring is a certain eltate to its
proprietor. The moft remarkable of thefc wells have been divided into
thofe for bathing, and thofe for purging. The chief of the former lie iu
•kitncrletlliirc ; and the Bath waters arc famous through all the world
both for drinking and bathing. Spaws of the faiiic kind are found at
Scarborough, and other parts of Yorklhire ; at Tuiibridge in Kcnl ;
Epfom and Dulwich in Surry ; and at Ai\on and Illington in Middleiex.
There alfo are many remarkable fprings, whereof fomc are impregnated
eiiher with fait, as that at Droitwich in VVorcellerihirc ; or fulph\ir, as
the famous wcllofWigan in Lancalhirc ; or bituminous matter, as that
at Pitchford in Shropflfirc. Others have a petrifying quality, as that
near Lutterworth in Lciccftcrfliirc ; and a dropoing well in the Well-
riding of Yorklhire. And iinally, fomc cbt» and flow, as thofe of the
Peak in Derbyftiire, and Laywell near Torbay, whole waters rife and
J^ll fcveral times in an hour. To thefc we may add that remarkable
ibuntuin near Richard's calllc in Hcrcfordfliire, commonly called Bone-
well, which is generally full of fmall bones, like thole of fro";s or tifli,
though oltcn cleared out. At Ancliff, near Wigan in Lancalbne, is the
famous burning well ; the water is cold, neither has it any fmell ; yet
there is fo ftrong a vapour of fulphur ifluing out with the flream, that
u^>on applying a light to it, the top of the water is covered with a flame,
like that of burning fpirits, which l;ili:j fcveral hours, and emits a heat
that meat may be boiled over it. The fluid itfclf will not burn when
taken out of the well*.

Derbyfliire is celebrated for many natural curiofitie!.-. The Mam Tor,
or Mother Tower, is laid to be continually mouldering away, but never
diminithes. The FlJcn H»)lc, about four miles from the fame place :
this is a chafm in the fide of a mountain, near feven yards wide, and
fourteen long, diminilhing in extent within the lock, but of what depth
is mu known. A plummet once drew ^^84 yarJ.s ol line nfter it, wlureof
the lall cii;hty wcie wet, without linding a bottom. The entrance of
Poole's hole near Buxton, for fcveral paces, is very low, but loon (ipens
into a very lofty vault, like the inlidc of a Gothic eathedral. The htight
is certainly verv grcitt, vet nnicb ihort of what l(>m<" have iflertcd, who
reckon it a quarter of a mile perpendicular, thouj^h in len;;tli it exceeds
that dimenlion : a current of water, whicii runs along the middle, adds,
by its founding ibeani, re-echoed on all lides, very much to the allo-
nitliment of all who vilit this vali concave. The drops of water which

• This rxtraonlinary hoat l'.;'.s bctn found to proceed from a vtin of co;'.!s, which
h:i» hecn fm<'' dug from under this well; at whieh tiuie the uncommon var-Tith
cuifcJ.

hang

ENGLAND.

^3$

wide, tcrmi-

I can touch
J the fcvcrul
part of th«
1 care by (c-
s led thenu
itics. £ng-
ugh in Ibme
voith w hi lev
elhite to its
divided into
"ormer lie iu

I the wurUl
re found ;it
e in KciiT ;

Middleitx.
impregnated

Ailphxir, as
tter, us thut
litv, as that

II tlie Wcll-
hofc of the
;r3 life and

remarkable

allcd Bone-

logs or fifli,

(hire, is tliu

fmcll ; yet

ream, that

h a flame,

I its a heat

3urn when

Mam Toi*,

but never

mc place :

wide, and

vh.it depth

t, whereof

ntr.intc of

ioon opens

The height

irtcd, who

it exceeds

die, adiJvS,

) the allo-

itcr which

o;:!?, which
on v.-srri.th

hang from the roof, and on the (ides have an amufing cffcf\ ; for they
not only reflcft numbcrlefs rays from the candles earned by the guides,
but, as they are of a petrifying quality, they harden in feveral places
into various forms, which, with the help of a ilrong imagination, may
pais for lion?, font?, organs, and the like. The entrance .into that na-
tural wonder r.c CaliUton, which is from its hideoufncfs named tlic De-
vil's Arfe, i'i wide at firii, and upwards of thirty feet perpendicular.
Several cottat^crs dwell under it, who fecm in a great nieafure to fubfift
by guiding Grangers into the cavern, which is crofled by four ftrcams of
water, and thtn is tliought impaniible. The vault, in fcvcral places,
makes a noble appearance, and is particularly beautiful by being chequer-
ed with VHrious coloured ilones.

Some fpots of England are faid to have a petrifying quality. We are
told, thiit near Whitby in Yorklhirc arf. found certain iloncs, refembling
the folds and wreaths of a ft-rpent ; -Mj other ftoncs of feveral lizes, and
fo cxadtly round, as if artificially made for cannon balls, which being
broken, tlo commonly contain the form and likencfs of ferpents, wreath-
ed in circles, but generally without heads. In fomc parts of Gloucef^
icrfliirc, Hones arc found rercnibling cockles, oyfters, and other teftace-
ous marine animals. Thofc curiofuics, however, are often magnified by
ignorance and credulity.

Cities, towns, forts, and other } This head is fo very cx-
EDiFicES, ruBi.ic AND PRIVATE. J tenfive, that I can only touch
upon objed? that may aflift in giving the reader fome idea of its impor-
tance, grandeur, or utility.

London *, the metropolis of the Britilli empire naturally takes the
lead in this divifion. It appears to have been founded between the
reigns of Julius Caefar and Nero, but by whom is uncti tain ; for we
are told by Tacitus, that it was a place of great trade in Nero's time,
and foon after became the capital of the ilhnd. It was firft walled about
with hewn Itoncs, and liritilh bricks, by Conflantine the Great, and the
walls formed an oblong fquarc, in coinpafs about three miles, with feveri
principal gates. The fame emperor made it a biO.ai.'s fee, for it appears
that the bilhops of London and York, and another linglifh biOiop were
at the council of Aries, in the year 314: hcalfo fettled a mint in it, as is
plain from fomc of his coins.

London, in its large fcnic, including Weftminftcr, Southwark, and
part of Middlefex, is a city of a very futriiling extent, of prodigious
wealth, and of the moil extcnfive trade, 'i liis city when coniidered
with all its advantages, is now what ancient Rome once was ,• the feat
of liberty; the encouragcr of arts, and the admiration of the whole world.
London is the centre of trade ; it has an intimate connexion with all
the counties in the kingdom ; it is the grand mart of the nation, to
which all parts fend their commodities, from whence they are again fent

back into every town
From hence innunier

the nation, and to every part of the

world,
ible carriages by land and water are conltantlv em-

hang

• London is fitiuitcd in ^i" 31' north latitude, 400 miles fouth of Edinburgh, and
270 louth-caft of Dublin ; 180 inik-s weft of Ainftcrdam, zio north-well of Puris,
500 foutii-wcft of Copenhagen, 600 miles north-wert of Vienna, 790 fnuth-wcft of
Stockholm, 800 north-eaft of Madrid, 8io iiarth-welt »)f Rome, b'50 north-eaft of
tilbon, 1 360 north-weft of Conllantinopic, aijd 1414 louth-wcftof Mofcow.

ployed

236

ENGLAND.

I J

plovcd ; and from hence nrifcs the rircul.itlon in the nntionnl body,
which renders every part healthful, vigorous, and in a profpcrous con-
dition ; a circuhition that is etpially beneficial to the head, and the molt
dilhint members. Merchants are here as rich as noblemen ; witnefs their
incredible loans to government ; am' t!;crc is no place in the world where
the lli(ips of tradcfmcn make fuch a nob'.e and elgant appearance, or aio
better (locked.

It is lituatcd on the banks of the Thames, a river which thoui'h not
the iargcft, is the richcfl and moll conwiiodioi's for loniincrcc of any in
the world. It being continually JilKd with fleets, faili;);; to or from the
noft dillant climates; and its bmks extend IVoin L()n«l>'n-brid",c; to Black-
wall, almort one continued gicat nagnzinc of nav.il lloies, containing
three large wet docks, 32 dry docks, and 33 yards for the building of
fliips for the ufe ot the mcichants, belide the places nll.)iied for the
building of boats and lighters ; and ihc kinjj's yards dnw.i the river, fur
the building men of war. As this city is about lixty miles i.lill.mt from
the fca, it enjoys by means oFthis beautiful river, ail the biiicfirs of navi-
gation» wiihout the dange. of being furpiil'ed by foreign fleets, or oi be-
ing annoyed by the moift vapours of the fca. It rifcs rt-gularly from
the water lide, and extentling itfilf on both (ides along its banks, reaches
a prodigious length from ea'.l to weft in a kind o( amphitheatre towards the
north, Hnd is continued for near 20 miles on all (ides, in a fuccellion of
jnagnificent villas, and pojnih ■. villages, the coitntiy feats of -cntlcmcn
and tradefmen ; whither the latter retire tor the benefit of fiefli air, and
fo relax their minds from the hnriy of bulinefs. The regard paid by the
legiflaturc to the property of the fiibjct.'>, has hitherto prevented any
bounds being fix»d f r its cxtenfion.

The irregular form ot this city makes it difficult to afcertain its cx-
tcnr. However, its length from cal^ to well, is generally allowed to be
jtbovc Icven miles from Hyde-park corner to Poplar, ;iiul its ureadth in
fome places three, in others two ; and in others again not much it'uuic
halt a mile. Hence the eircutnfercnec of the whole is almoll 18 miles ;
«r according to a modern meafurctnent, the extent of continued buildings,
is 31; miles two furlongs iind 3«; rood^. Hut it is much eaficr to form an
jdca of the large extent of a city fo irtegularly built, by the number of the
people, who are compnttd to be near a million ; and from the number of
pditiccs devoted to the 'crvice of religion.

Of ihcTe, befide St, P^iul's cathedril, and the collegiate church at
Wcrtininrter, here are 102 paridi churches, and 69 chapels of the cfta-
bliflied icligion ; 21 ricnch protcftant chapels ; 1 1 ch:ipcls belonging to
the Germans, Dutch, D.ine?, &c. 26 independent ineciings ; 34. picfoy-
tcrian meetings ; 20 bapiill meetings ; 19 popilh chiipeis, and mteting-
boufes for the ufe of foreign ambaHadors, and people of various kih ;
^nd 3 Jews fynagogucs. So that there arc 305 places devoted to religi-
ons worflup, in the compafs of this vart pile of buildings, without reckon-
ing the 21 out-pariflies ufually included in the bilis of mortality, and a
great nutiiber of methodiil tabernacles.

There arc alio in and near this city ico altns-houfcs, about 20 hofpitah
and infirmaricF, 3 colleges, 10 public prifons, i q flefli-maikcts ; i tnar-
ket for live cattle, 2 other markets more particularly for herbs ; and 23
pther markets for corn, coals, hay, &:c. 15 inns of court, 27 public
fquares, belides thofe within fingle buildings, as the Tetnplc, 8cc. 3
bridges, 49 halls for companies, 8 public fchools, called free-fchools ;
and 131 charity-fchooU which provide cJuciuion for 503^ poor children j

ZQJ

ional body,
pcrous con-
nd the inort
vitnefs their
/orld wlicre
incc, or iii'o

thout;h not
c of any in
ov from the
■y. to Black-
contiiiiiing
biiiliiiniif of
tfd for tlie
c river, for
iill.iiu from
firs of navi-
:, or ol bf-
•ilarly from
ks, reaches
towards the
iiccelHon of
■ gentlemen
^di air, and
paid by the
vented any

tain its ex-
owed to be
breadth in
uch ainne
18 miles ;
biiildinj^s,
to form an
iln-r of the
number of

church at
)f the elhi-
lonjjinix to
H i'rclby.

micting-
;ous fce'ls ;

to religi-
ut reckon-
ity, and a

3 hofpitals
I mar-
and 23
27 public
c, &:c. 3
e-fchools;
children 5

ENGLAND.

^37

]

98,24^
711,123

194,760

186,932

52,000

14,740,00a

1,398

16,000,000
20,000,000

7,000,'" 00

), 172.494^
798»49?

11,000,000
1 uooo,ooa

407 inns, 447 taverns 551 coffcc-lioufcs, 5975 alchouft-a ; 1000 hack -
ncy-coaches ; 400 ditto chairs ; 7000 ftrccts, lanes, courts, and alley*,
and 150,000 dwclliHg-houffS, containing, as has been already ohferved,
about 1,000,000 inhabitants, who, according to a late cflimatc, confume
annually the following articles of provifions *.

IJlack cattle — —

Sheep and lambs ■ — — •

Calves — — . —

Swine — — —

Poultry, and wild fowl innuineiaUlc
Maekarcl fold at Billingf]i;ate mii^

Oyllers, bufliels — — ^

Small boats with cod, haddock, wbitinij, &ic. over

and above thofc brought by land-carriage, and

great quantities of river and fait fdli —
Butter, p)unds weight, about —

Checfc, ditto, about — —

Galluns of milk — —

Barrels ot llrong beer ____..

Barrels of fmal I beer — —

Tons of foreign wines ^ — — -

Gallons of rum, brandy, and other dillillcd 1

waters, above — — — J

Pounds weight of candles, above —

London-bridge wis firU built of flonc in the reign of Henry If. about
the year 1163, by a tax laid upon wool, which in courfe of time gave-
rife to the notion that it was built upon wool-packs ; from thaf time it
has undergone many .ilterations and imptovcinents, particularly fince the
year 1756, when the houfcs were taken down, and the whole rcndercdf
more conveniait and beautiful. The palfages for carriages is *i fece
broad, and 7 feet on each (ide for foot paflengcrs. Itcroffes theTbames,
where it ia 915 feet broad, and has at prefcnt 19 arches of about «o fcet
wide each, but the centre one is confulerably larger.

Weftininftcr- bridge is reckoned one of the inoft complete and elegant
ftrurturcs of the kind in the known world. It is built entirely of flcne,
and extended over the river at a place where it is 1,223 fcet broad ;
which is above 300 feet broader than at London-bridge. On each fide
is a fine balluftradc of ftone with places of flichcr from the rain. The
width of the bridge is 44 feet, having on each lide a fine foot-way for
paflengers. It conlifts of 14 piers, and 13 large, and two fmall arches^,
all femicircular, that in the centre being '^6 feet wide, and the reft de-
creafing four feet each from the other ; fo that the two leait arches of tht*
1 3 great ones, are each 52 tcct. It is computed that the value of 40,000!.
in (lone, and oth« materials, is always under water. This magnificeni
ilrufturc was begun in 1738, and finiflied in 1750, at the expcncc of
389,0001. defrayed by the parliament.

* Neither of the ancient and famous cities of 'Nineveii, Babylon, and Rome, had
ever ihippin^ or trade I'ufficient to employ lb Riany bands, nor were v»pable uf fiir«
tuOxiog pruviiiou*, firinir, or other necefiarics fur their fujport.

Black.

aj*

ENGLAND.

■a^*

I 'I.

Bluck-friars-biulj^f falls nothing fljort of ihnt of Wcftminfter, eltlicr
in iniigniiiccncc or vv<)i'kinunnii|i { Init tl)c fitiiiition of the ^lound on tho
two Ihorcii, obliged the architect to employ i<lliptic;il nrcncs j which,
huwcvir, have n very fine crt'ci.^^ ; niid many pci'f«>ns even prefer it to
Wertininllci hiid^c This hiidgc \v«8 h<'j>iiii in 1760, and HniOtcd in

1770, ;it the c'spcncc ot i;; 3,8401. to In; dirchmgcd by a toll upon the
pnllongcrs. It is lltiiaicd ulmoft at an tvpial iHftanotr hctwccn thofc «»t'
VVel^minlh-r and London, coniniaiids u view ni the 'I'hamcs from tho lat-

ter to Whitehall, and difcoverii the inajcrty of St. I'aiil's in a very fliik«
ing manner.

The cathedral of St. Paul's i") the iiiofl capacious, mnc:iiificcnt, nnd re-
gular proieilant church in the world. The length within is 500 Icet ;
and its hci(rht, fr«^in tlte maible pavement to the crofn, on the top of the
cupola, is 340. It is built of Portland Hone, accordinjy to the Greek
and Roman orders, in the form of a crol's, after the model of .St. Peter's
at Rome, to which in fome. refpci'>s it is fn|MM'ioi'. St. Paul's church i»
the principal woik of Sir Chriilopher Wren, and undoubtedly the only
work of the fame marjiituile that ever was completed by otic man. Ho
lived to a threat ak;c, and hnidied the building 37 years after he hiinfclf laid
the fit ft Hone. It takes up lix acres of j> round, though the whole leni\ih
of this church meafures no more than the width of St. I'cter's. The ex-
jiencc of lebuiUiing it after th<- fire of London, was defrayed by a duty on
coalf!, and is computed at a milloo ikrlini;^.

Wellmindc>-abbey, or the collegiate church ofWcftminflcr, is a ve-
nerable pile of building, in the Gothic tallc. It was firft built by Kd-
ward (he Confclli)r ; king Henry III. rebuilt it from the giwund, and
Henry VII. luideil a fine rlupd 10 the call end of it ; this is the rcpoli-
tory of the dcccafcd Briitili kings and nobiliiy ; and here are alfo monu-
ments t rcifled to the memory of mnny great and illuthious perfonagcs,
commjodcis by lea and land, phiiofophers, poets, &ic. In the reign ol"
queen Anne, 4000 1. a year out of the coal duty, was granted by parlia-
inent for keeping it in repair.

The inliJe of the church of St. Stephen's, Walbrook, is admired foF
its ^ightnels and elegance, and ilocs honour to the memory of Sir ChriC-
tophcr Wi en. The fame may be (aid of the rteeples of St. Mary-lc-Bo\v,
and St. Briut'., which are fuppoled to be the molt complete in thcii*
iHid of anv in Europe, iliough aichiterture has laid down no rules for
Akeh creation. Few churches in or about London arc without Ibmc
fatuity. 'I he fimplicity of the portico in Covent-Garilen is worthy the
yurefi ages or ancient architerturc. That of St. Martin's in the Fields
would be nolic aiul ftril-in^, could it be feen lioni a proper point ot
•iew. Several oa .oe rj y ciiurches are built in an elegan: tatte, and
€ven foijc of the chapels have grai-Tulnefs and propt>nion to recom-
mend them. Tlv BaB»queting-houii- itt Whitehall, is i»ut a very Iniall
part of a noble j^aiace dcligned by Inigo Jones, tor the royal reliiience,
and ,is it now llam^^, under uU its liifadvantagcs, its fymmctry, and orua-
nienfi. are in the highell Uyle and execution of architecture.

Wcr-mintlcr-hall, though on the outfule it makes a mean, and no very
advantageous appearance, is a noble Gothic building, and is faid to be
the largell room in the world, whole roof is not fupported with pillars,
it being 22'^ feet long, and 70 hioad. The roof is the fineft of its kind
that can be fceu. Here arc held the coronation feaiU of our kings and

I I queens ;

ENGLAND.

239

queeiii ; nlfo the court* of Aanccry, king's-bcnch, and common-pleas,
niid above llairs, thiit of the cxcUecjucr.

That bcnutiful column, culled the Mrmumcnt, ercftcd at the charge ot
the city, to perpituatc the memory ot its being dcllroyt-d by fire, i» jiiU-
ly worthy ot notice. Tl>i» column, which it of the Dortc order, ex-
cceds all the obclific» and pillars of the ancients, it beinj; 20a feet IubIi,
with a ftair-cafc iu the middle to afccnd to the balcony, which is about
1^o feci Hiort of the top, irom whence there arc other ftcps, made for pcr-
ft)n8 to look out at the top of a\l, which id fadiioncd like an urn, with a
♦lame iiruinc: from it. On the b.ifc of the monument, next ihf. ftrect, the
dL(lnu''Vion of the ciry, and the relief j^ivcn to the fuftcrcrs by Charles (I.
nnd his brother, is cmblcmiiiically rcprefenttd in has relief. 'I'hc north
and fouth lidc» of the bafe have each a Latin infcription, the oncdefcrib-
ing its dreadful dcfoluiion*, and the other its fplcndid rcfurrc^lion ; and
«n the call fide in an infcription, Ihewing when the pillar was hcj;un and
linilhcd. The chan'C of erci'tluj; this monument, which was be^un by
kir Chriftophcr Wren in 167 1, and fnuflicd by him in 1677, amounted to
upwards of 13,000!.

'I'he Ri<yal Kxchange is a large noble building, and is faid to h.ivccoil
above Ho, cool.

The terrace in the Adclpln ib a very fine piece of architcrture, and ha*
laid open one ot'thefinelt prolpti'ts in the world.

\Vc mij;ht here give a drU'rii'iion of the 'lower, Bank of England,
rhe New Tie.ifury, i he. admiralty -oUicc, and the tlorfe- guards at VV'liite-
hall, the Manlion-houle, or houfc of the l-jrd-mayor, the Cuftoni-houfe,
Kxcifv-ofllcc, India-houle, and a vatl number of other public buildings ;
bt llile the magnificent edifices railed by our nobility ; as lord Spenfer'a
boiile, Marlborough-houft, and Buckinj;hain-houfe in St. James's-park {
ihc earl of Cheftcrfield's houfc near Hyde park ; the duke of Dcvon-
llnir's, and the late cavl of Bach's, in Piccadilly ; lord Shelburne's, in
Borkelcy-fquarc ; Northumbcrland-houfe in the Srrund ; the duke of
Bedford's, and Montague-houfef, in Bloomlbury ; with a number of

others

• Wliich ni;vy I)<; tliiis rciidcrid : " In I he ye.ir of Chrifl, i(if>Ct, Sept. 2. caflvv.trd
frrtin liiiice, .it tlic ililluiicc ol' lol feet (the hcitflit ol' this colomn) u tcrrihlc fire
hrokf out at. miiluijrhf ; whith, tirivon on by ;\ liijjli wind, not only wiillcd the adja-
cent i>.nts, but alio viiy remote jilaecs, with inctidiblc iracltlitijf and fury It con-
sumed Sq churehi'B, the i-ity-^ates, fJuildliidl, many public rtrcilurcsi, hofpitaU,
Jthdiils, iibraiit's, a valV nunibii' <d' llatiiy idiliccs, i 3,000 tlwclliiijf-boulcs, and 40O
llrict*. Ot tile 46 wards ii uitt riy <le(h()yeil 1 5, an<l left eight others fhattcred and
half Imrnt. I'he ruins of the i.ii/ were 4-;') acres, from the f owtr t.y the Thames
Jide to the Veiupli- ehureh ; and Iroiu the iiurth-cart alonj^ the wall to Holhoru-biidgc.
To the ellato's and fwrluncs of the titi/.ens ii was rnereilern, hut to ihc't lives very
favoiir.dilt, thr.t it niinht in all thiny;* rel'iMnhle the \:xi\ conflaj^ration of the world,
'the dellnii^liou was fiulden ; for in a fmail Tpai of time tli:- city wa? I'ccn moli
fiouiil'iiiii^;, an-l re.iueed to iidihin^. Throf d:iy-, niter, whrn tb.s fatal fire hud baffled
all human couiil'els and endeavour., ii' the opinion of all, ir fUippcd, a$ it Were by a
eonunand fmni heaven, and was on every llde extinjjuilh' d."

f The Untilli Mnfeuin is dtpolited in Motitaj^ue -Louf-. Sir Hans Sl.wnf, bart.
(who died in 175,0 niay luit iirpiop. riy be ai ed the founder of the Britiih .Vhifeuin ;
tor its bcinj.^ eltabiiihed by parli.niunt, was mdy in e')idcqu''n re of his Icavijig by v/iil
his noble eolleC'liiui of nallu il hiOnry, his lar;',e librar), and his numerous euriofitics,
whie-h eoll him 5^1,00^!. to the ule of tlie publfc, on condition tliat ihc parliament
wuuid pay £.,wuol, to lii^e.tecutor^. To tliiii cullcdtiou wefc added tlic CuCtonian ii-

krr.ry

240

ENGLAND.

others of the nubility and gentry ; but theft would be fuificient to fill a

iar>{e volume.

This great and populous city is happily fupplied with abundance of
freih water From rhe Thames and the New River ; which is not only of
inconcrivable fervice to every family, but by means of fire*plngs every
wherj difpcrfed, the keys of which ii(c dcpolited with the parifli-officers^
the city is in a great mcafure fecured trom the iprcadiiig of fire ; for thefc
jiiugs are no fooner oixued than there arc vaft quantities of water to fup«
ply the engines.

. 'I his plenty of water as been attended with another advantage, it has
riven rife to fcvcnil companies, who infiire houfee and goods from fire ;
an advantage that U not to be met with in any other nation en earth :
the premium is fmall, and the recovery in cafe of lofs, is eaiy and certain.
Every one of thcfe ofhccs keep a fct of men in pay, who are ready at all
hours to give their afliftnnce in cafe of fire ; and who are on all occalions
extremely bold, dexrrroue, and diligent : but though all their labours
iliould prove unfucoofdt'ulf tite perfon who fuffcrs by this devouring elc-
?nent, lias the comfort that niurt aril'c from a certainty of being paid the
vulue (upon oath) of what he has inUircd.

If the ufe and advantage of public magnilicenre is confidered as a na-
tional concern, it will be found to be of the utmoA confequence, in pro.
motility the welfare of niankind, as that attention to it, which encourage-
ment '■vill produce, muli neccflarily iVimulate the powers of invention and
ingenuity, and of courle create employment for great numbers of artifi?}
whoy exclulive of the reward of their abilities, cannot fail of ftrikiug out
inatjy things which will do honour to thcmfelvcs, and to their country.
This' confidcration nlone, is without doubt highly worthy of a commercial
people : it is this which gives the preference to one country, in comparifoii
with another, and it is this which dillinguiQies the genius of a people in
the moft linking manner.

Before the conflagration in 1666, London (which, like moft other
great cities, >iad arifen fipm i'lVull beginnings) was totally inelegant, in-
convenient, ..'nd unhealthy, <>f which latter misfortune many melancholy
proofs arc autbenticatcd in hiflory, and which, without doubt, preceeded

brary, ihe Harkiar; manufcripts, col!c(5lcd by the Oxford family, and pnrchafcd likc-
vilc by the parliamtnt, and a colkftioii of books given by the late major Edwards,
His late niajcfty, in ':onlidcration of its great ufetulneis, was gracioufly plcafed to add
thereto the royal libraries of books and maiiufcnpta coUcdcd by the fevcral kings of
England.

The Sloanian collci^ion confiftsof an amazing number of curiofities ; among which
are, the library, incluling books of drawing's, mauni'cript*, and prints, amounting to
about 50,000 volume;;. Medals, and coins, ancient and modern, 20,000. CameoA
and intaglios, about 700. Seals 26?. VcHcls, &c, of agate, jalper, &c. 542. An-
tiquities, 1,12^. Pro cioui Hones, agate, jalper, &c. 2,256. Metals, minerals, ores,
&c. 4,725. Cryftal, fpars, &c. 1,864. FdAIIs, flints, Hones, 1,27?. Earths, fands,
falts, 1,035. Bitumei us, fulphurs, ambers, &c. 399. Talcs, micac, &c. 5S8. Corals.
fpiinges, &c. :,42i. Teftacea, or fhells, &c. 5,843. EcUini, echinitsB. &c. 659.
Aileriajitrociii, cntrocf. i, &c. 241. Crnilaceai, cr^ibs, loblters, &c. 3634 Steltse ma-
rina;, llar-fifkcf, &c. 17.3. Fiili, and their parts, &c. 1,555* lairds, and their parts,
eggs, and the nefts of iifferent fpecies, 1,172. Quadrupeds, Ac. r,886. Vipers, fer-

fients, lic. s,2i. Infetls, &c, i;,43(). Vigctablcs, 12,506. Hortus Cccus, of vo-
ijines tif dried plants, 3^4. Humani, as calculi, an;uomical preparations, 756.
MirceJlaneous things, ra Miral, 2,098. Mathematical inftrunieuts, J5. A catalogue
fif all the above i» writtec^ in a number of lar^c volumes.

i from

ENGLAND.

241

cient to fill a

re : for theie

from the narrowncfs of the ftrctts, and the unaccountable projcftions of
the buildings, that confined the putrid air, and joined with other cir-
cumftances, fuch as the want of water, rendered the city feldom free
from {)cftilen»-ial devaftation. The fire which confumed the greatell part
of the city, dreadful as it was to the inhabitants at that time, was pro-
duftive of confequences, which made ample amends for the lofles fuf-
talned by individuuls ; a new city arofe on the ruins of the old ; but,
though more regular, open, convenient, and healthful than the former,
yet it by no means anfwcred to the characters of magnificence or elegance,
in many particular,. ; and it is ever to be lamented (fuch was the infatua-
tion of thofe times) that thf magnificent, elegant, and ufcful phn of the
great fir Chriilophcr Wren, was totally difrcgarded and facrificcd to the
mean and felfifli views of private property. Views which did irrepar-
able injury to the citizens themfelves, and to the nation in general ; for
had that great architei^'s plan been followed, what has often been aflert-
cd, mud have been the rcfult ; the metropolis of this kingdom would in-
conteftably have been the moft magnificent and elegant city in the uni
verfe, and of confequeiice muft, from the prodigious refori of foreigners
of diiiin('-tion and t.:uc who would have vifited it, have become an incx»
hauftible fund of riches to this nation. But as the deplorable blindnefs
of that age has deprived us of fo valuable an acquifition, it is become
abfolutely nccclfary that fome efforts Ihould be made to render the prcfcnt
plan in a greater degree anfwerable to the charader of the richeft and
moft powerful people, in the world.

The plan of London, in its prefent ftate, will in many inflances apt
pear to very moderate judges, to be as injudicious a difpofition as can eafily
be conceived for a city of trade ,md commerce, on the border of fo no^
ble a river as the Thames. The wharfs and quays on its banks are ex-
tremely mean and inconvenient. And the want of regularity and imi-
formity in the flreets Of the city o; London, and the mean aVenues to ,
many parts of it, are alfo circumftances that greatly lcfl!en the grandeur
of its appearance. Many of the churches, and other public buildings,
are likewife thruft up in corners in fuch a manner, as might tempt fo*
reigners to believe, that they were defigncd to be concealed. The im^.
provements of the city of London for fome years paft, have however
been very great ; and the ncwilreets, which are numerous, are in gene-
ral more fpacions, and built with greater regularity and elegance.

In the centre of the town, and upon the banks of the nobleft river irt
Europe, was a chain of inelegant, ruinous houfes, known by the names
of Durham- Yard, the Savoy, and Somerfet Houfe. The firft, being
private property, engaged the notice of the ingenious Adams, who open-
ed the way to a piece of fcencry, which no city in Europe can equal.
On the fite of Durham-Yard was raifed upon aiches the pile ot the
Adelphi, celebrated for its enchanting profpeft, the utility of its wharfs,
and its fubterrancous apartments anfwering a variety of purpofes of ge-
neral benefit. Contiguous to the Adelphi ftands the Savoy, the property,
of government, hitherto a nuifance ; and, adjoining to the Savoy, to-.
wards the Temple, flood Somerfet-Houfe, where, being the property of
government alfo, a ucw pile of buildings for public ofliccs has been ercift-
ed ; and here, in a very magnificent edifice, are elegant apartm'^nts ap-. ,
propriated for the ufe of the Royal Society, the Royal Academy of
pajntihg and fculpture, and the Society of Antiquaries.'

d42

E N G L A N t).

Though a variety of circumflances have hitherto been difitdvantageoitB
to the embelliflimcnt of the inetropoli:, it inuft at the fame time be ac-
knowledged, that a fpirit of improvement feems univerfal amo jll .lUdc-
"■grccs of people. The very elegant and neceflaiy method of paving and
enTightcning the ftreets, is felt m the moft fenfible manner by all ranks
nnd degrees of people. The voads are continued for fcvev.\it ir i\c8 around
upon the fame model ; and, exclulive of lamps regularly pL.^cd on each
fide, at Ihort diftances, are rendered more fecure by watchmen ftationed
within call of each other. Nothing can appear myre brilliant than thofe
lights when viewed at a dillancc, eipecially where the roads run acrofs ;
and even the principal ftreets, fuch as Pail-Mall, New Bond-lheet, Ox-
ford-ftreet, &c. convey an idea of elegance and magnificence.

Among the lift of improvements worthy notice, may be included the
Six Clerks Office, in Chancery-lane, and that very fubftantial building
in the Old Bailey, which does honour to a people celebrated for their
clcanlinels, and t(.r their humanity. Here the unfortunate debtor v ill no
longer be annoyed by the dreadful rattle of chains, or by the more horrid
founds ifluing from the lips of thofe wretched beings, who fet defiance
to all laws divine and human ; and here alfb the offender, whofe crime is
not capital, may enjoy all the benefits of a free open air.

Foreigners have been puzzled to account how it happens, that the mo-
narchs of the richcft nation in Europe fhnnld be fo indifferently lodged ;
efpecially as Charles I. whofe finances were but low, conipired to fome
of his fucceflbrs, had he lived undiftiirbed, would more than probably
have completed the auguft plan which Inigo Jones drew for a royal pa-
lace, and which would have been every way fuitable to the dignity of an
Englifli monarch. The truth is, his fon Charles II. thouf;h he had a
fine tafte for archlte(!:turc, dilfipatcd his revenues upon his pkafurcs.
The reign o'' b:-;. brother was too fliort tor fuch an undertaking. Perpe-
tual wars dicing the reigns of king William and queen Anne, left the
jparrtament ric mo.uey tofpaie i .r a palace. The twouiccetding monarchs
were iudiffc ent as to fuch a jiiccc of grandeur in England ; and though
fevsral fchei ;es were drawn up for that purpofe, ye( they came to no-
thing, efpecially as three millions of money were necefl'ary for carrying
it into execution.

Windfor c;iftle is the only fabric that deferves the name of a royal pa-
lace in England ; and that chitfly through its beautiful and commanding
iituation ; which, with the form of its conliru^tion, rt-ndeied it, before
the introdu(5lion of artillery, impregnable. Hampton-touit was the fa-
vourite relidence of king William. It is built in the Dutch tatic, and
has fome good apartments, and, like Windfor, lies near the Thames.
Both ihefe palaces have fome good pictures ; but nothing equal to the
magnificent collection made by Charles I. and dilUpated in the time of
the civil wars. The cartoons of Raphael, which for delijn and cNpref-
fion are reckoned the mafter-pieces of painting, have by his prefent ma-
jefty been removed from the gallery built for them at Hainpton-court, to
the Queen's palace, formedy Buckingham-houfe, in St. James's Park,
The palace of St, James's is commodious, but has the air of a convent ;
nnd that of Kenfington, j^hich was purchafed from the Finch family by
king William, is remarkable only for its gardens. Other houfes, though
belonging to the \iagj are far from deferving the name of royal.

Next to thcfc, if not fuperior, in magnificence and expenfive decora-
tions^ are many private Um in the neighbourhood of London, and all

over

ENGLAND.

243

over the kincjdom, wherein the amazinp^ Dpulencc of the Englilh nation
(hines forth in its fuUcl^ point of view. Hbrcin alfo the princely fortunes
of the nob.lity arc made fiihfervicnt to the finell claincal tafte ; witncft
the feats of cirl Temple and earl Pembroke. At the feat of the latter,
more remains of antiquity arc to be found than are in the poflellion of
any other fubjet't in the world.

But thofe capital houfcs of the Englifh nobility and gentry have an
excellency diftin.'t from what is to be met with in any other part of the
globe, \vhich is, thrt all ut them are complete without and within, all
the apart mnts and inembvrs being fuitable to each other, both in con»
jlrudion and furniture, and all kept in the higheft prcfervation. It often
happens, that the houfe, however elegant iftly, is not the princi-

pal object of the feat, which confilts m lane and rural decora*

tions. Viftas, opening landfcapes, temp them the refult of

that enchanting art of imitating nature, a ' eauty with magni>

ficencc. Of which the following are the

lilhcd, viz*

The earl of Pembroke's, at Wilton, in W'iltfhirc.

Lord CHrtbrd's, King's- Wefton, Gloucefterihire,

Duke of Beaufort's, Badmington-Magna, ditto. ,

Earl Spencer's, Wimbledon, Surry.

The late fir Gregory Pag«'s, Blackheath, Kent.

The late earl Tilncy's, Epping Forert, EiTex.

Duke of f irafton's, Eullon Hall, Suffolk.

Earl of OrFord's, Houghton, Norfolk.

Duke of Marlborough's, Blenheim, Oxfordfliire.

Earl of Litchfield's!, Ditchley, ditto.

Earl Temple's Stowe, Buckinghamfliirc,

Earl of Bute's, Luton Hoo, Be^fordflure.

Earl of Winchelfea's, Okeham, Rutlandfliire. /

Earl of Staftbrc's, Broughton, Northamptonfliirc.

Earl of Pomfret's, Eafton, ditto.

Earl Spencer's, Althorp, ditto.

Earl of Exeter, Stamford, ditto.

Duke of Norfolk's, Workfop, Nottinghamfliire.

Duke of Devondiire's, Chatfworth, Derbyfliire.

Lord Scarfdale's, near Derby.

Mr. Aiflabie's, Studlcy Park, Yorkflilre.

Earl of Carlifie's, at Caftle-Howard, ditto,

Duke of Northumberland's, at Alnwick, Northumberland, and Sioti*

Houfe, Middlefcx.
Lord Clive's, Claremont, Surry.
Earl of Inchiquin's, Cliefden-houfe, Buckinghamfliirc.
Earl of Harrington's, at Peterfham, Surry.
The late countefs of Leicefter's, Holkham-Houfe, Norfolk*
Lord Defpencer's, Mereworth Caftle, Kent.
Lord Edgccumbe's, Mount Edgccumbe, Cornwall.
Lord Byron's, Newftead Abbey, Nottinghamfliire.
Mr. Hoare's, Stourton Park, Wiltfliirc. ^

The late Marquis of Rockingham's, Wentworth Houfe, Yorkfhire.
Lord Petrc's, Thornton, Eifex.

It cannot be expefted that I fliould here enter into a particular detail of
all the cities and towns of England, which would far exceed the limits of

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ENGLAND

this work : I fliall, therefore, only touch upon fome of the. moft confi-
defable.

Briftol is reckoned the fecond city in the Britifli dominions for trade,
%vealth, and the number of inhabiirmts. It Oands upon the n«rth and
fouth fides of the river Avoix, and the two parts of the city are conncdt-
ed by a ftone bridge. The city is not well built ; but j^tis fuppofed to
contain i ^,000 houfes, and 9 q,ooo inhabitants. Here is a cathedral and
eighteen parifli churches, belides feven or eight other places of worfhip.
(On the north fide of a large fquare, called Queen's fquare, which is
adorned with rows of trees, and an equeftriah ftatue of William the
Third, there is a cuftom-houfe, with a quay half a mile in length, faid
to be one of the moft commodious in England, for ftiipping and landing
of merchants goods. The exchange, wherein the merchants and trader^
meet, is all of free ftone, and is one of the beft of its kind in
Europe.

Ydrk Is u city of great antiquity, plcafantly fitua^ed on the river
Oufe ; it is very populous, and furrounded with a good wall, through •
which are four gates, and five pofterns. Here are feventeen parllh-
churchcs, and a very noble cathedral, or minfter, it being one of the
fineft Gothic buildings in England. It extends in length 525 feet, and
jn bregdth 1 10 feet. The nave, which is the largeftof any in the world,
excepting that of St. Peter's church at Rome, is four feet and a half wi-
dt^r, and eleven feet higheXf than th^t of St. Paul's cathedral at London.
At the weft end are two towprs, connedled and fupported by an archj
wh'ch forms the weft entrance, and is rcckoi(ied the largcft Gothic arch in^
Europe. The windo\ysare finely painted, and the. front of the choir is
adorned with ftatues of all the kmgs of England fro^n William the Nor-
man to Henry VI. and here are thirty-two Italls, all of fine mar'^le, with
pillars, each confifting of one piece of alabafter. Here is alfo a very
neat Gothic chapter houfe. Near the cathedral is the aircmbly-houfe,
which is a noble ftrvifti\r(;, and vy^ich was defigned by the late earl of
BuiHngton. This city has a ftone bqdge of five arches over the rivci^
Oufc.

The city of Exeter was for fome time the feat of the Weft-Saxort kings ;
and the walls wl.ich at this time enclofe ir, were built by king Athelftanj
who encompafled it alfo \vivh a ditch. It is one of the firft cities in Eng-
land, as well on account of its buildings and wealth, as its extent and th^
number of its inhabitants. It has fix gates, and, including its fuburbs,
is more than two miles hi circumference. There are tixteen parifti
chur.cbe.s, befides chapels, and fiv^ ^arge meeting-houfes, within the
walls of this city. The trade of Exeter in fcrges, perpetuans, long-ells,
druggets, kerfeys, and other woollen goods, is very great. Ships come
up to the city b.y means of fluices. There was a long and very ancient
bridge over the river Ex, with houfes on both fides, except in the miAj
die, but now;\s al?out one half takqn down, and an avm turned to join it
to the ftately new biidgc built on a lii^e with the fore-llreet.

The city of Gloucefter ftitnds oij a plcafant hill, with houfts on every
defcent, and is a clean, well-buil^ town, with the Severn on one fide, a.
branch of which brings fliips up to it. The cathedral here is an ancient
and magnificent ftrurturc, and there are alfo five parifh churches. Here,
is a godd ftone bridge over the river, befides a quay, a wharf, and a
c.^iftom houfe : but the trade of this city is much lefs confidergble than it
was formerly. ' * • • • v. . . .

" •* ;^itchfield

t N

L A

M 6;

, Litchfield ftands in a valley, three miles fouth of the Tren^i atid is
divided by a ftfeam which runs into that river. The cathedral was
founded in the year 1148.: it WAa much damaged during the civil war^
but was I'u completely repaired foon after the Reftoration, that it is now
one of the nobleft Gothic .(Irudtures iti England. Litchiicld is thought
to be the moft confiderabib city in the north-weft of £nglandi except
Chefter.

Chcfter is a larger populous, and wealthy city, \vith a noble bridge,
that has agate at each end, and. twelve arches ovei-the Dee^ xvhich falls
into the fea. It has eleven pariflies, and nine well-built churches. " Th«
ftreets are generally even and fpacious) and crolling one Another ih
flraiuht lines, meet iti the centre* The walls were lirlt ereded by Edel-
fleda, a Mercian lady, in the yiear go8, and join on the fouth lide of the
city to the cadle, from whence there is a pleafant walk rouild the city
upon the walls, except where it is intercepted by fome of the, towers ovtr
the gates ; and from hence there is a profpedt of Flintihire^ and th«
mountains of Wales.

Warwick is a town of great antiquity^ and appears to have been of
eminence even in the time of the ilomanst It llauds upon a rock of
frce-rtonc, on the banks of the Avon ; and a way is cut to it through the
rock from each uf the four cardinal point.'. Tiie town is populous; an4
the ftreets ars fpacious and regular, and all meet in the centre of the
town. The principal ornament of the place is a caftle belonging to the
earl of Warwick, {landing upon the banks of the Avon, on a rock which
.rifcs 40 feet perpendicularly above the level of that river ; and adjoin"
ing to the calUe is a line rerrace, 50 feet abovo the fame level, from
whence there is a beautiful and cxtenfive profpedt od the river, and of
the country beyond it. The apartments of the caftle are adorned with
m-iny original pictures of Vandyke, and other great mafters;

The city of Coventry is large and populous : it has a handfome town*
houfe, and twelve noble gates. Here is alio a fpacious market-place^
with a crofs in the mi^idle, 60 feet high, which is adorned withllatues of
ifeveral kings of England, as large as the life*

Salilbuiy is a large, neat, and well-ibuilt city^ fituatcd in a valley, and
watered by the Upper Avon on the weft and fouth, and by , the Bourne
on the ealK The ftreets are generally fpacious, and built at right an<cles,
^hc cathedral, which was finiftied in 1258, at the expence of above
,26,000 pounds, is, for a Gothic building, the moft elegant and regular
in the kingdom. It is in the form of a luftthorn, with, a beautiful fpire
of free-ftone in the middle, which is 410 feet high; being the tallelt in
England. 1 he length of the church is 478 feet, the breadth is 76 feet,
and the height of the vaulting 80 feeti This chtrch has a cloiOer, which
is i 50 feet fquare, and of as fine workmanfliip as any in England. The
chapter-houfc, which is an oftagon, is 150 feet in circumference; and
yet the roof bears all upon one fmall pilLir in the centre, i'o miich too
weak in appearance for the fupport of fuch a prodigious weighty that th<
conftrut^llon of this building is thcught-one of the greateft euriofities in
England.

The city of Bath took its name from fotne natural hot bathsj for the
medicinal waters of which this place has been long celebrated^ and much
frequented. The feafons for drinking the Bath waters are the fpfing and
autumn : the fprinn; feafon begins with April, and ends with June ; the
autumn feafun begins with September and lafts with December, and fome

K 2 patients

24^

ENGLAND.

patients remain here all the winter. In the fprin^, this place is moH fre-
quented for health, and in the autumn for pleauire, when at leaft two
thirds of the company, coniifiing chieflv of perfons of rank and fortune,
come to partake of the amufements of the place. In fome feafons there
have been no lefs than 8000 perfons at Bath, befides its inhabitants.
Some of the buildings lately erc6led here are extremely elegant, particu-
larly Queen's Square, the North and South Parade,' the Royal Forum,
and the Circus.

Nottingham is pleafantly iltuatedon the afcentof a rock, overlooking^
the river Trent, which runs parallel with it about a mile to the fouth,
and has been made navigable. It is one of the neateft places in Eng-
land, and has a confidcrable trade.

No nation in the world can fliew fuch dock -yards, and all convenien-
ces for the conftrudion and repairs of the royal navy, as Portfmouth
fthe moll regular fortification in England), Plymouth (by far the bed
dock-yard), Chatham, Woolwich, and Deptford. The royal hofpital at
Greenwich, tor fupcrannuated feame,., is fcarcely exceeded by any royal

f>alace for its magnificence and c^pence. In fliort, every town in Eng-
and is noted for Ibmc particular production or manufadure, to which us
building and appearance are generally fitted ; and though England con-
tains many excellent and commodious fea-ports, yet all of them have an
immediate connetftion with London, which is the common centi'e of na-
tional commerce.

Commerce aw manufactures.] This article is copious, and has
been well difculTcd in former publications, many of which are mafter-
pieces in their kind. It is well known that commerce and manuf'adures
nave raifcd the Englifh to be the firil and moft powerful people in the
world. Hifiorical reviews, on this head, would be tedious. It is I'ufhci-
ent then to fay, that it was not till the reign of Elizabeth that England
began to feel her true weight in the fc:ile of commerce. She planned
fome fetflements in America, particularly Virginia, but left the expence
attending them to be defrayed by her fubjed^s ; and indeed flie was too
parlimonious to carry her own notions of trade into execution. James I.
entered upon great and beneficial fchcmcs for the Englifli trade. The
£a(t India company owes to him their fuccefs and exigence, and Britilli
America faw her moft flourifhing colonies rife under him and his family.
The fpirit of commerce went hand in hand with that of liberty, and
though the Stuarts were not friendly to the latter, yef, dn;' the reigns
of the princes of that family, the trade of ihc nation wa<! ly increaf*

ed. It is not within our delign to follow commerce tivou^ . .ilher fiuc«
tuations and flates. This would be an idle attempt, and it has already
taken up large volumes. The nature of a geographical work requires on-
ly a reprefentation of the prefent ftate of comnieice in every country ;
and, in this light, I flatter myfelf that I (Iiall b? able to treat of it with
more preciiion than former writers upon the fame lubje«ft.

The prefent fyttcm of Englilli politics may properly be faid to have ta-
ken rife in the reign of queen Elizabeth. At this time the Protellant re-
ligion was ellabhihed, which naturally allied us to the reformed flates,
and made all the Popifli powers our enemies.

We began in the fame reign to extend our trade, by which it became

neccflary for us alfo to watch the commercial progrcls of our neighbours,

and, if not to incommode «nd obArud their tralhc, to hinder them from

impairing ours* .

: /<v ■ _ We

ENGLAND.

^4i

mtry ;

We then llkewifc fettled colonics in America, which was become the
grtat fcene of European ambition ; for, feeing with what tieafure$ the
Spaniards were annually enriched from Mexico and Peru, every nation
imagined that an American conqued ur plantation would certainly fill the
mother-country with gold and hlvcr.

The difcoveries of new regions, which were then every day made, the
profit of remote traffic, and the rcceffity of long voyages, produced, in
a few years, a greut multiplicaiion of fliipping. The fea was conliilered
as the wealthy element ; and, by degrees, a new kind of fovereignty a-
role, called naval dominion.

As the chief trade of Europe, fo the chief maritime power was at firft
In the hands of the Portuguefe and Spaniards, who, by a compad, to
which the confent of other princes was not afked, had divided the newly
difcovered countries between them : but the crown of Portugal having
fallen to the king of Spain, or being feiied by him, he was mailer of the
fhips of the two nations, with which he kept all the coafts of Europe in
alaim, till the Armada, he had raifed at a vail cxpence for the conqueil
of England, was deflroyed ; which put a flop, and almofl an i;nd, to the
naval power of the Spaniards.

At this time the Dutch, who were opprefTed by the Spaniards, and
feared yet greater evils than they felt, refolvcd no longer to endure the
infolcnce of their maflers ; they therefore revolted, and after a ftrugglc,
in which they were afliflcd by the money and forces of Elizabeth, crc£l-
ed an independent and powerful commonwealth.

When the inhabitants of the Low Countries had formed their fyftem
of government, and forae remiffion of the war gave them leifure to form
fchemes of future profperity, they eafily perceived that as their territo*
ries were narrow, and their numbers fmall, they could preiervc them-
felves only by that power, which is the confequencc of wealth j and that
by a people whofe country produced only the neceffarics of life, wealth
was not to be acquired but from foreign dominior3, and by tranfporta*
tion of the products of one country into another.

From this ncccflity, thus juftly eflimated, arofe a plan of commerce,
which was for many years profecuted with an induflry and fuccefs per-
haps never feen in the world before ; and by which the poor tenants ot
mud-walled villages and impaffablc bogs ereited themfelvcsinto hisjh and
mighty Hates, who fet the grciacll monarchs at defiance, whofc alliance
was courted by theproudeft, and whofe power was dreaded by the fierceft
nations. By the ellabliflimciu of this Hate, there arofe to England a new
ally, and a new rival.

In the beginning of the fevcnteenth century, which feems to be the
period deflined for the change of the face of Europe, France began firft
to rife into power, and, from aefending herown provinces with ditiiculty
and fliiduating fuccefs, to threaten her neighbours with incroachments
and devalhitioas. Henry IV. having, aften a long flruggle, obtained the
crown, found it eafy to govern nobles, exhaufted and wearied by a long
civil war J and having compofed the difputes between the Protellantsand
i'apifts, fo as to obtain, at lead, a truce for both parties, Nvas at leifure
to accumulate treafure, and raife forces, which he pcopofcd to have em-
ployed in a delign of fettling for ever the balance of Europe. Of thit
great fcheme he lived not to fee the vanity, or feel the difappointment ;
for he was muidered in the midd of his tnighty pieparatiousi

11 4 Tht

248

ENGLAND.

The French, however, were in this reign taught to know their own
power ; and the great defigns of a king, whofc wifdom they had lb long
experienced, even though they were not brought to af^ual experiment,
dilpofcd them to confider thcnifclvcs as maflcrs of the defliny of their
neighbours ; and from that time he who fliall nicely examine their fchcmes
and condud, will find that they began to take an air of fuperisrity to
which they had niver pretended before ; and that they have been always
employed, more or lefs openly, in fchcnies of dominion, though with fre*
quent interruptions from domeftic troubles.

When queen Elizabeth entered upon the government, the cufloms pro-
duced only 36,0001. a year ; at the Relloration they were let to farm for
4oo,oool. and produced coniiderably above double that fum before the
Kevolution. The people of London, before we had any plantations,
and when our trade was inconflderable, were computed at about 100,000;
at the death of queen Elizabeth, they were increafed to i ;o,ooc, and
are now above fix times that number. In thofe days, we had not only
Duval ftores, but Ihips from our neighbours. Germany furniflied us
with all things made of metals, even to nails ; wine, paper, linen, and
a thoufand other things, came from France. Portugal furniflied us
with fugars : all the produce of America was poured i;pon us from
Spain ; and the Venetians and Genoefc retailed to us the commodities
of the Eaft Indies at their own price. In fliort, the legal intereft of
money was twelve per cent, and tho common price of our land ten or
twelve years purchafe. We may add, that our manufaftures were few,
and thofe but indiifercnt ; the number of Engliih merchants very fmall,
and our iliipping much inferior to what lately belonged to the American
colonies.

Such was the ftate of our trade when this great princefs came to the
throne ; but, as we have already obferved, the limits of our under-
taking do not permit us to give a detail of the gradual progrefs of com-
merce iincc that reign : ws flatter ourfelves, however, that the Bri-
d/h reader will not be difpkafed with the following view of our cxtcn-
five trade, at prefctit carried on through the various nations of the
globe.

Great Britain is, of all other countries, the nioft proper for trade ;
as well from its tituation ns.an iflnnd, as from the freedom and ex-
cellency of its conflitutiun, and from its natunil produdls, and confi-
derable manufaiftures. For exportation, our country produces many
of the moll fubflantial and nccelliiry commodities ; as butter, cheefe,
corn. Cattle, wool, iron, lead, tin, copper, leather, copperas, pit-coal,
alum, f Jron, &c. Our corn fomctimes preferve» other countries from
llarving Our horfes are the- moil ftrviteable in the world, and
high4y v ilucd by all nations for theii' hardinel's, beaury, and ftrcngth.
With beef, mutton, pork, poultry, bilcuir, we victual not only our own
fleets, but many foreign vcflels that come :mu1 go. Our ir<m we ex-
port manufactured in gre;it guns, carcafl'ts, bombs, Sec. Prodigious,
and almoll incredible, istho vahic likewifc of other goods from hence ex-
ported ; viz. hops, flax, hemp, hats, lliocs, houfehold-fiufF, ale, beer,
red-herrings, pilchards, lalmou, oyllers, liquorice, watches, ribbands,
toys, &c.

There is fcarcely a manufaiflure in Furopc but what is brought to great
perfedlion in England ; and therefore it is pcrfcdilv unucccfliary to enu-
merate

. . /

ENGLAND.

249

jneme them all. The woollen manufsiAure is the mod confldernble
and exceeds in goodnefs and quantity that of any other nation.
Hiirdware is another capital article ; locks, edge-tools, guns, fwords,
and other arms, exceed any thing of the kind ; houfehoJd utenfils c)f
brals, iron, and pewter, alfo are very great articles; and our clocks
nnd watches arc in great efteem. There are but few manuBtdurcB
in which we are detective. In thofe of lace and paper we do not
feem to excel, though they are greatly advaucing; we import much
more than we {hould, if the duties on Britifli paper were taken ofi^
As to foreign traffic, the woollen munufadure is ftill the great foundation
and fupport of it.

The American colonics are the objefts which would naturally have
firil prefented themfelves, before the unhappy conteft between thcin
and the mother-country commenced ; hut as a reparation hath taken
place, and no commeiciat treaty as yet efiabliibcd, little car. be now
faid of the trade between Great Britain and America. However,
to keep in remembrance what our trade was, as well as to flicMr
what it might have been, had wifer men preiided at the helm, and
avoided the conteil, I fliall treat of the colonies in this place, oearljr
in the fame manner as would have been done before the war broke out«
And conlidering them in this view, they may be divided into two
clHiTes ; pofleflions on the continent, and thofe in the idands which go
under the name of the Weft Indies.

I fliall rank the poflcflions in North-America, under the heads of the
following colonies, viz. Hudfon's Bay, Labrador, Newfoundland, Ca-
nada, Nova-Scotia, New-England, Rhodc-Ifland, Connefticut, New-
Hampfliire, New-York, Pennfylvania, Maryland, North -Carolina,
South-Carolina, Georgia, Eaft and Weft Florida. The chief commo-
dities exported from Great Britain to thofe colonies, were wrought iron,
fieel, copper, pewter, lead and brafs, cordage, hemp, fail-cloth, fliip-
chandlery, painter's colours, millinery, hoficry, haberdafhery, gloves,
bats, broad cloths, ftuffi, flannels, Colchefter bays, long ells, filks, geld
and filvtr lace, Manchefter goods, Britifli, foreign, and Irifli Hiien?,
earthern wares, grind-llon'es, Birmingham and Sheffield wares, toys,
fadlery, cabinet-wares, feed?, checfc, ftrong beer, fmoking pipes, fnufFs,
wines, fpirits, and drugs ; £lalt India goods, books, paper, leather, bclides
many other articles, according to the diflbrent wants and exigencies of
the different colonics, impoffil)le to be enumerated here.

The commodities exported from America to Great Britain, nnd other
markets, were tobacco, rice, flour, bifcuit, wheat, beans, peas, oats,
Indian corn, and other grain ; honey, apples, cyder, and onions ; falt-
bcef, pork, hams, bacon, venifon, tongues, butter, and cheefe ; prodi-
gious quantities of cod, mackarel, and other flfli, and fifli oil; furs and
?kins of wild bealls, fuch as bear, beaver, otter, fox, deer, and racoon;
horfef, and live ftock; timber planks, marts, boards, ftaves, Ihingles,
pitch, tar, and turpentine ; fliips built for fale ; flax, flax-feed, and cot-
ton ; indigo, pot-afli, bees-wax, tallow, cop|x;r ore, and iron in. bart
and in pigs ; befides many other commodities, peculiar to the climes and
foil of difterent provinces. The following is a ftate of the trude be-
tween Great Britain and the colonies, as it exiftcd before the differences
broke out between them, marking at the, lame tiinc the commercial
llrcngth and fliipping of the colonies.

Cole-

250

ENGLAND.

}

Ships.

Spiimen.

Exports from

Exporw from

UkHlll wC*

Great Britain.

the Colonics,

IJO

£. 16,000

£• » 9.340

49.050

3S0

«e,56a

173400

345.000

4c8

105,000

105,000
38,000

■ 7»

16,500

J3»

avSiOoo

370,500

.3«

ia,ooo

■ 114.500

330

531.000

526,000

393

611,000

70:,soo

33=>

3.960

86;,ooo '

1,040,000

4^8

18,000

68,450

140

1,680

365,000

395,666

240

49,000

74.«0

7,000

120

97,000

63,000

1,078

18,910

3.370,900

3,924,606

Colonici.

Hudfon's Bay — —

Labrador American velTels *)

110 — — /

Newfoundland (3000 boats)
Canada — •—

llova Scotia •— —

Hew England — —
Rhode Ifland, Connc(5li<ut,

and New Hanipfliire
New York --
Penf^Wania —
Virginia and Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina —
Georgia —

Eaft Florida —
Weft ditto ~

The principal illands belonging to the Englifli in the Weft Indies, are
Jamaica, Barbadoes, Sr. Chrillopher's, Grenada, Autigua, St. Vincent,
Duininica, Anguilla, Nevis, Montferrat, the Bermudas or Summer
Illands, and the Bahama or Lucayan Iflands in the Atlantic ocean.

The Englifli trade with their Weft India illands conliils chiefly in fu-
gars, rum, cotton, logwood, cocoa, cufTee, pimento, ginger, indigo,
materials for dyers, miihogany and manchincel planks, drugs and pre-
ferves ; for thefe the exports from England are ofnabrugs, a coarlc kind
of linen, with which the Weft Indians now clothe their llavcs; linen of
all fortft, with broad cloth and keriies, for the planters, their overfcers
and families ; filks and ftuifs for their ladies and houiehold fervants ;
hats ; red caps for their (laves of both fexes ; ftockings and flioes of all
forts ; gloves and millinery ware, and perukes, laces for linen, woollen^
and filks ; ftrong beer, pale beer, pickles, candles, butter, and cheefe;
iron ware, as faivp, files, axes, hatchers, chifels, adzes, hoes, mattocks,
gouges, planes, augres, nails ; lead, powder, and lliot ; brafs and cop.
per wares ; toys, coals, and pantile ; cabinet wares, fnuft's, and in ge-
neral whatever is laifed or manufactured in Great Britain ; alio negroes
from Africa, and all forts of India goods.

The trade of England to the Eaft Indies conftitutcs one of the moft
ilupendous political, ai well as commercial machines that is to be met
with in hiftory. The trade itfelf is exclufive, and lodged in a company,
which has a temporary monopoly of it, in conlideration of money ad'
vanced to the government. Without entering into the hiftory of the
£aft India trade, within thefe twenty years paft, and the company's con-
cerns in that country, it is fufiicient to fay, that, beddes their fctilc-
ments on the coaft of India, which they enjoy under certain reftri<^ions
by a£t of parliament; they have, through the various internal revolu-
tions which have happened at Indoftan, and tlie ambition or avarice of
their fervants and ofliccrs, acquired fuch territorial poflclTions, as render
them the moft formidable commercial republic [for (o it may be called
in its prefent fituation) that has been knovvn in the world fince the de-
molition of Carthage. Their re\eniies arc only known, and that but
impcrfe^ilyi to the dircAors of the company, who are chofcn by the

iiroprietors

ENGLAND.

iSt

49.050

proprietors of the Aock; but it h»8 been publicly affirmed, that they
amount annually to above three milltonti Hnd a half Aerling. The ex-
pcnces of the company in forts, fleets, and armies, fur maintaining thofe
acquititions, a.\ ccitainly very great; but after thefe are defrayed, the
company not only cleared a vaft turn, but was able to pay to the govern-
ment four hundred thoufand pounds ycarljr for a certain time, partly by
way of indemnification for the expcnces of the public in proteaiug the
company, and partly as a tacit tribute for thofe poflefliona that are ter-
ritorial, and not commercial. This republic therefore cannot be faid
to be independent ; and it is hard to fay what form it may talce whe» the
term of the bargam with the government is expired. For many yeart
pal), the company's fervants abroad have enriched and ferved themlclvcs
more than the company or the public.

This company exports to the £a(l Indies all kinds of woollen manu»
fadture, all forts of^ hard-wartf, lead, bullion, pnd quickfilver. Their
imports confift of gold, diamonds, raw-filks, drugs, tea, pepper, arrack,
porcelain or China ware, falt-petrc for home confumption ; and of
wrought filks, muilins, callicocs, cottons, and all the woven manufac-
tures of India, for exportation to foreign countries. I (hall now proceed
to a concife view of the Englifli trade to other countries, according to
the lateft and mofi authentic accounts.

To Turkey, England fends in her own bottoms, woollen cloths, tin,
lead, and' iron, hardware, iron utenlils, clocks, watcbe;, verdegria,
fpices, cochineal, and logwood. She imports from thence raw-filks,
carpets, fliins, dying drugs, cotton, fruits, medicinal drugs, coftVe, and
fome other articles. Formerly, the balance of this tiade was about
500,0001. annually, in favour of England. The EngliflMrade was af-
terwards diminiflied through the pradiccs of the French ; but the Tur-
key trade at prefent is at a very low ebb with the French as Hell as^the
Englifli.

England exports to It-ily, woollen good of various kinds, jieltry,
leather, lead, tin, fifli, and E ift India goods ; and brings b.ick raw and
thrown filk, wines, oil, foap, olives, or.mgcs, lemon*, pomegranaies,
dried fruits, colours, anchovies, and other articles of luxury ; the ba-
lance of this trade in favour of England, is annuidly about 20o,oool.

To Spain, England fends all kinds of woollen goods, leather, tin,
lead, fifli, corn, iron, and brafs manufactures ; habcrdafiicry wares, af-
fortments of linen from Germany, and elfcwhcre, for the Amcricm co-
lonics: and recci\):es in return, wint-s, oil?, dried iruits, orange-, Unions,
olives, wool, indigo, cochineal, and other dying drugs, colours, gold
and filver coin.

Portugal formerly was upon commercial accounts, the favourite :illy
of England, whofe fleets and armies have more than once faved her from
deftruftion. Of late, her miniftry have changed their fyftsni, and have
partly fallen in with the views of the houfe of Bourbon. They have
ellabllflied courts, which are inconfillent with the treaties between Por-
tugal and England, and defraud the Englifli merchants of great part of
thfir capitals, which they find it impoflible to recover. They biivc J(^e-
wife ereiStd two Brazil companief ; the one for Marcnham and Qr;m
Para, the other for Perambuco, greatly to the detriment of the Englifli
rights, but to their own national advantai;e. Before tbcfe events took
place, the Englifli trade to Porsuqal w.is highly bcncfitial. England
ieut to that country altnofl the f.in.e kind of mcrchapdifeS.bd to S^jain,

and

2$!

E N d L A N 15.

tnd (h^v received in return vaft quantises of winei, with oili| fall, dried
and ihoid fruits, dying drugs, and gold coin.

To France, in tune of pence, England fends much tobacco, lend, tin*
flannels, horns, and funu-times corn ; and always much honey at the
long-run ; and brings home in a fmugglinj^ way, a much greater valu6
in wines, bratidics, brocades, linen, cambrics, lace, velvets, and many
other prohibited fopperies; always very cenfiderably to England's dil-
ndvantage. But us there is no commercial treaty fubfifling bccivceu
England and France, and hath not even in time of peace, England's jull
iofs cannot be afccrtaineiV.

England fends tu Flanders, ferges, flannels, tin, lead, fugars, and to-
bacco; and receives in return, laces, linen, cambrics, and other arti-
cles of luxury, by which England lofes iitran the balance 250,000!. fler-
ling yearly. ToGermanv, England fends cloths and llutTs, tin, pewier,
fugarv, tobacco, and Eait India merchandife; and brings thence vail
quantities of linen, thread, goat-fkins, tinned plates, timbers for all ufes,
wines, and many other articles. Before the late war, the balance of
this trade was thought to be ;oo,oool. annually, to the prejudice of
England, but that fum is now greatly reduced, as mod of the German
princes find it their intercft to clothe their armies in Englifli manufac-
tures. I have already mentioned the trade with Denmark, Norway,
Sweden, and Rudla, which formerly was agaiiifl England ; but the ba-<
latxce was lately vadly diminiHied by the great improvements of her
i^merican colonies, in raifing hemp, flax, making pot-alhes, iron-works»
and tallow, all which ufed to be turnilhed to her by the northern pow-
ers. The goods exported to Poland, chielW by the way of Dantxic, arc
miny, and the duties upon them low. M^my articles are fcnt there for
which there is no longer any demand in other countries. Poland con-
fumes large quantities of our woollen goods, hard ware, lend, tin, fait,
fea coal, '&c. and the export of manufadured tobacco is greater fj Po-
land than to any other country. The balance of trade may be cllimated
much in our favour.

To Holland, England fends an immenfe quantity of many forts of
merchanitife ; I'uch as all kinds of woollen goods, hides, corn, coals,
Eaft India, and Turkey commodities, tobacco, tar, fugar, rice, ginger,
and other American produfliuns ; and makes returns in fine linen, lace,
cambrics, thread, tapes, inclc, madder, boards, drugs, whale-bone, train-
oil, toys, and many other things ; and the balance is ufually fuppofed to
be much in favour of England.

The acquifitions which the Englifl) made upon the coad of Guinea,
particularly their fettlement at Senegal, opened new fources of com-
merce with Africa. The French, when in pofleflion of Senegal, traded
there for gold, flaves, hides, oftrich feathers, bees wax, millet, amber-
gris, and above all, for that ufeful commodity j;um Senegal, which was mo-
nopolized by them and the Dutch, and probably will again, »s Senegal is
now delivered up to France by the late treaty of peace. At prefent, Eng-
land fends to the coail of Guinea, liindry forts of coarfe woollen and
linen, iron, pewter, brafs, and hnrdware nianufndurcs, lead Ihor, fwords,
knives, lire-arms, gunpowder, and ghifs niiinufatftures. And, befides its
driiwing no money out of the kingdom, it lately fupplied the American
colonies with negro flaves, amounting in number to above 100,000 annu-
ally. The other returjjs arc in gohi-duft, gum, dying and other drugs,
rcd-wootl, Guinea grains, and ivory.

I To

ENGLAND.

•53

To Arabia, Pcrfia, China, and other parts of Afia, England, rendimuch
foreign diver coin :uul bulliun, and fundry Englifli maniifaiSturet of
wudtlen g<K)di, and of Iciul, irun, and brafs; and brings home from
thufe remote regions, muflins and cottons of manv various kinds, calli-
cqc9, raw and wrought filk, chiut/. ; tens,' porcelain, gold-duft, coffee,
falt-|)<trc, and many other drui^s. And fo great a quantity of thofe va-
rious merchandifcs arc re*cx ported to foreign European nations, as more
than abundantly compenfates for all the filver bullion which England
carrii'8 out.

During the infancy of commerce with foreign parts, it was judged ex-
pcilicntto grant cxclufivc charters to particular bodies oi* corporations of
men ; hence the Ead India, South Sea, Hudfun's Bay, Turkey, Ruffia,
Royal African companies; but the trade to Turkey, Ruflia, and Africa,
is now laid open, thoufi;li the merchant who propofes to trade thither, ntuft
become a member of the company, be fubjedt to their laws and regulations,
and advance a fmall fum at admitnon, for the purpofe of fupporting con-
fuls, forts-, &c.

With regard to the general account of England's foreign balance, tho
exports have been computed at fcven millions fterling, and its imports at
five, of which above one million is re-exported; fo that, if ihiscatcu*
lation be true, England gains, annually three millions (lerling in tradcf
but this is a pomt upon which the mod experienced merchants,
and ableft calculators, diifer. After all that has been faid, it muft bd
acknowledged, that many exceptions lie to particular eftimates. The
vafl improvements at home, in iron, filk, linen, and other manufa£turea,
and the imiiorts from America, muft greatly diminifh the Englifh
imports from abroad. On the other band, fome of the other European
nations are making vigorous efforts for rivalling the Engliih manufac*
tares. With what fuccefs they may be attended, time alone can deter*

mmc.

Yet our foreign trade docs not amount to one>fixth part of the inland t
the annual produce of the natural produ(5ts and manufa<ftures of England
amounting to above forty-two millions. The gold and filver of England
is received from Portugal, Spain, Jamaica, the American colonies, and
Africa, but great part of this gold and filver we again export to Hol-
land, and the Eaft Indies ; and it is fuppofed that two- thirds of all the fo*
reign traffic of England is carried on in the port of London.

We fliall conclude this account of our trade, with the following com*
parative view of fliipping, which, till a better table can be formed, maf
have its ufes.

If the fliipping of Europe be divided into twenty parts, then.

Great Britain, &c. is computed to have — —

The United Provinces — — — — — —

Denmark, Sweden, and Ruflia

— 6

The trading cities of Germany, and the Auftrian Netherlands i

prance — — — — — — 2

Spain and Portugal — — — — ■ 2

Italy, and the reft of Eurqpe — — ■ i

pur bounds will not afford room to enter into a particular detail of the
places vyhere thofe Englifli manu(a(Stui'cs, whicl^ are mc;itioned in the

above

«54

ENGLAND.

above account, are fMbricatcd : a few general ftrii^urci, however, may be
propett

Cornwall and Devonfliire fupply tin and lead, and woollen maniffaC'
turea are common to almoit all the weftern counties. Dorfetniire makea
cordage for the navy, fcedi an incrcilibic number uf (hctp, and hat l.irge
lace manufadures. Somerfetlhirr, befidcs furnlfliing lead, copper, and
lapia caluminarii, has laree manufafturcs ot' bonc'lacc, hackings, and
cupi. Brifl«t, is faid by tome lo employ 2000 maiitime vciTels of all
fixes, coaflers as well as (hipi employed in foreij^n voyaj^es : it has many
very* important munufaAures ; its glafs bottle, and dnnking-glufii, one
aloiie occupying fifteen lar^c houfes : its brafs-wire manufafturcs ure aU
{o very confidcrable. Vaft manufuAures of all kindi (glafs, jewellery,
clocks, watclut and cutlery, in particular), are curried on in London
and its neighbourhood; the gold and filvcr mnnuf.t<5tures of London,
through the encouragement given them by the court and the nobility, aU
ready equal, if they do not exceed, thofe uf any country in Europe.
Colchefter is famous for iis manufacftures of bays and ferges, and alfo
Exeter fur forges, and long ells ; and Norwich for its excellent Auifs,
camelets, druggetf, and ftcKkings. Birmingham, though no corpora-
tion, IS one of the largeft, and mod populous towns in England, and
, carries on an amazing trade in excellent and ingenious hardware manii-
laAures, particularly fnuif and tobacco boxes, buttons, (hoe- buckles,
etwees, and many other forts of ik-el and brafs wares ; it is here, and in
ShcHield, which is famous for cutlery, that the true genius of Englifli
art and indulby is to be feen ; for luch are their excellent inventions for
fabricating hard wares, that they can affuid th«m tor a fourth part of the
price at which other nations can furnifll the fame of an inferior kind :
the chespneOt of coals, and all neceflaricg, and the couveniency of litua-
tion, no doubt, contribute greatly to this.

The northern counties of England carry on a prodigious trade in the
coarfer and llightcr woollen manufinSturts ; witnefs thofe of Halifax,
Leeds, Wakefield, and Richmond, and, above all, Manchefler ; which,
by its variety of beautiful cottons, dimities, tickens, checks, and the
like fluffs, is become a large and populous place, though only a village,
at)d its highefl magillrate a conflable. I mi^ht mention here muny other
manufacturing towns and places of England, each of which is noted for
fome particular commodity, but the detitil would become too bulky. I
xnuft not however difmifs this head, without obferving the beautiful por-
celain and earthen ware that have of late years been manufai'^ured in dif-
ferent ]»lnce8 of Kngland, particularly in Worccflcrfliirc aid Staffordfliirc.
The Hnglifh carpets, tfpecinlly thofe of Axminfter, Wilton, and KidJcr-
jninHer, though but a late manufacture, greittly excel in beauty any im-
ported from Turkey, and arc extremely durable; and confequently are a
vaft faving to the nation. Paper, which till very lately, was imported in
vail quantities from France and Holland, is now made in every corner of
the kingdom, and is a moll necciTary as well as beneficial manufadlure.
The parliament, of late, has given encouragement for reviving the ma-
nufaaurc of falt-petre, which "Was firft attempted in England by fir Wal-
ter Raleigh, but was dropt afterwards in favour of the Eiifl India com-
pany : the I'uccefs of fuch an undertaking would be of immenfe benefit,
»s well asfecurity tot4ie nation.

After all that has been faid on this head, the feats of manufi^ures,
0ud conre<]ueDtly of tradci iu England, arc flui^uating ; they will ali.

Z ways

ENGLAND.

»55

wiiyi follow thofe pUces where living is cheap, ind taxes are eafy : for
till* reufon, they have been nhfervcd of Ute to remove towiirds the nor«
ihcrn counties, where pruvifioni Mte in plenty, and the land-tax ver/
low ; add to this, that probably, in a few years, the inland navigations,
which are opcninfl; in many parts of England, will make vaft alterationa
as to its internal iVate.

J Jhort Fitw ef tht Stocks, or Public Funds in EnttaHdt wilb am
hiftrieal Account of tht ^aji India^ tht Jta/iit ant tht South StM
Comfaniti* , ,

As there are few fubje£ts of converfition more general than the value
ofAuck, and hardly iiny thing fo little undcrftood, nothing can be more
ufeful than a fhort account of tlicm, which we (hall here give in as clear
and concile a manner as polfible ; prcfcnting our readers with ihe rationale
oF the (locks, and a fliort hiftury ut (he fcveral companies, defcribintr
the niiture of their fevenil tiitids, the ufes to which they are applied, and
the various purpofes they anfwer, both with lefpedt to the guvernmentt
the companies theiulelve?, and the community in general.

In order to give a clear idea of the money tranfactions of the feveral
companies, ir is proper we Ihould fay fomcthing of money in general,
and particularly of paper money, and the ditfcrrnce between that and the
current fpecie. Money is the llandard of the value of all the necelliiriea
and accommodations of life, and paper money is the rcprt fcntative of that
ilandard to fuch a degree, as to fuppiv its place, and to anfwer all the
purpofes of gold and lilver coin. Nothing is neceiTary to make this re«
prcientative of money fupply the place of fpecie, but the credit of that
office ur company who delivers it ; which credit conHlh in its always be-
in ij ready to turn it into lj)ecie whenever required. This is exadlly the
ca^'e of the Bank of England ; the notes of this company are of the fame
value as the current coin, as they may be turned into it whenever the
poflefl'or pleafes. From hence, as notes are a kind of money, the couu-
tcrfriting them is puniflicd with death, as well as coining.

The method of depoiiting money in the Bank, and exchanging it for
notes,, (though they bear no intered), is attemicd with many eonvenien-
cies ; as they are not only faier than money in the hands of the owner
himfelf, but as the notes are more portable, and capable of a much more
eafy conveyance : fince a bank note for a very large fiim may be fent by
the poft, and to prevent the deiigns of robbers, may without damage, bie
cut in two, and fcnt at two feveral times. Or bills, called B»nk pofl-
bills, may be had by application at the Bank, whicli are particularly caU
culated to pievent lofles by robberies, they being made payable to the
order of the perfon who takes them out, at a certain number of days afi
ter fi^ht ; which gives an opportunity to (lop bills at the Bank, it they
Ihould be loll, and prevents their being fo eafiljiunegociated by ftrangera
as common Bank-notes are : and whoever confiders the hazard, the ext
pence, and trouble there would be in fending large fums of gold and fil-
ver to and from diilant places, mud silfo con(ider this as a very Angular
advantage. Belides which, another benefit attends them ; for if they
are dedroyed by time, or other accident, the Bank will, on oath being
made of luch accident, and fccurity being given, pay the money to thp
perfon who was in polTedlon of them.

Bank

256

ENGLAND.

Bank notes dffFer from all kinds of {lock in tliefe three pirticulars ;
t. They are always of the fame value. 1. they arc paid off* without
being transferred ; and, 3. They bear no intereil ; while ^ocks are a
fiiare in a company's fund, bought without any condition of having the
principal returned. Jttdia bonds indeed (by fome perfons, though erro-
neoufly, denominated ftock) are to be accepted, they being made pay-
able at fix months notice* either on the fide of the company, or of the
polTcflbr.

By the word Stock was originally meanr, a particular fam of money
contributed to the edablithing a fund to enable a company to carry on a
certain trade, by means of which the perfon became a partner in that
trade, and received a fhare in the profit made thc-eby, in proportion to
the money employed. But this term has been extenu.d farther, though
improperly, to fignify any fum of money which has been lent to the go-
Ternment, on condition of receiving a certain intereft till the money is
repaid, and which makes a part of the national debt.. As the fecurity
both of the goTernment and the public companies is efleemed preferable
to that of any private perfon ; as the flocks are n^bciablc and may be
fold at any time ; and as the intereft is always punctually paid when
due ; fo they are thereby enabled to borrow money on a lower intereft
than what might be obtained from lending it to private perfons, where
there is often fome danger of loHiig both principal and intereft.

But as every capital ftock or fund of a company is railed for a ptirticu-
lar purpofe, and limited by government to a certain furn, it neceflarily
follows, that when that fund is completed, no ftock can be bought of the
company ; though fliares, already purchafed, mny be transferred from
one perfon to another. This being the cafe, there is frequently a great
difproportion between the original value of the (hares, and what is given
for them when transferred ; for if there are more buyers than fellers, a
perfon who is indiiTcrent about felling, will not part with his flinre with*
out a confiderable. profit to himfelf; and on the contrary, if many are
difpofed to fell, and few inclined t» buy, the value of fuch fliares wilt
naturally fall, in proportion to the impatience of thofe who want to turn
their ftock into fpecie.

Thefc obfervations may fervc to give our readers fome idea of the na-
ture of that unjuftifiable and diihoneft pra£lice called Stod'Joiiitij^f the
myftcry of which confifts in nothing more than this : the perfons con-
cerned in that prai^ice, who are denominated Stock-jobbers, make con-
trads to buy or fell at a certain diftant time, a certain quantity of fome
particular ftock ; againft which time they endeavour, according as their
contract is, either to raifc or lower fuch ftock, by fpreaJing rumours,
;iiid fictitious ftories, in onler to indue* people either to fell out in a hwr-
rv, and confequently cheap, if they arc to deliver ftock ; or to become
utnvilling to fell it, and confequently to make it dearer, if they are to
rtvcive ftock.

The perfons who make thefc contrnfls are not in general pofteflcd of
nny rral i{ock ; and when the time comes that vhey are to re«ive or de-
liver the quantity they have coutrafted for, they only pay fuch a Aim of
money as makes the difTerencc between the price the ftock was at when
V iliey made the contract, and the price it happens to be at when the con-
traf-t is fulfilled ; and iii^ no liiicommon thing for perfons not worth tool.
- to make conrrm-h for the buying or fellii>g lOo.odoK ftock. In the lan-
. jeuas^ot Exchange Alley, the buyer is in thiis cafe called the Bull, and
■•^^ *•■'■''"'' tlif>

%«

ENGLAND.

257

:e particulars ;
A\A off wtihout
le Jocks are a
of having the
, though erro-
ing made pay-
any, or of the

fom of nioivey
y to carry on a
partner in that
n proportion to
farther, though

I lent to the go-

II the money is
As the fecurJty
emed preferable
ale and may be
lally paid when
a lower intereft

perfpns, where
tereft.

[ed for a piirticu-
ra, it neceflarily
be bought of the
transferred from
requently a great
id what i» given
IS than fellers, a
. his fliare with-
.ry,.if many are
fuch fliares will
ho want to turn

idea of the na-
^tock'jobiifigy the
he perfons con-
ibcrs, make con-

uantity of fomc
xording as their
[e;uling rumours,
IftU «)Ut in a hur-
or to become

, if they are to

leral pofleflcd of
To receive or dc-
ly fuch a fum of
Lck was at when
It when the con-
not worth tool.
lck. In the lan-
Id the Bull, and
tlif-

the feller the Bear ; one is for railing or tolling up, and the other for
lowering or trampling upon the the Stock.

Befides thefc, there is another fet of men, who, though of a higher
rank, may properly enough come under the fame denomination. Thefe
are the great monied men, who are dealers in flock, and contraftors with
the government whenever any new money is to be borrowed. Thefe in-
deed are not fidtitious, but really buyers and fellers of ftock ; but by
railing falfc hopes, or creating groundlefs fears, by pretending to buy or '
fell large quantities of flock on a fudden, by ufing the forementioned fet
of men as their inflruments, and other like pradtices, they are enabled to
raife or fall ^he flocks one or two per cent, at pleafure.

However, the real value of one flock above another, on account of its
being more profitable to the proprietors, or any thing that will really, or
only in imagination, affeft the credit of a company, or endanger the go-
vernment by vyhich that credit is fecured, muft naturally have a conlidcr-
able eft'eft on the flocks. Thus, with refped to the interefl of the pro-
prietors, a (liare in the ftock of a trading company which produces 5I. or
61. per cent, per annum, muft be more valuable than an annuity with go-
vernment fecurity, that produces no more than 3I. or 4I. per cent, per
annum ; and conlequently fuch flock muft fell at a higher price than fuch
an annuity. Though it muft be obferved, that a Ihare in the ftock of a
tradint^ comp,(ny producing 5I. or 61. per cent, per annum, will not
fetch fo much moiicy at market aa a government annuity producing the
fame fum, becaufc the fecurity of the company is not reckoned equal to
that of the government, and the continuance of their paying fo much
per annum, is more precarious, as thtir dividend is, or ought to be, al-
ways ill proportion to the profits of iheir trade.

As the flocks of the Eaft India, the Bank, and the South Sea compa-
nies, are diflinguiflied by dirterent denominations, and arc of a very dif-
ferent nature, we frail give a fhort liiftory of each of them, together with
an account of the different flocks each is pi^flefled of, beginning with the
tafl Inifia company, as the firfl eftabliflicd.

Public trading companies.] Of thefc tlie Eaft India company
takes the lead ; and we have already given fome account of it as being
the capital commercial objtc^ in England. The firfl iJci of it was form-
ed in queen Elizabeth's time, but it has (ince ad:nittrd of vaft alterations,
its shares, or fubfciipions", were oris^inally only qol. flerling ; and its capi-
tal only 369,891!. 5s. but the dircifiots having a confiJer.ible dividend to
make in i6v6, it was agixed to join ihe profits 10 the capital, by which
ihc lliarcs were doubled, and confequently, each became of lool. value,
and the capital 739,7821. los. to vvliich capital, if 963,639!. the profits
of the company to the year 1685, be added, the whole flock will be
found to be 1,703,402!. Though the eflabliftiment of this company was
vindicated in the cioarcft manner liy Sir Joliah Child, and other able ad,
vocatcs, yet the partiality which the duke of York, afterwards James II,
bad for his favouriie African trade, the lofles it fuftained in Wars with the
Dutch, and the revolutions which hid happened in the affairs of Indoflan,
damped the ardour of the people to fupport it ; fo that at the time of tl-.e
Revolution, when the war broke out with France, it was in a very in-
different iituaiion. This was in a great meafure owing to its havin^; no
parliamentary fanfjion, wherel)y its flock often fold for one half l-^- th-\i\
it was really worth ; and it was rcfolvcd that a new company Ihculd bo
erefted, under the authority of parliament.

S Tlie

^58

ENGLAND.

Thfc oppofition given to all xht public fpirited meafures of king Wil-
llaiH, by faifHoh, rendered this propofal a matter of vaft difficulty ; but
it laft, after many parliamentary enquiries, the new fubfcription pre-
vailed; and tl.e fubfcribcrs, upon advancing two millions to the public
at 8 per cfenr. obtained an ^£t of parliament in their favour. The old
cbmpiluy, however, retained a vaft intcrCft both in the parliament and
nation ; and the aft being found in fome refpeifls defeftive, fo violent
a flruggle between the two companies arofe, that in the year 1702, they
Were united by an indenture tripartite. Jn the year 1708, the yearly
fund of 8 per cent, for two millions, wsls reduced to 5 per cent, by a loan
of i,2oo,oool. to the public, without any additional intereft; for which
tonlideration the company obtained a prolbngation of its cxcluflve pri-
♦ilejjes ; and a new charter was granted to them, under the title of
** The United Company of Merchants irading to the Eall Indies." It*
exclufivf ri};ht of trade was prolonged from time to time; and a farther
fum was lent by the company in 1730, by which, though the company's
Jirivileges were extended for thirty, three years, yet the intereft of their
capital, uhich then amounted to 3,190,000!. was reduced to three per-
cent, and called the India 3 per cent, annuities.

Thofe annuities are different from the trading ftock of the company,
the proprietors of.V/hich, inlicnd of receiving a regular annuity, have,
itccording to their different (harej a dividend of the profit* arifing
from the company's trade ; and that dividend rifes or falls accord-
ing to the circumrtanccs of the company, either real, or, as is
too often the cafe, pretended. A proprietor of Hock to the amount of
500 1 1. formerly had, but now of loool. whether man or woman, native
or foreigner, has a lijjht to be a manager, and to give a vote in the gene-
1*31 council. Two thoufand pounds is the qualification for a director ;
the directors are twenty-four in number, including the chairman and de-
puty-chairman, who may be re-clcrtcd in turn, fix a year, for four years
fijccellively. The chairman has a lalai y of 200I. a year, and each of the
direflors 150I. The meetings, or court of direAors, are to be held at
Icaft once a week ; but are commonly oftener, being fuwimoned as occa-
iion requires. Out of the body of dire(5tor8 are chofen feveral commit-
tees, who have the peculiar infpe6tion of certain branches of the compa-
ny's bufinefs ; as the committee of correfpondence, a committee of buy-
ing, a comniittee of treafuuy, a houfe committee, a committee of ware-
houfe, a committee of fhipping, a committee of accounts, a committee
of law-fuits, and a committee to prevent the growth of private trade ;
who have under them a fccretary, cafhier, clerks, and warehoufe-
keepers.

The amazing territorial acquifiiions of this company, computed to be
282,000 (quare miles, and containing thirty millions of people, muft be
necefljirily attended with a proportionable increafe of trade * ; and this,
joined to the diffenfions among its managers both at home and abroad, have
of late greatly engaged the attention of the legiflature. A reftridion has

* According to lifts laid before the Houfc of Commons, the Company employed
Iio ihips and 8170 men.

BcNveen India an^urope in carrying cargoes to and j^^ f^^-^^ ^„j ^^^^ „^^^

6 Packet* 320
la the country trade apd from China, — — 34 Crabs 720

occaiionally

ENGLAND.

2S9

iing WiU
ulty ; but
>tion pvc-
;he public

The old
imCiU and

lb violent
702, they
the yearly
. by a loan
for which
:lufive pri-
he title ot'
iies." It*
id a farther
company's
reft of their
three per-

B company^
luity, have,
)fit4 arifing
alls accofd-
or, as is
! amount of
man, native
in the jjene-
a direftor:
lan and de-
ir four years
each of the
be held at
|ned as occa-
ral commit-
the conipa-
:tce of buy-
:tee of ware-
a committee
vate trade ;
warehoufe-

juted to be
jlc, muft be
and this,
libroad, have
lftri£tion has

iny employed

Ind 7130 men.
Is 320

loccalionally

occafionally been laid on > dividends for a certain time* From the
report of the committee in 1 773, appointed by parliament on India aflfairs*
it appears that the India company, from the year 1708 to 1756, for the
fpace of forty-l'even years and n half, divided the fum of i2,ooo,oooU
or above 28o,oool> per annum, which on a capital of 3,190,0001*
amoiuKcd to above eight and a half per cent, and that at the laft men-
tioned pei-fbd it app-eart'd, that bcfides to the above dividend, the capital
flock of the company had been increafcd i8o,ocol. Conliderable aU
lenitinns were made in the afiiiirs and conftitution of the Eaft India com-
pany by an aft pafi'ed in 1773, intitled, ♦' An act for cftablifliing certain
** rules and orders, for the future management of the aifairi of the
" Eaft India company, as well in India as in Europe." It was thereby
cnadted, that the court of dirt rtors fliould, in future, be elefted for four
years : lix members annually ; but none to hold their feats longer than
four years. That no pcrloii (houid vote at the eledion of the dircC't
tors, who had not poflcflbd their ftock twelve months. That the ftock of
qualification ilioulii, inftead of 500). ns it had formerly been, be a lobol.
That the mayor's court of Calcutta fliould for the future be confined to
fmall mercantile caufcs, to which only its jurifdidtion extended before the
tcrritori.'.l acqutlition. That in lieu of this court thus taken aWay, i,
new one be efbabliihed, confiiHng of a chief juftice and three puiine
judges ; and that tbefe judj^es be appointed by the crown. That a fupe-
?ioiity be given to the pvclidcncy of Bengal, over the other prefidencies ia
India. That the right of nominating the governor and council of Bengal
Ihotild be vefted in the crown. The fataries of the judges were alfoiixed^
at 8000I. to the chief juftice, and 6oocl. a year to each of the other threci
The appointments of the governor-general and council were fixed, the
firft at 25,0001. and the four others at io,oool. each annually. This was
certainly a very extraordinary aft, and an immenfe power and influence
were thereby added to the crown. But no proportional benefit has hi-
therto refulted to the company : on the contrary, the new eftabliftied
court of juftice Kns paid fo little attention to the manners of the inha-
bitants of India, and to the ufages of that country, as to occalion the moft
iilarming difcontents among the natives, and great dilfetisfaftion even
among the company's own fervants.

In the month of November 1785, Mr. Fox, then fecretary of flate>
brought forward a bill for new regulating the coinpany under the fuppo-
fition of the incompeten y of the direftors, and the prefent infolvent ftate
of the company. The iiitention of the bill was, to veft the whole powers
of the Eaft India company m /even direSIors., whofe names were moved
by the fecreinry of ftate, and adopted by the houfe of commons. They
were to hold their offices four years, removeable, like the twelve judges,
by an addieis of either houfe of parliament, and not by any other power:
and for managing the commercial affairs of the company, nine gentlemen^
moved for and adopted in the fame manner, were to aiftft them, fubjeftto
their control, and removeable by them.

The efllft of this was, to veft in thefe fcven direftors the whole influ-
ence of the otHccs of every kind in India, and at home, belonging to the
company ; and the whole influence arifing from the rmnfafttons of their
trade in the piitchafc of goods f')r e»p<yrtatit)n, furnifliing (hipping,
ftore?, and recruits ; the infljcncc arifing from th^ method of fellrng their
goods, by britigmg forward or keeping back goods at the fairs; or giving
indul^encies as 16 j>ftyments, fo as to accdmhiodate tholc' who are .meant
to be favouK'd; tks inftutncc anting from the favouf they may fllew to
* S 2 thofft

■XSP'

260

ENGLAND.

thofe who are now in England, and have left debts or eifctfls in India, as t»
the mode of bringing home and recovering their fortunes; the influence ot
contraAs of all kinds in India ; of prumotiuns, ftoin Aep to flep ; of fa-
vour in the inland trade ; of intimidation with icfpedt to every perfon now
there, who may come home with a fortune, both with regard to recover-
ing his debts, and the means of remittance, and with regard to enquiries
into his conduct; the influence upon foreign companies, or foreii^n ilates,
who have eilablifliments in that country, — who, in return, may have the
means of a£Hng upon individuals in this country ; the influence upon
the native princes of India, fome of whom have already found the way of
procuring the elc6ions of members of parliament ;. and many other means
of influence, which it is impolfible to forefee, or to trace.

The amount of the whole cannot be computed. It has been called e-
qualta two or three millions a year; but there can be no doubt that its
magnitude is very great and extenflve indeed, and that it might have pro*
duced very remarkable confequenees.

This power was nor, indeed, taken from the crown ; but it was to he
placed in new hands, independent during four years equally of the croun
and of the people. Thefe confequenees were fuppofed necefllirily to fol-
low, that the whole power and patronage of India would be veiled in the
members of that prefent adminiltratron, not only during four years, hut
as long as India fliall belong to this kingdom, and without any fear from
a future parliument. The bill pafled the commons, but it feems by the
fecret influence of the crown, an oppofition was formed againft it in the
houfe of lords, as placing too dangerous a power in the hands of any men,
and which would be fure to operate n^ainll the ifccclTary power of the
crown ; and after long debates, it was thrown out by a majority of nine-
teen peers. The confequence of this, was the downfall of the minillry,
and a general revolution of the cabinet.

Various attempts for a new bill were afterwards matle by Mr. Pitt and
the new miniflry, but failed, which occalioned, with other difputes on
privilege, a dilfolution of the houfe of commons. The prefent parli-
ament and adminiftration of 1784, fcem dilpofed to be friendly to the com-
pany, whofe interefts have been greatly injured by their lervants at home
and abroad. The nabobs and rajahs and natives of India have betn
by turns harafled and defpoiled under their management, and many parts
of that fine country depopulated. The company's governors abroad have
{guards of foldiers, and live in all the ftate of fovereign princes.

By the new bill which pafled at the clofe of the felTions, 1784, ihice
things were intended.

Firll, the eftablifliing a power of control, in this kingdom, by which
the executive government in India is to be connefted with that ovev the
reft of the empire.

Secondly, the regulating the condu^ of the company's fervants in India,
in order to remedy the evils, which have prevailed there.

Thirdly, the providing for the puniflmient of thofe perfons who fliall,
•neverthelefe, continue in the practice of crimes which have brought dil-
grace upon the country.

. Accordingly, fix perfons are to be nominated by the king as com-

miffioners for the affairs of India, of which one of the fccretaries of ftate

Bnd the chancellor of the Exchequer for the time being, fliall be two,

Wid the preiident is to have the carting vote, if equally divided. New

V^mmitnoiiors to be appointed at the pleafure of the crown. This board

., .1

ENGLAND.

z6r

it to fupei'intcnd, diretS^, and control all aAs, operations, nnd concerns
which in any wife relate to the civil or military government or revenues of
the Britifl) territorial pofllflioDs in the Eail Indies. They are fworn to ex-
ecute the feveral powers and trufts repofed in them without favour or af-
fedion, prejudice or malice, to any peribn whatever. The -court of di<
re£lors of the company are to deliver to this board all mijiutes, orders,
and refolutionsof themfclves, and of the courts of proprietors, and copiesof
all letters, orders, and inflrudions propofed tu be fent abroad for their ap-
probation or alteration. None to be fent until after fuch previous communi-
cation on any pretence whatfoever. The direftors are llill to appoint the fer-
vants abroad, but the king hath a power by his fecretary of ilaie to recall ei-
ther of the governors or members of the councils, or any perfon holding
any office under the company in their fettlemcnts, and make void their ap-
pointment. By this bill there is given to the governor and council of Ben-
gal, a control over the other prelidcncies in all points which relate to any
tranfad^ions with the country powers, to peace and war, or to the application
of their forces wr revenues; but the council of Bengal are fubjeded to the
abfolute diicdlion of the company at home, and in all cafes, except thofe
of immediate danger acd acceility, rellrained from adding without orders
received from hence.

A material part of this bill is dire(5tcd alfo againft the abufes faid to
have prevailed in the civil and military departments, enjoining a thorough
revil'al of their ellabliiliments ; together with a fupprellion of fuch places
as are found to be ufelel's, and of fuch expences as may be conveniently
avoided. And in order to prevent any delufive fliew of retrenchment in
the prefent moticm, or any deviation from the wife fyftem of oeconomy
at a future period, this reform is direded to be conilantly fubinitted in its
whole ftate and progrcfs, to the eye of parliament.

The laft body of regulations tor the company's fervants in India, ap-
ply to offences committed in that country.

Security has been derived to Indian delinquents, from the circumdance
of their oflences being committed within the territories oi Indian princes,
fo as not to come within the cognifance of the Britifli government. This
ac^ provides againft fan her evalions of this mifchievous nature, by de-
claring the offence equally punifliablc, in whatever territory of India it
is committed. Under the Ipecious name of Prefents^ the grofleft excor-
tion has frequently been cloaked ; and all attempts to draw a line having
proved nugatory, nothing remained but to put an entire flop to the pradice.
The aft, therefore, of receiving prefents^ is declared to be in itfelf extor-
tion, and puniihable by law accordingly. Of the fame kind with thefe
are the regulations* againfl: difobedience of orders; for grols inllances of
which we need not go very far back into their hiftoiy: and alfo againfl
the bargaining for offices, a mifchievous praftice in all countries, but
mofl fo in that, where the means of plunder are great ; and confequently^
the more difliuiicfl the men, the higher the prices which they can afford
to offer, from the profpeft of reimburfing themfelves by proportionate pe-
cul ition« Both of thefe offences arc accordingly pronounced Miidemeanors
at Law : and provifion is made, that the guilty perfons ihall not compound
for them with the company, nor ever be reltored to appointments in their
fervice. Two relhidlions more remain : one of them binds colledtors
and receivers by oath, from accepting any private gratuity, over and
above the legal tribute; and the other guards againil illicit correfpon>
4ence with the enemies of the coinpany, and of Great Britain.

It is alio by this bill, ^awful for the attorney-general, or court of di-

S 3 rectors,

i6^

ENGLAND.

rt&on, to exhibit an information ngalnft any pt-rfon guilty of tlie ciiine
of extortion or other mifdemcanors committea in the Eail Indies, alter
the ifl: of January 1785, which information 'n to be tried by commif-
fioncrs fcledted from both houles of parliament. The lords arc to ballot
for twcnty-lix of their houfe, and the commons for fcjrty of their number ;
their names are aj?,ain to be put into a box to be drawn out by lot, in pre-
fence of three judges and of the parties, and the perfon agaii-.ll whom
the information hath been exhibited Hiall have the liberty to challenge as
the names are drawn out, or the tiill four names of the peers, and the
iirA fix of the commons which fliall be drawn out, without challenging,
fliall be returned by the faid judges to the lord chancellor, to infert their
Dames with thofe of the three judges in ajpedai cMimiJion^ lor them or
any feven of them, of whom one of the judges always to be one, to hear
and determine every fuch information, and pronounce judgment thereon ;
fuch judgment to be etl'edual and conclulive to all intents and purpolcs
whatfoevcr.

Various opinions are formed conceining this famous bill; fome con-
tend that the principle and plan thereof are fair, equitable, and hot^uur-
able ; but the following protcil was entered againll it in the houfc of lords,
by five peers.

**Bccaufe we think the principle of the bill falfe, unjuft, and uncon-
jRitutional ; falfe^ inafmuch as it provides no effedual remedy for the
evils it aifedts to cure; unjufl, as it indifcriminatcly compels all perfons re-
turning from India to furnilh the means of acoifation and pcrlVtuiion
againd themfelves ; and unconjiituiional, becaufe it efiabliflies a new cri-
minal court of judicature, in which the admiliion of incompetent evidence
is exprefsly'direfted, and the iubjeft is unneccHiirily deprived of his moll
ineliimable birth right, a trial by jury."

And nocwithflanding the regulations of this new bill, it is to be fuf-
pedted that they will produce no very material tftcc't, unlefs vigorous niea-
fures be taken to enforce them. This bill, like former ones, may he de-
pofitcd among the archives of the councils of the governments in the Eaft
Indies to lie in oblivion, or be treated with contempt. Mere parchment
chains cannot bind the hands of rapaciiy and violence. The country is
too remote for Britain to interfere on every emergency. 'I'he corrupt
may be bribed, the timid may be threatened into a dcfertion of their thuy,
while the moft upriglit may be overpowered by violence, and, if not
filenced in that country, be font home to this loaded with irons, to plead
their caufe for pretended crimes charged agninft them by the cmiffaries of
the powerful delinquents, whofe peculations and rapacity they endc uvoured
to reprefs, but whofe riches will fecure them a fate retreat, and a feat in
cither houfe of parliament.

Bank of England.] The company of the Bank ivas incorporated
by parliament, in the qth and 6tb years ot king William and queen Mary,
by the name of the Governors and Company of the Bank of England;
In confideration of the loan of i, 200,000!. granted to the government ;
for which the fubfcribers received almoll 8 per cent. By this charter, tliii
company are not to borrow under their common feal, unlefs by ac't of par-
liament; they are not to trade, or fuffer any perfon In truit for them to
trade, in any goods or merchandife ; but they may deal in bills of ex-
change, in buying or felling bullion, and foreign gold and (ilver coin,
&c.

By an a^ of parllaipent paired in the 8th and 9th year of Will. III.

they

ENGLAND.

2^3

' tlic crime
idies, alter
)y commif-
rc to ballot
iir number;
lot, in pre-
aiiill whom
:hal!enge as
lii, and the
hallenging,
iiifert their
or them or
nc, to hear
lit thercun ;
iid purpolcs

; fome con-
nd hoi;our-
Life of lords,

nnd imcon-
cdy for the
1 pcrfons rc-
pcrlVcuiion
s a new cri-
2i)t evidence
, of his moll

s to he iuf-

gorous niea-

inay he de-

in the Eaft

parchment

country is

he corrupt

their ihity,

;«nd, if not

3, to plead

nilTaries of

idiavouied

a feat in

Icorporated
leen Mary,
England;
i^ernmcnt ;
Ivartci') ti.et
lai't of par-
Ir them to
jlls of e»
llver coin,

Ivill. Ill,

they

they were impowered to enlaijje their capital flock To ;,«oi,i7i 1. 109,
It was then alfo cnaftcd, that Bank flock fliould be a perfonal {ind not ^
real ertate ; that no contradl either in word or writing, for biiying or fell-
ing Bank flock, (hould be good in law, unlefs rcgillercd in the book" of
the Bank within fevcn days, and the flock transferred in fourteen days, an^
that it fljould be felony, without the benefit of clergy, to counterfeit thp
common feal of the Bank, or any fealcd Bank bill, or at^y Bank note) pp
to alter or erafc fuch bills or notes.

By another aft, psfled in the 7th of queen Anne, the company were
impowered toaugument their capital to 4,402,343!. and they then adyanc
ed 400,0001. more to the government ; and in 1714 they advanced an-
other loan of 1,500,000!.

In the third year of the reign of king George I. the interefl of their
capital flock was reduced to 5 percent, when the bank agreed to deljver up
as many Exchequer bills as amounred to z, 000,000!. and to accept an an-
nuity of 100,000!. and it WHS declared lawful for the finnlf. to c;tl! from
their members, in proportion to their intcrefls in their capital flock, fucli
fiims of money as in a general court fliould be found neceflTary. If any
member fljould negletSt to pay his fliure of the monies fo called for, at th^
time appointed, by notice in the London Gazette, and fixed upon tha
Kciyal Exchange, it fliould be lawful for the Bank, not only to flop the
dividend of fuch a member, and to ipply it toward payment of the money
in queftion ; and alfo to flop the transfers of the Ihare of fuch defaulter,
and to charge him with rhc intereft of 5 per cent, per annum, for the mo-
ney fo omitted to be paid : and if the prfncipal and intereft fliould be ihrfc
months unpaid, the Hank fliould then have power to fell {o mueh of the
flock belonging to the defaulter as would fatisfy the fame.

After this, the Bank reduced the intereft of the 2,000,000!. lent to
the gDVcrnrnent, from 5 to 4 per cent, and purchafed feveraj othep an-
nuitits, which were afterwards redeemed by the government, and the na-
tional debt due to the Bank reduced to j,6oo,oool. But in 1742, the
company engaged to fupply the government with 1,600,000!. jtf SJ^er
cent, which is now called tlie three per cent, annuiiies ; fo that the govern-
ment wai now indebted to the company 3,200,000!. the one half carrying
4, and the other 3 per cent.

In the year 1746, the company agreed that the Aim of 986,800!. due
to them in the Exchequer bills unfatisfied, on the duties for licences to
fell fpirituous liquors by retail, fliould be cancelled, nnd in lieu thereof to
accept of an annuity of 39,4421. the intereft of that fuin at 4 per cent,
'1 he company alfo agreed to advance the farther fum of i,coc,ooo!. into
the Exchequer, upon the credit of the duties ariling by the malt and
land-tax, at 4 per cent, for Exchequer bills to be ifllicd for that purpnfe ;
in confideratiim of whjch, the company were enabled to augment their
capital with 986,8001. the intereft of which, as well as that of the other
annuities, was reduced to three and a half per cent, till the 2jth of De-
cember, 1757, and from that time to carry only 3 per cent.

And in order to enable them to circulate the faid Exchequer bills, they
eftabliflied what is now called JB«iil< circulation : the nature of which not
being well undcrflood, we fliall take the liberty to be a little more par-
ticular in its explanation, than v^e hav^ been with regard to the other
flocks.

The company of the Bank are obliged to keep cafli fufficient to anfwer
not oqly the ^Qininon;, but alfo any extraordinary demand that may be

S 4 inade

s64

ENGL A N D.

made upon them ; and whatever money they have by them, over and
above the fum I'uppofed ncceffary for thcl'e purpifcs, they employ in what
may be called the trade of the company ; that is to f<«y, in difcounting
bills of exchange, in buying of gold and filver, and in government fecu-
rities, &c. But when the Bank entered into :he above mentioned con-
tradt, as they did. not keep unemployed a larger fum of money than what
they deemed ncceflary to anfwer their ordinal y and extraordinary de-
mands, they could not convenienrly take out of « heir current cafli fo large
a fum as a million, with which they were obliged to furnifli the govern-
ment, without either leffening that fum they employed in difcounting, buy-
ing gold and filver, &c. (which \VbuId have been very difadvainageous
to them), or inventing fome method that fliould anfwer all the purpofes of
keeping the million in cafli. The method which they chofe, and which
fully aufwers their end, was as follows :

They opened a fubfcription, which they renew annually, for a million
of money ; wherein the fubfcribers advance lo per cent, and enter into
a contraft to pay the remainder, or any part theieof, whenever the Bank
ftiall call upon them, under the penalty of forfeiting the lo per cent, lb
advanced ; in confidcration of which, the Bank pays the fubfcribers 4 per
cent, intereft for the money paid in, and oiif fourth per cent, for the
whole fum they agree to furnidi ; and in cafe a call (hould be upon them
for the whole, or any part thereof, the Bank farther agrees to pay them
at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum for fuch fum till they repay it, which
they are under an obligation to uo at the end of the year. By this mean*
the bank obtains all the purpofcs of keeping a million of money by them ;
and though the fubfcribers, if no call is made upon them (which is in ge-«
neral thecafe), receive fix and a half per cent, for the money they advance,
yet the company gains the fum of 23,5001. per annum by the contrad ;
as will appear by the following account.

The Bank receives from the government for the ad- 7 /.
vance of a million -1 - _} A- 30.000

The Bank pays to the fubfcribers who advance ioo,orol. )
and engage to pay (when called for) 900,0001. more J

6,500

The cle^r gain to the Bank therefore is — . — 23,500

This is the ftate of the cafe, provided the company ihould make no

call on the fubfcribers, which they will be very unwi'ling to do, bccaufe

^it would not only lefTcn their profit, but afltvft the public credit in gt neral.

Bank ftock may not impropeily be called a tradinr, flock, lince with this
they deal very largely in foreign gold and lilver, m difcounting bills of
exchange*, &:c. Befides which, they are allowed by the government
very confiderable funis annually lor the management of the annuities paid
at their ofHce. All which advantages render a fhare in their ftock very
valuable ; though it is not equal in value to the Eail India flock. The
company make dividends of the profits half yearly, of which notice is
publicly given : when thofe who have occafion for their money, may
readily receive it : but private perfons, if they judge convenient, are per-
mitted to continue their funds, and to have their interefl added to the
principal f.

• At four per cent, until the year 1773, when it was advanced to five,
t The Bank Company is fuppofed to J.ave now twelve millions of circulating
paper.

Thi3

ENGLAND.

265

This company is under the dJre£lion of a governor, deputy-governor,
and twenty-rour diiedbrs, who are iinnually clcftcd l^y 'he general court,
in the fame manner as in the Eiill India company. Thirteen, or more,
compofe a court of directors for managing the affairs of the company.

The officers and fervanis of this company are very numerous.

South si-a company.] During the long war with France in the
reign of ijueen Anne, ihu p.iyment of the failors of the royal navy being
iicglei^ed, and they receiving tickets indead of money, were frequently
obliged, by their ncrcirnies to fell thefe tickets to avaricious men at a
difcount of 40I. and Ibmetimes col. per cent. By this, and other means,
the debts 6f the nation unprovided for by parliament, and which amount-
ed to 9,471,3211. fell into the hands of thefe ufurcrs. On which Mr.
Jiarley, at that time chancellor of the Exchequer, and afterwards earl of
Oxford, propofed a fcheme to allow the proprietors of thefe debts and
deficiencies 61. per cent, per annum, and to incorporate them, in order to
their carrying on a trade to the South Sea ; and they were accordingly in-
corporated under the title of «' the Governor and Company of Mer-
chants of Great Britain trading to the South Seas, and other parts of Ame-
rica, and for encoi'raging the Fifliery, &c."

Though this company feem formed lor the fake of commerce, it is cer-
tain that the minillry never thought fcrioufly, during the courfe of the
war, about making any fettlement on the coail of South America, which
was what flattered the expec'^tations of the people ; nor was it indeed ever
carried into execution, or any trade ever undertaken by this company,
except the Ailicnto, in purfuance of the treaty of Utrecht, for furnifliing
tlic Span u'ds with Negroes ; of which this company was deprived, upon
receiving ioD,cool. in lieu of all claims upon Spain, by a convention be-
tween the couMs of Great Britain and Spain, foon after the treaty of Aix
la Chapellc, in i/^S.

Some oth&r funis were lent to the government in the reign of queen
Anne, at 6 per cent. In the third of George I. the intereftof the whole
was reduced to 5 percent, and they advanced two millions more to the
government at the fame intertit. By the flatute of the 6th of George I.
it was declared, that this company inight redeem all or any of the redeem-
able national debts ; in conlideration of which, the company were em-
powered to augment their capital according to the fums they fliould dif-
charge : and for enabling the coinpany to raife fuch fums for purchafing
annuities, exchanging for ready money new Exchequer bills, carrying on
tlicir trade, &p, the company might, by fuch means as they fhould think
proper, raife fuch fums of money as in a general court of the company
fliould be judj^ed necefl'ary. The company were alfo empowered to raif!e
money on the contrafts, bonds, or obligations under their common feal, on
the credit of their capital flock. But if the fub-governor, deputy-governor,
or other members of the company, fhould purchafe lands or revenues of the
crown, upon account of the corporation, or lend tnoney by loan or anticipa-
tion on any branch of the revenue, other than fuch part only on which a
credit of loan was granted by parliament, fuch fub-governor, or other mem-
ber of the company, fliould forfeit treble the value of the money fo lent.

The fatal South-fea fchenie, tranf^t£led in the year 1720, was executed
*ipon the laft mentioned ftatute, The company had at firfl fet out with
good fuccefs, and the value of their flock, for the firfl five years, had
rlfen faflcr than that of any other company ; and his majefty, after pur-
fhafing io,oool. Hock, had condefcended to be tbeir governor. Things

were

266

ENGLAND.

were in this (itiiation, when, t^ltinp; odvantagc cf the nbove Antuie, the
Sotith-Sea bubble wit» proje£)ed. The prftended dclign of which was, to
Taiic a fund fur carrying on a trade to the Suuth-Sea, itnd purchafing an-
nuities, &c. paid to the other companies : and propufaU were printed and
diflrihuted, (liewing the advantages of the dclign, and inviting pcrfons
into it. The fum necefTaiy tor carrying it on, together with the profits
that were to aril'e from it, were divided into a certain number of mares,
or fubl'criptioui, to be purchafcd by pcrfuns diQmfcd to adventure therein.
And the better to carry on the deception, the directors engai^cd to msike
•very large dividends} and aAually declared, that every lo. I. original
Aock Would yield 50!. per annum : which occalioncd fo great a rile of
theif llokk, th:it a (liare of icol. was fold for upwards of Kjcl. This
was inihe month of July ; but before the end of September it fell to 1 50I.
by which multitudes were ruined, and fuch a fccne of dirtrefs occafioned,
ai is fcarcely to be conceived. But the confcquenccs of this infamous
fcheme ^re too well knov^n ; mod of the dire<!''lors were fevcrcly fined, to
the lofs of nearly all their property ; fonie of whom had no hand in the
deception, nor gained a farthing by it ; but it was agreed, they ought to
have oppoft-d and prevented it.

By a ll.itiite of the ftth of George II. it was enafted, that from and
af'cr the 74th of June, 1733, the capital llock of this company, which
9m:>untcd to 14,6,1,1031.8?. id. and the (hures of the refpedivc pro-
prietors Oiould be divided into four equal parts ; thrcc-iburths of which
ibould be converted into a joint-ilock, attended with annuities, after
the rate of 4 pi.-r cent, until redemption by parliament, and Ihould be
called the New South Sea annuities, and the other fourth part Ihould
rem lin in the cimipany as a trading capital rtock, attended witfi the
reliduei)f the annuities or funds payable at the Exchequer to the company
for tlicir whole c.ipit;il, till redemption ; and attended with thclamt fums
always allowed for the charge of management, with all efteiSts, prohts of
trade, debts, privileges, and advantages, belonging to the South-Sea com-
pany. That the accountant of the company fliould, twice every year, :it
Phriftmas and Midfummer, or within ono month after, rtatc an account of
tlic company's aflairs, which fliould be laid before the next geneml court,
in order to their declaring a dividend : and all dividends fliould be made
out of the clear profits, and fliould not exceed what the company might
leafonably divide v/irhout incurring any farther debt ; provided tb.it the
company fliould not at any time divide more than 4 per cent, per annum,
until their debts were difcharged ; and the South-Sea comp.my, and
iheir tr.id;ng flock, fliould, exclufively from tlie new joint-flock of an-
nuities, be liable to all the debts and incumbrances ot the company ; and
that the comjiany fliould taufe to be kept, within the city of London, an
oflicc and books, in which all transfers of the new annuities fliould be en-
tered, and figncd by the party making fuch transfer, or his attorney ; and
the perfon to whom fuch transfer fliould be mailc, or his attorney, fliould
underwrite his acceptance ; and no other method of transferring the an-
nuities fliould be good in law.

Theannuitits of this company, as well as the other, are now reduced to
3I, percent.

This company is under the direction of a governor, fub-governor, de-
puty-governor, and twenty-one diicftors 5 but no perfon is qualified to be
governor, his majefty excepted, uiilefs fuch governor has, in his own
name and right, 5000I. in the tiading flock ; the fub-governor is to have
4000I. the deputy -governor joool. and a diiei^tor 20C0I. in the fame

ENGLAND.

^6?

lat from and

ftock. In every general courr, every member having in his own name
tfiiU right 500I. ill trudiinj Hock, Kas one vote; if aoool. two votc» ; if
3000I. three votes, and i( ,oool. four votes.

The hall India coni|)i y, the Bunk ot England, and the Sau'h $e%
cumi^iiny, are the only ii.v.orporattci 'oiliisto which the guvernnicnt if
indebted, except the Million B^<nk, wiiolc capital is only one million,
conrtitiitcd to purchufc the rcvtrlion of the lon>; exchfi|ucr orderst

The intered of all the debt* owing by the povemmcnt was lately re-
duced to 3 per cent, excepting only the anniiitics for the year 1758, the
life annuiiic8, and the Excheijiier orders : bit the South Sea compr^ny
Aill cuiitinues to divide 4 per cent, on their prtTent capital dock ; which
they arc enabled to do from the profits tiiey m.ike on the funis allowed 19
them lor mima^ement of the annuities paid at their office, and from thq
iutcrell of annuities which are not claimed by the proprietors.

As the prices of the different llocks are continually flu<ftu<iting above
and below ^dr, fo when a perfon, who is not acquainted with tr^nfa^tionf
of that nature, reads in the papers the prices «>f flocks, where Bank
flock is marked perliaps 127, India dito 134 a 1344, bouth Sea ditto 971,
&c. he is to underfland, that lool. of thufu rcl'pcdtive fl(<cks fell at fuc|i %
time for thofc feveral funis.

In comparing the prices of the diflerent flocks one with another, it mud
be remembered, that the int-icll due on them from the time of the talk
piymcnt is t;iken into the current price, and the felli'r never receives any
il-piirate conlideration for it, except in the cafe of ludia bondf, where the
interefl due is calculated to tlic day of the fair, and paid by the purr
chafer, over and above ihc picmium ai',rerd f 'r. But as the iniercfl or»
the different flocks is paid at diflucnt times, this, if not rightly undcr-
fluod, would lead a pcrlon, not well ac(|uainted with them, into coniidcr.
able miflakes in his computation of their value; fomc always having^
quarter's interefl due in them more thm others, which makes an appear-
ance of a confiderable diflertnce in the price, whe-i, in reality, there if
none at all, tluis for inftance. Old South Se.i annuities fell for 85JI. qr
8;l. lOii. while new South Sea annuities fetch only 84^!. or 84I. 15s.
though each of them produce the fame annual fum of 3 per cent ; but
the old annuities have a quarter's interefl more due on them than the nevy
annuities, which amount to 15s. the exaft difference. There is, howr
ever, one or two caufes that will always make one fpecies of annuities fell
fomewhat lower than another, though of the fame real value ; one of
which is, the annuities making but a fmall capital, and there not being
for that reafon, fo many people at all tim s ready to buy into ir, as into
wihers, where the quantity is larger ; bccaule it is apprehended that
whenever the government pays off the national debt, they will begin with
that particular fpecies of annuity, the capital of which is the Imallefl.

A ftock may likcwifc he aftictiled by the court of Chancery : for if
that court fhould order the money which is under their dircdfion to bje
laid out in any particular flock, that flock, by having more purchafcrs,
will be raifed to a higher price than any other of the l?ke value.

By what has been faid, the reader will perceive how much the credit
and the imercfl of the nation depend on the fupport of the public funds,
{)f which moie particulars hereafter, with a lilt of the amount of the fe-
veral capital!^, under the ariicle of revenues. While the annuities,
and interefl for money advanced, is there regularly paid, and the prin-
cipal infured by both prince and people (a fecurity not to be had in
other nations), foreigners will lend us their propert}', and all Europe be

inicjcilcd

2(3

ENGLAND.

jmereded in our welfare : the pflpcr of the companici uiil he
into money and nuTchnndite, iinUGic.it Bricnin can never wuni en

converted
cnflitocarty
her fchcmcs intocxiLution. In other nations, ciiuit 'u founded on the word
©f the prince, if a monarchy : or that of the people, if h republic ; but
here it 18 ellabiiflicd on the intcrclh of boih prince and people, which is
the Arungeft fecurity : for however lovely and engaging honelly may be in
other rclpe^Si intcafl in money matters will always obtain coiiiidence ;
becaufc many people pay great rcgtird to their interell, who have but
little veneration for virtue.

CoNSTiTUTinN AND LAWS.] Tacttus, in defcribing fuc'h a conilitu-
tion as that of England, teems to think, that however beautiful it may
be in theory, it will be found impraciiiable in the execution. KxiKriencc
has proved this miOake ; tor, by certain checks that opeMCi* mutually, and
vhich did not fall within his iuens, the Englidi conOitviKon has continued
in its full vigour for above ;oo years. It mufl, at the lame time, be od*
mittcd, that it has received, during that time, msiny amendments, and
fome interruptions ; hut its principles are the fame with thole defcribed
by the above mentioned hiiioiian, »i belonging to the Germans, and the
other northern anceflors of the EngliHi nation, and which arc very im-
properly blended undet iIk* name of Gothic. On the tirtl invalion ot Eng-
land by the Saxons, who came trom Germany and (he neighbouring coun-
tries, their laws and manners were pretty much the fame as tliofc mention-
ed by Tacitus. The people had a leader in time of war. The conquer-
ed lands, in propnr-ion to the merits of his followers, and their xbilities to
ferve him, were dllttibutcd among them ; and the whole was conlidcred as
the common property which they were to unite in dtiending againll all
invaders. FrtHi adventurers coming over, under feparatt leaderh, the old
inhabitants weie driven into Wales ; and thofc loaders, at lafi, allumed
the title of kings over the fever il diiiri(^s they had con(|ucied. This
change of iippellation made them more relpei^iable among the Britons, and
their neighbours the Scots and Pids, but did not increale their power, the
operations of which continued to be cor.tined to military aftairs.

AH civil matters were propofed in a general ulTembly of t lie chief oflicers
and the people, till, by degrees, flieritis an*l otiicr civil officers were ap-
pointed. To Alfred wc owe that malicr-piece of judicial I'oliiy, the fub-
divifion of England into wapentakes and hundreds, and the lubUivition of
hundreds into tytbings, names that Hill fubfift in England ; and over-
feers were chofen to diredt them for the good of the whole. The Iheriff
was the judge of all civil and criminal matters within tiie county, and to
him, after the introduction of Cbriliianity, was ad led the biQiop. In
procefs of time, as biftnefs multiplied, itinerant and other judges were
appointed ; but by the earliefl records, it appears that all civil matters
were decided by 12 or 16 men, living in the neighbourhood of the place
where the difpute lay ; and here wc have the original of Englifli juries.
It is certain that they were in ufe among the earliell Saxon colonics, their
inliitution being afciibed by bifliop Nicholfon to Woden himfeU, their
great legiflator and captain.. Hence we find traces of juries in the laws of
all thofe nations which adopted the feodal fyftein, as in Germany, Frances
and Italy ; who had all of them a tribunal conipofed of 12 good men and
true, equals or peers of the party litigant. In Englrnd we find aftual
mention inade of them fo early as the laws of king Ethelrcd, and that not
&s a new invention.

Before

ENGLAND.

269

Before the iiurodiic'^ion of Chriftianity, we know not whether th*
S.txons ailmitted of iurirH \n criminiil niiiiccrii ; hwt wr are cert.iin thac
there Wii« m tion lo criminal !<» not to be compcnliu'd tor by money *.
A miiU'^t Wiis imirafed in proportion to the guilt, even if^it vviu muriler of
the kinu, upon the malct ;^lor, and by piyiiig ir, lie piirchafed hit) par-
don. Thoic barbarous ufagcs fccm to have cafed loon .iTfrr the Saxont
were converted to Chrilliaaiiy ; and cafes ot luui'derand felony were then
tried, even in the kmg's court, by a jury.

Royalty, among the Saxons, was not, ftrirlly fpcakinp, hereditary,
though in faft, it came to be rendered fo through the atfcCfiun which the
people bore for the blood of their kings, and for prcfcrving the regularity
of government. Even eftates and honours were not (liidly hereditary,
till they were madcfo by William the Norman.

That prince, though he made confidcrable innovations in the EngliHi
conllitution, and is generally ityled the Conqueror, in confequcncc ofthe
victory which he obtained over Harold at the battle of Haftings, yet be-
fore he afccnded the throne he made a compart with his new rubjeds, by
his coronation uaih, the fame with thai of the Saxon kings. His admi>
niftr.ition was however, tyrannical in a very great degree, and he wa9
tfulty of many arts of violence and cruelty ; but the condicution cfla-
blilhcd uivier him in this kingdom was no abfolutc monarchy, rather an
iiigraftrrcnt of the feudal tenures and other culloms of Normandy upon
the ancient Saxon laws of Edward the Confcffir. He more than once
fwore to main'ain thofe laws ; and in the fourth year of his reign con-
firmed them in pailiament: yet not without great altf rations, to which
the whole Icgifljture agreed, by a more complete introdui'tion of the
ftriCt feudal law, as it was prartifed in Normandy ; which produced a
diflbrent political fyflcm, and changed both power and property in many
refpsrts; though the firil principles of that law, and general notions of
it, had been in ulc among the Englifli fonic ages before. It mull, indeed, be
admitteJ, that VVilliam divided many of the Englifli eftates among his
Norm in followers, under pretence that cheir former owners had fought
iigainll him at the battle of HalVings : and he partitioned out the lands in-
to knights fees, an indctermined number of which formed a harony, and
tliofe baronies were given to the great noblemen who compofed whwt is
called the King's court, or court of Peers, from every baron being a
peer, or equal to another. In this court, a'l civil as wi-ll as military mat-
ters, and the proportions of knigh'S and men, which each baron was to
raife for the king's fcrvicc, were fettled. Even bilhopricks were converted
into lay baronies, and were obliged, as others, to furnifh their quotas.
In m.iny refperts, the firft princes of t'le Norm.m line afterwards did all
they could to efface froin the minds of the people the rememln-ince of the
Saxon conllitution ; but the attempt was to no purpose. The nobiliry,
as well as the people, had their complaints again tt the crown, and, after
much war and bloodflied, the famous chu'tcr of Englidi liberties, lb well
known by the name of Magna Chavta, w.is forciblv, in a manner, ob-
tained from king John, ai>d confirmed by his Ion Henry III. who fuc-
ceeded to the crown in 1216. It does not nppe.ir, that till this reign, and
after a great deal of blood had been fpilt, the commons of England were

• Called by the Saxons Gusit, and thence the viorigulty in criminal trials.

reprclcntedi

170

ENGLAND.

fepreftnted in parliament, or the great council of the nation ; fo entirely
had the barons cngrofled to thenilelves the difpofal of property.

The precile year when the hoiite of commons was formed is not known ;
hut We arc certain there was one in the reign ot' Henry III. though we
Ihall not enter into any difputes about their fpecific powers *. We there
fore now procesd to dcfcribe the constitution as it ftands at prcfent.

In all ftates there is an iibfolute fupreme power, to which the right of le-
giflation belongs ; and which, by the fingular conilitution of thcfe king-
doms, IE here veftcd in the kin*, lords, and commons.

Of the king.] The fupreme executive power of Great Biitain and
Ireland, is vefted by our conftitution in a finglc perfon, king or queen ;
for it is indifferent to which fex the crown defcends : the perfon intitled
to it, whether male or female, is immediately entrultcd with all the en*
iigns, rights, and prerogatives of fovevcign power.

The grand funclaincntnl maxim upor. which the right offucceflion t6
the throne of thefe kingdoms depends, is : " that the crown, by com-
mon law and coiiftitutional cuftom, is hereditary; and thir in a manner
i'leculiar to itfelf ; but that the right of inheritance may from time to time
)K changed, or limited by aft of parliament : under which limitations the
crown ftill continues hereditary."

That the reader may enter more clearly into thededuftlonof the follow-
ing royal fuccelTion, by its being transferred from the houfe of Tudor to
that of Stuarr, it may be proper to infoim him, that on the death of queen
Elizabeth, without iflur, it becaine netclfary to recur to the other illue of
her grandfather Henry VII. by Elizabeth of York his queen ; whofe eld-
tft daughter Margar^r, having married James IV. king of Scotland, king
James the fixtb of Scotland, and of England the firl>, was the lineal de-
fcfendant from that alliance. So that in his perfon, as clearly as in Henry
VIII. centred all the claims of the different competitors, from the Nor-
man invafion downward ; he being indifputably the lineal heir of William
I. And, what is ftill more remarkable, in his perfon alfo centered the
right of the Saxon monarchs, which had been fufpended from the Nor-
man invafion till his acccffion. For Margaret the filler of Edgar Athel-
ing, the daughter of Edward the Outlaw, and grand-daughter of king
Edmund Ironfide, was tiie perfon in whom the hereditary right of the
Saxon kings, fuppofing it not abolidied by the Conqueft, refided. She
married Malcolm III. king of Scotland ; and Henry II. by a defcent
from Miitilda their daughter, is generally called the reflorer of the Saxon

• Judge Blackftone maint^-iiS, that a preat or general council of the realm hath
been held immemorial undi-r the fcveral names of michilfynoth, or great council ;
michel'gemoie, or great-mectiiig ; and more frequently ivitiena-gcmotc, or the meeting of
wife men. It was a'fo fty'ed in Latin commune concilium re^ni, and fDmetimes comniunftas
regni ytnrltte. We have iiiftsnces of its meeting to order the affairs of the kingdom,
to make new laws and amend the old, fo early as the reign of Ina king of the '^ eft
Saxons, ahout A. D. 721;, ot Offa king of the Mercians, and Ethelbert king of Kent, in
their fcveral realms of the hei)tarchy. The Miri'our informs us. that king Alfred
ordained for a jvrpciual ulagf , that thefe councils fliould meet twice a year, or of-
tetier, if m-ed ! e Our fiici:t;ding Saxon and Danifti monarchs held frequent coun-
cils of this fort, as appears from their rc.lpciil've codes of laws. There is alfo no
douht. but thefe great coniicils were ht.ld regularly under the firft princes of the Nor-
man line, for in Edward t'e Third's time, an adl of (larliumciit made in the reign
of Wiliii'.m the Con<)Ui r.v , wiis pleaded in the cafe of the- Abbey of St. Edmundf-
huiy, and judicially allowed \>y the court.

line.

E 1^ G L A N r).

17*

ition ; fo entirely
cpcity.

cd is not known ;
III. though we
•8*. We there
ids at prclent.
h the right of le-
}n of thcfe king-

rreat Britain and

king or queen ;

e perfon intitled

with all the en*

: of fucccfllon td
crown, by com-
hir in a manner
rom time to time
:h limitations the

ion of the follow-
aulc of Tudor to
ie de;ith of miecn
the other iffue of
lecn ; whofe eld-
>f Scotland, king
/as the lineal de-
arly as in Henry
from the Nor-
heir of William
fo centered the
from the Nur-
f Edgar AtheU
lighter of king
ry right of the
, refided. She
by a defcent
er of the Saxoii

|nf the realm liath

ur jjreat council ;

lir the meetinj; of

petimes commnnitas

J nf the kingdom,

(kiiifr of the 'lA eft

1 Idug of Kent, in

[hat king Alfred

Ice a year, or ol-

frequent coun-

I'here is alfo no

trices of the Nor-

|ade in the reign

A St. Edmundf-

line.

line. But it muft be remembered, that Malcolm, b^ his Saxon qiieeh had
fons as well as daughters; and that the royal family of Scotland, from
that time downward, were the oifspring of Malcolm and Margsiret. Of
this royal family king James I. was the diredt and lineal defcent'int ; and
therefore united in his perfott every poffible claim by hereditary right, to
the Englifh as well as Scottifli throne, being the heir both of Egbert and
Williiim the Norman.

At the Revolution in 1688, the convention of eftatcs, or feprefentatiire
body of the nation, declared that the mifconduft of king James II.
amounted to an abdication of the government, and that the throne wai
thereby vacacanr.

In confcquence of this vacancy, and frorti a regard to this ancient line;
the convention appointed the next Frotedant heirs of the blood royal of
king Charles I. to fill the vacant throne, in the old order of fucceflion;
with a temporary exception, or preference, to the perfon of king Willi^nt
III.

On the impending failure of the Proteflant line of king Charlei li
(whereby the throne might again have become vacant) the king and par-
liament extended the fettlemcnt of the crown to the Proteftant line of
king );imes I. viz. to the princefs Sophia of Hanover, and the heirs of
her body, being proteliants ; and (lie is now the common (luck, from
whom the heirs of the crown muA defccnd *.

The

• A chronology of Englilh Kings, fmce the time that this cotmtry became united
nnder one monarch, in the perfoii of Egbert, who fubdued the other prii'ices of
the vSaxon heptarchy, and gave the name of Angle-land to this part of the iiland.
the Saxons and Angles having, about four centuries before, invaded and Tubdued
the ancient Britons, whom they drove into Wales atid Coru>vall.

Began to

reign.

800 Egbert

838 Ethclwulf

857 Ethclbald

860 Ethelbert

866 Ethelred

871 Alfred the Gre?.:

901 Edward the Elder

925 Athelftan

94T Edmund

946 Edred

9^5 Edwy

959 Edgar

975 Edward the Martyr

978 Ethelred II.
jot6 Edmund II. or Ironfide _
1017 Canute king of Denmark") »

1035 Harold iDanifli. ■;

1039 Hardicanute J

1041 Edward the Confeffor T ,
»o65 Harold j-t.axon.

106G William I ^ (Commonly called the Conqueror) duke of Normandy, a province
* \^ facing the fouth of England, now aiinucd Co the French monarchy.
10S7 William II Ic r.u ^
l.ooHtnryl. j-S"nsof the Conqueror.

I1J5 Stcjihen, graudfon to the Conqueror, by his fourth daughter Adela.

1154 Henry

> Saxon Princes.

2; 2

ENGLAND.

The rruc ground and principle, upon which the Revolution proceeded^
was entirely :i new caCc in politics, which h;id never bcFoic huppcni'd in
our hirtory ; the abdication of the rtigninjj monarch, iind the vac.mey ot"
the throne thereupon. It was not a deteatiince of tlic right o( ruccellioii,
and a new limitation of the crown, by the king nnd both houi'es of pai-
liament : it was the art of the nation alone, upon a conviorion tba^ there
was no kin<» in being. For in a full aHeinbly of thi- lords and commons,
met in convention upon the fuppofiiion ot this vaciincy, both houfes came
to this refoUition ; " that kin^ J imt s II. havinjc cnikavourcd to fubvert
the conrtitution of the kingdom, by hic.ikin<; ilio original contrart be-
tween king and peo|)lc ; and by tlie advice of jtlMit;;, and otiicr wicked
neifon?, having violated the fund;uncntal laws ; and having withdraivu

Began to
reign

, II /(I'lantaex'nrt) gfraiiilfon of Henry I. Viy his danjrhfcr the emprcf>
54 Henry 11. ^^ ^.^^^j^ .,,,j, ^^.^ ,.^^.^||^| l^^^^^^.^^^^^ O^oilry l'l.uit;igiuct.

,i8<) Richard l.\gyj,^„f„^.„ I,

figi; John J '

iai6 Henry III. Ion of Julm. ^

I27Z Edward I. fon of Mi-nry l\\.

IJ07 Edward II. foil of llHward I.

t\n Ed\v,ird III. fon of Edward II,

II IIIV- I'lttVIV Allium.

" 1

> Houfe of Lancaflcr.

uiiilcd thi- hollies 1)1 l.aiu.iftcr
.iijd ^'luli, liy Henry VII. 's
iiKini.iin w'tli I'liziiUctli daiijfh-

ttT (>r iuiw.ir.i iv.

1327 »^.... - —

IJ77 Richard I!, grnndfon of lidwaid Ml.hv his dil'O dm the Hlack Prince

,T nr f Son to lohn of Caiint, duki' of l..imMlkr, "^

1399 He»ry 1V.| ^j,^ ,;„, j^, i;,i,va,d HI.

141^ Henry V. fon of Henry IV.

14M. Henry VI fon of Henry V

1461 Edward IV. defecnded from Edward III. hy Lionel his 3d fou. T

148? Edward V. foil of lidward IV. S Iloufo of York.

I4S3 Richard III. brother of Edward IV, 3

f (Tudor) fon of the coiintcfs")
1485 Henry VII. < of Richmond, of the houl'c | Iloufi* of Tiidr)r, in whom wert-

(_ of l.anrafter,
1509 Henry VMI. fori ofHcnry VII.
1547 Edw.»rd VI. fon of He^ry VUI
1553 Mary "(.Daughters of He ry VUI.

r llreat Graiidfon ol Jaiiii.s TV. luntr o{ SiDtiaiul, hv Marji^arct, daugh-

1603 James I.-^ ^^^ „f Henry VI 1. and iiill ot the .Sui.ut laiiiily in England.

l6i3 Charles 1. foil of Jinies I.
Commonwciltli, and protec^lorate t)f Cronuvell.

1649 Clwrles II \son» of Charles I.

1685 Ji'n^esII. J

C Willianilll. nephew and Init-ii.-law of Janu's II.

l683< and 1 Daughters of JaiULS II. in wiioni eiulivl the I'loteflant line of
^ Mary > Cliarlts I. for James II. ii|i(in his ai>(l;:atiii;.; the throne, carried

i;o? Arilir j %.* tli him his (uppofed infant fon (the l.'.te I'rctemler'), who wos
(•xchulcd hy ael of pari' 11- .- .. 1 .1- .• .v •

the next rrolcilant lieii
James, at the time of l-.i-; ileatli, w
v'/. Charh .;, who fitn-eede,! him, aiid

who married th' elcrtor I'.d itime, who took the title of king
of B lifuiia, and lefi a d.uiijhter, thi- pii.iccf^ Sophia, who mar-
ried the duke of Urniilwirk J.mienbiirjjh, hy whom (he h.id
Cii'orgi', eleiilor of Hanover, who alVeiuled the throne, by aA
of parliament, cxprefly made in favour of his mother.

1 7 14 Oeovj»c I. )

1727 (.co'ge II. fon of George I. J Houfe of Hanover.

1760 George lll.graiidlon of C5eor<j(; II. 3

imciit, wh'ch fettitd the fuecellio 1 in

T'.rnis I. The fiirviviiijc ilViie of

c a loll and a daughter,

the princefs Elizah'lh,

hunfelf

ENGLAND.

^73

itioii proceeded^
lie hiippcnccl m
i the viicmoy ot
;lu ol i'licccliioii,
> boul'cs of pai-
oVion tliii^ there
Is .iiu) commons,
Dth houl'cs came
DUicd U) Aibvert
nal coiurad hc-
lul other wickoil
ving whlidraivu

UKhfer the emprefs
igciict.

ack Prince.
Hotifeof I.ancaftci.

Iloufc of York.

r, in whom wore

)ii(cs 111 l.;iinu!}tr

ly Henry Vlt.'s

I' liz;ll)cll» diiligh-

iV.

Marjjjaret, liaiigh-
ILngiand.

I'roteflant line of
tliL- tiirone, earrictl
L'tcniltr'), who wds

the riKoellii) i in
I'lirviviug iiViio of

aiul a cUughter,
priiicefs F.lizah' (h,

tlic title of '<i"K
Soptila, who mar-
ly wlinm (he hail
the throne, by uA
luthcr.

liimrelf out of this kingdom, has abdicated the government, and that the
throne is thereby vacant." Thin ended at once, by this luddtn and un-
fxpeAed rcvobition, the old line of fuccellion : which from the Norman
invnfion hud laded above 600 years, and from the union of the Saxon
heptarchy in king Egbert, almi)ll yoot

Though in fome points the Revoluiion was not fo pcrfi-<ft as might have
licen wiflicd, yet from thence a new xr* commenced, in which the
bounds of prerogative and liberty have been better defined^ the principles
of government more thoroughly examined and undcrllood, and the rights
of the fiibjed more explicitly guarded by legal provifions, thai, in any
other period of the lin-Hlh hillory. In particular, it is worthy obferva-
tion, that the convention, in this their judgment, avoided with great
wifdom the cxirunos into which the vifnmary theories of {ome zealous
republicans would have led thcni. They held that this milVondu^t of
king James amounted to an endeavour to lubvert the conllitution, and
not to an atflual fubverfion, or total diflblution of the govemuunt. They,
therefore, very prudently voted it to amount to no more thin an abdica-
c:uion of the government, and a confcquent vacancy of ih-* throne ; whe.c-
by the government was allowed to fubfifl, th<iuj'h the executive magi-
flrate was gone : and the kingly <iflicc to reimiin, thoiigit Jamcb was no
longer king. And thus ihc cimllitution was kept entire ; which, upon
every found principle of government mull otherwifc have fallen to pieces,
had fo principal and ccmliituctit a part as the royal authuiity been abo«
lidied, or even fulpcnded.

Hence is eafy to collcft, that the title to the crown is at prefcnt he-
reditary, though not luiite io abfolutely hereditary as formerly ; and the
common lloek or anccitor, from whom the defcent muft be deiivcd, is alfo
difTerent. Formerly the common flock was king Egbert ; then William
the Con(]ueror ; afterward, in James I.'s time, the two common (locks
united, and fo continued till the vacancy of the throne in t6H8 : now it
is the princefs Sophia, in whom the inheritance was veiled by the new
king and parliament. Formerly the defcent was abfolute, and the crown
went to the next heir without any leftiii'^ion ; but now, upon the new
fettlement, the inheritance is conditional ; being limited to fuch heirs
only, of the body of the princefs Sophia, as are protcftant members of
the chureh of England, and are tnarried to none but Proteftants.

And in this due medium confifls the true conlHtutional notion of the
ilj;;ht of fucctflion to the imperial crown of thcfe kingdoms. The ex*
tremes, between which it fleers, have been thought each of them to be
tiedrudive of thofc ends for which focietics were formed, and are kept on.
foot. Where the magidratc, upon every fiicceffion, is cleiStd by the peo-
ple, and may by theexpixfs provifion of the laws be dcpoled (if not pu-
niflicd) by his fubjeds, this may found like the perfeffion of liberty,
and look well enou'^h when delineated on paper ; but in pnicflice will be
ever found extremely dirticult. And, on the other hand, divine indcfeafibie
hereditary right, when coupled with the doftrine of unlimit'^d paffive obe-
dience, isfurely of all conrtitutions the moft thoroughly llauuli and dread-
fid. But when fuch an hereditary riglit as our laws havL" created and
veiled in,thc royal (lock, is clofely interwoven with thofc liberties, which
are cfjually the iiiheritance of the fubjedt, this union will fofni a confti-
tution, in theory the motl beautiful of any, in praftice the mod approved,
and, in all probability, will prove in duration the moft permanent. This

T confti-

himfelf

2.74

ENGLAND.

conditution, it is the duty of every Briton to undcrfland, to revere, and
to defend.

The principal duties of the king arc exprefTed in his oath at the coro-
nation, which is adminillercd by one of the archhilhops, or bifljops of
the realm, in the prefence of all the people ; who on their parts, do re-
ciprocally take the oath of allctriance to the crown. This coronation
oath is conceived in the following terms :

" The archhiJJjop^ or bljhop, Jhallfiiyy Will yovi folemnly promife and
fwear, to govei;» the people of this kingdom of England, and the domi-
nions thereunto belonging, according to the ftatutes in parliament agreed
on, and the laws and culloms of the fame ? — The king or qutcnjhall/ay^ I
folemnly promife fo to do.

*♦ Archbifljop or bljhop. Will you to your power caufe law and juftice,
in mercy to be executed in all )'our judgements ? — King or queen. I will.

" /nhhijiwp or hiJl:op. Will you to the utmoftof your power maintain
the laws of God, the true profetfion of the gofpel, and the protedant re-
fortnctl religion cftabliflit-d by the law ? Aiul will you prcferve unto the
bllhops and clergy of this realm, and to the churches committed to their
charge, all fuch rights and privileges as by the law do or Ihall appertain
unto them, or any of them.— A7»;f or qu.'en. All this I proiuife to do.

" lifter this the king or queen ^ laying his or her hand upon the holy ^c/pels^
JJ'nllfqy, The things which I have here before promiled, I will perform
and iccip : fo htlp me God. And then ki/'s the hook."

This is the form of the cor<)nation oath, as it is now prcfcribed by our
laws : and we may obferve, that in the king's part, in this original con-
irad, are cxpreffcd all the duties that a monarch can owe to his people ;
viz. to govern according to law ; to execute judgment in mercy ; and to
maintain the ellabliflied religion. With refpetit to the latter of thefe three
branches, we may farther remark, that by the ait of union, 5 Ann. c. 8.
two preceding ftatutes are recited and confirmed ; the one of the parlia-
ment of Scotland, the other of the parliament of England, which enadt ;
the former, that every king at his fucceffion fliall take and fubfcribe an
oath, to preferve the Proteftant religion, and Pielbyterian church go-
vernment in Scotland : the latter, thar, at his coronation, he iliall take
and fubfcribe a fimilar oath, to prcferve the fettlemcnt of the church of
England within England, Ireland, Wales, and Berwick, and the territories
thereunto belonging.

The king of Great Britain, notwiihftanding the limitations of the
power of the crown, alre:'dy mentioned, is one of the greateft monarcha
reigmng over a free people. His perfon is facred in the eye of the law,
which makes it high treafon fo much as to imagine or intend his death ?
neither can he, in himfelf, be deemed guilty of any crime, the law taking
no cognilance of his adtion?, but only in the perfons of his miniil^ers, if
they infringe the laws of the land. As to his power, it is very grcar,
though he has no right to extend his pierogiitive beyond the ancient li-
mits, or the bountlaiies prcfcribed by the conliituiton ; he can make no
new laws, nor raifc any new taxes, nor aft in oppolition to any of the
laws ; but he can make war or peace ; fend and receive ambafladors ; make
treaties of league and commerce ; levy armies, and lit out fleets, for the
defence of his kingdom, the annoyance of his enemies, or the fuppreflion
of rebellions ; grant commillions to his officers both by fea arid land, or
revoke them at pleafuie ; dii'pofe of all magazines, callles, &c. fummon

the

fe JJ b L A k b.

2^5

the pari'iament to meet, and when met, adjourn; prorogue, or diflTolve It
at pleafiire ; rcfufe his affent to any bill, though it had paflbd both houfes j
which, confcquently, by fuch a refufal, has no inoie force than if It had
never been moved ; but this isaprerogativfc that that the kings of England
have very feldom ventured to exercilc. He poflefleth the right of chufing
his own council ; of nominating all the great officers of ftate, of the houf-
hold and the church ; and, in jine, is the fountain of honour, from whom
all degrees of nobility and knighthood ait derived. Such is the dignity
and power of a king of Great Britain.

Of the parliament.] Parlinmentsi dr general couhciU. in feme
(hape, are, as has been obfervcd In page 270, of as high artii]ui;y as the
Saxon government in this illand, and coeval with the kingdom itfelf.
BiHckftone in his vuluabie Commentaries, fays, '* it is generally a^^reed*
that in the main the conllitution of parliament as it now ftands, was
marked out fo long ago as the 17th of king John, A. D ; 215, in the
Great Charter granted by that prince ; wherein he ptomiles to fummon all
archhidiops, bithops, abbot?, lords, and greater barons perfonally ; and
all other tenants in chief, under the crown by the fljcriff and bailiifs to
meet at a certain place, with forty days notice, toaflels aids and fcut-iges
when necelFary. And this conflitutionhath fubliiled, in fai), at lead iVotti
the year 1 26ft, 49 Henry HI. there being flill extant writs of that date to
fummon kni)>hts, citizens, and burgeflcsto parliament."

The parliament is alfenibled by the king's writs, arid its fitting muft
not be intermitted above three years. Irs conlVitucnt parts are, the kins'
fitting there in his royal political capacity, and the three eftatcs of the
realm ; the lords fpiritual, the lords temporal (who fit together with the
king in one houfe), and the commons, who fit by thcinfelves in another;
The king and thefe three eftates, to;;cthcr, (orm the great corporation or
body politic of the kingdom, of which the king is faid to be caput, prbici'
fium^ et finis. For upon their coming together the king meets them, ci-
ther in perfon, or by reprefenration ; without which there cm be no be-
ginning of a parliament ; and he alfo has alone the power of d ff-jlving
them.

It is highly ncccffiiry for prefcrving the balance of the confiitution.
that the executive power fliould be a branch, thai^jh not the whole, of
the legillature The crown cannot begin of itfelf any altclMiions in the
prefent eilaliliflKd law ; but it may approve or difapprove of the altera-
tions fuggcfted and confcnted to by the two houff?. The legiflativc there-
fore cannot abridge the executive power of any rights which it now has by
law, without its own confcnt : lince the law muil perpetually Hand as it
now does, unlel's all the powers will agree to alter it. And herein indeed
conlirts the true excellence of the Englifli government, that all the pans
of it foroi a mutual check upon each other* In the 1c<t fiature, the pcojile
are a check upon the nobility, and the n(>l/i)iiy a clie^k upon the people ;
by the mutual privilege of rcjetliing what thi- nrl:cv has rcfolvcd : while
the king is a check upon both, which picfervcs the exccuiive power from
encroachments.

The lords fpiiitnal confifi of two archbifliops and twenty-four biQiops.
The lords temporal confifl: of all the peers of the realm, the bifiippj n< t
being in ftrickm-fs held to be fuch, but merely lords of parliatnciu. Some
ot the peers fit by defcenr, as do all ancient petis ; fome by creation, a3
<loall the hcwiTiade ones : others, fince the union with Scotland, by elec-
tion, which is the cafe of the fixtecn |iccrs, who reprefent the Lodv of the

T z ' Scot*

276

E N G 1 A N D.

Scots nobility. The tiumber of peers is indefinite, and may be increafed
at will by the power of the crown.

A body of nobility is more peculiarly neceflary in our mixed and com-
pounded cunditution, in order to fupport the rights of both the crown
and the people ; by forming a barrier to withftand the encroachments of
both. It creates and preferves that gradual fcalc of dignity, which pro-
cceds from the peafant to the prince ; riling like a pyramid from a broad
foundation, and diminifbing to a point as it rifes. The nobility there-
fore are the pillars, which are reared from among the people, more im-
mediately to fupport the throne : and if that falls, they muu alfo be buri-
ed under its ruins. Accordingly, when in the lall century the commons
had determined to extirpate monarchy, they alfo voted the houfc of lords
to be ufelefs and dangerous.

The commons confiil of all fuch men of any property in the kingdom,
as have not feats in the houfe of lords ; every one of wnich has a voice in
parliament, either perfonally, or by his reprefcntaiives *. In a free Aate,
every man, who is fuppofed a free agent, ought to be, in feme meufure,
his own governor ; and rheicforc a branch at lead of the legiflative power
ihould refide in the whole body of the people. In fo large a Aate as ours,
it is very wifely contrived, that the people Hiould do that by their reprc-
fcntatives, which it is impradicable to perform in perfon : reprcfcntativcs
chofen by a number of minute and fcjiarate diftridls, wherein all the voters
are, or eafily may be, diflinguiflicd. The counties are therefore reprc-
fented by knights, eledcd by the proprietors of lands ; the cities and bo-
roughs are rt-prefented by citizens and burgefles, chofen by the mercantile
{>art, or fuppofed trading intcreil of the nation f. The number of Eng-
i(h reprefentatives is 513, and of Scots 47; in all 598. And e\'ery
member, though chofen, by oner particular diftrirt, when elefted and re-
turned, ferves for the whole realm." For the end of his coming thither is
not particular, but general ; not merely to ferve his conilituents, but alfu
the commonwealth, and to advife his majefly, as appears from the writ of
fummons.

Thefe are the conflitucnt parts of a parliament, the king, the lords
fpiritual and temporal, and the commons. Parts, of which each is fu ne-
ceflTary, that the confent of all three is required to make any new law that
fliould bind the fubjedt. Whatever is enacted for law for one, or by two

• This muft be uiiderftood with fome limitation. Thofc who are pofTcfled of land
cftiitcs, though to the vahie of only 40s. per annum, have a rig;ht to vote lor muniberg
cf parliament ; as have moft of the memhers of corporations, boroughs, &c. But
there are very large trading towns, and populous places, which fend no members to

Earliament ; and of ihofe towns which do fend meniber'i, great numbers of the inha-
itants have no votes. Many thoufand perfoni of great perfonal property, have,
therefore, no reprefentatives. Indeed, the inequality and ^cfedivcnefs of the repre-
fentation, has been juf^ly confidered as one of the grcutclt imperfeAions in the Engliih
conllitutioii. I'he duration of parliaments being extended to feven years, has alfo
been viewed in the fame light.

+ Copy of the bribery oath, which is adminiftcred to every perfon before they poll }
" I do fwear (or, being one of the people called Quakers, do

folcmnly affirm) I have not received or had by myfelf, or any perfon whatfoever in
truft for me, or for my ufe and benefit, dirc<5lly or indiredly, any fum or funis of money,
office, place or employment, gift or reward, or any promife or fecurity for any money,
nfficc, or employment, or gift, in order to give my vote at this elciSion : and that I
have not before been poU«d at this elcdlion. So help me God."

2 " only,

y be increafed

ixed and com-
loth the crown
rroachments of
y, which pro-
1 from a broad
nobility thcre-
plc, more im-
(t aifo be buri-
the commons
houfc of lords

\ the kingdom,
I has a voice in
In a free ftate,
feme meafure,
giflative power
a lUte as ours,
by their rcpre-
reprcfentativcs
in all the voters
hcrefoie repre-
c cities and bu-
' the mercantile
umber of Eng-
t. And every
elected and rc-
iming thither is
uents, but alfo
rom the writ of

:ing, the lords
each is fo ne-
new taw that
ne, or by two

Ipofleflcd of land

lotc lor members

}ugh!), &c. But

no members to

lers of the inha-

I property, have,

efs of the repre-

lis in the Hnglifh

years, has alfo

lefore they poll s
lied Quakers, do
whatfoever in
I fums of money,
[for any money.
Ion : and that I

ENGLAND.

277

only,

0!|ily, of the three, is no ftatute ; and to it no regard is due, unlefs in
matters relating ro their own privileges.

i'he power and jurifdiction of parliament, fays Sir Edward Coke, is fo
tranfcendcnt and abfolute, that it cannot be confined, cither for caufes or
perfons, within any bounds. It hath foverci^n and uncontrollable authorit/
in making, confirming, enlarging, rcilrainuig, abrogating, repealing, re-
viving, and expounding of laws, concerning matters of all poilible dene*
ininations, ccciefiaftical, or temporal, civil, military, maritime, or cri-
minal : this being th/j place where that abfolute defpotic power, which
muft in all governments refide fomewhere, is entruded by the conllitution
ofthefe kingdoms. All mifchiefs and grievances, operations and reme-
dies, that tranfcend the ordinary courfe of the laws, arc within the reach
of this extraordinary tribunal. It can regulate or new model the fucccf-
fion to the crown ; as was done in the reign of Henry VIII. and William
III. It can alter the cllubliflied religion of the land ; as was d-ine in a
variety of inOances, in the reign of king Henry VIII. and his three chil-
dren, Edward VI. Mary, and Elizabeth. It can change and create afreflj
even the conditution of the kingdom, and of parliaments themfelves; as
was done by the a6t of union, and the fevcr<<l flatutes for triennial and
feptennial ele6lions. It can, in fliorr, do every thing that is not naturally
impofiible : and therefore fome have not fcrupled to call its power by a
figure rather too bold, the omnipotence of parliament. But then their pow-
er, however great, was given them in trufl, and therefore ought to be
employed according to the rules of judice, and for the promotion of the
general welfare of the people. And it is a matter moft efifential to the li-
berties of the kingdom, that fuch members be delegated to this important
truft, as are mod eminent for their probity, their fortitude, and theif
knowledge ; for it was a known apophthegm of the great lord treafurer
Burleigh, »*that England could never be ruined but by a parliament :"
and, as Sir Mathew Hale obferves, this being the higheft and grcateft
court, over which none other can have jurifdiction in the kingdom, if by
any means a mifgovcrnment fliould any way fall upon it, the fubjeiSts of
this kingdom are left without all manner of legal remedy.

In order to prevent the mifchiefs that might aiife, by placing this ex«
tenfive authority in hands that are either incapable, or elfe improper, to
manage it, it is provided, that no one fliall fit or vote in either houfe of
parliament, unlefs he be twenty. one years of age. To prevent innovations
in religion and government, it is cnafted, that no member fliall vote or lit
in either houfe, till he hath, in the prcfciice of the houfe, taken the oaths
of allegiance, fupremacy, and abjuration; and fubfcribed and repeated the ■
declaration againll tranfubftantiation, the invocation of faints, and the fa-
crificeofthe mafs. To prevent dangers that may arife to the kingdom
from foreign attachments, connexions, or dependencies, it is ena£lcd, that
no alien, born out of the dominions of the crown of Great-Britain, even
though he be naturalized, fliall be opable of being a member of eitheir
houfe of parliament.

Some of the mod important priv'.leges of the members of either houfe
are, privilege of fpeech, of perion, of their domeftics, and of their lands
and goods. As to the firft, privilege of fpeech, it is declared by the da-
tute of I W. & M. d. 2. c. 2. as one of the liberties of the people,
*' that the freedom of fpeech, and debates, and proceedings in parlia-
ment, ought not to be impeached or quedioned in any court or place out
of parliament." And this freedom of fpeech is particularly demanded of
the king in perfon, by the fpcaker of the houfe of commons, at the open-

T .3 ing

a?^

ENGLAND,

ipg of every new parliament. So are the other privileges, of peribn,
fcrvants, lands, and goods. This includes not only privilege from illegal
violence, but aifo from legal arrcfts, and feizmcs by procefs from thts
courts of law. To affault by violence ^ member of cither houfc, or his
incnial fcrvants, is a high contempt of parliament, and there puniflied
\tith the utmo^ft fcverity. Neither can any member of either houfe be
arrertcd and taken into cuftody, nor ferved with any procefs of the courts
of law ; nor can his menial fervants be arrciled ; nor can any entry be
made on lus lands ; nor can his goods be diftrained or fcized, without a
breach of the priviltge of parliament*.

The houfc of lords have a right to be attended, and confequcntly arc,
by the judges of the courts of king's bench and common pitas, and fuch
of the barons of (he exchequer as are of the degree of the coif, or have
been made ferjeants at law ; as likewife by the mailers of the court of
chancery J for their advice in point of law, and fur the greater dignity of
their proceedings.

The fpeaker of the houfe of lords is generally the lord chancellor, or
lord keeper of the great feal, which dignities are commonly vcfted in the
J;*me periou.

Each peer has a right, by leave of the houfe as being his own reprefen-
tatlve, when a vote pafles contrary to his fentiments, toenter hisdilfent on
the journals of the houfe, with the reafons for fuch diffcnt ; which is
ufually ftylcd his proiell. Upon particular occafions, however, theliepro-
teQs have been fobold as to give offence to the majority of the houfe, and
have thticfoie been expunged from the journals : but this has always been
thought a violent meafure, and not very confident with the general right
of protefting.

The houfe of cornmons may be properly llyled the grand inqueft of
Great Britain, impowercd to enquire into all national grievances, in order
to fee them redielled.

The peculiar laws i.nd cuftoms of the houfe of roinmons relate princi-
pally to the raifing of taxes, and the ciedupns of members to ferve in par-
liament.'

With regard to taxes: it is the apcirnt indifputable privilege and right
of the houlc of commons, that all grants of fubfidies, or parliamentary
aids, do begin in their houfe, and are firft bellowed by them ; although
their grants are not cftedtual to all intents and purpofes, until they have,
the affetjt of the other two branches of the Icgiflature. The general rea-
fon given for this exclufive privilege of the houfe of commons, is, that
the fupplics are raifed upon the body of the people, and therefore it is
proper that they alone Ihould have the right of taxing themfelves. And fo
^eafonably jealous are the commons of this privilege, that herein they will
not fufier the other houfe to exert any power but that of rejefting; thcv
will not permit the lealf alteration or amendment to be made by the lords
to the mode of taxing the people by a money bill. Under this appellation
are included all bills, by which money is dircdid to be raifed upon the uib-
jcct, for any purpofe, or in any fliape whatfoever ; either for the cxigen-

* Thi? exemption from arrcfts for lawful debts, was always cnnfidered by tbe pub-
lie as a grieva"C6 The lords and commons therefore goneroufly relinquifhcd their
privilege by ad; of pariiai.ent in 1770; and members of both houfes may now be
futd like other debtors.

c»e*.

ENGLAND.

279

cics of government, nnd colledted from the kingdom Jn general, as tht
land-tax ; or for private benefit, and coUeded in any' particular diilria,
as by turnpikes, p.irifli-rates, and the like.

The method of making laws is much the fame in both houfes. In each
houfe the ad of the majority binds the whole : and this majority is declar> •
ed by votes openly and publicly givei; ; not as at Venice, and many other
fcnatorial aiTembiies, privately or by bailor. This latter method may be
ferviceable, to prevent intrigues and unconflitutional combinations, but it
is inipoffible to be pradifed with us, at leaft in the houfe of commons,
where every member's coiiduft is fubjci^ to the future cenl'ure of his con-
ftituents, and therefore fhould be openly fubmitted to their infpcitioh.

To bring a bill into the houfe of commons, if the relief fought by it is
of a private nature, it is firft neceflliry to prefer a petition; which mull be
prcfented by a member, and ufually fcts forth the grievance defired to be
remedied. This petition (when founded on faclisthat may be in their nature
difputed) is referred to a committee of members, who examine the mat-
ter alleged, and accordingly report it to the houfe ; and theji (or, other-
wife, upon the mere petition) leave is given to bring in the bill. Inpub«
lie matters, the bill is brought in upon motion made to the houfe, without
any petition. (In the houic of lords, if the bill begins there, it is, when
of a private nature, referred to two of the judges, to examine and report
the Hate of the fads alleged, to fee that all neceflary parties confent, and
to fettle all points of technical propriety.) This is read a firft time, and^
at a convenient diftanc; a fccond time ; and after each reading, the fpeaker
opens to the houfe the fubftance of the bill, and puts the queftion, whe-
ther it fliall proceed any further. The introduction of the bill may be
originally oppofed, as the bill itfelf may at either of the readings ; and
if the oppofaion iuccccds, the bill muil be dropt for that feflion ; as ic
mull alfo, if oppofcd with fuccefs in any of the lubfequent ftages.

After the fecond reading, it i? committed, that is, referred to a com-
mittee ; which is cither felefted by the houfe in matters of fmall import-
ance, or elfe, if the bill is a matter of great, or national confequencc,
the houfe refolves itfelf into a committee of the whole houfe. A coin
mittce of the whole houfe is compofed of every member; and, to form
it, the fpeaker quits the chair (another tpember being appointed chair-
man), and may fit and debate as a private member. In thcfe committees,
the bill is debated claufe by claufe, ainendments made, the blanks filled
up, and fometimes the bill entirely new-modelled. After it has gone
through the committee, the chairmnn reports it to the houfe, with fuch
amendments us the committee have made ; and the then houfe re-confidec
the whole bill again, and the queftion is repeatedly put upon every claufe
and amendment. Wlien the houfe have agreed ordifagrced to the amend-
ments of the committee, and fometimes added new amendments of their
own, the bill is then ordered to be engrofied, or written in a llrong grofs
hand, on one or more long rolls of parchment fewcd together. When this
is finifhcd, it is read a third time, and amendments are fometimes theii
made to it ; and, if a new claufe be added, it is done by tacking a fepa-
rate piece of pirchment on the bill, which is called a rider. The fpeaker
then again opens the contents ; and, holding it up in his hands, puts the
queftion whether the bill fliall pafs. If this be agreed to, the title to it
is then fettled. After this, one of the members is diredlcd to carry it to
the lords, ar^d dtfire their concurrence ; who, attended by feveral more.

200

ENGLAND.

carries it to the bar of the liouff of peer?, and there detiveri it to their
fpcaker, who comes down from hi« WDolfack to receive it. It there p;iire$
through the forms, as in the other houfe (except engroirmg, which is
already done), and, if reje«5led, no more notice is taken, but it fattls/ni
Jllenfio, to prevent unbecoming alterciitions. But if it be agreed to, the
lords fend a meliaj^e by two makers in chancery (or, rometimes<, in mat-
tcrs of high importance, by two of the judges) th;tt they have agreed to
the fame : and the bill remains with the lords, if they have m<idc no
amendment to it. But if any amendments are tn;idc, Inch amendmcms
are fent down with the bill to receive the concurnnicc of the commons.
If the commons difagrec to the amendmento, a cor.feicncc ufually follow!*
between members deputed from each houfe ; w^io, for the mort part, fet-
tle and adjnft the difference : but, if both htaites remain inflexible, the
bill is dropped. If the commons agree to the aniendmt-nts, the bi'l ib fcnt
back to the lords by one of the members, with a mcHiij^e to acquaint them
therewith. The fame forms are obfervcd, mutatis mutandis^ when the bill
begins in the houfe of lords. But, when an ;\€i of grace or pardon is
paflt-d, it is firfl figned by his majefty, and then read once only in each of
the houfes, without any new cngrolling or amendment. And when both
hnufes have done with any bill, it always is depoiited in the houfe of
peers, to wait the royal alTent ; except in the cafe of a money-bill, which
after receiving the concurrence of the lords, is fent back to the houfe of
commons. It may be neceffary here to acc^uaint the reader, that both in
the houfes, and in their committees, the flighted expreflfion, or moll mi-
nute alteration, does not pafs till the fpeaker, or the chairman, puts the
quellion ; which, in the houfe of commons, is anf^ered by aye or no ;
and, in the houfe of peers, by content y or not content.

The giving the royal affent to bills is a matter of great form. When
the king is to pafs bills in perfon, he appears on his thione in the houfe of
peers, in his royal robes, with the crown on his head and m'ended by
his great officers of Hate and heralds. A feat on the rij»ht iiand of the
throne, where the princes of Scotland, when peers of England, formerly
fat, is referved for the prince of Wales. 1 he other princes of the blood
fit on the left hand of the king ; and the chancellor on a clofe bench re-
moved a little backwards. The vifcounts and temporal barons, or lords,
face the throne, on benches, or wool packs, covered with red cloth or
baize. The bench of bifliops runs along the houfe to the bar on the right
hand of the throne ; as the dukes and earls do on the left. The chancel-
lor and judges, on ordinary days, fit upon wool-packs between the barons
and the throne. The common opinion is, that the houfe fitting on wool
is fymbolical of wool being formerly the rtaple commodity of the king-
dom. Many of the peers, on folemn occaflons, appear in their parlia-
mentary robes. None of the commons have any robes, excepting the
fpcaker, who wears a long black lilk gown ; and when he appears before
the king it is trimmed with gold.

The royal afl'ent may be given two ways ; i. In perfon. When the
king fends for the houfe of commons to the houfe of peers, the fpcaker
carries up the money-bill or bills in his hand ; and, in delivering them,
headdrefles hismajcily in a folemn fpcct.h, in which he feljum fails to ex-
tol the generofity and feyalty of the commons, and to telHiis majefty how
necelfary it is to be frugal of the public money. It is upon this occalion,
that the commons of Great Britain appear in their higheft luftre. The
titles of all bills that have pafled both houfes are read j ;uid the king's an-

fwer

ENGLAND.

281

fwer 11 declared by the clerk of the parliament in Norman-French. If
the king confents to a public bill, the clerk ufually declare*, U roy le vtut,
«« the king wills it fo to be ;" if to a private bill, foil fail comme il eft tie-
f,rt\ '• be it as it is dcfired." If the king rcfufes his affcnt, it is in the
'gentle language of le ruy s^avifcra, «* the king will advilc upon it."
When a money-bill is paJfcd, it is carried up and prefented to the king by
the fpeakcrof the houJe of commons, and the royal aflent is thus cxprefl'-
cd, /( roy remercif/es loyal/itbje^s, acceptt Irur benevolenct^ tt avji If vfuff
♦» tlie king thanks his loval lubjcAs, accepts their benevolence, and wills
it fo to be." In cafe of an adt of grace, which originally proceeds froni
the crown, and has the royal aflent in the flrll ilage of it, the clerk of the
parliament thus propounccs the gratitude of the I'ubjeft ; les frelais frig'
ticurSy tt commons^ en ce prefnt parliament ajfcmhliesy au tiom tie tout vous
autres f abject s^ remercient tres bumblcwtnt votre majrjie : tt pricnt a DicH
vous donmr en fanti bonne vie rt loiigur ; " the prelates, lords, and com-
mons, in this prcfcnc piirliainent allembled, in the name of all your other
fubjeds, moll humbly thank your mnjeily, and pray to God to grant you
in health and wealth long to live." 2. By the ftatiitc 33 Hen. VIII. c.
21. the king may give his allenc by letters patent under his great feal^
iigned with nis hand, and notified, in his abfenceto both houfcs aflembled
together in the high houfe, by comniiflioncrs confifting of certain peers,
named in the letters. And, when the bill has received the ro\ al aflent in
either of thefe ways, it is then, and not before, a ftatutc or ad of parlia*
ment.

This ftatute or a'£l is placed among the records of the kingdom ; there
needing no formal promulgation to give it the force of a law, as was no-
celfary by the civil hw with regard to the emperor's cdids ; becaufc every
man in England is, in judgment of law, party to the making of an adt uf
parliament, being prefent thereat by hij reprefentatives. However, co-
pit's thcreot are ufually printed at the king's prcfs, for the information of
the whole land.

An aft of parliament, thus made, is the exercife of the higheft autho-
rity that this kingdom acknowledges upon earth. It hath power to bind
every fubjed in the land, and the dominions thereunto belongit^g ; nay,
even the king himfelf, if particularly named therein. And it cannot be
altered, amended, difpenfed with, fufpended, or repealed, but in the
fame forms, and by the fame authority of parliament : for it is u maxim
in law, that it requires the fame ftrength to difllblve, as to create an obli-
gation.

Such is the parliament of Great Britain ; the fource and guardian of
our liberties and properties, the flrong cement which binds the foundation
and fuperftrufture of our government, and the wifely conceited balance
maintaining an equal poife, that no one part of the three eflates over-
power or diftrefs either of the other.

From the above general view of the Englifti conftitution, it appears,
that no fecurity for its permanency, which the wit of man can advil'e, is
wanting. Ifitfliouldbe objected, that parliaments may become fo cor-
rupted as to give up or betray the liberties of the people, the anfwer is,
that parliaments, as every other body politic, are fuppofed to watch over
their political exiflence, as a private perfon does his natural life. If a
parliament was to adt in that manner, it muft become ftlo de fy an evil
that no human proviflons can guard againft. But there are great refoutccs
of liberty in England ; and though the conftitutiun has been even over-*

turned)

28l

K N G L A I' D.

tiirncJ, nnil fomctimcs danifcroiifly woiimlcd, yet in own innate nowcrt
hnvc rccuvcrcii and lUll pirt'crvc it. Mont'. Mrxcray, the himuuii hiltoriun,
fiiid to II countryman ot oiii», in the dole «>f the I.1II century. •• \Vc hud
oni'c in France the i'amr liappincl'ii und the lame |)rivilq>,C8 which you
have; our laws ivtrr tlun itutdt h<f ireJhittUivet of ov^ own chu/inv^
thtitforr fiur mont^ <wa\ not takrn from us, ii^/ jftui'itiii hy ui> Our kuii; »
were then fubjctSl to the rules of law and rcal'on — now, alas ! we aic ini-
fcrablc, und all is lolh Think nothing, lir, too diar to niuuu:<iii thrle
precious advantages ; it ever there (hould he occalioii, vcimnc yiMr lilc
itnd cll.ite rather than halcly and toulilhly I'ubniit to thai abject ronditiuii
to which you lee us reduced."

The king of £ngl»iid, bciides his high court of parliament, has fuh-
ordinate othcers and ntinillers to nlliU him, and wlu) arc rctponlible tor their
advice and conduA. They arc made by the kind's noniiiiatiou, without
cither patent or grant ; and on takinf; the ncccHary o.itlm, they become
immediately privy*counlellors duriii'; the lite ot the king that chulcs
ihrin ; but fubjcdt to icmoval at his dirci.^iion.

The duty ot a privy cornicllor appears Iroin the oath of office, which
conlills of I'evcn articles : i. To advile the kin^ according to the belt of
his cunning and ditcretion. 2. To advile for the king's honour and good
of the puUlic, without partiality through alTcc^tion, love, need, doubt, or
dread. 3. To keep the king's connrcl I'ecret. 4. To avoid corruption.

5. To help and llrengthcn the execution of what Ihall be there refolved.

6. To withllniid all pcrfons who would attempt the contrary. And lall-
ly, in general, 7. To obfcrve, keep, and do all that a good and true
counfellor ought to do to his fovercign lord.

As no government can be lb complete us to be provided with laws that
may anfwer every unforcleen emergency, the privy-council, in fucli cafes,
can fupply the deticicncy. It has been even known, that upon great and
urgent occalions, fuch as that of a famine, or the dread of one, they can
1\4H:rlede the operation of the law, if the pavliument is not litting; but
this is confidered as ill.-gal, and an a6f of parliament mull pals for the p.ir-
don und iiuiemnilication of thole concerned.

Among the privy-counfellors, the two lecretatics of ftate are more of-
ficially fo than the others, as they arc cntrultcd with the king's lignet,
snd are fuppofcd to aiivife him in ac'b of govtiumi.nt that may not
he proper to be communicated even to a privy coMiilellor ; fuch as giv-
ing ord.-rs for lecret expcilitions, corrcrpoiuience wiih Ipies or other a-
gents, lecuring traitors, and the like. 'I'lic li\.retary(h'p ot ll.ite i^ no^v
held by two noblemen or genilcmen ; formerly the kint^ noininated
throe, imt the oHice was not then of that c(>nfe(|uence wliieh it is now.
Since the acctirmn of the family of Hanover, uc have likevvilb known
ihree principiil fecretaries nf llate ; but one ot tliem was fuppolbd to
nanlaCt the ati'airs of Scotland, which aie now cotiimiited to other iriini-
lieis. Upon the vali iiicicife of the Britilh eolnnies, a new hoard of trade
was crcitL'd, and the tin} commillioner ai'ted as fecrcrary lor the Aineiicau
affairs, but without that title. A thiid fecre.tary of Ibtc was afterwards
appointed fokly for the American department ; but by the late peace^
the Americans will now appoint oflicers tor, and oflicers from, among
themielvea : the board of trade alfo hath been al)olillicd as ufelcfs.

The office of fecre ary of llatc is at prefent di\ided into a fouthcin and
a north nil depattmcnt. The fouthcrn contains France, Spain, Portu-
vil, It.;ly, the Swiu Cantons, Conitaiitinople, ai^d, iu Ihoit, all tKc

ihues

E N O L A K n

■«^

wc uic ini>

states in the fomhcrii pirtii. The northern comprchendi the dlfftrcnt
l^atrH (>r(Jci->ii:iiiy, I'riilliii, l'<il;iiid, Rufl'iH, Sweden, Dciiinaik, Holland,
Flandcri, iiit 1 ilic Ifanlcitic town*.

Willi rrR.iiil (() tlif mpitil nfh o( government which wt-rc formerly
riitriil'cd wi«l» the fccrniiiics ot (hue, a coininittte ot the privy-touncil,
commonly tnll<da labinct-couwcil, are chiefly entriilUd. 'J'liu cabinet
uciicially r«nlilU ot a li'lvct luniibcr ot minillers ami noblemen, accord-
inj; to the kinij'a oi)inii)n ol thcii intcj^rity und abilities, or attachment to
the views oftlic court ; but tlioii^h its operations arc powerful and cxtcn*
live, a «.aliinct-council is not clUntial tothecoiilHtution of Kn^land.

'I'his oliicrvaiion naturally leads nic to mention the perlon uho is fo
well known by the name ot the fl'J} ,ninij}er ; u term unknown to the
Knj^'liflt conilitulion, thi»uj',li the ollice, in cttii't, 18 perhaps neceirary.
The conllittition points out the loul hi^h chancellor ^\^ minillcr, but the
aH'iirs of his own courts j»ivr him fufticient employment. When the of-
fice of the lirft lord of the noafory is united with that of chancellor of the
exchequer (oflices which 1 am to explain hereafter) in the fame pcrfon,
he is conlidered as firft mini Iter. The truth is, his majcHy may make any
of his fcrvantb his firll ininificr. But thou};h it is no oiiicc, yet there is a
refpoiifibility annexed to the name and common repute, that renders it a
poll of ditliculty and danger. 1 ftiall now take a fliort review of the nine
^reat oflieers ol the ciown, who by their polls take place next to the princes
of thtMoval family and the two primates.

The hrll is the lord hijjh fteward of England. This is an oflice very
nncicnr, and formerly was hereditary, or at lead for life ; but now and
lor centuries pall it is excrcifed only occafionally ; that is, at a corona>
tion, or to fit as judj;>e cm a peer or pccrcls, when tried for a capital
crime. In coronations, it is held, for that day only, by fomc high no-
bleman. In cafe? ol triah', it is exercifed generally by the lord chancel-
lor, or lord keeper ; whole commilfion, as hi^h fteward, ends with the
trial, by breaking his white lod, the badr^o of his office.

The lord high chancellor prcfidcs in . o court of chancery, to mode-
rate the fevcritics of the law, in all cafes where the property of the fub-
jeft is concerned ; and he is to dcrcrmine according to tlie dilates of
equity and icafon. He is an oUicei ot the gicateli: weight and power of
any now fublifting in the kingdom, ul is fuperior in precedency to every
temporal lord. He is a privy countcllor by his office, and according to
fomc, prolocutor of the houfe of lords by prefcription. To him belongs
the appointnientof all jufticcsof the peace ; he is vilitor in ri^jht of the king
of all holpitals and colleges ot the king's foundation, and patron of all
the king's livings under the value of 20!. per annum in the king's books.
He is the general guardian of all infants, idiots, and lunatics ; and hath
the lliperinicndance of all charitable ufes in the kingdom, over and above
the exteniivc jurifdiiftion which he cxcicifes in his judicial capacity in the
couit of chancery.

The pod of lord high treafurcr has of late been veiled in a coinmif.
Hon, confifting of five pcrfons, who are called lords of the treafury ; but
the firll comniillioner is fi.ppoled to poflcfs the power of lord high troa-
furer. He has the management and charge of all the revenues of the
crown kept in the Exchequer; as alfo the letting of the leafcs of all
crown-lands, and the gift of all places belonging to the cuiloms in the
icveral ports of the kingdom. From this fliort view of his office, its im-
portance may be eajily underftood ; as he has, in fad, the public finances
in his hanil^, bcildcs the difpofal of To great a iniinber of lucrative places,
' • that

i^4

ENGLAND.

that the bare catalogues of them would exceed the bounds we allot to a
lonjj article.

The lord prefidcnt of the council was an oiEcer formerly of great
power, and hath precedence next after the lord chancellor, and lord
treafurcr. His duty is to propofe all the bulinefs tranlacfted at the coun-
cil-buard, and to report to the king, wheA his majeily is not prefent, all
its debates and proceedin};s. It is a place of great dignity as well as dif-
ficulty, on account of the vail number of American and Weft India
caufes, captures, and the like afl'airs, that come betore the board; all
which may be abridged to the vaft conveniency of the fubjcdt by an able
prclident.

The office of lord privy feal confifts in his putting the king's feal to all
charters, grants, and the like, which are figned by the king, in order to
their pafling the great feal. The lord privy feal has likewife under his
cognifance feveral other affairs, which do not require the great feal. He
is to take care that the crown is not impofed upon in any tranfadion pafl*-
ing through his hands ; and he is refponftble if he fhould apply the privy
feal to any thing againft the law of the land.

The office of lord great chamberlain of England is hereditary to the duke
of Ancafter's family. He attends the king's perfon, on his coronation,
to drefs him : he has likewife charge of the houfe of lords during the fit-
ting of parliament ; and of fitting up WeftminOer-hall for coronations, or
trials of peers.

The ofHce of lord high conftable has been difufed iince the attainder
and execution of Staflbrd duke of Buckingham, in tlie year 1521, but is
occafionally revived for a coronation. It was formerly a place of the
Mghcd trull, as it commanded all the king's forts and gurrifons, and took
place of all officers in the field.

The duke of Norfolk is hereditary earl mnrlhal of England. Before
JEt^ghmd became fo commercial a country, as it has been for a hundred
years pafl, this office required great abilities, learning, and knowledge of
ihe Englifli hiftory for its difcharge. , In war time he was judge of army
caufes, and decided according to the principles of the civil law. If the
caufe did not admit of fuch a deciUon, it was left to a pcrfunal combat,
which was attended with a vafl variety of ceremonies ; the arrangement
of which, even to the fmallell trifle, fell within the marftial's province.
To this day, he, or his deputy, regulates all points of precedency ac-
cording to the archives kept in the herald's office, which is entirely with-
in his jurifdidion. He direcls all folemn proceffions, coronations, pro-
clamations, general mournings, and the like. He is fuppofed to be judge
of the marlhalfea-court ; and in thofe reigns where proclamations had
the force of law, he had a cenforial power in all cafes of ufurping falfe
tiames, delignations, armorial bearings, and the like ; but this power is
now difputed, and reduced to a conuirmity with the common law. As
his grace is dilqualified by his religion from the exercife of many parts of
bis office, fome proteftant nobleman, generally one of his own friends
or family, and at prefent his eldcft fon the earl of Surry being a prote-
{lanr, is depu 1 d to a6t for him, and he wears as his budge, a gold baton
tipped with ebony.

The office of lord high admiral of England is * now likewife held by

* The laft lord high admiral was George prince of Denmark, ai.d hufband to queen
Anne* "^

com*

ENGLAND.

2B5

ids we allot to a

ormerly of great
icellor, and lord
idea at the coun-
s not prefent, all
ity as well as dif-
and Weft India
e the board ; all
:ubjc£t by an able

E king's Teal to all
king, in order to
likewile under his
le great feal. He
y tranfadion paff-
Id apply the privy

:ditary to the duke
)n his coronation,
trds during the (it-
for coronations, or

lince the attainder

year

I 72 1, but is

rly a place of the
jarrifons, and took

England. Before
:en for a hundred
and knowledge of
as judge of army
civil law. If the
perfunal combat,
the arrangement
larftial's province,
if precedency ac-
is entirely with-
coronations, pro-
pofed to be judge
roclamations had
of ufurping falfe
[but this power is
immon law. As
of many parts of
his own friends
ly being a prote-
ge, a gold baton

likewife held by

I'.d huibaud to queen

commiflion, and is equal- in its importance to any of the preceding, efpe«
cially fince the growth of the Britilh naval power. The Englifh admiralty
is a board of direction as well as execution, and is in its proceedings indepen-
dent of the crown itfelf. All trials upon life and death, in maritime af-
fair«, are appointed and held under a commilTion immediately ilTuing from
that board : and the members mull fign even the death warrants ror ex*
ecution ; but it may be eafily conceived, that, as they are removable at
pleafure, they do nothing that can clafh with the prerogative of the
crown, and conform themfelves to the directions they receive from his ma«
jefty. The board of admiralty regulates the whole naval force of the
realm, and names all their officers, or confirms them when named ; fo
that its jurifdidtion is very extenfive. They appoint vice-admirals under
them ; but an appeal from them lies to the high court of admiralty,
which is of a civil nature : London Is the place where it is held; and all
Its procefles and proceedings run in the lord high admiral's name, or thofe
of the commiffioners, and not in that of the king. The judge of this
court is commonly a do«5tor of the civil law, and its proceedings are ac-
cording to the method of the civil law j but all criminal matters, relat-
ing to piracies, and other capital offences committed at fea, are Tied and
determined according to the laws of England, by witneffes and a jury,
ever fince the reign of Henry Vllf. It now remains to treat of the couits
of law in England.

CotJRTs OF LAW.] The court of chancery, which is the court of equi-
ty, is next in dignity to the high court of parliament, and is defigned to
relieve the fubjert againft frauds, breaches of truft, and other oppreffions,
and tp mitigate the rigour of the law. The lord high chancellor fits as
fole judge, and in his abfence, the mafter of the rolls. The form of
proceeding is by bills, anfwers, and decrees; the \^itnenes being exa-
mined in private : however, the decrees of this court are only bindmg to
the perfons of thofe concerned in them, for they do not affeit their lands
and goods; and confequently, if a man refules to comply with the terms,
they can do nothing more than fend him to the prifon of the Fleet, This
court Is always open ; and if a man be fent to prifon, the lord chancellor,
in any vacation, can, if he fees reafon for ir, grant a habeas corpus.

The clerk of the crown likewife belongs to this court, he, or his de-
puty, being obliged always to attend on the lord chancellor as often as
he fits for the difp.ttch of bufinefs ; through his hands pafs all writs for
lummoning the parliament, or choofing of members ; cominilTions of the
peace, pardons, &c.

The King's Bench, fo called either from the kings of England fomc-
times fitting there in pcrfon, or becaiife all matters determinable by com-
mon law, between the king and his fubjei^s arc here tried, except fuch
affairs as properly belong to the court of Exchequer. This court is, like-
wife, a kind of cheque upon all the inferior courts, their judges, and juf-
tices of the peace. Here prefidc four judges, the firll of whom is ftylcd
lord chief juflice of the king's bench, or, by way of eminence, lord
chief juftice of England, 10 exprefs the great extent of his jurifdi<5lion over
the kingdom : for this court can grant prohibitions in any caufc depend-
ing either in fpiritual and temporal courts ; and the houfe of peers docs
often direcfl the lord chief jullice to iffue out his warrant for apprehend,
ing perfons under fufpicion of high crimes. The other three judges arc
called juftices, or judges of the King's Bench.

I'he court of Comtnon Pleas take cogn-fance of all pleas debatable, and

' civil

com<

2d5

ENGLAND.

'•A

civil aiftions depemling between fubjeiit and fubje£t ; and in it, befidcs all
real actions, fines and recoveries are tranfnfted, and prohibitions are like-
_wife ilTued out of it, as well as from the King's Bench. The firft judge
of this court is ftylcd lord chief jutlice of the Common Pleas, or com-
mon bench ; belidt; whom there are likewife three other judj/es, or jufticcs
of this court. None but ferjeants at law arc allowed to plead here.

The court of Exchequer was inlHcuted for managing the revenues of
the crown, and has a power of judging both .iccording to law and accord-
ing to equity. In the proceedings according to law, the lord chief baron
of the Exchequer, and three other barons predde as judges. They are
flyled barons, becaule formerly none but barons of the realm were allowed
to be judges in this court. Belide thefe, there is a fifth, called curfitor
baron, who has not a judicial capacity, but is only employed in adminif-
tering the oath to flieriflfs and other officers, and alfo to fcveral of the of-
ficers of the cuftom-houlp. — But when this court proceeds according to
equity, then the lord treafurer and the chancellor of the Exchequer pre-
fide, alliftcd by the other barons. All matters touching the king's trea-
fury, revenue, cuftoms, and fines, are here tried and determined. Be-
lides the officers already mentioned, there belong to the Exchequer, the
Icing's remembrancer, who takes and flatcs all accounts of the revenue,
cuftoms excilc, parliamentary aids and fubfidics, &c. except the accounts
of the flieritFs and their officers. The lord treafurcr's remembrancer,
whofe bufinels it is to make out procell'es againft flicrifls, receivers of the
revenue, and other officers.

For putting the laws efFedually in execution, a high-(herifF is annually
appointed for every county (cxct-pt Weflmoreland and Middlefex) by the
king* ; whofe office is both minill-.-rial and judicial. He is to execute the
king's mandate, and all writs direft^d to him out of the king's court of
juftice ; to impannel juries, to bring caufes and malefaftors to tri.il, to
fee fentence, both in civil and criminal affiiirs, executed ; and at the
aflize to attend the judges, and guard them all the time they are in his
county. He is likewife to decide the eledtions of knights of the dure, of
coroners and vcrdurers ; to judge of the qualifications of voters, and to
return fuch as he fball determine to be duly elected. It is alfo part of his
office to colleft all public fines, diftrefles, and amerciaments, into the Ex-
chequer, or where the king fliall appoint, and to make fuch payments out
of them as his majefty fliall think proper.

As his office is judicial, he keeps a court, called the county court,
which is held by the (herifF, or his under-flieriffs, to hear and determine
all civil caufes in the county, under forty fliiliings : this, however, is no
court of record ; but the court, formerly called the flieriff"'s turn, was
one ; and the king's leer, through all the county : for in this court in-
quiry was made into all criminal offences ag.iinlT; the coinmon law, where
by the ftatutc law there was no reftraint. This court, however, has been
long fince abolilhed. As the keeper of the king's peace, both by com-
mon law and I'pccial commiirion, he is the ftrfl: m;in in the county, and
fuperior in rank to any nobleman therein, during his oflice. He may
command all the people of his county to attend him, which is called the
foj/i vo,nitcitit^, or power of the county.

* SherilVs were roimerly clmfcn by the inhabitants of the feveral counties. In ^.in«'.
counties the fheriHs were fornitrly hereditary, and ftill continue in the county '1
Wcftniorel;\ni]. Ilie city of London hath alfo the inheritance of the fluievaky t>i
Middlefex veiled in their body by charttf.

Under

E N G L A N D.

287

in it, befides all
ibitions are like-
The firft judge
I Pleas, or com-
udf^es, or ju dices
ead here,
the revenues of
law and accord-
lord chief baron
%es. They arc
iliii were allowed
, called curfiror
)yed in adminif-
Vveral of the of-
eds according to
Exchequer pre-
the king's trea-
letcrmined. Be-
Exchequer, the
of the revenue,
ept the accounts
s remembrancer,
, receivers of the

berifF is annually

[iddlefex) by the

is to execute the

r king's court of

ftors to tri.il, to

ed ; and at the

they are in his

of the flilre, of

»f voters, and to

alfo part of his

ts, into the Ex-

h payments out

county court,

and determine

I however, is no

IrifPs turn, was

this court in-

hon law, where

[vever, has been

both by com-

le county, and

lice. He may

Ich is called the

Dunties. In (nMe.
In the count) < T
Jthc flirievaky tu*

Under

Under the (lierifF are various officers ; as the under-flieriff, clerks,
(Icwards of courts, bailiffs (ia London called ferjeants), conftables, gaol-
ers, beadles, &c.

The next officer to the (lieriff, is the jujice of pcacc^ feveral of whom
arc commiffioned for each county : and to them is entrufted the power of
putting great part of the ftatute law in execution, in relation to the high-
ways, the poor, vagrants, trcafons, felonies, riots, the prefervation of
the game, &c. Sec. and they examine and commit to prifon all who break
or diilurb the peace, and difquiet the king's fubjefls. In order to punifli
the oftenders, they meet every quarter at the county-town, when a jury
of twelve men, called the grand inqueft of the county, is fummoned to
appear. This jury, upon oath, is to enquire into the cafes of all delin-
quents, and to prelent them by bill guilty of the indiftment, or not
guilty : the juftices commit the former to gaol foir their trial at the next
flinzes, and the latter are acquitted. This is called the quart<r-fcffion»
for the county. The juftice of peace ought to be a perfon of great good
lenfe, fagacity, and integrity, and to be not without fome knowledge of
the law : for as much power is lodged in his hands, and as nothing is fo
intoxicating, without thefc qualifications he will be apt to make miftakcs,
and to ftep beyond his authority, for which he is indeed liable to be called
to an account at the court of King's Bench.

Each county contains two coro7tcrs^ who are to enquire, by a jury of
neighbours, how and by whom any perfon came by a violent death, and
to enter it on record as a plea of the crown. Another branch of his of-
fice is to enquire concerning Hiipwreck, and certify whether wreck or nor,
and who is in pofTeiTion oi the goods. In his minillcrial office, he is the
iherift''s fubftitute.

The civil government of cities is a kind of fmall independent policy of
iiftlf ; for every city hath, by charter from the king, a jurifdidion with-
in itfelf, to judge in all matters civil and criminal : with this reflraint
only, that all civil caufes may be removed from their courts to the higher
courts at W^eftminfter ; and all oflences that are capital, are committed to
the juilge of the affize. The government of cities differs according to
their different charters, immunities, and conftitutions. They are con-
flituted with a mayor, alderman, and burgefTes, who, together, make
the corporation of the city, and hold a court of judicature, where the
mayor prefides as judge. Some cities are counties, and chufe their own
flieriffs ; and all of them have a power of making bye-lav . for their own
government. Some have thought the government of cuies, by mayor,
aldermen, and common-council, is ail epitome of the Englifli govern-
ment, by king, lords, and commons.

The government of incorporated boroughs is much after the fame man-
ner; in ibme there is a mayor, and in others two bailiffs ; all which, dui-
jng their mayoralty or magirtracy, are jufliccs of the peace within their
liherticii, and confequently cfquires.

The cinque-ports are five havens, formerly eflcemed mod impoftant
ones, that lie on the call part of England towards France, as Dover, Sand-
v.'ch, Roniney, Hallings and Hythe, to which Winchelfea and Rye have
been fince adued with iimilar tianchifcs in many refpeds. Thefe cinque-
ports were endowed with particular privileges by our ancient kings, upoa
condition that they fliould piovide a certain number of fliips, at their own
charge, to ferve in the wars for forty d.iys, as ofton as tht-y weif* wanted.

For the better yoveiiimciit of villJEei-

the lords of the foil, or m^nor

;,v,ho

ENGLAND.

(who were formerly called barons), have generally a power to hold courts,
called courts-Ieet and courts-baron, where their tenants are obliged to at-
tend and receive juftice. The bufincfs of courts-leet is chiefly to pre-
fent and punifh nuifances ; and at courts-baron the conveyances and aliena-
tions of the copyhold tenants are enrolled, and they are admitted to their
eftates on a defcent or purchafc.

A conJlabU is a very ancient and refpciiiVable officer of the peace, under
the Englifli conftitution. Every hundred has a high-condablc, and every
parifli in that hundred a conftable ; and they are to attend the high-
condable upon proper 'occifions. They are aflided by another ancicr.t
officer, called the tything-man, who formerly fuperintended the tenth
part of an hundred, or ten free burghs, as they were called in the time of
the Siixons, J each free burgh confifting often families. The bulinefa
of csnllable is to keep the peace in all cafes of quarrels and riots. He
can imprifon oflendcrs till tliey are brought betore a juftice of peace ; and
it is his duty to execute, within his dillric% every warrant that is dircfted
to him from that magiftrate, or a bench of julliccs. The nei;left of the
Old Saxon courts, both for the preiervation of the peace, and the more
Cafy recovery of fmall debts, has been regretted by many eminent law-
yers; and it has of late been found neccflary to revive fomc of them,
and to appoint others of a limilar nature.

Befide theff, there arc courts of confciencc fettled in many parts of
England for the relief of the poor, in ilic recovery or payment of fmall
debt?, not exceeding torty fliillings.

There neither is, nor ever was, any conftitution provided with fo many
fences, as that ot England is, for the fccurity of perfonal liberty. Every
man imprifoned has a right to bring a writ before a judge in Weftminfter-
hall, called his Habeas Corpus. If that judge, after confidcring the
caufe of commitment, Ihall find that the oftence is bailable, the party is
immediately admitted to bail, till he is condemned or acquitted in a
proper court of juftice.

The rights of individuals are fo attentively confidcred, that the fub-
je£t may, without the Icaft danger, fue his fovereign, or thofe who aft in
his name, and under his authority : he may do this in open court, where
the king may be caft, and be obliged to pay damages to his fubjcft. He
cannot take away the liberty of the leall: individual, unlets he has, by
fome illegal aft, of which he is accufed or fufpefted upon oath, forieited
h'.8 right to liberty ; or except when the ftate is in danger, and the repre-
fentatives of the people think the public fat'ety makes it necelVary that he
(hould have the power of confining perfons on fuch a fufpicion of guilt :
fuch as the cafe of a rebellion within the kingdom, when the legillatiire
has thought proper to pafs a temporary fufpenfion of the Habeas Corpus
aft: but this felJom has been done but with great difliculty and caution,
and when the national faftty has abfoUitely required it. The king has a
right to pardon ; but neither he nor the judges, to whom he delegates his
authority, can condemn a man as a criminal, except he be firft found
guilty, by twelve men, who mu(l be bis peers or his equals. That the
judges may not be inHucaced by the king, or his miniftcrs, to mifrepre-
fent the cafe ro the jury, they have their falaries for life, and not during
the pleafure of their fovereign. Neither tan the king take away, nor en-
danger the life of any fubjeft, without trial, and the perfons being firft
chargeable with a capital crime, as treafon, murder, felony, or fome other
aft, injurious to lociety j nor can any fubjeft be deprived of his liberty,

tor

ENGLAND.

2$9

er to hold courts,
ire obliged to at-
s chiefly to pre«
ances and aliena-
admitted to their

the peace, under
iftable, and every
attend the high-
another ancicr.t
lended the tenth
led in the time nf
1. The bulinefs
i and riots. He
:c ot" peace ; and
It that is directed
he nej^left of the
L'c, and the more
my eminent law-
e lomc of them,

n many parts of
payment of Imall

led with fo many
I liberty. Every
; in Weftminfter-
• confidcring the
blc, the party is
f accjuiited in a

d, that the fub-

thofe who aft in

)en court, where

s fiibjcft. He

els he has, by

oath, forfeited

md the repie-

lecellary that he

"picion of guilt :

the legillature

■lahoits Corpus

ty and caution,

The king has a

ie delegates his

be firil found

als. That the

rs, to mifiepre-

and not during

e away, nor cn-

fons being firft

or fonic other

d of his liberty,

lor

for the highcft crime, till fone proof of his guilt be given upoii oath
before a magiftrate; and he has then a right to infill upon his being
brought, the firft opportunity, to a fair trial, or to be reftored to liberty
on giving bail for his appearance. If a man is charged with a capital
offence, he muft not undergo the ignominy of being tried for hit li^K
till the evidences of his guilt are laid before the grand jury of the towa
or county in which the faft is alleged to be comVnitted, and not with*
out twelve of them agreeing to a bill of indiftment againft him. If they
do this, he is to fland a fecond trial before twelve other meni whofe opi-
nion is definitive. By the 28 Edward III. it is enabled, that where either
parry is an alien born, the jury fhall be one half aliens, and the other
denizens if required, for the more impartial trial. A privilege indulged
to Grangers in no other country in the world, but which is as ancient with
Mi as the time of king Ethelred*. In fome cafes, the man (who i$ al«
ways fuppofed innocent till there be fufficient proof of hi gu'it) is al>
lowed a copy of his indiftment, in order to help hiin to make his defence.
He is alfo furnifhed with the pannel, or lid of the jury, who are his tru«
and proper judges, that he may learn their charadlers, and difcover whe-
ther they want abilities, or whether they are prejudiced againft him.
He may in open court peremptorily objea to twenty cf the number f ,
and to as many more as he can give reafon for their not being admitted at
his judges ; till at lafl twelve unexceptionable men, the neighbours of
the parry accufed, or living near the place where the fuppofed fa^ waf
committed, are approved or, who rake the following oath, that they Jbait
well and truly try, tifitl true deliverance make y between the king ami the pri^
/oners, luhom theyjhall have in charge, according to tlje evidence. By cnal-
lenging the jury, the prifoner prevents all pofliDility of bribery, or the in-
fluence of any fu))erior power: by their living near the place where the hGt
was committed, they are fuppofed to be men who knew the prifoner's courfe
of life, and the credit of the evidence. Thcfe only are the judges from
whofe fentence the prifotier is to expedt life or death, and upon their in-
tegrity and underftanding the lives of all that are brought in danger ul-
timately depend; and from their judgment there lies no appeal: they
are therefore to be all of orje mind, ana after they have fully heard the
evidence, are to be confined without meat, drink, or candle, till thi^y are
unanimous in acciuttting or condemning the prifoner. Every juryman i*
therefore invedea with a foletnn and awful truft: if he without evidence
fubmits his opinion to that of any of the other jury, or yields in complain
fance to the opinion of the judge ; if he neglefts to examine with tbe ut»
moil care ; if he queftions the veracity of the witneffes, who may be of
an infamous charafter ; or after the mofl impartial hearing, has the leaft
doubt upon his mind, and yet joins in condemning the perfba accufed;
he will wound his own confcience, and bring upon himiJeif the compli-
cated guikof perjury and murder. The freedom of Engliflimen co^aiifts
in its being out of the power of the judge oa the bench to injure thtm*
for declaring a man innocent whom he willies to bring in guilty. Were »ot
this the cafe, juries would be ufclefs ; fo far from being judges themlelT«8|
they would only be the tools of another, whofe province is not to guide«
but to give a fan£tion to their determination. Tyranny might triumph

• Statute de Monticolii Wallioe.
&a cafi; of ucMinn.

t The party majr cbalkng* thirtjr-five

ever

tfO

ENGLAND.

ever the lives and liberties of the fubjeft, and the judge on the ben.h be
the minifler of the prince's vengeance.

Trial by jury is fo capital a privilege, and fo great a fecurity to the
Kberty of the fubje£l, it is much to be regretted, that perfons of eaucation
and property are often too ready to evade ferving the office. By this meant

{'uries frequently confift of ignorant and illiterate perfons, who neither
lave knowledge enough to underftand their rights and the privileges of
Engliibmen, nor fpirit enough to maintain them. No man ihould be
above fervinjg fo important an office, when regularly called upon: and
thofe who, from indolence or pride, decline difchargin? this duty to the'C
country, feem hardly to deferve that fecurity and liberty which the in*
habitants of this country derive from this invaluable inftitution. Juries
have, indeed, always been confidered as giving the mod effectual check
to tyranny : for in a nation like this, where a king can do nothing againft
Uw, they are a fecurity that he (hall never make the laws, by a bad ad-
miniflration, the inlliiimcnts of cruelty and oppreffion. Were it not fiM^
furies, the advice given by father Paul, in his maxims of the republic oJF
Venice, might take effefl in its fulleft latitude. <* When the offence is
committed by a nobleman againft a fubje£l, fays he, let all ways be
.tried to judify him; and if that is not poffible to be done, let him be
chaiHfed with greater noife than damage. If it be a fubjedt that has af-
fi-onted a nobleman, let him be punifhed with the utmoft feverity, that
the fubjefU may not get too great a cuflom of laying their hands on the
patrician order." In fliorr, was it not for juries, a corrupt nobleman
might, whenever he pleafed, a6l the tyrant, while the judge would have
that power which is now denied to our kings. But by our happy
conftitution, which breathes nothing but liberty and equity, all ima«
ginary indulgence is allowed to the meanell, as well as the greatefl.
When a prifoner is brought to take his trial, he is freed from all bonds ;
and though the judges are fuppofed to be counfel for the prifoner, yet,
as he may be incapable of vin(Kcating his own caufc, other counfel are
allowed him ; he may try the validity and legality of the indi£lment,
«fid may fet it afide 'f it be contrary to law. Nothing is wanting to clear
up the caufe of innocence, and to prevent the fuifercr from finking under
the power of corrupt judges, and the oppreffion of the great. The
racks and tortures that are cruelly made ufe of in other parts of Europe,
to make a man accufe himfelf, are here unknown, and none pu«
niflied without convidion, but he who refufes to plead in his own de«
fence.

As the trial rf malefa^ors in England is very different from that of
ether nations, the following account tlereof may be ufeful to foreignera
and others, who have iiot leen thofe proceedings.

The court being met', and the prifoner called to the bar, the clerk
commands him to hold up his hand, then charges him with the crime of
which he is accufed, and aiks him whether 4)9 is guilty ov not guilty. If
the prifoner anfwers guilty^ his trial is at an end ; but if he anfwcrs not
guilty f the court proceeds on the trial, even though he may before have
confelfed the fa6t ; for the law of England takes no notice oi fucb con*
feffion ; and unlefs the witneiles, who are upon oath, jprove him guilty of
the crime, the jury mull acquit him j for they are djixdted to bring m
their verdi£t according to the evidence given in court. If the prifoner
vcfuiet to plMd, that is, if he will not fay in court whether he is guilty or

2 »«f

ENGLAND*

191

H6t gt'ltyt ^ic might till lately by the law of England, be prclTecl to death«
with a load of iron upon his bread.

When the witnefles have given in their evidence, and the prifoner hat)
by himielt or his counfel, crofe-cxamin :d them, the judge recitei to the
jury the fubdance of the evid nee given againft the pfifoner, and bidf
them difchargc their confcience; when, if the matter be very clearj they
commonly give their verJit^ without going out of the court } and th«
foreman, for himtelf and the reft, declares the prifoner jf«///j' or not guihyt
as it may happen to be. But if any doubt arifes among the jury, ana
the matter requires debate, they all withdraw into a room with a copy
of the indi£tmcnt, where they are locked up till they are unanlmouflV
agreed on the verdi£l; and if any one of the jury flluuld die during this
their confinement, the piifoner will be acquitted.

When the jury have agreed On the verdi£l, they inform the court
thereof by an officer who waits without, and the prifoner is again fet to
the bar to hear his verdi6l. This is unalterable, except In fomc doubtful
cafes, when the verdift is brought xn/pecial^ and is therefore to be deter-
mined by the twelve judges of England*

If the prifoner be found guilty, he is then aflced whnt reafon he can
give why fcntence of death fliould not be pafled upon him ? There it
now properly no benefit of clergy— it is changed to tranlportaiion, or
burning in the hand. Upon a capital convidliotl the fentcnce of death,
after a fummary account of the trial, is pronounced on the prifoner, in
thefc words : The law is, That thou Jhalt return to the place from whence
thou camcflt and from tbince he carried to the place of execution, -where thou
jhalt he hanged by the neck till thy body he dead, and the Lord have mercy
Oil thy foul: whereupon the (heriffis charged with the execution* ;

All the prifoners found not guilty by the jury, are immediately acquitted
and difcharged, and in fome cafes obtain a copy of theif iuditSment from
the court to proceed at law againd their profecutors.

Of punishments.] Though the laws of England are edeemcd more
merciful, with refpeil to offenders, than thofe which at prefent fubiift in
any other part of the known world ; yet the puniflimcnt of fiich who at
their trial refufe to plead guilty or not guilty, was formerly here very
cruel. In this cafe the prifoner was laid up6n his Luck upon the
bare floor, naked, and his arms and legs being ftictchcd out with cords*
and a confiderable weight of iron laid upon his breall, he was allowed
only three morfels of barley bread the Brft day, the next day he was al-
lowed nothing but three draughts of foul water that fliall be ueareft to the
prifon door ; and in this fituation, this was to be alternately his daily diet
till he ex4)ired. This puniHiment, however, there was feldom nccafioa
to inflift, and the cruel procefs is now aboliftied ; for by a late aft of par-
liament the prifoner'g rcfuial to plead is to be eonfidcrcd as a convidion,
and he is to fufFer the fame puniflimcnt as if he had been tried, and
found guilty. And formerly, Ju cafe of high treafon, though the cri-
minal flood mute, judgment was given againft him, as if he had been
convi£ted, and his eftate was coiiHfcated.

The law of England includes all capital crimes under ffigh trrafon^
pttty treafon, and felony. The firfl conlifts in plotting, conl'piring, or
rifing up in arms againft the fovercign, or in counterfeiting the coin*
The traitor is punifhcd by being drawn on a fledge to the place of execu-
tion, when, after being hanged upon a galloWs for fome minutes, the
body is cut down alive, the heart taken out and expofed to uubiic view,

Ua and

9-9^

ENGLAND.

in^ the entrails burnt : the head is then cut off, and the body quartered,
after which the heud is ufually fixed on fome confpicuous place. All the
criminars lands and goods arc' forfeited, his wife lofes her dowry, and his
children both their cftates and nobility.

But though coining of money is adjudged high trealon, the criminal is
only drawn ujwn a tledge to the place of execution, and there hanged.

Though the fcntencc paffcd upon all traitors is the fame, yet with re-
fyeSt to |M;rfun8 of quality, the punifliment is generally altered to be-
heading: a fcatfold is created for that purpofe, on which the criminal
placing his head upon a block, it is Aruck otf with an axe*.

The punilliment for niiiprifion of high treafon, that is, for negle<Sinsr
or concealing it, is imprifonment for life, the forfeiture of all the of-
fender's goods, and the profits ariling from his landi.

PeUy trtafan is when a child kills his father, a wife her hu(band, «
clergyman his bifliop, or a fervant his mafler or midrefs. This crime is
punilhed by the offender's being drawn on a fledge to the place of execu-
tion, and there hanged upon a gallows till dead. Women guilty both of
this crime and of high treafon, are fciitenced to be burnt nlive ; but in-
ilead of fuffering the full rigour of the law, they are ilrangled at the
ilake before the fire takes hold of them.

Felot^ includes murders, robberies, forging notes, bonds, deeds, &c.
Thefe are all punifhed by hanging, only -j- mutderers are to be executed
foon after fentence is pafled, and then delivered to the furgeons in order
to be publicly difleded. Perfons guilty of robbery, when there were
fome alleviating circumftances, ufed fometimes to be 'ranfported for a
term of years to his mnjefty's plantations; but fince the American war,
they are now generally condemned to hard labour in works of public uti-
liry, upon the river, &c. for a certain number of years, and lately fome
have been fent to Africa and Nova Scotia.

Other crimes puniflied by the laws are,

Man/laughter^ which is the iMiawful killing of a perfon without pre-
meditated malice, but with a prefent intent to kill ; as when two who for-
merly meant no harm to each other, quarrel, and the one kills the other;
in this cafe, the criminal is allowed the benefit of his clergy for the firft
time, and only burnt in the hand.

Cb'ancc-mcdky^ is the accidental killing of a -man without an evil
intent, for which the offender is alfo to be burnt in the hand, unlcfs the
offender was doing an unlawful a<5t ; which lafl circumflance makes the
punifliment death.

Shoplifting and receiving goods knowing them to be ftolen, are puniflied
with hard labour for a number of years, or burning in the hand.

Ptrjuryy or keeping diforderly houfes, are punifhed with th< pillory
and imprifonment.

Petty-larceny, or fmall theft, under the value of twelve pence, is pu-
nifhed by whipping.

Libelling^ ufing falfe weights and meafures, and foreflalling the mar-
ket, are commonly puniflied with ilanding on the pillory.

• Tliis is not to be confidertd as a different punifliment, but as a remiflion of all
the parts of the fentence mentioned before, excepting the article of beheading.

f By a late «(ft, murderers are to be executed withiii twenty-four hour* after fentence
i« pronounced ; but an Sunday is not reckoned a day, they are generally tried on a
kiaturdajr, fo that they obtain a refpite till Monday,

I ■■■r ■• For

ENGLAND.

^93

of all the of

For ftriking, fo as to drnw blood, in the king's court, the criminal it
puniflied with lofing his right hand.

For {Irikinr, in Wediiiinfter-hall, while the courts of judice are (it"
ting, the punifliment is iinprifonment for life nd forfeiture of all the
offender's eftate.

Drunkards, vagabonds, and loofe, idle, diforderly perfons, are puniflied
by being fct in the flocks, or by paying a fine.

Of husband and wife.] The firft private relation of perfons is
that of marriage, which includes ihe reciprocal rights and duties of buf*
band and wife ; or, as mod of our elder law books call them, iaron and
feme. The holincfs of the matrimonial (late is left entirely to the eccle-
fiadical law ; the punifliment, therefore, or annulling, of incefluous, or
other unlc ptural marritges, is the province of fpiritual courts.

There a/e two kinds of divorce, the one total, the other partial. The
total divorce muft be for fome of the canonical cautcs of impediment, and
thofe exifling before the marriage : as confanguinity, affinity, or corpo-
real imbecility. The ifliie of fuch marriage, as it is thus entirely dif«
Iblved, are baflards.

The other kind of divorce is when the marriage is jufl and lawful, and
therefore the law is tender of diflblving it ; but, for fome fnpervenient
caufe, it becomes improper, or impollible, for the parties to live together;
as in the cafe of intolerable ill temper, or adultery, in either of the par-
ties. In this cafe the law allows alimony to the wife (except when for
adultery, ^he parliament grants a total divorce, as has happened fre-
quently of late years), which is that allowance which is made to a
woman, for her fupport, out of the hufband's ellate ; being fettled at the
dilcretion of the ecclefiailical judge, on the coniideration of all the cir-
cumftances of the cafe, and the rank and <|uaruy of the parties.

In the civil law, the hufl)and and the wife are confidered as two dlflinft
perfons; and may have feparate eftates, contrails, debt;:, and injuries;
and therefore, in our ecclefiailical courts, a woman may fue, and be fued,
without her hufband.

But though our law in general conliders man and wife as one perfon,
yet there are fome inftances in which flie is feparatcly confidered, as infe-
rior to him, and atfting by his compulfiun. And therefore all deeds ex-
ecuted, and afts done, by her, during her coverture, are void ; except it
be a fine, or the like matter of record, in which cafe flie mufl be folely
and fecretly examined, to learn if her atSt be voluntary. She cannot by
will devife land to her hufl>and, unlcfs under fpccial circumilances ; for
at the time of making it, ihe is fuppofed to be under his coercion. And
in fome felenits, and other inferior crimes committed by her, through
cunflraint of her hufljand, the law exc^fes her, but this extends not to
trcafon or murder.

The hulband a'fo (by the old, and likwifc by the civil law) might
give his wife moderate corretSion. For, as he is to anfwer for her mifp
behaviour, the law thought it reafonable to entruft him with this power
of reftraining her, by domelVic chaftifemenr, in the fame moderation that
a man is allowed to torrec'^ his fervants or children : for whom the mafler
or parent is alfo liable in fome cafes to anfwer. But in the politer rcis;ii
of Charles II. this power of correction began to be doubted ; and a wife
may now have fecurity of the peace againrt her hufband ; or, in return,
a hufl}and againft his wife : yet the lower rank of people, who were al-
ways fond pf the .old common law, ftill claim aSwl exert ;heir ancient

y 3 #• privilege-:

*yT

ENGLAND.

privilrce ; aiut the court* of Itw will ftill permii a hulbniul to refliuiii a
wire of her liberty, in cul'e of miy groU inilbehiiviour.

Thcfe Hre the chief Ir^nl » fic.'r» ol m:irriaj;c «*urinK the coverture j up.
on which we miiy olifrrve, ihitt cvrii the dilubiliiicH, which the wile lie*
under, are lor the moll part intendcil for her protu'lion and bcnclii. bu
great a favourite i» ihu lemule fcx with the liiws <>t luiK^t"^'*

Rbvkkuks op THB Uhi- ) Thc king'* ccclclinliiial rrveituei con-
T18II QOVbKNMKNr. ) fill iM, I. 'i'he cutloilv of ihc tfinpom-
litici of vacant billu)p<ick» ; from whiih be receive* liitic or no ndvimtuj^u*
%, Corodiri and pcniions formerly ariiing;irom allowances of imtit, ilriiik,
find clothing due to the king from no abbey or mon.ilU'ry, and which ho
generally beftowed upon fuvouiiie fcrvants ; and his fcndin^r one of hit
chaplaini to be maintained by the hilhop, or to have a pcnliou l>cllowed
li|)on him till the bifliop promotCil him to a brncficc. 'Ihclc corodico arc
due of common right, but now, } believe, difufcJ. 3. Exini'puiochial
tithes. A. Th0 firll fruits and tcntliH ol bcncHccN. At prtlcnt, fucii bus
been the bounty of the crown to the church, that ihufc four branches af-
ford little or no revenue.

The king's ordinary temporal revenue conflfls in, i. The dcmefnc lands
of the crown, which nt picfrnt are contruded within a narrow compufs.
t. The herediiurv excifci bring part of the conliduration for the pur-
chafe of hi* feodul proiitF, and tlic prerogatives of purveyance -.uul pre.
cinption, 3. An annual fum id'uing from the duty on uine licences; be-
ins the refiduc of the fame contidcraiiun, 41 ilis forclU. 5. His courts
of)uiUcc, &c.

The extraordinory grants are ufuilly called by the fynnnymous nnmcs
of aids, fubfidics, and fupplies| and arc grunted, as has been betore
hinted, by the commons of Great Hritain, in parliament a|l<-mblcd t who,
when they have voted a fiipply to hU majeOy, and fctilal the quantum of
fhat fupply, ul'ually refolvc ihcmfclvcs inio what is called a committee o):'
ivays and means, to confider of the ways and means of r.iiling the fupply
fo voted. And in this committee, every member (though it is looked up*
on as the peculiar province of the chancellor of the exchequer) may pm.
|>ore fuch fchcnie of taxation ns he thinks will be leall dctiimenial to the
public. The refolutions of thia committee (when approvid by a vote of
' the hnufe) are in general eflcemcd to be (as it were) iinal and cuncliir>ve.
For, though the fupply cannot be adually railed upon the fubiet't till di-
re£\ed by an ai\ of the whole partiamciit, yet no nionied man will fcruple
to advance to the government any quantity of ready calh, if the propofcd
tcrm<i be advantageous, on the credit of the bare vote pf the lioufe of
commons, though no law be yet palled to ellublifh it.

The annual taxes arc, i. The land tax, or the ancient fubfidy ralfcd up.
on a new aflcflinent. 2. The malt-tax, being an annual excilc ou nialt,
mum, cyder, and perry.

The perpetual taxes are, 1. The cudoms, or tonnage and poundage of
pU merthandife exported or impotied. 1, The cxcife duty, or inland im*
pofition, on a great variety of commoilities. 3. The fait duty, 4, The
poil-o|{i|:e% or duty for the carriage of letter^ 5, 'X\\p itqmp-duty on

paper,

• From the year i<i44'to 17441 the •nmial amount of this revenue gnulually in-:
acaTsd from 5009I, to' 4 %^»61, but it Utuuld be obfuyed, th^t the erofi aaiount of

ENGLAND.

495

piper, parclimenr, iccs 6. The duty on houfei and winJowi* 7. Th«
duty on licence! iur hackney cuachen and chaiii. 8. The duty on uflt«ci
and pcniioni, with a variety ot new tiixei in the rcfliooi of iji^m

Tne clear neat produce uf thefe fevcral branchei of the revenue, old and
new tuxei, attcr all charges oi culle<fVii)|{ and inanaKemrnt paid, it cfti'
mated to amount annually to about eleven niillioni llcrling ; with two mil*
lioni and a (|uarier railed at sin average, by the land and mali-tas. HuW
thcfe imim nie fumi are appropriated, ii next to be conltdered. And thif
i«, firll and principally, to tne payment uf the inttrtfl of the national
debt.

In order to take a clear and comprchenfive view of the nature of thia
NATIONAL DUUT, it mud be Hrll prcmifcd, that after ihf Revolution,
when our new connci'Uons with Europe introduced a new fyllem of fu«
reign pnlitics, the cxpcnccs of the n.itiun, nut only in fettling the nevv
cllubliniment, but in maintaining; long wars, at prmcipxU, on the conli>
ncnr, for the fccurity of the Dutch barrier, reducing the French mo*
narchy, fettling the Spanilh fucccilion, fupporting the houfe of Aullri^,
maintaining the liberties of the Germanic buily, and other purpofei, in*
creiled to an unufual degree: inlomuch thiit it wai not thought advifcAbl*
to r.iife all the expenceg of any one year by taxes to be levied within that
year, Icil the unxccuiloiucd weight of them Ihould create murmun among
the people. It was thcrctore the bad policy of the timea, to anticipate
the revenues of their poilerity, by borrowing immenfe fumt for the current
fervicc of the ilate, and to lay no more taxes upon the fubjedt than would
fuffice to pay the annual intcreil of the funis fu bonowed : by this means
converting the principle debt into a new fpccies of property, transferrable
from one man to another, ut any time and in any (|uantity. A fyftem
which fccnis to have had its original in the ftate of Florence, A. D. 1344 x
which government then owed about 6o,oocl. flerling: and being unable to
pay it, formed the principal into an aggregate fum, called metaphorically,
a mount or bank ; the (hares whereof were transferrable like our ftocks*
This laid the foundation of what is called the national oebi* i for •
few long annuities created in the reign of Charles II, will hardly defcrv*
that name. And the example then fet, has been fo clofely followed during
the long wars in the reign of queen Anne, and fince, that the capital of
the funded debt, at midfummer 177; was 129,860,0181. and the annual
charge of it amounted to 4,2i9,>;4l. 7s. The ruinous American war
commencing at this time, and the execrable policy continuing of alienat-
ing the finking fund, with the extravagancies in every department of go-
vernment, and the manner of borrowing the money for fupplies, hav«
coofidcrably increafcd it *.

both inland and foreign uScei was that year S3;,49xl. In 17641 the groft amonnt of
the revenue* of the Foft-office for that year was 412,0481. which by the aA pafle^
in the feflioiii uf 1 784, tncreaCne the duty according to the diftaiKe, and abridging
the franking, mull be confiderab^ aui;nicitted.

* In the cdurfe of the late war from 1776 to 1782, 46,5^0,000!. was added to the
3 per cent*, and 19,750,0001 to the 4 jper cents, making together a capital of

' advanced was only 4S millions.^

73»4oo,oool. fur which the money i

Th«

ENGLAND.

The following wni the (late of the national debt in the year 178^, e«
traced from the eleventh report of the commiflioneit of the pubhc ac
count! :

£, u J.

i 1 1,365,2^4 15 4^ Funded debt

Inicrcd thereon
18,156,541 II 4v UnfunJcd illofO^obcr, 1783:
fifteen millions of this bears
intere(l now.
I ntereft thereon

7»9S»»390 1

J.
o

i30,2i9,7ot> 6 9I

Chargei at the Bnnkfor maiug-

injj the buiinefs
Feed at the auditor's oiNcc of im-

prcft . . ,

Some other fees of office

611,742 o o

134,191 13 I

19.87* 2
696 12

8i7'9.5.U 9

o
o
o

9,500,000 o o

3,950,000

900,000

o
o

Since this report the funded debt hath incrcafed to 232,380,349
.The unfunded debt, meaning all expences, deiiciencics,
arrears, and out l>:inditig debts, tor paying the prin- >
cipnl orintercdof which no provifiun way mndc by
parliament, may be moderately reckoned • - 3^,000,000 o
The amount of exchequer bilii ... 9,418,564 o

a79',698,9i3~c

Thus the 'whole annual charge brought upon the na.
. tion by its debts funded and unfunded, appear to

be about ....

Peace eftablifliment reckoned at the average annual

Expence for eleven years preceding the war
Income of the civil lift • - - -

Whole expenditure .... 14,350,000 o o

The fupplies demanded for the year 1784 amounted to 14,1 8 1,2401*
but an eminent political writer, lord Stair, reckons the future annual
peace expenditure at lixteen millions and a half, including half a million
tor a furplus to anfwer emergencies. Another rcfpeAable writer on the
fubjeft cilimates it at 13,615,6691. including 054,000!. fer annum for the
intereft and charge of what remained ot the unuindeddebt after the laftloani
and he cHimates thepeacc revenue nt near fixtcen millions. Time will unfold
the future progrefs of our national debt, and the calamities towards which
it is carrying us, if the mod etl'etS^uiil meafures arc not adopted and zea-
loudy purfucd for a thorough reformation.

It is indilputabty certain, that the prcfcnt magnitude of our national
JncumhrMni cs very far exceeds all calcuLuions of commenial benefit, and
is productive of the greatell inconveniences. For, firfl, the enormous
t;n:t:s tbnt :;rc raiftd upon tlie ncceflarics of life, for the payment of the
■Jntercil of thrj debt, aie a hurt both to trade and manufadurcs ; by raif-
jai; tli<; jpr'uo ;is well of the artificer's fubfirtence, as of the raw material ;
£11(1 oi ri)ii:ll-, in a nnieh greater pvopoition, the price of the commodity
''jli.i.li. ifcoiKily, if pmt of this d^ht be pwing to foreigners, cither they

draw

ENGLAND.

•«r

e ye«ri78^, «.
)f the public ac<

',951,390 1 o

6ii,74« .0 o

>34t»9» '3 «

19,874 z 8

696 F2 4

.7'9iS.H 9 '

,a8o,349 o o

)000,OCO o o

41 8,564 o o
,698,9 1300

500,000 o o

950,000 o e
900,000 o o

[i:

lOCO

I i4,i8r,24ol«

future annupl

haU'a million

writer on the

annum for the

:er the iaft loan.

imevvilluiifuld

towards which

opted and zesi-

f our national
\\ benefit, and
the enormous
^y 111 cut of the
urcs ; by raif-
r:iw material ;
he commodity
»> cither they
draw

draw out of the kingdom annually aconfiderable quantity of fpecte for the
tntered ; or elle it ii made an arKimirnt to grant them unreafnnable privi-
lege.', in order iw induce them to rcfide here. Thirdly, it the whole be
owing 10 i'ubjeAt only, it ii then charging the a^ive and indullriou* fub-
jc^, who pays hit (hare uf the taxes, to maintain the indolent and idle
creditor who receives them. Lutlty, and principuliy, it weakens the in-
ternal (Irengti) of a flate, by anticipating thofe reiburces which Ihould be
rcferved to defend it in cafe of nccclTuy. The intered we now pay iut
our debts would be nearly fufficient to maintain any war, that any national
motives could require. And if our anceftors in king William's time ha4
annually paid, fo long as their exigences latled even a lefs Cum than we noir
annually raife u|)on tneir account, they would, in time of. war, have borne
no greater burdens than they have bequeathed to, and fettled upon their poll
terity in the time of peace, and nrght have been eafed the inflant the exi-
gence was over.

The produce of the feveral taxes before mentioned were originally fe-
parate and diflin^.t funds ; being fecurities for the fums advanced or each
feveral tux, and for them only. But at lad it became neccflary, in order
to avoid confufion, ns they multiplied yearly, to reduce the number dk
thefe feparate funds, by uniting ar-i blending theiii together : fuperadding
the faith of parliament for the general fecurity of the whole. So that
there arc now only three capital funds of any account : the c^grfgnte funi^
the whole produce of which hath been for fome years about 2,oco,oool.
pir annum ; the gr/irral /unr/t fo called from fuch union and addition,
which for fome years have amounted to rather more than a million f>er an-
num ; and the South Sea fund, being the produce of the taxes appropriated
to pay the intereft of fuch part of the national debt as was advanced bjr
that cT>nipany and its annuitants, the produce of which lately hath beea
about half a million per annum* Whereby the feparate funds, which were
thus united, are become mutual fecurities for each other ; and the whole
produce of them, thus aggregated, liable to pay fuch intereft or annuitiei
as were formerly charged upon eachdi{lin6t fund ; the faith of the legilla*
ture being moreover engaged to fupply any cafual deficiencies.

The cudoms, excifes, and other taxes, which are to fupport thefe funds,
depending on contingencies, upon exporti, imports, and confumptiona,
mud neceifarily be ot° a very uncertain amount : but they have always
been confidcrably more than fufficient to anfwer the charge upon them.
The furplufles therefore of the three great national funds, the aggregate,
general, and South Sea funds, over and above the interelt and annuities
ch;irgcd upon them, are dire^ed by flatute 3 Geo. I. c. 7. to be carried to-
gether, and to attend the dilpofition of parliament ; and are uCually de-
nominated the finhvg fund^ becaufc originally deftined to be held facred
and to be applied inviolably to the redemption of the national debt. To
this have bt-en fince added many other entire duties, granted in fubfequent
years; and the annual intercft of the fums borrowed on their rcl'pedive
credits, is charged on, and payable out of the produce of the finking
fund. However, the neat lurploircs and favings, after all dedudlions
paid, amount annually to a very confidtrable fum. For, as the interefi
on the national debt has been at feveral times reduced (by the confent of
the proprietors, who had their option either to lower their intereft, or be
paid their principal), the favint^s from the appnspriated revenues niuft
needs be extremely large. This finkinp fund is ttie laft rcfort of the na^
tion ; its only doineflic rcfowrce, on which muft chiefly depend all the
hopes we can en^ertuin q1 ever difcharging or moderming our incum-
brances.

d9B

E N G X^ A N D.

braricet. And therefore the prudent application of the large fumS) now
ariling trom this fund, is a point of the utmoft importance^ and well wor-
thy the ferious attention of parliament.

Between the years 1727 and 1732, fe vera! encroachments were made
upon the linking fund; and in the yenr 1733, half a million was taken
froni it by Sir Robert Walpole, under pretence of eafing the landed in-
tereft. The practice of alienating the finking fund being thus begun,
]>ath continued ofcourfe ; andii> 1736, it was anticipated and mortgaged,
and every fubfequent adminiftration hath broken in upon it, thus convert-
ing the excellent expedient for faving the kingdom, into a fupply for ex.
travagance and a fupport of corruption and defpotifm.

In fome years, the finking fund hath produced from two to three millions
fir annum^ and if only i,2i2,oool. of it had been inviolably applied to
the redemption of the public debts from the year 1733, initcad of only
eight millions and a half paid off by it, as is the cafe at prefent, one
1? mdred and fixty millions would have been paid, and the nation have
been extricated and laved. Different fchemes have been formed for pay-
ing the public debts, but no method can be fo expeditious and eifef^ual as
an unalienable finking fund, as this money is improved at compound iuterpjl^
and therefore in the moil perfect manner, but money procured by a loan
beurs only fimple imerell. " A nation therefore whenever it applies the
income of fuch a fund to current expences rather than the redemption of
its debts, choofcs to lofe the benefit of compound intereft in order to avoid
paying fimple intereil, and the lofs in this cafe is equal to the difference
between the increafe of money at compound and fimple intereft *."

Before any part of the aggregate fund (the furpluffes whereof are one
of the chief ingredients that form the finking fund) can be applied to di-
minifli the priiKiple of the public debt, it ftands mongaged by parliament
to raife an annual fum for the maintenance of the king's houfliold and the
civil lift. For this purpofe, in the late reigns, the produce of certain
branches of the excife and culloms, the poft-ofiice, the duty on wine-
licences, the revenues of the remaining crown lands, the profit arifing

* Dr. Price's calculation plainly (hews what this difference is : " One penny put
put at our Saviour's birth to 5 per cent, compound intereil, would in the year I7)!i,
have increafed to a greater fum than would be contained in 200,000,000 of earths all
folid gold ; but if put out at limple intereft, it at the fame time would have amounted
|o no mure than feven ihillir^gs and fiic pence. All governmems that alienate funds de-
fined for reimburfements, choufe to improve money in the Uji rather than the Jir/i of
ihefe ways." He adds, " A million borrowed annually lor twenty years, will pay off,
in this time, 55 millions 3 per c?iit. ftock, if difcharged at 60I. in money for every
lool. ftock ; and in 40 years niore, without any farther aid from loans, 333 mil-
lions (that is, ^88 millions in all) would be paid off.

" The addition of nineteen years to this period would pay o.T 1000 millions.

" A furplqs of half a million per annum, made up to a million by borrowing half
9 million every year fur twenty years, would difcharge the fame fum« iu the fame
periods,

«« In ihort ; fo neceffary is it at prefent to expedite, by every poifible means, the re-
flemption of nur debtii, that, let the furplus which can be obtained for a finking fund
he what it will, an addition tu it, by annual loans, will be proper, in order to give it
greater efi^ciency and a better chance for faving the kingdom.—— The increafe of
taxes which fuch a meafure miift occafion, would be fo incunfiderablc and fn gradual,
9s to be fcarceiy perceptible ; and, at the fame time, it would manifeft fuch a deter-
mined refolution in our rulcrii to reduce our debts, as might havu the happicft influ-
KU(e ou public qredit,

fron*

fumsi now
d well wor-

were made
n was taken
landed in-
hu3 begun,
mortgaged,
us convert*
>ply for ex.

ree millions

' applied to

lad of only

refent, one

lation have

id for pay-

eifefiual as

(ltd ittterrjly

i by a loan

applies the

;mption of

cr to avoid

: difference
« »»

;ofare one
plied to di«
parliament
•Id and the
of certain
on vvine-
}fit arifing

! penny put
year 17JJ1,
of earths all
K amounted
ate funds de-
u thefirfl of
will pay off,
y for every
S| 333 mil-
lions.

rowing half
u the fame

ans, the re»
inking fund
sr to give it
increafc of
fo gradual,
ch a deter-*
ppieft influ*

from

•ron

ofti

tledl

boni

bratf

bu\

prel

coni

befll

cepi

civil

of\l

to,

chaj

nuat

5^ 2

. w - M w

^ o *< o o

2 o.:

0\ '

' CO

ul «

•a *"

O ^vS

, 0-> e

S 2

« .h

CO
w

•a a

ENGLAND.

299

00-

1 £ 1

2-1

00
«^

3 per cent, annuities - -

N. B. Intereft on India bonds, due
3 ill ot March, and 3otb Sep.

from courts of juftice (which articles include all the hereditary revenue
of the crown), and alfo^ clear annuity of 1 30,oool. in money, were fet-
tled on the king for life, for the fupport of his majefty's houiliold, and ths
Isonour and '<*:^,nity of the crown. And, as the amount of thefe fereral
branches were 'incertain, (though in the laft reign they were computed to
huve fometimes raifed almoft a million), if they did not rife annually to
8oo,cool. th; parliament engaged to make up the deficiency. But hit
prcfcnt majefly having, foon after his acccilion, fpontaneoufly iignified hi»
confcnr, that his own hereditary revenues might be fu difpofed of, as might
beil conduce to the utility and faiisfii£tion oi the public ; and having ac-
cepted the limited fum of 8oo,oooK per annum^ for the fupport of hi*
civil liil (and that nlfo charged with three life annuities, to the princeft
of Wales, the duke of Cumberland, and princefs Amelia, to rlic amount
of 770 )ol6), the faid hereditary, and other revenues, are now carried in-
to, and made, part of the aggregate fund ; and the aggregate fund is
charged with the payment of the whole annuity to the crown, befidcs an-
nual payments to the dukes of Gloucefler and Cuntberland and the re*
prcftntativcs of Arthur Onilow, efq. and the earl of Chatham. Here-
by the revenues thcmfelves, being put under the fame care and maiiage-
ment as the other branches of the public patrimony, will produce more,
and be better colleifled, than heretofore. The civil liil, thus iiqitiHutcd,
together with thi; millions intcrc(} of the national debt, and the funis pro-
duced from the iinl. ^ind, beftdc the uncertain fums, arifing from the
annual taxes on hi! nalt, and others lately impofed, make the clear

produce of the ts ■ .clulive of the charge of collecting, which are
raifed yearly on the people di this country, amount to upward of fourteea
million fterling. The amount of the capitals of the rel'pedlivc publte
funds, may be fcen in the oppofite page.

The expenccs defrayed by the civil lift, are thofc that in any fliape
relate to civil government ; as the expences of the houfliold, all falaries
to officers of ftate, to the judges, and everyone ot the king's fervants j
the appointments to foreign ambaiTadors, the maintenance of the queeti
and royal family, the king's private expences, or privy purfe, and other
very numerous outgoings ; us fccret fcrvice-iuoney, penfions, and other
bounties. Thefe fometimcs have fo far exceeded the revenues appointe4
for that purpofe, that application has been made to parliament, todifcharge
the debts contracted on the civil lift; as particulaily in 1724, when one
million was granted for that purpofe by the ftatute ii Geo. I. c. 17,
Large funis have alfo been repeatedly granted for the payment of the
king's debts in the prefent reign ; and the confidcrable augmentation of
icc,cool. has likcwifc been made to his annual income. When the biljt
for liipp''e{{ing certain offices, as the board of trade, &c. was debated, by
which favings were to be made to the amount of 72,308!. p«r annum, ic
appeared that the arrears then due on the civil lift at that time, June 1782,
amounted to 9;,877l. iSs. 4d. noiwithftanding fo liberal an allowance had
been recently made, and the king's debts had been repeated liquidated
by parliamentary grants ; and for the payment of this other debt, provir
lion was made by the bill.

The civil lift is indeed properly the whole of the king's revenue in his
o^vn diftin£t capacity ; the reft being rather the revenue of the public, or
its creditors, though eoUeCted and diftributed again in the name, and by
tj^ic of^f^i of tkc uwWfi j it tf now Aandin^ in the fa^le place at the hcrer

jiitarv

300

ENGLAND.

dttary iticotne did fonnerly ; and »s thar has gradually dimlntflied, Ac
parliamentary appointments have iucicufcd.

MiUTARV AND MAKiNE sTRbNGTH ) The military Jlate includes
or Great Britain. j the whole of the foldiery ; or

fucli jTcrfons as are pcculiaily appointed among the reft of the people, for
the fategusird nnd defence of the re lin.

In a land of liberty it is extremely dangerous to make a diftinft order of
the protefiion o* arms. In fiicli, no man flioulJ take up arms, but with a
view r J defend his country and its laws: he puts not off the citizen when
he cmers tH: cnmp ; but it is bccaufe he is a citizen and would wiih to
continue fo, that he makes himd-lf for a while a foldier. The laws and
cunftiiutioTi of thefe kingdom? know no fuch ll.itc as that of a perpetual
fianding fcldier, bred up to no oiher proftlVion than that of war ; and it
was not till the reign of Hcpry V'll. that the kings of Eiiglaad had fo
much as a gur.rd about their nerfoi'?.

It fecms univckfally agreed by all hiflorians, that king Alfred (irft fet-
tled a national militia in this kingdo:ii, and by his prudent difcipline made
sU the fubjeits of his dominions foluiers.

In the meat! time we are not ro imagine that the kingdom was left whol-
ly without defencCj in cafe vi domeilic infurreiflions, or the profpeft of
foreign invafions. Belifies thofe, who, by their military tenures, were
brHind to perform forty days ftrvicein the field, the (latute of WinchelU-r
ot>li^cd every man, according to his efta'c aiid.dcj^ice, to provide a deter-
minate qviamiiy of fuch arms as were then in ulc, in order to keep the
peace ; and conftibles were appointed in all handrcds, to fee that fuch
arms were provided. Thefe weapons were changed by the llatute 4 and
5 Ph. and M- c. 2. into others of more modern fervice : but both this
and the former provilions were repealed in the reign of James I. While
ihefe continued in force, it was ufual from time to time, for our princs
to iffue commiffions of array, and fend into every county officers in whom
they could confide, to mulfer and array (or fet in military order) the in-
habitants of every diftrift ; and the form of the coiiimiffion of array was
lettled in parliament in the 5 Henry IV. But at the fame time it was pro-
▼ided, that no man fliould be compelled to go out of the kingdom at any
rate ; nor out of his ihirc, but in cafes of urgent neccffity ; nor (hould
provide folditrs unlcfs by confcnt of patliamcnt. About the reign of king
Henry VIII. lord-lieutenants began to be introduced, as ftanding reprc-
ientatives of the crown, 10 keep the counties in military order ; for we find
thenj mentioned as known ofticcrs in the ftatutc 4 and 5 Ph. and M. c. 3.
though they had net been then long in ufe ; for Camden fpeaks of them
in the time of rjueen Elizabfth as extraordinary magiilrates, conilitutcd
only in timts of difficulty and danger.

Soon aft< f the rertoration of king Charles II. when the military tenures
were aboHflied, it was thought proper to al'certain ihe power of the militia,
tf> recognife the fulc right of the crown to govern and command ihem,
and to put the whole into a more rej^uhir method of military fubordination:
and the order in which the nilitia now flands by law, is principally built
upon the flatuies which were then cnaiTteJ. It is true, the two lall of
them are apparently rrpf aWd ; but many of their provifions are re-cnadl-
ed, wi:h the addition ot fomc new regulation?, by the prefent militia-
Jaws ; the general fche've of which, is to diciplinc a certain number of
the inhabitants ot every county, choicn by lot for three ycais, and pffic«if-
cd by the lord liciitcn..nt, the deputy licutcniUita* and other principal

Uwd-

ENGLAND.

301

lawdhoWers, under 4 comroiiTion from the crown. They are not compel-
lable to mnrch out of their counties, unlefs in cafe of invafion, or aSutk
rebellion, nor in any ciife to be fent out of the kingdom. They are to be.
cxercifed at ftated times, and their difcipUne in general is liberal and eafy ; •
but, when drawn out into suSlual fervicc, they arc fubjedl tothe rigours of-
martial law, as ncccfl'ary to keep them in order. This is the conftitution-.:
al fccurity which our laws have provided for the public peace, and for pro-
tc£^ing the realm againft foreign or domeflic violence, and w hich the fta-
tutes declare, is ellcntialiy necelFary to the fafctyand profpcrity of thekinft-
doin ; the militia, however, are not called forth and embodied but byanmSt
of the legillature, and at piefent aie laid afide.

But as the fafliion of kct-pinif ftjinding armies has iiniverfally prevailed
over all Europe of late years (though fome of its potentates, being unahle
thetnfelvcs to maintain them, are obliged to have recourfe to richer powers,
and receive fubfidiary penfions for that purpofe), it h;is alfo for many
years pad been annually judged necelTary by our Icgiflature, for the (afety
of the kingdom, the defence of the poflclTions of the crown of Greac
Britain, and the prefervation of the balimce of power in Europe, to main-
tain, even in time of peace, a Handing body of troops, under the com-
mand of th)B' crown ; who are, however, IpfofaHo, difl>anded at the expi-
ration of>€very year, unlefs continued by parliament. The land forces *
ofthcfe kingdoms, in time of peace, amount to aboiit 40,:oo fjen, in-
cluding troops and gariifons in Ireland, Gibraltar, the Eaft-Indies, and
America ; but in time of war, there have formerly been in Britifh pay,
natives and foreigners, above 150,000 ; and there have been in the
pay of Great Brit., n, (ince the commencement of the American war,
139,000 men, beddcs 42,000 militia. To keep this body of troop in
order, an annual aft of parliament p.ifles, " to puni(h mutiny and deftr-
tion, and for the better payment of^the army and their quarters." Thw
regulates the manner in which they are to be difpcrfed among the feveral
inn-keepers and vidUiallers throughout tl>e kini;dom ; and elbbliftips a law
martial for their government. By this, among other things, it is enafted,
that if any officer and foldier fliall excite, or join any mutiny, or knoHriBj;
of it, Ihall not give notice to the commanding officer ; or fliall defert, or
lift in any other regiment, or flecp upon bis poll, or leave it before he is
relieved, or hold correfpondence with a rebel or enemy, or ftrike or ufe
violence to his fuperior officer or (hall di'bbey his lawful command ; fuch
otlender (hall 1'uffcr fuch punifliment as a court martial fliall infiift, though
it extend to death itfelf.

0(ficers and (bldiers that have been in the king's fcrvice, are, by feve-
ral llatutes enafted at the clofe of feveral wars, at liberty to ufe any trade

• The land forces corfift of i troops of horfe-guards, raifcd in j66o. — 2 trooptof
horfe-grenadier-gnardc, raifeilin idp'jiand 1702. — I royal regiment of lutrfe- guards,
ditto, 1 66 1 — 4 rcjfiipeiits of horfe guards, diit.i, 168; aid 1688. — 5 regiments of
dragoon guards, ditto, 16(15, — 18 regiments of dragootis, including light-liorfe, raif-
ed betw 1 \(>i-\ and 1759 — 3 regiments of foot-guards, raifcd in 1660, — 70 regi-
ments of toot, the firft, or Royal Scots, raifed in 1631, the others between 1661 aiid
1761. — 26 independent companies of invalids. 4 battalions of Royal Artillery, a rov-
al regiment of artillery in Ireland, and a corps of engineers: together, w;tli 4 divifions
of marine ffirccf. — i regiment of light dragoons, and five battalions of foot in £aft-
India. Several regiments railed for the fe rvice of the crown, from the cpmmcuccment
of tiic American war, ha vp lately been iilbandcd.

■/■■■!' or

3P*

ENGLAND

or occupation th«y are fit for, in any town of the kingdom (except the
two univerfities) notwithdanding any flatute, cudom, or charter to the
contrary. And foldiers, in actual military fervice, may make verbal wills,
and difpofe of their goods, wages, and other perfonal chattels, without
thofe forms, folcmniiies, and expcnfres, which the law requires in other
cafes.

«>

•c
n

•s

tx
o

i
&

a
ft

o
o

<« <o «>

ee M ««

^ I

00 00 00 00 «

' r^ •'» O ♦ r»\«o ^ * ^ «*»

00 («

>o <o <o NO """""aT <r o 00 « »o «" «c

OMeON>0^>omroc<)«^x m h

\o o « gKO o« <o<0 oc«c« or«

M«4M MMHftM

NO vO ^ So"'^S~"'"

«»> «!■ •« O\00 <o "O w><o

o> «*i «n o<>0 "♦ «
tlC4t« M(«MMM

<o >o >o o «o ve

M t« M <« M ^ CI

«0 >0 <w NO

( On Iv M >n i^NO •'100 VO

oe>e

I I I I I J I

I •

Q
3 c«

51 s-.

e 2s s <^
P g-2.-

^ M

u a

OU] I

♦^ ••

• • •

.^ w I« («

« V5

U U S 9 »

£r E7 a Out

2 S t- «J ?•

1« B

o
U

Islets

New

.' ■ >!

Per Day.

Per Ana.

£. X. d.

£• '. A

o o o

000

o o o

000

240

80J

1641 10

1368 15

1825

060

1095

078

1703 6 »

040

730

• 17 8

1234 10

Total

jC- 10,401 I %

ENGLAND. 303

New Eftabllfliment of the Corps of Engineer;, OAober ift, 1784.
Rank.

Mafter General
Lieutenant General
Chief Engineer
Five ColoneU, each
Five Lieutenant Coloncli
Ten Captaini 4, -
Ten Captain*
Twenty Lieutenants
Ten Second Lieutenants
Cuipsoi' lDvalid:>

The Maritime Cate is nearly related to the former ; though much
more agreenble to the principles of our free conflitution. The royal navy
of England hath ever been its greateft defence and ornament ; it is its
ancient and natural rtrength ; the floating bulwark of the ifland ; an army,
from which, however ftroiig and powerful, no danger can ever be appre-
hended to liberty ; and accordingly it has been alfiduoufly cultivated, even
from the earlieu nges. To fo much peifeition was our naval reputatioa
arrived in the twelfth century, that the code of maritime laws, which
are called the lawti of Okron, and are received by all nations in £urope
as the ground and fubih'u6lioo of all the marine conilitutions, wa» con-
felTedly compiled by our king Richard I. at the ifle of Oleron, on the
coaft of France, then part of the polfefllons of the crown of England.
And yet, fo vattly inferior were our anceilors in this point to the prefent
age, that, even in the maritime reign of queen Elizabeth, Sir Edward
Coke thinks it mattei of boaft that the royal navy of England then con-
fided of 33 fiiips. The prefent condition of our marine is in great
meafur owing to the falutary provifions of the Hatute, called j;he naviga-
tion adt ; whereby the conftant increafe of Engiidi fliipping and leam«n
was not only encouraged, but rendered unavoidably ncceflary. The moft
beneficial fiatnte for the trade and commerce of thcfe kingdoms, is that
navigation a£t ; the rudiments of which were firft framed in i6;o, partly
with a narrow view ; bein^ intended to mortify the fugar iflands, which
were difaifeded to the parliament, and Hill held out for Charles II. by
flopping the gainful trade which they then carried on with the Dutch ;
and at the fame time to clip the wings of thofe our opulent and afpiring
rei)jhl)Our«. This prohibited all flups of foreign nations from trading
with any Englifli plantations without licence from the council of i^ate*
In 1651, the prohibition was extended alfo to the mother country ; and
no goods were fuifered to be imported into England, or any of its depen*
dencies, in any other than Englifli bottoms, or in the fhips of that Eu-
ropean nation, of which the merchandile imported was the genuine growth
or manufadure. At the Reftoration, the former proviiions were conti-
nued, by (latute ta Car. II. c. 18. with this very material improvcmcnT,
that the mafter, and three-fourths of the mariners, HihII alfo be Englilh
fubjefts.

The complement of feamen, in time of peace, ufually hath amounted
to 12 or i;,ooo. In time of war, they have formerly amounted to xm
lefsthan 80,000 men ; and after the cfimmenccracnt of the American war,

they

304

ENGLAND.

they amounted to above 100,000 men, including marines. The vote of
jparliament for the lervice of the year 1 784, is for 26,000 feamen, includ*
ing 4495 marines.

This navy is commonly divided into three fquadrons ; namely, the red,
white, and blue, which sire fo termed from the difTerences of their colours.
Fach fquadron has its admiral : but the admiral of the red fquadron has
the principal command of the wliole, and is ftyled vice-admiral of Great
Britain. Subje^ coeach admiral is alfo a vice and rear-admiral. But the
fupreme command of our naval force is, next to the kin, , in the lord*
commiflioners of the admiralty. Notwithl^anding our favourable iltuation
for a maritime power, it was not until the vad armament fcnt to fubdue
us by Spain, in 1588, that the nation, by a vigorous effort, became fully
fenfiblc of its true intereft and natural ilrength, which it has fince fu hap*
pily cultivated.

We muy venture to affirm, that the Britifli navy, during the war of
1756, was able to cope with all the other fleets in Europe. In the courfe
of a few years it entirely vanquiflied the whole naval power of France,
difabled Spain, and kept the Dutch and other powers in awe. For the
prote^ion of the Britifli empire, and the annoyance of our enemies, it was
then divided into feveral powerful fquadrons, iTo judicioufly Rationed, as at
once to appear in every quarter of the globe ; and while Ibme fleets were
hutnbling the pride of Spain in Afia and America, others were employed
iu frudrating the defigns of France, and cfcorting home the riches of the
taftern and weftem worlds *.

The nation have to lament the want of a proper attention to the fleets
in the laft war, both as to their home equipment, and their foreign defti-
nation.

Many laws have been made for the fupply of the royal navy with fea»
men ; for their regulation when on board ; and to confer privileges and re^
wards on them, during, and after the fervice.

1. For their fupply. The power of imprefling men, for the fca^fer*
Tice, by the kitig's commiflion, has been a matter of fome difputc, and
fubmitted to with great relu61ance ; though it hath very learnedly been

•

The Royal Navy of Great Britain, as it ftood at Auguft, 3

t.x784. '^^^'^

Rates of Ships. Complement of Men. Weight of McuiJ,
Guns. No. pf each Rate. Men. Metal.
ifl. 100 and upward 5 — 875 to 850 — 4» *4 J» & 6
sd. 98 to 90 — 20 --• 750 ta 700 — 3t 18 T» 6
3d. 80 to 64 — 130 -- (jjo to joo — 3Z 18 9 6
4th. 60 to 50 — • %^ — 4x0 to 380 — 94 12 6 & i3 9 6
5th. 44 to 3x •>- 102 — 300 to «o — 18 9 6 & i» 6
6th. 30 to «o ^«- 50 — 90Q to 160 — 9 4

Sloops,

Bombs,

fliips

•^ »8 to 14
Fire- 1
&c. J

3H
-» 143 — 115 to no

.14

Total, 496
In comtniinon 25 of the line, 7 fifties, 36 frigates, and 105 floops. When a ihlp-of
war becomes old, or unfit for fervice, the fame name is transferrd to another, which
is built,as it is called, upon her bottom. While a fiuf^le beam of the old (hip remains,'
thf OMipe Gann»t be (hapged iwlsis by a^ of parUgmcat.

ilteMrn

ENGLAND.

he vote of
•ttt includ-

^'i the red»
ir colours,
ladron hat
I of Great
But the
I the lor^a
le lltuation
to fubdiie
:ame fully
ice To hap<

he war of
the courfe
)f France,
For the
ics, it was
3ned, as at
fleets were
employed
hes of the

> the fleets
eign defli-

r with fca»
;es and re<

he fca>fer«
'putc, and
icdiy been

784.

f Meial,
:ta].
&. 6
6
6
& i3 9
^ U 6

len a ihip of
ther, which
lip remain*,'

ilieMTn

fliewn by Sir Michael Poller, that the f ra«^ice of inkprefl!n|;, and gnnt*
ing powers to the admiralty for that purpdfri ia of very ancient date^ and
hath been uniformly continued by a regular feriet oi precedents to thtf
prefent'time ; Whence he concludes it to be a part of the common la\1^«
The difliculty arifis from hence, that no Aatute, or a£t of parliamenti hafl
exprefsly declared this power to be in the crow'n, though many of thertt

The Pay of the Officen of the Royal Navy in each Rate. FtAd Of rtCEaS, lind th«

Cai-taJnii tu Flag*.

Admirals and Comitiandera in tihicf ol* the Fleet mi^^

An Adniiral ■■> 1 ■«■ » ■>

Vice Admiral ■ 1 i* ' ■ ■■■ «— •

hear Admiral ;■ 1 1

Fird Captain to the Commander in Chic) — — —

Second uitto, aud Caiuain to other Admirals — ——

. I toV. AdmiraU 1 if tirrt or fecOiid Rates, to"! ■ ■

» i . tu R. Admirals J have the pay of fucK Rates J '■ ■*

per day.

t
t
I

o
o

10
Xo

»S
IS

o
16
•3

0.
O

OFFICERS. I Firjl.

Captain ftr tfay
L,i<;uteiiant ftr ilay
Mailer ptr month,
ad mailer and pilots of
yachts each j'l. los.
Mailer's mate
Midihipman
Schoolmaftcr
Captain's Clerk
Quartcr-mafler
Qnarter-maftcr's matt
Boatfwain
Boatfwaio's mate
Yeomen of the Sheets
Coxfwain
Mailer fail maker
Sail maker's mate
Sail maker's crew
Gunner
Gunner's matje
Yco. of powder rdom
Quarter Gunner*
Armourer
Armourer's mate
Gunfmith
Carpenter
Carpenter's mate
Carpenter's crew
Purfer .

Steward i! *: rf.
Steward's mate " <>
Cook
Surgeon f

Surgeon's firft mate
— fecond mate
. I — third mate
— : r fiAirth tt, fifth

Chaplain §

'5
10

»S
i»
la

S
o

•S
6

S
to

5
o
o
6
o

5
o

»9

Steonf.

<
S

d
o
oO

o
o
o

»S

10
10

»S

IP
10

»s

10
15

S
10.

6
10

"lO

S
o
o

10
o

f»

riirJ.

t. d ,

4 <-
6 c

I
I
I

I
1

3
t
i
I
[
t
I

t»
I

*jt

°l'

Q 1 .
00

t6
»7
17

J17

8
8

■I

t7
8

o
16

5
o

S
o

S
o
o

•9

Fo rth.

Fifth.

I. d

} Id o
} 400

i IX O

»3
»3
13

10
8

14
8

10
10

J 3
8

10
14

o
o

» 8

to
10

8
6

to
6

i
la

iSiiflit.

i. d.

8 4

i e

lOi t

1
I
I
I
t
I

Ot
6t
t

5
o
6
6
6
10
8

o
6
6

to
S

o
o
o

e
e
o
o
01

o 8

1$ 6

o o
to o

• Qne it evfry four gum,
^ Sfji'idts 4rf. tf month fnm ui(hm4iti

t i7^ ai/. tf mtutjhmttftl mu,

JtO)*'-

't. \ ■• -.

ntf

^o6

ENGLAND.

very flrongly imply it. It hn» alfo been fuppofbJ, thsit « pra^lice To uirfii-
vouiable to the lilurcy of the lubjedt, aad to common prtncipln of jufticc
and humanity, cnuld not b« fulidly fupported without iomecl««r, ptifilivc,
»nd utKqui vocal law. _ •

Bcfidcbthiumcihi-Jofimprcfling (wliicli, cwn if Icjjt«l,i«oiiIydfflJnriblc
from public nfrcclfity, (\ich as an n(^uiil rebellion or invaiion of the king*
dom, to which all private cnnlivlcrations muli give way,) the principal trad*
ing ?itic8, antl Ibmetimcs the government, ort'cr bt)unty money to feameh
who enter voluntarily into hi* miijelly's fcrvicc j and every foreign fcaman
who, during nwar, (hall fcrve two years in any man ot war, merchantman,
or privateer, it naturalized ipfofallo.

fiiit a« imprcirui^ is {generally confldcrcd as a grofs violation of the na-
tural rights of mankind, fo us ihe bounty money, wiuch leldom exceeds
409. proved ineftectual. The w.iges of ieamcn on board of merchantmen,
ih time of war, is ufually 50s. to 4I. per month ; on board of the royal
navy, they only receive 228. They arc Hattercd indeed with the hojMS
of ptize money, which, if divided in a more equal and equitable man-
uer,'would product the happieft cffefls to this nation. There Svbuld then
be lets occniion tor bounty money orprelHng ; our fleets would be fpeedily
m.inned, nt\d regularly fupj^liedwith experienced and able Teamen. Since,
under Providence, not only the very exiliencc of this nation, its com-
merce, and foreign feulemeints ; but the liberties of Europe, and fecurity
of the proteftant religion, fokly depend on the ftrongth aii^d fuccfcfs of tbc
Kritiih navy, which is tlic only mode of >var we ought ever to engage in ; i|t
hasbten matter of furprife to every thinking, dllinterclied fubjett of theft
Idngdoms, tl^t neither ttile above mentioned regulation, nor an^ other
flitisfactory feliemc has yet taken place ^ b«t that to enrich >i few loperiok:
officcVs, wc flwuid deprive thofe very mftn olf their rights and liberty, to
vthofc valour and intrepidity hIouc, :n the day of public danger, we look
for our prefervation.

2. Tl>e method of oiJeiing fcr.mcn in *he royal fleet, and keeping up
a regular difeiplinc there, ia direiStcd by certain exjircfs rules, articles, and
onlcrsj firft en'iikiUdby tlie autlvoniy of 'parUdment Ibbn after the Rellora-
tion ; hut new modelled and altered fnke tlve peace of Aix la Chapelle,
to remedy fomc defe(fls which were of faJCal oorfcqucnte in conducting the
prece<ling War* In thefe nrticlesiofthc navy, .dmoft every poflTfble offence
is fct down, aftd the punifhinent thereof nhnexdl, in which i^efpcdt the fea-
nicn have much the aolvautage over their bretiiren in the land fervice ;
whofc 'articles df war arc not enacted by parliam<Mit, but framed from time
to time at the pleafare of thti crown.

3. Wit'h regard to the privileges conferred on failors, they are pretty
much the fame with thofe conferred on foldiers ; with regard to reliisf.
When mailed, or WoOndcd, of fu|)erat)nuatcd, \l is aflbred them either
by county rates, pr from the royal liofpital at Greenwich ; tlicy are alfo
allowed the exercife' of tradbs in corporations, and the power of making
t^llaraents ; and, farther, no feaman aboard his majtifty's fliips can be ar-
rftflcd for ttny debt, unlefs rhe f.;me be ftvorn to amount to at Icaft twenty
pqiUnds ; thoiYgh by the anmtal mutiny ai-% a foldier tixxy be -arreiled for a
dtbt which extends to half:.tJiat value, but not. to Icfs amount.

I (hall clofe this account of the miltary and maritime (Irength of Enj-
Idnd, or lather of Great Britain, by obfcrving, that though fta offficers
and failors are fu|i^e«^ to a perpetual a6l of parliament, 'which anfwers the
annual military acl, that is palfcd for the governrhent tjf thcartny, yet

rfithcr

E N G I. A N a-

307

ce To unfti<
t of jufticc
r, pdfuive,

^dfftSnfiblc
F the king*
icipul trad-
■ to feameh
ign fcamaa
rchantman,

of the tin-
)m exceeds
rchiintinen«
f the royal
the hojMS
table man-
ivoiild then
be fpeedily
en. Since;,
I, its com-
nd fccurity
rcfcfs of the
[Age in ; ik
5(^;t of thelb
• an^ other
iw lupcriokr
liberty, to
r, we look

cceptng up
tides, and
c Rcllora-
Chapelle,
ufting the
)lc offence
a the fea-
I'ervice ;
tiom time

tre pretty
to relief,

rni either

y are alfo
making

can be af-
ft twenty
fled for a

of Eng-
oifficers

wers the
rni}-, yet
ntrlther

mithor of tliofc bocjici arc exftiiptcd from legal jurifdKTtiqn la civil or
vi.iminHl Cfifcf, b^t4n a few ii^llances of no grci^t ji^ytnent. The luj^icrf^
f;irticuliiriy, may be c;ille^ upon by a cVil magillnite, tu <;nAble him ty
prefcrve the peace ayain|l all attempts ,io break it. The i\\^ll^Ty offi(;er
who (;oinm.andi the ^oldif rs on thofe occufions, is to take his duedlioqp
from tlve magiftrute ; i^t^d both l^e smd ^hey, if thrir proceedings »r,e Kr
gular, are ipdcmni^cd nj^aipA al| ^infLQuences, be they ever fu fti^alp
Thofc civil mugilbatcfl, who uiidcrftand the principjes of the conflitu^u>n^
;«rc, however, extremely caittioi^s in cnlling fur the military on thefe.o^
caiioHS, or upon any cominotiun whatever : and, indeed, with^good^ r^^^*
fon ; for the frcqueiit ernp}pyi]nent of the military pqwer in a fcec.gp.vern*
ment is exceedingly duiigci;9iis, i^nd cannot be guar^led a|;aitift with tjc^p
miich cautirtn.

Coins.] Jn Grc^t jBritain motley is cotripi^ted by pounds, fliilliug?^
and pence, twelve p^ence inHki|;ig ^ fliilling^, and tvvtnty fliiUings qivb
pound, whjchpguwl is pnly ;in imaginary coin. The gold pu:ces coniijf
only pf guiiieas, halves, anti' nuig-ierb : the filver^ of croyvns, hftlif'crovi'ns^
^hillings, fpc-pences, groats, and even down to u.fifvjcr penny; and t\\f
copper moi]cy only ofhalf'-pctjcc anfl farthiiigs. In a coun,try lijcc ^n^-
land, wher« ihc iiitriufvc y-.iluc of 111 vcr is. nearly c<iu..\ ai}d m fomff
coins, crpwn pieces particularly, fiiperior t.o the tjomiuiil, tne,cpi.»''»ge of
filver muiicy is n jnatter of great conlequencc ; and y«t the pr.effnt fta^p
of the riatiunal currency fccms to Jilemand n.new coinage of fliilling^ |ind
fix peiicc!t ; the imrinhc value of the latter being many of .tljijcm .wpriji
down to h?lf thfiir nominal value. This^can* only be agne by an adt of
parliament, and by the pub)ic lofing.t^ jifterencc bcttyccn t|ie bullion jrf
the ne>v and the old inoncy. Bdidcsthc coins alrendy mct)ti9n9d, fire an^
tvvogiiincapieces aj*ecoii^cd,attKcTovv,crof London, bytthcfe^cenoigeneral,"*
ly curr^iit ; nor is any filver coipthjtt is lower than Jlxipcnce. The coin^
of the iiimpus i>impn, in the time of C.rom>yell, 4nd iu t^c.^ieginning of
Charles 11. 's reign, arc rvmarkab|e for theii' Ijc^iity.

Royal titlks, ^h.ms, ? The title of t^e King of ^jti^Uipd, is, By
AN 1) OR trE.R s 5 the Grace of Gud, oCGj;eat JJtitain, France.,

ftiiil IielamI, 4^it\?, Defcmter pf the Fajith. The dcjignatiprt of the
jkiflj^s of EnjrJaiMi was foimcrlji, his or her <jrace, or Highncfs, till
;Ht^i;y ylU. :to pvthiinfelf ana footing with the cmperqr Charles y.
;vH'umt;d.|bjit pfiiiajoily ; but the old tlcligwatlo^ was nut ,ab^oli(ltcd till tp-
ivar;ils (he, end of queen Elizabeth's reign.

since t,he acctilnpn of the prefent royal family of Great Britain, anrtO
,1714, tlie royal atc,hicy^inent is _marflia|led as follpjvs : quarterly, in 1,1^5
firft gratvi quarter, M(irs, thrre Uqhs paffant gu^artlant, in pale Si>ly the im*
j)erial enfigns of EngUtid, impaled, with the jcoyal ,arms !of Scotland,
which arc, i^d/, a lion rofHpant ivithhi a double tr^ure fiowereily and coMfi-
ier'Jlinvert'ii^ ix^t/j Ji:urs-ili'-l:s, J\itars. The fccond quarter in. the royal
_^ariTis of France, viz. Jjipit,try three J^enrS'/ie-lis^ Snl. The third the en-
iigns of Ireland ; which is, yupitcr, an harpy Sol, Jlrhigcd Lifiia- Ai*d
the fourth grand quarter it> his prcfcnt majerty's own coat, viz. Mianylvio
liam p(ijfant guardant, Sol, for Brunfwick, impaled with Luqeobut;g,,whtcK
is, ^(.'/, /rmee 0/ hearts, proper, a lion rampunti Jupitv J Haying ancitiit
Saxony, » iz. Mars, an berfe currant, Luna, ente (or grafted) inkaf- ; and /»
a JhicLd J'uito.t, Mars, the tliadevii .Cr croxvn of Charlemagne ; the whole,
.within a garter, as fovercign of that inoti noble order of iinighthood.

The motto of DUti ct mon Droit, that is, Gad and mj Right, is at-old

X a a»

$ot

ENGLAND.

oriT

ai the reign of Richii'd I. who flfTuined it to (hew hit indenentlency upon
all earthly power*. It wai afterwards revived by Kdward II f. when he
laid elflini to the crown of France. Alinoll every king of F.nvland had a
paiticulurly bad^c ur cognilance: fnmctimei a white hurt, fumciimei n fct-
Wk with a fiilcon, by which it ii faid Kdwnrd IV. alluded to the inNde*
lity of one of hix miftreflci t and fometimc* a puriculliii which wai that
of the houfe of Lancaftcr, tunny of the piincei of wliich were born in
the caftle of Reanfoit. The white rofe was the l)eHrin|{ of the houfc of
York; and that nl Lnncallcr, by wuy<if coturudillindion, ndopicd the
rod. The thifllr, which it now part of the royal itrinorial bearings, be*
l(mg;rd to Scotland, and was vrry fiirnilicant when joined to in motto, I\f
mo Hit im^unt liufffri. «' None (ball lafcly jirovoki; nic".

The titles of the kinu's rldt-A Ton, arc, Prince ol Wales, duke of Coi
wall Hnd Rothfay, earl of Chcftcr, cWK)ral prince of Bninfwick n
Lunrnbur^Tt earl of Carrick, baron of Renfrew, lord of the illcs, great
ftcwitrd of Scullsind, and c:<ptnin-gcncrut of the artillery company.

The order of the Garikh, the moll honourable ol any in the world,
was inflituted by Edward III. January 19, 1344* It conhUs of the fovc<
xts^w^ who is always the king or queen of hnghmd, of 35 companions
c:illed Knights of the Garter, who wear a medal of Sr. tJcur^c killing
the dragon, funpofed to be the titular taint of England, con>monly en-
nmcllcdon gola, fufpendrd fmin a blue riband, which was formerly worn
ab^ut their necks, but fince the latter end of James i. now crnHcs their
bodies froin their flionlder. The garter, which 1.1 of blue velvet, bor-
dered with gold, buckled under ihc left kner, and gives the name to the
order, was defigiied as an cnfign of unity and combination ; on it is em-
broidered the words, llonijhit qui null y feujcy " Kvil to him who evil
thinks." Authors arc divided a>t to the orij^inal of that motto; but it
probably alluded to the bad f.iith of the French kinj^ John, Kdward ',<
coiiti nijvirary ; declaring thereby the equity of his own intention, and
rcroriing (hame on any uho fhould think ill of the cntcrprizc he had ^n-
giii;cd in to fupport his right to the crown of France. This order is fo
relpertahle, that fome ot the rnoft illullrious foreign piinccs have been
companions of ir. It has a prelate, who is the bilhop of Winchellcr, and
a chunecUor, who is the bilhop ot SiliAmry lor the time beings It has
likewilV a rtgifter, who is dean of Winiifor, and a principal king at
arms, culled Garter, whofc oHice it is to marihal and manage the folcmn-
nitics at the inlhllation and fcalb of the kni.s;ht9. The place of inflalla-
tion is F'dward Ill's cha|>elat VVii'dfor, on which occafion the knights ap-
pe;^r in magnificent robes, appropriated to their order, iind in their colhirg
ofSS. The collar and cap and teathers were introduced by Henry VIII.
and to the crofs of the order encompaH'ed with the garter woin on the left
ftdf of their coAt, Charles II. added a lilvcrOar of eight poinis.

Knights of the Bath, fo called from their bnthing at the time of their
rrciition, arcfuppofed to be inlUtutcd by Henry TV. about the year 1599,
but the order fccms. to be more ancient. For m.iny roignis, they werr
created at the coronation of a king 01 tjucen, or other iblcnin occafions,
and they wear a fcarlet riband hanging from the left Ihouldcr, with an en-
amelled medal the badge of the order, a rofe ilVuing front the dexter lidc of
a fc«'ptri\ and a thilile from the linirter, between tliiee imperial crowns
placed within the motto, Triajunfla in unum, " Thiee joined in one.**
This order being difcontinued, was revived by kin^ CJeorge I, on the
tSth of May, 173 j, and tlir: month follovsing, eii^htetn noblemen, .md

»s

ENGLAND.

309

ai many coininoiicri ot tlic firO iiiiilc, were infialleil kni}>Ui> uf the order
Willi gieHt ccrciuony, iit VVcllmiiilU'r, where the phicc ut iiillulinent il
Hciiry VII'i chuiK'l. Tlieir rnhv* arc I'plciuiid »nd Ihcwy, und (he nuinhcr
of knigliti i» uiutcrermiucd. Tlie biHiop ot Rochctlcr it pcipctual dean
ni the ordi-r, which hut hkewife u rr^iHer and uthi-r ufHccrr.

The order of the '1'hihti.^, hi hclongint{ to SvoiUnd, in mentioned in
the account «if that kiiigdoin ; ni i« iilib the urilcr o( St. Patrick, newly
iiillitiitcd tor IicLind, in our nccuunt of that kingdom.

The uriijin of the Kn^liOi tHseru^e, or nobility, hsii been airekdy men*
tioncd. Tlitir titles, And order of dignity, are dukci, martiuiiVen, eurl«| ,
vil'c()unt3, And lords or baroni.

Bironcii can fcirccly be fuid to behmg to an order, having no other bndee
than A bloody hand in 11 lidd^ urgent, in their arms. They arc the only
hcrcditnry Imnoiu- under the pbcrage, und would take place even of the
knights uf the Garter, wire it not thut the latter arc always privy coun«
fcllors ; there being no intermediate honour bcrvvien them and the pnrli*
umcntary baron» <il Kngliml. 'I'luy were inllituttcl by Jaiurs I. abrut
the year 1615. Their number .was then two hundred, nnd Cich pais', u-
bout inool. on pretence of reducing and planting the province ot UlUer
in Ireland : but at prcfent their number amounts to 700.

A knight isi a tcun ufed idmoU in every nation in Europe, and in gene-
ral li^gnihc;t u foldier ferving on hori'cback ; a rank of no mean eiiiina>
tii)n in ancient armies, and entitling the party themfclves to the appcU
lation of Utr. In the common laws they arc culled milites or fuldiers ; and
they are made, by the king laying a fword upon their flioulderi, and dcfir-
ing them to rife by the title of Sir. It is a mark of perfonal regard from
the crown, and therefore the title docs not defcend to poderity. Other
knighi hoods tormerly took place in England ; I'uch as thofe of bnntitrett^
bacbelorn, knights of the carper, and the like, but they are now difufed.
Indeed in the year 1773, at a review of the royal navy at Portfmouth,
the king conferred the honour of Knights Bannerctts on two admirals atid
three captains. They have no particular badge on their garments, but
their arms are p:iinted on a banner placed in the frames of the fupixirters.

It ii) fomcvvhat difficult to account for the origin of the word e/'guire,
which formerly fignified a jpcrfon bearing the arms of a nobleman or
knigbr, and they were therefore culled armigeri. This title denoted any
pcrfon, who, by his birth or property, was entitled to bear arms ; but
It is at prcfent applied promifcuoully to i^ny man who can atford to live in
the chaiai'.ter of a gentleman without trader and even a tradefrminf if he
is a jullicc of peace, demands the appellation. This degree, fo i ;r> *<$ in
the reign of IJcnry IV. was an order, and conferrtd by the king, '" ■ put^
ting about the party's neck a collar of 8S, and giving him a pair ot filver
I'purs. Gowar the poet, appears froin his ethgieti on his tomb in South -
\yark, to have been an cf<|uirc by creation, Scrjcants-at-lnn-, and other
ferjcants behmging to the kings houfliold, juAiccs of the peace, do6tors
in divinity, law, nnd phyllc, take place of other cfqaics; and it is re«
markabic, that all the Tons of dukes, martpiiiib, earls, vifcounts, and
barons, are in the eye ot the law no more than cfquires, though com-
monly deligncd by noble titles. The appellation of gentleman, though
now confounded witl» the mean ranks of people, is ihc root of all Englilh
honour; for every nobleman isprefumed to be a gentleman, though every
gentleman is not a nobleman.

Hi STOR Y.] It is generally agreed, that the firft inhabitants of Britain
i. X 3 were

3»0"

ENGLAND.

wiri^i tfl^febfthe Gauls, or Celtaj that fettled on the < -pofite {hot€ t
a Hijipodtioh founclcd ujiort the evident cfiinformity in their language^
m^hnthi; government, rtHgion, and compjejcioh.

In fKe atfcount 1 have given of th(C laws and cotiilitution, may be
found great part of the hiftory of England, which } fliall not here re-
peat, bat coAftne myCeh to the diftcrerit gradations ot cvdntSj in a chro-
ndfogital order, colincifted with the improvement of arts, fciences, com-
nicvce, and manufudtuies, at their pi-oper periods.

Tiyhtfii Jiiliils G*far, ahout fifty-two years before the birth of Chrift,
meditated a conqiibii df Britain, the nsttives, undoubtedly, had great con*
netfiiOns with the Qaul?, and other people of the continent, in govern-
inent; religion, nhd commeirce, rude as the latter was. Csfar wrote
the hlflovy of his two expeditions, viFhich he pretended vrere accomp*-
nted with' i^aft difficulties, and attended by fuch advantages over the
ii^ahders, that they agreed to pay tribute. It plainly appearti, however^
frtthi contemporafy and othier authors, as Well as Caefar's own narrative^
tlfat his viftories were incomplete and indecifivc ; nor did the Romans re-
ceive the letift advantage from his expedition, but a better knowledge of
tfie iflafnd thaft they fiad before. The Britons, at the time of Caefar's de-
•fcient, w?ie govenied in the tiine of \var by a political confederacy, of
W*fiicK CaffiBelflh, wht)fc fcrritories lay in Hertfordfliire, and fdnie of the
adjacent Counties, Was the head ; and this foiiti of government continued
afliinng them for fome timfe.

in their manner of life, as dcfci-ibfed by C*far and the heft authors,
they diftcied little from the riide inhabitnnts of the northern climates that
Mve betft already mentioned : but they certainly fovved corn, though^
j)efhaj^s, they chifefly fubfifted upon ariimal food and milk. Their cloth-
ing was Ikins, atld tlicir fortifications beams ofwbod. They were dexterous
ia the daiViigfemeht of their chariots bfeyond credibility ; and they fought
with hhcb, diiTti, aiid fwords. Women fometimes led their armies to
th% fieldj and t^re rccogiiifed as fdvereigns of their particular diftricVs,
Ttt'ey l^vour'ed a priin'ogehitiire 6r leniority, in their fucceffion to rojr-
alty, but fi?t it afiae on the fmallefl inconveniency attending ir. They
palhf^ their bodiek with woad, which gavie (hem a bluifli or greenilli
cifl ; aVid they arfe faid to haVie had figure* of animals, and heavenly
bbdieS, drt their flcirti. - In their miirriagei they were not very delicate, for
tfj'ey forrficd theftifelves into what w'c tiiay Call matrimonial clubs. Twelvfc
dr fburtet^ men n<ai*iiW ^s ittany wiVes, and each wife was in common to
them aH, b'dt' hcr'childrcn Belonged to the original hufbanrl.

The Britons livi'd, during the long reign or Augufius Caefiir, r.ulier as
the allies than the tribwtiiriesof the Romans ; but the communications bc-
tw'eeti Rome and Great Britaiii being flien extended, the enriperor Claudiits
C*far, about forty-tyro years after the birth of Ciiriil, undertook fm expe-
dition in pfcrfon, in uhich he fc«ms to have been fuccefsful againft Britain.
His conquells, ' hb\i''et/er, were ihiperfei'^ ; Caraftacus, and Boaditia^
though* a womanj" made noble Ibhds againd the l^omans. The torme'r
was t ken prifoner after a defpeVate battle, and carried to Rome, wheiit
his undaunted bchav?our before Claudius gained him the admiration of ihfe
ti'ftoVs, and Is celcbinted in the hiftories of the times. Boadicia bein^
dpprelTed irt a manner that difgraces the Roman name, and defeated, dif-
duinf-(i to furviVe the liberties of hdr country; and Agricola, general to
Domitian, after' fubduing South Britain, carried his arms north'ivai-ds, lik
,^i«6 bceti iflready feen iti the hillory of §cotl^nd, where his fuCceflbi^ had

ENGLAND.

fite fhwtf:
language^

t, may be
tt here re-
in a chm-
nces, com-

ofChrlft,

great con-_

in govern-

efar wrote

accompA-
1 over the
, however^

narrative,
lomans re-
jwlcdge of
3aef.ir's de-
deracy, of
iine of the

continued

ft authors*
mates that
I, though^
heir cloth-
! dexteroufi
ley fought

armies tb

r diftricls,

)n to roj^-

They

gveenirti

heavenly
elicate, for
Tvvelvfc
ommon to

r.ulier as
iitions bc-
ClaucUi/s
c Jm expe-
rt Britain.
6oadicia>
ic t'ormer
ic, w'hei'C
on of thfe
icia beir>^
ated, cTif-
chci'al to
ivards, ak
:flbi% -h-ad
no

ir.

no reafon to feoaft of their progreft, every inch of ground being bravely
defended^ During the lime the Romans remained in rhis ifland, diey
ereded thofe walls I have fo often mentioned, to protect the Britonr from
the invafions of the Caledonians, Scots, and Pidts ; and we are told,, thkt
the Roman language, learning, and cufioms, became familiar tn Britain.
There i'cems to be no great foundation for this aifertion ; and it is more
probable, that the Romans conftdered Britain chiefly as a nurfery for their
armies abroad, on account of the fuperior firength of body, and courage
of the inhabitants, when ditciplined. That this was ^he cafe, appears
plainly enough from the defencelefs flate of the Britons, when the go»
vernmenr of Rome recalled her forces from tliat iOand. I have already
taken notice, that during the abode of the Roina is in Britain, they '10-
troduced into it all the luxuries of Italy; and it is certain, that undor
them the South Britons were reduced to a ftate of great valTaljage, and thaC
the genius of liberty retreated northwards, where the native& had made a
brave reftihmee agamA thel'c tyraiftsof the world. For though the Britons
were unqucftionably very brave, when incorporated with the Roman le-
gions abroad, yet we know of no ftruggle they made in la^er times, for
their independency, at home, notwithuanding the many favourable oppdr»
tunities that prcfenied themfelves. The Roman emperors and generals
while in this ifland, ainikd by the Britons, were entirely employed in re-
pelling the attacks of the Caledonians and Pi>'ls (the latter are thought to
have been the fouthern Britona rettred northwards), and they appeared
to have been in no pain about the fouthern provinces.

Upon the mighty inundations of thofe barbarous na^ioas, which, under
the names of Goths and Vandals, invaded the Roman empire with iniinioe
r-'.umbers, and with danger to Rome itfelf ♦, the Roman legions were with--
drawn out of Britnin, with the flower of the Britifli youth, for tke de-
fence of the capital and centre of the empire. As the Roman forces de-
creafed in Britain, the Scots and Pifts, who had always'opfiofed the prd-
grefs of the Romans in this ifland, advanced the more Doldly into the
fouthern parts, carrying terror and defolation over the whole country.
The eftisminated Britons were fn accuflomed to have recourfe to thcRomans
for defence, that they again and again implored the return of the.RomaDf,
who as often drove back the invaders to their mount^ijps and ancient limits
beyond the walls. But thefe enterpriz^s ferved only to protruA the mifc-
ries of the Britons ; and the Romans now reduced to extremities at home,
and fatigued with thcfe dilUnt expeditions, accj^uainted the Britons, that
they mull no longer look to them for protection, and exhorted them, to
arm in their own defence ; and that they might leive the iflund with a
good grace, they allllled the Britons in rebuilding with ftone the wall of
Severus, between Newcaftle and Carlifle, which they lined with forts and.
watch-towcrs ; and having done this good oflice, took their laft farewell
of Britain about the year 448, after having been maflers of the moft fer-
tile parts of it, if we I'cckon from the invafioaof Julius Caefar, rjear 500
years.

The Scots and Picfls finding the whole ifland finally defertcd by thQ
Rom(tn legions, now regarded the whole as their prize, and attacked Seve-
rus's wall with, redoubled force?, ravaged all before them with a tury pe-
culiar to northern nations in thofe ages, and which a reraembnince of. for-
mer injuries could not fail to infpire. The poor Britons like a hclplefs

^jc-i the Intruduftioa.

X4.

£(irajly.

31S

ENGLAND.

familjTt deprived of their parent ami protcAur, already fuhdued by theW

own tears, had a^.\\n recuurle to Koivc» ur.d ft nt over their nnf.ruble

cuilUe fur relief (iUll upon record), whiclt was nddrcflcd in thefe wuriltt ;

TO ^ftii/s, thrice conful : 1 )}• grottm of the Britons ; and alter other hitncn*

Cable complaints, fiiiil, That the bariariam drove them f the fta^ and tbt

ft a hack to the harhariaHi ; and they had only the hard choice left of perilhing

by the/word or 6y the iivmy*. But having no hopes j^ivcn them by the Ro-

ipnn general of any fuccours from that tide, they bcgiin to confidcr what

Other nation they might cull over to their relict ; Gildus, who was him-

(elf a 3riton, defcribca the degeneracy of his countrymen at this time in

inournhil drains, and ^ives fome cn\itufcd hints of ihcir officers, und the

jaames of fome of their kin<?s, p;ir«icularly one Vortigcrn, chief of the

jDaHmonii, by whofc advice the Britons llruck a barg>(in with two Saxoi)

chiefs, Hengift ai.d HorC«, lo protect them from the Scots and V'xCii,

The Saxons were in thofe dayti millers of what is now called the Knglidi

channel, and their native countries comprehending Scandinavia and the

northern parts of Germany, being overilocked with inhabitants, they

•jreadily acc«})ted thi invitation of the Britons ; whom they relieved, by

checking the progrefs of the Scuts and Pii^s, and h:id the illund of Thu-

«et allowed ihem for their refidence. But their own country was fo popu.

jous and barren, and the fertile lands of Britain fo agreeable and ailurini{,

(h»t in a very little time, Hengiftand HorCa bcj/an to meditate a fcttlcnuiit:

. for themfelvts ; and fri-fli fupplies of tlieir countrymen arriving daily, the

Sa;tons foon became formidable to the Britons, whom, after a violent

-yruggle of near 150 years, tlicv fubducd, or drove into W<ides, where

their language and defcendants lliU remain.

{literature at this time in England was fo lude, that wc know but little
ofitf hillory. The Saxons were ignorant of letters, and public tranf-
anions among the Britons were recorded only by their bards and poets, >i
-fpecies of men whom they held in great veneration. Nennius, who Iccm^
to have been contemporary with Gildaii, mentions indeed a few fa<5fs, but
f)othi|]g that r->n be relied on, or thit can form a connei'tcd liillory. We
cun therefore only mention the names of Merlin, a reputed piincc and
prophet ; Pcndragon, the celebrated Arthur, and 'rhalicllin, whole works
are laid to be extant, with others of lefs note. All we kuuw upon the
Vhole is, that after repeated bloody wars, in which the Britons were iomc-
times the enemies, and fomctimcs the allies of the Scots and Pii'^s, the
Saxons became makers of all £nglaiid to the fouth of Adri.in's, or raiher,
^cverus'a wull; but the Scots and Fitfts feem to ha\o been malteis of all
the ten jtory f o the north of that, though they luHeied the Britons who
J>ad been driven northwaids, to be governed by their own tributary kings ;
an intermixture that has created great doubts and confulions in hillury,
Vhi"h I fliall not pretend here to unravel.

I have already given a Iketch of the contlitution and government which
the Saxons imported into England, and which form by far the moft vulu
j»b!e part of their ancient hirtory. '

\Vc have no account pf their converfion to Chrifti mity but from popilh
writers, who generally endeavour to in;;;.nify the mcitts of their fupv-riors.
Recording to them, Kthelbert king of Kent, who clainud pre-eminence
in the heptarchy, as being defcended from H-nj>rlh.ne of thelirftinv.ideis;,
married the king of France's diuighur, und fl>c beiivg a Chrirtian, Pope
Gregory the Grciit fcizcd that opj)onunity to enforce tiie converfK n of
^er hulband to ChriiVianity, or rather to popery. Por that purpofc,
ibout the year 5^6 he feat over 10 England the famuus iVuilai, the monk,
. . who

ENGLAND.

313

ipc

who probably found no great difliculty in converting the kin^ and hii
])cople ; unii alfo Scbert, king of the haft Saxons, who was baptized, and
founded the cathedral of St. Paul in London. The monk then, by hit
iTiaUcr's order, attempted to bring the churches of the Britons in Wales to
a conformity with that of Rome, particulakly as to the celcbr)tti<m of
Kiiflcr ; but Hnding a itout rcfillance on the part of the bilhops and clergy,
he pc-rl'uudcd his Chriftian converts to miiflacrc them, which they did to the
number uf 1200 pricils and monks, and reduced the Britons, who were
found in the heptarchy, to a ^ate ot (lavtTy, which fotnc think gave rite
ti> the ancient villanagc in England. Auflin is accounted the firlt archbi*
(hip of Canterbury, and died in 005, as his convert Ethelbcrt did fuon
after.

It docs not fall within my defign to relate the feparatc hiihnv of every
pnrtjcular nation that formed the liepturchy. It is fulficicnt tu fay, that
the pope in Auilin's time fupplicd England with about 400 monkii, and
that the pnpifli clergy took care to keep their kings and laity under the
i»oA deploral)Ie ignorance, but always magnifying the p<nver and fanftity
of his hulincfs. Hence it was that the Anglo- Saxons during ti>eir hep.
tarchy, were governed by priefts and monks ; and as they faw convenient,
prrfuadc'd their kings cither to fluit thcmfelvcs up in cloillers, or to under-
take pilgrimages to Rome, where they finiihed their days ; no Icfs than
thirty Anglo-Saxon kings during the Heptarchy, rcfigned their crowns in
that manner, and among them was Ina king of the Weft-Saxpns, though
in other refpeds he was a wife n:''d brave prince. The bounty of thofe
AngloSaxon kings to the fee of Rome, was therefore unlimited ; and
KthclwaUi king of' Mercia, impofed an annual tax of a penny upon every
houle, which was afterwards known by the name of Peter's pence, bc-
caufc paid on the holiday of St, J^rUr aJ vincuia, Auguft ift *.

The Anglo-Saxon kings, during the heptarchy, commonly chofe one
who was to be the head of their political confederacy, for regulating their
concerns, but without any jurifdidion in the domijiion of otherfi. The
clergy, we may eafily fuppofe, had great influence on thofe occadons {
and the hiftory of the Saxon heptarchy ia little more than that of crimes^
treafons, and murders, committed by the inlligations of prieds and monks.
Even their criminal taw, S9 hath been already obferved, admitted of a pc*
cuniary compenf^ition for murder, and regicide itfclf. -^'

Under all thofe difadvantages of bigotry -ond barbarity, the Angld-
Saxons were happy in comparifon of the nations on the continent ; be-
caufe ihcy were Jree from the Saracens, or fucceflbrs of M;ihomet, who
had crcded an empire in the Eall upon the ruins of the Ruman, and be*
gan to extend their ravages over Spain and Italy, London was then a place
of very confiderable trade ; and, if we are to oelieve the Saxon chronicles
quoted by Tyrrel, Withred king of Kent paid at one time to Ina king of
VVeflex, a fum in lilver equal to 90,000!. fterling, in the year 694. Eng-
land, therefore, we may fuppofe to have been about this time a refuge tor
the people of the continent. The venerable but fuperftitious Bedr, about
the year 740, compoled his church hirtory of Britain, from the coming

• T^•i'< tax wag inipofcd at firft for the fupport of a college at Rome, for the t-du-
cation v( En^lifli youth, founded by loa king of Weirex, under the name »i Mumt-
lif:ot, but In procviii gf tini;: tJK |mi}>c» k:himcd it as a tribute due to St. I'ctcr and his
fiicccflTorti. , ^

[ENGLAND.

in of the Saxons down to the year 731. The Saxon Chrcbicle is one of
ilie oldeil Hnd moil authentic monuments of hillory that any notion can
produce. Architecture, fuch as it wai;, with ftone and giai's working, was
introduced into England ; and v^e read, in 709, of a Northumbrian pre*
late who whs fcrved in filver plate. It muft however he owned, that the
Saxon coins, which are generally of coppei, are many of thern illegible,
jmd ail of them mean. Ale and alehoufcs are mentioned in the laws of
Ina, about the year 728 ; and in this ilate was the Saxon heptarchy in
England, when about the yea 30, moll of the Anglo-Saxons, tired out
with the tyranny of their petty kin<rs, united in calling to the government
•f the hepturchy, Egbert, w!.o ^ i-; the e.ldcft remaining branch of the
race of Cerdic, one of the Sa m «.iiiefs who iirll arrived in Britain. On
•he fdbmillion of the Monhumbrians in the year Ra; he became king of
all England.

Charlett the Great, otherwifc Charlemagne, was then king of France,
and emperor of Germany ; and I have in a former part of this work,
inenttoned the commercial treat/ between him and Offa kii.g of Mercia,
to whom he fent in a prelcnt, a Hungarian fword, a belt, and two filken
wefts. Egbert had been obliged by ftiHte jealoufies, to fly to the court of
Charles for protection tVom tlie perfecutions of Eadburga dsmghter of Of-
fa, wife to Bsithric, king of the Wcll-Saxons. Egbert acquired at the
court of Charles, the arts both of war and government, and therefore
foon united the Saxon Heptarchy in his own perfon, but without fubduing
Wales. He changed the name of his kingdom into that of Engle-lond,
«r England ; but there is rcafon to believe that fome part of England
continued ftill lO be governed by independent princes of the blood of
Cerdic, though they paid perhaps a fmall tribute to^Egbcrt. His profpc-
rity excited the envy of the northern nations, who, under the nan .r of
iDanes, then infefled the feas, and were no ftnmgers to the toafts of 3i,i;g-
land ; for about the year R33 they made defcents upon Kent nnd Doilci-
fiiirc, where they detcuted Egbert in perfon, and carried ott" abundance of
booty to their ihips. About two years after, they landed in Cornwall,
and thongh they were joined by the Cornifh Britons, they were driven
«ut of England by Egbert, who died in the year 838 at Wincheftor, his
chief refidtnee.

Egbert wasv jcceeded by his fon Ethelwolf, who divided bis powfi- ••.iih
his cldeft fcv. Athelllan. By this time, England had become a fcene o\
blood and ravages, through the renewal of the Danifh invafioi^s ; and
Xthelwolf, after fome time bravely oppofmg them, rftired in a fit of devo-
tion to Rome, to which he carried with him his younrjeil fon, aftcrwiirds
the famous Alfitd, the fiither of the Englifh conftitution. The gifts
which Ethelwolf made to the clergy on this occation fcopies of which are
_ llill remaining) :ire fo proiiigiou?, even the tithes ot all his dominions,
that they ftiew his brain to have been touched by his devotion, or guided
by the arts of Swithin bifhop of Winchedor. U[X)n his death, aticr his
return from Rome, he divided his dominions between two of his fons
(Athelftan being then dead), Eihelbald and Ethelbert, but wc know of
no patrimony tbiit was left to young Alfred. Ethelbert who was th*'
furviving fon, left his kingdom in 866, to his brother Kthelred ; in
whofe time, notwithllanding the courage and condutl of Alfred, the
Danes became mafters of the fca-coall, and the finetl counties in Eng-
land. Ethclrcd btiii:^ killed, his brother Alfred mounted the throne ui
871. He was oue of the grcarell' princes, both la peace and wai-, men-

tiQ'-.cd

ENGLAND.

315

I one of
ton can
ing, was
ian prc-
:hat the
Ilegible,
laws ot'
irchy ia
ircd out
ernment
I of the
in. On
king of

■ France,
is work,
Mercia,
vo filken
court of
crofOt"-
:d at the
therefore
fubduing
gk-lond,
England
blood of
is profpc-
I nan.c of
of 3m!2-
Doi I'ei-
idance of
ornwall,
rt driven
eftor, his

wpr ■,vith

bene ov
ins ; and
of devo-
"icrwiirds
he gifts
lich are
iminions,
guided
after his
his fons
know ot
was th«"
h-ed ; in
"red, the
in Kno;-
'.ronc «n
|ir, men-
liQ'^ed

t$6ited m hiftory. . He fought feven batt1ei<«rith the Dattes with Tariout
fuccefs, and when defeated, he found refources that rendered hinr» as
terrible as before. He was, however, at one tirtie reduced to an uo*
c^mnion Aate ofdiftrefs, being forced to live in the difguife of a cow»
herd : but iiill he kept up a fecret correfpondence with his brave
friends, whom he collected together, and by their affiftance he gave the
Danes many fij^nal overthrows, till at lau he recovered the kingdom
of England, and obliged the Danes who had been fettled in it, to fwear
iohcdience to his government: even part of Wales courted his protection:
{6 fhst he is thought to have been the mod powerful monarch that had
e^cr reigned in England.

Among the other glories of Alfred's reign, was that of railing a mari->
lime power in England, by which he fecured her coafts from future inva-
fions. He rebuijt the city of London, which had been burnt down by the
panes, and founded the univerlity of Oxford about the year 895 : he di-
vided England into counties, hundreds, and tythings ; or rather he re-
yived thofc diviiions, and the ufc of juries, which had fallen into defue-
tude by the ravage^i of the Danes. Having been educated at Rome, he
was himfejf not only a fcholar, but an author ; and he tells us himfelf,
that upon his accellion to the throne he had fcarcely a lay fubje£t who could
read EnglKh, or an ecclefiaflic who underftood Latm. He introduced ftone
ahd brick buildings to general ufe in palaces as well as churches, though
it is certain that his iubjcCts for many years -after his death, were fond of
timber buildings. His encouragement of commerce and navigation may
fttfrt incfedible to modern times, but he had merchants who traded in Eaft
India jewels ; and William of Malmlbury fays, that feme of their gems
were repoiited in the church of Sherborne in his time. He received from
one O^her, about the year 891^, a full difcovery of the coafl of Norway
and Lapland, as far as Ruflia ; and he tells the king in his memorial,
pVlntedby Hakluyt, f' that he failed along the Norway coaft, fo far north
as commonly the whale hunt<^s ufe to travel." Heinvited numbers of leara>
ed men into his dominions, and found faithful and tifeful allies in the two
Scotch kings his conten^poraries, Gregory and Donald, againft the Danes.
He is (aid to have fought no lefs than fifty-fix pitched battles with thofe
barbarians. H'j was inexorable againft his corrupt judges, whom he ufed
to hang up in the public highways, as a terror to evil doers. He died in
the year 901, and his tharafter is fo completely amiable and heroic, that
he is jullly dignified with the epithet of the Great. I have been the more
diftuleon the hiftory of /Alfred's reign, as it is the mofl glorious of any in
the Englifli annals, though it did not extend to foreign conquefts.

Alfred was fucceeded by his fon Edward the Elder, under whom though
a brave prince, the Dares renewed their barbarities and invafions. He
died in the year 925, a-'.d w/as fucceed*Jd by his eldeft fon Athelftan. This
pi'ince was fuch an encourager of coi.. nerce as to make a law, that every
merchant who made three voyages on his own account to the Mediterra-
jvean, ftiould be put upon a footing with a fbatie, or tiohleman of the iirft
rank. He caufed the bcriptuies to be tranilated into the S ixon tongue.
He encouraged coinage, and we find by his laws, that archbilliops, bifhcos,
ind even abbots, had then the privilege of minting money. His doni-
nions appear however to have been confined towards the north by ihe
Danec, although his vt-flTals ftill kept a footing in thofe counties He was
engaged in perpetual wars with his neighbours, the Scots in particular,
alid was generally fuccefsful) and died in 9^1. The reigns of hi& fucccf.

" fors,

3i6

ENGLAND.

Ibr>, j^inund, Edred, and Edu'jt were weak and .^nglorioiiii, tliey bcing-
chhcr engaged in wart with the Dane?, or difgraCcd by the influence ot
pricil^. Edgar, wito mounted the throne about the yc;ir 9.59, revived -
the naval glory ot' England, and u faid to have been ruwed down the. ri*
ver Dtc by eight kings hi^ vail'als, he fining at the helm ; but, like, hiu
predecetlort, he wan the (lave of prieHs, particularly St. Dunttan. Hia
reign however was paciHc and gluDous, though he was obliged to .cdc to
itic Scoti all the territory ro the north of the Tine. He was luca;odc J.
in 975t by his eldell fon Edward, wl^o was batbaroufly murdered hy uh
ikp-inother, whofe fon EtheUcd mouiucd the throne in 97I:'. Tin- Eufj-
lifli nation at this time, by the help ')f priefts, was over-ruo with biub;i«
Tians, and the Danes by degrees became polTclled of the fint-ft p.irt of rhe
country, while their countrymen inadt- fometimcs dreadful dcuents in die
weftcrn parts. To get riQ of thera, he agreed to pay thcnii 30,000!.
which Was levied by way of tax, and citllcd Danet^cUl, and was the lirft
land tax iu England. In the year 1002 they had 'niad« fuch f^ttlrmcnts
in England, that Ethchcd was obliged to ^!ve vvay ti> a genera! malllicre
of the-n by the Englifli, but it is imorobablc that it was evti put into cx»
fcvuiosi. Some intcmpts of that kind were undoubtedly inat'c in p.irticuliiv
counties, but th' v iVi ved only to enrage the Daniiii king Swein, who, in
1013, drove Ethtir<>!.', his queen, '.^ttd two fons out of England into
horraandy, a provincr. of Fiance, at that time governed,, by its own prin-
ces, llykd the dukes cJ' Ncnuiindy. Swein being killed was fuccecded
by his fon Canute tut: Great, but Ethclred returning to l\ngland,
fcrced Canute i<\ retire to Denmark, from whence he invaded England
witis a vail army, and obliged Edmund Ironfidu, (fo called fur his great
bodily llrength) Ethelrcd's fon, to divide with him the kitigdom. Upon
Edmund's being aflaiiinatcd, Canute fuccecded to the undivided kingdom ;
iind dying in 1035, ^'^ ^''^" Harold Harufoot, did nothing memorable,
and his fuccelVor Hardicanute, was fo degeneiate a prince, that the Da:iifli
royalty ended with him in England.

The family of Ethclred was now called to the throne ; and Edward
who is commonly called the ConfelTor, rnounted it, though Edgar Athel-
irigf by being dcfccnded from an elder branch, had the lineal right, and
waj lUvc. Edward the Confeflbr was a fott, good natured piince, a great
bencfai'^or to the church, and exccflively fond of the Normans, with whom
he had reiided. He was governed by his minillcr earl Goodwin, and his
fons, the eldell of whom was Harold. He duril not rcfcnt, though he
fclr, their ignominious treatment of him ; and perceiving his kinfman
Edgar Atheling to be of a foft difpofition, neither he nor the Englifli paid
much regard to Athcling's hereditary right ; lb that the Contellbr, as is
faid, devifed the fuccellion of his crown upon his death to William duke
of Normandy, fie that as it will, it is certain, that upon the death of
the Confeflbr, in the year 1066, Harold, fon to Goodwin earl of Kent,
mounted the throne of England.

William duke of Normandy, though a baftard, was then in the un-
rivalled polfeffion of that great duchy, and refolved to alfe i his right to the
crown of England. For thut purpofe, he invited the neighbouring
princes, as well as his own v.ifl'als, to join him, and made liberal promilea
to liis followers, of lands and honours in England, to induce them to af-
fift him ctrcdually. By thefe means he collcdted 40,000 of th,c bravcft
and moft regular troops in Europe, and wl\ilc Harold was. embarrafled
with the frcih invallons from the Danes, William landed iu England with-
out

ENGLAND;

3»7

out oppofition. Harold returning from the North, encountered William
in the place where the town of Battle now ftaniis, which took its name
from it, near Hadingi in Suflex, and a moil bloody battle was fougitt Ix:-
tween the two armici ; but Harold being killed, the crown of England de«
volvcd ii|)on William, in the year 1066.

I cannot find any great improvements, cither in arts or arms, which the
^Daxons had made in £ngliind lince the fird invafionof the Danes. ThoPe
barbarians («K'm to have cnrricd off with theiu alinoll all tlfc bullion and
< .dy money of the An'4lo-S;«xon» ; for I perceive that Alfred the Great
i..-t'c no more to his two daughters for their portions than lool. each. The
return of the Danes to £nglaml, and the vtftories which had been gained
>. trcr them, had undoubtedly brouj^ht back great part of the money, and
bullion they h-ad carried oil'; for wc are told, that Harold in his lall vic-
tory over the Danes, regained as much treai'urc as twelve ludy men could
tarry oiF. We have indeed very particular accounts of the value of pro-
vilions and mauufadhires in thole dayn ; a pnlfrey cod is. an acre of land
(according to biihop Fleetwood in his Chronicun Prctiofum) is. a hide of
hnd containing 120 acres, loos. but there is great difficulty in forming
the proportion of value which thofe niillin|{s bore to the prefenc
ilandard of money, though many ingenious tre.itifcs have been wiir>
tenon that head. A Ihcep was cllimated at is. nn ox was computed at
63. a cow ar 4s. a nrm at 3I. The board wages of a child the firii year,
was 8s, The tcn;uits of Shireburne were obliged at their choice t« pay
either 6d. or four hens. Silk and cotton were quite unknown. Linen
was not much ufed. In the Saxon times, land was divided among all the
male children ot' the deceal'ed. Entails were fometimcs praiStiied m ihofe
times.

With regard to the manners of the Anglo Saxpns, we can fay little,
but that they were in general a rude uncultivated people, ignorant of let-
ters, unlkihul in the mechanical arrs, untamed to fubmilfion undei , w
and government, addiiSlcd to intemperance, riot, and difonlcr. Even fo
low as the reign of Canute, they fold their children and kindred into fo-
reign parts. Their beft quality was their military courage, which yet
was not fupported by dilcipline or condud. Kven the Norman hidorianc,
notwithltamiingthc low ilate of the arts in their own country, Ipeakof them
as barbarians, when they mention the invaiion made upon them by the
liuke of Normandy. Conqucft put the people in u fituation of receiving
llowly from abroad the rudiments of rcicncc and cultivation, and of cor»
re(51ing their rough and licentious manners. Their uncultivated Itate
might be owing to the clergy, who always difcourag[ed manufaftures. 'v

We are however to diftinguilh between the fecular clergy, and the re-
gulars or monks. jVIany of the former, among the Anglo-Saxons, were
men of exemplary lives, and excellent magilhaies. The latter depended
upon the fee of Rome, and diret^ed the confclences of the king and the
great men, and were generally ignorant, and often a bloody fer. A great
deal of the Saxon barbarifm was likcwife owing to the Danith invalions,
ivhich left little room for civil or literary improvements. Amidll all thofe
defcfts, public and perfonal libeity were well underftood and guarded by
the Saxon intlitutions ; and we owe to them at this day, the mofl valuable
privileges of the Englifli fubje<^s.

The lofs which both (ides fuftcrcd nt the battle of Hading? is uncer-
tain. Anolo'Saxon authors fay, that Il.irolJ was fo impatient to fight, he
attacked William with half of his army, fo that the advantage of num-
ber*

s»t

ENGLAND.

hen was on* the ftde of Norman ; and^ indeed, the death cf Haroil
leenw to have decUed the day ; and William with vary little farther ditV
ficuUy, took poiTcffion of the thrane, and made n coufidcrahlc alteration
in .the conltitutioa of England, by concerting lairds into knight's fere '^,
which arc laid to have amounted .to 63,000, and were held of the Nor-
man and other great pcrfoiis who liad alTiflcd him in hisconqueft, and wdio
were bound to attend him with their kuights-iind their followers in his v/ais.
He gave for indance tu one of his barons, the whole county of Cheiler,
which he eixdted into a .palatinate, and rendered by his grant almoll inde-
pendent of the CBown ; and here, accordin,c^ to fome hiilorians, we have
the rife of the feudal law in England. William found it no eafy matter
to keep poflTetlion of his crown. £dgar Athclinsr, and his fifter, the next
Anglo-Saxon heirs, were aCctitionately received in Scotland, and many of
the Saxon lords took arms, and formed confpiracics in England. William
got the better of all difficultits, efpecially after he hr.d made a peace with
Malcolm king of Scotland, who married Atlielirg's lifter; but not with-
out exerciiing horrible cruelties upon the Anglo-Saxons. He introduced
the Norman laws and language. He built the (lone fquare tower at Lon-
don, commonly called the Whire Tower ; bridled the country with furts,
and difarmed the old inhabitants ; in lliort, he attempted every thing pol-
fible to obliterate every trace of the Anglo-Saxon conftltution ; though,
at bis coronation, he took the fame oath that ufed to be taken by the an-
cient Saxon kings.

He caufed a general furvey of all the lands in England to be made, or
rather to be completed (for it was begun in Edward the Confelfor's time),
and an account to be taken of the vilhins, or fervile tenants, ilaves, and
live flock upon each eftate ; all which were recorded in a book called
Doomfday-book, which is now kept in the Exchequer. But the reiiofe of
this fortunate and vidorious king was diflurbed in his old age, by the
rebellion of his cldell fon Robert, who had been appointed governor of
Normandy, but now a{ruin«d the government as fovereign of that pro-
vince, in which he was favoured by the king of France. And here we
have the riie of the wars between England and France ; which haye con-
tinued longer, drawn more nuble bl(X)d, and been attended with more
inemoi>ablc atchievements, than any other national quarrel we read of in
ancient or tnodern hiftory. William feeing a war inevitable, entered up-
on it with his ufual vigour, and with incredible celerity, tranfporting a
brave Engliih army, invaded France where he was every v/hcrc vido-
rious, but died before he had finiflied the war, in the year 10R7, the
iixty.firft of his age, and twenty-lirft of his reign in England, and was
buned in his own afcbey'at Caen in Normandy.

The above are the moft material tranfadtions of William's reign; and
it may be farther obferved, that by the Norman conqueil, England not
only loft the true line of her ancient Saxon kings, but alfo her principal
nobility, who either fell in battle in defence of their country and liber-
ties, or fled to foreign countries, particularly ScotLind, where, being kind*
ly received by king Malcolm, they cftablifticd themfelves; and what it

gren

tory

ei :

ferti

Eng

mull

• Four hide? of land nude ore knight's fee ; a barony was twelve times greater
than that of a knight's fee : and when Doomfday-buuk was framed, ^hc number of
great barons amounted tu 700.

<^,- :- ■ . ..._,'•' -.v. very

v>.

ENGLAND.

■3'>

ofij, the
and WAS

fn ; and
and not
irincipal
d Hb£r>
ing kind*
what U

very

very remaHoabk, introduced the Saxon or Enf^tidi, which lias been the
prevailing language in the Lowlands of Scotland to thip day.

On the other hand, F.nglund by virtue of the cf none ft, became nnxih
greater, both in dominion and power, by the acceflion of fo much terri-
tory upon the continent. For though the Normans by the cooqucft, gain-
ed much of the Eogliih land and riches, yet England gained the large and
fiertile dukedom of Normandy, which became a province to this cruwB.
England liketvifc gahied much by the great increafe of naval power, and
multitude of fliips, wherein Normandy then abounded. Tbis, with the
perpetual inirrcourfe between England and the continent, gave us an in-
crcufe of trade and commerce, and of trcal'ure to the crown and kingdom,
as appeared foun atterwaids. £n(^land by the conquell, eniiicd Itkewrifie a
natural right to the dominion of the Channel, which had been before ac^

Suited only by the greater naval power of Edgar, atvd other Saxon kings,
ut the dominion of the -narraw feas feems naturally to belong, like that
of rivers, to thofc who poflcfs the banks or coafts on both fides ; aod Co to
have llrengthcned tlie former title, by fo long a coaft as that of Normandv'
on one fide, and of England on the other fide of the Channel. Thi» domi-
nion of the Channel, though we have long ago loft all our polTelC .ns in
France, we have continued to defend and maintain by the bravery of our
feamen, and the fupcrior ftiength of our navy to any other power.

The fuccefliun to the crown of England was difputed between the
Conqueror** fons Robert and William (commonly called Rufus, from his
being red-haired), and was carried in favour of the latter. He was a
brave and intrcj>id prince, bUi no friend to the clergy, who have there-
fore been utifavoufable to his niemory. He was likewife hated by the
Normani, whto lOVed his tlder brother, and confequently 'he was en^raged
in perpetual wars with his brothers, and rebellious fubje^s. About this
time the cruf^des of the Holy Land began, and Robert who was amon^
the firft to en;gage, accommodated matters with William for a iiim of
money, which he levied' from the clergy. William behaved with ^reat
generality towards Edgar Atheling and the court of Scotland, notwith-
ftandin^ all the provocations he had received from that quarter ; but was
accidentally killed as he was hunting.in New Fore'ft in Hampiliire, in the
year lioo, atid the forty-fourth year of his age. He, is chiefly accufed
of rapacioufnefs and opjjreflion ; but the circumftaiices of h4s i«ign had
preat demnnds for money, which he had no other means of raifii\g but
from a luxurious, over-grown clergy, who had engrofled all the riches
of the lungdOra.

This prince built Weflminfter-hall as it now ftwnds, and added feveral
works to the Tower, which he furrounded with a wall and a ditch. la
the "year iioo liappcued that inundation of the fca, which overflowed
great part of Earl Goodwin's cftate in "Kent, and formed thofe Oiallows
in the Downs, now called the Goodwin Sands.

He was lucccedcd by his brother Henry L furnamed Beauclerc, on
account of his learning, though his brother Robert was then returning
fram the Holy Land. Henry may be faid to have purchafcd thethrone^
firil by his brother's neafurcf, which lie fcized ar Winchcfter ; fccondly,
by a charter, in which he rcftored his fubjefts to the rights and privi-
leges they had enjoyed utider th« AngloS ixon kings ; and thirdly, by
his marriage with Matilda daughtet of Malcolm III. king of Scutland,
and niece to Edgar Atheling, of the ancient Saxon line. His rei^n in a
|[reat mcafure Ttfftcrred ih^ clergy to iheir iijflucnce in the ftate, and they
I formed,

^10

ENGLAND.

formed* as it were, a feparate bodjr dependent upon tlie pope, which
afterwards created great convulfions in England. Henry partly by force,
and partly by (Iratapcm, made himfclf inaAer of his brother Robert'^
perfon, and ducVy of Normandy ; and, with the moil ungenerous mcan-
nefs, detained him a prironcr for twenty-eight years, till the time of his
death ; and in the mean while Henry quieted his confcience by founding
an abbey. He was afterwards en^^aged in a bloody but fuccefsful war
with France; and before his death he fettled the; fucceflion upon hia
daughter the emprcfs Matilda, widow to Henry IV. emperor of Ger-
many, and her fon Henry, bj^ her feeond hulbimd Geoflry Plantagcnet,
earl of Anjou. Henry died of a fuifclr, in the fevcnty-eighth year of his
age, in 113c.

Notwithltanding the late fettlemcnt of fucctirion, the crown of Eng-
land was claimed, and fcized by Stephen earl of Blois,yihe fon of Aciela,
fourth daughter to William the Conqueror. Matilda and her fon were
then abroad ; and Stephen was aindea in his ufurpation by his brother
the bifliop of Winclu'fter, and the other great prelates, that he might
hold the crown, dependent, as it were, upon them. Matilda, however,
found a generous protcdlor in her uncle, David, king of Scotland ; and
a worthy fubjeft iu her natural brother Robert earl of .Glouccfler, who
headed her party before her fon grew up. A long and bloody war en-
fued, the clergy having abfolved Stephen and all his friends from their
guilt of breaking the aft of fucceflion; but at length, the barons, who
dreaded the power of the clergy, inclined towards Matilda ; and Stephen
who depended chiefly on foreign mercenaries, having been abandoned by
the clergy, was defeated aijd taken prifoner in 1141 ; and being carried
before Matilda, flie fcornfully upbraided him, and ordered him to be
put in chains.

Matilda was proud and weak ; the clergy were bold and ambitious ;
and when joined with the nobility, who were fafticus and turbulent,
they were an overmatch for the crown. They demanded to be governed
by the Saxon laws, according to the charter that had been granted by
Henry I. upon his adceflion ; and finding Matilda refraftory, they drove
her out of England in 1142. Stephen having been exchanged for the
carl of Gloucefter, who had been taken prifoner likewife, upon His.pb-
taining his liberty, found that his clergy and nobility had in faift ex-
cluded him from their government, by building 1100 caftlcs, whore each
owner lived as an independent prince. Wc do not, however, find that
this alleviated the feudal fubjeftion of the inferior ranks. Stephen was
ill enough advifed to attempt to force them into a compliance with his
will, by declaring his fon Euftace heir apparent to the kingdom ; and
thus exafpcrated the clergy fo much, that they invited over young
Henry of Anjou, who had been acknowledged duke of Normandy, and
was fon to the emprefs ; and he accordingly landed in England with an
army of foreigners. ^

This meafura divided the clergy from the barons, who were appre-
henfive of a feeond conqueA ; and the earl of Arundel, with the heads
of the lay aridocracy, propofcd an accommodation, to which both par-
ties agreed. Stephen, who about that time lofl his fon Euflace, was to
ret^n the name and office of king ; but Henry, whp was in fadt Invelled
with the chief executive power, was acknowledged his fucceifor. Though
this accommodation was only precarious and impcrfcft, yet it was re-
celyed by the Englifli, who had bled at every pore during the late civil

•■ -.- . wars.

ENGLAND.

to be

Though
was re-
late civil
Wdrs,

wars, with great joy; and Stephen dying vciy opportunely) Henry
mounted the ibronc, without a rival, in 1 1 $4.

Henry II. I'uinamcd Phintaj;enct, wns by far the greatcft prince of his
time. He foon difcovercd ainiizin^ abihties tor government, and had
pci't'ormed in the lixtccnth ye.ir of his age, adions that would have dig-
nified the moll experienced warriors. At his iiccellion to the throne, he
foLtnd the condition of tlie Eo^lifli boroughs greatly bettered, by the
privileges granted them in the Aruggles between their late kings and tho
nobility. Henry perceived (he ^ood policy of this, and brought the
boroughs to Inch a height, thnc if a bundinan or fervant remained in a
borough a year and a day, he was by fuch refidence made free. He
crcded Wallingford, Wincheller, and Oxford, into free boroughs, for
the iervices the inhabitants had done to his mother and himfelf ; by dif<
charging them trom every burden, excepting the fixed fee-farm rc'nt of fuch
towns ; and this throughout all England, excepting London. This gave
a vail accellion o^ power to the crown, becaufc the crown alone could
fupport tl.e boroughs againd their feudal tyrantf, and enabled Hem y to
reduce his overgrown nobility.

Without being very fcrupulous in adhering to his former engage-
ments, he refumcd the excelJive grants of crown lands made by Stephen,
which were icprefented as ilieg'.il. He deipoliOied many of the caliltia
that had been built by the barons ; but; when he came to touch the
clergy, he found their ufurpations not to be fliaken. He perceived that
the root of all their enormous dilorders lay in Rome, where the popes
had exempted churchmen, not only from lay courts, but civil taxes*
The bloody cruelties and difordcrs occalloneJ by thole exemptions, all
over the kingdom, would be incredible, were they not ntteftcd by the
moil unexceptionable evidences. Unfortunately for Henry, the head of
the Englifli church, and chancellor of the kingdom, was the celebrated
Thomas Becker. This ifian, powerful from his ollice, and Hill more fo
by his popularity, aiiling from a pretended fandtity, was violent, intre-
pid, aud a determined enemy to temporal power of every kind, but
withal, cool and politic. The king alTemblcd his nobility at Clarendon,
the name of which place is flilt famous for the conllitutions there enabl-
ed ; which, in fad, aboliflied the authority of the Romifli fee over the
Englilh cleigy. Becket finding it in vain to refill the llreain, figntd
thofe conllitutions, till they could be ratified by the pope ; who, as he
forefaw, rcjc(5led tli«m. Henry, though a prince of the moil d«»teriniaed
fpirit of any of his time, was then embroiled with all his neighbours;
and the fee of Rome was at the fame time in its meridian j-randcur.
Becket having been arraigned and convitSlsd of robbing the public, whilt
he was chancellor, fled t'> France, where the pope and the French king
efpoufed his quarrel, ,The cfl'cdt was, that all the Englirti clergy who
were on tl-,c king's fule were excoi'.imunicared, and th; fubjcfts abfolved
from their allegiance. This difconccrted Henry fo muth, that he fub-
niitted to treat, and even to be ir.fulted by his rebel prelate, who re-
turned triumuhantly through the ftrcets of London in 1 170. His return
fwellcd his pride, and incrcafed his infolence, till both became infup-
portable to H^iry, who was then in Normandy. Finding that he was
in f.i^l only the iirft fubjedl of his own dominions, he was heard to fay,
in the anguilli of his heart, •• Is there none who will revenge his mp-
iiarch'i caufc upon this audacious prieil ?' Thefe words reached the
cars of tour knights, Reginald Fitzurfc, William de Tracy, Hugh de
Morc\ilIe, and Richard Brito ( and, without acquannting Henry of

Y their

3)2

ENGLAND.

their iatentioni, they went over to Knjjtand, whcro they beut .-rtt
Decket't brains hct'oie the altar of his own rhurch at Cimtei'biiry ir. ttie
vrnr 1171. Henry was in no conJition to fccond the blind oljcilicnce ut'
his knights } and the iiubiic rcfcntmcnt rofe fo high, on the rui^poiitinn
thai he was privy ta the tnurdfr, that he fubmiticd 10 be fcuurged by
munkt at the tomb of ihe preicmled martvr.

Henry, in conlcquence of his \feU known maxim, endeavourrd to
CiUKcl nil ihc grants which had been nude by Stephen tn the royal fa-
iirily of Scotland, nnd actually rcfuined their mutt valiiuble poli* (fions in
the ni'rth of Enrbind. 'ibis oociitioncd a war between the two iing-
doint, in which willium king of Scotland was taken prlfoner ; and, to
deliver himfcif from cAptiviry, was obliged to pay liege homage to kin^
Henry ^i' hia kingdom «>f Scotland, nnd tor all his other dominionj. It
was al(b ag'reed, tnnt liegb homage flioiild be done, and feulty fworn tu
Henry, without rcfcrve or cxcc()tion, by all the carls and barons of the
territories of the king of Qcnilaiui, from wlioni Henry llKHild dclirc it, in
•he fame immner n« by his other vaillils. The heirs of the king of Scot-
land, and the heirs of his earU, barons, and tenants in chief, were like-
wile obliged to rcndrr licgc homage to the heirs of the king of En>;land.

Henry likewile diliinguilbcd hU reign by the conqucl\ of Ireland : arkt
l»y marryii>g Eleanor the divoiced qucun of France, Init the heirela of
Guienne nnd Puii'lou, he became almoll as powerful in France as the
French king himfidf nnd the greatcil prince in Chriitlfndom. In his
old age, however, he was far from being fortunatCt He had a turn
for plcafiirc, and cmbarrallcd himfelf in intrigues with women, par-
ticularly the fair Rofimonil, which were refented by his queen Klea-
nor, to her feducing her font, Henry (whom his father bad unndvifedly
caufed to be crowned in his own life-time), Richard and John, into re-
peated rebellions, which afleded him fo much a» to throw him into a
fever, and he died at Chinon, in France, in thfe ycjir 1 189, and j^th of
his age. The fum he left in ready money at his death, has pcrhapit been
exaggerated, but the moft inod«rat6 accounts make it amount to
soo,oool. of our money.

During the reign of Henry, corjioration charters were edabliflied all
over England ; by which, as I have already hinted, the power of the
barons was greatly reduced. Thofe corporations encouraged trade ; but
manufactures, efpceially thofe of filk, iccm dill to have been confined
to Spain and Italy ; for the filk coronation robes, made ufe of by young
Henr/ and his queen, coll 87I. tos. 4d. in the ihcriif of London's ac«
count, ^vintcd by Mr. Maddox: a vaft fum in thofe days. Henry in-
troduced the ufe of glaft in windows into England, and ftone arches in
Ituilding. Malmfbury, Henry archdeacon of Huntingdon, and other
hiftorians who lived under him, arc remarkable for their Latin Uyle,
which in fome places is both pure and elegant.

In this reign, and in thofe barbarous ages, it was a cudom in London
for great numbers, to the amount of a hundred or more of the fons and

- relations of eminent citizens, to form themlelves into a licentious con-
federacy, to break into rich houfes and plunder them, to rob and mur-
der paflengers, and to commit with impunity, all forts of diforders.
Henry, about the year 1176, divided England into fix parts, called ch-
cuitSf appointing judges to go at certain times of the year and hold

' 0ffiTcs, or adminiller juftice to the people, as is pra£tifed at this day.

Henry fo far aboliflied th» barbarous and ablurd urai'ittce of forfeiting

^ ftipi, which htid been wrecked 00 the coaft, thut if one man or animal

' • . WITS

ENGLAND.

wcrs

iv^if alive In the (lup, ihe VcfTcl and joodi were rcftored to the owhen.
'IliH prfncc vvni nllb the firlt who Ikvicii a tux uh the movenble nnd prr^
foiial I Iliites of hit fiihjc^ts, noblfcs as well an people. Their zeal for thi
holy wars made them I'libittit to th'u innovsttioti ; und a precedenr hehi|(
oiu-e obtained, this taxation becMti^e, in following reigni, an ufual me«
tliDil of fuppiying the neceflliict of the cron'n. It wai fometimei t
|ii a/Yicc of the kitigs uf England to repent the Ceremony of their core*
i);iiiuii thrice a year, on ailcmbling the flates at the three great felliviih*
Henry iiftcr the firA years of his reign, never renewed this ceremony,
whiclj was found to be very expenfive and very ul'clcfs. None of hit
futctlTors ever revived it. Since we are here collefting fome detached
inlhnccs, which fliow the genius of thefc ages, it may not be improper
to njiution the tjuarrcl between Roger archbilhou of York, and Richard
archhilhop of Canterbury. We may judge of the violence of militi\ry
men and laymen, when cccleliHliics could proceed to fuch extremities^
The po|)c^ legate having fummoned an aflcmbly of the clergy at Lon-
don, and as both the archhtlliopii pretended to lit on his right Imnd, thii
cjufliion of preccdeiu y I'fgot a controvcify between them. The monks
itnd retainers of archbiOiop Richard tell upon Roger, in the prefencc of
the cardinal and of tlie iynod, threw him on the ground, trampled him
luulcr foot, an.l I'o bruited him with blown, that he was taken up half
dead, and hik liic was with difficulty favcd tiom their violence.

Richard I. furnamed Ccciir de Lion from his gre;tt CoMrage, was the
third, but eldell furviving fon of Henry II. The cU-rgy had found
means to gain him over, and for their own ends they perfuaded him to
make a motl magnihccnt ruinous crufadc to the Huly Land, where ht
took Afcalon, and performed af^ions of valour, that give countcnancii
even to the fables of anti<.iuity. After fcveral glorious, but fruitle^
campaigns, he made a truce of three years with Saladin emperor of the
Sar.icens ; and in his return to England he was treacherouily furprifcd
by the duke of Auftria ; who, in 1193, lent him a prifoner to the em-
peror Henry VI. His ranfom was ft::cd by the fbrdid emperor at
150,000 marks ; about 300,0001* of our prefcnt money. According to
contemporary authors, the railing of this ranfom proved to be a matter
of fu much difliculty, that all the church plate was melted down, and *
tax was laid on all perfons, both ecclefiaftical and fecular, of one fourth
part of their income for one year; and twenty (hillings on every knight's
fee ; alio one ye.ir's wool borrowed of the Ciftercians ; befidcs monej;
raifed upon the clergy of the kii^g's French dominions ; and }OOo miarkti
which were furuidicd by William king of Scotland, in gratitude fot*
Richard's gQucrous behiviuur to him before his departure. Though all'
thole fums arc well authenticated, yet it is not eafy to reconcile them
with certain other money tranfadlions of this reign, but by fuppofing
that Richard carried off with him, and expended abroad all the vifible
fpecie in the kingdom ; and that the people had referved vail hoards,
wKich they afterwards produced, when commerce took a brilker tui^.

Upon liichard's return from his Cfiptivity, he held a parliament at
Nottingham ; hither William king of Scotland came, and demanded
the counties of Norihu|ubcrland, Cumberhind, Weflmorcland, and Lan-
cafter, as his predeceiTors had enjoyed the fame. Richard pui- him off
for the prefent with fair words ; yet by advice of his council he granted
William by charter, the following honours and benefits for him and hift
fuccefflbrs, viz. " That whenever a king of Scotland was to be fum-

Y 2 inon«4

E N G L A N D.

moned to the court of England to do homage for the lands he held in
England, he (liouldbc, at chc river Tweed, received by the bifliop of
Durham and .he Ihcrift' of Northumberland, and they fliuuld conduct him
to the river Tecs, where the archbifliop and flierift" of York (hould re-
ceive him ; and fu in like fort the bidiop and fheritfs of the other fliires,
till he arrived at court. On hisi journey he had loo fliillings (151. of
our money) per day allowed him for charges. At court thirty fliillings
per day ; twelve walkis, and twelve fimncls of the king's (two forts of
fine bread in ufe then), four quarts of the king's befl wine ; fix quarts of
ordinary wine ; two pound weight of pepper ; and four pound weight of
cinnamon ; four wax lights ; forty great long perches of the king's beft
candles ; and twenty-four of the ordinary ones. And on his return he
was to be conduced as before, with the fame allowances."

VVhilft the Scottifli kings enjoyed their lands in England, they found
it their inteieft, once generally in every king's reign, to perform the
fame homage ; but when they were deprived of their fiiid lands, they paid
no more homage *.

Woollen broad cloths were made in England at this time. An ox fold
for three Ihillings, which anfwers to nine fliillings of our money, aftd h
flicep at four pence, or one (hilling. Weights and moafures were now
ordered to be the fame all over ihe kingdom. Richard upon his return,
found his dominions in great diforder, through the practices of his bro-
ther John, whom he however jr.uiioncd ; and by the invafions of the
French, whom he repelled; but was flain in befieg'ng the caftle of
Chi'lons in the year 1199, the 4 2d of his age, and loth of his
reign.

The reign of his brother John, who fucceeded him, is infamous in
the Englifll hillory. He is faid to h.ivc put to death Arthur the eldeft
fon of his brother Geoffrey, who 'vid the hereditary rijj;ht to the crown.
The young prince's mother Conllance, complained to Philip, the king of
France ; who, upon John's non-appearance at his court as a vaflal, de-
prived him of Normandy. John notwithftanding, in his wars with the
r reach, Scoich and Irilh, gave many proofs of perfonal valour; but
bccaine at lafl fo apprclienlive of a French invafion, that he rendered
himfclf a tributary to the pope, and laid his crown and regalia at the
foot of the legate Pandulph^ who kept them for five days. The great
barons reftnted his meanncfs, by taking arms ; but he repeated his Ihame-
ful fubmiHions to the pope, and after experiencing • "'ous fortunes of war,
John was at laft brought fo low, that the barons obliged him, in 1216, to
ugn the great deed fo well known by the name of Magna Charta. Though
this charter is deemed the fotmdation of Englifli liberty, yet it is in faft
no other than a renewal of thofe inv.ni.uiities which the barons and their
followers had poflliVed under the Saxon princes, and which they claimed
by the charters of Henry I. and Henry 11. As the principles of liberty,
however, came to be more enlarged, and property to be better fecured,
this charter, by various fubfcqueiit aiLb and explanations, came to be

* It appears h<ivvcver, that William I. king of Scotland, «nd his fubjcds, confcnted
to acknowledge tlie kinj^ of r.ni;land and his heirs, to all pt-rpetuity to be their fove-
reipns and liege lords, and thrit they did homiige for the kingdom of Scotland accord-
ingly : but thi» adv;inta<re Wfas given up by Uichard I. Vide lord Lyttcltoa's Hiftory
of hccry II. vol. v. p. 2Jo. 213. 235. 8to edit.

appli-

ENGLAND.

Sa^

applicable to every Englifli fubjc6V, as well as to tjic barons, knights,
and burgefles. John had fcarcely figned ir, but he rctraiSled, and
called upon the pope for proteftion, when the barons withdrew their al-
legiance from John, and transferred it to Lewis, the eldcft fon of Philip
Auguftus, king of France. This gave umbrage to the pope ; and the
barons being apprchcnlivc of their country becoming a province t»
France, they returned to John's allegiance ; but he was unubie to pro-
tect them, till the pope refufcd to confirm the title of Lewis. John died
1216, in the 18 h year of his reign, and the 40th of his age, juft as

appli-

he had a glimpfc of refuming his authority. Without difputing what
hillorians have laid of his arbitrary, inconftant, and cruel dilpryfition, it
is evident, from the fame relations, that he had great provocations from
the clergy and the barons, who in their turns attempted to annihilate the
regal prerogative. It is undeniable at the fame time, that under John,
the commons of England laid the foundation of all the wealth and pri-
vileges they now enjoy ; and the commerce of England received a moll
furprifing incrcafc. He may be called the father of the privileges of
free boroughs, wliich he e ftablifljed and endowed all over his kingdom ;
and it was under him that the ftone bridge as it flood fome years ago,
was finilhed acrofs the Thames at London. The city of London owes
fome of her privileges to him. The office of mayor, before his reign,
was for life ; but he gave them a charter to chufe a mayor out of their
own body, annually, and to ele£l their Iherifts and common-council an-
nually, as Jit prefent.

England was in a deplorable fituation when her crown devolved upon
Henry IIL the late king's f(m, who was but nine years of age. The earl
of Pembroke was chofen his guardian ; and the pope taking part with
the young prince, the French were defeated and driven out of
the kingdom, and their king obliged to renounce all claims upon the
crown of England. The regent, e^rl of Pembroke, who had thus re-
trieved the independency of his country, died in 1219, and the regency
devolved upon the bifliop of Winchcller. The French king all this time
kept pofleffion of Normandy ; but at home the power and influence of
the pope became very exorbitant ; and he fent no fewer than 300 of his
rapacious clergv at one time, in the year 1 240, to take polleflion of the bed
Englifli benefices, and to load the people with taxc?. This evil was in-
creafed by Henry marrying rhe daughter of the earl of Provence ; a
needy prince, whofe poor relations cngrolTed the beft eftat;s and places
in the kingdom. The king was of a foft, pliable difpofition, and had been
perfuaded to violate the Great Charter. Indeed he fcemed always en-
deavouring to evade the privileges which he huJ been compelltd to grant
and confirm. An aflbciaticin of the barons ums formed againft him and
his government, and a civil war breaking o.it, Henry feemed to be a-
bandoncd by nil bur his Gafcuns, and foreign mercenaries. His pro-
fufion brought him into iiiexprcHible difficulties ; and the famous Stephen
Montfort who had married his hftrr, and was made earl of Leiceller,
being chofen general of the affociation, the king and his two ions were
defeated, and taken prifoners at the battle of Lewes. A difference hap-
pening between Montfort, and the earl of Gloucellcr, a nobleman of
great aiuhority, prince Edward, Henry's cldeft fon, obtained his liberty,
and aflembling as many as he could of his lather's lut)jedls, who were
jealous of M'ntfort, and weary of the tyranny of the barons, he gave
b.ittlc to the rebel?, whom he detested at Evcfliam, Auguft Atb, 1265,

Y i and

3?6

5: N G L, A N IX

•ad killed Montfoit. The reprefenfativci of the commons pfEni^land,
borh kaights and.burgefles, formed now pjirt of the B-ngljIh Icj^iflature,
)n » feparate hoiife, and lUls gave the firll blow to feiidal teivures in Enj;-
laaid } but biftoiians arc not iigreed in what inanner the common^ before
this time formed any p;wrt of thaEnglifh parliaments, or ^ne-Ht councils.
ij?r:x^cc Edward being afterwards engaged in a crufude, Henry durin|;
1)U abfence, died in izyz, the fisty -fourth ycap of his age, and fifty-
iixth of his rcjgn, which was uncojntortable and ipjiSorious; and
yet to the flruggles <>f this reij^n, the people in great meafure owe the
liberties of the prcfent day. During liis reign, the piincipal cuftoms
arofe from the importation o» French and Rhenifli wines, the Englifli be-;
ing as yet flrangers to thofe of Spain, Portugal, and Italy. Jnicreft
Ji(id in that age mounted to an cnornious heiglit, as might be cxpcdted
from the barbarifm of the time*, and men's ignorance of cpmn^ercc^
which was ftlU very low, though it fcems to have incrcaiVd fince
the Conaueft. There are inftances of 50I. per cent, being paid for vpcx-
ney, which tempted the Jews to remain in England, notwithftauding
the greivous opprcffions they laboured under, from the bigotry of the
age, and Henry's extortions. In 1255 Henry niade a ft-e(li demand of
iSooo marks from the Jews, and threatned to hang them if tljcy refyfed
coinpliancc. They now loft all patience, and deliicd leave to retire with
their effefts out of the kingdom, But'ihc king replied, " How can I
remedy the opprcflion you complain of? I urn myfelf a beggar ; I am
Jt Ipniled ; I am flrippcd of all my revenues ; I owe above 200,coo
marks ; and if 1 had laid 300,000, I llrould not exceed the truth ; I am
obliged to pay my fon prince Edward 15,000 marks a year; I have not
a farthing, an^i I mull have money from any hand, from any quarter, or
by any means." King John, his father, once demanded io,ooo marks
from a Jew at Briftol; and on bis refuful, ordeied one of his teeth to
be drj^wn every day till he fhoukl coufcur. 1 he Jew loll i'even teeth,
aiid then paid the fum rcfjuired of him. Trial by on/cal was now en-
tirely difuftd, and that by </«£•/ difcouruged. Bracton's famoua law treatitc
was publiQied in this reign.

Edward returning to England, on the news of his fiithcr's death, in-
vited all who held of his crown in capitty to hii coronation dinner,
which confifted (that th» reader may have fome idea of the luxury of the
^imes) of 278 bacon hogs, 450 hogs, 440 or^cn, 430 ibcc|i, 22,600 hens
a^nd capons, and 13 fat goats (See Rymer's Focdeia.) Alexander lU.
tpng of Scotland was as the folemnity, and on the oecalion 500 horfcj
were let loofe, for all that could catch them to keep them.

Edward was a brave and politic prince, and being perf.jftly well ac-
quainted with the laws, intereils, and conftitution of his kingdom, his
jregulationa and reformations of his laws have jullly given him the title
of the Englifll Juftiaian. He pafled the famous mortmain act, whereby
all perfons " were rellraivicd from giving by will or otheriviff, their ef-
tatcs to (thofe fo called) religious purpoles, and the focietics that never
die, Without a licence from the crown." He grained cerfai^ inivilegcs
to the cinque ports, which, though now very iuconfidtrablc, were
^hen obliged to attend the king when he went beyond fea, wjth Ijfty-fevt n
(liips, each having twenty aimed foldiers on boaid, and to nKiiiitaiii
^hcm tit their own colls for the Ipace ot filteen da\s. He reduced tlic
Welch to pay him tribute, and annexed itb principality to hisi crown, and
was the liril who e.. retl.c title 01 IMiicc oi WaWc to hia cldeii fon.
*'" ■'■'■'■■ '■■ t Tliouvh

ENGLAND*

well fiC-
uin, liis
tiic title
ivhereby
rhcir cf-
at never
rivileiics

-, \vcr«
ty-levtn
iKiiutaiii
jccd the
wii, -jiUii

'.\\ Ton.

Though he encouraged foreigners to trade with England, yet the aggre-
gate body of every particular nation rcliding here, became anfwerabl©
tor the niifdemeanors of every individual perfon of their number. He
rcguUired the forms of parliameut, and their manner of giving aids to-
wards the nation's defence, as they now fland, with very little variation.
Perceiving that the indolence of his fubje£ts rendered them a prey to
the Jews, who were the gr^nt ufurers and money-dealers of the times, ♦
he expelled them out of England, and feized all their immoveable eflates.
I have in the article of Scotland mentioned the unjuftifiable manner \h
which he aboliftied the independency of that kingdom ; but on the
other hand, it muft be acknowledged that he held the balance of power
in Europe, and employed the vaft fums he raifed from his fubjcits, fot
the aggrandizement of bis crown and people. He had freqgent wars
abroad, elpccially with France, in which he was not very fuccefsful ;
and would willingly have abridged the power of th.; barons and great
nobility, had they not been fo ftrong.

His vaft connections with the continent were productive of many bene-
fits to his fubjc£ts, particularly by th6 introdu<ftion of reading ghiffes
and fpet^acles ; though they are faid to have been invented in the late
reign, by the famous friar Bacon. Windmills were ere^ed in England
about the fame time, and the regulation of gold and filver workmanfliip
was afcertaincd by an aflay, and mark of the goldfmith's company, Af-
ter all, Edward's continental wars were unfortunate both to himfelf and
the Englifl), by draining them of their wealth ; and it is thought that
he too much ncgleftcd the woollen manufartures of his kinj^dom. He
was often embroiled with the pope, cfpecially upon the affairs of Scot-
land ; and he died in 1307, in the fixty-ninth year of his age, and thirty-
fifth of his reign, while he was upon a frefli expedition to exterminate
that people. He ordered his heart to be fent to the Holy Land, with
32,0001. for the maintenance of what is called the Holy Sepulchre,

His fon and fucceffor Edward II. fliewed early difpofiiions for encou-
raging favourites; but Gavefton, his chief minion, a Gafcon, being ba-
niihed by his father Edward, he mounted the throne with vafr Jvan-
tages, both political and perfonal, all which he foon forfeited ! v hi*
own imprudence. He recalled Gavefton, and loaded him with honours,
and married Ifabclla, daughter of the French kina[, who reftored to him

{)art of the territories which Edward I. had loft in France. The barons,
lowever, obliged hitn once more to banidi his favourite, ;ini to confirm
the Great Charter, while king Robert Bruce recovered t.li leotland ex-
cepting the caftle of Stirling ; near to which, at Bannoikburn, Edward
in perlbn received the greateft defeat that England ever fuffered, in 13 14.
Gavefton being beheaded by the barons, they fixed upon young Hugh
Spencer as a fpy upon the king, but he foon became his favourite. He,
through his pride, avarice, and ambition, was baniihed, together with
his father, whotn he had procured to be made earl of Winchertcr. The
(^ueen, a furious ambitious woman, perfuaded her huft)and to recall the
Spencers, while the common people, from their hatred to the barons,
joined the king's ftandavd, and alter defeating them, rcftorcd hiin to tliu
cxeicifc of all his prerogatives. A cruel ufc was m;ide of thofe fucccni s,
and many noble patriots, with their cftites, fell vit'Aims to the ciuccn's
revenge ; but at lart flic became enamoured with Roger Mortimer, who
Wii3 her prilpftcr, ai^d had bee^ one qf the moft active of the .^nti royalift
■- , V 4 loidst

328

ENGLAND.

lords. A breach between her and the Spenfers f«>on followed, and po-
ing ovci to France \\iih her lover, llic found means to form fuch a party
in England, that, returning with fome French troops, fhc put tlie cldeil
Spencer to an ignominious death, made her hulb:<nd prlfonet, :>nd forced
him to abdicate his crown in favour of his fon luHviird III. then fifretMi
years of age. Nothing now but the death of F.uward II. was wanting
to complete her guilt ; and he was mofl baibarouily murdered in Bcrklc\-
caftle, by ruffians, fuppofcd to be employed by her and her paramour
Mortimer, in the year 132;^.

It inuft however be admitted, that the misfortunes of Edward II. were
in a great degree brought upon himfelf by his imprudence iind mifcon-
du(.*>. His governtncnt was fometimcs extremely arbitrary, and he was
too much engrofltd by favourites, who led him into fanj^uinary nieafures.
It was alfo a misfortune to him, that he was not a m.iti h lor Rober' Bfuce,
king of Scotland ; in confequcncc of whofe military and political abilitifs,
and their own civil contentions, the Englifli lolt that kinj;dom. But
It has been alleged in his favour, t'lat none of his predcccHors cij nailed
him in his encouragement of cominercc, and that he protedcd his
trading fubje«^s with great fpirit againft the Hanfeatic leati[ue and the
neighbouring powers. Upon an average, the diftl"rei:cc of living^ then
and now, feems to be nearly at 5 or 6 is to i, always remembering that
their money contained thrice as much filver as our money or coin of the
fame denomiuiition docs. Thus, for example, if a goofc then toll 2d. ^,
that is jd, l of our money, or according to the proportion of 6 to i, it
would now coll 3s. gd. The knights Templars were fupprcfled in this
reign, owing to their enormous vicos.

Ed-vjird III. mounted the throne in 1327. He was then under the
tuition of his mother, who cohabited with Mortimer ; and they endeavour-
ed to keep poirellion of their power, by executing manv popular meafuref,
and putting an end to all national diftereuccs with Scotlaml, for which
Mortimer was created earl of March. F^dward, young as he was, whs
fom fcnfiblc of their dcfigns. He furprifcd them in pcrfon at ihc h^-ad
of a few chofen frit-nds in the caftle of Nottingham. Mortimer wa^ put
to a public death, handed as a traitor on the common g-illows at Tyluirn,
and the queen herfcU was Ihut up in confinement twenty-ei'^bt years, to
her death It was not long before Edward found nicnns to quarrel with
David king of Scotland, thou^jh he had married his tiller, and he was
driven to France by Edward Ealiol, who ai^ed as Edward's tributary
king of Scotland, and general, and did the fame homige to Edward for
Scotland, as his father bad Cone to Edward I. Soon after, upon the
death of Chillies the Fair, king of France (withovu ilfuc), who had fuc-
ceeded by virtue of the Salic law, which the French pretended cut off all
female fucceUion to that crown, Philip of Valo.s claimed it, as being
the next heir male by fucccflion ; but he was oppoled by Edward, as be-
ing the fon of If'bella, who was filler to the three lafl-mcntioned kings
of France and firll in the female fuccellion. The former was preferred,
but the cafe being doubtful, Edward purfued his claim, and invaded France
will; a powerful armj'.

On this occafion, the vail difference between the feudal conftitutions
of France, which were then in full force, and the government of Eng-
l.uul, more favourable to public libcrtv, appeared. The French ofticers
knew no fubordination. They and their men were equally undifciplined
and diiobcciienr, 1 hough far more numerous than their enemies in the
field. The Englifli ficcmcn on the other hand, having now vail pro.

perty^

ENGLAND.

3*9

perty to fi^ht for, which they could call their own, Independent of a
feudal law, knew is value, and nad learned to defend it by providing
themfclves wnth proper armour, and fubmitting to mili'ary exercifes, and
proper i'uboriiination in the fiehl. The war, on the part of Edward, wai
therefore a continiii-d fcene of fuccefs and vidory. In 1340 he took the
title of kinj; of Fnuicc, iifnicf it in all public ads, and quartered the
arms of Fnince with his own, adding this motto Dieu (^ tmn droits
*' God and my rij;ht." At Crelfy, Atiguft 26th, l5-t6, above 100,000
French were defeated, chiefly by :he v;4lour of the prince of Wales, wha
was but fixteen vears of aj;K (bis father being no more than thirty-four)
though the hng ilh did not cxictd ^c,ooo. The lofs of the French far
excteded the number of the F.nj;lifli army, whofe lofs confirted of no
more than thtec knighti ;md one- tlquirc, and ubour fifty private men.
The battle of Poitticrs was fongiit in 1356, between the prince of Wales
and the Fnnch king John, but with greatly fup"iior advantages of num-
bers on tiie parr of the French, who were totally defeated, and their
king and his favomite fon Fhiii]) taken prifoners. It is thought that the
number of French killed in this battle, was double that of all the Engliih
army ; but the modcffy and politcncfs with which the prince treated hn
roy;il prifor.ers, formed the brighreft wreath in his garland.

Edw ird's glorifs wore not confinerl to France. Having left his queen
Philippa, daughter to the carl of Hainault, regent of England, flie had
the good fortune to take prifoner David king of Scotland, who had ven-
tured to invade Tngland about fix weeks after ihc battle of Crefly wa«
fought, and remained a piifoner eleven years. Thus Edward had the
glory to fee two crowned hca.'is his captives at London. Both kings
werf afterwards lanfomcd, David for 100,000 marks and John for three
millions of gold crowns ; but John returned to Ens;land, and died at the
palace of the Savoy. Af;er the treaty of Bretigr.i, into which Edward
III. is faid to have been fv'ghtened by a dreadful Iform, b'"; fortunes de-
clined. Hu had rciigncd his French dominions entirely to the prince of
Wales, and he funk ni the eftecm of his fubjcdls at home, on account of
his attachment to his millrefs, one Alice Pierce. The prince of Wales,
commonly called the Bl:\ck Prince f , from his wearing that armour,
while he was making a glorious campaign in Spain, where he rcinftatcd
Peter the Cruel on that throne, was feized with a conlumptive diforder,
which carried him off in the year 1^,72. His father did not long fur-
vivc him ; for he died, difpirited and obfcirc, at Shene in Surry, in the
year 1377, the 65ih of his age, and 51ft of his reign.

No prince ever underllood the balance and interefts of Europe better
than EiUvard did, and he was one of the bell and mod illuftrious kings
that fat on the Enj^lifli throne. Having fet his heart on the con(jueft of
France, he gratified the more readily bis people in their demands, for
protecffion and fecurity to their liberties and propertlc?, but he thereby
txhauftcd his regal dominions ; neither was his fucceflbr, when he
mounted the throne, lb powerful n prince as he was in the beginning of
his reign. He has the glory of inviting over and protc£Ving fullers,
dyers, weavers, and other artificers from Flanders, and of cilablilhing

f He was alio the firft in En{!;land that had the title of Duke, beiiip; created by
his father duke of Cornwall ; aud ever fincc, the cldcft fon of the king of England is
by bi rth Juke of Cornwall.

the

330

ENGLAND.

the woollen manufai^ure among the Englifh, who, till his time generally
exported the iinwrought commodity. The ntc of living in his reign
feems to hiive been much the fame ;is in the preceding reign j and
few of the Englilh flups, even of war, exceeded forty or fifty tons. But
notwithHnnding the vaft increafe of property in England, villanage
ilill continued in the royal, cpifcopal, and baronial manors. Hilloriant
are not agretd whether Edwaid made ulc of aitillury in his firA inviifion
ot France, but it certainly was well known betore his death. The mag-
nificent cartle of Windfor, was built by Edward III. and his method of
conducting that work may ferve as a fpccimen of the condition of the
people in that age. Indead of alluring workmen by contracts and wages,
he aflefl'ed every county in England to fend him io many mafons, tilers,
and carpenters, as if he had been levying an army. Soldiers were en-
lifled only for a fliort time ; they lived idle all the reft of the year, and
commonly all the reft of their live? ; one fuccefsful campaign by pay
and plunder, and the ranlbni of prifoners, was fuppoled to be a fmall
*..! .une to a man ; u'hich was a great allurement to enter into the fervicc.
Tne wages of a irjiifter carpenter was limited through the whole year to
<three pence a day, a common carpenter to two pence, money of that

Dr. John Wickliffc a fecular pricft, educated at Oxford, began, in the
i'ittcr end of this reign, to fpread the doftrines of reformation by his dif-
rourfes, fermons, and writings ; and he made many difciples of all ranks
• -"d ftalione. He was a man of parts, learning, and piety ; and has the
ivj;>-our of being the fiift perfon in Europe who publicly called in qutf-
rioti thofe doiftrines, which had generally paifed for certain and undif-
puted, during fo many ages. The dodrincs of Wicklifte being derived
from his fearch into the fcriptures, and intp ecclefiaOical antiquity, were
nearly the fam^, with thole propagjtcd by the rcformerr in the fixtcenth
century. Bvit though the age fceined Orongly difpofed to receive them,
aff.iirs were not yet fully ripe for this great rcvoJutitm, which was re-
fcrved for a more free and enquiring period, that gave the finifhing blow
to Romilh fuperftition in this and roany other kingdoms of Europe. He
bad many friend* iu the univerfity of Oxford and at court, and was pow-
erfully protected aga.nil the evil deligns of the pope and bifliops, by
John of G.iunt duke of Lancafter, one of the king's fons, sind other
great men. His difcipi< '. were diftinguifljed by the name of Wickliffites
or Lollai i".

Richri" II. fon of the Black Prince, was no more than eleven years of
»ge whcK ■-*': mounted the throne. The Engliih arms were then unfuc-
cefaful botb in France and Scotland ; but the dodvines of Wicklifte took
root under the influence of tbr: duke of Lnncaller, the king's uncle and
one of his guardi;«ns, and gai- "nla ^ d notions of liberty to the villans,
and lower ranks of people. fhe truth is, agi" uiture was then in fo
flouiifliing a ftate, that corn, and other vii'^tua.a, were fuffercd to fae
tranfportcd, and the Englifi nad fallen upon a way of manufai^ring,
fo.- exportation, their leather, horns, and other native commodirlcs ;
and with regard to the woollen inanufadurcs, they feem from records, to
have been extccde I by none iu Europe. John ot Gaunt's foreign con-
nections with the crowns of Portugal and Spain were of prejudice to Eng-
land ; and fa many inen were employed ni unfucicfsful wars, th..t the
T'^mmons of England, like pi^wder, receiving a fpark of fire, all at once
flamed out into rcbelllou, uuiler the conduct ot Ball a piicll, V\at 'J'vler,

Jack

ENGLAND.

33»

jack Straw, and others, the Iwvcft of the people. The coniUi(St of
ihcfc infurgentft was very violent, and in many rclpeiJls extremely un-
jiiftifiablc ; but it cannot jiiftly be denied, that the cummoa people of
England then laboured under many opprtflions, particularly a fioll-tuxt
nnd had abundant rcafon to be difcontcntcd wiih the government.

Richard was nut then above iisteen, but he a£ted with g;eat fpirit
and wifdom. He faced the llorm of the in'Airgcnts, at the head of the
I^ondoners, while Walworth the m;iyor, ai>d I'hilpot an alderman, had
the co'.irage to put Tyler, the leader of the malecontentSj, to dearh, in the
midrt of his adherents. This, with tlie feafoiniblc behaviour ot" Richard,
quelled the infurrci^ion tor that time j but it broke out with the moft
bloody cfteds in other parts of lM\8:land, and though it was fuppreifed
by making many examples ot fevtrity among the infurgcnts, yet the
common people never afterwards loit fight of their own importance, till
by degrees they obtained thofe privileges which they now enjoy. Had
KichaVd been a prince of real abilities, he might, after the fupprefllon of
thofe rebels, have cftabliflxed the tramju'll ty of his dominions o« a
fure foundation ; but he delivered hiinielf up to worthlefs favourites,
particularly Michael de la Pole, fon to a merchant of London, whom
he created earl of Suffolk and lord ^;hance!Ior, judge Trelilian, and
above all, Robert de Verr, earl of Oxford, whom he created marquis f
of Dublin and duke of Ireland. They were obnoxious both to the par-
liament and people, and Richard iloopcd in vain to the moft ignohlc mca-
•fures to fave them. They were attainted, and condemned to fufter as trai-
tors. The chief juftice Trefilian was hanged at I'yburn, but de la Pole,
nod the duke of Ireland efcaped abroad, where they died in obfcurity.
Richard then ailbciated to himfelf a new let of favourites. His people
jtnd great lords again took up arms, and being headed by the duke of
Glouccrter the king's uncle, they forced Richard once moic into terms ;
but being inlinceie in all his compliances, he was upon the point of be-
coming more defpotic than any king of Engl md ever had been, wheri
he lolt his crown and life by a fudden catallrophc.

A quarrel happened between the duke of Hereford, fon to the duke
of Lancafter, and the duke cf Norfolk ; and Richard baniihed them
both, with particular marks of injulHce to the former, who now became
duke of Lancafter by his father's death. Richard carrying •ver a great
anny to quell a rebellion in Ireland, a ftrong party formed in England,
ihi: n^ituial refult of Richard's tyranoV) who oftered the duke of I.an-
ciilter the crowq. He landed from France at Ravcnfpur in Yorkflurc,
and was foon at the head of 60,000 men, all of them Englifti. Richar^
hurried back to England, where his troops rcfuling to fighf, and h^s
fghjeAs, whom he had affeifted to dcfpife, generally deferting him, he
^yas made prifoner with no more than twenty attcndnats ; and being car-
ried to London, he was depoCed in full parliament, upon a formal cliargc
of tyranny and mifcondudt ; and foon after he is fujjpofcd to h;ivc be<n
tlarvcd to death in prifon, in the year 1399, the 34th of his ii^c, and
tlie 23d of his reign. He had no iflVtc by either of his two marriages.

Though the nobility of England were pollefled uf great p()wcr at the
ri:nc of this revolution, yet wc do not find that it ftt)atcd the inlluence of
the commons. They had the courage to remonfirate boldly in parliament

■j- Tic firfl who bore the title of M*rquisiii England.

ngainf^

132

ENGLAND.

againft tie ufury, whith was but too much praftifcd in Hnglind, and
other abui'cs of both clergy and laity; and the deilrudtion oi the feudal
powers foon followed.

Henry the Fourth *, fon of John of Gaunt duke of Lnnoafter, fourth
fon of ILdward III- being fettled on the throne of England, in prejudice
to the elder bninches ot Edward III.'s family, the great nobility were
in hopes that this glaring uefctft in his title would render him dependent
upon them. At firll fomc confpiraiies were formed againl^ him among
his great men, as the dukes of Surry and Exeter, the c.trls of Gloucefler
and Salifbury, and the archbifhup of York ; but he truflicd them by his
aftivit) and ftcadinPis, and laid a plan for reducing their overgrown
power. This was underllood by the Percy family, the grrateft in the
north of England, who coi.iplained of Henry having deprived them of
feme Scotch prifoner;, whom they had taken in battle ; and a dangerous
.rebellion broke ou; under the old carl of Northumberland, and his fon
the famous Henry Percy, furnamed Hotfpiir, but it ended in the defeat
of the rebels, chiefly by the valour of the prince of Wales. \Vith equal
^ood fortune, Henry fupprcflcd the infurrcftions of the Welch, under
Owen Glendower ; and by his prudent conccflions to his parliamenr, to
the commons particularly, he at lad conquered all oppolition, while, to
falve the defcOt of his title, the parliament entailed the crown upon him,
and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten, thereby (lintting out
all female fuccetlion. The young duke of Rothfay, heir to the crown
of Scotland (aficrwards James I. of that kingdom), falling a prifoner
into Henry's hands about this time, was of infinite fervice to his govern-
ment ; and before his death, which happened in 1413, in the ^.tth year
of his age, and 13th of his reign, he had the fatisfaiVion to lee his fon
and fucccHbr, the prince of Wales, difengage himfelffrom mimy youth-
ful follies, which till then had difgraced his condud.

The Englini marine was now fo greatly increnfed, that we find an
Englifh vcffel of 200 tons in the Baltic, and many other fliips of equal
burden, carrying on an immenfe trade all over Europe, but with the
Hanfe towns in particulir. With regard to public liberty, Henry IV. as
I hav.e already hinted, was the firft prince who gave the ditFerent orders
in parliament, efpecially that of the commons, their due weight. It is
however a little fiirprifing, that learning was at this time at a much lower
p ifs in England, and all over Europe, than it had been 203 years befon'.
BifiiopF, when tcllifying fynodal aiSts, were often fort.ed to do it by proxy
in the following term?, viz. " As I rannot read myfelt, N. N. hath
lubfcribed for me ; or, A^ my lord biihop cannot write himfclf, at his
rcqucft 1 have fubfcribed." Hy the intiuence of the court and the in-

tngu
1401
Wicl
priei
reftei
T

• The throne "Ijcing now vacant, the fJuke of Laiicaftcr Hepped forth, an I having
cTofluj hinifclf on his forrliead luiil on his breiift, and culltd upnn rhc name of Chrift,
ho |>roni)uiiced thcle worJs, whith 1 fiiall give in the original language, becaul'c of
their fin};u':irity.

/;i t'r name of TaJher, Sen, and Ih^ty Chnfl, I Henry 'f l.ancnjicr, chalLx^t ills rt-.vmr
tfl'^'yhmiiey end thf crn-vn, rv'fli itll fh,' rmmhris, and the ap^u:ti'nr,nrci\ als I tiji am defcrn-
i,ii h\ ria!.<: line of the UmU (nu-atiiiinr a claim in rijjht of ids mother) coming fr-jm //jf -i,, >
Unir tfcir, tberde and th'ri're thrt >iahl thai God of his grace hath f^rt me, ivith lie'pe rf l\n,
and I
vtir.

fd r:f tn\ frendes, to r cnver it ; tf'e 'which rfiftne ivm ir. fo\ nt la ii e;,d3rc ir drfaut of (tq.
•rn>i'>~ry -ind end.fing of .'■!■> gi.'df Lirxet.

tnj[v)(?a

ENGLAND.

333

ihile, to

trt^uM of the clergy, an iSi was obtained in the feflions of parliamchc
1401 fur the burning of heretics, occiifioncd by the great increafe of the
Wickliflitcs or Lolbrds ; and immediately after, one Sawtrc, parilh
pricAofSt. Qfithe in London, was burnt alive by the king's writ) di-
rerted to the mayor and llieriifs of Lundun.

The bnl nice of trade with foreign parts was againll England at the
accelFion of Henry V. in 1413, fo j^reatly had luxury increafed. The
Lollards, or the followers of Wickliffe, were cxceirivcly numerous, and
fir John Oldc.iillc, and lordCobham, having joined them, it was pretended
time he had agreed to put himfcif at their head, with a defign to overturn
the governmt-nt ; but this appears tn have been a groundlefs accufationy
from a bloody zt-al of the clergy, though he was put to death in confc-
quence ut it. His only real ciimef'.'ems to have been, the ipirit with
which he oppofed the fupertiition of the age, and he was the nrll of the
nobility who fiiffercd ua uccoiint of religion. Henry was about this
time engaged in a contcll with France, which he had many incitements
for invading. He demanded a reftitiition of Normandy, and other pro-
vinces that had been niviftied from England in the preceding reigns ; aU
fo the payment of certain arrests due for king Johrt's ranfom fince the
reign of Edward HI. and availing himfelf of the diflra(fted Aate of that
kingdom by the Orleans and Burgundy factions, he invaded it, where he
firrt took Harfleur, and then defeated the French in the battle of Agia-
courr, which equalled thoie of CreUy and Poiftiers in glory to the Eng-
lilli, but exceeded them in its confequcnces, on account of the vad num-
ber of French princes of the blood, and other great noblemen, who were
there killed. Henry, who was as great a politician as a warrior, made
fuch alliances, and divided the French amor ^^ themfelves fo effectually,
that he forced the queen of France, whofe hufbind Charles VL was a
lunatic, to agree to his marrying her daughter, the princefs Catharine,
to diliuhcrit the dauphin, and to declare Henry icgent of France during
her hulband's life, and him and his ifliie fucceflbrs to the French mo-
narchy, which mull at this time have been extcrm;natcd, had not the
Scots (though their king llill continued Henry's caj^tive) furniflied the
dauphin with vail fupplics, and preferved the French crown for his head.
Henry however made a triumphal entry into Paris, where the dauphin
was prolcribed ; and after receiving the fealty of the French nobility,
he returned to England to levy a force that might crufli the dauphin and
his Scotch auxiliaries. He probably would have been fuccefsful had he
not died of a pleuretic diforder, 1422, the 34th year of his age, and the
loth of his reign.

Henry V.'s vail fuccefles in France revived the trade of England, and
ait the fame time increafed and cllabiiflied the privileges and liberties of
the Enr^'lidi commonalty. As he died when he was only thirty four years
of age, it is hard to fay, if he had lived, whether he might not have given
the law to all the continent of Europe, which was then greatly diflraft-
cd by the divifions among its princes ; but whether this would have been
of (crvice or prejudice to the growing liberties of his Euglifli fubjcdts,
we cannot determine.

By nn nuthcntic and exaft jrccount of the ordinary revenues of the
crown during this reign, it appears that they amounted only to 59,7141,
a year, which is neaily the fame with the revenues in Henry HI.'s time,
and th',' k'ngs of England had neither become much richer nor poorer \n
tlie courfe of 203 years. The ordinary expcnces of the government

amounted

334

ENGLAND.

•mounted to f;i,if07l. fo fhnt the kinijhad of furpltu only j,2P;^l. fnrthi
fupport of bis houujold, for hi* wnrdiobc, for the cxpenve of emb i., cs,
•nd otlicr articles. This fum wns not iwnrty fiiffictent even in time of
peace ; and to carry on his wars, this great conqueror wus reduced to
many ntjiferablf fliifts : he borrowed from all q^uartcrsj he p.wu i' [\\i
jewels and fomctirnes the crown iifdf: he run lit arrears to liiu .mny j
and he was often obliged to llop in the midll of his cnrccr of vii%r)-,
and to grant a trocc to the enemy. I mention thcfc particulars, that the
reader may judge of the fimplicity nnd temperance of our predcccll ;r4
three centuries ago, when the cxpotHcs of the grcnteil king in Europe
were fcarccly equal to the pcnlion of » fupoiannuated courtier of the prt^t
fent age.

It required a prir.cc equally a!)!e with Ilcnry IV. and V, to confirnt
the title of the Lancaiior hoiilf to the tlirone of lMij;l:ind. Henry VI.
furnamcd of Windfor, n.is no nunc than nine months old, when, in
confemience of the treaty of TKivt.-, concluded by hio l.uher with the
French court, he was procl.iinicd kirg oH Fiance, as well an Kiiijlaud.
He was umicr the tuiiini of lii^ two uncles, the dukes of fJ.'dford and
Gloucencr, both of tlitui j^inees otj^reat ;iccoinj)lilhnienis, virtues, aiui
courage, but unable to piefeive tluir brother's conqucfts. Upon the
cleath of Charles VI. the aftecTions of the Ficneb for his family revivid
in the perfon of his fon and fucceUcjr, Charles \ ll. The duke of Bed-
ford, who was regent of F'rancc, performed iftany glorious adions, and
at lall laid fie^e to Orleans, which, if taken, would have completed the
conqucft of France. The licgc was raifed by the valour and good con-
duit of the maid of Oileins, a phenomenon hardly to be paralleled :;i
hiftory, Ihc being born ot the lowcll cxtrai'tion, and bred a cow-ketper,
and fometimes a heljier in ffablcs at public inns. She itiuft notwithlhinJ-
ing, have poll'efled it .ima/.ing fund of fagacity as well as valour. After
:\n unparalleled tru u o*" iieroic adions, and placing the crown upon her
fovcretgn'.; h'-.id, flv.? iv;.s taken prlfoncr by the ICnglifli in making a falty
during the fitj^u of Compiegnc, who burnt her alive for a witch at Roan,
May 30, 1431.

The death of the duke of Bedford, and the agreement of the duke of
Burgundy, the great ally of the linglifli, with Charles Vll. contributed
for the entire ruin of the Englifli inteieft in France, and the lofs of all
their fine provinces in that kingdom, notwithflanding the amazing cou-
rage of Talbot the firft earl of Shrcwlbury, and their other olhcers.
The capital misfortune of England, at this time, was its difunion at
home. The duke of Gloucelier lolt his authority in the government,
and the king married Margaret of Anjou, daughter to the needy king of
Sicily; a woman of a high fpirit, but an implacable difpolition ; while
the cardinal of Winchefter, who w.is the richeft fubjcdt in England, if
not in Europe, prefided at the head of the treafury, and by his avarice
ruined the intercft of England, both a"^ home and abroad. Next to the
Cardinal, the duke of York, who was lord lieutenant of Ireland, was
the moft poweiful fubjcd in England. He was defccndcd by the mo-
ther's fide from Lionel, an elder fon of Pxlward III. and prior in claim
to tht' reigning king, who was defcended from John of Gaunt, Edward's
youngefi fon ; ai>d he affeded to keep up the dilVmdion of a white rofe,
thut of the houfe of L ini:after being red. It is certain that he paid no
regard to the parliamentary entail of the crown upon the reigning faniily,
and he loft no opportunity of forming a party to alFert his right, but aded

ENGLAND.

33S

•At firft with a inoft profound diffimulation. Tht duVe of SiiffbUt wa« a
t.ivouritc of the quc«n, who was a profcW'eA enemy to the dirkc of Yoflc,
In r lirinj^ impeached in paHiamcnt, he was baninied for five yean, and
had his head llruck off on board a ftiip, by a common failor. Tl^is wrai
followed by an infurreftion of 2'j,ooo Kcntifh-mcn, hencird by one Jack
C:ulc, a man of low condition, who fent to the court a Jift of grievances ;
but he was dctcaicd by tl\e valour of the citizens of London, and the
(jiicen fecmcd to be peVfei^Hy fccurc againft the duke of York. The in-
glorious management of the Englifli art".ii9 in France befriended him,
Hud upon his arrival in England from Ireland, he found a Urong party of
the nobiliiy his tricncis : but being; considered as the fomentcr ot Cade'l
rebellion, he piotcUcd the nioft profound reverence to Henry.

'Ihc pcrfons in hli;h power and reputation in Ln;;l -^xt to the

duke of York, v\cie the earl of S.ililbury, and his fon ni of War-

wick. The latter h;id the grcatelt land cftaic of any fi 1' nirlaud,

and his vail abilities, joined to fome virtues, rendered ' popu>

Both father and fon were fecretly on the lide of during

>ir

a fit of ilUiefs of the king, that duke was inade protci tui ot the realm.
JJoth lidi-s now prepared for arms, and the king recovering, the queen,
>yith wonderful adivity aflbnibled an army ; but the royalifts were de-
icated in the full battle of St. Alban's, and the king himfelf was takeo
pnfoner. 'I'he duke of York was once more declared prottdlor of the
kingdom, but it was not l«)ng before the queen relumed all her inHucnce
in the government, and the king, though his wcikncfs became eve y day
more and more villbie, rccovcivJ all his authority.

The duke of York upon tliis threw off the mafk, and in 1459, ^* open-
ly claimed the crown, and the queen was aj^ain defeated l^y the carl of
Warwick, who was now called the kitig-maker. A parliament upon this
being aflembled, it was ciac' "d, that Henry fliould puflefs the throne for
life, but that the dukcofYirk fliould fucceed him, t-* the exclulion of
all Henry's illue. All, excepting the magnanimous queen, agreed t«
this compromifc. She retreated nonhwards, and the kins; being (Hll a
I>rifoner, (lie pleaded his caufe fo well, that alTcmbling a frefti army, (Ue
iought the battle of Wakefield, wl ore the duke of York was defeated
and flain in 1460.

It is pretty extraordinary, that though the duke of York and his party
openly afferted his claim to the crown, tluv lliil profellcd allegiance to
Henry ; but the duke of York's fon, afterwards Edward IV. prepared
to revenge his father's death, and obtained fcveral vit^ories over the roy-
alifts. The queen, however, advanced towards London, and deleating
the earl of Warwick, in the fecond battle of St. Al'jan's, Ihe dclivrrcd
her huiband ; but the diforders comtnitted by her northern troops dilgufl-
cd the Londoners fo nntch, that flie durfl not enter London, where the
duke of York was received on the 28th ol February, 1461, while the
cjueen and her hufband were obliged to retreat northwards. She foon
railed another army, and fought the battle ofToi-ton, the mod bloody
perhaps that ever happened in any civil war. After prodigies of valour
had been performed on I oth fides, the vielory remained with young king
Edward, and near 40,000 men lay dead on the field of battle. Margaies
and her huiband were once more oblicjcd to fly to Scotland, where they
met with a generous protei'tion.

It may be proper to obferve, that this civil war was carried on with
greater auiinolity thfin any perhaps ever known. Mnr2;aret was as brlond-

th-.iily

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WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

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33^

ENGLAND.

thirfty as her opponents, and when prifoners on either Me were mactr,
dieir deaths, cfpecially if they were of any rank, wete deferred only for
a few hours. •

Margaret, by the conceffions (he made to the Scots, foon raifed a frefh
army there, and in the north of England, but met with defeat upon de-
feat, till at lafl her hulband, the unfortunate Henry, was carried prifuner
to London »

The duke of York, now Edward IV. being crowned on the 29th of
June, fell in love with, and privately married Elizubeth, the widow of
fir John Gray, though he had fome time before fent the earl of War-
wick to demand the king of France's fifter in marriage, in which embafly
lie was fuccefsfut, and nothing remained but the bringing over the prin-
cefs into England. When the fecret of Edward's marriage broke out,
the haughty earl deeming himfelf affronted, rctfirned to England inflam*
cd with rage and indignation ; and from being Edward's bell friend he-
came his moft formidable enemy, and gaining over the duke of Clarence,
Edward was made prifoner, but efcaping from his confinement, the earl
of Warwick, and the French king, Lewis XL declared for the reflorn-
lion of Henry, who was repLced on the ihrune, and Edward narrowly
cfcapcd to Holland. Returning from thence, he advanced to London
under pretence of claiming his dukedom of York ; but being received
into the capital, he refumed the.exercife of royal, authority, made king
Henry once more his prifoner, and defeated and killed Warwick, in the
battle of Barnet. A few days after he defeated a frefh army of Lan-
caftrians, and made queen Margaret prifoner, together with her fon
prince Edward, whom Edward's brother, the duke of Gloucefter, mur-
dered in cold blood, as he is faid (but with no great (hew of probability)
to have done his father Henry VL then a prifone*- in the Tower of
London, a fe^ days after, in the year 1471. Edward being now fettled
on the throne, was guilty of the utmoil cruelty to all the Lancaflriaa
party, whom he put to. death, whenever he could find them, fo that they
were threatened with utter extermination.

The great objeA of his vengeance was Henry, earl of Richmond,
He was deicended from John Beaufort, the elded fon of the earl of So-
merfet, who was the eldeft fon of John of Gaunt, by his laft wife Ca- .
theriue Swineford, but born in adultery, during her hufband's life-time.
This difability, however, was afterwards removed both by the pope and
by the parliament, and the defcendants of John of Gaunt, by that lady,
as far as could be done, were declared legitimate. The laft lord, John,,
duke of Somerfet, left a daughter, Margaret, who was married to Ed-
mund Tudor, earl of Richmond, fon of the- widow of Henry V. by
Owen Tudor, a Welch gentleman whom (lie fo far defcended as to marry ;
and their fon was Henry, earl of Richmond (afterwards Henry VH.),
who, at the time I treat of, lived in France, to fccure himfclf from the
cruelty of Edward. The reader may fee, from the detail of this im-
portant genealogy, that the young earl of Richmond had not the fmall-
ell'claim in blood (even fuppofing the illegitimacy of his anceilors had
been removed) to the crown of England.

The kingdom of England was, in 1474, in a deplorable fittrtion.
The king was immerfed in expenlive and criminal luxuries, in- which he
was imitated by his great men ; who, to fupport their extravagancies,
becaipe penfioners to the French king. The p.irliamcnt feemed to a^t
only as the executioners of Edward's bloody mandates. The bell blood

were ma(?e,
red only for

aifed a frefh
at upon dc
ied prifuner

he 29th of
e widow of
irl of War-
lich embafly
r the prin-

broke out,
land inflam*
i friend be-
jf Clarence,
My the earl
the reftora-
rd narrowly

to London
ing received

made king
vick, in the
iiy of Lan-
ith her fon
cefter, mur-
probability)
e Tower of

now fettled
Lancaftriao
Ifo that they

Richmond,
earl oi So-
lit wife Ca-
rs life-time.
]e pope and
that lady,
|ord, John,
to Ed-
iry V. by
to marry ;
iry VII.),
from the
>f this im-
the fmall-
:enors had

fitM'tion.

which he

|vagancics,

led to a^t

Ibeft blood

ENGLAND.

in England waa flied on fcaffiilds } and even the duke of Clarence felfl^
Ti£tim to his brother's jealoufy. Edward, partly to amufe the public,
and partly to fupply the vaft expenceg of bit court, pretended fometimee
to quarrel, and fometimes to treat with France, but his irregularities
brought him to his death (1483) in the twcntytHlM year of hu reign,
and tortv-fecond of hit age.

Notwithftanding the turbulence of the times, the trade and manufac*
iures of England, panicularly the woollen, increaled during the reigna
of Henry VI. and Edward IV. So early at 1440, a navigation aSt was
thought of by the Englifli, as the only means to preferve to themfelves
the benefit of being the fole carriers of their own merchaadife ; but fo«
reign influence prevented Henry's pafiing the bill for that purpofe. The
invention ot printing, which is generally fuppofed to have been imported
into Eneland bv^ William Cotton, and which received fome countenance
from Edward, 11 the chief glory of hit reign ; but learnin|; in general
was then in a poor ftate in England. The lord Tiptoft was us great pa«
tron, and feems to have been the firft Englifh nooleman who cultivated
what are now called the belles lettres. The books printed by Caxton are
moiUy re-tranflations, or compilations from the French or Monkifh Latin ;
but it mud be acknowledged, at the fame time, that literature, after this
period, made a more rapid and general progrefs among the Englifh, than it
did in any other European nation. The famous Littelton, judge of the Com*
mon Pleas, and Fortefcue, chancellor of England, flourilhed at this period,

Edward IV. left two fons by his queen, who had exercifed her power
with no great prudence, by having nobilitated many of her obfcore rela«
tions. Her eldefl fon, Edward V. was about thirteen ; and his uncle the
duke of Gloucefler, taking advantage of the queen's unpopularity among
the great men, found means to baftardize her ilFue, by at^ of parliament,
under the fcandalous pretext of a pre-contradt between their father and an«
other lady. The duke, at the fame time, was declared guardian of the
kingdom, and at lail accepted of the crown, which was ofl«red him by
the Londoners ; having firll put to death all the nobility and great men,
whom he thought to be well affedtcd to the late king's family. Whether
the king and his brother were murdered in the Tower, by his direftion,
is doubtful. The mofl probable opinion is, that they were clandeflinely
fent abroad by his orders, and that the elder died, but that the vounger
furvived, and was the fame who was well known by the nante of Perkin
Warbeck. Be this as it will, the Ettglifb were prepofTeflTed fo ilrongly
againft Richard, as being the murderer of his nephews, that the earl of
Richmond who fliil remained in France, carried on a fecret correfpond*
ence with the remains of Edward I V.'s friends, and by offering to marry
his eldefl daughter, he was encouraged to invade England at the head of
about 200O foreign troops ; but they were foon joined by 7000 Englifh
and Welch. A battle between him and Richard, who was at the head of
15,000 men, enfued at Bof worth-field, in which Richard, after difplay-
ing mod aftonifliing a£ts of perfonal valour, was killed, having been firfl
abandoned by a main divifion of his army, under lord Stanley and his
brother, in the year 1485.

There can fcarcely be a doubt but that the crimes of Richard have
been exaggerated by hiftorians. He was exemplary in his diflributive
juflice. He kept a watchful eye over the great Larons, whofe opprelfions
e aboliflied, and was a father to the common people. He founded the
fociety of heralds: an infliti^Uon, which, in his ttm$, was found necef.

ENGLAND.

toj>reTent difputet among great families. During his ''eigii) 1hort^1
It was, we have repeated inf^ances of his relieving cities ano corporations
that had gone into decay. He was remarkable tor ihc encouragement of
the'hardware manufa^ures of all kinds, and for preventing their being
imported into £ngland, no fewer than foventy-two different kinds being
prohibited importsttion by one a&. He was the firil Englifli king who
apftointed a conful for the firperintendency of Englifli commerce abroad ;
one Strozzi jjeing nominated for Pifai with an income pf the fourth pait
of one per cent, on all goods oi EngUflinien imported to, or exported
from thence. I fliall not enter into the fubje(^ of the concern he had it\
the fuppofed murder of his two nephews, but only obfcrve, that the tem-
perizing parliament, by badafdij^ing thehi, cut them oft' from the fuccefr
lion of the crown.

I'hough the fame zSt of baOardy aiTc^ted the daughters, as well as the ,
ibfis of the late king, yet no difputes were raifed upon the legitimacy of
the princpfs Elizabeth, elded daughter to Edward IV. and wl^o, as had been
before concerted, married Henry of Lancafler, earl of Richmond, therel^
uniting both houfes, whi^h happily put an end to the long and bloody wart
between the contending houfes of York and Laucafter. Henry, however,
teiled his right upon conqueft. and feemed to pay little regard to the ad-
vantages of his marriage. He was the moA fagacious monarch that ever
had reigned in England ; but, at the fame time, the moft jealous of hi^
power ; for he (hut up the earl of Warwick, fon to the duke of Clarence,
brother to "Edward IV. a clofe prifoner in the Tower, though he was but
a boy, and though nothing was alleged againft him but his propinquity
to the houfe of York. He was the firft who inilituted that guard called
feometty which Hill fubfiils, and in imitation of his predeceflbr, he gave
an irrecoverable blow to the dangerous privileges afTunied by the barons,
in abolifliing liveries and retainers, by which every malefadtof could Ihel-
ter himfelf from the law, on afluming a nobleman's livery, and attend-
ing his perfon. Some rebellions happened in the beginning of his feign,
but they were eafily fuppreifed ; as was the impoiiure of Lambert Simnely
who pretended to be the imprifoncd earl of Warwick : Simnel was taken
prifoner, and after being employed in the king's kitchen, was made one
of his falconers. The defpotic court of ftar-chamber owed its original to
Henry j bur, at the fame time, it muA be acknowledged, that he pafTed
many at^s, elpecialty for trade and navi^^ation, that were highly for the
benefit of his fubjedis. They exprefl'cd their gratitude by the great fup-
plies and benevolences they afforded him, and ts a finiflung flroke to the
feudal tenures, an a6t paffed by which the br and gentlemen 9f landed
interefl were at liberty to fell and niortg:^« < lands, without fines or
licences for the alienation.

This, if we regard its confequences, is perhaps the moft important zf\
that ever pafled in an EhgUfh parliament; though its tendency feem^
only to have been known to the pol?>;?c king. Luxury, by the increafe
of trade, and the difcovery of America, had broken with irreliftible
fcri.e iiuo England, Hnd monied property being chiefly in the hands of
the CD mons, the eft;itcs cf the barons became theirs, but without any
of t^ rir dangerous privileges ; and thus the baronial powers were foon
eyti. guiflied in England.

Henry, . ftcr encountering and furmounting many difficulties both itt
France and Ireland, was attacked in the poireiJlon of his throne by a
voung mau, one jpcrkin Warbeck, who pretended to be the duke of

York,

dul

tuT

ce^
Ur
pr^
pu|

GUl

ryl
Ya
vat^

E N G L A N D.

339

ign, fliort 4tf
corporations
ragcment of
their being
kindf being
li king who
irce abroad ;
fourth pait
or exported
n he had in
lat the tetn>
the fucccl'r

well as the ,

gitimacy olF

as had been

nd, therel^

bloody wan

(T, howevey,

d to the ad-

i:h that ever

ilous of hi9

)f Clarence,

I he was but

propinquity

^uai'd called

or, he gave

the barons,

i* could (hel-

and attend-

f bis feign,

>ert Simnely

was taken

made one

original to

he paired

ily for the

great fup-

roke to the

n 9f landed

tut fines or

portant zdi
ncy feemf
le increafe
irrefiftible
hands of
ithout any
were foon

!s both in
rone by a
! duke qf
"York,

York, fecond fon to Edward IV. and was acknowledged as fuch by the
duchefs of Burgundy, Edward's liljicr. We fliall ilot follow the adven*
tu res of this young man, which were various and uncommon; but it is
certain that many of the Englifli, with the courts of France and Scot-
land, believed him to be what he pretended. Henry endeavoured to
-prove the death of Edward V. and his brother, but never did it to the
public fatisfa^tion ; and though James IV. of Scotland difmifled Perkin
out of his dominions, being engaged in a treaty of marriage with Hen-
ry's eldeft daughter, yet b^ the kind manner in which he entertained
and difmifled him, it is plain that he believed him to be the real duke of
York, efpecially as he refufed to deliver up his perfon, which he might
have done with honour, had he thought him an impoftor. Perkin, after
various unfortunate adventures, fell into Henry's hands, and was fliut
up in the Tower of London, from whence he endeavoured to efcape
along with the innocent earl of Warwick, for which Perkin was hang-
ed, and the earl beheaded. It is faid, that Perkin made a cbnfeffion o£
his impoftures before his death ; but if he did, it might have been ext
torted from him, either upon the hope of pardon, or the ftar of torture.
In 1499, Henry's cldeil fon, Arthur prince of Wales, was married to
the princcfs Catharine of Arragon, daughter to the king and queen of
Spain, and he dying foon after, fuch was Henry's relu£tance to refund
her great dowry, 200,000 crowns of gold, that he coufented to, her be-
ing married again to his fecond fon, then prince of Wales,, on pretence
that the iirft match had not been confammated. Soon at1;er, Henry's
eldeft daughter, the princefs Margaret, was fcnt with a mod oiagniiicenc
train to Scotland, where flie was married to James IV. ' Henry, at the
time of his death, which happened in 1509, the 52d year of his age,
and 24th of his reign, was poifefled of x,8oo,oool. fterling, which is
equivalent to five millions at prefent; fo tliat he may be fuppoied to*
have been mafler of mure ready money than all the kings in Europe be-
lides poflefled, the mines of F ;ru and Mexico being then only beginning
to be worked. He vv.is immoderately fond of replenidnng his coffers,
and often tricked his parliament t« grant him fubfidies for foreign ^Ui-'
anccs, which he intended not to purfue.

I have already mentioned the vaft alteration which happened in the
conAitution of England during Henry VII. 's reign. His exceflive love of ^
money, and his avarice was the probable reafon why he did not become
mailer of the Weft Indies, he having the firft offer of the difcovery from
Columbus, whofe propofals being reje£l;cd by Henry, that great man
applied to the court of Spain, and he fet out upon the difcovery of a
new world in the year 1492, which he elTc^ed after a pafTage of thirty-
three days, and took poifeltion of the country in the name of the kin|;
und queen ot Spain. Henry however made fome amends by encourag-
ing Cabot a Venetian, who difcuvered the main land of North America
in Z498 ; and wc may obferve to the praife of this king, that fometimet,,
in order to promote commerce, he Unt to merchants fums of money
without intered, when he knew that their flock was not fufficient for
thofe emerprizes which they had in view. From the proportional prices
of living, produced by Madox, Fleetwood, and other writers, agricul-
ture and breeding of cuttle muft have been prodigioufly advanced before
^enry's death ; an inftance of this is given in the cafe of lady Anne,
filler to Henry's queen, who h^d an allowance of zos. per week for her
q|(l^ibition, fuil(;ntation, and convenient diet of meat and driok; alii»^

Z » foK

54«

E N^ G L A N D.

tor two gentlewomen, one woman child, one gentleman, one yeomn«
and three grooms (in all eight perfong), ^il. us. 8d. per annum, tor
their w;iges, diet, and clothing; ; and for the maintenance of feven
liorfes, i61> 98. 4d. /. t. for each hori'e zl. 7s. cd. \ yearly, money being
fifll I 4- times as weighty as our modern filver coin, Wheat was that year
BO more than 3s. 4d a quarter, which anfwrrs to 5s. of our money,
confequently it was about feven times as cheap as at pret'ent ; fo thiit had
|U other necetifarics been equally cheap, flie could hare lived as well as
on ia6ol. io(. 6d> of our modern money, or ten times as cheap as at
prefent.

The fine aRs were as far advanced in England at the acceffion of
Henry VIII. 1509, as in any European country, if we except Italy;
and perhaps no prince ever entered with greater advantages than he did
on the ezercife of royalty. Young, vigorous, and rich, without any
rival, he held the balance of power in Europe ; but it is certain that he
aegleded thofe advantages in commerce, with which his father became
too lately acquainted. Imagining he could not (land in need of a fup.
pty, he did not impreve Cabot's difcoveries, and he fuifered the Kflft and
Weil Indies to be engroflfed by Portugal and Spain. His vanity engaged
liim too much in the affairs of the continent, and h's flatterers encou-
raged him to make preparations for the conqueft of all France. Thefe
proje6l£, and bis eliablilhing what is properly called a navy royal^ for
the permanent defence of the- nation (a mod excellent meafure), led him
into incredible expences. He was on all occiilions the dupe of the em-
peror Maximilian, the poorcft prince in Europe ; and early in his reign
he gRve hhnfelf alfo entirely up to the guidance of the celebrated car-
dinal Wolfev, who was the fon of a butcher at Ipfwich, but educated at
Oxford, and made dean of Lincoln by Henry VII. While involved in
a war with France, his lieutenant the earl of Surry, conquered and
killed James IV. of Scotland, who had invaded England ; and Henry
became a candidate for the German empire, during its vacancy ; but
ibon .refigned his pretenlions to Francis I. of France, and Charles of Au-
ftria, king of Spain, who was ele^ed in 15 19. Heitry's conduift, in the
long and bloody wars between thofe princes, was directed by Wolfey's
views upon the popedom, which he hoped to gain by the intereft of
Charles ; but finding himfelf twice deceived, he perfuaded his mafler to
declare himfelf for Francis, who had been taken prilbner at the battle of
Pavia. Henry, however, continued to be the dujie of all parties, and
to pay great part of tl^eir expences, till at laft he was forced to lay vail
burdens upon his fubje6l!s.

Henry continued all this time the great enemy of the reformation,
and the champion of the popes and the Romifh church. He wrote a
book againfl Luther, '* of the &v<« Sacraments^^ about the year ii^zi,
for which the pope gave him the title of Defender of the Faith^ which
M> fucceilbrs retain to this day ; but about the year 1527, he began to

.•have fbme fcruples with regatxl to the validity of his marriage with his
brother's widow. I fliali not fay, liow far on this occafion he might be
influenced by fcruples of confcience, or averflon to the queen, or the
charm* of the famous Anne Bolcyn, maid of honour to the queen, whom
he married, before he had obtained from Rome the proper bulls of di-
vorce from the pope. The difficulties he met with in this procefs, ruined
Wolfey, whp died heart-broken, after being ibipped of his immenfe power
jmd |H>fl<:ffiop9.

»t Aper-

nev<

ENGLAND^

34t

me yeomia,
annum, tor
:e oi fevcn
noney being
I'as that year
our money,
fo th;tt had
I as well ai
cheap as at

Bcceffion of
cept Italy ;
han he did
'ithout any
lin that he
iier became
I of H fup.
tie Eflft and
ity engaged
rers encuii-
ce. Thefe
' royMl^ for
:), led him
of the em-
1 his reign
jrated car-
ducated at
nvolved in
ucred and
md Henry
ncy ; but
lesot Au-
it5t, in the
Wolley'*
intereft of
mafter ro
! battle of
irties, and
lay vail

brmation,
e wrote a
car ii;zi,
fh^ which
began to
with his
might be
n, or the
;n, whom
lU of di-
ruined
power

A perplexing, though nice conjunction of afTairt, it ii well kno«rn«
induced Henry at laft to throw dffali relation to, or dependence upon,
the church of Rome, and to bring about^a reformation ; in which, hour-
ever, many of the Rnmidi errors and fupcrlVitions were retained. Henr^
nerer could have effected thii mighty meafure, had it not been for hit
dcfpotic difpolition, which broke out on every occafion. Upon a flight
fufpicion of his queen's inconftancy, and after a (ham trial, he cut off
her head in the Tower, and put to death fome of her neareft relation! |
and in many refpetf^s he aded in the moft arbitrary manner, his wiflies,
however i
of the flia

unreafonable, being tou readily complied with, in confeq
amcful fervilicy of his parliaments. The diiTolution of t

lie

A per-

uencc
the re-
ligious houl'es, and the immenfe' wealth that came to Henry, by feizing
all the ecclefiadicol property in his kingdom, enabled him lO give fuU
fcope to his fans^uinary ditpolition ; fu that the beft and moft innocent
blood of £ngl:uid whs (hed on fcatfolds, and feldom apy long time pafled
without being marked with fume i.hidrious viAim of his tyranny.-— •
Among others, was the aged counteis of Salilbury, defccnded immedi*
ately trom Edward IV. and mother to cardinal Pole; the marquis of
Exeter, the lord Montague, and others of the blood royal, for holding
a correfpondcnce with that cardinal.

His third wife was Jnne Seymour, daughter to a gentleman of fortune
and family ; but (he died in bringing Eoward VI. into the world. Hit
fourth wife was Anne, liller to the duke of Cleves. He difliked her fo
much, that he fcarccly bedded with her, and obtaining a divorce, he
fuifered her to refide in England on a peniion of 3C00I. a year. Hit
fifth wife was Catherine Howard, niece to the duke of Norfolk, whofe
head he cut off for ante-nuptial incontinency. His laft wife was queen
Catherine Pur, in whofe poiTelTion he died, after flie had narrowly efcaped
being brought to the (lake for her religious opinions, which favoured
the reformation. Henry's cruelty increafcd with his years, and was novr
exercifed promifcuoufly on Protedants and Catholics. He put the brave
'earl of Surry to death without a crime being proved againft him } and
his father, the duke of Norfolk, muft have fuifered the next day, had
he not been faved by Henry's own death, in I547t ia the 56th year of
his age and the 38th of his reign.

The ftate of England, during the reign of Henry VIII. is, by the
help of printing, too well known to be enlarged upon here. His atten-
tion to the naval fecurity of England is highly commendable ; and it i»
certain that he employed the unjuft and arbitrary power he frequently
afl'umed, in many refpe£ts for the glory and intereft of his fubje^.
Without enquiring into his religious motives, it muft be candidly con-
fefled, that had the reformation gone through all the forms prefcribed by
the laws, and the courts of juftice, it probably never could have tidiea
place, or at leaft not for many years ; and whatever Henry's perfonal
crimes or failings might have been, the partition he made of the church'*
property among his courtiers and favourites, and thereby refcuing it
from dead hands, undoubtedly promoted the prefent f reatnefs of Eng>
land. With regard to learning and the arts, Henry was a generous en*
courager of both. He gave a penfion ta Erafmus, which is another-
name for learning itfelf. Hs brought to England, encouraged, and pro«
te^ed Hans Holbein, that excellent painter and architedi ; and in hit
reign noblemen's houfes began to have the air of Italian magnificence
and regularity. He was a coniiant and generoua friend to Cranmert

34«

E N G L A N D.

snd though he was, upon the whole, rather whimfical than fettled in
ht> own principles o( religipn, he advanced and encouraged many who
became afterwards the inftruments ot' a more pure reformation.

In this reign the Bible was ordered to be printed in Englifh. Wales
was united and incorporated with England. Ireland uas created into a
kingdom, and Henry took the title of Icing inilead of lord of Ireland.

Edward VI. was but nine years of age at the tin)e nf his father's
death ; and after fome difputcs were over, the regency was fettled in the
perfon of his uncle the earl of Hertford, afterwards the prote^or, and
duke of Somerfet, a declared friend and patron of the reformation, and
a bitter enemy to the fee of Rome. Much of the popifli leaven, how-
ever, (liil remained in the council, which was embroiled at once with
France and Scotland. The prote£^or marched with an army into Scot-
land, to foree that |}eople to eive their voung queen Mary, only child
of James V. in marriage to Edward, with a view to unite the two king-
doms ; a meafure which the late king had recommended with his dying
breath to his executorst The prote«^or defeated the Scots at Pinkey,
but the match never took place ; and the factions now forming againft
the protestor, obliged him to return with his army to England. His
own brother, who had married the queen dowager, was at the head of
his enemies ; and flie dying, he made his addrefles to the princefs Eli-
zubeth, afterwards queen. This gave a handle to the protedlor, to bring
bis brother, who was lord admiral, to the block, where he loft his head.

The reader is to obferve in general, that the reformation ivas not ef.
Cc£icd without many public diilurbances. The common people, during
the reigns of Henry and Edward, being deprived of the vaft relief they
had from abbeys and religious houfeii, and being eje£ted from their fmnll
corn-growing farms, hiid often taken arms, but had been as often fupprcfled
by the government ; and feveral of thefe infurreftions were cruflied in
this reign. A war, which was not very happily managed, broke out
with Scotland ; and the prcte6lor, who was upon the whole a weak, but
confcientious man, was fo intent upon religion, that he was iirft driven
from the helm of ftate, and then loll his head upon a fcaSbId, by a fac-
tion formed equally of Papids and pretended Proteflnnts. Dudley, who
was created duke of Northumberland, then took the lead in the govern-
ment, and drove Edward, who, though young, meant extremely well,
and was a Itncere Proteilant, into many impolitic a£ls ; fo that, upon the
whole, England made hut an inconliderable figure in this reign, com-
pared with what it had done at other periods.

The reformation, however, went on rapidlv, through the zeal of
Cranmer, and others, fome of them foreign divines. In fome cafes,
particularly with regard to the pnncefs Mary, they loft fight of that mo-
deration, which the reformers had before fo ftroflfgly recommended ; and
fome cruel fanguinary exccurions, on account of religion, took place.
Edward's youth excufes him from blame, and his charitable endowments,
as Bridewell, and St. Thomas's hofpitals, and alfo feveral fchools which
ilill exift and flourifli, ,fliew the goqdnefs of his heart. He died of a
deep confumption in 15531 in the 16th year of his age, and the 7th of
his reign.

. Edward, on his death-bed, from his zeal for religion, had made a
ittry unconftitutional will, for he fet aiide his filler Mary from the fuc-
ceffion, which was claimed by lady Jane Grey, daughter to the duchefs
of Suffl>lk, younger fitter to Henry VIII. This lady, though ftie had
ipircely reached her 17th year, was a prodigy of learning and virtue;
. < few

B iff G L A U b.

in fettled in
many who
•n.

lift. WalM
eated into a
reland.
his father's
ittled in the
ote^tor, and
nation, and
aven, how-
once with
' into Scot-
only child
i two king.
li his dying
at Pinkcy,
ing againll
land. His
rhe head of
•incefs Eli-
T, to bring
bis head,
vas not ef.
>lc, during
relief they
their fmall
fopprcfled
:runied in
broJce out
weak, but
irft driven
by a fac-
lley, who
! govein-
Jely well,
upon the
gn, com-

: zeal of
ne cafes,
that mo-
led ; and
)k place.
)Wments,
>ls which
ied of a
! 7th of

made a
the fuc-
duchefa
ihe had
virtue ;
but

but the bulk of the Enelifti nation recognifild the claim df tiie princeft
MnrVf who cut off lady Janfc's h$ad, and that of her hufband lord Oulldi
ford Dudley, fon to the duke of NoKthumberland^ whoalfo fuffered iti
the fame manner.

Mary being thut fettled on the throne, fuppreflbd ^vlnfuriredion uifdef
Wyar, and proceeded like a female fury to re-eftabllfh popery, which flie
diti all over England. She recalled cardinal Pole fVom baniwmeftt; mide
him intlrumental in her cruelties, and lighted up the ilamca of 'perfecu>
tion, in which archbifhop Cranmer, the bifliops Ridley, Hoo|lcr, and
Latimer, and many other illuftrious confeflbrf of the EngliQi reformed
church, were conhimed ; not to mention a vail number of other fakrlfictlt
of both fexcs, and all runki, that fuffiired through every qual-ter of thtf
kingdom. Bonner bifliop of London, and Gardiner biiliop of WincheAtr^
were the chief executioners of her bloody rtiandates; and had (hd
lived, <he would have endeavoured to exterminate all her Protedant fub-
jcay. . ' ' ' >

Mary now married Philip IL king of Spain, who, like herfelf, Wai an
unfeeling bigot to popery ; and the chief praife uf her reign is, that hf
the marriage articles, proviiion was made for the independency of the
EngliA) crown. By the aiTiftance of troops, which (he ful^oiflied to her
hulband, he gainecf the important battle of St. Qiiintin ; but that vl&orf
was fo ill improved, that the French under the duke of Guife, foon afifef
took Calais, the only place then n maining to the Englifli in France, and
which had been held ever fince the reign of Edward III. This lofs^
which was chiefly owing to cardinal Pole's fecret connexions with th«,
French court, is faid to have broken Mary's heart, who died iil 1558, itl>'
the J ad year of her life and 6th of her reign. '* In the heat of heir per-
ftcuting flames (fays a contemporary writer of credit), ,were burnt id
afhes, one archbifhop, 4 bifhops, 21 divines, 8 gentlemen, 84 artificers^
and 100 hulhandmen, iervants and labourers^ 26 wiVes, 20 widuws, ^
virgins, 3 boys, and 2 infants; one of theih whipped to death hf Bon-
ner, and the other fpringing out of the mother's womb from the ftake
as (he burned, thrown again into the fire." Sevei^al alfo died iii jirilbni
and many were otherwile cruelly treated.

- Elizabeth, daughter to Henry VIII. by Ann(^ Boleyn^ mounted thi
throne under the mod difcouraging circurhdaacesj both at home and a-
broad. Popery was the eftabliflied religion of Englatid ; her title ' ihi
crown, on account of the circumftanccs attending her mother's mai.i ^.gi
atid death was difputed by Mary <^ueen of Scots, g^and{!htld to Heury
VII. 's eliieft daughter, and wife to the dauphin of France* dnd the only
ally flie had on the continent w.iS Philip king of Spaing who was thb lint
and foul of the popifli caufe^ both abroad atid in England. Elizabeth
Was nn more than i$ years of age at the time of her inauguration j but
her fufferlngs under her bigoted iider^ joiiied to the fupbriority of het
genius, had taught her caution and policy, and (he foon tonquered all dif*
ficulties. To mention every glorioui adlioh of her reign) Wduld far
exceed my bounds ; I (hall therefore herd only tovlch oil the g^eat linel o^
her goverhmcnt.

In m.itters of religion (he fucceeded with fufptifihg facility; for in het
firft parlinmcnt, in ^;9, the laWi eftablifiiing popcrjr were repealed, her
ftipre '-acy was rrdored, ahd an a6i of uniformity palfed foon after. An4
it is obiVrvtfd, that of 9400 beneficed clereynien in England, only aboiul
120 refufed to comply with the reformation^ With rcfird to htt Htl<«

24 . fl»

144

E> N G L A N D.

flie took tdTantan of the divided fbte of Scotland, and formed • paitjr
thiere, hy which Mary, now become the widow of Francis II* of France,
waa obhged to renounce, or rather to fufpeiid her claim. Elisabeth,
KOI contented with this, fent troopa and monc^, which fupported the
Scotch malcoatenit, till Mary'a unhappy marriage with lord Darntey,
aoid then with Bothwell, the fuppofed murderer of the former, and her
other mii'condu^k and miifortunei, drove her to take refuge in Elisabeth'*
dominions, where (he had been often promifed a fafe and honourable afy«
lum* It i* well known how unfaithful Elizabeth wai to thii profeflion of
Iriendlkip, and that the detained the unhappy prifoncr i8 }earii in Eng-
land, then brought Iter to a Oram trial, pretending that Marv aimed at the
c^n, and^ without fufficicnt proof of her guilt, cut off her head ; an
•Aion which greatly tarniflies the gloriea of her reign.

A» to Etizweth't affairs with Spain, which formed, in fa£k, the main
bulincfi of her |pvernmcnt, they exhibit different fcencs of wonderful
events, partly anflng from her own mailerly condudt, partly from the fa-
|acity of her ftatefmen, and partly from the intrepidity of her forces by
lea and land.

The fame Philip, who had been the hufl>and of her late fider, upon Eli.
sabeth's acceflion to the throne, offered to marry her, but (he dexteroufly
avoided hit addreflet ; and by a. train of fliilful neKOciations between her
court and that of France, (he kept the balance of Europe fo undetermined,
that (he had leifure to unite her people at home, and to elUblifli an excel-
lent internal policy in her dominions. She fometimcs fupported the pro-
t^ftants of France,, againift their perfecuting princes and ttie papiilt i and
file fometimcs gave the duke^ of Aniou and Alen9on, brothers of the
French king, the flroneeft alfurances that one or other of them (Iiould b«
her hu(band s by which (he kept that court, who dreaded Spain, at thr
litme time in fo eood humour with her government, that it (hewed no r«-
Ibntment when flie cut off queen Mary's head.

When Philip was no longer to be impoled upon by Elisabeth's arts, which
liad amufed and ba£9ed him in every quarter, it is well known that he
tnade ufe of the immenfe fums he drew from Peru and Mexico, in equipping
the moft formidable armament that perhaps ever had been put to fea, and
a numerous army of veterans, under the prince of Parma, the hvA'cap-
tain ot that age ; and that he procured a papal bull for abfolving Eliza-
beth'a fubje£ts from their allegiance. No reader can be fo uninformed at
to be ignorant of the confequences, that the largenefs of the Spanifli
diips proved difadvantageous to them on the feas where they engagec
that the lord admiral Howard, and the brave*fea oflScers under him, en-
caged, beat, and chafed the Spanifh fleet for feveral days ; and that the
leas and tcmpefts (iniihed the de(lru£iiou whicli the Engh(h arms had be-
gun, and that few of the Spanifh (hips recovered their ports. Next to the
adiniral, lord Hojvard of Effingham, Sir Francis Drake, captain Haw-
kins, and captain FrobiAier, (Hftinguiflied themfelves againft this for-
midable inv^^on, in which the Spaniards are faid to have loft 8i fliipsof
War, large and fmall, and 1 3,500 men.

Elizabeth had for (bme time fupported the revolt of the Hollanders
from Philip, and had fent them her favourite, the earl of Leicefter, who
lifted as her viceroy and general in the Low Countries. Though Leicefter
behai^d ill, yet her meafures were fo wife, that the Dutch eflabltflicd
their indepejiidency. upon Spain ; and then (lie fent forth her fleets under
Duke, Ralicgh, the earl of Cumberland, and other gallant naval officera.

:*ti:

into

E N O I A N D.

341

neda paitjr

of France,

Elisabeth,

f>pnrted ike

i Darnley,

er, and her

Elizabeth's

»urable afy«

)rof«flk>n of

m in £ng-

lined at the

head; an

, the main

wonderful

om I he fa.

r fbrcei by

, upon Eli.
iexterouiljr
itween her
eterinined,
I an excel*
id the pro-
piHi I and
ers of the
i fliould be
in, at the
(red no r«-

rti, which
I that he
xiuippine
> lea, and
byft'cap-
)g Eliza*
brmed u

Spanifli
ngagec
him, cu>

that the

had be.
!xt to the
in Haw.
thii for-

fliips of

>] landers
er, who
>icefter
abltflicd
8 under
officers,
into

ipto the Eaft and Weft Indies, from whence they brought prodigious iica-
furts takca from tlie Spaniards into England.

After the death of the earl of Lciceltcr, the young earl of EfTex be-
came Elisabeth's chief favourite, and cominanded the land forces in *
joint expedition with the lord admiral Howard, in which they took m^
plundered the city of Cadix in Spain, deftroyed the (hips in the harbout^
and did other damage to the Spaniards, to tke amount of twenty millioof
of ducats*

Elizabeth in her old age, grew diftruftful, peevifli, and jealoos. Though
(lie undoubtedly loved the earl of ElTex, flte teafed him by her capridouf-
nefs into tbe madnefs of taking arms, and then cut oft his head. Sfia
complained that (he had been betrA;jred into this fanguinary meafure, an4
this occa^oned a linking of her I'pirits, which brought her to her grave
in 1603, the feventierh year of her agf, and 45th of her reign, having

Srcviuufly named her kinfman James VI. king of Scotland, and fon to
lary, for her fuccelTor.

The above form the great lines of Elizabeth's reign ; and from them
may be traced, either immediately or remotely, every u£t of her govern,
ment. She fupported the proteilants in Germany againil the houfe of
Auftria, of which Philip, king of Spain, was the head. She cru(he4
the papiUs in her own dominions for the fame reafon, and made a farther
reformation in the church of England, in which (late it has remained ever
lince. In 1600 the Englifli EaO-India comoany received its firft (or-
matlon, that trade being then in the hands oMhe Portuguefe (in confe*
uuence of their having firil difcovercd the palFage to India by the Cape of
Uood Hope, by Vafco de Gama, in the reign of Henry VII.), who at
that time were fubjeif^s to Spain ; and factories were eftabliflied in China,
Japan, India, Amboyna, Java, and Sumatra.

Before queen Elizabeth's reign, the kings of England had ufually re-
courfe to the city of Antwerp for voluntiry loans ; and their credit was (b
low, thar, betides the exorbitant intcrell of 10 or 13 per cent, they were
obliged to make the city of London join in the fecuriry. The trade to
Turkey was begun about 1583; and that commerce was immediately
confined to a company by ijucen Elizabeth. Before that time, the Grand
Signior had always conceived England to be a dependent province of
France. About 1 590 there were in London four perfons only ruted in the
fubfidy book fo high as 400I. In 15^7 there were found, on enquiry,
to be 4851 (Irangers of all nations in London, of whom 3838 were
Flemings, and only j;8 Scots.

As to Elizabeth^s mternal government, the fuccefles of her reign have
difguifed it : for (he was far from b<:ing a friend to perfnnal liberty, and
flie was guilty of many ftretches of power againft the moft facrcd rights of
Englidimen. The fevere ftatures aguiiid the puritans, debarred them of
liberty of confcience, and by which many fuffered death, muft be con.
demned. Before I clofe this fliort account of her reign, I am to obfcrve,
that through the pradices of the Spaniards with the Iri(h Roman ca*
tholics, (he found great difficulty to keep that ifland in fubie£tion, and ae
the time of her death her government there had gone mto great dif-
order.

We can fcarcely require a ftronger proof that the Engli(h began to be
tired of Elizabeth, than the joy teftified by all ranks at the acceffion of
her fuccelfor, notwithilanding the long, ifiveterate animoflties between
the two kingdoms. James was far ;rom being deftitute of natural abilities

fot

ENGLAND.

for gorernment ; hut he had received wrong imprrfnoni of the reeiil office,
and (iK> high an opinion of hit own di^ntty, liurning, and politicil ra>
lenti. It wai hit miifortune that he mourned the Ktigltfli throne under
• full convi£lion thut he whi entitled to nil the uncoil flitiitlonal poweri that
bad been occafionnllv exerciied by ElizHbrth and the houfe of Tudori
•nd which variuui caufea had prevented the people from oppofing with
proper vigour. I'hc nation hud been wearied and cxhuudcd by the long
•nd deftrodive wi»n hcivvren the houfei ot Lancailrr and York» in the
courfc of which, the ancient nobility were in );reat part cut off; and the

nie were inclined to endure much, mthcrthnnngnin involve themfelvet
e mileriei ol^^ civil war. Neither did JameH make any allowance for
the glurica of Elizabeth ; which, ns I have nbfcrvcd, dijguifed her moll
arbitrary n{\t ; and none for the free, librrnl fentiments, which the im>
provement of knowledge And learning had diirufcd through England. It
M needlefl, perhaps, to point out the v;\{i increafe of property through
trade and navigation, which enabled the Knglilh at the fame time to defend
their lit)erties. James's firft attempt of great confcquence was to elftft an
vnion between Engl.M^ and Scotland ; hut though he failed in this through
the averlion oMhc Engtiili to that mcal'ure, on account of his loading hi^
Scotch courtiers with Wealth Hnd honours, he flicwed no violent refent^
ment at the dilappointmonr. It was an advantage to him at the beginiting
of his reign, that the courts of Rome and Spairi were thought to be his
enemies ; and this opinion was increafcd by the difcovery and defeat of
the guniwvvdcr trcafon *.

I have already taken notice, in former parts of this work, of the obli-
gationt which commerce and colonization owed to this prince ; and, in

* This was a fcheme of the Roman catholics to cut off* at one klow the kin|f, lords,
and commoiim at the meeting of parliament i when it was alfo cxpciiled tliat the

Jiueen and prince of Wales would be prcfent. The maimer of cnlifting any new con-
piratur was by oath, and adminidering; the facrantent; and this dreadful fecrct, after
being religioufly kept near eighteen months, wax happily difcovercd in the fallowing
manner ; about ten diys before the \o\fg wiflied-for meeting of parliament, a Roman
catholic peer received a letter, which had been delivered to his fenrant by an un-
known hand, earnrftly advifing him to fhift off his attendance in parliament at that
time; but \Yiych enntained no kind of explanation The nobleman, though he con-
lidered the Tetter as a foulifli attempt to frighten and ridicule him, thought proper
to lay it before the king, who ftudying the contents with more attention, began to
fufpeft fome dangerous'Contrivance by gun-powder ; and it was judged advisable to
iniped all the vaults below the houfcs uf parliament ; but the fearch was purpofely
delayed till the night immediately receding the meeting, when a juftice of peace
was fent with proper attendants, and before the duor of the vault, under the upper
hflufc, finding one I'awkes, who had jud finiflted all his preparations, he immediately
feized him, and at the fame time difcovered in the vault 36 barrels of powder, which
had been (.artfully concealed urder fu'gots an' piles of wood. The match, with
every thing proper for t tting fire t<> the train, were found in FawkeOs pocket, whofe
countenance betpuke his favage difpnfition, and who, alter rerrtting that he had
loft the opportunity of deflroyi g f) ntany heretics, made a full diicuvery ; and the
confpiratora, who never exceidtd ; ijjhty m nnmher, being fczi'd hy the country peo-
ple, eoufcfled their gui t, and were ext^cuted in difTrrent parts of England. Not-
withftaiiding this htirrld crime, the i) gotted c;\tholics weic fo devoted to Garnet, a
Jefuit, one of the confpirators, that they fancied miracles to lie wrought by his blood,
and in Spain he was confidered a« a martyr. I'l e -above letter tu lord Mount«a|;le
hath long been fuppnfed tube an art fice nf Cecil's, his fird minifter, and that the
king and himl'clf received full intimation of the p nt from He Ty iV .of France, by
the marquis de Suliy. So they let the confpirators wurk on till all was jirApared fof
iIm Suwk, aad they might know all their ftrcngth.

faa

ENGLAND.

347

h&f be Uid the foundation* of great Miional advantagct. That h'u pe-
dantry wai ridtculoui, cannot be denied { and i( ia certnio that he had
no jud ideas of the Englifh condiiuiion and libeltie•^ which led him into
many abfiird difpuiei with hit parliament : nnd he and hit miniflrra were
continually inventing new way* to raife moaey, a* by nionopoliei, bene-
volencei, loani, and other illegal methods Among other cxpcdienti, he
fold the titles of baron, vifcounr, and earl, at a certain price, mod* a
number of knights of Nova Scotia, each to pay fuch a fum« and infli*
tuted a nevv order of knights baronets, which was to be hereditary, for
which each pcrl'on paid lopjl.

His pacific reign w:is a Icries of theological contefts with ecclefiadical
cafuilh, in which he proved himfcif more of a thcologiim than a priucr,
and in 1617 he attempted to eilabliUi epifcopacy in Scotland, but the
zeal of the people baffled his dcfign. Without enquiring from whnc
motive his love of (leace proceeded, it was eventually produaive of many
bleflings to England and though his perpetual negociations have given
rife to m>ich f<itire againll his pcrfon nnd government, yet they were Icfa
cxpcnltve and detirutf^ivc to his people thnn any wars he could have cik*
tered into. Me reilurcd to the Dutch their cautionary towns, upon di(^
charging uaft of the mortgage that was upon them i but he procured fiom
Spain at ine fame lime an acknowledgment of tUeir independency.

James gave his daughter, the princcft Elizabeth, in marriage to the
r.let^tor Palatine, the moll powerful pnttcftant piincc in Germany, and be
fbon after ailumcd the crown of Bohemia, 'i'he memory of (ames haa
been much abufeJ for his tame behaviour, after that prince had loft hi*
kingdom and ele^orare by the imperial armtt ; but it is to be obferved,
that he always oppofcd his fon-in law's alTuming the crown of B'>bemin t
that had be kindled a war to rcinftate hiin in that and his elcf^orate, he
probably would have Itood tingle in the fame, excepting the feeble nnd
uncertain adidance he mighr have received from the cledior's dependenta
and friends in Germany. Nothing, however, is more certain, than that
James furniflied the elecV)r with larj^e funis of money to retrieve them,
and that he ad^uaily raifcd a regiment of 2200 men under fir Horace
Vcrc, who carried them over to Germany, where the Germans, under the
marquis of Anfpach, refufed to fecond them againlt SpinoU the Spanifli
general, and that the elector hurt his own caufc by not giving the brave
i;oUnt Mansfield the command of his troops inllead of Anfpach.

James has been greatly and juiUy blamed for his partiality to favourtteSu
His iirft was Robert Carr, a private Scotch genileijian, who was raifed
to be fird miniiler and earl of Somerfet. He married the countcfs of
ElTex, who had obtained a divorce from her hulband, and was with her
found guilty of poifoning fir Thomus Overbury in the Tower ; but

iames, contrary, as is faid, to a folcmn oath he made, pardoned thent
oth. His next favourite was George Villicrs, a private Enelifh gentle-
man, who, upon Somcrfet's di'grace, waf) ndmictcd 10 an unufuul fliare of
favour and familiarity with his fovcrcign. James had at that time
formed a fyftem of policy for attaching liimfeU" intimately to the court of
Spiin, thar it might atlill him in icc )vcrin<>: the Piilatinate ; and to this
fyllem he had facrificed the brave iir Walter Raleigh, on a charge of
having committed hoflilitics againft the Spanifli fettlements in the Weft-
Indies. James having loll his eldell fon, Henry prince of Wales, who
had an invincible aiiiip;\t!)y to a popifli match, tlircw his eyes upon the in-
fanta of Spain, as a proper wife far his foti Chatles, who had fucceeded

' to

g4S

ENGLAND.

to that principality. Buckingham* who nras equally a favourite with the
ion as with the father, fell in wiih the princeS romantic humour, and
•gainft the king's will, they travelled in difguife to Spain, where a moll
folemn farce of courtfliip wm flayed ; but the prince returned without
his bride, and had it not been tor the royal partiality in his favour, the
earl of Briftol, who was then ambalfador in Spain, would probably hiiYe
brought Buckingham to the block.

James wau all this while perpetually jarring with his parliament, whom
he could not ))erfuade to turniUi money equal to his denunds : and at lall
he agreed to his fon'S marrying the princefs Henrietta Maria, filler to
Lewis XIII. and daughter to Henry the Great of France. J:imes died
before the completion of this match ; aud it is thought that had he lived,
he would have difcarded Buckingham. His death happened in 1625, in
the 59th year of his uge, after a reign over L.;;;'i»nd of twenty-two years.
As to the progrcfs of the arts and learning under his ''eign, it has been aU
ready dcfcribed. James encouraged and employed that excellent painter
Sir Peter Paul Rubens, as well as Inigo Jones, who refloied the pure
tafte of architcdure in England ; and in his reign, poetical genius, thoui;h
not much encouraged at court, arrived at its vertical point. Mr. Mid-
dleton alfo at ihis time projeded the conveying water into the city from
Herifordlhire by means or pipes, which is now called the Ne-w River.
Charles I was uniortunate in his marriage with the princefs Henrietta

. Maria. He feeins at fiifl to have been but a cold lover ; and he quarrelled
with, and fent back her favourite attendants a few days after her arrival
in England. But the loon acquired a great afcendancy over him ; for flie
was high-fpiriied and artful. She difdaincd and dilliked every thing that
was incompatible in government with her Italian and arbitrary education,
and was a difagreeablc wife, notwithllanding her hufband's fubmifliun
and tendernefs. The f^irit of the people had forced the late king into a
breach with Spain, and Charles early gave fuch indications of his par*
tiality for Buckingham, and his own defpotic temper, that the parliament
was remifs in furnifliing him with money for carrying on the war. In a
fliort time Buckingham pcrfuadcd Charles to take the part of the French
Hugonots, in their quarrel with that crown. They were fo ill fupported,
that Rochelle was reduced to extrfmity, by which the proteftant intcreft
received yn irrecoverable blow in France. The blame of all the public
miicarriages and difgraccs were thrown, by the almoft unanimous voice

.JbiQth of uie parliament and people, upon the favourite; hut he (hcltered
tnmfelf from their vengeance under the royal proteftion, till he was af-
faffinated by one Felton, a fubaltcrn othcer, as he was ready to embark
for the relicf^f Rochelle, which foon after furrendcred to cardinal Rich-
lieu.

The death of the duke of Buckingham, which happened in 1628, did
not deter Charles from his arbitrary proceedings, which the Englifli pa-
triots in that enlightened age, juftly conlidered as fo many a(\s of tyranny.
He, without authority of parliament, laid arbitrary impolitions upon
trade, which were refufed to be paid by many of the merchants and
members of the houfe of commons. Some of them were imptifoned, and
the judges were checked for admitting them to hail. The houfe of com-
mons refcnted thofe proceedings by drawing up a proieft, and denying
admittance to the gentlcman-unier of the black rod, who came to adjourn
them, till it was finiflicd. This fcrvcd only to widen the breach, and the
king difiblvcd the parliament ; after which he exhibited iuformationa

againft

hisl

buf
kir

coil

pri|
m
de^
farl

vai(

ENGLAND

340

te With the
mour, and
ere a moil
ed without
nvour, the
>aUy have

:nt, whom
and ar lail
i, (ifter to
iimes died
I he lived,

1625, in
wo years.
18 been aU
nt painter

the pure
s, thout;h
Mr. Mid-
city from
ilver.
Henrietta
juanelled
fr arrival

; forflie
liing that
ducation,
•bmiffion
iginto a

his par-

irliament

In a

French
pported,
t intcreft
public
us voice
Ihcltered

was af-

embark

1 Rich.

i28, did
idi pa-
yranny,
upon
nts and
cc(, and
)f com-
lenying
idjourn
tnd the
nation!
againft

*^z\v& nine of the moflt eminent mcmbert, among whom wit the great
Mr Selden, who was as much diftinguiihed by his lore of liberty, as by
hia uncommon erudition. They objcd^ed to the jurifdi«^ion of the court,
but their plea was over'^uled, and they were fent to prifon during th^
king's pleafure.

Every tlting now operated towards the deftrudh'on of Charles. The
commons would vote no fupplies without fume redrefs of the national
|i;rievances ; upon which Churles, prefiiming on what had been pra£tife4
in reigns where the principles of liberty were imperfedly, or not all un»
derllood, levied monies Apon monopolies of fait, fonp, and fuch necef-
farief, and other obfuicte claims, particularly for knighthood, and raifed
various taxes without authority of parlitiment. His government becom*
ing every day more and more unpopular, Burton, a divine, Prynne, a
lawyer, and Baftwick, a phylician, men of no great eminence or abili-
ties, but warm and re iblute, publilhcd fevend pieces which gave offence
to the court, and which contained fome fcvere Ihidlures againftthe ruling
clergy. They were profecutcd for thefc pieces in the ftar-chamber in •
very arbitrary and cruel mnnner ; and puniflied with fo much rigour, at
excited an almoft univerfal indignation ngainft the authors of their fuf-
ferings. Thus was the government rendered ilill more odious ; and uii«
fortunately for Charles, he put his confcience into the hands of Laud,
archbifliop of Canterbury, who was as great a bigot as himfclf, both in
church and (late. La*<u advifed him to perfecute the puritans, and in
the year 1637 to introduce epifcopacy into Scotland. The Scots upon
this formed fecret connediions wiih the difcontented Englill), and Invaded
England, in Auguft, 1640, where Charles was fo ill ferved by his officers
and his army, that he was forced to agree to an inglorious peace with the
Scots ; but neither party being iincerc in obferving the terms, and
Charles difcovering that lome of thoir great men had offered to throw
thcmfelvts under the protection of the French king, he raifed a frefli
army by virtue of his prerogative. All his preparations, however, were
bafHcd by the Scois, who made themfelvcs mailers of Newcaflle and Ditr*
ham ; and being now openly befriended by the houfe of commons, they
obliged the king to comply with their demands.

Charles did this with fo bad a grace, though he took a journey to Scot-
land for that purpofe, that it did him no fervice ; on the contrary, it en*
couraged the commons to rife in their demands. He had made Went*
worth, earl of Strafford, a man of great abilities, president of the coun-
cil of the North, and lord lieutenant of Ireland : and he was generally
believed to be the firft minifler of flate. Strafford had been a leading
member of the oppolition to the court, but he afterwards, in conjun6lion
with Laud, exerted himfelf fo vigurouily in carrying the king's defpotic
fchcmes into execution, that he became an objedl of public dctcflation.
As lord preiident of the North, as lord-ltcutenant of Ireland, and as a
minifler and privy-counfellor in England, he behaved in a very arbitrary
manner, and was guiltyDf many anions of ^reat injudice and oppnilion.
He was, in confequence, at length on the 22d of May, 164 1, brought
to the block, though much againft the inclinations of the king, wl)0 was
in a manner forced by the parliament and people to fign the narr-un for
his execution. Archbifliop Laud was alfo beheaded ; but his execution
did nut take place till a cunfiderable time after that of Straflfurd, the loth
of January, 1645.

3SO

ENGLAND.

In the fourth year of hit reign, Charlei had palTed the petition ofr'ight
ioio a law, which was intended by the parliament for the future fecarity
of the ii|>erty of the fubjcA, which edabliflied particularly, " That no
ipan hereafter be compelled to make or yield any gift, loan, benevolence*
tax or fuch like charge, without common confent by tid of parliament ;'*
but he afterwiirds violated it in numerous inHances, fo that an oni>
nerfal difcontait at his adminiOration prevailed throughout the nation. A
vebelUoo alfo broke out in Ireland, on 0£tober 23, 1641, where the
Protefrants, witl^uut diiint^ion of age, fcx, or condition, to the amount ^
of fnany thoufands, were mallacred by the Papifll ; and great pains were
ttikcn to perfuade the public ihit Charles (ecretly favoured them out of
Iiatred to his Englidt fub^ct^if. The biflious weie expelled the houfe of
peers, on account of their condantly opponng the detigns and bills of the
other houfe ; and the leaders of the Englifli houfe of commons dill kept
up a corrcfpondence with the difcontrntcd Scots. Charles was ill enough
advifed 10 go in perfon to the houfe of comtnons, January 4, 1642, and
there demanded that lord Kimbolton, Mr. Pym, Mr. Hampden, Mr. HoU
lis. Sir Arthur Hafelrig, and Mr. Stroud, fhould be apprehended ; but they
bad previouOy made iheir efc>pe. This afl of Charles was refcnted as
bigii treafon againlt his people, and the commons rejcdtcd all the offers
of fatislaftion he could make them. The city of London took the alarm,
and received the accufed members into its protetStion. The train-bands
%Mcre raifed, and the mobs were fo unruly that Charles removed from
Whitehall to Hampton-court, and from thence into Yorklhire, where he
raaled an army to face that which the parli;iinent, or rather the houfe of
commons, tnight raife in and about London.

Noiwiihftiniding the many ads of tyranny and oppreflion, of which the
king and his minillcrs had been !;uiity, yet, when the civil war broke out,
there were great numbtrs ^vho repaired to the rt-jjul ftandard. M^iny t>f
ihi: nobilitv and gentry were much attached to the crown, and confidercd
thtir own honours as ccnncikd with it ; and a great part of the, landed
in'ereftvvas joined to the royal patty. The parliament, however, took
ii))on thcmfelves the executive jxjwcr, and were favoured by moft of the
trading towns and corporations j hut its great rel'ource lay in London^
The king's general was the carl of Lindfey, a brave, but not an cnter-
prifing commander j but he had great dependence on his nephews, the
princes Rupert and M:uiriv.'e, funs to the clo»%r Palatine, by his lifter the
princcfs Llizabeth. In the beginning of the war, the royal army had the
afcendancv, but in the pvooreis of it, aftairs took a very diflerent turn,
Tlie earl of Eflcx was made general under the parliament, and the firft
battle wi;s loughtat Edge-hill in War\vi;kflnrc, the 23d of OtH-ober 1642;
but both j).irties claimed the vldQiy, though the advantage lay with
Ciiiirles, fur the parlii;;nt;nt was fo much diftrefl"ed, that they invited the
tjcors to come to their allilhim r, and they accordingly entered England
«ncw, ivith about 2c,ooc ho^fc and toot. Charles attempted to remove
the piidiamciu to Oxford, where many members of both houfes met ;, but
his enemies were iiill fitiitij; at VVclbninfter, and continued to carry on
tlie war auainrt him with grt at nniuK fity. The independent party, which
had ica'ccly before been taought o^V began now to increafe and to figure
«t WelUninfier. Tlicy were averle to the Prcfliytcrians, who till then
had condu'died the w:ir ag.4inft the king, nearly as much as to the royalifts ;
and fuch was tht-ir manigtincnr, under the dlrcu^ion of the famovts Oliver

Cr()i\iWcll,

E N O L A N D.

35*

CrQiHwetl, that a plan w;:s formed fiir dirmifllng tha earU of Eflex and
Mancheller, and the ' la of the Prclbyterans, from the parliament'*
fervicc, fuppofing ihv. tcy were not for bringing the war to a fpcedy
end, or not for reJu^i j^tne king too low, and for introducing Fairtax,
who was an excellent ollicer, but more manageable, though a Piefcyterian*
andfome indep<:ndent oHicers. In the mean whilt-, the war went on with
refentment and lofs on both fides. Two battles were fought at Newbury,
one on September 20th, 164 <, and ihe other Oi-.tober 27, 1644, in which
the advaniiigc inclined to the king. He had likewife manv Other fuc-
celfcs ; and having defeated Sir William Waller, he purfued the earl of
EiTex, who remained dill in cumm.md, into Cornwall, from whence he was
obliged to efcnpe by le<i; but his infantry furrendered themfelves prifoners
to the rnyalills, though his cavalry deliweredthemfelves by their valour.

The firll fatal blow the king's army received, was at Marlton-moor,
July 2d, 1644, where, through the imprudence of prince Rupert, the
earl of iVlancheiler defeated ihe royal army, of which 4000 were killed,
and I ;oo taken prifoners. This victory was owing chielly to the courage
and condii^ of Cromwell ; and though it might have been retrieved by
the fucceflVs of Charles in the Weft, yet his whole condudi was a tiring
of miftakes, till at laft his afiairs became irretrievable. It is true, many
treaties of peace, particularly one at Uxbridge, were fet on. foot during
the war, and the heads of the Prefbyterian party would have agreed t^
terms that very little bounded the king's prerogative. They were out*
Viritted and over-ruled by the independents, who were aifiiUd by the
ftifihefs, intinccrity, and unanviable behaviour of Charles himfelh la
Ihott, the independents at lad fucceeded, in perfuading the members a^
Wedminftcr, that Charles was not to be trufted, whatever his conceffioni)
might be. From that moment the affairs of the royalid's ruflied iota
min. Sir Thomas Fairfax, whofe father, lord Fairfax, remained in the
North, was at the head of the army, which was now new-modelled ; fO!
that Charles by p>«ce-meal lod all his towns and forts, and was defeated
by Fairfax and Cromwell, at the decifive battle of Nafeby, June 14,
164;, owing partly, as ufual, to the mifcondudt of prince Rupert. This
battle was followed with fredi misfortunes to Charles, who retired to Ox-
ford, the only place where he thought he could be fafc.

The Scots were then belieging Newark ; and no good underdanding^
fubfided between them and the Engliih parliamentarians, but the bed
and mod loyal friends Charles had, thought it prudent to make their
peace. In this melancholy fltuation of his affairs, he efcaped in difguife
from Oxford and .•ame to the Scotch army before Newark, on May 6,
1646, upon a promife of prote6fion. 'Ihe Scots, however were fo in-
timidated, by the refolutions of the parliament lU.Wedminder, and in
confideration of 4co,oool. of their arrears to be paid, they put the per-
fon of Charles into the hands of the parliament's commilGoners, probably
not fuTpeding the confequences.

The prefbyterianii were now more incUned than ever to make peace
with the king, but they were no longer maders, being forced to receive
laws from the army, and the independents. The army now avowed their
intentions. They fird by force took Charles out of the hands of the
commiffioners, June 4, 164-, and then dreading that a treaty might dill
take place with the king, they impiifoned 41 of the prcfbjterian mem-
bers, voted the houfe ot peers to })C ulelefs, and that of the commons
^vas reduced to 150, and mod of them officers of the army. In the mean

while

35*

ENGLAND.

while CliArl«i» who unhappily promifed himfelf relief from thofe diflen-
fioni, WHS carried from pril'on to prifon, and fometimes cajoled by the
independents with hopes of deliverance, but^ always narrowly watched.
Several treaties were fet on foot, but all mifcarried ; and he hud been
imprudent enough, after his effecting an efcape, to put himfelf into
colonel Hammond's hands, the parliament's governor of the illeof Wight.
A frcfh negociurion was begun, and almoft iinifted, when the indepen>
denta, dreading the general difpufition of the people for peace, and
ilrongly perfuued of the infincerity of the king, once more feized upun
bis penon, brought him a prifoncr to London, carried him before a court
ef juftice of their own erecting, and, after an extraordinary trial his head
was cut off, before his own palace at Whitehall, on the 30th of January,
1648*9, being the 49th year of his age, and 24th of his reign.

Charles is allowed to have had many virtues, and fome have fuppofed,
thM affli£Hon had taught him fo much wifdom and moderation, that had
he been reftored to his throne he would have become an excellent prince ;
Iwt there is abundant reafon to conclude, from his private letters, that
lie retained his arbitrary principles to the laft, and that he would again
biive regulated his condu^ by them, if he had been reinflatcd in power.
It is however certain, that, notwithfianding the ryrannical nature of his
goreminent, his death was exceedingly Uimented by great numbers ; and
many in the courfe of the civil war, who had been his great opponents
$n parliament, became converts to his caufe, in which they loft their
fives and fortunes. We cannot refle£l upon the great lofs of lives, to
the amount at Iraft of 100,000 fighting men, during the fix years of tlie
civil war, without being inclined to think that England was tnore popu-
loas then, than it is now. Though the hiftory of that period has be^n
ninutely related, by writers of all parties, who had the very befl oppor«
tunities to know the true ilate of the nation, yet we do not find that the
lofs of men had any influence i^pon agriculture or commerce, or the ex<
crdfe of the common arts of liie, and provilions ratheH'funk than rofe in
thnr value. The furviving children of Charles, were Chai'les and
Jtiftes, who were fucceflively kings of England, Henry duke of Glou-
ceilor, who died foon after his brother's reftoration, the princefs Mary,
married to the prince of Orange, and morher to William prince of
Orange, who was afterwards king of England, and the princefs
Henrietta Maria, who was married to the duke of Orleans, and whofe
daughter was married to Victor Amadeus duke of Savoy, and king of
Sardinia.

They who brought Charles to the block, were men of different per-
fuaiions and piinciplet, but many of them poffefled moft amazing abili-
ties for government. They omitted no meafuie that could give a periie-
tual ezcluiion to kingly power in England ; and it cannot be denied,
^hat, afrer they ere^ed themfelvcs into a commonwealth, they did pro-
digious things for retrieving the glory of England by fea. They were
joined by many of the prefbyterians, and both parties hated Cromwell
and Ireton, though they were forced to employ them in the redu^lion of
Ireland, and afterwards againd the Scots, who had received Charles II.
as their king. By cutting down the timber upon the royal domains,
they produced, as it were by magic, all at once, a fleet fuperior to any
that had ever been fecn in Europe. Their general, Cromwell, invaded
{Scotland, and though he was there reduced to great difhculties, he total-
ly reduced the Scots at the battles of Dunbar and WorccHer. Tlie fame

commo^i-

^ 51 (5 t A ^ t).

>re diflen*
d by the
watched,
had been
tfelf into
>f Wight.
indepen>
;ace, and
zed upun
re a court
1 his head
January,

fuppofed,
that had
It prince ;
:teis, that
luld again
in power,
ire of his
bers ; and
opponents
loft their
f lives, to
ars ot tlie
lore popu-
has be^n
^cfl oppor«
that the
or the cx-
in rofe in
arles and
of Glou-
efs Mary,
prince of
piincefs
nd whofe
I king of

rent per-
ng abili-
a perjie-
! denied)
did pro-
ley were

romwell
uAion of

arles II.
domains,
Ir to any

invaded

he total-
he fame

:ommo^-

toiilmonwealth pafled an a6t of liavigation ; and declaring trar againft
the Dutch, who were thought till then invincill? by fca^ they eifediualiy
humbled thofe republicans in repeated engagements.

By this time Cromwell, who hated fubordination to a republic, had
the addrcfs to get himfelf declared commander in chief of the Englifll
army. Admiral Blakc, and the other Englifll admirals, carried the ter"
ror of the Englilh name by fca to all quarters of the globe ; and Crom-
well having now but little employment, began to be afraid that his fer-
vices would be forgotten^ for which reafon he Went, April ao, 1653^
without any ceremony, with about 300 ihufqueteers, and diflblved the
parliament, opprabrioully driving all the members, about a hundred^
out of their houfe. He next annihilated the council of flate, with whom
the executive power was lodged, and transferred the adminillration ti(
government to about 14.0 perfons, whom he fdmmoned to Whifehall, oa
the 4th of July, i6e3«

The war with Holland, in which the Englifll were again viflorious;
flill continued. Seven bloody engagements by fea were foUght in little
more than the compafs of one year ; and in the laft, which was decilive iti
favour of England, the Dutch loll their brave admiral Van Trompi
Cromwell all this while wanted to be declared king, but he perceived that
he mud encounter unfurmountable difficulties from Fleetwood and hid
other friends, if he fliould perfift in his refolution. Mc was, however^
declared lor<i protcSIor of the commonwealth of England ; a title under
which he cxercifed all the power that had been formerly annexed to the
regal dignity. He next proceeded to new*modcl the government, and
Various were the fchemcs that were propofed, eflabliihcd, and proved
abortive : but thofe fchemes were temporary, and fuited to each jupdure ;
and it was by his management of the army that he did every thing. He
was openly or fecretly thwarted by people of property all over England j
and, however dazzled hiilorians have been with his aroazing fortune and
power, it appears from the beil evidences, that, during the continuance of
his proteflorate, he was perpetually dilbeiTedfor money to keep the wheels
of his government going.

His wants at laft led him into the error of taking part with France
tigaind Spain, in hopes that the rich Spanifn prizes would fupply hint
with ready money. He lent the French court 6000 men, and Dunkirk
being taken by their ailiftance from the Spaniards, he took pofleffion of it.
Finding that his ufurpation gave as much difcontcnt to his own party as
terror to the royalifts, he had thoughts of renewing the model of the con-
ftitution, and aftually ereded a houfe of lords out of his own creatures.
No king ever afled, either in England or Scotland, more derpotically in
fome refpedts than he did, yet no tyrant ever had fewer real friends, and
even thofe few threatened to oppofe him, if he fliould take upon him the
title of king. Hiftorians in drawintj a charadler of Cromvvcll, have been,
impofed upon by his amazing fuccefs, and dazzled by the luitre of his for-
tune ; but when we confult his fecretary Thurloe's, and other ftate pa-
pers, the impofuion in a great meafure vaniflies. After a itioft uncom-
fortable ufurpation of four years, eight months, and thirteen days, he died
on the 3d of September, 1658, in the 60th year of his age.

It is not to be denied that England acquired much more refpe£l from
foreign powers, between the death of Charles I. and that of Cromwell,
than flie had been treated with iince the death of Elizabeth. This was
owing to the great mew who formed the republic, which Cromwell abo-

A a lilhed.

354

ENGLAND.

liflied, and who, as it \vere*in(lantaneoufIy called forth the aaval ftrength
of the kingdom. Neither they nor Cromwell had formed any fixed plaft
of legiflation, and his fafety was owing to the different frntimcnts of go-
vernment, that prevailed among the heads of the republic. In the year
l6;6, (he charge of the public amounted to one million three hundred
thotifiind pounds ; of which a million went to the fupport of the navy
and army, and the remainder to that of the civil government. In the
fame year, Cromwell abolifhed all tenures in capite^ by knight's fcrvice,
and the foccage in chief, and likewife the courts of \Vafd8 and liveries.
Several other grievances that had been complained of, during the late
reigns, were likewife removed. Next year the total charge, or public
expence of England, amounted to two millions three hundred twenty- fix
thoufand nii^e hundred and eighty-nine pounds. The coUedlioAa by af«
feflmcnts, excife, and cuHoms, paid into the Exchequer, ai^ounted to
two millions, three hundred and fixty-two thoufand pounds, four fhit«
lings.

Upon the whole it apppears, that England, from the year 1 648^ to the
year i6;8, was improved equally in riches and in power. The legal in-
tereft of money was reduced from 8 to 6 per cent, a fure fymptom of in-
creaiing commerce. The famous and beneficial navigation aa, that pal-
ladium of the Englifli trade, was now planned and cllablifhed, and after-
wards confirmed under Charles II. Monopolies of all kinds were abo-
lifhed, and liberty of confcicnce to all fecfls was granted, to the vaft ad^
vantage of population and manufai^lures, which had fuffered greatly by
Laud's intolerant fchcmes, having driven numbers of handicrafts to Ame-
rica, and foreign countries. To the above national meliorations we
may add the modefly and frugality introduced among the common peo-
ple, and the citizens in particular, by which they were enabled to increafe
their capitals. It appears, however, that Cromwell, had he lived, and
been firmly fettled in the government, would have broken through the
fober maxims of the republicans ; for fome time before his death, he
affcdcd great magnificence in his perfon, court, and attendants. He
maintained the honour of the nation much, and in many inflances inter-
pofed efieclually in favour of the Protefiants abroad. Arts and fciencea
were not much patronized, and yet he had the good fortune to meet in
the perfon of Cooper, an excellent miniature painter, and his coins done
by Simon exceed in beauty and workmaiifliip any of that age. He cer*
tainly did many things worthy of praife, and as his genius and capacity
led him to the choice of fit perlbns for the feveml parts of adminillra-
tion ; fo he paid fome regard to men of learning, and particularly to
thofe entrufted with the care of youth at the univtrfities.

The fate of Richard Cromwell, who fucceedcd his father Oliver aa
protector, fufficiently proves, the great difference there was between them,
as to fpirit and parts in the affairs of government. Richard was placed
in his dignity by thofe who wanted to make him the tool of their own
government; and he was foon after driven, without the leaft ftruggle or
oppodtion, into obfcuiity. It is in vain for hiftorians of any party to
afcribe the reHoration of^Charles II. (who with his mother and brothers,
during the ufurpation, had lived abroad on a very precarious fuhfiilence)
to the merits of any particular perfons. 'I he Prdbyterians were very
zealous in promoting it, but it was efleded by the general concurrence of
the people, who (Ccmed to have thought that neither peace nor proteflion
were to be obtained; but by reUuiing thu ancient eoniliiution of mo-

9 narchy,

ENGLAND.

855

Aa^cliy. (General Monk, a man of military abilitiea, but of no princlp1ei»
Vxccpting fuch ns ferved his ambition ur intcred, had the fagacity to ob'
ferve this ; and after temporizing in various fliapes, being at the head of
the army, he made the principal figure in redoring Charles II. For this
he was created duke of Albemarle, Confirmed in the command of the army,
Hnd loaded with honours and riches. .

Charles II. being reftored in 1660, in the firft year of his reign
feemcd to have a real delire to promote his people's happincfs. Upon
his confirming the abolition of all the feudal tenures, he received
from the parliament a gift of the excife for life | and in this ad,
coffee and tea are firft mentioned. By his long rciidence, and that
of his friends abroad, he imported into England the culture of many
elegant vegetables ; fuch as th«t of afparagus, artichoke j, cauliflowers,
and feveral kinds of beans, peas, and fallads. Under him, Jamaicd,
which had been conquered by the Englilh Under the aufpiccs of
Cromwell, was greatly improved, and mnde a fiigar colony. The
Royal Society >^as inflituted, and many pn|)iilar a^^ts refpc<^ing trade
and colonization were pafTed. In fliort Charles knew and cultivate
cd the true intereds of his kingdom, till he was warped by pleafure*
and funk in indolence ; failings that had the fame confequences as
defpotifm itfelf. He appeared to intereil himfclf in the fuflerings of
his citizens, when London was burnt down in 1666 ; and it being re*
built with greater luflrb and conveniences, is a proof of the increafe of
her trade ; but there were no bounds to Charles's love of pleafure*
which led him into the moll extravagant expences. He has been fe^
verely cenfured for felling Dunkirk to the French king to fupply his
heceilities; after he had fquandered the ihimenfe fums granted him b/
parliament. The price was about 2^0, cool, fterling. But even in
this, his conduct was more defenfihle than in his fecret conne£tioni
with France, which were of the moll fcandalous nature, utterly repug<*
hant to the welfare of the kingdom, and fUch as muft ever re&e& infamy
on his memory.

Among the evidences of his degeneracy as a king, may be mentioned
his giving way to the 'popular chimour againft the lord Clarendon, as
the chief advifer of the fale of Dunkirk ; a man of extenfive know-
ledge, and gredt abilities, and ihorc honed in his intentions than moft
of his othter miniders, but whom he facrificed to the fycophants of his
pleafurable hours. The firft Dutch war, which began in 166^, was
carried on with great refolution and fpirit under the duke of York ; but
through Charles's mifapplication of the public money which had beea
granted for the war, the Dutch, while a treaty of peace was depend-
ing at Breda, found means to infuit the royal navy of England, by
falling up the Medway as far as Chatham, and dedroyed feveral -capital
ftiips of war. Soon after this, a peace was concluded at Breda between
Great Britain and the States general, for the prefervatiou of the Spanifli
Netherlands ; and Sweden having acceded 10 the treaty, 1668, it was
called the trifle alliance.

In 1671, Charles was fo ill advifed as to feize upon the money of
the bankers, which had been lent him at 81. per cent, and tJ (hut
\ip the Exchequer. This was an indefenfible ftep : and Charles pre-
tended to juftify it by the neceflity of his adairs, being then on the
eve of a frcih ^war with Holland* 1 his was 4$clared in 1672, and

A a 2 ■ bad

356

ENGLAND.

had almoft proved fatal to that republic, for in this war, the Engltflt
fleci and artny afied in coniundiion with thofe of France. The duke of
York commanded the Englifli fleet, and difplayed great gallantry in thac
ilation. The duke of Monmuth, the cldelt and favourite natural fon
of Charles, commanded 6000 EngliHi forces, who joined the French in the
Low Countries ; and all Holland mud have fallen into the* hands of the
French, had it not been for the vanity of their monarch Lewis XIV. who
was in a hurry to enjoy his triumph in his capital, and fome very un-
forefeen circumftances. All confidence was now lod between Charles
and his parliament, notwithllanding the glory which the £ngli(h fleet
obtained by fea againft the Dutch. The popular clamour at laA obliged
Charles to give peace to that republic, in '^onCderauon of 2oo,oool.
which was paid him.

In fome thing" Charles afled very dcfpotically. He complained of
the freedom taken with his prerogative in conee-houfes, and ordered
them to be (hut up, but in a few days after they were opened again. Great
rigour and feverity were exercifed agunft the Prefbyterians, and all other
nonconformids to epifcopacy, which was again ellabliflied with a high
hand in Scotland as well as England. His parliament addreffed him,
but in vain, to make war with France in the year 1677, for he was en-
tirely devoted to that crown, and regularly received its money as a pen-
fioner, and hoped through its influence and power to be abfolutc. It is
not however to be denied, that the trade of England wa« now incredibly
increafed, and Charles entered into many vigorous meafures for its pro-
teAion and fupport.

Charles's connections in France gave him no merit in the eyes of
his parliament, which grew every day more and more exafperatcd a-
gainft the French and the Papifls ; at the head of whom was the king's
eldeft brother, and prefumptive heir of the crown, the duke of York«
Charles dreaded the profped of a civil war, and offered any conceflions
to avoid it. But many of the members of parliament were bent upon
fuch a revolution as afterwards took place, and were fecretly determined
that the duka of York never fliould reign. In 1678, the famous Titus
Oatcs, and fome others, opened a plot, charging the Papifls with a de>
fign to murder the king, and to introduce popery by means of
Jefuits in England, and from St. Omcr's Tl.ough nothing could be
more ridiculous, and more felf-contradidory, than fome parts of their
narrative, yet it was fupported with the utnoH zeal on the part of the
parliament. The aged lord Stafford, Colcnan fecretary to the duke
of York, with many Jefuits, and other pa^ifis, were publicly executed
on evidences, fuppofed now to have been perjured, by thofe who will
have the whole plot to be a fiftion. The queen herlelf efcaped with
difficulty ; the duke of York was obliged to retire into foreign parts,
and Charles, though convinced, as it is fnid, that the whole was an
impoflure, yielded to the torrent. At laft it fpent its force. The
carl of Shaftelbury, who was at the head of the oppofition, pufhed
on the total exclufion of the duke of York from the throne. He
was fecondcd by the ill-advifed duke of Monmouth, and the bill,
after parting the commons, mifcarried in the houfe of peers. All Eng-
land was again in a flame ; but the king, by a well-timed adjournment
of the parliament to Oxford) ieeiHcd to ICCOVCI the affe^ons of his peo<'
pie to a very great degrect

The

ENGLAND.

S57

n pnrts,
was an
The
pufhcd
. He
he bill,
.11 Eng-
irnment
lis peo'

The

The Duke of York and hit party made a fcandaloui ufe of their
victory. The^ trumped up on their fide a plot of the protedantt for
killing and feizing the king, atid altering the government. This plot
was at fulfe as that which hud been laid againil the papills. The excel-
lent lord Ruflel, wh() had been remarkable in hit opuolition to the
popidi furceflion, Algernon Sidney, and fcveral other diitinguiflied pro-
teRantt, were tried, condemned, and fuifered death, and the king fet
his foor on the neck of oppofition. Even the city of London was inti-
midated into the meafures of the court, as were almoft all the corporations
in the kingdom. The duke of Monmouth and the earl of Shaftefbury
were obliged to fly, and the duke of York returned in triumph to White-
hall. It was thought, however, that Charles repented of fome of his ar*
bitrary Hcp^, and intcndei! to have recalled the duke of Monmouth, and
have executed Ibme meafuret* for the future quiet of his reign ; when he
died February 6th, 1684-5, in the ;^th year of his age, and ajth of his
reign. He had married Catharine, infanta of Portugal, by whom he
received a large fortune in ready money, befides the town and fortreft of
Tangier in Africa ; but he left behind him no lawful ifliie. The deC-
cendants of his natural Tons and daughters, are now amongft the mod
dillinguiflied of the Britifli nobility.

In recounting the principal events of this reign, I have been fuf-
ficiently explicit as to the principles, both of the king and the oppofi-
tion to his government. The heads of the latter were prefbyterians and
moderate churchmen, who had been greatly infirumental in the civil
war agaiufl the late king, and the ufurpations thai followed. They
had been raifed and preferred by Charles, in hopes of their being ufeful
in bringing their party into his meafures ; and he would probably have
fucceeded, had not the remains of the old royaliUs, and the diflipated
part of the court, fallen in with the king's foible for pleafure. The
prefbyterians, however, availed themfelves of their credit, in the early
part of his reign when the fervour of loyalty was abated, to bring into
parliament fuch a number of their friends, as rendered the reign of
Charles very uncafy, and it was owing, perhaps, to them that civil
liberty, and protcflantifm, now exift in the Englifli government. On
the other hand, they feem to have carried their jealoufy of a popiih
fuccefTor too far ; and many of the people without doors certainly thought
that the parliament ought to have been fatisfied with the legal reftraints
and difabilities which Charles offered to impofe upon his fuccefTor. This
gave fuch a turn to the affcdions of the people, as left Charles, and his
brother, at the time of his death, almoft malkrs of the laws and liberties
of England : and they governed in an abfolute and arbitrary manner,
fupported by the clergy's preaching up the old doctrines of paffive obe-
dience and non-refiftance, and the flattering addrefTes prefented from ma-
ny perfuns advancing the prerogative of the crown to the moil extrava-
gant height.

The reign of Charles has been celebrated for wit and gallantry, but
both were coarfe and indelicate. The court was the nurfery of vice,
and the ftage exhibited fcenes of impurity. Seme readers were found,
who could admire Milton as well as Dryden, and i.ever perhaps were the
pulpits of England fo, well fupplied with preachers as in this reign*
Our language was harmonized, reflned, and rendered natural, witnefs
the ftyle of their fermons ; and the days of Charles may be called the
Augullan age of mathematics and natural philofophy. Charles loved

■ ' A a 3 and

'3S»

ENGLAND.

•nd underftoed th« arts, more than he encouraged, or rewarded
them, efpecially ihofe of Englifli growth { but this nt>glc^ pro*
ceedcd not from narrow-mindednefit but indolence and want of rcflec*
tion. If the memory of Charles II. has been traduced for being the tirft
Engl'ifl) prince, who formed a body of Aaniling forces, as guards to his
perfon ; it ought to be rrmcmbend, at the iame time, that he carried
the art of fhip-buildine to the hi^heft perfe^ion ; and that the royal
nAvy of England, at tnis day, owes its ' fiiiell improvements to his and
his brother's knowledge of naval utlairs and architt«S^ure. As to his reli-
|;ion, Jame«, foon after his death, publiflied to the world, that his bro-
ther, notwithflanding his repeated proirflions of regard to the proteftant
fdith, was a papid and died I'uch, of which there are now incunteflible
proofs.

All the oppolition which, during the Into reign, had fliaken the throne,
feems to have vauiflied at the ncccHlon of Jaints II. The popular afl'ec*
tion towards him was increaled by the early declaration he made in favour
of the church of England, which, during the late reign, hud lormally
pronounced all rcflflunce to the reigning king to be unlawful. This doc-
trine proved fatal to James, and alinolt ruined prutcftantifin. The aimy
and people fupported liim in ciufliing an ilUconcerted ichcUion of ihc duke,
of Monmouth, who pretended to be the lawful fon ui Chailcs II. and as
fuch had aflumed the title of king. That duke's head being cut offf
July ij, 1685. and fome hundreds of his followers hanged, drawn and
quartered, in the Weft of England, exhibiting a fcene of barbarity fcarccly'
ever known in thiePcountry, by the inftrumentality of Jefferies and colonel
Kirke, James defptrately refolvcd to try how far the prat^lice of the
church of England would agree with her dodrine of non>r6liflunce. The
experiment failed him. He made the moft provoking fteps to render po«
pery the edabliflied religion of his dominions. He pretended to a power of
difpenfing with the known laws ; he ihftituted an illegal ecclefiafticnl courr,
he openly received and admitted into his privy-council the pope's ctniHiirics,
and gave them mere refpedt than was due to the m'niibrs of a fovercign
prince, He fent anembafly to Rome, and received at his court the pope's
nuncio. The encroachments he made upon both the civil and religious
liberties of his people, are almoft beyond defcription, and were difap-
proved of by the pope himfelf, and all £uber Roman catholics. His fend-
ing to prifon, and profecutlng for a libel, feven bidiops, fur prefrnting
a petition againft reading hisdeclnmtion for liberty of con fcicnce, and their
acquittal upon a legal trial, alarmed his beft proteiUnt fiicndi^.

In this extremity, many great men in England and Scotland, though
they wifhed well to James, applied for relief to Williain prince of Or-
range, in Holland, a prince of great abilities, and the inveterate enemy of
Lewis XIV. who then threatened Europe with chains. The prince of
Orange was the nephew and fon -in law of James, having married the
princefs Mary, that king's eldeft daughter ; and he at laft embarked with
a fleet of 500 fail for Englarid, avowing it to be his defign to reftore the
church and ftate to their due rights. Upon his arrival in England, he
was joined not only by the Whigs, but by many whom James had conii*
dered as his beft friends ; and even his daughter the princefs Anne, and
herhuJband, George prince of Denmark, left hipi and joined the prince
of Orang.e, who foon difcovered that he txpefted the crown. Jamea
might ftill have reigned; but he was furrounded with French emifl'aries,
ri;4 Jl^oi'A'^' Jefuits, who wiHied him not to reign rather than not reftore

popery.

ENGLAND.

359

popery. They fccretly pcrfuadcd him to fend hit queen, nnd fun, real or
pretended, then but fix months old, to France, and to follow them in
perfon, which Ik <id; and thus, in 1688, ended hit reign in England,
which event in Englifli hiOoi) '} tenncd t/je Revolution.

Thii (hort reign aifords little matter for the national progrt-fa in iti true
injterefti. James is allowed, on nil hands, to have undcrttood them, and
that, had it not been for hii popifli bigotry, and arbitrary principles, he
would have been a mod excellent king uf England. The writings of the
EngUlh divines atainil popery, in his reign, are elleemed to be the moft
iDaltcrly pieces of controverfy that ever were publifhcd on that lubjt£t.

Had it not been for the baleful influence of the Jcfuits over JHmes, the
prince of Orange might have found his views upon the crown iVuflratcd.
The conduct of James gave him advantages, which he cuuld nut other-
wife have hoped for. Few were in the prince's fecret, and when u con^
vention of the flates was called, there feenicd rcafon to believe, that
had not James abdicated his throne, it would n<it have been filled by the
prince and priiiccfs of Orange. Even then it was not done without long
debates. \% is well known that king William's chief objeA was to humble
the power of France, and his reign was fuent in an almofl uninterrupted
courfe of hoftilities with that power, which were fupported by England,
at an expence die had never known before. The nation had grown cau-
tious, through the experience of the two lad reigns, and he gave his con-
fent to the bili of rights^ by which the liberties of the people were con-
fif-med and fecured : though the friends of liberty in general complained^
that the bill of rights was very inadequate to what ought to have beed in-
fiftcd on, in a period fo favourable to the enlargement and fecurity of li-
berty, as a crown bellowed by the free voice of the people. The two laft
kings had made a very bad ufe of the whole national revenue, which was
put into their hands, and which was found to be fufficient to raife and
maintain a landing army. The revenue was therefore now divided, part
was allotted for the current national fervice of the year, and \yas to bo
accounted for to parliament ; and part, which is Hill called the civil lift
money, was given to the king, for the fupport of h<8 houfe and dij^nity.

It was the juft fenfe the people of England had of their civil and
religious rights alone, that could provoke them to agree to the late revo-
lution ; for they never in other refpefts had been at fo high a pitch of
wealth and profperity, as in the year 1688. The tonnage of their mer-
chant fliips, as appears from Dr. Davenant, was that year near double
to what it had beeii in 1666; and the tonnage of the royal navy, which
in 1660, wasonly 62^94 tons, was in 1688 increafed to iot,032 tons.
The increafc of ths cuAoms, and the annual rental of England was in the
fame proportion. It was therefore no wonder, if a ftrong party, both in
the parliament and nation, was formed againft the government, which was
hourly increafed by the king's predile£lion for the Dutch. The war with
France, which, on the king's parr, was far from being fuccefsful, re-

Juired an enormous expence, and the Irifli continued, in general, faith-
ul to king James. But many EngliHi, who wifhed well to the Stuart
family, dreaded their being reflored by conquefl ; and the parliament en-
abled the king to reduce Ireland, an^i to gain the battle of the Boyne
againft James, who there loft all the military honour he had acquired be-
fore. The marine of France, proved fuperior to that of England, in the
beginning of the war ; but in the year 1692, that of France received an
irrecoverable blow in the defeat at La Hogue.

A a 4 Invanotu

3^9

ENGLAND

Invaflons were threatncd, and conrpiracies difcovered every day ogalnil
the government, and the fupply of the continental war forced the parlia-
ment to open new relburccs fur money. A land-tax was im|}ured, and
every fubjc£t'ii lauds were taxed, apcorJing to their valuations given in by
the feverai countjci. Thofi who were tlic moft loyal gave the highell
valuations, and were the hcavicd taxed, iinJ this prepoOerous burthen iVill
continues ; but the grrntei\ agd bohlill operation in finnnces, that ever
fook place, was cHablinied in ihnt n i^ii, which was the carrying on the
war by borrowinc; money upon the piirliamenti«ry fecuritics, and which
form what are now called I'^t public funds. The chief projcftor of this
fcheme is faid to have been Chnihr Mcmtasut'i afterwards lord Haliftix,
His chief argument for fuch a project w;i8, that it would oblige the money-
pd part of the nation to befriend the Revolution intcrcl}, becaufe, after
pending their pioney, they could have no hnpi ;•. of being repaid but by fup-
porting that interefl', and the weight oft;iXLa would oblige the commercial
people to be more indullrlous. Flow well thofc views have been anfwcred
)s needh^fs here to obfcrvc, being already mentioned in the prefcnt lUte of
pul^lic credit. ^ '

William, notwithflaiiding the vaft fervicc he had done to the nation,
And the public benefits which took place under his aufpices, purticu?
larly in the cftabliflimcnt of the bank of Knglind, and the recoining the
iilvcr money, met with fo many mortifications from his parliament, tha?
he actually refolved upon an abdication, and had drawn up a fpeech for
that purpofe, which he was prevailed upon to fupprefs. He long bore the
nfTronts he met with in hopes of being fuppnrted in his war with France,
but at laft, in 1697, he was forced to conclude the peace of Ryfwiclf
with the French kmg, who acknowledged his title to the crown ot Eng-
land. By this time William had loft hisqiiccn *, but the government wa^
continued in his perfon. After peace was rcllored, the commons obliged
him to difband his army, all but an inconfidcrable number, and to difmifs
his favourite Dutch guards. Towards the end of his reign, his fears of
feeing the whole Spanifli monarchy in poflcllion of France at the death of
the catholic king Ch.irlcs II. which was everyday cxpcdkd, led him into
a very impolitic uieafurc, which was the partition treaty with France, by
which thpt monarchy was to be divided between the, hoiifcs of Bourbon
and Auftria. This treaty was highly rcfcnted by the parliament, and
fome of his minillry were impeached for advifing if. It is thought that
William faw his error when it was too late. His minifters were acquitted
from their impeachment, and the death of king James difcovered the inr
fincerity of the French court, which immediately proclaimed his fon king
of Great Britain.

This perfidy rendered William again popular in England. The two
houfia pafled the bill of abjuration, and au addrcfs for a war ^fith France,
The lall and mofl glorious aif> of William's rtii;n was his pafling the bill
for fettling the fucccllion to the crown in the houfe of Hanover, on the
1 2th of June 1701. His death was haflened by a fall he had from his
horfe, foon after he had renewed the grand alliance againft France, on the
8th of March, 1703, the jadyear of his age, and the 14th of his reign
|n England. This prince was not made by nature for popularity. His
inanners were cold and forbidding, he Teemed alfo fomctimes almofl to

She died of the fmall-pox, Dec. aS, 1694, in the thirty-third year of her age

lofa

ENGLAND.

361

lofe

Jofe fight of thofe principlei of liberfy, for the flipport of which he had
b^'-n railed tu the throne ; and though \\r. owed hit royahy to the whij^i,

lie often favoured the tories. The former h nd the mortification of fee-
jig thofe who hud afled the moll inimical to their party, and the free
nnnciples of the conditution, :is the niaKjuis of HhUIux, the earl of
Danby, and lord Nottingham, t-A n uito favour and rcfumc their placet
in the cabinet; and the whole iuliucncc of govcrnnunf extended, to fi-
Icnce all rnquirici into the guilt of thole who hud bci n the chief indru-
ments in tlic cruel perfecutionr. of the pull reign, nnd to the obtaining fuch
an a^i of indemnity as e(lei.'\uully fcrecncd every delinquent from the juft
retaliation of injured patriotifm. The icfcue and prelervation of religion
nnd public liberty were the chief ^lory of William'it reign ; for England
under him futtl-red fevcrcly both by I'c-a nnd land, and the public debtf
at th:: time of his death amounted to the unheard-of fum of 1 4,000,000.

Anne, priiiccfa ol Denmark, by virtue of the ai'l of fcttlemcnt, and be-
in;4 the next Fnitcrtant heir to her father Jumes II. fuccecded king Wil-
liiun in the throne. As Hie had been ill treated by the late king, it wai
thuutjht (lie Would have deviated from his meafures r but the behaviour of
the French in acknowlcd^in:^ the title of her brother, who has lince been
well known by the name of the Pretender, left her nrt choice, and flw re-
iblved to fulfil all William's engagements with h?s allies, and to employ
the earl of Marlborough, svho h id been imprifoned in tlio late reign on si
fufpicion of Jacobiiii'm, and whole wife was her favourite, as her gcne«
ral. She could not have made a better choice of a general and flateiinan«
for thateurl excelled in b.)th capacities. No fooner was he placed at the
head of the Englifh army abroad than his genius and atStivity gave a new-
turn to the war, nnd he became as much the favourite of the Dutch ai
his wife wa3 of the queen.

Charles II. of Spain, in confcquence of the intrigues of France, and
at the fame time refenting the partition treaty, to which his confent had
not been afked, left his whole d«minions by will to Philip, duke of An-
jou, grandfun of Lewis XIV. and Philip was immediately proclaimed
king of Spain, which laid the foundation of the family alliance, that Aill
fubfills, between France and that nation. Philip's fucccfiion was difputcd
by the fecsnd fon of the emperor of Germany, who took upon himfelf
the title of Cluules III. and his cauf» was favoured by the empire, Eng-
land, Holland, and other powers, who joined in a confederacy againfl:
the houfc of Bourbon, now become more dangerous than ever by the ac-
quilition of the whole Spanilh dominions.

The capital meafure of continuing the war againft France being fixed,
the queen found no great difficulty in forming her miniflry, who were for
the mod part tories; and the earl of Godolphin, who (though afterwards
a leading whig) vv^is thought all his life to have a predilc£li«n for the late
king James and his queen, was pl.iced at the head of the trc ifury. Hit
fon had married the tarl of Marlborough's eldell daughter, and the carl
could truft no other with that important department.

In the courfe of the war, fcveral glocious viftories were obtained by the
earl, who was foon made duke of Marlborough. Thofe of Blenheim and
Ramillies gave the firft cfledtual checks to the French pov/er. By that of
Blenheim in 1704, the empire of Germany was favedfrom immediate def-
truftion. Though prince Eugene was that day joined in command with
the duke, yet the glory of the day was confefledly owing to the latter. The
French general Tallard was taken prifoncr, and fent to England ; and

aO|Ooo

36*

ENGLAND.

90,000 French nnd Bavarians were killed, wounded, or drowned in the Dtr
nube, beliiles about 13,000 who were taken, nnd a proportionable number,
pF cannon, artillery, and trophies of war. About the fame time, the
£ngli(h admiral, fir George Rookc, reduced Gibrnhar, which ftiU remains
in our poflcfllon. The battle of Rumillies in 170'), was fought and sain<
cd under the duke of Marlborough alone. The lufs of the enemy there
lias been variouflv repuited ; it is generally fuppofed to have been 800:/
killed or wounded, and 6000 taken prifoncrs ; but the confe<^uencc» (lietVed
its importance.

After the battle of Raiviilies, the dates of Flanders aflemhled at Ghsnr,
and recognifed Charles for their fovcreign, while the confederates took
pofletliou of Louvain, Bruflels, Mechlin, Ghent, Oudenatde, Bruges,
and Antwerp; and fcveral other contiderablc places in Flanders and Bra-
bant acknowledged the tide of king Charles. The ne:it great battle gained
over the French was Oudenarde, 1708, where they loft 31,00 on the field,
and about 7000 were taken prifoncrs ; and the year after, beptember 11,
1709, the allies forced the French lines at Malp|aquet, near Mons,
after a very bloody adion, in which the French loll 1 5,0:0 men. Thus
far I have recounted, the Hattering fucccfles of the Eiiglifli, but they were
attended with many potions of bitter alloy.

Theijueen had fent a very fijie anny to afTift Charles III. in Spain, un-
der the command of lord GaUvay ; but in 1 ^07, after he had been joined
^y the Portugucfe, the Euglifli were defeated in the plains of Alinanza,
chiefly through the cowardicf: of their allies. Though foine advantages were
obtained at fca, yet that war in general was carried on to the detriment, if
not the difgrace of England. Prince George of Denmark, hufband to the
queen, wa'j thci. lord high admiral ; but he had trufted the affairs of that
board to underlings, who were either corrupted or ignorant, and com-
plaints coming from every tjuarter, with regard to that department, the
houfe of coatmons were put into very bad humour, nor did things fecm to
be much better managed after the prince's death. The imtiienfe fums
raifed for the current lervice of the year being feverely felt, and but iii-
differently accounted fur, it appeared that England had born the chief bur-
then of the war; that neither the Auilrians, Germans, nor Dutch, had
furniflied their ilipulated quotas, and that they trufted to the Englifti par-
liament for making them good. A noble deftgn, which had been planned
»t the court, and was to have been executed by the alfiftancc of ihe fleet
of England, for taking Toulon, at a vaft expence, mifcarried through the
felfifhpefs of the court of Vienna, whofe chief objeft of attention was
their own war in N.iples. At the fame time England ielt feverely the
Icarcity of hands in carrying on her trade and manufaftures.

Thefe and many other internal difputes about the prerogative, the fuc-
ceflioik, religion, and other public matters, had created great ferments in
ihe nation and parliament. The (]ueen at firft ftuck clofe to the duke of
Marlborough and his friends, who finding that the tories inclined to treat
with France, put themfclves at the head of the whigs, who were for con-
tinuing the war, trcm which the duke and his dependents, according to
their nations, received immenfe emoluinaits. The fa'luics of the Ger-
mans and Dutch could not however be longer dilTcinbled, and the perfonal
intercrt of the duchels of Marlborough, with the queen, began to be
fliaken by her own haughtinefs.

As Lewis XIV. protelfed a readinefs for peace, and fued earnetHy for
it, the whigs at laft gave way to a ireaty, and the conferences were held

ll\

Enl
brc^

ENGLAND. 3631

Ht Gertruydenburg, 1710. They were managed on the part of England
by the duke oi Marlbordiigh and the lord Towndiend, and by the inarquii
lie Torcy by the French. It loon appeared that the French, if not the
fnglidi plenipotentiaries, were not in earned ; the Dutch were entirely
guided by the duke of Marlborough. The French k' ng was gradually
brought to comply with all the dctnnnds of the allies, excepting that of
employing his own troops againft the duke of Anjou, in Spain, where the
fortune 6? war continued ftill doubtful. ^11 his offers were rejeded by
the duke and his alTociate, as pnly defigncd to amufe and divide the allies,
and the war was continued.

The unreafonable haughtinefs of the Engliflt plenipotentiaries at Ger-
truydenbuig (as fbmc term it) and the then expcdtcd change of the mi-
niftry in England, laved France, and attairs from that day took a turn ia
its favour. Meiins were found to convince the c^ucen, who was faith-
fully attached to the church of England, that the war in the end, if con-
tinued, mud prove ruinous to her and her people, and that the whigs
were no frienda to the national religion. The general cry of the deluded
people was, that *' the church was in danger," which, though ground-
lefs, had great effefts. One Sacheverel, -an ignorant, worthlel's preacher,
had efpouled this clamou'r in one of his fermons, with the ridiculous im-

J)ra£ticable dodlrines of palBve obedience and non-redflancc. It was, 99
t were, agreed by both parties to try their- flrength in this man's cafe.
He was impeached by the comnions, and found guilty by the lords, who
ventured to pafs upon him only a very fmall cenfure. After this trial,
the queen*8 aifeAions were entirely alienated from the duchefs of Marl-
borough, and the Whig adininiftration. Her friends loft their places,
which were fupplied by Tories, and even the command of the army was
taken from the duke of"^ Marlborough, in 171 2, and given to the duke of
iDrmond, who produced orders for a ceiratiou of arms ; but they were dil-
regarded by the queen's allies in the BritiJh pay. And, indeed, the re-
moval of the duke of Marlborough from the command of the army,
while the war continued, was an aft of the greatcft imprudence, and ex-
cited the alionifliment of all Europe. So numerous had been his fuccefles,
and fo great his reputation, that his very name wasalmoA equivalent to aa
army. But the honour and intereft of the nation were facrificed to pri-
vate court intrigues, managed by Mrs. Maftiam, a relation of the duchefs
of Marlborough, whohadlupplanted her benefaftrefs, and by Mr. Harley,
Conferei'.ces were opened for peace at Utrecht, in January 1712, to
which the qj.tecn and the French king Tent plenipotentiaries, and the allies
being defeated at Den tin, they grew fenlible that they were no match for
the French, now that they were abandoned by the Knglilli. In (hort, the
terms were agreed upon between France and England. The reader needs
not to be informed of the particular cedions made by the French, efpeci--
ally that of Dunkirk ; but after all, the peace would have been ftiil more
indcfenlibic and (liameful than it was, had it not been for the death of the
emperor Jofcph, by v\hicli his brother Charles III. for whom the war was
chiefly undertaken, became emperor of Germany, as well as king of Spain ;
and the dilatoruv fs, if not bad faith of the Englidi allies, in not fuliilling
their engagcirn nts, and throwing upon the Britifh parliament almoft the
whole weight of the war, not to mention the exhaufted date of the king-
dom. Mr. Hailey, who was created earl of Oxford and lord high-trea-
furer of England, was then conddered as the queen's fird minider ; but
the negotiations for peace went alfo through the hands of Mr. Prior, and
Jcxd Bolingbrokc, one of the principal fecretarics of date. The minidr/

eft-

3^4

ENGLAND.

endeavoured to Aific the complaints of the whigs, and the remonftrances
of prince Eugene, who arrived in England on the part of the allies, by
falling upon the comrafiors, foragers, and other agents of the fleet and
arjiiy, whom they accufed of corrupt pradtices.

The queen Was nt this time in a critical lituation. The whigs condemn-
ed the peace as injurious to the honour and intcrefl of the nation. The
majority of the houfe of lords was of that party, but that of the houfe
of commons was tories. The queen was afraid that the peers would rejefl
the peace, rnd by an unprecedented exercife of her prerogative (lie created
twelve peers at one time, which fccured the approbation of the parliament
for the peace. Such was the ftate of affairs at this critical period ; and I
am apt to think from their complexion that the queen had, by fome fecret
influence, which never has ytt lieen difcovered, and was even concealed
from fonie of her miniders, inclined to call her brother to the fucccflion.
The reft of the queen's life was rendered uneafy by the janing of parties,
and the contentions among her miniflers. The whigs demanded a writ tor
the elefloral prince of Hanover, as duke of Cambridge, to come to Eng-
land ; and {he was obliged hallily to difmifs her lord-treafurer, when flic
fell into a lethargic diforder, which carried her off the firfl of Auguft -{714,
in the fiftieth year of her age, and the thirteenth of her reign *. I have
nothing to add to what I have already faid of her character, but that though
ihe was a fdvourite with neither party in her parliament till towards the
end of her reign, when the tories affeded to idolize her, j^t her people
dignified her with the name of the good queen Anne. Notvvithftanding
all I have faid of the cxhauflcd flate of England before the peace of
Utrecht was concluded, yet the public credit was little or nothing affeifted
by her de^ith, though the national debt then amounted to about fifty mil-
lions ; fo firm was the dependence of the people upon the fecurity of par-
liament.

Anne had no flrength of mind, by herfelf, to carry any important re-
folve into execution ; and flic left public meafures in lb indecifive a flate,
that, upon her death, the fuccellion took place in terms of the a£l of fet-
tlement, and George I. elector of Hanover, fon of the princefs Sophia,
grand-daughter of James I. was proclaimed king of Great Britain ; his
mother, who would have been next in fucceflion, having died but a few
days before. He came over to England with ilrong prepofTeflions againfl
the tory miniftry, mofl of whom he difplaced ; but this did not make any
great alteration to his prejudice in England; but many of the Scots, by

* And with )ier ended the line of the Stuarts, which, from the accefTion of Janie»
I. anno 1603, had fvvaycd the fceptre of England m years, and that of Scotland 343
years, from the acccflion of Robert II. anno 1371. James, the late pretender, fon of
James II. and brother to queen Anne, upon his father's dcceafe, anno 1701, was pro-
claimed king of England, by Lewis XIV. at St. Germain's, and for fome time treated
a4 fuch by the courts of Rome, France, Spain, and Turin. He rtfidcd at Rome,
■where he kept up the appcaraace of a court, 4nd continued firm in the Romifti faith
till his death, which happened in 1765, He left two fons, viz. Charles Edward,
born in 1710, who was defeated at Culloden in I774> and upon his father's death re-
paired to Rome, where he continued for fome time, and afterwards refided at Flo-
rence, under the title of count Albany, but died lately. Henry, his fccond fon, who
enjoys a dignified place in the church of Rome, and is known by the name of cardinal
York. March 28th, 177::, Charles married Louifa Maximilienne, born Sept. aift,
1751, daughter of a prince of the family of Stolberg Grudcrn, in the Circle of Upper
Saxony, and grand-daughter by the mother, of Thomas Brucci late earl of Aylef-
fcury.

tht

ENGLAND.

nonftrances
: allies, by
le fleet and

scondemn-
ion. The
the houfe
ould rejedl
(he created
parliament
^d ; and I
ome fecret
concealed
fucceffion,
of parties,
a writ tor
' to Eng-
whcn flie
fuftw7i4,
• I have
at though
ivards the
-r people
hflandine
peace of
8 affetfled
^fty niil-
ty of par-

irtant re-
e a ftate,
ift of fet-
Sophia,
ain ; his
ut a few
3 againfi:
lake any
cots, by

of James
;!and 343
.T, ton of

was pro-
e treated
it Rome,
iiift faith
Edward,
leath re-
d at Flo-
on, who

cardinal
pt. 81ft,
5f LTpper
f Ayief-

tlie

365

the influence of the earl of Mar, and other chiefs, were driven into rebel-
lion in 17151 which was happily fupprelTcd the beginning of the next
year. Some deluded noblemen and gentlemen in the North of England
joined a party of the Scotch rebels, but they were furrounded at Prefton,
where they delivered up their arms, and their leaders were fent prifoncrs
to London, where fome of them fuftered. The tories and Jacobites how-
ever raifed mobs and commotions at London, Oxford, and other parts of
England ; but they were foon fupprefled, by making iheir ringleaders^ ex-
amples of juftice. Lord Oxford was imprilbncd for three years ; but the
capital profecution of him by the whigs, for the hand he had in the peace
of Utrecht, was fecretly difapproved of by the king, and dropped.

After all, the nation was in fuch a dilpofition that the miniftry duril
not venture to call a new parliament, and the members of that which was
fitting, voted a continuance of their duration from three to feven years*
which is thought to have been the grcateft llrctch of parliamentary power
ever known, and a very indefenfible ftcp. Several other extraordinary
mcafures took place about the fame time. Mr. Shippcn, an excellent
fpeaker, and member of parliament, was fent to the Tower for faying that
the king's fpeech was calculated for the meridian of Hanover rather than
of London ; and one Matthews, a young journeyman printer, was hang-
ed for compoiing a filly pamphlet, that in later times would not have been
thought worthy of animadverlion. The truth is, the whig miniftry were
excemvely jealous of every thing that fcemed to aifefl their mafter's title;
and George L though a fagacious, moderate prince, undoubtedly rendered
England too fubfervient to his continental conne6tlons, which were vari-
ous and complicated. He quarrelled with the czar of Mufcovy about their
German concerns, and had not Charles XIL king of Sweden been killed
fo critically as he was, Great Britain probably would have been invaded by
that northern conqueror, great preparations being made for that purpofe,
he being incenfed at George as eleftor of Hanover, for purchafing Bre-
men and Verden of the Danes, which bad been a part ef his dominions.

In 1718 he quarrelled with Spain on account of the quadruple al-
liance, that had been formed by Great Britiiin, France, Germany,
and the States General ; and his admiral, Sir George Byng, by his or-
ders, deftroyed the Spanidi fleet near Syracufe. A trifling war with
Spain then commenced, but it was foon eniled by the Spaniards deliver-
ing up Sardinia and Sicily, the former to the duke of Savoy, and the lat-
ter to the emperor.

A national punifiiment, different from plajrue, peftiiencc, and famine,
overtook England in the year, 1720, by the fuddeii rife of the South-Sea
ftock, one of the trading companies. This company was but of late e-
rfdtion, and was owing to a Icheme of carryint; on an exclufive trade,
and making a fettlcment in the South Seas, which had beta formed in
171 1. In 1720, the company obtained an ad to increafe their capital
ftock by redeeming the public debts ; and was then invcded with the af-
fiento of negroes, which had been ftipulated between Great Britain and
Spain. In (hort, it became fo favourite a company, that it rofc to 310I.
for lool. before the bill had the royal tilTent in April ; before the end of
May to 500 ; and by the twentieth of June, their ftock rofe to Fgo per
cent* and afterwards to loool. but before the end of September it fell to
1 50, by which thoufands were involved in ruin. Thouj^h this might be
Owing to the inconfiderjite avarice of the fubfcribers, yet the public ima-
|;iaed that the tninillry hadcoatribuicd to the calamity ; fome uf the direc-
tors

3lS6 ENGLAND.

lori inntniatcd m if ihc miiiirtcrs and their fripiuli hnd been the ehm
gainer*. The latter, however, hud the uddrcfn to tfciip? without cciSfurr^
but the piirlinment piifTcd a Inll which con fife ,itcd the elintei of the direc-
toi«, with an hUowuiicc fur ihcir niaintcuance ; u poor repitrution for the
jpublic injuries.

The lacohitei thoti^ht to sivuil thcmfelves of the nutiontil difcontent
•t the ^ou(h-Sea fchemc, and Kn^huid's cunncL^Vions with the continent^
ivhich every day lnciciifci\ One Layer, a hiwycr, was tried and exe-
cuted for high treaCon. Several pcrfons of great quality and dillinflion
Mrerc apprehended ow fufpicion, but the ftorni fell chiefly on Krancii At-
tcrbury, lord bilhop of Rocheftcr, who wfts deprived ot his fee and feat
in parliunient, and baniflied for life. There was fonic irreuularity in
the proceedings ugainil him, and therefore the jullice of the hi(1iop*s (en-
fence has been (picftional, thou{;h there is little or no reafon to doubt
there was futlicicnt proof of his guilt. After the ferment of this plot had
fubftded, the miniftry, who were all in the intcreft of Hanover, ventured
upon feveral bold n^cafures, in fonie of which the national intcreft, if not
lioitour, wag evidently fnctificed lo that eU"i%ratc. The ci-own of Gre.it
Britain was enj»ni^ed in every continental difpiite, liowcver remote it was
from hcrintercrt; and a diilerence iVill fublirtini; between the courts of
Madrid and Vienna, it was agreed that it (hould be decided by a con-
grefs to be held at C.imbray, under the auf'pices of Fi'ance. This con-
grcfs proved abortive, and l'',nj;land was involved in frcfli didiculties on
acconut of Hanover. So flurtuating was the ftate of Europe at this time,
(h'.«t in September 1725, a frefli treaty was concluded at Hanover, be-
tween the kings of (Jreat Britain, France, and Fruflia, to counterbalance
an alliance that had been formed between the courts of Vienna, and Ma-
drid. A f(|uadron was fent to the Baltic, to hinder the Ruflians from at-
tacking Sweden, another to the Mediterranean, and a third, under ad-
miral Holier, to the Weft Indies, to watch the Spanifli plate fleets. This
laft was a fatal as well as an inglorious expedition. The admiral and mu(t
of his men pcriflied by epidemical dilVafes, and the hulks of his fliips rot-
ted fo as to render them unfit for ferviccd. The manaj^ement of the Spa-
niards was little better. They loll near io,ooo men in the fiegc of
Gibraltar, which they were obliged to raife. The king, in his fpeech
to the parliament, publicly acculrd the emperor of a dcfign to place the
pretender upon >iie throne of Gre.it-Hrit lin ; but this was llrcnuoully de-
nied by bnron l*aime, the imperial nmbaflitdor at London, who was there-
lore ordered to leave the kingdom.

A quarrel with the emperor was the moft dangerous to Hanover of any
tUat could happen ; but though :m oppofition in the houfe of commons
was formed by Sir William Wymlham and ]Mr. Pultency, the parlia-
ment continued to be more atul more lavidi in granting money, and
enormous fublidies for the protefiion of Hanover to the kings of Den-
mark and Sweden, and the landgrave of Hefl'o Callcl. Such was the ftate
of aftuirs in Europe, wheu Gc(Mgc I. luddenly died on the i iih of June
I727, at Ofnaburgh, in the (ixry-eigluh year of his age, and the thir-
teenth of his reign. The reign of George 1. is remarkable for the incre-
dible number of bubbles and cheating projcifts to which it gave rife, by
which it was reckoned that almoll a million and a half was won and h)ft;
and for the great altcraiion of tlie fyOem of Europe, by the concerti
which the Englilh took in the aflairs of the continent. The inlliiutioa
of the finkinj fund for diminifliing the national debt, is likewife OA'iiig to

this

now
begail
Inttd-f
tieit
whenl
Sir!
Gcorl
the pj
latter!
have '
ns he
ledlioil
miniftl
none, ■
aiid pj
tures
he fall
qucdit
raeafu
ried,
which
fed i'
with

ENGLAND.

d^7

thii period. The value of the northern pnrti of the IcliigJom began
now to bi' better undcrltood than formcily, and the flate of iniinufaAure*
began to ihit'r. Thii was chieliy owing lo the un*-*]!)))! diftribuiinn of the
lanilt.ix, which rendered it difficult (ur the poor tu lublift iti certain coun-
ties which had been i'cirwurd in giving in the true value of their cdatei
when that tux took place.

Sir Robert Walpolc vvai confidered niS full mlniilcr of England when
George I. died, and loinc diiicrcncrit having happened between him and
the prince of Walcg, it wa« generally thought, upon the acccflion of the
latter to the crown, that Sir Robert «vould be difpliicrd. That inighe
have been the cafe, could anithcr perfoti have been found <-(|ually cspuotet
ns he wai, to manage the houfc of coinmnnn, and to gratify that predi-
legion for Hanover which George II. inluriicd from his father. No
minider ever underftood better the tcnipcr of ihc people of England, and
none, perhaps ever tried it more, lie filled nil pluccs of power, trull,
aild profit, and almofl the houfc of commonv itfdf, wiih hit own crea-,
tures ; but peace waa his <l.irling olijct^, hccaufc hr thought that war muft
be fatal to his power. During hi» long adminillration he never loft a
queition that he wat in earnell to carry. The excife fi heme wag the firft
raeafurc that gave a fliock to his power, and even that he could have car-
ried, had he not been afraid of the fpiiitof the people without doors,
which might have either produced an infurrr^tion, or endangered his inte-
feft in the next general t'Icdion. Having compromifed all differences
with Spain, he fillrd all the courts of Europe with embaliics and ncgo-
ciations, and the new parliament gratified him with the means of perform*
ing his engagements. He continued and enlarged the fuhfidics paid to the
German piinccs for the fecurity of Hanover, and had even the addrefs to
obtain, from time to time, votes of credit for fulfilling his immediate en-
gagements ; and in the inran while, to amufe the public, he fuftcred in>
quiries into the fiate of the jaih, and other matters that did not atfedt hii
own power, to proceed.

His pacific fyltem brought him, however, into inconveniences both at
home and abroad. It encouraged the Spaniards to continue their depre-
dations upon the Britifli (hipping in the Ametican Teas, and the French to
treat the Englifll court with infolcnct; and negleiSt. At home, many of
the great peers thought themfelves lighted, and they intcreftcd themfelrea
more than ever they had done in eledtions. This, together with the dif-
gtifiof tho people at the propofed cxcifc fchcmc, and piiffing the Gin ASif
in the year i j^bt increaled the minority in the houfe of commons to 13c,
foinc of whom were as able tnen and :is j^ood fpcikcrs as ever had fat in a
parliament, and taking advantage of the increafing compbiinrs againft the
Spaniards, they attacked the minift^r with great flrength of argumenr,
and with great eloquence. In juf^ice to Walpole, it flionld be obferved,
that he filled the courts of jultice with able and upriirht judges, nor was
he ever known to attempt any pcrvcrfion of the known lawof tiHic kingdom.
He was fo iar frjm checking the freedom of debate, that he bore with
equanimity the moil Icurrilous dehate thnt w.13 thrown out to his face.
He gave way to one or two profccutions for libels, in compliance to his
friends, who thought themfelves aHedlcd hy them ; but it is certain, that
the prefs of England never wis tTioie op'»n or free than during his admi-
nillration. And as to his pacific fyfttMn, it undoubt' d:y more than repaid
to the :iatirjn ;dl ih.it Was rec)v:ifcd ro fuppoit it, by the incrc.tl'e of licr
ttaue and chc icnprovcments of her manufadlurcs.

With

368

ENGLAND.

With regard to the king's own perfonal concern in public matters, Wat'
pole was rather his minifler than his favourite ; and his mnjcfty often
hinted to him, as Walpole himfelf has been heard to acknovvlcdge, that
he was refponiible for all meafures of government. The debates concern*
ing the SpaniAi depredations in the Weft Indies, and the proofs that
were brought to fupport the complaints of the merchants, made at laft
an impreflion even upon many of Walpole's friends. The heads of the
oppofitiun, in both houfes of parliament, accufed the minider of having,
by the treaty of Seville, and other negociations, introduced a branch of
the houfe of Bourbon into Italy, and deprefled the houl'e of Auftrin, the
ancient and natural ally of England. They expofcd, with invincible force
of eloquence and rcafoning, the injudice and difgracc as well as lofs arifing
from the Spanifli depredations, and the nccelfity of repelling force by
force. Sir Robert Hill adhered to his pacific fyflem, and concluded a
iliameful and indcfcnfible compromife under the title of a convention, with
the court of Spain, which produced a war with that nation.

Queen Caroline, confort to George II. had been always a firm friend
to the minifter J but fhe died November 20th, 1737, when a variance fub-
fifted between the king and his fon, the prince of Wales. The latter
complained, that through Walpole's influence he was deprived net only
of the power but the proviAon to which his birth entitled him ; and he
put himfelf at the head of the oppodtion with fo much firmnefs, that it
was generally forefeen, Walpole's power was drawing to a crifis. Ad-
miral Vernon, who hated the minifter, was fent, in 1739, with a fc^ua-
dron of fix Ihips to the Weft Indies, where betook and dcmoliflied Porto
Bello ; but being a hot, impradicable man, he mifcarried in his other
attempts, efpecially that upon Carthagena, in which fome thoufands of
Britilh lives were wantonly thrown away. The oppolition exulted in Ver-
non's fuccefs, and afterwards imputed his mifcarriages to the minifter's
ftarving the war, by withholding the means for carrying it on. The ge-
neral election approaching, fo prevalent was the iniereft of the prince
of Wales in England, and that of the'duke of Argyle in Scotland, that
a majority was returned to parliament who were no friends to the minifter,
and after a few trying divifions, he retired from the houfe, on the 9th of
February, 1742, was created earl of Orford, and on the nth rcfigned all
his employments.

George II. bore the lofs of his minifter with the grcatcft ecpianimity,
and even conferred titles of honour,' and pofts of dillindion, upon the
heads of the oppofition. By this time, the death of the emperor Charles
VI. the danger of the pragmatic fantftion (which meant the fuccelTion of
his daughter to all the Aulhian dominions), through the ambition of
France, who had filled all Gcnnany with her armies, and many other
concurrent caufes, indi;ced Geort^e to take the leading part in a conti-
nental war. He was ei;eoiira<.:ed to this by lord Carteret, afterwards eail
of Granville, .'in able, but a hcadltrong minifter, whom George had made
his fecretarv of ftate, and indeed by the voice of the nation in general;
George accordingly put himfelf at the head of his army, fought and
gained the batrle of Dcttingen, June 16, 1743, and his not fufFering his
general, the earl of Stair, to improve the blow, was thought to proceed
tVom tendenaefs for his elcdoial dominions. This partiality created an
univerfil flame in England; and a clamour ruifed againft his lordfliip's
nicafures wa»s increafed by the duke of Newcaftle and his brother, lord
chancel'or Hiardwicke, the lord Haningtop, iuid oilier minUteis, who rc-

figiitiJ,

crs, Wal-
:fty often
dge, that
i concern-
roofs that
dc at laft
tds of the
)f having,
branch of
iftria, the
:ible force
ofs uriling
force by
icluded a
ition, with

rm friend

iance fub*

Phe latter

. net only

1 ; and he

fs, that it

ifis. Ad-

h a f(iua-

lied Porto

his other

jufands of

ed in Ver*

miniftei's

The ge-

le prince

and, that

niiniller,

the yth of

ligned all

uanimity,
upon the
r Charles

celTion of

ibition of

ny other

a conti"

ivards earl
had made
I general
light and
Feting hi*
proceed
rcated an
lordfliip's
thcr, loid
wiio rc-

ENGLAND.

369

figned or offered to relign their places, if lord Carteret flioulfl retain hit
influence in the cabinet. His majefly Was obliged to give way to what he
thought was the voice of his people, and he indulged them with accepting;
the Icrvices of fonie gentlemen who had never been confideicd as zcaloua
friends to the houfe of Hanover. After various removals, Mr. Pelhatn
was placed at the head of the Treafiiry, and appointed chancellor ot the
Exchequer, and confequently was contidered as fiift minister ; or rather
the power of the premlcrfliip was divided between him and his brothec
the duke of Newcaftle. ^

Great Britain was then engaged in a very expenfivc war both agaiuft
the French and Spaniards, and her enemies thought to avail themielves of
the general difcontent that had prevailed in England on account of Ha-
nover, and which, even in parliamentary debates, were thought by fome
to exceed the bounds of decency. This naturally fuggefted to them the
id!^ of applying to the Pretender, who reftded at Rome ; and he agreed
that his fon Charles, who was a fprlghtly young man, Ihould repair to
France, from whence he fet fail, and narrowly efcaped, with a few fol-
lowers, in a frigate to the wcilern coafts of Scotland, between the iilands
of Mull and Sky, where he difcovered himfclf, aiTembled his followers,
and publinied a manifeflo exciting the nation to a rebellion. It is necef-
fsiry, before we relate the true caufe of this enterprize, to make a Ihorc
retrofpect to foreign parts.

The war of 1 741 proved unfortunate in the Weft Indies, through the
fatal divilions between admiral Vernon and general Wentworth, who com-
manded the land troops : and it was thought thait above 20,000 Britifli
foldiers and feamen perifhed in the impracticable attempt of Carthagena,
and the inclemency of the air and climate during other idle expeditions.
The year 1742 had been fpent in negociations with the courts of Peterf-
burgh and Berlin, which, though expeulive, proved of little or no fer-
vicc to Great Britain ; lt» that the vidory of Dettingen left the Frencl^
troops in much the fame fituation as before. A diftcrcnce between the
admirals Matthews and Leftock had fuffered the Spanifh and French fleets
to efcape out of Toulon with but little lofs ; and foon after, the French,
who had before only adted as allies to the Spaniards, declared war againfk
Great Britain, who, in her turn, declared war againft the French. The
Dutch, the natural allies of England, during this war carried on a moft
lucrative trade ; nor could they be brought to att againft the French till
the people entered into aflbciations and infurrcdlions againft the govern*
ment. Their marine was in a niiferable condition, and when they at laft
fent a body of troops to join the Britifli and Auftrian armies, which had
been wretchedly commanded for one or two campaigns, they did it with,
fo bud a grace, that it was plain they did not intend to aA in eurneft.
When the duke of Cumberland took upon himfelf the command of the
army, the French, to the great reproach of the allies, were almoft mafter*
of the burner of the Netherlands, and were belieging Tournay. The
duke aitemptcd to raife the fieee, but by the coldnels of the Auftrians, the
coAardice of the Dutch, whofe government all along held a fecret cor-
refpondence with France, and mifcondiift fomewhere elfe, he loft the bat-
tle of Fontenoy, and 7000 of his beft men ; though it is generally al-
lowed that liis difpofitioas were excellent, and both he and his troops be-
haved with unexampled intrepidity. To comuerbalance fuch a train of
niisfortunps, admiral Anfon returned this year to England, with an im-
mcufe treaiuie (about a million Ilerling), which he had taken from the

J^ b Spaaiarda

370

ENGLAND.

SpajiiiirJi ii) his voyage round the world ; nnd coinmudore Wurren, with
colonel Pcppcrcl, took from the French the important town and tbrtrcfs
of Louilburgh, in the iiland of C(i()e Breton.

Such wn> the (lute of uftairs abroad iu Aiiguft, I74!;« when the Pre-
tender's eldcft fon, ut the hcud of ibme HiKhlund tullowcrs, fiirpriled
and difiirmcd a party of the king's troopi in the wclK-rn Higlilands, and
•dvnnccd wlih gieut rapidity to Perth. I flinll only udd, to what hath
been fuid of the progrcfii und fupprcllion of this rebellion, that it fpread
loo great an aliirin through England. The government never fo tho-
roughly experienced, as it did :it that time, the bcnctit of the public debe
for the fuppurt of the Revolution. The French and the Jacobite nnrty
(for luch there was at that time in England), had laid a deep fcnemo
ofdiflrcillng theUank ; but common danger ubolilhed all dillini^tiuns, and
united them in the defence of one iniercif, which was private pioperty.
The merchants undertook, in their addrcfs to the king, to fupport it4y
l'eceivin{{ bank notes in payment. This feafonabic inealure fuved piibl>c
credit ; but the defeat ot the rebels by the duke of Cumberland ut CuU
lodcn, in the year 1746, did not rcllore tran()uilUty to Europe. Though
the prince of Orange, fon-in-law to his nnijcrty George II. was, by the
credit of his majetiy, and tbc fpirit of the people of the United J^rovinccs,
railed to be their iladtholdcr, the Dutch never could be broui>ht to i\€t
heartily in the war. The allies were defeated at Val, near Macilricht,
und the duke of Cumberland was in danger of being made prifoner. Bcr-
gen*op-zoom was taken in a manner that has never yet been accounted for.
The allies fuffcrcd other difgraces on the continent ; and it now became
the general opinion in England, that peace was ncceHliry to fave the duke
and his army from total deftrudion. By this time, however, the French
marine and commerce were in danger of being annihilated by the Engliflk
at fca, under the command of the admirals Anfun, Warren, Hawke, and
other gallant oflicers ; but the Enjjlilh arms were not fo fuccefsful as could
have been '.vithed, under rear admiral Bofcawcu, in the Eall Indies. Iu
this flate of aiTairt, the fucccflcs of the French and Englifli, during the
war, may be faid to have been balanced, and both miniilries turned their
thoughts to peace. I'he quellion is not yet decided which party had
greateft rcafon to defire it, the French and Spaniards for the immene
lofles they had fuftaincd by fca, qr the allies fur the difgi'tices they had
iuftered by land.

However this might be, preliminaries for peace were figncd in April,
1748, and a deHnitivc treaty was concluded at Aix-la-Chapellc in O.to-
ber; the bads of which was the reflitution on both lules of all places
taken during the war. The number of prizes taken by the Englifli in
this war, from its commencement to the figning the prelimiuMties of
peace, was 3434; namely, 1249 from the Spaniards, and 3185 from the
French ; and that they loll during the war, 3238 ; 1360 being taken by
the Spaniards, and 187H by the French. Several of the (hips taken from
the Spaniards were immenlVly rich ; fo that the balance, upon the whole,
amounted to almoll two millions in favour of the Englilh. Such is the
grofs calculation en both fides ; but the conlcquenccs plainly proved that
the lofles of the French and Spaniards nnift have been much greater.
The vafl fortunes made by private perfons in England all of a fudden,
fufKciently ihewed thatimmenlc fums had not been brought to the public
account ; but the greatcft proof was, that next year the intcreft of the
satiuual dc')t wai reduced froi»i four to three and a half per cent, foe

fcven

ENGLAND*

J7«

. In

in^ the
ned their
rty hud
inmin e
ley had

greater,
fuddcn,
e public
I of the
:cnt. foe
fcven

feven yean, After which the whole wai to Hand rcducd to three per
cent.

1 hit will the boldcd flroke of financing that ever was attempted per*
haps in any countiy, coniiOfntly with punlic faitli ) for the cieditori of
the goviTiinicnt, after a fmall ineifedtunl oppulition, contiiiUrd their mo«
ney in the funJi, and a few who fold out even made inien-il to h'lvc it
replaced on the fnine fecurity, or were pnic'. off their principal fums out
of the finking fund. Thii wai an lerii ol improvrmentH : Mr. Fcllmai'l
candour and ii:dtitude of adminilhation leaving l<im few or no cnen.i s in

SMrliament, he omitted no opportunity of carrying into i-xfiution eery
chcmc for the improvement of commerce, mnhuf'a^turc», »nd ihc liHicri' it
the benefits of which were frit during the fucccedin^ war, and .trc to ihia
day. Every intelligent perfon, however, conliJertd the peace «)f Aix lft«
Chapello as no better than an armed ctiT.ttion of liotlilitirs. The Kit- iicU
employed thcmfdvcs in recruiting and repairing their marine, and had
laiu u deep fchcme for pollcfling themfelves of tlic Britifh b:uk ftttlfmnita
in America, and for cutting off all communication between the Kn^lifll
iind the native Indians; in which cafe our colonics mull have been re«
duced to a narrow flip on the coalt!<, without the means of getting/ an/
lubfiliencc but from the mother countiy. Fortunmely for C>reat Britain,
they ditklol'ed their intention, by entering upon hollilitics before they had
power to fupport them.

In the mean while a new treaty of commerce was figncd i^t Madrid,
between Great Btitain and Spain, by which, in confideration of i 0,00 1.
the South-fca company gave up all their future claimK to the affiento con'
tra6\, by virtue of which, that company had fupplicd the Spanifli Weft
Indies with negroes. In March, 1750, died, iiniverfally lamented, bis
royal highnefs Frederic prince of Wales. In May, 17^1, an a(!it pafled
for regulating the commencement of the year, by which the old iiyle was
abnliihed, and the new (lyle elbblifhed, to the vad conveniency of the
fubje£ts. This was done by finking eleven days in September, 175a,
sind from that time beginning the year on the iirll of January. In 1753,
the famous ad pafTed for preventing clandeftine marriages: but whether
it is for the benefit of the fubje6t, is a point that is Aill very quefl'onabli'*
The people of England about this time fuilaincd an immenfe lofs by the
death of Mr. Fclliam, who was one of the honeflell, wilcfl, and bell mi'
nillers England had ever feen.

The barefaced encroachments of the French, who had built forts on
our back fcttlements in America, and the difpofitions they made for fend-
ing over vaft bodies of veteran troops to fupport thofe encroachments,
produced a wonderful fpirit in England, efpecialiy after admiral Bofcawert
was ordered with eleven fhips of the line, befides a fii>^ate and two regi-
ments, to fail to the banks of Newfoundland, where he can^e up with
and took two French men of war, the reft of their fleet efcajjing up the
river iit. Lawrence, by the ftrcights of Belieiik. No fooner was ic
known that hofliiities were begun, than the people of Enghmd pojrcd
their money into the government's loan, and orders were iflucd for mak-
ing general reprifals in Europe as well as in America ; nnd that all the
French fliips, whether outward or homeward bound, fhould be flopped
and brAught into Britifli ports. Thefe orders were fo efledlual, that be-
fore the end of the year 17^5, above 500 of the richeft French merchant
ihips, and above 8,000 of their beft failors were brought ino the king-
dom. This welUtluicd meafure had fuch an «fl'cdt} that the French had

B b s acither

372

ENGLAND.

neither hands to navigate their merchnntmen, nor to man their (hips of
war ; for about two years after, near 30,0:0 French Icutncn were tound
to be prifoners in Englatid.

In July, 1 75$r general ^raddock, who h,ad been injudicioufly fent from
England to attack the French, and reduce the forti on the Ohio, was de«
fcatcd and killed, by fulling into an ambufcade of the French iuid Indium
near fort du Q^cfne ; but major general Johnlbn defeated a body of
French near Crown Point, of whom he kytlcd aht)Ut 1000.

The Englifh at this time could not be faid to have any firft miniiler ;
and foine great men aureed in nothing; but in oppofin^r the meafureii ol'
the ctbinett which had been undertaken witlM)ut their conl'ent. The
£n|;li(li navy in i7;5 confiiicd of one fhipof 1 10 gun», five of too guns
tach, thirteen of 90, eight of 80, five of 74, twenty-nine of 70, tour
«f66, one of 64, thirty-three of 60* three of 54, iweniy-eight of 50,
four of 44, thirty-five uf 40, and forty -two of 20 ; four (loops of war of
18 guns each, two of 16, eleven of 14, thirteen of 12, and one of 10 ;
beiidcs a great number of bomb->ketchc9, fire (hips, and tenders ; a force
fuflicient to oppofe the uuitcd marine flrcngth uf all the |:ower8 of
Europe. Whilll that of the French, even at the end of this )';ir, and
including the fliips then upon the flock, amounted to no inc. : than fix
fliips of 80 guns, twenty one of 74^ one of 72, four of 70, thirty-one of
64, two of 60, (ix of 50, and thirty -two frigates.

In proportion as the fpirirs of the public were elevated by thofe ii>vin-
ctble armaments, they were funk with an account that the French hai
landed 1 1,000 men in Minorca, to attack tort St. Philip there ; that ad*
miral Byng, who had been fent out with a fquadron at Icail equal to that
of the French, had been baffled, if not defeated^ by their admiral Galif*
fionere, and that at bft Minorca was furrcndeted by general Blakeney.
The Englifli were far more alarmed than they oiig\: to have been at thofc
events. The lofs of Minorca was n> jre fhameful than detrimental to the
kingdom, but the public outcry was fuch, that the king gave up Byng
to public judice, and he was fliot to death at Portfmouth for not doing all
that was in his power agaiull the enemy.

It was about this time, that Mr. Put was placed as ftcretary of flate,
nt the bead of adminiflration. He had long been known to be a bold,
«lo(]uent, and energetic fpeaker, and he foon proved hiinfelf to be as fpi*
rited a minifler. The mifcarriages in the Mediterranean had no confe-
qucnce but the lofs of fort St. Philip, which was more than repaired by
the vaft fucccfs of the Englifli privateers, both in Europe and America.
The fuccefles of the Englifh in the Eaft Indies, under colonel Clive, are
almoft incredible. He defeated Suraja Dowla, nabob of Bengal, Bahar,
and Orixa, and placed JafHer Ally Cawn in the ancient feat of the na-
bobs of thofe provinces. Suraja Dowla, who was in the French intcrefi,
a few days after his being defeated, was taken by the new nabob JafHcr
Ally Cawn's fon, and put to death. This event laid the foundation of
the prefcnt amazing extent,^" riches and territory, which the Englifli
now poflefs in the Eaft Indies.

Mr. Pitt introduced into the cabinet a new fyliem of operations againft
France, than which nothing could be better calculated to rcflorc the fpi-
vits of his countrymen, and to alarm their enemies. Far from dreading
an invaiion, he planned an expedition for carrying the arms of England
into France itfelfj and the defcent was to be made at Rochclort, under
(cneriil Sir John Mordaunt, who was to cumnrand the laud troops. No*

tlung

tblnc
It fai
buth
withe
Hew
•pini(
fuffer
' Th
powei
their
voted
nions

ENGLAND.

371

are

na«
Ireft,
tnicr
of

Lft

ling
land

luler
Jo-

tli'fiffcOuKl be more promlfing than the difpormon* forthii expedition*
ItlViiledon the Mth of September, 1757; and admiral Hawke broughc
both the (en and land force* b.kck on the 6th of October to St. Helen's,
without the general making any attempt to land on the coaft of France.
He was tried and acquitted free of the public murmuring, fo great an
•pinion had the people of the miniiier ; who, to do him juftice, did not
fufTer a mnn or a ihip bcloni^ing to the Knglidi army or navy to lie idle.

The French having attacked the cle6tornte of Hanover with a moft
powerful arn)y, merely becaul'e his Britannic majcHy refufed ro wink at
their encroachments m America, the Englifli parliament, in gratitude,
voted large rnpplics of men and money in defence of the electoral domi«
nions. The duke of Cumberland had been fent thither to command an
»rmy of obfervation, but was fo powerfully preflcd by afupciior army,
that he found himfelf obliged to Iny down his arms; and the French un-
der the duke of Richlieu, took poiTcflion of that elcdtorate and its capi-
tal. At this tinTc, a fcarcity, next to a famine, r;iged in England ; and
the Heflian troo])8, who, with the Hanoveriitns, had been fent to defend
the kingdom from an invafion intended from the French, remained flill in
England. So many difficulties concurring, in 17C8 a treaty of mutual
defence was agreed to between his m»jeily and tne king oi Pruflia : in
confcquencc of which, the parliament voted 670,000, to his Prullian ma«
jcAy : and alfo voted large fums, amounting in the whole to two millions
a year, for the payment of 50,000 of the troops of Hanover, Hcflc-
Caflel, Saxe-Gothrt, Wolfenburtcl, and Buckeburg. This treaty, which
f>roved afterwards fo burdcnfome to England, was intended to unite the
proteftan; intcreft in Germany.

George II. with the confent of his Pruffian majefty, declaring that the
French had violated the convention concluded between them and the duke
of Cumberland at Clofterfeven, ordered his Hanoverian fubjedts to re-
lume their arms under prince Ferdinand of Brunfwick, a Pruffian general,
who inflantky drove the French out of Hanover ; and the duke of Marl-
borough, after the Englifli had repeatedly infulted the French coafts, by
deflroying their ftoros and (hi|>ping atSr. Maloc« and Cherbnurg, marched
into Germany, and joined prince Fenl'mand with 14,000 Britifli troops,
which were afterwards incrcafed to 25,000. A war enfued, in the courfc
of which the Englilh every where performed wonders, and were every
where victorious, but nothing decrfive followed, -atid the enemy opened
every campaign with advantage. Even the battle of Minden, the moft
glorious perhaps in the Engliih annals, in which about 7000 Englifli de-
feated 80,000 of the French regular troops tn fair battle, contributed no-
thing to the concluGon of the war, or towards weakening the French in
Germany.

The Englifli bore the ex^nces of the war with chearfunefs, and ap-
plauded Mr. Pitt*8 adminillration, becaufe their glorious fuccciTes in every
other part of the globe demonflratcd that he was in earneft. Admiral
Eofcawen and general Amlkerft, in Auguft 1758, reduced and demolilhed
Louifburgh, in North America, which had been rcftored to the French by
the treaty of Aix-la-ChapdIe, and was become the fcourge of the Britifli
trade, and took five or fix French (hips of the line ; Frontenac and Fort
du Quefne, in the fame quarter, fell alfo into the hands of the Englifli :
acquilitions that far overbalanced a check which the Englifli received at
Ticonderago, and the lofs of above 300 of the Englifli guards, as they
were returning under general BUgh from the coafl of France.

Bb3 The

374

IS N G L A N D.

The En^l'fti afltirt in the Eail Inilics this y«i«r proved cquntly fortu*
nattt ; uiid the lord* of the udmirHliy rtcrivcil Icttcn (rMin thciice, witli
an iiccoiir.t that adiniial Pococke had cn^n^cd the French ticct near Furt
S • DHvid% on (he a9th oi March, in winch engni;cment a t-nncli roiin of
UHr lallcd the Bicn Aime, ot° 74 gum, was fo much d.tipa^ed thut they
run h' r (jn Iho't'. The French had tot incu killed and wuundcd on thia
occHliun, :ind the Knglilli uoly 39 killed, and 8g wuunded. That on thu
third of A'lguU fulUnvinK* he engaged the French licit a fccond time near
Pundichcrry ; when, alter a briik firing often n^inutei, the French bi>ru
away with all the l.iil they could muke, and got f.de into the road of I'on-
dichcrry. The lofsut the French in this engagement wan 540 killed anil
vyouniieil, and that of the Eitglifli only 147 killed and wounded.
And tti.it on the 14th ot Deceinher following, general Lilly, coin«
nvinuer of the French army in thofe parts, marched to l)clicgc Madras,
which was defcmled by the Englilh colonels L.iwrence and Draper ; atul
after a hrilk cannonade, which laded till the 16th or February following,
the Eiiglith having received u reinforcement of 600 men, general Lally
thixighr proper to raifc the fiegc and retire with precipitation, leaving be-
hind liini forty pieces ot cannon.

Tiie year 1759 was introduced by the taking of the ifland of Goree on
tht; (oad of Africa, hy c •mmodorc Keppcl. Three capital expeditions
ha. I b'-en planned for tliis year in America, and ail of them proved fuc«
cefstul. One of ihem was againd the French illandg in the Wed Indies,
where iju;idaloupe was reduced. The I'econd expedition was againd Qne->
bee, the capital of Canada. The command was given, by that
miniller's advice, to general Wolfe, a young officer of a truly military
ceniu . Wulfe was oppofed with far fuperior force by Montcalm, the
bed and mod fuccefshil general the French had. Though thefituation of
the eouniry which Wolfe was to attack, and the works the French threw
up to pieienr a dcicent of the £nglidi, were dcerned impregnable, yet
Montcalm never relaxed in hie vigilance. Wolfe's courage and pcrfeve<v
ran<-e, however, funnounting incredible difHculties, he gained the he'ghts
of Abrah.m,. near Quebec, where he fought and defeated the French ar-
iny, but was himfelf killed, as was Montcalm ; general Monkton, who
was next in command, being wounded, the completion of the French
(Icie.it, and the glory of reducing Quebec, was refervcd for brigadier-
gtneral (nov* lord vilcount) Townfliend.

O neral Ainherd, who was the fird Englidi general on command in
Am> rica, tondu<f^ed the third expedition. His orders were to reduce all
Candi, apt to join the army under general Wolfe on the banks of the
river St. La • ten e. Ii is to tlie honour of the minider, Mr. Amherll
in thi? expedition was fo well provided with every thing th^t eould tnake it
fuccef-ful, that tht re f.arcely appeared anv chance for its mifcairiagc;
and t us the Ficnch empite in North America became fubjedl to Greu(
Bit in.

The aff"iirs of the Ficnch being now defperate, and their credit ruined,
they rcfoKcd up<;n an attempt to retrieve all by ;)n invalion of Gicat
Brita'n : but, on the bth ot Aiigud, i"59, admiral Bofcawen attacked
the Toulon fju dron, c^ tninan ;ed by M. de la Clue, near the flraits of
Gibraltar, '« o!^ p \."ent,iuie of 74, Le. 1 emeraire of 74, and Le Mo-
deft of 74 guns ; and burnt L'Ocean of 80, and Le Rt doubtable of ' 74
guns, T'le reft o the fleet, conliding of fcven Ihips of the line, and
three fiigaics,. made their efcape iq th^ oi|;ht ; aud on November 20, Sir

Edward

ENGLAND.

375

Ef^ward Hawkr ilrfcatcd the Brcft fleet, commanded by ndmlral Conflani«
oft' the illiiiul ot Duinct, in the bay of Bifcuy The Formidable^ a
French m:in ut war of Ro gimn, ivni talcen ; the Tlicfcc of 74, upd ihe
Supcrbe of ;o f'.iins, were llinlc ; and the Soleit UovhI of Uo* and the
Hero* of 74. Kiiiid, were burnt, and afterwards the Jufte of 70 pcrifhcd in
the nu)iith ol rlic T.oire. Sjvtn or eight French men of war of the line
got up the rivcT v'illaine, by throwing their ^uus overboard ; und the reft
of the Hect, lonliHinp^ of five fliips of the line, and three frl(>utei>, cfca-
ped in the nij;ht. The Englifli loll on this occafion, the EHexof 6^, and
the Refolurum of 74 cuns whirh ran iifhore in the chncc. A'ter this en«
giigement, the French gave overall thoughts of their in 1 ended invafiOii
of Orciu Hiitain.

In Fibiiiary 1760, Captain Thiirot, a French marine adventurer, who
had, with three lloopa of war alarmed the coalls of Scotland, and actual-
ly made a dcfccnt iit Carrickfirgiis in Irehmd, was, on his return from
thence, met, dcte:itcd, and killed by cuprain Klllot, the commodore of
three fljips, interior in force to the Frenchman's fcjuadron. F.very day'»
gazette adiicd to the nccounts of the fucccfles of the Fnglidi, und the ut«
ter ruin of the Fren. h finances, which that government did not blufh pub-
licly to avow. Ill Oiort, Great Britain now reigned as fole inidiefs of the
main, and fuccccdcd in every mcufurc that had been projected fur her own
fafety and advantage.

The war in Germany, howrvrr, continued flill a-? undecifivo as it wat
expcnlive, and mi^ny in jinj^hind began to confider it now a* foreign 10 the
internal interclls ot Great Britain. The French again and again (hi-wed
difpofitions for treating, and the charges of the war, which began now to
amount to Utile lefs than eighteen millions ftcrling yearly, inclined the
Britifli mini(lry,to lifttn to their propofals. A negoi iation was according-
ly entered upon, which proved abortive, as did many other projet^s for
arcommodation ; but on the 25th of Otftober 1760, Geori'O II. died
fuddenly (from a rupture in the right ventricle of the heart), full ol
yeai'* and glory, in the ^ 1 year of his age, and 34th of his reign, and
was fi.iccecdcd by his grandfon, now George III. cldeA fon to the late
prince of Wales,

The mem^y of George II. is rcprchenfible on no h;'ad but his predi-
lection for'is elci.'>ot ^1 dominions. He never could feparate an idea that
there was any diften i ce between them and his regal dominions ; and he
was fomctimes ill c . oiigh adviicd to declare fo much in his fpeeches to
parliament. We are, however, to remember, that his ptniple gratified
him in this partiality, and that he never aCted hy power or prerogative.
He was juft rather than generous; and in matters of oeconomy, t-ither in
his flate or bib houfchold, he was willing ro connive at abufes, if they
liad the nindion of law and cuftom. By this means, thofe milmanagC"
tnents about his couit wee multiplied to as enormous degree, and even
uniier-clcrks in offices amaiTed fortunes ten times greater than their legal
falaries or perquilites could raifo He was not very acctffible to converl'a-
tion, and therefore it was no wonder that having Itft Germany after he
had atta'ned to man's eftate, he JHll retained foreign notions both of men
and things. In govc>nment he had no favourite, for he parted with fir
Rjbert Walpole's adminiftration with great inditferriice, and flicwed very
little concern at the fubfequent revolutions among his fervants. Thi« qua-
lity may be deemed a virtue, as it contributed greatly to the internal qniee
»f his reign, aad prevented the people from loading the king with the

B b 4 faults

37^

ENGLAND.

faults of hi« minifters. In his perfonal difpofition he was pailionHte, but
placable, fearlefs of clanger, fond of military parade, and enjoyed the
memory of the campaigns in which he fervcd when young. Hib affeflions,
either public or private, were never known to intertcre with the ordinary
courfe of julHcc ; and though his reign was diftraded by party, the courts
of juflice were never better filled than under him : this was a point in
which all fa^tioty were agreed.

King George III afcended the throne wiih great advantages. His be*
ing a native of England prejudiced the people in his favour: he was in
the bloom of youth, in his perfon tall and comely, and at the time of his
nccclfion Great Britain was in the higheft degree of reputation andprofpe-
rity, and the mod falutary unanimity and harmony prevailed among the
people. The firll a6ts of his reign fecmed alfo calculated to convince the
public that the death of his predeceflbr (hould not relax the operations of
the war. Accordingly, in 1761, the ifland of BcUeifle, on the coaft of
France, furrendered to his majclly's (liips and forces under commodore
I^eppel and general Hodgfon ; as did the important fortrefs of Ponuicher-
ry, in the hall Indies, to colonel Coote and admiral Stevens. The opera-
tions agaiiift the French Weft Indies flill continued under geneml Monck-
ton, lord B^oUo, and fir James Douglas ; and in 1762, the ifland of Mar»
tinico, hitherto deemed impregnable, with the iflands of Grenada, St.
Lucia, Gienadillas, St. Vincent, and others of lefs note, were fubdued
hy the Britifti arms with inconvcivablc rapidity.

In the mean time, Mr. Pitt, who had conduced the war againft France
with fuch eminent ability, and who had received the heft information of
the hoftile intentions, and private intrigues of the court of Spain, pro-
pofed in council an immediate declaration of war againft that kingdom.
He urged his reafons for this meafure with his ufual energy ; afferting,
that, *' this was the time for humbling the whole hoafe ot Bourbon ;"
find that if this opportunity was let flip, it might never be recovered.
But he was over-ruled in the council, all the members of which ueclared
thcmfelves of a contrary opinion, excepting hisbrother-in law earl Tem-
ple. Mr. Pitt now found the decline of his influence ; and it vv;is fuppof-
ed that the earl of Bute, who bad a confiderable fhare in diicding the
education of the king, had acquired an afcendency in the royal favour •,
Mr. Pitt, however, faid, that '* as he was called to the miniftry by the
Toice of the people, to whom he confidered himfelf as accountable for his
condu^V, he would no longer remain in a fituation which made him re-
i'ponfible for mcaiures that he was no longer allowed to guide." He,
therefore, refigned the feals, and lord Temple alfo gave up the pofl which
he held in the adminiflration. But the next day, the king fettled a pen-
lion of three thoufand pounds a year upon Mr. Pitt, and at the farrte time
a title was conferred upon his lady and ht\- ifTue ; and the penfion was to
be continued for three lives Thefe advapi^ages and honours had un-
qucftionably been well deferved by his public fervices ; but his acceptance
of them grctly IcfTened his popularity, and many arts were employed to
produce this effeft. A very confiderable degree of difcontent noiwitht
llanding prevailed in the nation, on account of his removal from power :

and it wsl
iTioft regf
of whofJ
midft of I
nnd to
Europe.
The
ofMr.ll
Lord Eg
crn depal
engage il
different I
and accol

• It w-is on the iith of March 1761, that the earl of Bute wa« appointed one of

the principal fecretanwof ftatc ; arjd on the 5thofOaeher following, Mr» ?»" "-

figntd the fealt. ,

• - - • , . and

ENGLAND.

377

and it was extremely natural, that the people fliould behold, with the ut-
moft regret, the removal of a minilter from the dircftion of public affairs,
of whofc tibility and integrity they had the higheft opinion, and in the
Diidft of a war, which he had conduced with lb much honour to hirafelf
and to his country, and in a manner that had excited the a(loni(hment of
Europe.

The war ftill continued to be carried on with vigour after the refignation
of Mr. Pitt, and the plans were purfued that he had previou fly concerted.
Lord Egreniont was appointed to fucceed him, as fecrctary for the foOth-
crn depiirtmenc. It was at length alfo found indifpenfubly neceflary to
entiRge in a war with Spain, the famous family compaiSt among all the
different branches of the Bourbon f.imily being now generally known ;
and accordingly war was declared againfi chat kingdom, on the 4th of Ja-
nuary 1762. A refpeflable armament was fitted out under admiral ¥0-
cocke, having the carl of Albemarle on board to command the land forces;
and the vitals of the Spanifli monarchy were ftruck at, by the reduflioo of
the Havannah, the ftrongeft and mou important fort which his catholic
majefty held in the Welt Indies, after a fiege of two months and eight
days. The capture of the Hermionc, a large Spanifli regifler fliip, bound
from Lima to Cadiz, the cart>o of which was valued at a million fierling,
preceded the birth of the prince of Wales, and the treafure paffed in tri-
umph through Weftminfter to the Bank, the very hour he was born. Th«
lofs of the Havannah, with the flups and treafures there taken from the
Spiiniaids, ivas fucceeded by the reduction of Manilla and the Philippine
ifiands in the Eafl Indies, under general Draper and admiral Cornifh,
with the capture of the Trinidad, reckoned worth three millions of dollars.
To coonteraft thofe dreadful blows given to the family compaft, the
French and Spaniards opened their laft refource, which was to quarrel
with and invade Portugal, which had been always under the peculiar pro-
tedlion of the Britilh arms. Whether this quarrel was real or pretended,
is not for me to decide. It certainly embarraffed his Britannic majefty,
who was obliged to fepd .thither armaments boith by fea and land.

The negnciatinns for peace were now refumed ; and the enemy at laft
offeied fuch terms as the Britifli miniftry thought admiffible and adequate
to the occalion. The flefeAion of the Ruffians from the confederacy
againd the king of Pruflia, and his confequent fucceffes produced a ceffa-
tion of arms in Germany, and in all other quarters ; and on the 10th of
February 1763, the definitive treaty of peace between his Britannic ma-
jefty, the king of France, and the king of Spain, was concluded at Paris,
and acceded to by the king of Portugal; March lo, the ratifications were
exchanged at Paris. The aad, the peace was folemnly proclaimed at
Weftminfter and Londpn; and the treaty having on the 18th been laid
before the parliament, it met the approbation of a majority of both houfes.

By this treaty, the extenfive province of Canada, wit|i the iflands of
Newfoundland, Cape Breton, and St. John, were confirmed to Great
Britain ; alfo the two Floridas, containing the whole of the continent of
North America, on this fide the M«fliffippi, (except the town of New
Orleans, with a fmall diftrij5l round it), was furrendered to us by France
and Spain, in confidcration, of reftoiing to Spain the iflrind of Cuba;
and to France the iflands of Martinico, Guadaloupe, Mnriegalantc, and
Defirade; and in confidcration of our granting to the French the two
fmall iflands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, on the coaft of Newfoundland ;
9»d quitting our pretenfions to the neutral iflapd of St. Lucia, they

yielded

378

ENGLAND.

yielded to ii8 the iflands of Grcnadit and the Grenadillcs, and quitted tlieif
prctenfions to the neutral illands of St. Vincent, Dominica, and Toliago.
In Africa we retained the fcitlcmt nt of Senegal, by which we nearly cn-
grofled the whole gum trade of that country ; but we returned Gorce, a
linall ifland of little value. Thd nrtitle that rel.itcs to the Ead Indies, was
dictated by the direi^ors of the Engiifli conip;iny ; which rcftores to th<i
French all the places they had at tlie beginning of the war, on condition
that they fliall maintain neither forts ilor forces in the province of Bengal,
And the ciry of Manilla was rfftorcd to the Spaniards ; but they confirm-
ed to u« the liberty of cutting logwood in the Bay of Honduras in America.
In Europe, likcwifc, the French feftbred to us the ifland of Minorca, and
we reftored to them the illand of Belleine. In Germany, after f\x
years fpent in marches and' countermarches, numerous Ikirtnifltes and
bloody battles, Great Britain aequircd much tnilirary fame, but at the cx-
pence of thiity millions ficiling! As to the objcrts of that war, it was
agreed that a nuitual leflitution and oblivion flioUld take place, and each

Earty fit down at the end of the War in the fame lituation in which they
eg!»n it. And peace was reftored between Portugal and Spain, both fides
to be upon the fame footing as before the war.

. The war to which a period was now put, was the mod brilliant, and
diftinguiflied with thfi mod glorious events in the Britifli annals. No na-
tional prejudices, nor party difputes then exifttd. The fame truly Britifli
fpirit by which the minirter was ftriilnited, fired the brea(V of the foldicr
And feninnn. The nat^bn had then arrived at a pitch of wealth unknown
to former ages ; and the moHied nhan, pleafed with the afped of the times,
confiding in the abilities of the minifter, and courage of the people, cheer-
fully opened his purfe. The incredible fums of r8, 19, and 22 millions,
raifed by a few citizens of London, upon a fiiott notice, for the feryice
of the ycirs >759, 17^10, and 1761, was no Icfs aftonifliing to Europe,
than the fuccels which attended the Britifli fleet and armies in every quai:-
ter of the globe.

But the |>eace, though, it received the fant^ioii ©r a majority of both
houles of parliament, was fai^ frdm giving univerfiil fatisfaftion tothe jJeo-
ple. The manner in which it was begun, and the prccipitntion with
vrhich it was concluded, were condemfted. The temis alio were cenfured
by many, as extremely inadequate to what might juftly have been exptift-
cd from the numerous viftories and advantages which had been obtained
againft the enemy. And from this period various caufes contributed to
occafion a great fpirit of difcontcnt to prevail throughout the nation.

On the'30th of April, 1763, three of the king's mefllngers entered the
houfe of John Wilkes, efq. inember of parliament for Aylcfbury, and
fcizcd his pirfon, by virtue of a warrant from thefecretary of ftate, which
dire6\ed them to feize * the authors, printer?, ind publifticrs, of a fddi-
tious and treafonable paper, intitled the North Briton, No. 41;,' The
papers publiftied under this title, feverely arraigned the condudt of the ad-
ininidration, and reprefented the earl of Bute as the favourite of the king,
and the perlbn from whom meafures of government of a very pernicious
tendency originated. The 45th number contained flriftures on the king's
fpecch. Mr. Wilkes was fufpeifted to be the author, but his name was not
mentioned in the warr.mt by which he was apprehended. He objeded to
being t.iken into cuftody by fuch a warrant, alleging that it was illegal.
However he was forcibly carried before the fecretaiies of ftate tor examina-
tion, and they committed him clofe prifoncr to the Tower, hit papers be-
ing

ing
the
his f|

ter
agrd
minf
infi)r
at hi|
day
ftoodl
houi'l
the \i
pi una
mfiral
his 111

ENGLAND.

-J79

1D£

ing alfo feized. He was likcwifc deprived of his comniiflfion as colonel of
the Biickinghiimnure militia. A writ of habeas corpus being procured bjr
his friendti, he whs brou;^ht up to the court oi Common Pleas, and the mat«
tcr being there ar4>ucil, he was onWred to be difcharged. Tliis affair made
a great noife ; people of alt ranks interel>ed themfeive'S in it, and Weii-
ininder-hall rcfoundcd with Hcelamsiiions when he was let at liberty. An
infi)rmati )n, however, was filed againlt him in the court of King's Bench,
at his majeiiy's luit, as auihor of the Noith liriton, No 4;. On the firi
day of the meeting of parli.imcnt, after thtfe tranfafti{m8, Mr. Wilket
ifood up in his plact*, and made a fpcccht in which he complained to the
houi'c, that in his perfon the rights of all the commons of England, and
the privileges of pailiament, h:id been violated by liis imprilbnment, the
plundering of his houfe, and the feizurc of his papers. The f»mc day, 4
iTiftrage was fcnt to acqviaint the hou(e of commons, with the information
his majefty had received, thnt John \Vilk«'8, efq. a member of that houfe,
was the author of a moil feditious and dangerous libel, and the meafuiei
that hud been taken thereupon. The nexr day a duel was fought in Hyde-
park between Mr. Wilkes and Mr. Martin, unijiher member of parlia-
ment, and fecrctary of the treafury, in whi\.h Mr. Wilkes received a dan-
gerous wound in the belly sviih a piilol-bullet. Bith houies of parlia-
ment foon concurred in voting the North Bfifon, No 45, to be a falfe,
fcandalous, and feditious libtl, and ordered it to be burntj»y the common
hangman. This order was accordingly executed, though not without
great oppofition from the populace; and Mr. Harley, one of the (hcriflii
who jitttnded, was woundfi-d, and obliged to take (belter in the iVIanlion-
houlb. Another profetution was comnwiiccd ag linll Mr. Wilkes, for hav-
ing caufed an obfccne and profane poem to be printed, imitlod, " An £f-
fay on Woman." Of this, only twelve copies had been privately printed ;
and it did not appear to have been intended for publication. Finding,
however, that he ihould continue to be profccutcd with the iiimoft rigour,
when his wound was in fom : degree healed, he thought propirrtoquit the
kingdom. He was foon after expelled the houle of commons; vcrdi^i
were alfo given againft him, both on acciunt of the North Biiton and the
Efliiy on Woman, and towards the end of the year 1 764 he was outlawed.
Sundry other jierfons h:id been taken up for oeing concerned in printing
and publifliing the North Briton ; but fome of them obtained verdict*
againll the king's nirflengeVi for falfe imprifonmcnt.

In the mean white, the earl of Bute, whi had bt^cn made firlJ lord of
the tre.ifury, religmd that office, and was ( • .ceecled by Mr. George Grcn-
ville. And under this gentleman's adminiflration, an adf was patted, faid
to have bicn hamvd by him, which was produt^ive of the nuft j>erniciou«
confequences to Great Britain; " An Act for laying a /lamp tiufv in the
Britifli Colonies of North America," which received the royal aflisnr on
the 22d pf March iy6;. Some other injudicious previous rtgulation?
had alfo been mad**, under pretence of preventing fmuggling in America j
but which in eftet'f To cramped the trade of the colonies, as to be prcjudi*
cial both to them and the mother country. As foon as it was known in
North inerica that iht JJamp-a^ was pafled, the whole continent wa»
kindled into a flame. As tlie Americans had hitherto been taxed liy their
own reprefentatives in their proviucial aflemblies, they loudly affertf-d, tha*
the Britifl) parliament, in which they were not repreienied, had no right to
tax them. Indeed, the fame doftrine had been maintained in the Britifli
parliament, when the ilamp-at^ was under coaiideration : on which oc-

calioQ

Z^9

ENGLAND.

cifion It was faid, that it was the blnh-right of the inhabitniUs of the co«
Ionics, even as the delcenilants of Englilhinen, not to be taxed by any but
their own rcprefentatives ; thut, fo far from being ad^ually reprefcnted in
the parliament of Great Britain, they were not even virtually reprefcnted
ihcre, as the meaneft inhabitants of Great Bntain are, in confequence of
iheir iotiirate connedion^with thofe who are Ji^^ually reprefcnted ; and that
therefore the attempt to tax the colonies in the Britifli paiiiaiucnt was op*
prcflive and uncoulVitutioaal. Ob the other hand it was contended, that
<hc colonies, who had been protei^^ed by Great Britain, ought, in reafon
And jiiliice, to contribuie towards ^he expence of the mother-country.
* Thefe children of our own planting,' faid Mr. George Grcnville, fpeak-
ing of the Americans, ^nouriflied by our indulgence, until they are grown
to a good degree of llrcngth and opulence, and proicded by our arms, will
they grudge to contribute their mite to relieve us from the heavy load of
rational expence, which we lie under ?'

When the llump-a(% printed by roj'al authority, reached tire colo-
nies, it was treated with cvety mAr.k of indignation and contempt. It wag
publicly burnt in Icveral places, together with tlie effigies of thofe who were
fiippofed to be the moil adtive in bringing it about. It was not the com-
mon people only, but perfons of all ranks, who engaged in oppolition to
thisa<5^: and, in particular, the provincial aifembhes took a very adive
part againft it. The afl'cmbly of Virginia refolved, * That the general af-
I'embly of that colony, together with his majcfty, or his fabftitufe, have,
in their reprefcntative capacity, the only excluiive right and power to lay
taxes and impufitions upon the inhabitants of that colony ; and that every
attempt to inveft fuch a power in any perfon or perfons vvhatfoever, other
than the general aliiembly aforefaid, is illegal^ unconlVitutional, and un-
j^ft, and has a iraiiifell tendency to dcilroy Britidi, as well as American
j'reedom.' Siinilar rcl'olves were alfo made in other colonies.

The general difcunttnt which prevailed in America being known in
England, fcvcral mailers of fljips rcfufed to take any ftanips on hoard for
the colonics ; and it foon appeared, that their precaution was well found*
cd : for fuch as ventured to take them, had abundant reafon to repent it,
on their arrival at their dcHined ports ; where, to favc their veflels from
fire, they were forced to deliver their cargoes of flampcd paper into the
hands of (he enraged multitude, to be treated in the fame ignominious
inunner in which the »&. had been treated ; and other vcflels were obliged
to take fhclicr under fuch of the king's (hips as happened to he at hand to
proteft them. Many perfons who came from England with commiflions
to aft as diftributors of the ilamps, were alfo compelled publicly to re-
nounce having any concern in them. Several other afts of violence were
likewifc committed, with a view of preventing the operations of the flamp-
u£t i and aifoi-iations were alfo formed in the different coloiaiec, whereby the
people bound themfclvcs not to import or purchafe any Britifli nianufac^-
turcs, till that aft (liould be rejiealed. The inhabitants of the different
colonii's alfo ertabliflicd coinmitttcs froiti every colony tocorrefpond with
each other, concerning the general afi'airs of the whole, aad even appoint-
ed depiltics from thefe coinmittees to meet IM Congress at New York.
They iiffemblcd together in that city, in Oftober 1765, and this was the
firft congreG, held on the American continent.

'J'hefe commotions in America occafioned fo great an alarm in England,
that the king thought proper to difmifs his minifters. The marquis of
Ro.kingham was appointed firil lord of the treafury ; and fome of his

lordfliip'i

tordniil
was pal
and ful
with t|
of the
tircly
no rir
in tluj
their I
wouki
this kl
ways I
in tra
takind
alVertS
throul
At
fecuri
But

£ N G L A N U.

jyi

the CO*
any but
inted in
refcnted
ence of
ind that
was op>
d, that

reafoii
ouiitry.

fpeak-

grown

|is, will

oad of

toidfliip's friends fuccecded to the vacant places. In March 176^, an a6fe
waspalFed for rcpealii:g the American liamp-ad. This was countenanced
and I'upported by the new niiniftry ; and Mr. Pitt, though not conncftcd
with them, yet fpoke with great tbrcc in tavour of the repeal. He faiJ
of the late miniury, that * every capital meafure they had taken was en-
tirely wrong.' He contended, that the parliament of Great Britain had
nu right to tax the colonies. • For the commons of America, reprefcnted
in tht'ir fevcral aitl-mblles, have ever been in poflellion of the cxercil'e or
their conllitutionul right, of giving and granting their own money. They
wouLl have been Haves if they had not enjoyed ir. At the fame timc^
this kingdom, as the fuprcme governing and lcgiflati*c power» has al-
ways bound the colonies by her laws, by her regulations*' and rcftri£tion»
in trade, in n ivigation, tn manufadlures — in every thing except that of
taking their money out of their pockets without their confent.' He alio-
afl'erted, that the profits to Great J^ritain from the trade uf the colonics,
through nil its branches, was two millions a ye. /.

At the lime ih ,1 the ftamp-a£t was repealed, an aft was alfo pafled for
fecuring the dependence of :he American colonies on Gieat Britain.
But this does not appear then to havcgivei> much umbrage to the colonifts,
regarding it as a iMutumfulmen, or a pope's buUf and the repeal of the
i!amp-aft occaftoned great rejoicings both in America and Great Britain.
It would have been happy for the mother-country, it no acw laws and
regulations had afterwards taken place* which were calculated again to em-
broil Great Britain and the colonies. But fume attempts of this kind,
which were vehemently oppofed by the colonies, at length brought on a
civil war of the moft ruinous and fatal nature.

The marijuis of Rockingham and his friends continued in adminiftra-
tion but a fliort time ; though during their continuance in power feveral
public ineHfures were adopted, lendinj/to relieve the burthens of the peo-
ple, and to the fecurity of their libeniis. But on the v,oih of July, 1 766.
the duke of Grafton was appointed firrt lord of the trcafury, in the room
of the marquis of Rockingham ; the earl of Shdburnefecretary of llatc.
In the room of the duke of Richmond ; Charle* Tovvnfltend, chancellor
of the Exchequer ; and i.Tr. Pitt, now created earl of Chatham, vvas
appointed lord privy-fcal ; but that eminent ilatefinai^'s acceptance of a
peerage, as it removed him from the houfc of commcns, greatly IclTened
his weight and influence. Indeed, this political arran|);emcnt was not of
•any long continuance, and fundry changes followed. Mr. Charles
Townfliendj who vvas a gcntlem.in of great abilities and eloquence, made
for fome titne a confiderable Bgurc both in the cabinet and in parliament ;
but, on his death, the place of chancellor of the Exchequer was fupplied
by' lord North, who afterwards bcoame firlt lord ot the trcafury, and ob-
tained a great afccndancy in the adniinilbation.

In the year 1768, Mr. Wilkes, who had for a cnnGderable time rc-
lided in France, came over to England, and a^ain became an objctft of
public attention. The limits of our work will not permit us to enter into
all the particulars refpcCting the profccution of tlii» gentleman, and the
fublcquent tranfaflinns co... "rning him : for thefc we mull refer to our
quarto edition. It is well known, that vtrdiii^ts were found .igainll hiin
on account ot the North Briton, and for the indecent poem, " Elfay on
Woman." That he fuffered a long imprifonmcnt of two years, and paid
two fines of 500I. each. That he tlilplaycd j^reat abilities duiing his
contciU with the miniflrv, and was cholln member for the county of
■ ' 5 MiJaiciex,

bSi

ENGLAND.

WiddlefcK, on the aSth of March, T768. He was aKo again expelled, for
bctne the author of fomc prctiitory remarks on a letter which he pub-
Itflredt writteit hy one o( the fecretarics ot (late to the chairman ol the
. auancr-fcflions at Lambeth, in which the lecrctary had recommended to
fne mngillrarcs, previous to the unhappy aftliir of St. George's fields,
their calli.ig in ilic alUliitnceot" the military, and employing them (i^fif/W^,
if there fliould he occufion. In the vote for his cxpulfion, his t'ormer of-
fences, for which he was now fuffcring imprifoninent, were complicated
with this charge ; and a new writ was ordered to be iflued for the election
of a mt-mlier tor the county ot Middiefex.

The rigour with which Mr. Wilkes was profcciited, only incrcafed his
popularity, which was alio much augmented by the fpirit and (irmncfs
which on every occalioii hcdilplayed. Before his expullion, he had been
chofen an altlerman of London : and on the i6th of February, 1769, he
was re«ele^ed at Brenifurd, meinber for the county of Middiefex, with-
out oppolition. The reuirn having been made to the houfe, it was re-
iblved, that Mr. Wilkes having been expelled that fclHon, was incapable
of being eK<5Vtfil a mcmbtr of that parliament. The late elcrtion, there-
fore, was declared void, and a new wtic iflued tor another. He was
once more unanimoully rc-clcdcd by the freeholders, and the elet'^ion
was again declared void by the houfc of commons. Alter this, a new
eledion being ordered, colonel Luttrcl, in order to recommend hinifelf to
the court, vacated the feat which he already had in parliament, by the ac-
ceptance of a nominal place, and declared himfelf a candidate for the
county of M'ddlefex. Though the whole weigh' of court intereft was thrown
in*o the fcale in this gcntlen>an's favour, y.et a majority of near four to one
appeared againft him on the day of election ; the numbers for Wilkes
being 1 143, and for Luttrel only 296. NotwithUanding this, two days
after the eleftion, it was relblvrd in the houfe of commons, that Mr. Lut-
trel ought to h^ve been returned a knight of the fliire for the county of
Middiefex ; and the deputy-clerk of the crown was ordered to amend the
return, by eraling the name of Mr. Wilkes, and infcrting that of colonel
Luttrel in its place. The latter accordingly took his feat in parliament ;
but this was thought fo grofs a violation ot the rights of the eledors, that
it excited a very general dilcontent, and loud complaints were madcagainfl:
it in every part of the kingdom.

Petirit)n>^, couched in very ftrong terms, were prefented to the throne,
from different places, complaining of this and other national grievances.
The county of Middiefex, as the mod immediately afta'^ed, took the lead
on this occallon, and prefented a petition, in which they complained,
• that their legal and free choice of a reprefentative had been repeatedly
rejected, and the right of elet'lion finally taken from thein, by the unpre-
cedented feating ot a candidate who was never cholen by the county.*
, They alfo faid, that • inOeiid of the ancient and legal civil police, the mi-
litary were introduced at every opportunity, unneceflarily and unlawfully ;
that the civil magifl-acy was rendered coniemptible, by the appointment
of improper r.uJ incapable pcrfons ; and that the civil magiftraies, being
tampered with by ndminiftraiion, ncglcif^ed and ref'jfed to difcharge their
duty.' Tliefe petitioners likewife addrelTtd his majefty in the following
terms : ♦ With great grief and forrovv, we have long beheld the endea-
vours of certain evil minded perfons, who attempted to infufe into your
royal mind notions and opinions of the inoft dangerous and pernicious
tendency, and who promote and counfel fuch meaiures as cannot fail to

deftroy

year
nnd

ENGLAND..

353

deflroy that harmony and confidence, which fliould ever fubfiil between a
jiilt and virtuouti nrince, ai\.d a tree and loyal people.' Various uther par*
ticuhirs were comphiined ot in this petition ; and petitions oF a (imilar na-
ture were prcfcnttd from the livery of London, the clcftors of WcAmin-
iter, from feveral otht.'r elt'cs and boroughs, and about fcvcntrcn counties*
Tbefe petitions were faiU to be figned by upwards of 60,000 eIr(St.)rs,
Some of the pt-tiiions wer', indeed, piiiicipally confined 10 the violntei
rijiht of el.rtitms, but others were more diftufc ; and Yorkfliirc, Weft-
minfler, and foinc others, prayed in expicfs terms for adifl'olution of par*
liument, under the idea of bein^ venal and corrupt.

After the term of Mr. Wilki»*8 imprifonmcnt was expired, in the year
1771, be was chofcnoneof the (l)crii^s for London and Middlcfex ; and
was afterwards ngam chofen member for the county of Middlcfex in the
fubfequent parliament, and permitted quietly to take his fe.it there ; in the
year 1775, he executed the oftice of lord mayor of the city of London ;
and hath fiuce been tleifted to the lucrative office of chamberlain of thuC
city. In the year 1783, alter the change of lord North's adminiflration,
at Mr. Wilkes's motion, all the declar,itions, orders, and refolutions of
the houfc of commons retpcdting his clctftion for the county of Middlefex,
were ordered to be expunged from the journals of that hnufe, *• as being
fubverfiveof the rights of the whole body of eledors of this kingdom.'*
And it Oiould be remtmbered, that in confequence of his manly and ipi.
rited contefts with the government, general warrants were declared to b«
illegal, and an end was put to fuch warrants, and to the unlawful feizure
of an £ngli(hman's papers by Hate meflengers.

While thefe affairs were tranfading in England, and the objefts of ge.
neral attention, other occurrences happened relative to America, which
were of the moft ferious nature, and which produced confequences highly
injurious and ruinous to the interelb of Great .Britain.

After the repeal of the llamp-aft, which was 'cceived with great joy in
America, all things became quiet there : but l nhappily new attempts
were made to tax them in the BriciHi parliament, ihough, befidct the ex-
perience of the ill fuccefs of the flamp-aft, governor Pownall, a gentle-
man well acquainted with thedifpofiiion of thecolonitls, faid in the houfe
of commons, in 1767, ' It is a fn& which this houfe ought to be ap-
prized of in all its extent, that the jieople of America, univcrfally, unit-
edly, and unalterably, are refolved not to fiibmit to any internal tax im-
pofed upon theni by any legiflature, in which they have not a fliare by re-
prefentatives of their own elertion.' He added, ' this claim mufl: not be
undcrflood as though it were only the pretences of party-leaders and de-
magogues ; as though it were only the vifions of fpeculative enthufiafls;
as though it were the inere ebullition of a fadion which muft fubfide ;
as though it were only temporary or parti.il — it is the cool, deliberate,
principle<* maxim of every man of bufmefs in the country.' The
event veiififd the juflice of thefe obfervations ; yet the fame year, an ad
was paflcd laying certain duties on paper, glafs, tea, &c. imported into
America, to be paid by the colonies for the purpcife of raifui j a revenue
to the government. About two years after, it was thou;;ht proper to re-
peal thffe duties, excepting ihat on tea ; but as it was not the amount of
the duties, but the ri^^ht of the parliament of Great Britain to impofe
taxes in America, which was the fubjeft of difnure, the rcpealinj/ the
other duties anfwered no purpofe, while that on tea remained ; which nc-
cordingly became a fierti fubjeiSl; of contell between the mother-country
o aj;d

E I^ G L A N 0.

and the colonies. Other laws had alfo been' palTeil in England, partiru*
larly one relative to quartering troops in chccolonies^ and another tor fuf-
pending the legiflative powers of the aifcinbly ut' New York, which gave
great umbrage in America. Another I'cbeme which wai alto adopted, ot
appointing the governors and judges in tt e culonirs to be paid by the'
crown, and not by the provilional alTeinblics, as heretofore, uccalioned
Ukewii'e much difcontent in America* us it was fiipf>orcd, thp.t this new
regutation would render the governors and judges wholly dcpendeuton the
crown, and independent ot the people.

In order to induce the E.tll India company to become inOrumental in on-
forcing the tea-duty in America, an a£t was pafled, by whiih thc-y were
enabled to export their teas, duty free, to all plices whatl'oevcr. Several
fliips were accordingly freighted with teas tor the different colonits by the
company, who alio appointed agent& there tor the difpofal of that commo-
dity. This was conhdered by (he Americans, as a i'cheme calculated mere •«'
ly to circumvent them into a compliance with therev':nuelaWf andrhereby
pave the way to an unlimited taxation. For it was ea^ly comprehended^
that if the tea was once landed, and in the cuftcdy of the conlignecs, no
alTociations* nor other meainrcs, would be futiicicnt to prevent its laic and
confutnption : and it was not to be fuppofed* that when taxation was eita-
bliihcd in one inftance, it would redrain itfelf in others. Thefe ideas be-
ing generally prevalent in America, it was refolved by the coloniils to
prevent the landing ot the tea-cargoes amongtl them, at whatever hazard.
Accordingly, three (hips laden with tea having arrived in the port of Bol-
ton in December, 1773; a number of armed men, under the difguiie of
Mohawk Indiana, boarded thefe (liips, and in a few hours difcharged their
whole cargoes of tea into the fea, without doing any other damage,' or ol"
fering any injury to the captains or crews. Some fmaller quantities of tea
met afterwards with a iimilar fate at Bollon, and a few other places ; but
in general, the commitlioners for the tale of that commodity were obliged
' to relinquith their empluvnicnts, and the mailers of the tea-vefl'cls, from
an apprehenfion of di»;iger, returned again to England with their cargoes*
At New York, indeed, the tea was landed under the cannon of a man of
war. But the perlbns in the fervice of government there were obliged to
confent to its being locked up from ufe. And in South Carolina tome was
thrown into the river, as at Bofloa, and the reft put into damp warehoufcs,
where it peritlied.

Thefe proceedings in America sxcited fo much indignation in the go-
vernment of England, that on the 31ft of March, 1774, an nft was p.itF-
ed for removing the cudom-houfe ofHcers from the town of Boilon, and
(hutting up the port. Another aft was foon after pafled ' for better re-
{Tulating the government in the province of Matlachufeit's Bay.* The de-
lign of this aft was to alter the conflitution of that province as it flood upon
the chatter of king William ; to take th« whole executive power out of
the hands of the people, and to veil the nomination of the counfcUors,
judges, and magiilrates of all kinds, inclurl'ug fheriifs, in the crown, and
in lome cafes in the king's governor, and all to be rcmoveablc at the plea-
fure of the crown. Another aft was allbpafTed, which was conlidered as
highly injurious, cruel, and unco-^ilitutional, empoweiing the governor
of MafTachufett's Bay to lend perfons accufed of crimes there to be .tried
in England forfuch offences. Some time alter, an aft wis likcwife pafled
• for making more effeftual provilion for the government of tho province
of Quebec,' which excited u great alarra both in England and America.
1 :,:.■>■• I ,, , "^ • By

jelly'

E M G L A N D.

385

By thU aft, a Ifgiilative council wm to be cftabllflicil for all the affairs of
the province of Quebec, except taxntion, which council was to be appointed
by the crown, the office to he held tluiinq; pleafiirc ; and his majeily's Ca-
nadian Roman Catholic fubjcdts were entitled to a place in it. The French
laws, and a trial without jury, were alfo eft:iblilhcd in civil cafe«, and the
Englilh laws, with a triul by jur" .1 criminal ; and the l*oi>ifli clergy
were inverted with a legal right to thtir tithes from all who were of their
own religion. No iilTcmbly of the people, as in other Britiflj colonics, wai
appointed, it beini; laid in the a£t, that it was then inexpedient: but the
king was to crsii liich courts of criminal, civil, and eccleliaftical jurif-
diftion, as he fliouM think proper. The boundaries of the province of
Quebec were likiwile extcKlcd by the aft, thoufands of miles at the back of
the other C(»lonitfl. whereby, it was faid, a government little better than
dcfpotic was clhiMiflied throughout an extenllvc country. As to the clatifes
refpefting the Poj/ilh clergy in Canada, it was admitted, tliat it would
have been unjull to have perlecuted them, orto have drpiived them of the ,
cxercife of their icliijiun ; but it was m^inrained, that it could not be ne«
celfary that Popery fliould have fuch a lep;al eftablifltment given it by a
Britilh government, as that their priefts fliould have the fame right to
claim their eceleliaiiical revenues, as tlie clergy of the cftabliflied church
in Enj^bnd. Ir was alfo thoiii;ht extremely injurious to the Britifli fettlers
in Canada, that, when that province hai< been conquered by Britifli arms,
they fluHilii be toinpilleii ro fiibmir ro French laws, and be deprived of
thole piivilegei) which they would have enjoyed in other parts of his ma-
jelly's dominions.

The nteafiircs of government refpefting America had fo univeifiltjr ex-
afHerated the colonifts, that provincial or town meetings were held in every
part of the continent, wherein they avow«d their intentions of oppofing,
in the mod vigorous manner, the rncafurcs of admiuiftration. Agree-
ments were enteied into in the different colonics, whereby the fubfcribers
bound themfelves in the moft folemn manner, and in the prelence of God,
to fufpend all commeieiul intcrcoiirfe with Great Britain, from the laft.
day of the month of Auguft, 1774, until the Bofton-port bill, and the
other late obnoxious laws, were repealed, and the colony of MafTachufet's
B«y fully lertored to its chartered rights. Other tranfaftions fucceeded;
nnd the flame continued toincreafc and extend in America, till at length
twelve of the coliuies, including that whole extent of country which
(Iretchts f^om Nova Scotia to Georgia, had appoin'ed deputies to attend a
General Congrcls, which wa" to be held at Philadelphia, and opened the
5th of Sepreiiiher, 1774. They met accordingly, and the number of
delegates amoinred to fifry-onc; who reprcfentcd the fevera! Englifl> co-
lonies of New Hampfliire (2 delegates), MaflTachu Pet's Bay (4), Rhode
Ifland and Providence plantations (r), Connefticut (3), New York (7),
New Jerfcy (4), Pcnfylvania (7), the lower counties on Delaware (3),
Ma-yiand (4), Virginia (7),. North Carolina (3), and South Carolina
(C delegates) ; Georgia aF'crvvards acceded to the confederacy and fent de-
pirties to the Congrfils. They entered into an nflbcifltion, in which they
bound themfelves and their conftituents, not to import into Britifll
Ameiica, from Great Britain, or Ireland, any goods, wares, or merchandife
whatfoever, from the i ft day of December following; nor to import any Eaft
India tea from any parr of the world ; nor to export any merchandife or com-
modity whatlfKver to Great Britnin, Ireland, or the Weft Indies, from the
lothofSepteniHe;r, 1775, unlefstheaft for ftoppingthc port and blocking up
the harbour of Boilon, that for altering the charter and government of the-

C e -ptpvince

386

ENGLAND*

province of MafTachufct's BaVt the Quebec a{\, the adti by which (lut!r»
were impofed on uny commuaititb im|)«»rtr(i into Ainericu, and fume other
»&*, which thty ciiumeratcd, were r( pt alcd. They avowed their nllcgi*
ance to his ni»jclly, and thtir iiHe^iop and rt'gnid for their telloW'TubjcftB
in Great Britain, but aflcucd the nccclTiiy of their aitopiing fuch nieaiurea
Ml wcie culculati'd to obtain » rrdreft ot thole grirvancei which they la«
boured under ; and which, ihcy fuid, " threatened dt ftru^ion to the livei,
liberty, and pn periy of the inhabitants of the colonics."

They alio drew itp :i |H'iition to the king, in ivh ch they enumerated
their federal grievances, and folicitcd hit) mnjclty to grant them peace, IN
beriy, and fafcty. They likewil'e publiflied un addrefs to tbe people of
Greut Britain, another to the colonies in general, and another to the inha>
bitanti of the province of Quebec. The cnngrefs biukc up on the 26th of
October, having refolvcd, that another congrcfs (hould be held in the fame
place, on the tcth of May following, unlefb the grievances of which they
complained fhoiild be redrclTcd before that time : and they recommended
to all the colonics to choofe deputies at foon as poflihie, for that purpofe.

Shortly after thcfe events, fome meafurct were propofrd in the parlia-
incnt of Great Britain, for putting a ftop to the commotions which un-
happily fubfiOed in America. The earl of Chathnm, who had been long
in ttn infirm ftute of health, appeared in the houfe of lords, and exprefled
in the firongeft terms his difapprobatton of the whole fyOem of American
nieafures. He ulfo made a motion, for immediately recalling the troops
from BoOon. He reprel'cnted this as a mcafure which (hould be inHantly
adopted ; urging, tliat an hour then loA, in allaying the ferment in Ame-
rica, might produce years of calamity, lie alleged that the prefent fitu-
ation of the troops rendered ihcni and tbe Americans continually liable to
events, which would cut oft' the polTibility «>f a reconciliation ; but that
this conciliatory mcafure would be well timed ; and as a mark of uftis^ion
and good-will on our ilde, would remove all jealoufy and apprehenfion on
the other, and inftantancoudy produce the happiefl effeAi to both. Hi»
lordfliip's motion was rejddied by a large majority, 68 againd 18 ; as wasalfu
a bill which he brought in foon after fur fettling the American troubles,
by 61 to 32. The methods propofed in the houfe of commons for pro-
moting an nccoinmodation, met alfo with a fimilar fate. The number of
his majeOy's troops were ordered to be augmented ; and an aift was palTed
for reflraining the commerce of the New £ngl:;nd colonies, and to prohibit
their fifliery on the banks of Newfoundland. A motion wn.i, indeed,, af-
terwards made in the houfe of commons, by lord North, iirft lord of the
treafury, for ful'pendiiiq; tbe excrcife of the right of taxation in America,
claimed by tbe Eritilh parliament, in fuch of the colonics as fliould, in
their general aflemblics, raife fuch contributions as were approved of by
the king in parliament. This motion was carried, and afterwards com-
municated to. fome of the provincial aflemblics : but it waa rejefted by
them as delu^ve and utifatisfa^ory, and only calculated to difunite them.
The petition from the congicls to the king was ordered by his inajefty to be
laid before the parliament : whereupon Dr. Franklin, and two other
American agents, folicited to, he heard at the bar of the houfe of commons*
on behalf of tbe colonics, in fupport of that petition: but their applica-^
tion uas rejedfcd ; it being faid, that the American congrefs was no legal
aiTembly, and that therefore no petition could be received from it by the
parliament with propriety.

In the mean time, the inhabitants of the American colonies began to prr-
pare for all eveats ; and accordingly they trained and exercifed their iniU-

I tia

t!s with

which w
nitiuii to
fert. A
for the I
formed,
and encoi
of every

It WHS

this unhit

was occnl

mil'fary i

wercexti(

170 woiir

puicd not

mediately

town of ii

colonies ti

almofl rvc

congrcfs 11

foon idopi

oppofc the

refolutiont

per curr«;n

United Cc

nal value c

of the Brii

der the inn

places, wl

In the

ahour 240

Thefe f.jrt

the provitK

non, bcfidc

f rrce of G

Bodon frnr

coiifidcrabf

intimidated

between ih

the vtolatio

mended to

a new gove

lemhly, ace

Our limi

the particiil

important ti

place at Bu

vantac:e, bt

including m

threw up w^

town neck ;

they had be

iVafltin^ton

Htary talent!

t: N G L A N D.

3>7

i^n with great induftry ; ami when ndvicc was recrived oF t proclamatlofli
which was tflued in Knglisid to prevent the cxpoitati m otarmt and ammil-
nitiuii to America, meaHircs were immediately adopted k* reincJy the de* ^
lert. And to render theiitii-lveii as imlcpendcnt as |» ilfiMe of fuicij^ncrs,
for the riii»ply ot thol'e articles, mills were crci'Kd, and inanufaotuiiet
formed, l>uth in Philiiilclph'm and Vir<!;iniii, for the m ikiny^ »( gunpowder }
and encoura^i incnt was givcit in all the colonies, tor tbc tubric.ition ot anni
ot every kind.

It WHS on the 19th of April, 1775, that the firft blood w.l9 drawn in ^
thiB unhitppy tivil wur, at Lexington and Concord in New b-nj^hiiid. Thit
was occaliiined by general Oai^o ft-nding a boJy of tniops to dcrtroy foino
tnil'tary llorcs that were at Concord, 'fh y fiicceeded in their dclign, but
were extremely haralFcd and toiccd to a quick retre.it, 65of theitl were killed
170 wounded, and about 20 made pri oners, t'he Americans were coiti*
piiu-d not to hive lull more than 60, including killed and wounded^ Iin*
mediately -.ifier, numerous bodies of (he American militia in^reded thd
town of Bodon, in which geneial Gage and his toitps were. la mU tha
colonies titey prci^ired for war with the utmoll dilp.ttch *, and a (lop wu
almoA rvery whfie put to the exportation of pruviuons, ThiB contincnUl
congrefs met at Phil ide pbia on the loth of May 177^ as propofed, aild
foon .doptt'd fuch meafuirs as confirmed the people in their retitlutions *.9
oppofc the Britifli government to the utmoO. Among their firft a^l, were
refolutiiins tor the railing of an army, and the ellablifllment of a largebA-
per currency for its payment. They alTumed the appellation df ♦' Th*
iJnited Colonies of America," who were fecurities for realizing the noini>
nal value of this curreney. They alio ftrirtly prohibited the fupplying
of the Britii'.'t Hlherics with any kind of jirovltioiis ; and to render this or«
der the more efte^ual, llopt all exportation to thofe colonies, iltandt, and
places, which dill retained their obedience.

In the mean time, a body of provincial adventurers, amounting ttf
about 240 men, furprifed the garrifons of Ticonderago and Cro\Vn Point.
Thefe fortreiTes were taken without the lofs of a man on either fide : and
the provincials found in the forts a confiderable number o( pieces of can*
non, bcftdcB mortars, and fundry kinds of military (lorcsk However, the
force of Great Britain in America was now augmented, by the arrival at
Bodon from England of the generals Howe, Burgoyne, and Clinton, with
conltdcrabte reinforcements. But the continental congrcfs were fo littlit •!
intimidated by this, that they voted, a few days after, that tbf.> compadt .
between the crown and the people of MalTachufct's Bay was diilolved, by
the violation of the charter of William and Mary ; and therefi)rc recom-
mended to the people of that province, to proceed to the edablifhment of
a new government, by electing a governor, alfidants, and houfe of a(«
icmbly, according to the powers contained in theii* original charter,

Okir limits will not peritiit us here, to relate as in th^ quarto edition, all .
the particulars of this fatal war. Wo cati only mention fomc of the mcft
important tranfai^^ions. On the 1 7th of fune, 177J) a bUMxly adlion tpql^
place at Bunkers hill, tiear Bofton, in which the king's troops had thead«
vantage, but with the lofs of 226 killed, and itjore than 800 wounded,
including many otheersi Biit after this action, the AmericatlS iinmediatel/
threw up works upon another hill, oppofiie to it, on their lide of Charles*
town neck ; fo that the troops were as clofely inveded in that peninfula at
they had been in Bofion. About this time the congrefs appointed George
W^adiin^ton, efq. a gentleman of large fortune in Virginia, of great mi* •■
iitary talents, ani who had acquired confidcra'nls experience in the com*

C c a tnand

ENGLAND.

mand of different bodies of provinciids during the laft war, to be geocnl
and commnndt-r in chict of all the Americun inrcei. They itllb puhlrff^ed
a declaration, in which they liylcd thcmfclvci " The Reprelenfutivei of
the United ColonieB of North America," and afTgncit ihcir re.ifonn for tak*
ing up armi. It whi written in a very an'nn ted lirain, and cuntamed ths
foUowing pnlTagc : ** In our own native latul, in dcunceot the freedum
that it our birth-ri^ht, and which wcever i njoycd till the late vlutition of
it; for the protcrtion i)f <iur property, accoutred folely by the Uoneft in-
dufiry of our forelatheri and otirieU'R; a^ai.l) violence actually offered,
we h^^ taken up armii. We Hiall lay them down when h( Itiliiici (hnll
ceafe on the part of the a^grcllbrs, and all danger of tluir bcini^ renewed
fliall be reniovcd, and not before." A fe^ond petition to the kint; waa
voted by the congrel'B, in which they carneftl) fibcited his majefty to
adopt fome incthod of putting a llop to the unhappy conteA between
Great Britain and the cubiiicii. Tl»i« j)etiiion w,i« prcfcnieil by Mr.
I'enn, late governor, aud one of the proprietors of Pcnal'yWania, throuj;h
the hand* of lord Dartmouth, fccrctary of Itare for the Ameiican depart-
ment; but Mr. Pcnn was toon after infoimed, that no anlwer would be
given to it. The refufal of the king to jjive anfwer to this petitioD, from
near three millions of people by their repiefentatives, contributed exceed-
ingly towards farther cxaiperaiin^ the niiuds of the Americans. It was a
raih and unhappy determination of (he cabinet-council, »nd their advice
to the king on this point was fatal, if not highly criminal. An addrcfs
now alfo was puMimed by the congfels to the inhabitants of Gritut Bri-
tain, and to the people of Ireland.

But as no conciliatory nuafures were adopted, hedilities filll continued }
«nd an expedition was fct on foot by the Americans againd Canada, to
whidi ihcy were induced by an extraordinary commiHion given to general
Carleton, the governor of Canada : by which he waa empowered to em-
body and arm the Canadians, to march out of the country for the fubjuga-
tion of the other colonics, and to proceed even to capital punifhments
againfl »ll thofe whom he (liould deem rcoels and oppofers of the laws.
The American expedition againft Canada, was chiefly conducted by Ri-
chard Montgomery, a gentleman of an amiable chara£^er, and of conii-
derable military (kill, on whom the congrefs conferred the rank of biiga-
dier-general. On the 3111 of December, Montgomery attempted to gain
pofleltion of Quebec by ftorm, but was killed in the tirft fire from a bat-
tery, as advancing in the front of his men : Arnold was alio dangeroufljr
Wounded, about 60 of their men were killed and wounded, and 300
taken prifoners. The bcfiegers immedi;itely quitted their camp, and
reared about three miles front the city, and the fiege was for fome months
converted into a blockade. On general Carleton's receiving confiderable
reinforcements and fupplies of provitions from England, May. 1776,
Arnold was obliged to make a precipitate retreat ; Montical, Chamblee*
and St. John's were retaken, and all Canada recovered by the king**
troop84

During thefe tranfaiS^ions, the royal army at Bofton was reduced to great
diflrefs for want of proviiions ; the town was bombarded by the Americans,
and general Howe, who now commanded the king's troops, which amounted
to upwards of feven thoufand men, was obliged to ([uit Bollon, and em-
barked for Halifitx, leaving a confiderable quantity of artilUry and fome
fiores behind. The town was evacuated on the 17th of March, 1776,
and general Wafliingtou immediately took ^onVfTioii of it. On the 4th o^

ENGLAND.

389

July follow'tnp* <he cmgrcfs piibUQied a folemn dccbrntion, in which
they unif;n«'il their iriilons 1^ wiilulrMMing tlicii iilicgi.m«c from the kii\g
ot Cit'cit Biitiiih. In ihi' ii.nnc, and l)y ilic uuclioiiiy of the inh.ibitiinia
of tiie iimrtd inl<iiii<», «h(y iliclued that ihcy then Wt'C, nnd of right
onj^hi to he, " Fitc and lmlc;)iniU;iit State* ;" ih.tt they were uhfolvcd
trom all a!lt']i;iaiK'c t.> the Biiii!ii ir^vii, iiiid tli.tt all politic;)! conoc^lioil
between tiicni ami (lie k:n'.;don) of (Jicat Briiain w.is botally difTolved ; and
nllb (hat, an fiee and ind'()i'mitnt Ihitcs, they had full puwor to levy war,
conchidc prace, cotitrai.'^t alii inccs, eilahli'h coionierct-, unJ do all other
acts and thine;*', w'hii h indcpinriciit ll.ites may of ri^ht do They likewife
pulilillied articif!) ot contCiUT iiiun and iicr|H'tunJ union bcfwcenthe united
colonics, in vihi».h they aliuined the title of "The United States of
Aineiiti," nnd b\ u hich e;i«.li r; the colonics contradtcd a reciprocal treaty'
of alliance and friiniilhip fur their common defence, for the maintenance
of their liheriieit :>iid for their generiil nnd mutual advantage ; obliging
themfelvet to atliki each other againd all violence that mi^ht threaten all,
or any one 01 tluin, and to repel, in common, all the attacks that might
be levelled a^ainll a 1, or any one of them, on account «f religion, fo*
Ttrcignty, rominerce, or under any other pretext whatfocvcr. Each of
the colonics rtferve i to ihemfclvcs alone the cxclufive right of regulating
their internal govomncnr, and of fiauiing laws in all matters not included
in t! e articles of eoutcdcnitiun.

In July 1 776, an attempt was made by cnmmocVire fir Peter Parker, and
licutenant-};encral Clinton, upon Charles-town in South Carolina. But
this place was fo ably drft nded b^' the Amercans under general Lee, that
the Britilh coinmixiore and general were obliged to retire, the king's (liips
having fuilained conliderahle lufs, and a tvvonty-eight gun fliip which run
a ground, was oblic^ed ro he burnt by the officers and ieamen. However,
a nuich mote im|>inrant and fuccefsful attack againft the Americans was
focn after made under tho command of j;cneral Howe, then joined with a
large body of Hciri ms, and a confiderable nu>iiber of Highlanders, fo that
his whdle force was now extremely formidable. The fleet was commanded
by his brother Vice-admiral lord Howe ; and both the general and the ad-
miral were invtfivd with a power, under the title ot " CommilTione<8 for
grantino PeacC to the Colonics," of granting pardons to thofe who would
lay d(;wn their arms. But their otters ot this kind were treated by the
Americans with contempt. An attack upon the town of New York feemt
to have hern cxp ifted by the provincials, and therefore they had fortified
it in the beft manner they were able. On Long IHuid, near New York, the
Americans had alfo a larc^e body of troops encamped, and feveral works
thrown up. General Howe firft landed on Siaten Ifland, where he met
with no oppofition ; but early in the morning y>i the 2 2d of Auguft, a de«
fcent was made by tiic Britifli troops upon Lon^ IHand, and towards noon
about fifteen thoufand were Imded. They had greatly the advantage of
the American!!, by their fuperior (kill and dMciplinc, and being better pro-
vided with artillery, and every kind of military accommodation; and the
American pafl'es were far from being properly fecurcd. Some actions and
Ikirminics happened between them during feveral fuccelTive days ; in which
the Britilh troops engaoed their enemies with great ardour, and the Ame^
ricans fuffcred exceedingly. Finding themfelves {o tnuch overpowered,
they at lenjfth refolved to quit the illand, and general Wafbingion came
over from New York to conduct their »etreat, in which he difplayed great
ability, la the night oi the 29th of July* the American troops were

C c 3 withdrawn

390

E N Q L A N D.

w'Ml^drs.wn from the camp a(id their difTerent wqrKs, and with their bag*
gaee, ftores, and part of their artillery, were conveyed to the water-fide,
Cipbarked, and palitd over a long ferry to Ne^ York, with fuch extraor*
dtoaryiilence and order, that the Britifli ^rmy did not perceive the lead
^notion, ^nd were Airpit!'ed in the morning at finding the Ameiiian lines
tbanduped, and feiing the lall of their rc.ir-guard in their boats, and out
qf danger, . The provincials had \ncn (o forroundrd by theBiiti(h troops,
fnd the latter had difplay^J fi'ch fupcrlor iiu itary ftiH, it wa» a fiibjedt of
wonder that th^ greaieft p-trt of the A'^^'''''*" •*"")' fl\Q>''d be able to cf-
lefluate their rrtr(:.ir. In the ditlertnt at'^tiops previous ro thb, the
^ofs of the Americans h^d been very conlider^ble. UpM ards uf a thoufand
^ them were taken piiiomrs, incUulipg three gcmrab, uref colonels,
and many interior ofhctris ; their number ki.led and wouniled ivas lom-

Juted to be flill greater; they loft alfo five lielJ-p eces, and a cjmnt'ty of
rdnance was found in their diflercnt redoubts ami forts on thtillandj
Whiin the whole lofs of the Britilh troops, if faithtiiUy publiihed, did not
amount to more than three hundied killed and wounded.

New York was now foon abandoned, and the ro>al army obtained fome
other con fiderable advantages over the Americans: at the White Plains,
taking fort Wafliington, with a garrifon ot 2500 men, and fort Lee vvlih it
great quantity of (lores, which lolfes obliged the American general to retreat
through the Jcrliesto the river Delaware a didance of n'uuiy miles. Alfa
on the 8th o^ December, general Clintor\ and lir Peter Parker obtaiiicU

?ofle(lion of RhoileifTand ; and the Britilh troops covered the Jerlies,
'his was the crifis. of American danger. All their forts taken, and the
time of the greattft part of their army to fcrve, was expired, and the few
^hat remained wiih their otficer$ were in a dellitute ftate, with a well
clothed and difciplined army purfuing. Had general Howe pufbed on at
that time to Philadelphia, after Waihington, it hath been maiivt.iii.ed there
would have been an end of the conttit ; but Providence dired^ed othcr-
'wife ; and the general's orders from home are faid to have prevented him*
This delay gave way for volunteer reinforcements of gentleman, mer-
chant^ farmer, tradefman, and labourer, to join general Wafliington,
who, in the night of the ajth of December, amidll fnow, ftonr.s, and
fee, Vith a fmail detachment, croflcd the Delaware, and furpiifcd a bri-
gade of the Heffian troops at Trenton. He took upvyards of 9c o of thein
prifoncrs, with whom he repafled the river ; having alfo taken three
itandards, fix pieces of brafs cannon, and near one thouiand Ihmd of arms.
Immediately afrer this furprife of the HefTuins, and deppfiting them in
fafety, Wafliington recroflied the riv^r to relume his former poll at Tren-
ton. The Britifti troops colle6led in force to attack him, and only waited
for the morning to execute it ; but the Americans, by a happy llrcke of
gencralfl\ip, deleated the plan. Wafliington, to difguife his retreat in th?
jiight, ordered a line of fires in front of his camp, ?.8 an indication of their
going' to lefl, and to conceal what was a(?.Hog behind them. Then h?
mo^ed C'lmpletely from the ground witjh his baggage and artillery, and by
f ciicuitouv march of eighteen n ilcs, reached Princc-towjj early in the
^nomijig, carried the Blritifli poft at that place, and fet off with near 3,00
prifoncrs on his return to the Delaware, jull as the Britifli troops at Trcn.
ton v^erc urdtr arms ard proceeding tp attack him, fuppofmg him in his
lornpcr pofition. By thete two events, accom|)lifhed with but a fmall
foree, the American.- deninged all the plans of the Britifli general ; madQ
ikiittdlrawhistroupstoaclolercwnpars, to protect his magazines at Brunf-

,?;/■,

wick ^

ENGLAND.

J9X

wick ; and by the cffort« of their general, they dofed th6 campatga with
advantage, which but a Jew days before had thrcatncd the country with
deftruAion. The Americans had alfo fitted out a great number of pri-
vateets, which to»k many prizes : and on the other hand, nor a few of the
American vtfl'eis fell into the haads of the Englidi, but they were gene-
rally much lefs valuable.

In the month of September i - 77, two adtions of feme importanr^ hap*

Crned between the armies of general Howe and general Wafli'-^'^ton, in
oth of which the turmcr had the advantage ; and foon after, the city ctf
Philadelphia furrendercd to the king's tronps. But an e>rpedition, that
had for lome time been concerted, of invading the 1101 them colonies b/
way of Canada, proved extremely unl'uccefbtul. The command of thia
expedition had been given to lieutcnant>gcneral Burj^yne, a very expe?
ricLced officer. He let out from Quebec with an army of near 10,000
men, ^nd an extraordinary fine train of artillery, and was joined by a con*
flderable body of the Indians. For fomt time he drove the Americans be-
fore him, and made himfelf mailer of Ticonderago ; but at length he
encountered fuch difficulties, and was fo vigoroufly oppofed by the
Americ.ins under Gates and Arnold, that after twofevere adions, in which
great numbers lelt, general Burgoyne and his army uf 5,600 men were
obliged to lay down their arms O^ober 17, 1777; they were, however-
permitted to man h out of their camp witb all the honours of war, anJ
were to be allowed to return to Europe, upon condition of their not ferv*
ing again during the prefrnt war. In one of the aflions previous to this
convention, brigadier-oencral Fraaer, a very gallant oflUcer, was killed ;
and at the time of their furrcniler, the Britilh army tVas exceedingly re-
duced in numbers ; and iheir flock of provifions was not more than fulE*
cient for three days fubfiftence : whilfi, on the other hand, the Americaa
sirmy had been rendered very numerous in confcquence of ^eing joined by
large bodies of the militia, who were exafperated at fome late cruelties
committed by the Indians in the fervice of Great Britain. The conven-
tion was not afterwards adhered to on the part of the Americans ; but it
was alleged in their behalf, thiit their C(mdu£t was judified by fome cif*
c imflanLcs in the behaviour of general Burgoyne, and that he had net
hi.'Welf, in every rcfpe^t, conformed to the articles of ir.

About the fame time, fir Henry Clinton and general Vaughan made a
fuccefsful expedition againd the Americans up the North River ; the/
made thcmfelves mafteri of feveral forts ; but the Americans complained,
that in this expedition, and fome others, the Britilh troops had wantonly
fct fire to houfes and toi.vt»s, particularly Efopus, and carried on the war
in a manner not ufual among civilized nations. Thefe devaflations greatly
incrcafed the avcrlion of the Americans t) the Britifli government, which
had already taken a deep root. General Howe foon after returned to Eng-
land, and the command of the Britidi army in America devolved upon ge-
neral Clinton: but it w?; now found ncceffary to evaluate Philadelphia ;
and accordingly C'.iiton retreated with the army to New York, in 'June
1778. The fi.ltifli troops were attacked on their march by the Americans,
but tHc retreat was fo ably condudled, or the American general Lee be-
'•.aved fo ill, that their lofs did not amount to 300, killed and wounded. *
During part of this unhappy war between Great Britain and the colo-
t)ies, the latter received eonfiderabk fupplies of arms and ammunition
from France ; and the French court feems to have thought this a favoui-
^blc opportunity for leffcniDg the power of Great Britain; _^Some French

C <: 4 "" 9t5((?er%

59»

ENGLAND.

officers alfo entered into the American fervice; and on the 6th of Feb-
ruary, 1778, a treaty of alliiince w.is concluded at Paris, between the
French king and the 'Phirvccii United CoU)nic3 ; and in this treaty it wiis
declared, that the cflcntial and direct end of it was '' to maintain eftec*
tuaily the liberty, fovereignty, aiid independence, abl'oluieand unlimited,
of the United St.ites of North Aniciica, as well in matters of government
S8 of commerce."

The parliament and people of Great Britain now began to be in general
alarmed at the fatal tendency of the American war: and in June, 1778,
the carl of Carliilc, WiUiam Eden, and Gtoiwe Johnnouc, cfqrs. arrived
at Philadelphia, as conimifiioners from his majt.lh', to fcitic ti.e difpuies
between the mother country and the rclonies. Tliey wvic im-etled with
certain powers for this purpolc by ad of piirlianunr. But it was now too
late: the terms, v\hicli, at an earlier period of the coiittft, would have
been accepted with jffatitude, were now re jc olid wiili diid.iin. The con-
crefs rcfufed to enter into any treaty with the Bi itilli coiumiiiioners, if the
independency of the United States of America was nut pitvioully acknow-
ledged, or the Britiih Heets and armies withdrawn from .America. Neither
of thefe requifitions being complied with, the war coniinucd to be curried
on with nuitual animofity. At the clofe of the year, Georgia w.is invaded
by the king's troops, the town pf Savannah taken, a:id the whole pro-
vince at length reduced.

, The conduiSl of France towards Great Btitain, in taking part with the
revolted colonies, occafioned hoftilities to be conuncnccd between the two
nations, though without any formal declaiation of war on either lide. On
the 17th of June, 1778, the Licornc and La Belle Poule, two French
frigates, were taken by admir.il Kep|)el. Orders were immediately iiTued
by the French court for making rcpiifals on the (hips of Gre.it Britain ;
and on the 27th of July, a baitlc was fought otl Brell between the Englilh
fleet, under the command of adniiral Kcppel, and French fleet, under tho
command of the count d'Orviiliers. The Knglilli Hcet cftnlifled of 30
fliips of the line, and the French 32, belides ftigates: they engaged for
about three hours ; but the artion was not dccilive, no lliij) bving taken
on either fide, and the French fleet at length retreated into the harbour of
Breff. Of the Englifli 133 were killed in the action, and 373 wounded ;
and the Ipfs of the French is fuppofed to have been very great. After the
engagement, there was much murmuring throughout the Englidi fleer,
bccaufe a decifive victory had net been obtained over the French ; :it lafl:
the blame was thrown upon fir Hugh Pallifer, vice-admiral of the blue,
who was charged in a news paper with mifcondnt'^t, and difohedience of or-
ders. Though no regular accuHition was brought «gainll liim, he re?,
quired of admiral Keppcl publicly to vindicate his conduct from the un-
favourable reports that were propagated againft him. This the admiral
declined, which gave rife tofome altercation between them ; and fir Hugh
pallifer afterwards thought proper to exhibit to the board of admiralty
(of which he w}is fiimfelf a memfcer) articles of accofntion againft ad-
iniraL Keppcl, though for many months after the action, he had continu-
ed to adl under him, and profefled the greatelt refpei'it to him. A mode of
ponduA fo extraordinary, was very generally and fevcrely cenfured, but
the lords of the admiralty ordered a court-tnartial to be held for the trial of
fidmiral Keppcl. Soon after, a memorial was prefented to the king by the
duke of Bolton> figned by twelve admirals, among whom was lord Ha\vke,
fginpAAf|^|ipg fl^ai^ t^^c injuAice of holding a court-martial on admiral
.r V Keppcl,

ENGLAND.

393

Kcppcl, upon the accujation of an mfcrlor officer, " »ftcr fcity ycai-» of
niditoiioiK ferviic and a vuricty of adious in which he h:id exerted
cmhiMit coui'ugc :ind cohdud>, by which the honour and power oi this
nation, and the glory of the Britifli fla^, had been maintained and in-
creafed in Viirious pans of the world." When ilie court martiHl wa«
held, admiral Keppcl was acquitted in the motl honourable manner ; Hnd
lir Hugh I'alli er s change ui^alnll him was declared by the court to be,
*' m«l:ciou3 and iU-fouutlcd." Some of the motl diliinguifhcd olHccrs iti
the 1'crvice, and who h;id been m the ac-tion, ^ave the moft decifive evi-
dtoce in ihc admiral's favour, and exprclitd their fcnfe of his great
mciii in the Itrongcft terms : and, aficr his acrj.iiual, both houfcs ol par-
liaiiR'nt alio voted their thanks to him for liis Icrvicus to the nation*
But lir Huj:;h Pallifer being afterwards tried by another court-marti:il,
piirtly compoftd from fome of tlic captains of his o>vn divifion, he like*
uiie was acquitted ; hi* difobedieiice to the admifal's onlciii was confidrr-
cd as being occulioned by tlic difibltd ft^te of his (liip ; a fl "^ht cenlilre
only was piiiicd on him tor not itiaking the fla'c of his (hip kn.)wn to the
admiral; and his conduct in other rei'pedls was deciaied to have been*
nieiitovioiis.

In the E.ift Indies alfo an engagement liappcned between fome En'jlifli
fl-.i^s ot war under the cnmtnand of lir Edward Veiiion, and fomc
French fiiips under the command of Monf, de Troniolly, on the loth
of Auguft, in which the tormcr ol)Iiged the larte- ro retire ; and on the
lyt'i of October following, Fondichcrry fiirrt idi'icd to the arms of
r. ''tain. In the couric of tnc lame year, the iuand of St. Lucia»

in ' t'ft Indies, was taken from the French; but the latter made

t!»...:ii.veb mallc" of Dominica, and the foUovvinij year they obtained pof-
fciFion iif the idands of St. Vincent's and Grenada, la September, 1779,
thi- count D'Eftaing arrived it the mouth of tlie river Savannah, with a
large fleet, and coniid^-rablc body of French troops, to the atHftance
of the Amciicnns. Alter dallying a month, the French and Americang
made an united attack up')n the Britifli troops at Savannah, under the
command wf general Prevoft. But the latter defended themfrlves fo well,
that tlie French and Americans weic driven off with great loff, and
D'Kftaing fonn after tot.illy abandoned the coaft of Amcica. And at
the clofe of the year 1779, fcveral French fl'.ips of war, and merchant-
fliips, were taken in the Well indies, by a fleet unler the command of
fir Hyde Parker.

By the intiigues of the Fiench court, Spain was at length brought tq
engage with France in the war againft Enghmd ; one of the firll entcr-
pnl'cs in which the Spaniards engaged was the liege <•{ Gil)raltar, whicH
WIS (defended by the garrifon with great vigour. The naval force or
Si>aln was alfo added to that of France, now become extremely for-
niidablr, and their combined fleets feemed for a time to ride almoft tri^
umphant in the Efitilh Channel. So great were their atmaments, that
the nation was under no inconfiderable apprehcnfions of an invafion ;
but they did not venture to make an experiment of that kind, and after
parading for fome time in the Channel, thought proper to retire to their
own ports without effeding any thing. On the 8th of January 178O1
fir George Brydges Rodney, who had a large fleet under his command,
captured fevcn Spanilh (hips and vcifels of war belonging to the royal
company of Carraccas, with a number of trading veflels under their
convoy ; and in a few days after, the fame admiral engaged near Cape St,
Yi}Kcqt| a Suauidi fl(;et, conUllin^ of eleven fliij;» of the line, and twq

fiigatcsy

^94

ENGLAND.

frigate*, under Don Juan de Langara. Four of the largcfl Spanllh (hips
were taken, and carried into Gibraltar, and twu) others driven on fltore,
<me of which w«- afterwards rrtfovered by the Englifh. A Spanifli 70

Kn fliipt mih 600 men, was alfo blown up in the ai^Vion. In April and
ay three aftions likcwile happened in the Weft Indies, between the
Englifh fleet under adniirsil Rodney, who was now ai rived ir» that part of
the world, (having previoufly thrown fupplies into Gibraltar), and the
Freisch fleet under the count de Guichen ; but none of thel'c aflions
were fiecifive, nor was any (hip t:Hken on eiihcr lide. In July fqllowing,
adliviinil Geary took nifclTe valuiibh; Frtrnch'mcrchant (hips fiom Port au
Prince; b«t en the 8ih of Auguft, the combined fleeu of France and
SpaiM; look (i»e Fnglifli Raft Indiamen, and fifty Englifij merchant fliips,
bound for I he Weft Indit«, which was one of the moft complete i,aval
'c»pt vires c»ermade, and a very fcvere ftroke to the com!v.erce of Great
Britaii:- Such a j^r\zc never bcloie entered the harbour of Cadiz.

Ob the 4th 01 May, i;!?:;, fir Henry Clinton made himlelf maftcr
tif Charles town, South Carjlina; and on the i6th of Auguft, earl
Cornwalli?, obtained a Tcry fignal vidory over general Gates in that
jprovince, in w.hich abou< a thoufaud American prifoners were taken, be-
6dcs fcvcn pieces of br'^fs cannon, a number of colours, and their ammu>
int ton -waggons. Bui on the loth of July, Monf. Ternay, with a fleet
OMtfiiitng of fevcn fliips of the line, bcfides frigates, and a large body,
of French troop* commanded by the count de llochatnbeau, aV-
rived at Rhode Illand, and landed i\x thoufand men there. The Amc-
yicin inhabitants congratulated the French general upon his arrival; and
Ik aflinrfd them that the king his mafter, had fcnt him to the alTiftance of
bit good and faithful allies, the United States of America ; and that
the F»en«:h troops were to aft under the orders of general Wafhington,
•nd would live with the Americans as their brethren.

Soon after, raajor-ginetal Arnold deferred the fervice of th»; congrefs,
made his efcape to New York, and was made a brigadier-general in the
royal fer»icr. He hud fo behaved in his government in Philadelphia,
or his conduft was fo reprefentcd, as to incur the difplcature and odium
of the citizens, »nd of the provir.ce in general. According to the judg-
ment of a court-martial, he was highly rcprchenlible, and they ordered
that he ftiould be reprimanded. He was utterwaids taken into I'erviie
in the principal army, wiih conliderable rank and truft, though ac-
cording to his own jullification inemorial, all his opinions with refpedt
to the jiilVice and policy of the war had been totally changed long be-
fore; and to account for h:s having fo long afted dire^ily contrary ta
his avowed ftntimcnt;, he openly acknowledged, that he had only retained
hH arms and command for fuch an opportunity as he thought fitting for fur-
rendering them. Accordingly, Avhen the ftrong and important poft of Weft
point with its dependencies, and a wing or conliderable divifion of the ar-
my were f'ntruftcd to him, a ncgociation was difcovered between him and
general Clintcn for the purpofe of delivering up to him his troops and
the poll which he commanded. 'I his womld have enabled Clinton
completely to furpiife the other poiis and baiteric?, and nothing Icfs than
flauj;hter, difprrfion, and (iral ruin could have been the vcrult with re-
fpcit to the Americans. The dcftruttion of their whole dil'ciplined force,
and of moft of thtir bed officers, with a lofs of artillery, magazines anct
flores, muft have been immediately fatal. Major Andre, Adjutant-gene^
ral of the Britiflt army, was employed in this clindcftine ncgociation,
and ip complete the miaft^res concettcd with Arnold, /^htt an inter -

'"■" ■ ' . yW"^

ENGLAND.

395

view with Arnold, and ftaying in his tent n whole night and day, on his
return to New York he whs taken difguifed within the American lines, and
In his boot were found, in Arnold's hand-writinjE;, exaA returns of th<e
ftatc of the forces, ordnance, and defences at Weft Point and its depen-
dencies—the artillery orders— critical remarks on the works, ellimaies of
fhc number of men on duty to man their, and a copy of Tcry intert'^Jng
matters nhich had been laid befute a council ot w<ir by the commaader
in chief, i hefe p.ipers that were tound upon him, fuhjedled him to in-
liant execution, in the fammaiy way ufaally fra£t\{ed withfpies: but
general Wafliingion appointed a board of touiteen general officers t«» ex-
amine into his cafe, who reported, thtt he ought to be cunlidered as
a fpy in pafTui)^ their wuiks under a fcij'ned nmiie ind in a diiguifed habit*
anil that a^ret-able to the la^v and uiage of n likins he oi<^ht to fuffer
dea.h. Whi.h he did at Tappan, in thi pr«)vince ot New Yoik ; though
his fate w;is much regretted bv all peribns, on account ot his many ami-
able qualities, and the Americans wlfhed to h<ive exchanged him for ge-
neral Arnold.

The great expcnces of the Americ;in war, and the bunhens which
were thereby laid upon ihe peopie, naturally occalioncd much difcon*
tent in the nation, and feemed to convince perfuns i.f all ranks of the
ncccirity of public oeionomy. Meetings were thereiore held in various
counties of the kingdom, at the clofe of the year 1779, and the begin-
ning of the year 1780, at which great numbers of freeholders were prc-
fenr, who agreed to prcfent petitions to the houfc of commons, in ^hich
they carnellly requeued, " thnr before any new burthens were laid upoa
** this cc ntry, ertetlual meafures might be taken by that houle to
** inquire in'O, and correal the grofs abufes in the expenditure of public
** mnnry ; to reduce all exorbitant emoluments; to refcind and aboHfll
" all finecure places and unmerited penliuns ; and to appropriate the
" produce to the neceiflties of the flate, in fuch manner as to the wiC*
** dom ot parliament (Iiould feem meet." The firft petition of this kind
was agreed to in the county of York, in a meeting conMing of perfons
of the largeft property in the county ; and the example was followed by
the counties of Chefter, Hgi tfom, Suflex, Surry, Eflix, Somerfer, Wilts,
Gloucefter, Huntingdon, Dorfct, Cumberl nd, Noifolk, Devon, Berks*
I^ottingham, Buckf:, Cambridge, Bedford, Suffolk, Northumberland*
Hereford, and Denbigh. The cities of London and Wcftminfler, and
feveral other towns and corpoiaiions, concurred in (imilar petitions. la
fomc coun'ies, committees were alfo appointed to carry <n the neceiTarjr
correfpondence with other counties, for aife£tually promoting the objeAs
pf the petitions, and to prepare a plan of an aiTnciation, on legal and
conditutional grounds, to fupport a reform of the public expenditure,
and fuch other meafures as might conduce to refttre the freedom of
parliainent. Great expedations were at firft formed of the effefts whicH
thefe petitions would produce ; and they were vigoroufly fuppoited by
the miivority >n parliament. The moll moderate men, and thofe who
were th. lealt ininucal to governmeiit, could not doubt of the propriety
and utility of public occonomy, at a period of great national expenctt
and danger: and even the mintftry feemed to apprehend, that the com-
plaints of the people would render their (ituation infecure. Sntne ap-
parent ai rempts were made in parliament to remedy the grievances dated
m the pci'tions, but nothing important was effefted ; the minitiry fcoa
found means to maintain their influence in parliament; a diverfity of
Centimei^t occ.ifioned fume difuniop among the popular leaders ; the Oniric

wbick

39^

ENGLAND.

which had appcareii ^monjj the people by degrees fubfidcd ; and v^ious
ciiifes at lcnc;th coiii'plrcd to bring the grcatt-ft part ot the nation to a
patient acqitiL-fceiKc in the iiit';i{*uit» of ndininiliiatiin.

The midvile ot the yenr 1780 was ilifl iiguiflitd by one of the moft dif-
gracctul cxiiibitioiis nt nlisjious bigotry tnat had ever appeared in thia
country, ; cfpccially if ir be eonlidertd as happ niog in nn aj^e, in which
the princi))h'S of tolcritio) were well iia..cillai;;t, anJ very prcvah nt.
An aft of parliain^nt had been lately pallid " for relieving his majf fty'3
•* fubjt'iSls, profciring ibe Romiili relij^i^n, from certain penalties and
•* difabilities impolV.; upon them in the 1 nh aiul 12th years of th-j reign
*' of king William III." This aft w;is gencr.illy approved by men i)f fenie,
and of liberal feiitiments, by whom the laws h gain (1 Papifts wetejnftlv
deemed too fcvere. The a:\ at fift fccm-d to g;ve In tic offence to per-
Ipns of any clafs in !£' gliind, but in Scotland it cxcittd much iudigna-
lion, thougli it did not i xtcnd to that k'ngdom, Relblatioria wert- form-
ed to oppofc any law for granting inuii!--fnces to i'apilis in S^iitland ;
and a Roniiih chapel was burned, and the houlVs of fcvcr.il P.ipill, de-
nvihlhid, in the city of E-^iinbur^b. The cont igion of bigotry at length
reached England : a number of pcrfons al]f.m!)lcd t le.nfclves together,
with a view of promoting a petit. on to parli imcnr, for a repeal of the
late a^ in favour of the I'apilb, an-i thty alfuir.cd the title ot' the I'ro-
teilant Aflociation. They were chiefly Mctho.lids in the lower ranks of
life, who took the lead : niariV of them well-ittentioncd perfons, and
having a juft dillike to popery ; hat n t fullic ently enliglitencd to con-
fidcr, that a fpiiit of perkcufufn was ^le of the worft churai'-teiilVics of
that fyrtem of fuperflition, and that thi-s was at leaft as. odious in Pio-
teftants as in Papills. They continued to liohi frctjuent nueiings ; lord
George Gordon, a young m;m, difc )n:cnted at not being promoted frcm
It lieutenant, 10 a captain i.whe navy, became their preii.ient, and they
increafed in numbers. At a time u hen ih.e uaiion wa^ jnrroundol wirh'
real dangers, tlic heads of ihefe \V':i\k men wete filled with nothing but
the fear of popery; and they even fee mod to Taney that they were con-
tending for religious liberry, when tlicy were labouring to ex.iie ihe
Jegillauire ro prevent fonie of their felloA'-fubjefts from wonhipping
God according to the di:late3 of their confciences. Tlie Protclfant Af-
lociaiiun ;it length agr^-eJ to a petition, whiih vv;is faid tt) have been
Tubfcribcd by more t'nan one h-imdred thoufand ptrfons, the mm il^ in-
duftrv having been employed to procare mines to it, let their chariu^ers,
occupations, or ai.;'js, be wliat t!);'y would, and pens put into the fuigers
of children wlii. h were dirccV.'d to lign their names iilf'o. Ir was then
fcfolvcd, in order 10 give the mere wiight to their petiti<;n, that it fhould
)bc attended by g re »t numbers of p'tiiioners in ncrfon ; and a public ad-
ycrtifeiTient was iflued for that piirpole, figned by lord George Gordon.

Accordingly, at lealt fifty thouiand ptrions arc fuppofed to have af-
fcmbicd vvhh this view, on Friday the fecond of [one, in Sr. George's
fields ; from whence they proceeded, with bhie cockades in their hats,
to the houfe of commons, where their petition was prefented by their
prefidenr. In the courfe of the day fcvcral members of both houfes of
parliatnent were grofsly infultcd and ill-treated by the popukce : and a
inob afleinbled the fame evening, by which the Sardinian chapel in Lin-
foln's-inn Fields, and another Romidi chapel in Warwick- llreet G il-
den-fquare were entirely demoliihed. A party of the guards were theii
fent for, to put a flop to the farther progrefi of thefc violences, and
lliirtcei^ of the riotefs were taken, live of whom weire afterwards com-

niiucd

ENGLAND.

397

initted to Neivgare, efcortcd by the military. On the Sunday follow-
ing iiii'ithcr mob afl'emhlcd, iitid ikilroyed a Popiih chapel in Koj)c-
m»ker's-iillcy, MoorHekls. On Monday they demoliOied » fchool-
houfp^ and three d*vellinj/-hovire3, in the fame place, lielonf;ing to the
Romtfh prielli, with a v:iliiiiblc library of books, :iiid a m.if-houfe, in
Virginia-ftrcff, Ratclifl-highway. They alio dertroycd all the houfe-
hold furniture of fir (icorgc Savile, one of the moft reipe^hble men in
the kinsjdom, became he had biuuijht in tite bill in favour of ihc Papills.
On Tucfday gre:it luimhcrs again iiU'ciiibled about the parliament- houl'c,
and behaved io tinnultnoully, that both hoiifcs thought proper to adjourn.
In the cveninji;. a moft daring and violent attempt was made to force open
the jjites of Newgate, in orucr to rdeal'e the rioters who were c<»nfined
there: and the keeper having rcfufed to deliver them, his houfe was let
on fire, the prifon was in >n in ilaincL,, ami jrreat part of it confumed,
though a new lh)ne edifice of uncutninon (tronnth ; and more than three
hundred prifoners made thtir dcape, n.any of whom joined the mob.
Now, a ci>mmittec of the Protettant Alfoclation circulated hand*bill8,
rcquerting all true Protelhims to llicw their attachment to their bell in-
terclt, by a Ifpal and pt^accablc department : but none of them ilcpt
forth, notwithrtanding their boallcd numbers, to extinguifh the flames
they had occalioned : violence, tumult, and devaftation llill continued.-
The Proteftant AlFociation, as they thought proper to ftyle thcmfelvee,
had been chiefly atl^uatcd by ignorance and bijjotry ; and their new con-
federates were aniiuattd by the love of mifchief, and the hope of
plundrr. Two other prifons, the houfcs of lord Mansfi.ld, and fir
John I'iciding, and fevcral oilicr private houIVs, were deftroyed the
fame evening. The following day, ibe King's Kench prifim, the Newr
Bridewell, in Sr. George's fields, Himc Poplfli chapcN, feveral private
houfcs of Papllis, and other buildings, were dcrtroyed by the rioters;
fome were pulled dovn, and otiiers kt on fire; and every part of the
inetropoliii exhiliited violence and diforJer, tumults and conflagrations.

During thcie e^tI■aordInary fecnes, there was a ill uneful inaiflivtty iti
the loni-niayor of London, and in moft of the oiher majj/iftrates of the
metropolis, and its neighbourh )oii ; and even the miniftry appeared to
be panic-ftruck, and to be ciily attenriv? to the prel'ervation of their
own houfes, and of the rcyal palace. Some of the common people en-
gaoed in thefe riots with the more readinefs, on account of the unpopii-
larity of the miniftry : nor could Co much violi nee and diforder have
happened under any adininiitration, which had been generally refpe<ffed.
Even foine pcrfons in better circuiufiances, who totally difapproved of
the bigotry of the Protoliant aH'oriitlon, were yet induced at firft to
oppofe the rioters with lefs vigour, from entertaining ideas that tfhefe
tumults might polubly infpire terror into the adminiftration, and oc-
cafion a chans;e of meafurts. The event, however, was dire£tly the
revcrfc ; the fears of the miniftry were only temporary ; and the riots^
and their confequences, greatly contributed, in fatft, to ftrengthen the
hands of government. The inagiftr.itcf, at the beginning of the riots,
declined giving any orders to the miritary to fiic upon the infurgems :
hut at length, as all property began to be infecure, men of all claflcs
began to fee the neceffity of a vigorous oppofition to the rioters ; large
hi>die9 of troops were brought to the metropolis from many miles round
it; and an order was iifucd, by the authonty of the king in council,
."for the military to aft withoui waiting for dircdHons-trom the civil

i tfiagillrates.

39*

ENGLAND.

■aagi(tr«tei| and to ufe force for diriierfing the illegal and tumuTruoug
aflembliesof the penple." The troops exerted theii.lclves with diligence
in the fuppieliidn of thcfe alarming tumulit, grestt nuinhrrs of the riot-
en were Villfd, niany were, .tpprehended, who were attrrwards tried and
executed fur felony *, and the metropolis Mas at length rellorcd to order
and tn<n(|uilii:v. The manner in which thcfe tumults were fuppreiU-d
¥y the opeiiuiuns of the military, without any authority from the civil
anagtlhutr't howtver neicflary from the peculiar circuuilbnces of the
cafe, was thought to he <i very dangerous precedent : and th.it an adl of
indemniry ought to have been padui, nut only with regard to inferior
perfuns who had aftod in the fuppreflion of thefc riots, but atfo with rc»
fped to the minirtry themfelves, fur the part they h»d t.iken in this tranf>
afkion, in order to prevent its being eflablilhed as » precedent.

While the internal peace of the kingdom was dilturbed by thefe com*
motions, there appealed re;ifon to -.i) p'eheiid an incrcafe of its foreign ene-
mies, by a rupture with Holland. The American war had occafioned
various difputi-g between that republic and Great Britain. Complaints
were made by the Dutch, that their ihips were fcizcd by the Engliih
cruizers, without any juft caufe, and when they were not laden with any
contraband goods. On the other hand, loud remon (trances were made
by the Britifli minifler to the States-general, complaining that a clan-
deftine cotnmerce was carried on between their fuhjedls and the Ameri-
cans ; that this was particularly the cafe at St. Euftatia ; and that the
enenues of Great Britain were fupplied with naval and military ilores by
the Dutch. Thefe difputes continued to increafe : and on the firll of
January, 17H0, commodore Fielding brought to Spithead feveral fliips
laden with naviil (lores, which were under the convoy of a Dutch admi-
ral. The States-general nlle^ed, that the naval ftores which had been
feized were not contraband goods, according to the exprefs tenor and
letter of the treaties between Great Britain and Holland, and that the
conduct of the Engliih coinmodore, which was approved by his fove-
reign, was a direct infult upon the Dutch flag, and a violation of the
treaties fubliAing between the two nations. Previous to this tranfa(5tion,
the Britiih minider h;id demanded of the States-general the fuccoura
which were ftipulated in the treaty of 1678, and others: vid which
were now claimed on account of the dangers with which Grat Britain
was threatened, and p rticularly the invafion that ihe was mtnnced with
by her enemies. Repeated appliLaiions were made to the States- general
on this fubjert, but they delayed giving any anfwcr. Other caufes of
contell alfo arofe between England and Holland ; and a declaration of
bollilities againd Holland was publiflitd on the 20th of December, 1780.
This meafute feemed, at firft, to be generally applauded by the Britifh,
nation ; but there were m^ny who thought it a very rafli and impolitic
llep, and that a war with Holland ought not to have been fo much pre-
cTpitated., at a tiice ivhen Great Britain was alrendy involved in a war
with Fnince and Spain, and in a fliil more dcflrudivc contefl with her
American colonies.

The war with Holland was commenced with great vigour : and that
republic foon fuftered a very fevere ilroke in the lofs of the ifland of St.

* Lord George Gordon was himfcif committed to the Tower and tried for high
treafoa, biu acqiUtted.

Euftatia,

Eutlatia, ^
When ad I
a large fie
/urrcnder,
the leaft
nude: ant
the inhab
ftores. T
vclTels beii
iflands of
the privat
Aiamcful
and difgr:
St7Chrift
it was ob
manner it
tioned the
conceived
and found
iury to pri
bv invauei
friminate
rurally lea
the calami
rating the
which mij
bliflung a
to individd
On the
fought bet
mand of s
mand of s
Engliih ac
line, and 1
to be infe
great gall.
was clai'mt
fliip funk i
woimded ;
greater.

The wa
iTiade ther
Penfacola,
refinance.
der genera
but it was
Indeed th(
for three t
and wour
cuitous re
ter, and f
ral.^ Tht
^inlai del

ENGLAND

39>

Ewftatia, wWch w«8 taken by the Eiiglifli on the jd of February, 1781.
When admiral Rodney, and general Vaughan, who arrived there witk
a lar^e fleet, and a confidcrable body of troops, rummoued ihe place to
Surrender, the inhabitants were in the utmoil cunllern<trion, not havia|r^
the leaft expetSlation of fuch an attack. Not the leaft rcfifunce wa«
Mude : and all the private property, goods, mercbandife, and fpccie c^
the inhabitants, were feized, as well as the public milititry and naval
ftores. The capture of (hipping was alfo very great"; upwards of 300
vtflels being taken, bcfidcs a 60 gun fliip, and a frigate of j8 guns. The
iflands of St. Martin and Saba likewile Surrendered, but the fcizure of
the private property at St. Euftatia was thought a vcrj^ rlg^Kous and
li)amcful me.ifure; altogether unprecedented among viviUztu nations,
and difgracelul to the Biitifh name. The inhabitants of the ttland of
St. Chriftopher remonftrated againft it as a verjjT dangerous precedent;
it was obferved, that the French nation had adted in a tnuch more humane
manner in their late captures ; and the Britifli Weft India planters peti-
tioned the king on the occauon, reprefenting to him, they had always
conceived it to be a maxim among nations, and eftabliflied in hu«nanity
and found policy, that war iliould be carried on with tlte leaft poinble in.
iury to private property, found in any countries or towns which might
bv invaded or conquered : that they were therefore alarmed at the iodif-
criminate fcizure uf private property at St. Euftatia, which would na-
rurally lead the enemy to retaliate in umilar cafes ; which muft increaie.
the calamities of war, by exciting to a defperate refiftance, by exafpe-
rating the enemy agivinft the trading inhubitunts of thofe Britifh iflandt
which might hereafter be obliged to fubmit to their arm?, and by efta-
bliftiing a predatory fyftem, deftru(ftivc and ruinous in its conlequueuces
to individuals, and of no folid benefit to the fever.il ftates concerned.

On the 5th of Auguft, the fame year, a very bloody engagement was
fo\ight between ftn Knglifti fquadrun of fliips of war, under the com-
mand of admiral Hyde Parker, and a Dutch fquadron, under the com-
mand of admiral Zoutinan, oft' the Dogger Buok. According to the
Englifti accounts, the Dutch fquadron confilted of ciuht (hips of the
line, and the Englifli only of feven : hut the Dutch reprefent their force
to be inferior to that of the. Englifti. On both (ides they fought v/ith
great gallantry, and by both of the contending fquadrons the vidtory
was claimed. All the fhips were greatly fljattered, and a Dutch 74. gun
iliip funk after the a(^ion. The Englifli had 10+ men killed, and 339;
wounded ; and the lofs of the Dutch is fuppofed to have been mucli.
greater.

The war continued to be profecuted with various fuccefs ; the French
made themfelves mafters of the iftand of Tohago ; and the Spaniards of
Penfacola, and the whole province of Weft Florida, with little effectual
refiftance. Earl Cornwallis obtained a viftory over the Americans un-
der general Green, at Guildford, in North Carolina, March 15, 1781,
but it was a hard fought battle, and the lofs on both fidas confiderable.
Indeed the vi£lory was produdive of aJl the confcquences of a defeat ;
for three days after, lord Cornwallis was obliged to leave part of his ficlc
and wounded behind him to the care of his enemy, and to make a cir.
cuitous retreat of 200 miles to Wilmington before they could find fliel-
ter, and fo left South Carolina entirely expofcd to the American gene-
ral. The generals Philips and Arnold committed fome ravages in Vir-
jrinia, delboyed much (hipping, and about 8qpo hogftieads of tobacco ;
•, * but

40O

ENGLAND.

but none of thefe event! at that time promifed any (pcciy termination
of the war, (hey rathei coiitributed to draw the attention of the Ame-
ricans, and the French at Rhode Ifland to that nuarter, where ihc next
year the deciiivc blow wai ftruck which firmly cltahtifhcd AiiiericHn In-
dependence. Lord Cornwallis's fitiiation at Wilmington was very dil-
igree»ble, and his lorcc reduced lu low that he could not think of
•marching to Charl(i»-T<mn by land ; he turned his tlioiie;ht8 then to a
co-operation in Viri;ini,i \v tl\ Philips sirtd Arnold, and bi:n:in his march,
April 25, 1781. In this cent1.1l province, till the fci>tttTcd ojieriitidns of
active hollility beijan ut length to converge into a point, and the (;rand
cataiirophe of the American war opened to the worbl. By ditl'eient re-
inforcements, lord Cornwullis's force amounird ro above ;Ooo excellent
troops, but fuch was their phindciint; ami devailations on their route,
and the order of the Americans, his tituation bicame at Knj^th very cri-
tical. Sir Homy Clinton, he tonimunJcr in chief, was prevented from
lending thole fuccoiirs to him which he otherwifc would have done, by
his .feats -for New York, agiiinll which he apprehended \Vanriiij;t(in me-
ditated a formidable attack. This American general played a jfame of
great addrefs ; as many of their ports and dilpatclies hrtd been intercepted,
and the letters publithed with j;rcat paraile and triumph in the New
York papers, to expfe the poverty, weaknefs, and difunion of the
Americans; WaHiington foon turned the tables ou the Britifli con)-
manders, and derived public advant.iji;e from this fource of vexation and
prejudice. He wrote letters to the fouthern offieers and others, inform-
ing them of his total inability to relieve Viiginiit, unlcfs by a diret^ at-
tack with the French troops on New York. He aliened it was abfo-
Imcly determined on, and would foon be executed. Thcfc letters were
intercepted (as was intended they Hiould) with others of the like kind
from the French officers, and the projcft was fuccefsful. Sir Henry
Clinton was thus amufed and d«^ceived, and kept from forming any fufpf
cion of the real dcfigns of the enemy.

By a variety of judicious milit,\ry manoeuvres, Wadiington kept New
York and its dependencies in a tiuntinual liate of alarm for about fix
weeks, and then fuddenly marched acrofs the Jerfies and through Fcnn*
fylvauia to the head of the Elk, :t thcbuitom of the Chcfapeak, from
which, tlie light troops were conviycd by lliipping down the bay, and
the bulk ot the army, after reaching;,' Maryland by forced marchef, were
alfo there embarked, and foon joined the other body under the marquis
de la Fayette. Sir Henry Clinton receiving information that the count Dc
Grafle was expc(fted every moment iii ihe Chefapeak, with a large French
fleet to co-operate with Wafliington, now feriouily attempted to reiufoice
lord Cbrnwallis, but without fucccfs, for on the jth of September, af^cr
a partial at^^ion of a few hours between the BritiHi Hcet under admiral
Graves, and that of the^ French under De Gralle, Graves returned to
New York to refit, and left the French mafters of the navigation of the
Chefapeak. Prefently the mod cfi'eitual meafures were adopted by ge-
neral Wafliingron for furrouuding lord Cornwallis's army, and on the
Jaft of September it was clofcly inverted in York Town, and at Glouce-
ilcr on the oppofite fide of the river, with a cunfiderable binly of troops
6n one fide, and a large naval force on the other. The tienches were
opened in the ni::ht between the 6th and 7th of Oclobcr, with a
large train- of artillery. The woirks which had been railed by the
Britifli, funk under the weight of the enemies batteries ; the troops were
' - . much

K N G L A 1^ Di

40t

much iriminidicd by the Avord ami ficknefii, and worn dowh by conftant
Watching and f.itijjuc, nnd all hope of relict fiiilini;, the iQfli ot OAohcr
lord Cornwnllis furrcndcred himfclt' and hii whole iiriny by cai/uul.itiou
to "cncral Wartiiiiffton, as prifoncrs of wur*. Fifteen hundred itrfiiK'n
underwent the fate of the jTiirrifon, but thcfc, with the Guadeloupe fri-
gate of 24 guns and a number of tr.infporiB, were alUgnrd to M. de
Graflc, HS a return for the French naval power aiul iilfithincc.

Such was the iH'uc of the Viri^iniiln war. The capture of this army,
under lord Curnw.dlis, was too heavy a blow »o be foon or calily reco-
vered ; it threw a j^looin over the whole court and cabinet at home, and
put a total period to the hopes of thofe who had flattered tlieiiifelvc$
with the fubjugaiion of the colonics by arms. The furrendcr of this fe-
cond liritifli army nny be conlidcrcd as the cloliaj» fcene of the cotiti-
nental wur in America ; for the immcnfc ex pence of carrying it on fo
di (lane from the feat of preparations and p(m'cr; the great accumulation
of public debt it had brought upon the nation ; the plentiful cii'uiion of
huntan blood it had occationed ; the diminution of trade and the vaft
increafc of taxes — thefc were evils of fuch a maguitude» arifing from
this ever to be lamented contcft, as could fcarcely be overlooked even by
the itioft infenlible and itupid. According'y on the firil of March, I782»
after repeated rtrui;j;les in the houfe ol" commons, the houfe addrefled
the king, rcqueUinji him to put a Hop to any farther profecution of fo
oft'cntivc a war aj(ainll the American colonics. This was a moll impor-
tant event, it rendered a change of meafurcs and of councils abfolutcly
ncceffary, and diH'ufcd univcrfal joy throughout the kinj/dom, Thofe
country gentlemen who had generally voted with the miniltry, faw the
clangers to which the nation was cxpofed in an expenfivc war with France,
Spain, and Holland, without a lingle ally, and feeling the preflure ot
th«: public burdens, they at length defcrtcd the (landaril of adtninillra-
tion, and a complete revolution in the cabinet was clfcded, March 27th,
1782, under the aufpices of the marquis of Rockingham, who was ap-
pointed firft lord of tlieTieafury.

The firft bufinefs of the new miniilry, was the taking meafurcs for
eftechiating a general piace. Mr. Grcnvillc was in veiled with full
powers to ticat at Paris with all the parties at war, aiu! was alfo diicAed
to propofii the inJependeney of the Thirteen United Provinces of Ame-
rica in the firll inltance, inllcad of making it a condition of a general
treaty. The commanders in chief in America were alfo diiet'^tcd to ac-
quaint the congrefs with the pacific views of the Biitifh court, and with
the offer to ackiiowledge the independency of the United States.

Peace every day became more delirable to the nation. A feties of
lolTes agitated the minds ol the people. January i.|.th, 1782, the French
took Nevis. On the cth ot Februny, the ifland of Minorca furrendercd
to the Spaniards; and on the 13th of the l-im ■ month, the ifland of St.
Chrillopher's was given up to the French. The valuable illand of Ja-
maica would loon proSal'ly have fijarcd the fam'.- fite, bad not the Kri-
tifh fleet under admiiMl Rodnc/, fallen in with thit of the French under
the Count Dc Graffc, in th^ii way to join the Spnnifli fleet at St. Do-
mingo. The van of the French was too far advanced to fupport the
centre, and a fignal vidory was obtained over them. The French ad-

• Tfic American return tnaile the nimibor of prifoncrj 7,247 land and marine.

D d miral

40ft

E M G L A N Dr

fninil in the Villc de Parii of i to gum (a prefent frum the city of Pnril
to the treiich king), wa» taken, with two ffvinry-touri, nnU une ot 64

f'Uni ] a 74 gun lliip blew up by iiccidtnt loon uftei (lie wu* in our |K>r*
tflion. and another 74 I'unk tlunox the cnKugiUicnt. A lew duyi uiter,
two more of the fame fleet, of 64 guns each, wrre capturetl. By this
viAofN of the 12th ot A|)rit, the Jclign a^uinll Janiuica wai truliiated,
•nd udmirul Rodniy't reputation and intenii were greatly promoted.
The new mmitlry, lor his coiului't ar vSt. Eulhitia, utui diticrencci with
fome of hit cnpuint, and with the tncrchant* ami plauteri, had fuper-
fflded him, and uitcndtd to hnve prolicutcd the enquiry into the tranf*
a^tioni at EulUiiu ; biit this vi^to>y lilcnctd all, una procured him the
dignity of an Knglilli pter, No other advantages lolloArcd ; not
one of the itlands taktn fium us by the French, w:is attempted to be re«
covered, notwiihftanding the i^ix.it nuvul fupt- rinrity ; and unhrippily,
the Vilie de Paris, and iiiol\ ot the other French Oiips taken by admiral
Rodney, were loft at lea betoic they could teach England, befides two
of our oMn Oiips ot the line.

May .sth, the Bahama illands furrcndcred to the Spaniards ; but the •
credit of th« Britilh at inn was well fudained at Gibraltar, under general
Elliot the governor, and their formidable attack on the iithof Septem-
ber with floating batteries of 212 brafs cnnoon, &c. in fliips from 1400
to 600 tons buidcn, ended in difappointiuent, and the dcOrudion of
all the (hips and moft of the aflhilants in them. The garrifon was re-
lieved by lord Howe, in the month of October, who ort'ercd battle to the
combined force oi France and Spain, though twelve fail of the line infe-
rior. The military operations after this, were few nnd of little confe*
quence. Negapatnain, a fettlement in the Eaft Indies, and Trincotnalc
on the illand of Ceylon, were taken from the Dutch by the Britilh forces ;
but the French loon receiving confidcrable fuccours from Europe, took
Cuddalorc, retook Trincomale, forced the Britilh fleet in feveral anions,
but none decilivc, ai)d enabled Hyder Ally to withiland, with various fuc-
cefs, uU the etlbrts of Sir Eyre Coore, and his troops.

The death of the marquis of Rockingham, on the iftof July, occa-
fiOQcd a violent commotion in the cabinet, and leflcned the hopes which
had been formed of important national benefits from the new adtninilira-
tion. Lord Shelbunie fucceeded the rnarcjuis as firft lord of the treafury,
and it u faid, without the knowledge of his colleagues. This ^ave great
offence to fome, particularly to Mr. Fox and lord John Cavcndifli ; who^
with others, refigncd their places, and commenced a fierce oppolition in
the houfe of commons. Mr. Fox declared, ** that the principles on which
the miniftry firft came in, were abandoned by lord Shelburnc nnd his ad-
herents ; that the eU Cyfttm was to be revived, moft probably with the
M meHy or indeed witn any men that could be found. They were per«
fons whom neither promifes could bind, uor principles of honour fecure :
they would abandon fiuy principles for the fake of power, and they would
BOW flrive to ftrengtheu themrelves by any means which corruption could
procure ; and he expected to fee in a very fliort tiaic, they would be join-
ed by thofe very men whom that houfe had precipitated from their feats."
The duke of Richm<md, general Conway, and others, maintained, that
there was no deviation in the prefent cabinet from the principles on which
they had entered into oflice, and continued to a£l with lord Shelburne^
till under his aufpices the preliminaries for a general peace were fettled.
Then, the public beheld Mr, Fox, and even lord |ohn Cavendiih, co-

alefciog

ENGLAND.

4»J

nUrcing with the old mlniftcri, lord North pirticul.irly j embrnnnq; the
very men whuin tluy had driven from dicir icatfi, tiiid tlireatcned with im'
peHcliinents I ami continuing to join with them in rcprohiiiing the peace
lis making too grciit conccllions to uic cntmy, that they mijjht llorni the
c.kbinrt, drive lord Shclbume and his IVicndj Iruni it, and I'eat tbemrdvei
and the men thev had dcfpiiVd, in their pi»ceti.

By the trciity of peace bttwirn (Jicar llritain and France*, Great Bri-
tain ceded tu trance, of her puirciTionii l)eforc the w.ir, the iilmd oi T ••
biigo, in the Weik Indicj, nnd the livcr of Scnegiil in Afric.i, with if«
dependencies and the tott on tlic river ; and give up si few didritSt* in the
Kali Indici), us dcpcndcncii'i* on P(jndicherryi and Kitrical; jt agreed til*
fo to reftorc the iiiands of Sr. Lucia, St. Pierre, and Miquclon, and the
illind of Gcrcc j witli Pondicherry, Karicul, Mahr, Chandernagorei
iind (he coinptuire or Uiirat, in the haft indies which had l>ren conquer*
cd from the French duriiij; the war To prevent difutcs about bounda*
lies iu the Nevvtoutidlund tilbcry, it was agreed, that tnc French lin-* tot
fifliing Ihoiild bck^in from Cape Sr. John on the eallcrn fide, and goin}{
round by the Noith, flioiild have for its boundary Cape Ray i>n the
Wertern fide ; and Great Britain renounced every clai'' hy forr. rr trea-
ties with rcfpedt to the demolition of Dunkirk, France on the other
hand was to rellnrc (o Great Britain the illands of Granada, and the Grr<
nudincs, St. Chrilloplicr's, St. Vincent, Dominica, Nevis, atid Mun?'<
fcrrat ; and guarantied Fort James, and the river Gambia, a^r uig thaC
the gum trade (Itould retn^in in the fame condition as befurt. (ia wai"!
1755. i'hc allies of each Ihite in the Eaft Indies were to be 'nviud to
accede to the pacification, but if they were avcrfe to peace, no afTiltance
on either fide was to be given to them.

By the treaty with Spain, Great Britain gave up to that pov.xr Eaft
Florida, and nlfo ceded Well Florida, and Minorca which Spain had ta«
ken during the war. I'o prevent all caiiies of complaiut and mifunder'
Ifandiiig for the future, it was agreed that Britifh fubje£t^ Hiould have the
right of euttini^ and carryrng away logwood in the dillrid lying between
the rivers WaHis or Bellize, and Rio Hondo, taking the courlb of the
faid rivers for unalterable boundaries. Spain agreed to rcftorc the iflahdi
of Providence, and the Bahamas, to Great Briuiin, but they had been
re-t;iken before the peace w.is fignrd*

In the treaty with the United States of America, the king of Great
Britain acknowledges New Hampfliire, Maliiichu (...*,, Bay, Rltodc Ifland
and Providence Plantation?, Conne(^icnt, New Vork, New Jerfey,
Pennfylvania, Delaware, Maryl.md, Virginia, North Carolina^ South
Carolina, and Georgia, to be Jrer^ /overeij(Hy wul indr^rmlirt Jiatfs^ and
for himfelf, his heirs and fucceHbrf, rclinqii .'lied all cliiinis to ttic govern*
inent) propriety, and territorial lights of *hc fame, and every pait there-
of. To prevent all diiputes in future on the fubjcdf of boundaries be-
tween thefe dates and the remaining provinces to Grc;it Britain, lines
were very minutely drawn, which will be noticed in the proper place,
and lome favourable claufcs were obtained fjr the Loyaliih. The navi-
gation of the Miirulippi to remain open to both parties, as alfo the NetV"
fouudland iiflieries.

• Preliminary articles fettled Jar.niary to, 178;.
D d a

In.

404

E N G L A N 1.

In the titfaty with the Dutch grent difficulties arofc, but at length it
w:>s llipiilatid, that Gre.it IJiitain Ihould icltuic Tiincomale in the ifl>tnd
ot'Cc)l()i), but the French had ahxady taken it; iind that the Dutch
Hiould yield to us the town of Ncgapiitnam, vith its dependencies in the
Eafl Indies, with liberty to treat for its rcllitution on the point of an
cijuialenr.

Thus a period was put to a moft calamitous \var, in which Gicat Bri-
tain lort the bcil part oi lur American coh)n'res, and many thouf.ind va-
luable lives, and expended or fi|uandcrcd nearly i;o millions of money.
1'he terms oFthe pence wore to iniiny, a fubjei'-t of great regret j but had
the war continual, it would have betn nccell.iry to have borrowed annu-
ally 17 niillions and a halt, by which a million per annum, would have
been added to the taxes, ;iiid 25 millions at Leiill to the capital rf the
public debt, according to the ufual modes of funding. The coffiona
made on the part of (»rcat Britain, can fcaicfly be elfcemed worth the ex-
pence ot but one j ear's war, tfpccially confidering the cxhaulled flai? of
the country and its revenues, nnd of the national fpirit, thnnigh the rage
of parties and the hifi of ambition and power. But no fooncr were the
preliminary treaties with France and Sjiain, and the provifional articles
with America i)rcfi'nicd to parliatnenr, than thi:y met with a violent oppo-
iiiion, and were repiobated as highly injurious to the dignity and interells
of the nation. It was contended on the other fide, that a peace was ab-
.folutely ncccir.iiy, and was called for by the people with an unanimity
and vijjour that could not be refilled; that our ability to fupport fo enor-
mous an cxpcncc had no folid foundation, but the revenues precarious
and dt'lulive; that the ccirions, was the unavoidable confequcnce of the
ruinous policy of the former adminiftration in plunging the nation into
fuch a contcrt ; and the charges of maintaining Minorc.i, Eart and Weft
Florida, had been cxcellivc, ib that their conferring them on Spain was u
burden to her rather than an emolument. The objcft of the war was
alfo at an end, for the independency of America had been long before
r.cognilld iiy parliamciit — commerce was declining daily, and the terms
of the peace, confuKring the true Hate of the nation, were advantageous
and honourable, and could only be oppofed by oride, or ignorance, or
f.K^fion, the cffcrt or ])ariy rage and ambitious intrigue. The addrel's of
thanka for the per.cc was carritd in the houfe of lords, by a majority of
72 to 59, but lull in the houle of common', by a majority of 214
to 208.

The maj^Tiiry of the commons, thus enlirting under iha banner of the
famous coalition Icjiicn^ INJr. Fox and lord North, plainly indicated a nii-
niftcrial revolution to be near at hand, unlefs the cabinet would call a
new parliament. As they did not, the peace-makers were obliged to
withdraw from power. Tlie two gentlemen jull mentioned were made fe-
c:etaries of (late, and tht- di:ke of Portland firll lord of the Treafury,
on April 2, 1783. All plans of reformation in public offices, and for
prelerving the nation, which lord Shelburn propofed, feemed now to be
dropr. Every thir;.'; wont on juft as the coalition adminiilration pleafcd,
till Mr. Fox brough; iato parliament his famous bill for new regulating
the government of the Eart India company, and their commercial aftairs
and territories ; a plan of which l)ill, its progrefs and fate, we have al-
ready given in our account of that trading company*. Tliis bill being

Page i59.

reje£led

ENGLAND

405

rejected in the houfe of lords, on December 17, by a majority of 19, oc-
calioti|ed a great ferment in the cabinet and in bot.h lioufes of parliament.
The fame day, it was afferted in the lower huufe, that (hould the bill be
loll among the peers, it was by written reports or meflagcs to this cifeA,
'■• Hit majefiy will not only contider as not being h'n friend^ every perfon
who votes lor the prefent India bill, but he will look upon thole who fup<
port it, M his enemies ; and if lord T— — — e can Und ftronger words to
convey his majefty's wiflits to that eftefl, he is at liberty to ufe them."
Accordingly, aftef long debate, the commons rcfolvcd by a confiderable
majority, " That it is now nctelfar'/ to declare, that to report any opi-
nion, or pretended opinion, of h'a majefty, upon any bill, or other pro-
ceeding depending in tither houfe of parliament, with a view to influence
the votes of the members, is a high crime and mifdemeanour, derogatory
to the honour of the crown, a breach of the fundamental privileges of
parliament, and fubverfivc of *the conlVituiion of this country." This,
with other rcfolutions, and ibmo words which dropped from Mr. Fox,
and lord North, the next day in the houfe ot commons, in fupport of a
motion for adjournment to the next week, which was thought to be in-
tended merely to prutrai'l thr bulinefs of parliament, and put the fupplies
in hazard, occalioned their dll'miirion, anil the political death of the co-
alition niiniftry. A roy.il nieilage wasfent between 12 and i of the morn-
ing of the 19th of December, to dclire the two fccretarics to fend the
Icals of their office imiiiediatcly ; and Mr. Pitt fuccceded the duke of
Portland as firft lord of the treafury, bringing in his friends into the re-
fpcdive departments, which formed the tenth adminiilration iince his
niajefly's accellion.

A diflblution of the houfe of commons being now feared by the coali*
tion, they voted and carried nn addrefs to the king, to reprefent the dan-
gers which appealed to them likely to follow from a prorogation or diflb-
lution of the parliament in the pref-iit arduous and critical conjundture of
public affairs, and humbly to bcfeccb his majclly to hearken to the advice
of his faithful coininons, and not to ihejlcret aJvias of perfons who may
have private intcieHs ot their own, fcparate from the true interefts of his
majefty and the people." Tlie king afiured them, he would not inter-
rupt their meeting by any exercifc of his prerogative, either of proroga-
ti<m or diflolution. Before the houfe adjourned over the holidays, it re*
folved, ,on the 24th of December, "That the lords of the treafury
ouglit not to confent or authorize the Ealt India diredlors to accept any
more bills, or to a gre.ucr amount than 300,00-!. unlefs tliey fliall be
able to prove to pailiaincnt, that they have i\ifficient means to provide
for the payment of thcni, after they fliall have made their dividend and
difcii; ri^cd the debt due to governmenr, or unlefs they had the direction
of that houff." This was thought to convey an imputation, as if Mr.
Pitt intended to make a bad ufe ot the power veiled by law in the trea-
fury.

As foon as the houfe met, it was faiJ, that the two jjreat rival parties
who hid coalefced and forgotten their former differences and anathemas
againft each other, intended to monopolize all the power in the country.
On the 12th of January, 17H4, the conltion majority, h\ a committee
on the Hate of the nation, refolvcd, ** That it is the opinion of thiscom«
mince, in the picfent lltuation of his majclU's dominions, it is peculiarly
neceira"" hat there rtiouM be an aJminilhation which has the confidetuc of
this hoi^ . and the pv-oplc." And an amendment being propofcd to infer;
»•;■••'•, D d 3 afi^t

40^

ENGLAND.

after the word " confidence," the words «* .-/ the crown" it pafled in the
negative. They alio refolvcd, ♦' That it is the opinion of this commit-
tee, that the late changes in his majcAy's councils were immediately pre«
ceded by dangerous and uiiiverfiil reports that his miijefty's f.icred name
had been unconiVitutionally abufed to effed th deliberations uf pnrlia-
tnent, and that the appointments made were accompanied by circumiUn-
ces new and extraordinary, and fuch as do not conciliate or engage the
confidence of this hovifc." On the i6ih of January, they carried the.
following refolution : *' That it is the opinion of this committee, it hav.
ing been declared by this houfe, that, in the prefent fituation of , his ma-
jeuy's dominions, an adminiftration fliould be formed, which p'lflefled
the confidence of this houfc, and the public ; and the prefent adminiAra-
tion being formed under .circumftances new and extraoi ditiary^ fuch as
were not calculated t(i conciliate the afil-dtions, or cngiige the confidence
of the houfc ; and his majefly's prefent nKniJIers flill holding high and
rcfponfible offices alter fuch a declarati;in, is contrary to true conjlitutional
frincipleiy and injurious to his majefty and his people."

It was a n w doi^rine that the king fiiould diicharge thofe who had by,
no one aft as yet rendered themfelvcs undefeiving cpntidence iis miniflers,
and appoint ntw oi:cs, out <^ compliiiuce to one part of the hoiile of
commons only j and it was impoflib'.c for him to comply with the refolu-
tion that he fiiould appoint fuch us might have the confidence of that
houfe and of the public ; for the majurity of that houfc were compofcd of
the members ot the coalition, ftriving for places and power, and the
public, by their numerous addrefiiis, were in general evidently -avcrfe to
their conduft, and incenfcd at every \\i\\\g belonging to the appellatioa
of <• Coalition." A dilTolution or^i\rliaiiiciit was the alone pollihle me-
thod to appoint an adminiflration which had the confidence ot the houfe
of commons and the public ; fending the members to their conftitucnta
for approbation or reicflion, and for freih credemiiils. On the 23d of
January, Mr. Pitt's liaft India bill was rejctfted in the houfc of commons
by 2- i.gainft 214 on the fecond reading, without fending it to a com-
mittee for tlifcuflion and amendment, and leave was given for Mr. Fox to
prepare and brin^i in another. Now, fome leading independent gentle-
men (as they flyled themfelves) interpofed to unite the contending par-
ties, which had filled parliament and the country with diftrac'lions, and
tended to the ruin of all ; but their endeavours to form what they called
a finn, efiiqient, extended, and united adminiftration, proved unfuccefs-
ful.

At laft, February 4, the houfe of lords took up the affair, and parti*
cularly advcr'ed to the refolution ( f the commons rcfpecling the limiting
the lords of the treafury as to Eaft India bills. It was contended, that
the houfe of com ons had arrogated to iti'elf that power which the con-
ilitution had refuicd, for it denied to the lords of the treafury that right
which the legiilature in its complete capacity had inveJled them with,
tiamely, the power of permitting the Eaft India direflors to accept bills
to fuch an amount as the difcretion of the treafury board fliould admit,
'I'hat no one branch of the legiilature could in any tnanntr fuperfede a
fpecific fiatute of the three conlHtuent parts. That it was their lordflups
firft duty to fupport the laws and the conftitution againfl the encroach-
ments of all other power whatfoever. That the houfe of commons had
pone btyind the letter and the fpiritof its privileges; and that uuiefs the
^pdeavour ili^uld be- actually repelled, a violent woynd was given to the

eonlUtution^

ENGLAND.

407

conilittition. That they had good grounds (or declaring the houfe of
commoos had afTvimrd unconflitutional powers; for they ivould cerfter ia
thtml'elves a legiilaiive jurifdi<Stion : and whatever was the rifqiie, what-
ever it might be, that nieafure of duty, jufticc to the conftitution, and
public necfllity flujuld induce, it was nothing, taken as an equivalent for
protetStin^; the fymmetry of the conllitution, and the liberties of the fub*
je£t. That it was un ufurpation in any otw branch of the legiflature, the
king, lords, or commons, to aflTume a power of fufpending or dilpeniing
with an ad of the legiflature; and that the rcfolution of the com-
mons aflumed a control, pointing out a fpecific coudud. Accord-
ingly, by a majoiity of 100 to 53, they refolvcd, that for any
branch of the 1 v;illature to aflfume a pow r .0 dired or control an autho-
rity veftcd in any iet of men l-y a>fl of pai'.;..n)enr, and to be exercifed
by them at their own difcretion. is unconf^itmiond and illegal. They
next rt-lblvedf that the conllitutioB veiled in the crown the right of ap-
pointing his minilers ; and then moved ft)r, and carried the following
addrcls to the king ; " We acknowledge with great fatisfadtion, the wif-
dom of our happy conftitution, which places in your majefty's hands the
undoubted authority of appointing to all the great otKct-s of executive go-
trernmcnt* We have the firmed reHmce in your majefty's known wifdom
and paternal goodnefs, that you will be anxious to call into your fervice,
men the mod deft-rving of the confidence of the parliament and the pub-
lic in general. In this confidence we beg leave to approach your ma*
jefty with our inort earned aflTuiances, that we will upon all occafiona
fupport your majedy in the jud exercife of thofe prerogatives which
the wifdom of the law has entruded to your majedy, for the preferva-
tion of our lives an^l properties, and upon the due and uninterrupted ex-
eixife of which, mud depend the bledings which the people mud derive
from the bed of all forms of government."

From thcfe pv6ceedings it was evident, that a war would arife between
the two houfes, which could only be put an end to by a diifoluion of
parliament. The commons exclaimed againd the loid , and proceeded
to vindic ite themfelves to the public, by leveral refolutions. ■

Pcrfons of the mod dillinguiihcd and independent charaftcr in the
houfe of commons, and in the kingdom, now wiihed that a didblutioa
had taken place weeks before, even at the fird forming of the coalition.
Many labou-e 1 for a conciliation between Mr. Pitt and Mr. Fox, and
their. confidential friends; and lord North, at length, confented to be
left out in the forming a new adminidration ; but the coaliiion infided on
Mr. Pitt's rcfignation as a pi" litninary, without which there could be no
treat\ . This being refufed, a majority of 21 out of 333 members of the
houfe of commons voted the following addrefs to the king : " That this
houfe, imprer.ed with thT mod dutiful fenfe of his majedy's parernal re-
gard for the welfare of his people, relies on his m.ijedy's roval wifdom,
that he will take fuch ineafures as, by removing a»y ohjiach to the formaticn
of fuch an adinhiljlration as this houfe has declared to he reqj'tfite !n the prt'
fent critical and arduous Jlatc <[f public affairs^ may tend to give effect to
the widies of his faithful commons which have already been mod hum-
bly repre rented to his majeity."

The reply was milil, but in favour of his fervants ; and this anfwer
brought things to a crilis : the oppofition now t tlked of withholding all
fupplies, till the king difmifled his mlniders, and proceeded, March id,
to vote another addrcCs of more length and greatvr fccedom, which was

D d 4 carried

40S

ENGLAND.

tarried by 201 to 189 : to this addrefs, a ftrong and decifive anfwer was
returned, which evidenced firmnefs in ihc kin^ or his cabinet, as *♦ Gen-
tlemen, I have iilready t-xpreflcd to you how lenfiblc I am of the advan-
tages |o be derived from f-jch an admiiiiftration as was pointed out in
your unanimous refolution. And I afTured you that I was dcfirous of
taking every ftqj moft conducive to fuc! an objeft : I remain in the fame
fentiments ; but I continue equally convinced, that it is an objeft not
likely to be obtained by the difmiflion of my prefent minifters.

** I mud repeat, that no : irge or tximplaint, or any fpecific objcdlion,
js yet made againft any of them : if there Were any fuch ground for their
removal at prcfcnt, it ough tf i : ffy?/^//); a reafon for not admitting them
as a part of that extcndcc nd . nited adminiftration which you ftaic to be
requiCte. • '

*' I did not confider the failure of my recent ent'cavours as a final
bar to the accomplidiment of the purpofe which I had in view, if it could
have been obtdncd on thofe purpcfes of fairnefs and equality, without
which it c.in neither be honourable to thofe who are concerned, nor lay
the foundation of fuch a ftrong nnd ftable government as may be of laft-
ing advant ge to the coimiry — but I kn iw of no furtherjhps which I
can take, ihat arc likely to remove the difficulties whi».h olftiuft that de-
•fjrablc end.

" I have never called in qiieftion the riaht of my fiithful commons to
offer nu ihtir advice upon e^icry proper occafton, touching the exercife of
any bran, b n\ my prtrai'ative.

" I fi all be veady at ali timt-s to exercife it, and give it thf* moll attcn-

"tive confide ution — they will ever find me dilpofed to fliev my regard to
the true principles of tlie conflitution, :ind to ta!;e fuch meafurt's as may
bcft conduce to the fansfav'ilion and prosperity cf niy kinj.'doni."

The gentlemen who ltd the lioufe of commOTis, 01 the fmall najority

.'of i', into thofe rct'uluiions and addreffes, beaan 1 ow to fee riicirmif-
take. Their argum..'ni3 jafiiiiLd all the evils that had i'ttcndcd lord
North's adminifireriun fo many years, be havin;;; the full ci'nfidtncc of
the houfe, hmvever obtained ; and would jufti^y- every other corrupt fct.
But they had lidvanctd too far to repeat with decency, and accordingly
pi'iceedf • to poftponc; the mutiny bill as a means of protrafting \\\<\\- puli-
tical exiften e, which they carried by on'y a majority of nine. On
IViarch Sth, Mr. Fox made his iafl efiorr, ;nd moved for a third adJn'fs,
ox \■^\\\\^x ranonjlr.-incc to the king, which for the fake of recording this
grcateft of all quellions and contcils between the commons and the crown's
prerogative, lince the unhappy days of diaries I. we have inferted in
our quarto cJiliOn.

This rcjMcfcnration and addrefs of tlie conur.ons to the crown, was
rnnied but by a m:;iv)!ity of ow,- 191 to igo, wMi-h as it required no an-
fwer, fo put an end to the difpute between the Jittercnt ovaicius ot the
Irgillaturc. Tiie co.iliiin;! party gave up the ccntefr, and looked forward
to a fpcedy diiliilvuion of the houfe. The national bulinefs went on re-

'f[u!ariv and qvicrly — the n'icellary bills were forivarded in both houfes,
and March. :> \\\\ an end was pnt to tlie feliion. The next day a prochi-

ont, ac^rt" able to the dcfiics and a

s of a great part of tiic kingdom.

ination w. s iflurd for diffolving that prcrcnt parliament, and calling r. new

ible to the dcfiics and addrcfles of a great

Juft at thai cr;rii,ai priiod, the great leal was lio'.'-'n irom the hom'e of the

lord ch;rnccllor, which occnfioned many fufpicions as if done by more

' ?han ordinaiy felons; but nothing farther appeared, and a new leal wAs

. prcfentiy

ENGLAND.

409

prefcntly made. On the 1 8tli of May the new parliament aflerabled, and
the commons chofe Mr. Cornwall, the fpeakcr ot the late houfe, for their
prefent fpcaker. The next day, his majefty addreiled them from the
throne, which he concluded with thefe words. " The afTnirs of the Eafl:
India company form an objeft of deliberation deeply connedtcil with the
general intererts of the country. While you feel u juft anxieiy to pro-
vide for the good government of our poflcflions in that part of the world,
you will, I truft, never lofc fight of the efteit which any meafure to be
adopted for that purpofe may have on our own conftitutlon, and our dear
interefts at home. Ymi wUl find me always defirous to concur with you
in fuch meafures as may be ot lading benefit to my people. I have no
widi but to confult tlitlr profperity, by a coaftant attcniion to every ob-
jeft of national concern, by an uniform adherence to the true principles
of our free conllitution, and by fupporting and maintaining, in their
juft balance, the u-j^hu and prlvilegt-s of every br-inch of the. legifla-
ture." A very feeble oppoiition v/as made to the addrefs of thanks in
the houfe of lord*, and it ionn appeared that the appeal to the people had
turned out greatly in Mv. Pitt's favour. Many, whom lord North had
bound to him by his douceurs when in power, were thrown out; and
others deferred him, finding his valt influence was at an end. Several of
Mr. Fox's frieniU lod alfu theii' feats, and in the firft two contefts, it
was pliiin rhat the coalition could do little more th^ii fpeak ; their views
were difappointed in turning out the pcace-nakers at»d fearing themfelves
in their room, their forces melted away, and the young minifti;r obtained
a complete triumph over them The firft queftion on which they tried
their ftrength, wis riu- Wertm'nftur t- leflion. Mr. Fox wanted a vote of
cenfure on ,hc hi;^h bai ifi I'or r.ot m:ikir.g a return to the writ on the ap-
pointed day, but Je' iy>nj; it for a fcriitiiiy. A previous qucftion was' put
on tlie motion, .-nd c<ir;it'd by a ivApnty of 147; — 283 agaiirll 136.
The f ime ew; i ir, M,iv 24th, en a divifion of the houfe for an aiidrefa
to the ki' g% IpceLh, the numdcis for it wirhout any alteration or amend-
ment, wen- 282 a ;ainft 14.. ■

N ''withft.inding f I s^n If i mijority, lllll the members of the oppoii-
tion mu'.h iiiip.ileii the ivx'.is of givem nent, and threw many dilKcul-
ti':'s ir. the wav of h iininiT .anon. On the i th of [un.'. Mr. Burke in a
long Ifi cch, e\patiaie>! nii ihe meriiS of the I'ift p»r!r menr, repiobateJ
the kini;'s 'p icch at ::\c Oiien'.ng of the nrw one, and the addrefs of
thanki tor it, ind ft.ntd tha. his purpofe was to inove^ " That an humble
rcmonil ranee !)e prck'nieii to hi.> majelK- aiiciting the rights of the houfe
of common??. : 'il '^.'projating the c.m Uid ni the kitig's miniilers in hav-
ing advilVd h s III ijtity t(> break hi,-; r >yal word, and tiiffolve his parlia-
meiu atici; \v: had pledged tiis faith ro the laft h' ul'e ofcommjos, th;it he
would not 111 r^f fuch an cxi-rcile of his prerogative before they had got
through flie arduous Huiir 3 p.)n their hanis ; .aid iikewifc tor having
:idvi!ed his majeily to m ■■ i-c a fpcech tu the nc.v parliament from the
throne, uill of doO'tMnei the molt unco'iflitution d and alarming." The
nv'tion coniiuc>! of ll'/eral toli'i:., which the fpeaker was above an hour
in rt'.dingtothr houfe, containing h di-fcnce of the laft houfe of com-
mon?, a deta 1 ol their coniritution.il right;., and a fevere ri^prehenUon of
his maje ly's ijiinidcrs ror ha» i ig violated them in various irllanA-cs. The
nvuion was nega.ived witlvuit a divilion, but as the mair. qjcllion was
fuftercd to be put, the whole oi' the motiyn a as of l )urfe entci^d on tho
journals of the houfe, which fcems to Have been the mover's only iiMcntion.
•■ ■ - ■ ■ ' On

410

ENGLAND.

On the 16th of June, in a debate to appoint a committee to enquire in*
to the prefcnf ftatc of rcproftniation ot this couutry, lord North, and
Mr. Fox were in oppofuion, and Mr. Pitt ^nd Dundas, whom he had
made treafurcr ot the navy : Dund<is argued on the iidc of his old friend
lord North, and was againft any altciation ; others thought the time of
the motion to be improper, and c 1 the previous qucftion btlug pjr, it
was dropped by {99 aj^ainft 121;. The miniftcr now went on with his ways
and means for lupplics, and \>y loweiing the tea duty, which he tiionght
would ruin the fmugglcrs, 1 «; waa forced to lievifc other taxes wti.i. will
be found very heavy and burvu-.ifome to the public, if not gre^aly link his
jwpularity with them. The wiiulow tax efpeci.ii'.y, which is botl! ;>arti,il ..«id
oppreffive^ fcreensng the lordly and wcalr.!,y, ^vho arc to pay but for two
lioufes, and the higheft fum for each is only ''- ^'1. A great num>> .r of un-
jieceflary places might have bi.(-;i ..'ooliiheci, l;ir;^c reduction- ot' offices and
falaries in every department according to the r..-ports of the commidioners
<if accounts; and more provident loans might have been trade, 10 thf*
faving at leaft 200,000!. per arm. which would have jirccluded many of
the obnoxious taxes of this feirions.

Ml. Pitt brouf;ht in his famous Eaft InJia bill the <^\\i of July, the
leading particji frs of which we have given in our ai.count of thai com-
ptiiiy", with li few obfervations on it. Time alone wili difcuvor whether
It wns frai s-d wiih wifdorr; and circumfpeftion, and whether it
wtJI be adequate Mni cticrtual 10 the great purpofes intcn.ied, and held
i'onh to view. Wii^i very little oppofition, all the fyftem of new bills and
taxes was framed .n\\ carried through bath hpufes, and the parli.imentary
«ampaign clofied on the 2 th of AviguU, with a complimentary fp-ech
frdtn ihe thone, wifiiinghis faithful fubjeiSa to meet the new heavy burdens
with fortitude and patience. It is to be hoped, that from rhis period the
prince and his m nifters of ftate, will endeavour to alleviate the fuifetinga
of the people, by occonomy and reformation in th« civil lift, difcounte-
Dancing extravagance and corruption, and promoting by their example
Ixublic fpiiir, the love of ihcir country, and the profperity of trade and
the community. ^^^ . ^ .. * / ./ , V",-

Genealogicai. LrsT op thb Royal pAMitv op Grbat Britain.

George Williain Fredc-ic III. born June 4, 1738 ; proclaimed king of
Grc.a Britain, France and Ireland, and eleftor of Hanover, October 26,
1760 ; and married, September 8, 1761, to the princefs Sophia Charlotte,
of Mecklenburgh Strelitz, born May 16, 1744, crowned September 22,
1761, and BOW haveiflTue:

1. George Auguftus Frederic, pritKC of Wales, btirn Auguft 12, ^-fbi,

2. Prince Frederic, born Aui;uft 16, 1763, eleded bilhop of Ofna-
l^urgh, February 27, 1764, created duke of York and Albany, Novem-
htx 7, 1784.

3. Prince Wiliiam Henry, b'^rn Atiguft 21, 17'! 5.

4. Princefs Charloite, born September 29, i7<>6 '

5. Prince Edward, born November 2, i 67.

6. Princefs Augufla Sophia, born November 8, 1768.

7. Princefs Elizabeth, born May 22, 177c.

• Page i6cK

8, Pvluc«

WALES,

8. Prince Erncft Auguftus born June 5, 1771.

9. Prince Frederic AugulUis, l.orn [anuary 27, 1773.

10. Adolphus Frederic, born February 34, 1774.

1 1. I'rinccis Mary, born April 25, 1776.

12. Princels Sophi.i, born Novtmber 3, 1777.
1%. Princels Aiiieli.1, born A' iguft 7, 1783.

Woe of the late prince of Wales by the princefs Augufta of Saxe Gotha,
now livinj; :

I. Hc^r roj'al higbncfs Augufta, born Auguft 11, 1737 ; married the
hertditary princoof Brunlvvick Lunenburgh, January 16, 1764.

J. His preffnt majefty.

3. I'rincc William Henry, duke of Gloucefler, born November 25,

4. Prince Henry Frederic, duke of Cumberland, born November 7,

174-.
His late majefty's iffue by queen Caroline, now iivinig :
Princefs Amelia Sophia, born June 10, 1711.

WALES. '■ -

THOUGH this principality is politically included in England, yet
as it has dilVm<5lion in language and mannes, I have, in contor-
mity with the common cuftom, ailigned it a feparate article.

Extent and Situation. . , . " .,, ,

Length
Breadth

Miles. . Degrees.

> between
Area in fquare miles 701 1

130
96

C 51 and 54 Nortii ' titude.
I 2,41 and ^,56 Well ijngitudc.

Name and languagb.J The Welch, according to the bcfl anti-
quaries, are defccndants of the Bclgic CJanls, who made a fetfhment
in England about foiirfcore years bcfo'c the firll: deicenr ;if Julius Caefar,
and thereby obtained the name of Gallcs or Walles (th<i G and W being
promilcuoufly vfed by the ancient Britons), that is, Stra:gers. Their
languagr has a ilrong aiTinity with the Celtic or PhocniJin, hivJ is highly
commended for its pathetic and defcriptive powers by th;)fe who under-
fland it.

BouNDARiFS.] Walf.s was formerly of greater extent than it is at pre-
fent, being bounded only by the Severn and the Dee ; but after the Sax-
ons had made thenifeivcs mailers of ail the plain country, the Welch, or
ancient Britons, were fluit up within more narrow bounds, and obliged
graduallv to retreat wefhvard. Ir does not however appear, that the Sax-
ons ever made any farther conqucfts in their country than ,Monmoulh(hirc
and Hereforddiiie, which are now reckoned part of England. This coun-
try is divided into four circuits. See England.

Climate, sojl, and water.] The feafons are pretty much the
fame as in the Northern parts of England, and the air is fliarp, but whole-
Ibme. The foil of Wales, efpecially towards the North, is mountainous,
\mi contains rich vallies^ which produce crops of >{;rhcat, rye, and other

41 i

W..A L E S.

com. Wnlers contains mnny quarries of frce-fto:ie nnd (late, feveral mines
otlcad, and abiindaiice of con'i-pits, Tliis country is well fiipplit;d with
wliolcfomc fpringsi ; arnl its iliief rivers are the Ciywd, the Wheeler, the
Dee, the Severn, the Elwy, and the Alen, which furnilh Flinifliiie with
great quantities oi fifl).

Mountains.] It would be cndlcfs to particulaiizp the mountains of
fhis country. Snowdon, in Caernarvoniliire, and Plinlimmon, which
lies partly in MoiitgDmciy and pnnly in Ciniiijanfliiiv, are the moft famouii ;
and their mountainous fituatioii greatly aflllled the natives in making lo no-
ble and long a lli iiggle againft the l^oinan, Anglo-iiaxon, sind Norman
powers.

VucETAnr.E AND ANIMAL PRO- 7 In thcfe pafiiculars Walcs differs
UUCTION8 BY s'ea AND LAND. ^ litrlc from England. Their horfes
•re finaller, but can endure vafi fatigue, and their black cattle arc fmall
Hkewife, hut excellent beef, and their cows arc remarkable for yielding
large quirititics of milk Great numbers uf <;oats fctd < n the mountains.
As for the other produi'tions of Wale?, ice England and Scotland. Some
Tery promilin;; mints ot iilvcr, copper, lead, and iron, have been dif-
covcrcd in Wales. The Weli'li filver may be knowr* by its being flamped
wi'h the oftrich fcatheis, the bidsj'- of tht- prince of Wales.

l*o)'Ui ation, iNHAniTANTf., ) 'J'hc inhidVitatits «f Walcs arc fup-
MANNiiRs, AND CUSTOMS. J pofed to amouut to about 300,000,
and though not in general wealthy, they are provided with all the necef-
faries, and many of the convenicncics of life. 1 he land-tax of Wa'rs
brought in fome years ago about forty-three thoufand feven hundred and
firty-two pounds a year. The Welch are, if poffiblc, more jealous of their
liberties than the Englifli, and far move irafcible, but their anger foon
abates ; ai;d they are remarkable for their lincerity and fidelity. They
are very fond of carrying back their pedigrees to the moft remote antiqui-
ty, but we haye no ciiterion for the authcmieiry of their manufcripis,
ftmie of which they pret<.nd io be coeval with the incarnatiim. It is how-
ever cei tain, that great part ot their hiftory, efpecially the eccleliaflical,
is irorc ancient, and better attefted, than that of the Anglo-Saxons.
Wales was formeily lamous for its bards and poets, particularly Thalief-
iin, who lived about the year 4^0, and whofc works were certainly ex-
tant at the time of the Keioiniailon, and clearly evinee, that Geoftrcy of
Monmouth was not the inventor of the hiilory which makes thj prefcnt
Welch thedcfcendants of the ancient Tiojans. This poetical genius feeins
to have influenced liie ancient Welch uith an cnthufiafm for independency,
for which rcafon Edward 1. i.^ f.iiu to ha'. e made a general maflacre of the
Bards ; an inhumanity uliich wa'-; chai;',t''"feriilical 01 that ambitious prince.
The Welch may be called an uhnii.seil peo|-.;e, as may be proved by tl eir
keeping up the ai.cient hofjiitality, and the r Unii adiiercncc to ancient
ciiftoms and manner?. This ap|)eavs even among genthmcn of fortune,
who in other countries comnionly follow ilic llifiun of talliion. We arc
not however to imagine, that iiKiny of tlie nobility smd t;ent'y of V^ales do
not comply with the moJes and manner of livin-^ in England -.mA France.
All the better f(,rt of the We'ch fpeak the Eng'ifll language, though num-
bers of them unc.:rnand the V\eicli.

Religion.] 1 b'l^'^" already mer.tioned the mafTacre of the Welch
clergy by AoeuiVino (hepopifii aptiillc of England, becauie they would not
conform to the Komif.i ritual, V^aU s, alter that, ;'ell under the dominion
of petty i>tinees, uh.o were often weak and credulous. The Roniifli
.tlcri'y miiiiu.i'itd thtmfv.ivej i:;to their favour, by their pretended power

' - • ' €

WALES.

4»3

«>f alifjihing them from crimes ; and the Welch, when their ancient
cli.Ts»y were cxtinift, conlornici] tlicmfelvcs to ihc religion of Rome.
1 he .VVelfii clergy, in gt^ncml, sue but poorly provided for; and iu
r;any of the country congitjiations tl.cy prc.ich bt)th in Welch and
En^iifl). Their poverty was formerly a vail difcoiimjcment to re-
ligion ;iiul K.irniiig, but the mcafurcB taken by the focicty for propa-
giiting chrilii;in knowledge has in a [jre.it <!rgrec lemoved ihc reproacl*,
ol ignpr.incc iioin the poorer fort of the Welch. In the year 1749,
a hiindtcd and torty-two Ichoolniaflcrs wcie employed, to remove
tjom place to plate for the inllvuiftion of the inhabitants ; and their fcho-
hirs amounted to 72,264. No people have diliinj^uilhed thtiafclvt's
more, perhii, s, in propoition to tlieir abilities, than the VVi-lch have
done by ads of national munllictnce. They print at a vaft expencc
Biblct, Common-prayers, and other rtligious books, and didributc thcnt,
gratis to the poorer fort. Few of their towns ate unprovided with a frec-
Ichool,

The cftablinied reli;4ion in Wales is that of the church of England ;
but the common people in mawy places, :i3 lb tenacious of their ancienc
culloms, that thiy retain feveial of the Romilh fuperftitions, and fome
anci^'nt tamilici among them arc ilill Roman Catholics. It is likewife
frtid, that Wales ulnjunds with Romilh prierts in difguife. And it is
certain, that the principality contains great numbers of ProtcHant Dif-
fcjurrs.

For BisHOPR I ( KS (See England). We are to obfcrve, that in the for-
n'cr times, Wales contained more blfliopricks than it does now ; and about
the time cf the Novinan invalion, the leligious foundations there far ex- ,
ceeJed the wealth of all the other pnrts or the principaliry.

Learning and learned men.] V\'nles was a feat of learning at
a very early period ; but it fuftered an eclipse by the repeated mallacres
of thj bards and clergy. V.'ickli^hrm took Iheltcr in Wales, when it was
pcrlccuted in Ku<;land. The Welch and Scotch difputc about the nati-
vity of certain learned men, particularly four of the name of Glldas.
Giraldus Cainhreufis, vvhofe hillory was publifhed by Camden, was cer-
tainly a Wclchi-.ian ; :uid Leland mentions feveral learned men of the
fame country, who flourilhcd bet'orc the Reformation. The difcovery of
the famous kinec Arthi.r's, and his wife's btirying plice was owing ts fome
lines of Thulieffin, which were repeated betoie Pienry II. of England,
by a Welcl\ b.ird. Since the Reformation, Wales his produced fevetal
excellent antit]ii:uic3 ami diviiies. Ainoii"; the latter weie Hui;h Rrough-
ton, and Hugh Holland, who was a Ron. an Catholic, and is n^eniioned
by Fuller in his worthies. Among the former were teveral gentlemea
of the name of Llhnyd, particularly the au;hor of that Inviduable work
the A!cha'oloi;i 1. Rowland, the learned author of the Mona Anticpia,
.was likewife a VVcIchinan ; ar was that great ftatefman and prelate, the
lord-keeper William^,, archbifliop of Yoik in ilie time of king Charles I.
After all, I nnirt bo of opinion, that the great meiit of the Wc'ch learn-
ing, in former times, lay in the kncwlcdgc of the antiquity, language,
and hirtory of their own country. VV;l.s, notwithllanding all that Dr.
Hicks, and other antiquan^"?, have fiid 10 the contrary, furnilhed the
Anglo-Saxons with an alphabet. This is clearly demonltrated by Mr.
Llhuyd, in his Welch preface to his Ai\hLco!ogi.'!, and is confirmed by
.various monumental infcriptions of undou!)te..i ;.uthoiity (See Rowland's
Moija Antiqua). I inufc not, however', or;it the excellent hillory of
; Henry VIH. written by lord Herbert of Chsibu'V.

. ' With

4«4

WALES.

With regard to tlie prrfeiit llate of literature among the Welch, it ii
fufiicicnt tu I'uy, liat lomc of them muke <t cunfidcraltlc Hgure in the re-
public of l< tiers, and that many ot their clergy are excellent fcholars.
The Wflch I'atoi-uollcr is as follows »

Eitt I ati, yr hivn nyvt yn y nefoedd^ fanSle'uUiitr dy tww ; Jtuid dy deyr'
nat ; byddedJy eivyliys ary ddaear^ mr^isy mat yn y ntjotd: dyro i tiy bed*
dyiv tin bar a btunyddioli a maddcu i n't tin dyUdioHy ftl y madd,m<Jn mi
i « dyledivyr ; ac nac arxvainni i brttftdijgacth, titbr givarfd ni rhag drnvg :
tauys tiildut //' yiv't" dtyrnast at- galluy ar go^oniant.yn rot ee/hi'dd. Amen.

ClTItS, TOWNH, FOKIS, A N D OT H fi K i WulCS Cuntuins HO citicS Of

■ DiFich.., I'UBi.ic AND Fi'iVATE. J tovvns that lire remarkable
either for populoffnefa or miigni licence. Bcaumariii is the chief town
et Aiiglclcy *, and hab a harbour for tliips. Brecknock trades in cloth>
ing Cardigan is a large populous town, and lies in the neighbour*
bood of lead ..nd liiver mines. Cacrmarthen has a large bridge, and is
governed by a mayor, two (hcriffs, and aldermen, who wear fcarlet
gownF, and other cnfigns of (l.ite. Pembroke is well inhabited by gcn>
ilcmcn and iradelmcn ; and part of the country ib fo icriile and pleafanr,
that it is called Little Engl.ind. The o'her tuuns of Wales have no-
thing particular. I am however to obtervc that Wales, in ancient times,
was a tar more popuhiuti and wc.lthy country than it is at prefcnt; and
though it cuniuins no regular foriiiicaiions, yet many of its old caillcs
are lo llrongly built, and to well fiiuated, that they might be turned into
llrong torts by a litile expencc : witnefs the vigorous defence which
many uf them made in the civil wars, between Charles I. and his parlia-
ment.
Antk^'Ities AND CURIOSITIES, ) Walcs abounds in remains of
NATURAL .-.Nn ARTIFICIAL. J antiquity. Several of its caflles
are ftupendouUy large ; and in fome, the remains of Roman architedturc
are plainly difceruiblc. i he architcctuie of others is doubtful; and
fonw; appear to be partly Eritilli, and partly 'Roman. In Brecknock-
fliirc are fome ruJe fculptuiM, upon a ftonc fix fec(; high, called the
Maiden-ftont ; but the remains of the Druidical inflitutions, and places
of woilhip, are chiefly dilccniible in the ifle of AnglciVy, the ancient
Mona, mentioned by I'acitus, who (.lefcribes it as being the chief fcmi-
nary of the Druidical lites and rclip^ion. To give a defcription of the
Roman altars, antiquities, and uteniiU, which have been uifcovcrcd in
Wales, would be endlefs ; but future antiquaries may make great difco-
verics from them. Among the other artificial curiohtics, is king Ofta*«
dyke, which is laid to have been a boundary between the Saxons, and
the Welch or Britons. Cherphilly-callle in Glamoigiuilhiie, is laid to
have been the largcft in Great Britain, excepting Windfor ; and the re-
mains of it fliew it to have been a molt beautitul fabric. One half of a
round tower has fallen quite down, but the other overhangs its bafia
more than nine feet, and is as great a curiofity as the leaning tower of
ViCn in Italy.

whiJ

vari(

the

talcsl

The)

into

the

•The ifle of Anjirlcfea, wh'ch is the moft weftern county of North Wale*, infiir-
rotjnded on all fides by the Irini fea, except on the fouth-eaft, where it is divided from
Britain by a narrow (trait, called Mciu-.u, which in fome places may be pafltdon foot
St low wuter ; the iflai.d is about 24 miles long, and j8 broad, and contains 74 pa-*
riihcs. It was the ancient feat of the Britiih Jruidit.

■ Neat

WALES.

4»5

Kr ir the town of Flint are the icmnina of a l:ir|^ ancient cnOIr, iu
which Richard II. wai confined, fome time bcfoie hit depofitiun ; and 4
vaiicty ut Roman antiquities have been i'uuud in thiit tuvvn, which it
fupputed tu have been a Romnn Itiitiun.

Some curiuut coins of Welch prince* are f<iid to be found in the cabi*
nctt of the curious ; but I do not find that they have been very fcrvicc-
able in al'cenaiuing the ancient hiliury of the country.

Among the natural curiufities of ihii countrj^, are the following. At

a fmall viUiige called Newton, in Glamorganlhirc, is a remarkable fpring

ni}{h the fca, which ebbs and flows contrary to the fca. In Merioucth-

fliirc is Kader Idris, a mountain remarkable fur its height, which aflurds

variety of Alpine plants. In Flintfliire is a famous well, known b/

the name of St. Wtncfrcd's Well, at which, according to the legendary

talcs of the common people, miraculous cures have been performed.

The fpring boils with vaft impctuolity out of a rock, and is formed

into a beautiful polygonal well, covered with a rich arch fupported

by pillars, and the roof is noil exquilitely carved in Hone. Over

the fpring is alfo a chapel, a neat piece of Gothic architedure, but in a

very ruinous flatc. King James II. paid a yilit to the well of St. Wenc-

fred in i6b6, find was rewarded for his piety by a prefcnt which was

made him of the very fliifi in which his great-grandmother, Mary

Stuart, loft her liead. The fpring Is fuppofed to be one of the fineil ia

the Britiih dominions ; and by two different trials and calculations lately

made, is found to fling out about twenty-one tons of water in a minute.

It never treezes, or fcarcely varies in the quantity of water in droughts*

or after the greatcll rains. After a violent fall of wet, it becomes dil-

coloured by a wlieyifh tinge. The fmall town adjoining to the well, is

known by the name of Holywell. In Caernarvonfhirc is the high

mountain of Pcnmanmawr, acrofs the ed;i[c of which the public road

lies, and occafions no fmall terror to many travellers ; from one hand

the impending rock feems ready every minute to cnilh them to pieces,

and the great precipice below, which hangs over tl:c fea, is fo hideous,

and till very lately, when a wall was raifcd on the fide of the road, full

of danger, that one falfe llep was of difwal confequencc. Snowdon

hill is by triangular meafurentent 1240 yard^ perpendicular height.

There are a great number of pleating profpe6ls and pirturcfVjue views
in Wales; and this country is highly worthy the attention of the cu-
lious traveller.

C0MMF.RCE AND MANUFACTURES.] Thc Wclch are on a footing, as
to their commerce and manufadturcs, with many of the v'cflcin and
northern counties of England. Their tindc is moilly inland or with
England, into which they import numbers of black cattk. Miiford-
huvcn, which is reckoturd the flnell in Europe, lies in Pe^tibrokcflnrc ;
but the W«lch have hitherto reaped no great benefit from it, though of
late confiderable lums have been granted by parliament for its fort' fua-
tion. It lies under two capital difadvantages. The firll is, that by mak>
ing it the rendezvous of all thc Englidi marine, a bold attempt of ait
enemy might totally deftroy thc fliipping, however ftrongly they may
be defended by walls and forts. The fame objeftion however lies xi>
every harbour that contains (liips of war and merchantmen. The fc-
cond, and perhaps the chief dtfadvantage it lies under, is the flrong op-
pofition to rendering it the capital harbour of the kingdom, that it mult
meet with ia puliame&t from the numerous Cornifl) and Wefl-country

members.

4i6

WALES.

mcmbert, the benefit of wliofe eftntes mnft be greatly lertcne.' by the
diiufe of IMymoiith and I'ortfiDOuth, iiiul other harbours. The town
of Pembrcke employs near soo merchant fliips, nnd i(» inhabitants carry
on ail extcnfivc trade. In Brccknockfhiie are fcveral woollen manut'uc-
turei ; and Wales in general carries on a great conl trade with England,
and even Ircl.ind.

CoNsrn I'TioiM AND GOVERNMENT.] Walcs wflfi united, and incor-
porated, with Enghind, in (he 37th of Henry VIII. when, by a£t of
parliament, the government of it was modelled according to the Eni^lidi
form ; all laws, ciifloms,. and tenures, contrjry to thofc of England,
being abrogated, and the inhabitants admitted to ii participation of all
the Englim liberties, and privileges, particularly that of fending mem-
bers to parliament, vik:. a knight for every (hire, and a burgcfs tor every
Ihirc-town, except Merioneth. By the 34th and 35th of the fame reign,
there were ordained four feveral circuits for the adminiAration of jufticc
in the faid fliircs, each of which was to include three Oiires ; fo that the
chief jullicc of Chcilcr has under his jurifdic'iion the three feveral fliires
of Flint, Denbigh, and Montgomery. The fliires of Caernarvon, Me-
rioneth, and Anglefcy, are under the jufticcs of North Wales. Thole
of Cacrinarthcn, Pembrokeshire, and Cardigan, have alfo their juHices ;
as have likewifc thofe of Radnor, Brecknock, and Glamorgan. By the
1 8th of queen Elizabeth, one other juilicc-alfiAant was ordained to the
former juAices ; fo that now every one of the faid four circuits has two
jullices, viz. one chief-ju(iicc, and a fecond juAicc-aifillant.

Revenues.] As to the revenue?, I have already mentioned the land-
tax ; and the crown has a certain, though fmall property, in the pro-
duct of the lilvcr and lead-mines; but it is faid that the revenue accru-
ing to the prince of Wales from his principality, docs out exceed 7 or
8000I. a year.

Arms,] The arms of the prince of Wales differ from thofe of Eng-
land, only by the addition of a label of three points. His cap, or
badi^e of oflrich feathers, was occafioned by a trophy of that kind,
which Edward the Black Prince took from the king of Bohemia, when
he was killed at the battle of Poidiers, and tlie motto is Ich Dim, I
ferve. St. David, commonly called St. Taffy, is the tutelar faint of
the Welch, and his bad^c is a Icck, which is worn on his day, the ifl of
March, and for which various realons have been afPigned.

His I OR Y.) The ancient hiftory of Wales is uncertain, on account
of the number of petty princes who governed it. That they were Ibve-
rcign and independent, appears frcn the Englifli hiflory. It was for-
merly inhabited by three different tribes of Britons ; the Silures, the
Diinetz, and the Ordoviics. Thefe people cut out fo much work
for the Romans, that they do not appear ever to have been entirely fub-
dued ; yet part of their country, us appears from the ruins of caftlcs,
was bridled by gurrifons. ThoiiEjh the Saxons, as ha'h been already
obfcrved, conqueied the cuunties of Monm-nith and Hereford, yet they
never penetrated farther, and the Welch remained an independent peo-
ple, governed by their own pr mes and their own laws. About the
year 870, Rod .'ric, king of Wales, divided his dominions am ing his
three fons; :ind the naines of thefe liiiTli ns were, Demetia, or South
Wales ; Povelia, or Powis-land ; and Vencdotia, or North Wales. This
divilion gave a mortal blow to the independency of Wales. About the
year 1)12, Henry I. of England planted a colony of Flemings on the

fron-

!■ . I. u'vac

I R E LAN D;

iyrfM

aagar

x\\

'i/l4fU/l f

a. >-

frontiers of Waltfs, to fervc as a barrier to England, none of (he Welch
princes being powerful enough to oppofe them. The^ made, however,
many vigorous and brave attempts againft the Norman kings of England*
to maintain their liberties ; and even the Englifli htiloriand admit the
injudice of their claims. In 1237, the crown of England was ^rft fup'*
plied with a handle for the future conquell of Wales ; their old and in-
firm prince Llewellin, in order to be fafe from the perfecutions of his un-
dutiful fon Griftyn, having put himlelf under fubjedion and homage to
king Henry III.

But no capitulation could fatisfy the ambition of Edward L who fe*
folved to ^nnex Wales to the crown of England ; and Llewellin, prince
of Wales, difdaining the fubjdftion to which eld Llewellin hud fubmit*
ted, Edward raifed an irrefiftible army at a prodigious expence, with
which he penetrated as far as Flint, and taking pofleffion of the ifle of
Anglefcy, he drove the Welch to the mountains of Snowdon, and
obliged them to fubmit to pay a tribute. The Welch, however, made
fever^l efforts under young Llewellin; but at lad, in 128;, he was
killed in battle. He was fucceeded bjr his brother David, the laft inde-
pendent prince of Wales, who, falling into Edward's hands throu(4h '
treachery, was by him moft barbaroufly and unjultly hanged ; and Ed-
ward from that time, pretended that Wales was annexed to his crown of
England. It was kbout this time, probably, that Edward perpetrated
the inhuman maffacre of the Welch bards. Perceiving that his cruelty
was not fufficient to complete his conqueft, be fent his queen in the yeat
1282, to be delivered in Caeroarvon calllc, that the Welch having a
prince born among themfelves, might the more readily recognife his
authority. This prince was the unhappy Edwara II. and from him the
title of prince of Wales has always fince defcended to the eldeft fons oi
the Englifli kings. The hiftory of Wales and England becomes now tho
fame. It is proper, however, to obferve^ that the kings of Enj/land have
always found it their intcreft to foothe the Welch with particul.':- marks of
their regard. Their eldeil fons not only held the titular dignity, but ac-
tually kept a Court at Ludlow ; and a regular council, with a prelidentj
was named by the crown, for the adminiftrntion of all the aftiiirs of the
principality. This Was thought fo neceflary a piece of policy, that when
Henry VIII. had no fon, his daughter Mary was created princefs of
Wales.

IRELAND*

SlToATioNj Boundaries, and Exten^t*

THE ifland of Ireland is fituated on the weft fide of England, betweCQ
6 and 10 degrees wci^ longitude, and between 51 and jq degrees 2C>
minutes north laiitude, or between the middle parallel of the eighth clime.
Where the longed: day is ib^- hours, and tbt; 24th parallel, or the end of
the lotfi clime, where the longed day is 17-j hours.

The extent or fuperficial content of this kingdom, is, from the nearell
coniput.ttion and fuivey, found to be iu length 285 miles from Fairhcn.d

£ 6 north.

'*< J

■V

(t'MuifA/l^ i-,.

fojiU \
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rV'

4it

IRELAND*

north) to Miflcnhead fonth ; and from the eaft part of Down, I9 th« weft

fart of Myo, iu greateft breadth 160 mile*, and to contain 11,067)713
rilh plantation acres, which makes 1 7,92^,864 acres of Englifti ^atute
itieafurCf and is held to bear proponion to England and Wales as 1 8 to 20.
Mr. Templeman, who makes the length 275, ssd the breadth 1 50 miles,
gives it an area of 27,45^ fcjuarc roiKS. From the eaft part of Wexford
to St. David'9 in Wales, it is reckoned 4$ miles, but the pailage between
Donaghadee and Portpatrick in Scotland is^ little r.iore than 20 miles, and
the paiTage from Holyhead in North Wales about 52 miles.

Names ano divisioms, 7 More conjeAurea as to the Latin (Hiljer-

ANCiEMT and MOPERN. > uia) the Iriih (Erin) as well as the Englilh

name of this iflaod have been formed than the fubje£t defenres. It proba«

bly tak^s its rife from a Phoenician or Galic term, fignifying the mtheft

habitation weftward.

It is pretty extraordinary, that even modern authors are not agreed as to
.tie divifioBs of Ireland ; fome dividing it into five circuits, and fome into
four provinces, thofe of Leinfter, Ulfter, Connaught, and Muniler. 1
fliall follow the laft diviiion, as bciu| the moil common, and likewife tl»
moft ancient.

Slv

Counties.

fDubliB,.
Louth
Wicklow
Wexford
Longford

King's County
Queen's County
Kilkenny
Kildare
(.Carlow

r Down
Armagh
Monaghan
Cavan

^ Antrim

I Londonderry
Tyrone
! Fermanagh
iDoncgall

tJiner, 9 couni!tes.

< r Leitrim

\ Rofcommoii
eonnaught,5 counties. < Mayo

/ Sl'ge
iGaiway

Chief Towns.

Dublin

Drogheda ^^

Wicklow

Wexford

Longford

Trim

Mullingar

Fhiiipuown

Maryborough

Kilkenny

Naas and Atby

Carlow

Down Patrick

Armagh ,

Monaghaa

Cavan

Carrickfergus^

Derry

Omagh

Enniikillen

LifFord

Carrick on Shannon

Rofcommon

Baliinrobe &CaftIebar

Sligo

Galway

Munfier,^

i k fe t A N D.

4i5i

Countlei.

rCIire
I Cork

ilufifter, 6 counties. -(^5;j^^i^^

Tipperafy
Waterfoird

Chief Townt;

EimiM

Cork

Tralee

l^imerick

Clonmel

Waterford

Climate, seasons^ and soil.] The climate of Ireland dltT^rs nnt
iruch from that of £>igland, excepting that it is more moi(lf tht feafont
in general being much wetter. The foil is rocky, but extremely fertile,
berbaps beyond that of England itfelft wheii properly cultivated. Piiiftur*
Age, tillage, and meadotv ground abound in this kingdom ; but of late
tillage was ton much difc6untenaaced, though the ground is excellent for
the culture of all grains ; and in fame of the northern parts of the kingo
dom abundance of hemp and flax are niCedf a cultivation of infinite ad'*
Vantage to the linen manufit^ture. Ireland rears vafl numbers of black cat-
tle and Oaeepi and the trilh wool is excellent. The prodigious fupplies of
butter and fait proviQons (fifh excepted) (hipped at Cork, and carried to
all parts of the world, afford the flrongeft proofs of the natural fertility of
khe trifli foil.

The bogs of Ireland are very extenfive i that of Allen extends 80 mileS|
and is computed to contain ^00,000 acres. There are others alfo which
are very extenfive, and fmalfer oites fcattfcred over the whole kingdom j
b'Jt it has been obferved, thi.t thefe are not in general more than are want*
fed for rueU

Rivers, bays, harbours^ ) The numerous rivers, enchanting
AND lakes. S lakes, fpacious baysj commodious ha«

Vens, harbours, ahd creeks, with which Ireland abounds, greatly enrich
and beautify this country. The Shannon iffues from Lough Allen, in the
tounty of Leitrim, ferves as a boundary between Connaught and tl^ three
other provinces, and, after a courfe of j 50 miles, forming in its progrc&
inany beautiful hikes, it falls into the Atlantic Ocean, between Kerry-
point and Loop-head, where it is nine miles broad. The navigation of this
river is interrupted by a ridge of rocks fpreading quite acrofs it, fouth of
Killaloc ; but this might be remedied by d fhort canal, at the expence of
ioor i2,oool. ahdcommuliication might alfo be made with other rivers^
to the great benefit of the nation. The Ban falls ifttothe ocean near Cole-
rain ; the Bovne falls into St. George's channel at Drogheda, as does the
Liffey at the bay of Dublin, and is only remarkable for watering that ca*
pital, where it forms a fpacious harbour. The Barrow, the Nore, and
the Suir, water the fouth part of the kingdom.^ and, after uniting their
flreanis below ^ofs, they fall into the channel at Waterford lyven.

But the bays, havens, harbours, and creeks, which every where indent
the coart, form the chief glory ot Ireland, and render that countr)', be*
yohd any other in Europe, the hcH fitted for foreign commerce. The
moft confidcrable are thofc of Cafrickfergus, Strangford, Dundrum,
Carlihgford, Dundalk, Dublin, Waterford, Dungarvan, Cork, Kinfale,
Baltimore, Glandore, Dunmanus. Bantry, Keninare, Dinjjle, Shannon-
niQutli, Galway, Sligo, Donegajl, Killebegs, Lough-Swilly, and Lough-
Foyle.

£ e 8 .Iroland

'4i<>

IRELAND.

Ireland contains a vail numbrr of lakes, or, as they were formerly
called, loughF, particularly in ihe provinces of Uillcr and Connuught.
M'any ot them produce large quantities of fine filli : and the great laku
Ncagh, between the counties nf Antrim, Down, and Armagh, is re«
maikable for its petrifying (luality. Though thofe loughs, in the main»
have but few properties that are not in common with the like bodies of wa-
tcr in other countrifs, yet they have given rife to many traditionaiy a«-
counts among the natives, which disfigure and difgrace their true hillory ;
and even modern *£cographers have been more copious on that head thaii
either truth or the fubjcdt ciin admit of. The Irilh are fo fond of laughs,
thar, like the Scots, they often give that term to inlets of the fe.i.

Inland navioation.J The inland navigation of Ireland is very
improvcablc, as appears from the canals that have lately been cut through
diftcrent parts ot the kingdom ; one in particular reaching an extent of 60
mills, between the Shannon and the Liffey at Dublin, which opens a
c.-iiimunication from the Channel to the Atlantic ocean. In furveying the
grounds for this canal, it wis found nectlfary to carry it through a bog
- ' milts over, which, frt»in the fpungy nature of that foil, became a work
i incredible labour and expence, in flicngthening the lides, and other
works, to prevent falling in.

Mountains.] The I riflr language has been moi;e happy in diftin-
Tfuifliing the fizc of mountains than perhaps any other. A knock fignifics

lovv hill, unconnei'tcd with any otlier eminence ; ^flievc marks a craggy
{)>;^h mountain, gradually afcending and continued in feveral ridges ; a
liinn or binn fignifics a piHniicle, or moimtain of the tlrft magnitude, end-
ing in a fliarp or abrupt precipice. The two lail are often leen and com-
pounded tOi;other in one and the fime range. Ireland, however, when
compared with fome other countricv, is far from being mountainous. The
mountains or Mourne anJ Ivca};h, in the county of Down, - .i reckoned
among foine of the liighcit in the kingdom ; of which Slieu-Denard has
been calculated .a a pt-rpendiculiir height of lojo yirds. Many other
mountains arc found io Irtland, but they ceiitain little or nothing parti-
cular, if we except the fabulous hiftories that aic annexed to fome of
them. Som^r ot ihelc mountains contain in their bowels, beds of mine-
rals, coals, ftone, flate, and marble, with vciiis of iron, lead, and cop*
per.

Fo9H>T',.] The chief foreii* in Ireland He in Leiniier, the King's
and Ciyi«> «'•> counties, and thofe of VVext'ord ;uid Ciirlow. In Ulfttr
there Hr« :4i<ut forcfts, anc ir. the countv of Doncgnil, and in the north
pat t ot T» rone ; alio in the county of Fermanugh, along Lough Earne,
and in the oorth purt of the county of Down, wherein is foine good tim-
ber ; and the oak is elkemii: s gu ■»! as any ot the Engliih growth, and
as fit for lliip-buiLdin?;.

Meta! '. A\D Mr..vr.PALS. ' The mines of ^ ';ind are late difroTcries.
Several coi'.tain hlver and 1. .u, and it is faid that tliinv pountis of their
lead-o.e produce a pound of filver ; but the riciicll lilver mine is at Wick-
Jow. A cnpj>er and lead mine have been dircovcitd at Tippcrarr : a?
lii<ewife iron-o'e, and excellent free-llone for building. Some of the
Ir.ih marbl<? quarries cont.iin a kind of porphyry, being red rtriped with
white. Qjarries of fine llr,t« are found in moll of the counties. The
coals that arc dug nr FLilkemiy emit very iitile i'moke ; an.l it contni'.-, a
crydali .\c ftre.lm which has no fcdimeut. Tliofe peculiarities, with the
fcrenity of the air in that phice, have given rife to the well known proverb.

That

IRELAND.

4ti

That Kilkenny contains fire without finokci water without mud, and sir
without fog.

Veqbtablr and animal pkoduC' ) There it Itttlc that falti under
T10N8 BY SEA AND LAND. jthis head that is peculiar to

Ireland, her pruduftiotis being much the fame as thofe of England and
Scotland. Ireland atfords excellent turf and mofs, which are of Vdft fer*
vice for firini{, where wood and coals arc fearer. A few wolves were for-
merly found in Ireland ; but they have been long (ince exterminated by
their wolf-dr>gs, which are much larger than ma{lifr!<» flia})ed like grey*
hounds, yet as gentle and governable as fpaniels. What I have alreaay
obfervcd about the Irifli exportation of fait provilions, fufficiently evinces
the prodigious numbers of hosrs and flicep, as well as black cattle, bred in
that kingdom. Rabbits are faidtobe more plentiful there than in' England.
The fifli that arc caught upon the coath ot Ireland arc likewife in greater
plenty than on thofe uf England, and fome of them larger and more ex-
cellent in their kind. ' ' /•

Population, inhabitants, man* 7 Ireland is fatd to contain
Ners, COSTOIW9, AND DIVERSIONS. J two miiHons and a half of in-
habitantb ; but I fufped that the calculation is overcharged by near half
a million. As it is of great conlequencc to afcertain as near as polTible the
number of inhabitants of Ireland of both religions, we lliall give them
according to the bell accounts, as they llood in the four provinces io

'733»

In Ulftcr
Lcinfter
Munftcr
Counaught

Proteftant Families.

62,620

25,238

«3.337
^,299

Popifli Fatqiliei.

38,459
92,424

106^407
44i«33

Total 105,494

Mi-'
-it!

Total 281,423

Which, as five to each f imily in the country, and ten for Dublin, and
feven for Cork city, makes in all 2, 011;, 229 fouls. J am apt to think,
wken we conliilcr the walle of war by fca and land, and the vaft emigra-
tions of the Iridi to England, the Britifli colonies, and other nations,
that the above calculation may nearly ferve for the prefem times, tliough
the balance of niiiiilier is certainly greatly rifen on the fide of Proteftant-
ifm ; and in fomc late debates in thelrilh parliament, it has been aticrced,
that the number of inhabitants of Ireland amount to three millions.

As to the manners of the ancient Irifli, Dr. Leland obferves, that if
wc iTiake our enquiries on this fubjertin Englifli writers, wc find their re»
prcfentations »)dious and dilgulVuig : if from writers of thc'r own race,
they frc(iucntly break out into the moft animated encomiums of their great
ancefiors. i he one can fcarcely allow them any virtue: the other, ia
their enthufiaftic ardour, can fcarcely difcover the leall: impcrfedtion in
their laws, government, or manners. The hirtorian of England fome-
times regards them as the molt detcflable and contemptible of the human
race. The amiv^uary of Ireland raifes them to an illuftrious eminence,
above all other European countries. Yet, when we examine their re
cords, without regard to legendary tales or poetic fictions, we find them,
?ycu in their molt brilliant periods, advanced only to an imperfect civili-

Ee i ,. »iuion..

,;*: jikx'

42»

I I^ E t A N D,

fuuioBt f ll^ate which exhlbiti the moft Ariking inftances bot^ of ^hc yii-tue|
•ad the vicis of humanity.

^Vith TeCpt€i to t||>e f>reiciit defcendants of the old Trifl), or, as they
«rc terinf.'d by the Proteitants, ^ the mere tri/h^ they are generally rcpre-
fented a an ignorar/t, uncivilifed, and blundering fort of people. Im«
p^tiepi of abufe anci injury, they are implacable and violent in all theif
9fit€i\^pfi { h\i\ quick ot apprehenfion, courteous to grangers, and patient;
qJF hardfliipi;. Though in thefe refpe^s there is, perhaps, little dinerencQ^
betveen tneip and the more uninformed part of therr neighbours, ye^
their barbarifm^ aire mor'. eafy to be accounted for from accidental than na«
tural'ckiies. By; far 'ite grsatefi nomberof them are Papifts, and it is the
^nt^refl (f their prjr.is, ;/vhd j;overn them with an abfolute fway, to keep
^hen) ir> the moil: profound ignorance. They havealfo labouried under,
inany dir(;o^u^geraent', which in their own couotiy have prevented the
exerMoA,both of their mental and bpdily faculties ; but when employed
in the icrvice af foreign princes, they have been diftinguiftted for intrcpi*
^ity, (ouragef and fidelity. Many of their furnames have an 0, or M/k^
placed before them, which fignify grandfon and fon : formerly the O waar
vfed b^ their chiefs only, or fuch as piqued themfelves upOn the antiquity
of their fainilies. Their mufic is the bagpipe, but their tunes are general-
ly of a meUnc^oly Grain ; though fomc of their lateft airs are lively ; and,
\vhch fuiJg by jin.lrifliman, exireraely diverting. The old Irifli is gene-
rally fpoken in tSe interior parts of the kingdom, where fome of the old
tipcouch cuftoiPi iVill prevail, particularly their funeral bowlings; but
ihii cuftohrmsy be traced in many countries of the continent. Their cuf-
tom of j>lacing a dead curpfc before their doors, laid out upon fables, hav-
ing aj7late u|K)n the body to excite the charity of paflengers, is prnftifed^
even in the ikirts of Dublin,- though one would wifli to fee it abolifhed.
Their convivial rneetings on Sunday afternoon, with dancing to the bag-
pipe, -and more often quarrelling among themfelves, is ofenfive to every
nranger. But, as ive have already obferved, theie cuftoms are chiefly,
confined to the more unpoliftied provinces of the kingdom, particularly
Connmight'; the common people there having the leaft fcnfe of laiv and
government of any in Ireland, excepting their tyrannical landlords or
feafeholdcrs, who Iqoeeze the poor without mercy. The common Irifli, iri
their manner of living, feem to refemble the ancient Britons, as dcfcrib"
ed by Roman authors, or the prefeiit Indian inhabitants of Amcricu
Mean hutfe or cabins built of clay and flraw, partitioned in the middle by'
a wall of the fame materials, fcrve the double purpofcs of accommodating
the family, who live and fleep promifcuoufly, having thtir fires of turf in
the middle of the floor, with an opening through the roof for a chimney ;
the other being occupied by a cow, or fuch pieces of furniture as are not
in immediate ufe. '

'■ Their wealth confifts of a cow, foraetimes a horfe, fome poultry, and 4
fpot for potatoes. Coarfe breaU, potatoes, eggs, milk, and fometimcs fifli,'
conftitute their food ; for however plentifully the fields may be fldcked
with rattljB, thefe poor naiivcs feldom tafte butcher's meat of any kind.
Their children, plump, robuft, and hearty, fcarcely know the ufe of
cloaths, and :ir'e notnfhamed to gaze upon flrangers, or make their appear*
dnof upon the roads in that primitive manner.

In this idle and deplornble ftate, many thoufands have been loft to the
com in unity and to themfelves, who, if they but had an equal chance with
their neighbours, of being inilrufled in the real principles of Chrifliairity,

cul
litu
fer
wh(

IRELAND.

413

in6 been inured and encouraged to indoftry and labour, would have added
eonfidcrable ftrength to government. The Spaniards and French, partU
cularly the latter, have not failed to avul themfelvet of the uncomfonabU
lituation in wKich the Irifli were at home, by alluring them 10 enter theif
ferrice ; and in thii they have hitherto been aflifted by nrieflt and jefuiit,
whofe intereft it was to infufe into the mindt of their crcduloui difeiplei an
averfion to the Britilh government : but we have now the pleafinf profpeSI
of a happy reformation among thele people, in confequence of the latq
laws paffed by the parliament of Great Britain in favour bf Ireland, ai
well aa from the numerous Eni^tiih proteftant working fchools lately efta*
bliflied over the kingdom ; whicit infKtutiun will undoubtedly ftrike deep*
cr at the root of popery, than all the endeavours of the Britifh monarch!
to reduce them.

The defcendants of the Englifh and Scots, fince the conqueft of Ire*
land by Henry II. though not the moft numerous, form the wealthieil
part of'^the nation. Of thcfe are moft of the nobility, gentry, and'prin*
cipal traders, who inhabit the eafterixond northern coafts, where mod of
the trade of Ireland is carried on ; efpecially Belfaft, Londonderry, and
other parts of the province of Ulfter, which, though the pooreft foil, it,
next to Dublin and its neighbourhood, by far ihe beft cultivated and moft
ilouriftiing part of the kingdom. Here a colony of Scots, in the r?ign of
James I. and other Ptelbyterians, who fled from |>erjrecution in that
country in the fuccceding reigns, planted themfelves, and eftabliflied that
great (taple of Iri<h wealth the linen manufa^ory, which they have fine*
carried on and brought to the utrnpft perfe6^ion. From this ihort reviewy
it appears, that the prefent inhabitants are compofed of three diflin<£tcla{-
fes of people; the old IriAi, poor, ignorant, and deprcfled, who inhabit,
or rather exift, upon tire interior and weftem parts ; the delccndanta of
the Engtifli, who inhabit Dublin,, Waterford, and Cork, and who gave a
new appearance to the whole coaft facing England, by the introdu£tion of
arts, commerce, fciencr, and more liberal and cultivated Ideal of the tri>4
God and primitive Chriftianity ; thirdly, emigrants from Scotland iti
the northern provinces, who, like the others, are fo cealoufly attached toi
their own religion and rminner of living, that it will require fome ages be*
fore the inhabitants of Ireland are fo thoroughly confoUdated and blended
as to become one people. The gentry, and better fort of the Irifli nation,
in general diiler little in language, drefs, manners, and cuftome, -froni
tholij of the faroe rank in Great Britain, whom they imitate. Their hqf*
pitality is well known, but in this they are fometimes {afpcStfid of more
oftentation than real friendfliip.

RELicroN.] The edabtilhed religion and eccleiiaOicat difcipline of
Ireland is the lame with that of England. Among ihe bulk of the peo»
pie in the mofl uncultivated pnrts, popery, and that tob of the tnoft ab-
furd, illiberal kind, is prevalent. The Infll papifts ftill retain their np-
minul bifliops and dignitaries, who fubfift on the voluntary contributions of
their votaries. But even the blind fubmilTion of the latter to their clergy,
does not prevent Proteftan'ifin from making a very rapid progrefs in the
towns ard communities. How far it may be the intereft of England, that
fome kind of balance between the two religions fliould bt kept up, I ihall
not here enquire.

Ireland contains at leaft as many fe£laries as England, particularly ?ref«
byterians, Baptids, Quakers, and Metbodift;, who are all of thtrm con*
nived at or tolerated, Qrea^ sSottt have been made, ever fince the days

4*4

J R E L, A N p.

of Jiiinet I. In ere(\u\g free-rchooU for ctvUifini; nnd converting the h'lCh
Bapifls to FroteftantJlrn. The inftltution ot the incorporated rociet\ for
promoting Englifli Pioteftant working-rchoob, though of no older Unte
than 1717, has been amnzingl^ fuficersfal, as ha^c many inllitutiuns of
the fame kind, in introducing induftry and l^nowledge among thz frifti ;
snd no coyniry in the ivcyld can Ihcvv greater public -fpirited cliurt ihan
have been made by the {government of Ireland* fince that time, fur thcfc
purpofes, but many of the parliamentary grants of this kind have been
trifled with and perverted.

■ Archsishopricks AND BISHOPRICS*] The Hfchbifliopricks arc four J
Armagh, Dublin, Cafliel, and Tuam.

.. The biflioprics are eighteen, viz. Clogher, Clonfert, Cloyne, Cork,
Derry, Down, Droirvorc, Elphin, Kildarc, Killala, Kilmore, Killaloe,
Leighlin, Limeric, Meath, Oflbry, Raphoc, nnd Watcrtbrd.

Lancv.^G£.] The language of the Irifli is fundamentally the fame
vith the Britifti and Welch, and a dialed of the Celtic, which is made
, life of by the Scotch Highlanders, oppofite the Iriih coails. It is, how-
ever, in a great ipeafure defaced by provincial alterations, but not fo al-
tered as to render the Iriili,' Welch, and Highlanders, unintelligible to
each other. The ufage of the Irifli language, occafions among the com-
jnon people, who fpeak both that and the Englifli, a difagreeable tone in
fpeaking,. which diftyfcs itfelf among the vuli"!' in general, and even
' emong (he better fort, who do not underfland {lifli. It is probable, how
cvef, that a few ages, hence the latter will be acco^nted among the dea^
Jjinguages.

• Learning and learned men,]_ Learning fcenis tp have been cul-
tivated in Ireland at a very e:irly period. Mr. O'Halloran fays, that thq
Jrilh * appear to h?.va been, from the mpft remote anticuiitv, a polilh-
ed people, and.that 'vMi propriety tliey may be called, the Fathers of Ler-
tcfs.* We are evevi lold, that Egypt received arts and letters from NiijiKu '
the Plwn'.cian, who U. rcprefcnted as the great anccftor of the Irifli na-
t^on. But tiif le ai:c;ount;< arc confidered by many as fabulous : and it h.ta
been pbfe^ved that no literary monuments have yet been difcovered in
Ireland earlier than the introduftion of Chrillianity into this country;,
nnd that the evidence. of any iranfadlion previous to this period, refts en-
tirely on the credit of Chrirtian writers, and their collections from old
poets, or theiv tranfcripts of ucords deemed to have been made in the
times of Piigapifm.

It is faid, that when St. Patrick • landed in Ireland, he found many
holy and learned Chriftian preachers there, whofe votaries were pious and
dbetiienr. Cainden obterves, that, ' the Irifli fcholars of St. Patrick pro-

* fited fp notably in Chiifijanity, that, in the fueceeding age, Iri;land
«, was tevmed San^orum Fatria. Their monks fo greatly excelled in Icarn-

* ing and jMety, that they fent whole 6ocks ofmoft learned m?n intoall parts

* of Jpuropc, who were the firft founders of Lieuxeu abbey, in Burgun-

* dy ; of the abbey Bobie, in Italy ; of Wiijtzburgh, in Franconia ; St,
*, Giill, in Switzerland : and of Malmlbury, Lindisfarran, and many other
1 pionafteries in Britain.' We have alfo the teftimony of venerable Bede,

. • It h^s hcen affirmed, that St. Patriclr was a Scotchman j but Mr. O'Halloran de-

fjies this, and fays, that ' it appears from the moft authiutic recurds, that Patrick
WW from V\ ales.'.

^^'' -■ -' ■ ■'^ ■ . ^. ■ <hai

IRELAND.

4t5

d thcmfclvei in the re-

' literature itfclf.

cr been equalled

'•Ss of Farquhar*t

iAud among the men of

that about the middlR of the feyenth century, manr noblei, and other
orders of the Anglo-Saxons, retired from their own country into Ire-
land, eijher for inftruflion, or for an opportunity of living in mona-
ilericsof rtii£tcr difcipline : and that the Scoti (as he ftylei the Irifli)
maintained them, taught them, and furnifticd them with books, without
fee or reward : ' a molt hoeourabl^e teftimony,* fays lord Lytteltou, * not
* only to the learning, but likewife to the hofpitality and bounty of that
nation.' Dr. Leland remarks, that a conflux of foreigners to a retired
iOund, at a time when Europe was in ignorance and cunfulion, gave po>
cuUar luftre to this feat of learning: nor is it improbable or furprifing,
that fcveu thoufand ftudents fludied at Armagh, agreeable to the accounts
of Irifli writers, ihou;:h the fcminary of Armagh was but one of thofe
numerous colleges crefled.in Ireland.

In moJorn times, the Irilh have ulfo diftinf^
public of letters. Archl)iflu)p Uflicr docs
Dean Swift, who was a uativ* of Ireland, has
in the walks of wit, humour, and fatire. Tl
wit is well known to all lovers of the drama.

diftinguirtied genius whom Ireland has lately produced, may alfo be par-
ticularly mentioned Sir Richard Steele, bifliop Berkeley, Parnel, Sterne,
«ad Gnldfmith.

University.] Ireland contains but one univerfity, which is deno-
minated Trinity-college. It confifts of two fquarcs, in the whole of which
arc thiity-three buildings, of eight rooms each. Three fides of one of
the fquares are of brick, and the fourth is a very fupcrb library, but be-
ipg built of bad flone, it is unfortunately mouldering away. The infidc it
beautiful and commoiiious, and embcilillied with the bu^s of feverai an-
cient and modern worthies. A great part of the books on one fide were
coliefted by archbif lop Uflier, who was one of the original members of
this body, and the noil lenrned man it ever produced. The new fquare,
three fides of which have been built within about twenty years, by par-
liamentary bounty, and from thence called Parliament Square, is of hewa
lione ; and the tront of it, next the city of Dublin, is ornamented with
pilaftres, felloons, &iC, The provoft's houfe has an elegant little front,
entirely of Portland ftene. The chapel is a very mean ftrudlure, as is alfo
the old hall, wherein college exercifes are pertormcd; but the new hall
in which the mcmbafs of the college dine, is a fair and large room. In
their mufeum, is a fet of figures in wax, reprefenting females in every
ftate of prejrnancy. They arc done upon real Ikeletons, and are the la-
bours of almofi a whole life of a French artift.

This feminary was founded and endowed by queen Elizabeth ; but the
original foundation confifted only of a provoft, three fellows, and three
ffholars; which has, from time to time, been augmented to twenty-two
fellows, feventy fcholars, and thirty fibers. However, the whole num-
ber of rtudcnts is at prefent about four hundred ; who are of three claflcs,
fellow-commoners, penfioners, and fizers or fervitors. Of the fellows,
fcvcn are called feniors, and the annual income of each of thefe is about
feven hundred pounds. The provoftfliip is fuppofed to be worth three
thoufand pounds a year. Trinity-college has a power of conferring de-
grees of bfiehelors, mafters, and dodtors, in all the arts and faculties.
The vifitors are, the chancellor ^r vice-chancellor, and the archbifliop of
Pi^blin.

' . . Antiquities

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44^

IRELAND.

ANri^triBs AHo curiosities,) I have already mentioned thk
NATURAL AND AKTiPiciAL. ) wolf dogs in Ireland. Thelrifh
fftf-hawks and gerfitlcons are celebrated for their (hape and beauty. Th»
moofe-deer is thought to have been formerly i mnrt of this ifland, their
horns being fometimes dug up of fo great a fizc, that one pair has been
foaoA near eleven feet from the tip of the right horn to the tip of the
Iteft ; but ihe greateA natuml curiofity in Ireland is the Giant's C5aufeway
in the county of Antvim, about eight miles from Colerain, which is thus
ilel'cribed by Dr. Pococke, late biiliop of Oflbry, a celebrated traveller
and antiquary. He fays, * that he meafured the moft wefterly point at
high water, to the diftance of 360 feet from the cliff; but ivas told, that
at lour water it extended 60 feet farther upon a defcent, till it was lo^ in
die fea. Upon meafuring the eaftern point, he found it 540 fe^t from
the cliff; and faw as much more of it as of the Oth^r, where it winds to
the caft, and is like that loft in the water.

* The caufeway is compofed of pillars all of angular fliapes, from three
fides to eight. The eaflern point, where it joins the rode, terminates in
a perpendicular cliff, formed by the upright fides of the pillars, feme of
which ore thirty-three feet four inches high. Each pillar confifls of fe<
veral joints or Hones, lying one upon another, from iix inches to abont
one foot in thicknefs ; and what is very furprifing, fome of thefe jointr
are fo convex, that their prominences are nearly quarters of fpheres,
round each uf which is a ledge, which holds rhem together with the
yreateft tirmnefs, every ftone being concave on the~ other lide, and fitting
sn the exadl6lt manner the convexity of the upper pan of that beneath it.
The pillars are from one to two feet in diameter, and generally confift of
ahoot foity joints, mod of which feparate very eafily, and one may wilk
along upon the tops of the pillars as far as to the edge of the water.

* But this is not the moit fingular part of this extraordinary curiofity,
the cliffs themfelves being &\\\ more furprifing. From the bottom, which
\» of black ftone, to the height of about fixty feet, they are divided at
equal diftances by ftripes of a reddifli ilone, that refemblcs a cement,
about four inches in thicknefs; upon this there is another flratum of the
(ame black ftone, with a ftratum five inches thick of the red. Over this
u another ftratum ten feet thick, divided in the fame manner; then a
^Iratum of the red ftone twenty feet deep, and above that a ftratum of
upright pillars ; above thefe- pillars lies another ftratum of bUck ftone,

wenty feet high j and, above this again, another ftratum of upright pil-
lars, riling in fome places to the top^ of the cliffs, in others not fo high,
and in others again above it, where they are called the chimneys. The
tice of thefe cliffs extends about three Englifti miles.

The cavities, the romantic prolpcAs, catarafls, and other plcaling and
uncommon natural objefts to be met with in Ireland, arc too numerous to
fee called rarities, and fevcc«l pamjjhlets have been employed in defcrib-
ing them. As to the artiticial rarities in Ireland, the chief are the round
rharos, or ftone-towers, found upon the. coafts, and fuppofed to be buil^
By the Danes and Norwegians in their piratical incurfions, who made uTe
of them as fpy -towers op barbicans, light-houfes or beacons.

CiTits, TOWNS, FORTS, AND OTHER } Piiblln, thc Capital of Irc-

EDiFiCRS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. J land, is in magnitude and the

^limber of inhabitants, the fecond city in the Britifli dominions; much

al^uut the fize of Stockholm, Copenhagen,^ Berlin, and Murfeille?, and i^

I R E t A JT D.

4*7

fuppofed to contain near 200,000 inhabitaoti. It it (ituited 370 miles
north-weft of London, and near &xty milrs weft from Holyhead in North
Wales, the ufual (buion of the paflage-vefleli between Great Britain and
Ireland. Dublin flanda about feven miles from the fea, at the bottom of
f large and fpacious bay, to which it gives namct upon the riTcr Liffey,
which divides it almoit into two equal parts, and is banked in through
the whole length of the city, on both fides, which form fpucious and no-
ble quays, where veflels below the firft bridge load and unload before the
merchants doors and warehoufes. A ilranger, upon entering the bay of
Publin, which is about {even miles broad, and in Aotmy weather ex-
tremely dangerous, is agreeably iurprifed with the beautitul profpeft oa
each fide, and the diftant v^w of Wicklow mountains ; but Dublin, from
ic« low fituation, makes no great appearance. The increafe of Dublin,
within ihefe Uli twenty years, is incrtrdible, and it is generally fuppoi'ed thae
7000 hbufes have been added to the city and fuburbs fince the reign of
queen Anne. The number of houfes in the year 1777, was 17)151, *^^
there have bieen many new buildings ereAed fince. This city, in its ap-
pearance, bears a near refemblance to London. "Bhc houfes are of brick ;
the old ilreets are narrow an(\ mean, but the new ftreets are as elegant at
thofe of the metropolis of Great Britain. Sackville-ftreet, which is fome-
times called the Mall, is particularly noble. The houfes are elegant,
lofty, and uniformly built, and a gravel walk runs through the whole at
an equal difiance from the fides.

The river Lifiey, though navigable for fea veilels as far as the cuftom<'
houfe, or centre of the city, is but fmall, when compared with the
Thames of London. Over it are two handfome bridges, jately built, of
^oue, in imitation of that at Weftminfter, and there are three others that
have little to recommend them. Formerly the centre of Dublin, towardt
the cuflom-houfe, was crowded and inconvenient for commercial pur«
pofes ; but of kite a new (Ireet has been opened, leading from ElTex'*
bridge to the cdflle, where the lord lieutenant refides. A new exchange
has been lately eredied, an elegant ftrudure of white {lone, richly em-
^ellifhed with femi-columns of the Corinthian order, a cupola, and other
ornaments.

The barracks are pleafantly {ituated on an eminence near the river.
They confift of four large courts, in which are generally quartered four
battalions of foot, and one regiment of horfe ; from hence the cattle and
city guards are relieved daily. They are faid to be the largeft and corr-
plete{l building of the kind in Europe, being capable of containing 3000
foot and 1000 hoi:fe.

The li^nen hall was ere61ed at the public expence, and opened in the
year 1728, for the reception of fuch linen cloths as were brought to
Dublin for fale, for which there are convenient apartments. It is en-
tirely under the direction of the truflces for the encouragement of the li-
nen manufactory of Ireland, who are compofed of the lord.chancellor, the
primate, the arqhbifliop of Dublin, and the principal part of the nobility
and gentry. This nntional inllitutipn is productive of great advantages,
by preventing many frauds which otherwife would be committed in a ca-
pital branch of trade, by which many thoufands are employed, and the
kingdom greatly enriched.

Stephen's Green is n mod extenfive fquare, round which is a gravel-
Walk of near a mile. Here genteel ^company walk in the evenings, and,
^n Sundays after two o'clock ; and in fine weather make a very gay ap«
^ " ; ■ ' • '■ "' ;..■•• ^ ■ peaiancc.

"nl

f
«»

428

IRELAND.

prarawce. Many of the houfes round the green are very ftately, but a
want of uniformity is obferviible throughout the whole. Ample amcjids
will be mnde for this deleft by another fpacious fqunre near Stephen's
Green» now liiid out and partly built. The houfes being lofty, uniform,
and carried on with ftone as far as the fir(l floor, will give the whole an air
of magnificence, not exceeded by any thing of the kind in Britain, if we
except Bath. The front of Trinity-college, extending above 300 feet, ia
l>u)lt of Portlnnd ftone in the fineft tafte.

The parliament houfe was begun in 1729, and finiflicd in 17:^9, at the
expence of 40,000!. This fuperb'pile is in general of the Ionic order,
/ and is at this day juftly accounted one of the foremoft architeftural beau-
lies. The portico in particular is, perhaps, without parnllcl ; the inter-
,f^' ital parts have alfo many beauties, and the nianner in which the building

is lighted, has been much admired. But one of the greiiteft and moft
Ifludable undertakings that this age can boaft of, is the building a Ilone-
vrall aboutthe breadth of a moderate ftnTt, and of a proportionable height,
and three miles* in length, to confine the channel of the bay, and to -
II>cltrr veflels in ftormy weather.

The civil government of Dublin is by a lord-mayor, &c. the f.ime as
Jn London, Every third year, the lord-mayor, and the twenty -four com-
jMniesi, by virtue of an old charter, are obliged to perambulate the city,
and its liberties, which they call riding the Franchifes. Upon this oc-
caiion the citizens vie with each other, in (hew and ollentation, which
is fometimes produftivc of difngrceable confequenccs to many of their
ifamilies. In Dublin there are two large theatres, that are generally
well filled, and which ferve as a kind of nurfery to thofc in London.
In this city are 18 pnrifli churches, 8 chapels, 3 churches for French,
and 1 for Dutch proteftants, 7 prelbytcrinn meeting houfes, 1 for me-
thodifls, 2 for quakers, and 16 Roman catholic chapels. A royal hof-
pttal, like that at Chelfea, for invalids ; a 1\ ing-inn hofpital, wuh gar-
dens, built and l«id out in the tinell tafte ; an hofpital for lunatics,
founded by the famous Dean Swift, who liimfelf died a lunatic ; and
f>ndry other hofpitals for patients of every kind. Some of the thurches
fcavc been lately rebuilt, and others arc rebuilding in a more elegant
manner. And, indeed, whatever way a ftranger turns hinifelf in this
tity, he will perceive a Ipirit of elegance and magnificence; and if he
extends his view over the whole kingdom, he will conclude that works
of ornament and public utility in Ireland, nlmoft keep p' vith thofe
erefling, gretit as they are, over the dittcrent parts of '. Britain.

For it mull be acknowledged that no nation in Eurcje^ ».v>iiiparatively

• fpeaking, has expended fuch funis as the grants of rlie irilh parliament,
which has been, and cnmiimcs to be, the life and foul of whatever is
carried on : vv-tr.efs the ninny noble crfi^ioiss, churches hofpi'als,
bridges ; the forming vf harbours, public roads, canals, and other

, public and private undertakings.

It has, however, been matter of furprife, that with all this fpirit of
national improvemcnr, few or no good inns are to be met with in Ire-
land. In the capital, which may be clafled among the fecond order of
Cities of Kuiope, there is not one inn which defervcs that name. Thia
may, in foine meafure, be accounted for by the long, and fbmetimes
dangerous pafTage fiotn Chcfler and Holyhead to Ireland, which pre-
vents the gentry of England, with their families, from yiliting that ifland ;
but as it is now propoled to m.'vke turnpike roa^s tQ Portpatrick in Scot-.

Ireland:

42^

land, from whence the paiTage ii fliort and fafe, the roads of Ireland,
n)ay by this means become more frequented, efpecially when the rural
beauties of that kingdom arc more generally known. For though in
Englahd, France, and Italy, a traveller meets with views the !no(t
luxuriant and rich, he is Ibmetimcs cloyed with a famenefs thnt runs
through the whole : but in thofe countries of North Britain and Ireland|
the rugged mountains, whofe tops look down upon the clouds, the ex'
tcnfive lakes, enriched with bu(hy iflands, the cavities, glens, catarai^h,
the numerous feathered creation, hopping from cliff to clitf, and other
pleating and uncommon naturul objedls, that frecfuently prefent the!n«
I'clves in various forms and (liapes, have a wonderful eft'cd upon the
imaginatiotk, and are pleaiing to the fancy of every admirer of nature^
however rough and unadorned with artificial beauties.

Cork is dcfervcdly reckoned the fecond city in Ireland, in mngnitudc,
riches and coinmerce. It lies 129 miles fouth-wcil of Dublin, and
contaitis above 8;o^ houfes. Its haven is deep, and well flicltercd from
all winds ; but fmall veflels only can come up to the city, which ftand*
about feven miles up the river Lee. This is the chief port of merchants
in the kingdom; nnd there is, perhaps, more beef, tallow, and butter
fliipped off here, than in all the other ports of Ireland put together.
Hience there is a great rcfort of (liips to this port, particularly orf thofe
bound from Great Britain to Jamaica, Barbaaues, and all the Caribbee
itlands, which put in here to vidlual and complete their lading. It ap-
pears, that in the reign of Edward IV. there were 11 churches in Cork,
though there are now only feven, and yet it has ever fincc that time been
eflccmed a thriving city ; but it mull be obfervcd, that belidc the
churches, there are at this time fix mafs>houfes, two diffenting meeting*'
houfes, another forquakers, acd a chapel for French protellants. Kin-i ,
faie is a populous anil flrong town, with an excellent harbour, and con-
fiderable commerce and fliipping : and it is, moreover, occafionally a
liation for the navy royal ; for which end th!s port is furniflit'd with pro-
per naval officers and itorekeepers. VVaterford is reckoned next to Cork
tor riches and fliipping, and contains 2 ;6 1 houfes. It is commanded by
Puncannon Foit, and on the weft fide of the town is a citadel. Limerick
is a handfonic, populous, commercial, Itrong city, it lies on both fides '
the Shannon, and contains 5257 houfes.

Beltaft is a large fea-port and trading town at the mouth of the Lagen
water, where it falls into Carrickfergus bay. Downpatrick has a flou-
rifliing linen ' manufafture. Carrickfergus (or Knotkfergus) by fome
deemed the capital town of the province, has a good harbour and cuftl^
but little commerce. Derry (or Lontionderry, as it is moft ufually called)
(lands on Lough-Foyl, is a flrong little city, having linen manufacffureii',
with fome commerce and fliipping. All this extreme north part of Ireland
is fituated fo near to Scotland, that they are in fight of each others coafts.
Donr^al, tlie county-town of the fame name (oiherwife called the county
of Tyrconnel), is a place of fome trade; m is likewife Eniiifkilling.
All which lalt mentioned places, and many more (though lefs conliderable
ont-s), are chiefly and mi)ll indullrioully employed in the manufadfuring
of linen and linen thread, to the great benefit of the whole kingdom, which,
by its vaU annual cxportarions of linen into England, is enabled t» pay
for the great annual importations from England into Ireland : and like-
wife to render the money conlbntly drawn from Ireland into England, by
her abfentccs, Icfs grievous to her.

Though

4J0

1 R £ L A N b.

Thoui;h Ireland containi no firong placet, according to the modern im-
provements in fortification, yet it has feveral forts and garrilbns, that
lierve as comfortable finecures to military officers. The chief are Lon-
donderry and Culmore fort, Cork, Limerick, Kinfalc, Duncannon, Rufs^
CafUe, Dublin, Chariemont, Galway, Carrickfergus, Maryborough, and
Athlone. Each of thcfe forts aie furniHted with deputy governors, un-
der various denominations, who have pecuniary proviiions from the go-
vernment.

It cannot be pretended, that Ireland is as yet furnilhed with any pub-
lic edifices, to compare with thofe to be found in countries where fove-
xeigns and their courts refide, but it has fome elegant public buildings^
which do honour to the tafte and- public fpirit of the inhabitants. The
parliament-houfe, caftle, EfTex-bndge, and feveral edifices about Dublin^
already mentioned, are magnificent ; and elegant pieces of arcbite£turej
and many noble Gothic churches, and other buildings, are to be feen in
Ireland. The Iri(h nobility, and gentry of fortune, now vie with thofe
«f England in the magnificent ftrudure of their houfes, and the elegance
of their ornaments ; but it would be unjuft, where there are fo many
•qual in tafte and maKnificence, to particularize any. In fpeaking of
the public buildings ofthis kingdom, I muft not forget, the numerous oar*
y&cks where the folcUers are lodged, equally to the cafe and conveniency of
the inhabitants.

Commerce akd manvfactures.] What I have faid of England
under this head, is in a great mcai'ure applicable to Ireland. Htf ex*
1^^ ts are linen-cloth, yarn, lawns, and cambrics, horfes and black cattle*
/.»«ef, pork, green hides, tanned leather, calf ikins dried, tallow, butter,
candles, checfe, ox and cow-horns, ox-hair, horle-hatr, lead, copper'^
ora, herrings, dried fifli, rabbit-flcins and furr, otter^flcins, goat-Huns,
Cilinon^ and fome other particulars ; but it is probable that the exports
of Ireland will be greatly increafed by the late laws pafled in favour of
the trade of that kingdom. It is certain that the Irifli have carried their
l&laud manufa£Vures, even thofe of luxury, to a confiderable height, and
that their lord-lieutenants, and their courts, have of late encouraged theni
Vy their examples, and, while they are in that government, make ufe of
Bu other.

Public trading companies.] Of thefe I know none in Ireland, as
the bankers cannot be admitted as fuch i neither can the Dublin fociet]^
for the encouragement of manufactures and commerce, which was in-
corporated in 1750. The linen-hall, however, that is ercBted at Dublin,
is under as juft and nice regulations as any commercial houfe in Europe;
Constitution and GovERNMSNt.] Ireland formerly was only en-
.titled the dominion or lordfhip of Ireland, and the king's ftyle was no
Other than Dortiinus Hiberuic, lord of Ireland, till the 33d year of kiti^
Henry VIII. when he aiTumed the title of king, which is recognifed by
mBL of parliament in the fame reign. But as En^^land and Scotland are no^
one and the fame kingdom, and yet differ in their municipal laws ; fo Eng-
land and Ireland are difiin£l kingdoms, and yet in general agree in their
laws* For afier the conqueft of Ireland by king Henry II. the laWs of
England were received aftd fworn to by thfe irifli nation, afleinbled at the
council of Lifmore. And as Ireland, thus conquered, planted and go^
verned, continued in a ftate of dependence* it was thoit|ht necefl'ary that
it (hould conform to, and be obliged by, fuch laws as the ^inerior iiate
thought proper to prefcribe.

I K E L A N 1>.

4SI

the

Jut

But thii fiate of dependence being almoft forgottent and ready to \m
difputcd by the Iri(h nation, it was thought neceflary, fome years afjo.
to declare how that matter ftood ; and therefore, by ftatute 6th of George
I. it is declared, ** that the kingdom of Ireland ought to be fubordinato
to, and dependent upon the imperial crown of Great Britain, as being in-
feparably united thereto ; and that xhe king's majefty, with the confent
ot the lords and commons of Great Britain, in parliament, hath power
to make laws to bind the people of Ireland." This determination of the
' BritiHi parliament, was, however, far from giving general fatisfa£lion to
the Ii'im nation, many of whom difputcd the dependency of Ireland upoa
the parliament of Great Britain more than ever. After many ilruggles,
feeling their own flrength by means of their volunteer aflbciations, and
encouraged and favoured by the feveral parties contending for the admU
niftration in England, the Irifli obtained, in the year 1782, a formal re*
peal of the above galling flatute, which was conbdered as a renun^iatioa
on the part of the parliament of Great Britain of every claim of legiflatioA
over Ireland.

The conflitution of the Irifli government, as it ftands at prefent, with
regard to diftributive juAice, is nearly the fame with that of England.
A chief governor, who generally goes by the name of lord lieutenant, it
fent over from England by the king, whom he reprefents ; but his powec
is in fome meafure retrained, and in others enlarged, according to the
king's pleafure, or the exigency of the times. On his enteting upea
this honourable office, his letters patent are publicly read in the counciU
chamber ; and having taken the ufual oaths before the lord' chancellor,
the fword, which is to be carried before him, is delivered into his hands,
and he is feated in the chair of fbite, attended by the lord chancellor, the
members of the privy-council, the peers and nobles, the king at arms, 9,
ferjeant at mace, and othrr officers of fiate ; and he never appears pub«
iiciy without being attended by a body of horfe-guards. Hence, with
refpe£t to his authority, his train and fplendor, there is no viceroy in
Chriflendom that comes nearer to the grandeur and majefty of a kmg*
He has a council compofed of the great officers of the crown ; namely, the
chancellor, trcafurer, and fuch of the archbifhops, biftiops, earls, barony
judges, and gentlemen, as his mnjtfly is pleated tp:*appoint. The parli-
ament here, as well as in Englaiic!, is the fupreme court, which is con*
vened by the king's writ, and generally fits once every year. It confifts»
as in England, of a houfe of lords and commotis. Of the former, many
are Englifk or Britifh peers, or commons of Great Britain ; a few are
papifts, who cannot fit without being properly qualified ; and the number
of commons amount to about three hundred. Since the acceffion of hit
prefent majefty, Trifli parliaments have been rendered odenntial. The re*
prefentation of the people in the fenate of Ireland, is in tnany inftances
like that of England, partial and inadequate. As long as a majority
of the commons is compofed of members for infig;ni&«nt boroughs,
and where a few individuals are devoted ts tbe felfifli or imperious
will of a ftill fmaller number of lords or abfolute grandees, a fpiric
of venality muft pervade the political fyfiem through all the departments
of ftate, corrupt the reprefentatives, and deftrpy the freedom of the le*
giflative body. If parliaments wexe ftill more limited in their duration,
it would be better for the public, and greatly promote national profperity.
The laws are made by the houfe of lords, and commons, after which they
•fc fent to England for the royal approbation ; wKen, if approved of bv

431

r RE LAN ET.

his inajedy nnd council, they pafs the g^reat feal of England, and zrt rc?«
turned.

For the regular diftribution of juAice, there are alfo in Ireland four terms
held annually for the decifion of caufes ; and four courts of ju (lice, the
chancery, king's bench, comnion-plea») and exchequer. The high (lieriffif
of the fcvcral counties were formerly, chofen by the people^ but are now
nominated by the lord lieutenant. From this general view it appears, that
the civil and ecclefiaflical inlUtutions are almoil the fame in Ireland as iri
England.

Revenues.] In Ireland the public revenue arifes from hereditary and
temporary duties, of which the king is the tiuftee, for applying 'it to
particular purpofcs ; but there is belidcs this, a private revenue arifing
from the ancient dcinefne lands, from tortcitures for trcafon and felony,
prifage of wines, light-houfe duties, and a iinall part of the cafual reve-
nue, iK)t granted by parliament ; and in this the crown has the fame un^
limited property that a fubjeft has in his own freehold. The extent of
that revenue is perhaps a fecret to the public.

The revenue of Ireland is fuppofed at prefent to exceed half a million
fierling, of which the Irifli complain greatly, and juftly, that about

Jo,oool. is granted in penfions, and a great part to abfentees. Very large
jms are alfo granted by their own parliament for more valuable purpofes,
the improvement of their country and civilizing the people ; fuch as the
inland navigation, bridges, highways, churches, premiums, proteflant
fchools, and other particulars, which do honour to^ the wifdom and pa»
triotifm of that parliHmeut.

Co»N3.] The cuius of Ireland are at prefent of the fame denomina*
ticns and the like fabric with thofe of England, only an Englifh (lulling
paflfes in Ireland for thirtten pence. What the ancient coins of the Irifli
were, is at prefent a matter ot mere curiofity and great uncertainty.

Military strength.] Ireland now maintains and pays a confiderable
body of troops, who have been often of Angular fcrvice to' England ; and
the military force of Ireland has been greatly increafed by the many vo-
lunteer iiflbciated companies, which have been lately formed in that king-
dom. Thofe parts of Ireland that are moft uncultivated, contain num-
bers of inhabitants that have very little fenfe either of divine or human
laws, and regular forces are abfolutely neceifary for keeping them in or-
der; witncl's the late iufurredions of the Whiteboys, and other banditti,
who were inftigated by their priefts ; though it mufl be confefTed, that
many of the common people in Ireland have laboured under fuch oppref-
fions as afforded them juft grounds fur difcontent. It does not however
appear, that the bulk of the Irilh Catholics are food of a revolution in go-
Tcrninenr, as few or none of them joined Thurot in his tdefcent upon Car''
rickfergus, or took any part with the Pretender in the laft rebellion.

Order op St. Patrick.] . This order was inAituted February 5, and
the inftallation of the firlt knights was performed on the 17th of March,
1783. It conlifts of the foycreign and fifteen other knights companions.
The lord Itcutcnants of Ireland for the time being ofHciate as grand niaf-
ters of the order, and the archbifliqp of Armagh is the prelate, the
archBiihop of Dublin the chancellor, and the dean of Sr. Patrick, the re-
giller of the order. The knights are inftalled in the cathedral of St. Pa-
trick, Dublin. Their robes are fplendid, and the badge is three crowns
united together on a crofs, w;iih the motto round i^it feparabit, i7^'3,

, faftened

(

Ins

■)

(

i k e;L a *t bi 433

feftetied by hn Irlfli harp to the crowA imperial. - A ftar of eight 'points
eacircles it on the coat.

, History.] The hiflory of Ireland has been carried to a very remote an.
ticiuity, and may, with greater jultice than that of any other country, be
diftinguilhediiltothe legendary and authentic. In th6 rctgn of Rdivard II.
au Ulfter prince boafted to the pope of an uninterrupted I'ucccffion of one-
hundred and ninety-feven kings of Irehind, to the year 1170. Etcu the
mot", moderate Irilli antiquaritt carry their hiflory.up to about 500 years
before the Chriftian xra, at which timft they aflert, that a colony of'^Scy«
thi:ms, immediately from Spain, fettled in Ireland, and incroduced the
Phocnician^anguage. anc^etters into this ccumry \ and that however it
nkight have been peopHo Aill earlier from Gaul or Britain, yet Hcber^
Hercmoii, nnd Ith, the fons of Milelius, gave a race of kings to the iriil^'
dillinguilhcd from their days by the names of Gadelians and Scuits, or
Scots.' But as our limits will not permit us to enlarge on the dark and
contefled parts of the Irilh hidory, we fhnll only obfcrve, that it was about
the middle of ihe fifth century that the great apoille of Ireland, St. Pa-
trick, was employed in the propagation of Chriftianity in this country,
though there had been Chriflian miffionAries here long before, by Whofo
means it h.id made a coafidcrable progrefs among the inhabitaius of Ire-
land. After this periud, Ireland was occaiionally invaded by the Saxon,
kings of England 5 but in the years 795 and 798 the Danes and Nor-
mans, or, as they were called, the EaAerlings, invaded the coafls of Ire-f
land, and were the Brfl who ereded (lone edifices in that kingdom. The
common habitations of the. Irifli, till that time, were hurdles covered
with draw and ruflies, and but very few of folid timber. The natives de-'
fended themfelvcs bravely againft the Eafterlings, who built Dublin, Wa-
tcrford, Limerick, Wextord, and Cork; but they refided chiefly at Dub-
lin, or in its neighbourhood, which, by the old Irifli, was crtllfed Fingai,
or the Land of Strangers. The natives, about the year 962, fecm to have
called to their aliillance the Anglo-Saxon king Edgar, who had then a
confiderablc mariiime power; and this might have given occafion for his
clergy to call him king of great part of Ireland. It is certain that Dub-
lin was about that time a flouridiing city, and that the native Irifli gave
the Eafterlings feveral defeats, though fupported by their countrymea
from the continent, the ifle of Man, and the Hebrides*

In the twelfth century, Henry the Second of England formed a deligR
of annexing Ireland to his dominions. He is faid to have been induced to
this by the provocation he had received from fome of the Irifh chieftains,
who had aflbrded confiderable aliidancc to his enemies. His defign was pa-
tronized by the pope, and a fair pretext of attacking; Ireland offered about
the year 1 168. Dermot Mac Murrough, king of Leinller, and an op-
prcffivfe tyrant, quarrelled with all his neighbours, and carried oft' the wife
of a petty prince, O'Roirk. A confederacy being Tormed againfl him,
under Roderic O'Connor (who it feems was the paramount king of Ireland)
be wag driven from his country, and topk refUge at the court of Henry II,
who promifed to rellore him, upon taking an oath of fidelity to the crown
t)f England for liIiiireU"» and all the petty kings depending on him, who'
were very numerous. HcnrV) who was then in France, recommended Mac
D.rniot's caufc to the Englilli barons, and particularly to 8trongbow, earl
of Pembroke, . Robert Fitz.Stephcnj and Maurice Fitz Gerald. Tbofe
noblemen undertook the expediiina upon much the fame principles as the
Norman and Breton lords did tlve conqucil of England under William I.!

F f and

4J4

IRELAND.

and Strongbovr vru to marry Mac Dermot'i daughter Eva. In 1 169, the
adventurers reduced the towns of Wexford and Wutcrford ; and the next
yrnr Strongbow arriving with a ftrong reinforcement, his marriage waa
celebrated.

The defcendanta of the Dirnet continued ftill poiTefl^d of Dublin, whicht ,
after fome inefTeAual oppofition made by king O'Connor, was taken and '
plundered by the Engiifli foldiers ; but Mac Turkil, the Danifh king,
efcaped to his (hipping. Upon the death of Derinot, Henry II. became
jealuui of earl Strongbuw, feized upon his eflate in England and Wales,
and recalled his fubjedls from Ireland. The Irifli, about the fame lime, to
the amount of above 60,000, beficged Dublin* under king O'Connor ;
but though all Strongbow's Irilh friends and alTOs hud now left him, and
Che city was reduced to great extremity, he forced the Irilh to ruife <h«
iiege with great \oU ; and going over tu England, he appeaftd Henry by
fwearing fealty to him and his heirs, and refigning into his hand all th« ,
Irifli cities and forts he held. During Strongbow's abfcnce, Mac Turkil
returned with a great fltet, attempted to retake the city of Dublin, but
was killed at the liege ; and in him ended the race of the Ealkrling princei
in Ireland.

In 1172, Henry II. attended by 400 kniehts, 4000 veteran foldicri,
'•nd the flower of his Englifh nobility, landed near Waterford ; and not
only all the petty princes of Ireland, excepting the king of Ulder, but
the great king Koderic O'Connor, fubmittcd to Henry, who pretended
that O'Connor's fubmilfion included that of Ulfter, and that conft-quently
he was the paramount fovereign of Ireland. Be that as it will, he aiTefted
to keep a magnificent court, and held a parliament at 'Dublin, where he
parcelled out the eftntes of Ireland, at William the Conqueror had done
U England, to his Englifh nobility. He then fettled a civil adminiilra-
tion at Dublin, as nearly as poffible to that of England, to which he re<<
turned in 1173, having firft fettled an Englidi colony fr'>m Briflol in Dub-
lin, with all the liberties and free cuftoms, fay their charters, which the
citizens of BriAol enjoyed. From that time Dublin began to fluurini.
Thus the conqueH of Ireland was efTetfted by the Englifh, almoft with at
much eafe as that of Mexico was by the Spaniards ; and for much the
fame rfeafons, the rude and unarmed ftate ot the natives, and the difR;r-
ences that prevailed among their princes or leaders.

Henry gave the title of lord of Ireland to his fon John, who, in 118$,
went over in pet fon to Ireland ; but John and his giddy Norman courtiera
made a very ill ufe of their power, and rendered themfelves hateful to the
Irifli, who were ntherwife very well difpofed towards the Englifli. Richard
1. was too much taken up with the crufades to pay any great regard to the
affairs of Ireland ;^but king John, after his acceflion, made amends for
his former behaviour towards the Irifh. He enlarged his father's plan of
Introducing into Ireland Englifh laws and oflicers, and he credted that part
of the provinces of Leinfter and Manfter, which was within the Englifh
pale, into twelve counties. I And, however, that the dcfccndants of the
ancient princeain other places paid him no more than a nominal fubjedion.
They governed by their old Brehon laws, and exercifed all a£ts offovc>
reiguty within their own dates ; and indeed this was pretty much the cafe
(b fate as the reign of James I. "fhe unfettled reign of Henry III. his
wan and captivity, gftve the Irifli a very mean opinion of the Englifli go-
Tcrnment during his reign ; but they feem to have continued quiet under
his foa Edn'ard I. Gavcftoa, the famoui favourite of Edward II. ac-
^is, ' ', . }> * *:. • quired

1
c

1
t

€

e
a
t(
li

» '

IRELAND.

435

quired great credit while he aAed at lieutenant of Ireland ;»but the fuc*
celki of the Scotch king, Robert Bruce* had almoift proved fatal to th«
Englifli interelt in Ireland, and fuggcfted to the Irifli the idea of tranifer«
ring their allegiance from the kings of £ngland to Edward Bruce, king
Robert's brother. Thut prince accordingly invaded Ireland, where he
gave repeated defeats to the Englifli governors and armies t and being fup*
ported by his brother in perlun, he was a£tjally crowned king at Dun*
diilk, and narrowly miired being mnfter of Dubhn. The younger Bruce
fcemt to have been viulent in the excrcife of his fovcreignty, and he was
at lad defeated and killed by 3ermingham,,the EtigliHi general. After
this Edward II. ruled Ireland with great moderation, and pafled fcveral
excellent aifts with regard to that country.

But during the minority of Edward ill. the commotions were again re-
newed in Ireland, and not fupprelfed without great lofs and difgrace on the
fide of the Englifli. In 1433 a rebellion broke out, in which the-EngUfli
inhubitants had no inconfiderable fliare. A fucceifion of vigorous, brave

fovernors, at lall quieted the infurgems ; and about the year 1361, prince
.ionel, fon to Edward III. having married the heirefs of Uldcr, was lent
over to govern Ireland, and, if pulfible^ to reduce its inhabitants toaniQn-
tire conturmity with the laws of England. In this he made a great pro«
grefs, but did nut entirely accomplilh it. It appears, at this time, that
the Irifli were in a very ilourifliing condition, anu that one of the greated
grievances they complained of was, that the Englifli fent over men of
mean birth to govern them. In 1394, Richard II. finding that the exe*
cution of his dcfpotic fchemes in England muft be abortive without far«
thcr fupport, pitfled over to Ireland with un army of 34,000 men, well
armed and appointed. As he made no ufe of force, the Irifli looked upon
his prefcnce tu be a high compliment to their nation, and admired the
magnificence of his court. Richard, on the other hand, courted them by
all the iirts hu could employ, and bctlowcd the honour of knighthood on
their chiefs. In (horr, he behaved fo as entirely to win their ail'edions.
BiU in 1399, after having ai^cd in a very defpotic manner in England,
he undertook a frefli expedition into Ireland, to revenge the death of his
lord lieutenant the £arl of March, who had been killed by the wild IriQi.
His army again (Iruck the natives with cun Agnation, and they threw thcm-
felves u|)on his mercy. It was during this expedition, that the duke of
L:mcaller landed in England ; and Richard, upcvi his return, finding
himfelf deferred by his Englifli lubje(f>s on account of his tyranny, and
thut he could not dc{M:nd upon the Jpfli, furreudered his crown to his
rival.

The Irifli, after Richard's death, ftill rtt.tincd a warm aifeflion, for the
houfc of York ; and upon the revival of that family's claim to the crown,
embraced its caufe. Edward IV. made the enrl of Definond lord lieut^«
nan t of Ireland for his ferviccs agaiuft the Qrmond party and other ad-
herents of the houfe of Lancaltcr, and he was the fiiji Irip chieftain
that obtained this honour. Even the acceilion of Henry VII. to the
crown of England did not reconcile the Iridi to his title as duke of Lau-
caller ; and therefore readily joined Lambert Simnel, who pretciided to
be the elded fon of Edward IV. but for this they paid dear, lieing defeat*
ed in their attempt to invade England. This made them fomewhat cautious
at firfl of joining Perkin Warbcck, notwithilanding his plaufiblc pretences
to be the duke of York, fecond Ton of Edward IV. He was, however, at
Utl tccogiiifcd as king by the Irifli'; ahd in the preceding pages, under the

F f a hiftory

«<

IRELAND.

hiftory of England, the reader may learn the event of hii prctenfiont.
Henry behuved with moderation towards hit favourerr, and wm contented
with requiring; the Irifh nobility to take afrefli oath ot ullcgiance lu his go-
Ternmnu. Thit lenhy had the defired efk&t during theudminiHrution of
the two earii of Kildare, the earl of Surry, and the earl of v. nnond.
Henry VIII. governed Ireland by fupi>orting in chicfii againft each other,
but they were tampered with by the emjjeror Charlei V. upon whi. h
Henry made hit natural Ton, the duke of Richmond, hi» lord lieutenant.
'J'his did not prevent the Irifli from breaking out into rebellion in the year
1540, und< r Fiiz Gerald, who had been lord deputy, and wai won over by
the cinprroi , but wai at laft hanged at Tyburn. After thii, the houfe of
Auilria foimd their account in their quarrels with England, to form a
llrcn^ pai ty among the Irifli.

About the year 1542, Jamci V. king of Scotland, formed fome pre-
tcntionii on the crown of Ireland, and was favoured by a Arong party
Mnung the Iriih themfelves. It is hard to fay, had he lived, what the con*
fe{)uence of his claim might have been. Henry underflood that the Irifli
had a mean opinion of his dignity, as the kings of England had hitherto
aiTumed no higher title than that of lords of Ireland. He therefore took
that of king of Ireland, which had a grrat efl'eft with the native Irifli, who
thought that allegiance wag not due to a lord ; and, to fpcak the truth, it
was (bmewhat furpriline that this expedient was not thought of before. It
produced a more pcrfea fubmiffion of the native Irifli to Henry's govern-
ment than ever had been known ; and even O'Neil, who pretended to be
fucccflbr to the lafl paramount king of Ireland, fwore allegiance to Henry,
who created him earl 9f Tyrone.

The pope, however, and the princes of the houfe of Audria, by re-
ftiitting money and fometimes fending over troops to the Irifli, flill kept
up their interefl in that kingdom, and drew from them vafl numbers of
tVith to their armies, where they proved as good foldlers as any in Europe.
This created inexpreflible difliculties to the Englifli government, even in
the reign of Edward VI. but it is remarkable, ihnt the Reformation took
place in the Englifli part of Ireland with little or no oppofltion. The Irilh
feem to have been very quiet during the reign of queen Mary ; but they
proved thorns in the fide of queen Elizabeth. The perpetual difputes flie
had with the Roman catholics, both at home and abroad, gave her great
uneafinefs; and the pope and the houfe of Auflria always found new re-
fources againil her in Ireland. The Spaniards poflclfcd themfelves of
Kinfale; and the rebellions of Tyrone, who baflled and outwitted
her favourite general the earl of Eflex, arc well known in the Englifli
hiftory.

The lord deputy Moiintjoy, who fuccccded Eflcx, was the firft Englifli-
Inan who gave a mortal blow to the practices of the Spaniards in Irijand, by
defeatinsf them and the Irifli before Kinfale, and bringingTyronc prifoner to
England; where he was pardoned by queen Elizabeth in 1602. This lenity^
fticwn to fuch an offender, is a proof of the dreadful apprehcnflons Eliza-
beth had from the popilh interefl in Ireland. James I. confirmed the
poflTeflions of the Irifli ; but fuch was the influence of the pope ahd th6
Spaniards, that the earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnel, and their party,
planned a new rebellion, and attempted to i'cizc the caflle of Dublin;
out their plot being difcovered, their-chiefs fled beyond feas. They werfc
not idle abroad ; for in 1608 they inftigated Sir Calim O'Doghariy to a
frefli rebclUoD) by proroilipg him fjj^cdy fupplies of men and money from

Spaift-.

': ■

I R E L A N Di

43T

Spain, ^r Calim was killed in the dirpute, and hit adhercBU were taken
and execuird. The nttaindcri of the Irifli rebeli, which paflcd in tho
reignit of Jumct and Elizabeth, veiled in the crown 51 1,465 acrei, in the
feveral cnuntiei of Dnnnegul, Tyrone, Colerain, Kcrmunagh, Cavan, nnfi
Armai;h ; and enabled the king to nniike that protcdant phntition ia
^he North of Irclnnd, which now, from the moft rebellious province of
the kin^dont, iit the mod ciuiet and reformed.

Thule prudi^inui attainders, however jult and necelTary they mieht be,
operated fatally for the Kngiith in the reign of Charles I. The'Inth Ro^
man Catholics in ventral, were influenced by thrir prieds to hope noc
only ro rcpoflefs 1 he l.inds of their forefuihers, but tu rcHore the pop fl^
religion in Ircliini. They therefore entered into a deep and deteftabie
conVpiracy for maflacrinK all the F.nKllfli Proreftants in that kingdom. In.
this they were encouraged b)^ the unhuppv dillenlions that broke out be-
tween the king and his parliaments in England »nd Scotland. Their
bloody plan being difcovcred by the Englifh government at Dohlin; pre-
vented that city from falling into their hands. They, however, partly
executed in 1641 their horrid fcheme of maifacre ; but authors have noc
agreed as to the numbers who were murdered ; perhaps they have been
exaggerated by warm proteftant writers, fome of whom have mounted
the number of the fufterers to 40,000; othrr accounts fpeak of i6,ocO
or 1 2,000, and fome have even diminiflicd that number*. What fol-
lowed in. canfetiuencc of this rebellion, and the reduction of Ireland b/
Cromwell, who retaliated the cruelties of the Irifli Papitts upon them-
felvcs, belongs to the hillory of England, it is certain that they
fniarted fo fevcrely, that they were quiet during the reign of Charles II.
His popi(h fucceflbr and brother James If. even after the Revolution took

))lace, found an afylum in Ireland ; and was encouraged to hope, that,
)y the afliliance of the natives there, ho might i-e mount his throne : but
he was deceived, and his own pulillanimiiy so-operated with his difap*
nointtnent . He was driven out of Ireland by his fon. in-law, after the
battle of the Boync, the only viftory that king Will am ever gained in
pcrfon ; a victory, however, on which depended the fat'ety uf the prote-
ftant religion, and the libei;tlcs of the Biitilh empire. Had James been
victorious, he probably would have been reinAated on the throne, iind
nothing elfc could be cxpei^ed than that being irritated by oppofition,
viftorious over his enemies, and free from every rcrtraint, he.would have
trampled upon all right;!, civil and relis^ious, and purfued more arbitrary
defigns than before. The army of William cbniilled of 36,000 men,
that of James of 33,000, but advantageoufly fituated. James, it is true,
fought at the head of an undifciplined rabble; but his French auxiliaries
were far from behaving as heroes. It mull be acknowledged, however^
that he left both the field and the kingdom too Toon for a brave man.

The forfeitures that fell to the crown, on account of the Irilh rdiellions
and the Revolution,' are almofl incredible ; and had the a£ls of parliament

erb
a

S/r.

* Mr. Guthrie's account of the numbers killed in the Irifli maflacrc i<i pnuch. below
that generally given. -Mr. Hume, after enumerating the various barbarities pradift d
by the Papifts upon the Proteftants, fays, " By fome computations, thofe, wiio pe-
" rioted by all thofc cruelties, are made to amount to an hundred and fifty, or two
" hundred thoufand ; by the moft moderate, and probably the n>ofl rcafoiiahk- ac-
** count, they muA have been near 40,00c." Hift. of England, vul. vi. p. 377. edit.
Svo. 1763.

F f 3 . • which

43$

IRELAND.

V' '
I I

which gave th<;m away been ftri£ily enforced, Ireland miift have been
peopled with Britlfli inhabitants. But many political reafons occurred for
not driving the Irifli to defpair. The friends of the Revolution and the
protcftant religion were fuflicicntly gratified out of the forfeited t Hates.
Too many of the Roman Catholics might have been forced abroad ; and
it was pr9pcr that a due balance fliould be preferved between the Roman
Catholic 'and the proteftant intereft. It was therefore thought prudent to
■ relax the reins of government, and not to put the fortcitures too rlgor-
oufly int9 execution. The experience of half a century has confirmed
the wifdom of the above coniiderations. The lenity of the meafures pur-
fued in regard to the Irifh Roman Catholics, and the great pains taken
fpr the inurui!!tion of their children, with the progrefs wh-'^h knowledge
and the arts have made in that country, have greatly diminiftied ..he popifl^
inteneft. The Tpirit of induftry has enabled the Irifli to know thtir own
ilrcngth and importance ; to which fome accidental circumOances have
concurred. All her ports were opened for the exportation of wool and
woollen yarn to any part of Great Britain ; ajid of late years, aftf of pai*-
liament have been made occafionally for permitting the itnjxtrtation of fait
^eef, pork, butter, cattle, and tallow, from Ireland to Great Britain.

But though fome laws and regulations had occafionally taken place fa-
vourable to Ireland, it mufi be acknowledged, that the inhabitants of that
country laboured under conflderable grievances, in confequenceof fundry
vnjufl and injudicious refiraints of the parliament of Englatid'refpe^ling
their trade. TheiPe reftraints had injured Ireland without benefiting Great
Britain. The Ififh had been prohibited from manufaiSturing their own
wool, in order to favour the woollen manufactory of England: the con-
fequence of which was, that the IriQi wool was fmuggled over into
France, and the people of that country were thereby enabled to rival us
in our woollen manufa(5ture, and to deprive us of a part of that trade.
An embargo had alfo been laid on the exportation of provifions from Ire-
iandv which had been extremely prejudicial to that kingdom. The di-
flreflep of the Irifli manufa£turcr.«, a^ well ns thofc of Great Britain, had
likewife been much increafcd by the confcqucnccs of the American war.
Thefe circumftances occafioncd great murmuring in Ireland, and fome
attempts were made for the relief of the inhabitants of that kingdom in
the Britiih parliainent, but fof fome time without fuccefs : for a partiality
in favour of, the, trade in England prevented jufiice from being done to
Ireland. But feveral incidents, which happened afterwards, at length
operated flronfjly in favour of that kingdom. When a large body of the
king's troops had been withdrawn from Ireland, in order to be employed
in the American war, a confitierable number of Irifli gentlemen, farmers,
traders, and other perfons, armed and formed themlelves into volunteer
companies and aflTociations, for the defence of Ireland againft any foreign
invaders. By degrees, thefe volunteer aflbciations became numerous and
well-difciplincd : and it was foon difcovcred, that they were inclined to
maintain their rights at home, as well as to defend themfelves againft fo-
reign enemies. When thefe armed aflbciations became numerous and
formidable, the Irifh began ro aflume an higher tone than that to which
they had bclbrc been accuftomed : and it was foon manifett, that their
remonftrances met with imufual attention, both from their own parliament
and from that of Great Britain. The latter, on tha i ith of May, 1779,
prcfented an addrefs to the king, recommending to his majelly's jnolt fc-
rious confideration the diftrefltd and impoveriflied flate of the loyal and
well-defsrving people of Ireland, and defiring him to direct that there

(hould

f..

IRELAND.

439

' ^

(liould be prepared, and laid before parliament, fuch particulars relative
CO the trade and manufactures of Great Biitain and Ireland, as fliould
enable the national wifdoin to purfue effedtual meafures for promoting tho
common Arength, wealth, and commerce of his majclly's fubje^^s in both
kingdoms. To this addrefs the king returned a favourable anfwcr: and
in October, the fame year, both houfcs of the Irifli parliament alfo pre-
fented addreflfes to his majedy, in which they declared, that nothing but
granting Ireland a free trade could faye it from ruin. Notwithftanding
which, it being foon after Tufpcfted by many of the people of that kingdom,'
that the members of their parliament would not exert themfclves with vi-
gour in promoting the intereds of the nation, a ytry daring and numerous
mob allemblcd before the parliament-houfe in Dublin, crying out for a/rce
trade and a Jhort monry-bUU I'hcy alTaulted the members, and endea-
voured to compel them to fwear that they would fupport the intereft
of t'.ieir country by voting for a fliort money-bill ; and they demotilhed
the houfe of the attorney-general. The tumult at length fubflded ; and
two Irifli money-bills, for (ix months only, were fent over to England,
.where they paiTed the great feal, and were immediately returned, with-
out any ditfatisfaC^ion being e^^prefled by government at this limited grant.

In the mean time the memhera of the oppofttion, io the Englifli par-
liament, very ftrongly rcprefentcd the necellity of an immediate attention
to the complaints of the people of Ireland, and of a compliance with their
wilhes. The arguments on this lide of the queAion were alfo enforced by
the accounts which came from Ireland, that the volunteer alTociations in
that kingdom amounted to forty thoufaud men, unpaid, felf-ap^rainted, and
independent of government, wejl armed and accoutred, daily improving in
difcipline, and which afterwards incrcafed to eighty thoufand. The Bri-
tifli miniflry appeared for fome time to be undetermined what part they
fhould aft in this important bufmefs : but the remembrance of the fatal
effcdls of rigorous meafures refpedling America, and the very critical fitu-
ation of Great Britain, at length induced the firll lord of the treafury to
bring in fuch bills as were calculated to afford effei^ual commercial relief
to the people of Ireland. Laws were accordingly paiTed, by which all
thofe a£ts were repealed, which had prohibited the exportation of woollen
jnanufa6tures from Ireland, an^l other ads by which the trade of that
kingdom to foreign countries had been reilraincd : and it was likewife
enafted, that a trade between Ireland and the Britiili colonies in Ame-
rica, and the Well Indies, and the Britifli fettlements on the coaft of
Africa, (liould be allowed to be carried on in the fame manner, and fub-
je6t to limilar regulations and re(lri£lions, with that carried on between
Great Britain and the faid colonies and fettlements.

Thefe laws in favour of Ireland were received with much joy and eif*
ultatiiMi in that kingdom : and the Iridi nation, being indulged in their
requifitions rcfpefting trade, now began alfo to ai i at important conftitu-
tional reformations ; and in various counties and cities of Ireland, the
right of the Britifli parliament to make laws which fliould bind that king-
dom, was denied in public refolutions. By degrees, the fpirit which
had been manifelled by the Irifli parliament feemed a little to fubfide ; and
a remarkable inflauce of this wits, their agreeing ro a perpetual mutiny-
bill, for the regulation of the Irifli army, though that of England had
always been palled, with a true conllitutional caution, only from year to
year. This was much exclaimed againft by fome of the Irifh patriots ;
and it is indeed not eafy to clear their parliament from the charge of in-
coufillcncy : but this bill was afterwards repealed, and the cominercial

F f 4 advantages

44<»

ISJ.E OF MAN,

tidvantages afforded them by late a|£is in their favour, have greatly coii«
jcjributcd to promote the profperity of Ireland. As before obferved, by'
the ad repealing the ftaiute of the 6th of George I. they arc now fully
gnd completely emancipated from the jurifdiflion of the Britifli parliament.
7he appellant jurifdit^ion of the Britifli houfe of peers in Irilh caufes, was
Jjkewire given up. But though the'lridi have obtained fiich great exten-
$on of their liberties, it is quellioued whether it will terminate tp their
fiountry's rpal advantage :— their parties and diflenflons increafe^ and th<;,
controverfy of England with that kingdom is fir from being ended ; much
rpipaini to eftablifli fuch a commercial and political connexion as will pro-
ipoie tiifB intereft and happinefs of both countries, and make them one grea^
j|able and invulnerable body. Eyery change of adminiAration in Eng-
land hath prqduc^ed new lord lieutenants among them, but harmony and
foniidenciQ are not yet reftorcd, though the duke of Rutland's aduiiniftra-'
tion this year feeiiis firmer than the preceding. However, in the year 1783^
|he govertiment, the nobility, and the people of Ireland, vied with each
9ther in (ognteqanpng and giving an afylum to many families of the Ge- *
lievefe who were bapilhed trom their city, and to others vVho voluntarily
^xiled themf<;lre8 for the caufe of liberty, not willing to fubmit to »n
ariftocrqcy of ihei^ own citizens, fupported by the fwords of France and
$ardiniar

I might here conclude thp geography and hiftory of Great Britaii\
and Ireland, were itnpt that feveral fmaller iflands are; under the allegi*
anceof the croyvh qf' England : and, having locar privileges and diftirtc-'
tions, cQuld not be comprehended under a more general head. In treat-
ing of them, therefore, I fliall deviate from my common tnethod, but ob>
ftrve brevity as much as the fubjett will permit.

Vai-.i'ii' ti .jiiU

V-. ...-H

E O F MAN.

..••Hi

THE Mona mentioped by Tacitus w^as the ifle of Anglefea, not this
illand. ^ome think it takes its ndtne from the Saxon word Mang
(or among), becaufe lying in St. Georgc'%.,Channel, it isalmoft at an e<^
qual diftapce from-the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland ; but
JVIona feems to have been a gcnepcal name with the ancients for any de-
tached ifland. Itf )e|igt)i from north to fouth is rather more thap thirty
iniles, its breadth from eight to fifteen; and the latitude of the middle
pf the iiland is fifty-four degrees fixteen rpinutes poith. Jt is faid, that:
on a clear day the thrpe Britannic kingdorns may be fecn froiij this ifland.
frhe air here is lyhplqfome, and the cliiTtate, only making allowance for
the fitiiation, pre^y much the fame as that jn the north of England, from
ivhich it does not diiffer much in other refpe(3s. The hilly parts are bar-
ren, aiifi the champaign fruitful in ivhcat, barley, oafs, rye, flax, hemp,
foots, and pulfe. The ridge of mountains, which, as it were, divides
the illand, both' proteins and fertilizes the yajlies,' where there is good
pstfturage. The better fort of inhabitants have good fiztable liorfes, and
a fmall kind, which is fvvift and hardy ; nor ;ire they troubled vvith any
noxious animais. The coafts abound with fca-fovvl ; and the pufiins, which
\>xccd in rabbii-holcs, are almoft a Um)p of fat, and efttemcd very deli-
i) ' ' . •••■•' • ;. ; ' -cious'

it.

I^Sli li O F M A N.

4-"4t

■

f$'6up« ! |t is faid that th.. i^zni abounds with iron, lead, and copper
ipt.nes/ though unwioughr; as are the quarries of marble, ilate, and'
ftopc.

yhe Ifle of M^n contains fevenf ecn pariflies, and four towns on
t^e fea-coafts, Caftle-town is the metropolis of the ifland, and the feat
of its government; Pcele, tyhtch of late years begins to flourifli ; Doug-
las has the beft market and beft trade }n the idand, and is the richeft
and moft populous town, on account of its excellent harbour, and its
fine mole, extending into the fea ; U-amfey has likewife a coniiderable
commerce, on account, of its fpacious bay, in which iliips may ride fafe;
!^om all winds excepting the north- eaA, The reader, by throwing his
eyes on the map, ma^ fee how conveniently this ifland is iituated for be-
ing thq iiorchoufe ot fmueglers,. which it Was till within thefe few years,
to the inexpreflible prejudice of his majelly's revenue; and this necelfa-
rily leads me to touch upon the hiftory of the iiland.

During the time of the Scandinavian rovers on the fcas^ whotn I hate
before mentioiied, this ifland was their rendezvous, and their chief force
was here coUei^led ; from whence they annoyed the Hebrides, Great Brit
jtain, and Ireland. The kings of Man are often mentioned in hiftory j
and though we have no regular account of their fucceflion, and know but
a few of their names, yet they undoubtedly Were for fome ages mailers of
thofc feas. About the year 1263, Alexander II. king of Scotland, a
fpirited;princ^, haying defeated the Danes, laid claim to the fuperior^ty
of Man, and obliged Oiveti or John, its king, to acknowledge him as lord
paramount. It feems to have continued, either tributary or in property
bf the kings of Scotland, till it was reduced by Edward I. and the kings
pf England, from that time, exercifed the fuperiority over the ifland;
tliougli we find it ftill pofleflTed by the pofterity of its Danifli pribces, in
fhff reign Qf Edward lil. who difpofliefled the lad queen of the ifland, and
Jjeftowed it on his favourite, Montague, earl of Salifl)ury. His family-ho-
nours and eft'4te being forfeited, Henry IV. befliowed Man, and the patro-
nage of the biflioprick, firft upon the Northumberland family, and that be-
i»in forfeited, upon Sir John Stanley, whofe pofterity, the earls of Derby,,
enjoyed ir, till, by failure of heirs male, it devolved upon the duke of
Athol, who married the flfler of the lad lord Derby. Reafons of flate
rendered it neceflary for the crown of Great Britain to purchafe the cuf-
toms and the ifland ^'•om the Athol family ; and the bargain was complet-
ed by 70,0001, bein^ paid to the duke in 1765. The duke, howeyer, re-
tains his territorial property in the ifland, though the forin of its govern-
ment is altered ; and the king has now the fame rights, powers, and pre-
rogatives, as the duke formerly enjoyed. The inhabitants, alfo, retain
•many of their ancient conftitutions and cufloms.

The edabliflied religion in Man is that of the church of England. The
bifliop of Sodor and Man enjoys all the fpiritual rights and pre-eminences
of other bifliops, but does not fit in the Britifli houfe of peers ; his fee
never having been ereAed into an Englifh barony. One of the moft ex-
cellent prelates who ever adorned the epifcopal charadier, was Dr. Tho-
mas Wilfon, bifliop pf Man, who prcfided over that diocefe upwards of
hffy-feven years, and died in the year 1755, aged ninety-three. He was
eminently diftinguiflied for the piety and the exemplarinefs of his life, his
benevolence and hofpitality, and his unremitting attention to the happinefs
0^" th(? people entrufted to his care. He encouraged agriculture, efiabliihcd

fchools

44i

ISLE OF WIGHT.

fchook for the indruAion of the children of the inhabitants of the ifland,
tranflated fomeof his devotional pieces into the Manks lancniage to render
them more generally ufeful to them, and founded parochial lioraries in every
pftri(h in hit diocefe. Some of hi« notions rcfpe^^ing government and
church difcipline were not of the mod liberal kind : but his failings w.ere
{p few, and his virtues fo numerous and confpicuous, that he was a great
blefling to the Ifle of Man, and an ornament to human nature. Cardinal
yievr^ry had (o much veneration for his character, that, out of regard to
bim, he obtained an order from the court of prance, that no privateer of
that nation fliould ravage the Ifle of Man.

The ecclefiaftical government is well kept up in this ifland, and the liv-
Vtgsare comf«?rtabIc. The language, which ig called (tie Manks, and it
fix>ken by the common people, i$ radically Erf*-, or Iriflt, but with a mix-
ture of other languages. . The New Teft'ament and the Common Prayer
Book have been tranflated into the Manks language. The natives, who
amQi^nt to above 20,000, arc inoffenflve, charitable, and hofuttable.
The better fort live in flone h.oufes, and the poorer in thatchea ; and
their ordinary bread is 'made of oatmeal. Their produ£b for ex|H>rta-
tJon confld of^wool, hides, and tallow ; which they exchange with foreign
Ihippmg for commodities they may have occaflon for from other parts.
Before the fomh promontory of Man, is a little ifland called the Calf of
l^n : it is about three miles in circuit, and feparated from Man by a
channel about two furlongs broad<

This ifknd affords fome curiofities which may athufe an antiquary.
They confifl chiefly of Runic fepulchral infcriptions and monuments, of
ancient br^fs daggers, and other weapons oi that rnetal, and paitly of ^
pure gold, which are fometimei dug up, and fcem to indicate the fplendor
of itq^ appient pofleflTors.

ISLE OF WIGHT.

•i.

TH I S ifland is fltuated oppoflte the coaft of Hampfliirc, from which
it is feparated by a channel, varying in breadth from two to feven
miles : it is confidered as part of the county of Southampton, and is within
the diocefe of Winchefter. Its greateft length, extending from eaft to
wefl, meafures nearly twenty-three miles ; its breadth from north to fouth
above thirteen. The air is in general healthy, particularly the fouthern
parts ; the foil is various, but fo great is its fertility, it was many years
ago computed, that more wheat was grown here in one year, than could
be confumed by the inhabitants in eight : and it is fuppofcd that its pre-
fent produce, under tlic great improvements of agriculture, and the ad-
ditional quantity of land lately brought into tillage, has more than kept
paqe with the increafe of population. A range of hills, tvhich aflbrds
rinc pallure for flieep, extends from eafl: to weft, through the middle of
the illand. The interior parts of the ifland, as well as its extremities, af«
ford a great number of beautiful and pi£turefque profpetSts, not only in
the paftoral, but alfu in the great and romantic flylc. OF thefe beauties,
the gentlemen of the ifland have availed themfelves, as well in the choice
of fituation of their houfes, as in their other improvements. Domcftic
fowls and poultry are "bred here in great numbers; the outward.bound

fliipt

-it I

{}

*m'

ISLE OF WIGHT, SCILI.Y, JE^SEf, 8pc. ^j

(litp* »nd veiTwIs at Spithead, the Mother-bank, an4 CoweS) comntonljr
furnifliin^ themfelves from this iHand.

Such is the purity of the air', the fertility of the fpil, and the beauty
and variety of the landfcapcs of this ifland, that it has been called the gar-
den of England ; it has fomc very fine gentlemen's feats; apd it is oltcn
vifited by parties of pleafure on account of its delightful fcenes.i

The ifland is divided into thirty puriflics : and, accordingto a very accu-
rate calculation made in the year 1 77-, the inhabitants theti amounted to
eighteen thoufmd and twenty-fpur, ejfclufive of the troops quartered
there. Moll of the farm-houfes ar^ built with ftone, and even the cot-
tages appear neat and comfortable, having each its little garden.

The town of Newport Hands nearly in the centre of the ifland, of
which it may be cqnfidcred as the capital. The river Medina empties il-
ftlf into the channel at Cowes harbour, diilant about five miles, and be-
ing navigable up to the quay, reftders it commodious for trade. The
three principal (Ireets of Newport extend from eaft to weft, and are croff-
ed at right angles by three others, all which are fpacious, clean, and well
paved.

Carilbrooke caftle, in the Ifle of Wight, has been rendered remarkable
by the confinement of king Charles I. who, taking refuge here, was de?
tained a prifoner, from November 1647, to September 1648, After the
execution of the king, this caftle was converted into a place of confincr
ment for his children ; and his daughter, the princefs Elizabeth, died iti
it. There are feveral other forts in tbi? ifland, which were all erefted about
the 36th year of the reign of Henry VIII. when many other forts an4
blockhoufes were built in different parts of the coafi$pf J^i^g^and,

t^ap'^lh this

The SCII^LY ISLES, anciently the SILURES, are a cliifter of dati-
gerous rocks, to the number of 140, lying about 30 miles from the Land's
End in Cornwall, of which county they were reckoned a parr. By their
fituation between the Englifli channel and St. George's channel, they
have been the deftrudlion of many fhips and lives. Sonne of the iflands are
well inhabited, and have large and fecure harbours.

In the Engliih channel are four iflands fubje£t to England : thefe are
Jerfey, Guernfey, Aldccney, a<ifi Sark ; which, tl^ough they lie much
nearer to the coalt of Normandy than to that of Engla^, are within the
diocefe of Winchefler. They lie in a clufter in Mount Saint Michael's
bay, between Cape la Hogue in Normandy, and Cape Frebelle in Brit-
tany. The computed diftance between Jerfey and Sark is four leagues ;
between that and Guernfey, feven leagues ; and between the fame and
Alderney, nine leagues.

JERSEY, anciently CiESAREA, was kijown to the Romans ; and
lies fartheft within the bay, in forty-nine degrees feven minutes north la-
titude, and in the fecond degree twenty-fix minutes weftlongitute, t8
miles weft qf Normandy, and 84 miles fouth of Portland. The north
fide is inacccflible through lofty cliffs, the fouth is almoft level with the
water ; the higher land, in its midland part, is well planned, and abounds
with orchards, from which is made an incredible quantity of excellent
cyder. The vallics are fruitful and well cultivated, and contain plenty of
cattle and flicep. The inhabitants ncgledl tillage too much, being intent

upoR

444 ISLE OF WIGHT, SCILLY, JERSEY, &c.

upon the culture of cyder, the improvetnent of commerce, and particu-
larly the manufaiSture of ilockings. The hooey in Jerfey is remarkably
£ne ; and the idand is well fupplied with iilh and wild-fowl almoll: of eve<
ly kind, fome of both being peculiar to the iiland, and very delicious.

The ifland is ' not above twelve miles in length ; but the air is fo falu'
brious, that, in'Camden's time, it was faid there was here no bufiuefs for
a phyfician. The inhabitants in number are about 20,000, and are divided
into twelve pariflies. The capital town is St. Helicr, or Hilary, which
contains above 400 houfes, has a good harbour and caftle, and makes a
liandfome appearance. The property of this idand belonged formerly to
the Q:\nertt9f a Norman family, who have been always attached to the
royal intereft, and gave protection to Charles II. both when king and prince
of Wales, at a time when no part of the Britilh dominions durft recognife
him. The language of the inhabitants is French, with which moil of
them intermingle Englifh words. Kifit {lockings and caps form their fla-
pic commodity ; but they carry on a confiderable trade in fifli with New-
foundland, and difpofe of their cargoes in the Mediterranean. The go-
vernor is appointed by the crown of England, bur the civil adminiflration
refis with a bailitf, affifted by twelve jurats. As this ifland is theprincipnl
remain of the duchy of Normandy depending on the kings of England,
it preferves the old feudal forms, and particularly the aflembly of ftates,
^hich is as it were a miniature of the Britifli pari;, lent, as fettled in the
time of Edward I.

GUERNSEY, is thirteen milcsand a half from fouth-weft to north-
eaft, and twelve and a half where broadeil, eaft and weft ; has only ten
pariflies, to which there are but eight minifters, four of the pariflies being
-united, and Alderney and Sark, which are appendages of Guernfey, hav-
ing one a-piece. Though this is a much finer ifland than that of Jerfey,
yet it is far lefs valuable ; becaufe it is not fo well cultivated, .nor is it fo
populous. It abounds in cyder ; and the inhabitants fpeak French : but
want of firing is the greateil inconveniency that both iflands labour under.
The only harbour here is at St. Peter le Port, which is guarded by two
forts ; one called the Old-Caftle, and the other Caftle-Cornet. Guernfey
is likewife part of the ancient Norman patrimony.

ALDERNEY is about eight miles in compafs, and is by much the
neareft of all thefe iflands to Normandy, from which it is fcparated by a
narrow ftrait, called theRace of Alderney, which is a dangerous pafTage in
flormy weather, when the two currents meet ; otherwife it is fafe, and has
depth of water for the largeft fliips. This ifland is healthy, and the foil
)8 remarkable for a fine breed of cows.

,' SARK is a fmall ifland depending upon Guernfey; the inhabitants are
long-lived, and enjoy from nature alt the conveniencies of life; their
number is about 300. The inhabitants of the three laft-mentioned Iflands
together, are thought to be about 20,000. The religion of all the four
iflauds is that of the church of England.

: i^'

..vi:.-

ri''-

• r

FRANCE.

•= ,

■ ••

ij*

f,«***

-f-l

[

, '1

?i^

lurte

[ 445 ]

F R A

C E.

HAVING gone over the Britifli ifles, we lliall now return to the
continent, beginning with the extcnfive and mjehty kindom of
France* being the neareft to England ; though part of Germany and Po-
land lies to the northward of France.

SlTITATION AND ExTENT.

Miles. Degrees.

6°° } between \ « "^f '»"4 » Eaft. longitude.
500 I {42 and 5 1 North latitude.

It is bounded by the Englifli channel and the Nether-
lands, on the North ; by Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, Eaft; by
the Mediterranean and the Pyrenean mountains, which divide it from
Spain, South | and by the bay of Bil'cay, Weft.

DivTsioNS.] This kingdom is divided, and the dimeniions of the fe-
veral parts diftlnflly fpecified in the following table, by Mr, Templeman.

Length
Breadth

Boundaries.]

1 '

«e

. Countries Names.

Square
Miles.

Chief Citiet

France.

180

'Orieaniiuis —

a2,9jo

»3o

Orleans.

Ciiicnne -^

I2,SOO

ai6

112

Bourdeaux.

Gafciigne —

8,^00

'«S

Aux, or Augk.

Larigucdoc •—

'3>>75

200

rhouioufe.

f . , .

Lyonnois —

12,500

»75

130

Lyons.
Kheims.

)'■ 4

Ciiampagnc —

10,000

140

Bretagiie —

9, 1 CO

170

101;

Rennes.

Normandy —

8,200

'55

Rouen.

Papifts - ,

Provence —

6,Soo

Aix.

Burgundy —

6,700

150

Dijon.

Dauphine —

5,8ao

107

Grenoble.

*'"-"'■

Ifle of France —

5,200

100

p.,,. /N.Lai. 48-50.
'^**" IE. Lon. 2-a5.

Franche Compte —

4,000

100

Befan5o.i.

■-V ' . '"

Picardy —

3,650

120

Amiens.

.Roufliilon —

1,400

Perpignan.

i '■

'Artois —

990

3»

Anas.

Methcrlands <

Hainault —
Flanders > . —

800

760

5*<

Valenciennes.
Line.

.Luxemburg —

292

Thionville.

Germany J

" Lorrain —
. AMacc —

, . Total

a, 500
i.iSO

Metz. k
Stralburgh.

138,687

' ■ ■ '- J ' =

To there is

to be added the ifland c

f Corfica; but

the city of Avignon, with thc'l

Venaiflin, ws

IS in 1774 ceded to the p(

)pe.

Name and Climatb.] France took its mime from the Francs, or
Freemen, a German nation, relUefs and enterpriling, who conquered the
Gauls, the ancient inhabitants ; and the Roman force not being able to re*
prefs them, they were permitted to fettle in the country by treaty. By

. . w, ..V, , ;',;;. . , . ■ ' '.-) . . i ' :.• ■ T--.7; .^ its

^eJU

fiiainavM* ^iT]

\4^y

*jjtf

.fm***

.rJj

Uazjsti

/^.

..^^y . - v^*V^!^ TV

»«>;'i^^«

>Jir«f

>S»meiJv^

ilm^

'^Uoif

r o

'itiwi

- ^'jt^J

■:S$Pkmauu:;'y*f^--^<

s:::) '■■' {■*

rcv"»^''

ii!ri/o«oB»iib.

./^

Xuri»

dene

^•"'^stJi

\ 7U\ ) I dmuM»l4

ru/a^

o!<i

yriufel

ftr^onne'

/^•^i'"^ as.A3Sf^.A:!S

i"^

r<%HM>v I 1 ^ X^X*t^it\/^ X«mdm

446

FRANCE.

in fituation, (t it tht- moft comptA kinfdom perhaps in the world, and
well fitted fur every purpofe both ^ power and commerce ; and lince ihe
beginning of the 15th century, thcnnhabitiintt have availed themfeiveiof
man^ of their natural Advantages. The aiir, particularly that of the in-
terior parti of the kingdont, is in geneml mild and wbolefomc ; but fome
bite author* think it it not nearly fo falubrioui us is pretended ; and it mull
be acknowledged, thm the French have been bui 100 fucccfsful in giving
the inhabituma of Great Britain falfc prepofleiTioni in favour of their own
country. It muft indeed be owned, that their weather is more clear und
fettled than in England. In the northern provinces, however, the win-
ters are more ipienfely cold, and the inhabitants not fo well fupplied with
firing, which in France is chiefly of wood.

Soil and water.] France is happy in an excellent foil, which pro-
duce* com» wine, oil, ihnd almoft every luxury of life. Some of iheir
fruit* have a higher flavour than thofe of England ; but neither the paftu-
ra^e nor tillage are comparable to (iurs. The heats in many parts burn
up the ground, fo that it has no verdure, and the foil barely produces us
much rye and chefnuts as ferre to fublill the poor inhabitants ; but the chief
misfortune attending the French foil is, that the inhabitants having but a
precarious fecurity in their own property, do not apply thcmfelves fuffi-
ciKntly to cultivation and agriculture. But nature has done wonders for
them, and both aniitial and vegetable productions are found there in vaft
plenty.

The French have of late endeavoured to fupply the lofs ariling from
their precarious title to their lands, by inlUtuting academics uf agricultu^'c,
and propoiing premiums for its improvement, as in England ; but tho e
expedients, however fuccefsful they may be in particular inftanccs, an
never become of national utility in any but a tree country, where the
hulbandman is lure of enjoying the fruit of his labour. No nation is bet-
ter fupplied than France is with wholelbme fprings and vnvtr ; of which
the inhabitants make excellent ufe, by the help of art and engines, for
all the convenicncies of life. I ihall afterwards fpeak of their canals and
mineral waters.

Mountains.] The chief mountains in France, or its borders, are,
the Alps, which divide France from Italy ; the Pyrenees, which divide
France from Spain ; Vuuge, which divide Lorrain from Burgundy and
Alface ; Mount Jura, which divides Franchc Comptc from Switzerland ;
tltc Cevennes, in the province of Languedoc ; and Mount Dor, in the
province of Auvcrgne.

RiVBRS AND LAKES.] The principal rivers in France arc the Loire,
the Rhone, the Garonne, and the Seine. The Loire takes its courfe
north and north-wefl, being, with all its windings, frum its fuurce to the
fea, computed to run about 500 miles. The Rhone flows on thcfouth-
tlefl to Lyons, and then runs on due fouih till it falls into the Mediterra-
nean. The Garonne riles in the Pyrenean mountains, takes its courfe, firfl,
north-eafl, und has a communication «frith the Mediterranean by means of
a canal, the work of Lewis XIV.. The Seine, foon after its rife, runs
to the north-weft, viliting Troycs, Paris, ai:d Rouen, in *.ts way, and
falls into the Engliflt channel at Havre. To ihefe we may add the Soane,
which falls into the Rhone at Lyons ; the Charente, which riles near
Havre de Grace, and difcharges itftlf in the Bay of Bifeay at Rochfort.
The Rhine, which rifes in Switzerland, is the euftern boundary between
France and Germany, and receives the Mofellc and the Sarte in its p.iflragc.
The Somme, \vhicb runs north-weft through Picardy, and falls into the

Englifli

car

•n(

pot

of<

^f-'

F R A N C E.

447

t AND ) The vraters of Baregei, which lie neat
IIN08. ) the borders of Spain, under the Pyrenean

Xnelifh channel below Abbeville. The Var, which ilfti in the Al|>i»
juuTri)''^ foutht dividing Prance from Italy, and falling into the Mediter-
raneai., weft uf Nic^. The Adour rum from cart o weft, through Oaf-
tmgnt, and fall* into the fiiv of Bifcay, bcluw Bayonne.

The vaU advantage, both in commerce and conveniency, which ariflA
to France from thofe riven, it wondt . ^'lUy improved by the artificial ri«
vera and canali which form the chief glory of the reign of Lf wii XIV.
That of Languedoc was begun in the year 1666, and completed in i6io :
it was intended for a communication between the ocean and the Mediter-
taneon, for the fpeedier pafllige of the French fleet ; but though it wai
cnrried on at an immenfe expence, for 100 miles, over hills and vallies,
and even through a mountain in one place, it has not anfwered that pur*
pofe. By the canal of Culaii, travellers eafily pafs by water from thence
to St. Oincr, Graveline, Dunkirk, Ypres, and other places. The canal
of Orleans is another noble work, and runs a court'e of eighteen leagues*
to the immenfe benefit of the public and the royal revenue. France
abounds with other canals of the like kind, which rckder hef inland aavi«
gation inexpreilibly commodious and beneficial.

Few lakes are found in this country. There is one at the top of a hill

nf.:\T Alegre, which the vulgar report to be bottomleft. There is another

, it Iflbire, in Auvergne ; and one at La Befff, in which if you throw H

r>one,, it caufes a noife like thunder.

Mineral waters

REMAKKABLB SPRl

■lountaint, h:ive of late been preferred to all the others of France,' for the
recovery of health. The bell judges think, however, that the cures uer-
formed by them, arc more owing to their accidental fuccefs, with (ome

Seat perrons, and the falubrity of the air and foil, than to the virtues of
e waters. The waters of Sultzbach in Alface are faid to cure the paliy,
weak nerves, and the ftone. At Bagueiis, not far from Barege^, Are le-
veral wholefome minerals and baths, to which people refort as to the Eng-
lifli baths, at fpring and autumn. Forges, in Normandy, is celebrated
for its mineral waters ; and thofe of St. Amand cure the gravel and ob-
ilrui^ions. It would be endlefs to enumerate all the other real or pretend-
ed mineral wells in France, therefore I muft omit them, as well as many
remarkable fpriugs : but there is one near Aignc, in Auvcrgne, which boils
violently, and makes a noife like water thrown upon lime ; it has little or
no taAe, but has a poifunuus quality, and the birds that drink of it die
inftantly.

Metals and minbrals.] Languedoc is fuid to contain veins of
gold and filver. Alface has mines o( filvcr and copper, but they are ro«
expenfive to be wrought. Alabader, black marble, jafper, and coal, are
found in many parts of the kingdom. Bretugne abounds in mines of iron,
copper, tin, and lead. At Lnverdau, in Cominges, there is a mine of
chalk. At Berry there is a mine 6f oker, which ferves for melting of
metals, and for dying, particularly the beil drab cloth ; and in the pro-
vince of Anjou are feveral ([uarries of fine white Clone. Some excellent
turriuoifes (the only gem that France projduces) are found in Languedoc ;
and great care is taken to keep the mines of marble and free-llone open all
over the kingduin.
Vegetable AND ANiiliAL PRO- 7 France abounds in excellent
DucTioNs BY SEA AND LAND. J roots, which afC morc proper fof
ieups ihaa thofe of EngUnd. . As to all kinds of feafoning and I'ulbds
^ they

448

1? R A N C £i* .

they are more pteotifuU and in fome p\acta better thaiti In England ; they
being, next to their vines, the chief objeA of their culture. The province
of Gaftenois produces great quantities of faffron. l^he wines of Chani;<
pagne, Burgundy, Bourdeaux, Gafcony, and other provinces of France,
are fo well known, that thev need only be mentioned. It is fufficient to
bbferve, that though they differ very feniibly in their taAe and propertiesji
yet all of them are excellent, particularly thofe of Champagne, Burgun?
ay^ Bourdeaux, Pontacke, Hermitage, and Frontihiac : and there are feur
conditutions, be they ever fo valetudinary, to which fome one or other of
them is not adapted. Oak, elm, alh, and other timber, common in Engo
land, is found in France; but it is faid, that the internal parts of the
kingdom begin to feel the want of fuel. A great deal of fait is made at
Khce,. and about Rochfort on the coad; of Santoign. Languedoc pro<
duces an herb called kali, which, when'burnt, makes excellent pot^aflies*
The French formerly were famous for horticulture, but they arc at pre-
fent far inferior to the Englifli both in the management and difpofitions of
their gardens. Prunes and capers are produced at Bourdeaux and near
Toulon.

France contains few animals, either wild or tame, that are not to be
found in England, excepting wolves. Their horfes, black cattle, and
fheep, are far interior to the Englifli; nor is the wool of their flieep fo
lline. The hair and ikin of the chamois, or mountain goats, are more va<;
luable than thofe of England. We know of no ditference between the ma-
rine productions of France and thofe of England, but that the former is
not fowell ferved, even on rhefea confts, with falt-water fiih.

Forests.] The chief forefts of France are thofe of Orleans, which
contain 14,000 acre; )f wood of various kinds, oak, elm, a(h, &c. and
the foreft of Fo;itainbleau near as large ; and laear Morchifmoir is a foreft
of tall, ftraight timber, of i|.ooo trees. Belides thefe, large numbers of
woods, fome of them defervmg the name of forelts, lie in difterent pro-
vinces; but too remote from fea-carriage to be of much national utility.

PopuLi^TioN, INHABITANTS, MANNERS, } According to the latcft
CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. V and hell calculations,

France contains at prefent about 20,000,000 of inhabitants. It was late-
ly fuppofed, by Ibme fpcciilative men, that the population of France had
for many years been upon the decline ; bur, upon an accurate invefti-
gation, the reverfe appeared to be fiid ; though this country certainly loft
a great number of valuable inhabitants, by the revocation of the edi(ft of
Nantes*. The proportion of the pcopls of England to the people of
France is certainly as 1^ to one.

The French, in their perfons, are rather lower than their neighbours ;
but they are well proportioned and atTivc, and more free than other na-
tions ill general from bodily deformities. The ladies are celebrated more
for their fprightly wit than perfonal beauty ; thepeafantry in general, are
remarkably ordinary, and are beft dcfcribed by being contrafted with wo-

' III the ycii- 1J93, Henry IV. who was a Protectant, and jiifty fryk-d the Great,
akt-T iijjiuiiig Ma way to tlie crown of France, paffbd the famous cJift of Nantes,
which IVciia-<i tlie Pioteftants the free cxercifc of their rdiojion ; but his cdidt was i c-
voksd by Lewis XIV. vvhich, with the fuccctding perlecutions, drove the people td
England, Holland, and other Protcftant countries, where they eft;ihli{hed the filk
mauufadture, to the great prejudice of the country that perfecuted them.

men

'm'

FRANCE.

449

irs;

na-
lore

are
iwo-

ptcs,

I c-

le td

Ifilk

women df the fame ranks in England. The nobility dnd ge^t^y atComplifli
themfelves in the academical exercifes of dancing, fencing, and riding i
In the practice of which they excel all their neighbour! in (kill and
gracefulnefa. They are fond of hunting ; and the gentry have nOw left
off their heavy jitck-boots, their hu^e war-faddle^ aod mohdrous cuib*
bridle in that excrcife, and accommodate themfelves to the Englidi man"
ner. The landlords are as jealous of their game as they are iti England,
and equally niggardly of it to their inferiors. A few of the French priiice?
of the blood, and nobility, are more mngiiificent in their palaces and erui«
pages than any of the Englilh ; but the other ranks of life are defpicable»
when compared to the riches, elugaiice, and opulence not only of the
Englifli nobility and gentry in general, but of the middling people.

The genius and manners of the French are well known, and have been
the fubjedt of many able pens. A national van'ty is their predominant
charafter ; and they are perhaps the only people ever heard of, who have
derived great utility from a national weakneis. It fupports them under
misfortunes, and impels them to a«Sions to which true courage infpirea
other nations. This character, however, is confpicuous only in the
higher and middling ranks, where It produces excellent officers ) for the
common loldiers of France have few or no ideas of heroifm,. Hence it
has been obferved, with great juftice, of the French and finglidi, that
the French officers will lead, if their foldiers will follow, and the EngliQl
foldiers will follow, if their officers will lead. This fame principle of va.
nity is of admirable ufe to the government, becaufc the lower ranks, wheii
they fee their fuperiors elated, as in the war of 1756 with England, un*
der the mo(l difgraceful loiTes, never think that they are unfortunate ; and
from thence proceeds the paflive fubmiir.on of the French under all the^r
calamities.

The French afFeft freedom and wit ; but fafltionable drefles and diver*
fions engrofs too much of their converfation. Their diverfions are much
the fame with thofe of the Englifli, but their gallantry is of a very difter-
ent complexion. Their attention to the fair degenerates into grofs fopi
pery in the men, and in the ladies it is kept up by admittihg ot indecent
freedoms ; but the feeming levities of both fexes are feldom attended with
that criminality which, to people not ufed to their manners, they feem
to indicate ; nor arc the hufbands lb indifferent, as we are apt to imagine^
about the conduft of their wives. The French are cxceffuely credulous
and litigioi'.s : but of all people in the world they bear adverfity and le-
duftiun of circumllances with the beft grace ; though in profperity many
of them are apt to be infolent, vain, arbitary, and imperions. An old
French officer is an entertaining and inftruftive companion^ and indeed
the moft rational fpecies of all the Frencl> gentry.

The French are eminently diftinguiflied hy their politenefs and good
manners, which may be traced, though in different proportions, through
every rank, from the gieatell of the nobility to the lowell mechanic : and
it has been remarked as a very lingular i)hai;notnenonj that politenefsj
which, in every other country, is confined to people of a certain rank in
life, (hould here pervade every lituation and prokllion. Jndccd, the pa-*
liflied mildnefs of French mannersj the gay and fociable turn of the na-
tion, and the affable and eafy condud of mafters to their ferv;jflts, in fome
degree fupply the deficiencies, and corredl the errors of the government,
and tender the condition of the common people in France, but particu*
larly at Paris, better than in fcveral other countries in Europe^

Gg TW

IS®

F ft A N C E.

The French have been much cenfured for infincerity ; bot this chnrffB
has beejj^ carried too far, and the imputation is generally owing to their
exccfs of civility, which throws a fufpicious light upon their candour*
The French, in private lifie, have certamly many amiable charaders, and
a great number of inftanccs of generoilty and difiniereftednefs may be
found amongd them.

It is doing the French no more than jufticc to acknowledge, that, at
they are themfelvcs polite, fo they have given a polifli to the ferocious
manners, and even virtues of other nations. They have long pofleiTed the
lead in taftc, fafhion, and drefs ; but it fcems now to be in the wane, and
they themfelvcs think very favourably of the Englilh. This alteration
of opinion has not, boyi'ever, entirely taken its rife from their wits and
liearned men, nnd Hill tefs from their courtiers, or the middle ranks of
life. The fuperior orders of men in France, are of a very different c»ft from
thofe below them. They fee with indignation the frivoloufnefs of their
court ; anil however complying they may appear in public, when retired,
they keiep thcmfelves Oicred from iis follies. Independent by their rank
and fortunes, they think and ad for themfelvcs. They are open to con-
viftion, and examine things to the bottom. They faw during the war be-
fos-e the lad, the management of their armies, their finances, and fleets,
ivith filent indignation, and their refearches were favourable tothe Englifh.
The conclufiun of the peace of Fontainbleau, and the vilits which they have
fince paid to Englmd, have improved that good opinion ; the courtiers
fhemfelves have fallen in with it ; and, what fome years ago would have
been thought incredible, people of fafhion in France now ftudy thte En-
glifh language, imd imitate them in their cufloms, amufements, drefs,
and buildings, I'hey both imitate and admire our writers ; the names
of Bacon, Locke, Newton, Mihon, Pope, Addifon, Hume, Robertfon.
Richardfon, and many others of the laft and prefent century, are facred
among the French of any education ; and, to fay the truth, the writings
of fuch men have equally contributed, with our military reputation, to
taHe the name of Great Britain to that degree in which'it has been held
of late by foreign nations, and to render our language more univerfal, and
even a neceffHry ftudy among foreign nobility. But we cannot quit this
article of the manners and cultoms of the French, without giving a more
minute view of fome flriking peculiarities obfervable jimoncthat whimfi-
cal people in pllvate life, ;ind this from the remarks of a late ingenious
traveller, who was alio dilHnguiflied by various other produ^ions in po-
fiie literature.

«' The natural levity of the French, fays he, is reinforced by the mofl
- prepoflerous education, and the example of a giddy people, engaged in
the moft frivolous purfuits. A Frenchman is by fome pricft or monk
taught to read his mother-tongue, and to fay his prayers in a language he
does not underfland. He learns to d.ince and to fence by the maders of
ihofe fciences. He becomes a complete connoifleur in drefling hair, and
in adorning his own perfou, under the hands and inilrudlions of his
barber and valct-decbambre. If he learns to play upon thellute or the
•fiddle, he is altogether irrcfifliblc. But he piques himfclf upon being
polifhed above the natives of any other country, by his converfation with
the fair fex. In thecourfe of this communication, with which he is in-
dulged from his tender years, he learns, like a parrot, by rote, the whole
circle of French comphments, which arc a fct of phrafes, ridiculous even
to a proverb ; and thd'e he throws out indifcriminately to all women with-
2 out

FRANCE.

45t

Ic inoft

[gcd in

monk

ige he

ters of

and

»f hit

>r the

being

with

I is in«

kvhote

even

Iwith*

out

«&

Out dlAin^on, in the excrrife of that liind of addrefs which is here difi
tinguiflied b^ the name of gallantry. It is an exercifc, by the repetition
of which he becomes vei-y pert, very familiar, and reiy impertinent.
A Frenchman, in confequence of his mingling with the females from hia
infancy, not only becomes acquainted with all iheir cuftoms and humours,
but grows wonderfully alert in performing a thoufand little offices, which
are overlooked by other men, whofe time hath been f^eni in ipaktng
more vaUuble acquiiitions. He enters, without ceremony, a lady's bed*
chamber while (he is in bed, reaches her whatever ihe wants, airs her
Jdiift, and helps to put it on. He atten^ls her at her toilette, regulates tBe
diilribution of her (matches, and udvifes where to lay on the paint. If he
tifits her when (he is drefl'ed, and perceives the leaft impropriety in her
coi(ture, he infills upon adjufting it with his own hxnds. if he lees a curl,
or even a finglc hair ainifsf he produces his comb, his rci{rar$, and po-
matum, and wts it to .ighfs with the dexterity of a profefled frizcur. Hq
fquires her to every place ftic vifirs, either on buiinefs or plcafure ; and,
by dedicating his whole time to her, renders hiinfelf necelTaiy to her oc-
cafions. In fliort, of all the coxcombs on the face of the earth, a
French pelit-maitre is the moft impertinent ; and they arc zWpctiti-maitr J,
from the marquis who glitters in lace and embroidery, to \kt var^on bar-'
Here (barber's boy) covered with meal, who llruts with his hair in a lonj^
queue, and his hat under hit arm.
. ♦• A Frenchman will fooner part with his religion than his hjiir. Even
the foldiets in France wear a long queue, and this ridiculous foppery has
defcended to the lowcft claf^ of people. The boy who cleans flioes at
the corper of a (treet,. has a tail of this kind hanging down to his
rump; and the bccgarwho drives an afs, wears his hair/r/< qucne^ though,
perhaps, he has- neither (hirt nor breeches.

" I i\\A\\ only mention one cuftom more, which fecms to carry human
tfFeftatioA to the very fartheft verge of folly and extravagance : that is,
the manner in w^iich the faces of the ladies arc primed and painted. It
is generally fuppofed, that part of the fair fex, m fomc other countries,
mrtke uCeof/rfriifand Vermillion for very different purpofes ; namely, to
help a bad or faded complexion, to heighten the graces, or conceal the
defeats of natorc, as well as the ravaj^cs of time. I (hall not enquire
whether it is jiill and honeil to impofc in this manner on mankind ; if it
is not hon^;ft, it may be allowed to be artful ancf politic, and (liews, at
leaft, a deliie of being agreeable. But to lay it on, as the faihion in
France prefcribi-s to all the ladies of condition, who indeed cannot appear
without this badge of diftinflion, is to difguife themfclves in fuch u man-
ner, as to render them odious and deteftable to every fpeftator who has
the leaft relifli If ft for nature and propriety. As for the^^r^, or white,
with which their necks and (liouidcrs are plaiftered, it may be in fome
meafure cxcufable, as their Ikins are naturally brown, or fallow ; but the
roujrr^ which is daubed on their faces, from the chin up to the eyes, with-
out the leaft art or dexterity, not only deftroys all diftmdVion of feature:,
but renders the afpeft really frightful, or at leaft conveys nothing but
ideas of dilgiift and averfion. Without this horrible mafk, no married
lady is admitted at court, or in any poHte aflembly ; and it is a mark of
dlftin^ion which none of the lower claifes darejiffume."

The above pifture of the manners of the Frtuch nation is drawn with
wit and fpirit, and is in fome refpcds highly ch.ira(?teriftic ; but it is cer-
tainly not a flattering poiiralt ; aiui the faults and failings of this viva-

(Fz » ciout

45*

FRANCE.

cious people are, perjiaps, by the author whom we have tranfcribed, to*
much magnified. With all their defers, the French have many good qua-
lities, and are undoubtedly a very agreeable people to reiide among, at
lead for a time ; on account of the policenefs ot thiir manners, the great
attention they pay to (trangcrs, and the general talle for literature which
fr<- vqils among thufc in the better ranks of life. Thcr French liteniti have
great influence even in the gay and diffipated city of Paris. Their opi-
nions not only determine the nrerit of works of talte and fcience, but they
have conliderable weight with rcfpccft to the manners and fentiments of
people of rahk, iind of the public in general, and conftquently are not
without tflcft in the incai'ures of government.

Dress.] The .French drtfs of both fexes is fo well known, that it
is lieeciefs to txp<itiate upon them here ; but, indeed, their drcfs in cities
and towns is fo variable, that it is next to ipipollible to defcribe it. They
certainly have more invention in that particular than any of their neigh-
bours, and their conftautly changing their fafhions is of infinite fcrvice
to their manufadlures. With regard to the Englifh, they piffefs one ca-
pital fupcriority, which is, that the clonths of both fexe^, and their or-
natiirnis, are at leaft one third cheaper.

When a llrangcr arrives in Paris, he finds it necefTary to fend for the
taylor, pcrruquier, hatter, fhoemaker, and every other tradefman con-
Cerntd in thf tquipment of the human body. He muft even change his
buvkles, and the form of his rufHcs ; und, though at the rifk of his life,
fuit his cloatlis to the modf of the i'cafon. For example, though the wea-
ther (bould be cvtr fo cold, he niuil wear his ^a^// ^V//, or demi-faifoti^
without preluming to put on a v\arm drefs before the day which tafliion
has fixed for that purpofc ; and neither old age nor infirmity will excufe a
hian for wearing his hat upon his head, either at home or abroad. Females
are, if poiTibie, flill more fubjef^ to the caprices of fafliion. All their
facks and negligees muft he altered and new trimmed. They muft have
new caps, new laces, new (hoes, and their hair new cut. They muft have
their tafFeties for the fummer, their flowered filks for the fpring and au-
iumn, their fattins and dainalks for winter. The men too niuu provide
themfelves with a camblct fuit, trimmed with filver for fpring and autumn,
with filk cloihcs for fummer, and cloth laced with gold, or velvet for
winter; and he miift wtvir his bag-wig a la pigeon. This variety of drefs
is abfolutely indilpenfable for all thofe who pretend to any rank above
the mere vulgar; all ranks, from the king downwards, ufe powder; and
even the rabble, accordiaig to their abilities, imitate their fuperiors in the
fopperies of fafliion. The common people of the country, however, ftill
retain, withoutanyniateri.il deviation, the old-fafliioncd modes of drefs,
the large hat, and molt cnovmous jack-bootf, with fuitable fpurs ; and
this contrail is evtn perceivable a few miles from Paris. In large cities,
the clergy, lawyers, phyficiaus, and merchants, generally drefs in black;
and it has been obferved, that the French nation, in their modes of drefs,
are in fome meafure governed by commercial circumftances.

Religion.] The religion of France is Roman Catholic, in which
their kings have been fo conftant, that they have obtained the title of Moft
Chridian.; and the pope, in his bull, gives the king of France the title
of the Etdcft Son of the Chu:.;h. The Gallican church has more than
once attempted to fhake off the yoke of the popes, and made a very great
progrefs in the attempt during the reign of Lewis XIV. but it was de-
feated by the fecret bigotry of that prince, who, while he was bullying
'the pope, was inwardly trembling under the power of the Jefuits j a fet

1M ^ ^^^^

IHw

FRANCE.

453

hich
Moft
title
than
great
s de-
lying
a fet
thac

that is now exterminated from that kingdom. Though the French clergy
are more exempt th in Ibme others from papal authority, their church con*
fining the pope's power entirely to things ot in eecleliaftical nature, yet
they are in general great enemies to any thing that looks like reformation
in religion ; and, poUeflcd as they iirc of immenfe property, there mull
be a thorough coalition in opinion between t ic king and his parliaments,
before any ecclclinftical reformation can take place ; a profpcA which
feems at prefent to be yet too dirtant. In the fouthern parts of France,
fome of the clergy anci inagiftrates are as intolerant as ever ; and ihe per-
fecutions of the* pnucilants or, as they are called, Hiigonots, who are
very numerous in thole provinces, continued till very lately. Since their
alliance with America, the proteiliints have been more encouraj^ed, and
their aflemblies for worfliip in many pl-ices not difturbed. In fliort, the
common people of Fiance difcovcr no dilpofition towards a reformation in
religion, which, if ever it takes place, niuft probably be efFeftled by the
fpirit of the parli imenrs. I fliall not enter into the antiqua'ed dilputes
between the Molinifts and the Janfenifts, or the different fedls of Qui-
etifts and Bourignonb, and others that prevail among the Roman Citholics
themfelves, or into the difputes that prevail between the parliament and
clergy about the bull Unigcnitus, which advances the pope's power above
that of the crown. The ftate of religion in France is a ftrong proof of the
paffive difpofition of the nativts, and the bigotrjr of their kings, who,
m complaifance to the pipe, have deprived thtir kingdom, as already
hinted, of lome of its moll ufeful inhabitants. It muft at the fame time
be owned, that the Hugonots, while they fubliftcd in a manner as a fepa-
rate llate within France, fliewcd fome difpofitions not very favourable to
that defpotic fyftcm of government which is eilabliftied in the kingdom ;
and on fome occafions they did not difplay much moderation in matters
of relii^ion ; but, in general, their oppoiition to the rulers and court, pro-
ceeded from repeated attacks on their liberties, and the perfecutions they
fuffcred.

Archbishopricks, BisHOPRicKS, &c.] In the wholc kingdom thcrc
are 17 archbifliops, 1 1 ^^ bifliops, 770 ahbies for men, 317 abbies and pri-
ories for women, helides a great number of lefler convents, and 250 com-
manderies of the order of Malta ; but many of the abbies and nunneries
have been lately fupprclled, and the revenues feized by the king. The
ecclefiaftics of all forts are computed at near 200,000 and their re-
venues at about fix millions fterling. The kiog i\omiiiafes all archbifliops,
bifliops, abbots, and priors, and can tax the clcit^^without a papal li-
cence or mandate : accordingly} not many years fince, he demanted the
twentieth penny of the clert;y, and, ro alcertain tliar, requii il them to.
deliver in an inventory ot their eliites and incomes ; to avoid which,
they voluntarily made an oiler of the annual ium of twelve millions of
livrcs, over and above the ufual free j;itr, which they pay every five
yea^s. This demand is often repeated in a time of war.

The archbifliop of Lyons is count and primate of France. The arch-
biflwp of Sens is primate of France and Gcrmariy. The archhiihop of
Paris is duke and peer of the realm ; and the archbilhop of llhcims ia,
duke and peer, and legate of the holy fee.

Language.] One of the wifcft meafures of Lewis XIV. was his en-
couragement of every propofal that tended 10 the purity and perteftion of
the French language. He fucceeded fo far as to render it the moft uni-,
vcrfal of all the living tongues ; a circumftance that tended equally to his

QS3

454

FRANCE.

greatneft and his glory, for his court and nation thereby became the
fchool of arta, fciences, and politcnefs. The French language, at pre*
fent, is chiefly coinpufcd (T words radically dcrivtd from the Latin, with
many German derivatives introduced by the Frankb. It is now rather on
the decay ; its corner fiones, fixed under L^wis XIV. arc as it were
loofened ; and in the prefcnt mode of writing and cxpiifling ihcmfclvef,
the modern French abandon that grammatical ilandaid, which aloue can
render a language clailical and permanent.

Ai to the properties of the language, they arc undoubtedly greatly in<
fcrior to the Englifh ; but they are wtll adapted tu iubjeCts void ot ele-
vation or p.iilijn. It i» well accommodated to dalliance, complimenis, and
common convtrfation.

The Lord's Prayer in French is as follows : Notre Fere qui a au» cieux^
ion nom folt fan ''ife. Ton regne i icune. Ta volon/i foit faite en la irrre
commt au cieL Donne fiOut aujoitytVhui notre puin quotidien. Pa lionne
itoui nos offences, comme nnui partionnom a crux ,jui mus ont nffeniez, Et ne
tious intlui point en ti'n/ation, mats nous f/tlli're du mal : car a tot eft U regnc^
lapuijpinir^ i^ la gloire aux fecU desji des. Amen.

LbAKNiNG And LHAkNED MEN.] Thc Fi'cnch, like the other na-
tions of Europe, vverr lor many centuries immerlcd in barbarity. The
firfl learning they heg^n to ac(]uire, was not of that kind which improves
thc underftanding, correAs the tafle, or regulates the aft'ediuns. Itcon-
iifted in a fubiile and quibblin<,f logic which was more adapted ti* pervert
than to improve thc faculties. But thc fludy of the Greek and Roman
writers, which iird arofe in Italy, diHufcd itlelt among the French, and
gave a new turn to their literary puiiuits. This, togcthei with the en-
couragement which the polite and learned Francis I. gave to all men of
merit, was extremely bencHcial to French literature. During this reign,
many learned men appeared in France, who greatly diliinguilhcd thcm-
felves by their writings ; among whom were Budeu^, Clement Marot,
PtteP du Chatel, Rabelais, and Peter Ramus. The n.imcs of Henry and
Robert Stephens are alfo mentioned hy every real fcholar with rcrpei''t.
It was not, however, tili the feventeenth century, that the French began
to write with elegance in ihcir own language. The Academic Fr.incjoiie
was formed fur this purpofe : and though their labours, conlidered as a
body, were not fo fuecefsfulas might have been expefleJ, fome particular
academicians have done great fervice to letters. In fai^V, literary copart«
ncrfliips are fcldom very fuccefsi ul. Of this we have a runarkable exam-
ple in the prcfent cafe. The Academy publidied a dictionary for im-
proving the French language : it was univerfally defpiied, Foreticres,
a (ingle academician, pubiiihes another : it meets with univerfal ap-
probation.

Le^is XIV. was the Auguftus of France. Tht protcftion be gave to
letters, and the penfions he bcftowed on learned men, both at home and
abroad, which, by calculation, did not amount to above 12,00 1. per an-
num, have gained uim more glory than all the military cnterpnfes, upon
which he expended fo many millions. The kaiucd mmwho appeared in
France durin^^ this reign, are too numerous to be mentioned. Their
tragic poets, Racine and Corncille, h.>ve dclervedly obtained a a cry high
trputation : the iirft was dilbnguiflied fur fkill in nu)ving the paifions ; the
fecond for majefly j and borh, for the flrcngth and juftnei's of their
painting, the elegance of their tafte, and their llrift adherence to the
rules of the drama* Moliere would have exhauftcd the fubjc£ts of co.

mcdy,

FRANCE.

455

medy, were they not every where inexhauflible, and particularly in
France. In works of fatire and in criticifm, Boileaii, who was a dofe
imitator of the ancienti, poflUTed uncommon merit. But France hat not
yet produced an epic poem that can be mentioned with Milton's ; nor a
genius of the fame extenflve and univerfal kind with Shakfpearr, equally
fitted for the gav and the ferious, the humorous and the fublime. Id
the eloquence ox the pulpit and oi the bar, the French are greatly our
fuperiors : Bofluet, Bourdaloue, Flechier, and Maflillon, hive carried
pulpit eloquence to a degree of perfcd^ion which we may approach to,
but can hardly be expcdted ever to fiirp.ifs. The genius, however, of
their religion and government, is extremely unfavourable to all improve*
ments in the moft ufeful branches of phiUtfophy. All the e(iabli(hmentt
of Lewis XIV. for the advancement of fcience, were not able to coun-
terbalance the influence of the clergy, whofe intereft is to keep mankind
ignorant in matters of religion and morality ; and the influence of the
court and minidry, who have an equal intereft in concealing the natural
rights of mankind, and every found principle of government. The
French have not therefore fo many good writers on moral, religious, or
political fubjedls, as have ap|ieared in Great Britain. But France hat
produced fome great men who do honour to hunvmiry ; whofe career no
obftacle could ftop, whofe freedom no government, however defpotic, n9
religion however fuperAitious, could curb or reftrain. As an hiflorian,^
De Thou is entitled to the higheft praife : and who is ignorant of Pafcal,
or of the ar«.hbi(hop of Cambray ? Few men have done more fervice to
religion, either by their writings or their lives. As for Montefquieu*
he is an honour to human nature : he is the legiilator of nations ; hia
works are read in every country and language, and wherever they go
they enlighten and invigorate the human mind. And, indeed, there
have lately feveral writers appeared in France, whofe writings have
breathed fuch fentiments of liberty, as were not very well accommodated
to the arbitury government under which they live ; ami thelc lentimenta
feem much to increafe among the men of letters, aad perfuns in the higher
clafles of life : but the lower people in France, being Id's enlightened^
and long habituated to defpotic power, feem too well adapted for the yoke
of flavery.

In the Belles Lettres and mifcelliineous way, no nation ever produced
more agreeable writers ; among whom we may place Montaigne, D'Ar*
gens, and Voltaire, as the molt confiderable.

Before the immortal Newton appeared in England, Defcartes was the
greateil p])ilor6pher in modern times. He was the iirft who applied alge«
bra to the foluiion of geometrical problem?, which naturally puved the
way to the analytical difcoveries ot Newton. Many of the prefcnt age
are excellent mathematicians \ particularly D'Alemberr, who, with all
the precifion of a geometer, has united the talents of a fine writer.

Since the beginninj;of the prefent century, the French have almoft vied
with the Englifii in natural philofophy : BufTon would dcfervc to be
reckoned among men of fcience, were he not ftill more remarkable for his
eloquence than for his philofophy ; he is to be regarded as a philofofihical
painter of nature ; and, under this view, his Natural Hiflury is the tirll
work of its kind.

Their painfers, Pouflin, Le Brim, and above all Le Sueur, did honour
io the age of I^ewis XIV. They have none at prefent tcr compare with

G g ^ them

45^

Jf R A N C E,

fr t

f^ein in the more })ob1e kinds of ps^iming ; but Mr. Greufe, for por^raitl
apd converfatlon-pieces, never perhap* was excelled.

Sculpture is in general bet^r underwood in Ifrapce ih^n in mu(t' other
countries of £urope. Their tccatifet on flitp-building and engineering
AumI unrivalled ; but in the praiEticc of both they are outdone by the
£nglifli. No genius has hitherto equalled Vauban in (he ffieory or prac«
tice of fortification. The French wprc long ow iujicriors \p architecture %
?hough we now bid fair for furp..fling them ip this art.

Wc fliali conclude this head with obferving, that the French have now
finiflied ihe£ncyclo|3cdic, or general dii^ionuryof'arts and fcicnces, which
Vras drawn up by the moil able mnders iri each brand) of literature, in 28
Yolumes in folio (lix of which are copper-plates), under the dircdion of
Melfieurs D'Aleinbcrt i|nd Diderut, and is the n)oil complete collection of
human knowledge we arc acquainted with.

Universities ANu public colleges,] Thefc literary inftitutiona;
have received a lofs tor the prcfent by the expulfion of the Jefuits, who
made the languages, arts, and fciences, their particular iludy, and
tauyht them all over France ; but as the extindion of tliis body of mei|
will probably lefleo the influence of fufwrftition in France, there is rea-
fon to believe that t!ie intcrells of real learning and fcience will, upoti
the whole, be promoted by that event. It is not within my plan to der
fcribe the different governments and conllitntions of every univerfny of
public college in France ; but they are in number twenty-eight, as fol-
low : Aix, Anglers, Aries, Avignon, Befanqon, Bou,rdeaux, Bourges,
Caen, Cahors, D0I, Douay, Flephe, Montauban, Montpelier, Nantes,
Orange, Orleans, Paris, Perpignan, Poitiers, Point Moufon, RichlieUf
Rheims, Soilfons, Strafbourg, Touloufe, Tournoife, and Valence.

AcADUMiEs.] There ^re eight ac^de^nies in Paric, namely, three li-
*tciary ones, the French Academy, that of Infcriptions, an,d that of the
Sciences ; one of painting and fculpture, one of architedure, and three
for riding the grea- horfe, and other military exercifes.

ANTKvyiTiEs AND CURIOSITIES, I Fcvv Countries, if we except
NATURAL AND ARTiKiciAL. S Italy, Can boail of morc Valuable
remains ot antiquity than France. Some of the French antiquities belong
to the time of the Celts, and confcquently, compared to them, thofe ot
Rome are moiiern. Father Mabillon has given us a moft curious account
of the ftpulchrcs of their kings, which have been difcovered ib far back
as Pharaniond ; and fome of them, when broke open, were found to
contain ornaments and jewels of value. At Rheims, and other parts ot
France, are to be Hen triumphal arches ; but the moft entire is at
Orange, crei'tcd on account of the vidfory obtained over the Cimbri and
Tcutones, by Caius Marius and LuClatius Catulus. After Gaul was re-
duced to a Roman province, the Romans took vaft delight in adorning it
with magnificent edilices, both civil and facrcd ; fome of which are more
entire than any to lie met with in Italy iifclf. The ruins of an amphi-
theatre are to be found in Chalons, and likevvife at Viennc. Nifmcs,
however, exhibits the moil: valuable remains of ancicpt archite£lure of
any place in France. The famous Pont du Garde was raifcd in the Au-
cuftan age by the Roman colony of Nifmes, to convey a ilream of water
ftctwecn two mountains for the ufe of that city, and is as frefli to this day
as VVellminfler-bridge : it confilts of three bridges, or tiers of arches one
^bove another ; tbe height is 174. feet, and the. length extends to 723.
The moderns arfj indebted for this, and many other llupendous aqueducts,

FRAN C E.

457

to the ignorance of the ancients, that all dreams will rife as high as the*'
heads. Many other ruins uf antiquity are found at Nifines ; but t
chief* are the temple of Diana, whofe velliges are dill remaining; the
amphitheatre, which is thought to be the fined and mod^ ciuire of the
kind of any in Europe ; but above all, the houie ereded by the emperor
Adrian, called the Mailon Carrie. The archite£ture and fculpture of
this building are fo exauilitcly beautiful, that it enchants even the moft
ignorant : and it is Aill entire, being very little affected either by the ra-
vages oi time, or the havoc of war. At Paris, in La Rue de l,t Harpe,
may be fcen the remains of a palace, or therms, fuppofcd to have beea
built by the emperor Julian, furnamed the Apoliate, about the year 3561
alter the fame model as the baths of Dioclctiun. The remains ot this
ancient edifice are many arches, and within them a large laloun. It is fa-
bricated of a kind of madic, the compolition of which is not now known,
intermixed with fmall fquare pieces of free- done and bricks.

At Aries in Provence is to be fecn an obclilk of oritntul granite, which
is 52 feet high, and feven feet di.t meter at the bate, and all but one done.
Roman temples arc frequent in France. The moit particular are in Bur-
gundy and Guienoe; and other places, befides the neighbourhood of
Mifmes, contain magniHcent ruins of aquedudts. The pafliige cut
through the middle ot a rock near Bri.ini^on in Dauphiny, is thought to
be a Roman work, if not of greater antic). lity. The round buckler of
inady lilver, taken out of the Rhone in 1665, being twenty inches in
diameter, and weighing twenty-one pounds, containing the dory of
Scipio's continence, is thought to be coeval with that gi ear gcncnd. It
would be endlefs to recount the different monuments of antiquity to be
found in France, pHrticularly in the cabinets of the curious.

I have already mentioned I'everal remarkable fprings and mountains,
which may be confidered as natural curiolities. Some of the mudcra
works of art, particularly the canals, have been alfo before niiticed.
There are fonie fubterraneous paflages and holes, efpecially at St. Aubin
in Brittany, and Niont in Dauphiny, really dupendous.

Cities AND towns.] Thefe are numerous in France; of which we
fliall mention only Paris, Lide, and their principal fea-ports, Bred and
Toulon.

Lifle, in French Flanders, is thought to be the mod regular and
ftronged fortification in Europe, and was the maflcr-piece of the famous
Vauban. It is generally garrifoned with above ten (houfand regulars {
and, for its magnificence and elegance, it is called Little Paris, its ma«
nufafturesot lilk, cambric, and camhlets, are very confiderable ; and its
inhabitants amount to about one hun.lred thoufand. Every reader is ac-
quainted with the hiftory of Dunkirk, which the French were obliged by
the treaty of Ltrecht to demolifli, but is Hill a thorn in the fide of the
Englifli, by bt ing a harbour for their fmugglers, and may now, by an
article in the lad treaty of peace, be put into what condition the French
miniilry may pleafc. The red of French Flanders, and its Netherlands^
abound with fcjrtificd towns, which carry on very gaintul manufatftures.

Moving fouthward, we come to the Ide of France; the capital of
which, and of the whole kint;dom, is Paris. This city has been fo often
dcicribec), it may appear iuperfluous to mention it more particularly,
were it not that the vanity of the French has given it a preference, which
it by no means deferves, to all the capitals in the world, in every refpcA,
hot e;ccepting even population. Many of the Englifli have been impof-
• ■ ' ■ • ■ -ed

45«

FRANCE.

«il Upon in thit point { particul^trly by the computing from the birtht
and DuriaU within the btllt of mortality, which rxclude the moil popu-
lous pariilics ab6ut London. Another millake lies in computinsf from
births and niarri;iges. The number of dlflcnters of all kinds m and
about London, wito do not regiiler the births of their children, is amaa-
ing ; the regttlers of others arc not known by the public ; and ma>
ny of the poorer fort will not iittbrd the fmall expence of fuch a
regtflerini^. Another peculiarity cxifting in London is, that moA of
the Londoners, who will aiford the cx|)ence, when they find thcnv-
fclves coniumpiive, or otherwife indifpoft-d, retire into the country,
where they ate buried, and thereby excluded from the btiti of mortality.
The population of I'arls, thca-fuie, where the rcgiflers are more exa6t
and accetfible to the poor, and where the relie^on and the police are more
vnifbrm and ftri£t, is far more eafily afcertunied than that ot London ;
and by the bell accounts, it does not exceed feven or tight hundred thou-
fand, which is hr fliort uf the inhabitants of London and the contiguous
pKriflies*

Paris is divided into three parts ; the city, the univerfiry, and that
which was formerly called the Town. The city is old Pans ; the -JnU
verfity and the town are the new. Paris contains more works of publi.;
munificence than utility. Its palHCes are fliewy, and fome of its itrctto,
fqtiares, hotels, hofpituls, and churches, fupcrbly decorated with a pro-
fufion of paintings, tnpeilrv, images, and Ibtucs ; but Paris, notwitti-
ilanding its boailed police, is greatly inferior to London in many of the
conveniencies of life, and the folid enjoyments of fociety. Without en-
tering into more minute difquifitions, Paris, it mud be owned, is the pa-
radit'e of fplendor and diifipation. The taprflry of the Gohelines* is un-
e(|ualled fur beauty and richnefs. The Louvre is a building that does
honour to architetSlure itfclf ; and the inilitution of the French academy
far exceeds any thing of the kind in England, or elfewhf( , The Tuil-
leries, the palace of Orleans, or, as it is ca'ied, Luxembourg, where a
valuable colle^ion of paintings are (hewn, the royal palace, the king's
library, the guild-hall, and the hofpital for the invalids, are (uperb to
the higheft degree. The city of Paris is faid to he fifteen miles in cir-
cumference. The hotels of the French noblefle at Paris take up a great
deal of room with their court-yards and gardens ; and fo do their con-
cerns and churches. The ftreets are very n trrow, and the hoiifes very
high, many of thcin feiren ilorics. The huufes are built of (lone, and
arc generally mean, even to wrctchednefs, owing partly to their contain-,
ing a different family on every floor. The river Seint', which rung
through the centre of the city, is not half fo large at tlie Thames at
London : it is too far diilant from the fea for the purpol'cs of navigation,
and is not furniflicd, as the Thames, with veflels or bo;Us of any fort :
ower it are many Hone and wooden bridges, which have nothing to re-
foromend them. The ftrect* of Paris are generally crowded, particular-
ly with coaches, which gives that capital ihc appea'ance nf wealth and
grandeur ; though, in reniiry, there is more fliew than fubllance. The
flittering carriages that dazzle the eyes of llrangers are moilly comtnoi\

• One Goilci, a nr.t«d dyer at Rhcinis, was th-: firft who fettled in thivplace, in th«
reign of Francis I. and the houfc ha<i retained his name ever Alice ; and here the great
^olbcrt, about the year 1O67, ciUblifhed that vuluiible mwiwfactory.

hacks,

FRANCE.

lit

very
and

hackf, hired by the day or week to the numcroui foreiKoen who Tifit that
city; und in truth, the greaieft part of the trade of Farii Mrifei from the
conlknt fuccclfion of OrHngeri that arrive daily, from every iiHtion and
quarter of the globe. Thii afceiidMncy over other nation*, i* undoubt*
ediy owing to the reputation of their language, their public buildings,
the Oubclinei, or ntanuladture of tapedry, iheir libraries, and collcAions
of piiintings, that are open to the public ; the cheupncfii of proviliona,
exccllcnc) vf the Fiench wines, and above all, the purity of the air ana
clim->te in France. With ull thcle advantagesf, i^iris. in general, will
not bear a cuinprifon with London, in the more cllt-nci.il circumtiance*
of a thriving foreign and dotnelUc trade, the cleanncft of their ftreeta,
elegance uf their houfe^, clpccially within ; the plenty of w'«rcr, and
that of a be'ter (|uuliiy than the Seine, which it u faid dilitgrees with
ilrangers, us do likewite their fmall wines. In the houl'es of Paria iiioft
of (he floors uie of brick, and have no other kind uf cleaning th.<ii that of
being fprinkkd with water, and fwvpt once a day. Thcfe brick fluorif
the Itonc llairs, the want of Muiiitcoii.ng in the rooins, und the thick par-
ty walls of ilone, are, however, good prelervativea agaiiiA fire, which
feldom duct any daiiiage in this city. Inllcad of wainlcoiting, the walla
arc covered wi'h tapelfry or damafk. The beds in uencral arc very good,
and well ornamcuted with teller and curtains; but ou^js arc here a nioll
jiitolt-rable njiiancc, which trctjoenMy oblige llnmgers to ileep on the
foor during the cxceifivc he.it in die fiimmer. Their diops are but poorly
iloied with goods; nor has their govtruinent made the provilioiis that are
pvcr in its power tor the coinfoit of the inferior r.mks ; its whole atten-
tion feeming to be dire<!ifed to the convenic ncy and I'plendour of the great,
"i^he Ihopkcepcrs and tradelincn, an indolent, loitering pioplc, feldoin
m:ike their appearance before dinner in any oilier than a morning drcf^,
of velvet cap, fitk night gown, and Moioccu ilippcrs; but when they
intend a viht, or going abroad, all the punctilios of a courtier are at-
tended to, and hardly the lefcmblance of a man remains. There is a re-
markable contrail between this clafs of people and thofe of the fame
rank in London. In Paris, the women pack up p.uceli, enter the or-
ders, and do moll of the drudgery bulinefs of (he ihop, while the huf-
band loiters about, talks of the great, ot talbions and diverlions, the in-
vincible force of their armies, and the I'plendour of the grand monarque.
The Harifinns however, as well as the natives of France in general, are
rnnarkal)le ten<perate in their living ; and to be intoxicated with liquor
is conlidercd as infamous. B^ead, and all manner of butcher's meat and
poultry, are extremely good in Paris; the beef is excellent; the wine
they generally drink, is u very thin kind of Burgundy. The common
people, in the fummer feafon, live chieHy on bread, butter, grapes, and
fmall wine. Th«^ Parifians fcarcely know the ufe of tea, but they have
cotfee in plenty. The ^lulice of Paris is (b well attended to, ihat quarrels,
accidents, or felonies, ieldom happen j and flran^,ci's, from all quarters qf
the globe, let their appearance be ever fo uncommon, meet with the moH
polite tieatmcnt. The ftrcets are patrolled at night by horfe and foot; fo
judicioully flationed, that no uflender can efcape tlijcir vigilance. They
likcwife vifit the publicans prccifely at the hour of twelve at night, to fee
that the company are gone; for in Paris no liquor can be had alter tha(
time. The public roads in France are under the fame excellent rtgula-
tion, which, with the torture of the rack, prevents robberies in that king-
dom ; b^t for the fame reafou, wluu robberies do h-ippen, they arc always

auendqd

460

FRANCE.

•trcndn! wUh the dcaih of the unfortunate traveller ; and indeed ttiis it
the fcneral practice in every country of Europe, Ungland and Scotland
excepted.

The environs of Paris are very pleafant, and contain a number of fine
feats, I'mall towns, and village*; (bine of them, being Icattcrcd on the
edge* of lofty mountains riiing from the Scine» arc remarkably dclight-
lul.

The palace of Verfailles, which ftandi twelve miles from Paris, though
magnificent and expenlive beyond conception, and adnnud wiili all that
•rtcan furnifli, is properly a collodion ot buiUlinj;s, cath of exqnilite ar-
chitefture, but not forming a whole, a^;rccablr to the grand and lublimc of
that art. The gardens, and water works, (which are rii;>plicd by mcani
of prndiaioiis engines acrofs the Seine at Marli, about three miles di-
jlance), aro alloniOin,", pioKh of the fciiile genius of man, ami highly
worthy of a ftranger's attention. Trianon, Marli, St. (icrmain en La\c,
Meudon, and other royal palaces, are laid out with talk- and judgnicnt;
each ha3 its peculiar beauties for the entertainment auii amulement of a
luxurious court ; but fome of them arc in a fliameful condition, both as to
repairs and clcanlincfs.

Bred i:< a fm .11, but very ftrong town, upon the Kn''lini channel, with
a nioft fpacioiis and fine fortified road and harboii;, the bell and fafeft in
■11 the kingdom : yet its entrance is diflieulr, 1>\ nalon ot many rocks ly-
ing under water. At Breft is a court of admiialty, and academy for fea
aft'iirs, docks, and magazines for all kinds of mval (lores, ropj-y.vrds,
HorcihouCes, &c. infomuch that it may now be termed the capital reecp-
tacle'for the navy-royal of France, and is admirably well adapted for that
end.

• Lewis XIV. rendered Toulon, from a pitiful village, a fea-pnrt of great
importance. He fortified both the town and harbour, for the recep'ioii
and protecftion of the navy-royal. Its old and its new harbour lie contigu-
ous ; and by means of a canal, fliipi pafsfrom the one to the other, both
of them having an outlet into the fpicious outer harbour. Its arienal,
cftablifhed alCi by that king, has a paiticular ftorehoufc for each (liij) of
war, its guns, cordage, &c. being leparutely laid up. Here arc fpacious
woikfliops for' blackimith?, joiners, carpenters, loekfiniths, cirvers, &c.
Its rope-walk, of done, is 320 toifcs or fathoms in length, with three
arched walks. Its general magazine lupplies whatever may be wanting in
the pirticular llorchoufes-, and contains an imnunle quantity of all kinds
of iforcp, diipolVd in the greatelt order.

Commerce a.vd manuiactttkes.] Next to Ilcnry IV. juftly
ilyled the Gieat, the famous Colbert, miniller to Lewis XIV. may be
called the father of the French commerce and manufailures. Under him
there was. a gicat appiarance that France would inake as illuftrious a fi-
gure as a trading, as (lie did then as a warlike people; but the tnirh is,
Mie French do not naturally pofiefs that undaunted perfcverance which is
nccelTary for commerce a i-.d eolonization, though no people, in theory, un-
derft.md them better. It is to be conlklered at the laine time, that France,
by her fituation, by the turn of her inhabitants for certain manufa£lurcs,
and the happinefs of ber foil, mull be always pofieJTed of great inland and
•neighbouring trade, which enriches her, and maker, her the molt refpcc-
table power uj)on the continent of Europe. I have already enumerated
"her natural commoditie? ; to which may be added, her manufaiflures of
lalt-pttrc, filk, embroidtiy, filvcr-lluffs, tapcliry, cambrics, lawns, fioe

FRANCE.

461

.ghly

faces, fine Tergfi nnd (luflfAf velvet!, brocadn, pper, brand/, which it
didilled from wine, a prodigious vHriecy of toyi, and other articles ;
many oi which urc rinug|;led int« Great firitaiu, for which they &rc paid
in ready money.

The filk manufiAurc was introduced into F/ance To late as the reign of
Henry IV. and in tht- age uf his giandibn Lewis XIV. the city of Tourt
alone employed 800 looms, und 800 mills. The city of Lyons then eni«
ploycii 18,000 louiii^ ; but uFter the impolitic and unjuH revocution of the
cdi6t of Nuutes, the cxpviUinn of the I'rutcdunts, and the ruinous war*
maintained by France, they dccrc.ilcd to 4000 ; and their filk munufa^ure
is now rivalled by th.it of Engluid, where the French Protcftants took re-
fuge, and were haj)pily cncoungcd. On the other hand, the French
woollen cloths and Itutls, more cipccially at Abbeville, are faid to be now
little inferior to thofe ot England and Holland, aflidcd by the ciaiideftinc
importation of EngliHi and Irifli wool, and workmen from this country.

Bolides the infinite advantage arifing to her inland commerce, from her
fivers and navigable canals, her forcij;n trade may be faid to extend itfelf
iiU over the globe. It is a doubtful point whether the crown of France
was a lofer by its celllon of Canada and part of LouiQana at the lace
peace. But the mod valuable part ot Hifpaniola in the Weft Indies,
which file poUelTes by the partiality and indolence of Spain, is a moll im-
provcablc acauifition, and the moll valuable of all her foreign colonics. In
the Well Indies flic likewifc poH'ellcs tlie moft important fugar iflands cS"
JMartinico, Guadaloupe, St. Lucia, Tobago, St. Bartholomew, Defsada,
»i)d Mari'^alant«. Her poilclliutts in NorUi America are only a fmall
tra't upon the Miiriifippi.

The French poffeirions in the Eaft Indies, are not very confiderable;
though had their genius been more turned for conMnercc than war, they
might have cngroH'ed more territory and revcpnes than are now in pollef-
fion of the Englifli ; but they over-rated both their own power and their
courage, and their Eaft India company never did much. At prefent (fays
Mr. Anderfon,) * her land r de to Switzerland and Italy is by way of
Lyons — To Germany, tluou ,b Metz and Strafburgh — To the Nether-
lands, through Liflc — To Spain (a moft profitlible one), through Bay-
onne and Perpignar. As tor her n;'.val commerce, her ports in the chan-
nel, and on the weftern icean, are frequented by all the trading nations in
Europe, to the great a . .intaj^e of France, jDore efpecially refpcding what
is carried on with Engl md, Holland, and Italy. The trade from her Me-
diterranean ports (m ne particularly from Marfeilles) with Turkey and
Africa, has long bee 1 very confiderable. The negro trade from Guinea
fupplics her fugar colonic, beftdes the gold, ivory, and drugs got from
thence.'

One great difadvantage to the commerce of France is, that the profcf-
fion of a merchant is not fo honourable as in England and fomc other
countries, lb that the French nobility think it below them ; which is tli?
reafon tha^ the church, the law, and the army, arc fo full of ilvn onicr,
A great number of the cities of France have the privilege of coinage, and
each of them a particular mark to diftinguilli their refpgdivc pieces;
which muft be very cmbanaffing, cfpcci illy to ftrangcrs.

Public trading companies.] 'I he inftitutions of public trading
companies to Canada or New France, and ^he Eaft and Weft Indies, for-
merly coft the French crown immenfc funis ; but we know none of them
BOW fubfifting, though no doubt their Weft India trade, which isflill very

con*

46%

FRANCE.

confiderable, efpecially in fugar, is under proper regulations, prefcribed
by their councils of commerce.

CovSTiTtJTioN AND GOVERNMENT.] The conHitution of France in
feudal times, was very unfavourable to monarchy ; but the oppreiSons of
the great bnd-holden, by degrees, grew fo irkiome to the fubjcfts, that
they preferred the monarchical to the ariftocrHtical government. Ariftocra-
Cy, however, ftill fublifted in fonie degree to the beginning of the laft
century, chiefly through the neccflity which the Hugonots or proteftants
were under to have princes of the blood, and men of great quality for
their leaders; but Richlieu in the time of Lewis XlII. gave it a mortal
blow ; and all the civil difpuifs in France flnce, have been among great
men for power and places, and berwecn the kings and their parliaments i
but the latter were feldom or never attended with any fanguinary cflefts.

The prefent parliament of France has no analogy with that of Great
Britain. It was originally inftituted to icrve as a kind of law afliftant to
the aflcmbly of the llates, which was compofcd of the great peers and
landholders of the kingdom ; and ever fincc it continued to be a law, and
at lad a money court ; and the members have had the courage of lajte to
claim a kind of a negative power to the royal edi«fts, which they pretend
can be of no validity till regiftered by them. His moll Chriftain Majcfty
has often tried to invulidnte their acfts, and to intimidate their pcrfons ; but
(lefpdtic as he is, he has never ventured to inflid any farther puniflimeat
than a flight baniiliment, or imprilbnment, for their mod provoking aAs
of difobedience.

This ridiculous fltuation between power and privilege, fliews the infir-
mity of the Frence conflitutinn, as tl^e king dares not punifli, and his
pailiament will not obey ; but it difcovers nt the fame time, that the nation
in general thinks the parliament its natural guardian againll the court.

The kingdom of France is divided into thirty governments, over each
of which is appointed a king's lieutenant-general, a fuperintendant, who
pretty much refembles the lord-lieutenants in England, but their execu-
tive powers are far more exrcufive. Diflributive juftice in France is ad-
miniftered by parliaments, chambers of accounts, courts of aid, preiidial
courts, generalities, cle^ions, and other courts. The parliaments were
in number fifteen ; thofe of Paris, Touloufe, Rouen, Grenoble, Bour-
deaux, Dijon, Aix, Rheims, Pau, Metz, Bcfantjon, Douay, Pcrpignan,
Colmar, and Arras. Several of theCe parliaments, however, are now
united in one. The parliament of Paris is the chief, and takes the lead in
all national budnefs. It is divided into ten chambers. The grand cham-
ber is appropriated chiefly for the trial of peers. The Tournelle Civil,
judges in all matters of property above the value of looo livres. The
Tournelle Criminellc, receives and decides appeals from inferior courts in
criminal cafes. Belide thefe three capital chambers, there are five of rc-
quefls, for receiving the dcpofitions of witnefTes, and determining caufes,
pretty much'in the fame manner as our bills and anfwers in chancery and
the exchequer.

The next court of judicature i| France is the chamber of accounts;
where all matters of public finan^ are examined, treaties of peace and
grants regiftered, and the vaflalages due from the royal fiefs are received.
The ehambers are in number twelve, and held in the cities of Paris, Rou*
en, Dijon, Names, Montpelier, Grenoble, Aix, Pau, Blois, Lifle,
Aire, and Dole.

^ The

FRANCE.

4«3

and

buK

and
vcd,

OMtf

The third court of judicature is the court of aid, where all tnatten that
relate to the royal revenue, and the railing of money, are determined.

The fourth are the prelidial courts, which are compofcd of judges for
((etermining matters in appeal from magidrates of little town3 and villages*

The next conrt are the generalities, who proportion the taxes to be
ralfed in their diftrifls, according to the fum that is appointed to be levied.
They likewifc take cognifance uf matters relating to the crown lands, and
certain braiiches of the revenue. Thefe courts are in number twenty-three,
each confiding of twenty-three perfoiis ; and they are dillributed over the
kingdom for the more convenient difpatch of bu^nefs.

Subjeft to thefe generalities, are the courts of eledlions, which fettle the
fmaller proportions of taxes that are to be paid by paridies and inferior
diflri^ls, and how much each individual in the fame is to pay. This is
done by a colledtor, ivho returns the alFeflments to the court of generali-
ties. Befidcs the above courts, the French have iniendants of juftice,
police, imd finances, whofe powers, when properly executed, are of great
fervice to the peace of the community. They have likewife provofts, fc-
nefcals, bailiflV, and other officers, whom wchave no room to enumerate.

After the rc;ider has been told of the excellency of the climate, and
feitility of the foil in France ; her numerous manufiK'iilurcs and extenfive
commerce ; her great cities, numerous towns, fea-ports, rivers and canaU ;
the cheapnefs of provifions, wines and liquors ; the formidable armies
and fleets file has lent forth, to the terror of Europe ; and the natural
charadter of her inhabitants, their fprighrlinefs and gaiety ; he will un-
doubtedly conclude, that France is the mod powerful nation, and her peo-
ple the mod opulent and happy in Europe. The reverfe, however, ap-
pears to be the date of that nation at prefent : and we do not find, that i^
any former period they were move rich or more happy.

True it is, that in a country fo extenfive and fruitful, her government
finds immcnfe rcfonrces in men and money : but, as if the French coun-
cils were direvf^ted by an evil genius, thefe refources, great as they are, by
a wrong applicaiion have proved the ruin of the people. The mod obvi-
ous caufes of this national poverty took their rife from the ambition and
vanity of their kings and courtiers, which led them into fchemes of uni-
verfal dominion, the aggrandizement of their name, and the enfiaving of
Chridendom. Their wars, which they fometimes carried on againd one
half of Europe, and in which they were generally unfortunate, led thenx
into difficulties to which the ordinary revenues were inadequate ; and hence
proceeded the arbitrary demands upon the fubjcft, under various pre-
tences, in the name of loan?, free-gifts, &c. When thefe failed, other
methods, more defpotic and unwarrantable, fuch as raifing and reducing
the value of money as it fuited their own purpofes, national bankruptcies,
and other grievous oppreffions, were adopted, which gave the finifliing
blow to public credit, and fliook the foundations of trade, commerce, anq
.Indudry, the fruits of which no man could call his own.

Whe»*we confidcr the motives of thefe wars, a dcfire to enflave and ren-
der miferablc the nations around them, that man mud be devoid of hu-
manity whofe bread is not raifed with indignation upon the bare mention
of the blood that has been fpilt, the miferics and defolations that have hap-
pened, and the numerous places tl«at have fallen a facrifice to theifambi-
tion. It appears too plain, from their late attack upon Corfica, th.it their
own misfortunes have not taught them wifdom or humanity ; for while
they thus grafp after foreign conqued, their own country exhibits a pic-
ture

4^4

FRANCE.

ture of mifery and beggary. Their towns, a very few exceptedt make »
mod d|fmal and folitary appearance. The fliups are mean beyond defcrip-
tion ; and the paffen^ers, who fauntcr through a labyrinth of narrow dirty
ilrcetSt appear to he chiefly compofed of prielb und devotees pafling to or
from mals, hair-drcflers, and beggars. That this is the appearance of
their tpwns, and many of their ciues, we may appeal tn the ubrervatioii
of anyone who has been in that itingdom. Were it poflible to mention a
people more indi,uent than tliefe citizens, we might defcribe the farmers
and peafantry. We have in another place mentioned the natural advan-
taj/es of France, where the hills are covered with grapes, and mod exten-
five plains produce excellent crops of corn, rye, and barley. Amidft this
profiilion of plenty, the farmer and his family barely exill upon the glean<
ings, and his cattle, which are fcldom numerous, pick a fubliilence, in the
fumraer months, from the ikirts of his fields. Here the farmer, meagre,
clifpirited, and deprefled, exhibits a fpedlacle of indigence hardly credit
ble : and to fee inm plowing the ground with a lean cow, iifs, and a goat
yoked together, excites in an Englilh traveller that pity to which human
nature is entitled. He forgets the country while he feels for the man:

Many of the taxes and revenues in France ai;e let out for a time to the
beil bidder, or, as it is there called, fanned ; and thcfe harpies, the far-
mers general, and tlieir underlings, make no fcruplc of fleecing the pco«
pie moll unmercifully ; and the refidue, if any do remain, goes to fatisfy
the cravings of a numerous clergy, who in their turn are obliged, as well
as the Itiity, to advance the government immenfc funis under the names of
tenths and free-gifts, exclufive of which, they are now taxed with a cer-
tain fum, to be paid annually.

Revenues.] It is not eafy to fay any t^ing certain concerning the re-
venues of a prince who can command the puries of all his fubjeidts. In
1716, the whole fpecie of France, in gold and lilver, was computed to be
about feventeen millions fterling ; and though the crown was then doubly
,a bankrupt, being in debt about 100 millions llerling, or 2000 millions
of Hvres, yet by laying hold of almoft all the curient money in the king-
dom, and by arbitrarily railing or lowering the value of coins, in four
{rears time the duke regent of France publiflied a general ftate of the pub-
ic debts, by which it appeared that the king fcarcely owed 340 millions
of livres. This being done by a national robbery, we can form no idea but
that of defpoiifm, of the means by which fo gre.it a reduftidn was effedled.
The French court has not fince that time bluflied to own, as towards the
concluiion of the former war, aad alfo in 1 769, that their king was bank?
rupt ; and his minifters have purfued meafures pretty much limilar to thofe
praftifcd by the regent, to recruit the royal finances.

According to fome late calculations, the annual ordinary revenues of
France amount to above twelve millions llerliug. Their taxes are raifed
by the taille, or land-tax ; the tallion, which the nobility are obliged to
pay as well as the commons, is only another land-tax ; by aids, which wt;
call cuftoms on merchandife ; by gabels, which is a tax upon fait ; by a
capitation, or poll-tax ; by the tenths of ellates and employments ; by
the fale of all offices of juliice ; by confifcations and forfeitures ; and by
a tenth, or free-gift of the clergy, exclufive of the annual (urn of twelve
millions of livres, which that body has of late advanced to the king.

Military and marine strength.] Theie is no nation w Europe

Jirliere the art of war, particularly that part of it relating to gunn ■) y aiid
brtiftcation, is better underilood than in Francct Befidcs other methods

ifamHSOf.

FRANCE.

465

enues of

raifed

)liged to

hich w«;

by a

Its ; by

and by

twelve

Euiope
cry aiid
ncthods
for

for cultivating it, there is a royal military academy eftabltfted purpofety
for training op 500 yourtg gentlemen at a time, in the levcral branches of
this great art. In time of peace the crown of Fr.«nce maintains about
200,000 men, but at a very fmall comparative expence, the pay of the
cnmmon men being little more than two pence halfpenny per day« Iti time
of war 400,000 have been brought inio the field ; but thofe that are r lii'ed
for the militia are very indifferent troops. In the reign of Lewis XIV,
the French had at one time 100 (hips of the line, which was almoft equal
to the marine force of all P.urnpe beiidcs. The French have, however, at
fea been generally defeated by the Englifli. ' The engagement at La Hoguc,
which happened in 1692, gave a blow to the French marine which it was .
long betore it recovered. The late king Lewis XV. has more than once
made prodigious efforts towards re-eftabli(hing bis navy ; but his ofticeri
and feamen were fo much inferior to thofe of England, th:it he Teemed dur*
ing the war of 1756, to have built (liips of force for the fcrvice of Great
Br'tain, fo frequent were the captures made by the Enelifh. However^
after the commencement of hodiltties between Great Britain and France^
on account ot the conduA of the latter in afliding the revolted American
colonies, it has appcard that the French navy is become more formidable
than at any preceding period, their miniftry having exerted their urmoft
efforts to eftablini a powerful marine. The prefcnt navy of France con*
fifts of about 100 (hips pf the line, befldes a great number of frigates.
Royal titles, arms, NOBtitTY J The title affumed by the
AND oitOERS« J Frcnph kifjw is, limply, king of

France and Navarre ; and by way of compliment he is called his Moft
Chridain Majefty. His arms are three fleurs-de-lis, or, in a field azure,
fupported by two angels in the habits of Levites, having each of them a
banner in his hand, with the fame arms. The motto is Lilia non laborant
neque rent.

About the year 1349, Hubert, the laftjCount of Dauphiny, being acch
dent.illy the occafion of his fon's death, annexed that county to the'crown
of France, upon condition that the elded fon of France (hould be, for the
time to come, ftyled Dauphia.

The French nobility are of four kinds ; firft, the princes of the blood ;
fecondly, dukes and counts, peers of France ; thirdly, the ordinary no-
bility I fourthly, the nobility lately mnde, or thofe made in the prclent
reign. The Hrft prince of the blood is the perfon who ftands next to the
crown after the king's fons. The knights o*" the Holy Ghoft are ranked
among the higher nubility ; as are the gove.iors and lieutenants-general
of provinces.

In France there arc fevcral orders ; Jfr/f, that ** ef Sf. Miehatly** infti*
tuted in 1469 by Louis XI. and thoii<;h originilly cotnpofed only of
thirty-iix knights, was aftersvards enlarged to a hundred. It is fallen into
ditrepute, bemg conlcrred on artifts, phyficians, magiftratcs 8fC. Their
badge is a golden oval medallion, in which is St. Michael trampling the
dragon under his fret. A perfon muft be a knight of this order before he
can enter into the feconei " of the Holy Ghoft,** which was founded in
1579 by Henry III. and h compofed of a hundred perlbns, exclufive of
the fovereign, and contcncd only on princes of the blood, and perlbns of
the higheft rank. All arc to be papifts, and, except tlie 14 commanders,
which conlift of Cardinals, Prelates, and the officers of the inder, arc all
to prove the nobility of their dcfcent for above too ye;irs. The Dauphin
is received into both orders on the day of his birth. Thirds the orJer

H h «» c/

466

FRANCE.

U of St, Leuh" which was iudiiuted in the year 1693 by Lewis XI V«
merely for military merit, and is worn by almoft every officer, and even
fubalterns. As of this order all muft be papiAs, Lewis XV. inAituted the
order of Military Merit in the year I7$9» in favour of the proteilant of-
ficers of foreign regiments in the fervice of France. In all other refpe^s
the ftatutes are the fame with thofe of the order of St. Lewis. There are
two Chevaliers Grand Croix, four of the fecond clafs, and an unlimited
taumber of ordinary knights. The badge of the order is a crofs of eighc
points, enamelled white, on the one fide a fword in pale, with the motto, <
Pro virtkte belliemy and on the reverfe a chaplet of laurel within this infcrip-
tion, Ludoviius XV. inftituit anuo 1759. The order of St, Lazare^ re-
vived by Henry IV. in 1^67^ and united to that of Notre Dame de Mount
Carmelf hath fallen into difrepute, but dill continues, and confifts of 100
knights under a Grand Mafter : the badge is acrofs of eight points, in the
angles four fleurs-de-lis, with the Virgin Mary and her child Jefus in the
centre of it.

History.] The hiftory of no country is better authenticated thati
that of France, and it is particularly interelling to a Britidi reader.
This kingdom, which, was by the Romans called Tt^nfalpine Gaul, or
Qaul beyond the Alps, to diflinguifli it from Cifalpine Gaul, on the Ita*
liaa fide of the Alps, was probably peopled from Italy, to which it lies
contiguous. Like other European nations, it foon became a deiirable
objea to the ambitious Romans ; and, after a brave refiflance, was an-
nexed to their empire by the invincible arms of Julius Caefar, about
forty- eight years before Chrift. Gaul continued in the poffeflion of
the Romans till the downfal of that empire in the fifth century, whea'
it becitme a prev to the Goths, the Burgundians, and the Franks, who
fubdued, but did not extirpate the ancient natives. The Franks them-
felves, who gave it the name of France, or Frankenlnnd, were a col-
ledion of feveral people inhabiting Germany, and particularly the Salii,
who lived on the banks of the river Sale, and who cultivated the prin-
ciples of jurifprudcnce better than their neighbours. Thefe Salii had a
rule, which the refl of the Franks are faid to have adopted, and has
been by the modern Franks applied to the fucceffioin of the throne, ex-
cluding all females fiom the inheritance of fovereignty, and is well
known by the name of the Salic Law. 'i

The Franks and Burfjundians, after eftablifliing their power, and reduc-
ing the Original natives to a ilate of flavery, parcelled out the lands among
their principal leaders ; and fucceeding kings found it necefTary to confirm
their privileges, allowing them to exercife fovereign authority in their
refpemve governments, until they at length afTumed an independency, only
acknowledging the king as their head. This gave rife to thofe nu-
merous principalities that were formerly in France, and to the feveral
parliaments ; for every province became, in its policy and government,
an epitome of the whole kingdom ; and no laws were made, or taxes
raifed, without the concurrence of the grand council, confifling of the
clergy and of the nobility.

Tiius, as in other European nations, immediately after the dilToIution
of the Roman empire, the firft government in France fecms to have been
a kind of mixed monarchy, and the power of their kings extremely
circumfcribed and limited by the feudal barons.

The firft Chriftain monarch of the Franks ("according to Daniel, one
«f the beft Fiehch hiftorians) was Clovis, whu began his reign anno 481,

F R A JI C El

467

ewii XIV.
, and even
ilituted the
iteftant of-
er refpeAs
There are
unlimited
fs of eight
the motto,
his infcrip-
.azare^ re-
fc de Mount
lifts of 100
ats, in the
efus in the

:9ted than
(li reader,
i Gaul, or
}n the Ita*
hich it lies
a delirable
e, was an-
far, about
>irellion of
ury, when
anks, who
uks them-
irere a col-
V the Salii,
1 the pria-
lalii had a
I, and has
irone, ex-
id is well

and reduc-
ids among
to confirnt
Y in their
:ncy, only
thofe nu-
le feveral
vernment,
or taxes
ng of the

ItlTolution
lave been
ixtremely

iniel, one
inno48i,
and

•nd wfls baptized; and introduced Chriltianity in thtl y6%t ^Si from
which period the Frenish hiftbry exhibits a feries of great events ; and
we find them genert^Uy engaged in domeftic broils or ia foreign wars.
The firft race of their kings, prior to Charlemagne, found a crilcl enemy
in the Saracens, who then over-ran Europe, and retaliated the barba-
rities of the Goths and Vandals upon'th^ir j} lerity. In the year 800^
Chactiemagne, king of France, whom we have often mentioned as the
i;lory of thofe dark ages, became mafter of Germany, Spain, and pare
of Italy, and was crowned king of the Romans by the poi)e ; he divided
liis em;>ire by will amdAg his fons, which proved fatal to tils family and
pofteriiy. Soon after this, the Normans, a fierce warlike people from
Norway, Denmark, and other parts of Scandinavia, ravaged the king^ .
dorti of France, Hnd, about the year 900, obliged the French to vieid
up Normandy and Bretagiie to Rollo, their leader, who n^ar^iea the
king's daughter, and was perfuaded to profefs himfelf a Chrjftain. This
laid the foundation of the Norman power in '"ran'.e; which afterwards
gave a king to England, in the perfon of Williatt. duke of Noruiatidy^
who fubdued Harold, the laft Saxon king, in the year 1066. This event
proved unfortunate and ruinous to France^ as it engaged that nation in
glmoft perpetual wars with England, for whom they were not an equal
match; notwithftanding their numbcrd, ana the affiliance they received
from Scotland.

The rage of crufading, which broke out at this time, was of Infinite
fervice to the French crown in two refpe^ls : in the firfl place^ it car-
ried off hundreds of thoufands of its turbulent fubje£ts, and their lea''
ders, 'who were almoft independent of the king : in the next, the king
fucceeded to the eftates of numbers of the nobility, who died abroad
without heirs. .

But palling over the dark ages of the crufade's, their expeditidns to thd
Holy Land, and wars with i:.i.gland, which have already been men-
tion^, we fhall proceed to that period when the French began to extend
their influence over Europe ; and this brings us to the reign of Francis 1*
contemporary with Henry VIII* of England. This prmcc, though he
was brave to •txcefs in his own perfon, and had defeated the Swifs,
who till then were deemed invincible^ was an unfortunate warrior*
He had great abilities and great defeats. He was a candidate for
the empire of Germany^ but loft the imperial crown : Charles V*
of the houfe of Auftna, and king of Spain, being chofen. Francis
made fome dazzling expeditions againll; Spain, but fuiTered his
mother, of whom he was very foild, to abufe his power : by which he
difobliged the conftable of Bourbon, the greateft of his fubjedls^ who
joined in a confederacy againft him with the emperor and Henry VII L
of England. In a capital expedition he undertook into Italy, he was
taken phfoner at the battle of Pavin, in the year 1524, and obliged to
agree to diflionourable terms, which he never meant to perform, to
regain his liberty. His non-performance of thofe conditions was after-
wards the fource of many wars between him and the emperor ; and lie
died in 1 547.

France, at the time of his death, notwithftanding the variety of dif-
agreeable events during the late r>-ign, was in a flourifhing condition.
Francis I. was fucceeded by his f a Htfnry II. who upon the whule was an
excellent and fortunate prince. He continued the war with the cmpe'
ror of Germany to great advantage for his own dominions) and wasi

H li a fo

..'>

4^8

FRANCE.

fo well krrti by the duke of Cuife, that though he loft the battle
of St. Qyintin, aeainft the Spaniardi and the Englifli, he retook Calais
from the latter, who never I'mce had any footing in France. He mar-
ried his Ton, the Dauphin, to Mary (jueen of Scots, in hopes of uniting
that kingdom to his crown ; but in this fcheme, he, or rather his
country, was unfortunate, as may be feen in the hiftory of Scotland.
He was killed in the year 1559* at an unhappy tilting-match, by the
count of Montgomeri.

He was fucceeded by his fon Francis II. a weak, (ickly, inaflive
prince, and only thirteen years of age, whofe power was entirely en-
grofled by a prince of the houfe of Guife, uncle to his wife, the beau-
tiful queen of Scotland. This engrolfment of power encouraged the
Bourbon, the Montmorenci, and other great families, to form a ftrong
oppofition againft the government. Anthony, king of Navarre, was at
the head of the Bourbon family ; but the queen-mother, the famous
Catherine of Medicis, being obliged to take part with the Guifes, ths
; confederacy, who had adopted the caufe of Hugonotifm, was broken in
"} pieces, when the fudden death of Francis happened, in the year 1 $60.

This event took place while the prince of Condi, brother to the king
i of Navarre, was under fentence of death for a confpiracy againft the
' court; but the queen>mother faved him, to balance the interefi of the
> Guifes ( fo that the fole direction of affairs fell into her hands, during
the minority of her fecond fon, Charles IX. Her regency was a con-
tinued feries of diiltmulation, treachery, and murder. The duke
of Guife, who was the fcourge of the Protefiants, was afliiflinated
by one Poltrot, at the fiege of Orleans; and the murderer was unjuAly
thought to have been infiigated by the famous Coligni, admiral of
France, who was then at the head of the Proteftant party. Three civil
wars fucceeded each other. At laft the court pretended to grant the
Hugonots a very advantageous peace, and a match was concluded be^
' tweeo Henry, the young king of Navarre, a Protedant, and the French
king's filler. The heads of the Protellants were invited to celebrate
the nuptials at Paris, with the infernal view of butchering them all if
Doflible, in one niglit. This project proved but too fuccefsful, though
jt was not completely executed, on St. Bartholomew's day, 1572. The
king himfelf alfiAed in the maflTacre, in which the admiral tell; audit
is (aid that about 30,000 Protetlants were murdered at Paris, and in
other parts of France ; and this brought on a fourth civil war. Though
a frefli peace was concluded in 1573 with the Proteflants, yet a firth
. civil war broke out the next year, when the bloody Charles IX. died
^ without heirs.

His third brother, the duke of Anjou, had feme time before been
chofen king of Poland, and hearing of his brother's death, he with
fnme difficulty efcaped to France, where he took quiet polTeflion of that
. crown, by the name of Henry III.

Religion at that t'me fupp'.ied to the reformed nobility of France the
feudal powers they had loft. The heads of the Protcflants could raife
armies of huqronot'*. The governors of provinces behaved in them as
if they had been independent of the crown ; and the parties were fo
equally balanced, that the name of the king alone turned the fcale.
. A hly league was formed for the defence of the catholic religion, at the
head of which was the duke of Guile. The proteftants under the prince
s of Condc, and the duke of Alen9on, the king's brother, called in the

German

FRANCE.

4^9

the battle
ook Calais
He mar-
of uniting
rather hia
F Scotland,
tch, by the

y, inactive
intirely en-
I the beau-
iuragc4 the
m a Arong
irrei was at
the famous
Suifes, the

broken in
lar 1 560.
to the king
againft the
ereft of the
ids, during
' was a con*
The duke

aflliflinated
vas unjudly

admiral of
Three civil
a grant the
icluded be*
the French
celebrate

them all if
°ul, though

572. The
fell ; and it
ris, and in
Though

yet a fifth

es IX. died

efore been
1, he with
ion of that

France the
could raife
in them as
ies were fo
the fcale.
ion, at the
• the prince
ailed in the
German

German princes to their aflidance ; and a fixth civil war broke out in
1577, in which the king of Spain took the part of the league, in reTcnge
of the duke of Alen^on dechring himfelf lord of the Neiherlandif Thtt
civil war was finiflicd witl in the year, by another (ham peace* The
king, ever fince hisacceifKn to the crown, had plunged himfelf into a
courfe of in&mous debau(hery and religious extravagance. He was
entirely governed by his orufligate favourites, but he poflefled natural
good fenie. He began to iiifpec^ that the profcriptions ot the Proteftantu,
and the fetting alide from the fucceflion the kinz of Navari e, on account
of his religion^ which was aimed at by the nuly league, was with a
view to place the duke of Guife, the idol of the Roman i^atholrcs, on
the throne, to which that duke lud fome diflant pretenlioni> To fecure
himfelf on the throne, a feventh civil war broke out in 1 579, and an*
other in the year 158<;, both ot them to the difadvantage of the Protcf*
tants, through the abilities of the diike of Guife. The king thought
him now fo dangerous, that after inviting him in a friendly manner to
court, both he and his brother the cardinal, were, by his majefty*s or-
ders, ^ndin a manner under his eye, bafcly aiTaffinated in 1588. The
leaguers; upon this, declared that Henry had forfeited hii crown, and
WU3 an enemy to religion. This obliged him to throw himfelf into the
arms of the pruteftants : but while he was belieging Paris, where the
lenguers had their gr^ateft force, he was in his turn aiTaffinated by one
CItrment, a young enthuiiaflic monk, in 1 589. In Henry III. ended
the line of Valois.

The readers of hiftury are well acquainted with the difficulties, on ac-
count of his rclit^ion, which Henry IV. king of Navarre'^, head of
the houfe of Bourbon, and the next heir by the Salic law, had to en-
counter before he mounted the throne. The leaguers were headed by the
duke of MhIh, brother to the late duke of Guu> ; and they drew from
his cell the decripid popiOi cardinal of Bourbon, uncle to the king of
Navarre, to proclaim him king of France. Being U'ongly fupjported by
the power of Spain and Rome, all the glorious adlions performed by
Henry, his courage and magnanii'nity, ftemed only to make him more
illuftrioufly unfortunate ; for he and his little .court were fometimes with-
out common nccelfarits. He was however, perfonally beloved ; and
no objection lay againfl him but that of his religion. The leaguers on
the other hand, fplit among themfelvcs ; and the French nation in ge-
neral, being jealous of the Spaniards, who availed themfelves of the
public diftra£lions, Henry, after experiencing a variety^ of good and
bad fortune, came fccrctly to a rtfolution of declaring himfelf a Roman
Catholic. This was called a meafure of prudence tf not of neceHity,
as the king of Spain had offered his daughter Ifabella Clara Eugenia to
be queen of France, and would have married her to the young duke of
Guife.

In I ;g3 Hemy went publicly to mafs, as a mark of his converfion.
This compltifancc wrought wonders in his favour { and having with

all France fubmitted
ain to contend with.

great diiliculry' obtained abfolution from the pcipe,
to his authority, and he had only the crowp of Spi

* A fmall kingdom lying upon the Pyrcnean mountains, of the greatcft part of
wliicli, Upper Navarre, Henry's prcdeceflbrs had beta unjuftty dilpulclTed, by Fer-
diitand, king uf Spain, about the year I j 12. '^

H 3 which

470

FRANCE.

which he did for feveral years with various fortune. Jn ijpS hepuh;*
liltled the famous edift of Nantes* which fecured to his old friencis ihie
FroteOantg the free exercife of their religion ; and next year the treaty
of Vervins was concluded with Spain. Henry next chaftifed the duke
of Savoy, who had taken advant$i^e of the late troubles in his kingdom ;
and applied himrelf with wonderful attention >ni fucceft (aililled ',n all
hit ^nclertakings by his minifter, the great Sully, to cultivate the happi.
nefsof his people, by encouraL ng manufu^turea, particularly that of lilk,
the benefit of which France feels at this day. i:<)vin^ re-eftabliflied the
tranquillity, {ihd, in a great meafure, (eciircd the happinefs of his people,
be formed connexions with th^ neighbouring ppwers for reducing the ani«
1;|ition of the houfe of Auftria '^ for which purpofe, it is faid, he had
formed great fchemes, arid collected a formidable army ; others fay (for'
his intention does not clearly appiear), that he defigned to have formed
t^hrillendom into a great republic, of which France was to be the head,
and to drive the Turks out of Europe ; whi|e others attribute his prepara-
^ons to more ignoble motives, that of a criminal paflion for afavourit^
princefs, whofe hufband had carried her for proteoicn into the Auftrian
dominions. Whatever may be in tliefe conjectures, it is certain, that
while he was making preparations for the coronation of his queen, Mary
of Medicis, and was ready to enter upon his grand expedition, he wasar-
faiflinated in bis coach in the fireets of Paris, by one Ravilliac, Uke Cle-
ment, another yoiing enthuiiaft, in 1610. .

Lewis XIII. fon to Henry IV. defervedly named the Great, was but
nineyeari of age at the time of his father's death. As he grew up, he
difcarded his mother and her favourites, and chofe for his roiniiler the fa-
mous cardinal Riclilieu, who putj a period, by his refolute and bloody
mcafures, to the remaining liberties of France, and to the religious efia>'
bliQiment of the protcdants there, by taking from them Rochellc, though
Charles I. of England, who had married the French king's ii(ler,'-'made
fome weak efforts by his fleer <ind arms, to prevent it. This put an end
lib the civil wars, on accou'-it of religion, in France. Hiftorians fay, that
in thefc wars above a million of men loft tneir lives ; that 1 50,000,000
Uvres were fpcnt in carrying them ou , and that nine cities, four hundred
villages, two thoufand churches, two thoufand moniiflerics, and ten thou-
fand houfcs, .were burnt, or otherwife deftroyed, during their continu-
ance. ■ ^

Richlien, by x maflerly train of politics, though himfelf was next to
an enthuliaft for popery, fupported the proteftants of Germany, and
Guftavus Adolphus, againft the Jioufe of Auftria; and after quelling all
the rebellions and coufpiracies which had been formed againd him in
trance, he died fome months before Lewis Xlll. who, in 1643, left his
fon, afterwards the famous Lewis XIV. to inherit his kingdom.
■ During that prince's non-age, the kingdom was torn in pieces under the
adminiflration of his mother Anne of Auflria, by the fai^tions of the
great, and the divilions between the court and parliament, for the mofl
triflin;; caufts, and upon the moft defpicahle principles. The prince of
Coixic flamed like a blazing liar ; fometimes a patriot, foraetimcs a cour-
tier, and fomeiimesa rebel. He was oppoffd by the celcbr.lted Turcnne,
who f'lom a proteflartt had turned papilt. The nation of France was in-
vcjlveci at once in civil and domeflic wars ; but the queen- mother having
irade chciec of cardinal Mazarine for her firft minifter, he found means
to tuna tlic arms even of Cromwell againft the Spainards, and to divide

-■■■■■.:■■■ ^hc

FRANCE.

4ti

[98 l)e'pu|>.
friencls ihie
ir the treaty
m1 the duke .
> kingdom j
iHfled ':n all
■ the happi*'
that of lilk,
ibUflied the
his people,
ne the am-

io, he had
w fav (for
lave formed
: the head,
is prepara-
a favourit^
le Auftrian
rtain, that
sfh, Mary
he was af-
» Uke Cie-

t was but
:w up, he
ler the fa-
nd bloody
cious efta.'
kt though

er,-»inadc
lit an end

fay, that

>)0CO,O0O

f hundred

ten thou«

continu-

IS next to

iriy, and

elling all

him in

left liis

uider the

of the

he moil

)rince of

> a cour*

urcnne,

was in*

having

means

divide

the domeftic enemies of the court fo eflTe^hially among themfelvrs, thtpt
when Lewis aflumed the reins of government in his own hands, he tound
himfelf the moft abfolutc monarch that had erer fat upon the throne of
France. He bad the good fortune

le . on the death of Mazarine, tj put th«
jT.u.a into the hands of Colbert, whom X

domelUc adminiilration of his 9.\

"have more than once mentiooed, who formed new fyftems for the glorv,
commerce, and manufai^ures of France, all which he carried to a furprif*
ing height.

To write the hiftory of this reign, would be to write that of all Europe.
Ignorance and ambition were the only enemies of Lewis : throug'h th^*
former, he was blind to every, patriotic duty of a king, and promoted tfuf
intcrefts of his fubjedts only that they .might the better anfwer the purpo-
fes of his sreatnefs : by the latter he embroiled himfelf with all his neij^Kl
bours, and wantonly rendered Germany a difmnl fcene of devaftation. Vy^
his impolitic and unjuft revocation of the edl£t of Naritcs, in the yestc
1 68;, with the dragooning the protcftants th»t followed it, he obliged
them to take flielter in Enghnd, Holland, and different parts of Oermany,
where they eaabliflied the filk manufactures, to the great prejudice df
^eir own country. He was fo blinded by flattery, that he arrogated to
himfelf the divine honours paid to the pagan emperors o'f Ronie. Ho
inadcand broke treaties for his conveniency, and at laft raifed againft him-
felf a confederacy of almoA all the other princes of Europe { at the'Bfiii-
of which was king William IIL of England. He was fo WeH ferved^ ttiife
he made head for fome years againft this alliance ; but having pruvok*
jcd the Englifh by his repeated infidelities, their arms under the duke df
Marlborough, and of the Auilrians, under prince Eugene, rendered tVe
latter part of his life as miferable as the beginning of it w'as fplehdid. Hh
reign, from the year 1702 tq 1711, was one continued feries of defeati
and calamities ; and he had the mortification of feeing thofe places taken
from him, which in the former part of his reign, were acquired at the ex-
pence of many thoufand lives. Tufl as he was reduced, old as he was, to
the defperate refolution of coUeSing bis people, and dying at their beadd
he was faved by the Englifli Tory miniftry deferting the caufe, withdratr-
... - . jj^

and concluding the peace of Utrecht, in t7ij>

for he died on, the firft of Sibptem

ing from their allies,

furvived his deliverance but two years :

ber 1715, and was fucceeded by hU great-grandfcy], Lewis ikV. the late

king.

The partiality of Lewis XIV. to hU natural children might have iny«^*
▼ed France in a civil war, had not the regency been feiz^ upon by the
duke of Orleans, .1 man of fenfe and fpirit, and the next leo^timafte prince
of the blood. We have already ften in what manntr he diicharecd tfe^
national debt of France ; but having embi oiled himfelf with Spam, the
king was declared of age in 1722, and the regent on the fiftl^ of I>ect;m«i
ber 1733, was carried off by an apoplexy.

The reader is not to imagine that I am to follow the afiairs of Franc6
through all the inconfillent fccnes of fighting and treating with the feVerSl
pcwers of Europe, which are to be found in their refpc^Vive hidories.
Among the firfl atfts of the late king's government, wasliis^ nominating hit
preceptor, afterwards cardinal Fleury, to be his minlfter. Though
hisfyftem was entirely pacific, yet the fituation of affairs iti Europe, upon
the death of the king of Poland, in 1734, more than once embroiled
him with the houfe of Auftria. The intention of the French king was
to replace his father«in-law, StanifUus on the throne of Poland. In this

47*

FRANCE.

Ke fuiled tlirough the interjiofitton of the Ruflians and Auflriani ; but
Sianifluu* enjoyed the title or king, and the revenue* <>f Lorraiii, during
the remainder of hit life. The connr^Kon between France and ^pain
forced the former to'become principali in a war with Great Britain ; in
the man^i^ement oF which the latter wai fo ill Teconded by her allici,, that
it was finiAird by the peace of Aix U Chapelle in 1748. Ai to the war,
which waa ended by the peace otFontainbleau, in 176^, the chief events
attending it, fo humiliating to France, have been already mentioned in
the hiflory of England, and therefore need not be rfccnpitulatcd here.
f Tlie prefent kin>{, Lewis XVI. fuccecded his crandfather, Lewis XV,
4>n fbc I nth of M«y 1774* Several regulations have t^ken place, fince
his acceffion, highly favourable to the general inieretls of the nation,
jfiarricularly the fuppreflion of the Mufquetitirto, and fome other corpi,
which being adapted more to the parade of guarding the royal perfon than
any leal military fcrvice, were fupported at a great cxpence, without an
pideqtiatf return of benefit to the llate But one of the moft remarkable
drcumOf^ncps which attended the prefent reign, was the placing of Mr.
Necker, a proieflaptr and a native of Switzerland, at the head of the
,french finances,' in 1776* Under the direction of this gentleman, a ge-
neral reform tpuV place in France, throughout every depanment in. the re.
vei}|Lie. When hn^itities commenced between France nnd Great Britain,
■iOj'^>nie()Ufn«.e of th**' aiTiAance aftorded by ihe former to the revolted Bri*
■tiin colonics, in America, the people of France were not burthencd with
,new taxes for carrying on the war'; but the public revenue was augment*
.ied by hisacqnomy, improvements, and rerormntion that were introduced
Jnto the manageinent of the finances. In coiifcquence of this national
.scunomy, the n<*\y o( France has alfo been raifed to fo great a height, aa
p become truly formidable to Great Britain.

At the begmnlngof the year 1780, in confequence of the reprcfcnta.
.tions of Mr. Necker, a variety of unneceflary ofKces in the houfehold of
the king and queen were aboHfticd j and fundry other important regula-
tions adopted, for ihe cafe of the rubjc£^, and the general benefit of the
kinedom. He changed the exccft) of diiburfements at lead one million
J!l;«r1ing, of the year 1776, into an excefs of revenue in the year 1780, tu
jtH'e amount of 445,0601. But the meafures of Mr. Ncckcr were not cal-
culated to procure him friends at court ; the vain, the incerefted, and the
ambitious, hatiiiralty ' became his enemies ; and the king appears not to
Kkve polfeiTed fufficicnt firmnefi of mind to fupport an upright and able
ipiuifter. He was therefore difplaeed, and is laid to have been pariicu'
j^rly oppofed by the queen's party. His removal, however pernicious to
!f ranee, i» probably a favourable circumftance for Great Britain, as na>
iTonal oecontuny, and wife counfels, muft naturally render the former a
^nore dangerous enemy to the latter.

Lewis XVL king of France and Navarre, was born in 1754, fucceed-
^djhis, grandfather Lewis XV, in 1774, married, 1770, to Maria Anto-
aietta, filler of the emoeror of Germany, born in 1755. Their iflue arc
jVIadame Maria Th«rela Charlotte, born on the 19th of December 1778 ;
|ir.d LewisrIofeph-Xiivier'Francis, dauphin of France, born Otflobcr 22,
J781.

His majefty*s brothers and fillers are.

,4!

L. Scan. Xavier, count de Provence, born 1755.
Oharles Philip, count d*Artois, born 1757.
Maria Adelaide Clotilda Xaveria, born 1759.
Eiizabfth Pbilippa M^ria Helena, born 1764,

t!,<WJ.

lff^P

NETHERLANDS.

471

liTue of Lewis XV. now living, are,
^ I. Manti Adelaide, diichcfs oFLorrain and Bar, born 173s*

2. Vi^oria Louil'a Marie Therefa, born I733<

3. Sophia Philippina Elizabeth Juftinia» born 17I4.

±. Louifa Maria, born 1737, who went iuio a convent of Carmcltlcf,
and took the veil in 1770*

NETHERLANDS.

HE fevrnieen provinces, which are known by the name of the Kt*
_ thrrl nd , were formerly part of Gallia Belgica, and afterward* of
the circle of B< Igium ur Burgundy, in the German empire. Tbcy ob*
tainea the general name of Netherlands, Pais-Bas, or Low^Couotricaf
from tht ir mudtioik in refpcA of Germany.

Extent, sirtArioN, amd BouNOAaiis ov thi SEVUfTim

pKOVlNCbS.

Miles. Degrees.

Length 3601 v.».„.... r49 and 54 North lat.
Breadth a6o} ^"^*"» { z and TEaft »on.
They are bounded by the German fea on the North ; by Gcrmaay,
Baft ; by Lorrain i^nd France, South { and by the Britifti channel. Weft.
I (ball, for the fake of perfpicuity, and to avoid repetition, treat of the
icvcnteen provinces under two great diviiions 1 firil, the Nerthtrn which
contains the feven United Provinces, uAially known by the name of Hpi*
LAKD : fecor lly, the Southern, containing the Auftrian, and French Ne«
therlands. The United Provinces are, properly fpeaking, eight, yit,
Holland, Oveiyflel, Zealand, Frielland, Utrecht, Groningen, Gelder-
16'nd, and Zutphen ; but the two latter forming only one foverdgaty,
they generally go by the name of the Seven United Provinces.

Situation and extent of the United PttOv-iNCSs*

The following is the mod fatisfaftory account we meet with of their
geographical diviiion, including the Texel, and other iflands.

Countriei Name-

Square
Miles.

Chief Cities.

(Tnited Proviacei.

rOveryffel

1,900

Holland

1,800

Amstbbdak

J Geldcrland

986

Nimegaen

« Frirfland

810

Leuwardea

3 ^ Zutphcn a
■5 Groningen ' ^

644

.11

Zutpheu

1-. 540

Oroningcn

CJ Utrecht

450

Utrecht -'': ., ^ .■ i

Zealand
LtcxcI and other iflands

3o;<

Middiiburg , t

113

Total-

—ii^t

Air,

liTu?

474

NETHERLANDS.

All. iiAiONt, toiL, AND FACE ) Thcfc proviticci lie oppofite to
or THB COUNT* y. (England, «t the diftance of 90

mile*, upon ihc cud iidc of the Englifli channel, and are only a nitrrotv
flip of bw fwampy jund, lyinij between the mouthi of feveral ^reat ri>
^en, and^what the induftry of th« inhabitants havr gained from the fca
l>v meant of dvkcs, which ihey have railed und Hill fupport with incrcdi*
'We labour andcxpence. The air of the United Province* ia therefore
foegy and grofn, until it is purified by the fioft in winter, when the eaft
wind ufually feis in for about four months, and their harbours are frozen
up< The moiAure of the air caufcs metals tu ruft, and wood to mould,
inot'ethaa in any other country, which is the reafun of their perpetually
rubbing and fcourlng, and the brightnefs andclennlincfs in their houfes io
niMch taVen notice oL The foil is unfavourable to vegetation, but, by
the induflry of the inhabitants in making canals, it is rendered fit for pai<
ture, and in many places for tillaget Holland, with nil its commrrcial
advantages, is not a defirable country to live in, vrpccially to foreigners.
Here are no mountains nor riflng grounds, no phuitaticns, purling.
Itreams, or catara^lt. The whole face of the country, when viewed from
a tower or fleenle, has the appearance of a continued inarlh or bog, drained
at certain diuances by innumerable ditches ; and many of the canals,
which in tlMt country fcrve as high*roads, are in the fummer months no
better than ofieolive ftagnated waters.

Rivsat AND HAKBouas.J Tlic rivers are an important confidcration
to the United Provincts ; the chief of which ;.ie the Khinc, one of the
larged and daed rivers in Europe ; the Maefe, the Svheld, and the Vecht.
There are pany fmall rivers that join thefe, and a prodigious number of
canals ; but there are few good harbours in the United Provinces ; the
bed, are thofe of Rotterdam, Hclvoctiluys, and Flufliing ; that of Am',
flerdamt, though one of the largeft and fafell in Europe, has a bar at thp
entrance of it, over which lavge vefl'els cannot pafs without being light>
ened.

VEcitTABLE AND ANIMAL PRo-"l TIic quantity of grain produced
DUCTiOvs BY SEA AND LAND. J here is not fufiicicnt for home cou<
fomption ; but by draining their bogs and marflics they have many excel-
lent meadows, which fatten lean German and Danifh cattle to a vail lizc ;
and they make pivdigioas quantities of the beft butter and checfe in £u-
rope. Their country produces turf, madder, tobacco, fume fruit and
Iron ; but all the pit-coal and timber ufed there, and indeed mod of the
conifoits and even the neceflarics of life, are imported. They have a
good breed of flidfcp, whofc wool is highly valued ; and their horfes and
horned cattle are of a larger tl/c than in any other uatiuii in Europe. 1\
is f«id there are fome wild bellrs alid wolves here. Storks build and hatch
on their chimnies ; but, being birds of paflage, they leave the country
about the middle of Auguft, with their young, and return the February
following. The river-fifli is much the f'iiwe as ours, but tlicir fca-fifli is^
genenilly larger, owiijgpeibaps to tlicir filbing in dtepec water. No her-
rings vifit their coafts ; but they have many ejcccllent oylter-beds about
the i(l;mds of th^c Tcxcl, producing very large and well-tailed oyGers.
Notwithftanding all thefe inconvi-nicncies, the induftry of the HoUnndcrs
furnilVes as great a plenty of the neccfl'jries and coi. >nociitics of life, and
u])on ascafyierms (exccj)t <« twciU ra a wt ' ftrai>gew ) - a» ^ be y a g e-to be met
jyiih in any part ot Europe.

KETHEkLANDS.

47f

and

ifopu-.

N • 1 The Seren United Province*
la. ) arc perhaps the beft peopled of

VotVLATIOlt, INHAIITAKTI, MAN-

Miait eusTOMi, AND niviRsioai , , , ,

•nV fpot of the fame extent in the world. Thev contain, according to the
t>clt accounti, 113 cities and towni, 1400 villages, and about two mil-
lions of inhabitants ; befides the twejity-five towns, and the people in
what is called the Lands of the Oeneriility, or conquered countries ani
towns of other parts of the Netherlands *. The manners, habits, and
even the minds of the Dutch |[for fo the inhabitants of the United Pro-
vinces are called in general) teem to be formed by their fituation, and
to arife from their natural wants. Their country, which is preferved by
mounds and dvkes, is a perpetual incentive to labour ; and the artificial
drains with which it is every where interfedtcd, mull be kept in perpetual
repair. Even what may be called their natural commodities, their outter
and cheefc, are produced by a conftant attention to laborious parts of life.
Their principal food they earn out of the Tea by their herring-filheries ;
for they difpofe of moft of their valuable fifhes to the En^liih, and othec
nations, for the fake of gain. The air and temperature of the climate in-
cline them to phlegmatic, flow difpofitions, both of body and mind ; and
yet they are irafcible, efpecially if heated with liquor. Even their vir-
tues are owing to their coldnefs, with regard to erery obje<£t that-does not
immediately concern their own intcreils j for in all other refpefls they are
quiet neighbours and peaceable fubjeds. Their attention to the conllitu-
non and independency of their country Is owing to the fame principle ;
for they were never known to efiedt a change of government but when they
thoueht themfelves on the brink of perdition.

The valour of the Dutch becomes warm and aflive when they find their
intereft at il^ke ; witnefs their lea wars with England and France. Their
hoors, though flow of underftanding, are manageable by fair means.
Their feamen are plain, blunt, but rough, furhr, and an ill-mannered fort
of people, and appear to be infenfible of public ipirit, and affe<SHon for each
other. The tradefmen in general are reckoned honefl in their dealings*
and very fpartng of their words. Smoking tobacco is pradifed by old and
young of both foxes ; and as they are getierall^ ploddinc upon ways and
means of getting money, uo people are fo unfociable. ADutchman of low
rank, when drgnk, is guilty of every fpecies of brutality. The Dutch
have alfo been known to exercife the mod dreadful inhumanities for in-
tered abroad, where they thought thenifelves free from tllfcovcry ; but
they are in general quiet and inoifenfive in tiielr own country, which ex-
hibits but few indances of murder, rapine, or violence. As to the habi>
tual tippling and drinking charged ugon both fexes, it is oiving in a great
mcafure to the nature of their foil and climate. In general, all appetites
and pndions feem to run lower and cooler here than in motl other coun-
tries, that of avarice excepted. Their tempers are not airy enough for
joy, or any unufual flrains of pleafant humour, nor warm enough for
love ; fo tt^at the fufter paiTions feem no natives of this country ; and

* Monf. de Wit, at the beginning of tbi» centuiy, computed the people of Holland,
at 2,500,000, but Mr. Templemaii eAimates them only at 2,ooo,c<r^, which in pro-
portion tu the populoufnefs of England, in more than fu to one, confidering the extent
pf the country. Holland is alfo reckoned to have as many fouls as the other fix pro-
vinces, which if true the people gf the fevcn provinces with their appendage^ muA be
Very uunieroua.

"*^ love

47^

NETHERLANDS.

love itfelf is litrle better than a mechanical AiTeftion, ariflne from inter^lR^
convenienc^t or habit ; it is talked of fometimes among the young men,
but as a thing they have heard of rather, than felt, and as a difcourfe that
becomes them rather than afk&t them. ' ,

In whatever relates to the management of pecuniary affairs, the Dutch
are certainly the moft expert of any people ; as to the knowledge o( ac-
quiring wealth, they unite the no lefs neceflary fcience of preferving it. It
is a kind of general rule for every man to fpend lefs than his income, be,
that what it will ; nor does it often enter into the heails of this fagaciouft
people, that the common courfe of expence (hould equal the revenue ; and
when this happens, they think at lealt they have lived that year to no pur-
pofe ; and the report of it ufed to difcredit a man among them, as much
as any vicious or prodigal extravagance does in other countries. But this
rigid frugality is not fo univerfal among the Dutch as it was formerly ; for
a greater degree uf luxury and extravagance has been introduced among
them, as well as the other nations of £urope. Gaming is likewife prac-
tifed by many of their fafliionablc ladies, and fome of them difcover more
propeniity to gallantry than was known here in former times. No country
can vie with Hollaiid in the number of thofe inhabitants, whofe lot, if
not riches, is at lead a comfortable fufficiency ; and where fewer ^ilures
or bankruptcies occur. Hence, in the midft of a world of taxes and con-
tributions, fuch as no other country does experience, they flouriih smd
grow rich. From this lyftematic fpirit of regularity and moderation,
joined to the moft obftinate perfeverance, they fucceeded in the ftupen*
dous works of draining their country of thofe immcnfe deluges of water
that had overflowed fo large a part of it during many ages, while at the
fame time they brought under their fubje£tion and command the rivers
and feas that furround them, by dykes of incredible thicknefs and ftrength^
and made them the principal bulwarks on which they rely, for the protec-
tion and fafety of their territories againft the danger of an enemy. This
they have done by covering their frontiers and cities with innumerable
fluices ; by means of which, at the fliortcft notice, the moft rapid inunda>
tions are let in, and they become in a few hours iiiaccelfible. From that
frugality and perfeverance by which they have beenfo much charaAerifed,
they were enabled, though labouring under the greateft difficulties, not
only to throw off the Spanifli yoke, but to attack that powerful nation in
the moft tender parts, by fcizing her rich galleons, and forming new
cftablifliments in Africa, and the Eaft and Weft Indies, at the expence of
Spain, and thereby becoming, from a defpicable province, a moft power-
ful and formidable enemy. Equally wonderful was the rife of their mili-
tary and marine eftabliHiments, mamtaining, during thtir celebrated con-
tention with Lewis XIV. and Charles U. of England, not lefs thnn
];o,oo3 men, and upwards of 80 (hips of the line. But a (pirit of fru-
gality being now lefs univerfal among them, the rich traders and mecha-
nics begin to approximate to the luxuries of Englifli and French dreflipg
and living ; and their nobility and high maj/iftrate», who have retired from
trade, rival thofe of any other part of Europe in their table, buildings,
furniture, and equipages.

The diverfions of the Dutch differ not much from thofe of the Eng«
lift), who feemed to have borroweJ from them the neutnefs of their drink-
ing-booths, (kittle and other grounds, and fmall pieces of water, which
form the amufements of the middling ranks, not to men'ion »hcir hand-
organs, and other mufical iuventioi^s. Tiiey are the bcft i^aters upoi«

ihc

NETHERLANDS.

477

not

the ice in the world. It is amtaing to fee the crowds in a hard froft upon
the ice, and the great dexterity both of men and women in darting along,
or rather flying, with inconceivable velocity.

Dress.] Their dr«f« formerly was noted for the laree breeches of the
men ; and the jerkins, plain mobs, ihort petticoats, and other oddities of
the women ; all which, added to the natural thicknefs and clumlinsff of
their perfons, gav6 them a very grotefque appearance. Theie drefT?* now
prcviiil only among the lower ranks, and more particularly amongft the
fcM-faring people.

Religion.] The e(bib1i(hed religion here is the Prefbyterlan and Cal-
yinifm ; none biu Prelbyterians are admitted into any oflice or poft in the
government, excepting the army ; yet all religions and kAs are tolerated,
and h?ve their retpedive meetings or aflcmblies for public worfliip, among
which tl^e papids and Jews are very numerous. And, indeed, this couii«
try may bt confidered as a 0riking inftance of the benefits ariling to a Na-
tion from univerfal toleration. As cverv man is allowed to worihip God
according to the di£^ntes of his own confcience, perfons of the moil oppo>
iite opinions live together in the greateil harmony and peace. No man in
this republic has any reafon to complain of being oppreifed on account of
his religious principles, nor any hopes, by advancing his religion, to
form a party, or to break in upon the government ; and therefore, in Hal-
■ land, men live together as citizens of the world ; their diiferences in opi-
nion make none in aifcdlion, and they are aflbciated together by the com-
mon ties of humanity and bonds of peace, under the proreiftion of the
laws of the flate, with equal encouragement to arts and indufiry, and
equal freedom of fpeculation and enquiry.

LANGtTAGE.3 The natural language of the United Provinces is Low
Dutch, which is a corrupted dialed of the German ; but the people of
fafhion fpeak Englidi and French. The Lord's Prayer runs thus : Ott/e
Vadcr^ die in tie bcmelin zyn uiven naant worde gebeylight ; uvc'koHiiigifyk
kome : uwf wille gr/l/jiede grlyck in den icmel zoo 00k op den ardtn^ ons dagel'
icks bront geef ons hceden ende vergeeft enje fchulden gtlyk 00k ivy vergeevi*
ohH fchuldenuaren : ende en laat ons neit in -ver/oer kingemaer vertojt on vmit
der hb-^fcn. Amen.

LeakNing and learned men,] Erafmus and Grotius, who were
both natives of this country, fland at the head almoft of learning itfelf, as
Buerhaavc does of medicine. Haerlem difputes the inventfon of printing;
with the Germans, and the mngiflrates keep two copies of a book inti:lcd
Speculum Salvationist printed' by Kodf r in 1440 ; and tho muft ele^;ant
editions of the ciaifics came from the Dutch prcflcs of Amflerdam, Rot-
terri^m, Utrecht, Lcyden, and ocher towns. The Dutch have excelled
in controverlial divinity, which iniinuated itfelf fo much into the i't.ite,
that before principles of univerfal toleration prevailed, it had almoll
proved fatal to the governme'-.: -, witnefs the violent difputes about Ar-
minianifm, frte-will, preH^rcmationt and the like. Belidcs Boerhaave,
they have produced f>::w-ellent writers in all branches of medicine. Grxvius
and Burman i^^'/.u at the head of their numerous commentators upon the
dailies. I^othing is more common than their Latin poems and epigraius ;
an'! later times have produced a Van Haaren, who is poflTcired of foine

fioetical abilities, and about the year 1747 publiflied poeni<s in fnvour of
ibcrt}', which were admired as rarities, chiefly bccaufe their author was
a Dutchman. In the other departments of literature, the Dutch piibltc:i-

tUrs

47»

K E T 14 JS: R t A N b &

tions are naechanical, and arife chiefly from tbcir tmploymeati In uo!rer«
£uei» church, or flats.

Univirsities.] Thefe are Leyden, Utrecht, (jFroningfen, Harder^
wicke, andFraneker.

The uoiverfity of Leydcn, which wai founded in 1575, is the largeft
and moft ancient in all the United Netherlands. Its library, befides a
number of printed books, has two thoufand oriental manufcripts, many of
which are in Arabic ; and a lai^e fphete adapted to the Coperaican fy ftem,
and moving by clock-work. Here is alfo a phyfic-garden, and an anato-
mical theatre.

The univerfity of Utrecht, in the province of the fame name, was
chaneed from a fchool into an univerfity, in 1^36 ; b'ut it has not all the
privileges of the other univerfities, being entirely fubjed to the magiftratet
of the city. The phyfic-garden here is very curious ; and for the recre-
ation of the (ludents, on the eaft fide of the city juft without the gate, ia
a beautiful malU coofifting of feven firaight walks, two thoufand paces in
length, regularly planted with limes : but that in the middle is properly
the mall.

There are abundance of youth, of the principal nobility and gentry,
'from moft countries in Europe, at thefe feminaries of literature ; and at
'every one may live as he pleafes, without being obliged to be profufe in
his expences, or fd mu6h a» quitting his night gown for weeks or months
together, foreigners of all ranks and conditions are to be feen here. The
force of example is ftrikiogly exhibited at thefe univerfities : for fruga-
'lity in expence, order, a compofed behaviour, attention to ftudy, and
amduity in all things, being the chara£terics of the natives, ftrangers,
^who continue among them, foon adopt their manners and forms of liv-
'iog. And though the ftudents live as they pleafe, and (ludy as much or
'as little as they think fit, yet they are in general remarkable for theirfo-
brtety and good manners, and the affiduity and fuccefs with which they
"apply thetnfelves to their ftudies* No oaths are impofed, nor any reli-
gious tefts ; fo that Roman catholic parents, and even Jews, fend their
children here, with as little fcruple as proteftants.
ANTiquiTiEs AND CURIOSITIES, J The prodigious dykes, fomti
NATURAL AMD ARTiFicAL. ) of which are laid to be feventeen
"ells in thicknefs ; mounds, and canals, condrufled by the Dutch, to pre-
Tenre their country from thofe dreadful inundations by which it formerly
fufiersd fomuch, are ftupendous, and hardly to be equalled. A ftonc
'quarry near Macftricht, under a hill, is worked into a kind of fubterra-
neous palace, fupported by pillars twenty feet high. '1 he ftadthoufe of
Amftcrdam is perhaps the beft building of that kind in the world : ic
fiands upon 1 3,6^9 large piles, driven into the ground ; tnd the infide is
Equally convenient and magnificent. Several mufeums, containing an-
tiquities and curiofities, artificial and natural, are to be found in Holland
and the other provinces, particularly in the univerfity of Levden ; fuch
as the cfligies of a peafant of Rufli:*, who fwallowed a knit: ten inches
in length, and is faid to hive lived eight years after it wm cut out of his
flotnach : but the truth of this fcems to be doubtful. A fliirt made of
the entrails of a man. Two Egyptian mummies, being the bodies of
two princes of great antiquity. All the mufcles and the tendons of the
human body curiovifly fet up, by profeiFor Stalpcrt Vander Weil.

Cities.

NETMERLANDS^r

47>

I Amfterclam, which it
\ built upon piles of wood.

GlTIESi TOWN!, ANO OTHBft BDIFICtI,
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE.

Is thought to contain 241 ,000 people, and to be, next to London, the
moft commercial city in the world. Its conveniencies for commerce, and
thf. grandeur of its public works, are almoft beyond defcription. Ii^
this, and all other cities of the United Provinces, the beautjr of the ca«
nals, and walks under trees planted on their borders, are admirable ; but
above all, we are (Iruck with the ncatnefs and cleanlinefs that is ever/
where oblcived within doors. This city, however, labours under two
great difadvantaj^es : bad air, and the want of frefli wholefome water,
which obliges the inhabitants to prcferve the rain water in refervoirt.
Rotterdam is next to Amilerdam for commerce and wealth : its inhabi-
tants are computed at ^6,000. The Hague, though but a village, is the
feat of Government in the United Provinces, and is celebrated for the
magnificence and beauty of its buildings, the refort of foreign ambaiGi«
dors and ftran^ers ni all di(iin6lions who live in It, the abundance and
cheapnefs of its provilions, and the politenefs of its inhabitants, who
are computed to be about 40,000 ; it is no place of trade, but it has been
for many years noted as an emporium of pleafure and politics. Leydea
and Utrecht are fine cities, as well as famous for their univenities.
^aardam, though a wealthy trading place, is mentioned here as the
workAiop where Peter the Great of Mufcovy, in perfot:, ferved hit
apprenticefhip to (hip-building, and laboured as a common handicraft.
The 1!;^ t nnrt of Gelderland is fubjedl to Pruflia, aud the capital city
peldc.
f Inx. %v. ' vicATiOK, CANALS, AND? The ufual Way of paffing'

MANNER OF TRAVELLING. ) from tOWn tO tOWB is by COo

vcred boats called trcckfcuits. which are dragged along the canals by
horfes, on a flow uniform trot, fo that paflbngers reach the dififerenc
towns where they are to flop, prccifely at the appointed inflant of time.
This method of travelling, though to flraif^ers rather dull, is extremely
convenient to the inhabitants, and very cheap. By means of thefc ca-
nals, an extcnfive inland commerce is not only carried on through the
whole country, but as they communicate with the Rhine and other large
rivers, the productions of the whole earth arc conveyed at a fmall expence
into various parts of Germany, and the Aufttian and French Nether-
lands. A treckfcuit is divided into two different apartments, called the
roof and the ruim ; the firft for gentlemen, and the other for common
people, who may read, fmoke, eat, drink, or con • rfe with people of vari-
ous nations, drefTes, and languages. Near Amilerdam and other large
cities, a traveller is aflonifhed when he beholds the effcAs of an exteufive
and flourifhing commerce. Here the canals are lined for miles together
with elegant, neat countr>'-houfe8, featcd in the midft of gardens and
pleafure-grounds intermixed with figures, bufls, Hatues, temples, &c. to
the very water's edge. Havin,^ no objefls of amufcment btyond the limits
of their own gardens, the families in fine weather fpend much pf their time
in thcfe little temples, fmoking, reading, or viewing the palfengers, to
virhom they appear complaifant and polite.

' Commerce and manxjpactures.] An account of the Dutch com-
merce would comprehend that of almoft all Europe. There is fcarcely
« maoufa(5ture that they do not carry on, or a ftate to which they do hoc
trade. In this, they are affifted by the popuioufnefi of their countr}',
she cheapnefs of their labour, and above all, by the water-carriage,

which,

48b

HETrtER L AND S.

which, by means of their canals, gives them adyantac^es beyond atl other
nations. The United Provinces are the grand magazine of Europe ; and
goods may be purchafed here fometimes cheaper than in the countries
where they grow. The Eall India company have had the nmnopoly of the
line fpices for more than a hundred years, and till the late war with Eng-
land, was extremely opulent and pawerful. I'heir capital city in India
IS Batavia, which is faid to exceed in magnificence, opulence, and com-
merce, all the cities of Alia. Here the viceroys appear in greater fpltn-
dnr thatk the iladtholder ; and fome of the Dutch luhjeAs in Batavia
fcatcely Jcknowletlge any dependence on the mother-country. I'hcy
Kave o'the; fettlements in India, but none more pleatant, liealthful, or
ufeful, tlian that on the Cape of Good Hope, the grand rendezvous of
the fliips of all nations, ourward or homeward bound. When Lewis
XIV. invaded Holland with .n army of 8c ,000 men, the Dutch made
fome difpofitions to fliip thcmf ;lves off to their fettlements iii India ; fo

Sreat was tl.dr averlion to the French government. Not to mention their
erring and whale fiiheries, which they have carried off from the native
proprietors, th'jy excel at home in niimberlefs branches of trade ; fuch
as their pottery, tobacco-pipes, jelft-ware, finely refined fait ; their oil-
tM\l»^ and (la;-ch-manura6tu:es ; their improvements of the raw linen
thresnl of Germsny : then- hemp, and fine paper manuf idures ; their
fine lifteh and table damafks ; their faw-mills for timber, either for fliip-
ping or houfes, in immenfe quantities ; their great fugar baking ; their
vafl woollen, cotton, and filk raanufaiflureti ; wax-bleaching ; leather-
drefling.; the great quantity of coin and fpecie, aflifted by tht-ir bank»,
cfpeciftlly by that of Amfterdam ; their Eaft India trade ; and their ge-
ner&l induftry and frugality. It is greatly doubted, however, whether
their commetce, navigation, manufaAures, and fiflicries, are in the fame'
flourifhing (late now as they were in the beginning of this century « and
whether the riches and luxury of individuals have not damped the gene-
ral induftry of the inhabitants. Their commerce hath greatly fuffered
fince the rupture with England.

' Public trading companies.] Of thefe, the capital is the Eaft
India, incorporated in 1602, by which formerly the Dutch acquired im-
menfe wealth, having divided forty per cent, and fometimes lixty, about
the year 1660 ; at prcfeoi the dividends are much reduced ; but in a
hundred and twenty-four years, the proprietors on an average, one year
with another, divided fomewhat above twenty-four per cent. So late its
the year 1760, they divided fifteen percent, but the Dutch Weft ndia
company, the fame year, divided no more than two and a half per cent.
This company was incorporated in 162 1. The bank of Amfterdam is
thought to be inexhaudibly rich, and is under an excellent direi^ion :
it is faid, by Sir William Temple, to contain the greateft treafure, cither
real or imaginary, that is known any where in the world. What may
fcem a paradox is, that this bank is fo far from pacing any intereft, that
the money in it is worth fomewhat more than the current cafli is, in com-
mon payments. Mr. Andeifon fuppofes, that the cafli, bullion, and
pawned jewels in this bank, which are kept in the vaults of the l>adr-
houfe, amount to thivty-ftx (though ot Iters fay only to thirty) millions
fterling.

Constitution and government.] This is a very intricate arti-
cle ; for though the United Frovinces fubfift in a common confederacy,

yet

,*t-

It g T H E R L A N D d.

ikSt

yet eachurc^iilM^fi has an internal gQTsrnment or conftit)i.t^oti iptjependent
of the -others : this, government is called the fiata of tjiat province';
9nd the delegates from them form the Jlaies general, ip whom the foye-
reignty of tlie whole confederacy is veiled ; but though a proviiice fliolild
Jfejld two, or more delegates, yet fuch province h'.»» no more jthau one
^rmce in every refolution ; and before that refolution can have the force of
AiaWy it muft be approved. of by every province, and by every city and
republic in that province. "iThis formality, in times of great dunger and
emergency, h^been fet aiide. Every refulUtion of the dates of a parti-
cular province muil be carried uni^nimoufly*

The couttiil pf fiaU confif^ likewife of deputies from the feveral pre*
y'inc^s;.but its co|ifiituuon is different from that of the {Inter-general:
it 19 compofcd ot twelve perfpns, whereof Gelderliind fends two ; Hol<<
land, three ; Zealand, two ; Utrecht, two ; Friefland, one ; Overyflcl,
one ; and Groningen, one. Thefe deputies, however, do hot vote pro'^
vincially, but perfonaily. Their bulmefs is to prepare eilimacesj arid
w&yg and niestiis for raifmg the jevcnue, as well as other tvatters thar'are
to belaid before the flates general. The Aates of the provinces are ilyled
•♦ Noble and Eighty Lords," but »hofe of Holland, *' Noble and Moft
Mighty Lords," and the ftates-gcneral, ** High and Mighty Loids^"
or, *' The Lords the States General of the United Netherlands \** or,
•• Their High MightineiTes." Subordinate to thefe two bodies, is the
chamber of accounts, which is likewife comppfed of provincial depu-
tieS) who audit all public accounts. The admiralty forms a fepHrate
board, and '^V.c executive part of it is committed to five colleges in thef
three mariti.ne provinces of Holland, Zealand, and Friefland. In HoU
land, the people have nothing to do either in chuling their reprelentatives
or their magiitrates. In Amllerdam, which takes the lead in all public
deliberations, the magiftracy is lodged in thirty-fix fenators, who are
chofen for life; and every vacancy among them is filled up by the fui-
vivprs. The fame fenatc alfo elects the deputies to reprefent the cities in
the province of Holland.

I have mentioned the above particulars, becaufe, without a, know-
ledge of them, it is impoHible to qnderflHt^d the hillury of the
United Provinces, from the death of king William to the year 1747,
when the fladtholderfhip was made hereditary in the male and :Vma1e re-
prefcntatives of the family of Orange. This office in a manner fuper-
iedes the conditution already defcribed. The lladtholder is prelident of
the ftates of every province j and f jch is his power and inflnenct", that
he can change the deputies, magiftrates, and oilicers, in every province
and city. By this he has the moulding of the afl'einbly of the uatcs-gc-
neral, though he has no voice in it ; in fhort, though he has not the title,*
he has more real power and authority than foine kinga ; for befidcs the
influence and revenue he derives Ironi the lladtholderJhip, be has (cvefal
principalities and large eflatcs of his own. The picfcnt fladtholder is
William V. prir.cc of Orant^e and NafTau, fon of the late lladiholder
William Charles, who married Anne, princcfs royal of Great Britain,
i.ud died in 1 7 5 1 .

Though Holland is a republic, yet its government is far from being
of the popular kind ; nor do the people enjoy that degree of liberty
which miojht; at ftrll view be appvehcndcd. It is, indeed, ratVcr an olii-
.;;:<rchy than a commonwealth ; for thf hulk of the people arc not fuflVr-
«d to have the leill fliarf; in any part of the governmcnc, not ewn in the
. , . I i choice

482

NETHERLANDS.

choice of the deputies. It may alfo be obferved, that very few perfoni
in this Uate dare (peak their real fentiments freely ; and they are gene*
rally educated in principles fo extremely cautious, that they cannot re*
linquifli them when they enter more into public life.

With refpedt to the adminiilracion of juftice in this country, every pro-
vince has its tribunal, to which, except in criminal cuufes, appeal lies
from the petty and county courts j and it is faid that juflice is no where
diftributed with more impartiality.

REvE^ots.l The government of the United Provinces proportion
their taxes according to the abilities of each province ur city. Thofe
taxes coniift of an alinoft general excife, a land-tax, poll-tux, and hearth-
money ; fo that the public revenue amounts annually to about two mil-
iio'ns and a half fteriing. The province of Holland pays nearly half of
this revenue. The following is the rate at which each of the Seven
United Provinces is fiiid to contribute toward the public expence :

Of every million of ducats the Province of
Holland contributes
Zealand
Friefland
Utrecht
Groningen
Gelderl.md
Oveiyffel

' 420,000

1 30,000
1 70,000
85,000
75,000
70,000
50,000

I Df the 420,000 ducats paid by the Province of Holland, the city of
'Amfteidam furnillies upwards of jio,ooo. The taxes in thefe provinces
are lb heavy, and fo many, that it is not without reafon a certain authtr
aflcrtFj- that the only thing which has efcaped taxation there, is the air
they breathe. But for the encouragement of trade, the duties on goods
and inerchiindi'e are exceedingly low^. Holland, before the breach with
England, was in a very flourilhing condition, and, at this very time, they
lend larjre fums to moft of the powers in Europe. The immenfe fums in
the Britiflj funds have given realbn for fome people to imagine that Hol-
land labburs under heavy debts ; but the chief reafon is, the flates only
paV two and a half per cent, intereftfor money.

Military and marine streK'gth.] The nuinberof land forces
in the United Provinces in time of peace, commonly amount to about
forty-tlioufand : twenty-five thoufand of whom ferve in garrifons ; many
of them are Scots and Swifs ; and, in time of war, they hire whole re-
giments of Germans The chief command of the army is vefttd in the
ftad holder, under whom is the field-marfllal general. The marine force
of the United Provinces ufed to be very great, and they formerly fitted
out very formidable fleets ; but ihtfir navy has of laiv, uecn much neg-
leif^ed. Their late war with Great Britain obliged thefti to increafe it ;
and they have great rcfources for that purpolc. According to the laft
arCountf, their navy confifls of one fliip of 76 guns, three of ^Oj four
of 6F, five of 6o, eight of 56J four of 50, five of 44, nine of 4c, and
ten of jft, bcfides veffels of iuferior force. But they haVe many fliipa
u]nm the it( cks, and their fleet will piobably be much augmented, and
in future he kept in better order.

Oroer of Teutonic knights.] This was one of the mod power-
ful as well as ancient orders in Europe, now divided into two l>r.ii!ches ;
the firli tor Papirts, and the fccond bnuich tor Proteitants. This tiranch
have a houfe ;it Utrecht, where they tranfad their buljncfs. The rid-
6 bK»

NET t^ E R L A N D S.

-493

t)les of Holland, if they propofe a fon to he A knight, enter his name in
the regifter, and pay a large fum of money to th% ufe of the poor main-
taincd by the order, and tlie candidate fucceeds in rotation, if he brings
with him proof of his nobility for four generations on the father's and
mother's fide. The eniign is a crofs patti«^ rnamtlled white, furmount-
ed with another, black; above ihe crofs is a ball tv\illcd, White and
black. It is worn pendent to a bfoad black watered riband, which is
Worn about the neck. The fame crufs is embroidered on the left bread
of the upper garment of each knight.

Arms.] Thecnfigus armorial of the Seven United Provinces, or the
States of Holland, are, Or, a Hon, gules, holding uirh one paw a cut*
lafs, and with the other a bundle of feven arrows clofs bound togethef,
in allufion to the fcven confederate provinces, with the following motto,
Concoriiia res parva ere/cunt,

HiSTORv.J See the Auftrian Nethei-lands:

"William V. prince of Orange and Naffau, Hereditary Shdtholder,
Captain General and Admiral of the Seven United Provinces, was born
in 1748, married in 1767 the princefs Frederica of Pruflia, born 1751.
Their children are, Frederica Louifa; bprn 1770 — William Frederic,
Hereditary Prince* born 1772 — William George,, born 1774.— —The
Stadtholder hath one iifterj Wilhelmina Carolina, born 1743, and mar-
Hed to the prince of Naifau Wiclburghi

AUSTRIAN and FRENCH NETHERLANDS.

SlTUATiON AND ExTEffT.

Mlics. Degrees.

Length 2007 between i" 49 ''"'^ 5* ^o"^ Iat""dei
Breadth 2C0 3 \ 2 and 7 E;ift longitude.

ISoundAries.] T^OUNDED by the United Provinces on the North ;
X3 by Germany, Eaft ; by Lorrain, Champaign, and
Picardy, in France, South ; and by ahother part of Picardy, and the
Engliflifea, Weft. .

As this country belongs to three different powers, the Auftrians,
French, and Dutch, we fliall be more particular indiftinguifldng the pro-
vinces and towns bclongitij to each (tate.

1. Province of B R A B A N T.

Subdivifions.

i Dutch Brabant

Sq. M.

137+

Chief Towns.
'Boiileduc
Breda

Bergen op-Zoom
Grave, N. E.
Lillo -J vT

Stechberwcn J '
1 Bruffels, £. Ion. 4 deg. 6.
f niln. N. lat. 50-50.
>I,ouv.tin 1

' I Vilvorden K in the middle,
I Larden j

2. ANTWERP ; and, 3. MALINEo, are provinces independent of
Brabant, though furrouudtd by iti, and iubjttt to the houfe of
Aiiilria.

I i 9 4* Pro*

i. Auftrian Brabant

■} 1893

;■

4«4 NETHERLANDS.

/ 4. ProTince of LIMBURO, S. E.

Subdivifiooi. Chief Towni.

Sq. M.

Limburg, £. Ion. 6-;. N 1

50-37.fub.toAuftria.J *
Maeitricht

lat, 50-37. fub. to Aufiria

-,. . - .. I J Maeitricht "I

Chief Town. ., J'^o.iem I fu. to the".

Fauquetnonr, or r Dutch. J ^®®
. . VallienhurHh 1
5. Province of L U X £ MB U R G.

Auftrian Luxemburg } {^"«'J^"'^^' ^' ^°»* ^'^' ^- ^«'

French Luxemburg — llSjl^'^' iX

6. Province of N A M U R, in the middle, fubjcA to Auftria.

HNamur, on the Sambre and Maefc,")
£. Ion. 4-50. N. lat. 50-30. >
Charleroy on "he Sambre. J
IN-"

4*S

jf. Province of H A I N A tJX T.

AuArian HalnauU

French Hainault

Mons, £. Ion. 3 -jj* N. -^

(middlti ^**

HMons, £.. Ion,
lat. C0.30.
Aeth ^ ^
Enguien
•J r Valenciqnnei

I 1 Bouchain

•"" I J Conde
J LLandrecy
8. Province of ,C A MB RES IS.

}

S. W. } 8oo>

Subject to France

KCambray, E. of Arras, £. Ion."! ,^^
3.15. N.ht. 5«>i5. / *^*

Subject to France

Crevccour, S. of Cambray.
Province of A R T O I S.

"] f Arras, S. W. on the Scarpe, £
Ion. 2*c. N. lat. ;o-2o.
St. Omer, £. of Boulog;ne

99»

Dutch Flanders.

Auftrian Flanders

— W Aire, S. of St. Omer
' S. Venant, E. of Aire
Bethune, S. E. of Aire
J \_Tcrouen, S. ofSt. Omef
10. Province of FLANDERS.
Sluys, N.
Axel, N.
Hulft, N.
_ Sas van Ghent, N.
'Ghent, on the Scheld, E. Ion."*

3-36. N. lat. 51.
Broj^es -y

Oftend y N. W. near A« fea.
Newport J
► ^ Oudenard on the Scheld. -^ '■* y 1905

ivmce

•h:

> 9S
J—

}

S?""'7}ontheLis

Ypres, N. of Lille
Tournay on the Scheld
Menin on the Lis

''; ^

NETHERLANDS.

48J

French Flanderi

* 760

Subdivifiooi. ChipfTowni. Si^. M.

'Lifle, V/. ofTournay
Dunkirk, on the coaft E. of Calais
Douav, W. of Arras
'^ Manlike, W, of Dunkirk
I St. Amand, N. of Valencietincs
(^Gravelin, £. of Calais.
Air, Soil* and produce.] The air of Brabant, and upon the coall
of Flanders, is bad ; that in the interior parts is more healthful, and the
feafons more fettled, both in winter nud fummer, than they are in Eng-
land. The foil ?.r.d its produce are ricli, efpecikillv in corn and fruits.
They have abundance of pafture ; and Flanders itfelf has been reclconed
the granary of France and Germany, and fomecimes of England. The
n^oft barren parts for corn rear far more profitable crops of flax, which Is
here cultivated to great perfection. Upon the whole, the Auftrian Ne«
ihcrlands, by the culture, commerce, and indudry of the inhabitants, was
formerly the richefl and moft beautiful fpot in Europe, whether we regard
,the variety of its manufactures, the magnificence aud riches of its cities,
the plcafantnefs of its roads and villages, or the fertility of its land. If it
has fallen off in latter times, it is owing partly to the regle£t of its go*
vernmeni, but chiefly to its vicinity to Engbnd and Holland ; but it is
flill a molt delirable and agreeable country. There are few or no moiin*
tains in the Netherlands : Flanders is a flat country, fcarccly a fin%\tt hill
in it. Brabant, and the rcll of the provinces, confid of little hills and
vallies, woods, inclofcd grounds, and champnin fields.

Rivers and canals.] The chief rivers are the Maefe, Sambre,
Dcmer, Dyle, Nethc, Gect, Sannc, Ruppel, Scheld, Lis, Scjirpc,
Dtule, and Denitcr. The principal canals are thofc of Bruflels, Ghent,
and Oltcnd.

Metals and minfral^).] Mines of iron, copper, lead, and brim*
ftcne, are found in Luxemburgh, and Limburg, as are fume marble
t}u;trries ; and in the province of Namur there iire coitUpits, and a fpecies
of bituminous fat earth proper for fuel, with great plenty of foflile nitre.
INHABITANTS, POPULATION, MAN-T The Flemings (for fo the
NERs, CUSTOMS, AND DivERsioNs.Jinhabitantsof Flanders and the
Auftrian Low Countries are generally called) are thought to be a heavy,
blunt, honed people ; but their maimers are fomewhat indelicate. For*
mcrly they were known to fight defperately in defence of their country ; at
prefent they make no great figure. The Audrian Netherlands are t2-
tremcly populous ; but authors differ as to their numbers. Perhaps we
may fix them at a medium at a million and a half. They are ignorant,
and fond of religious exhibitions and pageants. Their other diverfions
are the fame with thofe of the peaf<mrs.of the neighbourinjr countries.

Dress and language.] The inhabitants of Frencii Flanders are
mere French men and women in both thefe particulars. The Flemings on
the frontiers of Holland drefs like the Dutch boors, and their language is
the fame ; but the better fort of the people fpeak French, aud drefs in the
fame taftc.

Ret.icion.] The edablifhed religion here is the Roman Catholic ;
but Protcdaiits, and other feCt^, are not molefled.

AROHBfSHopRicKS AND DisHOPR icKs.] The archbifhoprii.k9 are
Cambray, Malinesor Mechlin : the bifhopricks, Ghent, Bruges, Antwerp,
Arras, Yprcs, Tournay, St. Oiuer, Na<nur, aod Rurcmoade.

I i 3 . Lea&n-

486

NETHERLANDS.

LEAtNiNC, LBARNSo M|N»> The focicty of Jefuitt formerly prq*
AND ARTISTS. ) (iucetl tlic moll learned men in the Au«

iliiau Luw Countries, in which they hud many comfortable fettlcmenta^
Wutks ot' tliccloi;y, itnj the civil and canon law, Latin poems and plays,
were their chief produAion:>< Stj'nda is an elegant hiiWian and poet.
The Flcmi(l»p;iiiucrs and Iculptors have great merit, and form a fchoolby
tlirmftlvts. The worjcs of Rubens and Vandyke cannot be fufSciently
adniired. ri.iniiiigo, or th(f Flemings models for beads, particularly thoCe
of children, have never ycc been equalled 5 and the Flemings formerly cnr
groffed tapeftry weaving to themfclves.

UNIVERSITIES'] Louvain, Douay, Tournay, anjl St. Qmcr, The
firrt was foundedin 1426, by John IV. liuke oi'Brijbanr, wnd enjoys great
privileges. By a grant of pope Sixtus IV. this univerlity has the privi-
lege of prefenting to all the livings in the Netherlands, which right they
enjoy, except in floUand,

Anti<^iities and curiosities,) Some Roman monuments of
NATiJ^AL AND ARTiFiciAt. 5 tcmplcs Slid Other buildings are
to be found in thrfe provinces. Many curious bells, churches, and the
like, ancicnf and modern, are alio found here ; and the mai;iiificent 0I4
edifices of every kind, fccn through all their cities, give evidences of their
former grandeur. In 1607, fomc labourers found 1600 gojit coins, and
aniient medals of Antoninus Pius, Aurelius, and Lucius Verus.

Cities.] This article has cmplojed feveral large volumes publidie^
by difiererr authors, but in times when the Aullrian Netherlands were far
more flourill.irg than now. The walls of Glipnr, formerly the capital of
Flamleif, and celebrated for its linen and woollen manufat^ures, contain
the circuit of ten miles ; but now unoccupied, and great part of it in 4
manner void. Bruges, formerly fo noted for its trade and manufai'lures^
but above all for its line canal-, is now dwindled to an inconfiderable place,
Ollcnd is a tolerably convenient harbour for traders j and foon after the
late rupture between Great Britain and Holland, became more opulent
and populous. In 1781 it wns vifited by the innperor, who granted to if
many privileges and franchifcs, and the Irce e:;ercife of the proteftant te-
ligion. As to Ypros, it is only a llrong garrilon tovyn. The fame may
be laid of Charleroy and Namur.

Louvain, the capital of the Aufliian Brabant, inflead of its flourilhing
in;!nuf;i6tures and places of trade, now contains pretty gardens, walks,
and arbourp. Brulltls retains foniewhat of .its ancient manufaftures ;
and being the relidence of the governor or viceroj? of the Auftrian Ne-
therlands, it is a populous, lively place. Antwerp, once the emporium
of the European continent, is now reduced to be a tapcftry and thread
lace-fliop, with tl.c houfes of feme bankers, jewellers, and painters ad-
joini:>g. One of the firll exploits of the Dutch, foon after they threw off
the Spanifli yoke, wns to ruin at once the commerce of Antwerp, by
Unking veffels, loaded with llone, in the mouth of the Scheldt : thus
(hutting up the entrance of that river to fliips of large burden. This was
the more ciuel,as the people of Antwerp had been their friends and fellow-
fuffrrcrs in the caufe of liberty, but they forefaw that the profperity of
jheir own commerce was at ftake.

It may be obferved here, that every gentleman's houfe is a caftle or
chateau ; and that there arc more (Irong towns in the Netherlands than
in all the rtil of Europe ; but lince the decline at their trade, by the rife

NETHERLANDS.

487

of the Engltfli and Dutch, tbefe towns are coniider.ibljr ditniniflied in fizr,
and whole lUeets, purticularly in Antwerp, .ire in appearance uninha-
hired. In the Netherlands, provifioni are rxtrcmelv good and cheap. A
itranger muy dine in Brufl'els, on fcven or eight dilhc* of meat, tor lelii
than u iliilling EngliHi. Tnivelling ii fafe, reulbnable, and delightful
in ihi> liixuriouH country. The roads are ;7cnerally h hroad caufewav, and
run for fume mile« in a ftraight lino, till they terminate with the view of
fume noble buildings. At Caflcl, in the French Netherlands, may b«
I'een thirty-two towns, itfclf being on a hill.

Commerce and manufac i urks.] The chief manufa<Etures of th^
French and Aullrian Netherlands, are their beautiful linens and laces ; in
which, notwiththtndinir the bonftcd improvements of their neighbours,
they are yet unrivalled ; particulaily in that fpccics called cambrics, from
Criinbray, the (;hief plice of its manufacture. Thcfe niaoutai^turet form
the principal aitiile of their commerL-e.

Constitution ano covernmbnt.] The AuftrianNethcrhindsarf
Aill conlidered as :; circle of the empire, of which the archducal houfe,
»8 being fuvcrcign of the whole, is the fole director and fummoning princQ.
This circle contributes its (liare to the impods of the empire, and fend«
«n envoy to the diet, but is not fubjc^ to the juo'.catories of the empire.
It is under a governor-general, appointed by the court of Vicnnn, who,
was his fercne highncfs prince Charles of Lorrain, brother to the
late, and uncle to the prefcnt emperor. The fi.ce of an afl'embly, or
parliament, for each province, is ftill kept up, and confilh of the clergy,
nobility, and deputies of towns, who meet at Brufllls. Each province
claims particular privileges, but they are of very little cffcdt ; and the gtv
vernor feldoni or never finds any rclhhince to the will of his court.
Every province has a particular governor, fubjeft to the icgent : and
caufci) are here decided according to the civil and canon law.

Rkvrndes] Thefe rife from the dcmefne lands .and cirtloms ; but fa
much is the trade of the Aullrian Flanders now reduced, that they are faid
not to defray the expcnce of ihcir government ; but by the late redudfion
of thegarrilbns, this is now altered. The French Netherlands! bring in a
confidcrable revenue to the crown.

Military Stiikngth.] The troops maintained here by the emperor
are chiefly employed in the frontier garrifons. Though, by the barrier
treaty, the Auftrians were obliged to maintain threc-tifths of thofe gar-
rifons, and the Dutch two; yet both of them were milerably detTcient in
their quotas, the whole requiring at leaft 30,000 men, andin time of war
above 10,000 more. But the prefcnt emperor hath demolillied the fortifi-
cations of mod of the places, and rer.d;;red the garrifons uielel's.

Arms.] Thearms of Fi.mders arc, Or, a lion fable, langued ^ulcs.

History.] The feventeen provinces, ami that part of Germany
which lies well of the Rhine, was called Belgica Gallia by the Romans.
About a century before the Chrillian jeni, the Battse removed from Hefle
10 the marftiy country bounded by the Rhine and the Maefe. They
gave the name of Batavia to their new country. Generous and brave,
the Batavians were treated by the Romans with great relpcA, bcinjj
exempted from tri'iute, governed by their own laws, and obliged only to
perform military fervices. Upon the decline of that empire, the Gorhs,
and 01 her northern pe!pple, pofl'eflcd themfelves of thcfe provinces hrlt, as
they palled through them in their way to France, and other parts of the Ro-
liian empire j and afte; wards being ei et^cd into fmall govcrnmems, the htads

1*4 of

4«S

NETHfittLAKDSf.

tif which were defpotic wiihin their own doitiiriiorit. Batnvia and Hot*
land became indepenrieni <>n Oermniiy, to which it had been united
under one of the gr.indfuni ot Chiirlemagne, in the beginning of the loth
pentury, when the fupremr aurhority wai lodged in the three united
j>owcrii, pt a Count, the Noble», und the 1 own*. At lad they were
fwallowed up by the houfe of Burgundy, anno 1433. The emperor
Charles V. the heir of that f»mily, traniferred theiu, in the yeir 1A77, to
the houfe of Auftriir, and ranked thrm ni piirt of the empire, under tho
title of ihe Ciicleof Biirgmuly. The tyranny of his foil Philip, who
fucteeded to the throne of Sp;tin, made the infiabitatits attempt to throw
off iiis yoke, which occalioncd tv general infurrcftion. 'i he counti
I^oorn, and F.gmont, and the prince of Or.itige, appearing at the head
«f it. anil Luther's reformation guining ground ahiut the fame time in the
Netherlands, his «1ifciplr» were forced by pcrfccution to join the male-
coiiirntg. Whereupon king Philip intri'duccd a kind of inqtiilition, it>
»rder to fuppiels them ; aiui many thoufands were put to death by that
court, hcHifes tlrole ihar periflied by the iword. Couiit Hoorn and count
figmont iveVr lakcn aiul U-hraded j but the prince of Orange, whom they
eledcd to be their ftadtholdcr, retiring into Hopatid, that and the
rfdjacrnt provinces en'eied intd' a treaty for their mutual defence, at
Utrecht, in the yci^r 157;. And' though thefe revohers at firll were
thought fo defpica^lK as t<> be tenned^jjii^^^rj by their tyrants, their per-
fcverance and c(un:ij;;e were fucH, under the prince of Orange, and the
pfliflance aflovded th> m by ciuctin Elizabeth, both in troops and money,
that they iorced the crovvn (if Spain to declare them a free people, in the
year 1609 ; and afteiw.irds they were acknowledged by ail Europe to be
rin'Mndeptndent flate, under the title of The United Provikces.
By their fea wars with England, under the Cumtuonwcalth, Cromwell
and Charlfs II. they julHy acquired the reputation of a formidable naval
jpowcf. When the houfe of Aitftria, which for fomc ages ruled over
Germany, 8p»in, aiul part of Italy, with xVhifch they afterwards conti-
hued to carry on bloody wars, was become no longer formidable ; and
When the public jealou'fy was direded againft that of Bourbon, which
was favoured by the government of Hofiand, who had difpofltired the
prince of Orange of the ft.idtholdcrfliip ; the fpirit of the jx-ople was
fuch, that they revived it in the perfon of the prince, who was afterwards
William III. king of Great BritaiB ; and during his reign, and that of
queen Anne, they were principals in the grand confederacy againft
Lewis XIV. king of France.

Their conduft towards Fngtand in the wars 1742 and 1756 hath been
dilcuffcd in the hiftory of that country, as alio the occurrences which led
to a rupture between them and the Englifli in the year 1780. As it was
urged, that tliey refufed to fulfil the treaties which fubliftrd between them
and Great Briiain, fo all the treaties which bound Grreat Britain to
rhem were declared null ai)d void, as if none had ever exifted. By the
war, their trade fuflcred confiderably, but Negapatnam, in the Eaft
Indies, is the only pi ice not reftored to them by the late peace. The
confequence of their difunion with England, may however prove, in the
end, injurious, if not fatal to them. They have lately fought for aclofer
nlliance with the court of Verfailles ; and through the influence of a con-
liderablc party rmnng them in the French infereft, prefer their union and
friendfhip, to tnat of their old allies, friends, and proteflors. .Which
alliaoce w|ll be |i)oft for their advantage, and conduce mod to their

profperity

NETHEltLANDS.

4t#

pfofi^erity mA exiftertce, as HioR Atii> MrGMTV StATII, time will
difcover.

Probably, to their reparation from Great Britain my be attributed
the prefent dift'crenccs between the Staft t Oeneral and the emperor of
Germany. The demands made upon them, and the late violation o(
trentie* lubfiftinjj b-rtwccn them and hit anceftori, by which he hitiifelf it
conlidered iis/ bound, miKht not otherwife have been heard of. The em-
peror indcc^d pit stdb on his parr, that, " Ely the non-performnnce and the
violiicion uf the treaties which the Diitch pra^tifed on all occations appa-
rently tiivoui^able tu them, the Diutting of the Scheldt has long been a
lubniiliion not obligutory on the AutVrian Low Countries ; and the general
ia>.e of the iitiairs ot £u;ope is belid<c8 fo different now from v/hat it wti
at the concluiioii uf the treaty of Munder, that it if manifell the flipu-
lation of that treaty which regards the Scheldt is really at prefent no
objed. Thar notwithlt<inding this, he was difpofed to ccommodate
mutters amicirhly with the Republic, even to the facrific6 of the mod
luwful and mud important claims ; but the more his Majefty tcdified hii
rcadintfs for this purpofc, the lefi ke has found on the pnrtof the llepub"
lie. They ha.e, on the contrary, endeavoured to raife «1 forta '>f
impedix ems to the fuccefs of the negociation, and for that end have
perfided in fullaiuing and preferving a claim to which, on account of fo
many contravcntiuns to treaties, they can have no legitimate right. To
prevent the injuries which the States.Qeneral had in view to eltaP'th
thereby, contrary to the incontefcable lights of his Imperial Mcljefty, sua
to leave no doubt of his unalterable refolution to adhere to the pi'upoli'^ona
contained in the ultimatum, his Majelly could not forbear determining
to fend to lea, from Antwerp, a fliip under his flag, after having declared
long enough before in what manner he fhould contider all violent oppo-
fition that might be made to tlie free paflage of the faid (hip."

The iliip was llopped in its palfage, as was another ordered to fail from
Odend up the Scheldt to Antwerp. But the Dutch oftercd to difmifs the
vellels U the Captains would tngiige to return to their refpedlive places, and
not continue their voyage on the river, which they refufed to do. This
the em^^eror calls inluttiiig his flag, and hath declared to all foreign courts,
he caniiot look on this fad but as *• an effedive declaration of war on the
part ot the Republic." In anfwer to their conduft in flopping the Im-
perial i\vp , whiL'h the emperor flyles an infult to his flag, and by which
he dc -lares them to have begun hoflilities, the Dutch ^).nli^*r8at Bruflels,
in a paper dcliv<^red to that court, proteil, *« That as viv-rii' fole aim was
toiiipijut their uncontrovertible right, they cannot be fufpedcd of any
hoftii( aggrelfion, which is the lefs to be laid to their charge, as they po-
fuively . cdared not to ftand any ways anfwerable for the confeciuences tnat
itiay enfue from the particular conllrudion which his Imperial Majefly
may be pleafed to put upon the affair. The Republic, far from being
confidered in the light of a power having a6ted offenfivly, ftill pej-fift in
(their peaceable difpofitions ; but if unfortunately fuch difpolitions can
have no inHuencc on the mind of his Imperial Majefty, though the States
ilill iircfcrve fome hopes to the contrary, the Republic will find itfelf iii
the diiagreeable neceffity of having recourfc to fuch means as the rights
of nature and nations entitle them to ; hoping that Divine Providence,
and the applauding voice of the neutral powers, will aflill in maintaining
the Republic in the juft defence of its dcareft rights."
0|:eat preparations were made for immediate hoftllitics agaiuil the Dutch,
. . ' »ud

490

E R M A N Y.

and feveral hundreds of the Irnperiaiifts, with fome iioId-piecM, nd.
vancing towards the counterfcarpe of Liilo, the commanding officer of
that place ordered . the fluices to be opcusd Noveml>€r 7, 1784, which
cfied^ed an inundatiou that laid under water many miles of flat country
around the forts on the Scheldt, to preferve them from an attack. Both
parties arc exerting themrtlves, if they Hiould be called forth to open a
campaign in the next fpring ; but France and PruiTia have interpofcd as
negociators and mediators ; and probably will fuccecd in bringing about a
reconciliation. However, from the conduifl of the Emperor in the par>
tition of Poland, and in r'emolifliing the fortifications of the barrier
plaCM in the Netherlands, and demanding a free navigation of the Scheldt,
and to the Eafl Indies, advancing from one pretention to another, it is,
apparent, that the moft folemn treaties will be no longer obl'erved by
fome courts and Aatcfmen, than till they have an opportunity with ability
to break them.

After the independency of the Seven United Provinces was acknovv-,
ledeed, the Spaniards remained poflelfed of the other ten provinces, or,
ns tney are termed the Low Countri||s, until the duke of Marlborough,
general of the allien, gained the memorable vi^ory of Ramillies, in the
year i7o6« After which, BrufTcls, the capital, and great part of thefe
promlnccs, acknowledged Charles VI. afterwards emperor of Germany,
for their, fovereign ; and hi? daughter, the late emprcfs-queen, remained
poflelfed of them until the war of 1741, when the French reduced them,
except part of the province of Luxemburgh ; and would have flill poflclT-
ed them, but for the exertions of the Dutch, and chiefly of the bnglifh
in favour pf the houfe of Auftria. The places retained by the French,
by the pence of Aix-la-Chapelle in the year 174^^, may be fecn in the
precetliiig general table of divifious.

GERMANY.

Situation and Extent.

Miles.
Length 600 }

Degrees. Scj. Miles. ■ ' ■*•

Boundaries.] 'T^HE enr.pire of Germany, properly fo called, is
JL bounded by the German ocean, Denmark, and the
Baltic, on the North ; by Poland and Hungary, including Bohemia, on
the Eaft; by Switzerland and the Alps, which divide it from Italy,
on the South ; and by the dominions of France and the Low Countries,
on the Weft, from which it is feparated by the Rhine, Mofclle, and the
Maefe.

Grand divisio:<:s,] Tlie diviflons of Germany, as laid down even
by modern writers, are various and uncertain. I fliall therefore adhere
to thofe that a e'moft generally received. Germany formerly was divided
into the Upper, or Southern, and the Lower, op Northern. The
emjieror Maximilian, predeceflor and grandfather to the emperur Charles
V. divided it into ten great circles ; and the divilion was confirmed in the
diet of Nuremberg, in 1552; but the circle of Burgundy, or the

fevcnteen

>'•}
►■-*

t V

■** H

GERMANY.

491

feventeen provinces of the Low Countries, being now detached fron^ f^e
CHipire, we are to confine ourfelves to nine of thole diviiions, as they now
fubljft.

Whereof three are in the nonh, three in the middle, and three in the
fouth.

The northern circles — —

TJie circles in the middle

The feuthcrn circles —

! Upper Saxony-
Lower Saxony
Wcrtphalia
! Upper Rhine
Lower Rhine
Franconia
iAuftria
Bavaria
Swabia

1. Upper SAXONY Circle.

Diviiicns
Ppmera

Subdivilions.

Chief Towns. Sq. M.

. ^, f Pruf. Pomerania, N. E. 1 C Stettsn, £. 1. 14- ) -
ania, m the \ ' I J - xt 1 . ^ > 4.820

^onh. ^ g^^j^ p^^^^j.^ N. W. H Stralfund 2991

own ele<Sor the K,
of Prullia

Brandenburg in the r^j^^^^j^^^^^
nndaie, iub. to.ts \ j^j^jj^,,;^^,^

I Newmark, eaft

Saxony, Proper. i„ [ Duchy of Saxonjj,
the Ibuth, fi.b. xoS i:"f"!"* "'^'■^' "'\,
its own eleaor. L'^^'*""'' ™"'^1' ^""'*'-

7 f Stendcl I

Berlin,Potrdam ^ 10919
Francf.Cuftrin.J

The duchies of

r Wirtenberg
\ Bautzen, Gorlitz
< Drcf. E. Ion. 13-
I 36. N.lat. 51.
(.Meiffen

Erfurt
f Meinungen
" Zeitz
Altenburg

>Z-^< Weimar

Thurlngia, langr. weft,

rSaxe Meinungen") t-
' ' ' "^ I S;ixe Zeitz

j Saxe AlcenbS.
-^ SaxeWeirnar, W.
j Saxc.Gotha, W.
., j SaxeEifn.S.W.
t. 5axe Saalfeldt j

!3chw;\rtf.W. fSubjeft to f Schwartiburg
Belchin. N. i their relpec- < Belchin^en
_ Manstel. N. I tive counts. ( Mansfeldt.
i Hall, mid. fub. to Pruf. | f Hall
• ■jl SaxeNaura) rg, Tub- I •( Naumburg.
i jeiSt to its own duke J [^

■^ a j Gotha
-f I I Eifnach
«3 tSaaheldt

The duchies of

'7500

362a

240
1500

96
210

The counties of

Principality of
Bidiopiick of

^__^ Stolberg, north-weft ) ( Stolberg
i Ilchenflein, weft , j | Northhai

— Anhalt, north —

auien
5 Deflau, Zerbft 1 ,,
t Bemberg,Kothen f ^^^
— Saxe Hail, weft Hall

Voigtland, fouth^fubjedlto ? p.

Puchy of

the eledtor of Saxony
C Mernjurg,middle,fubje«a ? ,, n.
^ i to the clcdtor of Saxiny } ^''^^'S.

696

33<>
Lower

49«

GERMAN Y.

Dtvlfionsi

Lowe* SAXONY
SuLciiviftons.

Holftein Proper,
N.

Holfteln D. D'ttmarni, weft
north of the^ Stormaria, fouth <
Elbe. i HaMiburg, a fo-

I vereign ftate

Q m u 3

P 3 S

ClftCLE.

Chief Towns. S^i. ^^.

Kiel,fub.toHoIrtein"J
Gottorp. f -

Meldorp ) fubjeft to p*50

ago >Glucftat JDenm. J
- *^'G i Hamburg, E. L. io-7,t:.

.^•S **« N. L. ^4. an impcriaUuy.

j^Wagerland, eaft 1 ^ § o jj J Lubec, an impeii;\l city,

Lauenburg Puchy> ncr;h of the Elbe, fub- J r „,„„. ^
jea to Hano-.rr — JA.Auenbi;.g.

Subject to the duke
of Brunfwic Wol-
Icnbuttle.

Subjefl to the eleo
lor of Hanover, s
K. of G. Ei-irain. [

D. Brunfwic
Proper.
D.Wolfenbuttle
C. Rheinfidn, fouth
C. Blackenbi'rg
I D. Calenberg
' D. Grubenhagen
Gotcingen

lis

Brun.E.H-i. 10-30
N. Lat. J. --30.

Wolfenlxittle

Rbcinftein

B!ackt'!ibur<»
auovtr
riibeirhagen

Gotfingen

450

' 860

Luneburg D, fub. f D.oiXuneburgProper 7 J ^Ti'^^r ^1

torianover. 1 D. Zdl ^ ^ J j Zell E. Ion. ,0.

_ _ I _ ) t N. lat. 52-52.

'i D. fub. tol '

8024

Srcmen D. and Ver-'.

fiauovci, north

Mecklenburg D.

{

4400

D. fub. to ") f Bremen, £. Ion. 9. N. lat. I

■< 5 3-3O. an imperial city, j* ^°
i Verdcn. 693

D. Schwerin, north, ^ Schwerin, E. Ion.
fubjeft to its duke / 1 1-30. N. laf. ^4.
D.Guftroiv,north,fub- f Guftrow.
jc£t tu its duke J

Hilderflielmbiflioprick, in the middle, fubje£t ) j Hllderllieim, an
to its bifhop — — • 5 C imperial city.

^'ibgWu^Si^ ^°" -"^' ^" -^ '°''' I \ Magdeburg,
Halberftadt duchy, fubjeA toPruiTta, fouth-eaft Halberftadr.
^. WESTPHALIA Circle.

J 1302

}'S35

450

North Di-
vilion.

'Embden, C. or Eaft Frief.
fub. to the king of Pruffia
01dcnburg,C. > fub. to the
Dclmenhuril ^K. of Den.
Hoye } fubje^t to Han-
Diepholt J over
MunfterB.fub.toits biftiop'

Weftern Di-
vilion

'Embden, an im-

perial city
Oldenburjr
Delmenhurft
Hoye
Diepholt
"Muntter.Elon.;-

10. N. lilt. 52.
Paderborn
Ofnaburg
Jjip^ ^ Pyrmont,
Minden

}

720

Paderborn B. fub. to its bp.
Ofnaburg B. fub. to its bp.
Lippe C. fub. to its count |
Miiiden D. ) r u » t> I J wj
RavenibergC. {^"b.toPru. ^< R,,enJbcrg

Weftphalia D. fub, to the ! 1 Arenfburg

eleftor of Cologn

Tccklenb. C. ) fub.totheir Tecklenburg

Ritberg C. S refpedive Ritberg

.Schuwcnb.C.J counts. J LS(hawenburg

624

220

>36oo

800
870
400

S9S
1444

840
120

Middle

G E R M A

Diviiions*

Middle Di.
viiion.

Subdlvifions.
'Clevcs D. fub. to the king-
ed Pruffia
Berg. D. ) fub.totheelec

iuliers D. ) tor Palatine,
lark C. fubjea to Pruffia ;
^ Liege B. fub. to its own bp. f i

Chief Towns, Sq. M,

•Cleves E. Ion. 5* J I-

36 N.lat. 51-40. J 3*
Duflfeldorf

Tuliers, Aix
Ham

960

Liege,E.lon.5.56) ^^^

41S

-I ,"

N. lat. co-40
Huy
fienth. C. fub. to Hanover I Bentheiin
.SteinfortC.fub.toitscountJ LSteinfort

4. Upper RHINE Circie.

f HelTe Caflel, landg. N. *) f Caflel, E. Ion. $• 1

* I J 2oN.lat.si.iS.p5«»

{HeHe^arpurgh, landg. N. fl Wiarpurgn
Hefle Darmfiadt, landg. J (. Darmftadt 396

Each of the above fubdivifio^s are fubje^ to their refpedtiTe landgraves.

J Hefle Homberg "i t Homberg

HeOe Rhinefcldt I < Rhinefeldt l8«

Wonfield J (Wonfield

'NaflauDillenburgh-) 2vS fDillenburg

Counties in the
Wetteraw
ibuth«

Naflku Diets
Naflau Hadamar
Na0au Kerberg
Naflau Siegen
Naflau Idltein
NaflTau Weilburg
Naflau Win>aden
NaflTau Bielfteid
Naflau Otweiler
_Naflau Ufingen j (i^

' ("Frankfort on the Maine, ~l

Territory of Frankfort, a fovereign ftate^ E. Ion. 8-30. N. lat. V

L 50-io.animperialcity.J
County of Erpach, fub. to its own count Erpach eaft

BifliopriA of Sp«, a fovereign fla« { ^i^j^^.fS.^^'^' " }

o 2

(^ u

.^^

S I a
8 « s

^ &'-
00

Diets

Hadamar

Kerberg

Siegen

Idflein

Weilburg

Wifljaden

Bielfleid

Otweiler

Ufingen

>IiQ»

Z20
230

700

County of Catzenelbogen, fub. to Hefle Caflel Gatzenelbogen ou the Lhon.

" Waldec, fub. to its own count'
Solms, fub. to its own count
Haaau, fub. to HelTe Caflel
Ifenburg, fub. to its ovvn C.
Counties of ^ Sayn
Wied

Witgenftcju
Hatifield
(_Wellerburg
Abbey of Fulda, fubjed to its abbot —

Hirfchfeld(,--fubjeft to Hefle Caflel —

Waldec
Solms
Hanau
Ifenburg
^•^ Sayii
VVicd

Witgcnfteln
Hatzficld
^Wettcrburg

Fulda

Hirfchfeld

368
43*

621

5. Lower

494

Divifiont.

GERMANY.

5. Lower RHINE Circle.
Chief Towns.

Sq. M*

Palatinate of the Rhine, on n r Heidelberg on the Ncclcar, E. }
both fides that river, fub. ^ ^ Jon. 8-40. N. lat. 49-20. J
to the EleAor Palatine.

2618

nPhilipfburg, Manheiin, and
Frankendal on the Rhine.

Archbifliopricks
and £le£to-
rates of

f Cologn'

Mentz

_ Triers ^

9
CO

' Cologne, on the Rhine, E.
Ion. 6-40. N. lat. JO-JO.
Bonn, on the Rhine.
Mentz, on the Rhine, Af- I
chaftcnb. on the Maine. )
^Triers, on the Molelle.

liQjoprickofWorms, afovereignftate | an?iipe°r?al dty. "**}

1964
1405
176^

»S4

Duchy of Simmeren, fub. to its own duke Simmeren.

Coundei of

iHhinegraveftein
Meurs, fubje£t to Pruflia
Veldentz, fubje£l to the
Eledor Palatine
Spanheim
Leyningen

Rhinegravellein
Meurs
Veldentz .

Creutznach
Leyningen.

Anfpach

Chief Towns.
Henneberg
Coburg
Hilburghaufen
I Nuremberg, an
I imperial city.

>Mergenthcim.

'"Reineck *
Bareith
Papenheiin
. y Wertheiin
f ) Caflel

Schwartzburg
middle
-Holach.

1645
1700

5'3
900

1000

6. F R A N C O N I A Circle.

Divifions. Chief Towns.

rWurtfturg, W."] rSubjeftto^ fWurtlburg
BKhopricks of \ Bamberg, N. W their rcfp. > < Bamberg

LAichilatS. J L bifhops. ) lAichftat

r Cullenback, 1 fSub. to their) rCullenback
Marquifates of <^ north eaft W refpedtive w

(, Anfpach, S.J (, margraves, j i

Subdivifions.
Principality of Henneberg, N. —

Duchy of Coburg, N. fubje(^ to its duke
Duchy of Hilburghaufen, fubje£l to its duke
Burgravate of Nuremburg, S. £. an inde-
pendent ftate — —
Territory of the great-mafter of the Teutonic
order,' Mergcntheim, S. W. —
f Reineck, W.
,^., I Bareith, E. fub. to its own mar.
j Papenheim, S. f. to its own C*
o .• c } Wertheim, W. . '
Counties of i Caflel, middle

Schwartzburg, fubjed): to
its own count
LHoiach, S. W.

7. AUSTRIA Circle.

The whole circle belongs to the cmpcior, as head of tke Houfe of Audrta.
. Arehr

406
640

iS8
120
220

.-;*trA' -.

GERMANY.

495

1645

1700

«.

5 '3

900

Dividons.
Archduchy of Auftria Projjcr

Duchies of

JStiria and Cillcy, C.
Carinthia
Caruiola

Chief Towni. Sq. M.

/Vienna, E. Ion. 16-20. N. lat.'
I 43>30. Lints, Ens, wed.

■}7.6o

County of Tyrol
BiHiopricks of

r Gr<\t7, Cilley, S. E. 5000

I Glagenfurt, Lavem. S. E. 3000
• < Laubach, Zerknits, Tri- "i
I cfte, St. Veils, S. E. ;^570
Goritla J (. Gorits, S. £.

— Infpruck J S. W. on the con- f 3900

rBrixen "V/Brixen > fines of Italy and^ 1300
I Trent JlTreut } Switzerland. \. 210

Siibdivifions.
Duchy of Ba-
varia Proper on
the Danube.

Pitlatinnte of

Bavaria.
Frellingen, fubjc^f to its bifliop

8. BAVARIA CiRci-f.

Chief Towns,
o u- a * .1 fMunich, E. Ion, 11-31. N.'
Subjeatothe j„, '3.5. Landnmt. In-

elcftor palatine I iJifat^N. W. Donawcrt

►as fucceflor to< r" •'• ■^■' •—..i-:.t .•...

the late eledlor

of Bavaria.

[Ratif. N. an imperial city.
Amberg [Sultzbachj. N.
of the Danube..
Freflingcn

'8^00

240

Biflioprick orp.iflau, fubjed to its own bifliop, PalTau, E. on the Danube. 240
"ei'So°/pS«'=' ■'""Jf "•''JNe.b.rg.W.on.h.Danube. 450

2540

g. S W A B I A Circle.

Duchy of Wurtembergn Stutgard E.lon^p.N.-^o^ ^ „^3^
fubjea to the duke of > lat. - '^•■'—

Wurteraberg Stutgard. J

Onornear
theRhine

48.40. Tubm- Xj, j^^^^^^^ ^3564
, Hailbron. J J

Marqui- /Saden Baden If^b. to their f Baden lonornearl 258
ratelof |BadenDurlach)--:?-(Bat"c\J*^^^^^^^^ 4^°

Biflioprick of Augfl)urg, fubjea to f^'g^'^J^f
its own bifliop ~ I J^^^;

Augfljurg, an iuiperial city,"]

chrtet, Blenheim, on or J* 765
" c Danube. J

rr. • fTTi_ f A f Ulm, OH thc ^'JaHubc, BU Impe-T o

Territory of Ulm, a fovereignftate-J ,'. . ' *^ | 280

Biflioprick of Conflance, fuWea to its own "^ Conlliincc on the Like of 1 ,
bifliopunder the Hon fe of Auftria 3 Conflance J °

f Mindelheim ^ Subjeft to their f Mindelh. S. of Augf. 216

^r'W <|Furlknberg >
hnesof iHohenzoUemJ

f Oeting
Counties of ^ Konigfeck

{^Hohenrichburg

B- . r S Waldbure
aronies of J ^.^^^^^^^

rcfpeaivc -^ Furftenberg, S.
princes. (^HohenzoUcrn, S.
"1 Oeting, eart
^Koiiigl'eck, fouth eaft.
J Gemund, norch.
J Waliiburg, fouth eafl,
tLimpiirg, north.

78*

580

379

ISO

49S

GERMANY.

Chief Towni. Sq. M.

^ r Kempten, on thp Iller.

Subdivifioiu.

Buchaw I ) Buchujv, S. of the Danube.

LinditMr ( ] Lindsiw, on the lake of Conflahcc,

«, J t impciial citiei.

r Nordlingen, N. of the Danube.

Imperialcuies, orfovereignftates i J^^'^'TK'Vm l 4
*^ ", . 6 ^ Rotwcil, on the Ncckar, and many

(. more.
Black For^ft.N.W. Id., -j,, ,. -. .
Rhincficid C. j Rhineficid and Lauffcnb.

Marqulfateof Biirgiiw. Biirgaw, caft,
Terriiory of Brifgaw,
on the Rhine

SubjeA to the
lioufe of Au*
flria.

> Friburg and Brifac.

480
386^

Name.] Grrat part of modern Germany lay in ancient Gaul, as I
have already mentioned : and the word Germany is of iifelf but iQodern.
Many fanciful derivations have been given of the word ; the moft pro-
bable is, that it is compounded of Gtr, or Gary and Man ; which, in the
ancient Celtic, lignifies a warlike man. The Germans went by various
other names, fiicn us Allcmnnni, Tcutnnes ; which laft !s fnid to have
Lcen their inol> ancient dcfignutiun ; and the Germans thcmfclves call
their country Teutchland.

Climate, seasons, ano son..] I'lie climate of Germany, as in all
large tracts of country, ditters greatly, not only on account of the litua-
tion, north, eaft, fouth, and weft, but accordiner to the improvement of
the foil, which has a vafl efi'cd on the climate. The moil mild and fettled
weather is found in the middle of the country, at an ec\yni\ diUance from
the fca and the Alps. In the north it is lliarp ; towards the fouth it is
more temperate.

The foil of Germany is not improved to the full by culture 5 and there-
fore in many places it is bare and llcrile, though in others it is furprifingly
fruitful. Agriculture, however, is daily improving, which mud necel*
farily change the moft barren parts of Germany greatly to their advan-
tage. The feafor.8 vary as much as the foil. In the fouth and wcftern
parts, they are inore regular than thofe that lie near the fca, er that
abound with lakes and rivers. The north wind and the caftern blafts are
unfavourable to vegetation. Upon the whole, there is no great difterencc
between the feafons of Germany and thofc )f Great Britain.

MoUNTAi NS.l The chief mountains of Germany are the Alps, which
divide it from Italy, and thofc which feparate Saxony, Bavaria, and Mo-
ravia from BohciTiia. But many other large trads of mountains arc found
in different parts of the empire.

Forests.] The great pallion which the Germans have for hunting the
wild boar, is the rcafon why perhaps there arc more woods and chafes yet
Handing in Germany than in moll other countries. I'lie Hcrcynian
foreft, which in Cilar's time was nine days journey in l;:ngth, and fix in
breadth, is now cut down in many places, or parcelled our into woods,
which go hy particular names. Moll of the woods are pine, fii, oak,
and beech. ] here is a vaft number of forefts of lefs note in every part of
this country ; almoO every count, baron, or gentleman, having a chafe
cr park adorned with pleafurc-houfcs, and well-docked with game, viz.

deer„

GERMANY.

497

480

38a

ting the
laies yet
[rcynian
Id tix in
wooJs,
r« oak,
part of
a chafe
jic, viz.
deer^

deer, of which there arc fcvcn or eipht 10. d, ns roebiiclJ«, ftat^i, iec,
ot ill) iJzcs .ind cloursi, anJ many of a valt growtli ; plenty of harei,
conies, foxes, and boiirs. Tlipy abouad fo much mIid with wild towl^
th.it in many places the pe.ifnitii have theiti, as We!l ai vuiifon, fur their
ordinar> t'x il.

KiVKitb AN!) LAKvt.] No conntry can boart a ifrcatcr variety of noble
large river* than CJcrmimy. At their hend I^iinds the Danube! or pmnw^
f(» LMllc'f h'om tin: iwiftneis of tlic cur'fnf, ani' vhich I'oirtc prerend to be
naturally the tinell rivt-r i.. the world. F 'ini Vienna to BtMgrade in
Hung;iry, it ik lb broiid, tliitt in the war. uctw.vn the Turk* iind Ohrifl
tianJ, lliips of Wiir have heen cnt;;igft1 on it ; and irs convertlencv for
carriage to all tlic toimtrics thro gh which it partes i^ inconceivable —
The Danube, ho.vcv r, coniiiinb a vAi number of catunifl'^ and whirl-
pouU ; its drciimii rapid, nud itn courle, Mirhoui <ei.koni' g turnings and
windiii'^s, iscomputca 10 be 1620 nvl'^s. The other principal rivcr. dre
the Rl.ino, Kibe, CJi'tr. Wcfer, and Vlofcllc.

The thicr hikes (Ji (»frtiv,uiy, not to mention many inferior one , fi '
thofe of Conitanc :tnd P.rcj/ci t/,. Bflidcs thcl", are the Chicmfcc, or the '
lake of Bavaria; and thr /irnitzer-fce in the duchy of Carnidla, whofe
waters otun lun "tl an»l rtturn iignin in tm oxtraordina* v manner.

Befiiies thofc 1 krs ani rivrrs, in Ibnu" ( i which art- to;md pearl?, GCr-*
many contains lar^e noxious bodies ot Handing w iter, which are iCxt to
pcflilential, and atlhdt the neighbouring natives With mmy dtplor.iblii
ilil'orderR.

MiNi-RAt WATSR AND BATHS. 1 Germany 18 faid to contain more of
thofc than all Euripe bcfides. All Eunpe has heard of A\c Spa waters^
and thole of Pynnont. Thofi- of Aix l.i Chapelle arc ftlll more noted.
They are divided into the Emperor'tt Biith, and the Little Bath) and thtt
firings of both are fo hot, that they let them cool ten or twelve hours be*
fore they ufe them. Each of thofe, and many other wntcrs have their
|}arti7.an8 in the medical faculty ; and if we are to believ« all thCy fay^ they
cure difeafes internal and cutaneous, either by drinkint^or bithing. The
baths and medicinal v/aters of Einbs, Wifbadenf Schwolbach, and Wil-*
dungen, are likewifc reported to perform their wonders in a^noft aH -
difeafes. The mineral fprings at the lalf men ioned place are faid to in*
toxicate as foon as wine, and therefore they arc inclofcd. Carllbud aiid -
Baden baths have been defcribed and recommended by mahy great phy**
ficians, and ufed with great fucceffi by many royal perfdnages*

After all, many arc of opinion, that great part of the falutary virtues
afcribed to thefe waters is owing to the cxerciles and ariiufcments of thd'
patients. It is the intereft of the proprietors to provide for botb ; aftd
many of the German princes fed the benefit of the many elcgiiilt and'
polite iuditutions for the divcrfum of the public. The ncatncfs^ denn-
iinrfs, and convcniency of the places of public refort arc irtcor.ccivable ;
and though at firll they are attended w th cxpcncc, yet they more fhaii
pay themlelves in a few years hy the comp;;ny which crowd t-o them from
all parts of the world, many of whom do nor repair thitJier lor health, but
for amuliemcnr and converfatlon.

MtiALs AND MINERALS."! Germany abntind- in both* Many ^Jhices
in the circle of Aulb ia, and other parts of Gtrmany, com;iin mines of
filver, cjuickfilver, topper, tin, iron, lead, fulphur, i:itre, ;iiid vitriol*
^alt-pctrc, falt-mincs, and falt-pits arc fmind in Auflria, Bavaiia, Silefia^
and the Lower Saxony ; at are carbuncles, nme:hylls^ jaijieri fappliire^

4»l

GERMANY.

■fate, altbaftfr, fevernl forti of penrli, turquois flonet, «nd the ihr? of
xubiei, which adurn the Ciibinets of the greateft piinces :ind viituol' 'a
Bnvaria, Tirol, and Liege, an- qiiairici v( curiout marble, Hate, cii»lk,
ochre, red lead, aUim and bituineii ; bclidcs uihcr foHilt. In ftveral
placet are dug up Hones which to a llroug f;tiiiy rrpr»-icnt ditkrcnt ani«
mail and fometifheH trees ot the human form. M-Miy of the German
ciiclei furnifh coaNpits, and the urra Jigillaia of McntXt with white,
yellow, and red vciiii, is thought to be an antidote .tgiiinll poifon.

VlCKTABLE ANU ANIMAL PRODUCTIONS.] Thefc ditler in Germany
very little, if at all, from the countries alrrady defcribed : but naiuraliiti
•re of opinion, that had the Germans, even before the middle uf this
century, Dcen acquainted wiih agriculture, their country would have been
the moft fruitful of any in Europr. Even in its prefcnt, what we may
call rude Aate, provilions are more cheap and plentiful in Germany than
in any other country perhaps in the world ; wiinei't the prodigious
armies which the muft uncultivated part of it maintained during the laic
wari while many of the richcA and moll fertile provinces remained un<
touched.

The Rhenifll and the Mofelle wines difftr from thofc of other countries
in a peculiar lightncfs and dct(>rrivequ;ilitic8, more fovereign in fonie dil*
cafes than any medicine.

The Geitniui wild boar diflisrs in colour from our common hogs, and is
four limes as large. Iheir ilelli, and the hams made ot it are preferred by
niany, even to thofc of Welimorclund, for flavour and grain. The
gluitou of Germany is faid to be the moil voracious of all animals. Its
prey ia almofl every thing that has life, which it can maOcr, cfpecially
birds, hares, rabbits, goats, and iawt.s ; whom they furprii'c artfully,
and devour greedily. On thefe the glutton feeds fo ravcnoully, that it
falls into a kind of a torpid flate, und not being able to move, he is killed
by the huntfmcn ; but though both boars and wolves will kill him in that
condition, they will not eat him. His colour is a beautiful brown, with a
faint tinge of red.

Germany yields abundance-of excellent heavy horfes ; but their horfcs,
oven, anl Ihcep, are not comparable tothofe of £ni;land, probably owing
to the want of jkill in feeding and rearing them, borne parts of Germany
are remarkable fqr fine larks, and great variety of finging birds, which are
feut to all parts of Europe.

PopuLATibN, Inhabitants, manners, ^ As the empire of Ger-
cWTOMii, DIVERSIONS, ANP DRF6.^. /many is a collection of
ftparate flatesj each having a ditfercttt governmint and police, it hath
been difficult tu fpeak with precifion as to the number of its inhabitants ;
but lately the following eilimate h:ith been formed of them.
Moravia - . . -

Auflrian Silefia - - •

High and Low Lufatia - , < . - '

Circle of Auftria • - - •

Bavaria - . , .

Archbiflioprick of Saltzburgh
Wurtemburgh - - -

Baden • - .. ••j i- • , •

Augiburgh • - •, , •

Bambergandl

Wurtfturgh

1,100,000
200,0C0

380,000

4,150,000

1,148,438

250,000

565,890

200,0:0

40,009

400,000

Nuremberg

loo>ooo

loO,0'-0

Iso.coq
Ijo.ooo

:o,ooo

)5,!i90

|oo,o;o

140,000

|oo>ooo

:mberg

G E R M' A N Y.

Nuremberg? ... »

iulieri and Berg . » •

lunftcr . - . -

Ofnahurj^ •

The I'luiruin Eft.ircs in the Circle of Wcftplialia
Nailiiu, Dillcabcig, Siegen, DictZ| and Hadaman
Oldeiiboiirg « # ^ • , . -

Mayence • ' • « .

I'alntiniite of Rhine • • > • . ,

Hcflc Caffel and Darmftadt
Fulda ....

Frankfort on the Main

High Saxony, and Circle of Franconia •

Swedifli Ponifrania

Prulfian Poinerania • ,. , ,•, .•. , ,

Brandenburg - . ' ,• •

Gotha . . . -

Schwartzburgh, Mngdebiirg, and Mansfield
Halberl^adt and Hohendein

(Hanover - , • ,' fcif. • "v

Brunfwick . • ,

Holftein . - - •

Mecklenburg - - • _

Mulhaul'en .,.;".. * "

Hamburgh ^ , .»

499

70,000

a6o,ooo

|-;o, oo

116,664,

550,000

74.699

79.07*

3i4»coo

289,614

700,000

7,000

42«6oo

1,326,041

100,549

461,970

I,oo7,aj«

77,898

471, 461

>30»7«>i

♦

7«o,ooo
»66,34o

JOOjOOO

220,000

13.000

»4^

100,000

17,166,868

This calculation extends only to the principal parts of Germany ; the
kingdom of Bohemia will be noticed in the proper place, and when the
inferior parts are added, the number in all is now computed at twenty,
one millions; and when the landholders become better acquainted with
atjriculturc and cultivation, population mud naturally iucreaie among
them.

The Germans in their perfons are tall, fair, and ftrong builr. The
ladies have (generally fine complexions ; and fome of them, efpccially in
Saxony, have all the delicacy of features and (hape that are fo bewitching
in fome other countries.

Both men and women aifee^ rich d redes, which, in fafhion, are the fame
as in France and Englond ; but the better fort of men are excedively fond
of gold and lilver lace, efpecially if they arc in the army. The ladies
at the principal courts differ not much in their drefs from the French and
P2ngliflj, only they are not fo exceffively fond of paint as the former.
At fome courts they appear in rich furs ; and all of them are loaded with
jewels, if they can obtain them. The female part of the burghers fami»
lies, in many of the German towns, drefs in a very different manner, and
fome of them inconceivably fantaftic, as may be fecn in many prints
publiflied in books of navels : but in this relpedt they are gradually re-
forming, and many of them make quite a diilcrent appearance in their
drefs from what they did thirty or forty years ago : as to the peafantrv
and labourers, they drefs as in other parts of Europe, according to th»^r
employments, convenicncy, and circumllauces. 1 he (loves made ufe of
in Germany are the fame with thofc already mentioned in the northern

K k 2 rvAtiOBS,

500

GERMANY.

?-h-

natibns, and are fometimes wuJe portable, fo that the latlics carry them
to church. In Wci>phalia, and ni;tny other piirts of (ifrniany," they lleep
becween two feather-beds, vvitli Ihcets ftitciied to them, which by ufe
becomes a very comfortable practice. The moft unhappy part of the
Germans are the renants of liitle needy princes, who fcjueeze them to
keep up their own grandeur ; but in r.^^rcrul, thj ciicumlUnces of the
common people arp far preferable to tUoi'c of t!n: i'rench.

The Germans aic nuiur.illy h fiwnk, honeft, holpitahie people, free'
fronrartiiice and difijurfo. Tlie higher ordeis are lidiculuuUy prond of
titlesi antclh), and (hew. Tlie Germans in general, are thought to
want animation, as their pcrfons promife more vigour and activity than
they commonly exert, even in their field of battle. But when commanded
by able generals, cfpecially the Italians, fuch as Moniecuculi and prince
Eugene, they h«ve done great things both againft the I urks and ihc
French. The imperial arms have feldom made any remarkible figure
againll either of thofe two nations, or againll the Swedes or Spaniards,
when commanded by German generals. This poifihly might be owing
to the arbitrary oblhnacy of the court of Vienna ; for in the two lait
wars, the Auftrians exhibited prodigies of milit.iry valour and g< nius.

Indurtry application, and pcrfcverancc, are the great charaiteriftics
of the Gei lan nation, efpecially the mechanical part of it. Their works
ofartwoudbc incredible, were they not vifible, cfpecially in watch and
clock making, jewelry, turnery, fculpiurc, drawing, painting, and cer-
tain kinds of architcdure, fu'nc of which I fhall have occafion to
mention. The Germans have been charged with intempcnmce in eating
and drinking, and perhaps not unjuftly, owing to the vail plenty of their
country in wine and provifions of every kind. But thofe praiftices fcem
now to be wearing out. At the greateil: tables, though the guells drink
pretty freely at diiiner, yet the rcpail is commonly iiniflied by coffee, after
three or four public toiifts have beoii given. But no people have more
feafting at marriages, funerals, and on biith-days.

The German nobility are generally men of fo tnuch honour, that a
(harper in other coun'ries, efpecially in England, meets with more credit
if he pretends to be a German, rather than any other nation. All the
fons of noblemen inherit their fathers titles, which greatly perplexes the
heralds and geneah)gifl8 of that country. The German hulbands are not
quite fo complaifnnt as thofe of foine other counities to their ladic?, who
are not entitled to any pre-eminence at the table ; nor indeed do they
fecm to affed it, being far from cither ambitiov laqti;i*ity, though they
are faid to be fomewhat too fond of gaming. From what has been pre-
tnifed, it may eafily be conceived, that many of the German nobility,
having no other hereditary eftate than a high-founding title, eafily enter
into their armies, and thofe of other fovtr' !j;ns. Their fondnefs for
title is attended with inany other Lncoi>vetjiencit.s. Their princes think
that the cultivuiion of their lands, though it might treble their revenue,
is below their attention ; Dnd thi<r, as they are a fpccies ot beings fuperior
to labourers of every kind, they would demean themtelves in being con-
cerned in the improvement of their grounds.

The domelHc diverfions of the Germans are the fame as in England ;
hilliardi, cards, dice, fencing, dancing, and the like. In fummer, people
u/ fafliion repair to places of public refort, and drink the waters. As to
then- field divcrlion?, bcfides their favourite one of hunting, they have
bull antl bear baiting, and the like. The inhabitants of Vienna live
I luxurioufly,

GERMANY.

50 X

gland ;
people
As to
y have
na live
rioufly,

iiixunouily« a great pnrt of their time being fpent in feaflin^ and carouf-
ing J and in wuuer when the Icvcral branches of the Danube are frozen
over, and the ground covered with fnow, the Lidics take their recreation
in fledges of ditierent iliajies, fiich as griffins, tygers, fwans, fcollop-flielli^
&c. Here the lady lits, drcired in velvet lined with rich furs, and adorned
with laces and jewels having on her head a velvet cap ; and the fledge
is drawn by one horlV, Itag, or other « rcature, fet off with plumes of
feathers, ribands, and bclU. As this diverli'<n is tak«-n chiefly in the
night time, I'crvants ride before the (ledges with torches, and a gentleman
llanding on the fledge behind guides the horfc.

Religion.] This is a copious article, bur I fliall confine myfclf to
what is nioti ncccfliiry to be known. Before the Refnrmarion introduced
by Luilicr, the G'-vman bifliops were pofl'efl!ed (as indeed many of them
are at.thi^ day) of prodigious power and revenues, and were the tyrants
of the evpenir : s well a^ the people. Their ignorance was only equalled
by their fuiierlbt'on. Th-: }>ohemians were the firll who had an idea of
retormatii.n, anJ made io glorious a (land for many years againit the
cri< rs of Ro lie, that tlicy were indulged in the liberty of taking the fa-
cramcKt in botli kinds and other ireedoms not tolerated in the Romi(h
church. This was in a great meafmc owing to the celebrated Englifli-
niau John VVickUtt", who went much farther in reforming the real error*
of pnperv than Luther himfeU, 'hough he lived about-a century and a
half bctoit hiiTi. WickliiF was ieconded by John Hula, and Jerome of
Prague, who, notwithftanding the emperor's fafe-condu(Jt,wcre iofamoufly
burnt at the council ot Conftance.

The Reformation innoductd afterwrirt's by Luther*; of which we have
fpoken in the Introduction, tliou^^h it ftruck at the chief abufes in the
church of Rome, was thoughr in (ome points (particularly thatof contub-
ftantiation, by which the reai body ot Chrill, as well as the elements of
bread and wine, is fuppoicd to be taken in the facrament) to be irrr;crfe£t.
Calviniim f, theveforr, or the religion of Geneva (as now pradifed in the
church of Scotland), was introduced into Germany, and is the religion
profell'ed in the territories of the king of Prufli'i, .the landgrave of Helfe,
and foTic other piincts, who maintain a purity of orders in the church.
Some go fo far as to fay, that rhe numbers of Protellanfs and Papiftg in the
einjjire an- now alinoll equal. Gt?rmany, particularly Moravia and the
Palatinate, as alfo Bohemia, is over-run with le<?.taries of all kinds; and
Jews .lb tuud in the empire. At prefent, the modes of worihip and
foriTis of church government are by the protelhnit German princes cjn-
fidcred in a civil r;ither than a religious lighr. The prorcibint clergy are
learned and exemplary in their deportment, but the popiili, ignorant and
libertine.

Archuishop ano msHOP-sEEs.] Thefc are differently reprefented
by authors ; lonie of whom reprel'ent Vienna as being a fuffragan to the

• Rom in Suxonv, in the year 1483, bqian to difputc the dodlrinef of the Rotnifh
chiirili 1.517, aiidiliiil I '54'^', in che ft^jtl ycat of his iiijc.

f John Ciilviii was bom in the povince of Picardy, in the north of France, ann*
ifo6 Utiiig oblijriil to fly from tliat kingdom, he fettled at Geneva, in 1^39, where
hi ftabbflied a new f.>rin of church difcipiine, which wa» foon after embraced by
ff vcral natons aid ftatcs, who are now tte'iomitiated Preibyterians, and from their
di»5lriral anulos CalviniiH. He died at Uenevri, in the year 1564; and hif writiags
nakc oincTolumcs in fuliu.

K k 3 archi-

502

GERMANY.

archiepifcopal fee of Saltzburg ; and others as being on arcliblflioprick,
but depending immediaiely upon the pope. The others are the archbi-
fhop of Mentz, who has under him twelve fuffragans ; bin one of them,
the bjfliop of Bamberg, is faid to be exempted from his jurifdiftion :—
Triers has three fufFragans : — Cologne has four :— IVlagdeburg has live }—
Saltzburgh has nine, befides Vienna ; — and Bremen three.

At different periods (ince the Reformation, it has been found expedient,
tofatisfy the claims of temporal princes, to fcciilurife the following bilhop*
fees, Bremen, Vcrden, Magdeburg. Hiilbcrlladt, Minden, Lubec, and
Ofnaburg, which laft goes alternately to the houfts of Bavaria and flan-
over, and is at prcfent held by his Britannic majVfty's fecond fon. Such
of thofe fees as were archbilhopricks are now conhdcred as duchies, and the
bifhopricks as principalities.

Language.] The Teutonic part of the German tongue is an original
language, and has no relation to the Celtic. It is called High Dutch,
and is the mother-tongue of all Germany ; but varies fo much in its dia-
'\e&^ that the people of one province fcarcely underftand thofe of another*
Latin and French are the moil ufeful languages in Germany, when a tra-
veller is ignorant of High Dutch.

The German Pater-Nofter is as follows : Un/er Fater^ der ilu hijl in
himmel. Geheiligct iveid dein ^ame. Zukomme deln reich, Dein ivillc gef-
chehcy 'i\:ic im bimmtl aljo atich auf crden, Vtifcr taglkb hodt gib uns hcutt\
Vud vergib uns unj'cr J'chuld^ ah ii'ir vergchsn unfcrn fchuldigcrn. Vudcfuhre
um nicht in verfuibung . Sondern crlnfe uns nwn dem bofen. Dm lUin is das
reick^ und die krafft^ und die bcrrlicbkeit, en eivigbcit. Amen.

Learning, learned mex, ) No country has produced a greater
AND UNIVERSITIES. J variety of authors than Germany, and

there is no where a more general tarte for reading, efpccially in the pro-
teftant countries. Printing is encouraged to a fault ; almoft every man of
letters is an author ; they multiply books without number ; thoufands of
thefes and difputations are annually publifhcd ; for no man can be a gra-
duate in their univcrfitics, who has not publiflicd one diiputation at leaft.
In this country there arc 36 univerfities, of which 17 arc proteftant, 17
Jloman catholic, and two mixed ; belides a vatt number of colleges, gym-
nafia, pedagogies, and Latin fchools. There are alfo many academies
and focieties for promoting the ftudy of natural philofophy, the belles
lettrcs, antiquities, painting, fculpture, architetlure, &c. as the Imperial
Liopoldine academy of the naturte curioji; the academy of t'citnces at Vi-
enna, at Berlin, at Gottingen, at Erfurth, at Leiplic, at Diulburgh, at
Givfen, and at Hamburg. At Drefden and Nuremberg are academies for
painting ; at Berlin a royal military academy ; and at Augfburg is the
Imperial Francifcan academy of fine arts ; to which wc may add the Latin
fociety at Jena. Of the public libraries the moft celebrated are thofe of
Vienna, Berlin, Halle, Wolfenbuttle, Hanover, Gottingen, Weyraar, and
Leipfic.

Many of the Germans have greatly diftinguiflied themfelvcs in various
branches of learning and fcience. They have wiitten largely upon the
Roman and canon laws. Stahl, Van Swietcn, Srorck, Hoffman, and HaU
ler, have contributed greatly to the improvement of phyfic ; Ruvinus and
Dilienius, of botany ; Heifter, of anatomy and furgory j and Newman,
Zimmerman, Port, and MargrafF, of chemiftry. In aftronomy, Kepler
defervedly obtained a great reputation ; and Puffcndorf is one of the firft
witcri on the law of nature and nations, and has alio merit as an hilbrian,

But

GERMANY.

503

But at tbe end of the lad centurv, and the beginning of 'he prcfent, Ger-
many, by her divines, and by her religious lefts, was lb much involved
in difputes about fvftematical theology, that few comparatively paid any
attention to other parts of learning, or to polite literature. The languaije
alfo, and the ftyle of writing in German books, which at the time of the*
Reformation, was pure and original, became ridiculous, by a continual in*
termixture of Latin and French words; and though they were not'under-
Hood by the people in general, were thought to give an air of luperiority
to the writers, and were therefore much afteftcd. For an opinion pre-
vailed among the learned in Germany, and many have not yet diveiled
themfclves of it, that compiling huge volumes, and larding them with
numberlefs (juotations from all forts of authors, and from all languages,
was the true tclt of great erudition. Their produftions, tht-refore, became
heavy and pcdantical, and were in confcqucnce diuegarded by other
nirtions.

It was about the year 1730, that the profpefts of literature in Germany
began to brighten. Leibnitz and Wolfius opened the way to a better phi-
loibphy than had hitherto prevailed. Gottfchcd, an author and profciror
at Lcipiic, who has been greatly honoured by the late king of Prulfia,
introduced a better tafte of writing, by publifhing a German grammar, and
by inilituting u literary fociety, for poliftiing and reftoring to its purity
the Gcrm.m language, and by promoiing the itudy of the belles Uttrrs.
We m;iy confidcr this as the epocha, from which the Germans began to
write with ele:/ance in their own language, upon learned iubjei''f'5, and to
free themfclves, in a conliderable degree, from that vcrbofenefs and pe-
dnntry by which they had been charaderiaed. About this time leveral
young men in the univerfity of Leipfic, and other parts of Lower Ger-
many, united in publilhing Ibme periodical works, calculated tor the
general entertainment of perfons 0' a literary tafte. vSome of thefe gen-
tlemen afterwards became eminent authors ; and their works arc held ir»
Germany in high ellimation.

The llyle of preaching among the German divines alfo now underwent
a confiderable change. They began to tranilate the befl Knglifli and
French fermons, particularly thole of Tillotfon, vSherlcji, Saurin,
Bourdaloue, and others. They improved by thefe mG:iels : ami >Io!heim,
Jcrufalem, Spalding, ZoUikofer, and others, have publidied fermons
which would do credit to any country ; though they ftill retain too much
of that prolixity, for \j'hich German divines and commentators haic bty-ix
Wt much cenfured. Nor can it be denied, that great m n'lers of the Ger-
man preachers, even in large and opulent towns, arc Itill too much dif-
tinguinied by vulgar language, abfurd opinions, and un inattention to the
d.iftates of reafon and good fenfe.

Some of the Englilli periodical writings, fuch as the Spcdfator, Tatler,
and Guardian, being tranllated into the German language, excited great
emulation among the writers of that country, and a number of periodical
papers appeared, of various merit. One of the firft and bed was publiflied
at Hamburg, under the title of " The Patriot ;" in which Dr. Thomas,
the late bifliop of Salifbury, was concerned; he being at that time chap-
lain to the Britifh faftory at Hamburg, and a confiderable maUerof the
(Jerman language. The late profcfTor Gellert, who is one of the moft
elegant of the German auihors, and one of the moft eftccmcd, has greatly
contributed to the improvement of their tafte. His way of writing is par-
ticularly adapted to tuucbthe heart, and to infpirc fentiincnts of mora-

K k 4 lity

504

GERMANY.

Hty and piety. Hii« fables and trarratinns, written in German verfe, hi« ,
IttterB, nnd his moral lomancCR, are Co much le^d in German, ihatcven
many v./the ladies have tlicm almoft by heart. His cnmedles are alfo very
P'lpiil ir ; thou<::h 'hey are rather too Icntimtntal, and better adapted for
the cicfet than for the Oac.

Hallcr, the f.imous phylkian, Hagrdorn, Uz, Cr )nep;h, Lellinjj, Gleiifl,
Gtrftenbetger, Kleil^, Klopilock, Ramler, Zncaiic, Wifiaml, :ind others,
have expelled in pnctry. Schickel, Croncijh, Lelfin^, Witland, and
Wiefe- hivcaoqui'ed lame by their dramatic writings. Rabener has, by
hi ■ faiirical works, immoitalizcd his name amonp (he Germans ; thouph
foinc of his pieces arc of too local a namie, and too much confined ta
Germ. in ciii^oms, manners, and ch;ira(^ers, to be read with any hii^h I'e-

ee of pi en I lire by ixrfons of other nations. tTclner, whole Idylls and
)eatb oi Abel hfivc l)een tranllated into the Englifli language, is known
among us in a more lav( nr Me light.

Ill cbemilhy, and in mcv.;icin'\ li'C merit of the Germans is very con-
fpicuous : and Reimariis, Ziniii.i.rm,uin, Abt, Kaeftuer, bej^'ner, Lambert,
Mayer, K.ii'gei, and Isul^er, ha"P acquired fume by their philorophical
W i:i'\Uf' Bulching is an ' x client geograp. ica -.vriter ; -..nd afco. Bu-
ll iu, Putti r, Gatteier. and (iebaur, lia' t exctUed in hiftorical works.
But It cannot be denied ihat the Ciermans, in thd: ro-nancrs, are a century
behind us. IVIoft ot their publications oi this kind art- imitations of ours,
cr elie very dry and unintercfting ; u hich pe haps is owing to eduratio'i,
ti> falfe delicacy, or to a certain 'alie of kniijiiterrantr)', which is ftili pre-
dominant among fouie of their novel- * r '.ers.

In works relating to antitjuity, am iliear s known among ibr ancients,
the names of Winckelman, Klog, nnd Leflin^, are familiar with thofe who
arc fkillrdin this branch of H'catot. In ecclelialiical, philofophical, and
literary hiiiory, the names ot A ' crius Fabricius, Moiheim, Semler, and
Brutker. are well known a juong uf. Raphelius, Michaelis, and Walcb,
are famous, in lacred literature. Cellarius, Burman, Taubman, Reiihe,
Ernefti, Reiinar-is, Ilavervamp, and Heyne, have publiftied fome of the
beft editic-ns of G.eek and Latin dairies.

It is an unfavourable circiinlbincc for G' rmn literature, that the
French language (hould be fo fafliionable in the German courts inllead of
the German, and that fo miuiy ot their princes Ihould give it fo d-cided a
prefcMince. Even the luc king of Prullia ordered the Philofophical
Tran filiations of his royal foi it. « at Berlin, from the beginning ot i s infli-
tution, to be publilhed in the French tongue: by which, fome of the Ger-
mans 'hink, his majcrty hascaft a very uudcferved reproach upon his na-
tive binguage.

W ith lelpetft to the fitie arts, the Germans have acquitti'd themfclves
tolcriibly wi U. Germany has prod ucid fome good panners, architei'fs,
Iculptors, and engravers. They even pretend to have been the firtl invenr-
ois of ewgra\iug, etching, and metzoiint". Piinting, it firft invented in
HotianU, u .is fcon after greatly in. proved in Gcrn:any. The Germar.s
aic generally allowed to be the full inventors of great guns ; as alio ot gun-
powder in Europe, about the year i 320. Gerniary has likcwife produced
fotne excellent muficiacs ; Ilandcl, Bach, and Heile, of whom Handel
Itaiids rtt he head ; and it is acknowledged, that he arrived at the fubiime
of nuilic, but he had nut the fiuallcll idea between muftc nnd fentimental
^sprcirioi:.

ClTI£S|

tail

m<J

mil
pr.l
toil

int|
tht
kill
grr

GERMANY.

SOi

;ti£S,

CiTIPS, TOWNS, FORTS, ANO OTHER EDIFICES, "j ThJS IS 3 COpioUl

PUBLIC AND frivate; With occalional efti- ^ head in all countries,

mates ot revenues and population. J but more particular*

Iv fo in Germ;my, on account of the numerous independent ihtes it cotj-

tains. Tlic reader therefore muf^ be contented with the mention of the

moft capital phices, and their peculiiiritifs.

Though Berlin is accounted thr^ capital of all his PruflJan majerty'ii do-
minions, and exhibits perhaps the moft illuftrious example of fudden im-
provement that this age can boaft of; yet, during the late war, it was
lound a j Ice of no lirei.L,tu, ar.d fell twice, almoll without reiiftance,
into the liaiviK ot the Ar .ri«n'., who, had it not been for the politentft of
their genei s, :ind their Icve of tie finf arta, which always preferves man-
kind lr.)m" barbarity and inhumanity, would have levelled it to the
grounii.

Berlin li*"; on the river Spree, and, befides a royal palace, has manjr
other fu^crl) pnlac«"S ; it contn;is tour-een Luthenin, and eleven Calvinift
chtMLhes, bclidcs a pnpirti one. Its ftreets and fquares are fpacious, and
built in a very reg il..r inannei. But the houfcs, though" neat without, are
ill-furniflied and ill-fmi(hed within, and very indiffcrcntiy provided vvith
inhabitants. Th-.' kind's palace here, and that of prince Henry, are very
magniticcnt b ildingb. The opera-houie j^s alfo a beautiful ftruflure :
and the arfenal, whu o is handfomeiy built in the form of a fquare, con-
tains arms f-r 200,000 men. There are lundry m^nut-aftures In Berlin,
and levcral fchools, librarie"^, and charitable foundations. The number
of its inhabitants, aciording to B'jfching, in 1755, was 126,661, inclu-
ding the garrifon. In the fan-e year, and according to the fame author,
there were no lewer than A43 tilk looms, 149 of haif-iilks, 2S58 forwoal-
len ftuft'f, 4,3 for cotton, 248 'or linen, 454 for lace-wnrk, 39 frames for
fdk ttockings, and 310 for worfted ones. They have here manufadlures
ot tapcftry, gold .md filver lace, and mirrors.

The ele^lor.ite of Saxony is, by nature, the richell country in Germaiiy,
if not in Europe; it contains 210 walled towns, 61 market-towns, and
about 30C0 villages, according to the lateft accounts of the Germans tbem-
felves (to which, however, we are not to give an implicit belief) ; and (^
revenue, eltimating each rix,-<Jollar at four fliillings and fix pence, amou^
to 1, 350,0001. I his fum is .'b miVJerate, when compared to the richneO'
of the foil, which, if we are tv) believe Dr. Biifching, produces even dia-
monds, and alnioft all the precious ftones to be found in the Eaft Indict
and elfewhere, and the v.»riety of Iplendid manufadures, that I ain apt to
believe the Saxon princes to have been the inoft moderate and patriotic of
any in Germany.

We can fay little more of Diefden, the elc(5>or of Saxony's capital, than
hath been already faid of all fine cities, that its fortifications, patacet,
public buildings, churches, and charitable foundations, and, above aM,
its lulnirbs, are magnificent beyond all exprcflion ; that it is beautifully
fituated on both lides the Elbe ; and that it is the fchool of Germany for
ftatuary, painting, en;imelling, and carving ; not to mention its mirrors,
and founderies for bells and car.non, and its foreign commerce carried on
by means of the Elbe. T he inhabitants of Drcfden, by the latcft ac-
counts, amount to • 10,000.

The ciiy of I.ciplic in Upper Samnv, 46 miles diflant from Drefden, is
fituated in a pleii'ant and fertile pliin on the PleiiVe, and the inhabitant*
are faid to amount to about 40,000. There are alfo large tuid well-built

fuburbs.

So6

GERMANY.

iuburbs, with handfome gardens. Between thcfe fuburbs and the town Is-
a fine walk of lime tries, which was laid out in the year 1702, and en-
compallM the city. Mulberry-trees arc alio planted in the town-ditches ;
but the fortifications feeiii rather calculated for the ul'e of the inhabitants
io walk on, than for defence. The llreets are clean, commodiouf, and
•grecable, and are lighted in the night with feven hundred lamps. They
reckon 436 merchant houfts, and 192 manufadtures of diflerenr articles,
as brocades, paper, cards, &:c. Leiphc has long been diftin^uiflied for the
liberty of confcience allowed here to pcrfons of different fentiments in re-
ligious matters. Here is an univcrlity, which is fiill very confiderable,
with fix churches for the Lutherans, theirs being the eftabliflied religion,
one for the Calvinifls, and a chapel in the cartle for thofe of the Romifli
church. The univerfity-library confifts of about 26,000 volumes, 6000
of which are folios. Here is alio a library for themagilirates, which con-
fifts of about 36,000 volumes and near 2000 manufcripts, and contains
cabinets of urns, anticjuc?, and medals, with many curiolitics of art and
nature. The Exchange is an elegant building.

'I'he city of Hanover, the capital of that clt<5toratc, fl;tiids on the river
Leine, and is a neat, thriving, and agreeable ciiy. It contains about
twelve hundred houfcs, among which there is an eledoral palace. It car-
ries on fonic manufac^tures; and in its neighbourhood lie the pahice and
elegant gardens of Hercnhaufen. The clominions of the e!e('h)ratc of
Hanover contain about feven hundred and fifty thoufand people, who live
in fifty-eight cities, and fixty niaiket-towns, befides vill.tgrs. The city
i. id fuburbs of Bremen, belonging by purchale to tlie faid elec'tor, contain
r»!)out filty thoufand inhabitants, who have a confiderable tiade by the
Wel'er. 'I'he other lovvnj belonging to this elec%rate have trade and ma-
rufat'tures ; but in general, it mult be remarked, that the ekdorate has
fuftered greatly by the acccflion of ihc Hanover family to the crown of
Great Briia'n. I (hall here iuft mention, on account of its relation to
our royal family, the feculanfcd bilhoprick of Ofnaburgh, lying between
the rivers Wcfer and Ems. Ths chief tiiy, Olnauurgh, has been long
famous all over Europe for the manufacture known by the n.me of the
duchy, and for the manufacture of Mic bed: Weltphalia hams. The
whole revenue of rht biilioprick amounts to about 30,000!.

Breflau, the capital uf Sileha, which formerly belonged to the kingdom
of Bohemia, lies on the river Oder, and ii a fine city, where all fccHs of
Chriiliiins and Jews aie tolerated, but the magjibacy is Lutheran. Since
Sileha feii under the Prufli<m domiriion, its trace is greatly improved, be-
ing very n><:onliderable before. The manufactures ofSileiia, which prin-
cipally ccwrrc at Breliau, are nuinerouf. The revenue of the whole is by
fome laid to bring his FruiTian majefty iu near a million rterling ; b\ii This
fum feems to be exaggerated ; if, a . .ther authors of good note write, it
never brought in to the houfe f Auliria above 500,0001. yearly.

Frankfort is fitus-'cd in a lealthrul, fertile, . jd dclightUil corantry
along th»; Miine, by which '• v: divided into rwo parts, diltinguifhtd by
the names of Frankfort and Saxenhaufen. The former of thcfe, being
the largcll, is divided iiito twelve wards, and the latter into two ; and
both are computed to contain about three thoufand houles. The fortifi-
cation;, which are both regular and f Jid, form a decagon, or figure, con-
filViDjg of ten baftions, faced with hewn ftone ; the ditches are deep, and
f lledTwith ftefli water; and all the outworks are placed before the gates,
f rankfbri Is the ufual place of the election and corouatiou of tlie kings of

ilie

anc
not I
an

may

GERMANY.

507

the Romans, and is alfo a free and imperial city. It is of a circular form,
without any fuburbs ; but the Arcets ure generally narrow, and the huul'et
sire nioilly built of timber and plainer, and covered withflate; though
there are fome handfome private {lru(^hires, of a kind of red marble, that
deferve (lie name of palaces j as the buildings called the Compeficl and
Fronhof, the Trieifliot, the Cullenhof, the German-houfe, an augult
edifice, fituated near the bridge over tht; Maine, the Hefle-Darmftadthof,
the palace ot the prince dc la Tours, and the houfes of the counts of Solnis,
Schauenburg, and Schonborn ; and there are three principal fquares.

Vienna is the capital of the circle of Aullria, and, being the reGdence
of the emperor, is fuppofed to be the capital of Germany. It is a noble
and a (Ironij city, and the princes of the houfe of Aultria have omitted
nothing that could contribute to its grandeur and riches. Vienna contains
an excellent uniyttlity, a bank, which is in th*" managcraent of her own
magirtrates, and a court ot commerce immediately I'ubjedt to the aulic
councih Its religious buildings, with the walks and gardens, occupy a
lixtli part of the town ; but the fuburbs are larger than the city. It
would be endlel's to enumerate the many palaces of this capital, two of
which are imptrial ; its fquares, academies, and libraries ; and, amonjf
otheis, the tine one of prince Eugene, with his and the imperial cabinetg
ot cuiiofifies. Among its rich convents is one for the Scotch nation,
built in h' nour of thor countryman Sr. Colman, the patron of Aullria;
'and one of the (ix pitcs ot this city is called the Scots gate, in remem-
brance ot fome notable exploit performed there by the croops of that na*
tion. The inhabitants of Viinna, including the fuburbs, are computed
at about three hundred thoufaiid ; and the encouragement given them by
their fovcreigns, has rendered this city the rendezvous of all the nations
abroad.

After all that has beeh faid of this magnificent city, the moft candid
and fenfible of thofe who have vifited it, are far from being lavifli in its
praife. The ftreets, excepting thofe in the tiiburbs, arc narrow and
dirty : the houfes and furniture of the citizens are greatly difproportionsd
to the magnificence of the palaces, fquares, and other public buildings ;
but above all, the excellive impofls laid by the houfe of Auftria upon
every cotnmodity in its dominions, mull always keep the manufa^uring
part of their fubjcfts poor. His prcftnt imperial m.ijefty feems to be fen-^
iible of truths which were plain to all the world but his predeceflbrs and
their counlellors : he examines things with his own eyes, and has dc-
fcended from that haughtinefs of demeanour which rendered the imperial
court fo long difagreeable, and even ridiculous, to the reft of Europe.
In general, the condition of the Aulbian lubje<fts has been greatly mf«
liorated fince his accellion to the imperial throne ; great encouiagement
hath been given to the proteftants, and many of the popiih religious
houfes, convents, &c. are fupprtfled by him.

Antiouities and cukicsitiEs, I In defcribing the mitxeral and
NATURAL AND ART iFiciAL. Jother fprings, I anticip»ied great
part of this article, which is of itfclf very copious. Every court of
Germany produces a cabinet of curiotities, aitificial and natural, ancient
and modern. The tun at Hcidelburgh holds 800 hogfhcads, nndis gene^
rally full of the bed Rhenifli wine, from which ftrangcrs are fcldom fuf-
ftrcd to retire fober. Vi.nna itfelf is a curiofity ; for here you fee the
greateft variety of inhabitants that is to be met with any where, as
Giteks, Tranfyivauians, Sclavoniaps, Turks, Tartars, Hungarians,

Croats,

5o8

GERMANY.

Croats, Grrmans, Pol:», Spaniards, French, and Italiani, in their proper
habits. The Impcriiii library at Vienna is a great liicrary rarity, on i;c-
count of its ancient in inufcriprs. It contains upwards of 83,000 volumes,
among which arc moiny valuable mnnufcripts in Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic,
Turkifii, Armenian, Coptic, and Chinele ; but the antiquity of foine of
th'-m is qiiclii jnable, pju-ticuLirlv a New Ti ilamcnt in Greek, fiiid to have
b/ccn written 1500 years ago, in gold letters, upon purple. Here aie
likfiwife many thoufand Greek, Roman, and Gothic coins and mtdals ;
ttith ?. vail colicf^ion of other curiolities in art and nature. The valt
Gi.tbic piilaces, cat'.cdraU, caflles, and above all, town-houfcs in Ger-
many, arc very r .rious : they ilrike the beholder with an idea of rude
niagDifiecnce ; '.nd fometinlcs they have an effect that is preferable even
to Greek architcifture. The chief houfes in great cities and villa',>cs have
the fame appearance, prob;ibly, as they had 400 yeans a'^o ; :,nd their
tortifications j/eiierally confill of;* b/ick wall, trenches filled with water,
and balUons or half-moons.

Jlext to the lakes and waters, the caves and rocks ate the chief natura-1
curiofMies of Germany. Mention is m.idc of a cave near Bl.ickenburg \a
Hanz torefr, of which none have yet found the end, though many have
advanced into it for 20 miles ; but the moft remarkable curioliiy of that
kind is near Hammelen, about 30 miles trom Hanovei, whqie at the
mouth of a cave ftands a monument which commenionitcs ihe lofs of 130
children, wbn were ihere fwallowed up in 1284. Though this faftis very
Wrongly ane'.kd, it has been difputed by fonic critics. Frequent mention
is made of iwo rocks near Blaikenburg, ex;u'tly rcpicfenting »W'> monks in
their proper habits ; and of many Hunts which fccm to be petrifai'"tions of
fidiPS, tVoiJS, trees, and leaves.

CoMMkRCE AND j« A N UF ACTUR E5.] Germany hss vaft advantages in
point of commerce, from its fituation in the heart of Europe, and per-
f(|»ated as it were with great liveis. Its n;'tive mater als for com-
merce (befides the mines and minerals I hive alicady iiuniiuned) arc
hemji, hops, fl.ix, anife, cummin, tobacco, faftVon, madder, truffles,
variety ol excellent mots and pot-herbs, and fine trui(s, equal to thofe of
France and Italv. Germany exports to other countries corn, tobacco,
horfcs, lean cattle, butter, cheefe, honey, wax, wiiiei, linen and woollen
varn, ribands, filk and cotton Uufts, toys, turnery vvares ":n wood, metals,
Mnd ivory, gnar-lkins, wool, timber both for fhip building and houffs,
cannon, and bulletf, botnbs and b, iTib-f!.cll<, iron plates and (loves, tiiined
plntes, rtccl woik, copper, brafsvvire, poieelrdn the fineil ujion earti>,
earthen-ware, glalics, minor;:, hogs briftles, nuiin, beer, tartar, (malts.,
zafter, PriifTian blue, prjntrr's ink, ami mmy oiher thitigs. Some think
that the balance of trade beivvfen Kni;land and Cierniaiiy is to the difad.
vantajrt of the former ; but othe:s are or a different opinion, as thev can-
not import coarfe woollen manufactures, and fcveral other commodities,
io c'le.ip frotii any other c'lunny.

Tl'.c revocation of the ee.iot ot Nantes, by Lewis XiV. which obliged
the French protel'^ants to fettle in different parts of Europe, was of infinite
Icriice to the German nianufa;^tires. They now make vcUctci, fiiks,
fluffs of all kinds, fine and coarfe ; linen and thread, at>d every thing
ncccflTaiy for wear, to -^irear perfe<'>ion. The porcela'n of Meitfcn, in the
elci'lorate of Saxony, and its paintings, exceed that of all the world.

Tr AniiMG compaNif-.s.] The Alialic company ot Embden. eft.ibliflied
by hi» late Pruffran ira/rty, v.as, exclufivc ot the Haufeacic league,

the

GERMANY.

509

IcayiU',
the

the only commercial company in Germany ; but no fliips liuvc been fent
out lince the year 1760. The heavy taxes that his raiijefty laid on the
company, has been the cnute of its total annihilation. In the great citiesi
of Germany very large and extenlive partnerthips in trade fifblilt.

CoNaTiTUTioN AND GOVERNMENT.] Abnolt evcry prince in Ger-
many (and there are about 300 of ihcm) is arbitrary with regard to the go-
vernmt nt of his own ellarea ; but the whole of them form a great contedc-
deracy, governed by political laws, at the head of which is the emperor,
and whole power in the co leftive body, or the diet, is not dire«SI;urial, but
executive : but even that gives him vail influence. The fupreme power
in Germany is the diet, which is compofed of the emperor, or, in hiu
abfence, ot his comnnllary, and of the three colleges of the empire. The
fiill ot thefe is the elcdoral college ; the fecond is the college of princes ;
and thfi third, the college of Imperial towns.

The empire was hereditary under the race of Charlemagne, but after
ths, became elective ; and in the beginning, all the princes, nobility and
deputies of cities enjdyed the privilege of voting. In the reign of Henry V.
the chief officers ot the ciVmire altered the mode of eleciion in their own
favour. In the year 1239 the number of cle^ois was reduced to ftven.
One eleftor was added in 16^9, and another in 1691.

The dignity ot t!ic empire, though elcrtive, has for fome centuries be-
longed to the houle of Auftria, ;is being the mod powerful of the German
princes ; but by French management, upon the death of Charles VI.
grandfather by tlie mother's fide, to the prcfent empeior, the elector of
Bavaria waschol'en to that dignity, and died, as isfuppofed, heart-broken,
after a Hiort uncomtortable rci;;n. The power of the emperor is regulated
by the capitulation he figns at his eledion ; and the perfon, who in his
life time is chofen kmg of the Rnmans, fiicceeds withouc a new elec-
tion to the empire. He can confer titles and entVancbiiemcnts upon cities
and towns ; but as emperor he can levy no taycs, nor make war nor peaee
without the confent of the diet. When that r.onfent is obtained, every
prince miift contribute his quota of men and suoney, as valued in the
matriculation roll, though perhaps, as an el<*£tur or prince, he may
efpoule a difterent fide from that of the diet. Thir. forms the intricacy of
the German conttitution ; for George II. of Entjland, as clcftor of Hano-
ver, was obliged to furnifli his quota againft the houle of Auftria, and sifo
againll the king of Pruffia, while he was fighting for them both. The
empeior claims a precedency for his ambnffi.dors in all ChriOian courts.

The nine eleftors of the empire have each a particular office in the Im-
perial court, and they have the Ible eledlion of the emperor. They arc
in order,

Firft, The archbilhop of Mentz, who is h'^h chancellor of the empire .
when in Germany.

Second, The archbifliop of Treves, who is high chanccilor of the cm*
pire ©f France.

Third, The archbilhop of Cologne, who is the Line in Italy.

The king, or rather cleftor of Bohemia, who is cup-bearer.

The elei%r of Bavaria, who is grand fewer, or officer who ferves out
the feafts.

The cleftor of Saxony, who is the great mnrflial of the eirvpire.

The eleftor of Brandenburg (now king of Prulfia), who is great cham-
bcrl'iin.

The cleftor Palatine, who is great fteward ; and,

THe

5i6

GERMANY.

The eleflor of Hanover (king of Great Britain), who claims the poll of
srch-treafurftr.

It is neccflitry for the emperor, before he calls a diet, to have the advice
©f thofi members ; and during the vacancy of the Imperial throne, the
cle£)ors of S.ixony and lJavari;i have juniditlion, the former over the
northern, and the latter over the foutheni circles.

The ecclcfiaftical princes are as abfolute as the temporal ci^es m their
feveral dominions. The chief of thele, befides the three ecclefiallical
ekflars already mentioned, are the urchbintoj) of Sahzbuij»h, the bifliops
of Liege, Munftcr, SjVire, \\'"c»rms, Wurtlburg, Stralburg, Ofnabuig,
Bamberg, and Paderborn. Btlide thcfc, are many other ecclelialKcal
princes. Germany abounds with many abbots and abbcilcs, whofe jurif-
iliflions are likcwile ablolutc ; and (bme of them very confiderablc, and
all of them arc chofen by their fever.il chapters. The chief of the fecuhtr
princes are the Landgrave of Hefle, the dukes of Brunfwic, WolfenbuttVl,
Wirtemberg, Mecklcnburgh, Saxc-Gotha, the marquiflcs of Baden and
Culmbach, with the pi incus of Nailitu, Anhalt, Furllenburc;, and many
others, wlio have all hii;h titles, and are fovereigns in thetr own domi-
nions. The free cities aie likcwife fovcitign llates : thole which are Im-
perial, or compofe a part ot the diet, bear the impeii;il eagle in their
«rms ; thofc which aie Hanfc-towns, of which we have fpoken in the In-
irodudion, have ftill great piivilcges and immunities, but they fubfift no
longer as » political body.

The Imperial chamber, and that of Vienna, which is better known by
the name of the Aulic-council, are the two fupreme courts for determin-
ing the great caufes of the empire, arifing between its refpcftive membei s.
The Imperial council con fills of 50 judges or alfcflbrs. The prcfident and
four of thtm are appointed by the emperor, and each of the elcdtors chiilcs
one, and the other pr?',ccs nnd flatcs the reft. This court is at prcfent
held at Wctzlar, bui; formerly rcfided at Spite ; and caufes may be
brought brforp iv by ypj.cal. The avilic council was originally no better
than a revenut^ coiivt of the doiinnions of the houfe of Auftria. As that fa-
mily's po ver incret cd, the jurifdiftion of the aulic-council was extended ;
and at laft, to the gicar dilguft of the princes of the empire, it ufurped
upon the powers of the Imperial chamber, and even of the diet. It con-
Bfts of a prefident, a vice-chancellor, a vice-prefident, and a certain nutn-
ber of aulic counfellor.^ of whom fix are proteftantp, belides other cfficer?,,
but the emperor in faft is maftcr of the court. Thefe courts follow the
ancient laws of the empire for their guides, the golden bull, the pacifica'.
tionof Paflau, and the civil law.

Betides thefe courts of juftice, each of the nine circles I have already
tnentioned has a direfl'or to take care of the peace and order of the circle.
Thefe dirctflors are coinmouly as follow. For Weftphalia, the bilhop of
Munfter, or duke of Neuburg. For Lower Saxony, the elector of Ha-
nover or Brandenburg. For Upper Saxony, theeledor of Saxony. For
the Lower Rhine, the archbifliop of Mentz. For the Upper Rhine the
elector Palatine, or biftiopof Worm?. For Franconia, the bifliop of Eani-
berg^ or marquis of Cujmbach. For Swabia, the duke of Wirtemburg,
or bifliop of Conftance. For Bavaria, the elcrtor of Bavaria, or arch-
bifliop ofSaltzbuig; and for Aullria, the archduke of Aullria, his imperial
miijeiiy.

Upon any great emergency, after the votes of the diet are coUefted,
and fe.ntence pronounced; the emperor by his prerogative commits the
execution of it to a particular prince or princcfs, whofe troops live at

free

fict

malj

niatl

lihl)

certl

libel

LatI

fror

ties I

G B R M A N Y.

511

the

re at

free

fiee quarter upon the eftates of the delinciucnt party, and he ii obliged tar
make good all cxuenccs : upon the whole, the conllitution of the Ger-
manic body is of Jtfelt u ftudy of no fmall ditHculty. But however plau-
libly invented the fcveral checks upon the imperial power may be, icit
certain that the houfe of Aurtria has more than once endangered the
liberties of the empire, and that they have been faved by France.
Lately, indeed, the houfe or Auftria has met with u powerful opiMjiitinn
from the houfe of Brandcnburt;, in confcquence of the activity and abili-
ties of the late kinjj of Prullia. Before I clofe this head, it may be'
ncceflary to inform the reader of the meaning of a term which has of late
frc(iuently appeared in the German hlllory, I mean that of the Progmatic
San^ion. This is no other than a provifion made by the emperor Charlci
VI. for preferving the ii\divifibility of the Auftnan f'ominions in the
perfon of the next defcendant of the lad pollellu. . cr malt or fe-

male. This provilion has been often difputed by .inches of the

houfe of Aurtria, who have been occafionally fupp Prance from

political views, ihrouj!;U the pragmatic fandion is i ■ 'irantiedby

almoft all the powers of Europe. The late empcrt, .. -r" Bavaria,

and the late king of Poland attempted to overthrow it as bcini; Jcfcended
from the daughters of the emperor Jofeph, elder brother to Charles \'I,
It has likewiie been a>;ain and again ojipofcd by the court of Spain.

Few of the territories of the German princes arc fo large as to be af-
figncd to viceroys, to be opprcfled and fleeced at pleafure ; nor are they
entirely without lediefs when they fuflfer any grievance ; they may appeal
to the general diet or jrreat council of the empire for relief; whereas in
France the lives atnl fortunes of the fubjeft are entirely at the difpofal of
the grand monarch. The fubjeds of the petty princes in Germany are
generally the inoft unhappy : for thefe princes, aftecting the grandeur and
fplendor of the more powerful, in the number and appearance of their
officers and domefticS: i 1 their palaces, gardens, pictures, curiolities,
guards, bands of mufir, tables, drefs, and furniture, are obliged to fup-
port all this vain pomp and parade at the expencc of their vafl'als and de-
pendants. With refpeft to the burghers and peafants of Germany, the
former in many places enjoy greit. privileges ; the latter alfo, in fome
parts, as in Franconia, Swabia, and on the Rhine, are generally a free peo-
ple, or perform only certain fi-rvices to their fuperiors, and pay the raxes ;
whereas in the marquifate of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Lulhtia, Moravia,
Bohemia, Auflria; &c. they may juftly be denominated Haves, though
in diflerent degrees.

Revenues.] The only revenue falling imder this head is that of the
emperor, who, as fuch, hath an annual income of about 5 or 6000
pounds Uerling, arifing from fome inconfiderable fiefs in the Black Foreft.
The Auftrian revenues are immenfe, and arc thought to amount to
7,ooc,ooo 1. fterling in Germany and Italy; a fum that goes far in thofe
countries. The father of the late king of Pruflia, whofe revenues were not
near fo extcnfive as thofe of hi^ fon, though he maintained a large
army, was fo good an oeconomift that he left 7,ooo,ocol. fteiling in his cof-
fers ; and fome have thought that Silefia alone britgs above half a million
llcrling every year to this king. To behold the magnificence of many of
the German courts, a ftianger is apt to conceive very high ideas of the
incomes of their princes ; which is owing to the high price of money in
that country, and confequently the low price of provifions and manu-
fai^ures. In fart, though it is plain that fome princes have much larger
revenues than others, vet we cannot fpeak with any tolerable precirion on

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a fubjed of fuch variety and uncertainty, and which comprehends fo many
independent ftates.

Military sraENGTir.] During^ the twolaft wars, very little regard
was paid in carrying them on, to the ancient German conltitutionti, the
whole management bein^ engroiTed by the head of the houle of Auilria.
The elcdor of Meniz keeps what is called a matriculation book or re*
ff&CTy which, among other letters, contains the alleirments of m.-n and
money, which every prince and ftate, who are members of the empire, is
to advance when the ar'ny of the empire takes the field. The contribu-
tions in money are called Roman montlis, on account of the monthly af-
feflments paid to the emperors when they vilitedRome. Thole alTelf-
iQcnts, however, arc fubjedl to gre^t mutability. It is fufficient here to
fty, that upon a moderate computation the fecular princes of the empire
can bring to the field 379,00^ men, and the ecclchailical 74,(;oo, in all
4;s,coo ; of tbofe the emperor, as head ot the houfc of Auftria, is fup-
pofea to furniih 90,000.

. The elector of Mentz^ ibay maintain ... 6000

The eiedtor of Triers
( The eleftor of Cologne

The bifliop of Munfter

The biflwop of Liege » t

The archbifliop of Saltzburg

The bifliop of Wurtzburj;
' The bifliop of Bamberg - .

The bifhop of Paderborn » -

The bifhop of Ofnaburg - - •

The abbot of Fulda

The other bifhoprics of the empire

The abbies and provofiihips of the empire

Total of the ecclefiaftical princes

The emperor, for Hungary - - , -

for Bohemia, Silefia, and Moravia

for Auilria, and other dominions
The king of Pruflia - - ,: -

The ele£lor of Saxony - - -;.,.,«

The eleftor Palatine - - -

The duke of Wirtemburg

Tha Undgravc of HefTe CalTel - - •

The prince of Baden

The elcdtor of Hanover - •» . ■

TheduHeof Holflein - - » .

The duke of Mecklenburg - - •

The prince of Anhalt - - -

The prince of Lawenburg
The elector of Bavaria
' The dukes of Saxony -

• The prince of NafTau , -
The other princes and imperial towns

The fecular princes

The ecdefiamcal princes • • . , •

6c 00 vi-

6oo»

8000

80c

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5000 i^,>

250a

6000 «*

6000

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745«o v^>

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30000

40000

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1 5000

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6000

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Iky thU cdmputation, which is hr from being exaggerated^ It appear^
that the emperor and empire form the moft potverful government in Eu*
rope; and if t^e whole force was united) and properly directed, G^ermaAjf.
would have nothing to fear from any of its ambitious neighbours. But
the different interefls purfued by the feveraL^trinces of Oernlany« render
the power of the emperor of I'litk confequence, except tirith regard to hit
own forces, which are imieed very formidable. The army of the prefetit'
emperor was computed, in iy7^t to amount to two hundred thoufand.

lupEKiAi., ROYAL, AND OTHER ) The empcror of Germany pre*
TITLES, ARMS, AND ORDERS, (tends to be fuccclTor to the em^
perors of Rome, and has long, on that account, been admitted to a tacit
precedency on all public occaiions among the powers of £urope. Auflriai
It but an archdukedom ; nor has he, at the head of that houfe, a vote in
the election of emperor,, which is limited to BoSemiu. Innumerable artf
the titles of principalities, dukedoms, baronies, and the like, with which he
is vefled as archduke. The arms of the empire ^re a black eagle with
two heads, hovering with expanded wings, in a field of gold ; and over
the heads of the eagle is feen the imperial crown. Oh the breail of the
cagl^ is an efcutcheon quarterly of eight, for Hungary, Naples, Jerufa*
Icm, Arragon, Anjou, Gelders, Brabant, and Barr. It would be as ufe-
Icfs as difficult to enumerate all the different quarterings and armorial
bearings of the archducal family. Every eled^or, and indeed every iii«
dependent prince of any importance in Germany, claims a right of infli*
tuting orders ; but the emperors pretend that they are not admiffible unleft
confirmed by them. 1 he emperors of Germany, ns well as the kings of
Spain, confer the order of the Golden Fleece, as defcended from the houfe
of Burgundy. The emprefs dowager Eleonora, in 1662 and 1666, created
two orders of ladies, or female knights ; aiid the late emprefs.queen in*
fiituted the order of St. Terefa.

The order of the GoltteH Fierce was inftituted at Bruges, in Flanders, on
the loth of January 1429, by Phili|} duke of Burgundy, on the day o£
his marriage with his third wife. It is fuppofed that he chofe the badge,
it being the chief of the flaple manufactures of his country. ' It at nrft
confified of thirtyknights, including the fovereign, who were of the firft
families in the Low Countries, ana it Oill continues to be claffed with,
the moftilluftrious orders of knighthood in Europe. At prefeiu there are"
two branches of it; of the one, the emperor is fovereign, and tVe king
of Spain of the other; all mull prove their noble defcent fiom the
twelfth century. The mouo of the order is " Preiium non vile lahorum.**
The Teutonic Order owed its origin to fome religious Germans in Jerufa-
lem during the cru fades, who alfumed the title of '• Teutonic knights, or
brethren of the hofpital of our Lady of the Germans at Jerufalem.**
Conrade duke of Swabia invited them into Pruflia about the ye^r 1230,
foon alter they conquered PruiHa for themfelves, and became one of the
moft powerful orders in Europe. By the order dividing againfl itfelf,'
they afterwards loft their power and pofTeffions ; and Albert marquis of
Brandenburgh, grand-mafter of the order, on his abjuring popery, abdi-
cated the grand-mafterfliip, fubdued Ptuffia, and expelled all the papifts'
v^ho followed not his example. The order is row divided into two
braiKhes: the proteftant branch, who have a houfe at Utrecht, both
been noticed in our account of orders in the Netherlands — that for papida*
hath a koufc at Merg^nhcim in Germany, and the members mufl take the

,. LI oath

Q ]^ R M A N y.

^ith ofcctibncy. The cnfign worn hy this branch is worn round the
Bick pendent to a gold ch lin.

_ The time of the inftitution of the *' Orffer of the Red Eagk** is oncer-,
tain. The murgravc of Bareilh is fovereign thereof, and it is generally
bellowed on general officers. lu the year 1699, John Geurge« eie£lor 0/
Saxony, und Frederick III. ctcdorofBrandenburgh, on terminnting their,
dilpuics, eflalilifljcd the ♦* Order of Sincerity^* as a confirmation and fe-
curitv hereafter of their amity. 1 he knights of this order wear a bracele<
of gold } on one iide are the names of the two prrnccs with this device«
JmitiRnee're \ on the other fide are two armed hitnds, joined together, and
placed on two Iwurds, with two palm branches crollcd, with this motto,
Utiis pottr jamais,

Jonn George, dukeof Suxe Weifltnfcls, indiruted the *• OrJer of tlj*
Noble Pajfion" in the) car 1704, of which the duke is the fovereign. Eiich,
knight ol the order is to contribute to the maintenance of the maimed or
decayed foldiers in the fervice of the fovereign. In tlie year 1709, •
Louifu Elizabeth, widow of Plnlp duke of Siixe Mctlburg, revived the
*' Order of the Death's Heady ^ firll inftituted in 1652, by her father the
duke of Wirrcmburgh. A princefs of that houfe alone can be fovereign
of it, and none but wometi of virtue and merit (birth and fortune not re-
garded) can be received into it. They are to avoid gaming, theatrical
amufcments, and luxuries of all kinds. The badge of the order is a deaih^s
head tnamcllcd white, furmounrcd with a crofs pat6e black : above the
crofs pat^e, another crofs compofed of five jewel;, by which it hangs to a
black riband edged with white, and on the riband thefe words, MetHcnt0
morly worn at the breall.

The gieal oriter of VVirtcmburgb, is that •« of the Chace" inflituted iii
t1)e year 1702, by the rhcn duke, and improved in tbe year 1719. On
the left fide of the coar is a filvcrilar embroidered, of the fame figure as
the badge, in the middle a green circle with the motto »* /imlciVii
Virtutifque Failus,*' The feftival of this order is on St. Hubert's day, he
being the patnin of fporifmen. *

In the year 1709, the eltdor Palatine revived the *• Order of St. Hu-
ler/y** firft inflituted by a duke of Julicrs and Cleves, in memory of a vic-
tory gftined by him on St. Hubert's day, in 1447. All the knights have
either military employments or penfions. The archbi(hop of Saltzburgh
in ijoi, imAituied the " Older of St. Rupert," in honour of the founder
and patron of the fee he held, and as the apoilie of ^ ' country. As the
archbifhop is the richcil and mod powerful prince l varia next to the
eieAor, his order is in good efteem. In the yea* i, , Albert eleftor of
Bavaria, inftituted the '* C rdtr of St. George the Defender of the Immaculate
CottcepttoH.** The knights of which are obliged to prove their nobliity by
father and mother for five generations.

The •« Order of the Oilden Lion^** liali»u»ed by the prefent land-
grave of Heite Caflel ; is equally a military and civil order, but moftly
conferred on general oHicert. 'I he prefent landgrave hath alfo indituted
the military •* Crdcr of Merits*' the badge of which is a gold crofs of eight
points enamelled white, and in the centre this motto, ** Pro Minute et
Fidelitate i** it is worn at the coat button-hole, pendent to a blue riband
edged with fllver.

HisTOKV.l The manners of the ancient Germans arc well defcrlbed

by the elegant and manly pencil of Tucitus, the Roman hiftorian. ' They,

were a bfave and independent race of tnen, and peculiarly didinguiilie'd

I by

a Jfe'R'^1 A N Y.

i^$

t>y tbfeir lotre of liberty and armi* 1* hey oppnCed ttie force of ttiie Romah
empire, not in its uri^^in or in itn ddcline, but after it had arrived At tna'
turity, and Hill continued in its full vij^ouri Tbe country was divided
into a number of principalitiefi, independent df each otheri though occ**
fionally connected by a military union for defending themfelvei ftg*inft
fuch enemies a« threatened the liberty of them all. At length, the Roman
power, conueAed with artifice, prevailed orer a great part of OeriliHny,
and it was reduced to the condition of a province^ When the Romali
empire was (hatteredby the northern barbarians excurfiont) Germany waa
over-run by the Franks about the year 480, and a conlidei'ilble part of U
long remained in fubjeftiun to earln and marquifles of that nation. In
this fituation Germany continued, notwithft-mding the efforts of particular
chieftains, or princes, to reduce the rell into fubjedtioti, until the begin'
ning of the ninth century : then it t^as, that Charleinagne, onfe of thof*
eccentric and fuperior geniulles who fometimts llart \iip in a barbaroul
age, firft extendiid his military power, and afterwards his civil authority
over the whole; of this empire. The poflerity of Charlemagne inherited
the empire of Germany until the death of Lewis III. in the year 9} 1 , it
which time the different princes, affuming their original iodet>endenc(^^v
reje£^ the Carlovinian line, and placed Conrade, duke of Franconia, on
the throne. Since this time, Germany has ever been cpniidered as ah
cledlive monarchy. Princes of different families, according to the pre'
valence of their intereft and arm!>, have mounted the throne. Of thefr^
the mod conflderablc, until the Auftrian line acquired the imperial power^
were the houfes of Saxony, Franconia, and Swabia. The reigns of thefe
emofrors contain nothing more remarkable than theconteds between thenl
iind the popes. From hence, in the beginning of the thirteenth century^
arofe the fadions of the Guelphs and Gibbelines^ of which the former
was attached to the pope, and the latter to the emperor ; and both, by
their violunce and inveteracy, tended to difquiet the empire for fereral
ages. The emperors too were often at war wi.th the Turks, and fome-
times the German princes, as happens in all ele^ive kingdoms, with on4
another about the luccellion. But what more dcferves the attention of a
judicious reader than all thofe noily hut unintereAing difpuies, is the pro^
grefs of government in Germany, which was in fome ineafure oppofite
to that of the other kingdoms ot £urnpe. When the empire, railed by
Charlemagne, fell af'nider, all the difterent independent princes afTumed
the right of election ; and thofe now diftinguilhed by the name of electors*
had.no peculiar or legal influence in appointinfi afuccelfor to the imperial
throne : they were only the ofKccrs of the king's houfehold, hi> fccretary^
his Rewards, chaplain, marfhal, or mailer of hit> horfe, &c. By degrees*
as they lived near the king's peribn, and, like all other princes, ihdcpend^
ent territories belonging to them, they increafcd their influence and au«
thority ; and in the reign of Otho HI. of the houfe of Saxony, in the
year 984, acquired the Ible right of elcfling the emperor *. Thus whilr,
in other kingdoms of Europe, the dignity of the great lords, who woe
all originally allodial, or independent barons, was dimini^ied by ihs

• Wiquefort faith, that nothing was Tcttled at to the nuthlicr of elediort, or the
eledloral dignity, till Charles IV. who was chofcn emprror ia 1347, a&d ^n^ije that ,
famous conftitution for the tleAionof ctnperors, called the GtUttt Uklt, ,

;:u:;,-;;--'^ 1* I a. jpovrcr

^t5.

GERMANY.

power of the king, as ti) France» and by the influence of the people, ai
in Great Britain ; in Germany, on the other hand, the power of the
cle<£tont was raifed upon the ruins of the emperor's fupremacv, and of the
people's jurifdtd^Lon. Otho I. having in the year gti united Italy to the
empire of Germany, procured a decree from the clergy that he and his
fuc^flbrs (hould have the power of nominating the pope, and of granting
Inveftitures to bifliops. Henry V. « weak and wicked prince, in the year
Jtztf furrendered up the *igh^ of inveftiturc nud other |)Owers, to the
difgrace of the imperiul dignity : but pope Benedid XII. rerufing abfolu-
tion'to Lewis V, of Bavarin, in 1338, it was declared in the diet of the
empire, that the majority of fuflrages of the ele^oral college fliould con*
fer the empire without the confent of the pope,, that he had no fupuriority^
orer the emperor, nor any right to reje«St or to approve of cle£lions. In
1438, Albert II. archduke of Auflriii, was eledcd emperor, and the im-
perial dignity continued in the male line of that fiimrly fur three hundred <
years. One of his fucceflbrs Maximilian, married the heirefs of Charles
duke of Burgundy, whereby Burgundy, and the fevenceen provinces of
the Netherliind!), were annexed to the houi'o of Aullria. Charles V.
grandfonof Maximilian, and heir to the kingdom of Spain, in right of his
iqother, was elected empcri>r in the year 1519- Under him Mexico and
Peru were conquered by the SpaniarcM, and in his reign happened the re-
formation of religion in feveral pacts of Germany, which however was not
confirmed, by. public authority till the y«^r i648» by the treaty of Well-
phalia, and in the reign ot Ferdinand III. The reigp of Charles V. was
continually didurbcd by his wars with the German princes and the French
king, Francis !• Though fuccefiful in the beginning of his reign, his
good fortune, towards the conclufioni of it begtm to forfuke him ; which,
wjith other rcafons, occafioned his abdication of the crown.

Hi* brother, Ferdinand I. who in ii;i;8, fucceeded to the throne,
proved a moderate prince with regard to religion. He had the addrcls to
get his Ton Maximilian declared king of the Romans in his own lifetime,
and dicdin,i564. By his lall will he ordered, that if either his own itihIc.
i^ie, or that of his brother Charles, fliould fall, his Auilrian edates Ihould'.
rcvert-to his Second dauj^hrer Anne, wife to the eleidor of Bavaria^ and her
illlic. 1 mention this deftination, as it gave rife to the late oppolition
in^de by the houfe of Bav<«ri:i tuthe pragmatic fant^ion, in favour of the i
e^riprefs queen of Hungary^ on the death of her father Charles VI. '
I'he reign of Maxitnilian II. was dillurbed with internal commotions, and
an invalionfrom the Turks ; but he died in peace, in 1576. He was f;ic«
ceeded by his fon Kodolph, who was involved in wars with (fie Hungari^ .-
ans, and in di^erences with his brothei* Matthi»s, to whom he cedcdit
Hungary and Aullria in his lifetime. He was fucceeded in the empire, by
Matthias, under whotn the reformers, who went under the names of Lu>
therans and Calvinifts, who were fo much divided among themfelyes, a» r
to threaten the empire with a civil Wi.r. The ambition of Matthias, at
laO, reconciled them ; but the Bohemians revolted, and threw the impe*
rial commiflaries out of a window at .Prague. This gave rife to a ruinous.,
war, which lafted thirty years. Matthias thought to have exterminated
both parties ; but <hey formed a confederacy, called l\it Evangelic Leaguct
which was counterbalanced by a Catholic League.

Matthias dying in 1618, was fucceeded by his cou&i Ferdinand II. but

the Bohemians offered their crown to Frederic the eleflor Palatine, the

tix>ft powerful proctftant prui^e in Germany, and foa-m>law to his

.IT .. s^ ^ . — Britannic

GERMANY.

BiUannic majefty, James I. That prince was incautious enough to ac«
cfpt of the crown ; but he loft it, being entirely defcatetl by the dvilcc of
Bavaria and the imperial generals, at the battle of Prague ; and he was
alfo deprived of his own electorate, the beft part of which was given to the
duke of Bdvaria. The protcftant princes of Germany, however, had
among them at this time many able commanders, who wfcre at the head of
armies and continued the war with great firmnefs and intrrpiditv { amon^
them were the margrave ot Baden Dourla'ch, Chriftian duke of Brunfwic,
and count Mansfield ; the laft was one of the beft generals of the aM.
Chriflian IV. king of Denmark declared for them ; and Richlieu, tnb
French minifter, was not fond of feeing the hnulb of Auftria aggrandifcd.
The emperor, on the other hand, had excellent generals ; and Ghri(^iah
having put himfclf at the head of the evangelic league, was defeated bir
Tilly, an imperlalift of great reputation in war. FeT'dimmd nfade fuch s
ufe of his advantages obtained over the proteftants, that they forihed s
frefh confederacy at Lcipfic, of which the celebrated Guftnvus Adolphut,
king ot Sweden, was the head. I have already dcfcribcd his amazing vic<*
toiies and progrefs, till he was killed at the battle of Lut£en, in 1632*
But the protcdaat caufe did not die with him. Hb had brought up a (ec
of heroes, fuch as the duke of Saxe Weimar, Torilenfon, Banier, ftnd
others, who (hook the Auftrian power, till under the mediation of Swe-
den, a general peace was concluded among all the powers at War, at
Muiifter, in the year 164S ; which forms the bafis of the pre{ent politi-
cal lyftem of Europe.

Ferdinand II. died in 1637, and was fucceeded by his fon Ferdinand
III. who died in 1657, and was fucceeded by the emperor Leopold, a
fevcre, unamiable, and not very fortunate prince. He had two greal
powers to contend with ; France on the one fide, and the Turk» On the
other i and was a lofer in his ivars with both. France took from him ^1*
face, and many other frontier places of the empire ; and the Turks would
have taken Vienna, had not the ficge been raifed by John Sobicflti, king
of Pol.in^l. Prince Eugene, of Savoy, was a young adventurer in arms
about the year 1697 ; and being one of the imperial generals, gave the
Turks the firft checks they received in Hungary, and by the peace of
Carlowitz in 1699, Tranlylvania was ceded to the emperor. The eifl*
pire, however, could not have withftood the power of France, had not
tlie Prince of Orange, afterwaids king William the HI. of England, lanj
the founduticm of the grand confederacy againil the French povirer, the
confequences of which have been already dcfcribed. The Hunf^rian?,
fccrerly encouraged by the French, and exafperated by the unfeeling ty-
ranny of Leopold, were flill in arms, under the protection of the rorte
or Turks, when that prince died in 1 705.

He was fucceeded by his fon Jofeph, who put the electors of Cologne
and Bavaria to the ban of the empire ; but being very ill fcrv'cd by prince
Lewis of Baden, the general of the empire, the French partly recovered
their aftairs, notwithftanding their repeated defeats. The duke of MarU
borough, though he obtainea very fpleudid vidlories, had not all the fuc-
ccfs he expci^ed or deferved. Jofeph himfelf was fufpccled of a defiga to
fubvcrt the Germanic liberties ; and it was plain by his conduct, that he
cxpcded England (hould take the labouring oar in the war, which was
chicHy carried on for his benefit. The Engli(h were difguftcd at his
il.)wnefs and feirifl)ncfs ; but he died in 17 1 1, before he reduced the
Hui)gariAt}s ; and leaving no male iifue, Was fuccecdc4 in the empire

LI 3 by

i»<

G f. Z H A a Y.

by hia brother Charlei Vi. whom the alliei were endeaTQuring to plavd
on the throne of Spaio) inoppofitiop to Philip duke ot Anjou, grandlon ta
l^ew^iXIV.

When the pea^e of Utrecht topk place in 1713, Charlei at ^rft made «
(hew as it' he would continue the war; but found himfelf unable, no\if
that he wai forfaken b^ the £n|;lifl). He therefore wai obliged to con-
.flude 4 peace with France u Baden, 171^, that he might attend the
progrefs of the Tiirki in Hungary, where they receired a total defeat
from prince Eugene, at the battle of Pcierwariidin. They received an-
Dtherofequal importance from the fame eeneralin 1717, before BelgrHde.
which fell into the hand> of the imperialidt ; and next year the peace of
Paffarowiix, between ihein and the Turks, was concluded. Charles em-
ployed every minute of hit leifure in m^ing arrangements for increafing
|ind preferving hit hereditary dominions in Italy and the Mediterranean*
Happily for him, the rrown of Britain devolved to the houfe of Hanover ;
an event which gave him a very dccilive uei^'ht in Europe, by the cun«
ne^tions between George |. and II. in the empire. CharK-s was fenfible of
fhis, and carried matters with fo high ahnno, that about the year 17,34 an4
172$, a breach cni'ued between him and George |. ; and To undeady was the
fyflem of affairs all oyer Europe at that time, thut tHe capital powers often
changed fheir old alliances, and concluded new ones contradidtory to their
Interfcft. Without entering into particulars, it is fufficient to obferve, that
the I'afety of Hanover, and itsaggrandifement, was the mainobjeft of the
Britifli court ; at thut of the emperor was the eftablifhment of^the prag-
matic fandtion, in favour of his daughter, the l<tte emprefs-queen, he
having no male ifllie. Mutual cwncefliotis upon thofe great points redored
■a good underftanding between George 11, and thi, emperor Charles ; an^
the ele«Jtor of Saxony being prevailed upon by the prolpedt of gaining the
throne of I'ulandi relinquimed the great claims he had upon the Aofirian
fijccedion.

The emperor, after this, had very bad fuccefs in a war he entered into
with the Turks,, which he had undertaken chietiy to indemnify himfclf
for the great facrifices he had made in Italy to the princes of the houfe of
pourbon. Prince Eugene was then dead, and he had no general to ru|.ply
his place. T^'he fytfcm ot France under cardinal Fleury, happened at that
^imc to be pacific^ »nd (he obtaiiied for him, from the Turks, a better
peace than he had reaibn to expc<!il. Charles, to keep the German and
other European powers eafy, had, before hii death, given his eldell
daughter, the l-.ite cmprcfs-qucen, in inarriuge to the duke of Lorrain, a
prince who could bring no accclTipn of power to the Auflrian family.
Pharlcs died in 17^0. ^

He was no fooner in the grave than all h* had fo long laboured for

mul^ have been overthrown, ha.d it not been for the firnmefs of Georjje II,

The pragmatic fan(51ion was attacked on all hahds. The young king of

Piufiia, vvith a powerful army entered, and concjutrcd Silefia, which h^

(aid had been wrongfully difmeinbertd from his family. The king of

Spain aad the eleftor' of Bavaria let up claims dircftly incompatible vvith

the pragiiiiaiic fan^ton, and in this they were joined by France ; though

all thoi'e powers had fulemnly guatantced it. The imperial throne after a

conliderable vacaiicy, was filled Up by the ele<Sor of Bavaria, who took

the title of Charles VII in January 1742. The French poured their

armies into Bohemia, where they took Prague ; and the queen of Hunf

cary, to take off the weight of Pruflin, whs forced to cede to that prince

\ti^ mofl valuable part of the duchy nf Silelia by a ibrmal treaty.

... .^^^

G E R M A N

t1 <jf,

Her vouth, her beauty, and fufferings, and the noble fortitude with
Which me bore them, touched the hearts of the Hiingari.ms into whole
armi flie threw hcrfelf and hrr tittle fun ; and thoU)(h thev had beca
alwayi remarkable fur thffir difafTe^lion to tho houfe ot Aiillna, they de-
clared imanimoiilly in her favour. Her generiU drore the French out of
Bohemia ; and Gcoree II. at the head of an EngliHi and Hnnoverian army,
gained the battle of Dcttingen, in 1743. Charles VII. was at thii time
miferable on the imperial throne, and driven out of liis eleftoral domini-
ons, ai had been his anccllor in queen Anne's rci^, for tiding with France,
and would have mven the queen of Hungary almod her own terms ; but
(he haughtily and impoliticly rejected all accommodation, though advifed
to it by his Britannic majedy, her beft, and indeed only friend. This
obftinacy gave a colour for the king of I'ruflin to invade Bohemia, under
pretence of fupporting the imperial dignity : but though he took Prague,
and fubdued the greared part of the kingdom, he wm not fupiiorted by the
French ; upon which he abandoned all his conquers, and retired to Silefia,
This event cnnfirined the obdinacy of the queen of Hungary, who came
to an accommodation with the emperor, that flie might recover Silefia.
Soon after, his imperial majedy, in the beginning of the year 174$, died^;
and the duke of Lorrain, then grand-duke of Tufcany, contort to her
Hungarian Majefty, after furmounting fome difliculiies, was chofenem*
pcror, by the title of Francis I.

The bad fucccfs of the allies againft the French and Bavarians in the
Low Countries, and the lofs of the battle of Fontenoy, retarded the ope-
rations of the emprefs-queen againft his Pruflian majefty. The latter beat
the emperor's brother, prince Charles of Lorrain, who had before driven
the Piullians out of Bohemia ; and the conduct of the emprefs-queen was
fuch, that hi» Britannic majefty thonght proper to guarantee to him the
poiTeflion of Silefia, as ceded by treaty. Soon after, his Pruflian majefty
pretended that he had difcovered a fecret convention whic-li bad been
entered into between the emprefs>queen, the emprefs of Kiiflia, and the
king of Poland, as elector of Saxony, to ftrip him of his dominions, and
to divide them among themfelvcs. Upon this his Pruflian majefty,. all of
a fudden, drove the king of Poland out of Saxony, defeated his troopii,
and took poircllion of Drefden-{- which he held till a treaty was madr >>n«
der the mediation of his Britannic majefty, by which the king of I r^x^t
acknowledged the duke of Lorrain, npw become great-duke of Tufcar )•,
for emperor. The war continued in the Low Countries, not only ta the
difadvnntage, but to the difcrcdit of the Aultrians and Dutch, till it was
finiflied by the trtaty of Aix-Ia-Chapelle, in April 1748. By that treaty,
Silefla was once more guarantefd to the king of Pniflia. It was not long
before that monarch** jcalouiies were renewed and verified ; and the em-
prefs of Ruflia's views falling in with thofe of the emprefs- queen, and the
king of Poland, who were unnatundly fiipponed by FrHnce in their ne«f
fchemcs, a frcfli war was kindled in the empire, in the year i75-'j. The
king of Praffia declared againft the admillion of the Ryflijns into Germany,
and his Britannic majelty againft that of the French. Upon thofe two
principles all former differences between thefe monarchs were forgotten,
and the Britifli p.irliament agreed to pay an annual fubfidy of 670,000! tq
his Prullian majefty during the continuance of the war, the flames of Which
were now rekindled with more fury than ever.

His Pruflian majefty once more broke into Satony, defeated the Impe-
rial general' Brbwh at the bi^tlc^ of Lowofirz, forced the Sasoos to lay

L 1 ^ 4o\m

510

GERMANY.

tlovn their trmi, though tlmoft tmpreenabtjr fortified tt PirnR, nnd the
elector of Saxony {ig»in fled to his regal domiiiioni :n Poland. Attcr thii»
kit Prunfian majefAy wai put to the ban of the empire; and the French

Etured by one quarter their armiet'v as th0 Rufliant did by anotlter, into
erntany, The conduA of hit Pruflian majeliy on thit occatlon is lbs
moft amazing that ii to be met with in hiftory. He brolte once more into
Bohemia with inconceivable rapidity, and defeated an army of 100,000
AuArians, under general Brown, who was killed, as the Itravc marflul
Schwerin was on the fide of the Prufliant. He then belieged Prague, and
plied it wiih a moft tremendous artillery f but jufl. as he was beginning to
imagine that his troops W0re invincible, they were defeated at Colin, by
the Auftrian general Daun, obliued to raife the fiege, and to fall back upon
Eifenach, The operations of trie war now multiplied every day. The
Impcridliilsj under count Daun, were formed into excellent troops ; but
fhey were beaten at the battle of Lilfa, and the Pruflians took Brcflau,
lind obtained many other great advantages. The Ruilians, after entering
Oermany, gave a new turn to the afpcdt of the war ; and the gautious,
yet onterprifing genius of count Daun, )aid his Prullian majelly under
infinite diHiculties, notwithftanding ail his ainazing victories. - Ai firll he
defeated the RufTians at Zorndorf ; but an attack made upon his army, in
fhe night-time, by count Daun, at Hockkirchen, had alaioll provfd fatal
fo his affairs, though he retrieved them with admirable prefence of mind,
fie was obliged, however, to facrifice Saxony^ for the fafety of 3>lel)a i
and it has been obferved, that few periods of hifiory atford fuch reoii|
for reflection a^ this campaign did ; fix fieges were railed almod at the
fame tinie f that of Colbcrg, by the Rullians ; that of Ltipfic, by the
duke of Deux Ponts, who commanded the army of the empire ; that of
prefden, by Paun ; and thofe of Neifii, Cofel, and Torgau, alio by the
Auflrians.

Brevity obliges me to omit many capital fcenes which pnflcd at the fame
fime in Germany, between the French, who were driven out of Hanover,
«pd the Englifli, or their allies. The operations on both fides are of
little importance to hiliory, becaufe nothing was done that was decifive,
thoujgh extremely burdenfome and bloody tQ Grc.it Britain. Great waq
the ingra'itude of the emprefs-quecn to his Britannic mtjeAy, and his
gllies, who were now daily threatened with the ban of the empire. The
Ruffians had taken polfelBon of all the kingdom of Pruflin, and laid fiege
to Cplberg, the only port of hisPrulIiap majedy in the Baltic. Till then,
he ha{l entertained too mean an opinion of the Roirians ; but he foon
found them by far the moll formidable enemies he h^d, advancin({ under
count SoltikofT, in a body qf ioo,oco men, to Silciia, in this difliels he
n&ed with a courage and refolution that bordered upon dclVair ; but wa")
at lafl:, totally defeated by the Rullians, with the lofs of 20,000 of his
bed men, in a battle near Frankfort, ife became now the tennisTbail of
l^rtunCt Succeeding defeats feemed to announce his ruin, and all avenues
towards peace were ihut up. He had loll, fince the fird of Odober
1756, the great marflial Keith, and forty brave generals, bcliiics thofc
wnio were wounded and made prilbners. At Landlhut, the Imperial gene-
ral, Laudobn, defeated his ariT)y under Fnu(]uet, on which he had great
flependencip, and thereby opened to the Audnans a ready gate into Silefia,
^one but his Pruilian majedy would have thought of continuing the waf
fin^r fucb repeated loiTes ; but every defeat he received feemed to give
Mffi f'^i^ f^iritSf ]i 19 pot petbafft ver^ eaf^ to account for (h« ina<^ivity

O £ R M A l>f y.

5»i

of hli «nemiei after hia defeat near Frankfoit* but b^ ihejnloii^
which the Imperial generali entertained of their RuflUn alliei. Tne^ had
taken Berlin, and uid the inhabitants under pecuniary contributionaj
but towardt the end of the campaign, he defeated the liopcriiiliAs vt, thf
battle of Torgau, in which count Oaua vvai wounded. Tnit waa the beft
fought adioi) the king of Prulfia had ever been en|;aged in, but it £ofi hint
10,000 of hii beft troopi, and was attended with no great coafcquen*
CCS in his favour. Ne^v reinforcements whioh arrived every day froo
Rullia, the taking of Colberg by the RulCana, and of Schweidnitz bv the
Aulinans, fcemed almoil to have completed his ruin, when his moK for«
midable enemy, the emprefs of Rufliu, died, January 5, 1762; George
II. had died on the scth of OtEtober, 1 760.

The deaths of thole illuftrious perfonages were followed by great con*
fequences. The Britifli minidry of George III. were folicitous to put
an end to the war, and the new cmoeror of RuiTia reciUW his anniei.—
His PrulFian majedy was, notwithuanding, fo very much reduced by hia
loiFes, that the emprefs-qucen, probably, would have completed hia
dcflrutftion^ had it not been for the wife backward nefs of the other Ger-
man princes, not to annihilate the houfe of Brandenburg. At firft the
emprefs«queen rejected all terms propofed to her, and ordered 30,000 mec
to be added to her armies. The vifibic hackwardnefs of her generals to
execute her orders, and the fuccefles obt.iined by his Pruflian majefly, at
lall prevailed upon her to agree to an armiAice, which was fooo followed
by the treaty of Hubertfburg, February 1$, 1763, which again fecured
to his Pruflian majefty the poflisffion of Silelia.

Upon the death of the emperor, her hufband, in 1765, her Ton Jofephi
who had been crowned king of the Romans in 1 764, fucceeded him jin
the empire. His Imperial majefty, foon after his acceffion, difcovered
ereat talents for government, and for partitionin*; other countries, He
joined in the difmemberment of Poland, with Ruflia and Pruflia. He
paid a viftt incognito, and with moderate attendants, to Rome and th^
principal courts of Italy ; and had a perfonal interview with his Pruf*
nan majefty, though this did not prevent hodilities from b«.ing com-
menced beiiveen Auftria and Pruflia, on account of the fucceflion to thf
electorate of Bavaria. The Audrian claims on this occafion were very
unjud, but in the fupport of them, while the conteft continued, the
emperor difplayed great military (kill. Though vaft armies were brought
into the field on both lides, no a£lion happened of much importance, an|4
an accommodation at length took phice. Since that event, the emperor
has been much better employed than in the operations of war, except to.
his late demands on the Dutch for the free navigation of the Scheldt, icCf
contrary to the iiipulation of former treaties ; in the obfervance of which,
to fupport his anceltors, the Dutch as well as Englifli fpent many milliona
of money, and facrificed thoufands of fouls. He has endeavoured,
however, to promote the happinefs of his fubje£ts, has granted a moft
liberal religious toleration, and fupprcO'ed mod of the religious orders of
both fexes as being utterly ufelefs and even pernicious to focicty, and in
^783, by an ed\6\, abolifhcd the remains of fervitude and villanagt- , and
fixed alio the fees of the lawyers at a moderate amount, granting them e
pcniion in lieu. He has alfo abolilhed the ufe of torture in his heredititry
domii)ions, and removed many of the grievances under which the pe.<fant9
and common people laboured. He is a prince of great pcnrrration, of
» phi|orojphi(;9l tum pf mind, gA4 nlxei vyitb bis fubjcAs {V.th an eafe

•t»4

5»»

> it tr s s I A.'

•nd ■fftbillty that are ttry uncommon in parfoni of hit rank. Ih love^
the coRverfation of ingenious men, and appeara folicitoui ro cultivate that
cxtenfive knowledge, which ennobles thoie who adorn the elevated ftation
to which he hai been raifrd.

' Jofeph-Benedi^-Augudua, emperor of Germany, wai born in 1741,
crowned king of the Romans in 1 764, fucceeded his father as emperor
3d 176c, married the fame year the princeft fofcphina-Maria, of Bavaria,
who died in 1767. He had bv his Hrll wife (the princefs of Parma) i
daughter, Therefa^Elizaheth, born in 1763, but me is dead, and the
emperor had no ifluc by his laft confortK

Protc

Thi kingdom of PRUSSIA, formerly
DUCAL PRUSSIA.

Situation, bovnbakies, ) ^~r^ HIS country is bounded to the

AND EXTENT. ) X Nofth by part of Samogitia ; to

the South, by Poland Proper and Mafovia ; to the Eail, by part of

Lithuania ; and to the Well, by Polifli Pruflia and the Baltic. Its greateft

length is about 160 miles, and oreadth about 112.

Name, air, soil, produce, I The name of Pruflia is probably

AND RIVERS.

^pliabitants of the country.

) derived from the Borulji, the ancient
The air, upon the whole, is wholefome, and
^e foil fruitful in corn' and other commodities, and affords plenty ^
pn-coal and fuel. Its animal produflions are horfes, flieep, deer, and
same, wild boars, and foxes. Its rivers and lakes are well (iored with
fifbea ; and amber, which is thought to be formed of an oil coagulated
with vitriol, is found on its coaftt towards the Baltic. The woods furnilh
the inhabitants with wax, honey, and pitch, belides ciuantities of pot*
•flies. The rivers here fometimes do damage tu' inundations ; and the

frincipal are, the Viftula, the PregeU the NIemel or Mammel, tlie
aflaige, and the Elbe.

Population, inhabitants, manners,) As PrufTia, fince the
ousTOMt, and diversions. ) beginning of the prefent

century, has become a moft refpcdtable power upon the continent of
£urope, I fliall, for the information of my readers, deviate from my
tifual plan, that I may bring before their eyes the whole of his PrulTian
majefty's territories, which lie fcattercd in other divilions of Germany,
Poland, Switzerland, and the northern kingdoms, with their n.iines ; all
which they will find in the following table.

■?•-

, ; >> . J . ....-I* '( A

PRUSSIA.

SSf

Prouftanti. Countrici Kunci.

Poland.

J ilucai I'ruHia

1 Koyal Pruflla.
c Brundcnburg
Up. Suony. i Pumcraiiia

CSwui. Fomeraoia

Bohemia

Wcftphalia

Netherlandi.
Switzerland.

{Olais
Silcfla
Minden

{Ravenfbcrg
Lingea
Clfvct
Mcurt
Mark

£aft Friefiand
Lipp«
Oulich
Tcckleiiburg
Celder
Neufchattl

Total-

yi9$o

»,4o«

10,910

4tK«o
1,991

>>sss

45*
550

I0(000

595
5»$
110
6)0

9X0
690

*1
sic

(66

lit
•15

IJO

4»

i»
196

4»

•J

43
10

5»
4^

44
11

3»

II
ti
6
41
3»

CkiafCitiM.

KuNiNoiaKao
Elbiiig

lit

•04

tio| Berlin
6

48
5U

aj
9*
•6

/ 54-41 N.
\ii.Jit.

Ut.
Lion.

Camin

Stci>n

MaitdeSvrg

HuliiGrliu

Olaci

Urcflaw

Minden
34 Ravciiibuif
' I Jn^en

Clcvea

Meura

Ham

Enibden

Lipftadt

Oulich

I'eckienbatf

Oeldcn

Ncufcbatcl

«4

•3
ao

Befidea a great part of Silefia, which the late king of Pruflia under varloiii
pretencct wrefted from Auftria : availing himfelf alio of the internal trwublc*
in Poland, he hat, by virtue nf no other right than that which a powerful army
cunferi on everv tyrant, feized upon I'horn, with thecouniriei on the Viftulu, and the
Nelfter, and other territuriei cuiitiguout to hii own dominiwnt, dufe to tUe waili of
Daiitzic. Thele acguifitioni may ne traced in the map.

I fliall here confine myfelf to Pruflla a« a kingdom, beiaufe his Prufliaa
inajvfty'« other dominioni fall under the delciiption of the cuuiitriei whew
they lie

The inhabitants of thii kingdom alone, were, by Dr. Btifching, com-
puted to amount to 635, rgR pnibna capable of bearing arnos : and if (it
(for I greatly doubt that thi« computation is exaggerated), it mull thea
be mure populous than is generally imagined. Since the year 1719, it is
computed that about 3.;,oco coloniHs have removed thither from France*
Switzerland, and Germany; of which number 1700 were Saltlburghen,
Thefc emigrants have built 400' finall villages, 11 towns, 86 feats, and
CO new churches ; and have founded 1000 village fchoofs, chiefly iftthac
part ot the country named Little Lithuania.

The manners of the inhabitants differ but little from thofe of the other
inhabitants of Germany. The fame may be faid of their cudomi «id
diverlions.

Rbligiow, schools, 7 The religion of Prullia is, through hit hte
AND ACADEMiKs. J majcfty's wildom. Very toleiaiit. The elbibliihei
religions are thole of the Luther.ms and Calvinifts, but chiefly the former t
but papilU, antipoedu^papiOs, and almoft all other fcAs, are here tolerated.
The country, as well as the towns, abounds in fchools. An univerfitjr
was founded at Koningiberg in i ^44. ; but we know of no very remarkably
learned men that it has produced.

CiTifis.l The kingdom of Pruflia is divided into the German and

laibuaniaa

524

P R tr S S 1 A.

Litlniahlan departments ; the fuitner of which contains 280 parifliei, and
the latter" 105.

Koniiiglberg, the capital of the whole kingdom, feated on the river
Pr<!g«l, OTcr whidi it has feren bridge?, is about 84 miles from Dantzic.
According to Dr. Bufching, the city in fevcn miles in circumferenre, and
contains 5,800 houfes, and about 60,000 inhabitants. This computa-
tion, I doubt, is a little exaggerated likewife, becaufc it fuppofc.^, at an
average, near fixteen ifcrfons in every houfe. Koningfterg has ever
made a confiderable figure in commerce and (hipping, its river being na-
irigable for (hips ; of which 495 foreign ones arrived here in the year
1752, betides 298coallers ; and ^73 floats of timber were, in the compafs
of that year, brought down the Pregel. Thir city, befides its college or
univerlity which contains 38 profeflbrs, boalls ot mngniticent palaces, a
Cown-houfe, and exchange ; not to mention gardens i.nd orher embellifli-
ments. It has a good harbour, and a citadel, which is called FredericA>urg,
a regular fquare.

ANTiciyiTiEs AND CURIOSITIES, 1 SccGermanv.

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. J

CoMMERCB AND MAKUFACTtJR Es.] The latc king of Pruflia en-
deavoured to increafe the commerce of his kingdom ; but the def*
potic nature of his government was not favourable to trade and manufac-
tures. The Pruflian manufactures, however, are not inconliderable : they
confiil of glafs, iron-work, paper, gunpowder, copper, and brafs mills ;
inanufaAures of cloth, cjmblet, linen, filk, ilockings, and other articles.
The inhabitants export variety of naval ilores, amber, linfeed. and
bempfeed, oatmeal, fifh, mead, tallow, andcavier: and it is faid that
500 fliips are loaded every year with thufe commodities chiefly from Kp-
nincflierg.

Constitution and government.] His Pruflian majefty is abfolurc
through all his dominions, and he avails himfelf to the full of his power.
The government of this kingdom is by a regency of four chancellors of
fbte, viz. 1. The great m.iiter ; 2. The great buigr.ive ; 3. The great
chancellor; and, 4. The great marilial. There are alfo fome other
councils, and 37 bailiwicks. The ftates confiil, 1. Of counfellors of
ftate; 2. Of deputies from the nobilility ; and, 3. From the commons.
Befldes thefe inftitutions, the Ute king erected a board for commerce and
navigation.

Revenues ] His Prufli?n majefly, by meant of the happy (iruatioa
pf his country, its inland navigation, and his own fkilful political regu-
lations, derives ftn amazing revenue from this country, which about a
penjury and a half ago, was the feat of boors and barbarifm. It is faid,
that amber alone brings him in 26,000 dolh'rs annually. His other
revenues arife from his dcmefnes, his duties of culloms and tolls, and the
fubfidics yearly granted by the fevcral flutes ; but the cxnfk fum is not
known ; though we may conclude that it is very confiderable fiom the
immenfe charges of the late war. His revenues now, lince the accelTiun
pi Folilh or Royal Pruffia, muft be greatly increafcd : cxdufive of its
fertility, commerce, and population, its local lituation wis of vyft im-

J»orrance, as it lay between bis German dominions and his kingdom of
i'tuffia. By this acquifition, his dominions are compat% and his troops
may march from Berlin to Koninglberg without interruption.

Military strength. 1 The I'ruirim army, even in time of peace,
confiil^ of ^bour t3o,ocp of the bell difcipHned troops in the world ; and,

dviving

during
great 1
tance
The ar
domint

the

p R It s s I a:

S7f

during the laft war, that force was augmented to 300,000 mett. But thtt
great inUitary force, howerer it may aggrandize the power and impor-
tance of the kin^, is utterly inconOftent with the interelU of the peopte«
The army is chiefly compofed of provincial regiments ; the whole Pruuiaifc
dominions being divided into circles or cantons ; in each of which, on6;r'
or more regiments, in proportion, to the fize and^ populoufnefs of the .
divifton, have be^n origlnHily raifcd, and from it the recruits continue to '.
be taken ; and each particular regiment is always quartered, in the tima ,
of peace, near the canton from which its recruits are drawn. Whatever "
number ot funs a peafant ni»y. have, they are all liable to be taken into,
the fervicc except one, who is left tu afliu in the management of the farm.
The reft wear badges from their childhood, to mark that they are de'ftinedi' "
to be foldiers, and obliged to enter into the fervicc whenever they are '
called upon. But the maintaining fa Urge an army,, in a country natuH
rally fo little equal to it, has occalibned fuch a drain from population,',
and fuch a withdrawing of ftrength from the labours of theeitfth, that the °^
late king endeavoured in fome degree to fave his own pcafantry, bjr '
drawing as many recruits as he could from other countries. Thefe '
foreign recruits rcin;iia continually with the regiments in which they are '
placed ; but the native Pruflians have every ye*r fome iHonths of furlough, .
during which they return to the houfes of their fathers or brothers, and.,
work at the bufinefs of the farm, or in any other way they pleafe.

Arms, ANDOROdRs op knighthood.] The, royal arms of Prufli*.
are argent, an eagle difpUycd fable, cr<iwned> or, for Pruffia. Azure,
the imperial fceptre. Or, for Courland. Argent, an eagle difpluycd,
gules, with fcmicicular wreaths, for the marquifate of Brandcnburgh.
To thefe are added the rcfpedivc arms of the fcveral provinces fubjed to
the Pruflian crown. ,

There are four orders of knighthood. The •' Order of ConcorJi* in-
iVituted by Chriftian Erncft, margrave of Brandcnburgh, in the year
1660, to diftint;iiifli the part he had acted in rcdoring peace to many of
the princes of Europe Frederic III.eletTior of Brandcnburgh, and af-
wards king of Prufli.i, inftiturcd, in 1685, the "Order of Geuerojtty.**'
The knighrs wear a cn)fs of eight points enamelled blue, having in the
centre this motto, " La Gemrojiie" pendrnt to a blue riband. The
fame prince inftitutcfl the ♦* Order of the Black Eagle" on the day of
his coronation at Koningfterg, in, the yeir 1700; the fovereign is
always grand-maftcr, and the number ofknights, exclufiye of the royal
family, is limited to thirty, who muft all be admitted into the" Order of
Genernjity^'' previous to their receiving this,, unlefs they be fovereign
prince?. The " Order of Miri't" was iuftitutcd by the late king in
the year 1740 to reward the merit of perfoiis either in arms or arts,
without diltintflion of birth, religion, or country ; the king is fovereign,
and the number of knights unlimited.

HiSionY.] The ancient hiftory of Pruffia, like thnt of other kin^
doms, is loft in the clouds of fidlion and romance. The inhabitants appear-
to ha;vc been a brave and warlike people, defcendcd from the Sclavontan<,
and rcfufed to fobmit to the neighhouring princes, wh^, on pretence of'
converting them to Chriftianity, wanted to fubjeft theiu to flavery. They
made 2 noble ftand againft the kings of Polatxd ; one of whom, B^lcf*
lau.s ly, was by thetn defeated and killed in ii6it. They continued^
indrpendent,,andi.pagans, till the time of the crufades, when the German
knights of the Teutonic order, about the year 1227, undertook their*

converfioa

P It U S S I A.

converfion hy the edge of the fword, but upon condition of having, if t
reward, the property of the country when conquered. A long feries of
wars followed, m which the inhabitants of Pruma were alinoft extirpated
by the religious knight;, who, in the thirteenth century, after committing
^le moft incredible barbarities, peopled the country with Germans.—
After avail wade of blood,' in 1466, a peace was concluded between the
knights of the Teutonic order, and (Jafimir IV. king of Poland, who
lijid undertaken the caufe of the opprefll'd people, by which it was agreed,
that the part now called Polifli Pruilia fhould continue a free province,
under the king's prote£iion ; and that the knights and the grand-mailer
iliould poflefs the other part, but were to acknowledge themi'elves vaiTals
of Poland. This gave rife to frelh wars, in which the knights endea-
voured, but unfuccefsfully, to thK>w off their vaflalage to FolHnd. In
153c, Albert margrave or Brandenburgh, and the lafl grand-mafter of
the Teutonic order^ laid alide the habit of his order, embrace/^ Luthcra-
nifm, and concluded a peace at Cracow, by which the margrave was
acknowledged duke of the eaft part of Pruflia (formerly called, for that
icafon. Ducal Pruflia), but to be held as a iief uf Poland, and to defcend
to his male heirs ; and upon failure of his male iffue, to his brothers
and their male heirs. Thus ended the fovereignty of the Teutonic order
ini Pruffia, after it had fubfided near 300 years. In idc;, the elei^or
Frederic William of Brandenburg, defervedly called the Great, had
Ducal Pruffia confirmed to him ; and by the conventions of Welau and
Bromberg, it was freed, by John Cafimir, king of Poland, from vaffalage ;
and he and his defccndants were declared independent and fovereign loids
of this part of Pruilia. ^

As the prateftant religion had been introduced into this country by the
margrave Albert, and the elcAors of Brandenburg were now of that per«
fuafion, the proteilant intereft favoured them lo much, that Frederic,
the fon of Frederic- William the Great, was raifed to the dignity of king
of Pruflia, in a folemn airemhly of the ftates, and proclaimed January 1 8,
i;^oi, and foon after acknowledged as fuch by all the powers of ChriAen>
dom. His grandfon, the late kin^ of Pruflia, in the memoirs of his
family* gives us no high idea of this firft king's taknts for government,
but expatiates on thofe of his own father, Frederic-William, who fuc^
ceeded in 1713* He certainly was a prince of ikong natural parts, and
performed prodigious fervices to his country, but too often at the expence
of humanity, and the magnanimity which ought to adorn a king. At
his death, which happened in 1740, he is faid to have left feven millions
fierling in his trcafury, which enabled his fon, by his wonderful viftories,
and the more wonderful refources by which he repaired his defeats, to
become the admiration of the prcfcnt age. He improved the arts
oif peace, as well as of war, and diflinguithed himfclf as a poet,
philofopher, and Ivgiflator. Some of the principal tranfad^ions of his
reign have already been related in our account of the hiftory of Germany.
In the year 1783 he publiflicd a refcript, fignifying his pjcafure that no
kneeling ill future (hould^ be oradifed in honour of his perfon, aligning
for his rtuifon, that this ai^ or humiliation was not due but to the divinity :
And near 2,000,000 of crowns were expended by him in 1781 in drain-
ing inarflies, eflablidiing fa^ories, fettling colonies, relieving diftrefs, and
ip other purpofes of philanthropy and policy.

Frederic III. king of Pruflia, andeledor of Brandenburgh, was born in
i!> 12, married In 1733, toElizabcth-ChrllUnaof Brunfwic-Wulfenbuttlc,

' ■ born

i. > • . • ■

ham in
jL ha»

Fredc
horn in i
Brunfwi

His

>75»»

Auftria
en the \\
and, 3.

B, Q H E 1^ I At

hoxn in i7i4tby whom he^ .' noiiTue. He ^ied Augud.i,;^ I286,age4i
fc, having reigned 46 yvk. montbi, irdayt. 'AAd was Ibcceeded by

Frederic- Williim, his ik, \cw (Ibn of his brother ^ViIliam-Auguftus), •
ttornin 1744, and married in 1765 to the princefs Elizabeth-Ulrica, .of
Bruiif^ic.

' His prefent majefly's fiitcr, Frederica-Sophia-Wilhelmina, was born ia^
1751, and married in 1767 to the prince uf Orange. '■

The K I N G D O M of B O H E M 3 A.

Situation and extent

Miles, Degrees.

Length 478) between 5 4^ ^"^ 5* "o^^" latitude.
Breadth 322 \ (12 and 19 cad longitude.

Boundaries.] "D ^ U N D E D by Saxony and Brandenburg, on the

Jj North ; by Poland and Hungary, on the Eaft ; by

Auftria and Bavaria, on the South ; and by the palatinate of Bavaria,

«n the Weft; formerly comprehending, i. Bohemia Proper ; 2. Sileliji;

and, 3. Moravia.

Divi(ion«.

Chief Towns.

r. Bohetnia Pco-l Pff *'^^- '°"- H'^o- N."

K^TT^I^ U Koni'nifgratz, E.
fubjcft to the |>^ (ji^„^^ £ fjj,j^^^ j^ j^^

Houfe of Au-
ftria.

Miles.

^Length 162
Breadth 142

Sq. M.'

12,060

, Silefia, Eaft,
moftly fubjeft

N.l

king of Pruftia.
.Egra, W.

'Breflaw, E. Ion. 17
. lar. 51-15.
Glogaw, N.
CrolTcn, N.
...uu.y .ui.jcci . . jagendorf, S.
to the kmg of ^ ^ Jj, « ^ f^bj^ j^

P'-"^^'^- I i hJufe of Auftria. ,

I I Tefchen, 8. fubjea to the J

J (_ houfe of Auftria. J

Moravia, S» ") f Olmutz, E. Ion. 16-45. 1

entirely fubjedt M N. lat. 49-40. I Length

to the houle of () Biin, middle. (Breadth

Auftria. J L Igla, S. W. J

.Length 196

f Breadth 92 f '«*^S«

120 /

88 r

-.-if--^i*

5.424

Soi L AND AIR.] The air of Bohemia Proper is not thought fo whole-
fome as that of the reft of Germany, though its foil and produce are
pretty much the fame. •

MouNtAiNs AND RIVEHS.] Bohemia, though almoft furrounded.
with mountains, contains none of note or diftindlion: its woods are many,
Hud the chief rivers are the Elbe, Muldaw, and Eger. .

Il#

B o n EM i A.

MftTALt AND MiNtiiALi.] ThU kitigdoiil containi rich mtnei of
fiUcr, nuickfilver, copper, irdn» lead, (titpnurt >nd falrpette, Ita chie^
nvinuractures art linen, copper, iron) and gluft*

Population, inhabitants, maK^^km, I We have- no ccrtMo
CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. yaccount of the preft^nf

population of Bohemia ; about i co years ago, it was computed to
contain near ^,000,000 of tnhauittints ; but at nrefent nut ubove
a,ioo,ooo. "fhe Bohemians, in their perfons, hnbits, and munners,
Rfemble the Germans, There is, among them, no middle (late of peo-
ple ; for every lord is a fovereign, and every tenant a Have. But the
prefcnt emperor has eencroully dlfchstrgcd the Bohemian peafants, on the
imperial dcmcfnes, from the uate of villanage in which they have been
io long and fu um'ulUy retained ; and it will be happy if his Imperial
miijclly's example mould be followed by the Bohemiuu \iobility, and thejr
be thereby led to cculc to deprive their vufl'uU of the rights of human
nature. Although the Bohemians, at prefcnt, are not tcinurkuble cither
for arts or arms, yet tbty loimerly diftinguiflied thcmlclvcs as the moll
intrepid allcrtors of civil and religious liberty in Europe ; wiinct's the early
inirodlidiun of the reformed religion into their country, when it was
fSnrcely known in any other; the many glorious defeats they gave to the
/^rian power, and their generous ilrug^Ies for independency. Their
virtues may be conlidcvcd as the caufes of their decay ; as no means were
left unemployed by their dcfpotic mailers for breaking their fpirit: though
it is ccitiila their internal jealoufics and liiflcnftons greatly contributed
to their fubje«^lion. Their culloms and divetiiun^ arc the fame as in
Oemisny.

Rkligion.] Thou ;;h popery is the eftabliflicd religion of Bohemia,

{ret there arc inany Protouants among the inhabitants, who are now to-
erated in the ft^ee cxcrcife of their religion ; and fonie of the Moravians
have embraced a vifionary unintelligible protcilantifm, if it defcrvcs that
name, which thoy have propagated, by their zcalbus jniflionarics, in
fevernl parts of the globe ; fome of whom a few years ago made profelytcs
in Great Britain; they have illll a meeting-houfe in London, and have
obt:iined an aS: of parliamer.t for a fettlemeiit in the plantations.

AicHBisiiopucKs AND Bi sHoi'KicKs.] Prague 18 theonlj' Bohemian
archbilliopriok. The bifhopricks areKoningfgvatz, Brcflaw, and Olmutz.

Language.] The proper language of the Bbhemians is a dialedl of
the Sclavonian, but they genei'ally fpcak German and High Dutch.

University.] The only univerfity in Bohemia is that of Prague.

Crries and towns.] Prague, the capital of Bohemia, is one of the
finelt aud iholl rnugniHcemt cities in Europe, and famous for its noble
bridge. Its circumference is fo large, that the grand Pruflian army, in
its lart ficge, never could completely invert it. For this reafon it is able
to make a vigorous defence in cafe of a regular liege. The inhabitants are
thought not to be pro|K)rtiuned to its cnpacioufnefs, being computed not
to exceed 70,00.. Chriflians, and about 13,000 Jews. It contains gz
churches nud chapels, and 40 cluifters. It is a place of little or no trade,
and theiefore the middling inhabitants are not wealthy ; but the jews are
fiiid to carry on a large commerce in jewels. Bohemia contains many
other towns, fome of which are fortified, but they are neither remarkable
fpr ftrength nor manufiiAureti. Olmutt is the capital of Moravia: it is
veil fortified, and has manufaAures of woollen, iron, glafs,' paper, and
g|ui]|)oiNkr. fireflaW) the capital of Sileiia, hath been already defcribcd.

COMMERCB

HUNGARY.

529

* CoMMEUCB AND manupacturhi.] See Germany.

Constitution and isovbrnmp.nt ] The fornm, and only the forms,
of the old BuhemiHii ooiiiUtntion Itill lubtUl; but iht govrrnmcnt under
the emperor is ddpoiic. Their llates are compofod of the clergy,
nobility, gentry, nnd ic|)rercntitrives of towns. Thrir fovereigns, of luir,
l>.ivc not been fond ot provoking them by ill wfaije, a» they h.ivc a
Ifencral avcrflon towards the AuArians. , This kinj^dom is frequently de*
Icribcd as part of (Jcrmuny, but with little rcafon, for it is not in any of
the nine circles, nor doe» it contribute any thing towards the forces or
revenues of the empire, nor ia it iubjcA to any of its l;«w8. What gives
fomc colour to this iniliake is, that the king of Bohemia is the (it'll fecu«
lar elei%r of the empire, and their kings have been eledlcd emperors of
Germany for many ycais.

Ubvkn UBS.] The revenues of Bohemia are whatever the fovcrcign is
plcafed to cxa«^t from the Aaccs of the kingdom, when they arc annually
ailembled at Prague. They may perhaps amount to 500,000!. a year.

Ah Ml.] The arms of Bohemia are, argent, a lion gules, the tail moved,
and palTed in faltier, crowned, langued, and armed, or.

History.] The Bohemian nobility ufcd to elect their own princes,
though the emperors of Germany fometimes impol'ed a king upon them,
and at length ufurped that throne thcmfelves. In the year 1438, AN
bcrt II. u^ Auftria received three crowns, Hungary, the Empire, and
Bohemia.

In 1414 John Hufs and Jerome of Prague, two of the firft reformers,
and Bohemians, were burnt at the council of Conllancc, though the cm-
peror of Germany had given them his protee'tion. This occalioncd an
infurredion in Bohemia : the people of Prague threw the emperor's ortictrs
out of the window of the council-chamber ; and the famous ZiiLti, ulTenH
bling an army of 40,000 Bohemians, defeatid the emperor's forcts in fe-
veral engagements, and drove the Imperiaiifts out of the kingdom. — 1 he
divilions of the Huflltes among themfelves enabled the emperors to reg<iin
and keep polfeflion of Bohemia, though an attempt was made to throw off
the imperial yoke, by elefting, in the year 1618, a pi'otellant kincr in the
perfon of the prince Palatine, fon-in-law to James 1. of Enghmd. The mif-
fortunes of this prince ate well known. He was driven from Bohemia by
the emperor's generals, and, being ftrippcd of his other dominions, »va3
forced to de|x:nd on the court of England for a fubliltcnce. After a war
of 30 years duration, which defolated the whole cm^iire, the Bohemians,
ftnce that time, have remained fubjed to the houl'e of Audria.

HUNGARY.

Miles.
Length 300 \

Situation and Extent.

Degrees. Sq. Miles.

, C 17 and z'l Eaft loni^. I „/;„/-„

1"=*^'"" \ 45 and 49 North lat. { 36.060

Breadth 200

BouNDAiiEs.]' I'^HAT part of Hungary which belongs to the

JIL houfe of Auflria (for it formerly included Tran-

fylvania, Sclavonia, Croatia, Morlachia, Servia, Walachia, and other

M ni countries),

530

HUNGARY.

countries), is bounded by Poland, cjn the North ; by TranfylvanJa
an4 W«U<:hia, Eafi ; by Sclavonic), South ; and by Auftria and Moravia,
Weft. .

The kingdom of Hungary is ufually divided into the Upper and Lower

Hungary.

Upper HUNGARY, North of

•■' ' THE DamuBB.

• --^d iru. Chief Towns. '•■'•'* ^*^ '"
Prefburg, (itiiate on the Danube, E.

loft. ^7-30. N. lat. 48-20.
NeWhnuftl, N. W.
IcopolftaJf, N. W.
Chrewniis, N. W.
Schen>nits, in the middic.
Efperics, N. ' ' ''

Cafchaw, N. « >^ " ^> '■'
Tokiiy, N. E. .^'«* .^^'i^--' ■ <
Zbtniar, N. E. -'••'•<■' "
Unguar, N. E. -"'"-• '
Mongats, N. K.
Waradin, Great, E.
Segedin, S. E.
Agria, in the middle.
Pcft, op the Danube, oppofitc to Buda

Lower HUNGARY, South of
THE Danube. . ., ,

in..>.)d rf Chief Towns. -"^-^ =
Buda, on the Danube, E. Ion. 19-

20. N. lat. 47-40.
Gran, 6n the Diinubc, above Buda.
Comorra, on the Danube, in the

ifland of Schut.
Raab, on the Danube, oppofite to

the ifland of Schut.
Atlcnburg, W. oppofite to the ifland

ofSchut.
Weiflcnburg, or Alba Regalis, fitu-

ated E. of the lake, called the

Platten fca.
Kanifta, S. W. of the Platten

fea.
Five Cliurchcs, N. of the river

Dravc.

To which may be added Temefwar, which has been confidcrcd as AiC-
tin€t froitt Hungary, becaufe it was formerly governed by an independent
king ; and it has feveral times been in the pofleflion of the Turks ; but the
Auflrians gaining pofleiliun of it, it was incorpomted into the kingdom of
Hungary in 1778. The province of Temefwar is 94 miles long, and 67
broad, containing about 3850 f<.|uare miles : it has been divided into four
diftridis, Cfadat, Temefwar, Werfchez, and Lugos. Temcfwa»-. the prin-
ci^l town, is fituated E. Ion. 22*1;. N. lat. 45')4>

Air, SOIL, ANDPRODUCE.] The air, and.confcquently the climate
of the ibuthern parts of Hungary, is found to be unhcalthful, owing to
Its numerous lakes, flagnatcd waters, and marflies ; but the northern parts
Wing mountainous and barren, the air is fweet and wholefome. No
country in the world can boaft a richer foil, than that plain which extends
300 miles from Prefl)urg to Belgrade, and produces corn, grafs, cfculent
plants, tobacco, fnffron, afparagus, melons, hops, pulie, miller, buck-
wheat, delicious wine, fruits of various kinds, peaches, mulberry-trees,
chefnuts, and wood : corn is in fuch plenty, that it fells for one lixth
part of its price in England.

Rivers,] Thefe are the Danube, Dravc, Save, Teyfl'e, Merifli, and
the Tcme?.

Water.] Hungary contains feveral lakes, particularly four among
the Carpathian mountains of condderable extent, and abounding with fifti.
The Hungarian baths and mineral waters are efleemcd the moft fovereign
of any in Europe ; but their magnificent buildings, raifed by the Turks
when in poflcflion of the country, particularly thofe of Buda, are fuffercd
to go tadecay. , ", j . ..4'

, ;., ...,. . . ■■■ -r. f. Jl ' . "• ' Mountains.]

HUNGARY/

$3^

kINS.]

Mountains*] The Carpathian mountflins which divkJcHunlfary front
Poland on the north, arc the chief iu Hiingstry, though many detached
mountains are found in the country, 'i heir topi arc generally covered
wiih wood, and un their tides grow the richell grapes in the world.

MiTALs AND MiNBiiAts.] Hungary it remarkably well ftockcd witk
both, it abounds not only with gold and filvcr mines, but with plenty
of excellent copper, vitriol, iron, orpiment, quickirlvcr, chryfocoUa, and
terra fi^illata. Before Hungary became the leat of de^udtive wars be-
tween Turks and Chriflians, or fell under the power of the houfe of Au«
ftria, thufe mines were furnilhed with proper works apd workmen, andpro<
duced vaft revenues to the native princes. The Hungarian gold and filver
employed mint-houfes, not only in Hungary, but in Germany, and the
continent of Europe ; but all thofe niiueii are now greatly diminiOicd ift
their value, their works being deftroycd or demulifhed ; fome of them-
however iVill fublill, to the great emolument of the natives.

Vegetablb AND ANIMAL FRouucTiONS.] Hungary is remarkable '
for a fine breed of horfes, generally moufe-coloured, and. highly efteemed
by military ofliccrs, fo that great numbers of them are exported. There,
is a remarkable breed of large rams in the neighbourhood of Preibutg*
Its other veget.tblc and aninuil produ^ions are in general the fame with
thofe of Germany, and the neighbouring countries. The Hungarian
wines, however, particularly Tokay, are preferable to thofe of any othec
country, at ieaft in Europe.

Population, inhabiiants, man*^ It was late before the nor-
NERs, cusTi>Ms, AND DiVEKsioNS. J thcm barbarians drove thd
Romans out ot Hungary ; and fomeofthedefcendants of their legionary
forces are ftill to be diflinguidied in the inland parrs, by their fpeaking:
Latin. Be that as it will, before the Turks got pniTcliion of Con(lan(i>
n'>plc, we have rcafon tm think, that Hungary was one of the mod
populous and powerful kingdoms in Europe ; and if the houfe of Auftri*
fhould give the proper encouragement to the inhabitants to repair their
works and clear their fens, it might become fo again in about a century
hence. Both Hungarics at prefent, exclufivc of Tranfylvania and Croatia,
are thought to contain about two millions and a half of inhabitants.
The Hungarians have manners peculiar to themfelves. They piquo
themfclves on being defcended from thofe heroes, who formed the but*
wark of Chriftendom againd the ipiidels. In their perfons they are well
made. Their fur caps, their clofe-bodied coats, girded by a fafli, and
their cloak or mantle, which is fo contrived as to buckle under the arm,
fo that the right hand may be always at liberty, give them an air ot'
military dignity. The men (have their beards, but preferve their whiikerS'
on their upper lips. Their ufual arms arc a broad fword, and a kind of
pole-ax, betides their fire-arms The ladies are reckoned handfomer
than thofe of Auftria, and their fable drefs with fleeves ftrait to their arms,
and their (lays faftened before with gold, peiirl, or diamond little buttons,
are well known to the French and Englifli ladies. Both men and ^omen,
in what they call the mine town?, wear fur, and even flieep-(kin drefles.
The inns upon the roads arc moft miferable hovels, and even thofe lel-
dom to be met with. The hogs, which yield the chief animal food for-
their pea&nts, and their poultry, live in the Ttrne apartment with their
owners. The gout and the fever, owing to the unwholelbmcnels of ih?
air, are the predominant difeafcs in Hungary. The natives in general
arc indolent, and leave trade and nMnufadiures to the Greeks and other

Mm*. - flranjjer*

53*^V

HUNGARY.

ftrangers fettled in iheir country, the flatnefs of which rentiers travelling
commodious, cither hy bnd or water. The diverlions of the inhabitants
are of the wiirlike and sithlctic kind. They are in general a brave and
magnanimous people. Their anceiiors, even lince the beginning of the
prel'ent ceniuty, were fo jealous of their liberties, thut nither than be
tyrannifcd over by the houfe of Aullria, they often put thcmlelves under
the protedion of the Ottoman court ; but their fidelity to the lateeinprefs-
qijeen, notwithl^anding the provocations they received from her houfe,
wilt be alwavs remembered to their honour.

The inhabitants of Temefw.ir, a province lately incorporated into Uie
kingdom of Hung:iry, are computed at about 450,000. There arc in this
country many faruons. or ^y plies, fuppofed tu be real delcindants of the
ancieiu E;^yptinn8. They arc fiid t>) refemble the ancient Egyptians in
their teaturef, in their propenlity to melancholy, and in many of their
mannt'i'h and culloms ; and it is ail'erted, that the lufcivious dances of His,
the wordiip of unions, many famous Egyptian ruitcrditions and fpecifics,
and the Egyptian method of hutching eggs by means of dung, arc ilill in
ufe among the female gypfies in Teinefwar.

Religion.] The eliiblifhed religion of the iJungariang is the Ro-
man-catholic, though the major part of the inhabitants) are proteilante,
or Greeks ; and they now enjoy the full exercife of their religious li-
berties.

ARCHDisnopRicKS AND fishophicks.] The archbifhopricks are Pref-
burg, GrHn, and Colocz 1. The bifliopricks arc, Great Waradin, /^gria,
Vcfprin, R^ab, and Five Churches.

L^NCUAGt.] As the Hungarians are mixed with dermans, Sclavo-
nians, and Walachi ns, they have a variety ofdialei^s, and one of them
18 faid to approach near the Hebrew. The better and the middlemoll
rank fpeak German, and almoll all even of tihe common peoph' fpeak
Latin, either pure or barbarous, fo that the Latin may be fa id to iie here
ftilt a living lancjuagi*.

ITMyERsiTiEf. I In the univerfities (If they can properly L" f<>
called) of Firnan, Biidi!, Raab, and Cafchaw, are profelfo.', of the fcvtral
arts and iVicncis, who ufed generally to be jefuits : fo that the Luthe-
rans and Calviulfts, who arc inore numerous than the Roman Catholics in
Hun^jary, go to the Gcrnran and other univerfities.

Antiq^iiiies ano cukiositus, ) The artificial curlofities of this
NATURAL AND AKTiFiciAL. (country confifi of its bridge?,
baths, and mines. The bridge of Efleck built over the Danube, and
Drave, is properly fpeaking, a continuation of bridges, five miles in
length, foitifica . ith towers nt certain dillances. It was an important pafs
during the wars between the Turks and Hungarians, A bridge of boats
runs over the Danube, half a. mile long, between Buda and Pert ; and
about twenty Hungarian miles diOant from Belgrade, are the remains of a
bridge, ereded by the Romans, judged to be the mod magnificent of any
In the world. The baths and mints here have nothing to diilinguifli
them from the like works in other countries.

One of the moft remarkable natural curiofities of Hungary, is a cavern
in a mountain near Sztlitze ; the aperture of this cavern which fronts the
foutb, is ( i;;hteen fathoms high, and eight broad ; its fubterraneous paf-
fages confift entirely of folid rock, ftretching away farther Ibuth than has
yet been difcovered ; as far as it is praflicable to go, the height is found
to be ;o fathoms, and the breadth 26. Many other wonderful particulars
K I arc

HUNGARY,

S3X

are related of this cavern, which is an article in natural philofophy.
AiloniAiing rocks are coinmon in Hungary, and fome of its churclw s ara
of admirable architecture.

Cities, towns, forts, and othbb ) Thefc are greatly decayed
EDIFICES, PUBLIC AND PRiVATB. ) ffom tlieif .indent magnifi-
cence, but many of the fortitications are flill very Arong, and kept in
good order. Prcfburg is fortified. In it the Hungarian regalia werekept,
but were lateU' removed to Vienna. The crown was fent in the year
I ooo by pope Syl veilei II. to Stephen, kingof Hungary, and was made after
that of^the Greek cinperors ; it is of folid gold, weighing nine marks and
three ounces, ornumented with (jj faphiics, ;o rubies, one large cmcntid,
and 338 pearls. BcliJes thetc (ioncs are the images of the apofllcs and
the patriarchs. The t>opc added to this crown a filver patriarchal crofs,
which was afterwards inicrted in the arms of Hungary. At the ceremony
of the coronation a billiop carries it before the king. Frum the crofs is
derived the title of apodolic king ; the ufe of which was renewed under
the reign of the emprefs-quecn Maria Thcrefa. The i'ceptre and the •
globe of the kingdom are Arabian gold ; the mantle, which is of fine lin*
en, is the work of Gifele, fpoufc of St. Stephen, who embroidered in gold
the image of Jefus Chrid crucified, and many other images of the patri-
archs and apolUcs, with a number of infcriptions. The fword is two-
edged, and rounded at the ]V)int. Buda, formerly the capital of Hungary*
retains little of its ancient mas^nificence, but its ilrcngth and fortifications ;
and the fame may be faid of I'cll, which lies on the oppofite fide of the
Danube. Raab is likewifc a ih'ong city, as arc Gran and Comorra.
Tokay has been already mentioned for the excellency of its wines.

Commerce and manufactures.] After having mentioned the
natural produce of the country, it is fufiieient to fay, that the chief ma-
nufactures and expons of the natives confifl: of metals, drugs, and fait.

Constitution ano government.] The Hungarians diflike the
term of Queen, and even called their late fovereign king Therefa. Their
government prcferves the remains of many checks upon the regal power.
'J'hey have a diet or parliament, a Hungary-office, wl\ich refemblcs our >
chancery, and which refides at Vienna ; as the ftadtholder's council*
which romes pretty near the Britifli privy-council, but hat a municipal
jurifdiCtion, does at Prefburg. Every royal town has its fenate ; and the
Gefpan chafts refemble our juftices of the pence. Befides this, they have
an exchequer and nine chambers, and other fubordinate courts.

Military strength.] The emperor can bring to the field, at any
time, 50,000 Hungarians in their own country, but feldom draws out of
it above 10,000; thefe are generally light-horfe, and well known to. mo-
dern times by the nmne of Hufl'ars. T hey are not near fo large as the
German horfe ; and therefore the HuHars (land upon their fliort flirrups
when they ftrike. Their expedition and alertneis have been found fo
ferviceable in war, that the greateft powers in Europe have troops that go
by the fame name. Their foot are called Heydukes, and wear feathers
in their caps, according to the number of enemies they pretend to have
killed : both horfe and foot are an excellent militia, very good at a pur-
I'uit, or ravaging and plundering a country, but not equal to regular
troops in a pitched battle.

Coins.] Hungary was formerly remarkable for its coinage, and there
ore fiill exUDt, in the cabinets of the curious, a complete ferie$ of coins

M m 3 of

534 TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, &c.

of their fprmrr kings. More Creek and Roman meduli have been dW-
CoyeriV io thit country, than iierhapt u% any other in Europe.

Arms.] The emfturor, ns king of Hungiiry, tor ariuorul eafigni,

bears quarterly, burwin argeut* and gul«« of cij^ht piccei.

. . HiSToav.j The (luns, after fubduing this cuuntry in the middle of

' the third century, communicated their name to it, being then imit of the

ARcietit Panuouia. Tficy weie fuccecdcd by tlu- fuiiuug Goihi ; the

Goths were expelled by the LombanlH ; they by the Avari, and the ^clavi

were planted in their iteud in the beginning of the 9th ccututy. At tho

dofe of it, the Apig<4UK» emigrated from the banka of tho Volga, and

took polTcflioiiof the cuunciy. Hungary was formerly nn aflemblage of

difierent ihttcs, and the firft who allumcd the title of king, wav Stephen,

in the year 997, when he embraced Chridianity. In his reign, the form

of government was ellubliflicd, and the crown to be elective. About the

.yeaf-jjio, king Chaijcs Robert afcended the throne, and fubducd Bui.

{aria, Servia, Croatia, Dalmatia, Sclavonia, and many other provinces;
Ut many of thofe cpnquefls were afterwards reduced by the Veitctians,
Turlu, and otht-r powers. In the icth century, Huniader, who was
guardian to the inf lUt king Ladillaus, hravcly rppulfed the Turks, when
they invaded Hungary ; and upon the death of Ladiflaus, the Hungarians,
in 1438, raifcd Matthias Corvinus, fon of Huniades, to their throne,
I^Qwis, king of Hungary, in 1S26, was killed in a battle, fighting again ft
^oiyman, emperor of the Turks. This battle had almo(l proved tatal to
Hungary ; but the archduke Ferdinand, brother to the emperor Charles
V, having married the flOer of Lewi», he claimed the title of Hungary, in
which he fucceeded, with fome difficulty, and that kin^/^im has ever
fince belonged to the houfe of Auftria, though by its coniliiution its
crown ought to be eledive. for the reft of the Hungarian hidory, fee
Germany.

Greek!

places
lire vei
flrong
fi^at of

i'('"

TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, CROATIA,
ANP HUNGARIAN DALMATIA.,.,

I HAVE thrown thofe countries under one divifion, for feveral rcafons,
and particularly becaufe wc have no account fufliciencly c.xa^ of their
extent and boundaries. Tbe beft account of them is as follows : Tran*
SYLVANiA belongs to the houfe of AuOrin, and is bounded on the North
\>y the Caruatbi^fi mountains, which divide it from Poland ; on the Ball
by Moldavia and Walachia ; on the South by Walachia ; and on the Weft
by Upper and Lower Hunc[ary, It lies between 21 and 35 degrees of
call longitude, and 4; and 48 of north latitude. Its length is extended
,' ^out 180, and its breadth 120 miles ; and contains nearly 14,400 fciuare
miles, but it is furroundcd on all fides by high mountains. Its produce,
■ Vegetables and animals, are almoft the fame witfi thofe of Hungary. The
' |lir is whotefome apd temperate ; but their wine, though goo^ls not equal
to the Hungarian. Its chief city is Hermanlladt, and its interior govern-
ment ftill partakes greatly of the ancient feudal fyftem, being compofed
pf many mdependent ftates and princes. Tbey owe not much more than
^ liominal fubje£tiou to the Auftrians, who leave them in poili^flion of moft
ef (jhcir privileges, P^pift^i liUtheranS} Ca^viuifts, ^ociniitfis, Arians,
- - -- J . .. . ^ Qrecksj

■'^-

■*•

TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONlA,&c. SiS

riA.

Gr«ek>, Mdhnmetnns, nnd othtr fedhrirt, here enjoy their fevfcral religi-
ons. Tranfylvanii is thought to add bilit little to the Auftrian revtnuet
though it exports luine meta^ nnd fnlt to Hungary. The other larje
places arc S igcfwnr, Millr nbuck, and Newtnark. Att forti of pnivifiont
itre very che;ip, and excellent in their kindi. Hcrmanftadt it a it^rgc,
iirong, and well huilt city, as are Claufenburg and Weiflenburg. The
iieat ot government is at Hermanftadt, and the governor is nifitled by •
council made up of the Roman catholics, Galvinifts and Lutherani. The
diet, or parliument, meets by fummohi:, and receives the dflhmandt of
the fovcrcign, to whom of late thty have been more devoted than formerlyt
They have a liberty of making remonftrances and reprefentationi in caiiB
of grievances

Tranfylvania is part of the ancieiit Dacia, the inhabitants of which long
employed the Komun arms, before they could be fubdued. It was over-
run by the Goths on the decline of the Roman empire, and then by the
Huns. Their defcendants i-etain the fame military character. The po*
pulaiion of the country is not afcerrnined ; but if the Tranfylvanians can
bring to the fitfld, as has been aflerted, 30,000 troops, the whole number
of imiHbitants muil be confiderable. At prefent its military force is re-
duced to fix regiments of 1 500 ttien each ; but it is well known, that dur-
ing the lall two wars, in which the houie of Auftria was engaged, the
Tranivlvaninns did great (brvice. Hermanlladt is its only biflioprick ;
nnd the Trahfyivanians at prefent feem to trouble themfclves little either
about learning or religion, though the Roman catholic is the eftabliftied
church. Stephen I. king of Hungary, introduced Chriftianity there about
the year looo^ and it was afterwards governed by an Hungarian vaivod,
or viceroy. The various revolutions in their government prove their im-
patience under flavery ; and though the treaty of Carlowitz in 1699 8^^°
the fovcreignty of Tranfylvania, as alfo of Sclavonia, to the houie of
Auilria, yet the natives enjoy what we may call a loyal aridocracy, which
their fovcreigns do not thinlu proper to invade. In Odtobcr 1784, on ac-
count of the real or feigned oppreffions of the nobility, near 10,000 af-
femblcd nnd committed great depredations on thofe whofe condu£t had
been rcfbnted. Several had their palaces burnt, and were glad to efcape
with their lives. The revolters were difappointed in their attempt on
Claufenburgh ; and afterwards offered to feparate,. and go home in peace,
tn the terms of a general pardon, better treatment from the nobility,a<id a
freedom from vafFalage. In the prefent fituation of the emperor, lenient
terms have been granted to them, and with the puniflimem of a few, the
|nfurre(ftion is fupprtflcd.

ScLAvoNiA lies between the 16th and 23d degrees of eaft longitude,
and the 45th and 47th of north hititude. It is thought to be about aoo
miles in length, and 60 in breadth, and contains about io,ouo fquare
miles. It is bovinded by the Drave on the North, by the Danube on the
Eaft, by the Save on the South, and by Kiria in Auflria on the Weft.
The reafon why Hungary, Tranfylvania, Sclavonia, and the other na-
tions, fubjcfl to the houfe of Auftria in thofe parts, contain a rurpt;l(ing
variety of people, differing in name, language, and maimers, is bccuul'e
libertv here made its laft ftand againft the Roman arms, which by degrees
forced the remains of the different nations they had concuered, into thole
tiuarters. The thicknefs of the woods, the rapidity of tlie rivers, and the
nrength of the country, favoured their rcflftance ; and their defcendunts,
potvvithftauding the power of the Turks, the Auiliians, the Hungarians,

M m 4 And

536 TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, &c

«nd the i*olei, ftill retain the fame fpirh of independency. Without
minding the arriinj^cmcnts ninde hy the lovereigni ot Europe, they mto
(juict under the government thut leuvct them mull at iihci ty. That thcv
are generous ai well ns brave, appears trom their attachment to the houUs
of Auflria, which, till the luA two wan, never was fenlible ot' their value
and valour ; infomuch that it is well known, that they priferved the pr;if;<
niiitic fan<^)ion, and kept the imperial crown in that Umily. The Scla-
voniuns formerly guve fo much work to the Roman arms, that it it
thought the word Jlave look its ori^^in from them, on account ol the
great numbers of them who were carried into bondage, (o late as the reign
of Charlemagne. Though Sclavonia yields neither in beauty nor fertility
to Hungary and Tranl'ylvani.i, yet the ravages of war arc llill viliblc in
the f,tcc of the country, which lies in a great meafure unimproved. The
Sclavonians, from their ignornnce, perhaps, arc zealous Roman cathnlicst
tlioiigh Greeks and Jews arc tolerated. Hefc we meet with two bifliop-
ticks ; that of Pofega, which is the capital of the country, and Zagrab,
tvhicli lies on the Drave ; but we know of no univcrlities. £(Iu-k is a
]ar(;e and Oron^ town, remarkable, as before noticed, for a wooden
IniJgc over the Drave, imd adjoining marflics, five miles long, and fifteen
paces broad, bulli b\ the Turks. Wamdin and Peterwaradin are placea
noted in the wars between the AuOriansand Turks. The inhubitants are
compofcd ol Servians, Radzians, Croats, Wulachians, Germans, Hunga<
rians, and a vaft nimibct of other people, whofc names were never known
even to the Aiilhians tlieinf(.lvC!>, but from the military inultcr-rolts,
whrn tbcy pouicd their ticops into the field during the two h& vars. in
17,6, Silavunia was united to Hungary, and the ftates fend reprcientativea
to the diet of Hiingiuy.

Croatia lies between the 15th and 17th degrees of call longitude,
and the 4sth niul 47th ot north liititudc. It ie 8n miles in length, and 70
ill biTiulth, aiul about 2,joo ftjuare inilcs. The manners, government,
religion, latigu:ij;e iiiid cultoms of the Croats, arc funilar to thole of the
Sclavoniiins and Tranfyhnnians, who arc their neighbours. They are
excellent irregular troops, and as fuch are famed in modern hiftory, under
the name of Pniidours, and various other delignations. The truth is, the
hoiife ot Auftria finds its intereft in fuffering them and the neighbouring
nations to live in their own n»anner. Their towns are blended with each
otlur, there fcarcely being any diftindlion of boundaries. L'arollladt is a
(dace of fome note, but Zagreb (already mentioned) is the capititl of
Croatia. Ail the fovereignty cxcrcifcd over them by the Auftrians feems
toconlill in the military arrangements for bringing them occafionally into
the field. A viceroy prefides over Croatia, jointly with Sclavonia, and

Hiingaiian Dalmatia : this lies in the upper purt ol the Adriatic fea,
pnd cimlilis ot five dilbict.', in which the moll icmarkabic places arc the
tivo following : isegni, which is a royal free town, foitifieJ both by na-
ture nnit art, and is tituatcd near the fea, in a bleak, mountainous, ani
barren foil. The bifhop of this plate is a fuffragan to the ;irthbifliop of
Spal.mo. Htve are twelve churches, and two convents. The governor
lefidesin the old palace, calkd the Royal Gallic, 2. Ortofchatz, a fron-
tier lortification on the river Gatzka. That part of the fortrefs where the
goveriior, and the grcateft part of the garrifon rcfidc, is furrounded with
a wall, i;rd fome toners : but the rcfi of the buildings, which are mean,
are erefied on piles in the wa:er ,' fo that one neighbour cannot vifit an- .
ether wiihcut a boat.

Near ■

hour

ihev
uufe

iruluc

ScIh-

it it
the

.6!

cign
ility
ie in
Tho
)lics.

1)op>

rr!iK.

f" '

t / ' 7 M? / f >r '

.05 i ■.

,,>U;, iij,'; '^if, .

, ,^ Vfvpv'''^ ?</«

cfcaj

tVor
fpriil
wallf
fcatl

'ty.

fi§

1
ui,

POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA. 537

Near Segna dwell the Ufcocs, a people, who being galled byoppredion,
efcaped out of Dalinatia, from wlience they obtained the name of Ufcocs,
from the word Scoco, which fignitics a deferttr. Thf/ arc alfo called
fprii){;ers, or Icapcrs, from the agility with which they leap, rather than
walk, along this rugged and moutuninous country. Some of them live in
fcattered houfes, and others in large vilbgcs. They arc a rough, iayage
people, large bodied, counij;cou8, and given to rapine ; but their vifible
employment is grazing. They life the Walachian lnnguagc, and in their
religious fentiments and mode of wurlliip approach ncarcfl to the Greek
church ; but fome of them are Roman catholics.

A part of Walachiii belnngs alfo to the emperor, as well as to the
Turks, which lies to the eaft of Tranfylvania, and its principal towns are
Trcgonitz, Buthareft, and Severin.

POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA.

Situation and extent.

Miles.
Length 700 J

Degrees.

between

C 16 and 34 caft longitude.

Brcadth68o J "^'"»-'-" ■^ ^5 ^^j ^^ north Utitude.

Boundaries. JT) E FO R E the late extraordinary partition of this
Xj co'intry, the, kingdom of PolanJ, with the great
duchv of Lithuania annexed, (anciently called Sarmatia) was bounded on
the North by Livonia, Mufcovy, and the Baltic fca ; on the K;ft by
Mufcovy ; on the South by Hungary, Turkey, and Little Tartary ; on
the Well by Germany : And had the form of its government been as per-
ici\ as its lituation was compaA, it might have been one of the moft
powerful kingdoms in the univerfe. Its grand divifions were.

•.<

Poland.

Square

Mik's.

Chief Cities.

Protcllunt^.

'Cf)urliind,i'ub.
jcct toRuflia.

(

Mittaw

r Grric part of this dif-

Lithuania,

64,800 335

310

VVilna ■} trldisrowjioffcflcd

C l>y K.uflia.

Podolia,

29,000

360

120

Kartiiiiietk

Volhinia,

zi;,ooo

^'=';

1^0

Lucko

Grtat Poland,

l9,:co

208

iKo

Gnefna

Papifts.

Red Ruflia,
l.ittic Poland,

2^,:oo
1 8, 00

2^0

185

130

l-einburg"l Now cliicfly fubjciit
Ciacdw J to Aultria.

Polefia,

14,000

186

BrdHci

Mafovia,

8,400

15^

... f v.. \nn, 2I-«,

'^'^'*'^"lN.la,.5Z.,5.

Samopitra,

8,000

15 S

'/^'

Kaficm

Pruflla Royal,

6,400

118

104

Elbinii >No\vful)jfcltoPru(na.

Polifh PruOia.

_Poiachia,

Total—

4,oco

'33

IJi.:lh

22f),4)4

Dantzic, Thorr

, and Eibiiig, in Prnflia Royal,

are (lylf.d free citic!, and wen" U'dtT

the prntcv?li(i

1 (>( Poland ; tlu- two laft. were

"tizedhy tilt late King of Prullia, m\C\

miift (if tl'.c }

rivilejjss of the fii it.

^*«wrtAia>i,

tau

XT-

*»^lmHt

fl
r

»«..;? ^>-S -^'«*^'r«'«' ^J&r/C///.^ -o'

7a/vs/a/f (

JiMtex

,.■;'■'; rM

JL i

j3« POLAND, wtLvmsG LITHUANIA.

Name. 3 It m generally theqglH that Poland takes its name from Pulu,
or Pole, • Sdavonian nvord fignirjtng a couotrjr fit for huntings for which
twne was foriaef ly more proper, on account of its plains, woods, wild
beafts, and game of every liiftd«

Cx.! MATE. ] The air of Poland is fuch as may be expelled from fo ex-
leiifive but level a climate. I« the north parts it is cold, but healthy.
The Carpathian mountains, which leparate Poland from Hungary, , are
covered with everlaUing fnow, which has been known to fall in the midft
of fummer. Upon the whnle, however, the climate of Poland is temperate,
and far from being fo unfettlcd, either in winter or fummer, as might be
fuppofed from (o northerly a iituattun, but the air is fatbei; infalubrious
by rcafon ot' the numerous woods and morafles.

SbiL, PRODUCE, AND WATERS.] Poland is in general a level country,
and the foil is fertile in corn, as appears from the vaft quantities that are
fent from thence down the Viftula, to Dantzic, and which are boiight up
by the Dutch, and other nations. The paftures of Poland, efpecially in
Podolia, are rich beyond expreilion : and it is faid one can hardly fee the
cattle that graze in the meadows. Here are mines of lilver, copper, iron,
fait, and coals ; Lithuania abounds in iron ochre, black agate, feveral
jpecies of copper and iron jpyrites, and red and grey granite ; falfe precious
liones, and marine petrefadtions. The interior parts of Poland contain
forelh, which furuiih timber in fuch great quantities, that it is employed
in houfe-building, inflead of bricksi, (lone, and tiles. Various kinds of
fririts and herbs, and fome grapes, are produced in Poland, and are ex>
cellent when they meet with culture, but their wine feldom or never
comes to perfefUon. Poland produces various kinds of clays fit for pipei
and etrrthen ware. The water of many fprings is boiled into fait. Thft
virtues of a fpring, in the palatinate of Cracow, which increafes and de«
creafes with the moon, are faid to be wonderful for the prefervation of
life ; and it is reported, that the neighbouring inhabitants commonly live
to lOO, and feme of them to 150 years of age. This fpring is inflamma-
ble, and by applying a torch to it, it flames like the fubtleft fpirit of
wine. The flame however dances on the furface, without heating the
water ; and if neglefled to be cxtinguiflied, which it may eaBly be, it
communicates itfelf, by fubterraneous conduits, to the roots of trees, in
a neighbouring wood, which it confumcs ; and about 35 years ago, the
flames are faid to have lafted for three years, before they could be entirely
cxttnguifhed.

Rivers.] The chief rivers of Poland are, the Viftula or Weyfel, the
Neifier, Ncipcr or Boriflhenes, the Bog, and the Dwvina.

Lakes.] The chief of the few lakes contained in Poland, is Gopto,
in the palatinate of Byzefly ; and Birah, or the White Lake, which is
faid to dye thofe who wafli in it of a fwarthy complexion.

Vegetable and animalI The vegetable productions of Poland
FRODUCTIONS. J have been already mentioned under the

firticle of S01I4, though fome are peculiar to itfelf, particularly a kind of
manna (if it can be called a vegetable), which in May and June the in-
habitants fweep into fieves with the dew, and it ferves for iuoA dreiTed va-
rious way«. A great quantity of yellow amber is frequently dug up iti
Lithuania, in pieces largr as a man's fid, fuppofcd to be the produdtiott
of a rePmoua pine.

The fbretls of Warfovia or Mafovia contain plenty of uri, or buffaloes,
whofe flefl> the ^otki powder, and eileem it aa excellent di(h. Horfes,

wolves,

POLAND, iNCtuDiNC LITHUANIA. 539

wolvest boars, the friouton, lynx, elks, and^e^r, aU of them wild, are
common in the FoliAi forefts ; and there is a fpeciet of mid borfiES^ and
afles, and wild oxen, that the nobility of the Ukraine, as well as natira^
arc rend of, A kind ot woU', refeinbling a hart, with fpots on his belly
and legs, is found here, and aflbrdi the btft furs in the country ; but the
elk, which is common in Poland, as well as in fome other northera
countries, is a very extraordinary animal. The ileili of the Polifh elk
tbrms the molK delicious part of the greateft feafis. Hiftbody is of the
deer make, but nnuch thicker and longer ; the legs high ; rtie feet broad
and cloven, the horns large, rough, and broad, like a wild goat's. Natu«
ralids have obierved, that upon difle6ting an elk, there was found in its
head fome large flies, with its brains almoft eaten away ; and It is an ob-
fervation fufficiently attcChsd, that in the large woods and wilderneiTes of
the North, this poor animal is attacked, towaidsthe winter chiefly, by a
larger fort of flies, that, through its ears, attempt to take up their winter
quarters in its head. This persecution is thought to afTea the elk with
the falling licknefs, by which means it is taken, which would otherwife
prove no eafy matter.

Pohnd produces a creature called bohac ; it refemblcs a guinea-piet
but feems to be of ^e ^aver kind. They are noted for digging boles in
the ground, which the^ enter in 0£lober, and do not come out, except
occafionally for food, till April ; they have feparate apartments for their
provilions, lodgings, and their dead ; ihey live together by lo or 12 in a
nerd* We do not perceive that Poland contains any fpecies of birds pe*
culiar to itfelf: only we are told that the quails there have green 1^,
and that rhrir flefh is reckoned to be unwholefome. Lithuania is rich in
ornithology ; among the birds of prey are the eagle and vulture. The
remiHf or little fpecies of titmoufe, is frequently found in thefe parts, fa«
mous for the wondrous ftruAure of its pendent neft, formed in the fliape of
a long purfe with amazing art.
.Population, inhabitants, mamnbrs,*) From what has been faid
CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS, J of the cxtcnt of Poland, it

is impoflible to form an eftimate of the number of its inhabitants ; they
undoubtedly before the breaking out of the late war, were very numerous ;
but they are fo little known, even at prefent, that numbers of them, in
remoter parts, continue fiill to be heathens, or have very imperfedt no-
tions of Chriftianity. Seme have fuppofed Pobnd and Lithuania to con-
tain 14,000,000 of inhabitants ( and when we confider that the Poles
have no colonies, and fometiires have enjoyed peace for many years to-
gether, and that no fewer than 2,000,0000! Jews are faid to inhabit there,
perhaps this calculation is not exaggerated. But fmce the partition and
difmembcrment of the kingdom the number ts only 9,000,000, of which
600,000 are Jews. The provinces taken by Ruflia are the largeft, by
Auftria the moft populous, and by Pruffia the moft commercial. The
Ruffian contain 1,500,000. The Auftrian 2,500,000 ; and the Prulfian
about 860,000, amounting to about 5,090,000 uf fouls fcparated from their
ancient kingdom.

The Poles, in their perfons, make a noble appearance { their complex-
ion is fair, and their fliapes are well proportioned. They are bravr, ho-
nefl, and hofpitable : and their women fprightly, yet modeil, and fub-
miflive to their huibands. Their diveruons are warlike and manly ;
vaulting, d.incing, and riding the great horfe, hunting, fkaiting, bull and
bc^r baiting. They ufiaUy travel on horfcback : a Poljfli gentleman

will

540 POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA.

will not travel a (lone's^throw without his horfe ; and they arc To hardy,
that ihcy will flecp upon the ground, without any bed or covering, in
froft and fnow. The Poles nevtrr live above flairs, and their apartment* •
arc not united; the kitchen is on one fide, the fluble on another, the
dwelling; houfe on the third, and the ^ate in the front, 'j'hey content ''
themfelvcg with a few fmall beds, and if any lodge at their houfes, they •
inuft carry their bedding with them. When they fit down lo dinner «r>'
fupper, they have their trumpets and other mtilic playing, and a number ;!
of gentlemen to wait on them at table, all fcrving with the moft profound
rcrpeft; for the nobles, who are |)oor, frequently find ihemfclvrs under
the necefliiy of ferving them th.it arc rich : but their patron ufually treati
them with civility, and permits the elJell to eat with him at his table,'
with his cap off; and every one of them has his peafant boy to wait on
him, niaintiiined by the miifler of the family. At an entertainment, the
Poles lay neither knives, forks, nor fpoons, but every gucd brings them
with him ; ami they no fonncr fit down tu tabic, than all the doors are ■.
fliur, and not opened till the company return h^n^e. It is ufu^l for a
nobleman to givt Ms fervant part of his meat, whicli he cats as he Hands
behind him, and to let him drink out of the fatne cup with himfclf : but .
this is the Icfs extraordinary, if it be confidered that thefe fervants are t
rlleemcd his equals. Bumpers are much in faihion, both here and in
Kiiliia ; nor will they e.ifily excul'e any perfon fronx plrdginj^; them. It;
would exceed the bounds of this work to defcribz the grandeur and cqui^
pages of the Polifh nobility ; and the reader ni;«y ligurc tu himfclf an idea
ot all that is fadiilious, ceremonious, expenlive, ana (hewy in life, to have
any conception of their \v,iy of living. They carry the pomp of their
attendance whrn they appear abroad, even to ridicule; fur it is not un<
ufual to fee the lady ol" a Polilh grandee, befides a coach and lis, with a
great number of fervants, attended, by an old gcntlcmnn-uflicr, an old
gentlewoman for her govcrnantc, and a dwarf ot each fcx to hold up her
train; and if it be nighr, her coach is furruundcvl l)y a great number of
iiambeaiix. The figure of their pomp, however, is proportioned to their
vfl.4tes ; but each perl'on ^ocs as far as his income can ad'ord.

'i he Poles are divided into nobles, clergy, citizens, and pcafiints : the
peafants are divided into two forts, thofeofthe crown, and thole belong-
ing to individual?. Though Poland has its princes, counts, and baronf,
yet the whole body of the nobility are naturally on a level, except the
difference that arifes from the public polls they enjoy. Hence all who*
are of noble birth call one another brothers. They do not value titles of
honour, but think a geiitlcnian of Poland is the higheft appcllinion they
c:in enjoy. They have many confiderable privileges ; and indeed the
boallcd Polifli liberty is properly limited to tluni alone, partly by the in-
dulgence of former kings, but more gencriiUy from ancient cuilom and
piefc'iption. Thev have a power of lite and death over their tenants and
TalVils, pay no taxes, are fubjeCt to none but the kiiiu, may clmfe whom
they will for their king, and lay him under what lelhaints they pleafe by
the^.'*J?<i convcnfa\ and none but tliey, and the burghers of fome particu-
lar towns, can purchafe lands. In fliort, they are almort entirely inde-
pendent, enjoying many other privileges entirely incompatible wirh a
ivell regulated flare ; but if they engage in trade, they forfeit their no-
bility. Thefe great privileges make the Polifh gentry powerful ; many of
them have large territories, and as we have faid with a defpotic power over
their tenants, whom they call iheir fubjcOls, and transfer or ailign over

with

witl|
cou^
no
•34

POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA. 541

with the lands, cattlcf ami furniture. Until Calimir the Grear, the lord
could put his pcafant to de.ith with impunity, and when the latter h.id
no children, confiderod hinifrlf as the heir, and feizcd all his cffci-^s. In
134.7, Cafunir prefcrihtd a fine for the murder of a pcaCint, and enuiStcd,
that in cafe uf his deccat'c without ifllie, his next heir ihould inherit. But
thefe and other reguraiioiv^ have proved ineffei5lual, againft the power :ind
tyranny of the nobles, and have Itecn either ubrog.itcd or eluded. Some
of them have edatcs of from five to thirty leagues in cxtenr, and arc nlfo
hereditary foveieij^ns uf cities, with which the kin"; has no concern. One
of their nolks pollcnc!. above 40CO towns and vilhigcs. Some of them
can raif« 8 or 10,000 men. The houfe of a nobleman is a fccure afyluin
for perfong wlio have committed any crime ; for none muft prelumc to
take them from thence by force. They have their horfe ami foot guard.4,
which arc upon duty diiy and night before their palaces and in their anti-
chambers, and murch before them when they 20 abroad. They make an
extraordinary fij/ure when they come to the diet, fome of them having
i;030 guards and attendants ; and their debates in the fenntc are often de-
termined by ihe iword. When great irten have fuits at law, the diet or
o:her tiibunals decide them; yet the execution of the fentenee mud be
left to the longeil fvvord, for the julUce of the kingdom is commonly too
weak for the graudce?. Sonietimcs they raife ? or 6000 men of a fide,
plunder and burn one another's cities, and befiegc cadlcs and forts ; for
ihey think it below them to fuhmit to the fentenee of judges, without a.
lield b.attlo. As to the peafants, they are bom llavca, and have no no-
tion of liberty. If one lord kilts the peafant of another, he is not capi-
tally couwicK'J, but only obliged to make reparation, by another peafant
, equal in value. A nobleman who is defirous of cultivating a picoc <.f
land, builds a little wooden houfe, in which he fettles a peafant and his fa-
n)ily> giving him a coiv, two horfes, a certain number of geefe, hens, ike.
and as much cotn ms is fuflicient to maintain him the firft year, and to im-
p ovefor his owi» future fubliflcncc and the a.lvantage of his lord.
. The pciifants having no property, all their acquilitions ferve only to
enrich their mailer. They are indifpenfably obliged to cultivate the
earth ; they are incapable of entering upon any condition of liie that
might procure them freedom, without the pcnnillion of their UmUs ; and
they are expofed to the difmal, and frequently fatal etfecb of the caprice,
cruchy, and b;irbarity of their tyrannical mailers, who oppr?fs them with
impunity ; and I'.aving the power of life and property in their hands, too
ottcn abufe it in the niort grofs and wunton manner, their wi^ci and
daughters being expolcd to the moll brutal treatment. One blelling,
however, attends the wicrched fituation of the Pdilh peafantf, which is
their inftnfibility. Rorn Haves, and accultomcd from their iiifnncy io
hardfliips and feverc labour, the genen lity of them fcuccly entertain an
idea of better ciicunifiunces and more libeny. They regr.rd their
mailers as a fupcrior order of beings, and hardly ever repine at their fc-
vere lot. Cheerful and contented with their condition, they arc rcddy.
upon every occafion, to facrifice themfclves and their families for their
luaficr, efpecially if the latter takes care to feed thtm well. Moll of
them feem to think that a man can never be very wrcrched while he has
any thing to eat. I have been the more circumltantial in delcribing the
iTianners and prefcnt ftate of the Poles, as they bear a near refembl mce,
ia many particulars, to thofe of Europe in general during the feudal
ages ; but their tyranny over their tenants and vaflals fcein to be car-
ried

54* POLAND, iNCLUDiNO LITHUANIA.

t'lti to ft much ffrextcr height. Lately indeed, n fciir noblci of cn1i!r1>t'
ched imderftanungf, have ventured to givr liberty to their vaiTali. The
firik whd grnntcd this freedom, w»» Zlinoifl:i» formerly great chancellor, •
who in 1760, enfranchifcd flx viHagcs in thi? palatinate of Mafovia, and af*
terwrards on all hit eiiates. The event haih fliewed the project to be no
lefs judicious than hiiniane ; friendly to the noble's own interefts as well
as the hnrppiners of the pcafahts, for it appears, that in the diliridts in
which the new arrangement hatii been introtirced, the population of the
villages is conflderably increafud, and the revenues of their edates aug*
mented in a triple proporiion. Pi 1 nee Staniflaus, nephew of the king of
Poland* hath very lately enfranchifcd four villages near Warfvw, and hath
not only cmanciputcd liis pcafunts from flavcry, bur cbndcfcendi to direA
their affairs. So that better times in that diftrcflcd country may be
cxpe6led.

Dr b$s.] The drefs of the Poles is pretty fingular. They cut the hair
of their heads (hort, and flinve their beards, leaving only large whilkers.
They wear a veft which reaches down to the middle of the leg, and a
kind of gown over it lined with fur and girded with a faih, but the (leeves
fit as cTofe to their arm as a waiftcoat. Their breeches are wide, and make
but one piece with their (lockings. They wear a fur cap or bonnet ;
their fhirts are without collar or wrldbands, and they wear neither iiocic
nor neckcloth. Inftead of flioes, they wear Turkey leather boots, with
thin foles, and deep iron heels bent like a half moon. They carry a pole-
ax, and a fabre or cutlafs, by their fides. When they appear on horfc-' <
back, they wear ovet all a fliort cloak, which is commonly covered with
furs both within and withour. The people ofthe bcft quality wear fables,
and others the (kins of tygers, leopards, &c. Some of them have fifty
fuits of cloaths, all as rich as poirible, and which dcfcend from father ta
fon.

Were it not for our own partiality to fliort drefles, we mnft acknowledge
that of the Poles to be pidturefque and majcftic. Charles II. of England
thought of introducing the Polifh drei's into his court, and after his reiio-
ratlon wore it for two years, chicHy for the encouragement of Englifh
broad-cloth ; but difcontinued it through his connexions with the
French.

The habit of the women comes very near to that of the men, a fimple
Polonaife, or long robe edged with fur ; but fome people of fafliion, of
both fexes, affeft the French or Englifh modes. As to the peaGmts, in
winter they wear a fiicrp's-ikin with the wool inwards, and in fummer a
thick coarie cloth j but as to linen, they wear none. Their boots are the
rinds of trees wripped about their legs, with the thicker parts to guard
the foles of thoir feet. T^c women have a watchful eye over their
daughters, and in the di(hi(5t of Samogitia particularly, make them wear
little bells before and behind, to give notice where ihey are, and what
they arc doing.

The inns in this country are long ilables built with boards and covered
with ftraw, without furniture or windows ; there is a chamber at one end,
but none can lodge there, hecaufe of flies iind other vermin ; Co that
ftrangerS geoemUy choofc rather to lodge ainong the horfes. Travellers
are obligeii to carry provifions with them ; and when foreirjners want a
fupply, they apply to the lord of the village, who forthwith provides
them with necelfaries. % •.-, • '; ;, 1'; ,f ! i.... '

Religion.]

Suarl
ifrcl
mafli
no!
otheJ

,.» y

it,.

POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA. 545

RiLinioM.] Th« number of ProtsdanM, confiding of Lutheroai aiul
Calv'inirts, in the republic uf Poland* >> very confideritblft & ftod whr-*
tltci« are joined to the Greek church, the whole vre called Diisioimt
At the hme timct the Polifl) nolnlity, ;ind the bulk of th^ nation, arc
tenacious of the Roman cnihoUc religion, even to cuthunafm. The treaty
ofOlivflf which was concluded it) i66p* and tolerated the diflidcnts, wa«
guarantied by ihc principal powers in Europe ; but hai fiucc been fo far
aifrcgurded by the Poles, that about the year 1724, they made a publU
Biafl'acre, under the fandion of law, uf the Protcdiints at Thorn, for which
no iittisfadUon has been as yet obtained. The fame may be faid of the
other numerous provifions made for the protedlion of the proteflants, who
were perfecuted, when Jews, Turks, and intidels of every kind, hav«
been tolerated and encouraged. The monallctii-s in Poland are by ibuic
writers faid to be $76, and the nunneries 117, beiidcs 246 feminariei or
colleges, and 31 abbeys. The clergy arc poilclled of a very large pro*
Bortion of the lands and revenues of the kingdom. The Polifli clergy*
in sCnera), are illiterate bigots, and the monks are fome of the moft
profligate of mankind. They are often feen drunk, and led from tavornst
without apprehending any diigrace to their order, or dreading the ceufure
of their fupcriors, who require c>.\ual indulgence. After what has been
faid, the reader cannot be at a lots to account for the vaft fway which thf
popiili clergy hnvc had in Poland at difiiarcnt periods, notwith (landing the
treaties and capitulations which have been madein favour of tl^e protettantt
and the member? of the Greek church. Indeed, it has been chiefly ow«<
ing to the influence and condudl of the popifli clergy, that the peafants in
Poland have been reduced to fuch a ftate of wretched llavery.

The principles of Socinianifm made a very early and coniiderable pro<
grefs in Poland. Atranflation of the Bible into the Poliih language was
publifltedin 1572; and two years after, under the direftion of tbe fame
perfons, the catechilm, or confeflion of the Unitarians, was publiflied sft
Cracoiv. The abilities and writings of Socinus greatly contributed to the
exteniive propagation of his opinions ; but though the Socinians in Poland
have been very numerous, they have at different times been greatly per(e«
cuted. However, it was lardy refolved between the republic and pacti^
tioning powers, that all dillidcnts fliould henceforth enjoy the free exercifb
of their religion, though to continue excluded from the diet, the feaate»
and the permanent council. They are to hnve churches, hut without
bells ; alfo fchools and fchiinaries of their own, and are capable of fitting
in the inferior courts of juflice.

Archbishopricks AND £isHOpRicKs.] Poland contains two arch*
bifhopricks; Gncfna ajt^ Lemburg. The archbiihop of Gnefno, befides
being primate, and during an inter-reign prince.rcgent of the kingdom, is
always a cardinal. The other bifliops, particularly of Cracow, enjoy greal
privileges and immunities.

1.ANGUACE.] The Poli(h langunge is a dialed^ of Sclavonic, and is
both harfli and unharmonious, on account of the vail nuuiiber of conlb-
nants it employs, fume of their yyords having no vowels at all. I'he
Lithuanians and Livonians have a language full of corrupted Latin words;
but the Rullian and German tongues are underflood in the provinces bor«
dering on thofe countnes.

Learning and learned mhn.] Though Copernicus, the great re-
ftorer of the true al^ronomical fyftem, Vorftius, and fome other learned
men, were ni<tives of Poland, yet its foil is far from being fgYuurableito

learning.

544 POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA.

Icjrninp. Latin ii fpnken, though incorrcrtly, by rhe common peoplr in
lomc nr<»vincn. But the conteiitpt which the nnbiliiy, who pliice thtir
chief HT»|).ftance in the privilcgei oMhrir raik, h»veever fliewnt'or Irarn*
ing I the ff ivifitde of the lower people, ami the univcrfal luj)erlMti(m
•inong all i.uiki ot men, thefe circumrtancei have wonderfully retarded,
unci, noiwiihliitntlinu the liberal eflortt of his prerent mi«j. fty, flill coniiniie
to retard the piooiellt of letter! in this kiny^dnm. However, of iHteti tulle
for fciiiue h.tfh (pre;iil iifcit among the nobles, and bcjjini to be regarded
•»an iK'C(>ni)iltnHnenr.

UNivKRsn rt:s.) The univcrfitle* of Poland arc thofe of Cracow^
Wiliu, Hnd Polou or l'i)li-n. The firl> conftfts of eleven coUfgcs, and has
the fiijKrviiorlhip of 14 Rrnmmnr-lchooli difperCcd through the city, the
number of lludents, tn i77t<, amounted to 600. Wilna was under the
.hipertntendaiicf of the Jf'fuiig, but fincc their fupprelFion the kin^ hath
cftabliilied a commitite ot education, who app.)int proleflijrsi, and dirc<ft
their fnlnries luid liudics: that of Poiua wan rather u Jciuits college than
, an univerfiiy.

ANTKyji 1 1H8 ANP CUK10HITIE8, J The frequent incurdons of the
NATUUAL AND All II FiL'i Ai,. ) Tartars and other barbarcus na*
tioni, into F«)luiul, probably forced tht women fometiines to '.enve their
children cxpofcd in the woods, where we muti (uppofe they ;vrrc nurfed
by bears and other wild bcalts, olherwilc it is difficult to account i'ur their
fubiil^ence. It is certain that fuch beings have been found in the wooda
both of Poland and Girmauy, diveded of almoin all the properties cf hu«
inanity but the form. When taken, they generally went on all fours ;
but it is faid that fume of them have, by proper management, attained to
the ufe of fpeech.

The fait mines of Poland confift of wonderful caverns, feveral hundred
yards deeis at (1i« bottom of which arc ninny intricare windings and laby*
rinths. Out ot thi-lc are dug four dittcrent kinds oi' falts j one extremely
bard, like crydal ; anuthcr fofter, but clearer ', a third white, but
brittle ; thefe are all bnickifli, but the fourth is fomewhat freflicr. Theft;
four kinds arc dti^ in different mines, near the city of Cracow ; on one
fide of them is a Iheatn of fait- water, and on the other one of freflj. The
revenue ariling front thofe, and other falt-mines, is very confiderable, and
formed pan of the royal revenue before fei^ed by Audria ; the annual
average profit of thofe of Wiclitzka, eight miles from Cracow, was about
98,0001. Ikriing. Our of fome mines at Itza, about 70 miles north-eafl of
Cracow, are dug fcvcral kinds of earth, which are excellently adapted to
the potters ufe, and fupply all Poland with earthen ware. Under the
mountains adjoining to Kiow, \h the deferts of Podolia, are feveral grot-
tos, where a great number of human bodies are preferved, though buried
a vaft number of years fince, being neither fo hard nor f<> black as the
Egyptian mummies. Among them are two princes, in the habits they
ufcd to wear. It is thought that this perfcvering quality is owing to the
nature of the foil, which is d>y and fandy. Poland can boafl of few anti>
quities. as old Sarmatin was never perfeftly known to the Romans them-
lelves, Its artificial rarities are but few, the chief bdng the gold, filver,
and en^ellcd vcfleis, prefenttd by the kings and prelates of Poland, and
prefcr\cd in the cathedral of Gnefna.

• Cities, towns, forts, and other 1 Warfaw lies on the Viftula,

EDIFICES, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE, J and almoft in the Centre of

Poland. It \i the royul relidence ; and contains many magnificent palaces

•J ' ',• and

ftnd

COM
(|(

ticu

ftroi

coui

cow

for'

rich

com

terei

but

hii

tvl

7:jr:

POLAi^Di iwcfcuDiKo LITHUANIA. ,i

And other buildiogl. beR<le« ckurcbci «ad conventf . It ii fitid to
contidn near 70,000 inhabitanti, but ■ RTCflt number are foreisneri. Hie
ftreeu ere l))ficioui but ill pavrd, und the greateft part of the boufei. par-
ticularly in the fuburbi, are meaq wooden hovelt. The, city exhibjti •
ftroDg contraft of wealth and poTcriy, at doth e?ery part of thii uohtppy
country. It hat little or no commerce. The fame may be (aid of Cra*
cow, which ia the capital (though that honour i* difputed by Warfaw) }
for we are told, that notwithflanding it liea in the neighbourhood of th«
rich faltminei, and is fatd to contain fifty churches and convsnif, ita
commerce it inconfiderable. The city (lands in an extenftvfe plitln wa*
tered by the Viftula, and with the fub'urbs occupy a vad fpace ot ground,
but all together fcarcely contain 16,000 Ibuls. It it furroundcd tHrith
high brick wallt, ftrengthened with round and fauare towert in the ancient
fiyle of fortification, and it garrifoned with 600 Ruifiani. Orodno,
though not the capital, it the principal town in Lithuania, but a large
and llragKling place, containing rumed palaces, falling houfes, and
wretched hovelt, with about 7000 inhabitantt ; tooo of which are Jewt|
and 3000 are employed in new manufaAuret of clothi, cambieit, linen, cut«
ton, filk, fiufis, &c. rfiabiidted there by the king in 1776. He hath aid)
cftabliflied in thit place, an academy of phylic for Lithuania, in which
10 ftudentt are infiru^ed for phylic, and 20 for furgery, all taught and
maintained at his own expence*

bantzic it the ctipital of Poliih Pruflia, and it famout in hifiory on
tnany accountt, particularly that of its being forrtierly at the head of ih:
Hanfentic aflbciation, commonly called the Hanre.towni. It it Htuated
on the Viftula, near five milet from the Baltic, and is a large, beautiful,
populous city ; its houfes generally are five Tories high { and many of ita
ilreett arc planted with chefnut-trees. It has a fine harbour, and is fiill
a moft eminent commercial city, although it feems to be foniewhtt twft
its meridian glory, which was probably about the time that the prcfieent
de Thou wrote his much efteemed Hiftoria fui Temforls, wherein, under
the year 1607, he fo highly celebrates its commerce and grandeur. It is
a republic, claiming a fmall adjacent territory about forty miles round it,
which were under the protection of the king and the republic of Poland.
Its magiftracy, and the m*yanty of itt inhabitantt, are Lutherant ; aU
though the Romanifia and Calvinidi be equally tolerated in it. It it
rich, and hat 26 parifliet, with many conventt and hofpiialt. The in-
habitant! have been computed to amount to 200,000 ; but later comuu'
tationa fall very confiderably (hort of it } at appeart by itt annual bill of
mortality, exhibited by Dn Bufching, who tellt iit, that in the year
17^2, tnere died but 1846 perfont. Itt own fhipping is numerout ; but
the loreign (hipi conftantly reforting to it are more fo, whereof 1014 ar-
rived there in the year 17$2 ; in which year alfo 1288 PoliOi vcflelt came
down the Viftula, chiefly laden with corn, for its matclilefg granaries ;
from whence that grain it diftributed to many foreign nations: Poland
being juftly deemed the greateft mapaine of corn in all £urope, and
Dantzic the greateft port for diftributmg it every where i betides which,
iDantzic exports great quantities of naval ftores, and vaft variety of other
articles. Dr. Bufching aflirms, that it appears from ancient records, ai
early as the year 997, that Dantzic was a large commercial city, and not
a village or inconnderable town, as fome pretend.

The inhabitants of Dantzic have often changed their mafteni, and h-ive
fometimcs been under the prote^ion of the £n|^i(h and Dutch : but

N n gcucrAlly

54^ POLAND) iircLuoiN LITHUANIA.

|enera11y h«ve (Iwwd ■ gmt predileAion for the kinKdom and republic of
Poland, lii DcinjK left likely to rival them in their trade, or abridge them
of tbtir immaniiiet, which reach even to the privilege of coining moneyi
Though ftrohgly fortiBed, and ^oflefll-d of 150 large brafi cannon, i(
ct>uld nott through iu fuuation, ftand • regular (iege, being furrounded
with eminences, ta 17J4, the inhabitanta difcovercd a remarkable at>
tiichment and fidelity towqrdi Staniflaut, king of Puland, not only when
hit enemiei, t^e Ruffians, were at their gatei, but even in polTeiTion of
the c!ty»

The rcaafon why Dantxic, Thorn, and Elbing, have enjoyed privilegei,
both civil and rellgioui, very difierent from thofe of the reA of PoUnd,
ia, becaufe not being able to endure the tyranny of th? Teutonic knighti,
they put therofelvci under the protedlion of Polandi nsfcrving to them-
iielvea lar||e and ample privilegei.

Thii ctty, aa well as that of Thorn, were exempted by the king of
Pruflia from thofe claims which he lately made on the neighbouring coun-
tries! notwithAanding which, bis late Pruffian majefly, foon after, thought
proper to feize on the tenitories belonging to Danttic, under pretence of
their having been formerly purt of Polifli Pruflia. He then proceeded to
poflefs himfelf of the uort'duties belon^inr to that city, and erected s
cuiloro«houfe in the harbour* where he laid arbitrary and infupportitble
duties upon uoods e^iported or iinporied. To complete the fyftem of op*
prelCon, cuftom-houlcs xvere eredted at the very gates of Dantzic, fo that
no perfons could go in or out of the town, without being fearched in the
AriAefl manner. Such is the treatment which the city of Dantzic re-
ceived from the late king of Pruflia, though few cities have ever exifled,
which have been comprehended in fo many general and particular treatiesi
and whofe lights and liberties have been fo frequently fecured, andgua-
ramied by fo many great powers, and by fucb a long and regular fuc*
otlnoti of public a^s, as that of Dantzic has been. In the year 1784, it
was blockaded by his troops, on various pretences ; by the i'lterpofition
of the emprefs of Ruflia, and of the king of Poland, they werr withdrawn,
and a negociation carried on by deputies at Warfaw ; which was concluded
on the 7tn of September, by which, as now acceded to by the cit^ens,
the place and trade of the city are to be reOored to m former liability.
The city of Thorn was alfo treated by the late king of PrulFiu in the fame
unjiifl and opprcflive manner with that of Dantzic, and was afterwards add^
ed to his dominions.
Commerce And mAnvfactvxes.] Some linen and woollen cloths,
"^ and hard wares, are manufa£lured in the interior pnrts of Poland ; but
commerce Is entirely confined to the city of Dantzic, and their other
towns on the Viftula and the Baltic.

CoNsTiTVTiOM AND GOVERNMENT.] Whole volumes }nve been
written upon this fubje£t. It differs little from an ariftocrncy, hence Po*
land bath been called a kingdom and commonwealth. The king is the
A head of the republic, and is clcAed by the nobility and clergy in the
plains of WariaH'. They eleA him on horfeback; and in cafe there
ihould be a refradtory minority, the majority has no control over them,
but to cut them in pieces with their fnbrest ^ut if the minority are fuf-
ficiently ftrong, a civil war cnfues. Iismediately ikftcr his elcdlion, he
fignt the pa^a coimtnta of the kingdom, by which he engages to intro*
duce no foreigners into the army or government ; fo that in iad he is no
more than prefideaKof ,the fcnate, which, i»<ci»pored of the primate, the
" * - ..." archb.fl'.op

POLAND INCLUDING LITHUANIA. 54f

archbifliop of L«mhurgh, fifieen bifliopi, and mo laymea, confining of
the ureat oftkeiH of ibie, the Fulatiitei and C-*fteUaDf.

The (iieti of Poland ure ordinary and extruordinary : the furiner ihect
OBce in two, and t'oinetiinci thrci: yean ; the latter ii fummonciif by tb«
kinir, upon cricicjl einergcncicj ; but one diflientimt voice rctvisn fttftlidr
d<m)cfationi intrtir<'tui.l. " , /' " " ^\'

The StaroiU |)i ipcrly are governori and judges in i^ineulat' Ifif^lflM
or diiiri*5ti, though luine enjoy this title without any jurifdidioh •tail*
The Palatines and CalklUnt, befulei being fcnatori, ve lord-lieutrti^nu
and deputy-licuten»nt» in ihrir refpcAive palatinatei.

Previous to a general dicit cither ordinary or extraordinary, which can
(it hut fix M'e«:l(a, (here ure dictincs, or provincial diets, held in difTeriebt,,
dillrit'.ts. The king feiidt them loiters containing the heads of the bult-
neft that is to be treated of in ihc genera! diet. The gentry of each paU*
tinitic may fit in the dictine, and chufe nuncios or deputies, to carry,
their relblutions to ihc i^Hnd diet. The great diet conhtls of the king»
I'enators, and thofe deputies from provinces and towns, vis. 178 fur Po*'
land and Lithuania, and fcventy for Prulfu ; and it meets twice at Wncftw.
and once at Grodno, by turns, for the convcniency of the Lithuaniaiiil
who made it one of the articles of their union with Poland. li. < ^

The king ntay nominate the great otHcers of (late, but they are accouht-
able only tu the fenate ; neither can he difplace them when once appointed.
When he is uhfrnt from Poland, his place is fiipplied by the archbi(h6p
of Gnefna, and if that fee is vitcant, by the bidiop of Ploiko.

The ten great otflcprs of flate in Poland, who are fenators, are, the
two great marflials, one of Poland, the other of Lithuania ; the chanceU
lur of the kingdom, and the chancellor of the duchy ; the vicC'Chan<
ct'llor of the kingdom, and the vicc-ch4ncellor of the duchy ; the great
treafurer of the kingdom, and the treafurer of the duchy; the fuU-
marlhal, cr marfhal of the court uf the kingdom, and the fub-inarflial, or
mnrflul of the court of the duchy.

Such are the outlines r this motley conftitution, which was new-
modelled withalmoft every .icw king, according to the ia )a couventa he
is obliged. to fign; fo that nothing can be faid of it with certainty, there
being lately a total diilulutlou uf uU order in Poland, through the influ-
ence of fome of the nri^hbouring powers, iuterefted to foment anarchy
and confufiun in the V.A\i\\ eouacils : and many of the iirfl nobility do not
bluHi to receive penii >ni from foreign courts. It mufl however be ac-
knowledged, that in this imperfcA fketch, wc can difceni the great Out-
lines of a noble and free government. The precautions taken to limit
the king's power, and yet inrefl him with an ample prerogative, are
worthy of a wile people. The inilitutions of the diet and dietines are
favourable tu public liberty, a« are many other provilinns in the republic i
but it laboured even in iisi bell itatc, under incurable diforders. The ex«
crcile of the veto, or the tribunitial negative, that 'ii veded in every mem-
ber of a diet or dietinc, inuft always be dellruilive of order and govern-
ment. It ib founded, however, upon Gothic principles, and that un-
limited jurilUidtion v/hich the great loals, in former ago:*, irfcd to enjoy all
over Europe. According to Mr. Coxe, the privilege in (]iietVion i^ not
to be found in any period of the Polifli htftory, antecedent to the reign' of
John Calimir. It was under his adminifltation thar, in the yeir 16^3,
when the diet of Warfaw was debating ujjon tranfuc^ions of the utmoll im-
portance which required a fpecily detcrntinatibil, that'STSRTilkJ, nuncio of

N \\ z \ Upita

548 POLAND, includimo LITHUANIA.

Upita in Lithuania, cried out, «« I ftop the proceedings.'* Having ut-
tered thefe wordc, he quitted the aflembly, and, repairing immediately to
the chancellor, protefted, that as many afh had been propofed and carried
contrary to the conftitution of the republic, if the diet continued to fit,
he (hould confider it as an infringement of the laws. The members were
thunderdruck at a protcfl of this nature, hitherto unknown. Warm de>
bates took place about the propriety of continuing or diflblving the diet :
at length, however, the venal and difcontented faftion, who fupported the
proteu, obtained the majority ; and the aflembly broke up in great con-
fuiion. The want of fubordination in the executive parts of the confti-
tution, and the rendering noblemen independent and unaccountable for
their condu£^, is a blcmiih which perhaps may be impraAicable to remove,
as it can be done only by their own confent. After all, when we examine
the bed accounts of the pvefent conftitution of Poland, and compare them
with the ancient hidnry of Great Britain, and other European kingdoms,
we may perceive a wonderful fimilarity between what thefo were formerly,
and what Poland is at prefent. This naturally leads us to infer, that the
government of Pularji cannot be otherwife improved than by the intro*
duAion of arts, manufactures, and commerce, which would render the
common people independent on the nobility, and prevent the latter from
having it in their power to annoy their fovereign, and to maintain thofe
unequal privileges which arc fo hurtful to the community. If a nobleman
of great abilities, and who happened to poflefs an extenfive territory
within the kingdom, iliould be elected fovereign, he might, perhaps, by
a proper ufe of the prerogatives: of difpoling of all places of truft and
profit, and of ennobling the plebeians, which nre already veiled in the
crown, eflablifh the fuccellion in his own family, and deliver the Poles
from thofe perpetual convulfions which generally attend eledive king-
doms.

Indeed the partitioning powers, befidcs difmembering the bed provinces
of Poland, proceeded to change and fix the conftitution and governmenr,
under pretence of amending it ; confirming all its defe6ts, and endeavour-
ing to perpetuate the principles of vinarchy and confulion. They infifted
upon four cardinal laws to be ratified, which was at lafl obtained. By the
jirjl " that the crown of Poland fliould be for ever ele6live, and all order of
fucceflion profcrihed;" thus iheexclufion of a king's fon and grandfon,
removes the profpeA of an hereditary fovereignty, and entails upon the
kingdom all the evils infeparable from an elective monarchy. By the
/econdt ** that foreign candidates to the throne (hall be excluded, and for
the future no perfon can be chofcn king of Poland, excepting a native
Pole of noble origin and pofTefling land in the kingdom;'' the houfe of
Saxony, and all foreign princes who might be likely to give weight to
Poland by their hercditar)* dominions, andreftore its provinces and liber-
ties, are fet afide. By the thirdf ** the government of Poland fliall be for
ever free, independent, and of a republican form ;" the Uberum veto, and
' all the exorbitant privileges of the equeftrian order are confirmed in their
utmoft latitude. And by the fourth, ** a permanent council fliall be
eilnbliflted, in which the executive power fhall be vefted ; and in this
council the equelhian order, hitherto excluded from the adminiftration of
affairs in the interval of diets, (ball be admitted," fo that the prerogatives
of the crown are ftill farther diininifhed : but this change of the confti-
tution was intended by the partitioning powers to ferve their own purpofes,

1 and

/
A

POLAND, INCI.UCINO LITHUANIA. 549

and give a large feope to influence and faAion over that part of the king^
dom they had not feized.

Revenues.] Though the king of Poland is ftinted in the political
exercife of his prerogative, yet his revenue is fufficient to maintain him
and his houfehold with great fplendor, as he pays no troops, or officers of
fiate, nor even his body-guards. The prcfent king had 1,000,000 and
a half of florins fettled upon him by the commiflion of ftate ; and the in*
come of his predeceifors generally amounted to 140,0001. (lerling. The
public revenues arofe chiefly from the crown-lands, the falt-mines in the
palatinate of Cracow, now in Auftrian Poland, which alone, amounted to
nearly ioo,oool. flerling; ancient tolls and cufloms, particularly thofe of
Elbing and Dantzic, the rents of Marienburg, Dirfliau, and Rogenhus,
and ofthe government of Cracow and diflridt of Niepoltomicz.

Weftern Pruflia was the greateft lofs to Poland, as by the difmember-
ment of that province, the navigation of the Viflula depends entirely up-
on the king of Pruflia. This was a fatal blow to the trade of Polana, (or
Pruflia has Isud fuch heavy duties on the merchandife paifing to Dantzic,
as greatly to diminiih the trade of that town, and -to transfer a confider-
able part of it to Memel and Koningfliurgh.

Py the difmemberment, Poland loft near half h$r
annual income. To fupply this deficiency, it
became neceflary to new>m(^el and increafe the
taxes.
In 1775, all the impofls amounted to
The neat revenue of the king it - ,

Out of \vhich he only payy his houfeliold cxpences,
and menial fervants. It arifes from his royal
demefnes, flaioflies, and 74,0741* out of the
treafury.
Whole revenue • • . ^

Pedu£t the king's revenue for privy purfe

iC- /*•'«

3a3,oia
194,500

443.938
194,500

o
9

o
o

For army, (late officers, and all other charges ^ 249,438 o o

Military strength.] The innate pride of the PoliOi nobility ia
fuch, that they always appear in the field on horfeback ; and it is (Viid
that Poland can raife 100,090, and Lithuania 70,000 cavalry, and that
with cafe ; hut it muft be underltood that fervants are included. As to
t' At infantry, they are generally hired from Germany, but are foon dif^
miifed, becaufe they muft be maintained by extraordinary taxes, of which
the Polifli grandees Hre by no means fond. As to the ordinary army of
the Poles, it coniilled in 1778, of 12,3 10 men in Poland, and 7,465 in
Lithuania, cantoned into crown-lands. The ^mprefs of Ruffia maintains
in the country 10,000 foldiers, and every garrifon is compofed of Ruffians
and natives: 1000 of the former are ftationed at Warfaw. Thefe hold
the nobles in fubjetflion, and the king himfelf is little more than a
viceroy, while the Ruilian ambalTador regulates the affairs of the
kingdom under the dired^ion of his coui;t. The pofpolite confills of
all the nobility of the kingdom and their followers, excepting the
chancellor, and the (laruAs of frontier places ; and they may
be call<;4 by the king into tl^e field upon extraordinary occafions ; but he

N ^ } , canno;

SSo POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA.

cannot Iceep them above (ix weeks in arms, neither are they obliged to
inarch above three leagues out of the kingdom.

The Poliftj hulTarsare the fineft and moft ihewy body of cavalry in
Euiope ; next to them are the panccrns ; and both thofe bodies wear dc-
fcnfive armour of coats of mail and iron caps. The reft of their cavalry
are armed with miifkcts and heavy fcj^'metars. After all that has been
faid, the Polifh cavalry are extremely inefficient in the field ; for though
the men are brave, and their horfes excellent, they are ftrangers to all
difcipline j and when drawn out, notwithttanding all the authority their
crown-general, their other officers, and even the king himfelf, have over
them, they are oppreflive and deftru(5tive to rhc court. It is certain, not-
withttanding, that the Poles may be rendered excellent troops by dif-
cipline, and that on various occafions, particularly under John Sobiefki,
they made as great a figure in arms as any people in Europe, and proved
the bulwark of Chrillendom ngaind the infidels. It did not fuit the Saxon
pritjccs, who fucceeded that hero, to encourage a martial fpirit in the
Poles, whom they perpetually overawed with their elcdoral troops ; nor
indeed to introduce any reformation among them, either civil or military j
the eftcrts of which conduct have been fincc feverely felt in'that country.
Orders.] The "order of the If^bife Eagle" was firll inftituted by
Ulad'flaus in the year 1325, but revived by Augulhis I. iii the year
170;, to attach to him fome of the Polifh nobles who he feared were in-

.clined to Sranitlaus his competitor; it was conferred alfo on the czar
Peter the Great of Ruffia. The prefeot king inflituted the " order of

- St. StMillfaus" fooh after "his ele(^ion to the crown in 1765. The badge
is a gold crofs enaifielled red, and on the centre of it is a medallion with
the image of St. Staniflaus, enamelled in proper colours. It is worn pen-
dent to a red rib;tnd edged with white. The ftar of the order is filvcr,
a|)d in ihe centre, is a cypher of S. A. R. (Staniflaus Auguftus Rex) en-
circled with the motto ** Premiando incitat"

History.] Poland of old, 'was polfcired by the Vandals, who were
afterwards partly elpelled by the Rufs and Tartars. It was divided intq
many fmall ihttc» or principalities, each ahnoft Independent of another,
though they generjilly had fome prince who was parnmount over the relt.
In the year "/oo, the people, through the opprellion of their pe(ty chiefs,
gave the fupreme conrunand, under the title of duke, to Cracus, the
ioundcr.of the city of Cracow. His poilcrity failing, in the year 830, a
peafanr, one PiaAus, was elected to the ducal dignity. He lived to the age
of 120 ycais, and hist reign was fo long and aufpicious, that every native
Pole who has been fince eleAcd king is called a Piaft. From this period,

. for fome centuries, we have no very certain records of the hiftory of Po-
land. 'J he title of duke was retained, till the year 999, when BoleiT^us
alTumed the title of king, and conquered Moravia, Pruffia, and Bohemia,
making them tributary to Poland. Boleflaus II. added Red Rullia to Po^
land, by marrying the hcirefs of that duchy, anno, 1059. Jagello, who
in 13^4, mounted the throne, was grand duke of Lithuania, and a Pa-
gan : but on his being ele£>td king of Poland, he not only became a
Chiiflian, but was at puins to bring over his fuhje6>s to that religion.
He united his hereditary dominions to thofe of Poland, which gave fuch
influence to his pofterity over the hearts of the Poles, thar the crown was
prefervcd in his family until the miJe line became ext'mift xa Sigifmund
AuguHuS} io 1572* At this time two powerful competitors ap,)eart'd for

the

tfal
CI

POLAND iMcivDiHo Ul T H U A N I A^ jj*

the crown of Poland^ The(e were Henry, dukie of Anjdu* brother to
Charles IX. king of France, and Maximilian of Auftria. The French,
iatereil prevHiled ; but Henry had nut been four months on the throne of
Poland, when his brother diedj and he returned ptiratery to France,^
which kingdom he governed by the nitifte of Henry III. The party wha
had efpouled Maximilian's iiitereft endeavoured once more to revive hit
pretentions : but the majority of the Poles being deiirousto chufe j(i prince
who might relide among them, made choice of Stephen ^atOl'i, prince ol^
Tranfylvania; who, in the beginniVig o£ his reign, meeting with fofn«
oppofiiion from the Auftrian fadtion, took the wil'ell method to eftablifli
himfelf ou' chc throne, by marrying Anne, the filler of Sigifmund Au<
guftus, and of the royal hbule of the Jagellons. ■ Stephen produced 4
great change in. the military nfl^m of the Poles, by elubliniing a new
militia, compofcd of the.CulTHCs, a roujgh andi)arbarou8 race of men, oii
whom he beftowed the Ukraine, or frontiers of his kingdom. Upon his
death, in 1586, the Poles chofe Sigifmund, fon uf John king of dwedeu,
by Catharine filler of Sigifmund II. for their king.

Sigifmund was crowned king of Sweden after his father's death; but
being ustpelled, as we have already (een in the hiftory. of Sweden, by- the
Swedes, a long war enfued between them and the Poles, but terminated
in favour of the latter. Sigifmund being fecured in the throne at Poland^
afpired to that of Ruilia as well as Sweden ; but after long' wars, he was
defeated in both views. He was afterwards engaged in a variety of un*
fuccefsful wars with the Turks and the Swedes. At laft a truce fpas con-
cluded under the mediation of France and ii^ngland ; but the PQies were
forced to agree that the Swedes flu»uld keep £lbing, Memel, Branufberg,
and Pillau, together with all they had uken in Livonia. In the year
1623, Sigifmund died, and Uladiilaus his fbn fuccecded. This prinee.waa
fuccefsful both againft the Turks and the Rulfians, and obliged thf
Swedes to reflore all the Polifli dominions they had taken in Prul£i. His
reign, however, was unfortunate, by his being inftigated, through the
avarice of his great men, to encroach upon the privileges of the Cuflacs
in the Ukraine. As the war which followed, w: s carried on againit th^
Coflacs upon ambitious and perhdious principles, the Cofl'acs, who are
naturally a brave people, became defperate ; and upon the fucceHion of
John II. brother to Uladiflaus, the Coflac general Schtntelinfltt defeated
the Poles in two great battles^ and at lalf forced them to a difhonoorable
peace. It appears that, during the cou' • of this war, the PoliOi nobility
behaved as the worft of ruiiBans, and their <;ondu£t was highly condemned
by John ; but his nobility disapproved of the peace he had concluded
with them. While the jealoufy hereby occaiioncd continued, the Ruf-
fians came to a rupture with the Poles ; and being joined by man^ of the
ColTacs, thry, in the year 1654, took Smoienlko. This was fdUbwed
with the taking of Wilna, and other places ; and they committed mqi^
horrid ravages in Lithuania. Next. /year, Charles X. of 'Sweden, after
over-running Great and Little Poland, entered into Polifli Prullia, all the
towns ot wliich received him, except DantzickV The t'eftltance made by
that city gave the Poles time to re-alicmble, and their king^ John Cafi-
mil, who had fled into Silefiq, was joined by the Tartars, as well as the
Poles } fo that the Swedes, why were difperfed thtougn the country^
were every where cut in piecesl The Lithuanians,' at the fame time,
dilowned the allegiance they had been forced to pay to Charles, who re*
turned to Sweden with no more than a handful oiUii army* It wa» durins

Vs* P'OLAI^D, jNtLUDiJlo LITHUANIA.

tMs expedition, thACthb' Dutch and Englifli'prote6ted Dantatc, sad tlMt
ele£tor. of Brandenburg ^tcquired the fovcreigaty of Ducal Praflia, wbicU
hadfubmitted to Chflrlebut. Thus the latter loft Polaud, of which he bad
made an almoil (ioniptelje conqUe(b« Th^ treaty of Qltva wiis begun afteti
the Swedes hacf beenidriveooUt of Cra«ow a|ul Thorn, bjr which Royal
Pruffia was reftoi^d t*fhe Pofcs.' Th*y w«re, , however,, forced to quit
all pretcnfioni to Lifronia, viAidio cedeSmolco&Q). Kiou, and d^ duchy
of jBifeyiav so'theRufllatos. / - .• o-.

bttrtiili thofc tratiia^oas, the Polifli nebility grew very uacafy with
fheir tang* Soma of cheih were diflatittfied with the conceffions he had
Made to die GoiTacs^ many of whom had thrown off the Poli(h yoke t
cthtts taxed him w4th want nf capacity; and fome, with an intention tt>,
iMleby ft mercenary army of Germans. Cafimir, who Very poifibly had
110 fuch intentionsi and was fond of reurement and fludy, finding that
frabals and faAions iocreared every day, and that he himfelf might fall a
facriiice to the publii; difcon^nt, ab^cated his throne, and died abbot oC^
S|:.. Germains, in France, enploying the remainder of his days in Latin
pbetical ccmpcdtions, which are far fi-om being defpicable. -

-The mod remote defcendants of the aneien^ kings ending in John Cafi*,
mir, many foreign candidates- prefented themfehres for' the crown of Po-
land ; but the Poles chofe for their king- « private gentleman of little in*
tereft, and lefs capacity, one ^lichael Wiefnowiflci, becaufe he was dc>
fcehded .from a riatt. His reign was difgraceful to Poland.- Large
bodies df the ColTacs had put themfelves under the proteftion of the Turks*
whocotiir\uered nil the provinces of Podolia, and took Kaminieck, till then
thought impregnflhie, Thegreateft part «f Poland was then ravaged, and
the Poles were obliged to pay aii annual tribute to the fultan. Notwith*
ftanding thofe difgraceful events, the credit of the Pollfli arms was' in
fome meStfure triaintained by John Sobiefti, the crown general, 9 bravei
$nd a£iive commander,^ who had given the Turks feveral defeats. Mi*
chael dving in 1673, Sobieflii was chofen king; and in 1676, he was foi
fuccefsful againft the infidels, that he forced them to remit the tribute
they had. impofed upon Poland ; but they kept poiTeffion of Kaminieck.
In 1683, Sobieiki, though he had not hcen well treated by the houfe of
Auiiria, was fo p^iblic-fpirited, as to enter into the league that was formed
for the defence o\ Chriftcndom againd the infidels, and acquired immor>
tal honour, by obliging the Turks to raife the fiege of Vienna, and
making a terrible Daughter of the enemy ; for all which glorious fervices,
and driving the Turks out of Hungary, he was ungratefully requited by.
the empeior Leopold. »

Sobiefti returning to Poland, continued the war againft the Turks, but
tin'orfunatcly quarrelled with the fenate, who fufpetftcd that he wanted
to make the crown hereditary in his family. He died, after a glorious
reign, in i6y6.

Poland foil into great diftra^lions upon Sobiefti's death. Many con-
federacies were formed, but all parties feemed inclined to exclude the
Sqbiefti lamily. In the mean while, Poland was infultcd by the Tartars,
and her Crown \«rji? in r manner put up to fale. The prince of Conti, of
the blood roval of France was the moft liberal bidder; but while he
thought the clcflion almoft fure, he wi^s difappointed by the intrigues of
the queen»cic.vvager, in favour lOf her younger fon prince Alexander So*
bielki, for which (he was driven from Warfaw to Dantzick. All of a fud-
d^Pj Auguilu«i ^Hdor 9^ S^pny* fta^tcd up as a candidate, and after a

fliam

'^mmttl

PpLAND. IHCI.UDING LITHUANIAN $3^

fliam eleAion, bein^ prodairtied by the tnihop of Cujavia^ be took pof>
felfion of Cncow v.nth a Saxon armyt and aitually was crowned in that
city in 1697* The prince of Conti made feTeral unfuccefsful ffTortstof
re«eftabU(b hit iotereftt and pretended that he had. been adually chofen ;
but he was afterwards obliged to return to F' uice, and the other powers
of Europe feemed to acquiefce in the ele^un of Auguftui. The man-
ner in which he was driven from the throne, by Charles XII. of Sweden^
(who procuMd the advancement of Staniflaus) and afterwards reftored by
the Czar, Peter the Great, has been already related in the hifbry of
Sweden. It was not till thrye|r 171a that Auguftus was fully confirmed
on the throne, which he held upon precarious and difagreeable terms.
The Poles were naturally attached to Staniflaus, and were perpetually
forming confpiracies and plots againft Auguftui, who was obliged to main-
tain his authority by means of his Silicon guards and regiments. In 1 725^
his natural fon prmce Maurice, aftciwards t' e fa nous count Saxo, was
chofen duke of Courland ; but AuguAus was not able to maintain him ia
that dignity, againft the power of Ruffia and the jealoufy of the Poles*
Auguftut dieid, after ftn unquiet reign, in 1733* having done all he could
to mfure the fuccefEon of Poland to his fen Auguftus II. (or as he is
caUcd by fome III.) This occafioned a vrar, in which the French king
maintained the intereft of his fatherrin-law Staniflaus, who was aftually
re>elefied to the throne by st confiderable party, of which the prince
primate was the head. Bat Auguftus, entering Poland with a powerful
army of Siucons and Ruflians, compdled his rival to retreat, into Dantzic,
from whence he efcaped with great difficulty into France. I have, in the
hiftory of Germany, mentioned the war between Auguftus II. as eleAor
of Saxony, or rather as the ally of Ruflia and Auftria, and his late
Pruflian majefty. It is fufficient to fay, that though Auguftus was a
mild, moderate prince, and ^' d every thing to fatisfy the Poles, he never
could gain their hearts ; and all he obtained from them was merely fliel-
ter, when his Pruflian majefty drove him from his capital and eleaorate.
Auguftus died at Drefden, in 1763, upon which count Staniflaus Poniatow-
Iki was chofsn king, by the name of Staniflaus Auguftus ; though it is faid
that the election was conducted irregularly, and that he obtained the crowa
chiefly through the influence of the emprefs of Ruflia. He is a man of abi-
liries and addrefa ; but, from various concurring caufes, he has had the un«
happinefs to fee Poland, during his reign, a fceneof defolation and calamity.
In 1766, two Polifli gentlemen prefented a petition to the king, in the
liameof all the Proteftant nobility, and in behalf alfoof the members of
the Greek church, wherein they demanded to be re-inftated in their
^ncient rights and privileges, ^iiu to be placed upon the fame footing in
every refpe£t with the Roman Ciitholic fubjcdls of the kingdom. '* The
difference of fentiments upon fome points of religion among Chriftians,'*
faid they in their petition, ** ought not to enter into any confideration
with regard to the employments of the ftate. The different fe£is of
Chriftians, although they differ in opinion among themfelveg with re-
ipeft to fome points of do£trine, agree all in one point, that of being
faithful to their fovereign, and obedient to his orders : all the Chriftian
courts are convinced of this truth ; and therefore, having always this prin-
ciple in yiew, and without h .mg any regard to the religion they profefs,
Chriftian princes ought oniy to feek after thofe whofe merit and talents
make them capable of ferving their country properly." The king gave
90 anfwer at this time to, the petition of the dimdenu ; but the matter
*' ' was

5S4 FOXAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA.

was TtktfeA tti tbe diet whicH' was held the fol!awing year, when the
miniftcrsof thecounsef Ruffia, of London, of Berlin, and of Copaa-
liagen, fupported their ^retealion*. 1 he diet appeared to treat the conw
plaints of the diffideuts with great moderatbn, which g^ve fonnc flatter*
log expeAations that the affiir would be happily terminated. But the
intrigues of the king of Pruflia appear to have previented this: for that
prince, though he openly profeffed to be a zealous defender of the caufe
«f the diffident*, yet it was tnanifeft from, the evcttt, that his great aim
waa to pi'omoite th« iriews of his own ahibition. The intervdntion of the
Hufljans in the affairs of Polanialfo ^at e a great difguft to ail parties in the
liingdont. The whole nation run into' confederacies formed in diftindt
provinces { the popi(h clergy: wereaCtive in oppoliog the caufe of the dif-
fidents ; and this unfortunate country became the theatre of the moft
cruel and complicated of all wars; jpartly civil, partly religious, and
mrtly foreign. The confafion, devaflation, and civti war/ continued io
.Poland durbg the years 1760, 17^6, and 1771, whereby the whole face
-of the cobntrywas almoll diMroyed ; many of the principal popifl) families
retired inito foreign ftates withtljeir effeds ; and had it not heen for a body
«fRuffian troops which a£ted atl guards to theking.atWarlaW,that city had
likewife exhibited a fccne bf plunder and maiTadrei." To thefe complicated
evils, were added, in the year 1770, that moft dtcadful fcourt;e the peftl-
Iciice, which fpread from the frontiers ofTuikey to the adjoining pro-
'virices of Podolia, Volhinia, and the Ukraine; and in thefe provinces it
is (aid tip hiive fwe^t off 250,000 of the people. Meanwhile, ^bme of the
Polifh confederates interceded with tho Tar'<s to aflifl them againfl their
powerful oppreflTors; and a war enfucd. between the Ruffians and the
^urks on account of Poland. But it has been obferved, that the conduA
«f the Grand Signior and of the Ottoman Porte towards the diftreflcd Poles,
mere Ariclly juil and honourable, and the very reveife of that of , thea*
ChrifKan, Catholic, and Apoftolic neighbours *.• ,3

■ * In '1764, the emprefs of RuiBa tnnfmittcd to the court of Warraw an aft of re-
ntuiation, figned with her own hand, and fealed with the feal of the empire, where-
in ihe declares, " That ihe did by no means arrogate cither to herfelf, her heirs and
fitcceffors, or to her eim>ire, any ri^ht ur claim to the difl:ri<5ls or territories, which
weie a^ually in polTefluiR, or fubieA to the authority of the kingdom cif Polandv or
g^eat/luchy of Lithuania ; but that, oh the contrary, her faid ihajeftf would guaran-
tee to the faid kingdom of Poland and duchy of Lithuania, all the immunities, bndt»
territories, and diltriiSi, which the Aid kingdom and duchy ought by right to pot- '
ftb, ordidnow adtuallypoflcfs; and would at all times, aod forever, maintain them
in the full and frte enjoyment thereof, againft the attempts of all and every one who
ihould at any time, or on any pretext, endeavour to difpoiTefs them of the fame."
In the fame year did the kirg of Prufliii fign, with hi* own hand, an a6l, wherein l»
declared, " that he had iio claims, formed no prctenfions on Poland, or any part
thereof: that he renounced all claims on that kingdom, either as king of Piufliik,
cle(ftor of Brandenburg, or duke of Pomera-iia." In the famt^ inftiumcnt he guaran-
tees, in the moftfolemn manner, the territories and rights of Poland agafnQ every
jpower whatever. T '•.•! emprcls-queen of Hunjtpry, fo late as the month of January
177 1 , wrote a lette/ with her own hand tf> the king of Poland, in which {he gave
Itim the ftrongeft <i<rurances, " That her friendihip for him and the republic was firm
and nnal'vcrable ; that the motion of her troop? ought not to alarm him : ihat ihe had
never entertained a tfiought of feizing an> part of his dominions, nor would even
fbffer any other power to do it."- From which, a'(;ording to the political creed td
^finCes, we may infer, that to guarantee the righrts, liberties, and revenues of a ftate,
me^hs to annihilate thofe liberties, feize upjnn thufe rights, and ajftpropriate thofe re-
venues to their own ufe. ijuch it the faith of princes, th^ ind^biUty of human pon-
tics, and of human n/fuirs!

«f

his

inj!

T"<

Cor

ini

an
Pri|

bej

fcri

: »»i

ipe
Pol
for
dcr
'.the
cou
pre

leg!
put
ken
thei
Pol
una
fpe<
and
the
inti
lam
cou
thii

cal

fide
the
froi
Za

of]
cov

•Cal

In'i

of:

tSTi

PpLANI>j ifjcLUDiNO LITHUANIA. 555

" On September 3d, 1 77 Jt ,*o attempt was n»dc by Koztnlki, an officer
'tmong the Pul-ih confederates, gnd icveral otbera. to aflkffinate the king
'()f Poland, in the (Irects <)f Waiiaw. BJii inajeAy receirod two wounds on
bis head, one from a b: II, ^nd the other trQm,'a fabrc } notwithftanding
which he hnd'the good fortune to eicape with life, by Koxinlki** relent-
ing, tor which his own ife was fnved, and he now refide^ in the papal ter-
ritories, with an annual pcnfion from the king. ^alaiOii, another of the
^jconfpirators, diflingiiifhed himfelf in the American f^rvi^e, and jvas killed
in arraiking the Bruifli lines at Savannah, in 1779.

The following year, 1771, it appeared, chat the k^ng of PrulBa, the

emperor and emprefs-queen, and the emprclt of Ruffia, bad enierrd into

an alliance to divide and difmembcr the ksngdoro of Poland : though

Pruflia was formerly in a ilate of vaiTalageto Poland, and the title of king

of Pruflia was never acknowledged by the Poles till 1764. Ruflia ilfo in the

'bi:einn1ng of the 17th century faw its capital and throne pofli:fled by the

^' Poles, while Auftria in 1683 was indebted to a king of Poland for the pie-*

(crvation for its nietropolif, and almofi for its very exidence. Theft three

f fUied powers, adtinc; in concert, fet up their formal pretenfions tu the re~

' ipc£Hve diOridls which they had allotted for and guarantied to each other :

roliih or W<^lkrn Prullia, and fome diftrifts bordaring upon firandcnburgh,

for the king of Pruflia ; almoft all the fouth-eaft parts of the kingdom krar-

dering upon Hungary^ together with the rich falt.woiics of the cruwn, for

the cmprcfs-quecn of Hungary and Bohemia*; and a large diilrid ef

-country about Mohilow, upon the banks erf the Dnieper, for the em-

{' >refs of Ruilia -f. But though c»ch of thefe powers pretended to have a
egal title to the territories which were allotted them TeQ)e£tively, and
publiflied manifcftos in joftiiication of the meafures which they had ta-
ken, yet as they were confcious that the fallacies by which they fupported
'their pretenfions were too grofs to impofe upo;i mankind, they forced the
Poles to-call a new diet, and threatened them, hat if they did not confenc
(inanimoufly to fign a treaty for the ceding of th.^fe provinces to them re-
fpeftively, the whole kingdom would be laid unuer a militaiy execution,
and treated as a conquered (late. In this extremity of diftrefs, feveral of
the Polifh nobility protefied againft this violent adt of tyranny, and retired
; into foreign dates, chufing rath r to live in exile, and 10 have all their
'landed property cgj^cated, than be the indruments of bringing their
' country to utter rSv but the king of Poland was prevHiled upon to fi|;a
'^this »&^ and his exalte was followed by many his fubjedh.

As to the king of Pruflia, his condua in Poland was the moil tyrannic
cal and oppreflive that can be conceived. It was in the year 177 1 that

• The diftri<% claimed hy A.uftria, was *« all that traft of land lying on the right
. fide of thr* Viltula, from Silefia above Sandomir tu the mouth of the ban, and front
thence by Frani-pole, Zamoifc, and RubiciTiW, tu the Bog: from the Bo^ alonfr the
frontiers of Red Ruflia to Zabraa, on the burden of Volhtnia and Podo.ia, and from
Zabrat in a (Iraight line to the Kieper, where it receive* the &1)rytz, taking in a part
of Podolia, and then «l«ng the boundariea feparating Ppdolia from Moldavia. J hi*
country is now incorporated with AuiUia, under tiit appellation of the kingdoms of
** Calicia and Lndomeria.

f The Ruffian claims comprifir Pollfli Livonia, that part of the palatinate of Po-

Imik to the raft of the Duna— the palatinates of Vitepflc, Miciilaw and two portions

■ of the palatinate of Minik. This tra(S of land (Polifli Livonia excepted) is fituatcd in

'\\liire RuiRa, and include^ full one thjid'of Lithuania. It is now divided into the

two governments ofJ^obtfle a^d Molujef.

his

^ , POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA.

iua troops entered iaxo Great Poland, anil during the fpace of that year
he carried off from that province^ and its neighMurhood, at a moderate
xomputation, ia,ooo familtes. On the 29th of 0£)ober, in the fame
^car, an edi^ was publiftied by his Pru<Ban majefly, commanding every
IP^rfon, under the fevereft penalties, and even corporal punilhment, to
take ifi payment for forage, provilions, corn, horfes, &c. the money of-
fered by his troopA and commiflaries. This money was either (ilver bear-
iqg the imoreflioo of Polond, and exa^Iy worth one-third of its nominal
vsTue, or ducats ilruck in imitation of Dutch ducats, feventeen per cent,
inferior to the real ducats of Holland. With this bafe money he bought
up corti and forage enough, not only to fuj^ply his army for two whole
years, but to (lock magazines in the country itfelf, where the inhabitants
y/ett forced to come and re-purchafe corn for their daily fubfificnce at an
advanced price, and with jjood money, his commiflSiries refufing to take
<he fame com th^y had paid. At the loweft calculation he gained, by
.this mafterly and honeft manoeuvre, feven millions of dollan. Having
ilripped the country of money and provifions, his next attempt was to
thin It ftill more .of its inhabitanu. To peo^ile his own dominions, at
:tbe expeace of Poland^ \i9i been his great aim ^ for this purpofe he hit
upon a new contribution ; every town and village was obliged to furnifh
%fertain number of marriageable girls ; the parents to give as a portion, a
rraather-bed, four pillows, a cow, two ho^, and three ducats in gold.
SoiQe «vere boynd hand and foot, and carried off as criminals. His ex>
.anions from the abbeys, convents, cathedrals, and nobles, were fo heavy,
and exceeded at 14(1 their abilities fo\much, that the priells abandoned
,tkeir churches, and the tiobles ifhcir lands. Thefe exaiSions continued
with unabated rigour, from the year 1771, to the time the treaty of par-
tition was declared, and pofleilion taken of the provinces ufuraed. From
thefe proceedings it would appear, that his Pruilian majeuy knew no
trights but his own ; no pretenfions but thofe of the houfe of Branden-
.burg; no other rule of [uflice but his own pride and ambition.

. The violent difmeuiberment and partition of Poland has judly been
cosifidered as the firlt great breach in the modern political fyftem of Eu-
xrope. The furprife of a town, the invaiion of an infigniiicant province,
or the eleAion of a prince, who had neither abilities to be feared, nor
Vrtueit to be loved, would fome years ago have aujKQ one half of £u<-
rope, and called forth all the attention of the ethaK£ut the dcQrudion
of a great kingdom, with ^he confeque^t difarrat^ment of power, do-
. minion, and commerce, has been beheld by the other nations of Europe
with the mofi aftoniihing indifference and unconcern. The courts of
London, Parts, Stockholm, and Copenhageai, remonftrated againft the
f ufurpations, but thut was all.- Poland was forced to fubmit, and the psir-
-tition was ratified by their diet, held under th^ bribes and threats uf the
three powers. In the fenate there was a majority of six, but in th^
lower houfe, the alfcmbly of nu*Huos, there was but one vote in favour of
the meafure, 54 againil 53. This is a vci^- alaimingcircum(l<ince, and
fliews that a moft impoftanr, though not happy change, has taken place
in that general fyileni of policy, and arrangement of power and dominion,
which had been for fome aj^es an ob;e61 of unremitting attention with moft
of the ftates of Europe. Our anceftors might, perhaps, on fome occalioi^s,
difcover rather more anxiety about preferving the balance of power in Eu-
rope than was neceffary : but it has^een well remarked, that the idea of
cnnndering Europe as a-vaft commoniveal,th, of the feveral parts bcin^
4>lHn<^ and fejparat^, though politically and coipmercially united, of

keepina

SWITZERLA N D.

ssr

Iccepmg them independent, though unequal in power, and of preTent*-
ing any one, by any mtans, from becoming too powerful for the reft,
Was great and 'liberal, and, tliough the refult of barbariim was founded
upon the mod enlarged principles of the wifi-ft policy* It appears to be
owing to this fydem, that this frr . part of the weHern world has acquired
fo aftonifhing a fuperiority over the re(t of the globe. The fortune and
glory of Greece proceeded from a fimilar fyftem of policy, though,
formed upon a fmaller fcale. Both her fortune and glory expired witli
that fyftem. ^

Staniflaus Auguftus (late count Poniatowfld) was bom in 1732, and
crowned king of Poland in 1764. This prince, while a private noble*
man, refided fome time in London, and is a fellow of the Royal Society*

SWITZ^ERLAND.

SITtTATJO^r AND £XTBHT»

Miles. Degrees

Len^h 260 )
Breadth ico )

between

C 6 iind 1 1 eaft longitude.
( 4; and 48 north latitude.

BouNDAaiEs.jYT is bounded by Alface and Swabia in Germany, oBi
X the North ; by the lake of ConUatice, Tirol, and
Trent, on the Bail ; by Ita)y, on the South ; and by France, on the Weft*

Di VIS IONS.] Switzerland is divided intb thirteen cantons, which ftandi
in point of precedency as follows: i. Zurich; 2. Berne; 3. Lucerne;
4. Uri ; 5. Schwcitz ; 6. Underwalden ; 7. Zug ; 8. Olaris ; 9. Bafil ;>
10. Fribourg; 11. Soleure ; 12. Schaffhaufen; 13. AppenzeL

The beft account we have of the dimenfions and principal towns ofeachi
canton, is as follows :

Switzerland.

Calvlnift

Coantries Namei.

("Berne

I Zurich

< Schaffhaufen

Bafil

Papifit.

Calvinifls and
PapilU.

rLucwne
I Utiderwaldeu
! Uri
< SuifTe
I Fribuurg

V. Soleure

fAppeozel

\Giari»

f Baden
Bremgarten
Mellineen
Rheinthal

Thefubjedk»of

the Switzern, J tk..,—.

Ca.vinift,and^2-£«

P«P«ft»- Lofarno

I Mendrit
L Maggia

Square
Mite*.

s
«3

2,346
718
140

249

460

370
61a

250

370

tI2

»S3

257
216

40
119

8j<

7«J33

111
34
as
21

»4

. 18

3«
«3

ic
18

5»

Chief Citie*.

Berne

Zurich

Schaffhaufen

BASIL

{47-40 N.
7-4*) E.

Lucerne
Stanta
AUorf .
Suiffe
PribouTK
Zuf

Soleure, or Solotbum
Appenlci
iSlGlari*
Badeu
Bremgarten
Mcllingen
RheinecH
Prowaofield
Lugano
Lncamo

Mendris t

Maggia

L«B«

2t
»3

21
10

24
ai

ISfl^ SWITZERLAND.

Alliciortlu CownuifiName.
Swiften.

CklvinUU Orifom

BHbjcA«oftherChiav«Mn» 'l
GrifoM, Cal-< Bwrmiuaud 1
vioifli Ic Pif. i Vmlleliiie, J
rToekcnburg

Calviiiifti.

PjipjAl.

4 Geneva
/Kemfchaia
MCValaia
^BaOe
(St. Oall

Square
Miln.

360

|6t
160

I,»»7
•70

Tota\ 11.884

1.0

»7

•s

6a
34

>
11

c»

Chiavanna

30
16
10

ChlafCitici.

irt

SoMi

Irio

LicchtKi^Acg
Ccncfa

ao Nbufchatel

Sion

Deirperg
St. Gall

Mulhituren, in Airace, in alfo
united to tliem.

^IR, cLiMATi, loiL AND j'ACE ) ' Tliis being a moiinritinouB
'^ OP THi covHTRY. ) country, lying upon the Alpo,

(Whicli form an amphitheatre of more thtn 100 miles) the fiofts are
cohfequently bitter in winter, tiu' hills being cuvrred with fnmv liumetimcs
all' the year long. In fuminer the inequality of the foil rcnilcri the fame
pretrinte very unequal in iti feafons { on one Adc of thufe mountains the
inliAoitantt aie «ftcti reaping, while they arc fowing on nnothfr. The
iraHlcs, however, are warm and fruitful, and well cultivutcd, and nothing
can 6c more delightful than th^fummer months in thiichirmlng country.
]t kfubjed to rams and tempers; for which reafon public crauaries are:
every where ere6\cd to fupply the failure of their crops. The water uf
Switzerland is generally excellent, and often defcendsfrom the mountains in
Urge or fmall cataracts, which have a delightful effe£^.

There is, perhaps, no country in the world wherein the advantagroua
etk&» of unwearied and perfevering indullry are more remarkably cuu- '
fpicuoui than in Switzerland. lu pulTioj^ over the moumuincAit pariit
thereof, the traveller is (Iruck with admiration, toobfcrve rucks that were
Ibrinefly barren, now planted with vines, or nhoundinp^ with rich paf*
ture j and to mark the traces of the plough along the fides of precipice*
fo fteep, that a huifc could not even mount them without great ditficulty.;,^';
lit (hort, the inhabitants fcem to have (urmounted every obllrudlion » hick
foil,.(Ituation, and climate h.id thrown in their way, anil to have fprcad
fertility over various fpota of the country, which nature fcemed to havC:
configned to cverlafling barrennefs. 1 he feet of the mountains, and
fometimes alfo the very fummits, are coveted with vineyards, corn-fields,
meado^i^ and pafture grounds. Other parts of this country are' more
drear)', coiilifting almolt entirely of barren and inacceffible rocks, fome
of which are continually covered ^vUt^iiiow or ice. The vallies between
theft icy and fnowy mountains appear like fo many fmtkith frozen lakes,
and from- them vaft fragments oli icK frequenily fall down into the more
fruitful fpots beneath. Jn fome parts, there is a regular gradation from
cxtfienie 'wildhcfs to high cultivation ; in others the tninhtiuns are very
«bruptf and very firiking. Sometimes a continued chain of cultivated
iDountains, richlv clothed with wood, and iluddcd all over with hamlets*
cbttagek above the ctnuds, paftures which ap|)ear fufpended in the air,
cxhihK the moil delightful landfcnpe that can be conceived ; and in other

£lacei appear rugjced rocks, cataraAs, and mountains of a prodigious
cii^t,' covered with ice and ihow. In fliort, Stviizcrland abounds with .
, ^- the

the]
mo([
fonj

ihe(
Tcf
ftan^

cryf

flieel

of aj

Itulj

multl

tire

Alp«

the

SWITZERLAND.

S5J

xht muft pidkurefuue fccneit and here tre to be fouad fume of the
inoft fublimc exhibition! of nature, in her mod awful and tremenduui
form I.

Riviai AND LAKKi.] The chief riven are the Rhine, which rifei in
the chain of mouniuini bordering; on St< Ootburd, the Aar, the Reufi, tho
Tcfin, the Oglio, and the Rhone The lakct are thofe of Geneva, Con-
fiance, Thun, Lucerne, Zurich, Biet, and Brien.

MKTAbi AND MiNiMAi.*] The inuuntaiui contain minei of iron«
cryflal, virf;in fulphur, and fprings of miurral waters.

VsoETAaLB AND ANIMAL pHODUcTioNi.] Switzeriiind producn
flieep and cattle, wine, wheat, bailey, oati, rye, flax, and hemp ; plenty
of applet, pcari, null, cherrici, plumi, and chefnuti i the parti tuwarua
Itsily abound in peaches, almonds, figs, ciiront, and poineKranatei ; and
mult of the cantona abound in tim^Mfr. Befidei game, flfli, ahd fowl,
are allTo found, in fonne ut the higher and more inacccffible parti of the
Alpi, the bouquctin and the chamoii, whofe aAivity in fcouring alonj;
the fteep and craggy rocks, and in leapinj^ over the precipicei, is bardljr
cunceiviible. The blood of both ihcfe animals ia of lb but a nature, that
the inhabitant! of fumo of thefe mountain!, who are much fubjeft to
pleuiifiei, take a few drops of it, mixed with water, ai a remedy Ipr tjiat
difurder. The flc(h of the chamois is eneeiued very delicioui. An^mg
the Alps is likewife found a fpeciei of hares, which in fummer U (aid tp
pcrfct^ly refemble other hjrcs, but in winter become all over white, fqi
thut they arc Icurceiy dillinguifluble among the fnow. But thiti^a
hath bocn lately exploded, nor is ir ccrtiiin whether the two fpeciea ^ver
couple tc 'cther. The white hare fcldom quits his rocky reudence.-r«
Here are ; lib yellow and white foxes, which in winter fometimei come
down into the vallies. .,

Population, iNiiADiTAHTi, mannirs, 1 According to the bcft
CUSTOMS, AND DiviRsioNs. ) accounts, the cantoni of

Switzerliinil contain about 3,000,000 of inhabitanti, who are a brave*
hardy, iiuiullrious people, remiirkable fur their fidelity, and their zealouf
attachment to the lioerties of their country. Like the old Romani, they
are equally inured to arms an^l agriculture, A general funplictty ot
manners, an open and unaffeifled fr.mknefs, together with an mvincible
fpirit of freedom, are the moft diftinguifliing chara^erifiics of the infi^v«
bitanti of Switzerland, f hey are in g«henil a very enlightened nario|i f
their common people are far more intelligent than th^ fame rank' of
men in moft'other countries ; a tade for literature is very prevalent amqnff
thofe who are in better circ:jmflance», and even among niany of 'the
loweft rank; and a genuine end uiiarifut good breeding i» extremely
confplcuous in the Swil's gentry. On the firii entrance into this CQuntryl
the traveller cannot but obfcrve the air of content and fatiitaAiop whicb
appears in the ounyunmces of the inhabitants. The cleanlineuor the
houles, and uf the people, is pefuliarly ihiking ; and in all their manners ^'-
haviour, and diipl«, fume ihbng outlines may be traced, which diftinguiili thif
happy people from the neighbouring nations^ <vho labour under the op- .,.
urelllon or dcfpotic government. Even the Swifs cottages convey the

ikirtcd with trtes, and well fupulicd with water. S irrptuary laws are i^
force in moft parts of Switzerland- and no xianci:rir \i allowed, exc(<'pt

upon

56«

SWlTZEIiLAl^O.

upon particular occafioni. Silk, lace, and feveral other articlin of liixuirr«
•re totally prohibited in Tome of the cantooi | and even the head'dreflea
of the ladtea are regulated. All gamei of hazard are alfo ftridtly pro*
hibiicd ; and in other gamet, the party who lofei above fix iiorini, wnich
ii about nine (hillingi of our mooeyi incun a conBderable fine. 1 heir
diverfioni, iheiefbre, are chiefly o( the adtive and warlike kind ; and aa
their time it not wafled in garnet of chance, many of iheih employ
pnri of their leifure hours in readinff* (o the g^reat improvement of their
underftandingi. The youth are dingently trained to all the martial ex.
crcifeif fuch as running, wreflling, throwing the hammer, and fl)ootin|{
both with the crofa-bow and the mulket.

RiiioioN.] Though all the Swift rantont form but one political
republic, yet they are not united in religion, ai the reader, in the table
prefixed, may perceive. Tbofe diiSsrencet in religion formerly created
many public commotioni, which feem now to have fubfided. Zuingliua
w4i the apoftlc of proteftantifm in Switzerland. He wai a moderate re'
former, anddiSeredfrom Luther and Calvin only in a fewfpeculaiive oointi ;
fe that Calvinifln may be faid to be the religion of the proleftant Swiflei.
But thii muft be underftood chiefly with refpcA to the mode of church
government ; for in fome doftrinal points they are far from being univer*
ftlly Calviniflical. There it, however, too much religious bigotry, pre*
iralent among them ; and though they are ardently attached to the
Interefts of civil liberty, their fentimrnts on tht fubjea of religious tole*
ntion are in general much lefs liberal.

Lanovaoi.] Several languages prevail in Switzerland ; but the mofl
common is German. The Swifles who border upon France fpeak a baflard
French, as thofe near Italy do a corrupted Latin or Italian.

LbaAnImo and LiaaNBO men.] Calvin, whofe name is fo well
known in all protefiant couBtriei, inftituted laws for the city of Geneva^
which are held in high efteem by the moft learned of that country. The
ingenious and eloquent RouiTeau too, whofe works the prefent age have
received with fo much approbation, was a citizen of Geneva. RouiTeau
g^ve a force to the French language, which it was thought incapable of
jNceiving. In England he is generally known as a profe-writer only, b\tt
the French admire him as a poet. Hhs opera of the Devin t/e tillage in

Etrticularis much efteemed. M. Bonnet, and MefT. de SauiTure and De
uc alfo deierve to be mentioned with applaufe, and will be remembered
till the Alps ftiall be no more. .

Umiversitibs.] The univerfity of Baiil, which was founded in I4$9«
has a very curious phyfic-garden, which contains the choiceft exotics ; and
adjoining tq the library, which contains fome valuable manufcripts, is
n mufeum well furnilhed with natural and artificial curiofities, and with a
great number of medals and paintings. In the cabinets of Erafmus and
Amerbach, which alfo belnng to this univerfity, there are no lefs than
twenty original pieces of Holbein : for one of which, reprcfenting a dead
Chrift, a thoufand ducats have been offered. The other univerEties,
widen-indeed are commonly only fiyled colleges, as thofe of Bern, Lau-
fanne, and Zurich.
AntkiVitiss and curiosities, 1 Erery diftri6t of a canton
NATURAi. AND artificial ) in this mountainous country

prefents the traveller with a natural curioiity j fometimes in the (hape of
wild but beautiful profpedts, intcrfperfed with lofty buildings, and won*
derful hermitages, efpecially one, two leagues from Friburgh. This was
' ■ formed

SWITZERLAND.

(brffiftdf by the hthdt of t fingle hermit, who hboured en tt for st
ycnri, and w«i living in 1707. Ic ii the greateft curioiity.of the kind
|M>rhaM in the wortd^ n it containt t ehiipel, a parlour ,38 paceifin lengthy
li in breadth, tind 10 feet in height, a cabinet, a Iciichen, a cellar, and
other apartment!, with the altar, benchci^ flooring, ciding, all cut out
tff the ro<*ic. At the tainout pafi of PitfrnPeriuiSf the road it >carried
through a foHd rock near ;o feet thicle,- the hew)t( of the airch a6, and
it! breadth a^. The marcaliier, falfci diamotidff'and othef ftonei found
in thofe mountrini, are Jtiftiy ranked among the natural curiofitiea df ■ tho
coiiiury. The rutni of^Ccur'a wall, which extended i9 miles in lengthy
from Moimt Jura tu the banks of Lake Leman, are flill diroernihle.**^
Many munumenti of antiquity have been difcovered ne'a^ tHe bathtwsf
Baden, which trttc known to the Roih'nni in the time of Taeitui. Sv^it*
aerland boalH of many noble religi<oU# building!, panicularly a college of
JeAuts ; and many cabinets of valuable manufcripts, ancitiuea, and curiof
titles of all kinds* Nekr Rofmiere, It a famous fur ing which rifcs in tkM
midfl of a natural bafbn of la fquare fett**— the force that i€t» uponril
mud be prodififidui ; after a great Ihower of ralni it carries -up i coliJimii
of water as thick, as a nian's thigh, nearly • fdof above its uirface*- Ita
temperature hetcr varied, its furface is clear as cryftul, and its depth tin*
fathomable ; probsibly the end of fome Oibterrancous lake, thittr'kaih-th(hr«
found an iflue for its waters. ■< ■■ .u: ^ ■ ■ <

• Cities.] Of thefe the moft cdnfiderable is the city of Bern, ftandiittf
on the river Aaf. This city and canton, it is faid, tormsalmoft a third
bf the Helvetic confederacy, and can, upM oceafion, fit out 160,000
armed men. , AH the other pities in Switzerland are excellently w«U
provided' witb arftniiU, bridges, and j|)Ablk'<ediilce«. Baiil iVaocounted
by fom^ the cMjiitat of all Switzerland. Ii it fituated. tDia>{ertilft and
delightful country, on the banks of the Rhlfte,' and the confioeaof Alface
and the empire. It contains two* h\indred and twenfy iheets* and iix
market! placet. " The town-houfe, wh)c#ftands on the rWdr.Birfec, ia
fupported by very large pillars, and its gre^At'hall it finely painted by the
^reteDrated liana Hoibem, who waa a natite of this city. The fituatioa
of Bttftlis pleafingt the Rhine diyi'dies it into the upper and lower town*
ahd it is conlidered at one of the keya Of ^^^^itzerland.' Baden it famoua
fdr iti antiquity and batht. Zuridri \i An" left confiderable than Bern«
but in the arfenal it (hewn the bow of the famous WiUi<>m TcU^ and jti
the library ia a manufcript of excellent ^iif-fn written by the unfortunate
Lady Jane Grey, to the judicious rtfohhe^ Sitllinger, in elogatit Latin
and German.

To prevent a repetition, I fliall here mention the city of Geneva^
which IS an aflbciate of Switzerland, And it imdor the proteAion of the
Helvetic body, but within itfelf is an independent lUte, and republic*
This city is well built^ and well fortified, and contains 24,000 inhabitants,
mo{{ of whom arc Calvlnifls. It is (itifated upon the fffHuzof the Rhone,
from the large fine lake of Geneva. It is celebrated fof the learning of
the profeiTors of its univerfity, and the good government of its chlleges,
the purity of its air, and the politenefs of its inhubitamg.' By its fitua*
tion it is a thoroughfare from Germany, France, and Italy* It cpntained
a number of fine manufaAuret and artilh ; fo that the proteflanrs, efpe-
cially fuch as arc of a liberal turn, efleem it a moft delightful place-
Bat the fermentation of their politics, and' particularly the ufurpation of
the Senate, hath divided the citizens into parties, and the late llruggVe

99 of

^&2.

SWITZERLAND.

«t PutilclaniAiiil Plebfians has been p'oduftive of the moll ruinous conCik
quences. The city ie now under the prutc^ion of France, or ruther in
magillr^tcs, aud council, the partizan* of ariftocracy ; many of its.valu-
able citizent have accordingly left the place, and fought retuge and pro-
tc^ioi) in Ird.md and elfevvhr-re.

CoMM icK AND.MANURAcr URK8.] The produtHions of the loom»
Uuen, dimity, lace, dockings, hanilkeichieis, ribands, filk and painted
cottons and ^lnl'(», arC*0tnmon in S^'itaerland, and the inhabitants are
now beginning:,' iiotwithrtaniting thvir fumj-tiiary laws, to fabricate fitkg
velvets, and woollen maoufai'^ture*. , 'J'heir gre.it proj^rcfs in thofe manu-
fa»'>ure», and in auricuirure, gives them a profpcft of being able foyn to
snake oonfiderable exports.

CoNSTiivriON AND 60VBRNMBNT..] Thefe arc very complicated
heads, though belonging to the fame body, being jwrtly ariftpcratical, and
partly dcmi.crutical. Every can oa in MbioUitc in its 9Wh jurifdi^ion, but
tkofe! of Bern, Zurich and Lucerne, wiih other dependencies, are
aiiftt»crat"tcal, vriih a certain uiixtureof demoirracy, Bern excepted. Thofe
of. Uri, Schweitr,, Unde<wt|ld, Zug, Glaris, and Appeui^cl, are demot
cratiail. Bafil, though it h^s the appearance of an ariftocrHcy, rather
inclines, to a democracy. But even thole arirtoci-acics and democracies
dtfter in their particular modes of gt vernnjeiu. However, in all of them
the real interefls of the people ajipcar to be much attended to, and they
enjoy a degree of h^ppinel's not to be cxpeiftcd in^ defpotic govern*
ineoiii. K.<ch canton hath prudently reconciled itfcif to the errors of ita
neigtibour, and cemented on the bafis of aticcliop, a fyHem of mutual
defence.

The confederacy, confidered as a republic, comprehends thr<!e divifions.
The firft are the Swiifes, properly fcj called. The fccond are the Grifons
or the dates, confederated with the Swilfes, for thpir common protec*
tion. The third are thofc ,preK\^ure», which though, fubjci.'^f to tho
other two, by purchafe or othei^jfe, preferve.each its owp particulir.mai-
gillrates. Every canton fortPS wi'thiu itfelf a little republic ; but when
any controvel-fy arifcs that may affei'f the whole confederacy* it is referred
to the general diet, which fM,8 at Buden, where each canton having a
rote, every queilion.is dccidt^d |>y,ihe ninjcwiry. The general diet confifts
of two deputies from each canton, befidcs a deputy from the abbot of
St. Gait, and the cities of St. Gt^ll and Bien. It is obferved by Mr.
Coxe, to whom the public have been indebted for the bcft account of
Switzerland that has appeared, ihiit there is ik) country in which happi-
ncfs and content more univerfally prevail among the people. For whether
the governmerw be'arillocrnticaVdcnrocratical, or mixed, a general fpirit
of liberty pervades and actuates the fevcral conlHtuiions ; fo that even th«'
oligarchical ftates (which, of all others, are ul'ually the moft tyrannical)
are here .pcquliarly mild ; and the property of the fubje(5f is fecurely
gmrded againil every kind of violation. A harmony is maintained by
the concurrence ©f their mutual fejicity ; and thtir fumptuary laws, an4
equal divtiion of their fortunes among their children, fccni to enfure itt
continuance. There is no part of Europe Which contains, within the fame
extent of ree;ion, fo many independent coiamonwcalths, and fuch a
variety of different governments, m are colWted together in this remark-
•able and delightful country ; and yet, with iWh wifdom was the Helve-
tic union compofed, and fo little have the Swifs, of late vears, been
««Stuated by the fpirit of conquefl) that fince the firm and complete eOa*
/s?' ' ■ «# bliflimcnt

SWITZERLAND.

bltfliiilcnt of chcir general confederacy, they have fcHrcely ever tiad oc.
CHliun to employ their arm« a<rainll a foreign enemy ; and have had no
hoftile commotiunit among themi'elves, that were not very foon happily
terinin.iteil.

HiivilNUi^s AND TAXES.] The variety of cantons that conditute the
b.vifs confederacy, renders it diflicult to give a prectfc account of their
revenues. Thote of the canton of Bern are faid to amount .^..nually to
300,000 crowns, and thofe ot. Zurich to 150,000; the other cantons in
proportion to their produce and manuhii^urcs. Whatever is faved, after
defraying the neccii'ury expenccs' of government, is laid up as a com-
fnon ilock ; :ind it has been faid, that the Swifles are poirciTed of 500,oool«
il<;rling in the Englifli funds, belides thofe in other brinks.

The revenues arife, i. From the profits of the dcmefne lands ; 2. The
tenth of the produce of all the bnds in the country ; 3. Gulloms and
duties on merchandife ; 4. The revenues arifing from the fale of fait, and
I'ome cafual tuxes.

Military sTRENCfTH.] The internal ftrcngth of the Swifs cantons,
indepemtent of the militia, conliAs of 13,400 men, r^tifed according to
the population and abilities of each. The occonomy and wifdom with
which this foi*ce is riifed and employed, are truly admirable, as are the
arrangements which are made by the general diet, for' keeping up that
j;reat body of militia, from which foreign ibtes and princes are fupplied,
fo as to benefit the rtate, without any prejudice to«its populition. Every
burgher, peafant, and fubjcrt, is obliged to excrcife himfclf in tlm ufe
«f arms ; appear on the llatcd d.«ys for fliooiing at :^mark ; furuifli himfelf
with proper clothing, accoutrements, powder, and ball ; and to be always
ready for the defence of his country. The Swifs engage in the fervice of
foreign princes and Qates, cither merely as guards, or as marching re-
giments. In the latter cafe, the governinciii permits the cnliiling
volunteers, though only for fuch Hates as they are in alliance with, or
tvith whom they have entered into n previous agreement on that article.
But no fubje£t is to be forced into foreign fervice, or even to be enlided
\yithput the concurrence of the magiftracy.

Htstory.] The prcfent SwilJes and Grifons, as has been already
mentioned, are the dcCcendants of the ancient Helvctii, fut)dued by Julius
C'ajfar. Their mountainous, uninviting iituation, formed a better fecii-
rity for their liocrties than their forts or armies ; and the fui-.e is the cafe
at prcfent, Thcv continiicd long under little better than a nominal
fubjqrtion to the Burgundians and Germans, till about the yt-ar 1300,
when the emperor Albert I. treated them wiih fo much rigour, that they
petitioned hiinagaiult the cruelty of his governors. This ferved only to
double the harJiTiips of the people ; and one of Albert's Auflrian gover-
nors, Greflcr, iu the wantoniids of tyranny, fet up a hat ujjon a pole, to
which he ordered the ':<ifivcs to pay as much refpci^ as to himfelf. One
William Tell, l""':»g obferved to p;ds fixcjiittiily without talcing n;3tice of
the hat, au'' Senig :mi excrllt-nt m:okfiiian, the tyrant condemned him to
be h"..iged, unlefs he cleft an apple upon his Ion's head, at a certain
Jiltancc, with an arrow. Tell cleft the apple; and GreH«r alking him
the meaning of ano) her arrow he faw lluck in his belt, he V)lunrly an-
fwered, that it was intended to his (Greflcr's) heart, if he h.id k lied his
fon. Tell was condemned to piilbn upon this; but making hisefcape, be
watched his opportunity, and Ihot tht tyrant, and thereby l:ud the foun-
dations of the Helvetic liberty. ■ .■

O 2 I;

.B^^

S P A I I^.

It appears, however, that before this event, the revoh of the SwiiTdi
fron the Auftrian tyranny had been planned by fome noble patriots among
them. Their meafures were fo juft, and their courfe fo intrepid, that
they fooa effected a union of feveral canton?.

Zurich, driven by opprefiion, fought firft art alliance with Lucerne,
Uri, Suifle, and Underpaid, on the principles of mutual defence j and
the frequent fucceffes of their arms againft Albert, duke of Auftria, in-
fenfibly formed the grand Helvetic union. They firft conquered Claris
and ZUg, and admitted them to atl equal participation of their rights.
BerAe united itfelf in 1353; Friburg and Soleure 1 30 years after ; Bafil
and Scaffhaufen in icoi ; and Appcsselin 1513 completed the confede-
racy, which repeatedly defeated thtf* united powers of France and Ger-
many; till, by the treaty of Weftphalia in 1648, their confederacy was
declared to be a free and independent ftate.

Neufchatel, fince the year 1707, hath been under the dominion of the
king of Pruflia, but the inhabitants are free to ferve any prince whatever,
and by no means bound to take an adtive part in his wars. The king
hath the power of recruiting among them, and of naming a governor,
bur the revenues he derives is not above eoool. yearly, great part of which
is laid out on the roads and other public works of the country* With
regard to the military chara£ter, and great actions of the Swifies, I muft
tettt the r^er to the hillories of £urope.

!.%<•*.,

SPAIN.

/A-^i-'i-HT i.'-' SiTUlT ION AND EXTENT.

ta.Kiir'j •■

t ':■!■

Miles.

Degrees.

••i^'-'V'

.J;f

ff ■'>/}/.;*

Length 7©" I bct«feen i '<>»"** 3 ^^ JobE""*'^' '^''"^;f^''
. Breadth 500 J ( 36 and 44 north latitude. - , "'"'

Boundaries.] TT is bounded on the Weft by Portugal aixd the

X Atlantic Ocean ; by the Mediterranean, on the

Eaft ; by the Bay of Bifcay and the Pyrenean Mountains, which feparat6

it from France, on the North ; and by the ftrait of the fea at Gibraltar,

on the South.

It is now divided into foyirteeu diftritfts, beftdes iflaods in th« Medi*
terranean.

P-{ 'r: V

Counttle*

•>»

ISBC

IfG/u

I- .'«

S P A I N.

S^S

CauntrJM Namei.

Spain.

CaAile, New

Anilalufla
Caftile, Old
Arragon
Eftremadura
Galicia
Leon
Catalonia
Granada
Valencia

B^fcay and Ipufcoa
Ailuria
Murcia
_Upper Navarre

Majarca I.
J Yvica I.
I Minorca

Total—

Square

;3a

Miles.

» 71840

a20

j8o

16,500

»73

IV-

14.400

193

140

13.818

190

lOS

ii)6oo

180

la.ooo

16,

I2C

11,100

167

9000

172

110

iiioo

20Q

4')

6800

i8c

4760

140

4600

'2^

360a

3000

1400

■JS

625

520

150.763

MADRID

Seville

liurgos

Saragofla

Oadajos

CompoilelU

Leon

Barcelona

Granada

Valencia

Bilboa

Oviedo i • -

Murcia

Pampeluna

Majorca

Yvica

Cittulella

/ N. L

at 40-
Loa. 4-

30.
«5-

.•

The town and fortrefs of Gibraltar, fubjedt to Great Britain.

Ancient Names and divisions.] Spain formerly included Portu-
gal) and was known to the ancients by the name of Iberia, and Hefperia,
as well as Hifpania. It was, about the time of the Punic wars, divided
into Citerior and Ulterior ; the Citerlor contained the provinces lying
uorth of the river Ebro ; and the Ulterior, which was ttie largcft part,
comprehended all that lay beyond that river. Innumerable are the
changes that it afterwards underwent ; but there is no country of whofe
ancient hidory, at leafl the inceiior part of it, we know lei's than that of
Spain.

Climatf, soil, and water.] Excepting during the equinoctial
rains, the air of Spain is dry and ferene, but exceflively hot in the fou«
thein provinces in June, July, and Auguft. The vaft mountiains that
run through Spain are, however, very beneficial to the inhabitants, by
the i-cfrefhing breeies, that come from them in the fouthernmoft parts ;
though thofe towards the north and north-eaft are in the winter very cold,
and in the ni^ht make a traveller fliiver.

The foil of Spain was formerly very fruitful in corn, but the natives
have lately found feme fcaicity of it, by their difufe of tillage, through
their indolence ; the caufes of which I (hall explain afterwards. It pro-
duces in m:my places, almofl Ipontaneoully, the richeft and moil deli*
cipus fruits that are to be found in France and Italy, oranges, lemons,
prunes, citrons, ulmonds, raifins, and figs. Her wines, efpecially her
lack and (herry, are in high requeft among foreigners ; and Dr. Bul-
ching fays, that the inhabitants of Malaga, and the neighbouring coun*
try, export yearly wines and raifins to the amount of 268,759!. fterling.
Spain indeed offers to the traveller large tracts of unpromifing, becaul'6
uncultivated, ground ; but no country perhaps, maintains fuch a numbe|:
of inhabitants, who neither toil nor w k for their food ; fuch are the
gene^oy^ qualities of ^9 foiU Even fugar-caiie^ thrice in Spain j and it

P o J yields

^6 SPAIN.

yieldi faffron, hone)', and filk in great abuuiKmcc. A late writer,
IJftariz, a Spaniard, compute^ the number of (licplieids in Spuiii tu he
40,000 ; and lus given us a moll curious detail ut their cxcouomy, their
uliangcs of pafture at certain times of the year, and many other parttcu-
);irs unknown till lately to the public. Thole flicup-w.ilks atlurd the
fincft ot wool, and :iie a treailure in themrelvcs. Some oi the muuiitiiina
in Spain ore clothed with rich trecit, fru'ts, and herbage, to the tops ;'
and Seville orangcii lue noted uU over ihe world. No country prodnci s a:
greater variety oturomntic htrU, which rcniicrs the talU of their kids iind
lliecp fo exquifitety delicious. 'I'he kingdom uf Murciu ahounds ib nuich,
ivith mulberry trees, th:u the produdt ot its lilk amounts to 200,000). n
year. Upon the whole, re\i^counirics in the world owe more thnn Spain;
does to nature, and Id's to indullry.

This country is much intcrted with locufts ; and Mr. Dillon obfervcs,
that in 17;4» La Mancha was covered with them, and the horrors of
famine aiiailed the fruitful provinces of Andalufia, Murcia, and Valencia,
They have fometimes appeared in the air i' . I'uch numbers as to darken the
!iky ; the clear atmol'pltere of Spain has become gloomy ; and the tinefl:
fummcr day of Eftrcmaiiur,» been rcndt- red more difmal than the winter
of Holland. Their fcni'e of fmcUing is fo deliciitc, that ihcy can tiif-
cover a corn field, or a garden, at a confuierable diflunce ; and whicli
they will r;iv»go almoil in an inftant. Mr. Dillon is of opinion, that the
{Country people, by timely attention and obfcrvation, night dertroy the
leggs of thcic tormidable inre(.'i8, ani;! thereby totally extirpate them.

The waters (elpevialiy thole that are medicinal) of Spain are little
)(no^yn ; but many falutifcrous tprings arc found in Granada, Seville, and
Cordova. Al) over Sp.iin the waters ate found to have fuch healing
qualities, that they ate outdone by thole of no country \r\ Eyrojje ; and
the incloling, and encouraging a refort to them, grow every day mor?
and more in vogue, elpecially :^t Alhamar in Gratjada,

Mountains.] It is next to iinpoflible to fpccity thefe, they are fo
numerous : the chief, and the higheft, are thf Pyrcntes, nf-ar 200 mile?
in length, which extend from the Bay of JJifcity to the Mediterranean,
^nl.divide Sp>V>i> from France. Over thefe mountains there arc only five
narrow paflages to France, and fhc rqad over the puis th-.it fcparate^
Kouirillon frum Catalonia, reflei'ils great honpur on the cngintt ■ who
planned it. It foimerly required the llrepgth of 30 men to Uipport, and
nearly as many oxpn to drag op a carriage, which four horfes now do with
cafe. The Cantabrian mountains (as they are called) are a kind of
continuation of thp Pyrenees, ^nd reach to the Atlantic Ocean, fouth of
Cape Finiftcrre. No Englifliman ought to be unacquainted with Moutit
Calpe. now called the hill of Gibraltar, and in former times, one of
the pillars qf Hercules j the ojher, Mount Abyla, lying oppofite to it iifl
Africa.

Among the n^ountains of Spain, Montlerrat is particularly worthy thg
attention qf the ourious iravellcr: one qf the moll fingular in the world,
for fitMHtion, fliape, and compoUtion. )t llands in a vail plain, about
thirty miles from Barcelona, and nearly in the centre of the principality
pf Catalonia, It is called by the Catalonians Monte-ltrrado, or Mount
Scif,(^.jyord3 which fignify a cut, or fawed mountain ; and is lb called
frotti iti^ fingular and extraordinary form ; for it is fo broken and divided,
9ud fo't^pYVI^^t^ ^vith an inii^ce nutpber of fpiring cones, or pine heads, that

8 ? A r N.

i6r

ft lias the apuearjince, V a (fiflant.vicw, to be the work of man j but»
Mpon a nearer approach, tu be cvi4^Dtly the produftton of' the God ot'
nature. It is a i'lMK (o aditiirably ad^prrd for retirfin^nt and contcinpln*
tidii, that it has, for many 9ges, been inh tbiird only by monks and her*
nitts, whofc firft v«\v is, never to forfake it. When the moumain is firll
icen Ht a diftatice, it has the appearance of an intinitc number </ rocki
cur into cmicat forms, and built one upon another to a prodi^io > hcightf
or like a pile of jy;rotto work, or Gothic Cpiresi. Upon a nearer view, eatl^
cone appears ot itfelf a mountain ; and the whole compofci an enor>
nious mul's about 14 miles in circumference, ;ind the Spaniards compute
k to be two leagues in height*. As it is like no other mountain, fo ic
il»nds tjuite uiicimnertcd with any, though not far dillant from fomc
that are very lofty. A convent is erected on the mountain, dcJicaiod ta
bur Lady ot Montferrat, to which pilgrims relbrt from the ta«thcil parts of
F.uiope. All the poor wlio come' here are fed gratis for three dayc, and
all the fick received into the hofpititl. Somtiimes, on particul.ir fekUvalSy
fcven thoufand perfons arrive itl one dny ; but people ot condition pay
a rcafonable price for what they cat. On different parts of the (tiountain
iin a number of hermTtagcs, all of which have their little chapelt,
ornaments for faying mafs, wnter cifterns, and moftot chem little gardens'.
The inhabitants of one of the e hermitages, which is dedicated to St.
Benito, \ii the privilege of making an annual entcriainiitenr on a certain
U;iy, on which day all the other hermits arc invitvd, when they receive
the facrament from the hands of the mountain vicar ; and itier divine fer*
vice dine together. They meet alfo at this hermitage, on the days-of the
faints to which thrir fcveral hermitages arc ckdicated, to fay mafs, a'tui
commune with each other. But at other times they live in a very folitaiy
and recUife mannciv perform various penances, and adhere to very rigid
rules of abftin(r«.'e, nor do they ever cat flefli. Nor are they allowed to
keep within their wall|,.tuthcr dog, cat, bird, or any living thin|;, left
their attention Hiould be withdrawn from heavenly to earthly atfeflions^
The number of prdfcfTed monks there, is 76, of lay brothers a8, and of
ringing boys 251 befides phyfician, furgeon, aiwl fervants. Mr. ThtcK^
ncfle, who has publidied a very particular defcription of this extraordinary
mountain, was informed by one of the hermits, that he often faw from hit
habitation the itlatids of Minorca, Majorca, and Ivica, atid- thi kingdoms
of Valencia and Murcia.

Rivers AND lakes.] Thefc are the Duero, formerly Diiriut, v/Y'iii
falls into the Atlantic Ocean below Oporto in Portugal; the Tajo or
Tagus, which falls into the Atlantic Ocean below Lilbon ; the Ciiadiann
falls into the fame ocean near Cape Kinifterre; as does the Guadalquivrr,
now Turio, at St. Lucar ; and the Ebro, the ancient Iberus, falls into the
Mediterranean fca below Tortofa.

The river Tinto, the qualities of which are very extraordinary, rifes
in Sierra Morena, and empties itfelf into the Mediterranean near iluelva,
having the name of Tinto given it from the tinge of its waters, which are
as yellow ns a topaz, hardening the fand, and petrifyini; it in a ,mo(t
furpriling manner. If a i\onc happens to fall in, and rd upon another.

• Mr. Swinburne eftimates its height at only .^,300 feet, and nhferves fliat the
arms of the convent are, the Virgin .Mary fitting at the t'uot of a rock, half ear.
through by ft law, --••>• --• -..- ., _ ^y

O 4 they

56«

SPAIN.

they both become in a year*» liine peif«Aly united and ccogtutinated.-*
This river withers all the plants on its pstnkit as well as the lOots Of trees,
which it dies of the fame hue as its waters.^ No kiud of verdure will
come up where it reaches, nor any fifli live in its ftream. It kills worms
in cattle when given them to drink; but in general no animals will
drink out of this river, excepting goats, whole flefli neverthelefs has an
excellent flavour. Thefe lingular properties continue till other rivulct»
run into it, und alter its nature : for when it pafles by Nicbla, it is not
different Irnm other rivers, and falls into the Mediterranean lea fix league^
lower down.

Several lakes in Sp^in, particularly that of Bcneventa, abound with
fiflies, particularly excclirnt trout. The water of a laks near Antic]uerft
is made into fait by the hrat of the fun.

Bays.] The chief buys are thofc of Bifcay, Fcrrol, Corunna (<lom>
monly called the Groyne,) Vigo, Cadiz, Gibraltar, CarthaBcn.i, Ahcanr,
Altea, Valencia, Roles, Majorca in that ifland, and thc.h»i'Dour of Purt-
Mahun, in the iiland of Minorca. The ftrait of Gibraltar divides £uvope
from Africa.

M£TALt AND MINERALS.] Sp^in abounds in both, and in as great
variety^ and of the fame kinds, as the other countries of Europe. Cor<
nelian, agate, loadllones, jacinths, turquois ftoneS) quickfilver, copper,
lead, fulphur, alum, calamine, cryfial, marbles of leveral kind^, por«
phyry, the finefl jafpcr, and even diamonds, emeralds, nnd amethids,
are found here. The Spaniih iron, next to that of Damafcus, furnifhes
the beft arms in the world ; nnd in former times, brou|;ht in a vaft reve>
nue to the crown ; the art of working it being here in great perfeflioii.—
Even to this day, Spaniih gun barrels, and fwords of Toledo, are liighly
valued. Amongft the ancients, Spain was celebrated for gold and lilver
ipines ; and filver was in fuch plenty, that Strabo, who was contempo>
rary with Auguftus Caefar, informs us, that when the Carthagiuiany
took pofleflion of Spain, their domeflic an.-l agricultural utenlils were of
that metal. Thefe mines have now difapp;ared ; but whether by their
being exhaufled, or through the indolence of the inhabitants in not work-
ing them, wc cannot fay ; though the latter .^aufe feems to be the moil
probable.

■ Animal prod.uctions 7 The Spanifli \ orfes efpecially thofe of
BY SEA AND LAND. ) AndaluHa, are thought to be the haudlbmel^
of any in Europe, and at the fame time very flt?t and ferviceable. The
king does all he can to monopolize the fineft brt^els for his own'Aables and
fervice. Sp.tin furniflies likewife inules and black cattle { and their wild
bulls have to much ferocity, that their buU-feafls were the moft magnifi-
cent fped^acle the court of Spain could exhibit, nor are they now
difufed. Wolves are the chief beads of prey that peder Spain, which is
utU dored with all the game and wild fowl that are to be found in the
neighbouring countries already defcribed. T^e Spanifli feas afford excel-
lent fiOi of all kinds, efpecially anchovies, which are here cured in great
pei t'tction.

J'opuLATioN, INHABITANTS, MANNERS, 7 Spain, formerly the
CUSTOMS, DIVERSIONS, AND DRESS. J mod populous kingdom
iii Eun-pc, is now but thinly inhabited. This is owing partly to the
jjreat drains of people lent to America, and partly to the indolence of l,he
natives, who are at no pains to raifc food for their families. Another
caule tnny be afligued, and that is, the vad numbers of ecclefiadicf; qf

both

SPAIN.

leir

both rezei, who lead a life of celibacy. Some writert have given (cvrral
other caufcs, fuch as their wars with the Moors, and the ^ual expulfion
of that ueople. The urcfent inhabitants uf this kingdom have l>eea
computea by Fcyjou, a Spanidi writer, to amount to 9|2;o,ooo, fo that
England is three times »i populous as Spuin, conlidcring its extent.

The persons of the Spaniards ara gcneially tall, efpeciully the Caflili.
ani ; their hair and compttfxions I'warthy, but their countenances are very
expreiTive. The court of Madrid hus of late been at great pains to clear
their upper lips of mullachoes, and to introduce among them the
French drefs, inftcad of their black cloaks, their (hort jerkin, Hraic
breeches, and long Toledo fwords, which drefs is now chiefly confiaed t^
the lower ranks. The Spaniards, before the accelHon of the houfc of
Bourbon to their throne, atfcded that antic]uated drefs in hatred an4
contempt of the French ; and the government, probably, will Hnd forae
diiticulty in abolifliing it quite, as the fame fpirit is (at from being extin-
guilhed. An old CalUlian, or Suaniard, who fees none above him,
thinks himlelf the mod important being in nature; and the fame pride
is commonly communicated to his defcendants. This is the true reafoa
why many of them are fo fond of removin[j to America, where they
can retain all their native importance, without tne datfger of feeing a fu-
perior.

Ridiculous, however, as this pride is, it is produ£live of the moft
exalted qualities. It infpires the nation with generous, humane, and
virtuous fcntiments ; it being feldom found that a Spanish nobleman,
gotitleman, or even trader, is guihy of a mean a£^ion. During the moft
embittered wars they have had with England for near 70 years pad, we
know of no indance of their taking advantage (as they might ealily have
done) of coniifcating the Britifli property on board their galleons and
plate fleet, which was equally fecure in time of war as peace. This i(
the more furpriling, as Philip V. was often needy, and his minifters
)vere far from being fcrupulous of breaking their good faith with Great
Britain. >

By the bed and mod credible accounts of the late wars, it appeary
that the Spaniards in America gave the mod humane and noble relief
to all Britilh fubjefts who were in didrefs and fell into their hands, not
only by fupplying them with necelTarics, but money ; and treating then^
in the mod hofpitabic manner while they remained among them.

Having faid thus much, we are carefully to didinguifh between the
Spanidi nobility, gentry, and traders, and their government, which are not
to be put on the fame footing with the lower ranks of Spaniards, who are
as mean and rapacious as thofe, of any other country. The kings of
Spain of the houfe of Bourbon, have feldom ventured to employ native
Spaniards of great families, as their miniders. Thcfe are generally
French or Italians, but mod commonly the latter, who rife into power by
^he mod infamous arts, and of late times from the mod abjeiSt dations.—
Hence it is that the French kings of Spain, (iuce their accedion to that
monarchy, have been but very indiifcrently ferved in the cabinet. Al-
beroni, who had the greated genius among thctri, embroiled his mailer
with all Europe, till he was driven into exile and difgrace ; and Grimaldi,
the lad of their Italian miniders, hazarded a rebellion in the capital, by
his oppreflive and unpopular meafures.

The common people who live on the coads, partake of all the bad qua-
lities th9t are to be found ia otheir catious. They are aa alTerablage of
"/ '■ -^ . ' ' ' I 1 Jews,

•57©

SPAIN.

J<wi, Frrnch, Ruftians, Iri(h advrnturen, and Enjjlifli fiiuitr'^If r« j vtho
hvu\^ uniiMo to live in thrir own country, mingle wiili the SpnniuKi*.-—
In iimcol" M«r, they follow privuferriii}; with gicHt fucceli j und when
jwtic return'*, they <'Ni;iif^ in nil illicit priuMicm, nud of'icn entrr inio the
Jrifh and Walluon );uard» in the Spnnilli fn» ice. Thnr iire tilmirt
40,1 CO gyplici, iind who, bclidis their hirfiii>c-tcHin;»i ntc innkeopcri in
the (niitll tnwnn nnd villngei'. The chiinii'hr of the Spuniunls in ihnt
dnnvn hv Mr. Swiiihiinie, after hi* lite tiaviN ihrn\i;rh the coiiniryt
*♦ The Catiiluni iippcar to be the nioft attivc llininjr tit of men, the licll
SMiciiliitcii tt)r huiini ft, tiMvelliiifr, tind ni.mulaflniTs. Tlic V.ilincinn^,
% more litllen, Icdntc nice, better luhipteil to the occup.itioiis of h«i(h;md-
•iticn, lef» either to ch:ini^e place, niul of n much inoie timid, fvirpieious
cid of mind thitn the lormcr. The Andaluli.iijii ftem to he the [^leatctl
tiilker^ nnd rl\o<lomont.idoc« of Sp.iiii. The C.itliii.uis h.ive a manly
ir.iiikncft, nnd Id's appcanince of cunning and deceit. The New Ciliili-
uns arc pethnps the Icalf induiiriout of the whole nation: the Old
CatHlians are hiboriinii, and retain more of ancient limpliciiy of manner;
bi>th «rc of a firm determined fpirit. The Arragonefe are a mixiiuc of
the Calilian and Catalan, raihci iuciininp to the tomier. The Bifcavncrt
urc acute an'1 diligent, Hery and impaiirnt of control, mnrr rcfemhlinir a
cnlonv ot rcpuhlic.mi than u province of an abfolute monarchy ; nnd ine
Galiciani ate a ploddint* pains-taking race of murculs, that roam over
Spain in I'earch ot nn haidly earned ruhlillence."

The beauty of the Spanith ladies reigns niotlly in their novels and ro-
mancci; for though it mutf be acknowledged that Spain produces as fme
women as any country in the world, yet beauty is far from forming -lielr
general character. In theii perlbns, they aic commonly fmall and ilcndcr;
but they arc faid to employ vail art in fupplying the defcCh of nature.—
If wc arc to hazard a conjecture, we miglit icafonnbly fuppofc that
thole artifices rather diminill) than incical'c their beauty, cfpecially when
chev are turned of 2;. Their indilcrininatc ufe of paint, not only upon
thtir faces, but their necks, urni!', and hands, undoubtedly diiiliguresihcir
complexions, nnd (hrivcis their Ikin. It is at the fame time univcifally
allowed, that they have great wit and vivacity.

After all 1 have faid, it is more than probable that the vaff pains taken
by the government of Spain, may at laft eradicate thofccudoins and habifs
among the Spaniards that fecm fo ridiculous to foreigners. They are uni-
▼ertally known to have refined notions and excellent fenfe ; and this, if
Improved by liudy and travelling, which t!iey now rtar.d in great need of,
would rendk-T them fuperior to the French themfclves. Their floit% deli,
berate m nner of proceeding, either in council or war, has of late years
woni off to Inch a degree, that during the two laft wars, they were found
to be as cjuick both in refolving and executing, if not more fo than their
enemies. Their Iccrecy, coni'tancy, and patience, have always been deemed
exemplary; and in feveral of tiicir provinces purticulitrly (ialicia, (rra*
nada, and Andalulia, the common people have, for fomc time, nlfiduoully
opplicd themfclves to agriculture and labour.

Among the many good qualities poirefl(:d by the Spaniards, their fo-
briety in eating and drinking is remarkable. They frequently breakfalf,
as well as fup, in bed ; their breakfall is ufually chocolate, tea being very
fcldom drank. Their dinner is <;enerally beef, mutton, veal, poik, nnd
bacon, greens, &c. all boiled together. They live much upon garlic,
?hivcS| Vallad, and radifhcs ; which, according to oao of their proverlw,

i arc

SPAIN.

S7«

•re food for ii {^entlrmnn. The mm drink vrry lirtle wine: iind the
women ulV wntrr ur clxicoUte. H<Kh fiexr* ul'iiully llerp after Jmner, Hn4
tiikr the uir ill the cuul of (he cvrninKii Dunt'in]{ it to much their fuvou*
ritccntrrtainmtn', th>«t yuu inHy fee » gmndtnoilicr, mother, nnd (laughter,
hII ill h' fuiiir coiintry-dAnce. o any ut their ihciitiicil cxhihiiion* are
iiili|tid Mild ridii uUiut buinhniK The prumptir'i liCitd loinetimeo itjiprart
through H tr,i|>.«lour uhovc the livcl ot the lU^e, and he icidit thr |ilnjr
loud enough lo be he.<rd l)y tlic .ludit-nce. Ciull.imry it » ruliii|f |iai]i«)n
li'i Spuii\. JciiloiilV) liiicc the acctliton nf the hunle of Bourhoii, hat
(Irpt 111 |)cace. '1 he nightly iiiulioi ft'rrn«ilck cf inillrcilci by theii hjvrri
are fliil iii ti'r. The tights ot the vnviiruii, ur l)ull-teutli, urc almoft
pcciiliiir to thin country, sind make h ctipiial figure in priming ihc f^eniua
and iiiinneiii of the Sptni;irdr. On liiefe occfllioni, youn^ grnilcmca
have an mjportunity tit llicwing their conr.igr and nrtivny he ort* th<ir
itiillrrltc!) ; and th'- VHh)ur ot the cavalier iit procluinu-d honoured, .tnd
rcvvuided, according to the number and Hcrceneli of the bulli he h;ii kiili
in thcfc t'ncuuoitrii. Gre<4t painii are ulVd in fettling the form and weM|MMis
(>t tl)c oontbat, fo m to ^ivc a relief to the g.illantry ol the c iTat.er. Tiie
diverhon itfelf, which i:* iitteiided with tikcuinllancct ot gr;.ii harh. ..ly,
if undouhiedly <»f Moorifh original, and whk adopted by the Sj)aniarat
when upon good terms with that nation, partly through cumplaifiincc,
and puiily through riv.ilHiip.

There is not a town in Spain but what has n large f<|iiare for th^ ■-.vr-

(lole ot exhiliit ng liull fi'^hib : and tt is laid that even the poorcl' inln*
titiinis of the finall'.ll villages will oltcn club together in order to procure
» cow or an ox, anti n;;ht tlum, riding upon .illic's for want of hortcs.

KkMGioN'.] The horrors of the Romini religion, the only oni; tole-
rated in Spain, are now greatly Icilcned theic, by moderating the penaitiei
pf (he inquihiion, a tritiunul ditgraceful to human nature; but though
difufed, it is not abrogated; oiJv the ccclcli.illics and their oiticrrs c:ia
pirry po fcntence into execution without the royal authority : it is iKill ia
force agaiall the Mooridi and Jewilli preieiidid c<mvcrts. The Spaniards
enibnuc and nra^^il'e the Human Catholic nli^iun with all its ab*
fuidities ; and in this they have been To ItcaJy, th.it their king is dillin*
guiflied by the epithet of Mojl CntholU; It appeals, however, that the
burning zeal which diftinguilhed their anccllors above the relt of the Ca»
ihiilic world hath hill much of its ai^tiviiy, and f'Xitv- .-leurly cxiinguiflied|
and the power of the clergy has been much redi';,:d ..i l.itc years. A
royal edift has alfo hern ilVupd, to prevent the a.imititoti of noviciates into
the diilcrcnt convents, witliout fpe^ial penniilion, which has a great ten*
dency to reduce the monaltc prdci'B. It is comotited that there arf now*
in the kingdom of Spain, 54,000 friars, 3,, 00 ..ums, apd 2-, co fcL-ular
clergy, but a* little tru moral religion -m, in any country under heaven.

AKCHOiSHOf KICKS AND BIS |ioi>RicKS.] In Spain there are eight arch^
Liflujpricks, and f >rty-{ix bilhopricks. I'he archbillioj) ol Toledo is ftylcd
the Prinvatc of Spain ; he is gn.at chapeellor of Cafiile, and hath a reve-
nue of ioo,oool. I>erling per annum ; but the Spanifli court hath navr
many ways of leflcning the revenues of the church, as by penlions, dona-
tions to hofpita s, &c. and premiums to the focicties of agriculture. This
arehbilhoprick pays annually ii;ooo ducats to the monks ot thtf ECcuriiil,
belides other penlions, and it is ailierted, that there is no; a bilhu|;iick ia
Sp.iin but hath fome body or other quartered upon it, and the lecond rate
t^.eu$|ic^8 are believed to be \\\ the fatne |>rcdicamrnt. Out of the rich

ca-

57a

SPAIN.

cftnonriet atiii prebencis arc taken the penfiont of the new order of knighti
. ot° Callos Tercero. The riches of the Spanifli churches and convents are
the unvarying objects of admiration to all travellers as well as natives ;
but there is a ramenefs in them all, excepting that they differ in the de«
gre cs of treafurc and jcyvels they contain.

Lanouaue.] The ground-work of the Spani^ language, like that of
the Italiiin, is Latin ; and it might be called a haftard Latin, were it not
for the terminations, and the exotic words introduced into it by the Moors
and Goths, cfpccially the former. It is at prcfent a n.oft majcftic and
exprclfive lan^ua^e : and it is remarkable, that foreigners who underlland
it the beft, prize it the molK It makes but a poor %urc even in the beft
iranllations; and Cervantes fpeaks almoft as aukward Englifli as Shak-
fpcarc docs French. It inay, however, be conlidercd as a ftandard tongue,
lutving nearly retained its purity for upwards of 200 years. Their Patcr-
noller runs thus : Padre nufjlro^ que eftas tn el ch-lo, fanHiJicailo fc d tu
nomhre ; vinga n not cl tu reyno j hagafe tu voluntaii^ ojjii-n la tuna conto rn
tl ciela ; el pan nueflro tie cada ilia t/a nos le oy ; y ptrdona nos nu^ras deudas
ajji como hos otraperdonamos a nucftros deudora \ no vos dexes cair en la tcn^
tacion^ mas libra ttos de tnal^ forijue tao es Ic reyno ; y lapotauia ; y lagloria
ptr losjtglos. Aincn.

LfcARMNG AND LEARNED MEN.] Spain has not produccJ Icirncd men
in proportion to the excellent capacities of its natives. This defect may,
in fome meafure, be owing to their indolence and bigotry, which prevents
them from making that progrefs in the polite arts which they othcrwife
would : but the greatcft impediment to literature in Spuin, is the defpotlc
nature of its government. Several old fathers of the church were Spa-
niards ; and karninij owes a great deal to Ifidorc, bifhop of Seville, and
cardinal Ximcnes. Spain has likewife prothiccd fome exccUcm phyliciaus
Such W.1S the gloom ot the AuArian government, that took place with the
emperor Charles V. that the inimitable Cervantes, the author of Don
Ouixote, born at Madrid, 101549, lilled in a llation little fupcrior to that
ot a common foldier, and died neglected, after fighting bravely for his
country at the battle of Lepanto, in which he loll his left baud. His
fatire upon knight-cnantry, in his adventures of Don Qiiixoto, did as
much fervice to his country by curing them of that riiiicul-jus Ipiiit, as it
\\o\v does honour to his own memory. He was in prifon for de'.it, when
he compofed the firll part of his hiftory, and is perhaps to be placed at
the head of moral and humorous fatirills.

The vifions of Quevedo, and fome other of his hum.nous and fatirical
pieces, having been tranflated into the En'';H(li language, have rendered
that author well known in this cour.try. lie was hoin at Madrid in the
year I5"0, and was one of the beil writers of his age, excelling equally
10 verfe'and in profe. Bolides his merit as a poet, he was well verfed in
I he oriental languages, Piid fwlTcired great erudition. His works are com-
prifed in three volumes, 410. two ot which conlift of poetry, and the
third of pieces in profe. As a poet he excelled both in the fcriou» and
burlcfque ftyle, aiid was happy in a turn of humour fimilar to that which
we admire in Butler and Swift. ^

Poetry was cultivated in Spain at an early period. After the Saracens
had fettled themfelves in this kingdom, they introduced into it their own
language, religion, and literature ; and the oriental flyle of poetry very
aenerally prevailed. Before this period, the Spaniards had addi(^c(i
uiLiufclves much ^o Roman literature: but Alvaro of Cordova com-

1 ■ P'^'A^A

pVa
ton
•am
Tl
wa
am
the

SPAIN.

573

)>ln1n.4, that In his timf, the Spaniards had fo totally forgattcn the Latin
tongue, and given the preference to Arabic, that it was difficult even
amongft a thoufand pcoj^lc, to find one who could write a Latin letter.—
The attachment of many ol" tlic inhabitants of Spain to oriental literature
\VA9 then fo great, that they could write Arabic with remarkable purity,
and compofc verfcs with as >nurh Hucncy and elegance as the Arabians
fheinfelvca. About this time the Spanifh Jews maJc a confiderable figure
in literature, which was promoted by mailers from Babylon, where they
had acadamics fupportcd by thcmftivcs. In the year 967 Rabbi Mofes,
and his fon Ralibt Enoch, having been taken by pirates, were fold as
flaves at Cordova, and redeemed by their brethren, who cftabliflied «
fchool in that city, of which R'lbbi Mofes was ap|winted the head : that
leari»ed Jew was, however, dclirous of returning back to his own country;
but the Moorirti kinj^ of Cordova would not give his confent, rejoicing
that his Hebrew fubjcdli had maftcrs of their own religion at home, with-
out being under the neccffity of receiving them from a foreign univcr-
lity, and every ^jjdulgence was granted them with refpeft to their worfliip.
In 1039, RabbJ Ezechias was put to death at Babylon, and the college
over which he hatl prcfidcd was transferred to Cordova, from whence t
number of Hebrew poets ilFued forth, who have been noted by various
learned writers. The Spanilh Jews had alfo flourifliing fchools at
Seville, Granada, and Toledo, and from henca arofc the numerous
Hebrew proverbs, and modes of fpcech, that have crept into the Caftillaa
language, and lorm a conf|>icuou8 part of its phrafeology. . To thefe few*
the Spanifli language is indebted for a curious vcrfion of the Hebrew
books of the Old Tcftamenr, which was afterwards printed at Ferraia, in
15CJ, in a Gothic-Spanifii letter.

The Spanifli writers alio boalt of their Troubadours as high as thi
twelfth or thirteenth centuries, the Provencal and Galician dialers being
then very prevalent. The marquis of Villena, Who died in 14^, was
the author of that famous work the yfr/e de la Gay a Scle'ntia, which com^
preheuds a fyftem of poetry, rhetoric, and oratory, bclides defcribing al(
the ceremonies of the Troubadours at their {public exhibitions. — ThaC
nobleman was alio the author of a tranflation of the iEneid of Virgil into
Spanilh verfe. Juan de Mena, of Cordova, was alfo much celebrated
as a poet in his own time : his pocnis have palfed through a variety of
rdititms, the firft ot which was printed at SaragolTa in 1515. Juan de U
Encina was alfo a poet of confiderablc merit : he tranflatcd fome of the
Latin poems in Sp'rmifl), and publilhed a piece on the art of poetry, and
other works, which were printed at SaragolTi in 1516. Bofcan, Ercilbj
Villegas, and other Spanifli poets, alfo obtained gicat reputation in theif
own country. But the moft diftinguiflied dramatic poet of this nation
was Lopez de Vega, who was contemporary with our Shakfpearc. H*
pofl'eflcd an imagination aftonifliingly fertile, and wrote with great faci-
lity ; but in his dramatic works he difrcgarded the unities, and adapted
his works more to the taftc of the age than to the rules of crititifm.
His lyric compofitions, and fuifitive pieces, with his profe effays forrft
a coUeftion of fifty volume?, belides his dramatic works, which make
twenty-fix volumes more ; exclufive of four hundred fcriptural dramatic
pieees, called in Spain Autos Sacramentaleu Cddcron was alfo a dram3i>
tic writer of cc lerable note, but many of his plays are very licentiout
in their tendency.

Toilatus, a divine, the moft volumitious perhaps that ever wrote.

was

374

S P A I K.

I '

was a Spaniard ; but lis works have hern lonjj dtt^inguiflied only by tbtfff
bulk. Hcricni, iiml fomc other hiOoriiins, particularly ile Soils, have
Ihcwii j^ic.it abilities in hiliory, by iiivcrtijjating tlie antit|uitic» of Amc-

ind

Ilea, anu wnnn;/ the hiltory or us connncit t)y t uir comitryiDtn. —
Aiuoiig; \lw writcts w'h<» have lately appeared in Spain, Falht-r Feyjw) Ua»
been one of the moft dirtiuKuilhal. His pciforinances dilplay great iiij{e-
nntiy, vciy cxienlivc re.niiiig, iind inicoinnioii lihcrality >>f fcniimeor,
cfpccially when his litiiiition and coviniiy are coniidcrt-d. Many of his
pieces have been tranllit'd into Englilh, and piiblilhed in loin voluincsi,
«vo. Don Francifco l*i r< •/, BHver, nrciidvaton of Valencia, and author
of a dilllitaiion on the IMu-pnican language, may be placed in the Jiiil
line of Si>anill» littirati. S|.ain has likeuifc pioduccd many travelUrs and
voyageis to both the Indies, who are equally aniufin^r and inllruiflivt*.
If it fljould happtii the SiJiniards could t{ifcn<^as>e thimll-lvcs from their
abftraiJkd nietaphyfual turn of thinkins;, and from their prefent tyranni-
cal form of ijovernmcnt, they certainly would make a c.ipitil (i^ure iti
literature. At pr-fcnt, ir fccms, that the common education ot an Enj^lilh
gentleman would eonllitutc a man ot learninji; in bpain, and (liould he
underftand Greek, he would be quite a phiviiomtnon.

Some of the i>paniards have diilinjjuiilitd thtinfclvt-s in the polite arts»
and tioton'y the cities, but the palaces, cfpccially the Elcurial, *«ifcover
many ibiking fprrimens of their abilities as fiulpiors and arcliitids ;
Palonnno, in an elaborate tieatil'e on the art ot painting, in two volumes,
folio, has inferted the lives ot tivo hundred and thirty-three paintcis ami
fculptois, who tlourilhril in Spain from the time <jf Ferdinand the Cailio.
lie to the concUifion of the reign of Philip the Fourth. Amongll the
moft eminent Spanidt piinfcrs, were Velaft|ues, Nurillo, who is com-
monly called the Spanilh Vandyke, Uibcira, and Claudio Coello, whole
fiylc of painting was very fimihir to that of I'aul Veioneft;,

Universit^k*.] In Spain are reckoned 24 univerliiies, the chief of
which is '^ '.ima^a, founded by Alphonfus, ninth king of Leoi>, in the
year 1200. It ctmtains 21 colleges, fume of which are very magnificent,
Moft of the nobility of Spain fend their fons to be tducuttd here. The
reft are, Seville, (>ranada, Coinpoftelta, Toledo, Valadolid, Alcala,
Siguenza, Valencia, LeiiJa, Huefca, Saragoflh, Tortofa, Oiliina, Onata,
Cai'idia, Barcelona, Murcia, Tarag-ona, Baexa, Avila, Oriuela, Oviedo,
)ind Palencia.

ANTioi'titES AND ciTRiosiTius, 1 Thc former of thefc confift
ANTiKiciAi, AM) NATfc Ai.. J chictly of Romao and Moorilli
antu|uitief. Near Segovia, a grand aquedut't, creded by Ttajan, extends
over a dvep valley between two hills, and is fupportctl by. a double row of
Ij2 archen. Other "oman aquedufls, theatres, and circi, ate to be
found at Tcrrago, and dirtercnt parts of»Spain. A ruinous watch-tower
near Cadiz is vulgarly, but erronenully, thought to be one of the pillars
ofHerciiilcs. Near t hi- city of Salanriiicn are the renains of a Ruman
way, pnvrd with lari;c flat rtones ; it Nvas continued to Merida, and frotn
thence to Seville. At Toledo are the remains of an old Roman theatre,
which is now converted into a church, faid lo be one of thc greateft
turiolities of anti(]tiity. Ir is 600 feet in length, 500 in breadth, and of
a prcip.)rtionable hciuht; the roof, w!iii.h is amazingly bold and lofty, is
fuppiirte^l by 350 pillars of Hoc marble, in ten rows, forming eleven ailes,
inwhiih are 366 altars ;uyi 24 gates; every part being enriched and
adomc'd with the moll noble and colUy ornamcuts. At Marturcl, a targe

^vvu,

S' P A I' N.

575

♦own, whore mucli bliuk lace is mnnufaftiired, is a very high bridj^,
built in 1768 out of the ruins of a decayed one that Inid exiOcd 1985
years tVoni it» erection by Knnnit ul. At ttie north end is a trinmphal'
nrch or u;iteway, laid to havr dcen railed by thatfjencral in honour yt'hia
father Himilcar. It is ahiiolleniirr, wril ]>ro|>ortif>iu"il and fimpie, vvith-
iiiit any kind of ovnam^nr, except a tim or two of hewn Hone. Near
Murvicdro (once the faithful Siijuntnm) dcftroycd by Hannibal, are
foine Roman remains— as tlic ruinn c f the theatre, an cxa6t feniicircle
about 82 yards diameter, foir.e of the t^alleiies arc cut out of thcs
rock, and 9000 peifona might attend the exhibitions without inouuve^
iiienre.

The Moorifli antii|uiiif« are rich and ni?it»nific\*' >'. Among the nioft
diltiriji;ui(lud of thcle is the royal pdacc of the A!haml)ra at (iranada,
which is one of the moll cnrire, as well as the moll ftately, of any of the
tdiiiccs which the Moors erected in iipain. It wns built in is'io, bv the
fetond Mooiifli king of (Jrenada; and, in 1491, in the reicn of their
eighteenth kinj^, was taktn by the S|)!iniariis. It is fituated on a hill
which is aftendcd by a road bordered with hedges of double or imf)crial
myrtles, and rows of elms. On this hill, within the wulLs of the Alhatnw
bra, the enipcmr C'liiths V. be|;'aii a new pilace in 1568, wiiich wag
never Hnifh-'d, tlioui'h the fliell of it remains. It is built of yellow Itonc •
the ourlide forms a lijuarc of one bundled and ninety feet. The inlido
is a >»rand circular coUir, with a portico of the Tufcaii, and a j/allery of
the Doric order, each fupported by thirty-two columns, made of as many"
fingle pieces of m.iible. The grand entrance is omunented with co-
lumns of jafper, on the pedellais of which are re|)ieinitation8 of battles,
in marble bviflb relievo. Ths Alhambra itielf is a miifs of many huufet
and towers, walled round, and built of large ftoncs of diflercnt diincn-'
lions. Alinofl all the rooms have ftucco walls and ctillnjjs, fome carved,'
fnmc painted, and fotT>e !;ilt, and covered with various Arabic fentencce.
The niort curious place witlun, tli«t pf^rhaps exifts in Europe. Here are
fevtral baths, tfic walls, floor, and ceilings of which are of white marble.
The gardens abound with orange atul lemc.n trct's, pomegranates, and
TDyrtlfs, At the end of the gardens is another palace called Ginaraliph,
iituatcd on a inore cicv.ited llatinn than the AlhaiTif)ra. Fromthc balco-
nies of this palaic is nu of the finci} profpects in Europe, over fhe whole
fertile plain of Oranida, bounded by the fnowy inountain?. The Moora
to thiscKiy regiet the lofs of (Jranada, and liill ofter up prayers to God for
the iccovery t,f the city. Miny other noble inonumeuts, ert£fcd in the
Moor^^i time*, rem. .in m Sp>iin ; fomc of thcni in tolerable piefcrvation^
and others exhibiting fuperb ruins.

Aiming the natural curiolities, the medicinal fprings, and fome tjoily
lakes, form a principal part ; but we mul> not forget the river Guadiana,
which, like the Mfde in England, runs undrr ground, and then is faid tt»'
emerge. The royal cahinet of naniral hillory at Madrid, was opened to
the piiblic by his majefly's orders in 177 . Kvcry thing in thii collision
is ntnged vt'ith ncatnefs Hnd cle^'ance, and the apartments arc opened twice
a week for the public, bclidcB being llicwn privntely to flran^erj of rank,
Tiie mineral put of the cabinet, containing precious Oyiics, marbles,
ores, &c is vcr\ ptrfr6"l; bn't the coUeClion of birds and beafts at prefcnt
is not huge, thuugh it may be cxpeft -d to improve apace, if care be
taken to get the prodiiiftions of the Si>ani(li American colonies. Here i«
aifo a curious cutlci^iun of vales, bufuns, ewers, cu^<s, platcf, and «pna«

nuntul

57^

SPAIN.

mental piecies of the fiiicft agates, amethyfts, rock cryftaU, &c. mounted
ia goW, and enamel, fet with cameos, intagliod, &c. in sn elejjant tafte,
andof Tcry fine worktTianfhip, faid to have been brought from France by
l%iHp V. The cabinet a Ifu contains fpecimens of Mexican and Peruvian
vafes and utenfils.

In blowing up the rpck of Gibraltar, many pieces of bones and teeth
have been foutid incorporated with the ftone, fome of which have been
brought to England, and d^r filed in the Biitifli Mufeum, On the Weft
fide of the mountain is the CHve called St Michael's, eleven hundred and
ten feet above the horizon^ .' ' ny pillars of various fizes, fome of them
two feet in diamerer, ha' be( . formed in it by the droppings of water,
which have petrified in fu.hng. The water perpctURlly drips from the
Toof, and forms an infinite number of llalaftiia;, of a v. hitifli colour, coin-
pofed of fcveral coats or crufts, and which, as well as the pillar}, conti*
Dually increafe in bulk, and may probably in time fiU the whole cavern.
From the fummit of the ro^'k, in clear weather, not only the town of
Gibraltar may be feen, but th*; bay, the ftraits, the town of St. Roqus
and Algefiras^ and the Alpuxarra mountains, mount Abyla on the Afri-
can ftiore, with its fnowy top, the cities of Ceuta, Tangier, and great
part of the Barbary coaft.

Chief cities, &c,] Madrid, though unfortified, it being only fur*
founded by a mud wall, is the capital of Spain, and contains about
J0o,ooo inhabitants. It is furrounded with very lofty mountains, whofe
fummits are frequently covered with fnow. It is well paved and lighted j
and fome cf the iireets are fpacious and handfome. The houfes of
llfadrid are of brick, and are laid out chiefly for fliew, oonveniency
t>eing little confidered: thus you will pafs through ufnaliy two or three
large apartments of no ufe, in order to come at a fmall room ar the end
yfiiicte the family fit. The houfes in general look more ii?ke prifo.ns than
the habitations of people at their liberty ; the windows, beCides having a
balcony, being grated with iron bars, particularly the lowe- range, and
fometitnes all the reft. Separate familie* generally inhabit the x*amc houfii,
ab in Paris and Edinburgh. Foreigners are very much dilkrefled for
lodgings at Madrid, as the Spaniards are not fond of taking flran^s[ers into
their houfe , efpccially if they are not catholics. Its greateft exccl'cncy
is the chfnpnefs of its provifions ; but neither tavern, coffee-houfe, nor
newfpaper, excepting the Madrid Gazette, are to be found in the whole
city. The royal palace ftands on an eminence, on the weft fide of the
city ; it is a fpacious magnificent ftrudure, confifting of three courts,
and commands a very fine profpe6^. Etich of the fronts is 479 feet in
length and 100 high, and there is no palace in Europe fitted up with
gifcater magnificence ; the great audience-chamber efpccially, which is
lao ftet long, and hung with crimfon velvet richly embroidered witli
gold. Ornamented alfo with 12 looking-glaiTes made at St. lldefonfo,
each 10 feet high, with 12 tables of the fineft Spanifh marbles. The
other royal palacos round it are defigned for hunting feats, or houfes of
retirement for their kings. Some of them contain fine paintings and
good ftatues. The chief of thofe places are the Buen Retiro (now
dripped of nil its bed pidures and furniture), Cafa del Campo, Aranjuesf,
and St. lldefonfo.

A late traveller has rcprefented the palace of Aranjuez, and its gardens,
a» extremely delightful. Here is alio a park many leagues round, cut
acrofs in difltrcnt parts, by alleys of two, three, and even four miles extent.

Each

-s»- t,

s P A i 1^*

feach of thofe alleys is formed by two double row* of elm*trce8 ; one
double row on the right, and one on the Icftj which fenders the Hiade
thicker. The alleys are wide enough to admit of foui" cftaches abreaft,
and betwixt each double row there is a narrow channel, tlirongh which
runs a dream of water. Between thofe alleys there are thick -groves of
finallcr trees of various kinds, and thoufimds of deer and wil^-boars wan--
dcr there at large, befides numberlefs barer, rabbits, pheafantSf jiartridgcs,
and fevcral other kinds of birds. The rivei" Tagus run* through this
place, and divides it into two unequal parts. The central point of thi*
great park is the king's palace, which is partly lurioiinded by the gar-*
den, and is exceedingjiy pleafant, adorhed with fountains and ftatucs, and
it alfo contains a vaft variety of the mod beautiful flower?, both Amccican •
and European. As to the palace of Aranjuez itfelf, it is rather an elegant
than a niugnificent building.

The palice of St. lldefonfo is built of brick, plaiftered, and painted. ■
but no part of the architecture is agreeable. It is two ftoties hijbi ana
the gardtft front has thiriy-one windows, and twelve rooms \vt a fuite.
The gardent arc on a flope, on the top of which is a great referyoir of
water, called here El Mar ^ the fea, which fupplies the fountains:* this
refervoir is furniftied from the toncnts which pour down the mountainsi
The water-works are excellent, and far furpafs thofe at Verfaillies. • Th«
gre t entry of the palace is fomewhat fimilar to that of Verfailles,' and
with a large iron pallifade. In the gardens arc twenty-feven fountains ;
the bafons are of white marble, and the ftatutfS, many of which arc ex*
ccllent, are of lead, bronzed and gilt. Thefe gardens are in the formal'
French ftyle, but ornamented with lixty-oae very fine marble ftatuesj as-
large as the life, with twenty-eight matble vafes, and twenty leudtfn vafe»
gilt. The upper pat. of the palace contains many valuable paimiilgs, arid
the lower part antique ftatues, bulls, and baflb relievos. ' 2 "•■ '

The pride of Spain, however, is the Efcurial ; arid the iiatives fay^
perhaps with juftice, that the building of it coft more than that of any
other palace in Eoroj>e. The defcription df this palace forins afizeable
quarto volume, and it is faid, that Philip 11. who was its founder; 'ex-
pended upon it fix millions of ducats; It contains a pfoiiigiousnumbeir
of windows, 200 in the weft front, and in the caft 366, and the apart''
ments arc decf>ralied wiih an aftonifhing yhriety of paintingsj fculpture,
tapcftiy, oriiaments of gold and filver, marble, jafper, gems, iaiid other
curious ftones, furj)airing all imagination* The Spaniards fay,; th^t this
building, befides its palace, coutfllns a church, large and richly orna-
mented, a ins ufoleum, cl6ifters, a convent^ a college, and a Hbrary,
CDnt;iining about thirty thoufand volumes, befides Inrge apartments for
all kinds ol frtifls and ntethanics, noble walks, with cxtcnfivc parks and
gardens, b^'autirifd with fountains and coftly ornaments. The fathers
that live in the cohvent e 200, and they have an annu;l reVenue of
12000I. The maufoleuffl, or biirying-plncc of the kings and qurcns of
Spain, is called the Pantheon, becaufe it is built upon the plan of that
remple at Rome, as ilie church to which it belongs is upon the model of
St. Peter's. It is 36 feet diameter, incrufted with firtc mirrblis.

Allowing to the Spaniards their full ellimate of the incre lible fums be-
ftovved on this palace^ and oti its furniture^ flatucf^ paimi.ig'i, columns,
vales, and the like decof^tions, which are moft amazingly rich ahd beau-
tiful-, yet we hazard nothing in faying, that the fubric Itfcrlf lilcovers a
bad taile upon the whole. The conceit of building it in the f'lnn of a
{^r!diron, becaufe St. Laurence, to whom it is dedicated, Mas broiled on

fuch

57*

SPAIN.

facli aa utfnfil, and! multiplying the fame figure through iti princtpAt of«
natnenti, could have been toiiiucl only in the brain of a lalblcfit b>goc»
f uch aft Philip II. who ere^ed it to cummemoratc the victory he obt;tined
over the French (but by the alfiftance of the Englidi iorcei) Ht St. Qjio-
tin, on St« Laufence'a day, in the y^ar \%S1* '''>P i>partmriit uluic tho
king rcftdtl fori.nit. the h^ndlt^ of the uiiuiron. JMtc l>uiidinf \% -a long;
fquare of 640 feet by S^o* ^' |**> hei^nt 10 the roof ii 60 icci. 1. has
been enriched and adorned b^ hi* fucccirori ; but iti outfidc hits a g omy
ippearimcc, and the infiJc i« itumpoltd of difTcreut Arudlurifs, ioxm of
which arc mallcr-pieu:; of archiudurv, but funning a difagrei^rfhle whciic.
It mud however tx* confcfled* that the pii^^tres ^nd llutucs that hitve found
adiniffiou here, are excellent iu their kind, ;uid fonie of them tot to be
•(]uallrdev«n in Italy itfclf.

Cadiz is thr great emporium of Spnnilh co:nmerce. It ftands on an
lOand feparated from the «^tincnt of Andalufia, without th^ ftraiiR of
C-ibraltaf'} by a very narrow arm of the fcj, over whic!^ a for; iJied bridge
is thrown, and joins it to the main Utud. The cniratxc into the bay ta
ai-$cut 500 fathoms wiJc, and guariied by two forts called the Putit'als,
The cjstrance lims never been of Lite yrars attempted by the Englilh, in
their wars w.r*^ S|)ai», hec^ui'e of ihc vull intcrcil our merchnmt havt in
the treafurcs I'ic.c «vhi' h they could not reclaim from the captors. The
ilfeeti are narrow,, ili ^'•aved, and fiithyi and full of rats in the night.
The houfcs lofty vv':^h fiat roofs, and few are without a turret for a view
of the Tea. The popiiSution iu reckoned at 1 40^000 inhi*bitants, of which
lavOQO art; FicHch» and aa many Italians. The cathedral hath been
already 90 years building, and the root is nut half hnilhed. The
environs are beuutifully rural.

Cordova is now an inconliderable place ; ftreets crooked and dirty, and
but fciv of the puhlic or privs^e, bviildings confpicuous for their archin
tenure. '] he palaces of the inquilition and of the bidiops are extrnfive
and well fituatcil. The cathedral was formerly a mofque, divided into
feventeeo aiies by rows of columns of various marbles, and is very rich in
plate ; four of the filver candlefticks coft 850). a piece. The r«veiiue of
the fee amounts to 3j>ool. per ann, but as the bifhops cannot dcvife b/
will, all they die polfefled of, efcheatcs to the king.

SeviHe* the Julia of the Romans, is next to Madrid, the largeft city in
Spain, but is greatly decayed both in riches and population. The inapi^
is circular, and the walls teeiu of Moorifli conftruaion ; its circumference
is five miles and a half. The fuburb of Triana is as Urge as many towns,)
and remarkable for its gloomy Gothic calile, where, in 1481, the inqui<
iition was firll elhibliflied in Spain. Its manufadures in wool and lilk
which formerly amounted to i6,cco, arc now reduced to 400, and it^
great office of commerce to Spanifli America is removed to Cadiz. The
cathedral of Seville is a fine Gothic building, with a curious Ikcple or
tower, havii)g a moveable .figure of a woman at top, called La Giralda,
which turns round wuh the wind, and which is referrvl to in Don Quixote.
This ileeple is reckoned one of the greateft curiofuies in Spain, and iii
higher than St. Paul's in London, but the cathedra), in Mr. Swinburne*! .
i^pinion^ is by no meatus equal to York minfter for lightnefs, elegance, or
(lOthic delicacy. The firfi clock made in the kingdom was fet up in thi»
cathedral in the year 1400^ in the pixfence of king Henry HI. The
pro(pe«£t of the country round this city, beheld from the ileeple of the ca.>
thcdral, i9 extremely delightful*
,';>"t*"tf^iwi.:, ^--,. ^. .....: '•■-- ,' Barcelona,

SPAIN.

579

BarceUnHf formerly B.trcino, (mA to be foundtd by Hnmilctr Barcait iif
i lar^e circuljtr trading ciry, contxiniiig ij;,ooo houfei, ii fituatedonth*
Mcditerranenn facing Minurcfl« and is fiiid to be the handfumeft place in
Spain i the Roufes arc lofty Hod plain, and the Arcctt well lighted, 'An4
pavrdt The citadel ii Itrong, and the plitce and inhabitant* t'iinioui for
the ficgc they fuduined in 1714 againit a formidable army, when deferte4
boih by Englaivl and the cmpctur, for whom thry had taken up arms.
The numbrr oi' inhabitHnts is fuppofc-d to be nearly 1 ;C|000, and ihuy
fupply Spain with mod of the clothing and arms fur the iroopi. A H^i*
};uhir culiom prevuilt amon^ tliem on the lA of November, the eve of All
Souls ; thry runabout from houfe to houfe to e»t chefnuts, believing tha|C
for every chefnuk they fw allow, with proper faith and undtion, they fiiall
deliver a (bul out of purgatory.

Valencia is, a large and almoQ circular city, with lofty walls. Thp
f reets arc crooked and narrow, and not paved, the houfes ill built an4
filthy, ^nd inol^ of the churches tawdry. Pricfls, nuns, and friars, ojf
every drefs fwarm in this city, wiiofe inhabitants are computed at 80,000.
Its archbifliopric is one of the beft in Spain, to the amount of 40,000!.
ilerling a year.

Carthagena is a larcfe city, but very few good ftreets, and fewer r^
markable Duildings. The port is very complete, formed by nature in th^
figure of a heart, and the arfciial is a fpacious fciuare fouth-weft of the
town, iviih 40 pieces of cannon to defend it towards the fea. When Mr.
Swinburne vilited it, in 177;, there were 800 vSpanidi criminals, and 600
Barbary (laves working at the pumps to keep the docks dry, 8cc. an4
treated with great inhumanity. The crimes for which the Spaniards were
ient there, dcferved indeed exemplary puiiKhments.

Granada (lands on two hills, and the ancient palace of the Ailiambra
crowns the double fummit between two rivers, the Duuro, and the Xct^il.
The former glories of this city are paflfcd away with '-i old inhabitaqts ;
the flreeta are now filthy, and the aqueJuifts crumbled > dull, and its
trade loA. Of ;o,ooo inhabitants, only i H, 000 are reckoned ufeful, thp.
furplus it made up of clergy, lawyers, children, and beggars. The am-
phitbeatrer for bull feaftj, is built of flone, and one of the beft in Spain*
and the environs of the city arc ftill plcaiing ahd healthful.

Bilboa is fituated on the banks 01 the river Ybaizabel, and is about two
leagues from the fe^. It contains about eight hundred houfes, w:ith a large
fquare by the v/ater fide, weU fliaded with pleafant walks, which extend
to the outlets, on the banks of the river ; where there are great numbers
of houfes and gardens, which form a mod plcaling profpedt, particularly
in failing up the river ; for, befides the beautiful verdure, numerous ob«
jedlsopen gradually to the eye, and the town appears as an amphitheatrCt
enlivens the landfcape, and completes the fccnery. The houfes are folifl
and lofty, and the ftreets well paved and level ; and the water is fo convey-
ed into the ftreets, that they may be waflied at pleafurc, which renders
Bilboa one of the neatcli towns in Europe.

Malaga is an ancient city, and not lefs remarkable for its opulence an^I
extenfive commerce than for the luxuriaiKc of its foil, yielding in great
abundance the moft deliciovis fruits ; whiift its rugged mountains afforld
thofe lufcious grapes, which gave fuch reputation to the Malaga win^
known in lEngland by the name of Mountain. The city is large and po-
pulous, and of a circular form, furrounded with a double wall, ftrength-
cned by ftately towers, and tias nine gates* A Mosriib ca^^lc pi; tbi
m, -, ■ . P p 2 *oint

53o

SPAIN.

J'oint of a rock commiindi every part of it. The (livets arc narrotv, afnd
Ite mo& remrirkable builiiing ui it it a llupondous cathedral, begun b/
Fhtiip II. faid In be as lar^e as that uf St. Paul'si in London. The
biflvtps income is r6,cool. Iltiling.

' The city of Salamanca is ot' :i circular form, but on thrtc hills and
two vallics, and i;n evciy lide furrountlfd with profpcifts of fint- houfes,
lioble ftaiB, gardens, orchards, fickitt, and diilant vilLij cb ; and is ancient,
larglf, rich, i.nd 'popul-us. There arc ten gntcs to this cify, tmd it con-
tain* twenry-five cliiirclie!>, twenty.fi\e convt-ms of tri.irs, and the fume
humbcr of nunncrifs. The moft beautiful part of thissciiy is the great
fquare, builr about forty years ago. The hoiifes are of three iWies, and
■Hof .equal hci>;ht and ex;.rt l)minetry, with iron balconies, and a Ibne
balu{lr.ide on the. top. of them : the lovy r part is arched, which tonr^s a
ptazza all round the fqnsre, one of two hundred and ninety-three feet on
each llde. Over fome of the arches are medalliuns, with bu(ts of the
kings of Spain, and (f fevcral eminent men, in Done b^flb relievoy among
■which arc thofe of Ferdinando Corttz, Francis Pizarro, Davila, and Cid
■fcuy. In this fquaie the bull-fights are exhibited for three dnys only, in
the month of June. The river Totmcs runs by this city, and has a
■firidgt over it of twenty-five arches, built by the Romans, aud yet
tintire.

;;j"oledo is one of the moft ancient cities in Spnin, and during feveral
centuries it htld the rank of its metropolis. But the neighbourhood of
'Madrid has by degrees ftripped it of its numerous inhsibitants, and it
iv>6uld have been almoil entirely deferted but for its cathedral, the income
■of which being in i;reat part fptnt here, contributes chiefly to the main-
tenance of the few thouiands that are left, and alfifts, in fome degree,
Vhofe fmall manufai^urts (if fword blades and filk-ftufts that are eftabliflicd
'itl this city. It is now exceedingly ill-builr, poor and mean, and the
greets very tleep.
■ ' Surge's was the antJient capital of the kingdom of CaAile, -but now ill
bhfcurity. The cathedral is one of the moll magnificent (Iriidures of the
"Gothic kint', now in Europe : its form is exaclly ths fame as that of York
winfteri- and on tl»e call end is an odagon building exaftly like the chapter
hoiife at York. • .

• Cjibi altar, once a celebrated town and iFortrefs of Andalufi?, is at pre-

fcht in ppffeflion of Great Britain. It was taken from the Spaniards by

'a combini'd fiett of Englifli and Dutch (hips, under the command of (ir

George Rooke, in 1704 ; and after many fruirlefs attempts to recover it,

was confirmed to the Englifli by the tre^ity of Utrecht, in 171?. Re-

■pe'ated attempts have been liiice made to wreft it from England, .but with-

'pUt fuccefs : the laft w,ar hath made it more famous than ever, when it

^Underwent a long liege againft the united forces of Spain and France by

'land and Tea, and was gHllantly defended by general Elliot and his garri-

'foh, to the great lof:!. and difgrace of the a(11dl»nts : though it muft be

granted, the place is by nature almoll impregtiable. Near 300 pieces of

'tfahrton of diffe eiit bores, and chiefly brafa, which were funk before the

■port in the floating batteries, have been raifiid, and fold, to be diilributed

-Vniotig the garrlfon. It is a commodious port, and formed naturally for

'CoHrhTaoding the palfage of the Straits, or, in other words, the entrance

*iluo Hie Mediterranean and Levant feas. But the road is neither fafe

"agialnft an enemy nor fto^mS : the bay is about twenty leagues in circum-

~f(;rence. The ilraits are 24 miles long, and 15 broad ;. throu«rh which

S P A I N,,

381

and
fes,
cnr,

con-
ume

^reat
and

Itone

ton
the

feti « current from the Atlantic ocean into the McdiJerranean, and forth*
ilemining ot it a briflc ^alc is requireil. The town wnn neither large nur
beautiful, and in the lail iit^i^cwas rotally drihoved hy tltsenimics bombs,
but on account of its tortiKciitionR, is efleemed ihe key of 8p.tin, and is
always furnilhed with u gurriion well proviJt-d tor its drfencc. The har*
hour is formed by a mole, uhich is xvell fortilitd :ind planted with guna.
Gibraltar is accclflhle on tlie land liiti: unly by a narrow piflage ^etwcca
the rock and the fea, but thi>i u walled and fortified botli by art and na,-
tiirc, and fo inclofed by hioh Uecp hills, as to he almoft inacccflible tliaj.
way. It has but two ^atcs on tbat fide, and as many towards the fc<«.
i^crofsthis Illhnius the Spaniards have drav\'n a fortified line, chiefly tvi U
a view to hinder the ganifon of Gihraitar from having ;tny intei'courfe
with the country behind them : notwithlUnding which they carry on a
dandeftinc trade, partici<lavly in t-bacco, of which the Spaniards are ex*
ceedingly fond. The giuilon is, however, confined within very narrow
limits ; and, as the ground produces fcarcely any thing, all their provi«
(ions are brought them cither from England or from Ccuta, on the oppofitp
coaft of Barbary. Formerly Gibraltar was entirely unikr military govern-
ment ; but that power producing thofe abufes which are naturally attend*
ant on it, the parliament thought proper to ercft it into a body corporate,
and the civil power is now lodged in its magiflrates.

The chief iilands belonging to Spain in Europe, arc thofc of Majorca
and Yvica, of which we have nothing particular to fay. Minorca, which
was taken by the Englifli in 175S, was rc-taken by the Spaniards the lail
war, ai.d is now become a Spanifh iflund again, containing about 2y,o.o
inhabitants.

Commerce and manufactures.] The Spaniards, unhappily for
themfelves, make gold and (ilvcr the chief branches both of their q;cportt
and imports. They import it from America, from whence they export it
to other countries of Europe. Cadiz is the chief emporium of this com-
merce. *» Hither (fays Mr. Anderfon, in his Hillory of Commerce)
other European nations fend their merchandife, to be fliipped off in
Spanifli bottoms for America, flieitered (or, as our old Englilh phrafc
has it, coloured) under the names of Spanifh factors. < I hoTe foreign na*
4ions have their agents and correfpondents, and the conl'uls of thofe
nations inake a c'onhderable iigui e. Cadiz has been faid to ha«e the fineft
ftorehoufes and mitgazines for commerce of any city in Europe ; and to .
it the flota and galleons regularly import t'^e tieufures of Spanilh America.
The proper Spanifli merchandife cjportcd from Cadiz to Ainerica are of
no great value ; but the duty on the foreign rnerchandife lent thither
would yield a great revenue,' (and confequently the profits .of merchants
and their agents would fink), were it not for the many fraudulent praiftices
for eluding thofe duties.

The manufaifures of Spain are chiefly of filk, wool,' copper, and hard*
ware. Great efforts haVe been made by the government to prevent the
other European nations from reaping the chief advantage of the American
commerce; but thefe ifever can be fuccefsful. till a ipirit of induftry i^
awakened among the natives, fo ^s to enable them to fupply their
AjTterican poffelfions with their own commodiiics and merchandife*
Meanwhile, the good faith and facility with which the Cnglifh, French*
Dutch, and other nations, carry on this contraband trade, render theni
greater gainers by it than the Spaniards tlvemfelves are, the clear profits
feldom amounting to lefs than 20 per cent. This evidently makes it an
lipportapt concern> that thofe immenfe riches fliouU belong to the Spa*

P P 3 nurds,

; V ■ -

5li SPAIN.

hitircli, rather thfti to any aAW e European nitioa : but I (hall have oe*
cafion to touch on thii futgcift in thr. account of America.

CoKiTiTbTioN AND oovtKNMENT.] Spain, fiom betne the mod
free, it now the moft defpotic kingdom in Europe} and the poverty
which it fo vifible in moft parts of ih« country it in a great degree the re-
fult of iti government, in the adminiftration of which no proper attentioii
9s paid to the interefts and welfare of the peopk. The ihonarchy is here-
ititary, and females are caoablt of fUcccflioa. It has even been queftionrd^
whether hit catholic mfljefty may not bequeath his crown, upon his dc*
miff, to any branch of the royal family he pfeafes. It is at leall certain,
that the houie of Bourbon mounted the throne of Spain in virtue of the lall
will of Charles II, .

The cortcs or parliaments of the kingdom, which formerly, efpecially
in Caflile, hud f>rcater power and piivilcges than ihut ot England, aie now
il^bolifhed; but Ibme taint remains of their condittition arc iUll diiccrnibte
in the government, though all uf them are incftcdual, and urnlcr the
control of the king.

The privy-council, which is compofcd of a number of noblt-men or
grardeeit, nominated by the king, (its only to prepare matieib, and to
oigtft papers for the cabinet-couiiLil or junta, which conlifls ot the (irft
fccrctiiry of ftaie, and tbrct- or four more named by the king, and in thcn\
tefldes ihedirediun of all the excnitive part ot govcrnnitiv. Th» council
of war take« cognifatice of military aifaiis ouly. 'I he council of Caftile ia
the hi^ihert law trbnnal of the kingdom. The fcvcial couns of the royal
iliiditncit, i:e thofe of Oalicia, Seville, M-tjorca, theCmaries, Sara-
goil.i^ VMcncin, and Burcilotia. 1'htfe juilgc primarily in all cttufc'a
within I; miles nf their lefptdtive cities ur c pitale, and receive appc:ila
fiom inferior jurifiii^lidns. Refides tbele there are many fu'oidinate
trilmrials, for the |H>lice, the finan>.e», and othir bmnchcb ot bulincfs.

Tin- government of Spanidi America forms a lyllem of itielf, and il
dclci.'ated to vicerm-s, and othrr mugillr.itrs, who are in their ief|'eflivc
diftr;dt& almoil aV (olute. A coui.cil tor tbt^ indies t« rllabi filed in Old
Spain, and ctnhlh of a govcmor, four feci etarics, and tw ny-iwo coun-
fellor', belides oificer^« Their deciiion is tinal in matters relating to
America. The members ate generally chofen from the viceroys and ma«
giftrates who have fcrved in that counwv. The two great viccroyaltica
pa Peru and Mexico .<re in c<mfiderablc, ih»t they are feldom irutlcd to
one perlbn for more than three years; but they aie thought iufliccnt to
tnalltf: his foitune in that tiipe.

'Vht foreign poHefiions of the crown of Spain, belides thofe in Americai
tire the towns of Ceuta, Gr.^n, and Mufultiuivir, on the coafl ot Harbary
in Africa ; and the iflantls of St. Laxaro, the Philippines, and Liidrones,
in Aii3f

Revenvc ] The revenues ariling to the king from Old Spain,
yearly amount to ;,oop cool, fteiling, though fome f.<y eight ; and they
foim (he furefl fupport of his government. His American income, it ii
true, is immenfe, hut it is generally in a manner embezzled or antici-
pated before it arrives in 0|d Spain. The king has a fifth of all the fii vcr
tnines that are worked ; but little of it comes into his coi!ers. He fallt
V)i0n nieans, however, in cafe of a war, or any public emergency, to fe-
ll) uefter into his own hands great part of the American treafurcs belonging
to his fubie^s, \yhb never complain, hecaufe thty are always pum^ually
Repaid with ixitercft. Tlie fioancet of hit preiein catholic majrfty are in

cxccUen^

SPA I N.

583

(teetlrnr order, and nn a bettfer footing;, both for himfelf and hit people,
thiin (hole of any of h'u prcdcceflbri.

At tu the uxei (Vom whence the internal reveouei anfe, ibey are va*
riuui, atbitrary, and fo much fuitcd to couvenirncy, that we cannot fix
them at any certainty. Tliry fall upon all kind* ot g<)od<, hoiifes, landi,
timber and p>^ovilion« ; the clergy and military orderi arc Itkewife taxed.

Military And mak INI aTaiiNorH.] The land furcei of the crown
of Spain, in time of peace, arc never (ewer ihin ^u.ojo ; but in cafe of
war, they amount, without pr<juJice to the kingdom, to ito,ooo. The
great dcpendance of the king, however, t« up^n hit Walloon or foreign
guards, his prefent catholic majcfly hat been at great care and ezpeBc*
to r ife a powerful murine ; and hit fleet in Eiiro^ e and America ai pre-
fent • xcerdb 7(' fliipt of the line. All along the coad or' Spain are watch*
lowcri from mile to mitt, with lighti and guardt at ni^ht, fo th.4t from
Cadiz to Barcelona, and fnom Bilboa to Ferrol, the whole kingdom ma/
be foon alar.nrd in cafe of aninvalion.

Royal arms, titles, no- ) Spain Totmcrly comprdiended twelve
BiLiTY, <kNDORDBRt. ) kingdom*), all which, wi'h ftveral
oiheri, were by name entered in'o the royal titles, fo that they amounted
in all to about 32. This abfurd cudom is fiill occafionally continued,
but the king is now generally contented with the title of His Catholic
M jedy. The kings or Spiiin are iDaugurated by the delivery of a fword,
writhout bein<; crowned. Their lignature never mentions their name, buC
I THE KINO. Their elded ion is called prince of Adurias, and thcjir
younger children, of both I'exes, are by way oi' didin^lion called iafaniti
or infantas, that is childien.

The armorial bearings of the kings of Spain, lik^ their title, is loaded
with the arms of all their kingdoms. It is now a fhield, divided into four
quarters, nf which the uppermoU on the right hand and the lowed on the
left contain a caftle, or, with three towers, for Cadile: and in the upper-
mod on the left, and the lowed on the right, are three lloiu gulet for
Leon ; with three lilies in the centre for Anjdu.

The general name for thofe Spanidi nobility and gentry, who are un-
mixed with the Moorilh blood, is Hidalgo. They are divided into princes,
dukes, marquifles, counts, vifcounts, and other inferior titles. Such at
are created grandees, may ftand covered before the king, and are treated
with princely didin£lions. A grandee cannot be apprehended without the
king's order ; and cardinals, archbidiops, ambafl^dors, knights of the
Golden Fleece, and certain other great dignitartes, both in church aqd
fate, have the privilege, at well as the grandees, to appear (:jQvered before
the king.

The »• Order of the Goltlen Fleece^** particularly dcfcrihed before in the
orders of Germany, is generally conferred on princes and favereign dukes;
but the Spanidi branch of it, hath many French and Italian nobility :
there are no commanderies or revenues anneiced to it.

The •• Order of St. James," or St. Jago tfe tampoftella, is the richeft
of all the orders of Spain. It was divided into two branches, cacli under
a grand-ma cr, but the office of both was given by pope Alexander Vf,
to the kings of Spaii^and Portugal, as grand-ma er in their refpc£tive
dominions. The order is highly e <eemed in Spain, and only conferred
on perfons of noble families, 'i he fame may be faid ot the '■* Order of
Calatrava," firit in^ituted by Sancho, king of Toledo : it took i^s name
from the ca.11e of Cahtrava, which was taken from the Moors, and here

P p 4 began

SPAIN.

begun the prdcr, which become very powerful. Their number, iaHucnc^,
and polTt-flioni were ib a>nfiitcrablc a» to excite the jealoufy uf the crown«
to which^ at length, their revenue!, nnd' the office ufgraod^iiiiifter, were
imnexcil by pope Innocent VIII. The celel»rated •♦ Order oiAUantara^*^
derived iit origin from the order of St. Julian, or of the Peai-crec ; but
nfier Alcantara wns t.iktn from tlie Moore, and made the chief kmi of the
prdcr, ihcy aflTMmcd the n^ime uf Knights ot the order of AUantuni, and
laid afide the old device of a pcar-irce. This order ii highly eftecmed,
and conferred only on perfoni> of ancient and illuflriogs fiimilics. The
♦♦ Order of the Lat^y ofMfrcy," is faid to have been inftituad hy James I,
king of Arr.'igon, about the year 1218, on account of a vow made by hirn
to (hb Virgin Mary^ during Itis captivity in France, and was detigneci fur
the redcm^'tion of captives from the Moors, in which they cxpenJtd litrge
fums of money. It was at fiifl confined to men, but h l.tdy ot Biucclonii
afterwards got women included in it. This order poilcflis confmcnibie
revenues in Spain. The " Order oiMontffa" was inlUtutcd at Valencia,
at theclofc of tlie thiitccnth. century, in tnc jilace (jI the Templars, and
enjoyed their pofliflions. J hi"ir chitf le.i't luing the town ol Montcfa,
the Older from thence derived its nan.e, and ihofe St. George for patrt n.
In the yinr 1771, the prefect king iiiftitutcd after his own n.tme, the
*♦ Order of Charta III." in commemoration of the birth of the infant.
The badge is, a ilar of eight points enamelled white, and edged with
gold: in the centre of the crofs is the imagt of the Virgin Mary, veft-
menis white and blue. On ihc reverlV, the lent is C. C. with tlie num-
ber III. in the centre, and this motto, F"ntuti fas' Mcrito, None but per-
fons of noble dcfccnt can belong to tiiis order.

History of Spain.) Spain was piobably firft peopled by ihc Celtae
from Gaul, to which it lies contiguous, or from Alrica, from which it is
only feparated by the narrow Htait of Gibraltar, The Phoenicians fehc
colonies thither, and built Cadiz and M^higa. Aftei wards, upon the rife
qf Rome and Carthage, the poflefllon of this kingdom bet .tme an objeft
of contention between thofe powerful republics ; but at length the Roman
arms prevailed, and Spain remained in their pollcfllon until the fall of that
* empire, when it became a prey to the Goths. In the beginning of
the fifth century the Suevi, the Vandals, and the Alani, divided this
kingdom between them^ but in the year 584, the Guths again became the
mautrs.

Thefe, in their turn, were invaded by the' Saracens, who, about the
end of' the fevcnth century, had poflefled themfclves of the fineil king-
doms of Afia and Afiica ; and not content with the immenfe regions that
formerly, compofea great j.art of the AiTyrian, Greek, and Roman empires,
they crofs the Mediterruneun, ravage Spain, and cibblifli themfelves in
the foutherly provinces of that kingdom.

Don Pelago is mentioned as the firft Old Spanifl) prince who diftin-
guiflied himfelf againft thcfe infidels (who were afterwards known by the
name of Moors, the greater part of them having come from Mauritania),
and he took the title of king of Afturia, about the year 72b. His fuc-
ceiics animated other Chriftian princes to take arnns likewife, and the two
kingdoms of Spain and Portugal for many ages were perpetually embroiled
in bloody wars.

The Moors in Spain were fuperior to all their co-temporaries in arts
and arms, and the Abdoulrahman line kept pofTcflion of the throne near
300 years. Learning fiouriflied in Spain, while the refl of £urope was

buried

SPA I- N.

5«$

cnc9,

own,

were
•I

buried in ignorance ftnd barbarity. But the Moorifli prince* by decreet
waxed Weak and effeminate, aMl their chief minidera proud stnd inrolcnt.
A feriei of civil wars continued, which at laA orer-turned the throne of
CordovM, .ind the race of AUloulrahman. Several petty principalitie*
wcr«r formed on the ruin« of this empire, and many citici ut Spain had
each un independent fovercign. Now, every adventurer wai entiled t»
the coaquelU he made upon the Moon, till Spain at lad was divided into
la or 14 kinKdomi< ; and about tb<^ year 1095, Henry of Burgundy was
declared by the king of Leon, cuuiit of Portugal ; bat his Ion, Alphoufo^
threw oft' his dependence on Leon, and declared hiinfelf king. A feries
of brave princes gave the Moors repeated overthrows in Spain, till about
the year 1492, when nil the kingdums in Spain, I'oitngal excepted, were '
united by the marriage of Ferdinand, king of Arrae«)n, and Ifabella the
heirets, and afterwards queen, of Cailile, who took Granada, and expelled
out of Spain the M<jurs and Jewo, who would not be converts to the
Chriilian faith, to the number of 170,000 families. I (hull, in their
proper places, mention the vail ac(|uiiitions m»de at this time to Spain by
the difcovery of Amcricii, and the firll expeditions of the Portuguefe to
the Eall-lndicH, by the difcovery of the Cape of Good Hope; but the
fuccefles of both nations were attended with difagreeable conlequencei.

The expulfion of the Moors and Jews in a manner depopulated Spain
of artifts, labourers, and munufa^urers ; and the difcovery of America
not only iiddcd to that calamity, but rendered the remaining Spaniards
mod deplorably indolent. To complete their misfortunesi Ferdinand and
Ifabella introduced the Popifli inquifition, with all its horrors, into
their dominions, as a fafe-guard againfl th< return of the Moors and
Jews: ^

Chnrlc8 V. of the houfc of Auftria, and emperor of Germany, fuc-
ceeded to the ihiune of Spain, in right of his mother, who was thedaugh*
ter of Fcrdmasd and ifabella, in the year 1516. The extenlive polTeflions
of the houle o( Auftria in Europe, Africa, and, above all, America, from
whence he drew iinmenfe trcafuro?, began to alarm the jealoufy of neigh-
bourini.^ princes, but could not fatisfy the ambition of Charles; and We
find him conftanily engaged in foreign wars, or with his own proteftant
fubjedt.^ whom he i:i vain attempted to bring bac)c to the catholic church.
He alfo reduced the power of the nobles in Spain, abridged the privileges
of the commons, and greatly extended the regal prerogative. At lafl,
after a long and turbulent reign, he came to a i-el'oUitTon that filled all
Europe with aftoniihrnent^ the withdrawing himfeli entirely from any
concern in the affairs of this world, in order that he might fpend the re-
mainder of his days in retirctpent and folitude*.

Agreeably

* Charles, of all hit vafl poflelliotiB, rcfcrved nothing for himfelf but an annual
peniion vf 100,000 crowns ; and chofc for the place of his retreat, a vale in Sjiain, of
no Kreat extent, Watered by a Tniall brook, and Currounded by rifine grounds, covered
with lofty tree«. He gave ilrt^ orders, that the flyle of tlie building which he
fredled there, fhould be fuch us luited his prefent fituatinn, rather than his former
dignity. It confiiled only of fix rooms, four of them in the form of friars cells, with
naked walls ; and the other two, each twenty feet fquarc, were hung with brown
cloth, and'furniflicd in the mofi fimpic manner ; they were all level with the ground,
with a door on one fide into a garden, of which Charles himfelf had given the plan,
|ud had filled it with variouk plants, which he prupofcd to cultivate with his own

hands

s«<

9 P A f N.

' Agreeably to tliSl MfdlutldA, hfe ref^Aed SpaiA aAd tht Ketfierlind^,
ij^lth grt.1t ibrrtiaHty, irt th* jJrtfthefe Of hi! prlhcipal nobility, tb hi« fon
Philip II. hut cuuld itot prtvail oh the princci of Germany to eleA him
trtiperor, which they coMftn-ed dtt J'tlrdirtand, ChArl^s's brother, thereby
dividing the dinget-oUs pbwtt of the houi)e of Aulhin into two brunches ;
Spain, with all its poiitHibn in Afuca and the New World, alfo thfe
KethevlnnJs, and fomo Ibliort (tatt^ rem.iined with the eider branch,
%hilft the Empitr, Hungary, and fiehemdu, fell to the Ititof the yuanget,
Wfeich ihf-v fijll poltifs.

Philip II. inherited.»ll his fiithcr*s vices, with few of his good qualities.
Vlt was aulKrtf; haughty, innmoddratcly amhiiious, and through his
tt^holc lite a cruel bigot in the Ci^ufe of popery. His marriage with
^ueen Mary of EngKind, art unfeeling bigot like hinifelf, his unluccefsful
addreiks to her li(l( r Elizabeth, his refentmcnt and unfucccfsful war with
that princcfs, his tyralmV and perfccutions in the Iiow Countries, the
IreVoli and lo's of the United Provinces, with other particulars of his
ttign, hav-« been ali'e.idy mentioned, in the hiftory of thofe countries.

Tcrne
year
Juft,
yeur
ganz
becar
niell
Tl
and
thiy
bovvt
in th

l»tl[i<t». After fpcnHIiig fume time in the city rf Ghent in Flanders, the place of hi*
nativity, he fct out for Zcul.itid in HolHind, where he prep.nrec! to embark for Spain,
ttcct)nip;inic(i by hia fon, and a Kumermm retinue of princes and nobility; and taking
«n aftcc'^t natc and laU furcwcl of Philip and his atteidanto, he fct out, on the 17th
iof dcpion'biT I5^'>, undtr convoy of u largo fleet of Span^fli, l-K'niilh, and Engiifli
fliips. Ai loon us hr iandcd in Sp;iin, ho fiTl pr> ilratc on the g'ourd; and confider-
iiiR htnifcil H' w as dead to the world, he kifled the carthr and faid, " Naked came I
«ut of my mother's w inib, and naked i now return to thee, thou common mother
«>f mankind." Some nl the Spun Ih nobility paid their court to him as he puflcd along
t«» the piace of his n treat ; but th y were lo I'irw in number, and their attendance was
fo negligmt that ChaMck obicrvc.-t it, and felt, for the firll time, that he was no longer
a monarch. But he was moc deeply afTeifled with his fon's mgrttitudc ; who, for.
*t'tting already how much he owed to his father's bounty, obliged him to remain
lume wetks on the road, be<ore he pa*d him the firfl moiety of that fmall portion,
-which wu* all that he had relirved of fo many kingdoms. At lad the money waa

Said ; aiid Charles, I'aviu); difmifled a great number ot his domellics, whofe attendance
e thouj^ht would be fuperfluous, lie entered into his humble retreat with twelve do-
ttiefticb only Here he buried in folitude, and fllenee, hit grandeur, his ambition,
together with all thole Vaft projcvfts wliich, during half a century, had alarmed and
^itated Luropc; filling cvtiy i%ingdom in it, by turns, with the tenor of his arms,
and the uiead ot It .1^; luhjci^ed t» his power. H>.. . e enjoyed, perhaps, mure coni-
p'vte fatisfa<flioi: than all his grandeur hud ever yielded him. lar from taking any
part in the political tnjifadtions of the princes of Kuropc, he retrained his curiofity
even from ai.y enijuiry coi'cerning them; and he feemed to view the bufy fcene whieh
he had uban<ioned, with all the contempt and indiiFcrence arifing from his thorough
^xperiiiice 01 its vanity, as well as from the plealing refie^.iuu of having difcngaged
)iimf if iM m its cares.

New amufemcnts and new objci5ls now occupied his mind; fomctimes he cultivated
the plaiitt in his garden with his own hands ; fnmetimes he rode out to the neigh-
iouring WQod on a little horfe, the only one that he kept, attended by a flnglc kT'
\aiit ('ii foot. When his infirmities confined hm to his apartment, he either admitted
a few gentlemen wlui refided in the rcighbourhuod, and entertained them familiarly
at his table ; or he employed himl'eif in ihulying the principle*, and in forming curi>
ous woric&uf mecbaniim, of which he hud a' ways been remarkably fond. He was
particuaily curious with r($!;ard to the conihuti^ion of clocks and watches; and h^iv>
ing found, after repeated trials, that he could not bring any two of them to go ciadly
alile, he reficAed, it is faid, with a mi.xturc of furprilc and regret, on hit own folly,
in hav:ng beftowed fo much time and lab<^ur on the more vain attempt of brinp;ing
mankind to a prccife unformity of rentinient concerning the intricate and myft'p.nous
doClrinfs of religion. And here, after two years retirement, he Was Ullnd with a
(ever, which earned buu off in the 39th year of hij age.

SPAIN.

fi7

In Portiif il he wai htore fucceftful. ThtV kin^om, after bring ffl.
Tcriied by a race of wile and brave priticci, fell to SebalKati, kbout ttMr
year 15(7. Sebaflitm loft hh litie aud a Hne army, iii a headRrong, OA*
juft, and ill'Concertcd expedition agninft the Mourt in Africa } an^ in th«
year 1 580, Philip united Portugal to hit omh doir>iiiioii«, ihoiiuh the firft-
ganza tamily of Portugal afl'trtcd a prior right. By this ac'quiliiion 8)>ain
became poflciTed of the Poriugucl'c lettlementt in Iddia^ lojne of Which
Hie Hill holds.

The (icfcciidants of Philip prored to be very westk pHnceB f but Phiiib
and his father had fo totally ruihcd the ancient 1 bcnies of Spdin, thw
chty reignt-d almod unmoleilcd in th6ir own dominions. Their vtctroyt,
howuvtr, were at once fo tyrannical and inlblent ovkr the Portugtiete, thftc
in the rrii>n of Philip IV. in the \e:ir ii')40, (he nobiliiy of that nation, b/
a woll'CoiiUuCled confpiracy, ex^'cUrd/their tyrants, and placed the dttlee
01 Br.'ginzu, by the tiilc of Johp IV. upoi} thrir thronti and ever fihce»
Poiiu^al has been ai!ilHn£l kingdom froih Spain.

The king» ot Spain, of the Aullrian line, titling in the perlbn a{
Chalks 11. who left oo itrue, Philip duke of Anjou, fccond ton to the
Duupliin ol France, and grandibn fo Lewis XIV. mounded that throne,
in virtue ot his predecrlTtrs will, by the name of Philip V. anno 1701.
Alter a lon^ and hloudy ibu|[;gle with the German branch of i:he houtie of
Aunrui, I'upported by England, he was cunfirmed in hii dignity, av the
com liiiiun uf the war by the fliameful prace of Utrei hr, 1713. And thus
Lewis XIV. ihroiigh a matierly train of politics (for m his wnrt to fup-
port hiii grandion, as we have already obfervcd, !ve was almoft ruined),
accomplimed his favoiiiitc projci^ of transferring the kingdom tif Spain,
with all its rich podclfions in America and the lndiei<, troin the hDuib of
AuOria, to that or his own family of Bourbon. In 1734, Philip inViided
Naples, and got that kingdom for biii fon Don Carlos, the Sicilians rea-
dily acknowledging him for their fuvereign, through the oppretHon of the
Imperialills.

After ii long and turbulent reign, which was difturbed by the ambition
of his wife, Eliziheih of Parma, Philip died in 17..6, and wn fucceeded
by his fon, Ferdin.md V;. a milii and peacrable prince, who reformed
many abulias, iiid wanted to promote the Ci>mmer(e and profpcrity of hig
kingdom. In 1759, he died without ilTir, through melancholy tor the
lofs of his wife. Ferdinand was futcccded by his brother, Charles ][II,
then king' of Naples and the (wu Sicilies, n <w the prefent king of Spain,
fon to Philip V. hy his wiie, the princcfs of Parma.

He was ih warmly atuchcd 10 the family compa(5l of the houfe of
fiouibon, tha* two years alter his acccfTiun, he even hazarded his Ameri-
can doniii.ions to lupport it. War being deciared between him and Eng-
land, ih*- lattrr took from him the famous port and city of Havannab, in
the illand ot Cuba, and thcicby rendered herfeU entirely miftrefs of the
navii{,ition of the Spanifli plate lifcts. Notwithliandingthe fucccfs of the
Englilh, their m nillry thought proper haliily to conclude a peace, in
confequence of whicfi the Havannah was reftoixd tu Spain. In 1775 ^"
evp> (liiion was concerted againlt Algiers, by the SpaniHi niiniftry, which
had a molt unfuccelsful termination. The troops, which amounted to
upwards of 24,000 and who were commanded by lieutenant-general
Condc de O'Re.lly, landed about a league and a half to the eartward of
the cii/ of Algiers'; but were difgracefuliy b«atei) back, and obliged to

take

588

SPAIN.

take (hcltcr ion board their fliips, having 27 officers klUed, and 19T
■wounded; and 501 rank andfiie killed, and zo83 wounded. Iiitheye.trs
1783, and 1784, they alfo renewed their attacks by fea to dertroy it, but
after fpending much ammunition, and loling many livee, were forced to
sctire without doing it much injury.^

When the war between Great Britain and her American colonies had
fubiifled for forae time, and France had taken .part with the latter, ti^e
court of Spain was alfo. prevailed upon to commence hollilities againft
. Great Britain. In particular, the Spaniards clofely befiegcd Gibraltar,
both by fea and land ; it having been always a great mortitication to them,
,thal this fortrefs fhould be poflefl'cd by the linglifti. Other military and
naval operations alfo took place between Spain and Great Britair, which
have been noticed in the Hiftory qf England, but pence hath fince been
concluded, and we hope happily^ between the two r.iticns.

His prefent catholic iiiajefty docs all he can to oblige his fubjcfts to do-
iift from their ancient drefs and inaancrs, and carried his endeavours lb
far,, that it occafioncd fo dangerous an infujrccStian at Madrid, as obliged
him to part with his minifte;', the marquis of Squillaoe ; ^hereby affording
an tnftance of the neceffity that ^vsn defpotic^rince^ are under of paying
fame attcntiou to the incljmtions of their fubjecl'i.

Charles III. king pf Spain,nvas born in 1716, fucceeded to the throne
in 17^9; and has iffueby hisjate queen: . . . . ■ . . . - ■ yV.

l,.Maria-.Iofepha, born 1744. . .

2, Maria-Louifa, born 1745, married 1765, to the archduke Leopold
ofAuftria, great duke ofTufcany, and brqther to the prefent emperor
of Germany.

3.. Philip -Anthony, duke of Calabria, born T747, declared incapable
of fucceeding to the throne, on account of an invincible weaknefs of un-
derftanding.

4. Charles- Anthony, prince of Afturias, born in 1748, married 1765,
to Louifa Maria-Therefa, princefs of Parma.

5. Ferdinand-Anthony, king of Naples, born in 175 1, married 1768,
to the archduchefs Mary-Caroline-Louifa, lifter to the emperor of
Germany.

6. Gabriel-Anthon}', born in 1752, grand-prior of the kingdom of
Spain.

7. Athony-Pafcal, born 175.5.

8. Francis-Xavier, born 1757.

The kintj's brother Don Lewis, is a cardinal and archbifhop of Toledo,

ti !V

ing

FOR.

.v^l

[ 589^]-

• ■ t *

• ■)» '' ■■li\ ,■
.i.. l-? ■*.■ !

^Pt ]0 R T U G A L«

iiJi:t ,'

t.tJ RJ

Situation AND Extent.

eg.

.'ii,, I li.l..

Degrees.

Length 300 > »,e..„-v,, 737 and 42 North latitude.
Breadth ico^ "^"v«=" L 7 and 10 Weft longitude.

Kb
r

BoVNDAKiES.] IT is bounded by Spain on the North and Eaft, and
I on thfe South and Well by the Atlantic Ocean, be-
ing the mod weftcrly kingdom on the continent of Europe. '

ANCXfiNT NAMES AND ) This kingdom was, in the time of the Ro-
Divisiovs. J mans, cillcd Lufitaniav' The etymology of

the modern name is uncertain. . It moft probably is derived from fome
noted hirbour or port, to which the, Gauls (for fo ftrnngersare called in
the Celtic) reforted. By the form of the country, it is naturally divided
into three parts ; the north, middle and fouth provinces.

ir.:

The North Divi-
lion contains

TheMiddleDivi-
lions contains

S;,iri;t;;-^ ■'■' \ ...

,The South Divi-
lion contains

Provinces.

Emre Minho
Duro and
. Tralos Monies
teini

.^c Jf,:'
..^",'•11 ■■ .

Eftramadura
r Entre Tago
\ Xju;irdi;mii
J Alentejo
(. Aljj^irya

Sq. M.

Chief town;.
f Braga

< Oporto and Vinna |. 6814

I Mirandn and Villa Real J
r Coimbra
I Guarda Caftcl RoJrigo

I T^^^^°M VJ^ W. Ion.
V.St. Ubcs, and Leira;
Ebora, or Evora

•12640

H Ebora, or Evora
Port'legre, Elvas, Bfja
Legos
Faro, Tavora, and Silves

8397

4 .,..4.

Soil,

AIR,

AND PRODUCTIONS.] The foil of 'i^jrtuga? is not In
(renenil equal to that of Spain for fertility, efpccially in corn, which they
import from other countries. Their fruits are the <amc as in Spain, but
not fo highly flavoured. The Portuguefe wines, when old and genuine,
are eftcemed to be very friendly to the hum?-, conftiiution, and fafe to
diink*. Portugal contains mines, but they ;.ie not worked ; variety of
gems, marbles, and mill-llones, and a fine mine of falt-pctre near Lifbon.
Their cattle and poultry arc but inditfertnt eating. The air, cfpecially
about Lifbon, is reckoned fott and beneticial to confumptive patients ; it
is not fo fearching as that of Spain, being rcfjcflied from the fea-breczcs.
Mountains.] The face of Portugal 'u mountainous, or rather rockv,
for their mountains arc generally barren : tHe chief are ihofe which divide

• The port wines are made in the diftridl round Oporto, which does not produce
one half the quantity that is confumed under that name in the Britifh dominions only.
The merchants in this city have very fpaciuuj wine vaults, capable of hoWing 6 of
700J pipes, and it is laid that 20,000 are yearly exported from Oporto.

Algarva,

59«

PORTUGAL.

Algarva from Alentcjo ; thofe of Trains Montes, and the rock of LiAon,
a*^ the mouth of the Tajo.

VVater AMD RIVERS.] ThoiJgh cvery brook in Portugal is reckoned
a river, yet the chief Portuguefe rivers axe mentioned in Spain, all of
fhcm falhnjj into the ^t^itic ocfap. The Tagui, or Tajo, was cele-
brated for its golden fand. PottugaT cont.iins feveral roaring lakes and
fprings ; fome of them are abfo;r)>ent even of the lightcil fubttances, fuch
as wood, cork, and feathers^; fome, particularly one tfbout 4.? miles troni
l,ilbon, are medical and fanativc ; and fom? hot baths are found in the
little kingdom, or rather province of Algarva.

PBQMONTiQRiES AND B«y.s.] The prpmoDtorjes or capcs of Portugal
are Cnpe M"'l»<ijcgO, nJC^^r \ht ipo^nh of the river B^ondego ; Cape Roca,
,at the north entrance ot thp river Tajo j Ca})e Efptliel, at the fouth en-
trance .of the river T^p i juid Cape St. Vinccn', on the fouth-w^ft point
of AI){»rva, The bays are thqfe qf Cado^n, o;: St. Ubes, fouth of Lilbon,
and Lago^ 9^y in J^\%^tY».

Aci,MAi^>] The (en-^flj, 0|n the coaft of Portugal, are reckoned cx-
celknt ; on the land, the bpgs an(l ki4s Are tolerable eating, 'their
mules are fure, and ierviceable bftth for draught ^d carriage ; and their
horfes, though flight, are lively.

Population, inhabitants, man- 7 According to the be(l calcu.
NERs, AND CUSTOMS. ) lntio|i, Portugal contains near

Jtwo millions of inhfibitants. By a fi^rvey made in the year 173?, there
Were in that kingdom 3,344 parilhes, and 1,742,230 lay perfuns (which
is but 522 laity to each pariih 0n & medium), befides above 300,000
cccleliadic^ of both fexes.

The modern Portuguefe retain notliing of that adventurous enterprifing
fpirit that rendered their forefathers fo illuftrious 300 years ago. They
have, ever fiiice the h^^tife of Br»ganza mounted the throne, degenerated
in all their virtues; though fome noble exceptions are ftill remaining
among them, and no people are fo little obliged as the Portuguefe are to
ibe reports of hidorians and travellers. Their degeneracy is evidently
owing to the weaknefs of their monarchy, which renders them inactive,.
for fear of difobliging their powerful neighbours ; and that inactivity ha»

r roved the fource of ptidc, and other unnjanly vices. Treachery has
een l^d to their charge, as well as ingratitude, and above all an intcin-
oerate paflion for revenge. They are, if poffible, more luperftitious, and,
POth in high and common life, affecH more fiate than the Spaniards them-
fclyes. Among the lower people, thieving is commonly praCtifed j and
^11 ranks are accufcd of being unfair in their dealings, efpecially with
flr^ngers. It is hard, however, to fay what alteration may be made in the
charafter of the Portuguefe, by the expulfion of the Jefuits, and the
diminution of the papal influence among them, but above all, by that
^irit gf independency, with regard to coipmcrcial affairs, upon Orcat
Britain, which, not much to the honour of their gratitude, though to the
intereft of their own country, is now lb much encouraged by their court
and mini dry.

The Portuguefe are neither fo tall nor fo well made as the Spaniards,
flhofe habit and cuftoms they imitatf, only the quality affeift to be more
gaily and richly drefTed. The Portuguefe ladies ate thin and fmali of
flature. 1 heir complexion is olive, their eyes black and exprefTivc, and
their features generally regular. They are efleemed to be generous, mo-

2 defl,

P O R T y G A t.

$9^

deft, and witiy. They dnfit like the 6pani(b ladies^ y/f'tth ti>uc|i gukw^rd-
nefs and affe^cd gravity, but in general more inagniHcently ; and they
are taught by their hiilhauds to exg^ ftom (heir fervants an homage, that
in other countries is paid only to royal perlonHges. The furnitme of the
hoiifes, efpecially ot their gramdecs, i^ rich and fuptfrb to excels ; and
they mairttHin i>n incredible number of doineftics, nt they pcver diftharge
any who furvivc, after fcrving their ancefturs. The poorer fort ha»c
fcarcelv any fufniiure at all, for ihcy, in imitation of the Mours, fit al-
ways crofa-legged on the ground.

Religion.] The eftabliHied religion of Portugal is popery in the
ftri^eft fenfe. Tl* Portuguele hjve a patriarch, but foririer'y he de-
pended entirely on liie pc^*, unlefs when a quarrel fubfiftc'.i between
the courts of Rome and Lilbou. Ihe power of his hi)linefs in Pprtugat
has been of late fo much curtailed, th t it is difficult to defcribe the r«l^
gious ftate of that country : all we know is, that the royal revenues ^re
greatly increafed at ttie exptnce of rlic religious inlhtutions in the jcing-
dom. The power of the inquifition is no\y taken out of the hands
of the eccle£lailic8, and converted to a ilacc-trap for the beqcfit of the
crown.

ARCcr.isHOPEiics AND BISHOPRICS.] The archbiflioprics are thofc pf
Bra^a, Evora, and Liffaon. The firit of thcfc has wn fufFratjan biflipps*
the fecond two ; and the laft ten, including thofc of the Portuguefe fet-
tlements abroad. The patriarch of Lifbon is generally a c^rdiuiil, a.nd j^
perlon of the hi(»heft birth.

Lancuase.] The Portuguefe language differs but little from thgt of
Spain, and that provinci:illy. Their Patcrnofier runs thus : Patire naJTo
fue ejlas not Ceos-, fanclificiulo feio o tu nomc ', venha a nos tua revnn, jeia
fcita a tua 'votadc, affi uo., ccos, cnrnmo na terra. O pannrjfa Jc cadad'i<ff
dano lo oei nejiro dia JL perdoa 7ios frnhor^ as nojjbs Ji'vidui, ajji amio tfof
ferdvamrs n not nojfus dcvcderes, IL nao nos dcxa cahir om ientatio^ ittas liir^i
nos do ma!. Amen.

Learning and learned men.] Thefe are fo few, that they are
mentioned with indignation, even by thofe of the Portuguefe thcmfelves,
who have the fmallclt tinfture of literature. Some etfortx, though very
weak, have of late been made by a i'ew, to draw their countrymen '^rom
this deplorable ftate of ignorance. It is univerfally allowed ihat the
defe<Sl is not owing to the want of genius, but of a proper education. —
The anceftors of the prefent Portuguefe were certainly poUeH'ed of more
true kaowledge, with regard to artronomy, geography, and navigation,
than all the world befides, about the middle of the hxtcenth century,, an<i
for fome time after. Camoens, who himfelf was a great adventurer i»fi4
voyager, was poflclfed of a true, but ncglctiled poetical genius.

Universities.] Thefe arc Coimbra, founded in 1291 by king Dent
nis; and which had fifty proftflbrs : but it his been lately put U|iiier
fome new regulations. Evora, founded in 1559 ; and the coUcj^e of tl^e
nobles at Lilbon, where the young nobility a'e educated in every branch
of polite learning ;md 'he fticnces. AU the books that did beh)ng to fh.ej
hanlf)v;d Jcfuits ire kept here, which compofe a very large library. The
En^li '1 l.ingnage is likfwife taught in this college. Hoic is nlfo a colie^e
where youn,i^ gentlemen are educated in the fciencc of engineering, ana
when i]U liified get commilp >ns in thut corps,

CuftiosniiF.-.] The lakes aiffl fountains which have been already
ansotiuucd* form the chief of thcfc. The remains «f fome cailles in the

MooriOi

59»

PORTUGAL.

Mooridi tafte are flill ftanding. The Roman bridge and aquc<1u£l at
Cpimbra are almofl: entire, and defervcdly admired. The walls of San«
tareen are faid to be of Roman work likewife. The church and monaf-
tery near Lifbon, where the kings of Porrugal are buried, are inexpreffibly
magnificent, and fevcral monafteiies in Pottugal are dug out of the hard
lock. The ch ipel of St. Roch, is probably one of the rincft and richeft
in the world , the paintings u0t inofuic work, fo curioiifly wrought with
ftoncs of all colours, as to aftonifli the beholders. To thele curiotities we
may add, that the king is poflcffed of the largeil diamond (which was
found in Brafil), that ever was perhaps feen in ihe world.

Chikf cities.] Lifljon is the capital of Portugal, and is thought to
contain 200,000 inhabitants. Great pure of it was ruined by an carih-
quake, which alfo fct the remainder on fire, upon All-S.tints day, 1755.
It dill contains many magnificent palaces, churches, and public buildings.
Its fituation (rifing from the Tagus in the form of a crefcent) rendcis its
appearance at once delightful and lupcrb, and it is dcfervedly accounted
the greateft port in Europe, next to London and Amfterdam. The
harbour is fpacious and fecure, and the city itfclf is guarcu d from any
fuddcn attack towards the lea by fort?, though they would make but a poor
defence againfl. fliips of war. All that part of the city that was demo-
li(hed by the earthquake, is planned out in the moft regular and com-
modious form. Some large Iquarcs and many llreets are already huilt.
The flreets form right angles, and are broad and fpacious. The hf)ufes
arc lofty, elegant, and uniform ; and being built of white ftone, make a
beautiful appearance. Tiie fecond city in this kingdom is Oporto, which
is computed to contain 30,0; o inhabitants. The chief article of com-
rherce in this city is wine , ind the inhabitants of half the fl'ops in the
city arc coopers. The merchants alTemhle daily in the chief llreet, to
tranfaft bufmefs ; and are prote6ted from the fim by faililmhs bung
acrofs from the oppofiie houfts. About .hirty Eiiglifti families relide
here, who arc chiefly concerned in the wine trade.

Commerce and manufa' tures.] Thefc, within thefe feven or
eight year?, have taken a furpiiiing turn in Portugal. The iniwiftry have
projected many new companies and reguluions, which have been a^aia
and again comf>1aincd of us unjuft and oppreflive, and inconfifteiit with
file privileges wnlch the Sritifn merchants formetly enjoyed by the moft
^emn treaties.

The Portuguefe exchange their wine, fait and fruits, and moft of their
^'n materials, for foreign manufaftures. They make a little linen, and
fi/flpie coarfe filV, and woollen, with u variety of ftraw work, and are
excelhnr in prcferv^.u'; am' i.^.ndying fruit. The commerce of P,>rtug:il,
though fe^mingly eii-ntive, proves of little foiid btnefit fj her, as the
JEjropeao a-ttions, trading with her, c rofs all the pTOiiiietii>ns of her
Colonies^ as well a Ler own native commoditits, as htr gold, diainondjj
peirls, fugars, cocoa-nuts, line red vvooJ, tobjcco, hides, and tne drugs
of Brafil ; her ivory, ebony, I'p'ces, and drugs of Africa aad EalT: India j
inexihangc for the almoft numbcrlefs manufactures, and the valV quan-
tify of com and fait fi(h, fupjilled by thofe European nations, and by the
Englifli North American colonies.

■ The Portuixueie foreign fettlemcnts are, however, not only of immeufc

value, but valHy improveablc : Brafil, the iflcs of Cape Verd, Madeira,

and the Azures. They bring gold from their plantatious on the call and

—.'■ '\ .. ■ . . . i «rell

PORTUGAL.

59^

. Weft coafts of Africa, and likewife flavei for inanufa£turtng their fugara
and tobacco in Brafil, and their South American fcttlements.

What the value of thefe may be, is unknown perhaps to themfelves ;
but they certitinly abound in all the precious lionea, and rich mines of

5o!d and filver, and other commodities that are produced in the Spanifll
oininions there. It is computed thut the king's fifth of gold fent from
Bralil, amounts annually to 300,000!. flerlin;;, notwithitanding the vaft
contraband trade. The little fliipping the Portuguefe have, is chiefly
employed in carrying on the Have trade, and a correfpondence with Goa,
their chief fettlement in the £ail-Indies, and their other poneffions there,
as Diu, Daman, Macao, &c.

Constitution anb government.] The crown of Portugal is
abfolute ; but the nation lUll preferves an appearance of its ancient free
conllitution, in the meeting of the corccs or flares, confining, like our
parliament!!, of clergy, nobility and commons. They pretend to a right
of being confulted upon the impontion of new taxes, but the only real
power they have is, that their afLnt is nccefl'ary in every new regulation,
with regard to the fucceflion. In this they are indulged, to prevent
all future difputes on that account.

All great preferments, both fpiritual and temporal, are difpofed of itf
the council ot Hate, which is compofed of *n equal number of the clergy
and nobilirv, with the Iccrctary of Itate. A council of war regulates alt
military afT.iirs, as the treal'ury courts do the finances. The cuitncil of
the palace is the highcll tribunal thst can receive appeals, but ^hs Cafa da
SuppHca^ao is a tribunal from which no appeal can be brought. The
laws of Portugal are contained in three duodecimo volumes, and have the.
civil law for their foundation.

Revknues and TAXts.] The revenues of the crown aiaount to above
3, 000, coo and a half fterling, annually. The cuftoms and duties 00
goods exported and impi)rted arc excellive, and fai mcd out ; but if the
Portuguefe miniftry (hould fucceed in all their pvojedts, and in eftablifliing
€xclulive companies, to the prejudice of the Britifli trade, the inhabi*
lants will be able to bear thefe taxes without mnrmiiring. Foreign mer-
chandife pays 23 \Kr cent, on importation, and fifli from Newfoundland
25 per cent. Fifli taken in the neighbouring feas and rivers pay 27 per
cent, and the tax upon lands and cattle that are fold is 10 per cent. The
king draws a confiderable reveni-c from the feveral orders of knighthood,
of which he is grand-maTrer, The pope, in confidcration of the large
fums he draws out of Portugal, gives the king the money arifing from
indulgences and licences to eat flelh at times prohibited, &c. ThekingJs
revenue is now greatly increafed by the fuppreff.on of the Jefults and
other religious orders and inliitutions.

Military and marine strength.] The Portugnefe government
ufed to depend chiefly for protetaion (m England ; and therefore for many
years they greatly negledled their army and fleet ; but the fame friendly
connexion between Great Britain and Portugal docs not at prefent fubliu.
In the late reign, though they received the moft etfcdtual afliftance from
England, when invaded by the French and Spaniards, his Moll Faithful
Majefty judged it expedient to raifc a cofiderable body of troops, who
were chiefly difciplined by foreign otficei s : but fince that period the
army has been again ncglc6tcd, no proper encouragement being given to
foreigr. ofiiceis, and little atrention paid to the dilcipline vf the UiQOps,,
to that the miiitary foTce of Portugal is now again inconfiderable. The

Q q naval

5i.H

PORTUGAL,

i *

naval for«e of thfi lungdom is about feventcen fltipt cf war, Including fix
F, ii^ates.

Roy At TiTiis aiid a«m».] The king'i titles arc, king of Portugal,
and the Algarvei, lord bf Guinea, and •£ the navit^utiun, conqueft, and
commer'.e of Ethiopia, Arabia, Perfia, and Brafil. The lad king was
com()>.iment^ by the pope, with the title of His Moft Fiuthful MajeAy.
Tliat of bis cldeft fon is prince of Brafil.

The arms of Portugal are, argent, five efcutcheons, arurc, placed
crofs'wife, each charj,'c<i with as many befanrs as the fird, placed (alter-
wife, and pr ated, fable, for Portugal. The iliield bordered, gules,
charged witn (even towers, cr, three in chief, and two in each flanch—
The fupporters are two winged dragons, and the creft a dragon, or, under
the two H^ncl^ies, and the bafe of the fliield appears at the end of it ; two
croiTes, the lirft flowcr-dt-luce, vert, which is for the order of Aviez,
and the fecond paiec, joules, for the order of Chrid ; the motto it, change-
able, each king ufluining a new one ; but it is frequently thefe words,
fro Rege et Grege, ** For the King and the People."

Nobility ano or dbrs.] The title and tHllini^ions of their nobility
are much the fame with ihofe of Spain. Their orders of knighthood are
three; i. That o( Avis, or Jvlezy firil inftituted by Alphonfus Hcnri-
qiUEZ, king of Portugal in the year 1147, as a military and religious
order, en account of his taking £vora from the Mrars. In 1213, it was
fubjed to the order of Calatrava in Spain, bu when Don John of
Portugal feized the crown he made it again independent. 2. The
*• Order of St. Jamn" inlVituted by Dennis 1. king of Portugal, in the
year 13 10, fuppofmg that under thar faint's prote£lion he became vifto-
hous over the IMoors, and he endowed it with great privileges. The
Itnlghts profefs chaflity, hofpitaliiy, and obedience, and none are ad-
mitted till they prove the gcntilitjy of their blood. Their enfign is a red
fword, the habit white, and their ^)rinc.pal convent is at Dalinela.—
3. The ♦♦ Order oi ChriJI" was inftituted in 1317, by Dennis I. of Por-
tugal, to engage the nobility to alfiO him more powerfully againft the
Moors. The knights obtained great pofleflions, and elefted their grand-
inaAer, till 1522, when popa Adrian VI. conferred that ofBce on
John III. and his fucceffors to the crown of Portugal. Thefc orders
have Anall commflndaries and revenues annexed to them, but are in little
eftecra. The "Order of Malta" haih likewife 23 comminderies in
Portugal.

History op Portugal.] This kingdom comprehends the jifreateft
part of the ancient Lufitania, and Hiared the fame fate with the other
Spaniih provinces in the contefts between the Carthaginians and Remans,
and in the decline and fall of the Roman empire, and was fuccefiively in
fubjeftion to the Sucvi, Alans, Vifigoths, and Moors. In the nth
century, Alphonfus VI. king of Caftile and Leon, rewarded Henry,
grandfon of Robert king of France, for his bravery and afliftance againft
the Moors, with his daughter, and that part of Portugal then in the hands
of the Chuflians. Henry was lucceedcd by his fon Alphonfus Heniy,
in the year 1095, who gained a decifive vidory over five Moorifti kings,
in July 1139. This vidory proved the origin of the monarchy of Por-
tugal, for Alphonfus was then proclaimed king by his foldiers. He reign-
ed 46 years, and was edeemed for his courage and love of learning.'-'
Hi^ defcendants maintainc;' themfelves on the throne for fome centuries ;
indeed Sancho II. was expelled from his dominions for cowardice in the
vcar 1240.

Dennis I.

PORTUGAL.

i95

DenniK I. or DionyiiiK, was cnllcd the Fatbtr of hit Country \ he built
and rebuilt 44 cities and towns in Portugal, founded the military order
of Chrin, and was a very fortunate prince. He reigued 46 years.->->
Under his fucceflbr Alphonfus IV. happened fcvernl earthquakes at Lif-
hon, which threw down part of the city and dedroyed mnny lives.—-
John I. was illuftrious for his courage, prudence, and couciueds in Africa ;
under him Madeira was iirft difcovered in 1420, and the Canaiies ; he
took Ceuta, and after a reign of 49 veiirs, died in the year I433> In the
reign of Aiphonfo V. about u8o, the Poriuguefc difcovered the coaft of
Guinea; and in the reign of his fucceflbr John II. they difcovered the
Cape of Good Hope, and the kingdom of Moni-Coneo, and fettled co-
lonies, and built forts in Africa, Guinea, and thft Eaft Indies. Ema-
nuel, furnamed the Great, fucceeded him in I4$5» and adopted the plan
of his predeceiTors, fitting out fleets for new difcovcries. Vafco de Gama
under him, cruifcd along the coall of Africa and Ethiopia, and landed ia
Indoftan : and in the year 1500 Alvarez difcovered Brjfil.

John in. fucceeded in 1521, aud while he loft fome of his African
fettlements, made new acquiiitions in the Indies. He fent the fatnoui
Xavicr, as a midionary to hijian, »nd in the height of his zeal, eftablifli'
«.-d that infernal tribunal the in(]ui(ition of Portugal, anno 1 $26, againft
the intrcRties and remonilranccs of his people. Sebatiian his grandfon
fucceeded him in 1557, and undertook a crufade againft the Moors in
Africa. In i ^78, in a battle with the king of Fez and Morocco, on the
banks of the river Lucco, he was defeated, and either flain or drowned.
Henry, a cardinal, and uncle to the unfortunate Sebaftian, being the fon
of Emanuel, fucceeded, but died without ifliic in the year 1580; on
which, Anthony Prior of Ctiito w.-^ chofen king, by the ftates of the
kingdom, but Philip II. of Spain, as hath been obferved in our hiftory
of that country, pretended that the crown belonged to him, becauic
his mother was the ddeft of the grand-mother of the princes of Braganza,
and fent the diiVe of Alva with a powerful force, who fubdued the country
and proclaimed his mailer king of Forriigul, the 12 Sept. 1580.

The viceroys under Philip and his two fuccefTors, Philip III. and
Philip IV. behaved towards the Portugiic;c with great rapacity and via-
lence. The Spanifli niinifters treiitcd thcin as vaflals of Spain, and by
their repeattd adts of oppreffion and tyninny, they fo kindled the hatred
and courage of the Portuguefc, as to produce a revolt at Lifbon, the ift
of December 1640. The people obli^^ed John duke of Bntganza, the
legitimate heir to the crown to accept it, and he fucceeded to the throne
by the title of John IV. .ilmoft without bloodflied, and the foreign fettle-
ments alio acknowledged him as their fovereign. A fierce war fubfifted
for many years between the two kingdoms, and all the eftbrts of the
Spaniards to reunite them, proved vain, fo that a treaty was concluded
in February 1668, by which Portugal was declared to be free and inde-
pendent.

The Portuguefe could not have fupported themfelvcs under their revolt
from Spain, had not the latter power been engaged in wars with England
and Holland ; and upon the reftoration of Charles II. of England, that
prince having married a princefs of Portugal, prevailed with the crown of
Spain to give up all pretcnfions to that kingdom, Aiphonfo, fon to
John IV. WHS then king of Portugal. He had the misfortune to difagree
at once with his wife and his brother Peter ; and they uniting their
imereth, not only forced Aiphonfo to refign his crown, but obtained a dif-

Ojq a penfatioo

S9^

PORTUGAL.

p«nfation from the pope for their marriage, which was adlualt confum*
jjwited. They had a tlau^htcr; but Peter, by a Iccond mariiage, had
fons, the eldcrt of whom was John, hi» fucci'fl'or, and father to the lite
king of Portugal. John, like his father, joined the gr i.J confdcriicy
formed hy kinjj WiUiuin ; but neither of them w«re of irui !. ferviic iti
humbling the power of France. On the contrary, he alir.uft ruined the
•Uiei, by occafioning the loft of the great b-ittlc of Almanza in 1707.—
John died in 1750, and was fuccceded by his Ton Jofrph, whoit- aignwai
neither happy to himfclf, nor fortunate for his people. The t.ttal earth*
ijuake in 1755, overwhehncd his inpital, and fliook hU kingdom to the
centre. His fuccceding adminiltramn was not diftinguinicd by the atFec"
lion that it acquired at home, or the reputation which it fuft lined abroad.
It was deeply ftaincd with domcilic blood ; and rendered odious by
excellivc and hniiible cruelty. In 1760, the king was attacked by af-
faflins, and nanowly efcaped with his liie in a folitary place near his
country palace of Belem. Sonic of the firft families of the kingdom were
hereupon ruined, tortuied, and nearly cut off from the face of the earth,
in confequencc of an accufation being exhibited againft thcin of having
confpired againll the king's life. But they were condemned without any
proper evidence, and their innocence has decn fmce publicly and authen-
tically declared. From this fuppofed ci iilpiracy is dated the expulfion
of the Jefuits (who were conjectured to have been at the bottom of the
plot) from all parts of the Portugucfc dominions. The mnrquis de Pom-
bal, who was at this time the prime minifter of Portugal, governed the
kingdom for many years with a moll unbounded authority, and which
appears to have been fometimcs diredled to the mod cruel and arbitMry
purpofes.

In 1762, vvlun a war broke out between Gpain and Ent^land, the Spa-
niards, and th'tr allies the French, attempted to force his Faithful Majefty
into th'iral'ii.aice, and offered to garrifon his lea-towns ai;ain(l the Englilli
wi?h their tr ops. The l^ing of Portugal lejcfted this projKilal, and tieclared
war againd the Spaniards, who, without rcfilhince, entered Portus;al
with u confiderablc army, while a body of French threatened it from
another quarter. Some have doubtvd whether any of thefe courts were in
«arneil upon this occafion, and whether the whole of the pretended war
was not concerted to force England into a peace with Frant e and Spain,
in conlidcration of Portugal's apparent danger. It is certain, that both
the French and Spaniards carried on the war in a very dilatory manner,
and th'.'t had they been in earneft, they might have been maftcrs of Lif-
bon long before the arrival of the Englifli troops to the aiFilUnce of the
Portuguese.

Be that as it will, a few Englilh battalions piK an effeflual flop, by their
courage and manoeuvre?, to the progrefs of the invafion. Portugal w«s
favcd, and a peace was concluded at Fontainbleau in 1763. Notwith-
Aanding this eminent feivice performed by the Englifli to the Portuguefe,
who often had been faved before in the like manner, the latter, ever lincc
that period, cannot be faid to have beheld their deliveicrs with a friendly
eye. The mod captious diftinftions and frivolous pretences have been
invented by the Portuguefe minifters for cramping the Englifli trade, and
depriving them of their privileges.

His Portuguefe majefly having no fon, his elded daughter was married,
by difpenfatioo from the pope, to Don Pedro, her own uncle, to prevent
the crowa from falling into a foreigti family. The late king died on the

24ttt

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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

^9)

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I T A L y.

14th of February, 1777, and was fucceeded by his daughter the preftnt
queen. One ot the tirft a-th of her majefty's reij^n was the removal from :
power the marquis de Pombal, an event which excited general joy
throughout the kingdom, as might naturally be cxpedtcd from the arbi*
trary and oppreifive nature of his adminillration ; though it" has beea
alleged in his favour, that he adopted fundry public meafurcs, which ww«
calculated to promote the real intereits of l*ortugaL ,

Maria-Frances-llabella, queen of Portugal, born io 1734, niarrie<l, '
1760, to her uncle, Don redro, who was born 1717, by whom (h*
has ilFue.

1. Jofcph-Franc's-Xavier, prince ofBrafil, born in 1761, married in
1777, to his aunt Mary-Francilca-Bencdi^ta, born in 1746*

2. Infant John [Waria-Jol'cph, 1767. N •'• y*-!

3. Infanta Maria-Anaa-Victoria, 1768. ;> . ^ ,;ci«- . ,^{ '-

4. Infanta Maria-Clementina, 1774. \ ,,

Chimjeia-

Lca.

rful

J'?

ITALY.

Situation and extent. '

Degrees. ' •

I between { ^^ ""1 ^^7 north latitude.
Breadth 400 ) (7 ^i^" ^9 c^^ longitude.

Miles.
Length 600

1 ",l >

TH E form of Italy, renders it very difficult to afcertain its extent
and dimenlions ; for, according to Ibme account-^, it is, from the
frontiers of Switzerland to the extremity of the kingdom of Naples,
about ,750 miles in length ; and from the frontiers of the duchy of
Savoy^ to thole of the dominions of the ftares of Venice, which is its
greatefl breadth, about 4C0 miles, though in fome parts, it is fcarcely
100.

BoUNnARiEs.] Nature has fixed the boundaries of Italy ; for towards
the EaA it is bounded by the Gulf of Venice, or Adriatic fea ; on the
South and Weft by the Med terranean fea ; and on the North, by the
lofty mountains ot the Alps, which divide it from Fiance and Switzer«
lani.

The whole of the Italian dominions, comprehending Corfica, Sardinia,
the Venetian ^nd other illands, are divided And exhibited in the following
Ublc.

'I
- fi

[7?

QS 3

Countrlei.

))petitw A .

-T/iir?"

ITAILT

fMMiI^i

Dm tJie

beft

4 /' T m* II I T 1 IS s

lOtCtW

«5:

ti»?;

^u'^^l

'-^

2^lutt0

'na/v

.fft

ZrtTW

Ifia^i

Cj>»oi»_

C.di'c,

I^#

olio

'S'.leuca,

C.dill»lift««=o

^.»»<v'/v>-^;^'''«^ Tatcnto

7M-«r<#«.^

^ivA'

l^«i,

:Soa.

XiltiVtKt

Srraenife

atai

.Zine^MlM

Catiolo^jy..

""I ■■"■"" I I ■■"■"'^1 ■"■""■'■ ^■■""■' ■"'■'1

ITALY.

mr*

M i nt I - f

CMutriM NotaM.

I h.

'Pie^Undnt
Savoy
Moatfemt

Sauwe
Milct.

To die king i
«( Sardinia I Alexandrine
Oaej^li*
LSardini* ?.
Totheking/Napli^
•fKaplM t Sicily I.

Toth;E..5JSs»

P«"" iMirandpIa

Pope'* dDminioM

Tnfcany

Mafla

PariM

Modena

Piombino

.Monaco
r Lucca
Republic! ^ St. Marino
(^ Genoa

Corfica I.

Venice

Iftria P.

To their

refpcAive

princes

To France

To the re-
public of

Venice

Dalmatia P.
Ifles or Dalmatia
Cephalonit

Venetian J ^*°*» " **'^
wMiuiuuuv j j^jjjig CephaloBia
^ Ithaca olim

06ly

357»
446

204

I3J

6600

12 ,000
9400

543'

70©

IZO

14.348

C64C

ItzS

ij6o
too

a4
286
8
340c
2520
8434
l»45
1400

13''4
428

194

»4

Total— 75^056

«4

*75

180

47
»9

«3S

"I
16

160
90

I7i
6

13s

4C
31
13
12

98
60
22

57
aoo

«7
10

>43

94
II

39
18

4
»5

»5
38
95

3>
20

Chief Cttiei.

lunn
Cliambery
Cafal

Alcxai)dria
7 Oneelta
CagUari
Naples
Palermo
Milan
Mantua
Mirandola

ROME 12.'

Florence

MalTa

Parma

Vrodena

Piombino

Monaco

Lucca

St. Marino

Genoa

Baftia

Venice

Capo d'Iftria

Zara

Lat. 41-54.
Lou. 12-4J.

18
10

Cephalonia

Corfu

Zant

St. Mauis

Soil. AND AIR.] The happy foil of Italy produces the comforts and
luxuries of Ufe in great abundance ; each diftn£t has its peculiar excel-
lency and commodity ; wines, the moft delicious fruits, and oil, are the
fisou getteral productions . At much corn grows here as ferves the inbabi-
fanti; and were- thp ground properly cultivated, the Italians might ex-
port it to their neighbours. The Italian cheefes, particularly thofe called
Farmefan, and their native filk, form a principal part of their commerce.
Thftre is here a great variety of air : and fome parts of Italy bear melan-
choly proofs of the alterations that accidental caufes make on the face of
mature ; for the Camjpagna di Roma, where the ancient Romans enjoyed
the moft falubrious air of any place perhaps on the globe, is now almoft
peftilential, through the decreafe of inhiibitants, which has occalioned a
uagnation of waters, and putrid exhalations, The air of the northern
parts, which lie among the Alps, or in their neighbourhood, is keen and
piercing, the groand being, in many places covered with fnow in winter.
The Appenniues, which are a ridge of mountains that longitudinally aU
raoft divide Italy, have great eife^s on its climate ; the countries on the
South beJQg warm, thoie on the North mi)d and temperate. The fea-
ifttcz^ imr^ih \\^c Itipgdom pf Naples fp ;nuchi that uq remarkable in-

convfoieiiicy

• ^«

ITALY.

599"

conveniency of air if found there, DotwitIkftandin|^ iti fouthen fituation.
In KCMral, the air of Italy may be faid to be dry and pure.

MotNTAiNS.j We have already mentioned tne Alps and AppebASn***
which form the chief mountains of Italy. The famous volcano of Moukt
Vcfuvius lies in the neighbourhood of Naples.

Rivers and lakes.] Thwivers ot Iraty are the Po, the Var, the
Adige, the Trebia, the Arno, and the Tiber, which ruls through the'
city of Rome. The filmous Rubicon forms the fouthern boundary be>
tween Italy and the ancient Cifalpine Gaul.

The lakes of Italy are, the Maggiore, Lugano, Como, I<bo, and Gair*
da in the North ; the Perugia or Thrafimene, Bracciana, Terni, and Ce*
laoo, in the middle.
Seas, gulfs or bays, capes, 1 Without a knowledge of thefct
PROMONTORIES, AND STRAITS. ( neither the ancient Roman authors,
nor the hillory nur geography of Italy, can be underftood. The Teas of
Italy are, the gulfs of Venice, or the Adriatic fra ; the feas of Nap4eiir
Tufcany, and Genoa ; the bays or harbours of Nice, Villa Franca^ Ont-
glia. Final, Savona, Vado, Spczzia, Lucca, Pita, Leghorn, Piombino^
Civita Vecchia, Gaeta, Naples, Salerno, Policaflro, Rhegio, QuiIaceB
Tarento, Manfredonia. Ravenna, Venice, Trielle, Ifiria, and FtuKie^}
Cape Spartavento del Alice, Otranto, and Ancona ; the ftrait of Mefl^ha,
between Italy and Sicily.

The gulfs and bays m the Italian ifland$ are thofe of Fiorenzo, BaiBa.
Talada, Porto Novo, CapeCorfo, Bonifacio, andFerro, in Corfica; and
the flrait of Bonifacio, between Corfica and Sardinia. The bays of C«*
gliari and OriOagni ; Cape de Sardis, Cavello, Monte Santo, and Polo, ia
Sardinia. The gulfs of MeiCna, Melazzo, Palermo, Mazara, Syracufe,
and Catania; cape Faro, Melazzo, Orlando, Gallop Trapano, PaiTaroi
and Aletlia, in Sicily ; and the bays of Porto Feraio, and Pbno Longone,
in the ifland of Elba.

Metals and minerals.] Many places of Italy abound in mineral
fprings ; fome hot, fome warm, and many of fulphureous, chalybeat, and
medicinal qualities. Many of its mountains abound in tanines that pro*
duce great quantities of emeralds, jafpcr, agate, porphyry, lapii
lazuli, and other valuable floncs. Iron and copper-mines are fovnd in t
few places ; and a mill for forging and fabricating thefe metals is ere£ted
near Tivoli, in Naples. Sardinia is faid to contain mines of gold, filvef,
lead, iron, fulphur, and alum, though they arc now neglefled ; and cu-
rious cryftals and coral are found on the coaft of Corfica. Beautiful mar*
ble of .ill kinds is one of the chief productions of Italy.
^ Vegetable and animal pro> 1 Befides the rich vegetable ptof'
DucTiONs, BY SEA AND LAND. J duAlons mentioned under the ar-
ticle of foil, Italy produces citrons, and %oh quantities of chefnuts, cher-
ries, plumbs, and other fruits, that they are of little value to (he propri-
etors.

There is little difference betwt^en the animal produAions of Ital^, ei-
ther by land or Tea, and thofe of Vfanc& and Germany already mentioned.
Population, inhabitants, man- } Authors are greatly divided
NERS. CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. ) OD the head of Italian popula-
tion. This may be owing, in a great meafure, to the partiality which
every Italian has for the honour of his own province. The number of
the king of Sardinia's fubjeAs in Italy is about 2,300,000. The city of
^^ilau itfelf, by the belt accounts, contains 300,000, and the duchy !a

Q^q 4 proportlonably

^00

I T A L y.

prppoition^bly- populoust A* to the other province! of Italy, geo^raphert
find tiaveUeri have paid very little attention to the numbers of natives ihitt
live in the country, and inform ug by conjeAure only of thofe who inha-
))it the great cities. Some doubts have arifen whether Italy is as popu-
lous AOW as it was in the time of Piiny, when it contained 14,000,000 of
Inhabitants. I am apt to believe that the prefent inhabitants exceed that
number. The Campngna di Roma, and Ibme other of the moll beaut'u
i\i\ par(! of Italy* src at prefeot in a manner defolate ; but we are to con-
^d^r that the modern Italians are in a great mcafure free from the uninter-
mitting ^ari, not to mention the tranfmigration of colonics, which for>
merlY, even dotiirQ to the |6th century, depopulated their country. Add
to this, that the princes and ftates of Italy nuw encourage agriculture and
inanufa^i^rps of ^1 kinds, which undoubtedly promotes population; fo
thHt it may not perhaps be extravagant, if we aifign to Italy 20,000,000
of inhabitants ; but fome calculations greatly exceed that number*. The
Italians are generally wc^l proportioned, and l\ave fuch meaning in their
looks, that thcv have greatly alliiled the ideas of their painters. The wo.
inen are welUfliaped, and very amorous. The marriage ties, efpecially of
the better fort, are faid to be of very little value in Iti'ly. Every wife has
been reprefcnted to have her gallant or cicin)eo, with whom flie keeps
company, and fometimes cohabits, with very little ceremony, and no ofi
fence on cither fide. But this practice is chiefly remarkable at Venice ;
piid, indeed the reprcfentations which have been made of this kind by tra«
vellers, ap()ear to have been much exaggerated. With regard to the
nodes of life, the bcft quality of 4 modern Italian is fobriety, and they
fubinit very patiently to the public government. With great taciturnity they
pifcover but little reHe£lion. They are rather vindiaive than brave, and
inore fuperflitious ths^n devout. The ipiddlin^; rapks are attached to their
pative cufloins, ancf feem to have no ideas of improvement. Their fond-
aefa for greens, fruits, and vegetables of all kinds, contributes to theif
(otitentmci^t and fatisfaiftiou ; and an Italian gentleman or peafant can be
iaxurious at a veiy finall expence. Though perhaps all Italy does not
contain many deicendants of the ancient Romans, yet the piefent inha-
bitants fpeak of themfclves as fucceflbrs of the conc^uerors oV the world,
find look upon the reft of mankind with contempt.

The drefs of thp Italians '19 little different from that of the neighbour-
ing countries, and they aiTedt a medium between the French volatility an4
the folemnify of the Spaniards. The Neapolitans are commonly dreft in
black, in compliment to the Spaniards. It cannot be denied that the Ita-
jians excel in the fine arts ; though they make at prefent but a very inconfi*
4erable figure in the fciepcefi. They cultivate and enjoy vocal mufic at a
Very dear rate, by emafculating their males when young ; to which their
mercenary parents agree without remorl'e.

The Italians, the Venetians efpecially, h^v^ very little or no notion of
the impropriety of many cuftoms that are confidered as criminal in other
countries. Ps^rents, rather than tbcir fons fliovild throw themfelvcs away
^y unfuitable marriage, or cont^aa difeafes by promifcuous amours, hire
nilfireflfes for theip, for a month, pr a year, or fome determined iimc j
Otid concubinage, in many places of Italy, is 9Q avowed licenced trade.

* Mr. Swinburne faith, that m 1779, the number of inhabitants in thi kingdoQt
fit {4>f le*, amounted to -x^M^Ai^t cxciullvc of the vvaY asd naval fftabliihmeDt.

Th?

I T A L Y.

^Qts

i I

The Italttin courtezani, or i0Ha roias, ai they «r« called, make a kiad of
profelTiOn in all their citica. MafoueraUing aud gaming, horfe race* with-
out ridcri, and conrerfations or aflcmblies, are the chiet diverfioDs of tho.
Italians, excepting religious exhibitions, in which they are puinpuus be«'
yond all other nations.

A modern writer, defcribing his journey through Italy, gives iis a veiy
unfavourable pi£iure of the Italians, and their manner of living. Give
what fcopc yuu pleafe to your fancy, fays he, you will never im.<gine half
the difagreeabltncts that Italian beds, Italian cook?, and Italian nitilinelt*
offer to an £ngliflnnan. At Turin, Milan, Venice, Rome, and perhapi
two or three other (owns, you meet with good accommodations; but
no words can exprefs the wretchedncfs of the other inns. No other beds
than thofe of draw, with a matrafii of draw, and next to thHt a dirty fheet»
fprinkled with water, and confcquently damp : for a covering, you have'
another fhert ;is conrfe as the firtl, like one of our kitchen jjck<towelSt
with a dirty coverlet. The btdflead confifls of four wooden forms or
benches : an Englifli peer and pcerefs muO lie in this manner, unlefs thejr
Carry an upholftcrer's fhop wiif» them. There are, by the bye, no fuch
things as curtains ; and in all their inns the walls are bare, .".iJ the floor
has never once been wafhed fincc it was firft laid. One of the rooft inde-
licate cuiloms here is, that men, and not women, muke the ladies beds^
and would do every office of a maid fcrvant, if fufl'ercd. They never
fcour their pewter ; their knives arc of the fame colour. In thefe ions
they make you pay largely, and fend up ten times as much as yon can eat.'
The foup, like wafh, with pieces of liver fwimming'in it; a plate full
of brains fried in the fliape of fritters ; a dith of livers and gizzards ; a
couple of fowls (always killed after your arrival) boiled to rags, without
any the Icaft kind of lauce or herbage : another fowl, juft killed, Aewed
as they call it; then two more fowls, or a turkey roMlcd to rags. All
over Italy, on the roads, the chickens and fowls are fo flringy, you may
divide the hreafl into as many filaments as you can a haltpenny-worth of
thread. Now and then we get a little piece of mutton or veal ; and, gene*
rally fpeaking, it is the only eatable morfel that falls in our way. The
bread all the way is exceedingly bad : and the butter fo rancid, that it
cannot be touched, or even borne within the reach of your firell. But
what is a ajreater evil to travellers than any of the above recited, ue the infi-
nite number of gnats, bugs, fleas, and lice, which infefl us '^-.y duy aii4
night.

Religion.] . The religion of the Italians is Roman-catholic, The in*
quifition here is little more than a fot.-nd ; and perfons of all religions live
unmolclled in Italy, provided no f;rofs infult is offered to their worfhip. Iq
the introduftion, we have given an account of the rile and cftablifliment of
popery in Italy, from whence it fpread over all Europe ; likewife of the
?nufes apd fymptoms of its decline. The ecclefiaflical government of the
papacy has employed many volumes in defcribing it. The cardinals, who
9re next in dignity to his holinefs, are feventy : but that number is fcl-
dom or never complete : they are appointed by the pope, who takes care
tb have a majority of Italian cardinals, that the chair may not be removed
from Rome, as it was once to Avignon in France, the then pope being 4
Frenchman. In promoting foreign prelates to the cardinalfldp, the pope
regulates himfelf according to the nomination of the princes who profefs
that religion. His chief minifler is the cardinal patron, generally his ne-
phfVT) 9t near rela^ioni who improves th^ time of the |>opc'8 reign by

am^ilin^

Ibl

ITALY.

wrnfinf wfitt lie eia* When met \n t confiltory, the carcTmaU pretend
lo control the popCt in matters both fpiritual and temporal, acul have been
femerimei known to prevail. The reign of a pope it feldom of long du-
rattoa, being generally old men at the time of their eledlion. The con-
clave it a fcene where (he cardinals principally endeavour to difplay their
pwrts, and where many tranfadtions pnfi which hardly Hiew their infpira*
tion to be from the Holy Gholl. During the ele<nion of a pope in 1721,
the animoiitics ran fo high, that they came to blows with both their hands
tfnd feet, and threw the ink>(landilhes at each other. We niall here give
Mi estraA from the creed of pope Pius IV. 1560, before his elevation to
the chair, which contains the prmcipal points wherein the church of Rome
SStn from the protellant churches. After declaring his belief in one
^od, and other heads wherein Chiiftians in general arc agreed, he pro«
cecds as follows :

** I mod firmly admit and embrace the apoftolical and ecdefiailical tra-
ditions, and all other cunftitutions of the church of Rome.

•* I do admit thd h.>ly I'criptures in the fame fenfe that holy mother-
church doih, vrhofe bufinefs it is to judge of the true fenfe and interpre-
tation of them ; and I will interpret them according to the xinanimoua
confent of the fathers*

** I do profefs and believe that there are feven facraments of the lavr,
.truly and properly fo called, inftituted by Jefus Chrift our Lord, and ne-
ccflary to the falvation of mankind, though not all of them to every one ;
aamefyy baptifm, confirmation, euchanft, penance, extreme un<^ion,
onlers, and marriage, aiid that they do confer grace ; and that of thefe,
l^aptifm, conRrmation, anil orders, may not be repeated without facrilege.
I do Aho receive and admit the received and approved rites of the catho-
' lie church in her folemn adminiftration of the abovefaid facraments.

** I do embrace and receive all and every thing that hath been defined
and declared by the holy council of Trent*, concerning original fin and
juftification.

**■ I do alfo profefs that in the mafs there is offered unto God a true,
proper, and propitiatory facrifice for the quick and the dead ; and that in
the moft holy facrament of the eucharift there is truly, really, and fub-
Ibntially, the body and blood, together with the foul and divinity, of our
]Lord Jefus Chriil ; and that there is a converfion made of the whole fub-
ibnce of the bread into the body, and of the whole fubilance ef the wine
into the blood ; which converfion the catholic church calls Tranfubfian-
tiation. I confefs that under one kind only, whole and entire, Chiifi and
a true facrament is taken and received.

** I do firmly believe that there is a purgatory ; and that the fouls kept
prifoners there do receive help by the fufirages 6( the faithful.

<* I do likewife believe that the faints reignit\g together with Chrifl are
fo be worfiiipped and prayecj unto : and that they do ofier prayers unto
Qod for us, and .that their relics are to be had in veneration. ''

«« 1 do moft firmly aflert, that the images of Chrift, of the blefled Vir-

* A convocation of Rnman-catholic cardinals, archblfltopi, hilhopt, and divines,
who aflembl«4l at Ti ent, by virtue c^ a bull from the pope, anno 1 546, and devoted
t» him, to determine upon certain points of faith, and to fuppreft what they were
pUafed to term the Rifing Herefict in the .church.

a * > • eiu

ITALY.

6oj

gia tfae mother of God, a^d of other fainti, ought to be hod mWI NUAned,
and that due honour and venemtion ought to be given unto them*.

*> I do Ukewife aflirm, that the power of iodulgence* wai left b^ ChrUfc
to the church, and that the ufe of thctn U ?ery beneficial to cbrilUaa pao«

plef.

'• I do acknowledge the holy, Atholie, and aportolical Ronan churck
to be the mother and miilreft of all churchea ; and 1 do promife and fwcac

■1

• An Englifli traveller, fpeakinr of a rellgiotu procclfion fome year* ago at Pl^
ren'ce, in Italy, defcribei it m follow*. I had occafian, lay* he, to fee a proceffion.
where all the nubleffe of the city attended in their coachn. It waa the annirerfiry m
a charitable inftitution in Aivour of poor maiden*, a oertain number of irhom ara
portioned et4ry year. About two hundred of thefe virgin* walked in proceffioa, tw*
and two together. They were preceded and followed by an incgular mob of peoj'
tentt, in fack<cloth, with lighted taper*, and monk* canning crucifixet, bawling and
bellowing the litanies : but the greateft objeA wa* the figure of the Virgin Mary, ■» '
big a* the life, ftandine whhin a tilt frame, drefled in a geld fluff, with a large hoopw
a great quantity of falfe jewel*, her face painted and patched, and her hair fritaloa
and curled in the very extremity of the faihion. Very little legard had been paid to
the image of our Saviour on the crof* } but when the Lady Mother appeared on tha
Ihoulden of three or four lufty friar*, the whole populace fell upon their kuee* in tha*
dirt.

f A long lift of indulgence*, or fee* of the pope** chancery, may be feen in a bodk
printed 150 year* ago, by authority of the then pope. It ha* been tranllated into Sng»
lifli, under the title of Jtmu a grtal CuJltm-HuiJt/or Sim from which we ftall ghrra
few extras*.

ABSOLUTIONS.

For him that ftole holy or confeeraud thing* out of a holy plaee, tea. U,

For him who lie* with a woman in the church, 9*.

Fot a layman for murJirht a layman, 7*. 6d.

For him that killeth hi* hither, mother, wife, or fifl<r, to*. 6d.

For laying violent hand* on a tUrgymait, fo it he without effufion of blood, lOi. dd*

For a prieft that keep* a concubine t a* alfo hi* difpenution for betog irregtiiarf |e!%

6d.
For him that lyeth with hi* •vm mttb*r, Jifttr, or goimiUiir, 7*. 6d.
For him that <wr/i/ hi* neighbour'* houfe 1 2t.
For him that forgeth the pope'* hand, il. 71.
For him that forgeth letter* apoftolical, il. 7*.
For him that take* two holy orders in one day, zl. 6*.
For a king for going to the holy fepulchre without licence, 7I. to*.

DISPENSATIONS.

For a baftard to enter all holy order*, 181.

For a man or woman that i» found aanged, that they may have Chriftlaa burial, i|,
7*. 6d.

J ^•' '■'•'' '' ' LICENCES.

For a layman to change hi* vow of going to Rome to vifit the apoftolic ehurchai, ilf^
To eat flcih and white meat* in Lent, and other falling day*, ib*. 6d.
That a king or queen (hall enjoy fuch indulgence*, as u they went to ROffc, Ijl,
Fur a queen to adopt a child, 300I.
To ma^ in time* prohibited, 2I. (*,
To eat flefli in time* prohibited, il. 4*.
Not to be tied to falling days, 1 1. 4*.

For a town to take out of a church them (murderers) that hAve tak^ flutfiuary ibeTef
in, 4I. 10*.

FACULTIES,

ToabfolvraUdiilinquenta, 3I.
To di(^cnle wi(h irragwlariticii 3I,

ITALY.

tfue oMtenc* (o the ]>\n\oyt of Rome, the fucceflur of St. Peter, iha
prince of the apoftlei, and vicar of }e(u» (J!hrift.

■ ** I do undoubtedly receive itiid proteft hU other things which have been
delivered, defined, and declared by the i'acrrd canont unil (rcumenicAl
coUDcili, iind clpccmlly by il>c holy lynod of Trent. And ull other
tMnet contrary thereto, and all hcrelie» cendcmned, rcjeflei), and aniithe-
iftatrfcd by the church, I do likewile condemn, reject, and anaihcma«
tife."

• AliCHBi«noriiiCK8.} There nre thirtyeight nrchbtfliopricks in Italy,
l>ut ihc futiiu^iini anuexcd lo them are too indefinite and arbitrary for the
reader to depend upon, the ^«»pe creating or lupprcirm^ them as he plcifci.
' LANCUAuti.] i'be Italian language is remarkable for it> fiiio.>thne(s,
and the f.icility with which it enter* into ntulical conipoiitions. The
grnund>work of it is Latin, and it is ealily mallercd b\ a good cUflical
fchoiar, Almoft every flate in Italy has a different d'takf) ; und the pro-
digious pains taken by the literary locictics there, miy nt I..1I fix the Italian
into a (taad.trd language. At prefent, the Tufcan Ilylc and writings it
nofl in lequell.

The Loid's Prayer runs thus : Fatfre nojrc, chrfei ml cUloy Jta/anUi'
Jicato ill tUQ Home \ ill tuo rrjfne venfta ; la tua voluntafiafattay Jic come in
tieh coji ancl't in terra : tlacci ogt^i ill nojlro pane cotidiano : e rimeftid i no/'
tri Jtbila% Jic come noi ancora rimcttiamo a' nojlri dcbitori ; e non induciei in
tntati»ney ma tiberaci dal maligna ; ferdochc tuo e il rrgno, e la totenza^ t la
^lorim in fempiterno. Amen.

Leahnino and iiiARNED men, PAINTERS,! Li the Introduction,
STATUARIES, ARCHITECTS, AND ARTISTS. J wc have particularifcd
fomc of the great men which ancient Italy has produced. In modern
times, that is, fiiicc the revival of letters, fome Italians have fiione in
controvertial learning, but they are chiefly celebrated by bigots of their
own perfuafiou. The mathematics and natural philofophy owe much to
<Q»lileo, ToricelU, Malpighi, Borclli, and feveral other Italians. Straua
b an excellent hiftoriiin ; and the hiliory of thccountil of Trent, by the

celebrated father Paul, is a llandaid work. Guicciardini, Bentivoglio,

and Davila, have been much commended as hiflorians by their feveral ad-

Machiavel is equally famous as an hiftorian, and as a political

His comedies have much merit ; and the liberality of h^ fenti-

levcral ad-
mirers,
writer.

inents, for the a^e in which he lived, is amazing. Among the profo
writers in the Italian language, Boccace has been thought one of the moft
pure and eorrefl; in point of ftyle : he was a very natural painter of life
•tid manners, but his produiftions are too licentiou;:. Petrarch, who wrote
both in Latin and Italian, revived among the moderns the fpirit and ge-
nius of ancient literature : but among the Italian poets, Dante, ArJofto,
and Taffo, are. the moft diftinguilhed. There arc faid to be upwards of
a thoufand comedies in the Italian lann;uage, though not many that are
excellent : but Metaftafio has acquired a great reputation by wi-itiiig dra-
matic pietcs fet to mufio. Sannazarius, Fracaftoruis, Bembo, Vida, and
other natives of Italy, have dillingnifhed themfdvcs by the elegance, cor-
rctfincfs, and fpirit of their Latin poetry, many of their compofitions not
yielding to the claflics themfclves. Socinus, who was fo much diftln-
guilhed by hi$ oppofition to the doctrine of the Trinity, was a native of
Italy.

The Italian painters, fculptors, architcfts, and inuficians, are unrivaU
led, Dot oaly ia thpir numbers, but their eycclleAciet, Tbp revival of

learning

I T A L V.

60s

learning, after the Cack of ConOiintinnpte by the Turki, revived taflt
likcwife, and gave mankind a rclifli fcr truth and beauty in defij^n and co-
luuring. Raphael, from hit own ideat, affiled by the ancients, (truck
out a new cieition with hit pencil, and l>ill ftands at the he:td of iht
uainting art. Michuel Angelo BiiMnnroti united in hit own perfon paint*
ing, fciilpture, and archiccdure. The colouring of Titian hai perhaps
never vet been e(jiiallcd. Bramnnte, Bernini, and many other iMliana,
carried fculpture and archite^urc to an amazing heiglu. Julio Romano,
Correggin, Caraccio, Veronere, and others, nre, ai painten, unequal-
led in their fcverjl manners. The f.tme may be faid of Corelli, and other
Italian*, in mufic. At prefent Itiiy cannot judly boall of any ptiramouac
genius in the fine arts.

Universities.] Thofe of Italy are, Rome, Venice, Flcrenctf,
M:inttia, Padua, Parma, Verona, Milan, Pavia, Bologna, Ferrara, Pifa**
Naples, Salerno, and Perufia.
Anti<ijmtie8 and cuaiosiTiEs, ) Italy is the native country of all
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. ) that is (lupcndous, great or beau-
tiful, either in ancient or modern times. A library might be filled bjr
defcriptions and delineations of all that is rare and curious in the arts ; nor
do the bounds .of this work admit of enlirgini; upon this fubje^. We
can give but a very brief account cf thofe objet^t that are moft diftin*
{{uiflicd cither for nntiniitty or excellence.

The amphitheatres clntm the firft rank, as a fpccies of the mod (lrikin|^
miignificence : there are at Rome confidcrabic remains of that which waa
ercdted by Vefpafian, and fiiiillicd by Domitian, called the Cotifleo.
Twelve rhoufand levvifli captives were employed by Vefpafian in this build«i
ing ; and it is faia to have been capable of containing cighty-feven thou-
fltnd fpedhtors feated, and twenty thonfand (landing. The architeiture
of this amphitheatre is pcrfcftly lighr, and its projjortions are fo juft, that
it does not appear nenr fo large as it really is. But it has been ilripped of
all its magnihccnt pillars and ornaments, at various times, and by various
enemies. The Goths, and other barbarians, be^an its de(lru6tion, and
popes and cardinals have endcavoiaed to coinplctf us ruin. Cardinal Far-
nefc, in particular, robbed it of fonie fine remains of it* marble cornices,
friezes, &c. and, with infinite pains nnd labour, got away what was prac*
ticable of the oiulidc cafinjf of marble, which he employed in building thf
palace of Farnefc. The amphitheatre of Verona, ercaed by the conful
rlaminius, is thoii^,ht to be the inoft entire of any in Italy. There are
forty-five rows of iK-ps carried all round, formed of fine blocks of marblft
about a foot and a half high each, and above two feet broad. Twenty- '
two thoufand perfons may be feitcd here at their eafe, allowing one foot
and a half for each perfon. This amphitheatre is quite perfect, and hat
been lately repaired with the greateft care, at the expence of the inhabi'*
tants. They frequently give public fpec'tacles in it, fuch as horfe-races,
combats of wild beai!s, &c. The ruins of theatres and amphitheatres are
alfo vifible in other places. The triumphal arches of Vefpalian, Sepri-
mius Severus, and Condantine the Great, are flill (landing, though de«
cayed. The ruins of the baths, palaces, and temples, anfwerall the'
ideal we can form of the Roman grandeur. The Pantheon, which is at

Fifa I)ath 46 frofeflurst

U4U

prefent

eo6

I t A L Y.

ptefent conver^d into t modern churc^ ind which from iti circular ft*
gure is commonly called the Rotunda, ii more entire than any other Ro*
man temple which is now remaining. There are dill left feveral of the
niches which anciently contained the ftatues of the Heathen deities. The
cutfide of the building is of Tivoli free-ftone, and within it is incrufled
with marble. The roof of the Pantheon is a round dome, without pil-
lan, the diameter of which is a hundred and forty-four feet ; and though
it has no windows, but only a round aperture in the centre of this dome,
it is very light in every part. The pavement confids of large fquare ftunes
and porphyry, Hoping round towards the centre, where the rain-water,
filling down through the aperture on the top of the dome, is conveyed
away by a proper ^ain covered with a ftune full of holes. The colonnade
in the front, which confifts of fixteen columns of granite, thiriy-feven
Icet high, exclufive of the pedeftals and capuJs, each cut out of a fingle
block, and which are of the Corinthian order, caa hardly be viewed with-
out aftoni(hmcnt. The entrance of the church is adorned with columns
forty .eight feet high, and the architi-ave is formed of a fmgle piece of gra-
nite. On the left hand, on entering the portico, is a large antique vafe of
Kumidian marble ; and in the area oefore the church is a fountain, with
an antique bafon of porphyry. The pillurs of Trajan and Antonine,
the former ij^ feet high, and the latter covered with in{iru£tive fculptures,
are flill remaining. A traveller forgets tlie devaluations of the northern
barbarians, when he fees the roflrared column crei'ted b^ Duillius, in com-
memoration of the Hrlt naval victory the Romans gamed over the Car«
thaginians ; the flatue of the wolf giving fuck to Romulus and Remus,
with vifible marks of the iUoke of lightning, mentioned by Cicero ; the
▼eiy original brafs plates containing the laws of the twelve tables ; and a
choufand qther identical antiquities, fome of them tranfmitted unhurt to
the prefent times ; not to mention medals and the infinite variety of feals
and engraved ftones which abound in the cabinets of the curious. Many
palaces, all ovu" Italy, are fumiflied with bulla and flatues fabricated in
the times of the republic and the higher empire.

The Appian, Flaminian, and ^mi); m roads, the firft 200 miles, the
iecond 130, and the third 50 miles in length, are in many places dill en-
tire; and magnificent ruins of villas, refervoirs, bridges and the like,
prefent themfelves all over the country of Italy.

The fubterraneous conflruilions of Italy are as flupendous as thofe
above ground ; witnefs the cloacx, and the catacombs, or rcpolitories for
dkad bodies, in the neighbourhood of Rome and Naples. It is not above
30 years (ince, a painter's apprentice difcovcred the ancient city of Pxllum
or Poiidonia, in the kingdom of Naples, flill Handing ; for fu indifferent
are the country people of Itnly about objeAs of antiquity, that it was a
new difcovery to the learned. An inexhauAible mine of curiofities are
daily dug out of the ruins of Hcrculaneum, a city lying between Naples
and Vefuvius, which in the reign of Nero was almoll deftroyed by an earth-
quake, and afterwards, in the iird year of the reign of Titus, overwhelm-
ed by a ftream of the lava of Vefuvius. The melted lava in its courfe
filled up the ftrcets and houfes in fome plsTes to the height of lixty-eight
feet above the tops of the latter, and in others one hundred and ten feet.
This lava is now of a coniiftency which renders it extremely difficult to be
removed or cleared away : it is compoTed of bituminous particles, mixed
with cinders, minerals, metallics, and vitrified fandy fubflances, which
all together form a clofe and heavy mafs. la the year 1713, upon digging

into

ITALY. 687

Into thefe part*, fomewhat of this unfortunate city was difcorered, and
many antiquities were Awg out ; but the fearch was afterwards difcontinued«
till the year 1736, when the king of Naples employed men to dig perpea«
dicularly eighty feet deep, whereupon not only the dry made its appear-
ance, but alfo the bed of the river which ran through it. The temple of
Jupiter was then brought to light, and the whole of the theutre. In the
temple was found a (latue of gold, and the infcription that decorftted the
great doors of entrance. In the theatre the fragments of a gilt chariot of
bronze, with horfes of the fame metal, likewife gilt : this had been placed
over the principal door of entrance. They likewife found among the
ruins of this city multitudes of llatues, budos, pillars, p.iintings, manu*
fcripts, furniture, and various utenfils, and the fearch i« ilill continued.
The ftreets of the town appear to have been quite ftraight and regular,
and the houfes well built, and much alike ; fome of the rooms paved with
mofaic, others with fine marbles, others again with bricks, three feet long
and fix inches thick. It appears that the town was not filled up fo unez-
pededly with the melted lava, as to prevent the greateft part of the inha-
bitants from efcaping with many ot their richell eflefts; for when the
excavations were mnde, there were not more than a dozen ikeletoo* founds
and but little of gold, filver, or precious Aones.

The town of Pompeia was dedroyed by the fame eruption of mount
Vefuvius, which occasioned the de(li'u£lion of Herculaneum ; but it was
not difcovercd till near forty years after the difcovery of Herculaneum.
One fireet, and a few detached buildings of this town, have been cleared;
the ilreet is well paved with the fame kind of flone of which the ancient
roads arc made, and narrow caufeways are raifcd a foot and a half on each
fide for conventency of foot paflengers. Dr. Moor obierves, that the
ilreet itfeU'is not fo broad as the narrowed part of (he Strand, and is fup<
pofed to have been inhabited by trades •people. The traces of wheels of
carriages are to be feen on the pavement. The houfes are fmall, but
give an idea of neatnefs and convenicncy. The flucco on the walls it
fmooth and beautiful, and as hard as marble. Some of the rooms are or-
namented with paintings, modly tingle iigures, reprefenting fome animal* '
They are tolerably well executed, and on a little water being thrown od
them, the colours appear furprifingly frefli. Mod of the houfes are built
on the fame plan, and have one fmall room from the paiTage, which is
conjediured to have been the (hop, with a window to the ilreet, and a place
which feeras to have been contrived for iliewing the goods to the greatefl
jsdvantage. In another part of the town is a rectangular building, with
a colonnade, towards the court, fometbing in the ilyle of the Royal Ex-
change at London, but fnialler. At a coniiderahic didance from this, i&a
temple of the goddcfs Ifis, the pillars of which are of brick, duccoed like
thofe of the guard-room ; but there is nothing very magnificent in the ap-
pearance of this edifice. The bed paintings, hitherto found at Pompeia,
are thofe of this temple ; they have been cut uut of the Walls, and re«
moved to Portici. Few fkeletons were found in the dreets of this town,
but a confiderable number in the houfes.

With regard to modern curiofitics in Italy, they are as bewildering aa
the remains of antiquity. Rome itfelf contains 300 churches, filled with
^11 that is rare in architecture, painting, and iculpture. Each city and
town of Italy contain a proportionable number. The church of St.
peter, at Rom6, is the mod ailonifliiug, bold, and regular fabric, that
ever perhaps cxided j and when examined by the rules of art, it nnay be
^ ' , . termed

(So8

ITALY*

!,*

termed faultlefc. The houfe and chapel of Loretto is rich beyond init-
ginatiun, notwithftaoding the ridiculous romance that coinpofes its hil*
u»ry.

The natural curioGties of Italy* though remarkable, are not fo numer-
ous as its artificial. Mount Vciuvius, which is five Italian miles diilaaC
from the city of Naples, and Mount ^tna, in Sicily, are remarkable for
emitting iire from their tops. The declivity of Mount Vefuvtus
towards the fea, is every where planted with vines and fruit-trees, and it is
equally fertile towards the bottom. The circumjacent p^ain affords a de-
lijehtful profpe6t, and the air is clear apd wbolefome. The South and
Weft fides of the mountain torm very difi'creiit views, being, like the
top, covered with black cinders and ftones. The height of mount Vefu-
Tius has been computed to be 3900 feet above the furface of the fea.
It hath been a volcano, beyond the reach of hiAory or tradition. An
animated description of its ravages in the yeur 79, is given by the
younger Fliny, who was a witnefs to what he wrote. From that time to
the year 163 1, its eruptions were but fmall .and moderate, however then
it.broke out with accumulated fury and di^lolHted miles around. In 1694,
was a great eruption, which continued near a month, when burning mat-
ter was thrown out with fo much force, that fome of it fell at thirty miles
diflance, and a vaft quantity of melted minerals, mixed with other mat-
ter, ran down like a river for three miles, carrying every thing before it
which lay in its way. In 1707, when there was another eruption, fuch
quantities of cinders and »flies were thrown out, that it was dark at Na-
ples at noon-day. In I767« a violent eruption happened, which is
Kckoned to be the 27th (rom that which deftroyed Herculuneum in the
i^me of Titus. In this laft eruption the alhcs, or rather fmall cinders,
fltowe^ed down fo faft at Naples, that the people in the Arcets were oblig-
ed to ufe umbrellas, or adopt fome other expedient, to guard themielves
againft them. The tops of the houfes, and the balconies, were covered
with thefe cinders ; and (tipu at fea, twenty leagues from Naples, were
covered with them, to the great aftonifhment of the failors. An eruption
bappened alfo in 1766, and another in 1779* which has been particularly
described by fir William Hamilton in the Philofophical Tranfa£lions.
It has been obferved by a modern traveller, that though Mount Vefuvius
often fills the neighbouring country with terror, yet as few things in
nature arc fo abfolutely noxidus as not to produce fome good ; even this
raging volcano, by its fulphureous and nitrous manure, and the heat of
its fubterraneous fires, contributes u6t a little to the uncommon fertility
of the country about it, and to the profufion of fruits and herbage with
which it is every where covered. Befides, it is fuppofed that open and
a£iive, the mount is lefs hodile to Naples, than it would' be, if its
eruptions were to ceafe, and its druggies confined to its own bowels, for
then might enfue the mo(l fatal fliocks to the unliable foundation of the
whole diftridl of Terra di Lavora*.

Mount

* Sir William Hamilton, in his account of the earth<]uaket in Calabria Ultra,
and Sicily, from February 5th, to May 1783. gives ftveral rcafons for believing that
they were occafioned by the operation of a volcano, the feat of which lay deep either
under the bottom of the fea, between Stromboli, and the coaft of Calabria, 6r uu*
der the parts nf <the plain towards Oppido and Terra Nuova. He plainly obferved a
gradatiuu iu the damage done tu tlie buildings^ as alfo in the degree of mortality,

«0,

' ■ )

1 T A L Y.

609

were

lount

Mount /Eli> '^»954 f^ct in height, and has been computed to be 60
miles in circuin risnce. It Itands feparate from all other mountans, its
figure is ciiculaf , and it terminates in a cone. The lower parts of it ai*«
very fruitful in corn and fugar-canes ; the middle abounds with woods,
olive trees, and vines ; and the upper part is almoft the whole year covtv*
ed with I'now. Its fiery eruptions have always rendered it famous : 111
one of thele, which happened in 1669, fourteen towns und v.illagcs wcr«
deftroyed, and there have been feveral terrible eruptions (incc that time.
There is generally an earthquake before any great eruption. In 1693, '
the port town of Catania was overturned, and 1 8,060 people perifliedi

Between the lakes Agnano and Puzzoli, there is a village called Solfa*
tara, becaufe vaft quanities of fulphur are continually forced out of the
clifts by fubterrancan fires. The Grotto del Cani is remarkable for its
poifonous fleams, and is fb called from their killing dogs that enter it, if
forced to remain there. , Scorpions, vipers, and (ei-pentS) arc faid to be
common in Apulia.

AmoBg the natural curiofitics of Italy, thofc vaft bodies of fnow and
ice, which arc called the Glaciers of vSavoy, dcl'crvc to be particularly •
mentioned. There are five glaciers, which extend almofl to the plain of
the vale of Chomouny, and are feparated by wild forelis, corn-fields, and
rich meadows; fo that immenfe trarts of ice are blended with the higheft
cultivation, and perpetually fuccced to each other, in the mofl lingular
and ftriking vicillitude. AH thefe feveral vallies of ice, which lie chiefly
in the hollows of the mountains, and are Ibmc leagues in h;ngth, unit*
* together at the foot of Mont Blanc 5 the higheft mountain in Europe^
and probably of the ancient world. According to the calculations of
Mr. de Luc, the height of this mountain, above the level of the ea, is
2^9l|: French toiles, or 13,^03 Englifh feet. *' I am convinced," fays
Mr. Coxc, " from the tituation of Mont Blanc, from the height of tin
mountains around it, from its fuperior elevation above them, aadits being'
ft'cn at a great diftancc from all fides, that it is higher than any mo\m*
tain in SwiHerland : which, beyond a doubt, is, next to Mont Blanc, th*
higheft ground in Eurojw.

States of Italy, constitu-I Thus far, of Italy>lin general j
TioN, AND cHiiiF CITIES. \ but as th« Italian ftates are not»
like the republics of Holland, or Swifterland, or the empire of Gcrma«y»
cemented by political confederacy, to which every member is account*
able, for e cry Italian ftatc has diftin6t forms of government, trade, and
interefts, I fhall be obliged to take a feparate view of each, to allift th*
reader in forming an idea of the whole.

The duke of Savoy, or, as he is now ftyled) king of Sardinia, taking
his royal title from that iiland, is a powerful prince in lialy, of which
he is called the Janus, or keeper, againft th« French. His capital,
Turin, is ftrongly fortified, and one ot the fine'ft cities in Europe; but
the country of bavoy is mountainous and_ barren, and its natives are

Ultra,
|g that

eithef
Ibr uu*
Irveif a

uo.

in proportion as the countries were more or lefs diftant froin this fuppofi. J csnf* of
th(; evil. One rircuiiiftance he particulirly rcinurl(Cil : if two tcuvno wtrc iituutei
Bt an j^iual diftance from thi« centre, ibc out on a hill, the other *j!i tlie plain, or in a.
bottom, the latter had always luffered greatly more by the (horks of the cimHqu!ik.e«
than thf f<ytmer; a fufficiciit proof to him of the caufe cjriiinij.from bspcath, su

ibis muft naturally Ua^ie betn produilive of ru.:h an efiiaSh
• • • i{f

forced

6ia •

I T A L Y.

forced to feck their bread all over the world. They are edeemcd a fimplct
hut very honell people. The king is fo abfolutc, that his revenues
con'ift uF what he plcaies to railc upon his fubjeitts. His ordinary inco>mc,
beJidc* his own family provinces, cannot be lefs than 500,000!. fterling,
out ot which he muiatums i q,ooo mm in timr of j>eace. Duiing a
war, when uliiOed by fuicign fubiidtcs, he can bring to the field 40,000
men. The aggrandizement of his prcfcnt Sardinian majefty is chiefly
owing to Kngland, to whom, by his lituation, he was elleemed a natural
ally, for the prefervation of the balance of power in Kurope.

The Milanefe, belonging to the hoitfe of Auilria, is a motl formidable
ftate, and formerly gave law to all Italy, when under the government
of its own dukes. The fertility and beauty of the country are almoft
incredible. Milan, the capital, and its citadel, is very llrong, andfur-
niflied with a m.ignifit.-ent cathedral in tlic Oothic taOe, which contains a
very rich treafury, conliOing chiefly of ecclcfiailical furnitur'*, compofed
of gold, filvcr, and precious ft«mes. The revenue of the duchy is above
300,0001. annually, which is fuppofcd to maintain an army of 3'-,"oo
,inen. The natives are fond of literary and political all'cmblics, where
they converfe almoll on all fubjedts. 'With all it» natural and acquired
advantages, the natives of Milan make but few exports ; fo that its reve-
nue, unlcfs the court of v ienna fliall purlue fome otker fyftcm of
improvement, cannot be much bettered. The duchy of Mantua, being
now incorporated with it, the province is to take the name of Aulhian
Lombardy.

The republic of Genoa is vaftly degenerated form its ancient power
and opulence, though the fpirit of trade iHU continues aniong its nobility
and citizens. Genoa is a moft fuperb city, and contains fome very mag-
nificent palaces, particularly thole of Dofia*, and Durazzo. The inha-
bitants of diilinchon iixd in black, in a plain, if not an uncouth manner,
perhaps to fave esiiences. Their chief manufa<^fures are velvets, da-
mafks, gold and (ilver tillues, and paper. The city of Genoa contains
about 150,000 inhabitants (but fume writers greatly diminifli that num-
ber), among whom are many rich trading individuals. Its maritime power
is dwindled down to fix gal'lies. The chief fulVty of this republic con-
lifts in the jealoufy of other European powers, bccaufc to any one of
them it would be a moll valuable acquilition. 'I'he common people are
wretched beyond exprcllion, as is the foil of its territory. Near the fea
fome parts arc tolerably well cultivated. The government of Genoa is
arif^ocratical, being veiled in the nobility ; the chief perfon is called the
Do^c, or Duke ; to which dignity no perfon is promoted till he is fifty
years of age. Every two years a new doge is chofcn, and the farmer is
incapable during five years of holding the fame poll again. The doge
gives audience 10 ambafl'adors, all orders of government arc ifT'ued in his
name, and he is allowed a body-guard of two hundred Germans.

Venice is one of the moft celebrated republics in the world, on account
both of its conftitution and former powej-. It is compofed of feveral fine

* Andrew Doria, thr head of thii faniity, famoui for his military exploits, and
the Jclivt rtr of Genoa, wa» born in the territory of (ieiuka, iu the yi.ar 1468 : lie was
offered the f«tvcreiirnty of the Uat*-, but rtfuftd if, and gave to the people that
republican form of goveromLnt which lUiJ fublitU ; he lived to the agt of 93, th«

.r«ll»gc and ffKrnd of the uof jrfunafe.

pio vinous

innner,
ts, d:i-
antains
num-
powcr
c con-
one ol"
lie are
:he fea
moa is
led the
lis fiftv
mer is
doge
in his

bcount
ral Hne

Its, and
llie wu

|k that
,3, th«

■vinous

ITALY*

6ii

provuicoK ort the continent of Italy, foiiie illands in the Adriatic, and
j)art ot Dalmutia. The city of Venice is feated on 72 itiands at the
bottom of the nbrth end of the Adriatic fca, and is fcparatid from the
continent by a marfliy lake of five Italian miles in breadth, too fliallowr
for large ihips to navij^atc, which forms its principal Ikength. Venice
preferves the vefliycs of its ancient magnificence, but is in every refpeft
(legeneratcd, except in the palHon which its inhabitants Aill retain for nut-
iic and mummery during their carnivals. They fcem to have loll their
:incicnt tafte for painting and architcdture, and to be returning to Gothi-
cifm. They have had however lately fomc fpirited differences with the
court of Rome, and feem to be dilpofed to throw off their obedicnci
to its head. As to the conftitution ot the republic, it was originally de-
inocratical, the magi ll rates being chofen by a general aflembly of tht
people, and lb continued for one hundred and nfty years ; but various
changes afterwards took place ; doi^cs, or dukes, were appointed, who
%vere invelled with great power, wniich they often grofly abufed, and
ibme of them were aflaliin.itcd by the people. By degrees a body of
hereditary legillative nobility was formed, continued, and progrctfivc
rnc roach me nts were made upon the lights of the people, and a complete
urillocracy was at length edablidicd upon the ruins of the ancient popular
government. The nobility arc divided into fix claffes, amounting in the
whole to ijoo, each ot whom, when twenty-five years of age, has a
right to be a member of the grand council. 'I'hefc cleft a doge or chief
magiftrate, in a peculiar manner by b;illot, which is managed by gold and
Jilvcr balls. The doge is inverted with great llare, ami with emblems of
i'upremc authority, but has very littlp power, and is not permitted to flit
from the city without the permitfion of the grand council. The govern-
ment and laws are managed by different councils of the nobles.

The college, otherwife called the feigniory, is the fupreme cabinet
council of llafe, and alio the rcprefcntative of the republic. This
court gives auc^ence, and delivers anfwcrs, ia the name of the republic,
to foreign ambaffadors, to the deputies of towns and provinces, and to the
«;;enerals of the army. It alio receives all requclls and memorials on ftatc
affairs, fummons the fenate at plcafurc, antt arranges the bufinefs to be
dilcuflcd in that affembly. The council of ten takes cognizance of ftatc
crimes, and has the power of feizing accufed perfons, examining them
in prifon, and taking their anfwers in writing, with the evidence againrt
them. But the tribunal of ilatc inquititors, which confifts only of three
members, and which is in the highell degree defpotic in its manner of
proceeding, has the power of deciding without appeal, on the lives of
every citizen b:l()ngiiig to the Venetian liate ; the higheft of the nobility,
even the doge himlelf, not being excepted. To thefe three intiuilitors
is ^iven the right of employing fpics, confidering fecret intelligence,
iffuing orders to leize all perfons whole uords or aftions they think rei>rc-
henfiblc, and afterwards trying them, and ordering tUcm to be executed,
when they think proper. Ihey have keys to every apartment of the
ducal palace, and can, whenever tliey plcafe, penetrate into the very
bed-chamber of the doge, open his c;il>inct, and examine Ir.j papers : and
of courfc tlicy may command acccis to the houfe of every individual in
the ftate. They continue in otiice only one yeai, but arc not rclponiiblc
afterwards fjr their conduc't whilft they were in authority. So much
diftruft and jealoully are difplaycd by this governmenr, that the noble Vt-
nctians are uh.iij of having any intercuuric with foreign ambaffaddr'ij, or

' R r 2 with

6l2

ITALY.

with fnrcijrnf IS of any kind, and arc even cautious of vlfiting at eacli
other's hnufes.

All the orrlcr;) of Venetian nol)ility are drcflcd in black gowns, larg*

wigs, and caps which thcv liold in their hands. The ceremony of the

flogc's nrarryin^j the Aciri.iiic once a year, by dropping into it a ring,

from his biicciit:nir or llaic-bargc, attended by thofc of all the nobility, is

the nioft fiiperb c.\hibirii)n in Venice, but not comparable for magniH*-

cencc to a lord mayor's- (hew. 'I'he inhabitants of Venice arc faid to

amount to 200,000. '1 he grandeur and convenience of the city, particu^

, Jiirly the public palaces, the trcnfury, and the ari'enal, are beyond cx-

preffion. Ovcj the fcveral canals of Venice, are laid near 500 bridges^

the greateft part of which arc Uono, The Venetians IHll have feme

iT»anufa(^iires in fcarlet cloth, gold and filvcr (luffs, and above alt, fine

looking-glallcs, all wliidi bring in a conliderablc revenue to the owners }

that o( the (late annually is faid to amount to 8,000,000 of Italian ducats

each valued at twenty pence of our money. Out of this are defrayed the

expcnces of the liate and the pay of the army, which in time of peace

conlifts of i6,0(.o rc;^ular troops (always commanded by a foieign ge«

ncral), and io,roo militia. They keep up a fmall fleet for curbing the

in(blcncies of the piratical ftates of Barbary, and they have among them

fome orders of ktiighthood, the chief of which arc thofe of the ^Wn iloro^

lb called from tlie phe they wear, which is conferred only on the lirii

«]uality, and tlic miiitaiy order of St. Mark, of which in the propel"

place.

In ecclefiallical matters the Venetians have two patriarchs ; the autho«
.Tity of one reaches over all the provinces, but neither of them have much
power ; and both vi them are choien by the (enatf ; and all religious
i'eds, even the Mahometan and Pagan, cxceptiiig Protellants, are here
tolerated in the free cxcrcilc of their religion.

The Venetians aie a lively, ingenious people, extravagantly fond of
public amufemcnts, with an uncommon relifli for humour^ They are
in general tall and well made ; and tnany fine manly countenance&are met
with in the Drcets of Venice, rclbmbling thofe tranfmitted to us by the
pcnci s of Paul Verooel'e and Titian. '1 he women are of a fine Hyle of
countenance, with expreifive features, and are of an eafy addrefs. The
common people are; remarkably fober, obliging to ftrangers, and eentle
In their intcrcoud'e with each other. As it is very much the cqilnm to
go about in raafks at V cnicc, and gicat liberties are taken during the time
of the carnival, an idea has prevailed, that there is much more licenti-<
oufnefs of manners here than in other places : but this opinion Teems to
have been carried too far. Great numbers of Itrangers vifit Venice
during the time of tlic carnival, and there arc eight or nine theatres here,
Including the opcra-houfes.

The dominions of Venice conllft of a confiderable part of Dalmatia,
of four towns in (Jreece, and of the illands of Corfu, Pachfu, Antipa*
chfu, Santa Maura, C'urzolari, Val di Compare, Cephalonia, and Zante,
The Venetian territories in Italy contain the duchy of Venice, the Pa«
duancfc, the peninfula of Rovigo, the Veronefe, the territories of Vi-
»:cnfa and Brefcia, the dilhids of Bergamo, Cremafco, and the Marc*
'I revigiana, with part of the country of Friuli. The fubjeds of the
Venetian republic are not opprelfed : the fenate has found that mild
treatment, and good ufagc, are the bcrt policy, and more effe«iiual than
armies, in preventing revolts.

I Th9

matia,
(\ntipa»
Zante.
he I'a.
of Vi-
Marc*
of tht
t mild
ul than

Tba

ITALY. 613

The principal city of Tufcany is Florence, which is now poircfled by a
younger branch of the houfc of AiiAria, after being long held by the
ilUiftrious houfc of Mcdicis, who made their c^tal the cabinet of all that
is valuable, rich, and maderly in architedure, literature, and the arts,
efpecially thofe of painting and fculpture. It is thought to contain above
70,000 inhabitants. The beauties and riches of the grand-duke'a pa«
laces have been often dclcribed ; but all defcription falls fliort of their
contents, fo that in every refped it is reckoned, after Rome, the fecond
city in Italy. The celebnrted Venus of Medici, which, take it all in all,
is thought to be the lt:>ndard of talie in female beauty and proportion,
llands in a room called the Trioimal. The infcrijnion on its bale men-
tions its being made by Cleomcnes an Athenian, the fon of ApoUodorus.
It 15 of white marble, and furroundcd by other mufter-pieccs of fculp-
ture, fome of which are faid to be the works of Praxitt- Ics, and other
Greek martcrs. Every corner of this beautiful city, which Ihinds between
mountains covered with olive-trees, vineyards, and delightful villas, and
divided by the Arno, is full of wonders in tlic arts of painting, llatuary,
and architerturc. It is a place of fome ftresigth, and contains an arch*
bilhop's fee, and an univcrliry. The inhabitants boad of the improve-
ments they have made in the Italian tongue, by means of their Academia
della Crufca ; and fevcral other academies are now cftabliflicd at Florence.
Though the Florentines atfed great Ihnc, yet their nobility and gentry
driv* a retail trade in wine, which they fell from their cellar-windovvs,
and fomctlmcs they even hang out a broken fl.ilk, as a lign where it may
be bought. They deal, bolides wine and fruit:;, in gold and lilver llufFs.
Since the acceihon of the archduke Peter Leopold, brother to the prcfent
emperor, to this duchy, a great reforniHtiem has been introducecH^ both
into the government and munufaftiircp, to the great benefit of the Hnan-
ces. It is thought that the great-duchy of Tufcany could bring to th«
field, upon occalion, 30,000 lighting mrn. and that its prefent revenues
are above 500,000!. a year. The other principal towns of Tufcimy are
Pila, Leghorn, and Sienna; the Hril and lart are much decayed; but
Leghorn is a very handfome city, built in the modern tafte, and with
fuch regularity, that both gates are icen i\om the market-place. It Ji^.i
well fortiiied, having two forts towards the lea, belidca the citadel. The ;.
ramparts atfoid a very agreeable profiicct of'the fca, and of many villas
on the land f)dc. Here all nations, and even the Mahometans, have
ffee acccfs, and may fettle. The number ».«i inhabitan;s is computed at
40,000, among whom ai-e laid to be 20,000 Jews, who live in a particu-
lar quarter of the city, have a handfome lynagoguc, and though fubjedt
to very heavy impofts, are in a thriving condition, the greatelt part of

the commerce of this city uoiu"- throuf'h their hands.

...
The inhabitants of Lucca, which is a Imall free commonwealth, lying

on the Tulcan lea, in a moil delightful plain, are the moft induftrious of

Jill the Italians. They have improved their country into a beautiful

garden, fo that though they do nut exceed 1 2c,ooo, their annual revenue

amounts to 8o,oqo1. iterling. Their capital is Lucca, which contains

about 40,000 inhabitants, who deal in mercery goods, wines, and fruits*

efpecially olivca. This republic is under the protecHon of the emperor.

The vicinity of the grand-duchy of Tufcany keeps the people of Lucca

condant'y on their guard, in order to prcierve their freedom ; lor in

fuch a fituation, an univerfal concord and harmony can alone enable

;hein to tranlbit; to pofterity the bleifings of their darling Liberty, whoic

6i4

I T

pame they )>ear on their arms, and whofe image is not onlv Immcfild on
thcircoin, but alfo on rho city gate;, and all their jpublic Duitdln<i;3. It
b alfo obfcrvable, that the inhabitants of this little republic, being in
pofleffionof freedom, appear with an air of cheerfulncls and plenty, fcU
dojn to he found among thofe of the ncii:>hbouring countries.

The republic of St. Marino is here mentioned as a geographical curi-
pfity. Its territories coniill of a high, cragGjy mountain, with a few
eminences at the bottom, and the inhabitants boaft of having preferved
• jheir liberties, as a republic, for 1300 years. It is under the proteftion
of the pope ; and the moftisnlive maimers of the inhabitants, who are not
above cooo in all, with the fmall value of their territory, have preferved
}ts confiitution.

The duchy and city of Parma, together with the duchies of Placentia
and GuaflalU, now form one of the mofl flouriniiti;^' flntes in Italy of
|ts extent. The foils of Parma and Placentia are fertile, and produce
the richeA fruits and paflurn^es, and contain conlidcrable manufatftures
of lilk. It is the feat of a bimop's fee, and an univorfity ; and fome of
its magniiicei, : churches are painted by the famous Correggio. The
prefent duke of Parma is a prince of the houfe of Bourbon, and fon to
the late Don Philip, the king of Spain's younger brother. This coun-
try was fome years paft the feat of a bloody war between the Auflrians,
Spaniards, and Neapolitans. The cities of Parma and Placentia are
enriched with magnificent buildings ; but his Catholic majcfly, on his
accellion to the throne of Naples, is faid to have carried with him thi-
ther the moll remarkable pic'tures and moveable curiofities. The duke's
court is thought to be the poIitel> of any in Italy, and it is faid that his
revenues exceed ioo,oool. ilerling a year, a fum rather exaggerated,— <
The city of Parm^ is fuppofed to contain 50,000 inhabitants.

Mantua, formerly a rich duchy, brins;ing to its own dukes 500,000
crowns a-ycar, is now mijch decayed. The gov eminent of i- is annexed
to thilt of ^hc Milar.efc, in polieirion of the houfe of Au.hia. 'I'he
capital is one of the ftrongell forrreflcs in Kuropc, and contal::" about
16,000 inhabitrtntSj who boall that Virgil was a native of their c(»untry.
By an order of the emperor in 1785, this duchy is incorporated with
that of Mila:> into one province, and iii now to be called Aufcrian Lom-
bardy.

The duchy of Modena (formerly Mutina) is ftill governed by its owi\
duke, the head of jhp houfe of Efte, from whom the family of Brunfwiq
defcended. "rhe dukp is abfolute within his own dominions, which are
fruitful. The duke is ui^der the protection of the houfe of Auftria, and
is a vafTal of the empire. His dominions arc far from being flourilhing,
though very improvcable, they having been alternately wafted by the late
belligerent powers in Ita!y.

The Ecclcliatiical State, which contains Rome, formerly the capi-
tal of the world, lies about the niiddle of Italy. The bad eficds of
Popifh tyranny, fuperrtition, and oppreffion, are here leen in the highell:

f)erfe£tion. Thoic fpcts, which under the matters of the world were
brmcd into fo many terreftriaj paradifcs, furrounding their magnificent
yillas, apd enriched with ail the luxuries that art and nature could pro-
duce, are now converted into noxious peftilential marfliesand quagmires ;
and the Campagnadi Roma, that formerly contained a million of inhabit-
ants, would afford at prefent of itfelf, but a miferable fubtiflence to about
|jyc hundred. Notwithilauding this, the pope is a confiderablc temporal

ip(

nnce,

ighcft
were

pro-
lires ;
habit",
about
ipoialt

prliKT, and foiiK fuppofe that his annual revenue amounts to above a
million flerling; other authors calculate them to he much hijrhcr. When
we fpeak comparatively, the Turn of a million llerling is too high a reve-
nue to arife from his territorial poflcilions ; his accidental income, which
formerly far exceedcil that Turn, is now diminiOicd by the fupprcllion of
the order of the Jefuits, from whom he drew vaft Aipplies, and the rqca-
lurA taken by the popilh powers, for preventing the great eccleliatHcal
iifucs of money to Rome. According to the bei^ and lateft accounts,
the taxes upon the provisions and lodgings, furntfhed to foreigners, who
fpend immenfe fums in viliting his duminions, form now the grcatel^ part
of his accidental revenues. From what has happeno^i, within thefe thirty
years pail, there is rcafon to believe that the pope's territories will be
reduced to the limits which the houfesof Auftria and Bourbon IhuUpleafe
to piefcribc. Some late popes have aimed at the improvement of tlyeir
territories, but their labours have had no great eftcct. 'J'hc difcourage*
mentof induitry and agriculture fcems to be interwoven in the conlHtu-
tion uf the papal government, which is veiled in proud, lazy eccleliaftics.
Their inuoleii 'J, and the fanaticifm of their wurihip, infcCl their infe»
riors, who picfer begging, and impoling upon ftran.',ers, to induilry an4
agriculture, efpeciilly ;is they muft hold their properties by the precarious
tenure of the will of their fuperiors. In Ihort, the innnbitantsof many
parts of the eccletiallical Ikte mullperifli through their (loth, did not the
fertility of their foil fpontaneouUy alibrd them fublilicnce. However, it
may be proper to make one general remark on Italy, which is, that the
poverty and lloth of the loyver ranks do not take their life from their
flatunil diCpofitions.

This obfcrvation is not confined to the papal dominions. The Italian
princes alfeded to be the patrons of all the curious and coftly arts, and
eoch vied with the other to make his court the repolitory of tarte and
magnificence. Tliis puifioa difabl^d them from laying out money upon
works of public utility, or from encouraging the indutlry, or relieving
the wants of their fubjeCts ; and its miferable effects are I'ren in many
parts of Italy. The fplendour and furniture of churches in the papal
dominions arc inexpredible, and partly account for thcmifery of the fub«
jccts. Hut this cenfure admits of exceptions, even in a maaner at the gates
of Rome.

Modern Rome contains, within its circuit, a vaft number of gardens
and vineyards. I have already touched upon its curiofities and antiqui*
ties. It ftands upon the Tyber, an inconiiderable river when compared
to the Thames, and navigated by fmall boats, barges, and lighters. The
caftle of St. Angelo, though its chief fortrefs. would be found to be a
place of fmall ftrength, were it regularly befieged. The city Handing
upon the ruins of ancient Rome lies much higher, fo that it is ditticulc
to dilUnguifl) the fcveii hills on which it was originally built. When
we conlider Rome as it now ftands, there is the ftrongeft reafon to believe
that it exceeds ancient Rome itfelf in the magnificence of its ftrurtures ;
nothing in the old city, when millrcfsof the vvorld, could come in com-
petition with St. Peter's church ; and perhaps many other churches in
Rome exceed in beauty of architecture, and value of materials, utenfils,
and furniture, her ancient temples ; though it muft be acknowledged
that the Pantheon muft have been an amazing ftrudtu re. The inhabitants '
#f Rojne, in 17 14, amounted to 141?, 000. If wc confider that the fpirit

lU 4 9i

■».

6ii

ITALY.

of travelling is much incvcafed fince that time, wc cannoi rcafonably fup»
pol't* thctn to be diininilhed at prclent.

There is nothing very particular in the pope's temporal government
Ut Rome. Like other princes, he has his guards, or Ibirri, who take care
qC the peace of the city, under proper (nagilir^tes, both eccleliaiiical and
civil. The Cumpagnn di Uoma, which contains Rome, is under the
infpedion of his nolinefs. In the other provinces he governs by lerai's
una vice-lcgatcs. He monopolii'cs uU the corn in his tciritories, nad has
always a fuificicnt number of troops on foot, under proper o0iccr!>, to
keep the provinces in awe. Pope Clement XIV. vviiely dilclaimed nil
intention of oppoling any arms to the neighbouring princes, but tbulc of
prayers and fupplications.

I have, under the head of religion, mentfoncd the ecclefiallical govern-
ment of the papacy. As to thu rota, and other fubordinate chambers of
this complinitcd jurifdidlion, they arc too numerous to be even nanira,
and domn f.,11 properly under my plan. ^ Under a government to >:ori.
jiitutcd, it cannot be fuppolcd that the commercial exports of the ecck-
fiaftical llatc are of much value.

Next to Rome, Bologna, tho capital of the Bologncfe, is the moll:
confiderablc city in the eccleliaftical Hate, and an exception to the indo^
iencc of i;s other Inhabitants. The government is under a legate c laiere%
who is ahvays a cardinal, and changed every three years. The people
here live more fociably and comfortably than the other fubje^ts of the
pope; and j^erluips thejr diftancefrom Rome, which is 195 miles north*
well, has contributed to their eafc. The reft of the ecclefiattical ftatc
contains many towns celebrated in ancient hiftory, and even, now exhibit^
iu^ the molt iirikingvelligcs of their flourifliing Ihitc aboiit the beginning
of the i6ih century ; but they arc at ptcfcnt; little better than defolate,
though here and there a luxurious magniliccnt church and convent may
be found, which is fiipportcd by the toil and fvveat of the neighbouring
peafants.

The grandeur of Ferrara, Ravenna, Rimini, Urbino (the native
city of 4ie celebrated painter Raphael), Ancona, and many other llaies
and cities, illulirious in former times, are now to be ftcn only in their
ruins and ancient hiltory. Loretto, on the other hand, an obfcure fpot
never thought or heard of in titnes of antiquity, is now the admiration of
the world, for the riches it contains, and the prodigious rciort to it of
pilgrims, and other devotees, from a notion indullrioufly piopagated
by the Rcrnifli clergy, that the houfe in which the Virgin Mary ia faid
to have dwck at N.izareth, was carried thither through tlic air by angels,
attended with nrany other miruculous circumllances, fuch as that all the
trees, on the arrival of the iacrcd manhon, bowed with the profoundell
revi rcncc ; and great c;ire is taken to prevent any bits of the materials
of this hoiifc from being carried to other places, and expofcd as rcUcs,
to (hi" prejudice of Lorcito. The image of the Virgin Mary, and of the
divine inhinr, are of cedar, placed in a linall apartment, feparated from
the othe'.s by a iilver halu Tirade, which lias a gate of the fame metal. —
It is inipoirihle to c'ercribc the gold chains, the rings and jewels, emeralds,
pearls, and rubies, wherewith this image is or was loaded j- and the an-
gels of folid gold, who are here placed on every fide, are equally en-
riched with the mofi precious diamonds. To the fupcrlUtion of Roman
t'athoiic.prinjc?, I,oretto is indebted for this mafs of treafure. It hns
^tiiu matter of furpiiil-, th;i|t no attempt has yet been made by the Turks

J .

ITALY.

617

or Barbary ftatcs upon Lnretto, cfpccially at it it badly fortified, and
fiancl<< ncur tiie fca ; but it is now generally fuppofvd, that the real trca>
im>: t'> ui'hdrawn, und metals and lionet uf leis value I'ubftituted in iti

J'li^ king oi N.ipleg and Sicily, or, as he is more properly called, the
Kill T of rhe Two Sicilies (the niinic of Sicily being cumnion to both),
ijt )i.'lti.i(cil to diu iai :Ci> dominions of any prince in Italy, as they com-
(A>ihi\dji iht; ancient countries uf Samnium, Campania, Apulia, Magna
vjre:; . iid the illund of Sicily, containing in all about 32,000 fquare
Vir '• i hev .m bo'.iiKieJ on all lidrs by the MediterriUican and the
iiiirulic, excf^t on the ni>rh-caft, where >.'aplcs terminates on the eccle-
-!-.'iitai lt:iic. 1 he Apcnninc runs throu^Ji it from North to South,
'Ufidhi luitace is elliinatcd at 3,;'.o I'lfuare leagues. The air is hot, and
if;r loii friiitf 1 of every thing ^>roduccdin Italy. The wines called Vino
Gm'O', and Lachiym „- Chrifti, are excellent. The city of Naples, iti
Ciipital, hich 'S e\treniely fuperb, and adorned with all the profuiion
of art and riches, and its neighbourhi od, would be one of the moft
dellgl.ttul plficcb in Europe to live in, were It not fortheir vicinity to the
volcano ol ' cfuvius, which fomt'times threatens the city with dellru<Slion,
and iiie foil bcin" pcllcred with inic(fts and reptiles, Ibmc of which are
venomvjus. The houl'es i\ Naples arcir.adeqtiate to the population, but
iu general arc five or llx (lories in height, and flat at the top ; on which
are placed numbers of flower vafes, or fruit-trees, in boxes of earth,
producing a very gay and agreeable eftcch Some of the ftreets arc very
handiome : no ftrect in Rome cq^uals in beauty the Strada di Toledo at
Najiles ; and iHll lefs can any of them be compared with thofe beautiful
ftreets that lie open to the bay. The richrlt and moil commodious
convents in Kuropc, both for male and femali; votaries, arc in this city ;
the moll fertile and beautiful hills of the environs are covered with them ;
and a iiiiall part of their revenue is fpent in feeding the poor, the monks
dithibuting bread and foup to a certain number every day before the doors
of the convents.

Though above two-thirds of the property of the kingdom a*"5 in the
hands of the ecclefiallics, the prorellants live here with gicat freedom ;
and though his Neapolitiin majeiiy prefcnts to his holinefs every year a
palfrey, as an acknowledgment thtit his kingdom is a fief of the pontifi-
cate, '^yec no inquilition is ellabliihed in Naples. The prefent revenues.
of that king amount to above 750,0001. fleriing a year; but it is more,
than probable thaf, by the new elVabllflied police puriued by the princes
of the houfc of Bourbon, of abridging the influence and revenues of
the clergv, his Neapolitan majcily's annual income will conlidcrably ex-
ceed a million fleriing. The exports of the kingdom arc legumes, hemp,
anifeeds, wool, oil, wine, cheefe, fifli, honey, wax, manna, faffron,
gums, capers, macaroni, fait, pot-afli, tlax, cotton, li Ik, and divers ma-
nufat'turcs. The king has a numerous but generally poor nobility, con-
litling of princes, dukes, marquifes, and ether high-founding titles ; and
bis capital, by far the moft populous in Italy, contains at leaft, 350,000
inhabitants. Among thefe are about 30,000 lazaroni, or black-gu.irJs,
the greater part of which have no dwelling houfes, but fleep every night
in fummer under porticos, piazzas, or any kind of fliclr«r they can find,
and in the winter or rainy time of the year, which lafts feveral weeks, the
rain falling by pailfuls, they rcibrt to the caves under Capo di Monte,
v^here they fleep in crowds^like fliccp in a pinfold. Thofc of them who

Lac

6i8

ITALY.

Iiavc wives and children, live in the Aiburb* of Naplis new PiUifilippo,
in hutS| 01' ill cnvcrns or chambers (Uii: out nt' th:it tnoiintain. Soiim
jjiiin n livelihood by ftfhiii};! «ihcr« bycnrryin;,' liuvtlaim Ut and from the
ilii|>|)in]; ; nviny walk about the ilrcctH ready tu run on crratuU, or lo
pcrtorin any labour in their power tor ii very imall nvompcncc*. An
ihey do not meet' with conlhmt cmplovim-nt, liuir wii;;ch arc not fiilH-
cicnt for their muinicnancc ; but the dchcit icy is in lonK- dcificc llipjilicd
by the ibup nod bread which arc dillributeit iit die dooii of the- con-
vents.

But thoujfh there ii fo much poverty amon", the low or people, there i»
a j»rrat appearance ot" ucalth ainonji; lomc of the ■;reat. The Neapolitnn
nobility arc exceltively fond of fliow and fplemlour. 'I'his appear in tlie
brilliancy of their equipages, the number .)f their aucuJaii' , tlie richnel's
of their drefs, and the grandeur of their titles. AccorJiiiLj ti> a late
traveller (Mr. Swiubumc), luxury of late hatli adv:tneevi with gij^antic
brides in Naples, Forty years ai^o the Neapolitan ladi.'s wore nets and
ribbands on their hcadsi, as the Spanifh women do to this day, and not
twenty of thcin were poirefl'cd of u cap ; but hair plainly diell is u motlc
nmv confined to the lowcft order of inhalitants, and all diUinOtion of
drefs between the wife of a nobleman and that of a citi/.en is entirely
laid alidc. Expence and extravijjance are heir in the cxtivme.

Throucfh every foot of the kinijdom of Napi.-s, the traveller may be
i;ii(' to tread on clamc ground, and no country prefents the eye with more
hc-nutiful profpet^ts. There arc Hill traces oi the memorable town oi
CannT, as fngments of altars, cornices, ^ates, walls, 'aults, and under-
ground granaries ; and the fccne of action between Hannibal and tho
Romans, is ftill marked out to poftcrity by the name of fn'z?'.i> tf/ lanj^ur^
** field of blood." Taranto, a city that was onic the rival of Home, is
now rtiTiarkablc for little elfc than \u fillicric s. Sortnto is a city placed
on the brink of lK*ep rocks, ilr.it overhaiis; the bay, and of all the places
in the kingdom, hath the moll deli_;dnful climate. Nola, once famous
lor its amphitheatre, and ai the place where Augutlus Cxiur died, is
now hai'<ily worth obfervaiion.

Drundulium, now Kiindiii, was the great fupplicr of oyftcrs for the
Roman tables. It hath a line port, but the buildings are poor and
ruinous ; and the fall of thc(Jrcciai\ empire umk-r the Turks reduced it
fo a ftate of inactivity and poverty, from which it hath not yet emerged.
£xcept Rome, no city can boall of fo many remains of ancient fculpturo
as Bencvcnto : here the arch of Trajan, one ot the moil magniliccnc
remains of Roman grandeur out of Rome, ereL'ted in the year 114.. is iVill
in tolerable prefervation. Rcggio hath nothini; lemaikahle but a Gothic
cathedral. It was dclhoycd by an earth(]uake before the Marfian war,
and rebuilt by Julius Cxfar; part of the wall Hill remains, and was very
roughly hamlled by the earthquake in 1783, but not ilefti'oycd : only
126 loft their lives out of lo.ooo inhabitants. The ancient city of
Oppido was entirely ruined by the carthi]uakc of the 5th of FcbruaP}', and
the giTUtcll force tliereof fcems to have been exerted near that fpot, and
at Citfal Nuova, and Tei ra Nuova. From Tropca to Sijuillace, molt of
the towns and villages were either totally or in part overthrown, and
many of the inhabitants buried in tlic ruin?. To alcertain the extent of
the ravages, fir William Hamilton, who r.irveycd it, gives the following'
dcfcriptiou : *' If on a map of Italy, and with your compali'es on the
ij;ulc ^f Italian miles, yaw wci'c to incjillirt; oti;" 22, and ^hcti fi-'iing your

. cciur'4l

ITALY.

619

ccntrul point in the city of Oppido Twhich np|iearcJ to me to be the fpnc
fin which ihc carthrpiakc had < .rrr'tl its ^^rcateft force), form u circlo
(the radii of which will '>'-. tis 1 j.:l) I'lu), ji inilei) you will tlica
include all the towtn an<l*villii;;cH tli-.it have been utterly ruined, and the
fpott where the grcati II niortality li,ii4 happened, and where thein; have
been the mod vilildc ulttiatioiH on the fiice (t\ the earth. Then extenii
your conipafu on t;ic ("aine IImIc to 72 milc-a, prekrviiij; the fame ccntriv
and form another ciri Ic, you will inLludc the whole of the country that
haH any mark of havinsj been affertfd by the earth([uake."

The illand of Sicily, once the j;ranary of the world for corn, ftillconf
tinucs to fiipply Naples, and other parts, with that commodil) j but iti
cultivation, and confeijucntly fertility, in j^rciitly diminiHu-d. Its vcgct*
able, mineral, and animal produi'tions, aic pretty much the fame with
thofc of Italy.

Both the ancients and moderns have maintained, that Sicily wa< origi-
nally joined to the continent of Italy, but c;radually ft'paratcd from It oy
the cncroacbinentg of the fca, and the fliocks of earthquakes, fo as to
become a perkVt illand. The climate of Sicily ia fo hot, that even in the
bejpnning of January the fliade is rcfrelhiM;' ; and chilling winds arc only
felt a few days in March, anH then u I'mail fire is fuflicicnt to banifli the
cold. 'I'hc only appearance of winter is found toward* the fummit of
Mount A'An-A, where fnow falls, which the inhabitants h<ivea contrivance
for prefcrving. Churches, convents, and religious foundations are exi
tremely numerous here : the buildiiiga are haiuliuine, and the rcveniica
conlidcrable. If this illand were better cultivated, and its government
more ecjuitable, it would in many refpcifts be a ddighttul place of refi»
tiencc. There are a great number ot fine remains of anti(]uity here.
Some parts of this ifland arc remarkable for the bsauty of the female in-
habitants. Palermo, the capital of Sicily, is computed to contain
130,000 inhabitants. The two principal llrects, and which crofi each
other, are very fine. This in faid to be the only town in all Italy which
18 lighted at night at the public expcnce. It carries on a confiderahic
trade ; as alfo did Melfma, which, before the earthquake in 1783, was ^
large and well-built city, containing ma?iy churches and convents, gene-
rally elegant ftruiMures. By that earth<iuake a great part of the lower
dillrii't of the city and of the port was delhoyed, and confidcrable damage
done to tUe lofty uniform buildings called the Pa/azzata, in the flinpe of
•A crefcent ; but the force of the earthcjuake, though violent, was nothing
at Mellina or Rcggio, to what it was in the plain, for of 30,000, the
fiippoi'cd population of the city, only 700 is laid to have periflied.
»' The grcatell mortality frll upon thofc towns and countries fituated in
the plain of Calabria Ultra, on the wcllcrn lide of the mountains Dejo,
Sacro, and Caulone. At Cafal Nuovo, the princefs Gerace, and up.
wards of 4000 of the inhabitants loll tht'ir lives ; at Bagnara, the numbw
of dead amounts to 3017 ; Kadicina and Palmi count their lofs at about
3000 each: Terra Nuova about 1400; Seminari tlill more. The fun^
total of the mortality in both Calabrias and in Sicily, by the earthquakes
alone, according to the returns in the fccrctary of uate's office ;;f Naples,
is 32,367 ;" but fir VVilliaiTi Hamilton faith, " he has good rcnfon to
believe, that, including Grangers, the numbers of lives loft mull have
been confideiably greater : 40,000 at Icart may be allowed, lie believes,
without exaggeration." /

Tbc ifland of Sardinia, which give; a royal title to the duke of Savoy,

z ' Uw

620

ITALY.

)}cs about I ^0 miles weft of Leghorn, and hath fevcn cities or towns.—
Its capital, Cagliari, is an iiniverfity, an archbifliopiick, and the feat of
the viceroy, containing about i i;,ooo inhabitants. It is thought that his
Sardinian majcfty's revenues, from this illan^, do not exceed 5000I.
Herling a year, though it yields plenty of corn and wine, and has a
coral fiflicvy. Its air is bad, from its marflics and high mountains on the
north, and therefore was a place of exile for the Romans. It was formerly
annexed to the crown of Spain, but at the peace of Utrecht it was givert
tothc emperor, and in 1719, to the houfc of Savoy.

The illand of Corfica lies oppofite to the Genoefc continent, between
the gulf of Genoa and the illand of Sardinia, and is better known by
the noble (land which the inlnbitants made for their liberty, againft their
G.enoefe tyrants, and afterwards apaind the bafc and ungenerous efforts
of the French to cnflave thrm, than from any advantages they enj y,
from nature or fituation. Though mountainous and woody, it produces
corn, wine, figs, almonds, chefnuts, olives, and other fruits. It has alfo
feme cattle and horfes, and is plentifully fupplied, both by fea and
rivers, with fifli. The inhabitants arc Hiid to amount to 120,000. Baftia,
the capital, is a place of fonie ftrength ; though other towns of the illand,
that were in pofleflion of the malccontents, appear to have beeii but
poorly fortified.

Capri, the ancient Caprea, is an ifland to which Auguftus CxHir often
cume for his health and recreation, and which Tiberius made a fcenc of
the moll infamous plcafures. It lies three Italiati miles from that part
of the main land which projecls fartheft into the fca. It extends four
miles in length from Eail to Well, and about one in breadth. The
wellern p' -t isj for about two miles, a continued rock, valUy high, aad
inaccelTiblc next the fea ; yet Anno Capi, the largell town of the ifland,
is fituated here ; and in this part are fcveral places covered with a very
fruitful foil. Theeallern end of the ifland alfo rlfes up in precipices that
are nearly as high, though not quite fo long as the weftcin. Between the
rocky mountains, at each end, is a flip of lower ground that rur.s acrofs
the ifland, and is one of the pleafantcll fpots that can cafily be conceived.
It is covered with myrtles, olives, almonds, oranges, figs, vineyards, and
corn-fields, which look extremely frufli and beautiful, and afford a moft
delightful little landfcape, when viewed from the tops of the neighbouring
mountains. Here is fituated the town of Caprea, two or three a)nvcnts,
and the bilhop's palace. In the midll of this fertile trat't lifcs a hill,
which in the reign of Tiberius was probably covered with buildings, fome
remains of which are (lill to be fcen. But the moll confiderable ruins ar j
at the very extrem.ity of the eaftern promontory.

From this place there is a very noble profpei't : on one fide of it the fca
extends farther than the eye can reach ; jull oppofite is the green promon-
tory of Sarentum, and on the other fide the bay of Naples.

Ifchia, and fomc other illands on thccoafts of Napl'.-s and Iti'ly, have
nothing to dillinguifli them but the ruins of their antivj^/uiL :, x.iu their
being now beautiful fumnier retreats for thcii owners, i'.lba liath beta
renowned for its mines from a period beyond the reach of hillory. \ irgil
and Arillotle mention it. Its lltuariun is about ten miles fouth-well from
Tufcany, and 80 miles in circumference, containing near 7000 inhabit-
ants, it is divided between ihc kinf^ of Naples, to whom Porto Longone
bclon2[3, and the grcat-dukc of Tufcany, who is niallqr of Toito Fqvral»> and

)iirin<r
cats,
hill,
fonie

ns uij

lu-re

tl:cir

bcui

irgil

tVom

labit-

oiie

and

«;lv*

ITALY.

6it

the prince of Piombino. The fruiis and wine of the ifland are very goo<f,
and the tunny fifherics and fait produce a good revenue.

I fliall here mention the illc of Malta, though it is not properly ranked
with the Italian illands. It was formerly calicd Melita, and is fituatcd in
15 degrees E. long, and 45 dc<;Tce8 N. lat. 60 miles fouth of Cape Faf-
faroin Sicily, and is of an oval figure, 20 miles long, and 12 broad. Its
air is clear but exceflively hot : the whole iilanfd feems to be a whico
rock covered with a thin furface of earth, which is however amazingly
produdive of excellent fruits and vegetables, and garden-ftuffof all kinds.
This ifland, or rather rock, was given to the knights of St. John at'
Jerufalem in 1530, by the emperor Charles V.'whenthe the Turks drove
them out of Rhodes, under the tender of one falcon yearly to the viceroy
of Sicily, and to acknowledge the ki>fg% of Spain and Sicily for their pi'O-
tedors : they are now known by the dilHndVion of theknights of Malta. They
arc under vovs of celibacy and chaUity ; but they keep the former much
better than thf; latter. They have confidcrable poflcliions in the Roman
catholic countries on the continent, and are under the government of a,
grand-malkr, who ii elected for life. The lord-prior of the order, w:*i
formerly accounted the prime baron in England. The knights are ia
number 1000 : ;oo are to relide on the ifland, the remainder are in their
feniinarics in other countries, but at any fummons are to make a peribnill
appearance. Tb:;y had a fcminary in Englaiui, till it was fupprelicd by
Henry VI II. bat they now give to one the title of Grand Prior of
England. They are confuiered as the bulwark of Chrillendom againft the
Turks on that lidc. They wear the badge of the order, a gold crofs of
eight points enamelled white, pendent to a black watered riband at the
breall, and the !)adge is decorated fo, as to dillinguifli the country of the
knight. I'hey arc generally of noble families, or flich as can prove their
gentility for fix defcents, and are ranked according to their nations.
There aie lixtcen called the Great CroflLs, out of whom the ofhcers of
the order, as the marfhal, admiral, chancellor, &c arc chofen. When the
great-malter dies, they fulfer no veflel to go out of the ifland till another
is chofen, to prevent the pope from interfering in ihe elct'Hon. Out of
the fixtecn great croffcs the great-mufler is elected, whole title is, " Thfc
molHUulirious,' and molt reverend prince, the lord friar A. B. great-
jnaftev of the hofpital of St. John of Jerufalem, prince of Malta and
Ga/.a." All the knights are fvvorn to defend the church, to obey their
fuperiors, and to live on the revenues of their order only. Not only
their chief town Valetta or Malta, and its hurhour, but the whole iiland
is fo well fortified, as to be deemed impregnable. On^the iSth of Sep-
tember there is an annual procelFion at IVJalta, in memory of the Turks,
railing the liege on that day 1 563, after four months afl'ault, leaving their
artillery, 5ic. behind.

Arms andordeks,] The chief armoiiul bearings in Italy are as
follow : The pope, as foverci;^n prince over the find of the church, bears
for his cfcutcheon, gules, conliiVmg of a long headcape, or, funnounteJ
with a crofs, pearled and garniliied with three royal crowns, together
with two keys of St. Peter, placed in faltier. The arms of Tuicany,
or, five roundles, gules, two, two, and one and one in chief, azure,
charged with three flower-de-luces, or. Thofe of Venice, azure, a lion
winged, fcjant, or? holding under one of his paws a book covered, argent.
T«hofe of Genoa, ajgcnt, a crofs, gules, with a crown clofcd for the iiland,
•f Corficfl J and for fupporters, two grifRn-', or. The arms of Naples,

are,

622

ITALY.

are, azure, fcni^e of ftower«dc-Iuceg, or, with a label of five ponUS^
gules.

The "order of St. Janariits^* Wi>8 inflitutfd by the prefcnt kinp of
Spain, when king ot N'aplcs, in July I73>i. The number of knights is
limited to jo, and after il»e prefent fovcrcign, that oflicc of the order is

to be jJoficHed by the kings of Naples- All the knights mull prove
the nobility of their defcent for four cwturies, and are to be addrcflcd
by the title of ICxccUency. St. Janariu8,'the celebrated patron of Naples.
is the patiwn of this order. I'he •' order of /innuni'mtion^** was inftituted
in the year 1355, by Amadcus V. count of Savoy, in memory of
i^madcus I. who bravely defended Rhodes againll the Turks, and won
thofe arms which are now bori»e by the dukes of Siivoy, " Gules, a crols,
argent." It is counted among the molt refpei''hd>le orders in Kurope :
the knight muft not only be of a noble family, but alfo a papilh In the year
1572, Kmanucl rhili!ieit, duke of Savoy, inftifiifcd the "order of 6V.
Xa3"'"«"i" «"d revived and tmited the obfolete order of St, Maurice to
jt ; which was cuntirmed by the pope on the condition of maintaining
two gallics againll the 'I'urks.

lo the year 828 it is pretended that the body of St. Mark was removed
fiom Alexandria in Kgypt to Venice. Accordingly this faint hath been
taken for their tutelaiy faint and guardian, and his pictuie was formerly
painted on their enligns and banners. When the "order of 5/ Mark
was tirft inllitutcdis uncertain, but it is an honour conferred by the doge
01 duke of Venice and the fcnate, on perfona of eminent quality, or who
liave done fome lignal fervice to the republic. The Knights, when
3nade, if picfent, arc diibhcd with a fword on their flmulders, the duke
faying " iEyf o miles fiiklls" (be a faithful foldicr). Abfent perfons are
invclfcd by letters patent, but their title, " Knights of St. Mark,** is
merely honorary : they have no revenue, nor arc they under any obliga-
tion by vows as other orders. About the year 1460, Frederick III. em-
peror of Germany, inftituted the "order of St. Gtorge,^* and dedicated
It to the St. George tutelary faint and patron of Genoa. The doge is per-
petual grand-mafter. 'Jhe badge, a plain crofs enamelled, gules, pendent
to a gold chain, and wore about their necks. The crofs is alfo embroi-
dered on their cloaks. In the year i ^61, Calimlr of Medicis, firft grand-
duke of 1 ufcany, inftituted tlie *'order of 6V. iS'/rM''"," in memory of a
■virtory which Iccured to him the fovercignty of that province. He and
his fucccftbrs were to be the grand-maftcrs. The knights are allowed to
marrv, and their two principal conventual hovifes arc at Pifa. It is a
religious as well as military order, hut the knights of Juftice and the
Ecclefiaftics are obliged to make proof of nobility of four dcfcents. They
wear a red crofs with right angles, oiled, or, on the left fide of their
habit, and on their mantle.

The " order of the Holy GI<oJl,''* was founded with their chief feat,
the hofpital of that name at Rome, by pope Iniioccnt III. about the year
1 19S. They have a grand-mafter, and profefs obedience, chaftity, and
poverty. '1 heir v:cvenue is elilmated at 24,000 ducats daily, with which
they entertain ilrangers, re.ieve the poor, train up deferted children, &c.
'I'hcir entign is a white patriarchal crofs with 12 points, fewed on their
brcaft on the left fide of a black mantle. The " order oi Jefus CbrIJi"
inftituted bv'popc John XX 'I. was reformed and improved oy pope Paul
V. The reigning pope was to be always fovereign of it, and was deiigned
as a mark of idiuinCtion for the pope's Italian nobility, but on account of

its

ITALY. 62J

ft* frequent proftitution, hath fiillon into difcrcdit. The " order of the
CoUen Hfiury" is laid to have been inlUtutcd by pope I'ius IV. 1559,'
and to liiive been cnnnci'^ed with the '« order of Pius," iiittitutcd a yeiir
afterwards ; but the badjfcs were dittVrciit. The knii^hts of Pius are
fttpprefll'd, and all that the knightii of the Golden Spur have prcfcrvo<i to
thcmfclvcs, iH the title of counts of the facred palace of the Latcntu.
'J''he badge is a flar of eight pointo, white, uud between the two bottom
points, a fpur, gold.

History.] Italy was probably firft peopl.-d from Greece, as wc have
mentioned in the introdui'tion, to which we refer the reader for the ancient
hitlory of this country, which, for inanyi ages, gave law to the then
known world under the Romans. '

The empire of Charlemagne, who died in 8 r4, foon experienced that
of Alexander. Under his lucccflors it was in a Ihort time entirely <lif-
mcmbcred. His fon, Lewis the Debonair, fuccccded to his dominions in
France and Germany, while Bernard, the grand-fon of Charlemagne,
reigned over Italy and the adjacent iilands. ih\t Bernard having lolt his
life by the cruelty of his uncle, againtl whom he had levied war, and Lewis
himfelf dying in t<40, his do.ninions were divided among his fons Lotha-
rio, Lewis, and Charles. Lothario, with the title of emperor, retained
Italy, IVovence, and the fertile ifountries lituated between the Saonc and
the Rhine ; Lewis had Germany ; and France fell to the fliare of Charles,
the youngeft of the three brothers. Shortly after this, Italy was ravaged
by diftcrent contending tyrants ; but in 964, Otho the Great re-unitcd
Italy to the imperial dominions. Italy aheiwards fuft'crcd much by the
contclts between the popes and the emperors ; it was harraill-d by wars
and internal diviiiuns ; and at length various princip:ilitics and ilutcs were
ercrted under different heads.

Savoy and l*icdmont, in time, fell to the lot of the counts of iVIauriennc,
the anccltors of his prcfcnt Sardinian majelly, whole father became king
of Sardinia, in virtue of the (juadruple alliance concluded in 1 7 ib t«

The great duchy of 'lufcany belonged to the emperors of Germany,
who governed it by deputies to the year 1240, when the famous diftinc-
tions of the Gu<;lphs, wluj were the partizans of the pope, and the
Gibellines, who were in the emperor's interclf, took place. The popes
then perfuadcd the imperial trovernors in Tulcan y to put thcmfclv^s under
the proteOtion ot the church ; but the Floieutines, in a lliorttime, formed
themfclvcs into a free conunonwcalth, and bravely defended their libertic4

feat,

: year

and

vhich

&c.

their

Paul
igned
int of
it3

f Vi^or Amadcus Maria kiiip of Sardinia and duke of Siivoy, hot
I7»6j nianit-J April II, 1750, to Maria-Aiitoni.Tta-Fcrdinanda, infant

, , horn June i6«
I7»6j nianitJ April II, 1750, to Maria-Antoni.Tta-Fcrdinanda, infanta n'f Spajii ;
afceuded the throne im the death of liis fathtr, K-bnury 20, 1773. 1 heir illiie are,

I. Charles-F.mamial-Feidiiiaiid-Maria, piince ui Piedmont, l-orn May 14, 1 751.

a. Mana-Jul'cpha-Louiia, bom Septcmbrr a, 1753 } iiiarrii»d tu the Count de
Prwvence.

3. Maria-Thsrtfa, born January 31ft, 1756 ; married to the Count d'Artois.

4. Anna-Mai ii-Carolina, born Dcecmbtr 17, 1757.

5. Vidlor hmanuel-Cajctan due d'AuUe, bom Ju'y 34, 1759.

6. Mauriee-Jokph-Muna, due de Moiiti'errat, horn September 12, 1761.

7. Maria Charlctta, born Jai.uury 1;, 1764.

8. Charlcs-Joleph, due dc Ocncv is, born April 6, 1765.

y. Jol'cph liuncdit^t, ttwmptc dc Maurieune, OMrn Uelobcr 5, i76f.

sgatn'ft

624

I T A L Y.

againdboth parties by turns. * Faiftion at laft ihook their, freodom ; and
the fuimilyot Medici? lony. before they were declared either princes or
dukes, in ftwSt governed Flortnce, though the rights and privileges ot" the
people ftemed Itili to exift. The Medici, particularly Colhio, who was
dcfervedly called the father of his country, beins in the fecret, flmreJ
li^th the Venetians in the imirienfc profits of the Eaft luciia trade, before
the diftiovcrics marie by the, I'oitupuefc. His revenue, in ready money,
which exceeded that of any favereign prince in Europe, enabled his fuc-
ceflTors to rife to fovereij;n power ; and pope Pius the V. gave one of his de-
fcendnnts, Cofino (the great patron of the arts), the title of Great-Dukc
of Tuicany in 1 570, which continued in his family to the death of Gaf-
ton de Medicis in 1757, without iHue. The great-duchy was then
claimed by the emeperor Charles VI. as a tief of the empire, and given to
his fon-in-liuv, the dulcc of I.orrain, and late emperor, in lieuof the
duchy of Lorrain, which was ceded to France by treaty.' Leop<iid, his
fceond foil, brother to the prefent emperor, is now grand-duke, andTuf-
catty Hffumcs a new face. Leghorn , which belongs to him, carries on a
great trade : and fevcral fliips of very conlidcrable force are^ow ilattoncd.
on the Tuican coafts to prevent the deprcd.itions of the infidels.

No country has undergone greater viciflitudes of government than Na-
ples or Sicily, chiefly owing to the inconilancy of the natives, which feems
tobcincorporated with their air. ChrilUans and Saracens by turns con-
quered it. The Normans under Taucrcd drove out the Saracens, and hv
their connections with the Greeks clbiblilhed there, while the relVof Europe
was plunged in mankifli ignorance, a moltrcrpertable monarchy flourilliing
in arts and arms. About theyear 1 1 66, the popes being then ail-powerful
in Europe, their intiigucs broke into the fucceiiion of Tancred's line, and
Naples and Sicily at hill came into the poillliion of the French ; and the
houfe of Anjou, with fome interruptions and tragical revolutions, held it
till the Spaniards drove them out in ( $04, and it was then annexed to the
crown of Spain.

The government of the Spaniards under the Auftrian line, was fo op-
prellive) that it o;ave rife to the famous revolt, headed by MalFaniello,
a young fiflierman, without fliocs or flockings, in the year 1647. ^^*
fuccefs was fo furpriling, that he obliged the haughty Spaniards to aboliflt
the opprellive taxes, and to confirm the liberties of the people. Before
thefe could he re-eltabliflied perfealy, he turned delirious, through his
continual agitations of body and mind, and he was put to death at the
head of his own mob. Naples and Sicily continued with the Spaniards
till the year 1700, when the extinction of the Auftrian line opened a new
fcene of litigation. In 1706 the archduke Charles, afterwards emperor,
took poirelTion of the kingdom. By virtue of various treaties, which had
introduced Don Carlos tlie king of Spain's fon, to the poiieffion of Par-
ma and Placentin, a new war broke out in 733, between th« houfes of
Auftria and Bourbon, about the poirolfion of Naples ; and Don Carlos
was received into the capital, where he was proclaimed king of both
Sicilies : this was followed by a very bloody campaign, but the farthef
cttufion of blood was flopt by a peace between Fiance and the emperor, to
which the courts of Madrid and Naples at firtt demurred, but afterwards
acceded in 1736, ;■ id D.m Carlos remained king of Naples. Upon his
accclfion to the crown of Spain in ty^' , it being found, by the infpci^ion
of phyficians, and other trials, that his eldeft ion was by nature incapaci-
tated for reigning, and his fceond ion being heir-apparent to the SpanilU

monarchy,

I T At Y,

6ii

fo op-

Hia

aboHlli
Before
igh hia

at the
taniards

•A new

monarchy, lie refi^ned the crowa o£ Naples m hit thinl fon^ )f«rciiaitiid
IV. who married aa archduchefs of Auftria^.

Th^ MiUnefe, the faireit portion in italyy went tkKMlfh Teveral handat
the Vlfcontis were Aicoeeded by the Galeaxsos and the SfortM^ but fell
at laft iato the hands of the emperor Chiirlea V. about the year 153$,
who gave it to hit fon Philip II. king ot Spain. It remained with that
crown till the French were driven out of Italyt in i7o6> by Che- biii>e*
rialidt. They were difpoflefled of it in 1743 ; but by the emp«r^*i
ceffion of Naplet and Sicily to the prefedt kiog of Spain, it returned td thi
houfe of Aultria, who governt it by a viceroy*

The duchy of Mantua was formerly ^veriwd by the fatnity of Gon«
Kagfl, who adhering to France, the te^itory was forfeited, as aftefofthe
empire, to the houfe of Auftria, which now puflefles ir^ the lad duke
dying without maleiflue; but Guaiklla was feparated from it in 1748*
and made part of the duchy of Parma.

The iirff duke of Parma was natural fon to pope Paul III. the duchy
having been annexed to the holy fee, in 154;* by pope Julius If. The
defccndants of the houfe nt Famefe terminated in the late queen>dowagei^
of Spain, whofe Ton, his prcfent catholic majefty, obtained that duchyi
and his nephew now holds it with the duchy of Placentiat

The Venetians were formerly the moft formidable maritime power in
Europe. In 1 194> they conquered Cbnllaminople it(elf, and held it for
Ibmc time, together with great part of the continent of Europe and Afiii.

They were moce than once brought to the brink of ^(Uudion, by the
confederacies formed agajnll them among the other powers of Europe,
efpecially by the league of Cambray, in- 1509, but were as often faved
by the difunion of tTie confederates. The difcovery of a paflage to India,
by the Cape of Goo^ Hope, gave the firft blow to their greatnefs^ as it
loft them the Indian trade. By degrees the Turks took from them their
tnoA valuable po^effions on the continent ; and fo late as the year 1715
they lofl the Morea.

The GenocfCj for fome time difputed the empire of the Mediterranean
fci with the Venetians, but were ftldom or never able to maintain their
own independency 'by land, being generally proteftcdj and fometiities
fubjefted, by the French and Imperialifls. Their doge, or firft magiftrate^
ufed to be crowned king of Cortica, though it does not clearly appear by
what title ; that ilknd is now ceded to the French by the Genoefe* The
fuccefsful eflort they made in driving the vi£lorioug Auftrians out of thtir
capital, during the \yar which wat terminated by the peace of Aix-l-.i*
Chapelle in 1748, has few parallels in hiftory, and ferves tofhew the ef-
fe<?ts:of defpair under oppremon. At prefent they are poffefled «f rcvetlue
barely fufficitnt to preferve the appearance of a fovefeign (latent

The hiftory of the Papacy is conneftcd with that of Chriftendon\ Itfclt"*
The moft folid fbundatiohs for its temporal power were laid by the fa-

ju.^

• Ferdinand IV. king of the Two Sicilies, third fon (»f the prefent king of Spain,
^atborn in 1751, tind married 176$, to the archduchefs Maria-Caroline-LgUif^, u^>**
Co the emporor of Germany, h(>rn in 1757. ; by whum he hath ifTuc . ■ ^''

I. Maria-Therefa-Carohne, born June 6, 177*.

i. l.ouifa-Maria-Anielia, born July l3, Ijji-
5. Maria- Anne-Jofepha, born 1775.
4. Frartcis-Janv or, born 1777.
Jf. Mary-Chriftina, bora 1779.

S s

}no'Ji»

<2#

TURKET IN EUROPE.

ifi0Ui Miitilda, (iouoteft of Ta(cahjr> nnd hanfa to the ^jredteft part of
Italy, who bequeathed a large panion of her dominions to the famous
pope Gregory VII. (whoj. before hit acceffion in 1073, was fo well
IfUQwn .by the nanie of tiildebrand.) It is not to be exp<;£ted that I ant:
]|ere to enter into a detail of the ignorance of the laity, and the other
c^ufes that operated to the i^grandiBentclit of the papuc^r, previous to
the Reformation. £vcn finee that era the Hate of £urnpe has been fuch,
t|iat the popes have had more than once gre»t weight in its public aflfairs,
dtiffly through the weaknels and bigotry of temporal princes, who feeni
bow to be recovering from their religioul deluiions.
. The papal pow^r is ividentiy now at a low ebb. The order of Jefus,
who were nut improperly called its Janizaries, has been exterminated out
qf FrancCt Spain, Naples, and Portugal ; and is but juft tolerated io other
popiUi countries.. The pt^pe himfelf is treated by Roman catholic prince»
wiih very little more ceremony than is due to him as bifliiop of Rome^
and pofleflfed of a tempor»l principality. This humiliati6ni, it is reafon-
able to believe, will terminate in a total reparation from the holy fee of alt
its foreign emoluments, which cvm, fmce the beginning of the prefcnt
c;^ntury» wt,e immenfe, and to the reducing his holinefs to the exercife
of his eccleiiaftical fun^ibns as firil bifliop of Chrillendom.

John An^elo Brafchi, born in 1717, was elected pope in 17751 and
took upon bim the name of Pius Vl. i jr .'iro v^f^ . : >.

'fV

J:-! 1-,, .';!>•'

- ■ *■ > •■t*-'V

TURKEY.

The Grand ^gnior's dominions are divided into

■■'■■■' '"■'-' <: '>■-' ; •'y'^'ir.<- .-. ,x<i Sq. Miles.
T. TURKEY IN EUROPE.!
J. _T U R K E Y iw A S I A. I 960,060

J. TURKEY IN AFRICA.)

r - TURKEY i» EUROPE.

•t1* 'J. ■

Situation and extent.

MHe*. ■ ''' '''-■' ' Degrees. -^ "'

;"^' Sq. Miles.

length loool !,.-„..« C 17 and 40 Eaft long. 1 .-, «„« '
Breath 900 P**'^'*^" isfe and 49 North lat.pS'>8°'»

Boundaries.] TJOUNDEDby Ruffia, Poland, and SclavonJa,

J3 on the North ; by Circaflta, the Black Sea, the

Propontis, Hellefpont, and Archipelago, on the Eaft ; by the Mediterra**

nean, on the South ; by the fame fea, and the Venetian and Auftriaa

territories, on the Weft.

Divifions.

les*

vronhf
ka, the
Jitertao
luftriaa

lifions.

TfJtA

h'^i'

na.i

'^^ ^) ^E

^<"

(or

^jfC

yiT't

**rn*u

^Crofi

<Wff.

vs^t^a

*if(

)Ma/tJta/iia |

t'^ t*-^-*^ fC^***^ ^».«s,%^

\nrianople

.v';<^««»^

J,eru

iUfl£U(

'^^ f IF

■.©■

i^wrf^

\p^^5rgr«i»

Sm^iai^AXa/t/f-iffmXcndtn-

.i'^

,i-^

** Cwninitdi

c^J-'W'^ i

j1:jT\"^«> «i'Vic:i'J>|

I li t^l.liK.

■Buraas •

S|S

.;»^

'., «i<l I \m.:j(ik 'Jill f)iiii |Vy ^ V llf,(^ > rinoif j/Ii i>

v> laomvoic t

'r('s:».ft;.''i

inisTOdO >v *«- — ii\)

ivo/fj oil J ^>^•'

. .uiffti}!^'

rj ■

U10J« I

■fil to li .-^e;

8 'r?>

• J.'' V

'r ;r;f.V

r '" ,

■ >•' Ai rjq^.b
. Afina jd%

■' •' • .".SE;-''';

1 ii

VxranfCf ■(, }

' ' * .

■t -.

•

n,j

vJV'{;"ii ifl:>hae

iv-^'X^jiSfv^ i,. i ui'^u^^i ^^ityk!') y ,

' r

TURlCfiYtMEUkOPft,

€if

I^lvlfions. Subdivifioni. Chief Towns. dq.M»

r Crim and Little Tartt- ^ * Precop
n the north cnnftofV ry^ and ihc ancient/ I Brachiferia a6|20o
the Black Sea are< TfturicttGherroneiu»* W Knifa
the proviucei of j If

L Budziac Tartary J I

. Budziac Tartary
Bcflkrabi* —^

North df the Danube .
are the prQvincei of]

IWalachia^ another
part of the ancient
Daciu —
'' . fBulgari», the call
part of the ancient
Myfia - -

. Ocxakow
Bender
Belgorod

— "— r ^ Choczim
Falc^tn

Moldavia, olim Da-
cia

.Tergovlfc

"VVidin
Nicopoli
Silidria
Scopia

South of thcj)anube^ Sema, the weft part of H

Mylia —

Bofnia, part of the an
dent Illyricuin — _

Conftantinople,
N.I.4i.E.l.29« 21, zoo
^ ^ [^Adrianople

f Macedonia — "J fStrymon

South of Mount Rho- | |

dope or Ar^cntum, j Tlicffaly, now Janua V

Belgrade

Semcndria

Niila

Seraio

li,ooo
Siooo

i6<boo

10^500
17,000

i2,57o

8,640

ConteiTa

thcnorthliartofthc }
ancient Greece

Salonichi
^ Larifla

18,98a
4,650

On the Adriatic fea or
Gulf of Venice, thc^
ancient Illyricum

Achaia and Bceotia, | j Athens ^
no;v Livadia — ) j Thebes >

Epirus — — -^
Albania — I

Dahnatia —
.Ragufa republic f

J LLepanto
'Chimera
Burtinto
Scodra
Duraz20

I J Dulcigno

Zara

Narenza

. Ragufa

3,4J0
7.955

6.37S
4,560

4^0
in

• rhc Ruflians in 1783 feized on the Crimea, the principal part of this divifion,
and by a treaty, figned January 9, i7?4, the Turks ceded it to them, with the ifle of
Taman, and that part of Cuban which is bounded by the river of that name. The
Turks have now only the Tartar nations beyond the river Cuban, and from the Black
•Sea.

t The republic of^agufa, though reckoned by geographers part of Turkey in

S s % £%r<ife,

6i9

TURKEY iM EUROPE.

Divifioni.

' J^or•^'^ i!;>v. «t .<.
lit loii ill T.'-i }'-

^ L. . SubdivilioM.
'CorinthU >r>«i»

Argoi — —

If 3)1| UT ' • " ■ ■

Sparta — — '

•• t I) at : laf.lt .ni

In the Morea, the an
cient Pclopoonefui, • ..

beinKtheibuthdivt-'^ Olympia, where the ' j

Chief Towni.
1 f Corinth

Argos

Napoli de Ro-
ninnia

Lacedaemon,
now Miiitni,
on the river
Eurotui

S^.M.

..')'■•

mgi
£on of Greece, are

■\

<U"

! 1...

GaitK* were held

Arcadia —

£li> — —

Olympia, or V?)"*

Longinica on
the river Al-
pheui

Modon

Coron

Partat

Elis or Belvi-

dere on the riv.
j tPcneui. j "^

if. u

•'(•■',.

Soil, aik, seasons. And watfk.] Nature hat lavilhed upon the
iiiliabitants of Turkey all her bleflings in thofe four particulars. The
foil, though unimproved, is luxuriant beyond defcription. The air is
f.tUibiious, and friendly to the imagination, unlefs when it is corrupted
from the neighbouring countries, or tlirough the indolence or uncleanncfs
of the Turkifli manner of living. The leafons arc here regular and plea-
fant, and have been celebrated from the rcmorcd times of antiquity. The
Turks are invited to frequent bathings, by the purity and wholefomenefs
of the water .ill over their dominions*

Europe, U not iind< r the TurkilH (roveriuiieiit. It i> an ariftocratical ftate, formed
nearly itfter the tnudcl of that uf Venice. The governnieiit is in the handi of the no>
bility ; and the chief of the republic, who is ftyled rcdtor, is changed every month,
and eleAcd by I'crutiny or lot. During his (hurt adminiftration, hu lives in the palace,
and wears a ducal habit. As the Ragufans arc unable to proteiiit themfelves, they
make ok of their wealth to procure them protedtors, the chief of whom, for many
years, was the grand fignior. They endeavour alfo to keep upon good terms
with the Venetians, anii other neiehbouring ftates. But in the year 1783 a difpute
arofc between them and the king of Naples, refpedling a claim of right to his appoint*
ing a commander of tiie Ragiif<in troops- It wa« terminated by the republic's putting
itfelf under that king's prute(5tion. 1 be city of Ragufa is not above two miles in cir«
cumfcrcnce, but it is well built, and contains fome hatidfomc ediiices. The ancient
£pidiiurus was iituated nor far from this city. The Ragufaii« profefii the RomiOi re«
ligion, but Grc ek»t Arnicnums, and Turks, arc tolerated. Al«io(l all the citizens are
traders, and they keep fo wutcliful an eye over their freedom, that the gates of the
city of Ragufa are allowcil to be •pen only a few hours in ihc day. The language
chiefly in ufc among the Ragufans is tkv: Sclavonlan, but the grcateft part of them
fpeak the Italian. 1 hey have many trading velTclg, and are carriers in the Mediter«
raneaii, like the Dutch, being cMiAantly at peace with the piratical iVatesof Burbiry.
The city of Oravola, and Stagnp, 30 miles jif. E. of Ragufa, are within the tcrritorjea
A this republic, add there arc alfu five fmall iHauds belonging tu it, the principal of
Vihkh is Melida.

-iv.^icii! ::■:.■ ' .'.--.. m;:,; jUIqunTAIN*.]

TURKEY iH EUROPE.

€if

formed
I the no>
mnnth,
palace,
es, they
many
termi
, clifpute
^ppoint-
I putting
) in cir-
I ancient
(liOi re.
leens are
of the
Jiiguage
them
JleiJiter-
liirb'iry.
Iritorios
tipal of

' Mountains.] Thefe are the mol cetebraied of any' in the world,
and at the Came time often the mo(l fruitful. Mount Athos lies on t
peninfub, running into the E^cun fca; the mount* Pindun aiid Olympus,
celebrated in Grecian fables, feparate Thrflaly from Epirus. Parnafllis,
in Acha'ui, fn famous fur being confecrucil to the Mufei, is weli known.
Mount Hitemut is likcwifc ottcn mcntioncii by the poets; but mod of the
other moiK^ains have ch:inged their names ; wiincff the mountHin^ Suha,
Witofkaf otarai, Plamina, and many others. Kvcii the mofl celebrated
mountains above mentioned, have modern names impolVd upon them by
the 7'urks, their new mailers, and others in their n^':;;hbourhood.

Sr AS.] The Euxinc or Black Sea ; the Palus Maeotis or fca of Afiiph,
the fea of Marmora, which fcparaies Europe from Alia ; the Archi<
petago, the Ionian fca, and the levant, are fo many evidences that
Turkey in Europe, particularly that part of it where Conduntinople
Hands, of all other countries, had the bed claim to be miOrcft of the
world.

Str AiTc] Thofe of the Hellcfpont and Bofphorus are joined to the
fea of Marmora, and are remarkable in modern as well as ancient hidory.

RiVBRs.'J The Danube, the Save, the Ncilkr, the Neiper, and the
Don, are the heft known rivers in ^is country ; though many others
have been celebrated by poets and hiftorians.

Lakes.] Thefe are not extremely remarkable, nor are they mentioned
with any great applaufe, either by the ancients or moderns. The Lago
di Scutaii lies in Albania. It communicntcs with the Lago di Plave and
the Lago di Holti. The Srymphalus, fo famous for its harpies and 'ra<
venous birds, lies in the Morea ; and Peneus, fr«tm its rualiiies ii
thought to be the lake from which the Styx iflues, conceived by the aiici-
ents Co be the paiTage into hell.

Metal« and minerals.] Turkey in Europe contains a variety of
all forts of mines, and its marbles are cdeemed the fined in the world.

Vegetables and productions.] Thefe are excellent all over the
European Turkey, efp'cially when allided by the fmalled degree of in-
dudry. Befidcs \x>'. ;ii .1 garden lierbs of ulmoft every kind, this country
produces in great abundance and pcrfeftion, oranges, lemon«, citrons,
pomegranates, grapes of an uncommon fweetnefs, excellent figs, almonds,
olives, and cotton. Befldcs thefe, many drugs, not common in other parts
of Europe, are pi iduced here.

Animals.] i he Thelliilian or Turkilh horfes are excellerr both for
their beauty and fcrvjce. The black cattle are large, efpccially in
Greece. The goats a e a mod valuable part ot the animal creation to the
inhabitants, for the n.itrition they aftbrd, both of milk and flefli. The
large eagles which abound in the neighbourhood of B.idadagi, furnifli the
bed feathers for arrows for the Turktlh archers, and they fell at an un-
common price. Partridges arc very plentiful in Greece ; as are all other
kinds of fowls and quadrupeds all over Turkey in Europe ; but the TUrkl
and Mahometans in general are not very fond of animal food.

Antiquities AND CURIOSITIES, I Almod every fpot of eroimd,
NATURAL And artificial. J cvciy river, and every tount.'iiQ
in Greece, prefents the traveller with the ruins of a celebrated antiquity.
On the idhmus of Corinth, the ruins of Neptune's temple, and the
theatre where the Idhmean games were celebrated, are dill vifiblc,
Athens, which contains at prefcnt above 10,000 inhabitants, is a fruitful
(ource of the mod mngniiiceat and celebrated antiquities in the world, 4

S s 3 mijiJWQ

^$30

TURKEY IN EUROPE.

minute account of vwhich wpuld exceed the limits of this work : but it will
be prope* to- mention, fome of the moft confider^blc. Among the antiqui-
ties of this orice fuperb city, arc the remains of the temple of Miaerva,
built of white marble, and. encompajled with fortj-lix fluted columns of
the Doric order, torty-tiso feet high, and feven feet and a half in cir-
cumference : " the architrave is adorned with ballb- relievos, adi)virably
executed, -reprefenting the wars of the Aiheniang. To the ibuth-ealt of
the Acropolis, n citadel which defend^ the town, arc fcventeen beautiful
column; of the Corinthian order, thought to be the remains of the em-
peror Adrian's palace» They are of line white marble, about fifty feet
high) including the capitals and bafes, Juft without the city {lands the
temple of Thefeus, furroundid with fluted columnsi of the Doric order {
^e portico at the weft end is adorned with the baale of the centaurs, in
bitflo relievo { that at the eall end appears to be a continuation of the fame
biftory ; and on theoutfide of the porticos, in the fpaces between the
trigliphs, are reprefented the exploits of Thefeus. On the Ibuth-weft of
Athens is a beagtiful flrudlure, commonly called the Lantern of De«
inoflhenes : this is a fmall round edifice of white marble, the roof of
VjfhicU is fupported by fix fluted columns of the Corinthian order, nine
feet and a half high j in the fpace between the columns are pannels of
inarble ; and the whole is covered with a cupola, carved with the refemb-
jjnce of fcales ; and on the frieze are beautifully reprefented in relievo the
[ > labours of Herculef. Hcrearc alfo to be feen the icwiple of fheVVindsi

the remains of the theatre of Bacchus ; of the mugiiificcnvaqueilurtof the
einperor Adrian ; and of the temples of Jupiter Olympus, and Ajgullus.
The remains of thg temple of the oracle of Apollo are ftill vilible at
Caftri, en the fouth fide of. mount Parpitd'us, and the n^arble Heps that
defcend to a pleafant running water, fuppofed to be the rtiiowncd C;ifla»
)ian fpring, with the niches tor ftatues in the rock, are ftill difcernible,
The famous cave of Trophouius is flill a natural curiofity in Livadiie, the
old Boeoiia.

Mount Athos, which has been already mentioned, and which is com-,
^only called Monio 3nnto, lies on a peniniula uhich extends into the
JEgean Tea, and is indeed a ch:>in of mountains, reaching the whole
' length of the pepinfulii, feven Turkith nii)es in length, and three ii>
. breadth : but it is only a Tingle mountain that is properly called Athos,
This is fo lofty, that on the top, as the ancients relate, the fun-rifing ws^
beheld four hours fuoner than by the inh:ibiiiints of the coiifl ; and, at
tbf folftice, its fliade reached into the Agoia or market-place of Myrina,
§ town in !|^mnos, which illand was. diit^nt eighty-ibven miles euilward.
fbere are twenty-two convents en Mount Athcs, beliiJrs a great number
(>f cells apd grottos, with the habttationsi.of no lefs than lix thoufand
inonkB and hermits ; though the proper hermits, who live in grottos, aro
not^bove twenty ; the other monks arc anchorites, or fuch as live in
cells. Thefe Greek mpnks, who call theinfelves the inhabitants of the
holy inouptain, are fo far from being a fet oT llothful peqpl^, that, beiidesi
their daily office of religion, they cultivate the olive and vineyards, are
|:arpeptpr9, mtifons, iloncrcutters, cloth-workers, taylor$, &c. They alfq
live a very auflerelife ; their ufual food, inllead of fle(h, being vegetables,
dried ouvc8, figs, and other fruit ; onions, cheefe, and on certain days,
^nt excepted, lifli. Their fafts are many and fevere ; which, with the
b'P^tbfulnefi of the air, renders longevity lb common there, that many of
fhem Uy^ flbPVC a|i b^^dred years. |t;ippcars from i^lian, that anciently

TURKEY IN EUROPE.

631

nine

irina,
ward,
mber
ifand

arc
ve ill
f the
fidest

are

alfq
bles,
^ays,

the

|ntly

the mountain in geacral, and particuiarly the fumrnir, was accounted
very hoiUliy, ^ud coaiucivti to long lite ; whence the inhabitants were
caikd Macrobii, or long-lived. We are fitrtber intorm«d by Philoilratus,
ip the life of Apollonius, that numbers of philoCophera ufed to retire, to
this mountain, for the better contemplation of the heavipmi, aad o£ oatt)re;
and after their example the monks doubtlcls built their, cells.

Cities.] Conlhntinople, the capital of this great empire, ts fituated
on the European ti.1e ot the Bofphorus. It was built upon the ruins of
the ancient Byzantium, by the,Koman emperor G)niUntinc the Great, as
ji more inviting fituation than Rome for the feat of empire* It be-
came aftt:nvard3 the capital of the Greek empire, and having edicaped th/e
deih'udtive rage of the barbarous nations, it was the greatell as wellMithe
moll beautiUii city in Europe, and the only one, during the Goihi,c ages,
in which there remained any image of the aticieiit elegance in mannetB.and
arts. While it remained in the p^fleirion of the Greek emperors, it was
the only mart in Europe for the commodities of the Eaft Indies. Itdc-
riveil great lulvantages from its being the rendezvous of the crufaiders ;
»nd being then in the meridian of its giory, the European writers, io the
age» of the crulades, ijpeak of it with allouifliment. *( O what a vaft city
is Conikntinople (exclaims one, when h' iirll beheld it), and how
feutiful ? How many monafteries arc there in it, arid how many pa-
laces built with wonderful art ! How maiiy manufafturcs are there m the
city„ amazing to behold ! It would be adpnifhing tu relate how it abounds
with all good things, with gold, lilver, and tluifs of various kinds.; for
every hour fliips arrive iji the port with all things necefl^ry for the ufe of
man." Con(lamin><ple is at this day one of the fineft cities in the world
by its fituation and its port. The profpe^ fFom it is noble. The moll
regular part is the Befeltin, inclofed with walls and gates, where the mer-
chants have their fliops excellently ranged. In another part of the city
is the Hippodrome, an oblone fquarc of 4.00 paces by 100, where they
exercife on horfeback. The Meidan, or parade, is a large fpacious fquare,
the general refort of all ranks. On the oppofite fide of the port, are four
towns, but conOdered as a part of the fuburbs, their dillatice being fo
fmall, a perfun may eatily be heard on the other fide. They are n^mcd
Peru, Galata, Pacha, and Tophana. In Pera the foreign ambailadors and
all the Franks or grangers refide, not being permitted to live in the city:
Galata alfo is moflly inhabited by Franks or Jews, and is a place of great
trade. The city abounds with antiquities. The tomb of Conftantine
the Great is {till preferved. The mofque of St. Sophia, once a Chriftian
church, is thought in fome refpe^s to exceed in giundeur and architedtuie
St. Peter's at Rome, The city is built in ,^ triangular form, with the
Seraglio {landing on a point of one of the angles, from whence there s a
profpedt of the delightful coaft of the LeiTer Alia, which is nut to be
equalled. When we fpeak of the feraglio, we do not mean the apart-
inents in which the grand fignior'i women are contined, as is comin<mly
ini untied, but the whole inclolure of the Ottoman palace, which might
well I'uHicc for a moderate town. The wall which furrounds the feraglio
is thirty feet high, having battlements, embiafures, and towers, in the
ftyle of ancient foriifications. There are in itninc gates, but only two of
tliem magnificent ; and from one of thefe the Ottoiiian court takes the
name of the Porter or the SnUhne Porte., in all public tranfii^ions and
records. Both tlie magnitude and population of Conflantinople have
been greatly exaggerated by credulous travellers. It is furrouodcd by a

S s 4 high

'TirRKEV m EUROPE.

hith finrf'tMck wall, with battlements after the Oriental manner, and
towers, ifcftndcd by a lined but fliallow ditch, the works of which arc
double on the land lide. The befl authots lehink that it does not contain
abbv6'8od,co6 Inhabitante^, threevfourths of whom arefaid to be Greeks
and Armeniabs; and the reft are Jews and* Turks* Others fuppofe the
inhabitants not to exceed 6oo,oco. The ctiy hath been frequently aflalled
b/'fif^s,eillher owing to the liarrowneli of the flreets and the ftru6)ure of
thehoftfrtj or the arts of the Janizaries. In Auguft 1784, a fire broke
out ih *h* quarter fituated towards the harbour, and ipread into other
Ouafters, and about ic,ooo houfes, (moil of Mrhich had been lebuilt fince
tht^e ini 1782) were confuintd.

O|)pofite to the feraglio, on the Afian fide, and about a mile and a half
^iflant at^ofs the water, is Scutari, adorned with a royal moique, and a
ple»(ant houfe of the grand fignior. On the brow of an adjacent hill is «
grdnd profpt'd:. In one view are the cities of Conflantinoplc, Galata, and
Pera, the I'mall feas of the Bofphorus and Propontis, with the adjacent
f:ountries on each (liorey

As to the population, manners, religion, government, revenues,
learijing, military ftrength, commerce, and manufadures of the Turks,
thrfefeveral heads depending on the fame principles all over the empirf|
<baMbt mentioned under Turkey in Afia. ^r •ti>:>,> ^ r,. ;.; ^ ^ivS.f

;. fnolitJ tri$rti vi\ ,

, 1 - fir* *f

fSAi^DS yionging to TURKeV in EUROPfi,
being part of Ancient Greece. - - o:. y

I Shall mention thefe iflands chiefly for the ufe of fuch readers as are
conv^rfant with ancient hiftory, of which they make fo dilliuguiihed
* part.

Negropont, the ancient Euboea, (Wretches from the fouth-eaft to the
north-weO, and on the eaftern coafl of Achaia, or Levadia. It is 90 miles
iong, and 2; broad, and contains about 1300 fquare miles. Here the
Turkifll gallies lie. The tides on its coafts are irregular ; and the ifland
itfellf is very fertile, producinjf corn, wine, fruit, and ^attle, in fuch
abundance, tb«t all kinds ot' provifions are extremely cheap. The chief
towns in the ifland are, Ne^ropont called by the Greeks £gripos, fituated
on fhe fouth-weft coafl of the ifland, on the na^'oweft part of the ilrait :
and Oaflel RoflTo, the ancient Caryflus.

'L^mnpSj or Stalimene, lies on the north part of the Egean fea or
Archipelago, and is almofl a fquare of 2^ miles in length and breadth.
ThoMgh it produces corn and wine, yet its principal riches arife from ita
mmerareartb, much ufed in medicine, foinctiires called terra Lemnay or
y^///^J'<f, becaufe it is lealed up by the Turks, who receive therefrom *
vOnfidcriiblc revenue.

' Tinfdos is rernarkable only for its laying oppofite to old Troy, and its
bt^iVg mentioned by Virgil as the place to which the Greeks retired, an^
i«;fr 'me Trbjahs in a fatal fecurity. It hath a tower ofthe fame name.

Scyros is about 60 miles in circumference, and is remarkable chiefly
for theretMiiins of antiqiwty uhich it contains', about 300 Greek fami-
lies itihab^t It*' -"'^' '■••;■■• ••'^'- -.ir--- ' ';'■.-■-. ... - i-

^ ' ... Leibos

TURKEY iH EUROPE.

^33

te(bos^ or Mytelene, it about 60 milei lottgi and is famous for the
number of philofophers and poets it produced. Tbii lAhubitants ,vere
fbrtnerly noted tor their prodigality. T

Scio, or Chios, lies about 80 miles weft of Smyrna, and is about 100
miles in circumference. This iiland, though rocky and mountainous,
prodoces excellent wine, but no coro. It is inhabited by 1 00,000 Greeks,
10,000 Turks, and above 3,000 Latins. It hath 300 churches, be/idea
chapels and monaftcries ; and a Turkifligarrilbnof i4cO'men. The inhatut-
ants have manutadures of (ilk, velvet, gold and filver Auifs. The ifland
likewire produces oil and filk, and the Icntiflc-tree, or malHc, frora which
the government draws its chief revenue. The women of this, and almoft
all the other Greek iflands, have in all a^es been celebrated for, their
beauty, and their perfons have been the moft perfect models of fymmetiy
to painters and Aattiaries. A lute learned traveller, Dr. Richard Chand-
ler, fays **■ The beautiful Greek girls are the moft flriking ornament^
of Scio. Many of thcfe were fitting at the doors and windows, twiiiing
cotton or iilk, or employed in fpinning and ncedle-work, and accoiled ui
with familiarity, bidding us welcome as we pafled. The (Ireets on Sun-
days ai^d holidays are filled with them in groups. They wear fliort pettt*
coats, reaching only to their knees, with white filk . or cutton hofi:.
Their head-drefs, which is peculiar to the ifland, is a kind of turban,
the linen fo white and thin it.feemcd fnow. Their flippers are chiefly
yellow, with a knot of red fringe at the heel. Some wore them faflened
with a thong. Their garments^ere filk of various colours ; and their
whole appearance fo fantaftic and lively, as to afford us much entertain-
ment. The Turks inhabit a feparate quarter, and their women are con-
cealed." Among the poets and hillorians faid to be born here, the in-
habitants reckon Homer, and fliew a little fquare houfe, which they call
Homer's fchool.

Samos lies oppofite to Ephefus, on the coaft of the LefTer Afia, about
feven miles trotn the continent. It is 30 miles long, and 15 broad. This
iflaad gave birth to Pythagoras, and is inhabited by Greek Chridians,
who are well treated by the Turks, their maflcrc. The mufcadine Samian
wine is in high rcqucft ; and the ifland alfo produces wool, which they
ftU to the French ; oil, pomegranates, and filk. This iiland is fuppofed
to have been the native country of Juno ; and Tome travellers think that
the ruins of her temple, and of the ancient city Samos, are the finell re-
inains of antiquity in the Levant.

To the fnuth of Samos lies Pntmos, about 20 miles in circumference,
but lb barren and dieary, that it may be called a rock rather than M
ifland. It has, however a convenient haven ; and the few Greek monk$
who are upon ihe ifland (hew a cave where St. John is fuppofed to have
written the Apocalj pfe.

The Cyclades iflands lie like a circle round Dclos, the chief of them,
which is Ibuth of the iflands of Mycone and Tirfe, and almoft midway be-
tween the continents of Alia and Europe. Thout^h Deles is not above
fix miles in circumference, it is one of the moft celebrated of all the Ore*
cian iflands, as beinj^ the birth-place of Apoilo and Dian:!, the mai^nifi-
<ccnt ruins of whole temples are flill vifible. This ifland is almoft deUitute
of inhabitants.

Paros lies between the iflands of Luxia and Melos. Like all the Other
l^r^ek iflands, it contains the moft ftriking mid magnificent ruin* of .an*

tiquuy I

«J4

TURKEY iw EUROPE.

tiquity ; but is chiefly renowned for the beauty and wldteuefs of tti
marble.

Ccrigp, or Cytherea, lies foinh>edft of the Morca, and is about 50
loUea in circumference, but rocky and innuiltainous, and chieiy renark-
^ble for being the favourite refidcncc of Venus.

Sau'i^riu 18 one of the moA routhernmoll iflands in the Archipelago,
and wa» former!^ calicd Calirta, aud aftciivardj Thera. Though ieem-
ineiy covend with pumice-ftoncs, yef, through th«! induflry of the in-
habitants, who are about 10,000, it produces barley and wine, with fomc
wheat. One-third of the people are of the Latin church, and fubjedt to
a popifli bifliop. Near this illand another arofe of the fame name, from
the bottom of the fca, in 17C7, At the time of its birth there was an
jearthquake, attended with moft dreadful liyhtnitijis and thuudcrs, and
Wilings of the fea for fevcral dsiys, fo that when it arofc t)ut of the fcii,
it was a mere volcano, but the burning foon ceaft-d. It is about spo
ieet above the fea; and at the time of its 6rft emerging, it whs about a
991^ broad, and five miles in circumference, but it hits iinee increafed.
Sejreral other ifl.inds of' the Archipel,i;^o apoear to have had the like
prigituil, but the fea in their neighbourhood is fo deep as not to i>e
^Khomed. ^ ^ ,

The famous iiland of Rhodes is fituated in the zSth degree of eaft
longitude, and 36 degrees 10 minutes north latitude, ihout zo miles
iuuth-weA of the continent of Lcfler Afia, being about 60 nilcs long, and
aj broad. This ifland is healthful and pleafanr, and al 'uids in wine,
{t«d many of the necefl'arics of life j but tnc inhabitants inipu. t their corn
fronn the neighbouring country. The chief town of the fame name,
iHands on the Ude of a hill fronting the fca, and is three miles in circum-
ference, imerfptrfed with gardenn, ^ minarets, churches, and towers.
The harbour is the grand fignior's principal arfenal for fliipping, and the
place is eftccmed among the ftrongeft fortrefles belonging to the Turks,
The coloflu." of brafs which anciently fl;ood at tb» mouth of its harbour,
and was 50 fathom wide, was defervedly aci ounted one of the wonders
of the world ; one foot being placed on each fide of the harbour, fhipa
|>afl'ed between its legs ; and it held in one hand a lighr-houfe for the di«
reftion of m;iriners. The fice of the colofl'us reprelcntcd the fun, to
whom this image was dcilicated ; and its height whs ibout 135 feet. The
inhabitants of this ifland were formerly mafters of the fea ; and the
Khodian law was the direc'iory of the Romans in maritime affairs. The
knights of St. John of Jerufalcin, after loiing Paleftine, took this ifland
from the Turks in 130H, butloit it to them in 1522, alter a brave defence,
apd afterwards reiiied to Malta. •

Candia, the ancient Crete, is fiill renowned for its hundred cities, for
its l^ing the birth-place of Jupiter, the feiit of legifl.iture to all Greece,,
^nd naany o'htr hiftorical antl political dilHocftions. It lies between 35
and ;6 degrees of North latitude, being 2co miles long, and 60 broad,
jilmofl equally di(l;;nt from Europe, Aha, and AtVic;', and contains 3220
fquare mile?. The fiimpus Mount Ida ftands in the middle of the ifland,
and is no better than a barren rock ; and Lethe, the river of oblivion, is
^ loo-pid itream. Some of trie vallies of this ifland jiroduce wine, fruits,
and Corn ; all of them rem^irkiibly excellent in their kinds. The fiegeof
Candia, the capitil of the illunil, in modern times, was far more wouder-
|"uland blooily thim that of Troy. The Turks invcfled it in the beginr
jiipg of the year 1645, ^nd its Venetian garrifon, alter bravely defending

iifeif

to ?ttfia'

}(in

^(R^

ii'j'). d^'.iv' i
Htn/i Jilw .;3fty

l^ahi-v^ -

<is

:r>^>' .T

.:ii!uij ,>Ut'"

-.Mi_ 3/l> .,;' bSfJWOaOl v^Jl.

ill. (;l ^;);

•3

..': <^om/;i3ciiiM>i florti atjj to jko lij .iti •oj;^}
'vriihi but. ,fi!'iilt;D bailr.^ \iivmiQt «iiW i»ri>

I..' fOJiiho-iq ^i ,o'oo,o> \(Ji"Ah 'lu oriyv j,ejfts!i4i

• '- '••Tf3v>i mil ti^ifiit iu «!" til

■ ■i.uid iJipj

,;.'"'')tll»ii: . M.
■ J hill ,
t.;ii . ;fj% «•■
n • !

■ i at .'v'.

ill' ,t-if»i.«C
mt-itfl hiWrt

I, •

S I A.

«3S

H
s

Urelf^p'mft ;6 ftorms, till the latter end of September, 1669, made, u
InO, an honuunible crpitulation. The fiege coil th« Turks f 80,000 men,
anii the Venctiann 80,000.

Cyprus lies in ihc Levant fea, about 30 milet didnnt from the coafis^of
Syiia and Palcdinc. It is 1 ;o miles lun^, and 70 broad, 4nd lii;^ a^ aiiuoft
an fqual litllance ficm Europe and Africa It was formerly famous for
the wordiip of Venus, the L'ypriun goddcfs ; and, during the time of the
'Crufadcs, Wiis a rich fluiirilhiug kingdom, inhitbitcd by Chridians. lia
wine, tfpccia'ly that which grows at the bottom of the celebr.i'id Mount
Olyn'pus, is the moH p.ilittHble and the richeft of ^11 that,i;rows in the
Greek iilands. Nicufia is the C9pitiil, in the midll of the country, and
the iVcuf a Grctk archbiPiop, indeed, moil part of the inhabitants of the
ifland are Greeks. Famaguua, its ancient capital, has a good b^frbour ;
and the natural produce o) the ill ind is fo rich, that many European na-
tions iiiul their nccount in keeping confuls reiiding upon it ; but the op-
prelliun of the Turks have depopulated and impoveriflicd it to fuch a fur*
priiitkg degree, that the revenue they get frotn it does ni)t exceed 1250U
a year. The illand produces great (quantities of grapes^ from '.vhich excel-
lent wine is miide ; -and alfo cotton u\ a very fine^quality is here cultivated,
and oil, (ilk, and turpentine. Its leniale inh ilntants do not dcesnerate
from their anccftors as devotees t« Venus ; and Paphos, that ancient fca(
of pleaturc and corruption, is one of the divifions of the ifland. Richard
I. king of England, fubducd Cyprus, on account of its king's treachery ;
and its royal title was transferred to Guy Luiignan, king of JeruHilem,
from whence it paflcd to the Venetians, who Aill hold that empty
honour.

The idands in the Ionian fea are, Sapienza, Sttvali, Zantc, Cephalonia,
S^tntamaura, Coifu, Fannu, and others >f finaller note, particularly
Ifohi del Compare, which would not defcrv - mention, had it t^ot been
the ancient Ithaca, the birth-place and kint;dom of UlylTcs. Thefe
iflnnds in general are fruitful, and belong to the Venetians.

Zantc has a populous capital of the fame name, and is a place of con-
flderablc trade, efpecially in currants, grapes, and wine. The citadel ii \
eredled an the top of a large i Ul, ilrong by nature, but now little better
than a heap of i*uin?. Here is a garriibn of 500 men, hut their chief
dependence is on their fleet and the illand of Corfu. The inhabitants of
Zante arc about 30,000, moftly Greeks, and friendly to flrangers,
Corfu, which is the capital of that ifland, and the refidence of the
governor-gencral over all the other iflands, is a place of great flrength,
and its circumference above four miles. The Venetians are faid to con^
cern themfelves very litfle about the welfare or government of tUcfe
iflnnds, fo that the inhabitants, who are generally Greeks, bear a very
indiftcrent chara^er. Their number at Qorfu is efUmated at 50,000, and
their manners more fevere than at Zantc.

% I

A 8 Alia exceeds Europe and Africa in the exteiit of its territories, it
is alfo fuperior to them in the feicnity of its air, the fertility of
^ts foil, the dclicioufnefs of its fruits, the fragrancy and balfamic qualities
ftf Its plants, fpiccSj, ^nd gui^s j the falubnty of it^ drugs j the quan-

^J<

<iit7» Tflrl«ty, bMuty* aodtalMdf itigeim, the richneft of in mmh,
•nd (be Smenefi of iM lUki and cottons. It was in Afia, according to
UMsSaCKd Mcoi^«> (>"lt *ho uli^wife Creator planted the garden of fiden,
i» which he formed theiirft mm and tirfl: woinsn, fmm whom the race of
ipiinkind wai to (pr'mg. ^^fm became again the nurCery of the world
•JT^r ^ho df luge, whence the defcendunts of Noah difperfed their various
cp)obtM into all the other parts of the clobe. It was in Alia that God
pli^d h!ii once favourite people, the Hebrews, whom he enlightened by
melafiens delivered by the prophets* and to whom he gave the Oracles
of TrHth. It was hfcro that the great and merciful work of our redemp-
tion was acaomplKhed by his divine Son ; and it was trom hence that the
light of his gloriouB gofpcl was carried with amazing rapidity into all
tlie known nations by his difciples and followers. Here the firft Chriftian
churches were founded, and the Chriftian faith miraculoufly propagated
and cherlfhcd even with the blood of innumerable martyrs. It was in Afia
that the firft edifices were reared, and the firfl empires founded, while the
other parti; of the globe were inhabited only by wild animals. On all
thefe accounts, this quarter claims a fupcrionty over the reft ; but it mufl
be owned, that a great change hath happened in that part of it called
Turkey, which hath loft much of its ancient fplendor, and from the mod
populous and bell cultivated fpot in Afia, is become a wild and unculti-
vated defart. The other parts of Afia continue much in their former
condition, the foil being as remarkable for its fertility, as moft of the in-
habitants for their indolence, effeminacy, and luxury. This effeminacy ia
chiefly owing to the warmth of the climate, though in feme meauire
heightened by cuAom and education ; and the fymptoms of it are more or
left vifible, as the feveral nations are feated nearer or farther from the
north. Hence the Tartars, who live near the fame latitudes with us, are
as braTe, hardy, flrong, and vigorous, as any Eurdpean nation. What is
wanting in the robuft frame of their bodies among the Chinefe, Mogul-
Indians, and all the inhabitants of the moft fouthem regions, is in a great'
meaflire made up to them by the vivacity of their minds, and ingenuity
in various kinds of workmanlhip, which our moft ikilful mechanics have
in vain endeavoured to imitate.

This vaft extent of territory was fucceflively governed in paft times by
the AflTyrians, the Medcs, the Perfians, and the Greeks ; but the immcnfe
regions of India and China were little known to Alexander, or the con-
querors of the ancient world. Upon the decline of thofe empires, great
part of Afia fubmitred to the Roman arms ; and afterwards, in the middle
ages, the fucceffors of Mahomet, or, as they are ufually called, Sara-
cens, founded in Afia, in Africa, and in Europe, a more extenfive em-
pire than that of Cyrus, Alexander, or even the Roman when in its
height of power. The S.iracen greatnefs ended in the death of Tamer-
lane ; and the Turks, conquerors on every fide, took pofTeflion of the
middle regions of Afia, which they dill enjoy. Befidcs the countries
poflcfTed by the Turks and Ruffians, Afia contains at prefent three large
empires, the Chinefe, the Mogul, and the Perfian, upon which the leiTer
kingdoms and fovcrfignties of Afia generally depend. The prevailing
form of government in this divifion of the globe is abfolute monarchy.
If any of them can be faidio enjoy fome fliare of liberty, it is the wander-
ing tribes, as the Tartars and Aiabs. Many of the Aliatic nations, when
the Dutch $^ft came among thcin« could cot conceive how it was pollihle

aA S I A.

«^

for any people to Kre under anr other form of gwrerntnentthan tltat efil
dcfpouc monarchv. Turkey, Arabia, Pcrtia, |>i»rt of Tartaryi and pdrt of
India, profefa Mahometantltn. The PerUan and Indian MuhdmetaMial
are of the fedl of Hali, and the otheri of that of Oinit ; ' but both
own Mahomet for their la\V>giver, and the Koran fo^ their tUhi of
faith and life. In the other pans of Taitury, India, China, Japan, Md
the Afiatic lilands, they are ^oerally heathens and idolateri. JtiHn tve
to be found every where in Aha. Chriftianity, though planted here #}tlv
wonderful rapidity by the apoftles and primitive fathers, fuffered dhalnloft
total eclipfc oy the conquefts of the Saracens, and afterwards of the
Turki. Incredible indeed have been the hazards, perils, And ^flferincs nf
popifli miflionaries, to propagate their do^rinea in the mod diftant regi-
ons, and among the groueft idolncers ; but their labours have hitherto
failed of fucceU, owing in n great meafure to their own avarice and
the avarice and profligacy of the Europeans, who rcfurt thither in fearch
of wealth and dominion.

The principal languages fpolcen in Alia are, the modern Greek, the
Turkifli, the Ruffian, the Tartarian, the Perlian, 'the Arabic, the Ma-
layan, the Chinefe, and the Japanefe. The European languages mc alfo
fpoken upon the coafts of India and China. ''

The continent of Afta is fituated between s; and 180 degrees of end:
longitude, and between the equator and 80 degrens of north latitude. It
is about 4740 milts in length, from the Dardanelles on the well, to the
eaftern fliore of Fartary ; and about ^.^io miles in breadth, from the moil
fouthern part of Malacca, to the moft northern cape of Nova Zcmbla,
Ic is bounded by the Frozen ocean on the north ; on the weft it is fcpa-
rated f'^m Africa by the Red Sea, and from Europe by the Levant or
Meditt'/raiiean, the Archipelago, the Hellefpont, the fea of Marmorii,
the Bofphorus, the Black Sea, the river Don, and a line drawn from ic
to the.nver Tobol, and from thence to the river Oby, whiih falls into
the Frozen Ocean. On the cad, it is bounded by the Pacific Ocean, or
S«uth-Sea, which (eparates it from America ; and on the South, by the
Indian Ocean ; {0 that it is almoft furrounded by the fea. The principal
regions which divide this country are as follow:

:,.?. !.. .,

... .- V ^ ... .' ' ' ■ . ••■'.■ -■ *J '*'>w^M ,

'",,i^^'., .-^, , . -»<! '.^../''lA f-'tfA to ns'j

... ■;/ 'if .,!■ •••■...*/* iiAt ,«s^'*

..■■■■'. -. m'' k. A.i* ir.i<i •>■>■•]
:.;'•;■■ ■/'. :t\\ .OA.X) to if(^!-> v .

' , ..:''f\ "I'j a!}i!oi.ir'Trvv.i 'H^x. -inobjj.- i

'■,',„ .;..,.. _•; ■ M'-y'r ',> ^jv.ff) ••■',■■'• •."^;i'> or ii ■.:'' ■°<0 fifi"' ^t^^■'i^*'> ^" '1.
•Miw '.■(■<»> ■■■■'■ -'.'"■« V '\'> ^'^^^ •-=•"•■'' '''^"^ ^■"■n;.T art) Jfi ^iO'ih-, :'4 .

|,U .J

- I .' - . '

%*•■;>

• 1' ->.

I 1 . ■ , »

.t. ■■'

1 !— *

• ' . .

HIJ 10

e3«

A d t A.

NatioiM.

RufTiun

Chinese

InditjicilJ.

Ii(n({tli

Ureailt

I'he limindH ol
there part* arc
iiiiliniiteO.riich
ipower )nilhiii|;
i)nh!»roii<jiu'ili
M hr n» he can

Squaie

Milct.

}, 050,00

644^00

• X^.U
Aoo,uoo

Diarbeck nr
Mcfopotim

tne, or
Chaldea

rurcomunid
or Arinenia

ticorniii

CurdilUin
of Aftyria

340

410

360;

240

iro

240

30U

1 -^o

aio

20 «

» 7,00c

50,400

Chief

Cities.

ToUlflc
Chrniaa
Tibet
Samnr "1
• .nfTa f

1160N.E.
4480M.E

17 So R.
iSoo P..

Diarbeck

Bagdad

55,00c Erzi-rum

».^6oo.'l cfiis

i3,9oo;SchcrAzcr

l!>ll!"-ml l)iir. „i
bearing jtlniffrom
fin Lond. I,onil«n.

4 10 hef,

8 4ii<^r.

5 4-^ lief,
j-i bcf.

1060 S.E.

*240

1H60SE

19^0 E.

aixoIC.

Ch&Pi<K

Pai-aiis
l'ii{(an»

t s6bef

44 bcf.

I 1 o l)lf.

3— bef.

Rcllfrjnn!

Pag.&M

Mahoiii.
Mahoni .

Ch.&Vfh

.Vfuhum.

Maho'
luttunt
with
, fomc
frw
Chrift
iana.

Mahoni.

All the Iflands of Ada (except Cyprus, already dcfcrlbcd, in the Levant,
belonging to the Turks) He in the I'.icific or Eallcrn Ocean, and the
Indian Seas, of which the principal, where the Europeans trade or have
icttlcments, are,, ■.■'.•■,.'■ " :"f'

Towns.
Jcddo, Mmco
Guam —

Tai-ouan-fub
Kinntrheow ->
Manilla — —
Vitiloria fort, Ternate
Laiitor —

Sq. Miles.
138,000

17,000

11,900

133,700

Iflands.
The Japanel'e iflts —
The Ladruncs
Formofa —

Anian — —

The Philippines —
Irhe Molucca or Clove ifles
The Banda, or Nutmeg ifles

Amboyna Tfurrouiiding T Aniboyna — 400

Celebes > the Mohirca >, Macaffcr — 68,400

Gilolo,&c. J &Bandaiflc8j Gilolo — — i»,4oo

r Borneo jBorneo, Caytonpec aa8,ooc

The Sunda iflcs^ Sumatra JAchen, Bencooieii i29,orc

( Juva, Sec. Bitavia, Bantam 38,250

The Andama&Nii:obar ifles Andaman, Nicohar
Ceylon — - .Candy — aTjTSt^

The Maldives — — Caridon — —

I Bombay — — | Bombay

The Kurile ifles, and thofe in the fea of Kamtfcliatka, lately
difcovered by the Uii'Tutis

tradewilhorbelongto

Dutch
Spain

I China

Spain

Dutch

a\1 iiatSoas

L'giJlh and Dutch

Dutch

A.I1 nations

Dutch

Ml nations

Knglifli

Ruflla

Georgia hath lately put itfelf nndcr the proteMon of Ruflia.

TURKEY

•■• ► » .-» f *'

[ «39 ]

II-

iiel

TURKEY IN

Miler.

Length
Brea

Situation ano FxttNT

A SI A.

■ ^

Sq. Mile*, i
gth loool . . C ay and 46 eaft loneituJe, I ^ _ ,/ .]

,?ih boot ^»*"" 148 «Dd4s noub ufLuac. } S^°»«^9t ;i^

,\ ^

BoVMDAitit9.]T10'JNDKD by the Black Sea rik! CtrcaOia on

Xj the Nuith ; by IVrliti, on th« Eail { by Arabia

(11)4 the Levant Sea, on the Smiib ; and by the Archi|)eliifrOf ihe iici*

iofpont, and Propontis, which fepsiuii. it ituni Eurupi-, on the VV«iiUi «

'^ Divifiooi*

The caftern
provinces are '

Katolia, or the
Lclfcr Alia,*
on the WcA.

Subdivifioni. Chief Towm*

1. Eyraca Ar<ibic or Chaldea BaiTora and Bagdut).

) /

a. Diarbec, or ^le^opocamia

3. Curdiftan or Aflyria

4. Turcomania or Armenia

Diarbec, Orfa, & MoufuL
Nineveh and Betiis,
Erzerum and Vuu. , r
f

J. Gc()r^ia,inclu(iing]Vlcn-l (

grelia and Imarctta, and > < Tcflis, Ainarcbiaf&GOilie*

part of Circaltia
I. N.itolia Proper

t. A mafia —

Ahidulia
Carumunta

1 I Burfa, Nici, Smyrnaf and
} l Ephcliis.

HAmafia, Tiapczood, an4
Siiiope.

£aft of the Le-
vant Sea.

,fc,..ltv

t Syria, \vi
the

th Pnlcdine, or
Holy Land.

Ajaz7,o und Maraf. 1 j
SHtalia and Tcrn(ib.
Aleppo, Antioch I^imaf*
CUB, Tyre, Sidoe, Tripoli,
Scantkroon, & Jcrufalem.

I 'lit ,

Tains.] Thcfe arc famous in facred as well as profane writinn.

: :rmarkiil>le arc, Olympus; Tauriu and Anti-tautus ; Caucalus

. , M' ( '•i(

The moft ;

and Ararat ; Lebanon ; and Hcrmon.

RivBii».] Tht fan>€ may be obferved of the rivers, whkh are the
Euphrates ; Tigris ; Orontcs ; Meander ; Sarabat j Kara ; and Jordan.

Aift AND CLIMATE.] Though both arc delightful in the utmoft de*
grecy and naturally falubrious to the human conOitution, yet fuch is ths
e<}uality witli which the Author of nature has dirpenfed his bene^, that
Turkey, both in Europe and Alia, is oi^ten vititcd by the plague ; a
frightful fcourgc of mankind wherever it takes place, but here doubly de*
flrudive, from the native indolence of the Tu'ks, and their fupcrftiiiou*
belief in a predcflination, which prevents them from uTing the proper pre*
t'Rutions to defend themfclves againil this calamity.

Soil and i>ro»vce.] As this countr)' contains the vaoQ. fertile pro-
vinces of Afia, I need fcarcely inform the reader that it produces alt the
luxuries of life in the utmofl abundance, notvvithftanding the indolence
of its owners. Raw filk, corn, wine, oil, honey, fruit of every fpeciet,
coffee, myrrh, frankincenfc, and odoriferous plants and drugs, are natives
liere almoft without culture, which io pradtifed chiefly by Greek and
Armenian Chriftians, The olives, citrons, lemons, oranges, fig°» and
date?, produced in thefe provinces, are highly delici«vsy and in fuch

640 TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA.

plenty, that they coft the inhabitants a mere trifle, and it is faid, in fome
phiccs nothing. Their afparagus is often as large as a man's leg, and
their grapes far excetd thofe of other countries in larjjenefs. In Ihort,
nature has brought all her produAions here to the higheft pcrfsAion.

Animal PiiODucrioN* by I The lame may be fald of their animals.
SKA AND LAND. J Thc brccd of the Turkifli and Arabian

korfes, the latter efpeciaily, are ▼aluabie beyond any in thc world, and
Iwve confiderably improved that of the Englifli. We know of no quadru-
pedatbat are peculiar to tbcfe countries, but they conuin all that arene-
Mflary for the ufe of mankind. Camels are here in much requeft, from
their Aren|rth, their a|;ility, and, above all, their moderation in eatingr
and drinkme, which is greater than that of any other known animal.
Their manufacture, known by the name of camlett:, was originally made
by a mixture of camels hair and filk, though it i^ now often' made with
wool and filk. Their kids and fliecp are exquifite eating, and are faid
10 furp.<f8, in flavour and tafte, thofe of Europe ; but their own bucchera
meat, beef particularly, is not fn fine.

As to birds, they have wild fovvl it. vaft perfeAion ; their oftriches are
wcH known by their tallncfs, fwiftnefs in running, and ftupidity. The
Roman epicures prized no fifli except iamprcys, mullets, and oylters, but
thofe that were found in Alia.

Mbtals and minerals.] This country contHins alt the metals that
are to be found in thc richcll kingdoms and provinces of Europe ; and
its medicinal fprings aud baths exceed thole of any in the known
world.

Of thb TURKS in EUROPE and ASIA.

Population, inhabitants, manner?. 7 HT^HE population of
ciTSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. ) |. this great country

is by no means equal either to its extent or fertility, nor have the beft
geographers been able to afcertain it, bccaufe of the uncertainty of its
Umits. It certainly is not fo great as it was before the ChriOian era, or
even under thc Roman eniperurs : owing to various caufes, and above all,
10 the tyranny under which the natives live, and their polygamw-.^rtiich
is undoubtedly an enemy to population, as may be evinced from many
reafons, and particularly becaufc the Greeks and Armenians, among
whom it is not praflifed, are incomparably more prolific than the
Turks, notwiihflanding the rigid fubjefiion in which they are kept 'by
the latter. The plague is another cavtfe of depopulation. The Tur*
kiih emperor, however, has more fubjeds than any two European
princes.

As to the inhabitants, they are generally well made and robuft men j
when young, their completions are fair, and their faces handfomc ; their
hair and eyes are black or dark brown. Tlie women, when young, are
commonly handfome, but they generally look old at thirty. In their de^
jneanour, thc Turks arc rather hypochondriac, grave, fedate, and jiaf*
five ; but when agitated by pallion, furious, raging, ungovernable } big
with dilliinulation, jealous, fufpicious, and vindi^ive beyond conception ;
in matters of religion, tenacious, fuperlHtious, and niorofe. Though
the generality feem hardly capable of inuch benevolence, or even huma-
nity with regard to Jews, Chriftians, or any who differ from them in
fehgious maitcis, yet they are far from being devoid of fecial affeClions

ktiowa

among

lan the

[kept Iby

te Tur-

iropean

men i

; their

[iig, are

leir de*

id paf*

lie t big

Kption :

. hough

huma-

lom in

tediions

fot

tURKBY IN EtJROPE a£d ASIA. d4f

for thofe of their own religion. But Intereft is their fupreme ^ood, and
when that comes in competition, all ties of religion, confanguinity^ or
fricndfhip, are with the generality fpcedil^r diflblved. The morals of tba
Aliatic Turks are far preferable to thole of the £uropean. They aro
hofpitablc to Grangers ; and the vices of avarice and inhumanity reign
chiefly among their great men. They are likewife faid to be chariuble tto
one another^ and punAual in their dealings. Their charity ar^d public
fpirit is moft conlpicuous in their builamg caravanf4ftis, ..e places of
entertainment, on ruads that are dellitute of accommodations, for the re*
frefliment of poor pilgrims or travellers. With the fame laudable viewr
they fearch out the bcft fprings, and dig wells, which in thofe countries
are a luxury to weary travellers. The Turks fit crofs^legged upon inats«
not only at their meals, but in company. Their ideas, except what they
acquire from opium, are fimplc and confined, feldom reaching without
ti;c walls of their own houfes,' where they lit converting with their women^
drinking coiTee, fmoking tobacco, or chewing opium. They have little
curiolity to be informed of the (iate of their own or any other country*
If a vizir, bafliaw, or other officer is turned out, or flrangled, they fa/
liomoreon the occafion, than that there will be u new vizir or governor*
feldom enquiring into the reafon of the difgrace of the former miniftert-.*
They are perfedt ftrangers to wit and agreeably converfatlon. They
have few printed books, and feldom read any other than the Koran, and
the comments upon it. Nothing is negociated in Turkey without pre«
fents ; and here juilice may commonly be bought and fold.

The Turks dine about eleven o'clock in the forenoon, and they fup at
five in the winter, and fix in the fummer, and this is their principal meal*
Among the great people, the diflies are ferved up one by one ; but they
have neither knife nor fork, and they are not permitted by their rcligtoa
to ufe gold or filver fponns. Their viftuals are always h.'gh'feafoned.-^
Rice is the common food of the lower fort, and fomctimes it is boiled up
with gravy ; but their chief difli is pilau, which is mutton and fowl
boiled to rags, and the rice being boiled quite dry, the foup is high«fe»«
foned, and poured upon ir. They drink water, flierbet, and coiTee;
an2l the only debauch they^know is in opium, which gives them fenfation*
r.^fcmbling thofe of intoxication. GucAs of high rank fometimes hava
thJr beards perfumed by a female ilave of the family. They are tempo'
rate and fober from a principle: of their religion, which forbids them the
u(e of wine ; though in private many of them indulge themfelves in tha
ufe of ftrong liquors. Their common falutation is by an inclination o^
the head, and laying their right hand on their breaii. They deep in
linen waiftcoats and drawers, upon mattrelTes, and cover themfelves with
a quilt. Few or none of the confiderable inhabitants of this vaft empire
have anv notion of walking or riding, either for health or diverfion. The
moft religious among them find, however, fufiicient exercife when they
conform tjiemfelves to the f;wquent ablutions, prayers^ and rites prefcrib*
ed theih by Mahomet

Their at>ive dir\:rfions confifl in Ikooxitig at a mark, or tilting it with
darts, at wh*-:li they are very expert. Some of their great men are fond of
huntir^, and take the field with numerous equipages, which are joined
^-j their inferiors ; but this is often done for political purpofes, that the^
may know the firength of their dependents. Within doors, the chefs of
draught-bonrd are their ufual amufements ; and if they phiV at chanc9
games they never bet tnonev, that being pruhibited by th« Koran.

Tt Pasts.]

042 TURKEY IN EUROPE AND ASIA.

Dress.] The men fliavc their heads, leaving a lock on the crown,
and wear their beards long. They cover their heads with a turban, and
never put it oft" but when they fleep. Their fliirts ure without collar or ■
wriftbaiid, and over rtiem they throw a long vett^ which they tie with a
fa(h, and over the veft they wear a loofc gown fomewhat fluirter. Thcir
breeches or drawers are of a-piece with their ftockings ; and inftead of
fliocs thfiywear flippers, which they put oif when they enter a temple w
houfa. They flifter rto Chri'ftians, or other people, to wear white tur-
bans. The dreft of the women differs little from that of the men, only
they wear ftiffened caps upon their heads with horns fomething like a
mitre, and wear their hair down. When they appear abroad, they are fo
muffled up as not to be known by their neareft relation. Such of the
women as are virtuous make no ufe of paint to heighten their beauty, or to
difguife their complexion ; but they bfren tinge their hands and feet
with /xtmaj which gives them a deep yellow. The men make ufe of the
fame expedient to colour their beards.

Marriages.] Marriages in this country are chiefly negociated by t|>e
ladies. -When the terms are agreed upon, the bridegroom pays down a
fum of money, a licence is mken out from the cadi, or proper magidrate,
and the parties are married. The bargain is celebrated, as in other na-
tions, with mirth and jollity ; and th« money is generally employed in
furnifliing the houfe of the young couple. They arc not allowed by
their law more than four wives, but they may have as n:'.ny concubines,
as they can maintain. Accordingly, belides their wives, the wealthy
Turks keep a kind of feraglio of women ; but all tbefe iniUilgences arc
fbmetimes infuflicicnt to gratify their unnatural defires.

Funerals.] The burials of the Turks are decent. The corpfe is
attended by the relations, chanting paflages from the Koran ; and after
bcing''depolited in a mofque (for lb they call their temples), they arc
buried in a field by the iman or prieft, who pronounces a funeral fermon
at the time of the interment. The male relations cxprefs their forrow
by alms and prayers ; the women, by decking the tomb on certain dayft
with flowers and green leaves ; and in mourning for a hufband they wear '
a particular head-drefs, and leave off all finery for twelve' months.

REtiGiON.] The cllabliflied religion is that of the Mahometan, fo
called from Mahomet, the author of it ; fome account of whom the
reader will find in the following hiftorv of Arabia, the native country of
that importor. The Turks profels to be of the feft of Omar ; but thefc
are fplit into as many fedtaries as their neighbours the Chriflians. There
is no ordination among their clergy ; arfy perfon may be a pried that
pleafes to take the h.ibit, and perform the funftions of his order, and may
hiy down his office when he plcaies. Their chief pried, or mufti, fecms
to have great power in the date.

Ecclesiastical institutions) The Turkifli government having
OF CHRISTIANS. J formed thefe into part of its finan-

ces, they are tolerated where they are mod profitable ; but thfc hardfhips
impofed upon the Greek church are fuch, as mud always difpofe that

f)eople to lavour any revolution of government. Condantinople, Jerufa-
cm, Alexandria, and Antioch, are patriarchates ; and their heads ar«
indulgeJ, according as they pay for their privilege, with a civil as well as
an cccleiialHcal authority over their votaries. The fame may be faid of
the Neitorinn and Armenian patriarchs ; and every great city that can pay
for the privilege, bat its archbifhop or bifliop'. Ail male Cbridtsn's

^^oUtmttm

laving.

finan-

lihips
le tbat
ferufa-
ars

irell ns
Ifaid of

ill pay
k'iftilins

TURKEY m EUROPE A»D ASIA. 6437

pay alfo a capitation tax from feventeen ycart o\4r to fixty^ jk?cording to .
their ftations. ■/• lu , ■ -i-'i'i-^r/.,.

Langvage.] The radical languages of: t}|itdmpir««re theScla-.
vonian, which feeins to have been the mpth^r-toague of the aooient '
Turks; the Greek modernized, but iUll beaj^ing a, itclation to the old
language ; the Arabic and the Syriac, f dialei^iOf which infill fpoken^-t^r
A Ipecimen of the modern Greek foljiows in their. Patternofier. t >

Pater AemaSf opios ifo tes tos ouranotis ^ bagi^^bit»>t9^^.'«Mmafott : na nil
he ^afilittftu : to thelemafou nagewtcz itzm en it get- o* is ton auraHon : tmt
ftfami hematdoze hcmasfemoren t kafi chor^fi betiHntAcritnaiahemcnitzotte^i
ka betnai fithorafomen ekinom op9u ; mas aiikounkit mtit. ternes hemais it tod
pira/ntOfaUttfofonhenasapotokaxOt Amen.' ^

Learking and LJtARifBD MBN.] The Turks, till of late, profei&d a i
fovereign contempt for our learning. Greece, which was the nsttiret'
country oi, genius, arts, and fciences, produces at proient, beiides Turkt^ <
numerous bands of ChrilHan biftiopst priefts, and monks, who in general',
are as ignorant as the Turks themfelves, and are divided into various t
abfurd feds of what they call Chriitianity. The education of the TurksT
feldom extends farther than reading the lurkiflt language and tbeM'
Koran, and writing a common letter. Some of them undeftand aftro' /*
nomy, Cq far as to calculate the time ,of an eclipfe; but the number
of thefe being very fmall, they arc looked upon as extraordinary per«r

fORS. , . ', .. . - , -I '

Antk^i.tibs and ciraiosiTiEs, 1 Thefe ire fo various, that they ?
• \TURAi. Awn ARTIFICIAL. J have fumlfhed matter for manv*^
^' wrir/' us publiq^ions, and others are appearing every day. Thefe *
CO; '■■-.i cpntainv-ju all that was rich and magmticeat in.archlte^ure andt
fculpture ; and neither the barbaiity of the Turks, nor the depredations:
they have fufiered from tlfc Europeans, feem to have dlmini&ed their *
number. They are more or lefs perfed, according to the air* foil, or-'
climate, In which they fland, and all of them bear deplorable marks oC*^'
negleft. Many of the fineft temples are converted into TurkiOi mofques^ f'-
or Greek churches, and are more disHgured than thofe which remain m.,^
ruins. ' Amidft fuch a plentltude of curiosities, all that can be done here ;
is to fele£k fome of the moft ftriking ; and I ihall begin with Balbec andM'
Palmy*ii»^hich form the pride of all antiquity. t*

Balbeo is fituated on a riilng plain, between Tripoli in Syria and Oa*t
maicus, at the foot of Mount Libanus, and is the Heliopolis of Gaels ^'
Syria. Its remains of antiquity difplay, according to the bell ju<iges, the (^
boldeft plan that ever was attempted in archite£ture. The portico of the^
temple of Heliopolis Is inexpreffibly fuperb, though disfigured by two '.
Turkifh towers. The^ hexagonal court behind it is now known only by ><
the magnificence of its ruins. The walls were adorned with Corinthian ^ -
pilaflers and flatues, and it opens into a quadrangular court of the fame - ''
ta^le and grandeur. The great temple to which this leads is now fo f
ruined," that it is known only by, an entablature, fupported by nine lofty .'^
columns, each confifHng of three pieces joined together, by iron pins^ -f
'without cement. Some of thofe pins are a foot long, and a foot ia>
diameter; and the fordid Turks are daily at work to deffroy the columns^v/'
for the fake. of the iron. A fmall temple is IKU Aandihgt with a pedrlb* "
of eight columns in front, and fifteen in flank, and every where ric' • ^
ornamented with figures in alto relief, expreffing the head) of *^^
heioeS|, and emperors^ and part of the ancieat mythology, *Xo tJi^weft

T t a -.

6|4 TURKEY XK EUROPE AKD ASIA*

of thii temple m mother^ of « dmukr fsriirt of t^t Corinthiiin mJ
Ionic ordery but dUfi^ured with Twkifti mofiauei and hpufes. The other
parti of this ancient city arc proportioMtbly beautiful andiftupcndous.

Various have been thr conjediurei concerning the foun«:rs of thefe
immenfc buildinsri. ,The tnhabitantt of Afta afcribe them to Solomoiv.
bvt ibme make them fo modem at the time of Antoninus Pius. Perhapa
they are of different sras ; an^ chough that pnnce and his fucce^rt
may have r*bu»k(bme part of them, yet the boldnett of their architecture*
tin beauty of ihrir oriiamenti, and the itupendous execution of the
who}*, (eem to fix their foundation to a period before the Chriftian asra,
Ivit without moimting to the ancient tim«» of the Jews or th« Phoeni"
rkins, who probably knew little of the Greek ftyleof building and orna.*
menting. Batbec l\ M prefent a Itttte city, encompalTed with a wall.--»
The inhabitants, who are about eooo in number, chio% Greeks, live
^:!(or aear the circuiar tvniple, in houfes buHt out of the ancient ruins.—
A trec«iluMe <juarry in \he neighbourhood, furniihed the ftones for the
body of the temple f ana one of the ftones not quite detached from th«.
l>ottiairi of the ()uarry, r> 70 feet long, 14 broad, and 14 feet five inchea
deep, and reduced to our meafure ii 115; tons. A coame white marblt,
quany, at a greatev diffance, furniflied the ornamental parts. ■•""^*^

Palmy rs^ or« z* h was caUed by the ancienti, Tadmor in the Deferr»
is iitaated in the wilds of Arabia Petraea, abut 31 deg^. N. fot. and aod
miles to the fouth<a.ft of Aleppo. It is a^^roached through a narrow
plain, lined as it were with ttie remains of antiquity ; and, opening alt
at once, the eye is prefcnted with the mod ftriking o^fts that are to be
fbvnd hi the wofid. The tempffi of the Sun lies in rums ; bur the accefs
to it is through a yi^ number of beautiful Corinthian columns of white
marble, the gtMideut and beauty of which cai»only be known by the| '
platea of kj whkh have been drawn and pubKflied by Mi Wood, who^ ;
with it friends, paid it a vtlit fume years ago, pufpofeiy to preferve ' '
fame remsmbranceof Aidt acuriofity. As thofe drawings, or copies from *'.''
them, are now comnnon, wemuft refer the vender to them, efpecially - -
as.he can form no very~ adnauate ideas of the reins from a printed rclut -.
lion* Superb arches, amaamg columns, a colonade extending 4000 feet '
in length, terminated by e noble maufoteum, temples, fine porticos,
pcriftyles, intercolumniations,andcntablHtures, all of them in the higheft
ilyle, and finiihed with the'moft beautiful materials, appear on all hands,
bat fo difperfed and disjointed, that it is imnoflible from them to form an.
idea of the wholfe when |ierfe6t. Thefe fliikm^ ruins are contraftcd by the
Itnferabic huts of the wikl Arabs, who rciide m orncar them;

Nothing but ocular proof could convince any man, that fo fuperb a
city, formerly to miles in circumference, could exift in the midft of
tvhat'ttow are tradls of barren uninhabitable fands. Nothing however is
more cstiflin, than that Palmyra was formerly the capital of a great king-
dom ; that it was thei^ride as well as the emporium of the enftern worlds
and that its merchants dealt with the Romans, and the weftern nations,
for the tiferchaHdizel and luxuries of India and Arabia* Its prefdit
altered fisuation, thereibre, can be accouhtcd for only by natural caufes^
which have turned thct moft ^rtile rrafis into barrea deferts. The
Afiatics think that Palmyra, as well as Balbec, owes it orh;inal to Sok>>
ttiOftt.; and in this they receive fome countenance from &erea ludory. la
profiime hiftory it is not mentioned before the time of Marc Anthony •
,«4ilits iBoft fuperb tM)tlU»pgs aie tkwught to b« of tb« town empire, about
*^ •■'.'-■' ..the

iftn mJ
he othtr
dout.
of thefe
lolomoiv*
Perhapft
ucceifort
kite^ure*
n of the
lian xrvr

Photni-^
md ornao^-
\ wall.—
eks, live

ruins.—
'.» for the
from tl>tt
ve inches
tc marbltt;

le Deferr^
. and 206
a narrmw
)emng alt
are to be
the accefs
of white
in by the
>od, who,
I prefervc
pics from
efpecially
ited rcltii.
4000 feet
porticos,
le higheft
lU han<li,
> form an.
od by the

fuperb ft

' midft of

awever i»

teat king-

Vn world,

nations,

prefih!kt.

»l caufes^

Th«

to Sok>

>ry. la

Lmhofty ;

|rc, about

the

TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. «4f

the time of GriKenua : Odcoathus, the kft Idog of Palmyra, was highly-
«areired by that emperor, and evea declared Auguftut. Hit widow Ze-
Aobia reigned in greart glory for foroe time, aad Lmginui, the celebrated
critic, was her fecretary. Not being jtble to brook the Roman tyranny*
Ale declared war againll the empemr Aurelian, who tookhwrprifonrn*
led her in triumph to Rome, and butchered her prindpal nobility, and
among others the excellent Longinut. He afterwards deftroyed her CAty«
and muflacred its inharbitants, but expended large fums out of Zenobia'a
trcafures in repairing<he temple of tlie Sua, the roajcAic ruin^ of which
liaveheen mentioned. This it mull be acknowledged, is but a very
lame account of that ceilchrated city ; nor do any of the Palmyrene in-
fcriptions reach above theChriiUan aera, though there can be no doube
that the city itfulf is of much higher antiquity^ The emperor JulUnian
made fonie efforts to redore it to its ancient fplendor, but without efie^,
for it dwindled by degrees to its prcfint wretched Aate. It has been ob*
iervfdveryjuftly, that its architetfiure, and the proportion of its colunms,
aue by no means equal in purity to thofe of Biilbcc.

Nothing can be more^ futile that the bonfted antiquities ihewn by tht
Greek and Armeni»n pricfts in and near Jerufuleo, which is well known
to have been (o often razed to the ground, and rebuilt a-ncw, that no
&ene of our Saviour's life and fufferings can be afcertained ; and yet
«hofe ecclciiaftics fublift hy their forgeries, aiul pretending to guide tra*
vellers to every fpot mentioned in the Old and New Teilament. They
are, it is true, under fcvere contributions to the Turks, but (he trade ftill
goei cii, though much diniiniflied in m profits. The church of the Holy
Sepulchre, as it i« called, faid to be built by Helena, mother to Con*
Aantine the Great, is ftill Handing, and of tolerable good architedaret
but its different divilione, and the diijioiitioM made round it, are chieily
calculated torlupport the forgeries of us keepers. Other churcheiji, built
by the fume lady, are found in Paleiline ; hut the country is fo altered
jn its appearance and qualities, that it is one of the moil defpicable of
any in Aiia, and it is in vain for a modern traveller to attempt to trace in it
any veftiges of the kingdom of David and Solomon. But let a fertile
country be under the fr«xwns of heaven, and abandoned to tyranny and
wild Arabs, it will in time become a defert. Thus oppretlion iooii thinned
•the delicious plains of Italy, nnd the noted countries of Greece and Alia
«he Lefs oncti the glory of the world, are now nearly deftitute of learn*
' jng, arts, and people.

Mecca and Medina are curiofities only through the fuperilition of thtf

Mahometans^ Their buildings are mean, when compared to European

houfes or churches ; and even the temple of Mecca, in point of archi*

tedure, makes but a forry appearance, though ere6ted on the fpot where

ithc great prophet is faid to have been born. The fame may be faid of the

snofque at Medina, where that impoflor was buried ; fu that the vaft fums

ipent yearly by Mahometan pilgrims, in vifiting thofe places, are un-

■doubtedly converted to temporal ufes. I fliall not amufe the reader with

any accounts of the fpot which is faid to have formed Paradife, and to

have been lituated between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, wher^-- rhere

'are fome tracks which undoubtedly deferve that name. The dilTercnt

ruins, fome of them ine xpreflTihly magnificent, that are to be found in

thofe immenfe regions, cannot be appropriated with any certlk'^nt^ to

their original founders ; fo great is the ignorance in which they nave

lieen bulled for thefi; thoufand years, palf. It is indeed ealy to pro*

7^3 nounce

'i#

M TURKEY IN EUROPE AND ASIA.

nriunce ^rbether the Ihrlt^.of their buildings be Greek, Roman, or Sara*
cen ;; bMt all. other information nioft cbAie from their infcriptions.

The neighbourhqo4 c^Sipyma (now called Ifmir) contains many^ va-
luable antiquitin, Tk^-iirac may be fidd of Aleppo, and a number of
other places celebrated in antiquity, and now known only b}^ eeographical
0bferiv%tipi>s^ The f^t of Old Troy cannot be dillinguiftcd by the
£«taUeit Yeft5ge,,an4 is known only by its being oppolite to the ifle of
. Tenedos, anof the Jiame of a brook which the poets magnified into a
wonderful river. A temple of marble built in honour of Au^^uftus Ctefar,
mt MilafTo In Caria, ar^d a few Aru£lurcs of the fame kind, m the neigh>
. bdurhood, are among the anticiuities that arc flill entire. Three thea>
tretii^ white marble^ and a noole circus near Laodicea, now Latichea,
have fuScrcd very little from time or barbarifm; and fome travellers
think they difcern the ruins of the celebrated temple of Diana, near
Ephefuj.

Cmibf citiis, MOSQjrss, 7 Thefe are very numerousj and at the
, . A HD OT HER BU J LD I Nos. J fame time very infignificant, becaufe they
Iwve little or no trade, and are greatly decayed from their ancient gran-
deUr. Scanderoon flands upon the iite of Old Alexandria, but it is now
ilmoft depopulated. Superb remains of antiquity are found in its neigh-
bourhood. Aleppo, however, preferves a rcfpe<Stable rank among the
cities of the Afiatic Turky. It is flill the capital of Syria, and is fupe-
rior in its buildings and convcniencies to moft of the Turkifh cities. Its
houfes, as ufual in the £afl, confifl of a large court, with a dead wall
to the ftreet, an arcade or piazza running round it, paved with marble,
and an elegant fountain of the fame in the middle. Aleppo and its
fuburbs are feven miles in compafs, {landing on eight fmall hills, on the
higheil of which the citadel or calile is erefted, but of no great Hrength.
An old wall and a broad ditch, now in many places turned into gardens,
Surround the city, which contains 2 3 $,000 inhabitants, of whom 30,000 are
Chriftians, and 5000 are Jews. It is furniflied with moft of the con-
veniencies of life, excepting good water, within the walls, and even that
is fupplied by an aqueduct, diAant about four miles, faid to have- been
erefled by the empreis Helena. The fl:reets are narrow, but well paved
with large fquare flones, and are kept very clean. Their gardens are
pleafant, being laid out in vineyards, olive, iig, and piflachio-trees ; but
thecauntry round is rough and barren. Foreign merchants arenumerous
here, and tranfaft their bulinefs in caravanfcras, or large fquare build-
ings, containing their' warehoufes, lodging^rooms, and compting-houfes.
This city abounds in neat, and fome of them magnificent mofquesj
public bagnios, which are very refrefliing, and bazars or market-places,
which are formed into long, narrow, arched or covered flreets, with
little fliops, as in other parts of the EalK Their coffee is excellent, and
confidered by the Turks ai a high luxury ; and their fweetmeats and
fruits are delicious. ' European merchants live here in greater fplendor
and fafety than in any other city of the Turkifh empire, which is owing
to particular capitulations with the Porte. Coaches or carriages are not
ufed here, but perfons of quality ride on horfcback with a number of
fervants before -them, according to their rank. The Englifli, French,
and Dutch, have confujs, who are much refpe^ed, and appear abroad,
the Englifli efpecinlly, with marks of difKnil^'^ion.

The heat of the country makes it convenient for the inhabitants to
deep in the open air, here, over all Arabia, and many other parts of the
-. - . ,.. Eaft,

, or Sara.

us. ■ -

lumber of
)graphic«l
1 by the
the ifle of
ed into a
rus Cafar,
he itei^h-
irec thea-
Latichea,
travellers
ina, near

nd at the
aufe they
ent gran-
it is nonr
ts neigh>
nong the
1 is fupe-
ties. Its
lead wall

marble,
» and its
, on the
ftrength,
gardens,
[,000 are
he con-
iren that
ve-been ^
1 paved ''

ens are '

but
imerous

build- •
houfes.
lofquesj
places, '
with -
It, and
Its and
>lendor

owing
ire not
iber of
rench,
broad,

nts to
of the

Eaft

TURKEY IK EUROPE AND ASIA. 647

Sa(V, for which reafon their houfes are flat on the top. This practice
accounts for the early acquaintance thofc nations had with aftroiknny,
and the motions of the heavenly bodies, and explains fome parti of the
holy fcripture. As the Turks are very uniform in their way of MvJngt
this account of Alep|)o may give the reader ao idea of tag othe^ Turkiili'
.•cities.

Bagdad, built upon the Tigri«, not far it is fupjpfofed front the iite
of ancient Babylon, is the capital of the ancient' CJbaldea, and was the
metropolis of the caliphate, under the Saracens, In the twelfth century.'
This city retains but few marks of its ancient grandeur. It is in.the form
an irregular fquare, and rudely fortified, but the convcniency 4f itl
. fituation renders it one of the feats of the Turkifli government, afld ill
has ilill a confiderable trade, being anually/Tifitcn by the Smyrna,
Aleppo, an J wcftern caravans. Tlie houfes of Bagdad are generally
large, built of brick and cement, and arched over to admit the freer cir*
culation of the air : many of their windows are made ofelegant Venetian
glafs, and the ceilings ornamented with chequered work Moft of the
houfes have alfo a courtyard before them, in the middle of which is
a fmall plantation of orange trees. The number of houfes is computed
at 8c, joo, each of which pay an annual tribute to the Bafliaw, which
is calculated to produce ^oo,oool. fterling. Their bazars, in which their
tradefmcn have their (hops, are tolerably handfome, large, andextenfiTe*
filled with fliops of all kinds of mcrchandife, to the number of 1 3,000.
Thefe were eret5Ved by the Perfians, when they were in poffeffion of the
place, as were alfo their bagnios and almoll every thing here worthy the
notice of a traveller. In this city are five molques, two of which are
well built, and have handfome domes, covered with varnifhed tiles of fe-
veral colours. Two chapels are permitted for thofe of the Komif^ and
Greek perfuafions, On the north-weft corner of the city ftands the calHc,
which IS of white (lone, and commands the river, coniifting of curtains,
and baftions, on which fome large canRon are mounted, with two mortars
in each baftipn, but in the year 1779 they were fo honey-combed
and bad, as to be fupppfcd not to fup|)ort one firing. Below the caftle,
by the water-fide, is tlie palace of the Turki(h goverpor j and there are
feveral fummer-houfes on the river, which make a fine appearance. The
Arabians, who inhabited this city under the caliphs, were remarkable
for the purity and elegance of their dialed. .

Ancient Aflyria is now called the Turkifii Curdiftan, though part of it
is fubjed to the Perfians. The capital is Curdiilian, the ancient Nineveh
being now a heap of ruins. Curdiftan is faid to be for the moft part
cut out of a mountain, and is the refidcnce of a vkeroy, or beglorbeg.
Orfa, fonncrly EdefiTa, is the capital of the fine province of Melbpotamia.
It is now a mean place, and chiefly fupported by a mainifk£lure of Turkey
leather. Mouful is alfo In the fame province, a large place fituated
on the weft fliore of the Tigris, opolite where Nineveh formerly flood.

Georgia, or GurgilUn, now no longer fubjett to the Turks, is chiefly
peopled by Chriftians, a brave, warlike race of men. Their capital,
Teflis, is a handfome city, and makes a fine appearance, its inhabitants
being about 30,000. It 13 fituated at the foot of a mountain, by the fide
of the rtver Kur, and is furrounded by ftrohg walls, except on the fide of
the river. It has a large fortrefs oh the declivity of the mountain,
which is a place of refuge for criminals and debtors, and the garrifon
eonfifts of native Perfians. 1 aere are fourteen churches in Teflis, fix of

Tt4

whicli

^W TURKEY iw EUROPE and ASIA.

«^ich bcloag to tbe Georgian* and th» reft to the Armeniant i tk»

tiOQ for the fmallpoz. Thejr- make no fcruple of ielHng and drirkine
WUtea in their capital and other towns j and their valour has procured
OMD many d^inguifliing liberties and privilege!. Lately they have
formed an aUiaoce with Ruflia and claimea its proteAion.

Theaocient cities of Damafcus, Tyre, and Sidon, flill retain part of
tlieir former trade. Damaicus is called Sham, and the approach to it by
theinver is inexpreiCbiy beautiful. It contains a fine mofque, whicn
was fiutmerly. a Chriftiaa church. It ftill is femous for its fteel work,
fuch as fword'blades, knives, and the like ; the excellent temper of which
is faid to be owing to a quality in the water. The inhabitants manufac-
ture alfo thofe beautiful ulks called Damaiks, from their city, and carry
on a confiderable traffic in raw and worked filk, rofewater, extracted
from the famous damalk rofes, fruits, and wine. The neighbourhood
of this city is ftill beautiful, efpecioli^ to the Turks, who delight in ver-
dure and gardens. Sidon, now Said, which likewife lies within the
ancient Phoenicia, has ftill fome trade, and a tolerable harbour. Tyre,
BOW called Sur, about ao miles diftant from Sidon, fo famous formerly
^r its rich dye, is now inhabited by fcarcely any but a few miferable
fifliermen, who live in the ruins of its ancient grandeur. There are
itrong walls on th^ land fide of ftone, eighteen feet high, and feven broad.
The circumference of the place is not more than a mile and half, and
Chriftians and Mahometans make up the number of about 500. Some
of the ruins of ancient Tyre are ftill vifible.

Natolia, or Afia Minor, comprehending the ancient provinces of Lydia,
Pamphylia, Pifidia, Lycaonia, Cilicia, Cappadocia, and Pontus, or
Amafia ; all of them territories celebrated in the Greek and Roman hif-
tory, are now, through the Turkifli indolence and tyraniiy, either forfa*
ken, or a theatre of ruins. The fites of ancient cities are uill difcernible ;
and fo luxurious is nature in thofe countries, chat in many places ftie
triumphs over her forlorn condition. The felfifli Turks cultivate no more
land than maintains themfelves ; and their gardens and fummer-houfes
fill up the circuit of their moft flourifliing cities. 1 he moft judicious tra»
sellers, upon an attentive furvey of thofe countries, full vindicate all
that hai been fiud by facredand profane writers of their beauty, ftrength,
fertility, and population. Even Paleftine and Judea, the moft defpicab)e
at preient of all thofe countries, lie buried within the luxuries of their
own foil. The Turks fecm particularly fond of reprefenting it in the
fnoft dreadful colours, and have formed a thoufand falfehoods concerning
it, which being arttully propagated by fome among ourfelves, have im-
pofed upon weaJc CbHuianiif »
■^ . ^ ^a _ Whether

t The lati! reverend Pr. Shaw, profeffor of Greek at OKford, who feems to have
examined that country with an uncomnnon degree of accuracy, and wa» quaiifiec: by
she tauaifSt philofophy to make the moft juft obfervationt, fays, that were the Holy
I.and as well cultivated at in former times, it would be more fertile thaii the very
M f artsof Syria and PlwDicia, Ucuiit tbi foil is generally much richer, and, every

TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. 649

Whether thofe countrici of Afia could ever be reftored to their ancifiiiC
grandeur, trade, and papulation, may be a queffion with fome ; but I
apprehend that it would now be impolBble (let the Turkifh gOTemnicr.c
be ever fo beneficent) to divert commerce (without which ill attempt*
of that kind muft be feeble) from iti European channeU. There can,
however, be no queftion, that a government lefs brutal and bigoted than
that of the Turks, might make the natives a powerful as well ai a happy
'people within themfelves. The misfortune is, that the Greeks, Arme-
nians, and other fedts of Chridians there, partake but too much of the
Turkifli flupidity. Though they are not fuflpred to wear white turbans,
or to ride on horfeback, and are fubje£l to a thoufand incQgnitiea and
mifcries, and are even, in many places, far more nuiaerous than their
oppreflbr:, yet fo abjed is their fpirit, tliat th^ make no efforts foi;
their own deliverance, and they arc contented under all their mortifica<r
tions. If thev are lefs indolent than their opprcflbrs, it ia becaufc they
muft otherwife ftarve } and they dare not en|oy even the property they,
acquire, left it fliould be difcovered to their tyrants, who would coi>fider
it as their own.

CoMMiKCE AND MANUFACTVKRs.] Thcfe obje£b are little attendeJ
to in the Turkiih dominions. The nature of their government de^
ftroys that happy fecurity which is the mother of arts, induftry, and
commerce ; ana luch is the debafement of the human mind when borne
down by tyranny and oppreifion, that all the great advantages of com-
merce, which nature has as it were thrown under the feet of the inhabitanti
by their fituation, are here totally neglected. The advantages of Tyre,
Sidon, Alexandria, and all thofe countries which carried on the com*
merce of the ancient world are overlooked. They command the navi<*
gation of the Red Sea, which opens a communication to the fouthern
ocean, and prefents them with all the riches of the Indies. Whoever
looks on a map of Turkey, muft aiimire the tituation of their capital upon
a narrow ilrait that feparates Europe from Afia, and communicates on the
fouth with the Mediteranean fea, thereby opening a paflage to all the
European nations as well as the coaft of Africa. The fame ftrait com-
municating northwards with the Black Sea, opens a paflage, by means of
the Danube and other great rivers, into the interior paits of Germany^
Poland, and Ruflia.

In this exteniive empire, where all the commodities neceflary for the
largeft plan of induftry and commerce are produced, the Turks content
themfelves with manufafturing cottons, carpets, leather, and foap. The
moft valuable of their commodities, fuch as filk, a variety of drugs, and
dying ftuffs, they generally export without giving them much additional
value from their own labour, 'f'he internal commerce of the empire ii
extremely fmall, and managed entirely by jews and Armenians. In their

thing confidered, yields larger crops. Therefore the bar/ennefc, fays he, of whidi
fome authors complain, does not proceed from the nstural unfruitfulnefs of the coun-
try, but front the want of inhabitants, the indolence which prevails among the few
whu poflefs it, and the perpetual difcords and depredations of the petty princes
who ibare this fine country. Indeed the inhabitants can have but little inclination to
cultivate the earth. " In Paleftine, fays Mr. Wood, we have often feen the hufband*
man fowing, accompanied by an armed friend, to prevent hik being rnbbcd of the
feed." And^ a(ter all, whoever fows, is uncertain whether he ihall ever reap the
harivft.

■■■-'■'^ -■■ '• ■ •- traffie

650 TUHKEY in EUROPE and ASIA.

trdlic with'Burope, »h^ Turki are altogather paffivt. The Englifli,
French, Dutch, an4 oth»r £urop«ani, r^forc hither with their commo-
ditiei, and bring back tbpfe ofTurkey in the fame bottoms. 1 hey feU
dom attempt any diftantVO)FHge«» and are pofTcfleJ of only a few coaAing
Teflplf in the AGatic Turkey ( their chief roval navy lying on the fide of
jEurofWf Tb« innatontion of the Turkt to o&iedti of commerce i» (xsrhapt
the bcft fccurity to their government. The baluncc of power eliablifhed
among the princei of £uropOt and their jealoulies of one another, fccure
to the infidels che polTeflion ofcquntries, which in the hands of the Ruf-
fians, or any t&irc flute, might endanger the commerce of their neigh-
bours, efpecinlly their trade with India.

CoNSTiTtiTioN /vNi) GovBRNMENT.] The Turkifti government ii
commonly exhibited as a pitSture of all that is (hocking and unnatural in
arbitraVy power. But from the late accounts of Sir James Porter, who
relided at the Porte in quality of ambalTador from his Britannic majefly,
it appears that the rigours or that defpotic government are confiderably
moaerated by the power of religion. For though in this empire there ii
no hereditary fuccelflon to property, the rights of individuals may be ren-
dered Hxed and fecure, by being annexed to the church, which is done
at an inconiiderable expence. Even Jews and Chriftians may in this
manner fecure the enjoyment of their lands to the lateft pollerity ; and fo
facred and inviolable has this law been held, that there is no inilance of
au attempt on the fide of the prince to trefpafs or reverfe it. Neither doe»
the obfervance of this inflitution altogether depend on the fuperflition of
the fultan ; he knows that any attempt to violate it would fliake the foun-
dations of his throne, which is folely fupported by the laws of religion.
Were he to trefpafs thefe laws, he becomes an infidel, and ccafes to be the
lawful fovereign. The fame obfervation extends to all the rules laid down
in the Koran, which was dcfigned by Mahomet both as a political code
and as a religious fyftem. Ti>'; 1h»s there enadted having all the force of
religious prejudices to fupport tl'em, arc inviolable ; and by them the
civil rights of the IVIahometans arc regulated. Even the comments on this
book, which explain the law where it is obfcure, or extend and complete
what Mahomet had left imperfeft, are conceived to be of equal validity
with the firft inftiiutions or the prophet ; and no member or the fociety,
however powerful, can tranfgrel's then without cenfure, or violate them
without punifliment.

The Afiatic Turks, or rather fubjeft. of the Turkifh empire, who hold
their pofTefiions by a kind of military tiinire, on condition of their ferv-
jng in the field with a p;irticular numbci of men, think themfclves, while
they perform that agreement, almolUndepcndent of his majefty, whofel-
dom calls for the head or eihue of a fubject, who is not an immediate
fervant of the court. 'I he moft unhappy fubjcL'b of the Turkifli eovern-
jnent, are thofe who approach the highcft di,i4nlties of ftate, and whofe
fortunes are conftantly expofed to fudden alterations, and depend on the
breath of their maftcr. There is a gradation of great officers in Turkey^
of whom the vizir, or prime miniller ; the chiaya, fecond in power to
the vizir } the reis cfiendi or fecretary of ftate, and the aga of the jani-
zaries, are the moft confiderable. Thcfe, as well as the mufti, or high
prieft, the bafliaws, or governors of provinces, the civil judges, and
many others, are commonly raifed, by their application and ailiduity,
from the meaneft fhitions in life, and are often the children of Tartar or
ChriAian flaves taken in war. Tutored in the fchool ofadvcrfity, and

arriving

TURKEY IN EUROPE Xwb ASIA. 651

irrlving at pre-eminence through « thoi((iiAill[iilkitt1ti«i nnd danreri, Atlk
fnenarefir|inerHliy at diftinguifhed for Rt^Utidt lu iddieient in Tirtuo. They
poflftfa all the diilimulation, intrigue, and corrUpkioh, which 6l^eii acootn-
panics ambition in an humble rank, and thsy have «f«rthec t^foAfor
plundering the people, becautb they are uncertain hbw long ther intlj
BofTefs the dignities to which they are arrived. The adminiArocion of
jjuAtce, therefore, is extremely corrupt over the whole empire ; but th!c

Eroceeds from the manners of the judges, and not from the Uwf of <h«
ingdom, which arc founded upon very equitable principles, "ni int <
Kevbnues.] The riches drawn from the various provineei'of iflii
empire mud be immenfe. The revenues arife from thecudoms, and a va-
riety of taxes which fall chiefly on the ChrifKans, and other fubjedlt not
of the Mahometan religion. The rich pay a Capitation tax of 36 ihU«
lin^s, a year ; tradefmen 15 fliillings, and common labourers 6 fhillings
fnd ten-pence halfpenny. Another branch of the revenue arifeg from the
gnnual tribute paid by the Tartars, and other nations bordering upon Tur«
key, but governed by theii- own princes and laws. AU thele, howevef,
are trifling, when compared with the vaft fums extorted from the gover«
nors of provinces, and oihcers of flatc, under the name o,{ prefenu,
Thcfe harpies, to indemnif/ themfelve: as we have already obferved, fxtx-
cifeevery ipeciesofopprellionthat thei'-rfvaricecan fuggeft, till, becoming
wealthy from the vitals of the countries and people they are fent to govern,
their riches frequently give rife to a pretended fufpicion of difloyftlty or
" mifcondufl, and the whole fortune of the ofTender devolves to the crown.
The devoted viAim is feldom acquainted with the nature of the offcnc^, or
the names of his accufers ; but, without giving him the leaft opportunitjf
of making a defence, an officer is difpatched, with an imperial decree, to
take off his head. The unhappy balTa receives it with the higheft rdpeA,
putting it on his head, and after he has read it, fays, *< Theiijill of God and
the emperor bedottcy** or fome fuch expretlion, teftifying his entire refigna-
tion to the will of his prince. Then he take? the filken cord, which the
officer has ready in his boibm, and having tied it about his own neck, and
faid a (hort prayer, the officers fervants throw him on the. floor, and,
drawing the cord flrair, foon difpatch him, after' which his head' is cut
off, and carried to the court.

Forces.] The militia of the Turkifli empire is of two forts : the firft
have certain lands appointed for their maintenance, and the other is paid
out of the treafury. Thofe that have certain lands, amount to about
268,000 troopers, etfedive men. Befides' thefe there are alfo certain
auxiliary forces raifed by the tributary covintriesof this empire ; as the
Tartars, Walachians, Moldavians, amd, till of late, the Georgians, who
are commanded by their refpetSive princes. The Khan of the Crim Tar-
tars, btrfore liis country was fubjefted to Ruffia, was obliged to fiir-
nifliico,ooo men, andtoferve in perfon, when the grand-figmor took the
field. In every war, befides the above forces, there are great numbers
of volunteers, who live at their own charge, in expectation of fucceeding
the officers. Thefe adventurers do not only promife themfelves an citate
if they furvive, but are taught, that if they die in War againft the Chrif-
tians, they fliall go immediately to paradife. The forces which receive
their pay from the treafury, are called the fpahSs, or horfe-guards, and
are in number about 1 2,000 ; and the janizaries, or foot-guards, who are
cfleemed the beft foldicrs in the Turkifh armies, and on them they prin-
cipally depend in an engagement. Thefe amount to about 15,000 men,

who

t •.

^5* TURKEY iw EUROPE AKD ASIA. /

«iho are quartered in and near Conlbntinople. They freauently fr»«r
mutinoua, and have proceeded fo tar rnmetimei as to depoie the Ailtan.
They are educated in the feraglio, and trained up to the exercife of armt
from their in^ncy ; and there are no It-fs than 100,000 foot-foldiera,
IcattereU over every province of the empire, who jprorure thcmfelvet to
\>c regtftcrcd in this body, to enjoy the privikgei of janizaries, which are
very great, being fubjcdtto no jurifdid^tion but that of their aga, or chief
coininaoder.

Armi ahd titlis.] The emperor*! titles arc fwclled with all
the pomp of eadera magnificence. He is ftyled by his ftibjetfils, i/je Sha-
dow ofGoiU a Cod on earth, brother to the Sun and Moon, JDifpo/er of alt
tartbly Crownt, fe'f. The grand-fignior's arms are, vert, a crefccnt a*-
|;ent, crcded with a turbani charged with three black plumes of heron's
quills, with this motto, Donct totunt impleat orhetn*

Court and ssRACtLio.] Great care is taken in the education of the
youth who are dcfigncd for the ftate, the army, or the navy ; but they
•I'c feldom preferred till about ao years of age, and they rife by their me-
rit. They arc generally the children of C5hriftian parents, either taken
ia war, purchaied, or prefcnts from the viceroys and governors of diftant
provinces, the moll beautiful, weU>made, and fprightly children that can
«e met with, and are always reviewed and approved of by the grand-fig-
nior, before they are fent to the colleges or feminaries, where they are
educated for employments according to their genius or abilities.

The ladied of^the feraglio arc a collection of beautiful young women,
chiefly fcnt as prejfents from the provinces and Greek iflands, moU uf
chem the children of Chtiftian parents. The brave prince Herac)iu3„
hath for fomc years paft abolithed the infamous tribute of children of both
fcxcs, which Georgia formerly paid every year to the Porte. The num-
ber of women in the harem, depends on the tafte of the reigning mo-
narch. Sultan Sclim had aooo. Achmct had but 300, and the prefent
fultan hath nearly 1600. On their admiflion they are committed to the
care of old ladies, taught to few and embroider, mufic, dancing, and
other acccmplilhments, and furniflied with the richefl cloaths and orna-
ments. They all ileep in feparate beds, and between every fifth there is
a preceptrefs. Their chief governcfs is called Katon Kiaja, or governel«
of the noble young ladies. There is not one fervant among them, for
they are obliged to wait on one another by rotation ; the laft that is en-
tered ferves her who preceded her, and herfelf. Thefe ladies are fcarcely
ever fufiered to go abroad, except when the grand-fignier removes from
one place to another, when a troop of black eunuch's conveys them to the
boats, which are inclofed with lattices and linen curtains ; and when they
go by land th%y are put into clofc chariots, and iignals are made at certaia
(diftanccs to give notice that none approach the roads through which they
inarch. Among the emperor^s attendants are a number of mutes, who
a£t and converfe by figns with great (^uicknefs, and fomc dwarfs who arc
exhibited for the diverfion of his majeAy.

OniGiN AND raoGRESs OP THE TVKKS.] It has been thefate<of
the more foutbern and fertile parts of Alia, at diflferent periods, to be
conquered by that warlike and hardy race of men, who inhabit the vail
country known to the ancients by the name of Scythia, and among the
moderns by that of Tartary. One tribe of thefe people, called Turks or
Turcomans, which name lignifies wanderers^ eytencled its conqueils un-
der various leaders, and durine feveral ccnturieS) from the ihore of the

^ ' Cafp^ap,

TURKEY IN EUF'^PE ATfD ASIA. 6^3

Ctfpian to the ftraiti of the D«rdanelles. Biftinr long tsi^fldent in \1te n-
pachy of body-guardt, about the courts of the Sfttaceiii, tlr^ embtactd
the ductrine* ot Mahomet, and a<^\ed for a kmrrittiie ill "tfi^ehartei in the
armici of contending princes. Itteir chief relidetice wa« in the heigh-
bourhood of mount Caucafut, tram whendc thev removed to Armenia
Major, and after being employed as mercenaries oy the fnltans of Periia,
they feized that kingdom, about the year i037» and fpread their ravages
over all the neighbouring countries. Bound bv iheir religion t6 make
converts to Mahonicranilinf they never were without a pretence fbr ia-
vading and ravaging the dofninionB of the Greek emperors, and were
fometimes commanded by vei^- able generals. Upon the declcnlion of the
caliphate or empire of the Saracens, they made themfelves msfleVs of Hi^
Icftine ; and th vifiting the holy citv of Jerufalem being then part of
the Chridian excrcifes, m which the^ nad been tolerated by the SarackiM,
the Turks Isud the European pilgrims under' fuch heavy contribdtlMis,
and exerctfed fuch horribk cruelties upon the Chriltian inhiibitahts of the
country, ai gave rife to the famous Cru&dcs whi .i we have mentioued
more fully in the Introduftion.

It unfortunately happened, that the Greek emperors were feneralljf
more jealous of the progrefs «f the Chridians than the Tuus ; and
though after oceans ot blood were fpilt, a Chridian ingdon- vascreA-
cd at Jerufalem under Godfrey of Boulogne, neither he nor his fuccefTu:
were polTeired of any real power for mamtaining it. The Turks, aVr\ t
the year 1299, had extended their dominions on every fide, andpoflcifeoL
themfelves, under Oth man, offomeof the fineft provinces '"• AHa, of
Nice, and Prufa in Bithynia^ which Othman made his ca['aat» nnd„ a»
it were, fird embodied them into a nation; hence they tooL the name of
Othmans from that leader ; the appellation of Turks, as it lignifles in the
original, wanderers, or baniflied men, bein^confidcrcd by them as a term
of reproach. Othman is to be dyled the Sunder of the Turkiili empire^
and was fucceeded by a race of the mod warlike princes that are mentioiKdl
in hidorj. About the year 1357, they paired the Hellefpont, andgOBai
footing in Europe, and Amurath fettled the feat of his empire at Adti^
anople, which he took in the year i ^60: under him the osder of janiza'-'
ries was edabliihed. Such were their conqucfts, that Bajazet I. after con-
.(^uering Bulgaria, and defeating the Greek emperor SigilVnund, laid fiego
to Condantinople, in hopes ot fubjeAing all the Greek empire, nit
greatnefs and tnfolence provoked Tamerlane, a Tartarian prince, whowa*
jud then returned from his cadern conqucds, *n declare war ii^ind him*
Adecifive battle was fought between thofe rirr'i, r.)ntiiierors, m Natolia*
in the plain where Pompey defeated Mithridates^ when Bajaxet's army
was cut in pieces, and he himfelf taken prifuner^ and fliut up in an iron

cage,

where he ended his life.

The fucceflbrs of Tamerlane, bydeclaiutgwar againdone another, left
the Turks more powerful than ever ; :\n«l though their ca^er was checked
by the valour of the Venetians, Hungarians, and the ^ihous ddnderbeg,
a prince of Epirue, they gradually reduced the dontfeions of tbfe Greek
emperors ; and, after a lu/ig fiege, Mahomet XL totok Condantinople in
1 45 3. Thus, after an exidence of ten centuries^ from its iirft commence->
ment under Conftantihe the Great, ended the Greek empire ; an event
which had been long forefeen, and was owing to many caufcs ; the chief
wot the total degeneracy of the Greek emperors themfelves, their courts.
Md famUies ; and the diiUkc their fubjcai had to the popes, and the wed«rn
8 chuxehy

«54 TURKEY in lEUROI^E Attn ASIA*

church) one of their patriarchs declaring pub'-ly tb a Romifli legate«
^*that he would rather fee a turban than the pope's tiara upon the great
altar of Confkantinoplc." But as the Turks, vrhen they extended their
eonquefts, did not exterminate, but reduced the nations to fubjc£tion, the
lemains of the ancient Greeks flillexil>, as we have already oblerved, par-
ticularly in ConAantinople and the neighbouring iflands, where, though
under grievous opprcliions, they profefs Chriltianity under their own
patriarchs of Conftautinoplc, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerufalem;
and the Armenians have three patriarchs, who are richer than
thofe of the Greek church, on account of their people being richer and
more conve.dant in trade. It is fiud that the modern Greeks, though
pining under the tyrannical yoke of the Turkifh government, ftill prefcrvc
lomevvhatof the "xteiior appearance, though nothing of the interna] prin-
ciples which diftinffuiflicd their anceftors.

Theconqueft of Coallantinople was followed by the fubmiffion of all
Greece ; and from this time the Turks have been looked upon as »n Eu-
ropean power.

Mahomet died in 1 48 1 , and was fucceed by Bajazet 11, who carried on
War againft the Hungarians and Venetians, as well as the Perlians and
Egyptians. Bajazet falling ill of the gout, became indolent, was
haralTed by family differences, and at laft, by order of his.fecond fon,
Selirn, he was poiloned by a Jew phy fician. Selim afterwards ordered hit
eldeft brother, Achmet to be llrangled, with many other princes of the
Othman race. He defeated the Perfians and the prince of Meunt Taurus ;
but being unable i;o jjenetrate into Pcrlia, he turned his arms againft
Egypt, which, after many bloody battles, he annexed to his own domi-
nions, in the year 1517, as he did Aleppo, ' Antioch, Tripoli, Damafcus,
Gaza, and many other towns.

He was fucceeded, in 1 526, by his Ton, Soliman the Magnificent ; who
taking advantage of the differences that prevailed among the Chriftian
powers, took Rhodes, and drove the knights froni that illand to Malta,
which was given them by the emperor Charles V. The reign of Soli-
man, after this, was a continual war with the Chriftian powers, and ge-
nerally fuccefsful, both by fea and land.. He took Buda the metropolis
of Hungary, at that time, and Belgrade, and carried off near 200,000
captives, A. D. 1526, and two years afterwards advanced into Auftriaand
befieged Vienna, but retired oh the approach of Charles V. : he mifcar-
ried alfo in an attempt he made to take the iile of Malta. This Soliman
is looked upon as the greateft prince that ever filled the throne of Oth-
man

He was fucceeded, in 1566, by his fon, Selim H. In his reign the
Turkifli mi»rine received an irrecoverable blow from the Chriftians, in the
battle of Lepanto. This defeat might have proved fatal to the Turkifli
power, had the blow been purfued by the ChrilUans, efpecially the Spa-
niards. Selim, hpwever took Cyprus from the Venetians, and Tunis in
Africa, from the Moors. He was fucceeded, in 1575, by his fon Amu-
rath III. who forcefi the Pcrfian,? to cede Tauris,Teflis, and many other
cities, tc the Turks. He Hkewife took the important fortrefs of Raab, in
Hungary ; and in 1593* he was fucceeded by Mahomet III. The me-
mory of this prince is oitiioguiflied, by his ordering nineteen of his bro-
thers. to be llrangled, and ten of his father's concubines, who were fup-
pofedto be pregnant, to be thrown into the fea. He was often unfuc-
cefsful in his wars with the Chriftians, and died of the plague in 1604*

Though

' 9

TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. 65^

Though his fucceflbr Achmet was beaten by the Perfians, yet he forced
the Auftrians to a treaty in 1606, and to confent that he fhould keep what
he was poiTeiTed of in Hungary. Ofman, a prince of great fpirit, butno
more than lixtcen years of age, being unfuccefaful againft the Poles, was
put to death by the janizaries, whofe power he intended to have reduced^
Morad IV. fucceeded, in 1623, and took Bagdad frora the Perfians. Hii
brother, Ibrahim, fucceeded him in 1640; a worthlefs, inactive princic,'
and flrangled by the janizaries in i6a8. His fucceflbr, Mahomet IV«'
was excellently well ferved by his grand vizir, Cupcrli. He took C^dia'
from the Venetians, after it had been beiieged for thirty years. Thii con«
qued coft the Venetians, and their allies, 80,000 men, and the "t^irks, it
is faid, i8e,ooc. A bloody v:zt fucceeded between the Imperialist and
the Turks, in which the latter wjie fo fuccefsful, that they laid fiege to
Vienna, but were forced (as has been already mentioned) to raife it with
great lofs, by John Sobielki, king of Poland, and other ChrilHan gene>
rals. Mahomet was, in 1687, Ihut up in prifon by his fubjedts, and fuc-
ceeded by his brother, Solimaii II.

The Turks continued unfuccefsful in their wars during this reign, and
that of his brother and fucceflbr, Achmet II. but Muflapha II. who
mounted the throne in 1694, headed his armies in perfon, and after feme
briflc campaigns, he was defeated by prince Eugene ; and the peace of
Carlowitz, between the Imperialifls and Turks, was concluded in 1699.
Soon after Muftapha was depofed, his mufti was beheaded, and his bro-
ther, Achmet III. mounted the throne. He was the prince who gave fliel-
tcr, at Bender, to Chnrles XII. of Sweden ; and ended a war with the
Rufiians, by a peace concluded at Pruth. When the Ruflian army
was furrounded without hope of efcape, the Czarina inclined the
grand- vizir to the peace by a prefent of all the money, plate, and jewels
that were in the army, but the Ruffians delivered up to the Turks, Afoph,
Kaminieck, and Taiganrog, and agreed to evacuate Poland. He had aftcr-
«rards a war with the Venetians, which alar.med all the Chridian powers.
The fcene of a£lion was tranflated to Hunga'-y-, where the Imperial gene-
ral, prince Eugene, gave fo many repeated defeats to the infidels, that
they were forced to conclude adifgraceful peace, at Paflarowitz, in 1718.
An unfortunate wa: with the Perfians, under Kouli Khan, fucceemng*
the populace demanded the heads of the vizir, the chief admiral, and fc-
cretary, which were accordingly fliuck oiF; but the fultan alfo was depof-
ed, and Mahomet V. advanced to the throne. He was unfuccefsful in his
wars with Kouli Khan^ and at lad obliged to recognife that ufurper as
king of Perfia. He was, after that, engaged in a war with the Imperialifts
and Ruflians ; againft the former he was vidlorious ; but the fucceflcs of
the latter, which threatened Conftantinople itfelf, forced him to agree to
a hafty treaty with the emperor, and after that another with the Ruffians,'
which was greatly to his advantage. Mahomet died in 1 7 c 4.

He was fucceeded by his brother, Ofman III. who diedi in 1757, and
was fucceeded by his brother, Mudapha 111. who died on the zid of Jn*
nuary, 1774, whild engaged in an unfuccefsful war with the Rudians, of
which fome account has been already given in the hiliory of that country.
In the courfe of' this war aconfiderable Rullian fleet was fitted out, which
fet fail from the Baltic, with a view of fliakipg the remote parts of the
Archipelago. This fleet having arrived at Minorca departed from thence
in the begmning of February 1 770, and fliaped its courfe for the IWorea.
Count OrloW| havinj; debarked fuch Und forces a^^he had with him at

Maina,

4156 TURKEY in EUROPE and ASIA.

Maina, which lies a little to the wefltvard jof cape Metapan, and about co
miles to the foiith-weft of Militra, the ahcient Sparta ; the Mainotes, the
dcfcendants Of the Lacedsemonians, and who ftill poflefled the country of
their anceftors, under fubjeftion to tht grand^fignior, immediately flew to
their arms in every quarter, and joined the Ruflians by thoufands, from"
their averfion to the tyranny of the Turks. The other Greeks immedi-
ately followed their example, or rather onl." -waited to hear of the arriral
of the Ruffians, to do what they had long intended ; and the whole Mo-
rea feemed every where in motion. The open country was quickly, over-
run, and Militra, Arcadia, and feveral other places, as fpeedily taken ;
while the Ruffian fhips, that had been feparated, or that put into Italy,
arrived fucceffively, and landed their men in different quarters, Where
every fmall detachftient fOon fwcUed to a little army, and the Turks were
every where attacked or intercepted. In the mean time the Grfeeks gave
the utmoft loofe to their reVenge, and every where flaughtered the Turks
without mercy ; and the rage and fury with which the inhabitants of the
continent were feized, extended itfelf to the iflands, where alfo the Turks
were maflacrcd in gi'eat numbers. They were indeed unable to make
liead againft the Ruffians and Greeks in the field ; their only proieiSion
was found within their fortreffijs. The malecontents had fo much in-
creafed fince the firft debarkation of the Ruffians, that they invcfted Na-
poli dc Romania, Corinth, and the calUe of Patras, with feveral other
places of note. But whilft they werfc employed in thcfe enterprizes,
an army of ihirtv thoufand men, compofed chiefly of Albanians and Epi-
rotes, entered the Morea, commanded by Serafkipr, Baflia of Bofnia.
This Turkifli general recovered all the northern part of the peninfula, as
foon as he appeared in it ; and all the Greeks that were found in ai'ms, or
«ut of their villages, were inftahtly put to death. The Ruffians were now
driven back to theirlhips ; but about the Came time another Ruffian fquad-
ron, commanded by admiral Elphinftone, arrived from England to rein-»
force count Orlow's armament. The Turkifli fleet alfo appeared, and an
obftinate engagement was fought in the channel of Scio, which divides
that illand from NatoHa, or the Lefler Afia. The Turkifli fleet was con-
fide^ably fuperior in force, conlifling of fifteen (hips of the line, from
fixiy to ninety guns, beiides a number of chebeques and gallies, amount-
ing in the whole to near thirty fail ; the Ruflians had only ten fliips of
the line, and five frigates. Some of the fliips engaged with great refolution,
ttrhile others on both fides found various caufes for not approaching fuf-
ficiently near. But Spiritof, a Ruffian admiral, encountered the captain

J»acha, in the Sultana of ninety guns, yard-arm and yard-arm ; they both
bu-^ht with thegreateft fury, and at length run fo clofe, that they lock-
ed themfelves together with grappling-irons and other tackling. In this
fituation, the Ruflians, by throwing hand-granades from the tops, fet the
Turkifli ftiip en lire, and as they could not now be dilfentangled, both fliipi
were in a litth- time equally in flames. Thus dreadfully circumftanced,
without a polTibility ot fuccour, they both at length blew up with a moft
terrible explofion. The commanders and principal officers on both fides
were moftly faved ; but the crews were almoft totally loft," The dreadful
fate of thele fliips, as well as the danger to thofc that were near them, pro-
duced a kind of paufe on both fides ; after which the action was renewed,
and continued till night without any material advantage on either fide.
When it became dark, the Turkifli fleet cut their caMes, and run into 'a
W on the coaft of Natoli» : the Ruffiaui furruunded them thus clofely

pent

TURKEY m EUROPE and ASIA. 657

pent up, and in the night fome firc*fh5ps were fuccefsfully conveyed

among the Turkilh fleet, by the intrepid behaviour of lieutenant Dug-
dale, an EngKftiman irrthe Rullin fervice, whO) though abandoned by
his crew, himfelf direded the operations of the <ire-{hips» The fire took
place fo effedually, that in live hours the whole fleet, except one man of
war and a few gallics that were towed otFby the Ruljians, was totally de-
llroyed ; after which they entered t*he harbour, Aild bombarded and can-
nonaded the town, and a caflle that protedled it, with J'ueh fuccefs, that
a fliot having blown up the powder magazine in thfi latter,, both^vere re»
duced toa heap of rubbifli. Thus was thett fcarcely a veiHge left at nine
o'clock, of a town, a caiHe, and a fine fleet, whicli hud been iilt in ex-

iftcnce at one the lame morning.

Some of the principal military ttanta&ic ^» byland^ in the'wlaT btCweeA
Ruflia and Turkey, having been alrer.dy nci'.td lA pir account of th«
former empire, we fliall here only add, chat after a moft uiVfof^iiatttoii'aif
on the fide of the Turks, peace was" at length concluded bet wwrtttVem and
the Ruffians, on the 2 1 ft of | uly, 1 774, a few months after thf acceffion of
the prefertt ^nmd-lignior, Achmet IV. The late emperor, Muilkpha- llli
left a fon, then only in his 1 3th year ; but as he was too yourtg'to rt«u
nage the reins of government in the then critical fituatiortof theTiWkMh
afliiirs, Muftapha appointed his brother, the prefent emperor, to fucceed
him in the throne : and to this piince, under the rtrongeft tttrit at Ve-
commendation, he confided the care of his infant" fon.

The perfeverance of the Turks, fupplied by their numei-oHs' Afiatis
armies, and thei» implicit fubmitFion to their officers, rather than an ex-
cellency in military difcipline or courage in war, have bccrv the great
fprings of thofe fucceflTcs which have rendered their empire f6 formidable.
The extcnlion, as well as duration of their empire, may indeed be ia
fome meafure owing to the military infiitution of the janizarifs^ a qorp*
originally compofed of children of fuch Chridian parents 'as could not
pay tlieir taxes. Thcfe being collected together, were .formed to the exer^
cite of arms under the eyes of their officers in the Seraglio. They were
generally in number about 40,000 ; and fo excellent was their difcipline,
that they were deemed to be invincible : and thty ftill continue the floWett
of tiic Turkifti armies; but the Ottoman power is in a declining ftatc.
The political ftate of Europe, and the jealoulies that fubfift among its
princes, is now the fureft bafisof this empire, and- tl»e- priricipii reafoa
why the fined provinces^ in the world are futferedtoYemain^ny longer t»
the polTeflion of thefe haughty infidels. i ;

Abdul Hamed, or Achmet IV. grand-fignior, born irigyfueceed^dtd .
the throne of Turkey, January at if, 1774, on th» death of lib brotBMr :
fac hath three fons and three daughters.

yt:

.i J ■:v:.

- ■) .-;

. J

fide.

. y.

'/TAR-

.i :., -;;■

[ 658 ]

T A R T A R Y in ASIA.

i.a ■

mi-

Situation AKD Extent,

Miles. Degrees. '

■" ' Langth 4000 7 kjtwrcen ^ 5° ^^^ ' 5° ^^^ longitude.

Bicadth ;• 00$ i 30 and 72 North latitude. , '

Boundaries.] f ' v. ould be deceiving the reader to dcfire him to depend
I, ..pon the accounts given us by geographers, of the ex-
tent, limits, ana iituation of thefe vaft regions. Even the emprefs of
Ruffia and her miniftry are ignorant of her prccife limits with the Chi-
Tteie, the Perlians, and other nations. Tartary, taken in its fulled ex-
tent,; is bounded by the Frozen Ocean on the North, by the Pacific
Ocean on the £afv, by China, India, Periia, and the Ca^ian Sea, oa
the South|} and by Mufcovy, on the Weft. \.',- ,.*;,,*;•

• Grand dtviiions.
^orth-eaft divifion

Soqth-eait divifion

(I. ft' I .'

'ft! ►, (^!>%fif;;ii . , ■.

North-weft" divifeon
South-weft divifion

Middle divifion

Subdivifions.
Kamtfchatka Tartars
Jakutfkoi Tartars
Bratlki

Thibet and Mogul
Tartars.

«;•

^r^.' ■*;.

( Samoieda - ~ -

^Oftiack - . -
C Circaffian and Aftra-

{ chan Tartary -

i Siberia

Kalmuc Tartary -

Ufbeck Tartary -

Chief towns.

H Kamtfchatka
Jakutlkoi
H Bratlki
Thibet
Poion
Rudak .
HMangafia
Kortlkoi
MTerki
5 ( Aftrachan

HTobolflc
I^okharia
S^marcand

}

Sq.M.

98s»38o

850,000
339>840

Kamtfchatka is a great peninfula, which extends from North to South
al aut feven degrees thirty minutes. It is divided Into- four didridls, BoU
■chcreflc, Tigilfltaia Krepoll, Verchnei, or Upper Kamtfchatko; Oftrog, and
Niflitiei, or'Lower Kanitfchatkoi Oftro|^.

MoUWTAtNs.] The principal mountains are Caucafus In Circaffia,
and the mountains of Taurus and Ararat, fo contiguous to it that they:
appear like a continuation of the fame mountains, which crofles all Alut
from M«9ngalia. to the Indies ; and the mountains of Stolp, in the North.

Skas.] Thefe are the Frozen Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and the Cal-
pian Sea.

Rivers.] The principal rivers are, the Wolga, which runs a courfe
of two thoufand miles ; the Obey, which divides Afia from Europe ; tlie
'fiib^l, -Irtis, Gcnefa or Jenlka ; the Burrumpooter ; the Lena, and the
Argun, *U'bich divides the Rudian and Chinefe empires.

Air, climate, soir., and produce.] The air of this country is
vaiy eliffercnt, l)y reafon of its vaft extent from north to fouth ; the nor-
thern patt5 reaching beyond the ardlic polar circle, and the fouthern be-

ur
Si
th
th

t;b
m(
rej

»«^

:- '•>.:!

Sq.M.

ntry is
he nor-
:rn be-

T'ARTARY IN ASl.Ar

^59

kg in the fame latitude with Spain, Fifance, Italy, ;an4j)Mt«^.;j'>»r-w
key. ,. . , ,.>., . ■ '1 ;•;:-; 7 ;., .•..' ■!; ■-.:->'■

Nova Zembia and Ruma Lapland are rt^oft uncomfprtabtUt ifegiont } tKe
earth, which if covered with laownifve. months .in the ye.'^r,r i)^ing' ^x-
treinply barren, and e,very where incuxnoered >vitl^ un>y^f»ief(^ajp majflies,
utunhabited mpuntains^ and,impenetral>le thick(|eil^s, f'^M j^inate ei'
Siberia is cold, but the air pur^and whoiefo^Qe ; and Mr.i'jrpofie q^ryes,
that its inhabitants in all probability would jive toanexi^ciiif ofa.age,;it|
they were not fo rnuch addicted tp an- Immoderate ufe of 'i(}toxics^tin|r jl^
<|uors, Siberiijt produces rye, oat^, and barley, almofbi^ to, tlie^io^ of*,
gree of northcrn)|<ititude. Cabbages, radiflies,. .tUrnip^, ^(t4. Hucutnl»^S|y
thrive here tolerably, >yeU; but fcat^ely any other ^reeijis. '.Jill cjcpeji;!--
ments to bring frui^treestto bear hay ^Jtithertu been ut;^aln:'^^^5tiierei&
rcafon to believe th^tinduftry and patience, may at IcJjg^h ovc^omd the,
xudenel's of the climate,: Cuj:r«n«^ and iU-sf.\yberrie3 of leveriU "fyrts ap
£44 to grow here in asgreatperfod'onas inthe Englifl\gardBn$^.^^H<5r^f,j
9S well medicinal as c:ommon, tpgethej: with varic^t^a -ddible cc^otSr, are,
found very gci^erally here ; but there are no bees in all Siberia^' ^ftca-.
chan, and thCj fouthern parts of Tartary, arc^xtiTcmely fertijl.e|,owin5
more to nature than induttry. The parts that are cultivated produce cx-_
cellcnt fruits of almoil all the kinds known In. Europe, efpeelalfy grapes,
which are reckoned the largell and finefi in| the world, . The Cun>4ners
are very dry ; and from the end of July to.the be.2;innin^ pf October, the
air is pellered, and the foil fomctimesi ruinejl, by incredible quantities oiE
locufts. Mr. Bell, who travelled with the RuflSan ambauador to-Chiiqa,
rcpr?fcnts Ibme parts of Tartary as defirable andfertilecountriesi tne.e.rars
growing fpontaneouily to an amazing Height. The cpuntiy of^T,hibet,i$ .
the highelt in Afia, aftd is a part ot"'. that elevate^. tra(ii;. which ijjvea rife
to thp rivers of r>dia and, China,. ^smd thofeof, Siberia, and other parts^
Ta,rtary. -;■.,, ,': ■ \- _, ■ ^ ,_ " '.' ' J , _■..'-" '■

MiiTALS AND MINERALS.] It 4s faid that Siberia contaijia mines of
gold, filver, copper, iron, jafper,,lapis lazuli, andloacj^nes; a Ijjrt.of
large teeth found here, creates fome difpute among the n^turaUQs, w^e^
ther they belong to elepliajits, or are a marine prodiu'Hon ;; , t^,eir appear-
ance is certainly, whimiicai and j(;urioLVS, vvJt^en polii^i»i, VKith^artf and

Animal?. J ,Thcfe are camels, . dromedaries, bears,. wolve?, and all
th,e other )And,and;iinphibious anin>aif t^iqt sjire common in. the north parts
0f Europe, .Their hprlcs are of a g^pd.iize for the foddle, and very
hardy : as they. run wild till they arpfive.or fix years oUj they are ge»
nerally headllroriig. Near Allrachaii|the.e is a bird call^d.by the Rulliaiis
baba, of a grey colour, and fomething. larger than a fwun ; he has. a
broad hill, under which hangs a bagtb^atnuy contain a quart or more ;
he wades near the; edge of a rivet, J^nd on feeing a Ihoal or fry of fmall
iiflies, ipreads his win? and drives them to a Oullow, where he gobbles
as many of them as he can into his. bag, and then going aihore, eats them,
or carries them tq the young. . SonD.*; travellers take this bird to be the
jpeiit->n.

The forefls of Siberia arc well ftocked witj^.a variety of ani^nals, fome
of which are not to be found in other Countries. Thefe fupply the inha-
bitants wiih food and cloaths ; and, at the^ljime time, fiirr.ilh them with
cgmmoiities for an advaiitageous trade. ^Iberia may be coalidered a3 the
' " 61- , if liici 1 ^ *l..l : i" Ih/t v^ ■•<..!- -.t.r...v nativc

w;-..- .J), J i' an

u nvi:i

. r.«

•in*f.O

t _

66«

TARTARS m ASIA*

1i\'i^it\b\iMty-Hf bUck Wr^, fiibleii; tod erminei, the (kin* of wli'tch
ar^ hcie Cuoerioir tn thofc of awy part of the world. Hurl'vs uad cattle
ir«^ lA ^i^at piejfttyi ftrtd <bia irt 'lowpiicej. ' '

••■'PppOtATtplf, ij*hA»iTAN+i,>iANnit:*8, ) We can form no proba*

.•'-' <riJefbWiii,'bi'Vi!!^i=tt)'N^. A!fB"TSR«»!>. \h\* jj^ucft sis tothc number
<»f th'e'irihawlnt* ih'T.irtit^; 'nv« fMIn mnnyciicimilluiu;cs wo iWttlt
«onEai'iii ttet why' urti far from beihg proportioiif.', to Hi« eoiU'nt ni' thiij
,couriliryV''.'TH6)'' uvifin' jjcHeVftl ftrori»j made, iVnir mc ti 5 thiiv face*
brpid/ tlitfr hoft!» flhittifh, their eyes fihfcU ami blf^ck, Vu very quick;
their DeardaHfdftaacly vilible, nithey coiitiiiuaUr'fhiiiihem by onllii^g
itil thd"h^i'S by 'the roots. The bcijfiitv of the CircArtitJii wosncn is n,
ktA'ai"of '{f»ple ."ibtninodityin iiiat countVy ; fot parents there make no
fcrdnle of fdlinie: tb<,'ir dauttntcrs to rtcruit i!,l fi^fa}JIn;a of the great men
oil urkcv afrird r«f fisi. They art; pu rchnfed whoa yi^Ong, by tnerchnnts^
and taUght'fych acconr»p!ifllJmcnts as iu'it thdir capacities, to renderthem
nbh Vuhiiibit^ii^ainft the day of fale. The Tavtar^s a^t in gcwr.!)! m v mu-
derin^fti^t ofW^6jp|lf : in their peregr; nation* thf!y ici'oiit in the fi>.mjjf
fheii'nuj-iilbff'in'cihc'body jeing freciucnth* tB.oooj prcctdcf^ by thtfu*
flock* aiti' herds. When they come to an mvidng fpoi, th«y Me upon
It tl;i allots graft rind verdure is eaten up. They have hvAn nionty, ex-
tc-p% what tbcy get from thcirnfewhbours the KuHiaii!^, I'crliuns, or Turks,
In csdwiig'' Jor cattU; ; wi't^i this thpy purchafc cloth, filks, Ihiffd, and
Otbcr lippaiti fHr their worrten. ' Thty have few mechanics^ excrpt thofe
Whotira^v airnf. Thiy avoid all labour as tfu grcatcft llaveiy, tlieir
<only fh:pUmt\tni is tending thrit flocks, huntsn;';, and managing their
horfts.; if'^thcy arftAingiy with a perfon, they vifli he miiy live in on<J
fixed pl;K<?,' iihd work like a Ruffian. Amohg'iliemfelves they are very
hofpitiP«ei and wondcV^fuliy f<^ to the flrangcrs suhI travellers who con-
Cdttrti^lly' put themfdveis under their protedtion. They are naturally of
„an eafy. cheerful tehiprr, alw'.'^ys difpofcd f:o laughter, and feldom de-
jirtfflUl'oy^ Ciib6ir hielancholy. There is a (Irong rcfemblnnce between
tli<f nttrthcrri'iittH indt^pcnrfeht Tartars, and fome nations of Canada in
Nbrth Afr«;iwS': particularly when any 6f their people arc infirm through
;great agi^ oi' ftifeed \vith diflcmpers reckoned incurable, they make a fmall
kut for th«*J«itient near fomc river, in which they leave him with fome
provifions, :^nd fcldem or never return to vifit him. On fuch occalions
they faythcy do their parents a go«d office, in fending them to a better
Vrortd. ' Nothwithllanding this 'tnhavibur, many nations of the Tartars^
ci^^^'^^'^y tow^ifds the fouth,aretrtlflable, humane, and are fufceptible of
pious and virtuous fentiments. ' l^hcir aifedion for their fathers, andtheii*
iubmiffion; toibeir authority, canrtot be exceeded j and this noble quality
lof filial love' 'bus diflin^uilhcd them in all ages. Hiftory tells us, that
Darius, 'king of Pcrfift, having invaded them with all the forces of his
erjipit't, and the Scythians retirinjf by little dnd little,' Darius fent an um-
lauador to demand where if \vas they propbfed to conclude their retreat,
and wheit th*y intended to begin fighting./ They returned for Anfwer,
with a fpirlt lo peculiar to that p«opIe, ♦ That they had no cities or cul*
tivj^ted fields, for the deVcrice of which they fliould give him battk : but
when bfice he Was cofiie tb the ptace of their fathers monuments, he
Huxuld then underftand in what manner the Scythians ufcd to fight.'*

The Tartars aire inured to''horfemanfliip fi-om their infancy ; they fel-
dom appear on foot. They are dextci»\i» in (hooting at a inark, infomueh
that a Tartar, while at full galtop, will fplit a pole with an arrow,
though at a conliderable diilance. The dreis of the men is very iimplc,

3 and

TARTARY iw ASIA*

6iv

that

and fit for aiftion ; it cfcnerall^ cunriAs of a (liurt jacket, with uairotv
fleeves made of deer* (kin, having; the tu^ outward ; truvvicrs iind hole o(
the fame kind of Ikin, both ut° one piuce, nnd light to the limbs. Th^
Tartiirs live ia huts hiilf funk under i(i;ound ; they have a lire in the mid*
die, with a hole in the top to let out. the ilnokc, and benches roi\iid th«
fire to fit or lie upon. This feeing to be the common method of livinr
among all the northern nations, t'rom f^apland eaftvvard to the Japaneu
ocean. In the extreme northern provinces, during tl\c v^inter, every
family burrows itfclf a» it were under ;;round ; and we arc told, that io
fociahle arc they in tht-ir dilpotitioiis, that they make fubtcrrancous c»m*
inunicatioiis with caih other, fo that they may be faid to live in an invi*
fible city. The Tartars are immoderiitqly fond gf horfe<flen), efpeciall/
if it be young', and a little taiuted, which make their cabins extremely
naufeous. Though horfc-flefh be preferred raw by f«mc northern tribci,
the general way of catine; it is after it has been fmoked and dried. The
Tartars purchafe their wives with cattle. In their marriages they are
not rery ddicsite. Little or no difference is made between the child of a
concubine or Have, and that of the witi; ; but among the heads of tribes
the wife's fon is always preferred to the fuccellion. After a wife is turned
of forty, flic is employed in menial duties as another fervant, and as I'uch
mud attend the youn^r wives who fuccecd to their |)laces ; nor is it un*
common, in fomc of the move barbarous tribes, for a father to marry
his own daufrhter.

The defcendanta of the old inhabitants of Siberia are ftillmoft of thnn
idolaters. They conlill of many nations, entirely different from each
other in their manner of living, religion, language, and countenances*
But in this they agree, that none of them follow agriculture, which is car«
ried on by fomc Tartars, and fuch as are converted to Chriflianity. A
few of them breed cattle, and others follow hunting. The population of
Siberia has been mUch increafed fince it became a RulFian province ; for
the Ruflians have founded therein a number of tov.-ns, fortreffes, and viU
lagcs. Notwithftanding which it prefcnts but a vol ind defert view ;
fince, by its extent, it is capable of fupporting fevcral millions more than
it at prefent contains. For the manners and cuiloins of the other Tar-
tars belonging to the RufCaa empire, we refer to our account of that
country.

Religion.] The religion of the Tartars fomewhat refcmbles their
civil government, and is commonly accommodated to that of their neigh*
bours ; for it partakes of the Mahometan, the Gentoo, the Greek, and
even the popifh religious. Some of then^ are the groflell idolaters, and
worfhip little rude linages drefTed up. in rags. £ach has his own deity,
with whom thity make very free when matters do not go accoxdini; to their
own mind. But the religion and government of the kingdom of Thibet,
and Laffa, a large trad of Tartary, bordering upon China, are the moft
remarkable, and the moll worthy of attention. The Thibetians are go*
vcrned by the Grand Lama, or Delai Lama, who is not only fubmitted
to, and adored by thum, but is alfo the great obied of adoration for tHe
various tribes of Heathen Tartars, who roam through the vaft traft of
continent which flrctches from the banks of the Wolga, to Corrca on the
fca of Japan. He is not only the fovcreign pontiff, the vicegerent of the
Deity on earth ; but, as fuperllition is ever the flrongcd where it is moft
removed from its objed, the more remote Tartars abfolutclv regard him as
fbe Deity himfelf* tbey believe him to be immortal, and endowed with
' ' Uu3 all

€62

TARTARY im ASIA.

ill kntJwl^dge and virtue. Every ytir they come up from diflFcrent paVtf«

to worfhip and make rich tiVevingi' at hit ftirine: even the emperor of

China, who is a Mahchou Tnttar,' doe* not fail in acknowledgments to him

in his religious capacityi l^tjjjh^e Lama is tributary to him, anda£tu-

nlly entertains, at a great iifpence, in the palace t>f Peking, an inferior

Lama, deputed k^ his rtupciq from' Thibet. The opinion of thofe who

are reputed th'<j moil orthodox among the Thibctians is, that when the

6rand'Liatna feeitis to die, either of did age or of infinniry, his foul in

faift only guits a cra«y habitation, to lewk for another younger or better,

and it is difcoyercfd again in tHe-body of fome child, by ceitain tokens

known otily t'o the lamas or' ptieAs, in which ot-der he always appears.

In 1 774> the Grand Lama xVis-ahirttilrnt, which had been difcovered fome

itime before by the Tayflioo h^intt, who in authority and fan<^ity of' cha>

radler i$ next to the Grand Lnnl.^; and during his minority adb as chief.

The hnnas, who form the hioft numerous, a6 well as the moft powerful

body in the fiate, have the pi;iefth6od entirely in their hands ; and, be-

fides,' fiU'ltp many monaftic (^rderd, which are held in great veneration

among thejn/ The reiidence' 6( the Grand Lama is at Patoli, a vaft

palace oh' a mouiltain near the banks of Burumpooter, about feven miles

from Lahalfa. The Englifli Eaft Indid Company made a treanr with

the Lama in r774; The rdigior^ of Thibet, though in many relpeds it

differs fiom that of the Indian Brainins, yet in others it has a great affinity

to it. The Thibctians have a great veneration for the cow, and alio

bighly refpcft the waters of the Ganges,- the fource of which they believe

to be in heaven. The SunniaiTes, dr Indian pilgrims, often vifit Thibet

as a holy place, and the Lama always entertains a body of two or three

hundred in his pay. Befides his religious influence and authority^ the

Grand Lama is pofTeiTed of unlimited power throughout his dominions}

which are very extenfive, and borderon Bengal.

Another religion, which is very prevalent among the Tartars, is that of
Schamanifm . The prbteflbrs of this religious feft believe in one Supreme
God, the Creator of all things. They believe that he loves his creation,
and all his creatures ; that he knows every thing, and is all-powerful ; but
that he pay^ no attention to tiie particular at^ions of nwn, being too great
for them to be able to oiiend him, or to do any thing that can be mentori*
ous in hi? fight. But they alfo maintain, that the Supreme Being has di-
vided the government of the worW, irtd thedeftiiiy of men, among a great
number of fubaltern divinities', under hh command and control, but
who neverthclefs generally aft acdbrdihg to their own fancies.; and there-
fore mankind cannot difpenfe with uliiig all the means in their power for
obtaining their favour. They likewife fuppofe, that, for the moft part,
thefe inferior deities abominate and punifli premeditated villainy, fraud,
and cruelty. ' They arc'iill firmly* JJcrfuaded of a future exigence; but
they have many fupernitioiis notion* and praftices. Among all the Scha-
nianes, woipcn are' colifidered as beings vaftly inferior to men, and are
thought to haVe been created only for their fenfual pleafure, to people the
world, and to look after houfehold ail'airs ; and in confequence of thefe
principles, they are treated with much fcverity and contempt.

LearninC.] The reader may befurjnifed to find this ai-dcle among a
nation oi Tartars: yet nothing is more certain, than that under Zingis
Khan and Tamerlane, and their early defcendants, Aftrachan and the
neighbouring countries were the feats of learning arid politenel's, as well
AS enijpir^ acd iriagnificen^e. Modern luxury, b6 it ever'lb fplendid, falls

5 <lwri

t ART ART IN ASiAi

^6f

Ihort of that of thofe princes ; and fome remains of their taftc in architecr
ture are ftill extant, but in fpots fo defolate, that they are almoft inaccef*
fible. The cultivation of learning was the fird care of the prince, and
ffcnerally alfo committed to the care of his own relations or principal graR-
dees. They wrote in the Perlinn and Arabic tongues ; and their nifto-^
ries, many of which are ftill extant in manufcript, carry with them the
ftrongcft murks of authenticity.

Curiosities.] Thefe arc comprehended in the remains of 'he build-
inf^s left by the above mentioned great conquerors and their fucceflbrs.
Remains of ditches and ramparts arc frequently met with, wl^ich hereto*
fore either furrounded fmall towns, now quite demoliflied, or were de-
figncd for tiie defence of camps, forts, or caftles, the vefliges of which
arc often to be difcovercd upon the fpot, as well as other traces of decayed
importance. Many of them are in tolerable prefervation, and make fome
fijjure even at preicnt. The flabode, or Tartarian fuburb of Kafimof, on
the Oha, ftcms to have been the refidencc of fome khan. In the midft of
the ruins of that city is a round and elevated tower, called in their lan-
guage Mifquir^ a fort of temple, or building dedicated to devotion. Here
are alfo the remains of the walls of a palace ; and in One of the mafarets^
or burial places, is a very confiderable maufoleum : all which edifices are
built of hewn llone and bricks. From an Arabic infcription we learn, that
the khan of Schagaii was buried there in the 963d year of the hegira, or
the I 520th of the Chrillian aera. Near mount Caucafus are ftill very con-
liderable remains of Madfchar, a celebrated city of former times. In the
environs of Aftrachan the ruins of ancient Allrachan are very vifible ; and
the rubbilh and ramparts of another reijpedable town ftill exift near Tza-
ritzin, on the left fhore of the Wolga. A little below the mouth of the
Cama, which empties itfelf into the above mentioned river, are many fu-
perb monuments of the ancient city Bulgaria, confilUHg of towers, mofques,
houfes, and fepulchres, all built of ftone or brick. The oldcft epi-
taphs have been there more than eleven centuries, and the moft modern at
leaft four hundred ycais. Not far from hence, on the Tfchercmtfcham, a
little river that runs into the Wolga, are found ruins fomewhat more in-
jured by the depredations of time ; they are thofe of Boulymer, an ancient
and very confiderable city of the Bulgarians. The Tartars have eredted •
upon its ruins the fmall town of Bilyairik. In the fortrefs oi Kafan is a
monument of the ancient Tartarian kingdom of that name. Its lofty walls
are fo broad, that they ferve at prefect for ramparts ; the turrets of which,
as well as the old palace of the khan, are built of hewn ftone. Afcendigg
the river Kafanha, we meet with epitaphs, and the ftrong ramparts of the
old Kafan. Near the Oufa are cemeteries full of innumerable infcriptions,
and feveral fcpulchral vaults. The ramparts of Sibir, th? ancient capital
of Tartary, are ftill feen about Tobolflc upon the Irtifch. The lofty walls
of Tontoura appear yet in the Baraba, a little gulf in the river Om ;
and near the mouth of the Oural are the ditches of the city Saratfchik.
Not to mention a great number of other cities and ruins of Siberia; and
cfpecially all thofe that are to be met with in the defcrt of Kirguis, which
abounds in the ielics of opulent cities. Some gold and Giver coips hvh
likewife been found, with feveral manufcripts neatly written, which have
been carried to Peterlburg. In 1720, fays M. Voltaire, in his Hiftory of
Peter the Great, there were found in Calmuc Tartary a fubterrancovJ'S
iioufe of ftone, fome urns, lamps, and ear-rings, an cqueftrian Oatue, ao
oriental priuce with a diadem on his head, two women featcd on thrones.

Uu4

»nd

664

TAkTARy IV ASIA.

«a4> *!pll °^ wanwferipts, vi^icb vats fent by Peter tb« Great to the Aea»
4cmv of ti:^Tiptl9Qli »t:/i^s, and jproyed to be in the language of

^plTirEI A'liip tWkiIJ Of illiefe we know little but the names, and
t^/VVhejriife m cvneml no letter than fixed -hordei. They may be faid
^\>t places pf abode rather than towns or cities, for wo do not find that
they are under any tegular governinent, or (bat they can make a defence
Igainft an njienjj'. The few-pl^pes, however, that are mentioned b the
prpced'mg^divifioQS of this country, jnerit notice. Tobolflc and Adrachuti
a^ejCO'>l'«M>iW^' citiei^ the firft containing i ^,ooo, and the latter 70,000
inhabi|apts. Ports, Vijlagea, and towns, hare alfo lately been erededin
ditlerent parts of Siberia, for civilizing the inhabitants, and rendering
theni obedient to fhe RuflTian government.

CoMM£&cE AND MANUFACTUttts.] This head makes no figure In the
biftory oi' I'urtary, their chief traffic copfiAirij^ in cattle, fkins, beavers,
rhubarb, inujk, and fifli. The Aftracans, notwithfianding their interrupt
tions by the wild Tartars, carry on a coniiderable traffic into Perlia, to
ivhlch they export red leather, woollen and linen cloth, and fome Euro-
pean manuiadures.

History.] '1 hough it is certain that Tartary, formerly known by
th;e name of Scythia, peopled the northern parts of Europe, and furniflied
tbofe amazing numberb who, under various names, deftroycd the Roman
empire, yet it is now but very thinly inhabited ; and thole fine provinces,
whciY learning i^p/i the arts refided, are now fcencs of horror and barbarity.
This muil have been owing to the dreadful roafTacrcs made among the
nations by the twu above mentioned conquerors and their defcendants ;
for nothing is more common in their hillorieg, than their putting to the
(word thice pr four hundred thoufand people in a few days.

The .country of Uftec Tartary was once the feat of a more powerful
jsmpire than that of Kome or Greece. It was not only the native country,
i>ut fhf- iavouvite refidencc of Zin^is, or jenghis Khan, and Tamerlane,
yrho 9'^riched it witli the fpoils of India and the ca/lern world. But fome
lliithors have abfurdly queflioned the veracity of the hiftorians of thefe

£;cat cqpcjuerors, though it be better ellalilifhed than that of the Greek or
pm^ writers. The Tame may be faid of Tamerlane, whofp memory
hif been more permanent than 'that of Zin^is Khan : his defeat of the
Tm)ufh empcrpr B^jazet, hath been noticed m the hiAory of that nation,
tnd great were his conquefis. His defcent is claimed not only by all the
Khan? and pptty jp/mc?s of Ta'tiry, but by the emperor of indoftan
^im,felf, Tnc capital of this country js Bokharia, whi^ was known to
the ancients by the nanxe of Bucharia ; and it is fituated in the latitude of
|9,degi'^a 1 5 minutes, and 1 3 miles didant from the once famous city of
$!^aT^'3nd|, the birthrpIjjLce of Tamerlane the Great.

The pretent inhabitants of this immenfe common compofe innumerable
|l))|Cf, who range at pl^fure with their flocks and herds, in the old
satrijirch^ manner. Their tribes arc commanded by feparate Khans or
^ad^jrs, who, upon particular emergencies, eled a great Khan, who
4;latins sparanapunt power over flrangers as well as natives, and who cai>
j>ring into the field from 20 to ioo,coo horfemen. Their chief refiden<J«
.|i a kind of ratlitary (lation, which is moved and fhifted according to the
chance of war and other occ^fions. " They are bounded on every fide by
l^e iRdj^an, the Chinefe, the ]Mpeul, the PerHan, or the TurkiOi empires: ;
flSb qF whom ire jpuihui; m fhvw (^9D%ueib jj^ t^is e«tei^ve, and iq

fomQ

CHINA.

665

fome plaofei fertile country. T.^^ Khani pay a tribute, or acknowled^
inrnc of tbcir dependency upon one or other ot their powerful neighbour;!,
vrho treat them with caution and lenity ; ai th^friendfliip of thele barba-
rians it of the utniod cunfoquence to the po\veri with whom they are
allied. Some tribes, however, aifed independency : and when united
they form a powerful body, and of late have been very formidable to theiK*
neiKhbour», particularly to the Chinclc.

The methixl of carrying on war, by wafting the coontry, is very ancient
among the Tartars, and pra^ifed by all of them from the Danube eaft«
ward. 1 his circuinHance renders them a dreadful enemy to regular
tixx4>s. who mult thereby be deprived of all fubfiftence ; while the Tar-
tars, hat ing always many fpare horiei to kill and eat, are at 00 lofs fb|>
provilions.

The empire of CHINA.

Situation avd extent.

Miles.

Length
Breadth

ij6o{

Degrees,
between ^ *°*"'^ ^^ North latitude.

Sq. Miles.
( 20 and 42 North latitude. )
{ 98 and 123 Eaft longitude. \ »»»05»ooo

Chinefe Tartary.

644iOoo

Boundaries.] TT is bounded by Tartary and an amazing ftone wall

J. ou the North ; bv the I'acitic ocean, which divide*

it from North'America, on the Eaft ; by the Chinefian fca, fouth ; and

by Tonquin, and the Tattarlan countries and mountains of Tlubet and

lluflia, on the Weft

Divisions.] The great diviHon of this empire, according to the au« .
thors of the Univerlitl Hiltoiy, is into fifteen provinces (ezcluiive of that
of Lyau^tong, which is fituated without the Great Wallf though under
the fame dominion) ; each of which might, for their largenefs, fertility^
populoufnefs, and opulence, pafs for fo many dillini't kingdoms.

But it is neceflary to acquaint the reader, that the informations containe4
in Du Haide's voluminous account of China, are drawn from the papers of?
Jcfuits, and other religious lent thither by the pope, but vrhufe milTion^
have been at an end for above half a centuiry , Soifte of thof« fathers were
men of penetration and judgment, and had great opportunities of being
informed about a century ago ; but even their accounts, of this empire are
juftly to be fufpcfted. They had powerful enemies ftt the court of Rome,
where they maintained their footing only by magnifying their own la-
bours and fucceiTes, as well as the importance of tne Chinefe empire.

Name.] It is probably owing to » Chinefe word, lignifying middle,
from a notion the natives had ths^t their country lay in the middle of the
world.

Mountains.] China, excepting to the notth, ii a ylain country,
jwd <;opt^n» ao repHrkabU moux^ti^A»i

e^€

c H r N A.

RivHRit AND \v,\TK«.l T\\f cWitf HI"* flio Yiunoin' tt . ', ihf Arjjuni
whU'li iit'tf the lintiiulitiy lietwti'n ilu' KuIImu ititil rhin«-ri; 'r.irtury i <lio
C"i»Kcvii», or WhumlHHi, or «l\r Yellow Uivn-, the Kimn, or tin- Uluc
River, niut titf T«y. Comimm wiiifi' In Chlim it very iujiftireiit, unil
U ill foim^ jiltuca boiloil to miikr it i)t lor ofr.

Ma VI.] The cliici Mre tliotr of Nuttkiiu; and Canton.

Canai.h.I 'Plufp Ml.- fnlVuii'Mt to cntillc the nniienr Clunefe to t!i«
chnraotrrof u ««oft wile luul iruhiilriou* proolf, The vomitiodiouCiuli
And l«nf|[th of their I'tinnl) tiio iiu'ri'(lil>lr. The fhicf of rlicin ui<- liiiri)
with hewn llona on the litleii, iiiul thry ttre fo tl('C|), th;ii ihcy eaiiy |itr;<,o
vr(ifc)!i« nod fonu-tinvi they extend til)ove loo > niileii in Knjfth. 'I'hortj
vdlrU tire liticd up for all the innvenicm-iei of lilc ; iikiI ir hiu Ikiii
thought by t'oinc, ihut in C'liimi the. w.iti-ri'oi)i;iitt:i iiti loiiiiy inliiil)ituntit;ia
the luud. They iiru fuinillicd with llone t|iiiiyi, iiiul ii)i)uiim('« with
lH'id};;cii oV itn ;miiii.iii,i; coiillriu'tioiu The iuivij!;.ition i^ tlow, und the. ,
vrllcU roHietiiif't dinwn by tnei). No piei iiurionH ate wainini;, that cotild
Iw fornifd by lut or pei-feveriime, |i>r the fiilrty of the |)alieii,i;i m, in lalr.
u can.il in orollbd by a rapid rivor, or e!i|>'ifcd to turiciitii troin the iiioitn*
tainii. Thele i-iin,ili», and the vailei\ that is ften ii|nin (heir borders,
itnden (.'hiiut ilelii>htfnl in » very liigh vki;u'c, m well an fei lilc, iii
|dacc» tbnl me not lo l)v natilic.

J'oRi-.s I.''. I Such is the iiuliillry of the Chiiicfe, that they are not rn
cim^bcred with forelU or wo«k1, though no coiiniry is better fitted for pio-
flucing timber of all kind.^. They luiVcr, bowevrr, none to ;;ro\v but li>r
ornament or nfc, or on the iidcH of niountalnn, from whence thu ttceu,
when cut down, can be conveyed to any place by water.

Air, toil., ANO rKoniicK.] I'he air ol this empire i:i uccordim; to
the fituiuion of llio places. Towards tlic north it h iiiarp, in the luiddlu
mild, And in the fouth hot. Tlic foil iii, either by nature «)r art, fruitful
«f every thing that can luiniflcrto the neceHities, c«tiivcniencio», or luxu-
ries of life. The culture of the. coitt)n, and the rice ticlila, trom which
the bulk uf the inhabitants urc clothed and led, is ini;'enious alinoll beyond
dcfciipnon. The rare trees, and aromatic produi^ions, cither ornamci\t;iJi
or lucdicinui, that abound in other parts ot the world, arc to be found ia
China, and Ibine are peculiar to itfelf : but even a catalogue of thcni
would form a little volume. Some, however, muft be mentioned.

The fallow-tree has a Ihort trunk, a fmooth bark, crooked branches,
ted leave:! fliaped like n heart, and is about the hciulit of a common
cherry-tree. The fruit it produces bus all the (]ualitic8 of our tallow,
and when nnnufui'hired with oil, fervcs the natives us candles ; but they
fmcll llrony;, nor isithcir Hj;ht clear. Of the other trees peculiar to China,
are {bme which yield a kind of tloiir ; foinC partake of the nature of pep-
j>cr. The gum of fome is poifououi, but atlords the finolt varnKli in the
world, After all that can be faid i)f thefe, and many other beautiful and
ufet'ul trees, the Chiiu-fc, notwifhlhindiug- their intlulhy, :irefo wedded to
their ancient cuftoms, that they :ue very little, if at all, meliorated by
cuUivation. The fame liiay be laid of their richeft fruits, which, in ge-
neral, arc far from being io delicious as thofe of Kurope, and indeed ot"
America. This is owing to the Chincfc never prai tiliiiif graftin:;, or in-
oculation of trees, and knouin;^ nothing of cxpi-riiiu'iuui gardening.

It would be unpardonable here nut to mention the raw lilk, which fn

much abo'.uuk in China, and above all, the /<•.« filn/it or Ihrub. It is

planted in rows, and pruned to ptcvciit its luxnrjim«:y. NotwithflandinR

■ ' , our

CHINA.

(67

our li)ng inteaourfa with Cliioa, writen ure ftili diviJeJ uhout the difer-
snt ('|iecti!* Hnd ciiliuro ut thii plant. It i« KtneraUy thou|{hi timt th*
green and hoheu growi on the Ume Ihrub, but that the lutter admica
of fi>me kiiul of prepHration, wltich tukei «wa^ ill rukinx qiialiiioi, unii
)(ivri it u deeper colour. Tlie other kindit, which j(<i by the nuiiici of im.
pcriul, con){o, linghs ami the ltk«i iire occulioned probably by the nature
tit the I'diU, iiiultiom the provincui in which they grow. 'Ibo culture ot
thii plAnt feenii to be very liinple i iind it ii certain that Tome kindi arc of
u i^tiich higher and more tlclicioui Havour ihun othcri. It \» thought that
thb liiiefl, which in culled the Howcr yf the tea, i» iniportcd over land to
Uudiai but we know *it' little diltcreiice in their enieiUi on the huinaa
body. The ;^r(Mitell it bet wcrii the l>oheu mid the green.

It it funpolcd that the i*ortu>;uele had the life of tcit long befurs th*
£ngli(li, but it wai iiitrtnluccd uiiion)( the latter before the KcOoraiion,
u« inriitioii of it in nuide in the lirft iK^t of purliainent» that fettled the ex-
life on the king for life, in 1660. Ciithnriiie of Lifbon, wife to C'liarh;* II,
I'ciulercd the ufc of it common at hi» court. 'Vite ^in/i-ftjf, fo fiimout
nmong the Chinefe u» the uiiiverfal remedy, uitd monopolized even by
their einpcrori, ii now fouiul to be but u common r<N>t, iitid ti plentiful
in Kritidi Amcricii. When liioui(ht to Kurope, it it little diftiiiguiilte^
for it> hciiliii;; (|uitlitiei 1 and thin iiilhiiicc alone i>up;\n to teach ua with
whilt cuutioi) the former account* of Chinii uiu to be read. 'J'be giniien/i;,
however, in u native of the Chinefe Tartury.

Mk'i ALH AND MiNkKAKM.J Chill!! (if wc arc to lielievc fonie naturulifit)
producci all metaU and miiieralt that arc known in the world. White
copper ii peculiar to itfclf, out we know of no extraordinary quality it
policlVcH. One of tha fundamental inaximt of the Chinefe government ii,
that of not introducing a fuperabundancy of gold and lilver, for fear ot'
hurtini; induihy. Their gold miitrt, therelore, are but (lightly worked,
and the currency of that metal is fupplicd by the graini the people pick
up in the fand of rivers and mountains. The filver fpecic 11 furniOieii
from the mines of Hoiian.

FoFUi.ArloN AND INHABITANTS.] According to foine uccounti, there
arc iifty-ei^ht millions of inhabitants in China, and all between twenty
und lixty years of aj;c, pay an annual tax. NotwithAsindin^ the induftry
t)f the people, their ama/-ing population frequently occahons a dearth.
Parents* who cannot fupport their female children, are allowed to caft them
into the river ; but they faOen a gourd to the child, that it may float
on the water ; and ifhcrc arc often compaflionate people of fortune, who
arc moved by the cries of the children to fave them fiom death. The
Chiitefe, in their pet Tons, arc middle-flzcd, their faces broad, their eyea
black and fmall, their nofes rather lliort. The Chinefe Imve particular
ideas of beauty. They pluck up the hairs of the lower part of their foces
by the roots with tweezers, leaving a few ftraggling ones by way of
heard. Their Tartar princes compel them to cut oft' the hair of their
heads, and, like Mahometans, to wear only a lock on the crown. Their
complexion towards the north i»faii, towards the fouth fwarthy, and the
fatter a man is, they think him the haudfomer. Men of quality and
learning, who are not much expofed to the fun, are delicately com-
plexioncd, nnd they who arc bred to letters let the nails of their fingers
' grow to an enormous length, to fliew that they are not employed in ma*
nual labour.

.The

CHINA.

the women have little cye>, plumps rof;)r lips^ black hair, regulat- fea-
tOKK^ and a ddicatc though florid complexion; The fmallnefs of thcnr
iMt » reckoned a. principal part oi their beanty, and no f«rathing is
ioBtittedf when they are young, toigiye them thataccomplifltmsnt, lb that
when they glow up, tb«y way be iaid to totter rather than to walk. Thi*
fanciful piece gf beauty wnt probably invented by the ancient Chinefe, to
]»aUiate their jcaloufy. ,

To enter into all the; flarch ridiculous fiormalities of the Chinefey efpe-
«aUy of their men of quality, when paying or receiving Tints, would
g^re little informatioiiy and leiis amufemeut, and very probably- come too
Ixte,: «s-the:manne<8 of the Chinefe, lince they fell uhdcr the power of
the Tartars, are greatly altered, and daily vary. It is fufficient to ob-
serve, that the legiflatorsof China, looking upon fubmillion an^i fubordi-
nation ai the corner ftones of all fociely, dcvifed thofe' outward marks df
refpe£t, ridiculous as they appear to ds, as the teft of duty and refped
from inferiors to fuperiors ; and their capital maxim was, that the man
who was deficient in civility, was void of good fenfe.

The Chinefe in general have been reprefented as t"he moft diftioncftj
low, thieving fet. in the world : employing their natural quicknefs only
tt improve the arts of cheating the nations they deal with, efpecially the
J iiropeans, whom they cheat with jjreat cafe, purticularly the Englilh;
I M they obfervc that noHC but a Chinefe can cheat a Chinefe. They
Si.e fond of law dilputes beyond any people in the world. Their hypo-
crify is without bounds ; and the men of property among them pradtife the
inoft avowed bribery, and the loweft meannefles to obtain preferment. It
Ihould, however, be remembered, that fome of the late accounts of China
have been drawn up by thofe who were little acquainted with any parts
of that empire but the fea-port towns ; in which they probably met with
many knavifti and deii^ning people. But it feems not juft to attempt to
charafterife a great nation l)y a few in dunces of this kind, though well
fittcilcd : and we appear not to be fufficicntly acquainted with the interior
parts of China to form an accurate judgment of the manners and charafter
pf the inhabitimts. By fome of the Jefuit millionaries the Chinefe feem to
have been too much extolled, and by later writers too much degraded.

Dress.] This varies according to the degrees among them. The
men wear caps on their heads of the fafhion of a bell ; thofe of quality
are ornamemted with jewels. The reft of their drefs is cafy and loofe, con-
fifting of a veft and a fafti, a coat or gown thrown over them, filk boots
quilted with cotton, and a pair of dra' o'-s. The ladies towards the fouth
jvear nothing on their head. Sometimes their hair is drawn up in a net,
anid fometimes it is diihevelled. Their drefs differs but little from that of
f he men, only their gown or upper garment has very large open fleeves.
The drefs both of men and women varies, however, according to the
temperature of the climate.

Marriages.") The parties never fee each other in China till the bar-
gain is concluded by the parents, and that is generally when the parties
are perfcft children. Next to being barren, the greateft fcandal is to
hiding females into the world ; and if a woman of poor family happens to
have three or four girls fucceffively, it not unfrequcntly happens that flie
will expofe them on the high roads, or call them into a river.

FiTKErUALs.l People of note caufe their coffins to be made, and their
fombs to be built in their life time. No perfons are buried within the
^'^lls qf a gity, nor is a de^d corpfe fuffered to be brought into a town, if

» perfon

cr H IK A.

Qw^

aiperfi^ 4^4^ ia (he'countiy. ' Evtty Ghibcfi; k«ep< in hU houfe » cabic,
upon which are writtm the nanies of bU fothpr* graiidfuher, and gveaM
grandfather, before i which they frequcntljr bum jnueafct' and proltirace
themfelves ; and whein th« father of « family! :(Hm, the natn&of Ulie^reaC

graildfatheris takeaaway, und that'of the'iccealed is addedk
, LAKGUA;OEt} TiteChinefe language contain* only three biipdred and
thirty wurd«« all of one fylluble; burthen each word is pr«nOiimced w'nh
fudh various modulation»rttnd cntch with a dilferent tneaniQ<;^, thait it becomes
more copiuusihan .c<)uld be eafity ima^ned, and enables them to e](pruf»
theinielvics >'ery.'WeU on the conitnon uecaiions of ]iie. The.miiEotuiri«!ir
who adapt the.£uiopean characters,. a» well aa thty can, to the exprellion
of Chincfe word*, huve dtivifed etevca different^ . and fome of them very
(;onipoumied, marks und afpiratioos, *« figuify the various iinoduiatii>ns»
elevations, and dcprcliions of fcl>e voice,, which difiiuguifiir the iVveral
meanings of the fame roonoiy lUble. 'ihe. Chinefc oral laagwage being
thus barren ^nd.contra^M, is undt for literature ; and, therefore, their
literature isall comprized in arbitrary charaders, which are amaztn^ly
GompUcajted:'»Qd num^ous, amounting to about eighty rhouiiutd* '1 hi*
language. being wholly addrefled to the eye, and having no affinity wiifar
their tongue, a8fpoken,.the latter hath Hill continued in its original- rudc»
uncultivated ftate,' while the former has received all poUible improve«
Hienti. .. . __ , i ■ , • .

-' Genixts and liBARNiNG.] The genius of the Ghtnefe i« pecuUar ta
ihemfelvM. They have no conception of what is beautiful in writing,
regular in archite^lUfe, or natural in painting, and jfctin their gardening,
and planning their grounds, they hit upon the true lublime and beautifuL
They perforin all the operations of aritbmeti. with ptodigious quickuefs,
but dilFcrently from the Europeans. Till the latter caine among them,
they we're ignorant of mathematidal learning, and all its depending arts.
They had no- proper .apparatus for* ailronomical obfervations ; and the
metaphyfical learning, which exiftcd among them, was or 'y known to their
philofophers ; but even the arts-introduced by the Jefuirs were of \frj
fliort duration among them, and lafted very litde longer than the oeign of
Canghi, whb was coutei»porary with our Charles 11. nor is it very pro-
bable they will ever be revived. It has been generally faid, that they un-
derftood printing before the Europeans ; but that can be only applied to
block printing, for the fufile and moveable types were undoubtedly-
Dutch or German inventions. The Chinefc, however, had almanacs,
which were ilaroped from plates or block ', many hundred years before
printing was.difcovered in Kuroie.

The difficulty of maftering and retaining fuch a number of acbltmrv
marks and charaders as there are in what may be called the Chincic
written ?-inguage, greatly retards the pragrels of their erudition. But
there is no part of the globe where learning is attended with fuch honours
'.«nd rewards, and where there are more powerful inducement* to cultivate
«nd purfae it. The literati are reverenced as men of another fpecies, and
are the oijly nobility known in China. If their birthbe ever fo Jiiean and
'f.io\v, thvy become mandarins ofcthchighell muk,in proportion to the ex-
tent of their learning. On the other hand) however exalted their birth
may be, they quickly fink into poverty andobCcurity, if they neglc^ thole
, lludies which raifed their fathers. It has been obierved, th;it there i!> no
natioh in the world where the lirft honours of the llaie lie fo open: to the
loweft of thi> p«opU) and where there is left of hereditary £TttatiuU's> 1 he
...... Chincie

fiyo

CHINA.

Chinefe range all their works of literature into four clafles. The fJrft ii
the daft of Kingy ox the facred books, which contain the principles of the
Chinefe relip;ion, morality, and government, and fevcral curious and ob-
fcurc records, relative toithefe important fubje^ts. Hittory forms wchifs'
apart ; yet, in this firft clafs, there are placed fome hiftorical monuments
on account of their relation to religion and government, and among others,
the TekuH'tficou, a work of Confucius, which contains the annals of twelve
kings of Low, the native country of that illuftrious fage. The fecond
clafs is that of the Su, or Che^ that is, of hiftory and the hiftorians. The
third claft, called Tfu or 7/g, comprehends philofophy and the philofo-
phers, and contains all the works of the Chinefe literati, the produ6tioii9
.alio of foreign feds and religions, which the Chinefe confider only in the
light of philofophical opinions, and all books relative to mathematics,
anronomy, phylic, military fcience, the art of divination, agriculture,'
and the arts and fciences in general. The fourth clafs is called 7c/V, or
Mifcellanicsy and contains all the poetical books of the Chinefe, their pieces
of eloquence, their fongs, romances, tragedies, and comedies. The Chinefe
literati in all the periods of their monarchy, have applied themfelves lefs to
the ftudy of nature, and to the rcfcarches of natural philofophy, than to
moral inquiries, the praftical fcience of life, and internal polity and manners.
It is faid, that it was not before the dynafty of the Song, in the loth and
nth centuries after Cnrift, that ths Chinefe philofophers formed hypo*
thefes concerning the "natural fyftem of the univerfe, and entered into dif-
cuffions of a fcholaftic kind, in confequence, perhaps, of the intercourfe
they had long kept'np with the Arabians, who ftudied with ardour the
works of Ariftotle. And fince the Chinefe have begun to pay fome at-
tention to natural philofophy, their progrefs in it has been much inferior
to that of the Europeans. . ,. '

The invention of|;unpowder is juftly claimed by the Chinefe, who
made ufe of it againft Zingis Khan and Tamerlane. They feem to have
knbwn nothing of fmall fire-arms, and to have been acquainted only with
the cannon, which they call the fire-pan. Their indullry in their manu-
faftures of ftufts, porcelane, japanning, and the like fedentary trades is
amazing, and can be equalled only by their labours in the field, in making
canals, levelliitg mountains, railing gardens, and navigating their junks
and boats.

Antkiuittes and curiosities.] Few natural curiofities prefent
themfelves in China, that have not been comprehended under preceding
articles. Spme volcanos, and rivers and lakes of particuhir qualities, are
to be found in different parts of the empire. The volcano of Linefung is
faid fometimes to make (o furious a difcharge of fire and aflies, as' to occa-
sion a tempeft in the air ; and fome of their lakes arc faid to petrify fillies
when put into them. The artificial curiofities of China are ftupendous.
The Great Wall feparating China from Tartary, to prevent the incurfions
of the Tartars, is fuppofcd to extend from 1 200 to 1 500 miles. It is car-,
ried over mountains and vallies, and reaches from the province of Xenfi to
the Kang fea, between the provinces of Peking and Laenotum. It is in
moil: places built of brick and mortar, which is fo well prepared, that
though ithasftoodfor 1800 years, it is but little decayed. The beginning
of this wall is a large bulwark of llone railed in the fea, in the province of
Petcheli, to the eall of Peking, and almoft in the fame latitude : it is built
like the walls of the capital city of the empire, but much wider, being
terrafled and cafcj with bricks, and i« from twenty to tweiity-five feet high.
, ,. . . r. Regis,

H I N A.

«7i

P. Regis, and the other g;entleman, who took a map of thcfe provinces,
often ftrctchcd a line on the top, to meafure the bafis of triangles, and to
take d'lftant points with an inftriiment. They always found it paved wide
enough for five or fix horfemen to travel ahrcaft with cafe. Mcntioalia*
been already made of the prodigious canals and roads that are cut through
this empire.

The artificial mountains prefent on their tops, temples, monafleries, and
other edifice?. Some part, however, of what we are told concerning the
cavities ii) thefe mountains, feem to be fabulous. The Chincfa bridges
cannot be fufficiently admired. They are built ibmetimes upon barges
ftrongly chained together, yet fo as to be parted, and to let the veflbls pafs
that failed up and down the river. Some of them run from mountain to
mountain, and conHil only of one arch ; that over the river Saffrany is
400 cubits -long, and 500 high, though a finglc arch, and joins two
mountains, and fome in the interior parts of the empir«* are faid to bcfHlt
more ftupendous. The triumphal arc ics of this country form the next
fpecies of artificial curiofities. Though they are not built in the Greek
or Roman flyle of architecture, yet they are fuperb and beautiful, and
eroded to the memory of their great men, with vaft labour and expence.
They are faid in the whole to be eleven hundred, two hundred of whicli
are particularly magnificent. Their fepulchral monuments make likewife
a great figure. Their tov^rs, the models of which are new fo common^ii
Europe under the name of pagodas, are vart embellilhrnents to the face of
their country. They feem to be conftrudted by a regular order, and all
of them are tiniflied with exquilite carvings and gildings, and other orna-
ments. That at Nanking, which is 200 feet high, and 40 in diameter, ia
the moft admired. It is called the Porcelane Tower, bccaufe it is lined
with Chinefc tiles. Their temples are chiefly remarkable forthedifagrce-
able tafte in which they are built, for their capacioiifnefs, their whimfical
ornaments, and the uglinefs of the idols they contain. The Chinefc are
remarkably fond of bells, which gave name to one of their principal fefti-
vals. A bell of Peking weighs 1 20,000 pounds, but if? found is faid to be
dilagrccable. The lall curiofity I fliall mention, \i their fire-works, which
m China exceed thofe of all other nations. In (hoit, every province iu
China is a fccne of curiofities. 'I'heir buildings, e\o •,>• the pigodas, being-
confined to no order, and fulccptible of ^ill kinds c: orramcnts, have a
wild variety, and a pleafing elegance not void of m;iunificcnce, agretaJ>le
to the eye and the imagination, and prefents a diverfity of objedts not to
be found in European architecture.

Chief citii-s.] Little can be faid of tS-^': more than that fome of
them are immenfe, and there is great rcafon to believe their population is
much exaggerated. The empire is faid to contain 44.00 walled cities ; the
chief of which are Peking, Nanking, and Canton. Peking, the cnpitai of
the whole empire of China, and the ordinary refidcnce of the emperors,
is fituated in a very fertile plain, 20 leagues diftant from the Great Wall.
It is an oblong fquare, and is divided into two cities : that which contains
the emperor's palace is called the Tartarcity, becaufe the houfos were
given to the Tartars when the prefent f mily came to the throne ; and
they refufing to futfer the Chinefe to inhabit, forced them to iive with--
out the walls, where they in a Ihort time built a new city ; which, by be-
ing joined to the other, renders the whole of an irregular t'oriu, fix league »
in compafs. The walls and gates of Peking are of the furprifing height
gf fifty cubits, fp that they hide the whole city ; and are fo broad, that

ceutinels

^7*

C. H 1 N A.

centinels are placed Ufaa them on horfeback « for there dre fto]»e8 within
(ho citji of confiderame Ungthyby which horfemcn miiy afcend the walU ;
aud w feverai place* iheM.araliMdii* built £or the girard. The gates,
wbMUl^areiuncUi.outlih«Sv»KPBeith«reinbelliihed with ftatiie*, nor other
( arv^ing,. all their bnnuty. opaTuling in. their prodigious height, which at a
Oiiian«e gives tlicm a nt^ie appearance. I'he Arches ot the giiMs are built
oJ warble* and tht«ft.»rith large bricka, cejiwuted with excellent mortar. ;
AluU ofthe llreets are built in a dir«i^ line, the Urgeft are about t20 feet f
brooiit 9ad a le^guft iaiength. 1 he fhopawhere they felt iiUtt and china^
w»r«geaerally take up the whole ftreet, and ai{brd a very acfreenliie pro^ t
fpcd. Eaeh fhop>koep«r. places before his (hop, on a rmuli kind of pe-
clelbt, aboard abouttwsnty feet high, painted, varniihed, and often gilr, .
nu which are written in large chaniccers the names of the I'everal coraiiio- t
ditie* he fells. Thcfe being placed on each fide of the itrect^ af nearly
an equal diftance from each other, have a very pretty appeai-ance ; but
the houfcs arc poorly built in front, and very low, moft of them having
only a ground floor, and none exceeding one ftory above it. Of all the t-
buildingK in this great city, the moft remarkable is the iinperiai pnlace, i
the grandeur of which does not conlift.fo much in the nobleHefs and ele* V
gance of the architedure as in the multitude of its buildings, courts, «
and gardens, all regularly difpofed : for within the walls are not only the t
emperor's houfe, but a little town, inhabited by the officers of the court, t,
anda multitude of artificers employed and kept by the emperor ; but the ■.
houfiis of the courtiers and artificers are low and ill contrived. F. Attiret, .
a French Jefuit, who was indulged with a fight of the palace and gar- i
dens, fays, that the palace is more than three miles in circumference, and *
that the front of the , buildings fliincs with gilding-, paint, and varniflj,
while the inlide is fet oft' and furrlflied with every thing that is moll beau- «
tjful and precious in China, the Indies, and Europe. The gardens of this ■«
palace are large trails of ground, in which are raifed, at proper diftanccs,
artificial mountains, from 20 to 60 feet high, which form a number of t
fraall vallies, plentifully watered by canals, which uniting, form lakes ,
and meres. Beautiful and magnificent barks fail on thefe pieces of water,
and the banks are ornamented with ranges of buildings, not any two of
which are faid to have any refemblance to each other, which diverlity

{iroduces n very pleallng ctlccfh Every valley has its houfe of pleafure, ■,
arte enough to lodge one of our grcateft lords in Europe with all his re* :=.
tinue: manv of th*'- houfes are built with cedar, brought at a vail ex-
pence, the dlftance of 500 leagues. Of thefe palaces, or houfes of pleafure^
there are more than zoo in this vaft enclofure. In the middle of a lake, ■
which is near half a league in diameter every way, is a rocky ifland, on
which is built a palace, containing more than a hundred apartments. It y
has four fronts, and is a very elc^^ant and magnificent ftruilure. The
mouiitains and hills are covered with trees, particularly fuch as prflduco
beautiful and aromatic Mowers ; and the canals are edged with ruftic pieces
of rock, difpofed with fuch art, as exadly to refemble the wildnefs of

nature.

The city of Peking is computed to contain two millions of inhabitants,
though Nanking is faid to exceed it both in extent and population. But
Canton is the greateft port in China, and the only port that has been much
frebuented by Europeans. The city wall is about five miles in circumfe-
rence, with very pleafaat wal^s around it. Jroiu the top of fonie adjacent

h'U

liii

gio<

higl

:irc

rive

thr(

Icvc

Prei

^PitfF

Ue^^A. ..J^SaiL ^

C ' H IN A.

671

h'Ufr.

which forts

built.

hnve a fine

ofihe

on whicii roru arc built, you lutTC aimenrnipea otthc couMiy.'
It is beautifully intcrfpcrl'ed with mouQiaioi^ Umte bilU^ Md v*Ui^ all
gioen; and thcfc ugnin ples^tinrlj diverf^ied witit fmall tcwos, vlUAeM»
liigii rower::, temples, the fcim u^ nwadartnt aad'odler gfeirt men, .wHiCll
iirc watered with dcKKhtful liike», canals, and rmall branc)i«> f);ai|l' (ha
river Taj on which are numberlel's boats and j,iilik«,fmlin(piiiftei«Qrw»ys >
through the inoft fertile parts o( tbe cuuntry. The city ic entffpd' by
ieverul iron gates, and nithin-llde of each there is a gu^Fd'houfe. The •
Precti of Canton arc very (Iraight, but gcneraMjr narroMr, and pavy) with
ilag-iloaes. Tiierc are many pretty buildings in this city, groat ;i^umberB
of triumphal arc' js.-mid tcmplrs well Docked with images^ The llre«tt
t>f Canton are To crowded, that it is diAicult to walk in them ; yet a wo«
man of anv fufliion is fcidom to be I'een, unlefs hy chance when cominjj;
uut of their chairs. There are great numbers, of'^market places For flflt,
fleiU, poultry, vegetables, and all kinds of provifioiis, which are fold very
cheap. There are many private walks about the flcirts of the town, where
thofe of the better fort have chetr houfes, which are very little frequented
by Europeans, whofe bufinefit lies chiefly in the trading part of the city,
where tbeie are only (hops and warchoufes. Few of the Chinefe traders
ef any fabfttace keep their families in the houfe ^vbere they do buiinefs,
b«ui either in the city, in tbe more remote fuburbs, or farther up in the
country. They have all fuch a regard to privacy, that no windows ar&
made towards tiie flreets, but in (hops and places of public buiinefs, nor
do any of their windows look towards thofe of their neighbours. The.
fhops of thofe that deal in filk are very neat, make a fine fliow, and are all
in one place; for tradefivcn, or dealers in one kind of goods, herd toge-
ther in the fame flreet. It is computed that there are in this-city, and its
luburbs 1,2': 0,000 people; and there are often 5000 trading veiiids lying
before the city.

Trade and manufacttires.] China i^ fo happily fituated and
produffs fuch a variety of materials for manufadures, that it may be faid
to be the native lund of indudry ; but it is an indullry without taflcor
cleofance, though carried on with great art and ncatnefs. Tncy make paper
of the bark of bamboo, and other trees, as well as of cotton, base not
comparable, for records or printing, to the Europeaa. Their inK, for
the ufc of ilrawing, is well known in England, and is faid to he made of
oil and lampblack. I have alicady inentioi^ed the antiquity of their print-
ing, which they ftill do by cutting their chara£Vers on blocks of wood.
The manufafturc of that earthen ware, generally known by the nime of
China, was long a fecrct in Europe, and brought iramenle fums ta that
country. The ancients knew and elleemed it highly under the name of
porcelain, but it was of a much l^ettcr fabric than the modern. Though,
the Chinefe afFeft to keep that manufadur* ftiM a fecret, yet it is well
known that the principal material is a prepared pulverized earth, and that
fevcral European countries far exceed tbe Chinefe in manufaifturing this
commodity *. The Chinefe filks arc generally plain and flowered gaufes,^
and they arc faid to have been originally fabricated in that country where

• The Englilh in particular have carried this branch to a high degree of perf«^2iorr,
a» '.iMears from the commilBona which have been received of Utc from fevrral princp*
of Kmopc ; and we hope that ft manufadlure fo generally u&ful. will meet witU
CKGOurak'cnicQt ftom evcrv true patriot anioni; ourf'clvct.

X«. the

«7f

Q- I^ I; N, A.

I't Wt-

m'^m'iC li^le'Aiafa'fetAtWiranaUVrr ci?tto'n, sm other clbthi, m.

|cn jif me ^>iidQwj.\ ^ v?incp of tho

famous for funiiflitnii *l\ght wAta\m^r

----. jpih^dts t'etajn mk);iyTundamentyl inaxinii of the old Chiocfc, they
hi»»i3tof>liged the ihh!>l)itaius to tjcviat'c fronfi the anciqiu difciplhie iii tnany
rcffieits. Pirhap* tKe?r sicrjiiaiiitanc*; with the Europeans may have con*
tr^tnittd to their degeiu'fiicy. The oriatiial pTau of the Chinefe govern-
niriitAvas patiiarch-.il, aJiiioll in the Urinclt ftnl'd'of the vvprd,, tiu^y ami
dhi^dience to rhf father of each family \vms recoiiimcndcd and entor^cd in
tht rtioft timorous rrianner; but, at tne fame iime, the cinperor. was con-
lldcTrccl as the father of the whole. His mandarins, or great ofHcers of
fta'te, were hiokcd npon as his fubftitutes, and the degrees of fubmiffiof*
whicli were due from' the inferior r,inlte to the fuperior, were fettled (in^
«bfcrved with the moft fcrupulous precifion, and in a manner that to us.
feem^ highly ridiculou?. '1 his fimple cliiiin of obedience required grcar
atddrcfs and knovuleil^e of human nature to renncr it cfteftual ; and the
Chincfe legislators, Confuliua p;irticul;uly, appear to have been men of
RVOndciful abilities. Thev enveloped their dictates in a number of myftical
appearances, fo as tn flrike the people with awe and veneration. Tne man-
ri>iiu8 had inodes of fjK-.iking and writing different from thofc of other.
fubjei'.ls, and the people were tiuglit to believe that their princes par-
took of divinity, fo that they wero fcldom fcen, and more i'eldom ap-
proaches) .

Tnowgh this fyftem prefcrvcd the public tranquillity, for an ipcredibls
•unilKr of year's^ jct ir had a fundamental defeft that often cotivulfed,
ind at lad proved fatal t© the fiate, hccaufe tlie f.imc attention was not
^aid 10 »he iniHt.iry as to the civil duties. The Chinefe had paiTions like
other men, ;M)d ft.tncrinirsa vt^k or Wicked lulniiniflr.ifion drove thein
into arms, and a revolution eafily fuccccdcd, which they juftificd by fay-
ing, that their fovercfgn bad ceiilet^ to be their father. During thofc com*
irtotions, one of th« parties naturully invited their neiglbours the Tartars
to tlicir affillance, and it was thus thofc burbari<ins, who had great fagscity,
b«Ame acquainted with the weak fide of their conllitution, and they availed
ihcmfelvej accort^-.nglv, hv invadiuk/ and conquering the empire.

B<fide» the <^: t cU '.ine of patriarchal obedience, the Chinefe had
fumpt'jfiry laws, -nd rcjrulatioiis fir > ■ c es^pcpccs of all cr:;rec3 of fubjcfts,
which were very ifcful i,i prefcrviiii, shcvublic tranqn'illity, and prevent-
ing the <fft(^s ot (inbirion. By their mflitiitions likcwi.e the mandarins
might r^monftiate to theenipejor, bijt ij) the .Tioft fubmifSve maoucr, upon
the rrrors of his uovcrnment, and when h.e was a virtuous prince, this
trccdum. tvas often attcndfd with tbe'niort falutary ctfcils. No country iii^
the world is fo'vvell iirpvided with rhagilJrap^^Srfor the Jiicharge of jufljce,
both m civil and crjiniinal matters, as Chiin)> ;^tut ibcy are often iuctfedual
liifouah w'UBt oil pu.blic virtue 'in the e3^'e«jition. Tke empeVor is llylcd
*■■■■•■ ■■ >\"'"^- ■■' ■ "k/J-

c tf 1' »■■ A;'

«?/

clbthi^ iirq

fUORs, lyuh
uricpciFihe

rt , ;\nd this
iuicli^s, the

^Ipr, though
locfci they

iieiii thany

' have con-

jfe govem-

t)u)6y and

intor^cd in

r was con-

ofHccrs of

fubmiffion

rettled Hntl

that to us.

Hired great

; and the

;cn men of

ofmyftical

The m:?n-

c of other

•Inces p;ir-

't*ldom ap-

ffi credible
ponvulfcd,
wus not
ndidns like
rove theni
■A by fay-
hofccom-
le Tartnrs
fagscity,
cy availed

incfe bad
( fubjcAs,

prcvent-
n.iiidarins
iicr, upon
luce, this
oiuirry iii^
of ju(Uce,
ijcifc(!^ual

is fly led

%^0Y>f'^'j-^:'?^mMmP^M:i>MMM

fafiuii'and'tiit Chinefe Icgiilatqri^,, iHvroduc^^i||ni6l^"exciin,e^ik'^^
hiorais ainong the people,'!in(i thdeavour<i5'to' jjjppty rbe want .S»f Jwlt nljcaft
of a future njitc, by prefcHbW to fHeiti the \yori|»ip <S^ ^
Their niofality approximates iplhat of Chr'iftw|ijty V j^^t as'wxlttiow l5t»lc
of their religion, out throuc^b tbe lefuiislwi: cannot adcij/t for tmth t^'
nQin'^rouB inftaflces which tnev tell us of the cohtbrrpity of the Chuic'fCj
with the Chrinian religion. Tbofe fathers, it iijurt b? owpcd, were meti^
of great abilities, and made a wonderful prp^rcfp abpv;e a century ago jt),
their cdnverfions j but they miftook thie true charaf^erpf tbp cftiperor wh^
%^as. their patron 5 for he no fooncr found tliiit they were in fcta '^fpiripB|
to thecWil direAion of the government, thati he cxjielted them, Ipyiillea.
theil: churches with tb^ ground, and prohibited the exercife, of ibetr . r^jl^;:,
glon '; lince which timb Chridiatiiry has rhs^de no figure in China, ' '.■',
RfiytNUEs.J Thefe arc faid by fome'to Amount to tvvetity tn)l)ianB
fkrling; a year ; but this cannot be meant in money, which dbcs not al
all abound in China. The taxes collected for the ufe of govcrbmen-if' ir^;
rice, and other coiti'moditics, are cienainly very great, arid may cafiVy'be
itnpofed, an an account of every man's family aiid fubftaqcfi,iS,i»nhij^I^i^
enrolled) and vfery poHibly may anraunt to that fun?.,, ' '.^ ■■ ...^ ^Vi, ;^ !',

MitlTARY AND MARINE STRENGTH*] China Isj ftt ttlli tllftc, » faf

rnore powerful empirfe, than it was before its conqueft by thb eiiftern Tar-
tats in 16444 This is owing to the confumma;c policy of Chun^rphlj.thtf
fit^ Tartarian emperor of (Jhina, who obliged his heteditary fiibjeas tt»
tonfbrlh themftjlveg to the Chinefe manners and policy, arid the Cbin^jfo
to wear thfc Tartar drefs and arihs. The two nations were thertiby iiicor.-'
potated. The Chinefe were appointed to all ttie civil offices of. the citi-
pire. The emperor made I'ekmg the feat Of his government} and' the
Tartars quietly fubnriltted to a change of their. cdunii-y '^nd ctJ|idl|it^n'i^,'
UhicH was fomUch in their fairouri'. . / , v-

This fecuriry, hoWever^ of the 6hiriefe from the Ta/tarsi taxis' ffp^'
them all military objedts ; the Tartar power alone Tieing fbrrtiidslbie tbtlial
empirci The only danger that'thrcatens it at prefcnt, i* the (^IfAifc*; o]^
ahns. The Chinefe land army is faid to iqohfitt of fife million? ot rnfc^' ;
put in thefe are comprehended all who are orilpldv^d in the ctjli^ftlbrt'of

tioned, and other fmalf (hips, that trade coaft-wajrf^; or td (b^ ^J^gKbpflrj'^
ing courttric!} or to prevent fildden deftrepts. , • ' i' ., 'V'^

. A treatife on tKe military jivi, traij/Ij^ted from thtf Cilitle^ jdtp tijcl
j^rench Iffnguiigc, veas publiftied at Paris it; 1772','ffptn' wb*ch it Af^pi^?r«.
that the Chincle are well verfed in the theory bp the art of war'; 'bdccau-*
tiut;,^ and care, and circumfbe^otif are mdch recomttteflded to thelt^ie"

Bcra'l|;*!an^'o»t<!<if'rtierK maxims 5«, never »o fight (vitli enemies cltlieB,

inearuKof cie/ltbilitv { ijHd tliclr ahhaU Imvc been carr'ud beyond the p^.
tMyy\\^\c\\\i\e ShW the cfCM%t <ii xhz wofW^

Pw'i-it'qi. »» ijild bv'^thViH'V'b WWe bet«n the firft inan» and the interval ol

L^i

'•Iw

i^ppij^jSkin .tart tlift.Chinftft Mftbtnca! rtflutions ot' events prior to the'
Tf^^'i}. oi. ''.ic C!iV^)ert>r''Yii6, w'ho' lived 2057 years before Chrift, are en-
nrtjly fupulyus,. compofed in moJern times, . uniup'ported by authentic
«coriJ»^'ai«if hiil 6{ contrtidid^ions. It appears ari'o, that the origin of tl^e,'
CImfcjV innpii'f: cariiioi be placed higher than two or three' gdnerations
^ttJw/'?,'if«br ,^ut •J'^'^n this is carrying the empire of China to a very
t^Vglj «n,ti?iuJty ^ and h ife certain that the materials for the Chinefc hif-
)ipry are extVenieiy atnpU-. The gfand'nnnals of the empire of China are
mjn^pfeljcndcd in 668 volumes, and conlill of the pieces thAt h.«ve been'
cOmpofed by th^ tribunal or department of hiftcry, cdabliflicd in China,'
for traivimitting to pottcfiry the public events of the emuire, and the liy^"*
conr'ai^crs^ aiid tranfhi-'lions of its Ibvcrclgns. It is faid, that all the fai^s,
which concern the monarchy lince its foundation, have been dcjwfited in.
this department, and from age to age have been arranged according to the
oYcfer of time, .uinder the inlpcflion of government, and with all the pre^
euutipn^ aiiiiintt illufion or paniality that could be fuggefled. 1 hefe pre-
Cfi^tionshave been carried fo far, that the hiftory ot the reign of each'
imperial, family, has only been publifiied after the extinction of that fo-
mUy,. and was kept a protoimd fecret during the dynafty, that neither
fear nor flattery might adulterate the truth. It is ailerted, that many of
t^c Ciiinefe hiftorii^s expofed themfclves to exile, and even to death,
i:3||thei;.rban difguife the defjg^ts and vilcs of the Ibvereign. But the em-
peiroi^ C.Ki-hoang-u, at whole command the Great Wall was built, in the
jr^ar ;; 13' before the ChiiHiao zra, ordered all <he hi^^oricnl books and re-
cords, which contained the fundamental laws and principles of the ancient
government, to be burnt, that they might not be employed by the learned'
*P oppofe liis authority, and the changes he propufbdto intrc.iuce into the

Jionsa'p'iy. . Four hundred literati were bul-nt with their books ; yet this
afbarousedi'^ had not its fullefl'cA ^ feveral books were concealed, and
efcap«;d the general nun. After this period, ftrift fcarch was made for the
ancient books antl records that yet •'emained ; but though much indudry
wa^. employ e(i for this purpofc, it appears that the authentic hjiforical
fcjurces of the Chinefc, for the times anterior to the year 209 before
Clijrjil,, ;i«e veiy k\v, and that thoy are l>ill in fmallu' number for more re.-
mote^erlods. But notwithflandino^ the depredations lhatliav« been made
^pottjAe Oitnefe hiftory, it is ftillimmcnfely voluminous, and has been
|vid^eil»y,ioire writers fupeviortoi that of all other nations. . Of the grand
amiiiJs bctbrie meationed, which amonot to 668 volumes, a copy is pre •
fery^i^jhe library of' tlic French king. A chronological abridgement
- t wotlf, itJ one huridied voTuwes, was pubTiihed in the '^

42d

yearot" tlif rri!^n oriCang'hi ; tha't is, in the year 1703. This work it
generally c;»IUil Kam-mo,^rtht abridgment. -From th^fe materials the
.'rfibc'Grofier propofcd to publiih at Paris, in the French language,^ a
GcjicVarHiflory of Chiua, ?h i-j, voUimei, ^to, fomc of which have berft

P»

bted.

C H I N A,

.^77

printed, nnd a fm.illcr work in i« volymw, .8vo« by the l,ite Father de
Mailhi, miinuiiAry at Peking, hatlifbtttiOi jvilt<,VjQul)tiriF,JuO^ p)^t''>'l*«:i<'-

But the limits tu uhicl) Dur wurk it cuatineU will uur permit us tt^T.en*
!ari;e upon fo copious a liibft't^tH* •hi'ltotthc'CMlH"^'-' l>>ftMfy,» 'Mid whitb,
iiidreil, would lie trcry unintore/luig tp thcgcneraliy of I^ui<^pcan rfe:tdcr.<.
A tucceifioit of cxcelleiu priiicc^tt n\)^ » du<r'>.tti<'U oi uomctli^.tranaillllUy^
uiiiieti legiltHtion with |>liilufo)>hiy« lind piudua'd ihi:ir I'p-hi, vvliOfe lii|>
t^ry is wriipped up iii.iiiy-Aeri«t>i tiiv'ir ]y>i4,upkuiiv iind ub<>vc ail t^elr
Confucius, at once the. Sdlon and the S »crates ot\,Cli'u«> AUer iilT, the
iivcriiA t'cvpliitions of tM «iapire» ihpugh i:miis, pi;uduccd iH(? iitull dl^e.id-
fu! eflecte, iri proportion,iiy itn wonlHtutiuii \y,)is payitit;, and they were 'i>t-
te'aded uiih the moft bloody extermijiuiion* i . |oH)C provinc-ss) fbthil
thmiglt the Cniiu'lc empire is lurcdit.uy, tlic iiiipvriid fuv-c^ffioi) \va» iii .Vp
tlmn once biokeii into, and wltercd, ljp\vards of jvvtrniy d^ ii^Qics, ^m*
^illlit'iit tiilici iind hmilicB of fu'xcflion are cuumsrated in, their ajihals'.' ,
Neither the jv,cat Zinj^his Khau, nor Tameiiiine, th6u|.<h they qftett
deft'ttced the Chiner(?, could fubdue thtir cmpiic, and neither' or them
could keep thi; conqutllrs they made thcrt-. 'X'h«ir ct'Iwiratcd waU prb^e^
but a ttcble barrier ai^ainil tliearmpif thote famous T^rtarti. J)ki'ttri(Heii'
invalions were o\er, the Chinefe went to war with, the Manchcw 't'.frtiifs,
ivhile an indolent ivorthUls cmpcrur., Tlbnjj-tching, was upoti' the
throt>e. In the me;ini while a bold rebel, named i-i-Coog-tfc, ip th^ phJ«
viuce of Se-tchuei;; t'ethroncd the e.tiperot, who hangt-d hiuifelf, ^3 'di'd
molt of his courtiers and women. Ou-fan-cjucy, the Chinefe gcnci'al,, oij
the frontiers of Tartmy, refufed to recognile the ufurpcf, and made a peace
with Tfoagate, the Manchew princi, who drove the ufurper from' tlrts
throne, and toi/n polfeflloii of it himfelf, about the year 1644.' The
Tartur maintained himfeif i i his authority, and, as has been iilready
moniioned, wifely incorporated his hereditary fubjedls with the Chitlefc,
fd that in effed i artary became un ::cquifition to China. He wa? fuc*
ceeJed by a prirtcc of great natuial and accj.uired abilities, whp Wa^'the
patron of the Jofuits, but knctv how to check thein when he found them
intermeddling with the affairs of his i^overnmcnt. About the.ytar |id6t,
the Chinefe; under this Tartar family, drove the Dutch out of the 'ifljiDd
of Formofa, which the latter had taken from the Portugucfc. '

;>• In t-heycar 1771, all tlie Tartars which4:om|)ored.the n«ition of theTbiir-
-gouths, left the lettkmtnt which they had under the RuiHan govcrniheht
on the banks of the Wolga, and the laick, at a fmall diftance from tHe'C^f*
pian fea, aod in a vaik body,(>t iifty thou fand families, they paflcd through
the country of the Hafiick?, and after a march of eight months, in Which
they had firfmounted innuteierable difficulties and dasigcr;, they Wrivtffi in
the jjlains that lie on the framii-T of- Carapcn, not far fioni' ihA'banicSjijf
the rit'cr lly, and offered thcirticlves as fubjefu to Kieo-Kjng, ^inperbf'bf
China; who was then in th^ riiiny-ftxthyear.of his. reign. , He rcteivetl
fhem gracioufly, fumiihed thcnvwithproviUons, cloatlis, and mqiie}', an4
aHoitcd to each family ai portion oflaqd for ^^ric.ulturc 'aiid |>auufage.
The year following there was a fccopdemigratioopf,, about thirty thou-
fand other Tartar familiei, whQiallo qu tted the Ist.tlements which they
" t'i^j()Ted 'uhder the lUiffi:iflvfHovcctin»cnt, ,and. ^fubniitt^d to the !|Bhirefj
' fteptre. The pmjjeix»r ca tiled the Wllpry ,©f..:heJe,eroigrjtiQu| tbbaeii-

iTii.A Uillf ,

iO )o.

V70V;I

t 678 J

I N P I A <" GENERAL.

» . .1 .1

1 'TP^I^S vaft country ia (iiun^rd between the 66^h
J JL «nd 109111 deffrces ol .l,.ii> • i.igitudc, and be-

SrrUATiojf ANp

BOUNDARIES.

twecn'-'k und 40 of North latitude. It is bounded, on itie North, by the
coiintnci of Ulbfc Tartarv and Th>l>et ; on the South, by the Ihdiun
Oce n ; on the £;ii|, by Qiiini^ and ihc Chincfc (fca ; and on the Well, by
Peril,, and the Indian fc.i.

Division,] I (hall divide, as others hare done, India nt large into
|hi-cc grciit pints ; firil, the PcninUila of India b(>) >'■ 4 the Qunges, culled
the Farther Peninlul/t ; fecondly, the main l.md, or the M 'jjil^ empire ;
fhiroly, the Pcniniula within or on thlslidu the Ganr^cft ; all o; thrm vai>,
populous, 'aiij^txtriided empires. J^ur ii is nccelkry, in order 10 fave;
fu.iny rcpeii'iuns, to premiic an account of fome particulars thj' are ir^
Common to thole numerous nations, wliich fh.iU i)e cxtr.<6ie>i from the
moft enlightened nH our modern writers who have yilited the country \t\
the ferviie of the L^ft India Company.

PppuiATiov, INHABITANTS, > Mr. Orme, an excellent and an

RELIGION, AND GOVERNMENT. J authentic hiftorian, comprehends the
two latter divilions under the title of indotlr.n. I'hc Mihoinetar.s (fays
he) who are called Moots, of hvJoiLin, are computed to be about tet^
millions, and the Indians about a hundred millions. Above half the
empire is fiibje6t to rajahs, or kings, who dfri\e tl.eir defcent from the
old princes of India, and exercife all rights of fovercigrify, only paying
a tribute to the gieat inogul, and obferving the nciiies by which their
anctftors recooniied his fuperiority. In other rcfpffts, the govfrnrncnl;
of Indtibn ii. lull of Wife checks upon the overgrowing grcwtn^fs of any
fubjed ; hvX (as :ill precautions of that kind depend upon the adininiftra
tion) i.t'je intlolencc and barbarity of the moguls or empeiors, and their
gteat vkcroys, have rendered them ruitlefc.

7'he original itiiiabitants of India are called Ge^toos ; or, as ethers call
them, rJindoos, and the country HiiiJooftan. hey pretend that Brum*,
ma, who was their legiflator both in politics ind religion, was il^^ferioron^y
to God, iuid that he exifted many tlioufand years before our account of
the creation. This Brumnia probably was foroc great and good genius,
tvhofc beneficence, like that of the pngun l^iflators, led his people aixd
their poftcrity to p:\y him divine honours. The Braniins (for fo the
jGentoo pricfts are called) pretend th-.it lie bequeathed to them a book
c illcd the Vidam, coiitaitting his do(ffiines and inflitittions ; and tha(
though the original is loft, they arc ftill poflcH'cd of a commentary upon
it, called thi Shahlhih, whkn is written in the Shanfcrita language, rtow
a vlcid language, and known only to the Bramim, who Ihidy it, '^'he
f undation of Bnimina's dodrine confirtcd in the belief of a Supreme
Bsing, who has created a i .gular gradation of being?, fome fuperior, and
I'ome inl'erior to man ; in tbe immortality of the foul, and a future ftate
■of rewards and puniflimcnts, which is to ccnfift of a tranrinigration into,
different boilies, according to th? lives they have led in their pre-exiftent
ft.i e. From this it appears^ 'Tiorc than prob-iblc, that the Pythagorean
m tempiychofis took its rife in India. The ncceflity «»f inculcating this
fublime, but otherwifc complicated doiftririe, into the lower ranks, induced
the B'amins, who are by no means unanimous in their doftiiues, to have
Kcourfc to fenlible rcprefentarions of the Deity and his attributes : fo that

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puofiT ,-j^in}ijo'n^r, rn ,obkTi ^Jirjrrunavo^ moft b'JtitjIox-j ,w/.-^iMt>ri ,Jori
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'biiiyi i'r io nm .<v/^[' .^ii ail'i' . ■-.

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4. X

INDIA IN OENERAL,

679

[iiai

the original do£trines of Biumma hare degenerated to ^nk ridiculoya
idolatry, in the worfliip of difierent nnimah, and various images* and of
the mull hideous figures, either delineated or carved.

The Hindoos have, from time immemorial, been divided into four great
tribes, the fir ft and mofl nobic iribe are the Bramins, who alone can
.officiate in the prieilhood, like the Levites among the Jews. Xbey are
not, however, excluJed from government, trade, or agriculture, though
Ithey are Hrii^ly prohibited from all menial offices by their laws. 'The fe-
cond in order is the Sittri tribe, who, according to their or»};inal tniVitu-
tion, ought to be all military men ; but they^frcqucntly follow other pro<
fefiion!). The third is the tribe of Beife, who are chiefly morchants.
.brokers, and banias or fliopkeeperi. The fourth tribe is that of Sudder,
who ought to be menial fervants ; and they are incapable of railing them-
felves to any fuperior nmk. If any one of thctn mould be excommuni-
cated fiom any ot the four tribes, he and his pofterity are for ever (hut
,put from the Vociety of every body in the nation, excepting that of th«
•Ijarri caft, who are held in utter detellation by ail the other tribes, and
are employed only in the meaneft and vilcll offices. This circumftance
renders excommunication fo dreadful, that any Hindoo will fuffer the
.torture, and even death itfelf, rather than deviate from one article of hit
faith.

Bcfidcs this diviiion into tribes, the Gentooi are alfo fubdi vided into caflt

?>r fmiill cliiitcs and tribes ; nnd it has been computed that there are eighty-
bur of thclc cafts, though fume have fuppofcd there was a greater num-
ber. Tlic Older of pre-eminence of all tne cafts, in a particular dty or^
province, is generiliy inuif]>utably decided. The Indian of an inferior
would think himfeU iionourcd by adoptiog the cuiloms of a fuperior caft ;
but this woiiUt give battle fonner than not vindicate its prerogatives : the
inferior r<r'ccives the victuals prepared by a fuperior caft with refpedl,
but the fuperior will not p.irtake of a meal which has been prepared by
the hands of an inferior caO. Their marriaf;es are circumfcribed by the
fame barriers as the reft of their intercourses; and hence, befides the
national pltyiiugnumy, the members of each caft pieici ve an air of ftill
greater relemblancc to one another. There are foinc cifta remarkable for
their beauty, and others its remarkable for their uglinefs. All thefe cafta
acknowledge the Bramins for their priefts, and from them derive their
belief of the tranfmigration ; which leads many of them fu afflidt them-
felvcs even at the dt »th of a fly, although occalioned by inadve:rtence.-*>
But the greater number of calls are lefs fcrupulous), nnd eat, although
very fparingly, both of fifli and flelli ; but, like (he Jews, not of all kind*
indifferently. Their diet is chiefly rice and vegetableti, drelTed wirii
ginger, turmeric, and other hotter fpices, which grow almull fponta*
neoufly in their gardens. They efteem milk the purcft of foods, becaufe
they think it partakes of fome ot the properties of ihc ne^lar of their
gods, and becaufe they elleem the cow itfelt aln^ofl-like a divinity.

Their manners-are gentle ; their happinefs contifts in the folaces of «
domeftic life ; and they are taught by their religion, that matrimony is aii
indifpenfible duty in every man, who does not entirely feparate himfelt*
from the world from a principle of devotion. Their religion alfo permits
them to have feveral wives ; but they feldom have more than one : and it
has been obfetved^ that their wives are didinguiflied by a decency of de-
meanour, a folicitMde in their families, and a fidelity to their vows, whieh
jnight do honour to hum^a'n^ture ia the moll dvilt^d countries. Tl(o

i?C X i^ ymvifpinCQtS

IVlDiA IN 6Ekiitii.l

«liulfeiMtot»efitfaeiHintloba^oariftHi gbiirg-tD^eir pagodas^ in^affitli^ig;
at•^ltoH«ponk(hewil^^JlwLjin'ilkift^m^a Tsritty of ceremonies prcfcrihed' to
Itwmby thr Braniins. , ThHr'reHj;i«m foAWs tfhom «o quit their own
tiiWttF!^.4 ndr di» theyriwftnt'any !thiug>fit>ni abroadi; They miglir, therefore)
h9y<hyire(l*ii>'mU9b<tritnmiUI}^ ahtid 'hiip|7incfs,-if dihcrs nad lookvd on
thfOj.Mth.ilisifaiae'iiidimaronce^with tvhich: they regard the reft of ihe

W0rtd>! .}? ''" nt.tb il//nb'>fl O. ,>I''V' i^' lUiil if> <;.■ ■;•<',•- ''•■••ji .'!,■:'» ,•■;•;■• .;

The foldiers are commonly icalfed ^Rxjah-pbottt hr 'pcrfotM defcendc^
ftwitti :iliijiih»,- and rcfSle'4Ait<fly in the nurthcin provinces^ nnd ;;(rc gene-
f^l^imoreifur.'conlplbnoned'ihan the people of the fuiitherii ^dvihcei,
IvKoiare qvitc Made*' Thefe rajah^podts are a robui>, lihive, faithful ped*
plit) Aid enter into the fervice of thofe who will' pay th«nv; hut when
t^tit leader falls ift':ba(tl(>, thry-fhink that rheir engagements t« himarc
^hifkcdy and they run off tbtt'* field without atiy llain upon their rcpd*
t^ioi'v' '■■• ;■■'.:•■•■' ?•'•(:.•<'- i'^i ' • -'•

■ .The, ctitenl'-of ■tv4R.cn burning themfelres upon the death of their
'fclSftKmd*,. flill^ominuea to-be praftrfcdV though much Icfs frequeniiy
Kb«n. f!»pimcrly. '"'rhe Gefttoos are as careful of the civliiv»tion at their
)M)4% aod tliejr public works and' cptivciiicntcs as the Cbuit-fc; and
tbftrs^fcarcelyis-an'inftance of 'a robbet^y in alllndoilan, though the diat*
mond njcrchants travel without dcfeii(ive weapons.

I'ltti^empltM dr imgodas c>f the Qentocs arc ftupcndous but d'fgoftful
'fldlK buildings, ere»ffed in ci-ery capital, 'and under the dire(5Hcn of the
-bnwiiins; If-,the bra'mins are maftersof any uncnmrvorj ?rt orfcicnce, they
^^TpJ)ucfl^^y tunriit to the'purpofes of profit from their tgncirant votaries,
'Mf» Scrattoh fnyi j that they know how to calcvtiate eclipfcs ; and that jii»
"dicial adrology is fo prevalent among them, that h.ilf the yctir is taken \m
lyitk ;uidttdcy„ days ; the head aftrologer being always confultcd in their
.<;(flineilaj The Mahometans Ivketvifc- encourage thofe fuperfittions, and
'looic upbn all the fruits of th<i'Oknto6 induflry as belonging to tfaemfelvei,
TboU^ theGetitoosare entiWy paffivc under all their opprellions, and
jE>y :<[ht>t'Aate of exiAepee, the practice of their religion, and the fcahtin
'l|)f(i» of tbliir food, have nothing of that refcntment in their nature thnt
unifnves tite reft of mankind; yet they are fufceptible of avarice, and
'fometHBes biiry their money, and rnther than difcox-er it, put themfelvcs
'tfi jleath by poifon or otherwife. This prai^tke, which it I'cums is not un<
'fX>!itji)eMT, vgccounts fbr the vaft fcarcity of filver that till of late prevailed
-^ indoftan.

' - TJhe reafons fabove mentioned account Hkewife for their being lefs undfcr

tHe influence t>i' their pnlTwns than the inhabitants of other countries,

•.Their perpetual ufe of rice, their chief food, gives them but little noo-

.•' ThcOtntops are perfuad^d^ ths* the #litm' of tju* three great rWcrs, OangHt,
KiOnatiand ]|ji4ui, ^ikih the facrrd virtue of piiriiyiuir thoi'c (who bath« in tti<;ai
Trom 41 pollutiomi ^nd fins, ;Thi>.c«ljgiou> idea fefit)* tp be founded on a [vinci^)lc of
iiolicj', and Intcuded tq r^ftraln the ,4^tivcs (rop niii;;attpg- intt^ dillant countrijsss
for It Is rtJtiajii^ble, ihat the fatn;d rmrs 'ar^ fo fituatt'd, tliat there is not jnj
jwrt of Sndia «*h«e the ihHabkinM' niiy not hav^'bn bppoftunify of Tvafiiin* away
.their Prtfcr,i'T*ie.6ai|5^eifJ wltit;b HlwIatAt hrouiltafns of Thibe*, with its different
pranchesf ruof.thTQiighjiIhe kii|gdQ«;.a<Qf Ben^M, ,Bahtr> and prixa, and th(! upif>^r

1 NDl A m oEviiAu

'69t

riflmnimt and their marrying early, rtliieiMakifaefiattfaurtton^^i^^
woiiKti at tea or ekven yct<r»/oi~Hgry;lfiee^fllifc(n:ldwi«n€i/:£etild0ni||i ttieiv
pcrfont. A man is in the detjliite of life at thi'ikyt and.tfhtf bcOurjiriof cN#
women ii on decay ntciglncen : cttvireiityMirerrhreyv.'bitvr all the utaAin^bf
old tige. Wo are uut thrretorc.lia wotTdtr.atilhiiiriboina rooaiiftran^erl'Mk
all lArlboal exertion and vi^itfvt rioitul ; aoit^lb k wim >hietii lA'inrqQt^t
faying, tharit is better to fic than to walk, to lie down thatl to fir, t^)ftM!te
than tit w;iice, and death is tJ^ebtjfi^o<f nil. ': r. <rr:<.j "r: f -•iii'.f -.ti )'

The Mahometans, who, in hidoilflR,'Hridt«a]lkd'Mnnii>i are of.Peiififti^
Turkifli, Arabic, and other bxtrr:6titms.. Tkeyesrly.be^aByln^thoTefWfti
of the cnlifs of Bn^dad, to invade Indoilan^: They pcn6tritt^ iVftfi^'U
Delhi, which they made their ca'pital. I'hey fetikd'oolomet ih'ftva'4
piiices, vrhofo defcendaiits are calledi Pytam ; but theii- vmpire'wife ovtfK
thrown by Tamcrliinf, who founded the Mn^ul government, wbloM'fiiJI
lubfiils, Thofc princes bcinjr Ifriit M.thoinctans, received under^thdi:
protection all who profcfl'ed the fume rdigion,aad who beings ^a*bi^ve.
'a6tive jxople, cnuntetb.ilanccd the numbers uf tlie natives^ Theyaire'IJUM
to have introduced the divifion of provinces, over which theyr ippoiMi^
Ibubahs ; and thofc provinces, each of which might he ffyfed ianreMJptM^
we're fubdivided into nabobfliips ; e^cK nabob being immcoiareiy aijicOUHt^
able to his fubab, who in procefs of time became almod indepcnde^e £ii
the empbror, or, as he is called, tite Great Mu^ul, upon their paying ifiim
iin annual tribute. The vatt refort of Perfian and Tartar tribes has >flkj^
wife llrengthened the Mahometan government: but it is obiervable, >¥hic
in two or three generations, (he progeny of all thofc adventui'ers^ |H^h4
broat^ht nothing with them but their horfes and their fwords, degeaerite
into all eaftcrn mdolence and fcnfuality, . wi-

Of all thofe tribes, the Marattas at prefent make the greateft figtat«.
'They are a kind of mcrcenarirs, who live on the mountains between Jn-
dollian and Pcriia. They commonly fcrve on horfcback, and, when^Wdt
commanded, they have been known to give law even to the coart of-jydM,
"Though tlf»iy are originally Gentoos, yet they arc of bold a6)ive!f{j}rit8,
and pay no great rclpedl to the principles of their religion.- Me. ScraflttMi
fays; that the Mahometans or Moors are of To deteftable achamAetf thttt
he never knew above two or three exceptions, and thofe were amottg-fhe
Tartar and Perfian officers of the amiy. They are voidywcMfejrtlttfj Of
every principle even of their own religion ; and if they have a vtrtUJF,' it
)3 an appcurance of bufpitality, but ic is an appearance only ; fot^AD^ife^
they are drinking with, and embracing a friend, they will ftab himffothe
hejirt. But it is t/oDablc, that thefe reprcfcntaiioni of their mbnal "de-
.pravity atecarriea beyond the bounds of truths ? • .. ■■ ;.;tjq ti,; T

The people of Indoftan ;tre governed by no wtitren laws : and their
courts of jiifticc are dire«!'led by precedenib. The Mahoraetati infliitiitVs
prevail only in their great io«ns an ij their neighbuurhood. Thf'cm^irfeis
iiertditary, and the emjKror is heir only to his own bfficefS. ; Ajliiind^
go in the hereditary line, and continue in thkt ftatc iJven d6wn to'rHe fub-
tenatjts, while the lord ckn pay "his ta^es, flriil'Xfte l^tteif tl^irreiit,'':bot^
which arp immutably fixe4in the public bo61t8^of,eachdifl;ri^t;,7Theim-
pcrial demefne lands are thofi: of the great rajah families,' which'fcU to
Tamerlane and his focceflbrt. Certtift porc?an« bfthe^w ari'dalltdjtjghire
lands, artd hre biflowed by i,hi» e|?dv\?fe.t>i^the*'gt'^i'l&-d^o^oiWp|j^»f'ana
upoti their death revert to ta^lj^Mi^m
evea of thqle lands, are inqcfeioibrc, .i;?.\j<i i'j.ta'r.ai;ri'?k

rJ(l2

I N;D I A BEYOWfi TftE G>INOE».

,r. jludhjiireihcoutlitieieribeig*veniinehitb)r which thit great empire long
riiiibfiiltdfNliiithouttlmiyft thefcniblaiwe ufi vifrtne iimong it* great officers,
cither civil or militarvju k was ihai0i][> bowttrer, afier. the intrniiori of
Mahomet Shah, by Kouli Khan, which was attended by fo great a
])£im£iution of the impontliAuihdthy, that the foubaht and nttibobs oKtme
•bwute in theirowo government^, .^^i^jrl), t^cy cogld not alter the
,/itf;(y^Mnei^al laivs of property, yet they it>yi^tcd hew taxcfl^ Which .beg-
gared the i people, to pay their own armif;» ,an4 ifipport their povvtr,} fo
^d^f,jnany q^^thcpq^plf^^a i'^v ycjjrs ^go^ after, bfin^ unmercifully plun-
dered by coileAAri and lax-maftcis, vver)£.|(;fl^ ^ j)citih throvgh vvant.^
,^o fu^i (ip.th^ n^fliEryiof tho, inhabitants^ thole ipubahs and ufibobs, and
\,^t^f||[ inahc)iiieiaQ goxcrnpts, ^tppioy the pentoos thenifelves,.aiid fume
(feven'of Che maniins^ OS ihe^mitiiflers oLt)i(;ir rapaclouftiefafn^ cijeltici.
'VpAn the whule, ever Hiice the inva(ion of I^ouli Khan, Indoitan, from
..^t3;eiag a well regulated government, is, become a fcene of jncrc anarchy
.Of l||rfttocracy ; every great man proteif^s, hiii>falf in \m tyranny hy hia
'loldicrs, \yhofe pay tar exceeds the natujral riches of his ^oTeinmunt.^—
^Anvn^vatQ aflamnations and other murdctii are here committed with im-
punifyt the pcojilc, who know they can be in no worfc clUte, concern
)thanifpLvC9 very little itv the revolutions of government. To the above
itikVkif0»re owing the late fuccefles of the Engl'.ll) in Indollau. The rea-
der, from this reprefentgtion, may perceive, all that the Eugliih have
-.f)cqiur9d it) point of territory, has been gained from ufurpcrii apd robbers;
.-•Old. their jMiTcOion'of it being guaranties by the prefent la\vtJulempc;ror,
if, (aid to t>e founded upon the laws and conflitutions Of that country.
<J^« arc, however, forry to be obliged to remark, that the condu^ of
4nany of the fcrvants ot the Eaft India Company towards thenativesi
#iK).aut .properly puniflicd or checked by the directors, or the Bnti(b4c«
j[ifl«ture, h^s in too many inflances been highly dilhonourable to theEngUih
name, and totally inconiillent with that h,uroaniiy which was formerly our
jWKionil charftfteritlic. ' ... ,v; .....,, - . .'

' It may bf here proper jud to obferve, tKat the complexion of the. Gen*
toos is bhck, their hair long, and the features of both fexes regular.
^, court* hoivever, the great families are aiiilvtioua of intermarrying
with Perflates and Tartars, on account of the fairnefs of their complcxi*
IMti rambling that of their conqueror Tamerlane and his great generals.

iroh ,ai«i<i_4f*jj(fH»otn«-.)f rfiij 5|14

•.¥^- Jl't'^'i'T]

-A.< 'Ttj U/i i-S'.'lifJi

'f^m-

liPht PBi^Ti}sin.A of INDIA beyond the Gancej^, c^lle^

.?ifu,iiM . /the Fart^e^ 'pEmNsuLA.. ..•.,.,.,.

.tt»noaii.iij ,!>.'.'

♦iitq filopno !

Situ AT i on, a.n p

(11 i-Oitl mi- : ii

EXT E N T. %.yjn|oJ ,!ia.(Uo^

;■ li ".- !mv> t>(ji(! e*):)!)?^

! JeHriji 'jih ,.'!:-:MiWi ciotrficl -^jfu-o. pggreee*

riT

lo ilsilb*'.' Mil,: . . (u J>i Cvj Jjilil .,.-.... ■;;, , , ■» ■ » ' 'f''*' ^WhJ

Length aooo7 between 4 * s*"*^ 3° """^^n '^*" »*'<•.,),%.; liad'

China,

iP^t^jJbtA^lESi^Q' '^ri^HIS BOTinful*^ Thibet and Chit

iLU,i,.Yoi.ir:fiiii;v- t;»yi'\ 'on-tWj^^ooth'V'ibf OMna-Mid theiChtn<;feifea». —
tine Eaft^ by the fame fca and the ilraiis of Malacca, on the South ; and

I N D I A 'BBToiTD Tits GAi*6di.

Midu;

«»j

J>y th«'l>av of Bennl and tftoiHither indul^ \pii^hlB>:W*lh.' Thsilbaoe
between Bcmgnl and Chims iiinow called 'rkC)|irDiniico«fMe«l(lu%T^Hl
.fither^itflriifita fub)e£l tu th« kingofAva of> Bbrmalwnun i . livi) -t-^'iv.'*

•>(Qrand(Ilyiii. SuUinfi. >'<; ind ./Chief TI«wo4i(i>j )H] ?■ ir rii;8qiiif«

^On ttlto= f Aehatn
vtJOTth-'I'Ava
' weft. ( Aracan

C Malacca

weft.

Ava '"' '^' .■'.'•'3S''>"5q 'ioK/zd icJi-TYSiiiWdo
Aracari'** "'"" ""''' ''*•-'. '*^ ,W'.'>'j[J^'^' •;'
Prgd, E. loii. ^. W. ltfJifii^;{'^-"''/Wi^
M.mbJih ^■■'•'^' '■'■"'' ^'''''^"•^•■> •'•--■;
Slam, E. Ion. loo-j^.'N. Tah' r^-it. 'iybjtibo
MMaccn, E. Ion. toiiN. lat.i-u.^ 48;iJ8o

HCachao, or Keccio» £. loo. ibj. N. ) . .-j uL.
lai. Ji-30 '\'^ J»»».fW>

Latichang. ' f<^U6o

•■ffir ,vit{iiiq

:.> ii.i :. ■

Pn the rTonquia

north* ^
enft. CLaos
pn the r C.China S rThoanoa'
'~fouth.< Cambodia > {Cambo4ia

"fafti ( Chiampa j C Padram.

Name.] The name of India it taken from the river lodua* li^lflh^
aU others was the beft known to the Perfian*. The whole t>f thitpcalofttk
^as unknown to the ancients, and is partly fo to the moderni. ^"' »i->"

Air AND CLIMATE.] Authors ditter concernin|^ the «tr of thhtOUMi^
tty^ fome preferring that of the fouthem, ai>d fomd that of the northeift

Crts. It is generally agreed, that the air of the former is hotaiid>dry^
t in fome places moift, and confequently unhealthy. The cUmat«^ia
4ubje£t to hurricanes, lightnings, and inundations, fo that the peuple^'bttiUI
their houffs upon high pillars to defend them from floods; and (heyhavfc
no other idea of feafons* but wet and dry. EaOtrly and wefterly 'ma»>
JSmus (which is an Indian word) prevail in this country. "' < '' '■'■'■■■ , 'fu^.i

MoVMTAiNS.] Thefe run from North to South almoftrhewhelelengtit
of the country; bur the lands near the fea are low, and anouaHy oter*
flowed in the rainy fealbn. ' " '■ • 'X"'*

■ RivEi|i8.] The chief arc Senpoo oi\Burrun>pooter, DoiAeaf MecOtfi
Bienan, and Ava, or the great river Ni>y^Kia»' ■ ';^ ■ '"' '

Bays and straits.] The bays of Bengal, Siam, and Coohini<China6
The ftra-.tb <>f Malacca and Sincapora. The promontories of Siam, Ro*
^lana, and Banfac.

Soil and prodvct op the ) The foil of this peninfula is fruitful
DIFFERENT NATIONS. ( >" general, and produces all the deli*
fious fruits ttiat are found in other countries contiguous to the <^ajpge^
as well as roots and vegerables. It abounds likewife in filks, ele'phants,
and quadrupeds, both domeilic and wild, that are common in the. foUr
thern kingdoms of Alia. The natives drive a great trade in gold, diamonds,
rubies, topazes, ametbyfts, and other precious ftones. Tonquin pro«
duces li/tle or no corn or wine, but is the mod healthful country of all
the peninfula. In fome places,- cfpecially towards the aonh, the inbabi*
tants have fwellings in their iliroats, laid to be owing to the badnefs of
their water. '. • '■ '' '- ■■.'..r.'^v ■. '' .''''^u . '

iNHABiTAivis, ctTSfoMis, 1 The Tonquincfc arc cj^cellem tnechanicH

AND DivBiii$ioNS( (I J and fair traderi* J ibai greatly opprefedhr

ihe^rkiogandgreat lord9> :Hi»naaje0y eogTM^'the ujde, and his fadtorsfeU

'^H

INDIA BIYOND THE GakVigs.

by' rtlifll' to the Butch nnJ orlnrr iKitiori*.- The Tonquinefc Bie fond of
iMrfc^r iyttcrlVti whii^h Ai-^ i»nwht>lt;tV>m«i iind puilunoux. The people in
4ftVc fbiitK ftrc H faTrtije tjcef uiul jfu nlinf)!* nnVcd, wiih lafge lilvtr and
J0)ii W-^riricS, »M<d comK iirnl»i«r, M ihfH bran-lets. In lonquin uml
ih'Chinn, rtieiwo t««e» ime Icniwlv illtlintjiuauiblc by tlvjir dicf*,

» Tlu'iwople ot tjHuiiiy arc foua of

Whii^h reliWnWe^ thJrt'o»"ihti I'erliimu

.£li^)i(l(ni broAdwclofh, rvd o«" K'"^*'" ' "'''^' otlierii wenr h il;irk-toiourcd cotton
chhH'. 'Ih A-^em, which ii thoupht one itl tliif bell coimtrici* in Alia, il»c
IhttiAlihtimi) ^itslct d<0' 4^(h lo all ot Iter hnimal food. Tho peoujc of i hut
WrttfUuhi pay A'oVjfucs, l^eciUiftj tho king in fale proprietor of all the poM
JhiriilVei" awdnihei' nwinU limiul in hin kingdom. They Itve^ however,
Mrtl^^'iiiid ooififorttihty . i\ 'wAi vvtvy hoiite*keeper liugttn clrphani for the
^VtJMithCy of his ivivoi nud wumen, polygamy bring pCuCtifod all over

lrid<«.''" "' '_

It i* unqucdtonablc that thofe Indians, as well as the Chinefc, had ch«
iHt^'^'^uti'powder before it was known in Europe; nud the inrvnriou it ge<
WiPrtlly afcribcd to ti»c Axcintfe . The inhabitants of the lout hern dtvilion
'irif' fhUi "p^hinfula go under the mime of iVluUyaus, from the neighbouring
Wi^WtifJr of Malacca.

X'^du^h th«'rdif{tdu8 fuporftiiions that prevail in this peninfuhi areex*
^i^dV'^ft,' yet the ))e(>|>le believe in a future ti<tte ; and when their kings
l|Nf^lMKrrcdi a number o^ animals are buried with theiii, and fuch vclfcU
«f'^ld'aiid'iilver as they think can be of ufc to ihem in their future lite.
^hfptbpkl in this peniijfuU are communty very fund of flicw» and ofwi
ilillukii'iin-«fppe«rance beyond their circmnftances. Thoy are delicate in nu
part of their drcfs but in their hair, which they buckle up in a very ii(;'rcenblp
lAiiHh^^. In their food they are lojtthfoiuc ; for bclidestUigs, lUcy eatratt,
liti^, iirtiints, and linking till). The people of Aruciin«irc cquiiUy.ii^
■d^i'A^e in' their amours, for they hire Dutch and other forcipiitcrs to i:oi>-
l^ldttfhate' the nuptiuls with their virginsr, and value their women mA>1l
iki^fci^iyi'ii tttite of' pregnancy. Their treatment of the iick.is rviiii-'ulous be-
Vpifti'bdtcif'; nnd in matiyplaccs, when a patient is judged to be incurstbW^
pci'l^^xpored on the bunk of fitmc river, where he is cither drowned, i^
iteVouced by bints or bead* of prey. j. r,,| u ;/l 1

' ' 't'hi'divcrfions common in this country are fifliing and hunting, the ceT-
Itfbhltihg bf feUivals, alid aditig comedies, by toixh^light, fium evening
to.n&ornfiti^. -

'• liXfifelfAGE.] The lansuojje of the court of Delhi is Pcrfian, but in
ttJs pii^ihfiiila it is chiefly Mill.iyun, as wc have already obfcrvcd, inicr-
1beH<Jd^\i4th other dialctts.

r'lii?ARf»lWiG A-*«i> LEARNED MKN.] The Bramins, who are the trifeoof
4H?t)l:ieH,HBodi dcfceiid from thofe BrachJnans who are mentioned to us
*i*mr(o hiiTth reverence by antiipity } and although much inferior> cither
as philofophers or men of learning, to the. reputation of their ancellors; as
^iifcM^^R!B?#'*el%ioulj'd<i6fri4(iC6^re fiill inipiicitiy followed by .the whole
'(iiAi«rt;'''iliiy'a9pre<ieptofs, they arejlhe fourtcpf'a.ll the knowlediic, which
<W(fti*WPIitdolUtt. Butuhe lUttjoil llretch ofetlitif nuO>i'm.«ical ,kuo^^f-
|ed^'^^8^fco•4)€•.th6 dakuHitioiiiof rjc^liiifes. They, hjtyc a ijood ijea'wf
Wiyf ;,^oti.t it'l*6e* 'n<)« 'aypBar;th«tvihe^'^hHM« any treaijfcs pnfhepjfii;!;
lAWrMteiW'bP irttWcf if •i^eHnhy..j«^'ic f<nmj%iit..i)r;<c1i<?p, arie ^.Mbaro\i»'^;

jh»t4Mfi*|8fte<ii<i'a¥i »«jpu^Aaiit«<vdi«irrdli^n.v' i jj, iv./ .jj' , ■<[ .
'^!.*phl*'^*y'bj8?«k^ Ai{laub»^i!i<*Doi t^rg^d^i. a»i i f«ll ©/. Con(;tjte, iyicl ^thc

IQU

INDIA BBVONO THE QAMOVf*

»$

dlAion of ihcir hifturiiins very difiuGi nmX verbofe : hut ,|ho^gH,tl>/!) i9)*iVt
ner uteut)c/ii I'oiiipuUtiont.itift't'rt f;Qin t,h«, t:4Mi-ed uflt«, qC I;ui|9|iiC| ,lhuM
Htc miiny tiun^t in the wriiingi uC Aruiiio.aull\urA;Wortby ciic iutcqi'twi «^

335

litciaiy lufii. Mr. Dow oblcrTM, that in the .'?'lianr»;riiii, nr \f^n^i;ii |
;;u:i(>,t: of the firjin'mt, wlucb iiihe^nmii lepatlitMCyoCthe i^vk<lV'^?» ipli<i
iul'ouhy, and hiiioiy of the Hindoos, there lurt): ji) paiiicu(a,f ui^i^y i)ii(y>i
drcd vol'uiuci in prole, which. trcut of tlu- ancUu< liit^lanfk.aiidih^r IliA^ri;^
'I'lic fainc writrr uU'u rciniirl<i> tliat iJk SlMnfcirit.i rccgrd» CMQtirn>/«|i;^
countaof the afi.iiis uf the Wcllcni Alia very djOi-rout frofp wh^t ,4i})f
tribe uf tiic AmIiiuus h.tvu «riinjinittcd to p >ilcrity ; itadji^a^ i^t i| fnprf
tbun prol>Hblo, th.tt, upon ckiutinatioii^ the firmer uiU,^|>(<(;ar to,,t)!Mf
the marks of inure auihenttcity, and of ^tcwtcr nntj^tii^y, 0)»iVijt|MI
l»tier. The Anibiait writeci b^vc boon ^uer;*|ly fu mmiii. pr^a^}s^
ngainft the himlooi, that their accuunct of them are by no meant ,19,,^
ittinlicitly relied on. . . . ,, , ,j

-- Mr. Dow obi'ervet, that the rinnll proj^cfri which cnfr^(|^e^ anid,e^y
gancfl of fentiincnt and dic'^tion have made in the Eaft, did not>p;pf;^^4
from a want of encouragement to literature. On the cu/itrary,,|^,a(;pf^i)|y
that no princes in the world putronifed men ot Ictteri with more Bfitffff^if^
fity and refpedt than the M.ihi>mcian emperors of ludoilan^, .Ajl^efarir
genius was not only the certnin means to acquire a degree of w^^itth^J^i^li
mud aOonini Europeans, but an infallible road for riuiij^ to the fi^uo^ci
r>f the (late. The chara>Sier ol' the teamed was at the futne tiiiie {Toi fy^rc^f
ehiit tyramst who made a paflime of etnbruing their haods in the liloo^ v*
their other fubjci!its, not only abflaincd from offering viokQcc|o.,p)e)^j^
genius, hut Otwid 'ni fear of their pens. , , , , .

MANUFACTueiiS AND COMMBRCE.1 Thcfe Vary itt the ditfcren^i^f^iiipfi
tries of this peninfula ; but the chief brunches have been aUca^y iPKPr
tioncd. The inhabitants, in foroe parts, are obliged to manufaiT^uj-i;' \finf
fait out of aflies In all handicraft trades th.it they undcriland| the.p^pp]^
are ^lore indullrious, and better workmen, than moil of the £ur9pe;a^|
and in weaviitg, fewing, embroidering, and fowc other nunuiat^virc,^,' uc
is faid, that the Indians do at much work with their ftct as their han^fU
Their painting, though they are ignorant of drawing, is a|aaziagly ,y,vvul
in its ciduurt. The tineaefs of their linen, and their filUigiee wofljf m
gold and filver, are beyond any thing of thofe kinds to be foif^d^m.fffll^C
parts of the world. The commerce of India, in (liorr, is cou;^!^ ,|^y, ^U
trading nations ip the world, and probably has been fo from itie earj)eu
ages : it was not unknown even in Solomoa's time; and tlve, Grefk^ ,^i\4
Romans drew from thence their h'ghcft materials of luxury. , TJ(><? gffWjt-
eft (hare of it, through events foreign to thic p.irt of gqr VOjrkt j«i JOW"
centered in England, though that of the Dutch is ilill very qqnSi^^rMe^
thjit of the FitiKh hiis for fome time declitied ; npr is tb^ of^J^p.^vVf^t;^
•Und Danes of much importance, i . i , .j.,iMn -.

Constitution, covernmknt, \ This article, is Cq c;t,t%^^ve^i}i^
<' > -EARltiits, AND CITHS. J it require* a .fligibt J«?flf?W^lWi ll^K

kingdoms tl«t form this peninfula. In Azem^ I h«ve alrca4y joW^^cd,
the king is proprietpr of all the gold and filver i „he pays >iit)c ^r noj^inf
fOthe Great Mogul, his capital is Ghefgong, or KirganMs.,; >Ve HW
little w Wtltfng of the kingdom of TifM;a, but rh^t, \% ytn if^K^f^y ,m?
jeft to the kings of Aracan; i«nd that they fend to tljflXihuief6,,gc^»pa
filk, for which tbey rec€ivc.filvetiti.i«ui«.; ,Arw;w )Jifit M^^^h,af
Tipra,«tMii*g«vern«fd by. twelve pritice»^.fi^ye£tlo,t^4<^^^^

INDIA BtvottD TMt Garobs.

nSidti in hh rapitHt. Hih ^tice h tci^ Urg«, tn-.A rontaini* m w nrt
loldy fcvcn iduU c<t\t. tii ^Id, cttmt mrtier thick, eitch of « mnii'i hdijfht,
•id «of er4<l 6vor *iih 4ii;iDBondi «nd viAcKpvdsidai llottf «. Pc|tu ii ubout
3pohEa{{ttQv>nnlirt ih ll-n^V'«nd •lirtf>(l rtte fttne in Urendih. iln the
ye«nii75iLt: PcKU wasoedncffd m> the ifaivc of » dependant province b^
tbui ilwbK^fi AvHi ' Maeaini:i« tftd gt-fni mirt ot trade in Pe^v* We
kfeoMr Iktle of thr liirtRiiontM»f-iAvii. ii ii iiMi the henitun the kitig •C*
fumwiAiTnOit lodivinr; Hk i'ubje^tl iviide thidljr in muflc AiktJeWeli,
nib$r».iihi ftpphiMf • In other p««rkulurii the ihhAbitanii tefembie ihdflr
oliHc^^iik. ilA>'thortc:liiiigTl6m<i| and indeed in thr i;reateft part of' thik pe*'
ninttiln, ihr diu'trinet ot tiie ^ritnd lama of Thibet prevail, ai well as
chol'AiUt.the BNiuinik, '

The kiii};doin of Laoi tnr La^oi formerly included that rtf Jangnma or
Jangomay i but chat it now I'ubjeA to Ava ; we know few pariiculara'
of it thflt can he de^>nded upon. It it Ciid to be immenfely (>opuloui, to
■heuedin ail thf rich cnmmoditiei ai w«U at the Krofi fuperftitiont of the
£alt, »nkt to l)c dividrd inio a number of petty kingdomi, aH of them
holdiag of one rovereitrn^ who, like hit oriental brethren, it abfblufcly
d'efpoiic, and lives in inexprrflihie }>oniu and nMgnificence ; but it df thii'
Lan>a religion, and often the iluve of hu prieOt and minlften. '^■

The klBj^om of Siam h^fi been ofVrn dcfcribed by miflionuriet and pre*'-
tended traveiiert in the mod romantic terms ; and therefore we cin [ny
little other credit to their accounts, farther than that it is a rich and ftou-
rfihing kingdom, and thnt it nppronchcs, in its government, policy, and
the (luickncfs and acutenefs of its inhihitanti, very near to the Chinefe^
iThe Itfngdom of Siain is ftirrotnulcd by high mountains, which» on the
caft fide, feparate it from the kingdoms of Cumboja and Laot ; on the
weft) from Pegu ; and on the north, from Ava, or, more properly from^
Janeoma { on the fouth it is witdu-d by the river Siam, and hM thi
peninfala of Malacca, the north-well part whereof it under iti dom>
nioQ« .The extent of the country, however, it very unecrrainf and
it is '.but, indifferently (leopled. I he inhabitants of both fcxes are
more modcft than any found in the rcti of this peninfuh. Great care'
is taken of the education of their childicn. Their marri»iget are fiinplei
and perfbritied by their talapoina, or prieds, fprinkling holy water- it^tt
the couple, and 're|>eatiiig fome prayers. VVe are told that gold ts fo)
abmwIaDt in, this country, that their moA ponderous images are made of
it ; and that it isfeen in vaft quantities on the outfide of theking'tparace^'
Thefe relations are found, by modem travellers, to be the nations of
French and other miflionaries ; for though the country has mines of {«old^
th^ir ornaments arc either cxceflivcly ihin plates of that metal, or a very
bright lacker that covers wooden or other ma:erials. The government 1»ere
is extremely drfpotic ; even fervants mull appear before their malhrs' iW
a kaeelitig podure; and the mandarins are prodrate before the king*
Siain»:*tlte Cilpital,. is reprefented as a large city, but fcarcely a (ixth part
of it U ilkbabited ;' and the palace is about a mile and' a half in circuif;
Bavtcinki which (lands abour i8 leagues to the f»ath of Siam, and 12 thllca'
front the^fta. it is the only place towhrda the coaft that is fortified with WftHr^>
batteries^^and brafs cannnti ; ' and the Dutch huve a fa£tory at Ltgor^
wbicWu»lwla<oiithe cafliideafthepeniiirula^f Malacca, but.belOiMiifg

toSiara,'-:;ocl viii

;.*'.

■v'?'.'o^ j>a0 v-'f

KilT ,tlii

The |)ec4oruM.of MaJarcit-iv^^tlarge ^ccnmt)-yt ;W'^^^^^^
kingdomi or provinces* The Dutch^ however^- are faid to be (He teal

itJ

INDIA tiYOND rm CiUt#6ftsi

jnift4n lUhl jR^vQreigni of th« whole pMiaruU, Wng In polTdBoii of tkmi
r^ipitt^l' (H^lnccvk,) The inhiibitanu diA'«r but little fvoni brutci in'thdc'
inunncr of living ; ontl yet iCIm p/l%\»ym liinguags . U reckoned the fturcA
of anv. f|>(>ken in all the Indiee. W^ iretolU by thcltceft tr.ivMlen,'th«
iu cnWl; produce it , tin, pcoper* elephariti teeth,, eaoei, aod guitii*
Same milEuoariea pretend tlwit ii ii the Golden ChdrToneruiofPeinnfubi
of the ancienti, aad that tbftinhabitimtt ofcri to mcaAife chclr richai bf'
ban of gold. The truth ii, tbat the ekcdldnt fituaiionuf thiicountrv
adnVxi of a trade with In Jin ; fu that wkep ii was lirA dlTcovered by (h«
Portu|{uqre» who were uf(orwan)« expelled by the Dutchi ' Malacca w»4'
the (;iwhc(\ici(y. in the EnWp neat toOoa and Ormuff being the key of tk«
China, the japan, the Muluccflt, ami the Sund4 inule. llie counrrV|
howewri) at prcfeni t» chiefly valuable for its trade with the Chiaele.
Thia dej|;encracy of the MHlHyani, who were ibrinerty an indullriona, iii-
geiiiout people, ia caiily accounted for, by the tvrnnny of the Dutch*
whole interell it i» that they (huuld never recover uoin their prefcpt (btc
of ignorance and ilavary.

The Eilglifli carry on a fmuggling kind of trade in their coiintry (kilt«^4
from thecnatl of Coroinandcl and the bay of Bengal to Malacca. Thit
commerce i> connived at by the Dutch governor and council among theriip
who little rcjrard ttie ordere of iheir fupcriuri, provided they c»ni ^*tliii^U
themfelvet. ' 'yAx.T

Cambod'fl, or Camboia, ii a country little known to theF.urn]iMn#;;'
but accocdint; to the belt informHtlon, ita created length, from nofth to"
fouth, ig about |;30 Engliih miles; and i:s grcatcd breadth, from we(l t<v
«a((, about 398 miles. This kingdom has a fpucious river running through*
if, the biinlcs of which arc the only habitable parts of the nation, oiV a<i'
count of its iultry air, and the pcAifcrous gnms, ferpents, and other ani-'
mals bred in ihr ivnods. Its foil, commodities, trade, anirttali, and' pro»'
du£U by fen and Innd, are much the fame with the other kingdoti^s of thifr
vail peniofulH. The betel, a creeping plant of a particular 6uvour, and^,
as they fay, nu excellent remedy for all ihofe difeafes that are coinnibn to
the inhubitanis of the Kail Indies, is the higheft luxury of the CamViodt-
ans, from the kinj^ to the ^iifant { hut is very unpalatable and difajfrceable
to the Europeans. The ^mc barbarous magnificence, the defpotifm.of'-
their king, and the ignorance, of the peo])le, prevail here as throughourrhe
rcil of the peninlula. Between Cambodia and Cochin-Chinu, lies the Kt« ''
tie kingdom of Chinmpa, the inhabitants of which trade with the Chlnefe*
and feem therefore to be fomewhat more civilized than their neighboura.

Cochin-China, or the wcllern China, is fitunted under the torrid zone, '
and extends, according to fome atithors, about $00 miles- in length t buf it ■'
is much lefs exrenfivc in its breadth from caA towed. Laos, Cattybodia^ '
and Chiampa, as wt-U as ftimc other fmalUr kine;doms, arc IHid't&betti-'^''
butary, tuCochin-Chioa. The manners and religion of the jicople feem '
to-.bc originally Chinefc ; and they are much gitcn to tradet ' Thaiiiiitig -">
'uUid to bq immenfelyrich, and hii> kingdcto enjoys' all theadVa^tajgca'';
of commerce that are found in the other parts of the Evil Indies ^ hiit-'al'^^
the fame time we are told, that. this m'ghty prince, as well as the kiiig oi'^
Touquin, are fubje^ to theChinefc emperor. It is rrafonable to fuppofe, '
that all thoTe rich countries were peopled from China, or at leaft that rhey '
bad, fome time or other, been governed by one head, till the mothef em-- ♦
pire became fo large, that itotight be convenient to|>nivel it oi>t, refcrv-
Q);gtoitfiMf a kiad of feudal (i»pcrj<iirity over i>»ifi alU-r;. • ^ .j '- < *

Tcncj^uin

68S

INDIA WITHIN tUB GrANGEd.

Tonquin ha^ been already mentioned, and little can be added to n-finc
liat been faid, unlef* we adopt the fiftiobt of the popidi mifiionartes. The

«Dv«rnm.ent of this 1iiu}{dom, however, is particular. The Tuhquinefe
ad revplted from the Chlnoft;, which was attended by a civil war, A
compronnij^ at laft took place between the chief of the revolt and the re-
prd^ntattve of the ancient kings, by which the former was to have alt
the eyecutive |><»wci^ of the governincnr, under the name of the
Cho«iah; tut that (he 3ua, or rtal king, flioiild retain the ro -al titles,
and be permitted fortie inconfidcrable civil prerojjatives within his palace,
from which neither he nor any of his family can ftir withoili the permiffioii
o'f the chouah."

The chouah refides j;eiicr,illy in the capital Cachao, wl*'h is lituated
near the ceiitrc of the kingiloin. 1 he bui's palace U a vaft flru.'>ure, and
has a fine arfenal. The Knglilli have a very flourifliing houfe on the north
fide of the city, convenienily fined up with ftore-houfes and office-houfes,
a ii9bte dinin<^-rc)oin, ami Itandfoine apaitments for the merchants, favors,
and o1H«ers of the company.

The.poflcflion of rulncs, and other precious ftoncs of an Extraordinary
fize, and even of white and party-coloured elephants, convey amonj{ thofe
credulous pcpple a pre-cmiiunce of rank and royalty, and has foineiimcs
occafibncd bloody wars. Af^tcr all, it muft be acknowledged, that how-
ever dark the accounts wc have of thofc kingdoms may be, ytt there i$
luificient evidence to prove, that they arc tmmenfely rich in all the trea-
furcs of nature ; but that tlmfc advantages are attended with many natural
calamuies, ifuch as floods, volcanos, earthquakes, tcinpeffs, and above all,
rapacious and poifonous aniinals, which render the poflelSun of life, even
for an hour, precarious and uncertain.

••IK .'r

.\'.ii< .!*■>."; •a.'ft'r ■.

■ -iHs'o

»tu>'^

INDIA iflihiii the Ganges, or the Empire of the

. - ,.v^ ., Great Mogul, .^.j^

-^^k;,,:-;-

SiTCATioN >ND EXTENT, including the Pciiinrula weft of thd

"'^ '.'*.■"' ;'^' '■''' '• Ganges.

...:r i.w^-^^fti

Sliles.

• !?(/«;?'•■

Degrees.

Length 2000 ) between I 7 ''"'^ 4° "o""*^ '**'*u<^*« ■

Breadth 1500) } ^b and 92 eaft longitude. <t

BotJNDARiEs.] 'nr^HIS cmjnre is bounded by Ufbcc Tarrary and Thi-
J bet on the North ; by Thibet and the Bay of Bengal,
on the Eaft; by the Indian Ocean, on the South ; by the fame and Per-
fia, on the Weft. The main land being the Mogul empirC) or Indoftun
properly ib called. -«^>r.n? ■ r,

Jr. ' : ' i* ! ,r • "

•• ■■■■1 '^ '.i ■;:,

vff- i.

■J'. . . . .;

, (; '

IN D I A WITHIN fkt' 6hiiui

^l&ritid feivifioni.

«* • ■

■V'

Thenorth-eaft diviiion
'^f India, containing the
provinces of Bengal, on
the mouths of thcGanges,
and thofe of the moun-
tains of Naugraciit

ProyShcef.
'Beogal Propor

,-\^-- \xyy

1. t

'. 1 JVl. • f"i».-T'

The north-weft divi-
Aon On the frontiers of
Periia, and on the river
of Indus

i#-' .-•■:" ,

-4

)i-i-v? <fc'P i' ' ■■

.•

The middle diviiion -i

Naugracut

Jcfuat

Patna

Necbal ■•

Gore
^lotas

Soret

Jeflelmerc •

Tata, or Sinda
J Bucknor •

Moultan -

Haican -

Cabul -
rCandifli -

Berar

Chitor

Ratipor •

Navar

Giialeor -

Agra

Delhi .

-A

i-K. -^'^

M: i<^t^o-

♦•ijf

Labor, or Pencah
Hendowns - -
Calfimcre -
Jrngapour - -
Afmer, or Bando

Chief towns.
fCalciitta i

Fort William 1
Hiigiey VEngliflv

Dacca }

Maldn^EnglilhandDutcll.
, Chatigan-
)»^ Caflumbazar
Naugracut
Rajapour
Pan>a,
Necbal
Gore
(_ Rotas
^ rJasanal

Ifeirelmere
I Tata
y^ Bucknor
Moultan
Haicaii
Cabul
M.dipour
Bcrar
Chitor
Ratipor .
NavHr
Gualcor
Agra
Delhi, E. Ion. 76- 30*

lat. 29«
Labor ^ iCI>1-

Hendowns
Calfimcie
Jengapour
..Afmer » . , -yl^

(fj ti ''

The Britidi nation poflcfs in full fovereignty, the whole foubah of
Bengal, and the greateft part of Bahar. In OrifTa or Orixa, only the diT-
lri(Ss of Midnapour. The whole polTeflions contain about 150,000 (qiiarc
miles, ami 10 millions of people. With their allies and ttibutaries, they
now occupy ihc whole navigable courfe of the Ganges from i:s enri y on
the plains to the fea, which by its winding courfe is more than ijjo
miles.

Air and seasons.} The winds in this climnte generally blow for fix
months from the fouth, and iix from the north. April, May, and the be-
ginning of June, are excefllively hot, but refrcflud by fea breezes ; and
in fome dry feafons, the hurricanes, which tear up the faiids, und let
them fall in dry fliovvers, are excetfively dilagrecHble. Tlie Engl-fli, and
confequently rhe Europeans in general, who .-inive at Imlolian, are com-
monly feized with fome illncfs, fuch as Hux or fever, in their ditferent
appearances ; but when propeily treated, c'pecially if the patients are ab-
iiemious, they recover, ard aftenvurds prove healthy.

Y y MouMAiNs.

6go

I N p t A -WITHIN THE Ganges.

Mountains.] The moft remarkable mountains arc thofc of CaueafuiJ
and Naiigr.cKt, which divide Jnilii from Perfia, Ufbec Turtary, and Thi-
bet ; and are inhabited by Marnftas, Afghans, or Patans, and other peo-
pie more w.irlike rhan the GenVoos. As lo the mountains of Balcgaut whicli
run almoll the whole lejngJh of India, from north to fouth, they are fo
high as to llop the wellern inon'b<jn ; the tains beginning iboner on the
M»labar, than they do on the Coromandcl coaft.

Rivers.] Thefe are the Indus called by the natives Sinda and Sindeh,
and the Ganges, both of thim known to the ancients, and, as obferved iit
p. 680, held in the highelt cftcem, and even veneration, by the modern
iuhobitants. Befides ihofe rivers^, many others water this country :

Skas, bays, and tapes.] Thefe are the Indinn ocean; the bay of
Bengal; the gulf of Cambaya : the ilraits of Ramanakocl ; Cape Como-
rin and Diu.

Inhabitants.] I have already made a general review of this great
empire, and have only to add, to what 1 have faid of their religion and
fe«S\s, that the fakirs are a kind of Mahometan mendicants or beggars,
who travel about, pnidifing the grcateft aufterities ; but many of them are
impottors. Their number is laid to be 800,000. Another fet of men-
dicants are the joghis, who are idolaters, and much more numerous,
but mofl of them arc vagabonds and impoilors, who live by amuling the
credulous Gcntoos with fooliih fiifiions. The Banians, who are fo called
from their atlc6ted innocence of life, ferve as brokers, and profefs the
Gentoo religion, or fomewhat like it.

The Perlees, or Parfes, of Indoftan, are originally the Gaurs, defcribed
in Pcriia, but arc a moll induflrious people, particularly in weaving, and
aichitedlur- of every kind. They pretend to be polTefled of the works of
Zoroafter, whom they call by various names, and which fome Europeans
think contain many particulars that would throw light upon ancient hif-
tory both facred and profane. This opinion is countenanced by the few
parcels of thofe books that have been publiihed ; but fome are of opinion
tliat the whole is a modern impoilurr, founded upon facred, traditional,
:ind profane hiilories. They are known as paying divine adoration to fire,
but it is faid only as an emblem of the divinity.

The nobility and people of rank delight in liunting with the bow as
well as the gun, and often train the leopards to the ^rts of the Held.
They aft'e^ (hady walks and cool fountains, like other people in hot coun*
Tries. '1 hey are fond of tumblers, mountebanks, and jugglers; of bar-
barous mufic, both in wind and Oring inftrumenrs, and play at cards in
their private p.irties. Their houfes make no appearance, and thofe of the
cummonalty arc poor and mean^ and generally thatched, which renders
ihcni fubject to fire ; but the manufarturers chufe to work in the open air ;
uiid the inlides of the huufes belonging to principal perfons are commonly
ne «r, commodious, and pleafant, and many of them magnificent.

(Commerce of In dostan.] I have already mentioned this article, as
well as the m;mufartures of India ; but the Mahometan merchants here
carry on a trade that has not been defcribed, I mean that with Mecca, in
Arabia, from the wellern parts of this empire, up the Red Sea. This
nuile I)) carried on in a particular fpecics of velVels called junks, the largefl
ot which, we are told, bcfuies the cargoes, will carry 1700 Mahometan
j)jlgrims to vilit the tomb of their prophet. At Mecca they meet with
Ab)iiiiiian, Egyptian, and other traders, to whom they difpofe of their

cargoes

INDIA V THIN THE Ga4«GES.

691

cargoes for gold and filver ; f(. hat a Mahometan junk returning from thig
voynge IS otien worth 200,000!.

Provinces, eiTits, and othrr ( The province oF Ajm h the
uuiLDlNGs, PUBLIC AND PRivAfE. Hargcft in all Indi>ft.<n, contain-
ing 40 large towns and 340 villagrs. Agra is the jjreateft city, and its
calHe the largclt tbrtifK-ation in all the Indies. The Dutch have a factory
there, but the En^lilh have none.

The city of Delhi, wiiich is the capital of thiit province, is likewife the
capital of Indoilan. It is defcribcd as being a fine city, and couiaininK
the imperial palace, which is adorned with the ulual inagniticcnce ot the
Haft. Its ftcibles formerly contained 1 2,000 horfjs, hrouglit from Arabia^
Perlia, and T«rtat>' ; and 500 eleph^^ts. When the forage is burnt up by
the heats of the i'eafon, as is often the cafe, thefe horfes are faid to be fed
in the morning with brei*d, butter, and fugar, and in the evening wiili
rice milk properly prepnred.

Tatta, the capital of Sindia, is a large ciry ; and it is faid that a plague
which happened there in 1699 carried off above 80,000 of its manufac-
turers In fiik and cotton. Itisiliil famous for the manufa£lure of paian-
(]uin8, which are a kind of canopied couches, on which the great men all
over India, Europeans as well as natives, repofe when they appear abroad*
They are carried by iour men, who will trot along, morning and evening,
40 miles a day ; 10 being ufually hired, who carry the palanquin by
turns, four at a time. Though a palamjuin is dear at firft coft, yet th«
porters niay be hired for nine or ten fliillings a month each, out of whicli
they maintain themfelves. The Indus, at Tatta, is about a mile broad,
nnd famous for its line carp.

Though the province of Moultan is not very fruitful, yet it yields ex-
cellent iron and canes ; and the inhabitants, by their fituaton, are enabled
to deal with the Perlians and Tartars yearly for above 60,000 horfes.

The province of Caffimerc, being furrounded with mountain^, is difficult
of acccfs, but when entered, it appears to be the piradife of the Indies.
It is faid to contain 100,100 villages, to be ftored with cuttle and game,
without any bealls of prey. The capital (Cailimerc) ilands by a large
lake ; and both fcxes, the women efpecially, are almoll as fair as the Eu-
ropeans, and are laid to be witty, dexterous, and ingenious.

The province and city of Labor formerly made a great 6gure in the
Indian hillory, and is flill one of the largelt and fined provinces in the
Indies, producing the bcft fugars of any in Indolhiii. Its capital was once
about nine miles long, bu is now much decayed. We know little of the
provinces of Ayud, Varad, Ki^kar, and Hallibas, that is not in common
with the other provinces of Indortan, excepting that they are inhabited by
a hiirdy race of men, who fet m never to have been conquered, and though
they fubmit to the moiifulf, live in an cafy, indept-ndcnt ftate. In fonie of
thofe provinces many of the European fruits, plants, and flpwers, thrive
as in their native foil.

Bengal, of all the Indian provinces, is perhaps the moft inrcrefting to
an Englifli reader. It is efteemed to be the (lorehoufe of the End Indies.
Its fertility exceeds that of Egypt after being overflowed by the Nile ; and
the produce of its foil confifts of rice, fugar-canes, corn, fefiinium, fmill
mulberry, and other trees. Its callicoes, filks, lult-potrc, lakki, opium,
wax, and civet, go all over the world: and provifions here sue in vali
plenty, and incredibly che.np, efpecially pullet?, ducks, and gf'lV. The
country is interie^fed by canals cut out of the Ganges for the benefit ot"

Y V 2 c<jiniiiert.e,

.692

INDIA WITHIN THB Ganges*

commerce, and extends near 100 leagues on both fides the Ganges, full
ot cities', towns, culUcs, and villages.

In Bengal, the woifliip of the Gentoos ispraftifcd in its greateft purity,
and their i'acrcd river (Ganges) is in a manner lined with thtir itugnifi*
cent pagodas or temples. The women, notwithltinding their religion^
are faid by fome to be lafcivious and enticing.

The principal Englifli fai'tory in Bengal is at Calcutta, and i; called
Fort William : it is Jituated on the river Hugley, the moft wefteriy branch
.of the Ganges. The fort itfelf is faid to be irregular, and untenable
flgainft difciplined troops ; but the fervants of the company have provided
thcmfilves with an excellent houfe, and moft convenient apartments for
thtir own accommodation. As the town itfelf has beear in fa£t for fome
time in pollcflion of the company, an Ehglifh civil government, by a mayor
and aldermen, was introduced into it. This was immediately under the
authority of the company. But in 1773 an a£b of parliament was paiTed
to regulate the affairs of the Eaft India company, as well in India as in
Europe. By this ad a governor-general and four counfellors were ap*
])ointed, and chofen by the parliament, with whom was veiled the whole
civil and military government of the prelidency of Fort William ; and the
ordering, management, and government, of all the territorial acquiiitions
and revenues in the kingdom of Bengal, Bahar, and Orifla, fo long as the
company (hould remain pollefled of them. The governor-general and
council fo appointed, are invcfted with the power of fuperintcndins^ and
controlling the government and management of the prefidencies of Madras,
Bombay, and Bcncoolen. The governor-general and council to piy
obedience to the orders of the court of dirc£lovs, and to correfpond with
them. The governor-general and counfellors are likewife empowered to
eftabliih a court of judicature at Fort-William ; to confxft of a chief juftice,
and thiee other judges, to be named from time to time by his majefty ;
thefe are to exercife all criminal, admirnlty, and ecclefiallical jurifdidion ;
to be a court of record, and a court of oyer and terminer for the town of
Calcutta, and faflory of Fort-William, and its limits ; and the faftories
fubordinate thereto. But the eftablifhment of this fupreme court does not
appear to have promoted either the interefts of the Enft India company,
or the felicity of the people of the country. No proper attention has been
paid to the manners and cuftoins of the natives : afls of great oppreflion
and injullice have been committed ; and the fupreme court has been a
Iburce of great diifatisfa^ion, diforder, and confufion . For the fubfequeut
regulations of the Fall India territories and company, we refer to our ac-
count of the Hiftory of England.

In 1756, an unhappy event took place at Calcutta, which is too remark-
able to be omitted. The India nabob, or viceroy, quarrelled with the
company, and invelled Calcutta with a large body of black troops. The
governor, and fome of t)ie principal perfons of the place, threw them-
itlves, with thtir chief effeds, on board the (hips in the river ; they who
Temained, for fo.ne hours bravely defended the place ; but their ammuni-
tion bring expcndcii, they fiirrcndercd upon terms. The fubah, a ca-
pricious, unfeeling tyrant, inftead of obferving the capitulation, forced
jVIr. Holwell, the governor's chief fcrvant, and 145 Britidi fubjei^s into
n little but fccure prifon, called the Black-hole, a place about eighteen
feet fquare, and ihut up from almoll all coinmunication of ftee air.
Their miferies during the night were inexprelFible, and before morning no
more than iwcnty-three were found alive, the rell dying of fuffocation.

w
fa

Pl
m

tei

fei

•li£

hich

INDIA WITHIN THE Ganges.

^93

which was generally artended with a horrible phrenfy. Among thofe
faved wag Mr. Holwel htmlelfy who has written a moA affeding account
of the cataflrophe. The infrnfible nabob reiuraed to his capiral, after
plundering the place, imagining he had routed the Englifli out of his du<
minions ; but the feafonable arrival of admiral Watfon and colonel (at>
terwards lord) dive, put them once more, with foine difficulty, in poi-
fellion of Calcutta ; and the war was concluded by the battle of PlaiTey,
gained by the colonel, and the death of the tyrant Sjaijah Dowla, in
whofe place Mhir Jaffeir, one of his generals, who had previoudy (igned
a fecret treaty with Clive to defert his mailer, and amply reward the £ng«
'lifh, was advanced of courfe to the foubahfhip.

The capital of Bengal, where the nabob keeps his court, is Patna or
Moorfliedabad ; and Benares, lying in the fame province, is the Gentuo
univerlit}-, and celebrHted for its fan<5tity.

Chandcnagore is the principal place pofleiTed by the French in Bengal :
it lies higher up the river than Calcutta. But tlioujjh flrongly fonilitd,
Jurnilhed with a gnrrifoh of ;oo Europeans, and 12 o I/idians, and dc-'
fended by 123 pieces of cannon and three mortars, it was taken by the
Englifli admirals Watfon and Pococke, and colonel Clive ; and alio was
taken the laft war, but reftored by the peace. Hugley, which lies fifty
miles to the north of Calcutta upon the Ganges, is a place of prodigious
trade for the riched of all Indian commodities. The Dutch have here 4
well fortified factory. The fearch for diamonds is carried on by about
10,000 people from Saumelpour, which lies thirty leagues to the north of
Jiugley, for about fifty miles farther. Dacca is faid to be the largcfl city
of Bengal, and the tide comes up to its walls. Jt contains an Englifli and
9 Dutch factory. The other chief towns are Caflumb.izar, Chinchura,
Barnagua, and Maldo ; bciides a number of otUer places of leis note, but
all of them rich in the Indian manufni^ures.

We know little concerning the province or fubah of Mnlva, which lies
to the well of Bengal, but that it is as fertile as the other provinces, and that
its chief cities are Ratifpor, Ougein, and Indoor, The province of Can-
difli include? that of Berar and part of Oiixa, and its capitiil is Brampur,
or Burhampoor, a flourifliing city, and carries on a vaft trade in chintzes,
callicoes, and embroidered fluffs. Catrack i» the capital of Orixa,

The above are the provinces belonging to the Mogul's empire to the
north of what is properly called the Peninfula Within the Ganges. '
Thofe that lie to the louthward fall into the defcription of the peninfuU
itfelf.

History.] The firft invader qf this country, worthy to be noticed,
was the famous Alexander of Maccdon, Zinghis Khm alio directed his
force there in the year 1221, and made the emperor forfakc his capital;
and long before Tamerlane, Muhometan princes had entered, made con*
cjuefts, and eflablilhed thcmfelves in India. Valid, the lixth of the ca-
liphs, named Ommiades, who afcended the throne in tlic ;obth year of
the Chriflian aern, and in the goth of the hcgira, made conquefti in In-
dia; fo that the Koran was introduced very early into this country^
IVIahmoud, fon of Sebegtechin, prince of Ga/.na, the capit 1 ni a pro-
vince feparated by mountains from the north-weft parts ot Iniii.i, and li-
tuated near Kandahar, carried the Koran with the Uvord into huioftan, in
the year 1000 or 1002 of the Chriflian xra. He treated the Imliims with
all the rigour of a conqueror, and all the fury of :i zt-alot, plundering
ti"ea(urcs, (JemoUfliing temples^ and murdering idol.iters thioughout his

Y y 3 route*

694

INDIA WITHIN THE Ganges.

mute. The wealth found by him in Indoftan is reprcfented to be immenfe.
The fucceflbrs of this Malimoud aic calkd the dynafty of the Gaznavidcs,
and maintained ihcmfelves in a great part of the countries which he had
conqu' red in India until the year 1155, °^ 1 157, when Kofrou Schah,
the 13th and laft prince of the Gaznavidc race, was dcpofed by Kuflain
ijauri) who founded ilie dynafly of the Gaurides, which fuinifVied five
princes, who polIelTed nearly the fame dominions as their predeceflbrs the
Gaznavidcs, Scheubbedin, the fourth «)f the Gauride emperors, during
the life of his brother and prcdeccflbr Gai;itheddin, conquered the king-
doms of Moultan and Delhi, and drew from thence prodigious treafures,
But an Indian, who had been rendered dcfpcratc by the pollutions and in-
fults to which he faw his gods and temples expofed, made a vow to aflafli-
nate Scheabbedin, and executed it. The race of Gaurides finiflied in the
year 1212, in the perfon of iVIahmoud, fucceflbr and nephew to Schcab-
bcdin, who was alfo cut off by the fwords of affainns. Several revolutions
followed till the time of Tamerlunc, who entered India at the end of the
year 1 398, defccnding more terrible than all its inundations from the centre
of the northern part of the Indism Caucafus. This invincible barbarian
met with no refiflance fufficient to juftify, even by the military maxims of
Tartarf, the cruelties with which he niarked his way. But after an im*
ntcnfe ilaughter of human creatures, he at length rendered himfelf lord of
an empire which extendtd from Smyrna to the banks of the Ganges. The
hiftory of the fucceffors of Tamerlane, who reigned over Indoftan with lit-
tle interruption more than 350 years, has been varioufly reprefentcd, but
sU agree in the main, that they were magnificent and defpotic princes ;
that they committed their provinces, as has been already obftrved, to ra-
pacious governors, or to their own fons, by which their empire wjs ofteji

At length the famous Aurengzebe, in the
youngeft among many fons of the reigning
or murdering all his brethren, moimted the
may be confidered as the real founder an4
He was a great and a politic prince, aqd
the firft who extended his dominion, though it was little better than
nominal, over the peninfula Within the Gapges, which is at pre?
fcnt fo well known to the Englifti. He Jived fo late as the year 1707,
and it is faid that fome of his great ofhcers of flate were alive in the year
1750. From what has been already fnid of this empire, Aurengzebp
fecins to have left too much power to the governors of his diftant provinces,
and to have been at no pains in preventing the efTcfEls of that dreadful def-
potifm, which, while in his hands, prcfcrved the tranquillity of his em-
pire ; but when it defcended to his weak indolent fucceffors, occuGoned its
pvcrthrow.

In 1713, four of his grandfpns difputed the empire, which, after a
jkiloody ftruggle, fell to the eldeft, Mauzoldin, who too|c the name of
Jehandcr Shah. This prince was a flave to his pleafures, and was go-
verned by his midiefs fo ablblutely, that his great omrahs confpired againft
him, and raifed to the throne one of his nephews, who flruck off his
^tncle's head. The new emperor, whofe name was Furrukhlir, was go-
verned gnd at laft enflaved by two brothers of the name of 8eyd, who
abufcd his power fo grofsly, that being afraid to punifli him publicly, he
prdcred them botl» to he privately affaflinated. They difcovered his inten-
fion, and dethroned the emperor, in whofe place they raifed a grandfon pf
^urengpebe, by his daughter, a youth of feventecn years of age, after
" ' ' ' ' • impriibninsr

miferably torn in pieces.
•yCAT 1667 though the
emperor, after defeating
throne of Indoftan, and
legiflator of the empire.

fil

INDIA WITHIN THE Ganges.

695

imprifoning and ftran<;ling Piirrukhlir. The young emperor proTcd dif*
agreeable to the brotlicis, and being fnon poilbntd, they raited to the
throne his elJer brother, who took the title of Shah Jehati. The rajahs
of Indollan* whole anceflors had entered into flipulatioiis, or what may
hecMcdpacIa conveufa, when they admitted the Mogul family, took the
field again 11 1 tie two brothers; but the latter were viclorious, and Shah
Jehan was put in tranquil poilelliun of the empire, but died in 171 9. He
was fucceeded by another prince of the Mogul race, who took the name
of Mahommed Shaw, and entered into private nicafures with his great ra«
j-ahs for delUoying the Seyds, who were declared enemies to Nizam al Mu*
luck, one of Aurengzebc's favourite generals. Nizam, it is ftiid, was
privately encouraged by the emperor to declare himfelf againll the bro*
thcrs, and to proclaim himl'elf fubah of Dccan, which belonged to one of
theSeyds, who was allaflinated by the emperor's order, and who immediately
advanced to Delhi to dellroy the other brother ; but he no Iboner under*
i^ood what had happened, than he proclaimed the fultan Ibrahim, another
of the mogul princes, emperor. A battle enlurd in 1720, in which the
emperor was vidorious, and is faid to have ufed hib cunquell with great
moderation, for he remitted Ibrahim to the prifon from whence he had
been taken ; and Seyd, being likcwife a priibner, was condemned to per-
petual confinement, but the emperor took poUclIion of his vart riches*
Seyd did not long furvive his continement ; and upon his death, the em*
peror abandoned himfelf to the fame courfe of plealurcs that had been fo
tatal to his predeceflbrs. As to Nizam, he became now the great imperial
general, and was often employed a^ainll the Marattas, whom he defeated,
when they had almoil made themielvcs mailers of Agra and Delhi. He
was confirmed in his foubahfliip, and was conlidered as the firll fubjeft iik
the empire. Authors, however, are divided as to his motives for inviting
Nadir Shaw, otherwife Kouli Khiin^ the Perfian monarch, to invade In-
doftan. It i? thought, that he had intelligence of a ilrong party formed
againd him at court ; but the truth perhaps is, that Nizam did not think
that Nadir Shah could have fuccel's, and at firft wanted ro make himfelf
ufeful by oppofing him. The fucccfs of Nadir Shah is well known, and
the immenfe treafuie which he carried from IndoHan in 1739. Befidcs
thole rreafures, he obliged the Mogul to furrender to him all the landd to
the weft of the rivers Attock and Synd, comprehending the provincet of
Peyllior, Kabul, and Gagna, with mkny other rich and populous princi-
palities, the whole of them almoll equal in value to the crown of Periia
Mlelf.

This invadon cod the Gentoos 200,000 lives. As to the plunder made
by Nadir Shah, fome accounts, and thofe too drongly authenticated, make
it amount to the incredible fum of two hundred and thirty-one millions
Ikrling, as mention-sd by the London Gazette of thofe times. The moft
moderate fay that Nadir's own (hare amounted to conliderably above
fevcnty millions. Be that as it will, the invalion of Nadir Shah may be
coniidered as putting a period to the greatnefs of the Mogul empire in the
houic of Tamerlane. However, when Nadir had raifed all the money he
Gould in Delhi, he leinftated the Mogul, Mahommed Shah, in the fo-
vereignty, and returned into his own country. A general defcftion of the
provinces ibon af(er enfued ; none being willing to yield obedience to a
prince deprived of the power to e.itbrce it. The provinces to the north -
well of the Indus had {)ecn ceded to Nadir Shah> who being allifTmated
iu 1747, Achmet Abdullah, his treafurer, an unprincipled man, but pof-
^ y y 4 fdicd

696

INDIA WITHIK THE GaUGBS*

feiTed of great intrepidity, found meant, in the gencraJ confiHion occa*
fioned by the tyrant's deuth, to carry ofTthree h.uoidred camels loaded with
wealth, whereby he was enabled to put himfelf at the head of an armjr
and march aeainil Delhi with fifty thoufand horfc* Thus was the
wealth drawn from Delhi, made the means of continuing thofe miferiet
of war which it had at firft brought upon them. Prince Ahmed Shah* the
Mogul's elded fon, and the vizir, with other leading men, in this ex*
tremity took the field, with eighty thoufand horfe, to oppofe the bvader.
The war was carried on with various fuccefs, and "S&thomtd Shah died
before its termination. His fon, Ahmed Shah, then mounted the impc<.
rial throne at Delhi ; but the empire fell every day more into decay^
Abdallah erc£ied an independent kingdom, of which the Indus is the ge*
pcral boundary.

The MaratiHs, a warlike nation, pofTelling the fouth-weil^ern peninfii^
of India, h'ad, before the invafion of Nadir Shah, exa£led a chout, or
tribute from the empire, arifmg out of the revenues of the province of
Bengal, which being with-held, in confeq.uence of the enfeebled flate of
the empire, the miirnttas became clamorous. The empire began to totr
ter to its foundaiion ; every petty chief,, by counterfeiting grants from,
Pelhi, laying claims to jaghires and to dillrids. The country was torn to
pieces by civil wars, and groaned under every fpecies of domeilic confu*
^on. Ahmed Shah rei£;ned only feven years, after which much diforder
and confuiion prevailed in Indoitan, and the people fufiered great calami-
ties. . At prcfent,' the imperial dignity of Indofian is veiled in Shah Za-
dnh, wh(> is univerfally acknowledged to be the true heir of the Tamer-
lane race ; but his power is feeble, the city of Delhi, and a fmaU territory
round it, is all that is left remaining to the houfe and heir of Tamerlane^
who depends upon the protcftion of the Englifli, and whofe intereft it is to,
fupport him, as his authority is the beft legal guarantee.

It is, however, the intereft of the Eaft India Company, that their go*
vernments in India fliould interfere as' little as poffib],e in the domeftic or
national quarrels of the country powers, and that they fliould always en-
endeavour to be in a (late of peace and tranquillity with their neighbours.,
But thefe maxims of found policy they have not adhered to ; the govern
nors and lervams of the Eaft India Company have unnece^arily, and fome-
timcs very iniquitoufly, embroiled themfelves with the country powers^
and engaged in wars of a very pernicious and indefenlible nature. The
vars into which they lately entered with the Marattas, and with that en-
terprising prince Heydcr Ally, have been attended with an enormous ex-
pence, and been extremely prejudicial to the interefts of the company. By
temporary pl<<ns of violence and injuftice, and fometimes difreg^rding their
own treaties, they have forfeited the good opinion of the natives ; and by
exeitin,{> the indignation of the country princes againft them, greatly leflen-
cd the fecurity of the puiTcfTions of the company.

As to the government and conftitution of Indoftan, we muft refer tO|
what we have already oblcrved. The emperor of Indoftan* or Grea^
Mogul (fo called from being defcended from Tamerlane the Mongul or.
Mogul Tartar), on his advancement to the throne, affumes fome grand
title ; as, '* f/M" Conqueror of the world y the Ornament oftb^ throne^ (Sfc**'
but he is nevei crowned.

'^^^.

f «97 3

TwK PENINSULA WITHIN THE Ganges,

18 to

Qnn^ ^iv^dons. Provinces,
'Madura
Taujour

]^aft fide
Btfnagar,
^aifnati^

The fouth-
caft coaft of
India, fituate
on the bay of j
]|^ngal, ufti-^
v,\\y called the
9oaft o^ Cpro*
^apdelf '

Qolcwdil

Oris*

fWeft fide
Bifnagar,
C^nati9

ofl
or

The fouth-

w *'°'? i?^J ocean, 01
India, ufually< c'll^^.

called the coaft^ ^^9°"^'

9( Mi^labar.

Decan, or Vi'

CWcf tpWM.
'Madura «.

Tanjour

Tranquibar, Danet
NegApataro, KoglKh
Bifnagar

Porta-|»ovi, Dutch
Fort St. David, E^glifli
Pondicherry. Ip ^
Conymer^, j ^^
j ]Coblon
I I Sadrafpatan, Dutch ''
1 j St. Thomas, Portusuefe
y^ Fort St. George or Madrai,
£. lon^ 80-32, N, bt,
i^>ii.Engli<h
Pell^cate, Dutch
Golconda 4 •

Gani, or Coulor, (Uamond

mines
Mafulipatan, Englilh and
Du^h

JVizi^apatan, £ngli(h
Bimlipatan, Dutch
Orixa
Ballafore, Engliih
-Tegapatan, Dutch
yVnjengo, Engliih
Cochin, Dutch

Canannore, Dutch
Monguelore, 1 Dutch and
Baifilore, | Portuguefe
Raolconda, diamond mines

I i Cawar, Englifh

' » Goa, Fortuguefe
Rajaporc, French
Dabal, Englifh

Bombay, ifle and town,
Englifh, I9-I8.N. lat. 73-
6 E. Ion.

BaiTaim, Portuguefe
LSalfette, Engliih <

Sq.M,
i6,4o«

'^hifl*

62,109

!« 83,04^

Grand

69S The peninsula wiTitiw the Ganres.

Grand divifions. Province!*

The fouth
weft conft

Cambnya, or

India, ufuallv^ ^,„^^,^,
called the coait 1
of Malabar

Chief towns,
f Damon, Portuguefe
Surat, E, lun. 71-25. N. lut.
21-10

h- Swalley
Biiruk, Englifli and Dutch
I Amcdabat
I Cainbaya
lDie>j, Portuguefe.

S<i. M.

RivERi.] The Cattack or Mahnnada, the Soane and Ncrbudda, the
Pudder, and the fJamuui Killna.

Climate, ssAsoNt, and produce.] The chain of mountains al«
feady mentioned, runninjj| from north to fouth, rentiers it winter on one
fide of this pcninfula, while it is fummer on the other. About the end of
June, a foiuh-well wind begins to blow from the fca, on the coad of Ma-
iabar, which, with continual ruins, hills four months, during which time
all is ferene upon the co.i(t of Coromandcl (the weilern and eatlcrn cualls
being lb denominated.) Towards the end of Odobcr, the rainy feafon
and the change of the moiifuons begins on the Coromandcl court, which
being deilitute of good harbours, renders it exrrcmcly dangerous fur (hips
to remain there, during that time ; and to this is owing the periodical re-
turns of the Englidi Ihipping to Bombay, U|)un the Malabar co.tll. The
oir is naturally hot in this peniniula, but it is rctrelhcd by breci^cs, the
wind altering every twelve hours ; that is, from midnight to noon it blows
off the land, when it is intolerably hot, and during the other twelve hours
from the fea, which lull proves a ^rcat refrefliment to the inhabitants of
the couth The produce of the foil is the fame with th:it of the other part
01 the Kad Indies. The like may be faid of their quadrupeds, liih, fowl,
and noxious creatures and infci^s.

Inhabitants.] The inhabitants of this part are more black in com-
plexion than thole of the other peninfulu of India, though lying nearer lu
the equator, which makes fome fulpcct them to be the dcfccndunts of nii
ancient colony from Ethiopia. The greuteil part of then* have but a
frtint notion of any allegiance they owe to the emperor of Indolhin,
whofc tribute from hence has been, ever fincc the invulion of Shah Na-
dir, intercepted by their foubahs and nabobs, who now excrcifc an inde-
pendent power in the government ^ but, belides thole foubahs, and other
impel ial viceroys, many edates in this peninfula belong to rsijahs, or
lords, who are defcendants of their old princes, and look upon themfclves
as being independent on the Mogul, and his authority.

pRoviNcis, CITIES, AND OTHER BUILD-) From what has been
iNGs, ruRLic, AND PRIVATE. J faid iibove, this pcnin-

fula is rather to be divided into great governments, or foubahlhips, than
into provinces. One Ibubah often engrolTes feveial provinces, and fixes
the feat of his government, according to his own conveniency. I (hall
fpeak of thpfe provinces, as belonging to the Malabar, or Coromandcl
coaft, the two great objects of Englifli commerce in that country ; and
flrft, of the eatlero, or Coromandel coaft.

Madur^ begins at Capp Comorin, the fbuthernmod point of the penin-
fula. It is about the bigntifs of the kingdom of Portugal, and is laid to
have been governed by a fovereign king, who had under him feventy tri-
btfF?r/ pt'i>}^cS| each of thpm independent in his pvvn doiDin.ouS} but pay-
ing

bol
K'll

on|
frc

Sq. M.

The peninsula within tmi Ganois. 699

ng;him ntnx; now tbc cafe it much altereci, the drince btins fcarcelv
Able to proic^i himlcU'uiu. hii peopl'' fruin the dcpreantioni of hii neif^h.
boon, hut by « tribute to buy them uh , the CMpiul it Trltchinopoli. Th«
cbirt value of ihii Icintrduin teemii toconlifl of a |)earl iiflicry upon in coait,
Tanjmir i» h lictle kin^iciom, lying to the etift of Mtiilura, The foil i« ter*
tile, and iti prince rich, till plundered by the nsibob of Arcot, and foma
BritiOi rubje('>s connei^^cd with him. Within it lieHthe Danilh Eud India
fettlrmrnt of Tri4n<]ucbar, and the fortrcfs of Negupatam, which tvas taken
from the Dutch the lall war, and conlirmed to the Ko^liHi by the lata
treaty oi peace : the capital city is Tanjuur.

The Carnatic, at it is now called, i» well known to the F.nglifli. It !•
boundfd on the rali by the bay of Bengal ; on the north by the river
Kilina, which dividps tc from Oolconda i on the weft by Viliapour; and
on the fouth by the kingdoms of Mcflaur and Tanjour ; being iq length,
from fourh to north, about 34; miles, and 376 in breadth from ealt to
well. The capital of the Carnatic is Biihagar, and of our Ally, the n:ibob«
Arcot. The country in general is efteemed healthful, fcrtiltr, and popu*
lous. Within this country, ujxin the Coromandel coaO, lies fort St.
David's, or Cuddalore, belonging to the Knglifh, with a diflridt round it.
The fort is iirong, and of great importance to our trade. Five leagues to
the north lies Fondicherry, once the emporium of the French in the £all
Indies, but which hath been repeatedly taken by the Englifli, and as often
reliored by the treaties of peace.

Fort St. George, better known by the name of Madras, is the capital
of the Englifli End India Company s dominions in that part of the KaiV
Indies, and is didant eadward from London, about 4800 miles. Gicat
complaints have been made of the lituation of this fort ; but no pains have
been fpared by the company, in rendering it impregnable to any force
that can be brought againd it by the natives. It prottc'ts two towns, call,
ed, from the complexions of their leveral inhabitants, the White and the
Black. The White Town is fortified, and contains an Englifli corpuration
of a mayor and aldermen. Nothing has been omitted to mend the nsitural
badncfs of its fituation, which feems originally to be owing to the neigh,
bourhood of the diamond mines, which are but a week's journey diftant.
Thcfe mines are under the direction of a Mogul officer, who lets them out
by admiiafurement, and encloling the contents by pallifadoes ; all dia-
monds above a certain weight originally belonged to the emperor. The
diliri£t belonging to Madras, extending about 40 miles round, is of little
value for its produ^l ; 8o,ooo inhabitants of various nations are faid to be
dependent upon Madras ; but its fafety confids in the fujieriority of the
Englifli by fea. It carries on a coniidcrable trade with China, Perfia, and
Mocha.

The reader needs not be informed of the immenfe fortunes acquired by
the Englifli, upon his coaft, within thefc thirty years ; but fome of thele
fortunes appear to have been obtained by the moft iniquitous prai^Hces,
There feems to have been fome fundamental errors in the confliturion of
the Eaft India Company. The direftors confidered the riches acquired
by their governors and other fervants as being plundered from the com-
pany, and accordingly fent out fupeiintendants to control their governora
and overgrown fervants ; and have trom time to time changed their govern

nors,

and members of the council there. As this is a fubjct^ of the
grcaielj iimpo|rtai)cc thi»t ^ver perhgps occurred in %he geography of a com-

# '* — mcicial

foo Tub PENINSULA within the OaHois.

nwrcial country, the reader will iai\>lffi ui in one or two refWAioni,
The EngUih £a(t India Company, through the diftra^toni of the Mo-
gul empire, the fu|)|iort of our government, and the u«daunted( but for*
tunHte fucceflc* of their military ol8«ert, hM« acquired fo amaxing a pro*
periy in thii peninfnia, and in Indoftan» that it ii fuperiorto the reve-
mnc$ of many crowned headi i and fomc of their own fervants pretend,
that when all their expencei are paid, their clear revenue amount! to
aear two milliooi llerling ( out of which they were to pay 40o,ooal. an«
Bually to the government, while fuffered to enjoy their revenues. How
that revenue in cojleded, or from whence it aritei^ ii beft known to the
company; p.«rt of it, however, hai boen granted in property, and part
of it in tccured on morrgngei, for difcharging their eypencei in fupporting
the interf til of their friendi, the emperor, and the retped^ore foubabs ana
nahoha ihcy have nflided.

Re thii ni it may, this company hat exercifod many righti appropriated
to fi>vcreignty { (uch at ihufe of holding forti, coining money, Kiid the
like. Thefe powers were thought incompatible with tnc principles of a
(ommerciul limited company, and therefore the Englilh miniflry and par-
liament hiive repeatedly interfered, in order to regulate the iiffuirs of the
company, and a board of control at home it at length eilabliflied. It hat
•Ifo been hoped, that, in confequcncc of tbl» interference of the govern*
went, fuch lucafurct may be taken with the Kadern princei and poten*
tatcs, as may render the ucquilitiont of the company permanent and na«
tion;d. But it it miuh to be regretted, that as the government hat tho :ght
propter to interfere in the aifMirs of the Et& India Company, it has not
all'ii tukcii fome meafurcs to punifli thole many and infamous inftanceii of
ot^prdlton, injudice, and cruelty, of which the fervants of the company
h.)ve been guilty. At to the fupreme court lately eftablidicd at Calcutta,
it has not anfwcred the purpofcs for which it was appointed } it has been
rqunlly complained of by the fervants of the company, and by the nat
tives ; many of the latter have been grievoufly harralFt'd by it, who were
not amenable to its jurifdidtion ; nor ha> that regard been paid to theiy
manners and cudoms, which boih judlcc and policy required.

The celebrated Hvder Ally, with whom the icrvams of the company o&
ten embroiled them, (hared the Carnatic with the nabob of Arcor. In the
lall war he took many of its chief places, obtained great advantaget over
the company's troDps, and brought his forces to the gates of Madras, but
died betore the eonclufinn of the war. He is faid to be a native of hi«
province of Mefllir, or Myfore, which lies to the fouth-weil of the Car*
natic ; and the Chridians of the apodSe St. Thomas live ar the foot of
the mountains Gctti, th;it feparate Meflar from Malabar. Pellicate, ly-
ing to the north of M:idrns, brlon^s to the Dutch. I huve already
mentioned the kingdom of Golcondii, which, befidcs its diamonds, if
famous for the cheaj^nefs of its provilions, and for making white wine of
gmpes th:4t are ripe in January. Golconda is fuhje^ to a prince, called
the Nizam, or Soub<th of the Oeccan, who is rich, and can ruife 100,000
men. The capital of his dominions is called B^gnigur, or Hyderabad,
but the kingdom takes its name from the city of Golconda. Eall-fouth*
e;id of Golconda lies Mufulipatan, where the Englidi and Durch have
fai^ories. The Englidi have alfo faiftories at Gaujiim and Vizigapatan,
onthiscoad ; and the Dutch at Narfipure. The province of Orixa, from
whence rhe Engliih company draw fome part of their revenues, lies to thp
north of Golconda, extending in Icng.h froip cad to wed about 55^0 miles.;

au4

ail
ril

Thx t^EKINSULA withtm tni Gawoii. 701

•tid in br«^^<h about 240. It it governed chiefly by Moodajce BooAali,
■iiii hit bi ..er, Rllici to the Muratrai. In thi* provinc iUndi the tem-
ple of Jaciiryunr, which they fay ii attended by 5oopriciU. The idol la
an irregumr pyramidal black (lone, of about 4 or joofb. weiuht, with two
rich diamondi near the top, to reprefcnt the cyei, and the noTe and mouth
painted with vermillion.

The country of Dcccan cnmprehenda feveral large province!, and fnrtie
kinKdomi; oariicularly thofe of Baglana, Balagatc, Tden^a, and the
kin){dutn of Vifiouour. '1 he truth ii, the names, dependcncici, and ^o.
vcrnmcnt of iholc provinces, are extremely unfettled ; they huving been
reduced by Aurengzebe, or his father, are fubjcA to almuit annual revtv-
luiions and alterations. Modern {renginphcri are not agreed upon thetr
iituntion and extent, but wc are tuld that the principal towns are Auren-
^ibiid, and Doltnbad or Dowict-abad ; and the latter is the flrongeft place
in all Indodun. Near it lies the famous pagod of Elora, in a plain tbout
two leagues fquare. The tombs, chapels, temples, pillars, and many
thoufand figures that furround it, are faidto be cut out uf the natural rock,
and to furpafs all the other efforts of human art. Telenga lies on the raft
of &)tronda ; and its capital, Beder, contains a garrifon of 3000 mett.
The i'.ihabitants of this province fpcak a language peculiar to them*
felvti.

Biglana lies to the wed of Telenga, and forms the fmalleft province of
the empire ; its cupital is Mouler. The PortUguefe territory begins here
at the port of Daman, twenty-one leagues foutn of Surat, and extends al-
moA twenty leagues to the north of Uoa. Viflnpour is a large province,
the weUern part is called Konkan, which is intermingled with the Fortu-
gucfe poU'cflions. The raiah of Vifiapour is faid to have hud a yearlv re-
venue of fix millions (lerluig, and to bring to the field 150,000 foltirers.
The capital is of the fame name, and the country very fruitful. The
principal places on this coad are, Daman, Baflitim Tranor or Tarapor,
Chawi, D.indi-Rajahhpur, Dabul-Rajupur, Ghiria, and Vingurla. The
Poriuguefc have loft feveral valuable poflelltons on this cuatt, and thofe
which remain are on the decline.

Guzerat u a maritime province on the gulf of Cambaya, and one of the
iinell in India', but inhatnted by a fierce rapacious people. It is faid to
contain 3; cities. Amed-Abad is the capital of the province, where there
is an Hnglilh fadtory, and is faid, in wealth, to vie with the richeil town*
in Kuix)pe. About 43 French leagues diflant lies Siirat, where the £t>g-
lifli have a flourifliinv fadlory.

- Among the iflands lying \iyon the fame coaft is that of Bombay, belong,
ing to the Englilli Eaft India company. Its harbour can conveniently
hold 1000 fliips at anchor. Theiflanditfelf is about feven miles in length,
and twenty in circumference ; but its iituation and harbour are its chief
recommendations, being deftitute of almoft all the conveniences of lite.
The town is about a mile long, and poorly built ; and the climate was
fatal to Englifh conlliciitions, till experience, caution, and temprtance
taught them prcfcrvatives againd its unwholcfomenefs. The bed water
there is prcferved in tanks, which receive it in the rainy feafuns. The
fort is a regular quadrangle, and well built of Aone. Many black mer-
chants rcGde here. This ifland was part of the portion paid with the in-
fanta of Portugal to Charles II. who gave it to ihe Eaft India company ;
and thciilandis ftill divided into three Roman Catholic pariflies, inhabited
by Portuguefc, and what are called popilh Meilixos andCanarins; the

former

702 The PENINSULA within the Ganges.

former being a mixed breed of the nativesand Portuguefe, and the other
the Aborigines of the coimrry. The Englifli have fallen upon methods to
render this iUand and town, under all theii difadvantages, a fafe, if not
an agreeable refjdencc. The reader fcarcely needs to be informed, that
the governor and council of Bi>mbay have lucrative polls, as well as
the oiliccis under them. The troops on the ifland are commanded by
Englirti officers : and the natives, when formed into regular companies,
an^ difciplined, arc here, and all over the Eaft Indi<^3, called Sepoys. The
inhabitants of the ifland amount.to near 60,000, of dittcrent nations ; each
of whom enjoys the pradtice of his religion unmoleited.

Near Bombay are feveral other iflands, one of which, called Elephants,
contains the moU inexplicable amiquiry perhaps in the world. A figure
of an elephant, of the natural lize, cut coarfciy in flone, prcfents itfeU on
the landing-place, near the boitom of a mountain. An eafy flope then
leads to a ftupendous tetnple, hewn out of the folid rock, eighty or ninety
feet long, iind forty broad. The roof, which is cut flat, is fupported by
regular rows of pillars, about ten feet high, with capitals, refembling
round cufliions, as if prefled by the weight of the incumbent mountain. A^
the farther end are three gigantic figures, which have been multiplied by
the blind zeal of the Portuguefe. Befldes the temple, are various images,
smd groupes on each hand cut in the ftone ; one of the hitter bearing a
rude reiemblance of the judgment ot Solomon ; bclidcs a colonnade, with
■a door of regular architedure ; but the whole bears no n)anner of refein*
Hancc to any of the Gentoo works.
I "^ The ifland and city of Goa, the capital of the Portuguefe fettlcments

5n the EaftlndieSv lies about thirty miles fouth of Vingurla. Theifland
is about twenty-feven tniles in coinpafs. It has one ot the fined and beft
fortified ports in the Imlies. This was formerly a mod fuperb fettlemenr,
and was A\rpafli:d either in bulk or beauty by tew of the European cities.
It is faid that the revenues of the Jefuits upon this ifland equalled thofe
of the crown of Portugal. Gon, as well as the reH of the Portuguefe
pofrelfions on this coaft, are under a viceroy, who ftill keeps up the re-
mains of the ancient fplendor of the government. The rich peninfula of
Salfett is dependent on Goa. Sunda lies fouth of the Portuguefe terri-
tories, and is governed by a rajah, tributary to the Mogul. The Englifli
' faftory of Corwar is one of tht <io(l pleafant and healthy of any upon the

Malabar coall. Kanora lies about forty miles to the fouth of Goa, and
reaches to Calicut. Its foil is famous for producing rice, that fupplies
many parts of Europe, and fome of the Indies. The Kanorines are faid
generally to be governed by a lady, whole fon has the title of Rajah ; and
her fubjeifts are accounted the bravcll and moft civilized of any in that
peninfula, and remarkably given to commerce.

Though Malabar gives naine to the old fouth-weft coaft of the peninfula,
yet it is amfined at prefent to the country fo called, lying on the weft of
Cape Comorin, and called the Dominions of the Samorin. The Malabar
language, however, is common in the Camaric; and the country itfelfis
rich and fertile, but peftered with green adder?, whofe poifon is incurable.
If was formerly .» large kingdom of itfelf. The moft remarkable places in
Malabar are Kannamore, containing a Dutch faftory and fort ; Telli-
therrv, where the Fnulifli have a fmall fettlement, keeping a conftant gar-
rifonof thirty or forty foldiers. Calicut, where thf French and Portu-
guefe have fmall fadorits, betides various other dlftin^ territories and
cities. Cape Cumurin, which is the fouthcrnmgft part of this peninfula,

though

d
f(l

ji ES«

id the other
methods to
fiife, if not
Jrmed, that
as wcli as
iniaiided by
comp;inies,
fpoys. The
ions J each

Elephants,

A figure

Its itfclt on

flope then
' or ninety
Jported by
rerembling-
intain. Ac
Itiplied by
us im:igeSf

bearing a
ade, with
o( refein*

eftlcmenis
rheifland
t and be ft
ntlcment,
an cities,
lied thofe
>»"tuguefe
the re-
infiila of
efe tcrri-

Englilh
jpon the

oa, and

fuppHes

are faid
ih ; and

in that

ninfula,

weft ot
Vlalabar
itfelfis
:urab1e.
laces in

Telli.
mt jjar-

Fortu-
ies and
linfula,
though

PERSIA.

7^3

though not above three leagues in extent, is famous for uniting in tho
fame garden the two fearons of the year ; the trees being loaded with
bloflbms and fruit on the one tide, while on the other iidc they are flripped
of ail their leaves. . This furpriling phenomenon is owing to the ridge of
mountains fo often mentioned, which travcrfe the whole peninfula from
fouth to north. On the oppofite fides of the Cape, the winds are con-
ilantly at variance ; blowing from the weil on the weft fide, and from the
eaft on the eaftern fide.

Before I take my leave of India, it may be proper to obfcrve, that ia
the diftrid of Cochin, within Mallibar, arc to be found fonie ihouiands of
Jewf, who pretend to be of the tribe of Manafllh, and to have records
engraven on copper plates in Hebrew characters. They are faid to be fo
poor, that many of them embrace the Gentoo religion, 'he like dif-
coverics of the Jews and their records have been made in China, and
(tther places of Afia, which have occalioned vaiious fpeculatious among
the leurued*

?ii\

PERSIA.

Situation and Extent.
Miles. Degrees.

,.n'-

'/ s

Length
Breadth

Sq. Miles.

Boundaries.] T% yiODERN Peifia is bounded by the mountains of
iVX Ararat, or Daghiilan, which divide it from Cir-
caflian Tartary, on the North-Weft ; by the Cafpian lea, which divides
it from Ruflia, on the North ; by the river Oxus, which divides it from
Ufl)ec Tartary, on the North-Eaft ; by India, on the Eaft ; and by the
Indian ocean, and the gulfs of Perlia and Ormus, on the South ; and by
Aiabia and Turkey, on the Weft.

This kingdom is divided into the following provinces : on the frontiers
of India are Chorafan, part of the ancient Hyrcania, including Herat and
Kfterabad ; Sableuflan, including the ancient Bai'triana and Candahor ;
and Sigiftan, the ancient Diangiana. The fouthern divifion contains! Ma-
keran, Kcrman, the ancient Gedvoflia, and Farfiftan, the ancient Perfia.
'She ibuth-weft divifion, on the frontiers of Turkey, contains the pro-
vinces of Chufiftan, the ancient Sufiana, and Irac-Agem, the ancirnc
Parthia. The north-weft divifion, lying between the Cafpian fea and the
frontiers of Turkey in Afia, contains the provinces of Aderbeitzen, th^
ancient Media; Gangca, and D.ighiftan, part of the ancient Iberia and
Colchis; Ohilan, pait of the ancient Hyrcania ; Shirvan, and Mazan-
deran.

Name.] Perfia, according to the poets, derived its name from Per-
feus, the fon of Jupiter and Dmae. Lefs fabulous authors luppofc it
derived from Paras, which fignities a hor'eman ; the Perfiin?, or Parr*
thians, being always celebrated for their ikill in horlemanfhip.

AiR»] In fo extcnfive an empire this is very dittierenr. Thofe parts
Which border upon Caucafu;> and Daghiftan, and the mouiuains near the

CulpiMn

^0*

P,M k S I A.

CafpiBn (tit ftfetot^ Is lytng In ttie neighbourhood of thofehtoantaiAl
which are amdmonly covered with fnowr. The air in the midland pro*
Tinen of Perfia is ferene, pure, and exhilarating ; hut in the fouthem pro*
irincei it is hot, and fometimes communicates noxious blafts to the midland
parts, which arc fo often mortal, that the inhabitants fortify their heads
with very thick turbans. ^

Soil a«d p*o©uctioW8.]' Thcfettiry like the air. The foil is fat
from being luxuriant towards Tartary and the Cafpian fea, but with cul*
ifivation if might produce; abundance of corn and fruits. South of Mount
Taurus, the fertility of the country in coni, fruits, wine, and the other
luxuries of life, is equalled b^ few countries. It produces wine and oil
in plenty, fcnna, rhubarb, and the fineft of drugs. The fruits are deli<
ciottSf dpecially their dates, Oranges, piftachio-nuts ; melons, cucum*
iwrs, and gsrden AuiT, not to mention vaft quantities of excellent
iilk t and the gulf of Bailbra formerly furniflted great part of Europe and
Afia with very fine pearls. Seme parts, near Ifpahan efpeciaily, produce
almoftall the flowers that are valued in Europe ; and from forae of them,
the rofes efpeciaily,'' they extrad waters of a falubrious and odorific kind»
which form a gainful commodity in trade. In fliort, the fruits, veget«
ables, and flowers of Perfia, are of a moft exalted flavour ; and had the
natives the art of horticulture to as great perfection as fome nations in £u«
rOpe, by-Kranfplanting, engrafting, and other meliorations, thev..MnnJld
add greatly to the natural nch#s of the country. The Perlian ana-foetida
flows from a plaot called hilrot, and turns unto a gum. Some of it is
white^ and fome black ; but the former is fo much valued, that the na*
tlves make very rich fau<ies of it, and fometimes eat it as a rarity.

Mountains.] Thcfe are Caucafus and Ararat, which are called the
mountains of Daghiftan ; and the vali colle(ftion of mountains called Tau<
rus, and their divilions, run through the middle of the country from Na^
tolia to India.

Rivers.] It has be^n obferved, that no country, of fo great an ex-
tent, has fo few navigable rivers as Perfia. The moft confiderable are
thofe of Kur, anciently Cyrus ; andAras, anciently Araxes, which rife
in or near the mountains of Ararat, and, joining their flrcams, fall into
the Cafpian fea. Some fmall rivulets falling from the moujopains water
the country ; but their llreams are fo tnconfiderable, that fa^ or none of
them can be navigated even by boats. The Oxus can fcarcely be called a
Perfian river, though it divides Perfia from Ufcec Tartaiy. Perfia has the
river Indus ontheeaft, and the Euphrates and Tigris on the well.
I Water.] The fcarcity of rivers, in Perfia, is joined to a fcarcity
of water ; but the defeat, where it prevails, is admirably well fupplied
by means of refervoirs, aqucdudls, canals, and other ingenious me-
thods. ' •■

Metals attd minerals.] Perfia contains mines of iron, cc^j>per',

lead, and above all, turquoile ftones, which are found in Cborafan.

Sulphur, falt-petre, and antimony, are found in the mountaiHs^jf^ Qiiar*

ries of red, white, and black marble, have alfo beep difcoveted near

auris. ' ."''

Poi'Ui.ATioN, INHABITANTS, MADT* ) It is impoffihlie to fpeak With

NERs, CUSTOMS, ANi> DIVERSIONS. J anv ccriamty concerning the

population of a country fo little known as that of Perfia. If we are to

j.udge by the vail armies in modern as well as in ancient tiines, raifed there,

(he numbers i( contains muft be very great. The Perfmuf of both (exei

: ■- .. are

arel

Wo|
Tl
grol
but!

PERSIA.

705

me-

are generally handfome ; the men being fond of Georgian and Circaffian
Women. Their complexions towards the Ibuth are lomewhat fwarthy.
The men fliave their heads, but the young men fuffer a lock of hair to
grow on each fide, and the beard of their chin to reach up to their temples ;
but religious people wear long beards. Men of i-ank and quality wear
very magniiicent turbans; many of them coft twenty-five pounds, and
few under nine or ten. They have a maxim to keep their heads very
warm, fo that they never pull off their caps or their turbans out of refpcet
even to the king. Their drefs is very fimple. Nixt to their Ikiii they
wear callico Hurts, over them a veft, which reaches below the knee, girt
with a faOi, and over that a loofe garment fomewhat fljorter. The ma-
terials of their cloaths, however, are commonly very expenlive ; coniill-
ing of the richeft furs, filks, muflin, cottons, and the like valuable llutts,
richly embroidered with gold and filver. Tlicy wear a kind of loofe
boots on their legs, and flippers on their feet. I'hcy are fond of riding,
nnd very expenfive in their equipages. They wear at all times ii dagger
in their fafli, and linen trovvfcrs. The collars of their Ihirts and cloaths
arc open ; fo that their drefs upon the whole is far better adapted for the
purpofe both of health and adivity than the long flo'.ving robes of the
Turks. The drefs of the women is not much diftlrent ; their wear, as
well as that of the men, is very coftly ; and they arc at great pains to
heighten their beauty by ait, colours, and walhes.

The Perfians accullom themfclves to frequent wafliings and ablutions,
which are the more necefliiry, as they feldom change their linen. In the
morning early they drink coftee, about eleven go to dinner, upon truits,
fwcetmeats, and milk. Their chief meal is at night. They eat at their
repafis cakes of rice, and others of wlieat flour; and as they ellcem it an
abomination to cut either bread, or any kind of mear, after it is drefled,
thefe cakes are made thin, that they m ly be cafily broken with the hand ;
and their meat, which is generally mutton, or fowls, is lb prepared, that
they divide it with their fiiigeis. When every thing is fet in order before
them, they eat faft, and without any ceremony. But it is obfcrved by a late
traveller, that when the oldtft man in the com]iiny fpcnks, though he be
poor, and fet at the lower end of the room, they all give a (lrii':t attention
to his words. They arc tompcrarc, but ufc opium, though not in fuch
abundance as the Turks ; nor are they vciy delicate in their entertainments
of eating and drinking. They are grciu nuiders of ceremony towards their
fupcriors, and fo polite, that they nccommoilate Europeans who vifit them
with ftools, that they may not be forced to fit crols-lejrgcJ. They aic
fo imm;idcratcly fond of tob;icco, which they fmoke through a tube fixed
in water, fo as to be cool in the mouth, that when it h:f3 been prohibited
by their prince?, they have been known to leave their countiy rather than
be debarred from tliat enjoyment; The I'erlians are naturally fnnd of
poetry, tnoral fentenccs, and hvjierbole. Their long wars, and their na-
tional revoUitinns, have ming!ed the native Perfians with barbarous na-
tions, and are faid to have taught them diffiinulation ; but they arc ftill
pleafing and pluifihle in their behaviour, and in all ages have been re-
markable for hofpitalitv.

The Perfians writ-:' like the Hebrews, from the right to the left ; and are
neat in their feals and materials for writing, and are wonderfully ex|K'di-
tious in the art. The number of people employed on their maivifciipts
(for no printing is allowed there) is incredible. Their great foible feems
to be ollcntation in their equipages and dreflcs ; nor are th.ey lefs jealous

Z z of

^o6

PERSIA.

of their wertien than the Turks, and other eaftern nations. They are
fond of muljc, dnd take a pleafure in converfing in large companies j but
their chief diverfions are thofc of the field, hunting, hawking, horfeinan-
ihip, and the exercifc of arms, in all which they are very dextrous. Tliey
excel, as their anceflors the Parthians did, in archery. They arc fond of
rope-dancers, jugglers, and fighting of wild beafts ; and privately play at
games of chance.

Men may marry for life, or for any determined time, in Perfia, as well
as through all Taitary ; and travellers or merchants, who intend to Itay
fdmc time in any city, commonly apply to the cadee, or judge, for a wife
during ihe%ime he propofes to ftay. The cadce, for a dated gratuity, pro-
duces a number of girls, whom he declare? to be honefl, and free from
jdifeafcs ; and he becomes furety for them. A gentleman who lately at-
tendtd the Ruffian embafly to Perfia declares, that, amongft thoul'ands,
there has not been one inftance of their dilhonefly during the time agreed
Upon.

Reiigton.] The Perfians are Mahometans of the fcft of Ali; for
Wliich reafon the Turks, who follow the fucceflion of Omar and Abu Bekr,
call them heretics. Tlieir religion is, if poffible, in fomc things more fan-
tadical and fenfual than that of the Turks ; but in many points it is mingled
With fonic Bramin fuperllitions. When they are taxed by the Chrifiians
with drinking ftrong liquors, as many of them do, they anfwcr very fen-
libly •• You ChriiVians whore and get drunk, though you know you are
committing fins, which is the very cafe with us." Having mentioned the
framing, the' coinparifon between them and the Perfian guehres or gaurs,
who pretend to be the difciples and fucceflbrs o( the ancient Magi, the
followers of Zoroafier, may be highly worth a learned difquifition : that
both of them held originally pure and fimple ideas of a Supreme Being,
inay be eafily proved ; but the Indian Bramins and Parfes accufe the Gaurs,
who ilillworm'p the fire, of having fcnfualized thofe ideas, and of intro-
ducing an evil principle into the government of the world. A combulU
itble ground, about ten miles diftanc from Baku, a city in the north of Per-
fia, is the fcene of the Guebres devotions. It mufl be admitted, <hat this
■ground is impregnated with very furprifing inflammatory qualities, and
contains feveral old little temples ; in one of which the Guebres pretend to
preferve the facrcd flame of the univerfal fire, which rifes from the end
of a large hollow cane fiuc^c into the ground, refembling a lamp burning
with very pure fpirits. The Mahometans are the declared enemies of the
Gaurs, who were baniflied out of Perfia by Shah Abbas. Their fe£t,
liowever, is (aid to be numerous, though tolerated in very few places.

The long wars between the Perfians and the Romans, feem early to
have driven the ancient Chrifiians into Perfia, and the neighbouring
countries. Even to this day, many fe£ts are found that evidently have
Chrifiianity for the ground-work of their religion. Some of them, called
Souflfees, who are a kind of quietiils, lacriiice their padions to God, and
profefs the moral duties. The Sabean Chriftians have, in their religion, a
mixture of Judaifm and Mahomecanifm ; and arc numerous towards the
Perfian gulf. I have already mentioned the Armenian and Georgian
Chriftians, who are very numerous in Perfia. The prefent race of per-
fians are faid to be very cool in the dodrines of Mahomet, owing partly to
their late wars with the Turks.

Language.] It has been difputed among the learned, whether the
Arab» bad not thcit language fiom the Perfians ; but this chiefly refts on

the

thd

ded

wri

lani

the

bull

Rul

teni

mar
chat

PERSIA.

707

as well

the j^reat intermixture of Arabic words in the Perfiati language, and the
decifion feems to be in favour of the Arabs. The common people, efpe*
cially towards the fouthern coafts of the Cafpian Sea, fpeak TurkiHi; and
the Arabic probably was introduced into Perfia, under the caliphate, when
learning flouriiht- d in ihofe countries. Many of the learned Perfians have
written in the Arabic, and people of quality have adopted it a< the modifh
language, as we do the French. The pure Perlic is fud to be (jioken in
the fouthern parts, on the coaft of the PerfiaQ gulf, and in Ifpahan ;
but many of the provinces fpeak a barbarous mixture of the Turkilh,
Ruflian, and other liinguages. Their Pater-noflcr is of the following
tenour : JSt Padere ma kih Jer ofmoni ; palt lafthed mam tu ; bayayed paJ*
fthahi tu ; febivad clyvoiaftt tu henzjuniaukih der efmon «/z derzem'n ; ^ib
marajmrouz nan iefdfrouz mora j ivadargudjhr mar a kon&han ma zjunan*
iihma ttiz mi^farim orman mora ; wador ozmajifih mititddzzmara ; likin
chalets kitn mar a tz efehtrir. Amen.

Learning andlkarned men.] ThePerfians, in ancient times, were
famous for both, and their po<A^ renowned all over the £aft. There is a
manufcript at Oxford, containing the lives of an hundred and thirry'five
of the fineft Perfian poets. Ferdufi and' Sadi were among the moft celebra*
ted of the Periian poets. The former comprifed the hiftory of Perfia in
a feries of epic poems, which employed him for near thirty years, antl
which are faid by Mr. Jones to be " a olorious monument of eiadei'n
genius and learning." Sadi was a native o^ Schiras, and flouriftied in the
thirteenth contufy, and wrote many fine pieces both in profe and vtrfe,
Shemfcddin was one of the moft eminent lyric poets that Afi'a has pro-
duced; and Nakhflicb wrote iii Perfian a book called the Tales of a Par-
rot, not unlike the Decameron of Boccace. Jami was a moft animated and «
elegant poet, who ilouriflied in the middle of the fifteenth century, and
whofe beautiful compofitions, on a great variety of fubjcfls, are preferred
at Oxford in twenty-two volumes. Hariri compofed, in a rich, elegant^
and flowery ilyle, amoral work, in fifty diflertations, on the changes of
fortune, and the various conditions of human life, interfperfed with a
number of agreeable adventures, and fevcral fine pieces of poetry.

At prefent learning is at a very low ebb among the Perfians. Thciif
bouiled ikill in aftronomy is now reduced tp a mere fmattering in that
fcience, and terminstes in judicial aftrology ; fo that Ao' pebple in the
world are more fupeftitious than the Perfians. The learned profeilion in
grcateft efteem among them is that of medicine ; which is at perpetual
variance with aftrology, becaufe every dbfe muft be in the lucky hbur
fixed by the aftrologer, which often defeats the ends of the prefcriptibn.
It is fnid, however, that the Perfian phyficlans are acute and fagadous.
Their drugs are excellent, and they are no ftrangtrs to the practices of
Galen and Avicenna. Add to this, that the plague is but little known in
this country ; as equally rare aie many other difeaies that are fatal in other
places ; fuch fls the gout, the (lone, the fmall-p(^x, confump^ionsj and
apoplexies. The Perfian prafticc of phyfic is therefore pretty niuch cir-
cumfcribcd, and they are very ignorant in furgcry, which is cxercifed by
barbels, whofe chief knowledge of it is in letting blood ; for they truft the
healing of green wounds to the excellency of the air, and the good habit
of the patient's body.

Antiquities and curiosities, 1 The monuments of antiquiry m

NATURAL AND ARTinciAL. J Pcrfia, are more celebrated for

their magnificence and expence, than their beauty dr tafle. No more than

nineteen columns, which formerly belonged tothefumouspalaceofPerfcpC'lis,

^ a 3 are

7o8>

PERSIA.

are now remaining.
lent Parian tnarble<

Each is about fifteen feet high, and compofcd of cxccl-
The ruins of other ancient buildings are found in
many parts of Perfia, but void of that elegance and beauty which are dif*
played in the Greek architctSure. The tombs of the kings of Perfia are
llupenduus works ; being cut out of a rock, and highly ornamented with
fcuiptures. The chief of the modern edifices is a pillar to be fecn at
iTpahan, (ixty feet high, conlifting of the IkuUs of hearts, credfcd by Shah
Abbas, ^ficr ihc fuppreflion of a rebellion. Abbas had vowed to crett
fuch a column of luiinan ikulls ; but upon the fubmillion of the rebels, he
performed his vow by fubiUtuting thofe of brutes, each of the rebels fur-
nilhing one. '

The baths near Gombroon work fuch cures, that they are efteemcd
among the natural curiofitics of Perfia. The fprings of the famous
naphtha, near Uaku, are mentioned often in natural hillory for their fur-
prifing qualiiics ; but the chief of the natural curiolities in this country,
is the burning phenomenon, and its inilanunatory neighbourhood, already
mentioned under the article of Religion.

Houses, cities, and vublic edifices.] The houfcs of men of qua-
lity in Perfia, arc in the fame tafte with ihofe of the Afiatic Turks already
dcfcribed. They arc fcldom above one doty high, built of bricks, with
flat roofs for walking on, and thick walls. The hall is arched, the doors
are clumfy and narrow, and the rooms have no communication but with
the hall ; the kitchens and ofiice-houfes being built apart. Few of them
have chimnies, but a round hole in the middle of the room. Their fur-
niture chiefly confills of carpets, and their beds are two thick cotton
quilts, which ferve thcin likewifc as eoverlids, with carpets under them.

Ifpahan^or Spahawn, the capital of Perfia, is featcd on a fine plain,
within a mile of the river Zenderhend, which fupplies It with water. It
is faid to be twelve miles in circumference. The fiieets are narrow and
crooked, and the chief amulemcnt of the inhabitants is on the flat roofs of
their houfes, where they fpcnd their fummei" evenings; artd different fami-
lies aflbciate together. The royal fquarc is a third oi a mile in length,
and about half as much in breadth ; and we arc told, that the royal pa-
lace, with the buildings and gardens belonging to it, is three miles in cir-
cumference. There aic in lipahan i6o niofques, iSoocaravanferas, 2po
public baths, a prodigious number of fine fquares, ftrccts, and palaces, in
which are canals, and- trees planted to fliade and better accommodate the
people. This capital is faid formerly to have contained 650,000 inhabi-
tants ; but was often depopulated by fcouli Khan during his wars, fo that
we may eafily fuppofc, that it has loll great part.of its ancient magnificence.
In 1 74 1, when Mr. Hanway was there, it was thought that not above
5000 of its houfes were inhabited.

Schiras lies about 200 miles to the fouth of Aftrachan. It is an open
town, but its neighbourhood is incxprcflibly rich and beautiful, being laid
out for many miles in gardens, the flowers, fruits, and wines of which are
incomparable. The wines of Schiras arc reckoned the befl of any in Per-
fia. This town is the capital of Pars, the ancient Perfia, and hath a
college for the fludy of caftcni learning. It contains an uncommon
number of mofques, and is adorned by many noble buildings, but its
ilreets are narrow and inconvenient, and not above 4000 of its houfcs ara
inhabited.

The cities of Ormus and Gombroon, on the narrow part of the Perfian
Gulf, were tprmcily places of great commerce and importance. The

* Englifli,

PERSIA.

709

fed of cxcel-
re found in
lich are dif*
F Perfia are
icnted with

be fccn at
fed by Shah
'td to crciit
ic rebels, he

rebels fur-
re efteemcd
the famous
»r their fur-
is country,
lod, already

nen of qua-
rks already
ricks, with
, the doors
n but with
:w of them
Their fur-
lick cotton
der them,
fine plain,
water. It
arrow and
lat roofs of
irent fami-
Jn length,
! royal pa-
liles incir-
feras, 2^0
)alaccs, in
lodate the
00 inhabi-
, fo that
nificencc.
not above

is an open
being laid
whicli are
IV in Per-
id hath a
ncommon
but its
loufcs ara

le Perfian
!. The
Englifli,

Englifli, and other Europeans, have failories at Gombroon, where they
trade with the Pcrfiaus, Arabians, Banyans, Armenians, Turks, and Tar-
tars, who come hither with the caravans which fctout from various inland
cities of Afia, under the convoy of guards.

MosqjiES AND BAGNIOS.] I thought proper topl.ice them here under
a general head, as their form of building is pretty much the fame all over
the Mahometan countries.

Mofques are religious buildings, fqunre, and generally of flone ; before
the chit f gate there is a fiiuaic court, paved wuh white marble, and low
gallciics roimd it, whofc roof is fupportcd by msrble pillars. Thofe gal-
leries fervc for places of ablution before the Mahometans go into the
mofciue. About every mofque there arc fix high towers, called minarets,
each of which has three little open galleries, one above another. Thefe
towers, as well as the mofqucs, are covered with lead, and adorned with
gilding and other ornaments ; and from thence, indead of a bell, the peo»
pie arc called to prayer by certain officers appointed for tliat purpofe. No
woman is allowed to enter the mofque ; nor can a man with his Ihoes or
ilockings on. Near mod mofques is a place of entertainment for ihangers
during three days ; and the tomb of the founder, with convcnicncies for
reading the Koran, and praying for the fouls of the dcceaftd.

The bagnios in the Mahometan countries are wonderfully well con-
ftruded for the purpofe of bathing. Sometimes they are fquare, but
ofiener circular, built of white well-polilhed ftonc or marble. Jiach bag-
nio contains three rooms ; the firlf for drciring and undrelling ; the fccond
contains the water, and the third the bath; all of them paved with black
and white marble. The operation of the bath is very curious, but whole-
fome; though to thofe not accultomcd to it, it is painful. The waiter
rubs the patient with great vigour, then handles and ilretches his limbs as
if he was diflocating every bone in the body ; all which excrcifes are, in
thofe inert warm countries, very conducive to health. lo public bagnios
the men bathe from morning to four in the afternoon ; when all male at-
tendants being removed, the ladies fucceed, and wKen coming out of the
bath difplay their fineft cloaths.

I might here attempt to dcfcribe the eaftern feraglios or harams, the
women's apartments j but from the mod credible accounts, they are con-
trived according to the tafte and conveniency of the owner, and divided
into a certain number of apartments, which arc feldom or never entered by
ftrangers ; and there is no country where women are fo ilriftly guarded
and confined as among the great men in Perfia.

- Manufactures and commerce.] The Perfiansequal, if not exceed,
all the manufa6turers in the world in hlk, woollen, mohair, carpets, and
leather. Their works in thefe join fancy, tafte, and elegance to ricbnefs,
neatnefs, and (hew ; and yet they are ignorant of painting, and their draw-
ings arc very rude. Theirdyingexccls that of Europe. Their filver and
gold laces and threads, are admirable for preferving their luftre. Their
embroideries and horfe furniture are not to be equalled ; nor arc they ig-
norant of the pottery and window-glafs manutadtures. On the other
hand, their carpenters are very inditftrent artitls, which is faid to be owing
to the fcarcity of timber all over Perfia. Their jewellers and goldfmiths
are clumfy workmen ; and they are ignorant of lock-making, and the
manufafture of looking-glalfes. Upon the whole, they lie under inex»
prclfible difadvantages hom the form of their governmciu, which renders

Z z 3 cbcitt

71^

PERSIA.

them divti to their kings, who often engrofa either their labdur or ttieir
profitJ.

The trade of the Pcrfians, who have little or no (liipping of their own,
is carried on iu foreign bottoms. That between the Englifh and other
nations, by the gulf of Onnus at Gombroon, was the moft gainful
they had ; but the perpetual wars they have beeii engaged in have ruined
their commerce. The great fcheme of the Englifli, in trading with the
Perfians through RuiTia, promifed great advantages to both nations, but
it has hitherto anfwered the expcrtations of neither. Perhaps the court
«f Peterlburxh is not fond of fuffering the Engliih to eftablim thcmfelves
upon the Carpian fea, the navigation of which is now poffeflcd by the
Ruffians ; but nothing can be (aid with certainty on that head, till the
government of Pcrna is in a more fettled condition than it is at prefent.

Constitution and government.] Both thefe arc extremely pre-
carious, as refling in the bread of a defpotie, and often capricious monarch.
The Perfians, however, had fome fundamental rules of goternment. They
excluded from their thrones females, but not their male progeny. Blind-
nefs likewife was a difctualiiication for the royal fucceflion. In other re*
fpe£ts the king's will was a law for the people. The inftances that have
been given of the cruelties and inhumanities pra^tifed by the Mahometan
kings of Perfia, are almofl: incredible, efpecially during the lad two cen-
turies. The reafon given to the Chriftian ambafladors, by Shah Abbas,
One of their moft celebrated princes, was, that the Perfians were fuch
brutes, and fo infenfible by nature, that they could not be governed with-
out the exercife of exemplary cruelties. But this wa« only a wretched
and ill-grounded apolos^y for his own barbarity. The favourites of the
prince, female as well as male, are his only counfcllor$,and the fraalleft
difobcdience to their will is attended with immediate death. The Perfians
have lio degrees ot nsbility. fo that the refpe«ft due to every man, on ac-
count of his high flation, expires with himfelf. The king has M:en known
to prefer a younger foil to his throne, by putting out the eyes of the elder
brother. ^

Revenues.] The king claims one third of the cattle, corn, and fruits
di his fubic£ls, and likewife a third of filk and cotton. No rank or cnndi*
tion of Perfians is exempted from fevere taxations and fervices. The
governors of provinces have particular lands afTigned to them for main-
taining their retinues and troops ; and the crown lands defray the expences
of the court, king's hojfhold, and great officers of flate. After faying
thus much, the reader cannot doubt that the revenues of the Perfian kings
were prodigious ; but nothing tan be faid with any certainty in the pre-
fcnt diflraifteti (kte of that country. Even the water that is let into fields
pnd gardens is fubjeft to a tax, and foreigners, who are not Mahometans,
pay each a ducat a head.

Military strength.] This confided formerly of cavalry, and it is
now thought to exceed that of the Turks. Since the beginning of this
century, however, their kings have raifed bodies of infantry. The regular
troopi of both brought to the field, even under Kouli Khan, did not ex-
ceed 60,000 ; but, according to the modern hidories of Perfia, they are
eafily recruited in cafe of a defeat. The Perfians have few fortified
towns; nnr had they any fhipsofwar, until Kouli Khan built a royal
navy ; but fince his death we hear no more of their fleet.

Arms ano titles.] The arms of the Perfian monarch are a lion cou-
•hant looking at the riling fun. His title 19 Shah, or the " Hifpofer ef

PERSIA.

711

ur or tljeif

their owhi
I nnd other
toft gainful
[live ruined
g with the
»tions, but
I the court

theinfelves
led by the
ad, till the
[jrefent.
emely pre-
s monarch,
lent. They
ny. Blind,
n other re«

that have
tlahometan
t two cen-
lah Ahbns,

were fuch
irned with<
1 wretched
itef. of the
lie fraalleft
\e Perfians
an, on ac«
^en known
the elder

and fruits
or condi*

fs. The
tor main-
expences
liiying
ian kings
the pre«

into fields

lometans,

and it is

g of this

c regular

not ex-

they are

fortified

royal

ton cou<r
//>o/er of
'^iloms,''*

Kingdoms.''* Shah or Khan, and Sultan, which he aflfumn likewife, are
Taitar titles. To aifts of ilate the Perlian monarch docs not fubfcribe hit
name ; but the grant runs in this manner, *< This aiX is given by him
whom the univeife obeys."

History.] All ancient hiftorians mention the Periian monarchs and
their grandeur ; and no empire has undergone a greater variety of govern-
meats. It is here futhcicnt to fay, that tne Pernan empire fuccecded the
Aflyrian or Babylonian, and that Cyrus laid its foundation about 556
years before Chril^, and reftorcd the li'raelites, who had been captive at
Babylon, to liberty. It ended in the perfon of Darius, who was conquered
by Alexander 329 years bcfoie Chrift. When Alexander's empire was
divided among his great general otiicers, their poflerity were conquered by
the Romans. Thefe lail, however, never fully Aibducd Perfia, and the
natives h:id princes of their own, by the name of Arfaces, who more than
once defeated the Roman legions. The fucceflbrs of thofe princes fur*
vived the Roman empire itfcif, bjut were fubdued by the famous Tamer-
lane, whofe poflerity were fupplanted by a doctor of law, the anceftor of
the Sefi family, and who pretended to be defcended from Mahomet him-
felf. His fucceflbrs, though fome of them were valiant and politic,
proved in general to be a difgracc to humanity, by their cruelty, igno-
rance, and indolence, which brought them into fuch difrepute with their
fubjeds, barbarous as they were, tnat Hafleiu, a prince of the Sefi race,
who fucceeded in 1694, was murdered by Mahmud, fon and fucccflbr to
the fatuous Miriwcis ; as Mahmud himfelf was by Efref, one of his general
officers, who ufurped the throne. Prince Tahmas, the reprefentative of
the Sefi family, had efcaped from the rebels, and affembling an army,
took into his tervice Nadir Shah, who defeated and killed Elref, and re-
annexed to the Perfian monarchy all the places difmembcrcd from it by
the Turks and Tartars during their late rebellions. At laft the fecret am-
birion of Nadir broke out, and after afluming the name of Tahmas Kouli
Khan, and pretending that h\i feryices were not fufiiciently rewarded, he
rebelled againft his fovereign, made him a prifoner, and, it is fuppofed, puc
him to death.

This ufurper afterwards mounted the throne, under the title of $hah
Nadir. His expedition into Indoilan, and the amazing booty he made
there, has been mentioned in the defcription of that country. It has been
remarked, that he brought back an inconfiderable part of bis booty from
India, lolin^r great part of it upon bis return by the Marattas and acci-
dents. He next conquered Uibec Tartary; hpt was npt {o fuccefsful
againft the Daghilbn ifartars, whofe country he found to be inacceiliblc.
He beat the Turks in feveral engagements, but was unable to take Bag-
dad. The great principle of, his government was to Rrike terror into all
his fubjeds by the moll cruel executions. His ,condu£l became fo intoler-
able, that it was thought his brain was touched ; and he was aflaifinated
in his own tent, partly in felf-defence, by his chief officers and his rela-
tions, in the year 1747. Many pretenders, upon his death, fbtrted up;
but the. fortunate candidate was Kerim Khan, who was crowned at Tauris
in 1763.

■■'••..■■ ■'■ •'- '■"..":' -'-Hif. r. ^ ?]^-. n. 'ir.-r'.5n yi;r'W

•■ ■ . '■''■'■ - -'• ;-5 - ';: ^'j>'' Z z 4 :.>;..-;- -i .'ARABIA*

[ 712 ]
A R A B I A.

Situation and Extenti

Miles.
Length 1 300 1
Breadth 1200J

DcgTcei.

between

md 60 Eart loiiT
and 30 North I

Sq. Milea.
it. J 7oo»ooo

TlOUNnED by Turkey, oiMhc North ; by the gulfs

Boundaries.]

of IVrlia <»r Ballbra, arid Onnus, which feparate it

from Perfin, on the Eall; by the Iinliui Ocean, South ; and the Red Sea,
wliichHlivides it horn Africa, on the Weft,

W. J

t. Arabia Dcferta, in )
the middle. , ]

Divifions. Subdlvifions. Chief Towns.

1. Arabia Pctra-a, N. I \ t Suez, E. Ion. 33-27.

W. 5 "~" n N. lat. 29-50.

■ Haggjaz or Mccci —"If Mecca, E. Ion. 43-30.

S. Arabia Jjcieita, in J (.Jsidcn ^'* ^°'

I f Medina
Tehama — — Jl.r)bafar

Mocha — — ") f Mom A, E. Ion. 44-4.

IN. lut. 13. 4j.
Sibit
j Had ram ut

3. Arabia Felix, S. E.'^ Caflcen — — ^.^^Callcen

Scgur — — Scgiir

Oman or Muftat Mulc.it

Jamaina — i; — Jamama

^Bahara — — J LElcalf.

Name.] It Is remarkable that this country has always preferved its
ancient name. The word ^4rn/>, it is generally fait), figuifies a robber,
or freebooter. The word iVrtrflrcw, by which one tribe is called, is faiit
to (ignify both a thief and an inhabitant of the dcfcrt. Thel'c names
juftly belong to the Arabians, for they feldom let any inerchandife pafs
through the country without extorting fomething from the owners, if they
do not rob them.
', Mountains.] The mountains of Sinai and Horcb, lying in Arabia
Pctraa, eaft of the Red Sen, and thole called Gabel el Arcd, in Arabia
Felix, arc the moft noted.

Rivers, sKAs, Gui.Fs, a.vd capes.] There arc few fountains, fprings,
or rivers in this country, except the Euphrates, which wsiflics the north-
caft limits of it. It is almoft furrounded with feas ; as the Indian Ocean,
the Red Sea, the jrulfs of Perfia and Ormus. The chief capes or promon-
tories are thofe of Rofalgate and Mullcdon.

Climate, air, soil, and produce.] As a confiderable part of
tliis country lies under the torrid zone, and the tropic of Cancer pafl'es
over Arabia Ftlix, the air is exceflivcly dry and hot, and the country is
fubjeft to hot poifonous winds, like thofe on the oppolite ftiores of Per-
f.n, which often prove fatal, efpecially to ftiangers. The foil; in fome

parts,

ARABIA.

713

rved its
robber,
is fiiid
■ names
i<'e pafs
if they

part*, IS nothing more thnn iininenfc fandi, which, when agitated by the
winds, roll like the troubled ocean, and Ibmctiineii form mountains by
which whole caravans h.ivc been buried or loll. In thcfe dctcrti, the
caravan), having no tracki, arc guided, nt nt fca, by a compjfii, or by
the ftars, for they travel chiefly in the night. Here, fays Dr. Shaw, are
no paftures clothed with tlocks, nor vulliet llanding thick with corn ; here
nre no vineyards or olive-yards ; but the whole is a luncfomc defolatc wil-
derncfs, no other ways divcrfiBed than by plains covered with faud, and
mountains that arc made up of naked rocks and precipices. Neither is
this country ever, unlefs fomctimcs at the ccjiiinoxrs, rctVedied with rain {
and the intcnfcncfs of the cold in the night is almull equal to that of the
heat in the day time. But the fouthcrn partsof Arabia, deiervcdly called
the Happy, is blcllcd with an excellent foil, and, in gcnrra), is very fer-
tile. '1 here the cultivated lands which are chietly about the luwns near
the fea coall, produce balm of Gilead, manna, myrrh, callia, uiocs,
frankincenie, fpikenard, and other valuable ^ums ; cinnamon, pepper,
cardamum, oranges, lemons, pomegranates, hgs, and other Iruits ; ho-
ney and wax in plenty, with a fmall quantity of corn and wine. 1 hit
country is famous for its coffee and its dates, which lafl arc found fcarcely
any where in luch perfeftion as here and in Perfia. There aie few treca
fit for timber in Arabia and little wood of any kind.

Animals.] The moil ufcful animals in Arabia Pi'e camels anddro-
medaries ; they are amazingly fitted by Providence tor traverling the dry
and parched deferts of this country, for they are fo formed, that they can
throw up the liquor froiti their flomach into their throat, by which means
they can travel hx or eight days without water. The camels ufually carry
Soolb. weight upon their backs, which is not tal:en off during the whole
journey, for th«y naturally kneel down to veA, and in due time rife with
their load. The dromedary is a fniall camel that will travel many miles a
day. Jt is an obferv^tion among the Arabs, that wherever there are trees,
the water is not hir oft"; and wlien tliey draw near a pool, their camels will
fmell it at a dirtance, and fct up their great trot till they come to it. The
Arabian horfcs are well known in Europe, and have contributed to im-
prove the breed of thofe in England. They are only fit for the faddle,
and are admired for their make as much as for their fwlftncfs and high
mettle. I'he fineil: breed is in the kingdom of Sunnaa, in which Mocha
isfituated.

Inhabitants, MANNERS, ) The Arabians, like moft of the nations
CUSTOMS, ANo DRESS. J of Afia, arc of a middle flature, thin, and
of a fwarthy complexion, with black hair and black eyes. They are fwift
of foot, excellent horfemcn, and are faid to be, in general, a martial brave
people, expert at the bow and lance, and, fince they became acquainted
with fire-arms, good markfmcn. The inhabitants of the inland country
live in tents, and remove from place to place with their flocks atid herds,
as they have ever done fince they became a nation.

The Arabians in general arc fuch thieves, that travellers and pilgrims,
who arc led thither from all nations, through motives of devotion or cu-
riofity, are flruck with terror on their approaches towards the deferts.
Thefe robbers, headed by a captain, traverfe the country in confiderable
troops on horfeback, and alTault and plunder the caravans ; and we are
told, that fo late as the year i7;o, a body of 50,000 Arabians attacked a
caravan o( merchants and pilgrims returning from Mecca, killed about
60,000 pcrfons, and plundered it of e\CTy thing valuable, though cfcorted

7«4

A R A B r A.

by ft Tarklfli army. On the f«i-coa(l thcv are mere piratii, and mAe
yrizc of ev«ry rcOiil they can mafler, of wiiatevri iiatiun.

The habit of the roving Arabi is a kiiiiJ of blue (liirt, tird about them
with a white fafli or girdle ; and Oimc of them have a vrll ot turi or (hccp-
Ikina Ofcr it ) th^y alio wear dr.twera, und romeijmeii llippcrs, but no
Aotiktngt ; and h^ve a can or turbuu on their hciid. Muny of them go
almoft nMked ; but, at in ine eafturn counti ici, the women ure fo wrapped
vp, that nothing can be dircerned but their eyes. Like other Mahome-
tani, the Arabs cat all manner of flefli, except that ot hogi ; and prefer
the fle<h of camelif at we prrfer venifun, to other meat, They take care
to drain the blood from the flelh, a» the Jew« do, and like them refufe
fuch filh at h^ve no fcalet. C>)lfcc and tea, water, and (herbet made of
oranget, water, and fugnr, it their ufiial drink ; they have no ihong liquort.

Religion.] Of this the reader will find an account in the following
liiftory of Mahomet their countryman. Mxnv of the wild Arabs are llill
Paiani, but the people in general profcfa Mahometanifm.

Learning and language.] Though the Arabiant informer agiei
were famoua lor their learning and Ikill in all the liberal arts, there is
icarCcly a country at prefent where the (leople are fo univcrfally ignorant.
The vulgar language ufcd in the three Arabias is the Arabefk, or corrupt
Arabian, which is likewife fpoken, with fome variation of dialect, over
great part of the Eall, from Egypt to the court of the Great Mogul. The
pure old grammatical Arabic, which is faid to be a dialci^ of the Hebrew,
und by the people of the Eaft accounted the richad, mod energetic, and
copious language in the world, is taught in their fchools, as Greek and
Latin is amongit Europeans, and ufcd by Mahometans in their wordup ;
for as the Koran was written in this language, they will not fuffcr it to be
read in any other : they look upon it to have been the language of Para-
dife, and think no man can be a mal\er of it without a miiacle, as coa(ift<
ing of feveral millions of words. The books which treat of it dy, they
have no fewer than a thoufand terms to exprefs the word camel^ and five
hundred for that of a lion. The Pater- noder in the Arabic is as foU
lows :

Abuna elUiihi fi-Jamxvat ; jtthadJai efinac ; tati mailacutac : taouri maf'
tbiaticy cama fi'jjama ; kedhaltc ala lardlt aating chohzena kefatna iaum
ie'iaun ; ivaefor lena ^nubtnm 'wacbataina^ cama nitfj'or narhna lemen aca
Joina ; tmala tadalhchalna Jihajarib ; laken nicjjina me nnrj'cherir. Amen.

Chief cities, curiositibs, > What is called the Deiert of ^inai,
AND ARTS. {is a beautiful plain near nine miles

lon^, and about three in breadth ; it lies open to the north*ea(l, but to the
ibuthward is dofed by fome of the lower eminences of Mount Sinai ; and
-other parrs of that mountain make fuch encroachments upon the plain as
jto divide it in two, each fo capacious as to be fuflicient to receive the whole
.ipan)p of the Ifraelitcs.

Frotn Mount Sinai may be feen Mount Horeb, where Mofes kept the
blocks of Jethro, his father-in«law, when he faw the burning bu(h. On
thofe mountains are many chapels and cells, pofTclTed by the Greeks and
Latin monks, who, like the religious at Jeruialem, pretend to (hew the
very fpot where every miracle or tranfadtion recorded in Scripture hap-
pened.

The chief cities in Arabia are Mocha, Aden, Mufcat, Suez, and Jud-
dah| where mud of the trade of this country is carried on.

Mocha

thj
anj
of

^}\
thj

oti

A R A d 1 A.

7iS

Mocha U well builr, tbe hourei very lofty, tnd are with the wtlU and
forts covered with a chinam or ftucco, that give* a dazzling whhencft la
them. The harbour it femicircular, the circuit of the wall ii two milei,
and there are feveral hnndrome moi(|uci in the city. Suez, the Arfinoo
of the ancient*, it furroundril by the Defert, und but a fliabby ill-built
place. The (hip* nre forctil to anchor a league from the town, to which
the leading channel hat only ahont nine ket water. Judilah is the plnce
ot'the greated trude in the Red Sea, for there the O'lninerce between
Arahin and Europe meets, and is interchanged, the former fending her
gums, drvig^, coner, &c. and from Europe come cloths, iron, furs, and
other nrticlLN, liy the way of Cairo. The revenues of thele, with the
profitt of thr |X)rt, :<re ihurcd by the Grand Signiur, and the XeriflToC
Mecca, to w1i')m this place jointly belongs.

Mecni, thr capital of all Arnhin, and Medina, deferve particular no-
tice. At Mecca, the biith-pliicc of Mahomet, i* a mofquc fo giorioui^
that it is generally counted the mod magnificent of any temple in the
Turkifh dominions : its lofty roof being rail'ed in fiifliion of a dome, and
covered with i;old, with two beauriful towers at the end, of extraordinary
hei|;ht and architecture, make adelighful u|ipearance, and are confpicu«
ous at a great didance. The mol'que hath a hundred gates, with a win*
dow over ea(:h ; and the whole building within is decorated with the fined
gildings and tapeftry. The number uf pilgiims who yearly vidt this placc«
It almoll incredible, every muflulman being obliged by his religion to come
hither once in his lite time, or fend a deputy. At Medina, about fifty
miles from the Red Sea, the city to which Mahomet fled when he waa
driven out of Mecca, and the place where he was buried, it a ftately
niolque, fupported by 400 pillars, and furniflied with 300 (ilver lamps,
which are continually burning. It is called the '« MoJ Holy" by the
Turk*, becaufe in it is placed the coffin of their prophet Mahomet, co«
vered with cloth of gold, under a canopy of filver tjflue, which the baUiaw
of Egypt, by order of the grand Sign r, renews every year. The camel
which carries it derives a fort of fanftity from it, and is never to be ufed
in any drudgery afterwsirds Over the foot of the coffin it a rich golden
crelVent, fo curioufly wrought, and adorned with precious Rones, that it
is erteemed a mafter-piece ot gi n value. Thither the pilgrims refort,
as 'o Mecca, but not in fuch nunbers.

Government.] The inland country of Arabia is under the govern-
ment of many petty princes, who are (lyled xerifs and inn^ti*, both of
rUem including the offices uf king and pricfl, in the fame mannei' as the ca-
lifs of the Saracens, the fucceflbrs ->f Mahomet. Thefe monarchs appear
to be abfolute, both in fpirituaU and temporals : the fucceflion is heredi-
tary, and they have no other laws than thofe found in the Koran, and the
comments upon it. The northern Arabs owe fubjeAion to the Turks, and
are governed by bafhaws refiding among them ; but it is certain, that they
receive large gratuities from the grand Signior for protedling the pilgrims^
that pafs throOgh their country from the robberies of their count rymen^
The Arabians have no (landing regular militia, but the kings command
both the pcrfons and the purfes of their fubje^s, as the neceflity of affairs
wquire.

History.] The hiftory of that country in fnme mcafure differs from
that of all others: for as the flavery and fubje^ion of other nations make
a great part of their hillory, that of the Arabs is entirely compofed of their
conc^uefts or independence. The Arabs are defcended from Iflimacl, of

whof?

■u

7i6 ' ARABIA.

whofe poftevity it was foicU)ld, tliat they flioulj be invincible, ** hive
their hands againll every man, and every man's hands agwinil tlit its."
They are at prel'ent, and have remaintd tVom the remotcft ages, during
the various connuerts of the Greeks, Romans, and Tartars, a convincinjj
proof ot the divinity of this prcdiifiion. Towards the north, and the fca-
coaft of Arabia, the inhabitants are, indeed, kept in awe by the Turks;
but the wandering tribes of the fouthcni and inland parts acknowledge
themfelves for fubjetSts of no foreign power, and do not fail to harafs and
annoy all ftrangers who come into their country. The conqucfts of the
Arabs make as wonderful a part of their hiftory, as the independence and
freedom which they have ever continued to enjoy. Thcfe, as well ast
their religion, began with one man, whofe charader forms a very lingu-
lar phenomenon in the hillory of mankind. This vv;ts the famous Maho-
xnet, a native of Mecca, a city of that divilion of Arabia, which, for the
luxuriancy of its foil, and happy temperature of its climate, has ever been
cdcemed the lovcliefl and fwectefl region of the world, and is diiiinguiflicd
by the epithet of Happy,

Mahomet was born in the fixth century, in the reign of Juflinian XI.
emperor of Conflantinople. Though defcended of mean parentaue,
illiterate and poor, Mahomet was endued with a fubtile genius, like
thofe of the fame country, and poffcifed a degree of enterprizc and
ambition peculiar to himfelf, and much beyond his condition. He had
been employed, iq the early part of hi? life, by an uncle, Abuteleb, as u
faftor, and had occalion, in this capacity, to travel into Syria, Paieilinc,
and Egypt. He was afterwards taken into the fervice of a rich merchant,
upon whole death he married his widow, Cadiga, and by her means came
to be poflcfTed of great wealth and of a numerous family. During his
peregrinations into Egypt and the Eafl, he had obferved the vaft variety
of feds in religion, whofe hatred againll each other was ftrong and inve-
terate, while at the fiime time there were many particulars in which the
greater part of them were agreed. He carefully laid hold of thcfe parti-
culars, by means of which, and by addrelling himfelf to the love of
power, riches, and pleafurc, paiTions univerfal among them, he expedcd
to raife a new fyllem of religion, more general than any which hitherto
had been eftabliHied. In this defign he was aflilted by Sergius, a monk,
whofe libertine difpofiiion had made him forfake his cloiller, and profeilion,
iind engage in the fervice of Cadiga, with whom he remained as a do-
mertic when Mahomet was taken to her bed. This monk was perfcftly
tjualificd, by his great learning, for fupplying the defeats which his mal-
ter, for want of a liberal education, laboured under, and which, in all
probability, muft have obftruftcd the execution of his defign. It was nc-
celFary, however, that the religion they propofed to ellablilli (hould have
a divine fandion ; and for this purpofe Mahomet turned a calamity, with
which he was aftlicte>i, to his advantage. Ke was often ful»ject to fits of
the cpilcpfy, a difeafe whicli tliofe whom it affiids are defirous to con-
ceal ; Mahomet gave out therefore that thefe fits were trances, into which
he was miraculcny thrown by God Almighty, during which he was
intruded in his will, which he was commanded to publifli to the world.
By this ft:range flory, and by leadin^i; a retired, abllcniious, and aullere
lite, he eafily acquired a chaiader for fupeiior fancVity among his ac-
quaintance and neighbours. When he thought himfelf fufficiently forti-
fied b\ the numbers and the enthufiafm of his followers, he boldly de-
clared )umfelf a prophtt, fent by God into the world, not only to teach

his

ARABIA.

717

((

h<ivc

his will, but to compel mankind to obey it. As we have already men-
tioned, he did not lay the t'oundation of hi3 fyftcm fo narrow as only to
comprehend ihe natives of his own country. His mind, though rude,
and enihufiaftic, was enlarged by travelling into diflant lands, whole man-
ners and religion he had made a peculiar fiudy. He propofcd that the
fyftcm he eftablilhed fliould extend over all the neighbouring nations, to
whofe doi!^rines and prejudices he hud taken care to adapt it. Many of
the inhabitants of the eallerii countries were at this time much addidlcd to
the opinions of Ariufe, who denied that Jefus Chrift was coequal with
God the father, as is declared in the Athanafian creed. Egypt and Ara-
bia were filled with Jews, who had fled into thefe corners of the world
from the perfccution rf the emperor Adrian, who threatned the total
extinftion of that people. The other inhabitants of thefe countries were
Pagans. Thefe, however, had little attachment to their decayed and de-
rided idolatry ;' and like men whofe religious principles is weak, had given
thcmfelvcs over to pleafure and fenfuality, or to the acquifition of riches,
to be the better able to indulge in the gratifications of fcnfe, which
together with the doftrinc of predellination, compofed ti.e fole prin-
ciples of their religion and philofophy. Mahomet's fyftem was cx-
adtly fuited to thefe three kinds of men. To gratify the tAo former, he
declared that there was one God, who created the world and governed
all things in it ; that he had fent various prophets into the world to teach
his will to munkind, among whom Mofes and Jefus Chrilt were the moft
eminent ; but the cndtavours of thefe had proved incffeftual, apd God had
therefore now fent his lall and gvcatcft prophet, with a commiflion more
ample than what Mofcs or Chrill h:id been entrufted with. He had com-
manded him not only to publifli his laws, but to fubdue thefe who were
Unwilling to believe or obey them ; and for this end to eftablifli a king-
dom upon earth which fliould propagate the divine law tht'oughout the
world ; that God had defigncd utter ruin and deftru£^ion to thofc who
lliould refufe to fubmit to him ; but to his faithful followers, he Had given
the fpoils and pofle'^ons of all the earth, as a reward in this life, and ha.d
provided for them hereafter a pari'dife of all fenfual enjoyments, efpecially
thole of love ; that the pleafurcs of fuch as died in propagating the faith,
would be peculiarly intcnfe, and vaflly tranfcend thofeof the rcit. Thcfc,
together wiih the prohibition of di inking ftrong liquors, (a reftramt not
very fevere in warm climates,) and the dodrine of predellination, were
the capital articles of Mahomet's creed. They were no fooner publilhed
than a vaft number of his countrymen embraced them with implicit faith.
They were written by the prieft wc formerly mentioned, and compofe a
book called the Koran, or Alkoran, by way of eminence, as we fay the
Bible, which means the Book. The perfon of Mahomet, however, was
familiar to the inhabitants of Mecca ; fo that the greater part of theiu
were fufficiently convinced of the deceit. The more enlightened and
leading men entered into a defign to cut him oft"; but Mahomet gsttina
notice of their intention, fled from his native city to Medina Tabmachi
or the City of the Prophet. The fame of his miracles and dodrine was,
according tocuftom, grenteft at a difiance, and the inhabitants of Medina
received him with open arms. From this flight, which happened in the
622A year of Chrill;, tlic forty-fourth year of Mahomet's :igc, and the
tenth ot his miniftry, his foll(>wcrs, the Mahometans, compute their
time, and the a;ra is called in Arabic, Hcgira, i. e. the Flight.
Mahomet, by the afliilancc of the inhabitants of Medina, and of others

whom

7i«

Indian akd Oriental Islands.

whom his Infinviatien and addrefs daily attached to him, brought over aU
tiis countrymen to a belief, or at leall co an acquiefcence in his dut^trincs.
The fpeedy propagation of his fyflem among the Arabians /viis a new
argument in its behalf among the inhabitants of Egypt and ^the Eall,
who were pievioufly djfpoled to ir. Arians, Jews, and Gentiles, all lor-
fook their ancient faith, and became Mahometans. In a word, the con-
tagioTi fpread over Arabia, Syria, Egypt, and Pjerfia ; and Mahomet,
from a deceitful hypocrite, became the moft powerful monarch in his
time. He died in 620, leaving two branches of his race, both cileemed
divine among their fubjec'^s. Thefc were the caliphs of Perfia and of Egypt,
under the laA of which Arabia was included. The former of thefc turned
their arms to the Bail, and made conquells of many countries. The
caliphs of Egypt ai;d Arabia directed their ravages towards Europe, and
under the name of Saracens or Moors, (which they obtained becaufe
they entered Europe from Mauritania, in Africa, tiie cpuntry of the
Moors) reduced muft of Spain, France, Italy, and the iilands in the
Mediterraneanv

In this manner did the fucceflbrs of that impofior fpread their religion
and conquells over the greateft part of Afia, Africa, and Europe ; and
they ftill give law to a very coniiderable part of mankind.

bl
nl

efl

The INDIAN and ORIENTAL ISLANDS.

THEJAPAN ISLANDS form together what has been called
the empire of JAPAN, and are governed by a moft def.
potic prince, who is fometimes called emperor, and fometimes king.
They are iituated about 150 miles eaft of China, and extend ''•'om the
30th to the 41II degree of north latitude, and from the 130th to the
f 47th of eaft longitude. The chief town is Jeddo, in the 141ft degree
of eaft longitude, and the 36th of north latitude. The foil and produc<
ti<ms of the country ate pretty much the fame with thofc of China ; and
the inhabitants are famous for their lacker ware, known by the name of
Japan. The iflands ihemfelves are very inacceffible, through their high
rocks and tempeduous feas ; they are uibjeft to earthquakes, and have
fome volcanos. I have already mentioned the circumftance of the Dutch
ezpelliog the Fortuguefe froin this gainful trade. The Japanefe them-
feWes are the grofleft of all idolaters, aiul fo irrcconcilcable to Chridi-
snity, that it is commonly faid the Dutch, who are the only European
people with whom they now trade, pretend themfclves to be no ChrilU*
ans, and humour the Japanefe in the moft abfurd fuperflitious. Not*
withftanding all this compliance, the natives are very (liy and rigorous in
all their dealings with the Dutch, and Nagafacci^ in the ifland of Dezi*
ma, is the only place were they are fufFercd to trade. The complexions
of the Japanefe are in general yellowiil), although fome few, chiefly
-women, are almoft white. Their narrow eyes, and high eye-brows, are
like thofe of the Chinefe and Tartars ; and their uofes are (liort and
thick. Their hair is uoivcrfally black ; and fuch a famenefs of faftiioa
reigns throughout the whole empire, that the head-drefs is the fame from
the emperor to the peafant. The fafliion of their cloaths has alfo remain*
cd the famA from very high antiquity. They confift of one or more loofe

gownS|

Indian and Oriental Islands.

7^9

gowns, tied about the middle with a faflt. People of rank have them
niHde of (ilk, but the lower clafs of cotton fluffs. Women generally wear
a greater number of them than men, and much longer, and have them
more ornamented, often with gold or filver flower* woven into the lluff.
Their houfo are built with upritfht ports, crollcd and wnttled with bam-
boo, plaiflered both without and within, and white^waflied. They ge-
nerally have iwo'llorics ; but the uppennoft is low, and feldom inhabit-
ed. The roofs are covered with ptniilcs, large and heavy, but neatly
made. The flioors arc elevated two feet from the ground, and covered
with planks, on which mats are laid. They have no furniture in their
rooms ; neither tables, chairs, ftools, benches, cupboards, or even beds.
Their cuftotn is to fit down on their heels upon the mats, which are al-
ways foft and clean. Their vidlvials are ferved up to them on a low board,
railed but a few inches from the Hoor, and one difli only at a time. Mir-
rors they have, but never fix them up in their houfes as ornamental fur-
niture : they are made of a coihpound metal, and ufed only at their toilets.
Notwithftanding the feverity of their winters, which obliges them to
warm their houfes from November to March, they have neither fire-
places nor Aoves: inftead of thefe they ufe large copper pots ftanding
upon legs, Thefe are lined on the inllde with loam, on which aflies are
laid to fomc depth, and charcoal lighted upon them, which feems to be
prepared in foine manner which renders the fumes 6f it not at all dan-
gerous. The firft compliment offered to a ttranger, in their houfes, is
a difti of tea, and a pipe of tobacco. Fans are ufed by both (exes eaual-
ly ; and are, within or without doors, their infeparable compnniont.
The whole nation are naturally cleanly : every houle, whether public or
private, has a bath, of which conflant and daily ufe is made by the whole
family. Obedience to parents, and relpeft to fuperiors, are the charac-
teriftics of this nation. Their falutations and converfations between equal*
abound alfo with civility and politcnefs ; to this children are earljr
accuftomed by the example of their parents. Their penal laws arc very
fcvere ; but punifliments are feldom inflided. Perhaps there is no coun>
try where fewer crimes againft fociety are committed. Conmerce and
manufactures flourifli here, though, as thefe people have few wants, they
are not curried to the extent which we fee in Europe. Agriculture is f<»
ivell underdood, that the whole country, even to the tops of the hills,
Js cultivated. They trade with no foreignei^ but the Dutch and Chi-
nefe, and in both cafes with companies of privV ged merchants.—
Eetides the fugars, fpices, and manufactured goods, wnich the Dutch fend
to Japan, they carry thither annually upwards of 200,000 deer Ikins and
more than 100,000 hides, the greateft part of which they get from
Siam, where they pay for them in money. The merchandife they ex-
port from thefe iilands, both for Bengal and £urope, confid in 90CO
chefls of copper, each weighing 120 pounds, and from 25 to 30,000
ivcight of camplior. Their profits on imports and exports are valued at
40 or 45 per cent. As the Dutch company dr) n(;t p«y duty in Jap-.m,
either on their exports or importp, they fend, an annual prcftnt to
the emperor, confifting of cloth, chintz, fuccotas, cottons, Ituffs, and
trinkets.

TheLADRONE ISLANDS, of which the chief town is faid robe Guar,
eaft longitude 140, north latitude 14. : they are about twelve in number.
The people took their name from their pilfering ciualifics. We know
nothing yf them worth a particuUi moniion, excepting that lord An*"on

a lauded

.^20

Indian and Oriental Islands.

landed upon one of them (Tinian), where he found great rcficfliment for
hitnfclf and his crew.

FORMOSA is likewife an oriental ifland. It is fituated to the call of

China, near the province of Fo-kien, wnd is divided into two parts by a

chain of mountains, which runs through the middle, beginning at the

fouth coaft, and ending at the north. This is a very fine ifland, and

abounds with all the necciliiries of life. That part of the ifland which

lies to the weft of the mountains, belongs to the Chinefe, who confidcr

the inhabitants of the caftern parts as favagcs, though they are faid to be

a very inoftenfivc people. The inhabitants of the cultivated parts arc

.the fiime with the Chinefe, already dcfcribed. The Chincll- have like-

• wife made thcnifelves mailers of fevcral other iUands in thefe feas, of

.which we fcarcely know the names ; that of Ainan is between fixty and

feventy leagues long, and between fifty and fixty in breadth, and but

twelve miles from the province of Canton. The original inhabitants arc

.a fliy, cowardly people, and live in the moft unwholcfomc part of the

.ifland, the coaft and cultivated parts, which are very valuable, being

polTefled by the Chinefe.

The PHILIPPINES, of which there are i ico in number, lying in the
Chinefe fea (part of the Pacific Ocean) 300 miles fouth-eaft of China,
of which Manilla, or Luconia, the chief, is 400 miles long and 200
broad. The inhabitants confift of Chinefe, Ethiopians, Malays, Spa-
jiiards, Portuguefc, Pintados, or painted people, and Melles, a mixture
.of all thefe. The property of the iflands belongs to the king of Spain,
they having been difcovcred by Magellan, and afterward* conquered by
the Spaniards in the reign of Philip II. from whom they take their name.
Their fituation is fuch, between the eaftcrn and wcftcrn continents, that
the inhabitants trade with Mexico and Peru, as well as with M the iflands
.and places of the Eaft Indies. Twofliips from Acapulco, in Mexico, carry
on this commerce for the Spaniards, w ho make 400 per cent profit. The
country is fruitful in all the necefl'aries of lift-, and beautiful to the eye.
Venifon of all kinds, baifuloes, hogs, flicep, goats, and a particular
large fpecics of monkeys, ^re found here in great plenty. The neft of
the bird faligan affords that dillblving jelly, which is fo voluptuous a
rarity at European tables. Many European fruits and flowers thrive
fiirprifingly in thefe iflands. If a fprig of an orange or lemon tree is
planted here, it becomes within the year a fruit-bearing tree ; fo t4»at tha
verdure and luxuriancy of the foil are almoft incredible. The tree amtt
fuppliesthe natives with water ; and there is alfo a kind of cane, which
if cut yields fair water enough for a draught, of which there is plenty
in the mountains, where water is moft wanted.

The city of Manilla contains about 3000 inhabitants ; its port is Cavitc,
lying at the diftancc of three leagues, and defended by the caftle of Sr.
Philip. In the year 1762, Manilla was ^-educed by the Englifli under
. general Draper and admiral Coinifli, who took it by ftorm, and humanely
fuffered the archbilhop, who was the Spanifii viceroy, at the fame time,
to ranfom the place for abotit a million llerling. The bargain, however,
was ungencrouily difowned by him and the court of Spain, fo that great
part of the ranfom is ftiil unpa'd. The Spanifii govertimcnt is fettled
there, but the Indian inhabitants pay a capitation tax. The other iflands,
^:)articularly Mindanao, the Inrgeit next to Manilla, are governed by petty
princes of their own, whom the) call fultans. The fultan of Mindanao
is a Mahometan.

Upon

oti

bl]

Indian and Orisntal laLANos*

7»t

efliment for

) the cad of
> parts by a
ling at the
ifland, and
land which
lo confidcr
■ faid to be
1 parts are
have likc-
fe feas, of
I fixty and
, and but
bitants are
art of the
blc, being

ing in the
of China,

and 200
ays, Spa-
I rancture
of Spain,
luered by
eir name,
ents, that
le iilands
CO, carry
ir. The

the eye.
>articiihir
le neft uf

>riious a
thrive
>n tree is

t4»at tha

ec amct
:, which
5 plenty

3 Cavitc,
le of Sr.
h under
imanel/
le lime,
ovvever.
It great
s fettled
iilands,
ly petty
indanao

Upon

Upon the whole, though thcfe iflands are enriched with flll the profu*
lion of nature, yet they are fubje£t to moft dreadful earth<|ualie», thundefi
rains, and lightning; and the foil is peftered with many noxious and ve<
noinous creatures, und even herbs and flowers, whofe p' {bnikill almoft
inftantaneoufly. Some of their mountains are volcanos.

The MOLUCCAS, commonly called the Spice or Clove Islands.
Tbefe are not out of fight of each other, and lie all within the com*
paft of twenty-{i<'e leagues to the fouth of the Philippines, in 1 15 degrees
of eaft longitude, and between one degree fouth, and two north latitude*
They are in number five, vi?.. liachixn, Machian, Motyr, Ternatc, and
Tydore. Thefe iilands produce neither corn nor rice, fo that the inha-
bitants live upon a bread made of fagoe. Their chief produce coniiils of
'gloves, mace, -and nutmegs, in vail quantities; which are monopolized
by the Dutch with fo much jcaloufy, that they fleftroy t? : p[r nts left the
natives (hould fell the fupernttmerary fpices to other nations. T hefe iflandt,
after being fubjert to various powers, are now governed by three kings«
iubordinate to the Dutch\ 'I'ernate is the largeft of thefe iilands, though
no more than thirty miles in circumference. The Dutch have here a foil
called Viftoria ; and another called Fort Orange, in Machian.

The BANDA, or Nutmeg Islands, jtre (ituated between ttj and 128
ilegrecs ead longitude, and between four and five fouth latitude, com-
prehending the iflands ot Lantor, the chief town of which is Laotor,
Polerun, Rotinging, Pooloway, and Gonapi. The chief forts bllongirig
to the Dutch on thefe iflands, are thofe of Revenge and Naflau. The
nutmeg, covered with mace, grows on thefe iflands only, and they are
entirely fuhje^t to the Dutch. In fcveral iflands that lie near Banda and
Amboyna, the nutmeg and clove would jjrow, hecaufe, as naturaiifts tell
birds, efpecially doves and pigeont, fwallow the nutmeg and clove

us.

whole, and void them in the fame ftate ; which is one of the reafons why
the Dutch declare war againfl both birds in their wild plantations. The
great nutmeg harveft is in June and Auguft.

AMBOYNA. This ifland, taken in a large fcnfe, is one, and the moft
confiderable, of the Moluccas, which, in fa(^, it commands. It is fitu*
atcd in the Archipelago of St. Laiarus, between the thifd av\d fourth
degree of fouth latitude, and 120 leagues to the eaflward of Baravia.
Amboypa is about fe/enty niiles in circumference, and defended by a
Dutch garrifon of 7 or $00 men, befi^es fmall forts, which proteft their
clove plantations. It is well knomi, that when the Portuguefe were driven
off this ifland, the trade of it was carried on by the EngUfli and Dutch ;
and the barbantics of the latter in firft torturing and then murdering the
Englifli, and thereby engrofling the whole trade, aik! that of Banda, can
never be forgotten ; but will be tranfmitted as a memorial of Dutch
infamy at that period to all poflerity. This tragical event happened in
1622.

The ifland of CELEBES, or Macassar, is fituated under the equator,
between the ifland of Borneo and the Spice Ifl;mds, at the diftance of 160
leagues from Batavia, and is 500 miles long, and 200 broad. This ifland,
rotwithftanding its heat, is rendered habitable by breezes from the north,
and periodical rains. Its chief produf'* is pepper and opium ; and ti\e
natives are expert in the ftudy of poif^ns, with a variety of which nature
has furniflied them. The Dutch have a fortification on this ifland ; but
the internal part of it is governed by three kings, the chief of whom re-
fides in the town of Macaflar. In this, and indeed in almoft all the Oriental

3 A , iflands^

Vi2

Indian and Oriental Islands.

iflands, the inhabitants live in houfes built on large pofls, whleh are ac«
ceilible only by ladders, U'hich they pull up in the night time, for their
focurity againft venomous animals. They are faid to be hofpitablc and
faithful, if not provoked. They carry on a large trade with the Chinefe.
Their port of Jampodcn, is the moft capacious of any in that part of the
world.

The Dutch havi^lcevvite. fortified GILOLO and CERAM, two othet
fpice iilands lying uMcr the equator, and will fink any fliips that attempt to
traffic in thoi'e feas.

The SUN DA ISLANDS. Thcfe are fituated in the Indian Ocean,
between 93 and 120 degrees of caft longitude, and between eight de^
grees north and eight degrees fouth latitude, comprehending the iflands
of Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bally, Lamboc, Banca, &c. The three firft,
from their great extent and importance, require to be feparatefy de-
fcribed.

BORNEO is fitid to be 800 miles long, and 700 broad, and is therefore
thought to be the largcfl ifland in the world. The inland part of the coUn«
try is marfliy and unhealthy ; and the inhabitants live in towns built upon
floats in the middle of the rivers. The foil produces rice, cotton, canes,
pepper, camphor, the tropical fruits, gold, and excellent diamonds. The
famous ouran-oiitang, one of which was diucfied by Dr. Tyfon at Oxford,
h a native of this country; and is thought, of all irrational beings, to
refemble a man, the moll. The oiiginal inhabitants are faid to live in the
ttiountains, and make ufc of poifoned darts ; but the fea-coaft is governed
by Mahometan princes ; the chitf port of this ifland is Benjar-Maffecn,
and carries on a commerce with all trading nations.

SUMATRA has Malacca on the north, Borneo on the eaft, and Java on
the Ibuth-eaft, from which it is feparated by the Araits of Sunda ; it is
divided into two equal parts by the equator, extending five degrees, and
upwards, north-wefl of it, and five on the fouth-eall; and is 1000 miles
long, and 100 broad. This ifland produces fo much gold, that it is
thought to be the Ophir* mentioned in the fcripturcs; but Mr. Marfdcn
in his late hiflory of the Ifland, thinks it was unknown to the ancients. —
Its chief trade with the Europeans lies in pepper. The Englidi Eaft India
company have two feitlements here, Bencsolcn and Fort-Marlborough ;
Irom whence they bring their chief cargoes of pepper. The king of
Achen is the chief of the Mahometan princes who poflefs the fea-coafts.
The interior parts are governed by pai^ait princes ; and the natural pro-
duds of Sumatra arc pretty much the fame with thofe of the adjacent
iflands.

Rain is very frequent here ; fomctimes ver}' heavy, and almoft always
attended with thunder and lightnin?. Earthquakes are not uncommon,
and there are fcveral volcaiios on tne ifland. The people who inhabit
the coaft arc Mala\ s, who cimo hither from the penlnfula of Malacca ;
but the interior parts arc iiih ' iied by a very difierent people, and who have
latherto had no conrcxien with the Europeans. Their language and cha-
i-a«Sler tlillbr nuith froui thole of ihc Malays; the latter tiling the Arabic
charuftcr. The people bctwten the diibids of the EngHlh company, and

* There is n mountain in the ifland which is called Ophir by the Europeans, whofc
f» jnmit ahove the level oi the fea is 13,842 fact, exceeding ia height the "Peak of
Ttnwiff by 577 feet.

. "^ ' ihofe

Indian and Oriental Islands.

7*3

bfeh are ac-
e, for their
■pitable and
he Chinefe.
part of the

, two other
t attempt to

ian Ocean,

I eight de-

: the iflands

three firft,

aratefy de«

is therefore
( the coun-
built upoa
ron, canes,
nds. The
at Oxford,
beings, to
live in the
s sjoverncd
r-Maflecn,

)d Java on
nda ; it is
;rees, and

000 miles
that it is
. Marfdcn
jcients. —
Sad India
Jorough ;

! king of

'ea-coafts.

ural pro-

adjacent

1 always
:ommon,

inhabit
'lalacca ;
t'ho have
and cha-
: Arabic

»y.

and

IS, who£;
l*cak of

Ihofe

thofe of the Dutch at Palimban, on the other fidr the ifland, write on Ions
narrow (lips of the bark of a tree, wifh a piece of bamboo. They begin
at the bottom, and write from the leit hand to the right, contrary to the
cudom of other eaftern nations. Thele hihabitants of the interior parts of
Sumatra are a free people, and live in fmall villages, called Doofans, inde.
pendent of each other, and governed each by its own chief. All of them
have laws, fome written ones, by which they puuifli offenders, and termi.
nate difputes. ■ They have almoft all of them, particularly the. women,
large fvvcUings in the throat, fome nearly as big as a man's head, but in
general as big as an oftrich's egg, like the goitres of the Ai p9. That part
of this idand which is called the Callia country, is well inhabited by a
people called Battas, who differ from all the other.inhabicants of Sumatra
in language, manners, and cuftoms. They have no king, but live in
villages, independently of each other, and generally at variance with ont
Another. They fortify their villages very Itrongly with double fences of
camphor plank pointed, and placed with their points proje6tiag outwards ;
and between thefe fences they place pieces of bamboo, hardened by fire,
and likewife pointed, which are concealed by the grafs, but which will
run quite through a man's foot. Such of their enemies whom they take
prifoneif , they put to death and eat, and their fkulls they h;mg up as tro-
phies, in the houfes where the unmarried men and boys eut and fleep.— •
They allow of polygamy : a man may purchafc as many wives as he
pleales ; but their number feldom exceeds eight. All their wives live in
the fame houfe with the hufband, and the houfes have n« partition ; but
each wife has her feparate fire-place. It is from this country that moft of
the caflia fent to Europe is produced. The callia tree grows to fifty or
lixty feet, with a flem of about two feet diameter, and a beautiful and re>
gular fpreading head. Within about ninety miles of Sumatra is the ifland
of ENGANHO, which is very little known, on account of the terrible rocks
and breakers which entirely furround it. It is inhabited by naked fa-
vages, who are tall and well made, and who generally appear armed with
lances and clubs, and fpeak a dilfercnt language from the inhabitants o£
any of the neighbouring illands.

The greatefi part of JAVA belongs to the Dutch, who have here creftei
a kind of commercial monarchy, the capital of which is Batavia, a noble
and populous city, lying in rhe latitude of fix degrees fouth, at the mouth
of the viver Jucata, and furniflied with one of the finell harbours in the
world. The town itfelf is built in the manner of thofe in Holland, and
is about a league and a half in circumference, with five gate,, and fur*
rounded by regular fortifications ; but its foburbs are faid to oe ten times
more populous than itfelf. The government ;tere is a mixture of Eaflern
magnificence and European police, and held by the Dutch governor-gene,
ral of the Indies. When he appears abroad, he is attended by his guards
and officers, and with a fplendor fuperior to that of any European poten-
tate, except upon fome folcmn occalions. The city is as beautiful as it is
flrong, and its fine canals, bridges, and avenues, render it a moft agreeable
refidence. The defcriptio* of it, its government, and public edifices,
have employed whole volumes. The citadel, where the governor has his
palace, commands the town and the fuburbs, which are inhabited by natives
of almofl every nation in the world ; the Chinele refiding in this ifland
being computed at 100,000; but about 30,000 of that nation were bar*
baroufly malTacred, without the fmalleil otlence ever proved upon them,
in 1740. This raaflacie was too unprovoked and icieftuble to be dc-

3 A 2 fended

InDFAN and ORPEKTAt IsLANDS.

fended even by the Dutch, who, when the governor arrived in Europe,
fent him back to be trieti at Batuvia ; but he never has been heard of flnce.
A Dutch garrifon of 3000 men condanily refidei a^ Batavia, and about
l$,ooo troops are quartered in the illand and the neighbourhood of the
city.

The ANDAMAN «nd NICOP \K inandi. Thefe idands lie at the en-
trance of the buy of Bengal, and furniih provihui.:, confiftiug of tropical
fruits and other neceilliriei, for the fliips that touch there. They are
otherwife too inconliderable to be mentioned. They are inhabited by a
harmlefBt inoflenfive, but idolatrous people.

CEYLON. This iiland. though nut the largely, is thought to be by
nature the richeit and iineil ifland in the world. It is (ituated in the Indian
Ocean, near Cape Comorin ; the fouthern extremity of the Hither Penin-
fula oi India, being fepnratcd from the conil of Corotnandel by a narrqyr
Urait, and is 250 miles long, and 200 broad. The niiiives call it, with
i'ctme fliew of reafon, the terrcAiiiil paradifc ; and it ^^ruduces, befidcs
excellent fruits of all kinds, long pepper, fine cotton, 'iVory, filk, to-
bacco, ebonyt mu(k, cryOal, faU-pctre, fulphur, lend, iron, Heel, cop-
per; betides cinnamon, gold, and iilver, and uU kinds of precious floncs,
except diamonds. All kinds of fowl and iifli abound here. Every part of
the ifland is well wended and watered ; and befidcs fome curious animals
peculiar to itfelf, it has plenty of cows, buffaloes, goats, hogs, deer,
hares, dogs, and other quadrupeds. The Ceylon elephant is preferred
to all others, efpecially if fpotted : but feveral noxious animals, fuch ai
ferpents and ants, arc likewife found here. The chief commodity of the
idand, however, is its cinnamon, which is by far the beft in all Afia.
Though its trees grow in great profulion, yet the bed is found in the
neighbourhood of Columbo, the chief fcttlcment of the Dutch, and Ne.
gambo. The middle of the country is mountainous and woody, fo that
the rich and beautiful vallies p.e left in the poflcirion of the Dutch, who
have in a manner (luit up (he king in his capital city, Candy, which
fiands on a mountain in the middle of the ifland, fo that he has fcarcely
any communication with ^ther nations, or any property in the riches of
his own dominions. The defcendantsof the ancient inhabitants are called
CinglafTes, who, though idolaters, value themfelves upon maintaining
their ancient laws and cuftoms. They arc in general a fober inofFcn-
live people, and are mingled with Moors, Malabars, Portugucfe, and
Dutch.

It may be here proper to obfervc, that the cinnamon-tree, which is a
native of this iiland, has two, if not three barks, which form the true cin-
namon ; the trees of a middling growth and ag^e afford the befl ; and the
body of the tret, which when ftripped is white, ferves for building and
other ufes. In 16^6, the Dutch were invited by the natives of this deli,
cious ifland, to defend them ag^nfl the Portuguefe, whom they expelled,
• and have monopolized it ever fince to themfelves. Indeed in January
1782, Trinconomale the chief fea-port of the ifland was taken by the
Englifli, but foon afterwards retaken by the French, and reflored to the
Dutch by the laft treaty of peace.

The MALDIVES. Thefc arc a vafl cluftcr of fmall iflands or little rocks
juft above the water, lying between the equator and eight degrees north
latitude, near Cape Comorin. They are chiefly rcforted to by the Dutch,
who drive on ^ profitable trade with the natives forcouries, a kind of fmnll
Ibells, wTiich go, or rather formerly went for money upon the coafts of

Guinea

Indian and Oriintal Islands.

725

Guinea and other parts of Africa. The cocoa of the Maldirei ii an ex-
cellent commodity in a medicinal capacity : •• Q( thii tree (fay* a well*
informed author) they build veilclt of twenty or thirty ton* ; their hulls,
mads, fail*, rig(;ing, anchon, cablet, provilic", and firing, are all from
this iifeful tree,"

We have already mentioned BOMBAY, on the Malabar coaft, in fpeak*
ing of India. With regHrd to the language of all the Oriental iflanda
nothing ccrmln can be laid. Each iflind has a particular tongue ; hut che
Malay^in, Chineic, Purtuguefe, Dutch, and Indian words, are fo frequent
among them, that it is difficult for an European, who is not very expert
in thefe matters, to know the radical language. The fame may be almoll
faid of their religion ; for though its ongioal it certainly Pagan, yet it it
intermix i with many Mahometan, Jewifli, Chriftian, and other foreign
fuperftiii.ms.

The fea which feparates the fouthcm point of the peninfula of Kamt*
fchatka from Japan, contains a number of iflands in a pofition from north*
northeaft to fouth-fouth-weft, which arc called the KURILE ISLANDS.
They are upwards of twenty in number, are all mountainous, Hnd in feve-
ral of them are volcanoes and hot fprings. The principal of thefe iflandt
are inhabited ; but fome of the little ones are entirely defert and unpeo-
pled. They differ much from each other in refpeA both to their fituation
and natural conftitution. The forefts in the more northern ones are com-
pofcd of laryx and pines ; thofe to the Touthern produce canes, bamboos,
vines, &c. In fome of them are bears and foxes. The fea-otter appears
on the coads of all thefe iflands, as well as whales, fea-horfes, feals,
and other amphibious animals. Some of the inhabitants of thefe iflands
have a great likencfs to the Japanefe, in their manners, language, and
pcrfonal appearance; others very much refemble the Kamtfchadales.
The northern iflands acknovrledge the fovereignty of the empire of Ruflu ;
but thofe to the fouth pa^ homage to Japan. The Kurilians difcover
much humanity and probity in their condud), and are courteous and hof-
pitable ; but adveriity renders them timid, and prompts them to fuicide.
They have a particular veneration for old age. They reverence an old
man whoever he be, but have an efpecial affedtioo for thofe of their re»
fpedlive families. Their language is agreeable to the ear, and they fpeak
and pronounce it (lowly. The men are employed in hunting, fifliing for
fea animals and whales, and catching fowl. Their canoes are made of
the wood that their forefts produce, or that the fea cafts upon their (hores*
The women have charge of the kitchen, and make cloarhs. In the
northern ifles they few, and make different cloths of the thread of nettles.
The foutbern ifl»nders are more refined and poliflied than the northern,
and carry on a fort of commerce with Japan, whither they export whale-
oil, furs, and er.gles feathers to fledge arrows with. In return, they bring
Japanefe utenlils of metal and varniflied wood, ikillets, fabres, different
fluffs, ornatr.ents of luxury and parade, tobacco, all forts of trinkets, and
fmall wares*

3 A 3

AFRICA.

r 726 ]

AFRICA.

FRICA, the third grand (livifion of the globe, ij ccncrally rcpre-

iViitcd as bearing funic rcfembliince to the form of a pyramid, the

■tiifc being the northern part of it, which runs along the Ihoren of the
Mcilitcnancan, and the point or top of the pyramid, the Cape of Good
Hope. Africa is n pcninfula of a prodigioua extent, Joined to Alia only by
a neck of land, about fixty miles over, between the Red Sea and the Me-
diterranean, ufually called the Idhnuis of Suez, and its utmull length from
north to fouth, from Cape Bona in the Mediterranean, in 37 de)f;rces
north, to the Cape of Good Hope in 3d.-7 fouth Lttitude, is 4300 utiles ;
and the broadcft part from C.iiic Vcrd, in 17-20 degrees, to Cape Guai-
tlafui, near the ftraits of B.ibcl Mandcl, in ci«20 eall longitude, is 3500
inilcB from calf to wed. It is bounded on the north by the Meditcnunean
fen, which feparates it from Europe ; on the eall by the iAhmus of Suez,
the Hed Sea, and the Indian ocean, which divides it from Alia ; on the
fouth by the fout> crn ocean ; and on the weft by the great Atlantic
ocean, which fcparaces it from America. As the «]uator divides this ex-
tenfive country ulmoft in the middle, and the far greaieft part of it 13
within the tropics, the heat is in many places almoil infupportabte to an
El ropean ; it being there increafcd by the rays of the fun from vaft de-
lens of burning fands. The coafts, however, and banks of rivers, fuch
as the Nile, are generally fertile ; and mod parts of (his region are inha-
bited, though it is far from being fo populous as Europe cr Alia. Front
what has been faid, the reader cannot expc^ to Bnd here a variety of cli^
mates. In many parts of Africa, fnow feldom falls in the plains : and it
is generally never found but on the tops of the highcA mountains. Thp
natives, in thefe fcorching regions, would as foou expetft that marble
iliould melt, and flow in liquid ftreams, as that water by freezing fliould
lofe its fluidity, be arrcRed by the cold, and ceafmg to flow, become like
%he folid rock.

The moft confiderable rivers in Africa, are, the Niger, which falls into
the Atlantic or weftern ocean at Senegal, after a courfc of 2800 miles. It
incrcafes and decreafes as the Nile, fertilifes the country, and has grains
of gold in many parts of it. The Gambia and Senegal are only branches
of this river. The Nile, which dividing Egypt into two parts, difcharges
itfelf into the Mediterranean, after a prodigious coui-fip from its fourcc in
AbyfTmia. The moft confiderable mountains in Africa are the Atlas, a
ridge extending from the weitcrn ocean, to which it gives the name of
Atlantic Ocean as far as Egypt, and bad its pame from a king of Maurita-
nia, a great lover of aftronomy, who ufed to" obferve the Itars from its
fummit 5 on which account the poets reprefent him as bearing the heavens
on his (boulders. The Mountains of the Moon, extending themfelves
l)etween Abyffinia and Monomotapa, and are ftill higher than thofe of
Alias, Thofc of Siena Leona, or the rnountain of the Lions, which
tiwu e Ni^ritia from Guinea, and extend as far as Ethiopia. Thefe were
ilyled by the ancients the Mountains of God, on account of their being
''i"iibje<5t' to thunder and lightning^ The Peak of Teneriffe, which the

Dutch make their firU meridian, is faid to be three miles high in the form

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A F R I C A.

7*7

of a fugar-loaf, and is fituated on an ifland of the fame name near the coaft.
The moft noted capes, or promontories, in this C9iintry, are Cape Verd,
lb called, becaufe the land is always covered with green trees and mofly
ground. It is the moft weftcrly point of the continent of Africa. The
Cape of Good Hope, fo denominated by the Portuguefe, when they firft
went round it in 1 4.98, and difcovered the pafliigc to Afia. It is the fouth
extremity of Afrien, the country of the Hottentots ; and at j)refent in the
pofleiCon of the Dutch, and the general rendezvous of fhips of every na-
tio» who trade to India, being about half way from Europe. There is
but one flrait in Africa, which is called Babcl-Mandel, and joins the
Red Sea with the Indian ocean.

The (ituation of Africa for commerce is extremely favourable, (landing
as it were in the centre of the globe, and having thereby a much nearer
communication with Europe, Afia, and America, than any of the other
quarters has with the reft. That it abounds with gold, we have not only
the teftimony of the Portuguefe, the Dutch, the Englifl), and the French,
who have fettlcmcnts on the coaft of Africa, but that of the moft authen-
tic hiftorian:. Jt is, however, the misfortune of Africa, that, though it
has 10,000 miles of fca-coaft, with noble, large, deep rivers, penetrating
into the very centre of the country, it fljould have no navigation, nor
receive any benefit from them ; and that it fliould be inhabited by an in-
numerable people, ignorant of commercs, and of each other. At the
mouths of thefe rivers arc the moft excellent harbours, deep, fafe, calm,
and fheitered from the wind, and capable of being made perfedtly fecure
by fortifications; but quite dcltitute of ftiipping, trade, and merchants,
even where there is plenty of meichandife. In (hort, Africa, though a
full quarter of the globe, ftorcd with an inexhauftible treafure, and capa-
ble, under proper improvements, of producing lb many things delightful,
as well as convenient, within itfcVf, feems to be almoft entirely negleded,
not only by the natives, who are quite unfolicitous of reaping the benefits
which nature has provided for them, but alfo by ihe more civilized Eu-
rope:;^ns who are fe'tled i'..- it, particularly the Portuguefe.

Africa once con. ained feveral kingdoms and ftates, eminent for the H»
beral arts, for wealtti and power, and the moft extenfive commerce. The
kingdoms of Egypt and Ethiopia, in particular, were much celebrated ;
and the rich and powerful ftate of Carthage, that once formidnble rival
to Rome itfelf, extended her commerce to every pait of the then known
world ; even the Britiih fliores were vifited by her fleets, till Juba, who
was king of Mauritania, but tributary to the republic of Carthage, on-
bappily called 'r. (he Romans, who, with the afliftance of the Mauritani-
ans, ftibdutd Carthage, and by degrees all the neighbouring kingdoms an4
ftates. After this, the natives, conftantly plundered, and confequently im.^
povcriflied, by the governors fent from Ror'^?, neglected their trade, and
cultivated no more of their lands than .night ferve lor thcii- fubfiftence.
Vpon the decline of the Roman en-.j^ire, in the fifth century, the north of
Africa was over-run by tb" Vandals, who contributed ftill more to tha
dcrtruftion of arts a^^l fciences ; and, to add to this country's calamity,
the Saracens m-Jic a fuddcn conqueft of all the coafts of Egypt and Bar-
bary, in ine feventh century. Thefe were lucceeded by the Turks ; and
both being of the Mahometan religion, whofe profeftiirs carried defolatiou
with them wherever they came, the ruin of that once ftouiifliing part oij
^hc world was ihcvsby completed.

3A^ . T^.^

728

AFRICA.

The inKabittnts of thii continent, with refpe<5V to religion, may he di-
vided into three forrs ; •namely. Pagans, Mahometans, and Chriftians.
, The firft are the moft numerous, pofleffing the greatcft part of the coun-
try, from the tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good Hope, and thefe are
generally black. The Mahometans, who :ire of a tawny complexion,
poflefg Egypt, and almolt all the northern fliores of Africa, or what is
called the Burbary coaft. The people of AojlTmia, or the Upper Ethi-
opia, ai« denominated Chrillians, but retain many Pagan and Jewifli rites.
There are alfo fome Jews, on the north of Africa, who manage all the lit-
tle trade that part of the country is poffcfled of.

There are fcarcely any two nations, or indeed anv two of the learned,
that agree in the modern divifitms of Africa ; and for this very reafon,
that fcarcely any traveller has penetrated into the heart of the country;
and confequently we muft acknowledge our ignorance of the bounds, and
even the names of feveral of the inland nations, which may be flill
reckoned among the unknown and undifcovered parts of the world ; but
according to the bell accounts and conjedures, Africa may be divided ac«
cording to the following table : >-

■9

Dift. ami
bear, fr,
London.

o <

Egypt

Negroland

Nations.

Morocco, \

Tafilet, &c./

Algiers

Tunis

fripoli

Barca

tiiledu'q;erid

Zaara

Guinea

Nubia

A by flill ia

Abe

500

480

220
700
400

600

1500

1400

2200

tSoo

040

90:

540I

Squaie
Miles.

480;

ico!
170;
240J

219,400

54,400
75. "0
66,400

a 50

140,700

485,000

6bO| 739,100
84o]i,026,oro

360

5io,roo

600

264,000

8 00

578,000

I30I 160,0-0

Chief Cities.

f-'ez

■' lgier«
Tunis
FiipoH
Tolenifta

Grand Cairo

Dara

i'egefla

Madinjia

Benin

Nu!>i:i

ijonctar

Doncala.

loBoS.

920 S.

990 S.j-
.260 S.E,
1440 S.E

i92.-> S.li.

s6sS

104c H.

2^00 .S.

»7"<" S

'.418 S.E

li'.S S.E,

',;8ovS.E

Diff. of
time from
London.

o 24 aft.

013 bef.

39 bef.
o 56 bef.
r 26 bef.

I 21 bef.

o ;ii aft.

^4 aft.

3 -3 att

o 20 bef.

1 2 bef.

lobtf

Religions

Maliom.

Mahom.
Mahom.
Maiiom.
Mahom.

Miiliom.

Pajrans

Pagans

Pagai

Pagans

Ma.&Pa

Chriilian

1 !6bef !Ch &Pa

I'he middle parts, called
ropeans, but

Lower Ethiopia arc very little known to the EU'
are computed at 1,200,000 fqu:>re miles.

Loango

Congo

Ajigola

Ueiiguela

Mataman
Ajan

Zai j^uebar

Mononiotapa
Moncmugi

Sofol

I'errade Nat.

Caifaria or 1
Hottentot f

1 4'0>

3-0

49,400

i;40
360

410

450

42c

t72,8cc

250
1 80

240

38,400
64,0''.-

144. OCC.

9-0
1400

300
350

234,f^oc

27j,oco

960

900
480
600

66c

222,50c

660

300
550

310,0^0

97,50c

1 84,900

708

660

200,34c

Loango

St Salvador

.oatido

lienRuthi

No towns

tirava

Melinda or
IVIozambiq.

Mononiotap

(Jhicova
Sofola

No lowns

Jape of G
Hope.

5 joo S.

5480 S

37SOS.

^.10.^ S».

5702 S.E
4440 S.E.

+500 S.
42608.

4600 S.E.

52C0S.

o 44 bef. Ch. & Pa.

I o bef

o 58 bef

Ch.&Pa
Ch &Pa

58 bef

2 40 bef

2 38 bef.

I 18 bef.

t 44 bef

2 18 bef

I 4 bef,

Pagans

I a;;ans

Pagans

Moil llu-
pid Pag

The

AFRICA.

7Z9

The principal iflands of Africa lie in the Indian leas and Atlantic O^ean :
of which the following belong to, or trade with, the Europeans, and ferrs
to refrefli their fliipping to and from India :

Iflands.

Sq. M. 1 Towns.

Irade witlior be-
long to

Balicl Mandei, at the ciitr.uice of
the Red Sea — —

[Babel Mandei —

All Nation*

Zocotra, in the Indian Ocean —

3,600 Calaufia — —

Ditto

'I'l-.e Comoia IiIe^, ditto —

i.oooi Joanna — —

Ditto

Mauritius;, ditto — —

i,b'4oiMauritius — —

French

Bourbon, ditto — —

Ditto

St. Helena, in the Atlantic Ocean

St. Helena — —

Er.jflifli

Afcenfion, ditto — —

Uninhabited

St. Matthew, ditto — ~

Ditto

St. Thomas, Anaboa,Prin»\ ,.
ces-ifland, Feruandopo /°'""

St. Thomas, Anaboa

Portuguefe

Cape Veid Iflands, ditto

2,00c

St.Dominjjo

Ditto

Gorce, ditto — —

Fort St. Michael

French

Caiiaiics, ditto — —

Palma.St.Ci.riftopher's

Spanifli

Madeiras, ditto — —

1,500

Santa Ciite, Funchal

Portuguefe

I he Azores.nrWeftern Iflc'T

l;e nearly at an equal f ,.^
diftance from T -on^.H"""

2,00c

Angra, St. Michael

Ditto

Africa, and .\. •' • ^

Having given the reader ib"ne idea of Africa in general, with the
principal kingdi.ms, and their fuppofed ciimenlions, we fliall now consider
It under the three grand divifions : firft, Egypt ; fecondly, the ftates of
Barbary, llretchin;.^ along the coaft of the Mediterranean, from Egypt in
the eaft, to the Atlantic Ocean, welt ; and laftly, that part of Africa, be-
tween* the tropic of Cancer and the Cape of Good Hope ; the laftof thefe
divifions, indeed, is vallly greater than the otiit-r two; but the nations,
which it contains, are fo little known, and \'o barbarous, and, like all bar-
biirous nations, fo fimilar in moil refpeiSts to one another, that they may,
without impropriety, be thrown under one general head.

Situation and extent.

Miles, Df',rees. Sq. Miles. .

Length 600? u„...,«.-~ 5 2 W 3 2 North latitude. ? , ^ ^^^
• Breadth 250 S ^"«'*^» { z8 and 36 Eaft longitude. } ''J^'^oo

Boundaries.] TT is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea, North; hy
J. the Red Sea, Eaft ; by Abyflinia, or the Upper Ethi-
opia, on the South j and by the defert of B<trca, and the unknown parts
of Africa, Weft.

*;.

fiivifions

730

Divifions.

EGYPT.

Subdivlfions.

Northern divlfion contains ^ Lower F-gypt
Southern divifion coi-.t-ilns • | Upper Egypt

Chief towns.
Grand Cairo, E. Ion.

32 N. lat. 30.
Riilac
Alexandria
Rofttto

D.imictta . •..>;'

S;iyd or Thcbcj
Coffiar.

AiR.j in April jnd Mny the air is hot, and often infc^lious ; and the
inli.ibitaiits are iilm.'ft blinded with drif.s of fand. Thcfe evils arc reme-
died by the rifinn; ;ind overflowing of titt Nile.

Soil axd i-uouvck.] Whofver h in the load acq'iaintcd with lite-
rat'jrc, knows that the vail fcitiliry of Kgypt is not owin^.]; to rain (little
f.lling in tliat coiintiy,) but to the annual overflowing ot tlic Nile. It
Ix'^ins to rile when thi; fi n is vortical in Ktliiopia, and the annual rains
fall there, viz. from the latter end of May to September, and fomctimes
OiMober. At the height of its flood in the Lower Kgypt, nothing is to
be feei\,in the plains, but the tops of ioiclis and fruit-trees, their towns
and villages being built upon eminences either natural or artificial,
W i; :n the livcr is at its proper height, the inhabitants celebrate a kind of
jubilee, with all forts ot fclVtvitics. The banks or mounds which con-
fine it, are cut by the Turkifli baflia, attended by his grandees ; but ac-
cording t'. captain Noiden, who was prcfcnton the cccalion, the fpe^tacle
is not very niajmihcent. When the banks arc cut, the water is led into
what they call the Chalif, or grand canal, which runs through Cairo,
trom whence it is diliribuccd into cuts, for fupplying their fields and gar-
dens. This being done, atul the waters beginning to retire, fuch is the
fertility of the foil, that the labour of the hufbandman is next to nothing.
He throws his wheat and barley into the ground in Oif^ober and IM;iy,
He turns his cattle out to graze in November, and in about fix weeks,
nothing can be more charming than the profpc6t which the face of the
<:ountry prefents, in rifiiig corn, vegetables, and verdure of every fort.
Oranges, lemons, and fruits, perfume the air. The culture of pulfe,
melons, fugar canes, and other plants, which require moillure, is fup-
plied by fmall but regular cuts from cilkrns and relcrvoirs. Dates, plan-;
tancs, grapes, figs, and palm-trees, from which wi»e is inade, are here
pieniiful. March and April are the harvcft months, and they produce
three crops ; one of lettuces and cucumbers (the latter being the chiei'
food of the inhabitants,) one of corn, and one of melons. The Egyp-
tian patlura-^e is equa'ly prolific, mod of the (piadrupeds producing two
at A time, and the flietp four lambs a year.

ArciMAi.s.] Egypt abounds in black cattle; and it is faid, that tiic
inhabitants empliy every day 20z^ZC^o oxen in railing '.yater for their
grounds. They have a fine large bitld of ailcs, upon which the Chiilli-
ans ride, thofc people not being fufi'ered by the Turks to ride on any other
btail:. Tlie Egyptian horfcs are very fine ; they never trot, but walk
well, and gallop with great fpced, turn flioit, flop in a moment, and arc
extremely tradable. The hippopotamus, or river horfe, an amphibious
animal, refembling an ox in its hinder parts, with the head like a horfe,
is common in Upper Ei^ypt. Tygers, hyenas, camels, antelopes, apfv«,
with the hcud like a dog, and the rar, called icli^umon, aie natives ot

E G Y P T.

Egypt. The camelion, a little animal fomething refcmbling a lizard,,
that changes colour as you ftand to look upon him, is found here as welt
as in other countries. The crocodile was formerly thought peculinr to
this country ; but ihcrc docs not feem to be any material diftcrcncc be-
tween it and the -.dligators of India and America. They are both amphi-
bious animals, in the form of a lizard, and grow till they arc about twen*
ty feet in length, and have four fliort legs, with hirgc feet armed with
claws, and their backs arc covered with a kind of impenetrable fcales,
like armour. The crocodile waits for his prey in the fedge, and other
cover, on the fides ot rivers ; and, pretty much refcmbling the trunk of
an old tree, fomctimcs furpnfcs the unwary traveller with his fore paws,
or beats him down with his tail.

This country |irodiiccs likcwife great numbers of eagles, hawks, peli-
cans, and water- fowls of all kinds. '1 he ibis, a creamre (according to
Mr. Nerden) fomcwhat refcmbling a duck, was deified by the ancient
Egyptians for its dtftroying ferpenis and pclHfi.roiis infcfts. They weie
thought to be peculiar to Kgypr, but a fjvjcifs of them is faid to have
been lately difcovcred in other parts of Africa, Ollrichcs arc common
here, and are fo flrong, that the Arabs fomctinies ride upon their backs,
Poi'ULATiON, MANNERS, cus- } As thc population of Kgypt is al-
TOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. J tiioft conliocd to thc baiiks of the
Nile, and the reft of the country inhabited by Arabs, and other nations,
we can fay little upon this head with prccifior,. It fccms, however, to be
certain, that Egypt is at prcfcnt not ne-nr fo populous as formerly, and
that its depopulation * . owing to thc inhabitants being llavcs to the Turks.
'I'hey are, however, Hill very niiincrous ; bi;t what has been faid of the
populoufncfs of Cairo, as if it contained two millions, is a mere fiction.

The defcendants of the origin:il Egyptians are an ill-looking llovenly
people, immerfed in indolence, and are dilUnp;viiflied by the name of Cop*
tis : in their complexions they are rather fun-buvnt than fwarthy or black.
Their anceftors were once Chriftians, and in general they flill pretend to
be of that rclif/ion ; but Mahometanifm is tlic prevailing worftiip among
the natives. Thofe who inhabit the villages and fields, at any confiderablc
dillance from the Nile, I have already mentioned to conlill of Arabs or
their delccndants, who are of a deep, fwarthy complexion, and they are
reprefentcd by the btft authoritits, as retaiiiing the patriarchal tending
their flocks, and many of them without any fixed place of al)oc!c. Thc
Turks, who rclide in Egypt, retain all their Ottoman pridsand infolence,
and thc Tmkiflj habit, to diftinguifii themfelv« from the Arabs and
Coptis, who drefs very plain, their chief finery being an upper garment
of white limn, and linen drawers; but their ordinary drefs is of blue
linen, with a long cloth coat, either over or untter it. The Chridians
and Arabs of the meaner kind content thcmfelves with a linen or woollen
wrapper, which they fold, blanket-like, round their body. Thc Jews
wear blue leather flippers, the othtr n;itives of their country wear red,
and the foreign C hililians yellow. The drefs of the wcnion is tawdry
and un' coming ; but their cloaths arc filk, when they can afford it ,- and
fuch of them as are not expoled to thc fun, have ilelicate complexions
and features. I'he Coptis are generally excellent accomptants, and many
of them live by teacbing thc other nmivcs to read and write. Their exer-
cifes and diverfions are much the fame as thofe made ufe o( in i'crfia, and
other Afiatic dominion?. All Egypt is over-run with jugglers, fortune-
' tellers, mountebanks, and travelling flight of hand men.

Reli-

13^

EGYPT.

Religion.] To what I have already faid concerning the religion o(
Egypt, it is proper to add, that the bulk of the Mahometans are enthu-
JialU, and have among them their /antost or fellows who pretend to a fu-
perior degree of holinefs, and without any ceremony intrude into the bell
hdufes, where it would be dangerous to turn them out. The Egyptian
Turks mind religious atfairs very little, and it would be hard to fay what
fpecics of Chriftianiiy is profefled by the Chrirtian Coptis, which are here
numerous, but they protefs thomtejves to be of the Greek church, and
enemies to that of Konip In> religious, and indeed many civil matters,
they are under the jjrifdldttoii of the patriarch of Alexandria, who by
the dint of moficy generally purchafes a proteflion at the Ottomaa
«ourt.

LaNmUAGe.] The Coptic is the moft ancient language of Egypt.
This was fucceeded by the Greek, about the time of Alexander the
Great ; and that by the Arabic, upon the commencement of the califate,
when the Arabs difpoflcfled the Greeks of Egypt. The Arabic, or Ara-
befque, as it is called, is flill the current language, but the Coptic and mo<
dcrn Greek continue to be fpoken.

Learning and learned men.] Though it is pad difpute that the
Greeks 'derived all their knowledge From the ancient Egyptians, yetfcarce-
Jy a veftige of it remains among their dcfcendanti. This is owing to the
bigotry and ignorance of their Mahometan mafters ; but here it is proper
to mHkc oue obfervation, which is of ^encrul ufe. The califs or Saracens
who fubdued Egypt, were of three kmds. The fiift, who were the im-
mediate fucceflbrs of Mahomet, made war from coiifcicnce and principle,
upon all kinds of literature, excepting the Koran ; and hence it was,
that when they took pofleinon of Alexandria, which contained the mofl
magnificent library the world ever beheld, its valuable manufcripts were
applied for fome months in cooking their v!ftuals, and warming their baths.
The fame fate attended upon the other magnificent Egyptian libraries.
The califs of the fecond nice were men of tafie and learning, but of a
peculiar drain. They bought up all the manufcripts that furvived the
general conflagration, relating to aihonomy, medicine, and fome ufeful
parts of philofophy ; but they had no talle for the Greek arts of archi-
te£turc, fculpture, painting, or poetry, and learning was confined to
their own courts and colleges, without ever finding its way back to Egypt.
The lower race of califs, efpecialiy thofe who called themfelves calus of
Egypt, difgraced human nature ; and the Turks have ri vetted the chains
of barbarous ignorance which they impofed.

All the learning therefore poffeflcd by the modern Egyptians confifts
in arithmetical calculations for the difpatch of bulinefs, the jargon of
nftrology, a tew noflrums in medicine, and fome knowledge of Arabcfuue
or the Mahometan religion.

Curiosities AND antiquities.] Egypt abounds more with thefe
than perhaps any other part ot the world. Its pyramids have been often
defcribed. Their antiquity is beyond the refearchcs of hiflory itfelf, and
their original ufes arc {till unknown. The bafis of the largeft covers
eleven acres of ground, and its perpendicular height is 500 feet, but if
meafured obliquely to the terminating point, 700 feet. It contains a
room thirty-four feet long, and feventeen broad, in which is a marble
chell, but without either cover or contents, fuppofed to have been defigned
for the tomb of the founder. In fliorr, the pyramids of Egypt arc the

noil

EGYPT.

73J

mod Hupendout, and, to appearance, the moft ufelefg Arufturei that ever
were raifcd by the hands of men.

The mummy pits, fo called tor their containing the mutnmlet or em-
balmed bodies of the ancient Egyptians, are l'iibteir<ineous vaults of a nr<>.
digiuus extent ; but the a*t of preparing the mummies is now loft. It ii
faid that fomc of the bodies thus embiilmcd, are pcrfedt and diftinft m
this day, though buried 3000 years ago. The labyrinth is a curiofitf^
thought to be more wondeiful than the pyramids ihcmfelves. It is partly
under-ground, and cut out of a marble rock, confiding of twelve pahces,
and loco houfes, the intricacies of which cccafion its name. The lake
Mxris was dug by order of an Egyptian king, tocorre^^ the irregular!*
ties of the Nile, and to communicate with that river, by canals and
ditchci which flill fubfirt, and are evidences of the utility, as wtll at
grandeur of the work. Wonderful jjrottos and excavations, moftly arti-
ficial, abound in Egypt. The whole country towards Grand Cairo, is a
continued fceneof antiquities, of which the olded are the mod (lupendoui,
but the more modern the mod beautiful. Cleopatra's needle, and ita
fculpturcs, arc admirable. Pompey's pillar is a fine regular column of the
Cormthian order, the (liaft of which is one flonc, being eighty-eight fees
nine inches in height, or ten diameters of the column ; the whole height
is 1 14 feet, including the capital and the pedel'al. The Sphynx, as it ia
called, is no more than the head and part of the flioulders of a woman
hewn out of the rock, and about thirty feet high, near one of the pyra-
mids.

The papyrus is one of the natural curiofities of Egypt, and ferved the
ancients to write upon, but we know not the manner of preparing it.
The pith of it is a nourifiiing food. The manner of hatching chickens in
•vens is common in Egypt, and now prac^ifed in fome parts of Europe*
The r.nftruftion of the oven is very curious.

C.riES, TOWNS, and) Even a ilight review of thcfe would amount

PUBLIC EDIFICES. ) to a large volume. In many places, not only

temples, but the walls of cities, built betbre the time of Alexander the

Great, are ftill entire, and many of their ornaments, particularly thj?

colours of their paintings, are as frefli and vivid as when firft laid on.

Alexandria, which lies on the Levant coaft, was once the emporiuna)&(
all the world, and by ineans of the Red Sea furniihed Europe, and great
part of Afia, with the riches of India. It owes its name to the founder,
Alexander the G rear. It ftands forty miles well from the Nile, and a
hundred and twenty north-weft ot' Cairo. It rofe upon the ruins of Tyrs
and Carthage, and is famous for the light-houfe ere>.^ed on the oppoiite
illand of Pharos, for the dircdion of mariners, defervcdly efteemed one of
the wonders of the world. All the other parts of the city were mngfnifi-
cent in proportion, as appears from their ruins, particularly the ciftcrns
?md aquedudts. Many of the materials of the old city, however, have
been employed in building New Alexandi ia, which at prefcnt is a very ori
dinary fea-porr, known by the name of Scanderoon. Notwithftanding the
poverty, ignor.mce, and indolence of the inhabitants', their mofqucs, bag-,
nios and the like buildinjjs, erc(Sed within thefe ruins, preferve an inex-
prclfible air of majcfty. Some think tliat Old Alexandria was built from
the materials of the ancient Memphis.

Kofctta, or Rafchid, ftands twenty-five miles to the north-weft of Alex-.
andria, and U recommended for its beautif' . lituatiun, and delightful

pro'pcifts.

734

EGYPT.

profpC(9s, whi^h command the fine country, or ifland of Deltn, formed by
the Nile) near its mouth. It is likcwifc a place of great trade.

Cairo,.now Mafr, the preient capital of Egypt, is a large and populous,
but a diragreenble refidence, on account of its pcllile^tial air, nud its nar'
row ftreers. It is divided in«-o two town?, the Old and the Ndw, and de-
fended by an old caftle, the works of which are faid to be three miles incir-
cumfcrci'ce. This caftle is faid to have been built by Suladine : at the weft
end are the rcmrtins of very tioble apartments, foine of which are covered
with domes, and iidorned with pidlures in Moliiic work ; but thcfc apart-
ments are now only ufed for weaving embroider/, and preparing the hang-
ings and coverings iinnually fent to Mecca. The well, called Jofeph'g
well, is a curious piece of mcclianifm, about 300 feet detp. The me?-
moiyofthnt patiiarch is flill revered in Egypt, where they fliew gra.-
naries, and many other works of public utility, that go under hia name.
They are certainly of vaft antiquity ; but it is very qucftionable whe-
ther they were eret'ted by him. One of his granaries is (liewn in Old
Cairo, but captain Nordtn fufpct'^ts it is a Saracen work, nor does he give
\is any high idea <>f the buildings of the ciiy itfelf. On the bank of the
Nile, facing Cairo, lies the village of Gizie, which • thought to be the
ancient Memphis. The Chriftians of Cairo prai^tife a holy cheat, during
the Eafter holidays, by pretending that the limbs and bodies of the dead
arife from their graves, to which they return peaceably. The ftreets of
Cairo are pefiercd with the jugglers and fortune-tellers .ilrcady mentioned.
One of their favourite exhibitions is their dancing camels, which, when
young, they place upon a large heated floor : the intenfe heat makes the

Soor creatures caper, and being plied all the [time with the found of
runSs, the nuife of that inllrument fets them a dancing all their lives
after.

The other towns of note in Egypt are Damietta, fuppofed to be the
ancient Pelufium ; Bulac ; Scyd, on the welt banks of the Nile, 200
miles fouth of Cairo, faid to be the aiicient Egyptian Thebes ; and by
the few who have vilited it, it is reported to Ix; the moft capital antique
cuiiolity that is now extant. The general practice of Grangers, who vifit
thofe places, is to hire a janizary, whofe authority commonly protects
them from the infults of the other natives. Suez, formerly a place of
^leat trade, is now a fmall.city, and gives name to the Ifthmus, that joins
Africa with Alia. The children of Ifrael are fuppofed to have marched
near this city, when they left Egypt, in their way towards the Red Sea.

Manufactures and comKierce.] The Egyptians export great quan-
tities of unmanufa<Sured as well as prepared flax, thread, cotton, and lea-
ther of all forts, caliicoes, yellow wax, fal ammoniac, faftron, fugar,
fena, and calfia. They trade with the Arabs for cofftc, drugs, fpiccs,
caliicoes, and other merchandizes, which are landed at Suez, from whence
they fend them to Lurope. Several Euiopeun Ifates have confuls rcli-
dent in Egvp", but the colloms of the Turi^ifli government are managed
by Jews. A number of Englidi vefiels arrive yearly at Alexandria ; fome
of which are laden on account of the owners, but inofl of them are hired
and employed as carriers to the Jews, Armenians, and Mahometan
traders.

Constitution and government.] The government of Egypt is
both monarchical and rcpublic;in. The monarchical is executed, by the
pafhn, and, the republican by the mamalukes or fangiacks. The palha is
appointed by the grand lignior as his viceroy. The rcpubUcani or rather

the

EGYPT.

73£

the ariAocratical part of the government of Egypt, confiftv of a divan^
compofed of twenty-four fangiacka, beys, or lords. The head of them it
called the fheik bellct, who is chofen by the divan, and confirmed by the
pafha. Every one of thele langiacks is arbitrary in his own territory, and
•xerts ibvcreign power: the major part of them refide at Cairo. If
the grand fignior's paflia adts in oppolition to the fenfe of the divan,
or attempts lo violate their privileges, they will not (ufftr him to con-
tinue in his poft ; and they have an authentic grant of privileges, dated
in the year 1517, in which year fultan Selim conquered Egypt from thip.
Mamalukes.

Revenues.] Thefc are very inconfiderable, when compared to thn
natural riches of the country, and the dcfpotifm of its government. Some
fay that they amount to a million fierling, but that two-thirds of the
whole is fpciit in the country.

Military STRENGTH.] Authors are grealy divided on this article.
Mr. NordcH tells us, that it is divided into two corps of janizaries, and
afl'afs are the chief, the former amounting to about lix or eight thoufand,
and the latter to between three and four thoufand. . The other troops arc
of little account. After all, it docs not appear, that the paflia ever venw
turcs to employ tbofe troops againfl the Arab or Egyptian princes I have
already mentioned, and who havf feparate armies of their own ; lo that,
in fa^, their dependtnce upon the Porte is little more than nomiiial, and
amounts at moll to feudal fervices.

History.] It is generally agreed, that the princes of the line of the
Pharaohs fat on the throne of 1-gypf, in an uninterrupted fucceffion, till
Cambyfes II. king of Pcrli.i, conquered the Egyptians, 520 yeas before
the birth of Chrilt; and thut in the reign of thefe princes, thofe wonder-
, ful ftruftures the pyramids were raifed, which cannot be viewed without
adonifliment. Egypt continued a part of the Perfian empire, till Alex-
ander the Great vaiiquiflied Djrius, when it fell under the dominion of
that prince, who foon after built the celebrated city of Alexandria, The
conquelH of Alexander, who died in the prime of life, bcinq feized up-
on by his generals, the province of E;4ypt fell to the fliare of Ptolemy, by
fome fuppoied to have been a hair-brother of Alexander, when it again
became an independent kingdom, r.bout 300 years before Chrift. His
fucceflbrs, who fonjetiines extended their dominions over great part of Sy-
ria, ever after retained the name of Ptolemies, and in that line Egypt
continued between two and three hundred years," till the famous Cleo-
patra, the wife and filler of Ptolemy Dionylius, the lad king, afcended
the throne. After the death of Cleopatra, who had been miib-efs fuccef-
lively to Julius Caefir and Mark Anthony, Ejjjypt became a Roman pro-j
vince, and thus remained till the reign of Omar, the fecond calif of the
fucceffors of Mahomet, who expelled the Roman?, after it had been in
their hands 700 years. The famous library of Alexandria, f;iid to confift
of 700,000 volumes, was oolledted by Pcolemy Philatlelphus, fon of the
firft Ptolemy ; and the fame prince caufed the Old Teftament to he tranf-
lated into Greek : this tranilation is known by the name of the Septua-!
gint. About the time of the crufadcs, between the years 1 1 50 an<l 1 190,
Egypt was governed by-Norcddin, whole fon, the famous Salidmc, .vas
fo dreadful to the Chriltian adventurers, and retook from »htin jcrufa-
Icm. He inftituted the military corps of Mamalukes, who, about the
year 1242, adv.inced one of their own otficci*s to the throne, and ever
after chofe their prince out of their own body. Egypff for fome tiirc,

r.]ad(;

736

EGYPT.

made a figure 'under thofc illudriout ufurpers, and made a noble (land
againft the prevailing power of the Turki, under Sellm, who, after giv-
ing the Matnalukes fevcral bloody defeati, reduced Egypt to its prelcnt
Aate ot-' fubjr^ion.

While Sclim wai fettling the government of Egypt, great numbers of
the hncient inhabitants withdrew into the deferts and plain*, under one
Zinganeus, from whence they attacked the cities and villatjes of the Nile,
•nd plundered whatever fell in their way. Sclim and his officers perceiving
that it would be a matter of great difficulty to extirpate thofe marnudt- rs,
left them at liberty to <]iiit the country, which they did in great numbers,
and their poflciiiy is known all over Europe and Afiii, by the name of
Gipliesi.

An attempt was niaile a few years llnce, to deprive the Ottoman Porte
of its authority over Eg\'pi, by Ali Bey, whole father was a prioft of the
Greek church, but who havir.i; turned Mahometan, and being a man of
abilities and ail'ircts, hiid rendered liinilelf extremely popular in Egypt.
A falle accuiation hiivins; been made agninll him to the Grand Signior, his
head was ordered to be lint to Conlbintinople ; but being apprized of the
clefign, he feiied and put to death the meirenjicrs who brought this order,
and foon found means to put himfclf at the head of an iirmy. £ein){
alfo affifted by the dangeicus fuuation to which the Turkifli enipiie
was reduced, in confequciice of^ the war with RulTia, he boldly mounted
the throne of the ancient fultans of Egypt. But not content with the
kingdom of Egypt, he alfo laid claim tu Syria, PalclHne, and that part
of Arabia which had belonjj;cd to the ancient Sultans. He marched at
the head of his troojis t^ fup|)ort thefe prctcnfions, and aAually fubdued
fome of the neighbouring jirovinces both of Arabia and Syria. At the
fame time that he was en^^li^ed in thefe great enterprises, he was not lefs
attentive to the eltablifliing of a regular form ot government, and of
introducing order into a cOiuTry that had been long the feat of anarchy
and contufion. His views wereequ dly extended to commerce ; for which
purpofe he gave great enCouragftnent to the Ohriftian traders, and took
off lome fliameful rcftraints and indignities, to which they were fubjcfted
in that barbarous country. He alfo wrote a letter to the republic of Ve-
nice, with the greateft alfurances of his friendfhip, mdthat their merchants
iliould meet with every degree of protection find fafcty. His great
defign was faid to be, to nuike himfejf mailer ot the Red Sea ; to open
-the port of Suez to all nations, but p.irticularly to the Europeans, and t»
make Egypt once more the great centre of commer-:e. The condu6V and
■(views of Ali Bey fl»e\*cd an extent of thou»ilit and ability that indicated
nothing of the barbarian, and befpoke a mind equ.il to the founding of an
empire ; but he was not finally fucccfsful. He was, however, for fome
•time extremely fortunate ; he alTumed the titles and ftate of the ancient
fultans of Egypt, and was ably fuppored by Sheik Dahcr, and fome
other Arabian princes, who warmly efpoufed his intcrclls. He alfo fuc-
ceeded in almclt all his cnterprivcs againtl the neiglibouring Afiatic go-
vernors and bafli:is, whom he repeatedly defeated ; but he was afterwards
;4eprived of the kingdom of Egypt, by the bafe and ungrateful conduft of
his brother in-law, Mahomed Bey Abudahap, his troops being totally
rdefeated on the 7th of March, 177I. He was alfo himfclf wounded and
taken prifoner ; and dying of his wounds, was buried honourably at Grand
Cairo. Abudahap afterwards governed Tgypt as Sheik Bellct, and
marched into PaleHiue to fubdue Sheik Dahcr. After behaving with

great

Thi States of B A R B A R Y.

737

crreat cruelty to the inhabitants of the placet he took, he wai found dead
in hit bed one morning at Acre, fuppbfed to be flrungled. Sheik Daher
accepted the Porte's full amneily, and, trading to their alFurances, em*
braced the Captain l';icha's invitation to dine on board his fliip, when th«
captain produced his orders, and the brave Dahcr, All fiey s ally, had
his head cut off in the 8 jth year of his age.

The States of BARBARY.

(hall rank the countries of, i. Morocco
3. Tunis ; 4. Tripoli und Barca.

and

UNDER this head I
Fez ; J. Algiers ; _

The empire of Morocco, including Fez, ^is bounded on the North bjf
the Mediterranean fea ; on the South, by Tafilet ; and on the Eaft, b/
SegelmeiTa and the kingdom of Algiers ; being 300 miles in length, and
480 in breadth.

Fez, which is now united to Morocco, is about 12; miles in length,
and much the fame in breadth. It lies between the kingdom of Algiers
to the Eaft, and Morocco on the South, and is furrnunt'ed in other parts
by the fea.

Algiers, formerly a kini,alom, is bounded on the Eaft by the kingdom
of Tunis, on the North by the Mediterranean, or the South by Mount
Atlas, and on the Weft by the kingdom^! of Morocco and Tafilet. Ac-
cording to Dr. Shaw, this country extends in length 480 miles along the
coaft of the Mediterranean, and is between 40 and 100 miles in breadth.

Tunis is bounded by the Mediterranean on the North iind Eaft ; by the
kingdom of Algiers on the Weft ; and by Tripoli, v/it!i part of Biledul-
gerid, on the South ; being 220 miks in length from North to South, and
170 in breadth from Eaft to Weft.

Tripoli, including Barca, is bounded on the North by the Mediterra-
nean fea ; on the South by the cx)untry of the Beriberies ; on the Weft
by the kingdom of Tunis, Biledulgerid, and a territory of the Gadamis ;
and on the Eaft by Egypt ; extending about 1 100 miles along the fea-
coaft ; and the breadth is from i to 300 miles.

Each capital bears the name of the ftute or kingdom to which it be-
longs. . ^

This being prcmifed, I fhall confider the Barbary ftates as forming
(which they really do) a great political confederacy, however independent
each may be as to the exercifc of its internal policy ; nor is there a greater
difterencethan happens in difTcrentprovincesof the fame kingdom, mthe
cuftoms and manners of the inhabitants.

Air anq seasons.] The air of Morocco is mild, as Is that of Al-
giers, and indeed all the other ftates, except in the months of July and
Auguft.

Soil, vegetable and animai, ? Thcfe ftates, under the Romaiv

PRODUCTIONS, BY SEAAND LAND. > empire, wcfe juftly denominated
the garden of the world ; and to have a relidence there, was coniidered as
the higheft ftarc of luxury. The produce of their foil formed thofe maga-
zines, which furniftied all Italy, and great part of the Roman empire, with
corn, wine, and oil. Though the lands are now iKicultivated, through
the opprcffion apd barbarity of their government, yet tney are fiill fertile,

3 B apt

738

Thb States or B A R B A R Y.

not only in the above mentioned commnditiei, but in ilites, figt, ra!fliiit
almonds, apples, pc.ira, clicrries, plums, citrons, Icmoiis, orunei's, p«nie<
granatcs, with plenty uf roots and herbs in their kitchen-gardens. Ex-
cellent hemp and flax ^row on their plains ; and by the report of Eu-
ropeans, who have liyea there fur fomc time, the country abounds with
all that cnn add to the plcnfurcs of life : for their great people find means
to evade the fobricty prcfcribed by the Mahometan law, and make free
with excellent wines, and fpirits of their own growth and manufai^turc.
Algiers produces falt-petrc, and great tiuantiiicsof excellent fait ; and lead
and iron have been found in fcveral places of Barb;iry.

Neither the clc*))hant nor the rhivioccros jre to be found in the (laten of
Barbary ; but their dcfcrts abound with lions, tigers, leopards, hya;iuis,
and monftroub ferpentt. The Barbary horfcs were formerly very valu;iblf,
and thought equal to the Arabian. Though their breed is now fald to be
decayed, yet fomc very fine ones are occafionally imported into England.
Camels and dromedaries, aflcs, mules, and kumrahn, a moll ferviceaole
creature, begot by an afs upon a cow, are their bcalls of burden. Their
cows are but fmall, and barren of milk. Their (hecp yield indiftcrent
fleeces, but arc very large, as arc their goats. Bears, porcupines, foxes,
apes, hares, rabbits, ferrets, wcafcls, moles, camelcons, and all kinds of
reptiles are found here. Bcfides vermin, fays Dr. Shaw (fpeaking of his
travels through Barbary), the apprehcnfions we are Cinder, in fome parts
at leaft of this country, of being bitten or Ihing by the fcorpion, the viper,
or the venomous fpider, rarely failed to interrupt our repofe ; a refrcfli-
ment fo very grateful, and To highly neccfliiry to a weary traveller. Par-
tridges and quails, eagles, banks, and all kinds of wild-fowl, are found
on this coaft ; and of the fmaller birds, the capfa-fparrow is remarkable
for its beauty, and the fvveetncfs of its note, which is thought to exceed
that of any other bird, but it cannot live out of its own climate. The Tea*
and bays of Barbary abound with the fined and moft delicious fifli of every
kind, and were preferred by the ancients to thofe of Europe.

Population, iichabitants, man-) Morocco was .ertainly for-

NERS, CUSTOMS, AND DivuRsioNS. J mcrly far more populous than it
is now, if, as travellers fay, its capital contained ico,ooo houfes, whereas
at prefent it is thought not to contain above 25,000 inhabitants ; Jior can
we think that the other parts of the country arc more populous, if it is
true, that their king or emperor has 8o,o-.o horfe and foot, of foreign
negroes, in his armies.

The city of Algiers is faid to contain 100,000 Mahometans, 1 5,0^0
Jews, and 2000 Chriilian Haves j but no eftima'te tan be formed as to the
populoufnefs of its territory. Some travellers report that it is inhabited
by a friendly hofpitable people, who arc very dittercnt in their manners
and character from thofe of the metropolis.

Tunis is the moft polidied republic of all the Barbary ftates. The ca- •
pital contains ic,ocr families, and above 3 oc tradcfmcn's fliSps, and its
fuburbs conlift of 1000 houfes. The Tunifines are indeed exceptions to
the other flutes of Barbary ; for even the moft civilized of the European
Ijovemmcnts might improve from their manners. Their diftiriitions are
ivcll kept up, and proper refpcct is paid to the military, mercantile, and
Yearned profeflions. They cultivate friendfliip with the European ftates ;
alt* and manufa(iturcs have been lately introduced among them ; and the
inhabitants are fald at prefent to be well acquainted with the various la-
boUi'i (tf the loom. The Tunifmc womcR are cxcclfively handfome in

their

The States of BARBAa.Y*

73f

their pcrfons ; and though the mcnurcfiin-burnt, the complexion of th«
ladies is very dclicute, iiur nrr they left neat aiul clcg^aat in their ilicfii ; but
they improve the beauty of their cyei by urt, particiihirly the powder of
lead-ore, the fame |)ij;mcnt, uccofding to the opinion of the learned Dr.
Shaw, that Jezebel made ufe nf when Hie is faid (2 Kings, chap. ix.
verfc j:.) to have painted her facc.j the words of the orijjinal being, that
flic fet off her eyes with the powder of lead ore. The gentlemen in gene<<
ral are fober, orderly, and clean in their pcriims, their behaviour genteel
and complaifant, and a wonderful regularity reigns through all thcilreett
and city.

Tripoli was once the richcil, mod populous, and opulent of nil the
ilatcs on the coali ; but it is now much reduced, and the inhubitants, who
are faid to amount to between 4 and 500,000, have all the vices of the
Algerincs.

Their manners are much of a piece with thofc of the Egyptians already
dcfcribcd. The fubjedts of the Baibary flatcs, in general fubfif^.ng by
piracy, are allowed to be bold intrepid mariners, and will fight dcfp^x
rately when they mcaci with a prize at lea ; they aie, notwith (landing, far
inferior to the £nglifl), and other European flatcs, both in the conllruc-
tion and management of their velFcU. T^icy arc, if we except the 1 .ni-
lincs, void of all arts and literature. The mifcry and poverty of jthe in-
habitants of Morocco, wlio arc iwx. immediately in the emperor's fervice,
are beyond ull defcrijition ; butthofe who inlvabit the inland parts of the
country are an hofpitable inoffcnlive peop'e ; and indeed it is a general
obfervation, that the more diftant the inhabitants of thofe ilates are from
the feats ol their government, their manners arc the more pure. Not'
vvithflanding their poverty, they have a livelinefs about them, el'pecially
thofc who are of Arabic uefcent, that gives them an nir of contentment ;
and havinej nothing tolofe, they arc peaceable among themfelves. The
Moors are fnppofcd to be the oiij;inal inhabitants, but are now blended
with the Arabs, and both aic ci nelly opprclfcd by a handful of infolenc
domineering Turks, the refufc of the flrcets of Conftantinople.

Dress.] The drefs of thefe people is a linen Ihirt, over which they
tic a filk or cloth veflment vNith a falh, and over that a loofe coat. Their
drawers are made of linen. The arms and lci;s of the wearer fire b:ne,
but thev have llippcrs on their feet ; and perfous of condition fiinietimes
wear luiikins. 'Ihcy never move their turbauo, but pull off their flippers
when they attend religions duticss, or the pcrlon of their fover-Vn. JThoy
lire fond of ilriped and fancied lilks. The drcl's of tho women -3 r,.jt very
dificrent from that of the men, but their drawers are longer, ana iliey wear
a fort of cawl on their heads inllcad of a turban. The chief furuiturc of
their houles conlift'! of carpets and mattralTes, on which they (it and lie.
In eating, their llovenlincfs is difjjufting. They arc prohibited gold and
lilver veffels ; and their meat, which they fwallow bv h;'.ndfuls, is boiled
or roaftcd to rags. Adultery in the women is punillicd with death ; but
though the men are indulged with a plurality of wives and concubines,
they commit the moll unnatural crimes wlih impunity.

Religion.] The inhabitants of thefe Oatcs arc Mahometans; but
many fubjeds of Morocco follow the tenets of one Hamed,' a modern
fcdtarift, and an enemy to the ancient do-^rine of the califs. All of them
arc very fond of idiots ; and in fome cafes their prote£linn fcreens oft'en-
ders from punifluncnt, for the mofl notorious crimes. In the main, how-
ever, the Moors of Barbary, as the inhabitants of thefe Ilates are now

3 K 2 promifcuoufly

740

The States of B A R B A R Y.

ptomifcuoufly called, (becaufc the Saracens firft entwed Europe from
Mauritania^ the country of the Moors) have adopted the very worll parts
of the Mahometan religion, and fecni to have retained only as much of it
as countenances their vices.

Language.] As the Hates of Barbary poflefs thofe countries that for-
merly went by the name of Mauritania and Numidia, the ancient African
language is ftill fpoken in fome of the inland countries, and even by fome
inhabitants of the city of Morocco. In the fca-port towns, ahd maritime
countries, a baftafd kind of Arabic is fpoken ; and fea-faring people are
no Grangers to that medley of living and dead languages, Italian, Frcjich,
Spanilh, &c. that is fo well known in all ports of the Mediterranean, by
the name of lAngu a Franca.

Antiqjjities AND CURIOSITIES, I This article is well worth the
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. jfludy of an antiquary, but the
fubjetfls of it are difficult of accefs. The reader can fcarcely doubt that
the countries which contained Carthage, and the pride of the Phoenician,
Greek, and Roman works, are replete with the moft curious remains of
antiquity, but they lie fcattercd amidft ignorant, barbarous inhabitants.
5ome remains of the Mauritanian and Numidian greatnefs are flill to be
met with, and many ruins which bear evidence of their ancient grandeur
and populoui'nefs-. Thefe point out the old Julia Caefarca of the Romans,
which was little inferior in magnificence to Cartilage itfelf. A few of the
aq\ieiiuc'-ts of Carthage are faid to be ftill remaining, but no veftigc of its
walls. The fame is the fate of Utlca, and many other renowned cities of
•.inticiuity ; and fo overirun is the country with bari)iirifm, that their very
iVitcs arc not known, even by their ruins, amphitheatres, and other pub-
lic buildings which remain ftill in tolerable prefcrvation. Befides thole of
claflical tuitiquity, many Saracen monunients, of the moft ftupcndov.s
magnificence, are likewile found in this vail trart ; thefe wereercded un-
der the califs of Bagdad, and the ancient kings of the country, before it
was fubducd by the Turks, or reduced to its prcfent form of government.
Their walls form the principal fortifications in the countryj both inland
and maritime. We know of few or no natural curioiities belonging to
this country, excepting its faltpits, which in fome places take up an area
of lix miles. Dr. Shaw mentions fprings found here that are fo hot as to
boil a large piece of mutton very tender in a quaiter of an hour.

CiTiiiS AND putLic BUILDINGS.] Mention has already been made
of Morocco, the capital of that kingdom, but now almoft in ri'inj, the
court having removed to Mequinez, a city of Fez. Incredible things are
I'ecorded of the magnificent palaces in both cities ; but by the beft ac-
eounts the common people live in a very llovenly manner.

The city of Algiers is not above a mile and a half in circuit, though it
is computed to contain near 120,000 inhabitants, 15,000 houfcs, and 107
molqucs. Their public baths are large, and handfomcly paved with
niarblc. The protpect of the country and fea from Algiers is very bcauti-
ul, being built on the declivity of u mountain ; but the city, though for
levcral ages it has braved fome of the greateft powers in Chriftcndom,
could make but a faint defence againft a regular iiege ; and it is faid that
three Englifh fifty -gun fliips might batter it about the ears of its inhabit-
ants from the harbour. If fo, tht Spaniards muft have been very defici-
ent either In courage or condu(Jh They attacked it in 1775 by land and
by fea, but were iipulfcil with great lois, though they had near 20,000 .
foot and 200Q hurfe, and 47 king's Ihips of difterent rates, and 346 tranf^

ports.

The States of BAR BAR Y.

741

(07

ith

ports. Ill the years 1783 and 1784, t?iey alfo renewed their attacks by
fca to deftroy the city and gallies, but after fpcnding a quantity of ammu-
nition, bombs, &c. were forced to retire -.vithout either its capture or ex-
tinc'tion. The mole of the harbour is 500 paces in length, extending from,
the continent to a fmall illand where there is a caftle and large battery.

The kingdom of Tunis, which is naturally the fineft of all thefe ftatei,
contains the remains of many noble cities, fome of them IHTI in good con-
dition. The town itfelf has fortifications, anc' is about three miles in
circumference. The houl'es are not magnificent, but neat and commo«
dlous ; as is the public exchange for merchants and their goods ; but, like
Algiers, it is diftrefled for want of frefli water.

The city of Tripoli confifts of an old and new town, the latter being
the moft flourilhing ; but great inconveniences attend its fituation, par-
ticularly the want ot fweet water. The city of Oran, lying upon this cdaft,
is about a mile in circumference, and is fortified both by art and nature.
It was a place of confiderablc irade, and the objedt of many bloody dif-
putes between the Spaniards and the Moors. Conftantina was the ancient
Ciita, and one of the flrongeft cities of Numidia, being inacceffible on all
fides, excepting the fouth-weft.

Befidcs the above towns and cities, many others, formerly of great re-
nown, lie fcattered up and down this immenfe trad of countrv. The city
of Fez, at prcfcnt the capital of the kingdom fo called, is faid to contain
near 300,000 inhabitants, befides merchants and foreigners. Its mofques
amount to 500 ; one of them magnificent beyond defcription, and about
a mile and a half in circumference. Mequiner, is efteemed the great em-
porium of all Barbary. Sallce was formerly famous for rhe piracies of
us inhabitants. Tangier, fituated about two miles within the ftraits of
Gil)raltar, was given by the crown of Portugal a^ part of the dowry of
queen Catharine, confort to Charles II. to England. It was intended to
be to the Englifli what Gibraltar is now ; and it muft have been a moft
noble acquilition, had not the mifunderftandings between the king and his
parliament occafioned him to blow up its fortifications and demolifli its
harbour ; fo that from being one of the fineft cities in Africa, it is now
little better than a fifliing town. Ceuta, upon the fame ftrait, almoft op-
polite to Gibraltar, is Itill in the hands of the Spaniards, but often, if
not always, belieged or blocked up by the Moors. Tetuan, which lies
within twenty miles of Ceuta, is now but an ordinary town, containing
about 800 houfes ; but the inhabitants are faid to be rich, and tolerably
civilized in their manners.

The provinces of Suz, Tafilet, and Gefula^ form no part of the ftates
of Barbary, though the king of Morocco pretends to be their fovereign ;
nor do they contani any thing that is particularly curious.

Manufactures and commerce.] The lower fubjedts of thcfeftateg
know very few imaginary wants, and depend partly upon their piracies to
be fupplied with neceflary utenfils and manufpdures ; fo that their exports
confitt chiefly of leather, fine mats, embroidered handkerchiefs, fword-
knots, and carpets, which are cheaper and fofter than thofe of Turkey,
though not fo good in other refpedls. As they leave almoft all their com-
mercial affairs to the Jews and Chriftians fettled among them, the latter
have ellablifticd filk and lir ; works, which fupply the higher ranks of their
own fubjeds. They have ..o fl)ips, that, properly fpeaking, are employed
in commerce ; fo that the French and Englifn carry on the greatoft part of
their trade. Their exports, befides thofe already mentioned, confift in

3 B 3 elephant**

742

Tks States of BARBARY;

elephants* teeth,' oflrich feathers, copper, tin, wool, aides, honey, waXy
dates, railins, olives, almonds, gum arable, and fandrac. The inhabitants
of Morocco arc likewife laid to carry on a conliderable trade by caravans
to Mecca, Medina, and fome inland parts of Africa, from ,".;ence they
bring back vaft numbers of Negroes, who ferve in their armies, and are
ilaves in their houfes and fields.-

■ In return' for their exports, the Europeans furnifh them with t-imber,
•ttillery of all kinds, gunpowder, and whatever they want, either in their
public or private capacities, 'i he duties paid by the Engliih in the ports
of Morocco, are but half of thofe paid by other Europeans. It is a general
obfervation, that no nation is fond of trading with thefc ftates, not only
on account of their capricious defpotifm, but the villainy of their indi-
viduals, both natives and Jews, many of whom take all opportunities of
cheating, and when deteiHed are feldom puniihed. ,
. It has often been thought furprifingi ihat the Chrifllan powers (hould
buffer their marine to be infuUed by rhefe barbarians, who take the Hiips
of all nations with who-n they are at peace, or rather, who do not pay
thpm a fubfidy either in money or commodities. We cannot account for
this forbearance otherwife than by fuppofing, firft, that a breach with
them might provoke the Pone, who pretends to be their lord paramount j
fecondly, that no Chriflian power would be fond of feeing Algiers, and the
reft of that coail, in poffeffion of another ; and, thirdly, that nothing
'could be got by a bombardment of any of their towns, as the inhabitant?
ivould initantly carry their efteds into the dcferts and mountains, fo that
the benefit refulting from the conquei}, muft be tedious and precarious.—
Indeed, expeditions againfl Algiers have been undertaken by the Spani-.
iirds, but they were ill conduced and unfuccefsful, as before noticed.
■ . CoNstiTUTioN AND GovF-RNMENT.] In Morocco, government can-
not be fjiici to cxift. The emperors have for fome ages been parties, judges,
and even executioners with their own hands, in all criminal matters ; nor
is their brutality y /e incredible than the (bbmiliioa with which their fub»
ieiSls bear it» In the abfence of the emperor, every military officer has^thci
power of life and de^th ip his hand, and it is feldom that they mind the
form of a judicial proceeding. Some vefliges, however, of the califate
government ftill continue ; for in places where no military officer refides,
the mufti or high prieft is the fountain of all juftice, and under him the
cadis, or civil officers, who a*^ as our juftices of the peace. Though the
emperor of Morocco is not immediately fubjcd to the Porte, yet h'e ac-
knowledges the grand fignior to be his fuperior, and he pays him a diftant
j^llegiance as the chief repreientative of Mahomet. What I have faid of
l^oto<;co, is applicable to Fez, both kingdoms being now under one
emperor.

Though Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, have each of them a Turkifli
pafha or dey,.who governs mthe namicot the grand fignior, yet very little
regard is paid by his ferocious fubjefts to his author/ty. He cannot even
be faid to be nominated by thp Fprte, When a vacancy of the govern-
ment happens, which it commonly docs by murder, every foldier in the
army has a vote in choGling the fuccecding dey ; and though the eledion
is often attentied with bloodflied, yetit is no fooner fixed than he is cheer-
fully recognifcd and obeyed. It is true, he muft be confirmed by tire
Porte ; but that is feldom refufed, as the divan is no ftranger to the dif-
pofitions of the people. The power of the dey is defpotic ; and the income
of th^ dey pf .'Algiers amount^ to about i50}0ccl. a year, without greatly
v' . . , oppreffii^

The States of B A R B A R Y.

.-\

743

opprcflRng his fubjetfta, who are very tcnaciouV of their property. Thefe
deys pay llight annual tributes to the Porte' When the grand lig-
nior is at war with a Chriftian power, he requires their alfiftancc, as he
does that of the king of Morocco; but he is obeyed only as they think
proper. Subordinate to the deys are officcrb, both military and civil ; and
in all matters of importance the dey is expeiftcd to take the advice of a
common council, which conlilts of thirty palhas. 'Ihefe padias feldom
fail of forming parties amongft the foldiers, a^ainil the reigning dcy,
whom they make no fcruple of alTailinating, even in council ; and the
Ihongcll candidate then fills his place. Sometimes he is dcpofed ; fome-
times, though but very feldom, he rcfigns his authoritj *i fave his life j
and it is feldom he ilies a natural death upon the throne. The authority
of the dey is unlimited ; but an unluccefsful expedition, or too padtic a
condu(^, feldom fails to put an end to his life and government.

REVENUES.] I have already mentioned thofe of Algiers, but they are
now faid to be exceeded by Tunis. They conlift of a certain proportion
of the prizes taken from Chrillians, a fmali capitation tax, and the
cuftoms paid by the Englilli, French, and other nations, who arc fuffered
to trade with thofe ftates. As to the king of Morocco, we can form no
ide.is of his revenues, bccaufe none of his fubjei5ls can be faid to poflefs
any property. From the manner of his living, his attendance^ and ap-
pearance, we may conclude he does not abound in riches. The ran(bm»
of ChrilHan flaves are his perqi 'fites. He fonifttimes fliares in the veiTels
of the other ftates, which entitles him to part of their prizes. He claimi
a tenth of the goods of his Mahometan fubjedls, and fix crowns a year
from every Jew merchant. He has likewife conliderable profits in the
Negroland and other caravans, efpecially the Have trade towards the fouth.
It is thought that the whole of his ordinary revenue, in money, does not
exceed 165,000). a year. A detachment of the army of thefe ftates is
aniutally lent into each province to colled the tribute from the Moors and
Arabs, and the prizes they take at fea fometimes equsjl the taxes laid
upon the natives. '^

, Military strength } By the beft accounts we have received,
AT SEA AND tANP. J the king of Morocco can bring to the field
100,000 men ; but the ftrength of his army confifts of cavalry mounti^d
by his negro flaves. Thofe wretches are brought young to Morocco,
know no other ftate but fervitude, and no other mafter but that king, and
prove the firmeft fupport of his tyranny. About the year 1727, all the
naval force of Morocco confifted only of three fmall ftiips, which lay at
Sullee, and being full of men, fometimes brought in prizes. The Alge-
rines maintain about 6500 foot, confilHng of Turks, and cologlies, or the
fons of foldiers. Part of them fcrvc as marine^ on board their veffels;
About looo of them do garrifon duty, and part are employed in foment-
ing diiferenccs among the neighbouring Arab princes. Befides thefe, the
dey can brin,^ zcoo Moorifli hode to the field ; but as they are enemies to
the Turks, they are little trufted. Thofe troops are under excellent dif-
ciplinc, and the deys of ail the other Barbary ftates keep up a force in
proportion. to their abilities ; fo that a few years ago they refufed to fend
any tribute to the Turkifti emperor, who fecms to be fatisfied with the
fliadow of obedience which they pay him.

It is very remarkable, that though the Carthaginians, who inhabited
this very country of Barbary, had greater fleets and a more extenfive com-
tJCrce than any other nation, or than all the people I'pon the face of the

3 B 4. earth,

744 Or THE SLAVE COAST, &c.

earth, when that ftatc flourilhed, the prefent inhabitants have fcarccly any
merchant fliips belonging to them, nor indeed any other than what Sallee,
Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli fit out for piracy ; which though increafed
fince the laft attack of the Spaniai ds, arc but now few and fmall, and fomc
years agodid not exceed fix fliips, from thirty-^'x to fifty guns. The ad-
miral's (hip belongs to the government ; the other captaijis are appointed
by private owners, but fubject to military law. With fuch a contemptible
fleet, theic infidels not only harrafs t'fl nations of Europe, but oblige them
to pay a kind of tribute by way lot prefents.

HisToav.] There perhaps 'is lo ioblem in hifioryfo unaccountable
«s the decadence of the fplendor, f ve; and glory of the ftatrs of Barbary ;
which, when Rome wus miftrefs c the world, formed the fairell jewels in
the imperial diadem. It was not till the feventh century that, after thefe
dates had been by turns in pofl'ellion of the Vandah and the Greek cm^
pcrors, the califs or Saracens of Bagdad conque led them, and from thence
became mailers of almofi all Spain, fr ^m whence their pofterity was totally
driven about the year 1492, when ths exiles fettled among their friends
and countrymen on theUarhary coaft. I'his naturally begot a perpetual
war between them and the Spaniards, who prelfcd them fo hard, that they
called to their afliftance the two famous brothers Barbarofla, who were
admirals of the Turkifli fleet, and who, after breaking the Spanifli yoke,
impofed upon the inhabitants of all thofi; dates (excepting Morocco)
their owp. Some attempts verc made by the emperor Charles V. to re-
duce Al|^er$ and Tunis, but they were unfuccefsful ; and, as ob-
ferved, the inhabitants have in fa^ ihaken oif the Turkifli yoke like*
wife.

The emperors or kings of Morocco arc the fuccefl^ors of thofe fovcrsigns
of this: cpuntry vyho are called xeriifs, and whofe powers refernLled that
of the califate of the Saracens. They have been in gent;ral a fet of bloody
tyrants ; though they have had among them fome able princes, parti*
cularly Mulpy Moluc, who defeated and killed Dop Sebatlian, king of
Portugal. They have lived in almofl a continued llaic of warfare wi.'h
the kings of Spam and other ChrilHan princes ever fince ; nor does the
crown of Great Britain fometimes difdain, as iq the year 1769, to pur-
chafe their friendlhi'> with prefents.

111

p{ AFRICAj from the Tropic of Cancer to the Cape

of Good-Hope,

See tht Table and Map, .''"^

TlilS immcnfe territory is, comparatively fpcaking, very little known :
there is no modern traveller that has penetrated into the interior
parts ; fo that we are ignorant pot only of the bounds, but even of the
names of feveral inland countries. In many material circumlbnces, the
inhabitants of this extenfive continent agree with each other. If we exr
cept the people of Abylfinia, who are tawny, and profefs a mixture of
Chriflianity, Judait'm, and Paganifin, they are all of a black complexion ;
in their rehgion^ except on the fea-coafts, which have been vifitcd and

•f?ttl?4

I Of the slave COAST, &c. 745

fettled by ftrangcrs, they are pagans : and the form of government it
every where monarchical. Few princes, however, poirefs a very extenlive
juriiui£lioii ; for as the natives of this part of Africa are grofsly ignorant
in all the arts of utility or refinement, they are little acquaintccl with one
smother ; and generallv united in fmall focieties, each governed by its own
prince. In Ahyifinia indeed, ns well as in Congo, Loango, auci Angola,
we are told of powerful monarchs ; but, on examination, it is found that
the authority of thefe princes (lands on a precarious footing, each tribe or
fcparatc body of their fubjeifts being imder the influence of a petty chief-
tain of their own, to whofe commands, however contrary to thofe of the
nezafcha negajcht, or king of kings, they are always ready to fubmit.-^
'I nis indeed nuirt always be the cafe ai long rude nations, where the art
of governing, like all others, is in a very limplc and imperfect Hate. In
the fuccelfion to the throne, force generally prevails over right ; and aa
uncle, a brother, or other collateral relation, is on this account commonly
preferred to the defceiidants, whether male or female.

The fertility of a cottntry fo prodigioufly cxtcnfive, might be fuppofed
more various than we find it is : in fai'l, there is no medium in this part of
Africa with regard to the advantages of foil ; it ia either pcrfedtly barren,
or extremely fertile. This arifes from the intenfe heat of the fun, which,
where it meets with fufKcier.t moifture, produces the utmoft luxuriancy ;
and in thofe countries where there are few rivers, reduces the furface of
the earth to a barren fand. Of this fort are the countries of Anian and
Zaara, which, for want of water, and confequcntly of ail other neceflkries,
are reduced to perfed deferts, as the name of the latte.r denotes. In thofe
countries, on the other hand, where there is plenty of water, and parti-
cularly vyhere the rivers overfl'^w the land, part o? the year, as tii Abyiliniia,
the productions of nature, both o(. the animal and vegetable kinds, are
found in the higheit pcrfcdion and greatcft abundance. The countries of
Mfindingo, Ethiopia, Congo, Angola, Batua, Truticui, Monomotapa,
Cafati, and Mehenemugi, are extremely rich in gold and filver. The bafsr
metals likewifcare found in thefe and many other parrs of Africa. But
the pcrfons of the natives make the moft ^onfiderable article in the pro-
duce and trafFc of this miferable quarter of the globe. On the Guinea or
weftern coaft, the Englifa trade to James Fort, and other fettlements near
the river Gambia, wh ire they exchange their woollen and linen manu^-
failures, their hard vv,ire and fpirituous liquors, for the perfons of the
natives. Altiong the > egrocs, a man's wealth conlids in the number of
his family, whom he fells like fo many cattle, and often at an inferipr
price. Gold and ivo y, next to the Have trade, form the principal
branches of African commerce. Thefe are carried qn from the fam? coaft,
where the Dutch and Trench, as well as Engliili, have their fettlements for
the purpofe. The Pcrtuguefe are i pofTellion of the eaft and weft coaft
0f Africa, from the Tropic of Capricorn to the Equator ; which iinmenfe
trait they became mafters of by their fucccflivc a(tempts and happy dif^
covery and navigalioii rsf the Cape of Good Hope, From the coaft of
Zanguebar, on the eaftern fide, they ti'ade not otily for th? artichs above
mentioned, but likewile for feweral others, as fena, and aloes, civet, airvber*
grife, and frankincenle. The Dutch have fettlements towards the foutSrin
parts of the continent, in the country called Caft'raria, or the land o the
Hottentots, where their fliips bound for India ufually put ir., and triido
with the natives for their cattle, in ex<:hiMige for which tbey give then^
fpirituous li^uor|«

i^ISTORY.]

74^

AFRICAN ISLANDS. I

HisTORT.] The hiftory of this rwontinent is little known, and proba-
bly affords no materials which deicrve to render it more fo. We know
from the ancients, who failed a conliderable way round the coads, that
the inhabitants were in the fame rude filiation near 2000 years ago itv
which they are at prefent, that is, they had little of humanity about
them but the form. Tlyis may either be accounted fofby fuppolin;,^ that
nature has placed fome infuperable barrier between the natives of jhii
divifion of Africa and the inhabits us of Europe, or that the former
being fo long accuftomed to a favage manner of life, and Jegenertiiug
from one age to another, at length became hardly capabie of makincj
any prdgrefs in civility or fcicnce. It is very certain that all the attempr?
of the Europeans, particularly of the Dntch, at the C!ij>e of Good Hope,
have been hitherto ineffcftual for making; the leaft i npreHion on thefe
favage mortals, or giving them the leaft inclination, or even idea, of the
European manner of life.

A F R

AN ISLANDS.

OF the African iflands, fom;^ lie in the Eaflern or Indian Ocean,
and fome in the Win'r-iiij or Atlantic. We (hall begin with thofe
in the Indian Occart, th'*. chief of which are Zocotra, Babelmandel, •
Madiigafcar, th« Comora Iflands, Bourbon, and Mauritius. iSic the

• ZOCOTRA. This ifland is iituated in eaft long. 53. north lat. .'2,
50 leagues eaft of Cape Guardafui, on the continent of^ Africa : it is 80
h'. tniles long, and 1^4 broad, and has two good harbours, where the Euro-

pean (hips ufed formerly to put in when they loft their palfage to India.
i.>- is a populous plentiful country, yielding moft of the fruits and plants
that are ufually found within the tropics, together with frankincenfe,
gum tragacanth, and aloes. The inhabitants are Mahometans, of Arab
extca(:V«on, and are under the government of a prince who is probably
tributav) to the Porte.

BABELMANDEL. The ifland of Babelmandel gives name to the
firaits at the entrance of the Red Sea, where it is iituated in eaft long.
44-30. north lat. 12. about four miles both from the Arabian and Abyf-
iiui.^n fliores. The Abyfiinians, or Ethiopians, and the Arabians, for-
merly contended with great fury for the po(reflion of this ifland, as it
commands the entrance into the South Sea, and prefcrves a communica-
tion with the ocean. This ftrait was formerly the only paflTage through
which the commodities of India found their way to Europe ; but fince the
difcovery of the Cape of Good Hope, the trade by the Red Sea is of little
importance. The ifland is of little value, being a barren fj»ndy fpot of ,
earth not five miles round.

COMORA. Thefe iflands are five, Joanna, Mayotta, Mohilla, Anga-
zeia, andComora, fituated between 4.1 and 46 eaft long, and between 10
and 1 4 fouth lat. at an equal diftance from Madagafcar and the continent
of Africa. Joanna, tlie chief, and which exafts tribute from the others,
is about ^o miles long and 15 broad, and affords plenty of provifions,
and fuch fruits as are produced between the tropics. Eaft India (hips,
bound to Bombay, ufually touch here for refrefhmeats. The inhabitants

are

i AFRICAN ISLANDS.

747

«re Negroes of the Mahometan perfuaiion, and entertain our feamcn with
great humanity.

MADAGASCAR. This is the largeftof the African iflands, and is
fituated between 43 and 5 1 deg. eaft long, and between 10 and a6 Ibuth
lat. 300 miV^s louth-eall of the continent of Africa j it being near looo
miles in length from north to fouth ; and generally between 2 and 300
miles broad. The lea rolls with great rapidity, and i^ extremely rough
V etvvecn this ifland and the continent of the Cape of Good Hope, forming
u channel or p.iilhgc, through which all liuropean (hips, in their voyage
to and from India, generally fail, unlcfs prevented by ftorms.

Madagafcar is a pleafant, delirable, and fertile country, abounding in
fugar, honey, vines, fruit treea, vegetables, valuable gums, corn, cattle,
fowls, precious ftoues, iron, f(»me lilvcr, copper, lleel, and tin. It
affords an agreeable variety of hills, vallies, woods, and champaign :
ivatcred with numerous rivers, and well (lored with filh. The air is ge-
nerally temperate, and faid to be very healthy, though in a liot cli-
mate. The inhabitants are of different complexion*and religions; fome
white, fome negroes, fome Mahometans, fome I'agans. The white*
and thofe of a tawny complexion, who inhabit the coafts, are defcended
from the Arabs, as is evident from their language, and their religious
rites ; but here arc no mofques, temples, nor any flated vvorfliip, except
that they offer facrifices of beafls on particular occaiions ; as when lick,
when they plant yams, or rice, when they hold their alRmblies, circum-
cife their children, declare war, enter mto new-built houfes, or bury
their dead. Many of tliem obferve the Jewifli Sabbath, and give fome
account of the facred hiilory, the creation and fall of man, as alfo of
Noah, Abraham, Mofes, and David ; from whence it is conje£lured they
are defcended from Jews who formerly fettled here, tfiough none knows
how, or when. This ifland was difcovered by the Portuguefc. : " 1 the
French took pofleffion of it in 1641 ; but the people difliking their
government, they were driven out in 1652 ; firce which the natives have
had the fole pofleffion of the iiiand, under a number of petty princes, who
make war upon one another for Haves and plunder.

MAURI rlUS, or Maurice, was fo called by the Dutch, who firft
touched here in 1598, in honour of prince Maurice their ftadthol-
der. It is fituated in call long. 56, fouth lat. 20, about 400 miles eaft
of Madagafcar. It is of an oval form, about 150 milg? in circumference,
with a fine haibour, capable of holding 50 lar^e fliips, fecure againfl
any wind that blows, and too fathoms deep at the entrance. The cH^
mate is extremely healthy and pleafant. The mountains, of which there
arc many, and Ibme ib high that their tops arc covered with fnow, pro-.
duce the iVeft ebony in the world, befides various other kinds of valuable
wood, two of which greatly refemble ebony in quality ; one red, the
other yellow as wax. The ifland is watered with feveral pleafant rivers
well ftocked with fifli ; and though the foil is none of the moft fruitful,
yields plenty of tobacco, rice, fruit, and feeds a great number of cattle,
deer, goats, and flieep. It was formerly fubjcft to the Dutch, but is
now in the pofFcffion of the French.

BOURRON. The illc of Bourbon is fituated in cafl long. 54, fouth
k:. 21, about 300 miles eaft of Madagafcar, and is about 90 miles
roimd. There arc many good r»ads for fliipping round Bourbon, parti*
cularly on the north and fouth fides : but hardly a finglc harbour where
iliips can ride fecure againft thofe hurricanes which blow during the moni
t . foons.

748

AFRICAN ISLANDS.

fonns. Indeed, thecoaftis Co furroimded with blind rocks, funk a fe\v feet
below the water, that coafting alongjhorc is at all liincs dangerous. On
the (outhcrn f^xtremity is a volcano, wliich continually throws out flames,
finokc, and fulphur, with a hideous roiring noife, terrible in the ni^ht to
mariners. The climato here, thonjjh extremely hot, is healthy, oein*
rctrcfhed with cooling gales, that blow morning and evening from the
fca and land ; fometimes, however, tei rible hurricanes fliakc the whcle
ifland almott to its foundation ; but generally without any other bad con-
fetjuence than frightening the inhabitants. The ifland abounds in brooks
and fprings, and in fruits, graft, and cattle, with excellent tobacco
(which the French have planted there), aloes, white pepper, ebony, palm,
iind other kind* of wood, and fruir trees. Many of the trees yield odo-
riferous gums and refins, particularly benzoin of an excellent fort in
great plenty. The rivers are well flocked with fifli, the coall with land
-and fca tortoifcs, and every part of the country with horned cattle, as
well as hogi and goats. Ambergrife, coral, and the moil beautiful fliells
■re found upon the fhore. The woods are full of turtle doves, paroquets,
pigeons, and u great variety of other birds, beautiful to the eye and
pleafant to the palate. The French firft fettled here in the year 1672, af-
ter they were driven from the iiland of Madajiafcar. They have now fome
conliderablc towns in the ifland, with a governor ; and here their £all
Indies fliips touch and take in refreihments.

There are a great many more fmall iflands about Madagafcar, and
on the eailcrn coaft of Africa, laid down in maps, but no where de-
fcribed.

Leaving therefore the caflern world and the Indies, we now turn
round the Cape of Good Hope, which opens to our view the Atlantic,
on immenfe ocean lying between the two grand divifions of the globe,
having Europe, Ada, and Africa, or the old world, on the eaft : and
America, or the new world, on the weft ; towards which divifions we
now fleer our courfe, touching in our way at the following iflands upon
the African coaft, that have not yet been defcribed, viz. St. Helena,
Afcenfion, St. Matthew, S\. Thomas, &c. Goree, Cape Verd, the
Canarv and Madeira iflands. Sec the Map.

St.'HELENA. The firll iiland on this fide the Cape is St. Helena,
fituated in weft long. 6-4, fouth lat. 16, being 1200 miles weft of the
continent of Africa, and iSooeaftof South America. The iiland is a
rock about 21 miles in circumference, very high and very fteep, and only
accefllble at the landing place, in a fmall valley at the eaft iide of it,
which is defended by batteries of guns planted level with the water j and
as the waves are perpetually dafhingon the fliore, it is generally diHicult
landing even here. There is no other anchorage about the ifland but at
Chapel Valley Bay ; and as the wind always blows from the fouth-eall,
if a fhip overlhoots the ifland ever lb little, flje cannot recover it again.
The Englifli plantations here afford potatoes and yams, with figs, plan-
fciins, bananas, grapes, kidney-beans, and Indian corn ; of the lall,
however, moft part is dcoured by rats, which harbour in the rocks,
and cannot be dellroyed ; fo that the flour they ufe is alni>ll wholly
imported from England ; and in times of fcarcity they generally eat yams
and potatoes inftead of bread. Though the ifland appears on every Iide a
hard b.-irren rock, yet it is agreeably diverfificd with hills and plains,
adorned with plantations of fruit-trees and garden-ftuff. They have great
plenty of bogs, bullocks, poultry, ducks, geofe, and turkies, with which

they

AFRICAN ISLANDS.

749

they fupply the failors, taking in exchange, fliirts, drawers, or any light
cloths, pieces of callico, lilka, mullin, arrack, ru.{;nr, Hic.

St. Helena is laid rn have been tint difcovered by the Portuguefe on the
felUvnl of the emprcfi Helena, mother of the emperor Conitantine the
Great, whofe nan e it dill bears. It docs not appear that the Fortuguefe
ever planted a colony htre : and the Knelifli hall India company took
poiTdiion of it in 1600, nnd held it without interruption till tiic year
1673, when the Dutch took it by furprile. however, the Eoglifti, under
the command of captain Munden, recovered it again within the fpace of
a year, and at the I'amc time took three Dutch Kail India (liips that lav in
the road. There arc about 200 families in the illandg moft oi them
defcendcd from KngliHi parents. The Eud India fhips take in water and
frclh provilions here in their way home ; but the ifland is (o fmall, and
the wmd fo much againA them outward bound, that they very leldoni
fee it then.

The company's aflairs arc here managed by a governor, deputy -gover-
nor, and ftorc-kcuper, who have flanding falaries allowed by the company,
befidcs a public tabic well furnidied, tu which all commanders, mailers of
(hips, aiid principal palFcngers, are welcome.

ASCENSION. This liland is lituated in 7 dcg. 40 min. fouth lat.
600 miles north-weft of St. Helena : it tcceivcd its name from its beings
difcovercd by the I'ortugucl'e on Afcenfion-day ; and is a mountainou*
barren iOand, about 20 miles round, and uninhabited; but it has a fafe '
convenient harbour, where the Eaft India diips generally touch to. furnilh
themfclves with turtle, or tortoiles, which arc very plentiful here, and
vaftly large, fonie oi them weighing above 100 pounds each. The lailors
going alhore in the night time, frequently turn 2 or 3 hundred of tliera
on their backs before morning ; and arc fomctimes fo cruel as to turn
many more than they ufe, leaving them to die on the fliore.

St. MATTHEW. This is a fmall ifland, lying in 6-1 weft Ion. and
l-^o fouth lat. 300 miles to the north-caft of Alcenfion, and was alfo dif-
CDvcred by the Port uguefe, who planted and kept polleffioh of it for Ibme
time ; but afterwards dcferted it. This illand now remains uninhabited,
having little to invite other nations to fettle there, except a fmali lake of
frefli water.

The four followin<r idands, viz. St. THOMAS, ANABOA, PRINCES
ISLAND, and FERNANDO PO, are lituated in the gulf of Guinea,
between Congo and Benin ; all of them were firft difcovercd by the Por-
tuguefe, and areftill in the pofleflion of that nation, and furaifli Ihipping
with frefli water and provilions as they pals by.

CAPE VERD ISLANDS, l^hele illands are fo called from a cape of
that name on the African coart, near the river G.imbia, over agaiuft
which they lie, at the di fiance of 300 miles, between 2( and 26 dcg.. welt
Ion. and 14 and 18 deg. north lat. They were dillovcred in the ye.r
1460, by the Portuguefe, and are about 20 in number ; but I'ome of them
being only barren uninhabited rocks, are not worth notice. St. J.isjo,
Bravo, Fogo, Mayo, Bonavifta, Sal, St. Nicholas, St. Lucia, St. Vin-
cent, Santa Cruz, and Sf. Antonio, are the molt conliderable, and are
fubjeft to the Poitugueic. The air, generally Ipeakin?, js very hot, and
in fome of them very unwholelotne. They are inhabited by Europeans,
or the defcendients of Europeans and Negroes.

St. ]ago, where the Fortugaefe viceroy rcfides, is the moft fruitful, bcft
inhabited, and larg;eft of them all, being 1 50 miles in cirv^umfcrencc ; yet

i it

T50

AFRICAN ISLANDS.

it it mountainoui, and hat much barren land in it. Its produce it fuffar*
cotton, (bine wine, Ind'viw corn, cocoa-nuts, oriin^cs, and other tropical
liruits, plenty of roots, und garden Hutf; but the plant of moll conl'c-
<)uence to them is the madder, which grows in abuniiance amonp; the cliffs ;
and here it alfo plenty of hogH and pouUry, and fomc of th^prcitiell green
monkies, with black faces, that arc to be met with any. where. Baya,
or Praya (famous for an action between an Englilli and French fquadron
the laif war), is fituatcd on the call lidc, has a good port, and u fcldom
without fliips, thofe outward-bound to (J uinea or the Kaft 1 ndicg, from Kiig-
land, Holland, andFrancc,oftcn touching here for water and rcfrclliments.

Inthciflandof MAYO or MAY, immenfc quantities of fait is made by
the heat of the fun from the fea-water, which at fpring tides is received
into a fort of pan, formed by a fand-bank, which runs along the coall for
tw« or three roilet. Hero the £nglin> drive a confidcrable trade for fait,
and have commonly a man of war to guard the vcflTels that come to load
with it, which in fomc years amount to a hundred or more. The fait
coDs nothin::, cxcrp^ for raking it together, wheeling it out of the pond,
and carrying it on allcs to the boats, which is done at a very cheap rate.
Several of our (liips come hither for a freight of afl'es, which they carry to
Barbadoet and other Britifli plantations. The inhabitants of this ifland,
efven the governor and priclls, arc all Negroes, and fpcak the l*ortU){uefc
language. The Negro governor cxpcfts a fmall prefcur from every com-
ipander that loads fait, and is pleafcd to be invited aboard their (hips.
The fea-water is fo excelTivcly clear on this coaft, that an Englifli failor
who dropped his watch, perceived it at the bottom, thougli many fathomt
deep, and had it brought up by one of the natives, who are in general ex-
pert at diving.

The ifland of FOGO U remarkable for being a volcano, continually fend-
ing xip fulphureous exhalations ; and fomctimcs the fi;ime breaks out like
JEtna, in a terrible manner, throwing out pumicc-ilones that annoy all
the adjacent parts.

GOREE is fituated within cannon {hot of Cape Verd. N. lat. 14-43.
W. long. 17-2C, and was fo called by the Dutch from an illand and town
of the fame name in Holland. It is a fmall fpot not exceeding two
miles in circumference, but its importance arids from its fituntion for
trade fo near Cape Verd, and has been therefore a bone of contention
between European nations. It was fii ft poflbired by the Dutch, fVom
Mfhom, in 1663, it was taken by the Englilh, but in 16*5 it was retaken by
the Dutch, and in 1667 fubducd by the French, in whofc poircllion it re-
mained till the year 17SQ, when the Britifli arms, every where triumph-
ant, again reduced it, but it was reftorcd to the French at the treaty of
peace in 1763. It was retaken by the Englifli the lait war, but giv«n
up again by the peace of 17*3.

CANARIES. The Canaries, anciently called the Fortunate Iflands,
arc fevcn in number, and fituated between 12 and 19 deg. weft long, and
between 27 and 29 deg. north lat. about 150 miles fouth-weftof Morocco.
Their particular names are, Palina, Hiero, Goinera, Tenerifie, Grand
Canaria, Fuerteventura, and I angarote. Thefe iflands enjoy a pure
temperate air, and abound in the moll delicious fruits, efpecially grapes,
whi^h produce thofc rich wines that obtain the name of the Canary,
w*"ereof the grcateO part is exported 'to England, which in time of peace
is omputed at 10,000 hogflieads annually.' The Canaries abound with
thofe htcle beautiful birds that bear their name, aiid are now fo common

5 and

AFRICAN ISLANDS.

7St

and To much ailmired in Europe ; but their (vild notes in their native Uai
iur excel thotc in a ca^e or foreign clime.

(riaiid Canary, which communic-.ites its name to the whole, is about

I JO miles in circumference, and fo extremely fcrtije as to produce tW9

hiirvefts in a year. Tcncriifr, the largeft of thefe iilandi next to that of

rite Cirand (^'-unary, is about 1 20 miles round t a iertile country abounding;

in corn, wine, and oil; though it is pretty much encumbered with

mountains, particularly the Peak. Captain Olnfs obferves, that in

coming in with this illuud, in dear weather, the Peak may be eaiily dif*

ccriicu at 1 10 miles dillance, and in tailing from it at 1 jo. The Peak if

an afcent in the form of a fugar loaf, about 1 5 miles in circumference*

and, according to the account uf Sprat, bifhup of Rochefter, publiOied in

the Philofophical Tranfudions, nearly three milfi perpendicular.—

Lately alccrtained to be only 13,26$ feet. This mountain is a volcano,

and fomctimcs throws out fuoh nuantities of fulphClr and melted ore, as

to convert the richeft lands into barren deferts. Theft illauda wer« firft

difcovcrcd and planted by the Carthaginians ; but the Romans deftroy.

ing that Hate, put a Hop to the luivigatiou on the well coail of Africa*

and the Canaries lay conecnled from the reft of the world until the^

were again dii'covcred by the Spaniards, in the vear 140;, to whom they

ilill belong. It is remarkable that though the natives refembled the

Africans in their ftature and complexion when the Spaniards firft came

among them, their language was diiicrent from that fpoken on the conti>

ucnt ; they retained none of their cuibms, were mafters of no fciencOf and

did not know there was any country in the world befides their own.

MADKIUAS. 'I he three iflandtt called the Madeiras, are Htuatedj
according to the author of Anion's Voyage, in a fine climate in ji-ij,
north lat. and from 18-30 to 19-30 well lon^. about 100 miles north of
the Canaries, and as many weft of Sallce, ui Morocco. The Urgeft,
from which the reft derive the general name of Madeiras, or rather Matr
tcia, on account of its being formerly almoft covered with wood, is ab^t
75 miles long, 60 broad, and 180 in circumference. It is compofed of
one continued hill, of a confiderable height, extending fiom caft to weft j
the declivity of which, on the fouth fide, is cultivated and interiperfed
with vineyards ; and in the midft of this flope the merchants have fixett
their country Icats, which form a very agreeable profpeifl'. There i«
but one conliderablc town in the whole ifland, which is named Funchal,
feated on the fouth part of the illand, at the bottom of a lai^e bay ;
towards the fea it is defended by a high wall, with a battery of cannon,
and is the only place where it is poifible for a boat to land ; and even here
the beach is covered with large ilones, and a violent furf continually
beiits upon it.

Though this ifland feems to have been known to the ancients, yet it
lay concealed for many generations, and was at length difcovered by the
Portugucfc in 1519 : But others aflert that it vvai Hrft difcovered by an
En^lifliman, in the year 1 34A. Be that as it may, the Portuguefe took
pofleffion of it, and are flill almoft the only people who inhabit it. The
Portuguefe, at their firft landing, finding it little better than a thick
forelt, rendered the ground capable of cultivation by fetting tire to this
wood ; and it is now very fertile, producing in great abutidance the richell
wine, fugar, the moft delicate fruits, cfpecially oranges, lemons, and
pomegranates ; together with corn, honey, and wax ; it abounds alto

with

752

AFRICAN ISLANDS.

with bonri nnd other wild l^ealli, and with all forts of fowlti bcfictc.
numerous grovci* of ccdiir-rrec*, and chofc that yield dragon's blond, nuHic,
and other earns. The inhabitants of this ifle make the he\\ fweet-mcius
in the world, and fiicceed wonderfully in preferving citrons and oninges,
And in making murmalack and pertumed pafies, which exceed thofc of
Genoa. The fu^,ar tliey make is extremely bcnutiful, nnd fmcUs naturally
of violets. This indeed is fuid to be the firll place in the Well, where
that manufaiJture was fct on foot, and from thence was carried to the
Brafils in America. The Portuguefe not finding it fu profitable as at
firfV, have pulled up the greatcll part of their fugar-canes, and planted
irincyards in their Itcad, which produce fcvcral forts of excellent wine,
pnfticularly that which bears the name of the itiand, malmfev, and tent ;
of all which the inhabituntH make and fell prodigious ouantities. No lefs
thsn 30,ooo hugiheada of Madeira, it is faid, are ymrly exported, the
(r^ateft part to the Well Indies, cfpf daily to Barbadocs ; the Madeira
wine not only enduring a hot climate better than any other, but even being
improYcd whenexpofed to the fun in barrels after the bunc is taken out.
It It faid'no Tcnemous animal can live here. Of the two other iflands, one
]i called Porto Santo, which lies at a fmall diflance from Madeira, is about
•ieht miles in compafs, and extremely fertile. It has very good harbours,
where fliips may ridowith fiifrty againftall winds, except the fouth<we(l ;
and it frequented by IndiamCn outward and homeward bound. The other
IflandU an incunfiderable barren rock.

AZOR£S. Leaving the Madeiras, with which wc clofe the account
•f Africa, we continue our courfe weftward through this immcnfe ocean,
which bring! us to the Azores, or, as they are called, the Weftern Iflands,
that are fituated between zi; -and 33 deg. weft long, and between 37 and
40 north lat. ooo miles weft of Portugal, nnd as many eaft of Newfound-
land» lying almoft in the mid-way between Etirope and America. They
are nine in number, and are named Sat>ta Maria, St. Miguel or St.
Michael, Tercera, Stt George, Graciofa, Fayal, Pico, Flores, and Corvo.
They were difcovered in the tniddlc of the fifteenth century by Jofhua
Vander Berg, a merchant of Bruges in Flanders, who, in a voyage to
IJiboni wat bv ftrefs of weather driven to thefe iflnnJs, which he found
deftitute of innabitants, and called them the Flcmifli ifiands. On his ar-
rival at Liibon, he boaftcd of this difcovery, on which the Portuguefe fet
fail immediately, and took poflbffion of them, and to whom they ftill be-
long, and were called in general the Azores, from the great number of
'hawks and falcdns found among them. All thefe illands enjoy a very clear
and fercne flty, with a falubrJous air ; but arc expofed to violent earth-

3uakes, from which they have frequently fuffered : and all'o by theinun-
ations of furrounding waves. They are, however, extremely fertile in
corn, wine, and a variety of fruits, alfo cattle, fowl, and fifli. It is faid
that no poilbnous or noxious aiiimal breeds on the Azores, and that if
carried thither, they will expire in a few hours.

St. Michael, which is the largeil, being near 100 miles in circumfe-
rence, and containing 50,000 inhabitants, was twice invaded and plun-
dered by the Englilh in the reign ot queen Elizabeth. Tercera is the moft
important of thefe iilands, on account of its harbour, which is fpacious,
and hat good anchorage, but is expofed to the fouth-eaft winds. Its capi-
tal town, A ngra, contains a cathedral and five churches, and is the reti-
dence of the governor of thefe illands, as well as of the bifhop.

■^ - - -tr - ■ AMERICA.

[ 753 ]

AMERICA,

ITS DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST.

TT 7E ire now to tre»t of a country of vad extent and fertility, and
yy whichi though little cultiviucd by the hand of art, oivei in many
reipedi more to that of nature than any oiher divtlion of the globe. Tli«
particular ctrcumdancei of this country reijuiic that wc fltouM in foiue
roeafure vary our plan, and before defcribin^ iti prefcnt iiute, afford fuch
information with regard to its difcovery, as is moft ncceflitry for lati»tyii\g
our readers.

Towards the clofe of the i;th century, Venice and Genoa were the
only powers in Europe who owed their fupport to commerce. An inter-
ference of interefts infpired a mutual rivallliip ; but in traffic Venice was
much fuperior. She engrofled the whole commerce of India, then, and
indeed always, the moft valuable in the world, but hitherto entirely car*
ricd on through the inland parts of Alia, or by the way ot' Egypt and the
Red Sea. In this ftate of aifairs, Columbus, a native of Genoa, whole
knowledge of the true figure of the earth, however attained, was much
fuperior to tlie general notions of the age in which he lived, conceived a
urujc£t of failing to the Indies by a bold and unknown route, and of open-
ing to his country a new fource of opulence and iiowcr. But this prapol'ul
of^iling wsflward to (he Indies was rcjedted by the Genoefe as chimerical*
and tiie principles on which it was founded were condemned a« abl'urd.
Stung With difappointment and indignation; Columbus retired from hit
country, Jaid his icheme before the court of France^ where his reception
was ftill i^ore mortifying, and where, according to the practice of that
people, be was laughed at and ridiculed. Henry VII. of England waa
his next refort ; but the cautious politics of that prince were the moft
oppolite imaginable to a great but uncertain dciign. In Portugal, where
the fpirit of adventure and difcovery about this time began to operate, he
had reafon to expcdt better fucccfs. But the FortugueK contented them*
felves with creeping along the coafl of Africa, ana difcovering one cape '
after another ; they had no notion of venturing boldly into the open fea,
and of rifquing the whole at once. Such repeated difappointments would
have broken the fpirit of any man but Columbus. The expedition re-

auired expence, and he had nothing to defray it. His mind, however,
ill remained firm ; he became the more enamoured of his defign, the
more difficulty he found in accomplifhing it, and he was infpired with that
noble enthuliafm which always aniitiiites an adventurous and original
genius. Spain was now his only refource, and there, after eight yean
attendance, he fucceeded, and chiefly through the inteiefl of queen Ifa-
^lla. Columbus now fet fail, anno 149a, with a fleet of three fliips, upon
the moft adventurous attempt ever undenaken by man, and in the fate of
which the inhabitants of two worlds were intere^ed. In this voyage he
had a thoufand difKculties to contend with ; the moft flriking was the t«.
riatioa of the compais, then firft obferved, and which feemed to threatea

3.0 thf«

754

AMERICA.

that the laws of nature were altered to an unknowrt ocean, and that the
only guide he had left was ready to t'orfiike him. ^is failors, always difn
contested, now broke out into qpcn mutiny, threatening to throw him
overboard, and infifted on their return. But th^' firmnefs of the com»
mander, and much more the difcbvery of land, after a voyage of 33 days,
put an end to the co;nmotion. Columbus firft landed on pne of the Ba-
hama iflands, but there, to h'n furprife and forrow, dtfcovercd, from the
poverty of the inhabitants, thnt thefe could not be the Indies he was in
queft of. In fleering Ibuthward, however, he found the ifland called Hif-
panioln, abounding in all the necefTaries of life, inhabited by a humane
and hofpitable people, and what was of {lill greater cnnfequence, asir in-
furcd his favourable reception at home, promifing, from fomo famples be
received, confiderable quantities of gold. This ifland therefore be pro-
pofed to make the centre, of liis difcoveries ; and having left upon it a few
tif his companions, as the groundrwork of a colony, returned to Spain to
procure the neccflary reinforcements.

The court was then at Barcelona ; Columbus travelled thither from
Seville, aroidft the acclamations of the people, attended by fome of the
inhabitants, t^^gold, the arms, utcnfils, and ornaments of the country
he had difcov. xd. This entry iiito Barcelona was a fpecies of triumph
jnore glorious ihan that of conquerors, more uncommon, and more inno-
cent. In this voyage he had acquired a general knowledge of all the
iflands in that great Tea which divif'.es North and South America; but he
had no idea that there was an ocean between him and China, Thus
\vefe the Weft Jndies difcovercd by feeking a paflage to the Eafl ; and even
after the difcovcry, ftill conceived to be a part of the eaftern hemifphere.
The prefcnt fucccfs of Columbus, his foriner difappointments, and the
^lory attending fo uncxpcifled a difrovery, rendered the court of Spain as
tager to forward his defij;ns now, r.s it l.id been dilatory before. A fleet ot
feventeen fail was iinincdiatcly prepared ; all the neccllaries for con<]uelt
or difcovery were embarked ; and 1500 men, among whom were feveral
of high rank and fortune, prepared to accompany Columbus, now ap-
pointed governor with the mart ample authority. It is imi)ollihle to deter-
mine whether the genius i^f this grc.it man in firil conceiving the idea of
ihefe difcoveries, or his fnp;icity in the oxtcuiion of the plan he had con-
ceived, moft dcferve our admiration. Iniiead of hurrying from fea to
fea, and from one ifland to another, which, confiderinsr the ordinary
motives to a;^tion among nmnkind, was naturally to be ex,>v ed, Colum-
bus, with fueh a field before him, unable to turn on cither hand without
finding new objefls of his curiolity and his pride, determined rather to
turn to the advantage of the court o\ Spain the difcoveries he had already
made, than to acquire for himfclf the unavailing applaufe of viftting a
number of unknown countries, from which he reaped no other bent lit
but the plcafure of fcfing them. With this view he made for Hifpanioln,
where he eilabliflied n colonv, y^^ erc<'>ed forts in the moft advantageous
grounds lor fecuring the dependence of the natives. Having fpent a ct^n-
iidtrable time in this employment, and laboured for eitabltfliing thii
colony with :is much zeal and afliduity as if his views had extended v.n
farther, be next proceeded to afcertain the import.mce of his other di(
coverieF, and to examine what advantages were moft likely to be derived
from them. He had already touched at Cuba, which, from fomc fpeci-
mens, feemed a rich difcovery ; but whether it was au ifland, or a part ot
fomc great continent, he was altogether uncertain. To I'.e'tain this

AMERICA.

,■■.>•'■:•..

14 M

755

|)omt was tlie prifent objc£t of his attention. In loading along the fou-
thern fliore of Cuba, Columbus was entangled in a multitude of iflands.
of which he reckoned i6o in one day. Thefe iflands, which were welt
iffhabited, and abounding in all the neceffaries of life, gave him an tip-
portunity of refleding on thii fertility of nature where the world expefitd
nothing but the barren ocean ; he called them JanUn de la Reina^ or the
Queen's Garden, in gratitude to his royal benefaftrefs, who wub always
uppermoft in hia memory. In the fame voyage Jamaica was difcovered.
But to fo many diHiculties was Columbus expofcd, on an uiiknoWo fea,
among rocks, flielves, and fands, that he returned to HifpaniolR, without
learning any thing more certain with regard to Cuba, the main objctSt of
this enterprire.

Uy the firft fuccefs of thjs great man, the public diffidence was turned
into admiration ; but by a continuance of the fame fuccefs, their admira*
«ion degenerated into envy. His enemies in 3pain fet every fpiing in mo-
rion againft him j and there is no difficulty in finding fpecious grounds of
accaf;itiou againlt fuch as are employed in the execution of an extenfive
and complicated plan. An officer was difpatched from Spain, fitted by hia
character to a6t the part of a fpy and informer, and whole prefence plainly
dcmonftraced to Columbus the neceflity of returning to turope, for ob-
viating the pbje£tions or calumny of his enemies.

It was not without great difficulty that he was enabled to fet otit on a
third expedition, ftill more famous than any he had hitherto undertaken.
He deligned to ftand to the fouthward of the Canaries unti' he came undec
the equinoftial line, and then tO' proceed djreftly vveftivard, that he might
4ifcover what oi>ening that might afford to India, or what new iflands, or
what continent might reward his labour. In this navigation, after being
long buried in'a thick fdg, and fiuftering numberlefs iiiconvcnicncies from
the exceflive heats and rains between the tropics, they were at Icnoth fa-
voured with a fmart gate, and Went before it feventeen days to the wcftward.
At the end of this time, a feamnn faw land, which was an jfland on the
coafl of Guiana, now called Trinidad. Having palled this ifland, and
two others which lie in the mouth of the great river Oronocp, the admiral
was furprifcd with an appearance he had never feeii before : this was the
frightful tumult of the waves, occalioned by a contiid between the tide
of the fea and the rapid current of the immenfe i;ivcr Oronoco. fiut
failing forward, he plainly difcovered that they were in frefh water j and
judging lightly that it was improbable any ifland fliould fupply fo vaft a
river, he began to fufpeft he had difcovered the continent : but when
he left the river, and round that the land continued on the weftward for a
grtat way, he wasconvi^iced of it. Satisfied with this difcovery, he yielded
to the uneafiiiefs and diflrcHcs of his crew, and bore away for Hifpaniola.
Jn the courfe of this difcovery, Columbus landed at fcveral places, where
in a friendly manner he traded with the inhabitants, and found gold and
pearl in tolerable plenty.

About this time the Ipitit of difcovery fprcad itfelf widely, and many
adventurers all over Europe wiflied to acquire the reputation of Columbus
without polTelling his abilities. The Portuguefe difcovered Brafil, which
maii«» at piefcnt the inoft valuable part of their poflcffions ; Cabot, a
native of Biittol, difcovered the nortl>-eaft coalls, which now compote the
Biitiih etm/irc in North America : and Americus Velpufius, a merchant
ff Florence, failed to the IbuiUern continent of America, and, being a
' • 3 C 3 m.ii»

756

AMERICA.

,inan uf addrefs, had the honour of givin|^ his name to half the globe.
But no one U now iinpofed on by the name : all the world koowt that
Cojumbus was the fii A dilcovcier. The being deprived of the honour of
giving name to the new world, was itwc of the fmallcfl moriihcationa to
which this great iriaii was compelled to lubmit. For llich were the chimours
of his enemies, «nd the ingraiiiode of the court of bpain, that, after difr
covering the contincni, and making leiikmciits in the iflinds of America,
he WHS treated like a traitor, and cariied over to Europe in iroiis. He
enjoyed, however, the glory of rendering the one half of ihe vvoiul known
to tbe other; a glory fo much the more ] recious, as it wab untainted by
truelty or plunder, which disfigured all the exploits ot thole Vslio came
after hiir, iind accompliflied the execution of his plan. He fully vindi-
caicd himiell at %ourt, was rcftured to favour, and undertook another
voyage in which he fuft'ered j^ieat fitij^ues. He returned to Spaiii, and
died at Valladolid, in 1506, in ihe 5(yth year ut hia agei The fuccecding
governors of Cuba and Hifpanioiu cnde.ivouied to purchafe the fame
advantages by the blood ot the natives, which Columbus had obtained by
his gOoit fenlc and humanity. Thefe iflanos contained inints of gold —
The Indiyms only knew ■.vl.tic they were lituated; and the extreme ava-
rice of the Spaniards, too furious to work by the gentle means of perfu^-
fion, hurritxi them to afts of the moft lliotking violence and cruelty
againft thofe unhappy men, who, they believed, concealed tri»m them part
ot their treafurc. The Daughter once begun, ihey fet no bounds to their
fury ; in a few years they depopulated Hifpaniola, which contained
three millions of inhabit.mts ; and Cuba, that had about 600,000. Bar-
tholomew de las Cafas, a wimefs of thole barbarous depopulations, fays,
that the Spaniards went out with their dogs tu hunt attf r men. The
unhappy favages, almoft naked and unarmed, were purfued like deer into
the thick of the foiefls, devoured by dogs, killed with gunlhot, or fur-
prifed and burnt in their haliitations.

The Spaniards had hitherto only vifited the coptinent : from what they
faw with their eyes, or learned by report, they conjcdtured that this part
of the new world would afford a ftill more valuable conq ell. Fernando
Cortcz is difpatchcd from puba with ^oo men, 18 hories, and a fniall
jiumber of field-pieces. With this inconsiderable force, he propoles to
fubdue the moll powerful flate on the continent ot America ; this was the
empire of Mexico : rich, powerful, and inhabited by millions of Indians,
paltionately fond of war, and then headed by Monicxuma, whofe fame in
arms llruck terror in the neighbouring nations. Never hillory, to be
true, was more improbable and romantic than that of this war. The em-
pire of Mexico had fubfillcd for ages : i:s inhabitants, it is faid, were not
rude and barbarous ; every thing announced a polinied and intelligent
people. They knew, like the Egyptians of old, whofe wifdonr is Hill
admired in this particular, that the year confillpd neatly of 365 days.
Their fuperiority in military affairs was the objeft of admiration and ter-
ror ovtr all the continent; and their government, founded on the fure
•l)alis of laws combined with religion, feemed to bid detiancc to time itfclf.
IWcxico, the capital of the empire, lituated in the middle of a fpacious lake,
was the nobleft monument ot American induflry : it communicated to t'h9
continent by imtnenfe caufcwayB, which were carried through the lake,
fj'he city was admired fr • its buildings, all of ftone, it* fquares, and mar-
J(tt-placcs, the ihoys which glittered with gold and filver, and the fump-
' ■ ' Uiuws

lemiM

AMERICA.

757

and

■ tnous palaces of Montezuma, fdtre erc<ftcd on columns of jafper, and con-
taining whatever was moll rare, curious, or ufeful. But all the grandeur
of this empire could not defend it awaiuft the Spaniiuds. Cortci, in hi«
inarch, met with feeble oppoiition fioni the nations along the coaft of
Mexico, who were tcrrih'cd at their firft appearance : the vviirlike animals,
on which the Spanifh orticcrs were mounted, the artificial thunder which
jfTued from th^ir hands, the wooden calllcs which had wafted them ovtr
the ocean, iiruck a panic into the natives, from which they did not recover
Uniil it was too laie. Wherever the Spaniards marched they ipared no age
or fex, nothing facred or profane. At lalV, the inhabitants of Tlafcala,
and fome other ftates on the coal>, defpairing of being able to oppofe them,
entered into theii" alliance, and join armies with thofc terrible, and, as they
believed, invincible conquerors. Cortez, thus reinforced, marched on-
ward to Mexico ; and, in his progrefs, difcovers a volcano of fulphur and
falt-petre, wheiKc he could fupply himielf with powder. MoiiiCiuma
heard of his progrefs without daring to oppofe it. This fovereign is re-
ported by the boafting Spaniards, to have commanded thirty vaU'als, of
whom each could appcir at the head of 100,000 combatants, armed with
bows and arrows, and yet he dares not refifta handful of Spaniards aided by
a few Americans, wh»fe allegiance would be Ihaken by the firft reverfc of
fortune. Such was the dilterencc between the inhabitants of the two
worlds, and the fame of the Spanifh victories, which always marched be-
fore them.

By fending a rich prefenc of gold, which only whetted the Spanifli ava-
rice, Montezuma haflened the approach of the enemy. No oppoiition is
made to thtir entry into his capital. A palace is let apart for Cortez and
his companions, who are already treated as the mailers of the new world.
He had good reafon, however, to dillrull the affedcd ]X>litenefs of this
emperor, under which he fufpe^ed fome plot for his dellrudtiun to be con-
cealed ; but he had no pretence for violence ; Montezuma loaded him with
kindnefs, and with gold in greater quantities than he demanded, and hi$i
palace was furrounded with artillery, the mod frightful of all engines to
the Americans. At lall a circumllance fell out which atYorded Cortes a
pretext for beginning hddilities. In order to lecure a commir 'cation by
lea to receive the neceffiry reinforcements, he had ereifted •■ :jrt, and
left a fmall garrifon behind him at Vera Cruz, which has &nce become an
emporium of coiTimerce between Europe and America. He unt^crliiood that
the Americans in the neighbourhood had attacked this garrifonin bis
abfence, and that a Spaniard was killed in the adiioR ■ 'hat Montezuma
himfelf was privy to this violence, and had iflTued ordtrt that the h,i»d of
the (lain Spaniard Ihould be carried through his proviaces, to deAruy a
belief, which then prevailed among them, that the Europeans were irti"
mortal. Upon receiving this intelligence, Cortez went in perfon to the
emperor, attended by a few of his moft experienced othcsrs. Monte-
zuma pleaded innocence, in which Cortez fecmcd extremely read/ tQ
believe him, though, At the fame time, . he alleged that the Spaniards in
general would never be perfuaded of it, unlefs he returned along with them
to their refi;dence, which would remove all*5ealoufy between the two na-
tions. The fuccefs of this interview fliewed the iuperiority of the Euro-
pean addrefs. A powerful monarch, in the middle of his own palace,
and furrounded by his guards, gave himfelf up a prifoner, to be difpofed
of according ro the inclinatiop of » few gentlemen who came to demand,
him, Cortsz had aovr goc itMio^ his hands an ei^ne by whkh every thing
<■ , .- ■■* « 3^3 mijht

7l8

AMERICA.

might be nccompliflied. The Americans had the higheft refpeft, or rather
a uiperflitious veneration for their emperor. Cortex, therefore, by keep-
ing him in '.is power, allowing him to enjoy every mark of royalty but
his freedom, and, at the fame time, from a thorough knowledge of his
character, being able to flatter all his taftes and patlions, maintained the
cafy fovereignty of Mexico,, by governing its prince. Did the Mexicans^
■grown familiar with the Spaniards, begin to abate of their refpedt ; Mon-
tezuma was the firft to teach them mote politencfs. Was there a tumult
excited through the cruelty or avarice of the S^auiardi ; Montezuma
aicended the battlements of his prifon, and harangued his Mexicans into
order and fubmiflion. This farce continued a long while ; but on one of
thefe occafions, when Montezuma was fliamefully difgracing his charaiSter
•by juflifying the enemies of his country, a (lone, from an unknown hand,
ilruck him on the temple, which in a few days occalioncd his death. Thu
Mexicans, now delivered from this emperor» who co-operated foilrongly
with the Spaniards, elciSl a new prince, the famous Guatimozin, who from
the. beginning difcovercd an implacable animoiity againfl tlie Spanish
name. Utider his condud the uithappy Mexicans ruflied againft thoi'c
very men, whom a little before they had offered to worfliip. The Spa-
rtiavds, however, by the dexterous management of Cortez, were too firmly
eftablifhed to be expelled from Mexico. The immenfe tribute which the
grandees of this country had agreed to pay to the crown of Spain,
amounted to 690,000 marks of pure gold, beiides an amazing quantity of

Srecibus Hones, a fifth part of which, diftributed among his foldiers,
imulated their avarice and their courage, and mailc them willing topeiiDi
' rather than part with fo precious a booty. The Mexicans, however, made
no fmall efforts for independence; but all their valour, and defpair itfelf,
gave way before what they called the Spanifli thunder. Guatimozin and
the emprefs were taK*n prifojiers. This was the prince who, when he lay
llretched on burning coals, by order of one of the receivers of the king
of Spain's exchequer, who infli£led the torture to wake him difcover into-
wh'At part of the lake he had thrown his liche?, faid to his high priell',
condemned to the fame punifliment, and who loudly exprefled his fenfe of
the-pains that he endured, '* Do you take me t»lic on a bed of rofes ?'*
The high priefl r^iained iilent, and died in an a6t of obedience to his
fovereign. Cortez, by getting a fecond emperor into his hands, made a
complete conquefl of iMcxrco ; with which the Caflille D'Or, Darien, and
other. provinces, fell into the hands ' f the Spaniards.

While Cortez and his foldiers were employed in reducing Mexico, they
|;ot intelligence of another great empire, fituated towards the equinoftial
line and the tropic of Capricorn, which was faid to abound in gold and
filver, and pracious floats, and to be governed by a prince more magni-
ficent than Montezuma* This was the empire of Peru, which extended
In length near 30 degrees, and was the only other country in America,
which deferred the name of a civilized kingdom. Whether it happened,
tiiat the Spanifh government had not received certain intelligence con.'
cerninfi^ Peru, or that, being engaged in a multiplicity of other concerns,
ihey did not cbufe to adventure on new enterprizes ; certain it is, that
this extenflve country, more important than Mexico itfelf, was reduced
by the endeavours, and at the expencc, of three private perfons. Th«
names of thefc were, Francis Pizarro, Almagro, and LuCques, a priefl,-
but a man of confiderable fortune^ The two former were natives of Panama,
snen of doubtful bird) and of low education. PizarrO) the foul of the
• „ -■• . - . 6 «mcfprize,>

AMERICA.

■ Cntcrpnzc, could neither read nor write. They failed over into Spain,
find without difficulty obtained ii grant of what they fliould conquer,
fizarro then fet out for the conqueft of Peru, with 350 foot, 60 horfe,
and twelve fmall pieces of cannon, drawn by flaves from the conquered
Countries. If we refleft that the Peruvians naturally entertained the fame
prejudices with the Mexicans, in favour of the Spdniih liatioh, and weie
befide, of a chara£ler iHll more foft and unwarlike, Ittfeed not furpnfe
us, after what has been faid of the conqueft of Mexico, thdt ^*rith thi«
inconfiderable force, Pizarro fliould make a deep impr^on on thr Peru-
vian empire. There were particular circumftanccs iikSwife which con-
fpired to affift him, and w'.ich, as they dlfcover fomewhat of the hiftory,
Religion, and ftate of the human mind in this immenfe continent, it may
not be improper to relate.

Mango Capac was the founder of the Peruvian empii-e. He was one
of rh:jfe uncommon men, who, calm and difpaflionate themf^Ives, cad
obferve the paffions of their fellow-creatures, and turn them to their own.
profit or glory. He obferved that the people of Peru were naturally fu-
perltitious, and had a particular veneration for the fun. He pretended
therefore to be defcended from that luminary, whofe worlhip he was fcnt
to cftablifli, and whofe authoriiy he was entitled to bear. By this ftory,
romantic as it appears, he eafily deceived a credulous people, and brought
a large extent of territory under his jurifdidtion ; a larger ftill he fubducd
by his arms ; but both the force iind the deceit he employed for the moft
laudable purpofes. He united and civilized the diftrefled barbarous peo-
ple ; he bent them to laws and arms ; he foftened theia by the Inftitution
of a benevolent religion ; ie (liort, ihere was no part in America, where
agriculture and the arts were fo alliduouily cultivated, and where the peo-
ple were of fo mild and itigenuous manners. A race of princes fucceeded
Mango, diftinj^uilhed by the title of Yncas, and revered by the people as
defcendants of their great God the Sitn. The twelfth of thefe was now
on toe throne, and named At tbalipa. His father, Guaiana Capac, h.id
conquered the province of Quito, which now makes a part cf Spanifli
Peru. To fccure himfelf in the pofTcffion, he had marilcd the daughter
of the natural prince of that country, and of this •■narriagc was fprung Ata-
balLpa. Hi;> elder l:)rother, named Huel'car, of a. dificrent mother, had
claimed the fiicceflibn to the whole of his fither's dominions, not excepting
Quito, which devolved on the yoitnger by a double connexion. A civil
war had been kindled oh this account, which, after various turns of for-
tune, and greatly weakening the kingdom, ended in favour of Atabalipa,
Who detained Huefcar, as a prifoner, in the tower of Cufco, the capital of
the Peruvian empire. In this fecb!fe and disjointed flate waS the kingdom
of Peru, tVhcn pizarro advanced to it. The oininoTJS predidllohs of reli-
gion too, as in mo[l other cafes, joined their force to human calamities.
Prophecies \vci*c recorded, dreams were recoUai^cd, which foretold the
Ibbieftion of the empire, by unknown perfons. whofe dcfcription exaftly
cbrrefponded to the appearance of the Spaniaras. Ir\ thefe circu'mflance?,
Atiabalipa, inrtead of oppolii^g the Spaniards, fct himfelf to procure their
favour. Piiairrd, howcvor, whofe temper partook of the meannefs of his
edufcatiori, had no conception bf dealing gently with thofe he called Bar-
barians, but vvho, however, though lefs sCqitaitited with the cruel art of
d^ftroyinj their fcilow-creaturcs, were more civilized than himfelf. While
lie Was engaged in conference, therefore, with Atabalipa, hij men, as they
bad been previoufly irrtru(Scd, furioufly attacked the guard* of that prince,

'3 C 4

flnd

76o DISCOVERY and CONQJJEST

*nd having butchered 5000 of them, as tfiey were prefling forward, with-
out regard to their particular fafcty, to defend the facred perfon of their
monarch, feized Atabalipa hinilclf, whom they carried off to the Spanilh

Suarrers. Pizarro, with the lovereign in his hatkls, might already be
ccincd the malter uf Peru ; for the inhabitants of this couutry were M
nrongly attached to their emperor as were the Mexicans. Atabalipa
Wi(a I ut long in tlieir hands bcfijre he began to treat of hit fanfom. On
tills ucLulion the ancient ornaments, amalied by a long line of magnificent
kings, the hallowed trcafurcs of the mod magnihcent tertiplei, were
hruu^lir out tu lave him, who was the Aipport of the kihgdom, and of
the religion. While Pizarro was engaged iii this negociation, by which
he propofcd, without relealing the emperor, to get nito his pofleffion an
immcnfe quantity of liis beloved gold, the arrival of Almagro caufed
iijme ambHrrallinent in his affairs. The friendHiip, or rather the external
Ihav of friendfliip, between thcie men, was folely founded on the principle
i>t av lice, and a bold entcrprizing Ipirit, to which nothing appeared too
« '\';erouf, that might gratify their ruling paflion. When their intcreffs,
t'ic;:efore, Ivappened to interfere, it was not to be thought that any mesl-
i'l - could be kept between them. Pizarro expected to enjoy the moft
coMj^-lerable fliare of the trcalurc,' arifing from the emperor's ranfom, bc-
( he had the chtct hand in acquiring it. Almagro infilled on being
->pon an equal footing; and, at IcngtW, left the common caufe might fut-
^ -y any rupture bctwefu them, this dlfpofition was agreed to: the ran-
( 1 »' *i piiid in without dc'ny, a fum exceeding their conception, but not
*'.i,>;i! t; to gratify their p.varice. It exceeded 1,500,000!. ftcrling, and
<^';'^licit:iing the value of ivioiicy at that time, was prodigious: on the di-
^iiicnd, alter dcdudting a fifth for the king of Spain, and the fliares of the
'-hief Commanders and ofhccrs, each private foldier had above 2000I.
^"'.iglifh money. With fuc'n tbmincs it was not to be expeded that a mer-
cenary aiiuy would Incline to be fubjc^ted to the rigotMS of military dif-
cipline. 'Jhey infilted on bting dil»anded, that they might enjoy the
f'uito of their labour in 'juict. Piwro complied with this demand, fen-
liblc that avarice would ih!! detain a number in his army, and that thofe
who rf^turncd with fich i!;.!'j;niticent fortunes, would induce new advcn-
t.iier,- to purfuc the lame pi n for acqui'ing gold. Thefe wile reflexions
were abii';d3ntly vcrifiixf ; i; was impoffiblc to fend out better recruiting
officers fhsi: rhofe who hi.a hcmftffves fo much profited by the field;
ne^v I'oldie. v.nftantly arrirftd, and the American armies never wanted
rd'iforceme- ' ,

'i'his immer/e ninfom was only a farther reafon for detaining Atabalipa
io coniintmcnt, until they difciiveied whether he had another trcafure 10
gratify their avarice. Eur whetl/ ' the- leiieved he had no more to give,
«nd were unwilling to employ ticir troops in gua'-.'ing a prince, from
whom ihey expci^ed no farther acanttge, or that i ;-arro bad concei«««i
an averlion ajjiiiml ihe Peruviat cinprrur, on account of (bme inffances
of craft and poiiij which he obferved in his charad^er, and which he
#0'iccivcd might prove dangerous to his affairs, it is certain, that, by his
femntnand, Atabalipa was put to death. To juftify this cruel proceeding,
• fliam charge was exhibited againff the unhappy prince, in which he was
•ccufed of idolatry, of having many concubines, and other circumffances
of cr^^Al impertinence. The only juft ground of accufation againft him
vr»9, that hi« brother Hucfcar had been put to death by his command;
aud even this was confiderably palliated, bc^aufe Huefcar bad been plot*
2 ting

'U^JO

OP AMERICA.

761

fing his de(lru(^ion, that he tnight eibblifli himfelf on the t^fobe. Upgii
the death of the Ynca* a number of cnndidntes appeared foil-' the throne.
The principal nobility fet up the full brother of Huefcar ; Plzarro fet up
a. Ton of Atabaltpa ; and two generals of the Peruvians cndeaveured to
eftablilh theinfelves by the aifillaDce of the army. Thefe di(lra£lion»
which in another empire would have been extremely hurtful, and even
here at another time, tvcre at prefect rather advantageous to the Peruvian
affairs. The candidates fought againft one another ; their battles accuu
tomed the harmlcfs people to blood ; and fuch is the preference of a fpirit
of any kind raifed in a nation, to a total lethargy, that in the courie of
thofc quarrds among themfelves, the Inhabitants of Peru aiTutned fome
courage againft the Spaniards, whom they regarded as the ultimate cauie
of all their calamities. The lodes which the Spaniards met with in thefe
quarrels, though inconfidcrable in themfelves, were rendered dangerous
by lefliening the opinion of their invincibility, which they were careful to
preferve among the inhabitants of the new world. This confideratioa
engaged Pizarra'to conclude a truce ; and this interval he employed in
laying the foundations of the famous city Lima, and in fettling the Spa-
niards in the country. But as foon as a favourable opportunity offered,
he renewed the war againft the Indians, and, after many difficulties, made
himfelf mafter of Gufco, the capital of the empire. While he was en-
gaged in thefe conquers, new grants and fupplies arrived from Spain.
Plzarro obtained 200 leagues along the fea coau, to the fouthward of what
had been before granted, and Almagro 200 leagues to the fouthward of
Pizavro's government. This divllion occafioned a warm difpute betwcea
them, each reckoning Cufcp within his own diftrift. But the dexterity
of Pizarro brought about a reconciliation. He perfuaded his rival, that
the country which really bclong*xl to him, lay to the fouthward of Cufco
and that it was no way inferior in riches, and might be as ealilv conquer-
ed as Peru. He offered him his afliftance in the expedition, the fuccefs
of which he did not even call in qucftion.

Almagro, that he might have the honour of fubduing a kinw^dom for
himfelf, liltened to his advice ; and joining as many oi" Pizarro's troops
to his own as he judged neceffary, penetrated, with great danger and dif-
ficulty, into Chili ; lofing many of his men as he palfcd over mountiiins
of an immenfe height, and always covered with fnow. He reduced, how-
ever, a very conliderable part of this counny.. But the Peruvians were
now become too much acquainted with w.ir, riot to take advantage of the
diviBon of the Spanilli troop,-. Tliey made an effort for regaining their
capital, in which, Pizarro being indifpofed, and Almagro removed at a
difiance, they were well nigh fucccisful. The latter, however, uo iboner
got notice of t\»e Regc of Cufco, than, relinqutfliing all views ofdifiant
conqueiis, he returned to fecure the grand objefts of their former labours.
He raifed the liege \vith infiniic flaughter of the afTailams ; but having
obtained pofTcflion of the city, he was unwilling to give it up to Pizarro,
who now approached with an army, and knew of no other enemy btit
the Peruvians. This difpute occahoned a long and bloody ftruggle be-
tween them, in which the turns of fortune were various, and the refcnt-
ment fierce on both fides, becaufe the fate of the vanquiflied was certain
death. This was the lot of Almagro, who, in an advanced age, fell a
viftiui to the fccurity of a rival, in whofe dangers and triumphs he had
long fliared, and with whom, from the beginning of the cnterprize, he
had been intimately connefted. During the courfeof this civil w.nr, many
Peruvians fervcd in the Spanifti arir.ie;, and learned from the practice of

ChriiWuns,

7«2 DISCOVERY and CONQJJEST

Chrifliiins, to butcher one t.nother. That blinded nation, however, at
length openec< their eyes, and took a very remarkable refolution. They
faw the ferocity of the Eurr/pcans, their unextinguiihable refentnent and
kvaricc, anc'i they conjcfli^red that thefe paiTions would never permit their
cohteAs tr I'ubfide. Let us retire^ faid they, from amon^ them, let us
fly to of.r mountai»i8 ; they will fpeedily deftroy one another, and thcii
we may return in peace to our former .jjabitations. This refolution was
inftant'y put in praftice ; the Ppruvians difperfed, and left the Spaniard*
in theii capi'.al. Had the for.e on e»ch fide been exadly equal, this fin<^

fular poi?cv of the natives ' ^ Peru might have been attended with f^iccefs.
ut the viclory of Pizarrr put an end to Almagro's life, and to the hopes
of the Peruvians, who have never fince ventured to make head againft the
SpHiiidrds.

Pizarro, now fole mafter of the field, and of the richeft empire in the
word, was ftill urged on, by his ambition, to' undertake new cnterprizcs.
The foutl.crn countries of America, into which he had fome time before
difpatchcd Almagro, offered the richelt conqvieft. Towjards this quaner
the mountni;^s of Potofi, compofed of entire filvpr, had been difcovered,
the fliell of wiiich only remains at prefent. He therefore followed the
track of Almagrc into Chili, and reduced another part of that country.
Orellnlia, one of t:is commanders, pafled the Andes, and failed down to
the mouth ot the river of Amuzons : an immcnfc navigation, vyhich dif-
covered a rich and delightful country, but as it is m6uly flat, and ttici**-
forc not abounding iis niinefals, the Spanitirds then, and ever fiiice, neg-
lected it. Pizarro meeting witli repeated fucccff, and having: no fupc-
rior to control, nor rival to keep him within bounds, now gave loofe reins
to the natur;il ferocity of his temper, and behaved with the bafcii tyranny
and cruelty ag.iinft all who h:id not concurred in his defigns. This con-
dutit raifed a conipinicy againft him, to which he fell a facrifice in his
own palace, and in the city of Lim i, which he himfelf h^d founded. The
partifans of old A1m.iv;ro, now dijclarcd his fon of the fame name their vice-
roy. But the gremt r puit of the nation, though extremely well fatisticd
v:\x\\ the fate of Pi/.ano, did not concur with this declaration. They
waited the orders of the tinperor Charlci V. then king of Spit n, who lent
over Veca di Callro to be their governor. This man, by his integrity
:tnd vvifdom, was admirably well litfcd to heal the wounds of the colony,
and to place every thing in the moil advantageous footing, both for it
rind for the mother covmtry. By his prudent management, the mines of
La Plata and Potoii, which were foiiiurly a matter of piivatc plunder, bt-
«.-.ime an object of public utility to the court of Spain. The parties were
iilenced or crudied ; young Almai^ro, who would hearken to no terms of
siccommodation, was p't to death; and a tranquillity fince the arrival
of the Spaniards unkipi^n, was reftorcd to Peru. It feems, however,
that Dc Caftro had no; been fuihcicntly (killed in gainiiigthe favour of the
Spanilh minilby, by pioper bribes or promifcs, which a miniftry would
Tilways espet'^ from the i^overnor of fo rich a country. By their advice a
founcil was fcnt over to control De Caftro, and the c6lo,riy was again un-
fettled. The partie. , but juft extinguiflied, began to blaze anew ; and
Gonralo, the brothct ot the fuinoiis Pizarro, fet himfclf at the head of
his brother's partifans, with whom many new malcontents had united. It
was now no longer a dlfpute between governors about the bounds of their
juriidiftion. Gon/.alo Pizarro only paid a nominal fubmilfion to the king.
Hr Itrengthcned daily, and evcB wvni lb far as to behead a governor, who
:■:- >.^. ..-v; /.; \ •' ' ■-•.•.- -^ . :; '• • ■ „■ ••' " v»a<

OF AMERICA.

t^3

was fent over to curb him. He gained the confidence of the idmiral of
the Spanifh fleet in the South Sras, by whufe ine«ns he propo(cd to hinder
the landing of any truops from Spain, and he hnd a view of unitiog the
inhabitants of Mexico in his revolt.

Such was the fituation of affnira, when th«: court of Spain, ftnfible of
their millake in not fending into America men whofe character and virtue
only, and nut importunity and cabal,' pkadcd in their behalf, difpatchedf
with unlimited powers, Peter de la Gafga, a man differing only from
Cadro by being of a more mild and infinuating behaviour, but with th«
fame love of judice, the fame grcatnefs of foul, and the fame diflnterefted
fpirit. All thofc who had nut joined in Pizarro'g revolt, flocked under
his ftandard ; many of his friends, charmed with the behaviour of Gafgat
forfook their old connexions : the admiral was gained over by infinuation
.to return to his duty ; and Pizarrd himfelf was offered a full indemnity,
provided he fliould return to the allegiance of the Spaniih crown. But fo
intoxicating arc the ideas of royalty, that Pizarrowas inclined to run every
hazard, rather than fubmit to any officer of Spjin. With thofeof his
partizanSf therefore, who (till continued to adhere to hit intereft, he de>
termined to venture a battle, in which he was conquered and taken priibner*
His execution followed foon after; and thus the brother ofhxm, who
conquered Peru for the crown of Spain, fell a facriiice for the fecurity of
the Spanifh dominion over thar country.

Thc/conqueft of the great ciii;>ire8 of Mexico and Peru, is the only
partof the American hirtory which defeivec to be treated under the pre-
fent head. What relates to the reduction of the other parts of the conti-
inenti or of the iflands, if it contains either ip(tru(Sion or entertainment,
ihall be handled under thefe particular co ntries. We now proceed to treat
of the manners, government, religion, and whatever compofes the cha.
jailer of the natives of America; asid as thei'c are extremely fimilar all
over this part of the globe, Hcfliallfpeak of them in general, in order
<o fave continual repetitions, uoticin<j at the fdmc time, when we etirer
upon the defcriptions of the particular countries, whatever is pisculiar or
remarkable in the inhabitants cf each, .,-.. . :t .,:r,,r.,. (ti,*i-

'rr. -r:M:,:A

Of the original Inhabitants of AMERiCAi^JJ^^'^',^',*,

THE difcovery of America has not only opened a new fcijFce of
wealth to the bufy and commercial p^rt of Europe, but an exten-
live field of fpeculation to the philofopher, ivho would trace the character
of man under various degrees of reiinenient, and obfervc :he movements
of the human heart, or the operations of the human underflanding, wheQ
untutored by fcience, or untainted with corruption. So linking Teemed
the difparity between the inhabitants of Europe, and the natives of Ame*
ricg, that fome fpeculative men have ventured ro affirm, that it is impof*
fible they (liould be of the fame fpccies, <fr derived from one common
iburce. This conclufion, however, is extremely ill founded. The cha-
radiers of mankind may be infinitely varied according to the diflfercnt der
grees of improvement at which they arc arrived, the manner in which
they acquire the neteffaries of life, the force of cuftom and habit, an«^
a multiplicity of other circumdaoces too particular to be mentioned, and
too various to be reduced under any general heiul. But the grfat outlines

«f

■••H*

7^4

AMERICA.

.ff KuiVianity are to be diCcovered among them all, notwithflandSng
'ikc Turious fliadcs which charudeiile nationit and dillinguifli them from
each other.

When the third of eold carried the inhabitants of Europe beyond the
" AdanttCt they found the inhabitants of the new world immcried in y-h/.f.
th«y reckoned biirbariiy, but which, howevtfr, was a Aaie of honeft andn'
p«ndoacet and noble hmplicity. Except the inhabitants of the gre;<t
entpires of Peru atul Mexico, who, comparatively fpeaking, were refined
Mtionsy the natives of America were unacquainted with aimoft every Eu-
xopean art ; evei> agriculture itfelf, the mod uicful of them all, was
liardiy known, or cultivated very fparingly. The only method on which
they depended for acquiring the necefl'aries or life, was bv hunting the
wiUk nnimaloy which their monntavus and foreiU fupplied in great abun'
dhincc. Tim exercife, which a*Tiong them is a molt ferious occupation,
gives a lke»gth and agility to their limbs, unknown among other nations.
The fame caufe, perhaps, renders their bidics, in general, where the rays
of the fun arc not too violent, uncommonly ilraight and well proportioned.
Their mufclesarc firm and ftrongj their bodies and heads flatLifti, which
h the eife£i of art ; their features are regular, but their countenancn
ikrce, their hair long, black, lank, and as Qrong as that of a horfe.
Thd colour of their ikin is a rejdill) brown, admired among them, and
heightened by the conllanr ufe of bears fat and pain'. The chjira<f>er <rf
the Indians is altogether founded upon their circunilknccs and way of
life. A people who are couftantly employed in procuring the means of
a precHiious fubiiftencc, who live by hunting the wild animals, and who
are generally engaged in war with their ncijjhbours c»nnot be fuppnfed
to enjoy much gaiety of temper, or high flow of fpirits. The Indians
therefore are, in genera', grave even to ladnefs ; they have nothing of that
nidtly vivacity peculiar to lome nations in Europe, and they defpife if.
Their hrhviviour to rioie nb;)Ut them is vcj/.uiar, modeft, and refpeiftful.
Ignoriun ot the .nts of iiiiiolemcnt, of which that o!r luying trifles agree-
ably, i« one of the moll coursJierable, they never fpeak, but when they have
fomething important to obfervc ; and all thtir actions, wokIs, and even
looks, arc attenfied with '."ome mciinlii?;'. This is extremely natural to
men who arc almort comiuually engaged in purfuits, which to them are
of the highell importan4;e. Their fubfirtcnce depends entirely on what
they procure with their hands : and the ir lives, their honour, and every
thiiij; dear to them, may be lofl by the fmallcrt inattention to the deligns
of their enemies. As they have no purticulur objeft to attach them to one
place r«ther than another, they fly vvh.'rever they cxpeA to find the necef-
l'aries of life in greatelt abundance. Citic^, which arc the efteiJts of agricul-
ture and arts, they have none. The dittcvent tribes or nations are for
the fame reafon extremely fmall, when compared with civilized focieties,
in which induftry, arts, a_5;ricnlture, and commerce, have united avail
number of individuals, whom a complicatr.'. luxury renders ufeful to one
another. Thefe fmall tribes live at an immenfe didance ; they are fepn-
l-ated by a defert frontier, and hid in the bolbm of impenetrable and al-
nioft boutidlefs fore its.

There is ertablillied in each fociety a certain fpecies of government,
which over the whole continent of America prevails with very little va-
riation ; bccaufe over the whole of this continent the manners and way
of life are nearly fimilar and uniform. Withotu arts, riches, or luxury*
the gT«su inllrume^^ts of fuhjet^ion in poUlhed fociecie$, an Ainericnn hM

AMERICA.

7^3

AO methocl by which he can render hiiufelf confidcrable Araonj hit cvm-
uanioiiSi but by :i fupcriority in jierfonul 4iialiiic9 of hody or miod^
jSut as nature has not been very laviib in tier perlbnal dillinctiont^ wher^
a\l enjoy ihe Ivmc educ:tti'>n, all arc pretty much equal, and will defirf
to remain Co. Liberty therefore is the prevailing palSon of the Amcricanm
and their governmcnr, vmder the influence oi this fentimcnt, is better
fecured than by the wifeft political regulatiuns. They «re very far, how-
ever, from defpifinga'il forrs of nuthori.y ; they arc attentive to the voice
of wifdoro, which experience b:i8 conferred on the aged, and they enlifl;
under the banners ot the chief, in whofe valour and military addrefs tbcy
Tiave learned to rcpufe their confidence. In every Ibcierv therefore there if
to be confidered the power of the chief and of k^ie dde.a : and accordingly
as the government inclines more to the one or t^ othrr, it may be

regarded as monarchical, or as a fpecics of aril \mong thofe

tribes which are mod engaged in war, the power > t is naturally

predominant, becaufe the idea of having a milit.i wa« the Hril

fource of his fuperiurity, and the continuil exigent ies of the it.ite requir-
ing fuch a leader, will continue to fupport, and even to enhance it. Hi*
power, however, is rather perfuafive than coercive : he is reverenced as a
fitther rather than feared as a monarch. He has no guards, no prifona,
no officers of judice, nnd one a6l of ill-judged violence would put hini
from the throne. The elders, in the other form of government, which
inay be confidered as an aridocracy, have no more power. Jn fome tribcf
indeed there are a icindof hereditary nobility, whofc influence being con-
ftantly augmented by time, is more contidcrable. But this fource of power,
^rhich depends chiefly on the imagination, by which we annex to the
incrit of out: contenipoi-aries, that of their forefathers, is too refined tp
be very common ainon^ the natives of America. In mod countries there-
fore age alone is fiiihcieut for acquiring refpeft, influence, and autho-
rity. It is age which tc iches experience, and experience is the only fource
of knowledge among a barbarous people. Among thofe perfons bufinefa
is canduded with the utmoft (implicity, and which may recall to thofe who
are acquainted with antiquity, a piftijre of the moR early ages. TTie heads
pf families meet together ia a houfe or cabin, appointed for the purpofe.
Here the bufincfs is dir:ufred, and here thofe of the nation, didingaiflied
for their eloquence or wil'dom, have an opportunity of difpbying thofe
^ulents. Their orators, like thofe of Homer, expreis thcmfelves in a
bold figurative ftyle, dronger than refined, or rather foftened nations
can well bear, and with geftures equally violent, but often extrcrneiy
patural and expreffive. When the bufinefs is over, and they happen to
be well provided in food, they appoint a fead upon theoccafion, of which
almod the whole nation partakes. The fead is accompanied by a fongp
in which the real, or fabulous exploits of their forefathers are celebrated.
They have dances too, though, like thofe of the Greeks and Romans,
chiefly of the military kind, and their muiic and dancing accompanies
every fead.

It often hap|>en8, that thofe different tribes or nations, fcattered as they
are at an iromenfe didance from one another, meet in their excurlions
after prey. If there fubfids no animofity between them, which feldom is
the cafe, they behave in the mod friendly and courteous manner. But if
they happen to be in a date of war, or if there has been no previous inter*
eourfe between the^^ all who are not friends being deemed eaeinies, they
%ht vjriil^ the mpft ffvage fury.
'■'■■' W«r,

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0 SKS I

I.I

11.25

12.5

1.8

M. Ill 1.6

III

Photograpliic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

^^6$ AMERICA.

' War, if we except hunting, is the only employment of the men ; is t«
jBVcry other concern, and even the little agriculture they ebjoy^ it is left
to the women. Their moft common motive for entering into a war, when
It doesrtot aiife from an accidental rencounter or interferci^cc, is either to
irevcngfc themlelvcs for the death of fome loft friend, or to acquu'e pri-
foners, who may aflif^ theni'in their hunting, and whom they aol^t into
their foclcty. f hefe wars arc either Undertaken by fome private adven-
turers, or at the inftancc of the whole community. In the latter cafe, all
the young men, who are difpofed to ^o out to battle, for no one is com-
pelled contrary to his inclination, give a bit of wood to the chief, as
a token of their defign to accprnpai^y him. For every thing among thefe
people is tranf^£ted with a great deal of ceremony and many forms. The
chief, who is to conduct them, fafts feveriJ days, during which he con-
verfes with no one, atid is panicularly careful to obferve his dreams,
which the prefamption natp.ral to favagcs generally renders as favourable
as he could defire. A variety of other fuperftitions and ceremonies are
obferved. One of the' moft hideous is fetting the war-kettle on the fire,
as an emblem that they are going dUt to devour their eneniies, which
among fome nations muft formerly have been the cafe, nnce they ftill con-
tinue to exprefs it in clear terms, and ufe an emblem lignificant of the an-
cient ufase. Then they difpatch a porcelane, or large fliell, to their
allies, inviting thein to come along, and drink the blood qf their enemlest
For with this Americans^ as with the Greeks of old,

** A generous iriendihip (10 cold medium knows.
*• But wrjh one love, with one rcfentment giows.^ .^i

They think that thofe in their alliance m\|ft not only adopt their •nmities,
but nave their refentment wound up to the fame pitch with themfelveSf
And indeed no people carry their fnendfliips, or their rcfentments, fo far
as they do : arid this is what ftiould be expected from their peculiar clr-
eumftances : that principle in human nature, which is the fpring of the
focial affedKons, afts with fo much the greater force, the more it is
reftrained. The Americans, who live in fmall focieties, who fee fevf
cbjeAs and few perfons, become wonderfully attached to thefe objects
and p£rfons, and cannot be deprived of them, without feeling therafelve^
miferabttf. Th'^ir ideas are too confined, their breafts are too narrow to
entertain thefthtihents of general benevolence, or even of ordinary huma-
nity. But this very circumftance, while it makes them crqel and favage
to M incredible degree, towards thofe with whom they are at war, adds a
neW force to their particular friendfhips, and to the common tie which
unites the members of the fame tribe, or of thofe difSsrent tribes which
tre" in alliance with one another. Without attending'to this refle«Stion^
fome fafts we are going to relate would excite our wonder without in-
forming our reafon, and we fliould be bewildered in a number of par-
cicularb feemtngty oppofite to one nnother, without being fenfible of the
general caufe from which they proceed.

Having finiflied all the ceremonies previous to the war, they ilfue forth
with their faces blackened with charcoal, intermixed with ftrcaks of ver-
nv.Uion, which give them a moft horrid appearance. Then they exchange
their cloaths with their friends, and difpoft of all their finery to the wo-,
men, who accompiiny them a confiderable diftance to receive thofe laft
tokens of eternal triendfhip. '

The great qualities in an Indian war are vigilance and attention, to give
and to avoid a furprife ; and indeed in thefe they are fiiperio'r to all na-
lions in the world. Aceuilomed to continual wandering in the forefts,

haviiig

pfts.

AMERICA. 7^7

having tbeir ptrceptions (harpened by keen necrffity, and living in sreiy
refpe£t according to nature, their external fenfes have a degree of acutie-
ijefs which at firft view appears incredible. Thev can trace out tbeir ene-
Tnie?} at an immenfe diftance, by the fmoke of their ^res, which they
ftnell, and by the tracks 6( their feet on the ground, imperceptible to an
European eye, but which they can count and diftinguifli with the utmoft
facility. They even difiinguifh the different nations \tkh whom they are
acquainted, and can determine the precife time when they pafl*ed, where
an European could not, with all his glafles, diftinguifli tootfteps at al>.
Thefe circumftances, however, are of fmall importance, becaufe their ene-
mies are no lefs acquainted with them. When they go out, therefore, they
take care to avoid making ufe of any thing by which they might run the
; danger of a difcovery. They light no fire to warm themieives, or to pre-
pare their victuals : they lie clote to the ground all day, and travel only in
^he night ; and marching along in files, he that clofes the rear diligently
covers with leaves the tracks of his own feet, and of theirs who preceded
him. When they halt to refrefli themfelves, fcouts are fent out to recon-
noitre the country, and beat up every place where they fufpefl an enemy
may lie concealed. In this manner they enter unawares the villages of
their foes ; and while the flower of the nation are engaged in hunting, raaC-
facre all the children, women, and helplefs old men, or make prifoners of
as many as ihey can manage, or have urength enough to be ufeful to their
nation. But when the enemy is apprifed of their dedgn, and coming on
in arms againft them, they throw themfelves flat on the ground among the
withered herbs and leaves, which their faces are painted to refemble. Then
- they allow a part to pafs unmolefled, when all at once, with a tremendous
ihout, riiing upfrom their ambufh, they pour a florm of muflcet-buUets oa
their foes. The party attacked returns the fame cry. Every one flielters
himfelf with a tree, and returns the fire of the adverfe party, as foon as
they raife themfelves from the ground to give a fecond fire. Thus does
the battle continue until the one party is fo much weakened as to be inca>
pable of farther refinance. But if the force on each fide continues nearly
' equal, the fierce fpirits of the favages, inflamed by the lofs of their friends,
can no longer be reftrained. They abandon their difiant war, they rufh
upon one another with clubs and hatchets in their hands, magnifying their
° own courage, and infulting their enemies with the bittereft reproaches* A
cruel combat enfues, death appears in a thoufand hideous forms, which
would congeal the blood of civilized nations to behold, but which roufe
the fury of favages. They trample, they infult over the dead bodies,
tearing the fcalp from the head, wallowing in their blood like wild beads,
and (bnietimcs devouring their flefli. The flame rages on till it meets
With no refiflancc ; then the prifoners are (ecured, thofe unhappy men,
whole fitc is a thoufand times more dreadful than thole who have died in
the field. 1 he coiKiuerors fet up a hideous howling to lament their friends
they have loft. They approach in a melancholy and fevere gloom to
their own village ; a meflenger is fent to announce their arrival, and
the women, with frightful flirieks, come out to mourn their dead brothers,
or their hufband?. When they are arrived| the chief relates in a low voice
«u the elders, a circumftantial account of every particular of the expedi-
tion. The orator proclaims aloud this account to the people, and as he
tnentlnns the names of thofe who have fallen, the (hrieks of the women
are redoubled. The men too join in thefe cries, according as Citch is molt
conncded with the deceafed by blood or fneu(^p. The laft cerpniony

ii"y

n iti' <^'i

•i 'J-

768 A M E R I G A. .

- ■»'"■

it the procla/nation of the victory ; each individuul then forgets bis
private misfortuuesj and joina in the triumph of his nation ; all tears are
wiped from their eyes, and by an unaccountable tranlition, they pafs in a
moment from the bitternefs of forrow to an extravagance of joy. But the
treatment of the prifoners, whofc fate all this time remains undecided, is
what chiefly charaAerifea the favages.

We have already mentioned the ilrength of their afieflions or r^fent*
ments. United ai they are in (mall focieties, conne(^ed within themfelvcs
by the firmeft ties, their friendly affections, which glow with the moft in*
tenife warmth within the walls of their own village, feldom extend beyond
them. They feel nothing for the enemies ot their nation ; and their re-
■ftntrocDt is ealily extended from the individMal who has injured them to
all others of the fame tribe. The prifoners, who have themfelves the
fame teeling^ know the intentions ot their conquerors, and are prepared
for them. The perfon who has taken the raptive attends him to the cot>
tage, where, according to the diftribution made by the elders, he is to be
deliveied to fupply the lofs of a citizen. If thot'e who receive him have
their family weakened by war, or other accidents, they adopt the captive
into the tamily, of which he beconK.9 a .member. But if they have no
occafioQ for him, or their refentment for the lofs of their friends be too
liigh to endure the light of any connected with thufe who were concerne,d
in it, they fentence him to death. AH thofe who have met with the fame
fevere fentence being coUe£icd, the whole nation is aflenibled at the exe<
cution, as for fome 'great folrmnity. A fcatfold iserc<Stcd, and the prifon-
era are tied to the fliike, whete they coinmence their death fong, and pre-
pare for the cnfuing fcene of cruelty with the moft undaunted courage.
Their enemies, on the other flde, are determined to put it to the proof,
by the moft refined and exquiiite tortures. They be»n at the extrenuty
of his body, and gradually approach the more vital parts. One plucks
Out his nails by the roqts^ one by one ; ar other takes a finger into hi$
mouth and tears off the flefh with his teeth ; a third thr ufts the finger,
mangled as it i«, into the bowl olr a pipe made red hot, which he fmokes
like tobacco.; then they pound his tucs and fingers to pieces between two
Cones ; they pull off the fle(h from the teeth, and cut circles about his
joints, and gaAies in the fiefiiy parts of his limbs, which they fear im-
mediately with red hot irons, cutting, burning, and pinching tKrra al-
ternately; they pull off hi) flefh, thus mangled and roafted, b' bit,
devouring it with greedinefs, and fmearing their faces with tat u in
an enthufiafm of horror and fury. When they have thus tout offtlie
fldh, they twift the bare nerves and tendons about an iron, tearing and
^napping them, whilft others are employed in pulling and extending their
jlimbs in every way that can increafe the torment. Thl<: continues often
{five or fix hours ; and fumetimes, fuch is the ftreu^th of the favages,
days together. Then they frequently unbind him, to give a breath-
ing to their fury, to think what new torments they fli.ill infiitf^, and
to refreili the ftrcns:th of the fuflenr, who, wearied out with fuch a
variety of unheard of torments, often falls into fo profound a deep, that
they are obliged to apply the fire to awake him, and renew his fuffcr-
ings. He is again faftened to the fiake, aud again they renew their
cruelty ; they ftick him all over with fmall matches of wood, that eafily
tn)cc fire, but burns flowly ; they continually run fitafp reeds into every
part of his body ; they drag out his teeth with pincers, and thruft ont
his eyes ; aud luftly, after having burned hlt» fielh from the booes with

flow

AMERICA.

769

flow fires ; after having fo mangled the body that it is all but one wound ^
after having rtiutilated his face in fuch a manner as to carry nothing hu<
man in it ; after having peeled tiie (kin front the head, and poured a heap
of red hot coals or boiling water on the naked ikuU, they once more un«
bind the wretch, who, blind and ilaggering with P'tin and we^knefs, af-
faulted and pelted upon every fide with clubs and ftones, dow up, now
down* falling into iheir fires at every Hep, runs hither at>d thither,
uutil one of the chiefs, whether out of^compaflion, or weary of cruelty,
i>uts an end to his life'With a club or a dagger. 'I'he body is then put into
the kettle, and this barbarous employment is fuceeeded by a feall as bar*
baruus.

The women, forgetting the human as well as the female nature, and
transformed into fomcihing worfe than furies, even outdo the men in this
feene of horror ; while the principal perfons of the co<intry lit round the
flake, fmoking and looking on without the leaft emotion. What is moft
extraordinary, the fuiferer himfelf, in the little intervals of his torments,
fmokes too, appears unconcerned, and converfes with his torturers aboi|C
indiflferent matters. Indeed, during the whole time of his ejciccution,
there feems a conteft which fhall exceed, they in ini|i£ling the moll horrid
pains, or he in enduring them with a firmnefs and conftancy almod above
human: not a groan, not a iigh, not a di Portion of Countenance efcapes
him ; he pofleQes his mind entirely in the midft of his torments : he le*-
counts bis own exploits ; he informs them what cruelties he has infli^d
upon their countrymen, and threatens them with the revenge that will at-
tend his death ; and, though his reproaches exaffier^e ihem to a pcrfed
madnjefs of rage and fury, he continues his iufults even of their igiior
vance of the art of tormenting, pointing out more exquiftte methods,
and more fenfible pans of the body to be Sidled, The women h^ve
this pait of courage a? well as ihe'm.n; and it is as rare fur any
Indian t3 behave otherwife, as it would be for any European to fufier as
an Indian^ Such ;s the^vonderful power of an early inftitution, and 9.
ferocious thirlt of glory. I/im liraw fnid intrepid^ exclaims the favage in
the face, of bis tormentors, / do net fear Aeatb^ nor any kind of tortures \
thofe ivhofear them are cotxiards ; they are lefs than ivomcn ; life is nothing
to thofe that have courage : may my enemies be confounded •wit/j defpair and
rage ! Ob! that I could devour thtnty and drink their blood to the lafi drop,

Theie circumftanccs of cruelty, which fo exceedingly degrade human
nature, ought not, however, to be omitted, becaul'c they icrve to fliew
in the ftrongeft lights, to what an inconceivable degree of barbarity, to
what a pitch the paffions of men may be car/ted, whejn untamed by the
refinements of poliflied fociety, nhcn let loafe fiXMB the government of
reafon, and uninflucncc,d by rhe di£l:ase9 of Chriiliaoity ; a religion that
teaches comp.illi(ui to our enMnies, which is neither known nor praftifed
in other iniliturions ; and it will innke us more fcnlible than fume appear
to be, of the valitc of comnverce., the arts o> a civiiifed life, and the Iiglit
of literature; which, if they have abated the for.-; of fome of the na»
tural virtues, by the luxury which attends them, have taken out likcwife
the lling of our natural vices, and fofteped the ferocity of the human
race.

Norbing in the hiftory of mankind forms a Wronger contrail than this
cruelty of the favatjes towards thofe with whom they aie at war, and tlife
warmth of their affeftlon towards their friends, who confill of all rto e
\v|io. live >n the fame village, or are in alliance with it; amo^ig thefc all

.' '. .- . J Q . . thinji

770

AMERICA.

things are common ; and this, though it may in part arife from their not
poffefllng very dillin£t notions of icparatc property, is chiefly to be attii>
buted to the ilrength of their at.t.iclvment ; becaufe in every thing elfe,
with their lives as well as their fortunes, they arc ready to fcrve their
friends. Their houfes, their provifieu, even their young women, are not
enough to oblige a gueft. Has any one of thcfc furceeded ill in his hunting ?
Has his harveil failed ? or is his houfe burned ? He feels no other eft'edt of
his misfortune, than that it gives him hq opportunity to experience the
benevolence and regard of his fellow-citizens ; but to the enemies of his
country, or to thole .who have privately offended, the American is im-

{ilacable. He conceals his fentiments, he appears reconciled, until by
bme treachery or furprize he has an opportunity of executing an horrible
revenge. No length of time is fuflicient to allay his refentment ; no
diOance of place great enough to proted the objedt ; he crofles the fteepeil
mountains, he pierces the mod impradticable forcfls, and traverfes the
moft hideous bogs and deferts fur feveral hundreds of miles ; bearing the
inclemency of the feafons, the fatigue of the expedition, the extremes of
hunger and ihir(V, with patience and cheerfulneft, in hopes of furpriiing
his enemy, on whom he exercifes the mod fliocking barbarities, even to the
eating of his fledi. To fuch extremes do the Indians pufli their friendlhip
or their enmity ; and fuch indeed, in general, is the character of all flrong
and uncultivated minds.

But what we h-fve faid refpedling the Indians would be a faint piflure,
did we omit obferving the force of their friendfliip, which principally ap-
pears by the treatment of the dead. When any one of the focieiy is cut
off, he is lamented by the whole : on this occaiion a thoufand ceremonies
are praAifed, denoting the mofl livply foirow. Ofthefe, the moft re-
maikable, as it difcovers both the height and continuance of their grief,
is what they call the feaft of the dead, or the feaft of fouls. The day of
this ceremony is appointed by public order; and nothing is omitted, that
it may be celebrated with the utmoft pomp and m'agniiicence. The neigh-
bouring tribes are invited to be preient, and to join in the folemnity. At
this time all who have died lince the laft folemn occaiion (which is re-
newed every ten years among fome tribes, and every eight among others),
aye taken out of their graves : thofe who have been interred at the greateft
di (lance from the village is diligently fought for, and brought to this great
rendezvous of carcaflcs.

It is not difficult to conceive the horror of this general difinterment. I
cannot deicribe it in a more lively manner than it is done by Lafitau, to
whom we are indebted for the moil authentic siccount of thofe nations.

Without quelHoii, fays he, the opening of thefe tombs difplays one of
the moll linking fcenes that can be conceived ; this humbling portrait of
human mifery, in fo many images of death, wherein flic feems to take a
plealurc to paint herfelf in a thoufand various fliapes of horror, in the
feveral carcafcs, according to the degree in which corruption has prevailed
over them, or the manner in which it has attacked them. Some appear dry
and withered ; others have a fort of parchment upon their bones ; fome look
as if they wtrc bMked and fniokcd, without any appearance of rottennefs ;
fotiie art' jiill turning towards the point of putrefaction ; while others are all
i^u'arming with worms,' and drowned in corruption. I know not which
oujht to llrike us moll, the horror of fo fliocking a fight, or the tender
piety r.nd affccflicn of thefe poor people towards their departed friends ; for
nothing dcfcrvcs oiir admiration more than thut eager diligence and atten-
tion

A M E R I C A;

771

tion

tion with wh'itlt they dlfcharge this melancholy duty of their tenderncfi g

SBthering up carefully even the fmalleft bones ; handling the carcaflei,
ifguftful as they are with every thing loathfome, cleanfing them from th«
worms, and carrying them upon their fhoulders, through tirefome jour^
neys of feveral days, without being difcouraged from the ofenfivenefs of th«
fmell, and without fuffcring any other emotions to arife than thofe of re*
grer, for having loft perfons who were fu dear to them in their lives, and
{o lamented in their death.

They bring them into their cottages, where they prepare a feaft in
honour of the dead ; during which their great adions are celebrated, and
all the tender intercourfes which took place between them and their friends
arc pioufly called to mind. The ftrangers, who have come fometimet
many hundred miles to be prelcnt on the occafion, join in the tender con-
dolence ; and the women, by frightful fhrieks, demonftrate that they are
pierced with the (harpeft forrow. Then the dead bodies are carried from
the cabins tor the general reinterment. A great pit is dug in the ground,
and thither, at a certain time, each perfon, attended by his family and
friends, marches in folemn iilence, bearing the dead body of a fon, a
father, or a brother. When they arc all convened, the dead bodies, 9t
the duft of thofe which were quite corrupted, are depufited in the pit;
then the torrent of grief breaks out anew. Whatever they poflefs moft
valuable is interred with the dead. The ftrangers are notWanting in their
generofity, and confer thofe prefents which they have brought along with
them for the pucpofe. Then all prefent go down into the pit, and every
one takes a little of the earth, which they afterwards preierve with the
moft religious care. The bodies, ranged in order, are covered with
entire new furs, and over thefe with bark, on which they throw ftones,
wood, and earth. Then taking their laft farewel, they return cjch to his
own cabin.

We have mentioned, that in this ceremony the favages offer, as prefents
to the dead, whatever they value moft highly. This cuftom, which is
univerfal among them, ariles frdm a rudeiiotion of the iinmorcality of the
foul. They believe this dodi'ine moll firmly, and it is the principal tenet
of their religion. When the foul is feparatcd from the body of their
friends, they conceive that it ftill continues to hover around it, and to
require and take delight in the fame things with which it formerly was
pleafed. After a certain time, however, it forfakes this dreary manfion,
and departs far weftward into the land of fpirits. I hey have even gone
fo far as to make a diftindtion between the inhabitants of the other world ;
fome, they imagine, particularly thofe who in their life-time have been
fortunate in war, pofl'cfs a high degree of happinefs, have a place for
hunting and fifliing, which never fails, and eujoy all fenfual delights,
without labouring hard in order to procure them. The fouls of thole, on
the contrary, who happened to be conquered or flain in war, are extremely
reiferable after death.

Their tafte for war, which forms the chief ingredient in their charadter,
gives a ftrong bias to their religion. Arelkoui, or the god of battle, is
revered as the great god of the Indians. Him they invoke before they gj
into the field j and according as his difpofition is more or lefs favourable to
them, they conclude they will be more or lefs fuccefsful. Some nations
worfliip the futi and moon ; among others there are a number of traditions,
relative to the creation of the world, and the hiftory of the gods: tra-
ditions which refemble the Grecian fables, but which arc ftill more abfurd

3 D 2 and

77«

AMERICA.

and inconfiAent. But religion is not the prevniling chnradler of the In-
dian* ; flnd except when they huvc fuinc immediate occafion for the Bffift-
ance of their gods, they pay them no fort of wordnp. Like all rude na-
tions however, they are Orongly nddi^led to fuperlUtion. They bclicvi|
in the cxiAcnce of a number ot good and bnd genii or fpiriti, who icier-
fere in the alfHirs of mortals, and produce all our happinefi or miferv. It
U from the evil genii, in particular, that our difeafes proceed t and it il to
the nood }»cnii wv. nic indebted for a cure. The minifters of the genii are
the jugglers, who are alfn the only phylicians among the favagei. Thefe
jugglers are fuppofrd to he infnired by the good genii, moft commonly in
Vieir dreams, with the knowlcugc of future events ; they arc called in to
the afliduncc oHhe lick, and arc fuppofed to he informed by the genii
whether they will get over the difeafe, and in what wav they mult be
treated. Btt thefe Ipiriis arc extremely fimple in their fyftcm of phvftc«
ami, in alii«)ll every difeafe, dircrt the juggler to the fame remedv. The
nuiient is inclofed in a narrow cabin, in the midft of which ii a ftone red-
hot ; on this they throw water, until he is well^lVipk^ with the warm
vay>our and hi« own Iwcar. Then they hurry him frot^^the bagnio, and
pkmge him fuddriily into the next river. This coarfe method, which coils
n»any their lives, often performs very extraordinary cures. The jugglers
h;ive likcwife the ute of fome Ipecifics of wonderful efficacy ; and all the
favages ae dexterous in curing wounds by the application of herbs. But
the power of thcfc remedies is always attributed to the magical ceremonies
with tvhich they areadininiOerctl.

It (hoiild be obl'trvctl by the reader, that the particulars which havejuft
been menti«med conccrnin<» the tnanners of the AmericanSv chiefly relate
to the inhabitants of North America. The manners and general charac-
tcrillics of great part of the original inhubitants of South America, weie
very ditlorenr. On the firft appearame of the inhabitants of the New
World, their difcovi rcrs found them to be in many particulars very unlike
the generality of the people of the ancient hemit'phere. They were dif-
ferent in their features and coi-plexions ; they were not only averfe to toil,
but Teemed incnpiihic of it ; and when roufed by force from their native
indolence, and compelled to work, they funk under tafks which the in-
habitants of the other continent would have performed with eafe. This
feeblenefs of conllirutinn fccmcd nlmoil univcrlal atnong t.ie inhabitants of
South America. The S))ani.ird9 were alfo tlruck with the fmallnefs of
their appetite for food. The conftitutional temperance of the natives far
exceeded in their opinion, the abftinencc of the moll mortified hermits ;
while, on the 'other hand, the appetite of the Spaniards appeared to the
Americans infatiably voracious; and they affirmed, that one Spaniard de-
voured more food in n day than was fuflicient for ten Americans. But
though the demands of the native Americans for food were very fparing,
fo limited was their agriculture, that they hardly raifed what was fuflicient
for their own Goiifumpiion. Many of the inhabitants of South America
confined their induftvy to rearinir a few plants, which, in a rich and warm
climate, were eafily trained to maturity ; but if a few Spaniards fettled in
any dillrii^, fuch a imall addition of i'upiirnumerary mouths foon cx-
haufled their fcanty {lores, and brought on a fainine. The inhabitants of
South America, compared wiih thofe of North America, are generally
more feeble in their frame, lei's vigorous in the efforts of their minds,
of a gcutic, but dallardly fpirit, more cnllaved by pleafure, and funk in
indolence.

A General

of the In-
r the aflift-
II rude na-
hey bclicvfj
who iater-
niferjr. It
and It is to
ie genii are
M. Thefe
mmonly in
called in to

the uenit
y murt be
I of phvdc,
cdv. The
I itone red*

the warm
agnio, anil
which cods
i»e jugglers
and all the
;rbs. But
ceremonies

:h havejuft
iefly relate
al chnrac-
irica, wcie
■ the New
ery unlike

were dif-
rfe to toil,
eir native

h the in-
h. This
ibirants of
laltnefs of
latives far

hermits ;
red to the
nniard de-
ans. But
y fparing,
) fufficienc

America
ind warm
fettled in

foon ex-
bitants of
generally
minds,
funk in

. General

[ 773 ]
A General Defcriptiori of AMERICA.

THIS great weftern continent, frequently denominated the New
World, extendi from the 8oth degree North, to the s6th degree
South latitude ; and where its breadth ii known, tVum the 3 $th to the
136th degree of Wed longitude from London; flreiching between 8 and
Qooo miles in len(;th, and in 'm greatcd brcndth 3690. It fees both he-
tnifpheres, has two fummers, and a double umtcr, and cnjuys all the va«
ricty of climates which the ciirth affords. It is waflicd by the two great
oceans. To theeaflward it has the Atlantic, which divides it from Euro|ie
and Africa. To the well it has the Pacific, or great South Sea, by which
it is feparated from Afia. By thcfe fcai it may, and tlucs, carry on a
dire£t commerce with the other three pads of the world. It is compnfed
of two great continents, one on the North, the other on the South, which
are joined by the kingdom of Mrxict), which formii a firt of idhmus 1500
miles long, and in one |>art, at Darien, lb extremely narrow, as to ntake
the communication between the two oceans by no means difficult, being
only 60 miles over. In tha |>t%at gulf, wliich is formed Iwtween the
idhmus and the northern and foutht-rn coiitmcnts, lie a muhittide of
iflands, miinyofthem large, moil of them fertile, and denonvn.ucd the
Weft Indies, in contnidillindtion tothccounirifsamiiltandsof Afia, bcyon4
the Cape of Good Hope, which are called the Hall Indies.

Before we be^in to treat of I'epiuate coiintrit- s in their order, we muft,
according to jutT method, take notice of thole mountains and rivers, which
dlfdain, as it were, to be confined within the limits of particular provinces,
and extend over a great part of the continent. For though America in
general be not a mountainous country, it has the greated mountains in the
world. In South America, the Andes, or Cordclleras, run from north to
fouth along the coaft of the I'acific Ocean. They exceed in length any
chain of mountains in the other parts of the globe ; extending from the
Illhmus of Darien to the flratts of Magellan, they divide the whqlei
fouthern parts of America, and run a length of 4300 nules. Their height
is as remarkable as their length, for though in pari within the torrid zone,
they arc conftantly covered with fnow. Chimborazo, the higheft of the
Andes, is 20,633 feet; of this about 3400 feet from the fummit are air
ways covered with fnow. Carazon was alccndcd by the French ailrono*
sners, and is faid to be 15,800 feet high. In North A^neiici, which is
chiefly compofed of gentle afccnts or level plains, we know of no cnnfi*
derable mountains, except thofe towards the pole, and that long ridge
which lies on the back of tlie American Stiitcs, feparntini; them from
Canada and Louifiana, which wc call the Apalachian or Alligany moun-
tains ; if that may be conliJered as a mountain, which upon one lide is
extremely lofty, but upon the other is nearly on a level with the reft qf
the country.

America is, without queftion, th.nt part of the globe which vs bcft \ya-
tercd ; and that not only for the fupport of life, and all the purpofcs of
fertility, but for the convenience of trade, and the intcicourfe of each
part with the others, in North America, fuch is the wifdom Jind good-
nefs of the Creator of the univerfe, thofe vaft tracts of country, fituatcd be-
yond the Apalachian mountains, at an imtiiehfr and unknown diftance
I'rum the ocean, arc watered by inland I'c.is, called the JLaJ^^s of Cana^t^,

5 P 3 Vhicj^

774

AMERICA.

which not only cotnmvnicate with each other, but give rife to feveral great
riven, piirticubTlv the MKIiirippi, ruDtiin^ from north to fouth till it fuUt
into the gulf of Mexico, after a courfe, including in turninus, of 4C00
milei, und receiving in it» progrefs the vaft tribute of the fltinoii, the
Miraurei, the Ohio, and other great riven, fcarcely inferior to the Rhint,
or the Danube ] and on the north, the river St. Laurence, running a con.
trary courfe from the Mifliflippi, till it empties itfclf into the ocean near
Newfoundland ; all of them^ being almolt nav-igable to their heads lay
open the inmofl recefles of this great continent, and afford fuch an 'inlet
for commerce, its niul^ produce the greatcft advantage, whenever the coun-
fry adjacent fliall come 10 be fully inhabited, and by an induflrious and ci-
vilized people. The eaftern fide of North America, befidcs the noble
liven Hudton, Dclawar, Sufquehann, and Potowmack, fupplies feveral
others of gnat depth, length, and commodious tiavigation ; hence many
parts of the feitlements are fo advantageouUy interle(£led with navigable
rivers and creeks, that the planters, without exaggeration, may be faid to
have each a harbour at his door.

South America is, if polllble, in this refpe^t even more fortunate. It fup>

filies much the two largefl rivers in the world, the river of Amazons, and
he Rio de Ig Plata, or Plate river. The firft riflng in Peru, not far from
the South Sea, paifcs from Wed to Eail, and falls into the ocean between
Brazil and Guiana, after 9 courfe of more than 3000 miles, in which it
i«ceives a prodigious number of great and navigable rivers. The Rio de
)a Plata rifes in the heart of the country, and having its flrenrth gradually
augmented, by an accelFion of many powerful flreams, discharges itfelf
with fuch vehemence into the fea, as to make its tafle freQi for many
leagues from land. Befides thefe there are other rivers in South America
of which the Oronoco is the moft confiderable.

A country of fuch vaft extent on each fide of the equator, muft necef*
fcrily have a variety of foils as well as climates. It is a treafurj of na-
ture, producing mod of the metals, minerals, plants, fruits, trees, and
wood, to be met with in the other parts of the world, and many of them
)n greater quantities and high perfcd^ion. The gold and lilverof America
have fupplicd Europe with luch immenfe quautities of thofe valuable
metals, that they are become vaftly more common ; fo that the gold and
filver of Europe now bears little proportion to the high price fet upon
them before the di fee very of America.

This country alfo produces diamonds, pearls, emeralds, amethyfts, and
Other valuable lloncs, which, by being brought into Europe, have contri*
buted likewile to lower their value. To thefe, which are chiefly the pro-
du^iinn of Spanid) America, may be added a great number of other com-
modities, which, though of lefs price, are of much greater ufe, and many
of them make the ornament and wealth of the Britifli empire in this part
of the world. Of thefe are the plentiful fupplies of cochineal, indigo,
linatto, logwood, brazil, fuftic, pimento, lignum vjtae, rice, ginger, co-
coa, or the chocolate nut; fugar, cotton, tobacco, banillas, red-wood, the
bftlfams of Tolu, Peru, and Cl)ili» that valuable article in medicine the
Jefuit's bark, mechoacan, fafl'atras, farfaparilla, caflia, tamarinds, hides,
furs, ambergris, and a great vaiiety of woods, roots, and plants, to which,
before the dilcovery of America, we were either entire flrangers, or forced
to buy at an extravagant rate from Alia and Africa, through the hands of
the Venetians »nd Ceuoefe, who then engroiTed the trat^ of the eaflern
WQrldt
• « This

AMERICA,

775

TbU

Tliii continent has nlfu a variety of excellent fruits, which here gro\f wild
tocrent perfection ; as pine-:ipple8, pomegranates, citrons, lemons, oranges,
> tnalicatoni, cherries, pears, appKs, figs, gnifies, great numbers of culi-
nary, medicinal, and other herbs, roots, and plants ; and fo fertile is the
foil, that iTiany exotic produdions are nourifhed in as great perfeduon as
in their native ground.

Though the Indians flill live in the quiet poflllfion of many large tradh,
America, i'o far a., known, is chieHy clauncd, and divided into colonics, by
three European nations, the Sjianiards, Unglilli, and I'ottugucfe. Th«
Spaniards, as thry t'lrH difcovcrcd it, have the largeil and richetl portion,
extending trom New Mexico and Louilianu, in North America, to the
ilraits of Magellan, in the; South Sc.i, excepting the large province of
Brazil, which belongs to Portugal j tor though the French and Ddtch
have fume forts upon Surinam and Ouinna, they fcarcely deferve to b«
, coniidercd as proprietors of any part ot the fouthern continent.

Next to Spain, the moil conlidcmble proprietor of America was Great
Britain, who derived her claim to North America from the firit difco-
\ery of that continent by Scbaftian Cabot, in the name of Henry VII.
anno 1497, about fix years after the difcovery of South America by Co-
lumbus, in the name of the king of Spain. This country was in general
called Newfoundland, a name which is now appropriated lolely to an iHand
upon itscoaft. It was a long time before we made an attempt to fettle
this country. Sir Walter Raleigh, an uncommon genius, and a brave
commander, firft (hewed the way by planting a colony in the fouthern
part, which he called Virginia, in honour of his miftrefs queen £li«
zabcth.

The French, indeed, from this period until the conclufion of the war in
1^63, laid a claim to, and actually pofl'efled Canada and Louiliana, com-
prehending all that extenfive inland country, reac^'ing trom Hudfon's Bay
on the north, to Mexico, and the gulf ot the fame name on the fouth ;
regions which all Europe could not people in the courfc of many ages : but
no territory, however cxtenlive, no empire, however boundlefs, could
gratify the ambition of that afpiring nation : hence, under the moft folemu
treaties, they contiiiueil in a liate of hoftility, making gradual advances
upon the back of our fettlements, and rendering their acquifuions more
fecure and permanent by a chain of forts, well fupplied with all the im-
plements of war. At the lame time they laboured mcelTantly to gain the
friendfliip of the Indians, by various arts, even by iutermarriages, and
whom they not only trained to the ufe of arjus, but infufed into thefc
favages the moft unfavourable notions of the Englilh, and the llrcngth of
their nation. The Britifli colonics thus hemmed in, and confined to a
Hip of land along the fca-coaft, by an ambitious and powerful nation, the
rivals and the natural enemies of Great Britain, began in 1755 to take the
alarm. The Britilh empire in America, yet in its infancy, was threat-
ened with a total diffolution. The colonies, in their diftrefg, called out
aloud to the mother country. The bulwarks, and the thunder of Eng-
land, were fent to their relief, accompanied with powerful armies, well
appointed, and commanded by a fet of heroes, the Scipios of that age.
A long war fucceeded, which ended glorioufly for Great Britain ; for
after oceans of blood were fpilt, and every inch of ground was bravely dif-
puted, the French were not only driven from Canada and its dependen-
cies, but obliged to.relinquifli all that part of Louifiana, lying on the eaft

fide of t he Miffiffippi. „,

*^ D 4 Thui

116

AMERICA.

Thui at an immenfe expeoce. and with the lofs of many brare nent our
colon'tei were preferred, fecured, and extended fo far, aa to render it di^i*.
cult to afcertaib the precife bouodf of our empire in North America, to
the northern and weftern fide* { for to the northward, it (bould feem that
we might hare extended our claim quite to the pole itfelf, nor did any
nation feem inclined to difpute the property of thfi northernmofi country
with ui. But our flattering profpedta refpcAing our American poflfefliom,
have been annihilated by that unhappy contf ft between the mothcfpcountry
and the cnloniei, which, after eight yean continuance, with great expence
of treafure and blood, ended in tne eftablifhment of a nfw t^public, ftyle4
** The Thirteen United Statei of America."

The multitude ofiflandi, which lie between the twd cotxtinenti of North
and South America, are divided i^mongft the Spaniards, Englifli, and
French. The Dutch indeed poifefi three or four fmall iflandi, which i^
any other hands would be of no confequence : and the Danes have one
or two, but they hardly deferre to be named among the proprietors ol
America. We fliatl now proceed to the particular provinces, beginning,
according tu our method, with the north ; but as Labrador, or New Brt*
tain, andthe country round Hudfon's Bay, with thofe vail regiona ton
Wards the pole, are little known, we can only include within the follow-
ing Table, the colonies that have been formed into regular governmei^ti
V^hich bring U9 tP the |ctb dfgr^f of oojfth lat^

.-■'

" ♦■:

-A .

The

«>»

Tkt

.s«^:

"AMERICA.

777

Th(? Grand Divifions of NORTH AMERICA.

•A

>^JK^^

if*.

yi.'

1^'

h>5

n°

Colonies.

Leng.

Bread.

Sq.Miits.

Chief Towns.

L>ilt.& bearing
from London.

Belongs to

New Britain.

8?o

750

3 1 8,7 50

Orcat Brit.

Province; of l
Quebec. J

600

*00

100,000

Quebec

Ditto

New Scotland \
New Brunfw. /

3 SO

250

57,000

Halifax
Shclburne

Ditto

New England

SSo

200

87,000

BoUon

2760 w. •

Unit. States

New York

300

'SO

24,000

New York

Ditto

New Jerfey

160

I '..,000

Perth Amboy

Ditto

Pennlylvania

300
140

240

1 ;,ooo

Philadelphia

Ditto

Maryland

'35

12,000

Annapolis

Ditto

Virginia

750

240

So,coo

VViUiamfb.

Ditto

North Caro. )
South Caro.S-
Georgia j

700

380

110,000

Edcnton

Charles-town

Savannah

Ditto
Ditto
Ditto

Eaft Florida 1
Weft Florida J

Soo

440

100,000

St. Augulkine
Pcnfacoia

Spain
Ditto

Louifiana

1200

04s

516,000

New Orleans

.4.-S0S. W.

Ditto

New Mexico \
& California J

2000

fOOO

600

600,000

St. Fee
St. Juan

4320 s. w.

Ditto
Ditto

IVlexico, or 1
New Spain J

2000

3 1 8, 000' Mexico

4900 s. w.

Ditto

Grand Divillons of SOUTH AMERICA.

*v-^

1*.'

^Iations.

Leng.

Bread.

Sq. Miles.

Chief Cities.

Dift.&bcaring
from London.

Belongs to

Terra Firma

1400

700

700,000

Panama

40^0 J?. W.

Spa n

Peru

1800

600

970,060

Lima

552 • S. W.

Ditto

Amazonia, a very large country, but little

(nown to the Europeans, 1200 L. 960 B. |

Gi^una

780

480 2JU,000

Surinam
Caytnne

3B40 s. w.

Dutch
French

Brazil

2506

700 940,000

St. Seballian

6000 s. \v.

Portugal

Parag. or La Plata

1500

1006 |I,COO,O00

Hueu. Ayres

0040 s. vv.

Spuiu

Chili

laoo

500 1 206, "CO

St. Jago

6000 s. vv.

.Spain

Terra Magel-0
lanica, or Pa- >
t?Lgonia 3

1400

460

325,000

The Spaniards took pofli.(lion of it, but
did not think it worth while to fettit
there.

-to

Tlic

'^"^i^UeZ.

™>'.i
^f€

^Stl^JS:^^:?^

t\f^

Mrttaneeon- ^*i3

.(C'/ifa/Ji

j**^****

^^>

'■'■" G 77 X Jf

^'^

--^v:

778

AMERICA.

! T, T

■;i

The principal Islands of NORTH AMERICA belonging
to the Europeans are.

n the In the Gulf
Ltlan. ofSt.Lawr

IstANUS.

Length.

Breadth

Square
Miles

? 5.5 00

Chief Towns.

Belongs to

^ Newfoundland

350

200

Placentia

Great IJritain

■jCupi; Breton

110

4,000

Louifburg

Ditto

[_St. John's

500

Charlotte-Town

Ditto

\ The Bermuda ifles

20,000 aqrcs

St. George

Ditto

^The Bahama ditto

very numerous

Naffau

Ditto

between North and South America \

^Jamaica

140

6,coo

KinglLon

Ditto

Barbadoes

140

Bridgetown

Ditto

St. Cfu-illopher's

Bafle-terre

Ditto
Ditto

Antigua

100

St. John's

Nevis and 1
Montferrat /

each of thcl'e is
18 circum.

Charles-Town
Plymouth

Ditto ^
Ditto

Barbuda

Ditto

Anguilla

?>o

Ditto

Dominica

150

Initio

St. Vincent

150

Kingfton

Ditto

Granada

«io

St. George's

Ditto

Tobago

France

Cuba

700

38400

Havannah

Spaiii

Weft India iflands, lying in the Atlantic,

Hifpaniola

450

150

36,000

St. Domingo

Do. & France

Porto Rico

100

3,200

Porto Rico |Spain |

'irinidad

2,897

St. Jofeph

Ditto 1

Margarita

«4 -

624

Ditto ' 1

Martinico

6.0

;oo

St. Peter's

France
Ditto

Guadaloupe

250

iiali'e-terre

St. Lucia

.»

Ditto

St. BartMbiomew ^
Defeada, and C
Marigalanta 3

all of them in-
confiderable.

Ditto
Ditto
Ditto

St. Euftatia

29 circum.

rhe Bay

Dutch

CuralTou

30 1 10

34i

Ditto

St. Thomas

15 circum.

Denmark

St. Croix

30 1 10

Baffe Knd >

Ditto

ivO;n;.::?ri; ;r; viii. 'nv :> ^i^y •:■.'-: [■
•* vino dil'.-'S >i-:i;\-i _■-■■■ '■■

■ -'.'■> " ■fU M.;! -^fij •■ 1 ill!.' •!)

.-"»"i'-«r:*;lq .in-'i .-■■■1 ;■ m . ■

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.11: ,.

i.j.ii,... 1 ■

[ 779 1
BRITISH AMERICA.

NEW BRITAIN.

Situation and extent.

NEW BRITAIN, or the country lying round Hiidfon's Bay, and
commonly calltd the country o( the Efquiinaux, comprehending
Labrador, now North and South \V;.Ics, is bounded by unknown lands,
and frozen fcas, about the pole, on the North ; by the Atlantic ocean, otk
the Eaft ; by the bay and river of St LHWrence and Canada, on the South;
and by unknown lands on the Well. Its length is computed at 850 milee,
and 750 broad.

Mountains.] The tremendous high mountains in this country to-
wards the north, their being covered with eternal fnow, and the windt
blowing from thence three quarters of the year, occafion a degree of cold
in the winter, over ail this country, which is not experienced in any other
part of the world in the fame latitude.

Rivers, bays, straits,) Thefe arc numerous in this country,

AND CAPES. J and take their names generally from the

Englifli navigators aii^ commnnders, by whom they were firft difcovered.

The principal bay is that of Hudfon, and the piincipal flraits are thofe

of Hudfon, Davis, and Belleiile.

Soil and produce.] This country is extremely barren: to the
northward of Hudfon's Bay, even the hardy pine-tree is feen no longer,
and the cold womb of the earth lias been fuppofcd incapable of any better
production than fome miferable Oirubs. Every kind of European feed,
which we have cotninitted to the earth, in this inhofpitable climate, has
hitherto perirtied ; but, in all probability, we have not tried the feed of corn
from the northern parts of Sweden and Norway ; in fuch cafes, the place
from whence the feed comes is of great moment. All this feverity and
long continuance of winter, and the barrennefs of the earth which comes
from thence, is experienced in the latitude of fiity-one; io the temperate
latitude of Cambridge.

Animals.] Thefe are the moofe-decr, flag?, rein-deer, bears,' ty-
gers, buifalues, wolves, foxes, beavers, otters, lynxes, martins, fquirrels,
ermins, wild cats, and hares. Of the feathered kind, they have geefe,
buftards, ducks, partriitges, and all manner of wild fowls. Of filh, there
are whales, morfes, fcals, cod-fifli, and a white fifli preferable to her-
rings ; and in their rivers and frefh waters pike, perch, carp, and trout.
There have been taken at Port Nclfon, in one feafon, ninety thoufand
partridges, which are here as large as hens, and twenty-five thoufand
hares.

All the animals of thefe countries are clothed with a clofe, foft, warm
fur. In fummer there is here, as in other places, a variety in thecolourt
of the feveral animals. When that feafon is over, which holds only for
three months, they all affume the livery of winter, and every fort of
beafts, and nioft of their fowls, are of the colour of the fnow : every
thing animate and inaniit^atc is white. This is a furprifmg phaenomenon.
But what is yet more furprifing, and what is indeed one of the moft ftrik-
){)g things, that draw the moil inattentive tc an udiniration of the wifdom

anj

78o

NEW BRITAIN.

and goodnefs of Providencr, is, that the dogs and cats from England,
that have been carried into Hudfon's Bay, on the apm-oach of winter,
have entirely changed their appearance, and acquiied a much longer,
fofter, and thicker coat of hair, than they had originally.

Before we advance farther in the defcriptrun of America, it may be
proper to obferve in general, that all the quadrupeds of this new world
are lefs than thofe of the old ; even fuch as are carried from hence to
breed there, are often found to degenerate, but are never feea to im-
prove. If with refpeiSt to IJze, we fliould compare the animals of the
new and old world, we (hall find the one bear no manner of proper-
tion to the other. The Aliatic elephant, for inftance, often grows to
above fifteen feet high, while the tapurette, which is the largell native
of America, is not bigger than a calf of a year old. The lama, which
ibme alfo call the American camel, is ilill lefs. Their bcafis of prey are
quite divcfled of that courage, which is fo often fatal to man in Africft
or Afia. They have no lions, nor, properly fpeaking, either leopard,
or tyger. Travellers, however, have affixed thofe names to fuch raven-
ous animals, as are there found moft to rcfemhle thofe of the ancient con-
tinent. I'he congar, the laquar, and the tuquaretti among them, are
defpicable in compaiifon of the tyger, the leopard, and the panther of
Afia. The tyger of Bengal has been known to meafure (ix feet in length,
without including the tail ; while the congar, or American tyger, as Ibme
afk^ to call it, feldom exceeds three. All the animals therefore in the
fouthern parts of America, ure different from thofe in the fouthern parts
of the ancient continent; nor does there appear to be any common to
both, but thofe which, being able to bear the colds of the north, have
travelled from one continent to the other. Thu3 the bear, the wolf, the
rein-dccr, the flag, and the beaver, are known as well by the inhabitants
of New Britain and Canada, as Rulfia ; while the lion, the leopard, and'
the tyger, which are natives of the fouth with us, are utterly unknown
in fouthern America. But if the quadrupeds of America be fmaller,
than thofe of the ancient continent, they are in much greater abundance ;
for it is a rule that obtains through nature, and evidently points out the
wildom of the Author of it, that the fmalleii animals multiply in the
greateft proportion. The goat exported from Europe to fouthern Ame-
rica, in a few generations becomes much lefs ; but then it alio becomes
more prolific, and inilead of one kid at a time, or two at the mod, gene-
rally produces five, fix, and fometimes more. The wiiilom of Providence
in making formidable animals unprolilic is obvious : bad the elephant, the
rhinoceros, and the lion, the fame degree of fecundity with tlie rabbit,
or the rat, all the arts of man would loon be unequal to the contort, and
we fliould foon jierceivc them become the tyrants of thole who call them-
ftjves the maflers of the creation.

Pek?ons and habits.] The men of this country fhcw great inge-
nuity in their manner of kindling a five, in clothing themfelves, and in
j)r»»!crving their eyes from the ill etfei^is ot that glaring white which every
%vbcre furrounds tljem, for the greatefl part of the year : in other refpefts
thev ate very favage. In their flinpes and faces they do not refemble the
Americans who live to the fouthward : they are much more like the Lap-
landers and the Samoeidcs of Euro|>e, already defcribed. .

Discovery and coMMERct.] The knowledge of thefe northern fens
and countries was owing to a projed ft.u tpd in England for the difcovery

N E W B R I T A I N.

781

of a nortli-wed paiTage to China and the Eaft Indies, as early as the year
IJ76. Since then tt has been frequently dropped, and as often revived,
but 'never yet completed ; and from the late voyages of difcovery it feems
nianifeft, that no practicable pniTnge ever can be found. Frobiflier only
difcovered the main of New Britain, or Terra de Labrador, and thofe
flraits to which he has given his name. In 1585, John Davis failed
from Portfmouth, and viewed that and the more northerly coafts, but he
fecms never to have entered the bay. Hudfon made three voyages or
the' fame adventure, the firfl in 1607, the fecond in 1608, and his third
and lad in 16 10. This bold and judicious navigator entered the (Iraits
that lead into this new Mediterranean, the bay known by his name,
coafted a gre.it part of it, and penetrated to eighty degrees and a half
into the heart of the frozen zone. His ardour for the difcove^ not be-
ing abated by ^he difhculties be flruggled with in this empire of winter,
and world of frod and fnow, he ilaid here until the enfuing fpring, and
prepared, in the beginning of 161 1, to purfue his difcoveries; but his
crew, who fufiered equal hardfliips, without the fame fpiiit to fupport
them, wiutinied, feized upon him and feven of thofe who were moft laith-
ful to him, and committed them to the fury of the icy feas, in an open
boat. Hudfon and his companions were either fwailowed up by the
waves, or gaining the inhofpitable coaft, were deilroyed by the favages ;
but the (hip and the reft of the men returned home.

Another attempt towar3s a difcovery was made in 1746 by captain
Ellis, who wintered as far north as 57 degrees and 4 half; but. though
the adventurers failed in the original purpofe for which they navigated
this hay, their projei't, even in its failure, has been of great advantage
jito this country. The vaft countries which furround Hudfon's Bay, as
we have already obfervcd, abound with animals, whofc fur and (kins are
excellent. In 1670, a charter was granted to a company, which does
not confift of above nine or ten perfons, for the exclu(ive trade to this
bay, and they have adkd under it ever fince with great benefit to the pri-
vate men, who compofe the company, though comparatively with little
flvl vantage to Grci.t Biitnin. The fur and peltry trade might be carried
on to a much greater extent, were it not entirely in the han^s of this ex-
clufive company, whofe interefted, not to fay iniquitous fpirit, has been
the fubjed of long and juft complaint. The company employ but four (hips,
and ijofeanun. They have fevcral foits, viz. Princo of VVjiles, Chur-
chill, Nelfon, New Severn, and Albany, which ftand on tt^ weft fide
of the bay, and are garrifoiied by 186 men. The French attached, took,
and made feme deprcdarions on them the laft war, it was faid to the
amount of ^o.'-ool. Tiicv ejcpor: commodities to the value 0^ 16.000I.
and bring home returns to rbe value of 29,340!. which yield to the re-
venue 3,734'. T\m includes the fifliery in Hudfon's Bay, This com-
merce, <maii as it is, iittord;. imnienfe profits to the company, and even
fomt advantages to CJreat Britain in general ; for the commodities we ex^^
change with the Ind'tans for their (kins and furs, are all inanufadturcd in
Britain ; and as the Indians are not very nice in their choice, fuch things
are fenr, of which we have the greateft plenty, and which, in the mer-
cantile phrafc, arc drugs with us. Thoujjh the workmanfliip may happen
to be in many rcfpefts fo deficient, that no civilized people would take i^
off our hands, ft may be admired among the Indians. On the other bund,
the fltins and furs we bring from Hudfot/s Bay, enter hirgely into our
manufadures, and afford us materials for trading with many nations of
Europe, to great advantage.

CANADA,

[ 78^ ]

CANADA, or the Province of Quebec.

Situation and extent.

MUej. Degrees. Sq. Miles.

Length 600) i^g,^y^^„ (61 and 8. weft longitude.)
Breadth aoo J (4, and 52 north latitude. J •"«»«""

SoVNDARiEs.] T3OUNDED by New Britain and Hudfon's Bay, on
,fj the North and Eaft ; by Nova Scotia, New England,.
and New York, on the South ; and by unknown lands on the Weft.

■ Air and climate.] The climate of this province is not very difle-
xent from the colonies mentioned above ; but as it is much farther from
the fea, and more northerly than a great part of thefe provinces, it has a
much feverer winter, though the air is generally clear ; but like moft of
thofe American trails that do not H" too far to the northward, the fum-
mers are very hot and exceedingly pieafanc.

Soil and produce.] Though the climate be cold, and the winter
long and tedious, the foil is in general very gooil, and in many parts both
pleafant and fertile, producing wheat, barley, rye, with many other forts
of graips, fruits, and vegetables ; tobacco, in particular, thrives well,
and is much cultivated. The ifle of Orleans near Quebec, and the lands
upon the river St. Laurence and other rivers, are remarkable for the rich^j
neft of their foil. The meadow grounds in Canada, which are well wa-
tered, yield excellent grafs, and breed vaft numbers of great and fmall
cattle. As we are now entering upon the cultivated provinces of Britifli
America, and as Canada is upon the back of the United States, it contains
almoft all the different fpecies of wood and animals that are found in thefe
provinces, we Ihall^ to avoid repetitions, fpeak of them here at fomc
length.

Timber anp plants.] The uncultivated parts of North America
contain the greateft forcfts in the world. They are a continued wood,
not planted oy the hands of men, and in all appearance as old as the
world itf( If. Nothing is more magnificent to the fight ; the trees lofe
themfelves in the clouds ; and there is fuch a prodigious vaiiety of fpe-
cies, that even among thofe perfons who have taken moft pains to know
them, there is not one perhaps that knows half the number. The pro-
Ti'nce we are defcribing produces, amongft others, two forts of pines, the
white and the red ; four fcyts of firs ; two forts of cedar and oak, the
white and the red ; the m;ile and female maj)le ; three forts of afti-trees,
the free, the mungrel, and the baftard ; three forts of walnut-trees, the
harJ, the foft, and the fmooth ; vaft numbers of beech-trees, and white
wood ; white and red elms, and poplars. The Indians hollow the red
elms into canoes, fome of which, made out of one piece, will contain
20 perfons ; others are made of the bark, the different pieces of which
tiicy few together with the inner rind, and daub over the fearns with pitch,
or rather a bituminous matter refembling pitch, to prevent their leaking ;
and the ribs of thefe canoes are made of bough, of trees. About No-
vember the bears and wild cats take up their habitations in the hollow

cIhis,

BRITISH AMERICA.

783

e1m«, and remain there till April. Here arc alfo found cherrj'-treei,
plum-trees, the vinegar-tree, the fruit of which, infuled in water, pro-
duces vinegar ; an aquatic plant, called alaco, the fruit of which may be
made into a confedHon ; the white thorn j the cotton-tree, on the top of
which grow fcvcral tufis of flowers, which, when fliaken in the morn-
ing, before the dews tall off, produce honey, that may be boiled up into
fugar, the feed being a pod, containing a very fine kmd of cotton ; the
fun-plant, which reiembles a m:irygold, and grow» to the height of fevca
or eight feet; Turkey- corn; French beans ; gourds, melons, capilla;re»
and the hop-plant.

Metals and minerals.] Near Quebec is a fine lead mine, and Ih
fome of the mountains, we are told, filvcr has been found. This country
alfo abounds with co.ils.

Rivers.] The rivers branching through this country are very numer.
ous, and many of them large, bold, and deep. The principal are, the Out*
tauais, St. John's, Seguinai, Defprairies, and Trois Rivieres, but they
are all fwallowed up by the river St. Laurence. This river iflTues from
the lake Ontario, and taking its courfe north-caft, wadies Montreal, where
it receives the Outtauais, and forms many fertile iflnnds. It continues
the fame courfe, and meets the tide upwards of 400 miles from the fea,
where it is navigable for large veiTels ; and below Quebec, 320 miles from
the fea, it becomes broad, and fo deep,, that fliips of the line contributed,
in the wiar before the laft, to reduce that capital. After receiving in its pro-
grefs innumerable ftreams, this grear river falls into the ocean at Cape Ro-
^eres, where it is 90 miles broad, and where the cold 19 intenfe, and the
feu boifterous. In its piogrcfs it forms a variety of bays, harbours, and
iflands, many of them fruitful, and extremely pleafant.

Lakes.] The great river St. Laurence, is that only upon which the
French (now fubjei'ts of Great Britain) have fettlemcntsofany note ; but
if we look forward into futurity, it is nothing improbable that Canada^
and thofe vaft regions to the weft, will be enabled of themfelvcs to carry
on a confiderable trade upon the great lakes of frefli water, which thefe
countries environ. Here are five lakes, the fmalleft of which is a piece
of fweet water, greater than any in the other pans of the world ; this is
the lake Ontario, which is not lefs than 200 leagues in circumference ;
Eric, or Ofwego, longer, but not fo broad, is about the fame extent.
That of the Huron fpreads greatly in width, and is in circumference not
lefs than 300, as is that of Michigan, though, like lake Eric, it is rather
long and comparatively narrow. But the lake Superior, which contains
feveral large iflands, is 500 leagues in the circuit. All of thefe are navi-
gable by any veflels, and they all communicate with one another, except
that the paffage between Erie and Ontario is interrupted by a flupendous
fall or cataradt, which is called the Falls of Niagara. The water here is
about half a mile wi<!e, where the rock croflVs ir, not in a diretft line, but
in the form of a half moon. When it comes to the perpendicular fall,
which is 150 feet, no words can exprefs the confternation of travellers at
feeing fo great a body of water falling, or rather vioit-ntly ihrown, from
fo great a height, ui)on the rcKks below ; from which it again rebounds
to a very great height, appearing as white as fnow, being all converted
into foam, through thofe violent agitations. The noifc of this fall is of-
ten heard at the diftance of 11; miles, and fomctimes much farther. The
vapour arifing from the fall may fometimes be fcen at a great diftance,
appearing lik« a cloud, or pillar uf fmoke, and in the appearance of a

rainbow.

784

BRITISH AMERICA.

rainbowi whenever the fun and the pontion of the traveller favoun.
Many bealls und fowlt here lufe their lives, by attempting to fwim, or
crofi the Orcam in the rapids uDove the t'iill, and are found dafhed in pieces
betuw; and fomctirncs (he Indians, through careleflhefs or drunkennefs,
have met with the (.vue f ite ; and perhaps no place in the world is fre-
quented with fuch a number of eagles as are invired hither by the carnage
of deer, elks, bears, &c. on which they feed. The river St. Lawrence,
at we have already obfcrvcd, is the outlet ofthefe Inkei ; by this they
difcharge thcmfelves into the ocran. The French, when in pojOTeflion of
the province, built forts at the fcveral ftraits, by which thefc lakes com-
municate with each other, as well as where the lad of them communicates
with the river. By thcte they cffcftually fecurcd to themfclves the trade
of the Kikes, and an iniluencc upon all the nations of America, which lay
near thcni.

Animals.] Thefe make the moft curious, and hitherto the moft inte«
refting part ot the natural hidory of Canada. It is to the fpoils of thefe
tliat wc owe the matcriiils nf many of our manufactures, and moil of the
commerce as yet carried on between us and the country we have been de>
bribing. The aniinnls thnt iind (helter and nouriflimept in the immenfe
forefts of Canada, and which indeed travcrfe the uncultivated parts of
all this continent, are ftags, elks, deer, bears, foxes, martins, wrid cats,
ferrets, wenfcls, fquirrds of a hirge fize and grcyifli hue, harex, and
rabbits. The fouthern parts in particular breed griat numbers of wild
bulls, deer or a fmall fize, divers forts of roebucks, goats, wolves, &c.
The marflies, lakes, and pools, which in this country are very numerous,
fwarm with otters, beavers or caftors, of which the white is highly va-
lued, bein^^ fcarce, as well as the right black kind. The American bea-
▼efj'though refemblin<; the creature known in Europe by that name, has
many paniculnrs which render it the moft curious ainnial we are acquaint-
ed with. It is near tour feet in length, and Wti2;hs (ixty or feventy
pounds , thi-y live liom fifteen to twenty years, and the females generally .
oiing forth four young ones nt a time. It is an amphibious quadruped,
that continues not long at a time in the water, but yet cannot live without
frequently hathing iii ir. The favages, who waged a continual war with
this animal, believed it to be a rational creature, that it lived in fociety,-
and was governed by a leader, refembling their own fachein or prince. —
It muft indeed be allosvcd, that the curious accounts given of this ani-
mal by ingenious travellers, the manner in which ir contrives its habita-
tion, provides food to ferve during the winter, and always in proportion
to the continiKince and fereiity of it, are fuflicient to iliew the near ap-
proaches ot inllinft to rcafon, and even in fome inftances the fuperiority
of the fornier. Their «rilours are different; black, brown, white, yel-
low, and Ur.iu'-colour ; !>ut it i? obfcrvcd, that the lighter their colour,
the le(s quantity of fur tln-y arc clothod with, jind live in WMriner cli-
mates. The furs of the beaver ate of two kinds, the dry and the green ;
the dry fur is tlic ikin b- fore it is applied to any ufe ; the green are the
furs that arc worn, after beins^ fcwed to one anoihcr, by the Indians,
who befincar them with tini^hious ftibfanccp, which not only render them
more pliable, lur oive the fine dmvn, that is inniuififtured inu) bars, that
oily quality wh-ch rcnv'er,-, it proper to be worked up with the dry fur.
Bot'.i ihe Duti h ami Kn;;lifli havi of latr found the fccret of making ex-
cellent rloth-. gloves, and ftockin^s, .is well as hats, from the beaver
fur. Bciidca.the fur, this ufpful ar/muil produces the true cailoreum,

which

BRITISH AMERICA.

785

th.n
t'ur.

>hlch is contained in bagu in the lower part of the belly, dlfferont from
the tcfticlcs : the value of t' is drug is well known. The flelh of the
beaver is a mod delicious fouu, but wli'^n boiled it hm a difa'<-reeable
relifli.

The mulk rat U a diminutive kind of beaver, (weighing about five or
fix pounds), which it refembles in every thing but its tail ; and it affords
u very llrong inulki

^ The elk is of the fixe of a horfe or mule. Many extraordinary me-
dicinal (lualitics, particularly for curing the falling-lickncrs, are alcrlbcd
to the hoof of the left foot of this animal. Its Hcfti is very agreeable and
nourifliing, "ud its cohtur a mixture of light grey and dark red. They
love the cold countries j and when the winter affords them nogi-afs, they
gnaw the bark of trees. It is dangerous to approach very near this ani-
mal when he is hunted, as he fomctimesfprings furioully on his purfuers,
and tramples them to pieces. To prevent this, the hunter throws his
clothes to him, and while the deluded animal fpends his fury on thcfe,
he takes proper meafuics to difpaic \ him.

There is a carnivorous animal here, called the carcajou, -of the feline
or cat kind, iwth a tail fo long, that Charlevoix (ays he twiftcd it fevcral
times round his body. Its body is about two feet in length, from the
end of the fnout to the tail. It is faid, that this animal, winding him-
felf about a tree, will dart from thence upon the elk, twift his ftrongtail
round his body, and cut his throat in a moment.

The buftaloe, a kind of wild ox, has much the fame appearance with
thofe of Europe : his body is covered with a black wool, which is highly
eftecmed. The flcfli of the femaljLJs very good ; and the buffaloe hides
are as foft and pliable as chamoi*leathcr, but fo very firong, that the
bucklers which the Indians make ufe of are hardly pcnetnible by a mulket
ball. The Canadian roebuck is a domeftic animal, but diffeis in no other
refpetSt from thofe o\ Europe. Wolves are fcarcc in Canada, but they
aftbrd the fineft furs in all the country : their flefti is white, and good to
eat ; and they purfue their prey to the tops of the talleft trees. The
black foxes are greatly ellecmcd, and very fcarce ; but thofe of other
colours arc more common : and i'onie on the Upper Mifliflippi are of a
iilver colour, and very beautiful. They live upon water-fowls, Nvhich
they decoy within thtir clutches by a thoufand antic tricks, and then
fpring upon, and devour them. 'I he Canadian pole cat has a moil beau-
tiful white fur, except the tip of his tail, which is as black.,at jet. Na-
ture has given this animal no defence but its urine, the fmell of which h
naufeous and intolerable ; this, when attacked, it fprinkles plentifully on
its tail, and throws it on the ailiiilant. The Canadian wood-rat is of a
beautiful filver colour, with a bufliy tail, and twice as bi^ as the Euro-
pean : the female carries under her belly a Lag, which file opens and fluirs
atpleafure ; and in that flie places her young when purfued. Here are
three forts of fquiiicls ; that called the flying fr^uirrel will leap forty pace's
and more, from one tree to another. This little animal is eafil)- rained,
and is verv lively, c."^:cc^)t when aflcep, which is oUea the cafe ; and he
puts up wherever he can find a place, In one's lleeve, pocket, or muft";
he Hrlt pitches on his malUr, whom he will diiHnguifh among twenty
perfons. The Canadian porcupine is lefs than a middling doo; ; when
roafied, he eats full as well as a fucking pig. The hares and rabbits dif
fer little from thofe in Europe, only they turn grey in winter. There
are two forts of bears here, one of a reddilli, and the other of a black

H £ colour ;

■ »%.

786

BRITISH AMERICA.

colour ; but the foniicr is the moft dunRcroiu. The bear is not naturally
Hcrcc, unleiti whtii wouiulcJ, or opjmfl'cJ with hunger. Thcv run thciii-
ll'lvcs very poor in tlic inoiuh of July, when it u fumewhut Jangcrnus to
inctl them ; anil tlicy :ire laid to (iii)port ihcinlclvcs during the winter,
when the fnow licii lii/ni four to lix ttet deep, by fucking their paws.
Scarcely any thing among the Indians is undei taken with greater fole mnity
than huntint; the bear ; and an alliance with a noted bear-htuitcr, who
has killed fevcral in one day. is more eagerly fought after, than that of
one who has rendered himfelf famous in war. The reufon is, becaulc the
chace fuppli( s the tuniily with both food and raiment.

Of the feathered creation, they have cables, falcons, gofliawks, tercels,
partridges, grey, red, and black, with long tails, whieh they fprcad out as
a fan, and make a very beautiful appearance. Woodcocks are fcarcc in
Canada, but fnipes, and other water game are plentiful. A Canadian
raven is faidby fome writers to cat as well as a pullet, and an owl better.
Here are black-birds, fwallows, and larks ; no Icfs than twenty-two dif-
, fcrcnt fpccies of ducks, and a great number of fwans turkeys, gecfc,
. buftards, teal, water-hens, cranes, and other large waterfowl : but al-
ways at a dillance from houfes. I he Canadian wood-pecker is a beau-
tiful bird. Thrufltes and coldHnchcs are found here ; but the chief Ca-
nadian bird of melody is the whiu-bird, which is a kind of ortolan, very
(hewy, and remarkable for announcing the return of fpring. The fly-
bird IS thought to be the moll beautiful of any in nature ; with all his
£lumage, he is no bigger than a cock- chafer, and he makes a noil'e with
is wings like the humming of a large fly.

Am<nig the reptiles of this country, the rattlc-fnakc chiefly defervcs
attention. Some of thcfe are as big^as a man's leg, and they arc long in
proportion. What is moll remarkable in this animal is the tail, which is
Icaly like a coat of mail, and on which it is faid there grows every year
one ring, or row of fcalcs ; lb that they know its age oy its tail, as we
do that of a horfe by his teeth. In moving, it makes a rattling rioifc,
from which it has its name. The bite of this ferpent is mortal, if a re-
medy is not applied immediately. In all places where this dangerous rep-
tilt; IS bred, there grows a plant which is called rattle-fnakc herb, the root
of which (ilich is the goodnefs of I'rovidence) is a certain antidote againil
the venom of this ferpent, and that with the moft fimple preparation ; tor
it requires only to be pounded or chewed, and applied like a plafler to
the wound. The rattle-fnakc feldom bites paflengers, unlefs it is pro-
voked ; and aever darts itll-lf at any perfon without firft rattlinj;^ three
timc« with its tail. When purfued, if it has but little time to recover,
it folds itfelf round, with the head in the middle, and then darts itfclt
ivith great fury and violence againlHts purfuers ; nevcrthclefs, the favages
chace it, and lind its flelh very good j and being alio of a medicinal qua-
lity, it is ufed by the American apothecaries in particular cafes.

Some writers are of opinion that the filhcries in Cai^ada, if properly
improved, would be more like to enrich that country than even the fur
trade. The river St. Laurence contains perhaps the greateft variety of
any in the world, and thcfe in the greateft plenty and of the bell forts;.
Befides a great variety of other h(h in the rivers and lakes, are fea-
wolves, fea-cows, porpoifcs, the Icncornet, the goberque, the fca-plaile,
fhlmon, trout, turtle, lobfters, the chaourafon, fturgeon, the seckigau ;
the gilthead, tunny, (had, lamprey, fmelts, conger-eels, mackarel, foals,
}icriiu^s, anchovies, aad pilchardii. The fcu-wolf, fu called from iti howl-

"»?>

BRITISH AMERICA.

787

very

IS pro-
three

roperly
the lur
•iety of

forts,
ire fea-

plailf,
kjgaii ;

, foals,

howl-

ins(, U an amphibtoiis creature • the largeft are fijil to weigh two thou-
f:md pouiidt ; ''uir tlclh ia good eating ; but the prolif of it lici in thte
oil, which is [ jjcr for biiruinp and curryinij of Icmher ; th ir /kins make
excellent coverings for trunks, iind though not fo tin us Morocco Iciithcr,
tlicy prefcrvc thcirfrcflinefs better, and arc IT-, liable to cr.K'ks. The flioei
and boon made of thofc fklns let in no water, ai ', when properly tanned,
make excellent and laltinij covers for feats. Tiie Canadian lea-coAV l»
larger than the fca-wolf, but reffmblos it in Hj^ure : it has two teeth of
the thlcknrfs and length of a man's arm, that, when grown, look like
horns, and are very fine ivory, a:i well :ir. its other teeth. Some of th»
porpoifcs (jf the river St. Laurence are laid to yield a hogdicad of oil ; und
of their fkins waiftcoats are made, which aie cxcellively Itronu', and muf-
ket proof. The lencormt is a kind of cuttlr fifl), tjuite round, or rather
oral : there are three forts ot them, which dilfcr only in lizc ; fomc being
as large as a hogfliead, and others but a foot lone ; they catch only the
laft, and that with a torch ; they arc excellent eating. Thegober(|uehai
the tafte and fnicll of a finall cod. The fca-plaife is good eating ; they
arc taken with long poles armed with iron hooks. Thcchaouralou is aa
armed fifli, about tivc feet long, and as thick as a man's thigh, rcfcmbling
a pike ; biii is covered with fcules th.nt arc proof againlt a dagger : its co-
lour is a fi.' cr grey ; and there grows under his mouti a long bony fub-
ftancc, r .t^gcd at the edj^es. One may readily conceive, that an animal
fo well fortified is a ravager among the inhabirants of the water ; but we
have few inftances of rilh making prey of the fe:ithered creation, whicli
this fiCn docs, however, with much art. He conceals himfclf among the
canes, and reeds, in fuch a manner that nothing is to be fcen betides his
weapon, which he holds raited perpendicularly al)ove the furface of the
WMter : the fowls, which conic to take reft, imagining the wcajMjn to be
only a withcrtd reed, perch upon it ; but they arc no fooner alighted,
than the fifli opens his throat, and makes fuch a fuddcn motion to fcize
his prey, that it feldom cfcapcs him. This fifti is an inhabitant of the
lakes. 'J'hc fturgcon h both a frcfli and fait water fifli, taken on the
courts of Canada and the lakes, from eight t > twelve feet long, and pro-
portionably thick. 'I here is a fmall kind of iluil^'con, the lielll of wDi.ch
is very tender and delicate. The achigau, and the gilthcad, .ire f.fli pe-
culiar to the river St. T.aurcnce. Some of the rivers breed a kind of cro-
codile, that differs but little from thofc of the Nile.

I^'!^AE^rA^ 'F s and rui^cipAr. iowns.J Before the laic war, the
banks of the river St. Lauicncc, above Qi^iebcc, were vuftly populous ;
but we cannot prccifely determine the number of Fren.ch and finglifti fet-
tled in this province, wlio are uiidoubtidly upon the increafe. In the
year 1783, Canada and Labrador were fuppoltd to conta n about I30,roo
inhabitants. The different tribes of Indians in Canada are almoll innu*
merable ; ^ut thefe people are obfcrved to decrcafe in papulation where
the Europcnns are mort numerous, owing chiefly to iho immodeiate
life of fpirituous liquors, of which they are excclTively fond. But aa
liberty is the ruling paffion of the Indians, we may naturally fuppofe
that as the Europeans advance, the former will retreat to more diitant
regions.

Qi^iebcc, the capital, not only of this province, but of all Canada, is
(ituated at the confluence of the rivers St. Laurence and 't. Charles, or
the Little River, about :20 mib s from the fea. It is built pn a rock,
partly of marble and partly of iLtc. The town is divided into aa upper

, E 2 and

783

BRITISH AMERICA.

//..

and a lower ; tkt houfes in both arc of (ione, and built in a tolerable man-
ner. The fortifications are llrong, though not regular. The town is
covered with a regular and beautiful citadel, in which the governor re-
fides. The number of inhabitants have been computed at 1 2 or 1 5,000.
The river, which from the fea hither if four or five leagues broad, narrows
all of a fudden to about a mile wide. The haven, which lies oppofite the
town, is fafe and commodious, and about five fathom deep. The harbour
js Jlanked by two baftions, that are raifed 2; feet from the ground, which
5s about the height uf the tides at the time of the equinox.

From Quebec to Montreal, which is about 170 miles, in failing up the
'river St. Laurence, the eye is entertained with beautiful landfcapes, the
banks being in many places very bold and flcep, and ftiaded with lofty
trees. The farms lie pretty clofe all the way ; feveral gentlemen's houfes,
neatly built, fhew theml'elves at intervals, and there is all the appearance
of a riourirtiini; colony ; but there are few towns or villages. It is pretty
inuch like the well-fettled parts of Virginia and Maryland, where the
planters are wholly within themfclves. Many beautiful iflands are inttr-
Tperfcd in the channel of the river, which have an agreeable effed upon
the eye. After palling the Kiiihelieu iflands, the air becomes fo mild and
temperate, that the traveller thinks himfclf tranfported to another cli-
mate; but this is t» be underflood in the fummcr months.

The town called Trois Riveres, or the Three Rivers, is about half
way between Quebec and Montreal, and has its name from three rivers
'which join their currents here, and fall into the river St. Laurence. It
is much refortcd to by feveral nations of Indians, who, by means of thefe
rivers, come here and trade with the inhabitants in various kinds of huo
and Ikins. The country is pleafunt, and fertile in corn, fruit, &c. and
great numbers of handfome houfes ftand on both fides the rivers.

Montreal Hands on an tfland in the river St. Laurence, which is ten
leagues in length and four in breadth, at the foot of a mountain whicli
.gives name to it, about half a league from the fouth fliore. While tlie
French had poffe'.Iion of Canada, both the city and ifland of Montreal be-
longed to private proprietors, who had improved them fo well, that the
whole ifland was become a moft delightful Ipot, and produced every thing
that could adminifter to the conve jiencies of life. The city forms an
oblong f.|uaie, divided by regular and well formed flreets ; and when it fell
into the huida of the Englifh, the houfes were built in a very handfome
manner ; and every houfe might be fcen at one view from the harbour, or
frori> the ibutbernmoft fide of the river, as the hill on the fide of which
the town ftands falls gradually to the water... The place isfurrounded by
a wall and a dry ditch ; audits fortifications have been much improved by
the EngiiHi. Montreal! is nearly as large as Quebec ; but fince it fell into
the hands of the Englifli It has fuffered much by fires.

GovEaNiiE.MT.] Before the late war, the French lived in affluence,
being free from all taxes, and having full liberty to hunt, fifli, fell timber,
and to low and plant as much land as they could cultivate. By the ca-
pitulation granted to the French, when this country was reduced, both
individuals nad communities were entitled to all their former rights and
privileges.

In the year 1 774, an aft was pafled by the parliament of Great Britain,
for making more eftcctual provifion for the government of the province of
Quebec. By this it was enadlcd, that it fliould be lawful for his rnajeltyv
bis heirs, and fucceflbrs, by w.irrant under his or their fignct or fign via-

nual,

BRITISHAMERICA.

789

able iTwn*
e town is
vernor re-
ar 15,000.
i, narrows
)pofite the
le harbour
nd, which

ing up the

capes,

the

with lofty
n's houfcs,
ippcarance
it is pretty
where the
5 are inttr-
efFe<ft upon
fo mild and
nother cK*

about half
three rivers
arence. It
ans ot' thefe
inds of furs
t, &c. and
ers.

■hich is ten

uain whicli

While tlie

Font real bt-

11, that the

every thing

forms an

when it fell

' handfoms

harbour, or

of which

rounded by

np roved by

e it fell into

n affluence,
fell timber.
By the ca-
uced, both
r rights artd

eat Britain,
province of
lis majelly^
or lign \na-
nual,

nual, and with the advice of the privy-council, toconftitutc and appoint
i acouncil for the affairs of the province of Quebec, to ct^liil of fiich pcj-
fons relidcnt there, not exceeding twenty-three, nor lefs than feventeen,
as his majelly, his heirs, and fucceffors, fliall be pleafed to appoint; and
upon the death, removal, or abfence of any of the mcmbeis of the faid
council, in like manner to coniHtute and appoint others to fucceed them.
And this council, fo appointed and nominated, or the majority of them,
are veiled with power and authority to make ordinances for the peace,
welfare, and good government of the province, with the confent of the
governor, or, in his abfence, of the lieutenant-governor, or commander ill
chief for the time being. The council, however, are not impowcred to
lay taxes, except for the purpofe of making loads, reparation of public
buildings, or fuch local conveniences. By this ad, all matters of con-
troverfy relative to property and civil rights are to be determined by the
French laws of Canada ; but the criminal law of England is to bc^ con-
tinued in tlic province. The inhabitants of Canada are alfo allowed by
this att not only to profefs the Ilomifli religion, but the Popifh clergy are
inveiled with a right to claim and obtain their ace uilomed dues from thofe
of the fame religion. This adt occafioned a great alarm both in England
and America, and appears to have contributed much towards fprcadmg a
Ipirit of difafteftion to the Hritifli government in the colonies. The city
of London petitioned againft the bill before it received the royal aflent ;
declaring, that they apprehended it to be entirely fubverfive of the j^reat
fundamental principles of the Britilh conftitution, as well as of the autho-
rity of various folemn ads of the legillature. And in one of the petitions
of the American congrefs to the kinr^, they complained, that by the Que?
bee ad, the limits of that province were extended, the Enjjlilli lawsnbo-
lilhed, and the French laws rcftored, whereby great numbers of Britiili
ticemen were fubjeftcd to the latter ; and that an abfolute government,
and the Roman catholic religion, were alio cftabliflicd by that ad, through-
out thofe vail: regions that border on the wcllerly and northerly boun*
daries of the Protcllant Englifli fcttlemcnts.

Trade and commerck.J The nature of the climate, fevercly cold
in winter, and the people manufaduring nothing, Ihews what Canada
principally wants from Europe ; wine, or rather rum, cloths, chiefly coarfe
linen, and wrought iron. The Indian trade requires rum, tobacco, a
fort of duffil blankets, guns, powder, balls, and flints, kettles, hatchets,
toys, and trinkets of all kinds.

'While this country was pofleffcd by the French, the Indians fupplied
them with peltry ; and the French had traders, who, in the manner of
the oriuinal inhabitants, traverfed the vaft lakes and rivers in canoes, with
incredible induftry and patience, carrying their goods into the remoteft
parts of America, and among ll nations entirely unknown to us, Thefe
again brought the market home to them, as the Indians were thereby ha-
bituated to trade with them. For this purpofe, people from all parts,
even from the diftance of 1000 miles, came to the French fair at Mori-
treal, which began in June, and fomctimcs lallfd tnrce months. On this
occafion, many folemnities were obferved, guards were placed, and the
governor affifted, to preferve order, in fuch a concourfc, and fo ;,nTat a
variety of favagc nations. But fometimes great diforderand tuinults hap-
pened ; and the Indians, being fo fond of biandy, frequently gnve for a
dram all that they were poffcHcd of. It is remarkable, that many of thefe
n;itions ^dually pafied by our fettlement of Albany in New Vork, and
* * 1 E 3 travelled

790

BRITISH AMERICA.

travelled 250 miles farther to Montreal, though they might have pur-
chal'ed the goods cheaper at the forincr. So much did the l^'rcnch exceed
us in the arts of winning the atFertions of thefe favagcs !

Since we became pollelFed of Canada, our trade vVith that country has
been computet! to cr,-.j)loy about 60 ihips, and 1000 fcamen. Their ex-
ports, at an average of three years, in Ikins, hus, ginfcng, fnake-root,
capillaire, and wheat, amount to i©t;,qool. Their imports from Great
Britain, in a variety of articles, arc computed at nearly the fame fum.
It is unnccclFary toinakc any remarks on the value and importance of this
trade, which not only fupplics us with unmanufaiKiied materials, indil-
penfably necefliiry in many articles of our commerce, but alio takes in
exchange the manufadures of our own country, or the produAionof our
other fettlemcnts in the Eaft and Weft Indies.

But whatever attention be paid to the trade and peopling of Canada, it
will be hardly poffiblc to overcome certain inconveniencics, proceeding
from natural caufes ; I mean the feverity of the winter, which is fo ex-
ccirive from December to April, that the greateil rivers are frozen over,
and the fnow lies commonly from four to fix feet deep on the ground, even
in thofc parts of the country which lie three degrees fouth of London, and
in the temperate latitude of Paris. Another inconvenience arifes from the
falls in the river St. Laurence, below Montreal, which render it difHcult
for very large fliips to penetrate to that emporium of inland commerce ;
but veffels from 300 to 400 tons arc not prevented by thefe falls from
going there annually.

History.] Sec the general account of America. ■ '

NOVA SCOTIA.

Situation and Extent.

Miles.
Length 350
Breadth 250

i bet\7ccn <

Degrees. Sq. M.

43 and 49 North latitude. 7

60 and 67 Eaft longitude. J 57' ■

,000

BuuNDARiEs.]T>OUNDED by the river St. Laurence on the North ;
X3 by the gulf of St. Laurence, and the Atlantic ocean,
Eaft; by the fame ocean, South ; and by Canada and New England,
Wefl. In the year 1784, thli province was LWv'ideA into txvo yvvernmrrjtJ :
the province and govcrntnt nt, now Itykd New Brunswick, is bounded
on the weluvard ot the river St. Croix, by the faid river to its fource, and
by a line drawn due norfh fiom thence to the Ibuthern boundary of the
province of Qiicbec, to the northward by the fame boundary as far as the
wellern extremity of the Bay de Chaleurs, to the eaftvvard by the faid
bny to the gulf of St. Laurence to the bay called Bay Verte, to the fouth
by a line in the centre of the Bay of Fundy, from the river St. Croix,
aforefaid, to the mouth of the Mufquat River, by the faid river to its
fource, and from tlu uce by a due call line acrofs the illhmus into the Bay
Verte, to join tlic ealtcrn lot iibovc dcfcribcd, including all iflands within

fix leaguci of the coaft.

Rivers.]

BRITISH AMERICA.

791

have pur-
ich exceed

)untry has
Their cx-
"nake-ioot,
oni Great
lame I'liin.
nee of this
ials, indif-
^ takes in
tionot'our

Canada, it
iroceeding
1 is fo ex-
)zen over,
lund, even
ndoii, and
5 from the
it difHciilt
immerce ;
falls from

q. M.

^ooo

e North ;
tic ocean,
England,
ernments :

bounded
Lirce, anil

y of the
far as the

the faid
the foiith
t. Croix,
ver to its
) the Bay
Js within

llVERS.]

Rivers.] The river of St. Laurence forms the northern boundary,'
The rivers Kifgouchc and Nipiligiiit run from Well to Eall, and tall into
the bay of St. i,aurence. The rivers of St. John, Pafliimaonadi, Penob-'
i fcot, and St. Croix, which run from North to South, fall into Fundy^
Bay, or the fca a little to the ealhvaid of it.

Sea?, bays, and cai-es.] The feas adjoining to it are, the Atlantic
ocean, Fundy Bay, and the gulf of St. Laurence. The leller bays arc,
Chenigto and Green Hay upon the iflhmu'^^, which joins the north part of
Nova Scotia to the fouth ; and the bay of Chaleurs on the north-ealt : the
bay of Chcdibufto on the fouth-tall ; the bay of the illands, the ports of
Bart, Chebueto, ProCper, St. Margaret, La Heve, port Maltois, port
Uyfignol, port Vert, and port joly, on the fouth ; port La Tour, on
the fouth-ealt ; port St. Mary, Annapolis, and Minas, on the fouth fide
of Fundy Bay, and port Kolcway, now the moll populous of all.

The chief capes are, Cape Portage. Lcoumenac, Tourmcntin, Cape
Port and Epis, on the eaft. Cape Fogcri, and Cape Canceau, on the
fouth-caft. Cape Blanco, Cape Vert, Lai)e Theodore, Cape l)ore, Cape
La Heve, and Cape ^egro, on the fouth. Cape Sable, and Cape Fourche
on the fouth-weft.

Lakfs.] The lakes are very numerous, but have not yet received
particular names.

Climate.] The climate of this country, though within the tempe-
rate zone, has been found rather unfavourable to European conftitutions.
They arc wrapt up in the gloom of a fog during great part of the year,
and for four or five months it is intenlely cold. But though the cold in
winter and the heat in fummer are great, they come on graaually, fo as
to prepare the body for enduring both.

Soil and produce.] From fuch an unfavourable climate little cah
be expcrted. Nova Scotia, or New Scotland, is almoft a continued forcll ;
and agriculture, though attempted by the Englilli fett'ers, has hitherto
n)adc little progrefs. In moft parts, the ibil is thin and barren, the corn
it produces is of a flirivelkd kind like rye, and the grals intermixed with
a cold fpongy mofs. However, it is not uniformly bad ; there are trads in
the peninfula to the Ibuthward, which do not yild to the bcft land in
New England ; and, in general, the foil is adapted to the produce of hemp
and flax. The timber is extremely proper for Ihip-biiilding, and produces
pitch and tar. Flattering accounts have been given of the improvements
making in the new fettlements and bay of Fundy A great quantity of
lind hath been cleared, which abounds in timber, and Ihip-loads of good
malls and fpars have been Ihipped from thence already.

Animals,] This country is not detlciint in the animal produdionsof
the neighbouring provinces, particulaly deer, beavers, and otters. Wild
fowl, and all manner of game, and many kinds of European fowls and
• j^uadrupeds, have, from time to time been brouc,ht into ir, and thrive
well. At the clofeof March, the filli bejin to Ipawn, when they enter
the rivers in luch Ihoals, as are incredible. Herring, come up in April,
iind the ilurgeon and ialmon ia INIay. But the molt valuable appendage
of New Scotland, is the Cape Sable coal}, along which is one continued
range of cod-fifliing banks, and excellent harbours.

History, settlement, chief ) Notwithltanding the forbidding

TOWNS, AN'D commerce. J .ippcarance of tliib country, it wy«

here that fome of the firft European fettlements were made. The H ill

grant of lands in it was given by James I, to his lc*.rct.iry lir William

■\1:A;

luocri

19*

UNITEP STATES of AMERICA-

Alexander, from whom it had the name of Novn Scotia, or New ScotLiiK:!.
Since then it has fretiuently changed hands, from one private proprietor
to another, und from the French to the Englifh nation backward and for-
ward. It was not confirmed to the Engiilh, till the peace of Utrecht,
and their dclign in acc^uiring it, docs not fcem to have fo much arifcn
from any prolped of due(5t profit to be obtained by it, as from an apprc-
henfion that the French, by poffcffinp this province, inight have had it
in their power to annoy our other fettlcnictits. Upon this principle, 3000^
families were tranfported in 1749, at the charge of the government, into
this country. 'I'he town they crciJkd is called Halifax, from the carl
of thaf name, to whofe wifdum and care we owe this fcttlcnteiit. The
town of Halifax flands upon ChcbuiSto bay, very conmiodioully fitu-
at^d for the filhery, and has a communication with muil parts of the
province, either by land carriage, the fea, or navigable rivers, with a
fine harbour, where a fmall fquadron of fliips of war lies during the
winter, and in the fumuier puts to fea, under the command of a vommo*
dore, for the protcflion of the fifliery, and to fee thai the articles of the
late peace, relative thereto, are duly'obferved by the French. Tlie town
has an intrcnchmcnt, and is lircngthencd by forts of timber. The other
towns of lefs note are Annapolis Royal, which llandson the call fide of fhc
bay of Fundy, and, though but a fmall place, was formerly the capital of
fh<s province. It has one of the Unefl harbours in America, capable of
containing a thuufand vcfl'els at anchor, in the utmoll fpcurity. St. John'si
is a new iettlcment ai. the mouth of the river of that name, that falls into
the bay of Fundy, on the welt fide. Since the conclulion of the war, the
•migration rff the Loyalills to this province from the United States hath
been very grent : by them new towns have been raifed, as Shelburnc,
which extends two miles on the water fide, and is faid to cojitain already
9000 inhabitants.

UNITED STATES of AMERICA.

OF the rife, progrefs, and mod remarkable events of that wiir, be--»
twcen Great Britain and her American colonies, whi^-h at length
terminated in the eflablifliment of the United States of America, wc^have
already given an account, in our view of the principal tranfidlions in the
hiftory of Great Britain. It was on the 4th of July, 1776, that the conr
j^rels publilhed a folcmn declaration, in which they afligned their reafona
for wi'thdravving their allegiance from the king of Great Britain In the
name, and by the authority, of the inhabitants of the united colonies
of New Hampfliire, Mailachulett's Bay, Rhode Jflapd, and Providence
Plantations, ConnetSticut, New Yorkj New Jcrfey, I'ennfylvania,, Dclar
wire, Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, Sputh-C't\rolina, and Georgia,
they declared, that they then were, and of right ought to be, Free and
Independent States | and that, as fuph, they h^d full power to levy war,
^•onolude peace, cmtrad alliances, eftabUih commerce, and dp all other
arts and things which independent ftatCh may of right do, Theyalfp
pi\bli{hcd articles of confederation, and perpetual union, bcfweeu the
united colonics, in which they affuraed the title of ♦• the Upited States of
• America,^'

UNITED STATES op AMERICA.

793

America;" and by which each of the colonies conrrafted a reciprocal treaty
of iilliance arid friendfliip for their common defence, for the maintenance
of their liberties, and for their general and mutual advantage ; obliging
tlicmfelves to aflift each other againll all violence that might threaten all,
or any one of thi-m, arid to repel, in common, all the attacks that might
be levelled agaiuft all, or any one of them, on account of religion, fove-
rcignty, commerce, or uiuler any other pretext whutlbever. Kach of the
colonies refcrvcd tu thcmfelves alone the oxclufive rii^ht of regulating their
internal government, and of framing laws in all matters not included ia
the articles of confederation. But for the more convenient management of
the general intercfts of the United States, it was determined, that dele»
gates fliould be annually appointed in fuch manner as the legiilature of
rach (late lliould dircift, to meet in congrefs on the firft Monday in No-
vember of every year, with a power refcrved to each flate to recall its de-
legates, or any ot them, at any time within the year, and to fend others in
their fteud, for the remainder of the year. No l>atc is to be rcprefentcd ia
congrcfs by lefs than two, nor more than fcven members ; and no perfon
is capable of being a delegate for more than three years, in any term of fix
years ; nor is any perfon being a delegate, capable of holding any office
under the United States, for which he, or any other for his benefit, fhall
receive any falary, fees, or emolument of any kind. In determining qucf-
tions in the United States, in congrefs aflcmblcd, each llate is to have one
vote. Every ftate is to al)ide by the determinations of the United States ia
congrefs allembled, on all queftions which are fubmitted to them by the
confederation. The articles of the confederation are to be inviolably ob-
fcrved by every flate, and the union is to be perpetual ; nor is any alter-
ation, at any time hereafter, to be made in any of them, unlefs fuch al-
teration be agreced to in a congrefs of the United States, and be afterwards
confirmed by the Icgiflatures of every ftate. Jt was on the 30th of Janu-
ary, 1778, that the French king concluded a treaty of amity and com-
merce with the thirteen Uunited Colonics of America, as independent
ftatcs. Holland acknowledged them as fuch April 19, 1782 j and on the
30th of November, 1782, provlfional articles were figncd at I'aris, by the
Britifli and American commiirioncrs, in\vhich his Britannic majefty acr
icnowledged the Thirteen Colonies to he Free, Sovereign, and Indepen:
dent States ; and thefe articles were afterwards ratified by a definitive
freaty. Sweden acknowledged them as fuch February 5, 1783; Dcnr
mark the 25th of February J Spain in March, and RulFia in July 1783.

nmv

I^EW ENGLAND, ^

Situation and Extent.

Miles. Degrees. Sq. Miles,

Lpngth ssoj ^ if a"d 49 north latitude. J g

Breadth2Go5" 167 a»d 7+ weft longitude. 5 '*

Boundaries.] T)0UN D1 D on the North-eaft by Nova Scotia ;
X> on the Weft by Canada ; on the South by New

York ; and on the Eaft by the Atlantic,

■ ■ • Divilior,3.

794

UNITED STATES of AMERICA.

Divifibns. Provinces. Chief Towns.

Thenoitherndlvifion,J^^^„ fl,;^^ - U Porrfmouth.

The middle divifion
The fouth divifion
The weft divifion

I MaflUchufett's Colony [ j BosToN,N.Lat.4Z-25

Rhode Ifland, &c,
Connciflicut —

W. Lon. 70-37.
Newport.

HNcw London.
Hertford.

Rivers.] Their rivers arc, i. ConnctTicnt ; 2. Thame.< ; 3. Patiix-
ent J 4. Mcrimac; 5. Pifcatnway ; 6. Saco; ;.Carco; 8. Kcnnel)cqiu;
and 9. Penobfcpt, or Pentagonet.

Bays and capes.] The moft remarkable bays and harbours are thofe
formed by Plymouth, Rhode Ifland, and Providence plantaiions; Monu-
ment-Bay, \Vefl-Harbour, formed by the bending of Cape-Cod ; BoUon-
Harbour ; Pifcataway, and Cafco-Bay.

The chief capes are, Cape-Cod, Marble Head, Cape-Anne, Cape-
Ifetic, Capc-Porpiis, Cape-Elizabeth, and Cape Small-Point.

Air and climate.] New England, though fituated almoft ten de-
grees nearer the-fun than the mother-country, has an earlier winter,
which continues longer, and is more Icvere than with us. The fuminer
again is extremely hot, and much beyond any thing known in Europe, ia
the fame latitude. The clear and ferene temperature of the Iky, however,
makes amends for the extremity of heat and cold, and renders the climate
of this country fo healthy, that it is reported to agree better with Britiflx
conftitutions than any other of the American provinces. The winds are
very boifterous in the winter feafon, and naturalilts afcribe the early ap-

!>roach, and the length, and feverity of the winter, to the large frefli water
.ikes lying to the north- well of New England, which being frozen over
fcvcral months, occalion thofe piercing winds which prove fo fatal to
mariners on this codft.

The fun rifes at Bollon, on the longed day, at 26 minutes after four in
the morning, and fets at 34 minutes after feven in the cveoing ; and on
the fliorteft day, it rifes at 35 minutes after feves in the morning, and fets
at 27 minutes after four in the afternoon : thus their longeil day is about
fifteen hours, and the fliorteft about nine.

Soil and proruck.] Wc have already obfcrvcd, that the lands ly-
ing on the caftcrn Ihore of Ani^^rica are low, and in fome parts fwamny,
but farther back they rife into hilh. In New England, towards the
north-eal^, the lands became rocky and mountainous. The foil here is
various, but bcft as you approjich the foiithward. Round Mafi^ichulett's
bay the foil is black, and rich as in any part of England ; and here the
firit planters found the grafs above a yaid high. The uplands are lei's
fruitful, being for the moil part a mixture of fand and gravel, inclinin*'
to clay. The low grounds abound in meadows and pafturc land. The
European grains have not been cultivated here with much fucccfs ; the
wheat is fubjcd to be blurted ; the barley is a hungry qraiu, and tltc
oats are lean aiid chafiy. Bur the Indian corn flouriihcs in high pci-fci'-tion,
and makes the general food of the lower fort of people. They likewife
malt and brew it into a b.-er, which is not contemptible, however, the
common table drink is cyder and fpruce beer : the latter is made of the
tups ot the fpruce lir, with the additioH of a fniali cjuamity of nioliires.

'1 hey

UNITED, STATES of AMERICA. 795

Lat.42-25

■0-37-

They likewife raifc in New England
'i he fruits of Old England come to

large

quantity of hemp and flax,
tion here, particularly
peaches and apples. Seven or eight hundred Hnc peaches may befnmd
on one tree, and a fingle apple-tree has produced levcn barrels of cyder
in one feafon.

But Nc .V England is chiefly dirtinguiflicd for the variety and value of
its timber, as oak, afli, pine, fir, cedar, elm, cyprefs, beech, walnut,
chefnut, hazel, faffahas, fumach, and other woods ufed in dying or tan-
ning leather, carpenters work, and fliip-biiildinc;. Tlie oaks here are
faid to be inferior to thofe of England ; but the firs are of an amazing
bulk, and formerly furniflied the royal navy of England with malU and
yards. They draw from their trees coniiderabic quantites of pitch, tar,
rolin, turpentine, gums, and balm ; and the foil produces hemp and flax.
A fliip mav here be built and rigged out with the produce of their forefls,
and indeed fliip-bnilding forms a conhderablc branch of their trade.

Metals.] Rich iron mines of a moll exccUent kind and temper, have
been difcovered in New England, which, if improved, may become very
beneficial to the inhabitants.

Animals.] The animals of this country furnirti many articles of New
England commerce. All kinds of European cattle thrive here, and mul-
tiply exceedingly ; the horfes of New England are hurdy, mettlefome,
and ferviceable, but fmaller than ours, though larger than the Welch.
They have few ftieep, and the wool, though of a ftaple fufliciently long,
is not nearly fo fine as that of England. Here are alfo elks, deer, hares,
rabbits, fquirreh, beavers, otters, monkics,. minks, martens, racoons,
fables, benrs, wolves, which arc only a kind of wild dogs, toxes, ounces,
and a variety of other tame and wild quadrupeds. But one of the moft
lingular animals, of this and the neighbouring countries, is the mofe or
moofe deer, of which there are two forts ; the common light grey moofe,
which refembles the ordinary deer ; thefe herd lomctimes thirty together ;
and the large black moofe, whofe body is about the iize of a bull ; his
neck refembles a Hag's, and his flefli is extremely grateful. The horns,
when full grown, are about four or five feet from the head to the tip,
and have flioots or branches to each horn, which generally fpread about
fix feet. W hen this animal goes through a thicket, or under the boughs
of a tree, he lays his horns back on his neck, to place them out of his way :
and thefe prodigious horns are flied every year. This animal does not
fpring or rife in going, like a deer ; but a large one, in his common walk,
has been fce^ to ftep over a gate five feet high. When unharboured, he
will run a courfc of twenty or thirty miles before he takes to bay ;
but when chafed, he generally takes to th.e water.

There is hardly any where greater plenty of fowls, as turkeys, gecfc,
partridge?, ducks, widgeons, dappers, fwans, heathcocks, herons, ftorks,
blackbirds, all forts of barn-door fowl, vaft flights of pigeons, which come
and go at certain feafons of the year, cormorants, ravens, crows, &c.
The reptiles arc rattle-fnakes, frogs, and toads, which fwarm in the un-
cleared parts of thefe countries, where, with the owls, they make a moll
hideous noice in the fummer evenings.

The fea:i round New England, as well as its rivers, abound with fifli,
and even whales of feveral kinds, fuch as the whalebone whale, the fper-
maceti whale, which yields ambergrife, the fin-backed whale, the fcrag
whale, and the bunch whale, of which they take great numbers, and
fend befules fome fliips everv year to fiih for whales in Greenland, and

5 as

79i6 UNITED STATES PI .AMERICA.

»a fur «s Falkland iilandi. A tort'iblc creature, called the wli ale-killer,
from 20 to 30 fe«t lon^, wiih iliung tetth and jaw8,^er(c«utcs tUc whale
in tihere ie»i ; bulf afraid of his monftrous llrcngtb, they fcldom attack a
full grown whale, or iinlead a, young one, but in c(>n))unics of tun or
iwrlve. At the mouth of the river Pcnobftot, there is a mackaicl
ItAiery ; they likcwife iUh for cod in winter, which they dry in the
irolV.

Foi»wiATioN, iMHABiTANTo, AND 1 Thcrc is not one of the co-
FACR o» Ti'R COUNTRY. ) lonici whith Can be compared

in the abundance of people, the number of confidcrablc and trading
towna, and the manufat.'^urcs that are carried on in them, to New h'.nf,"
land. The mul\ populous and Houriihing parts of the mother-country
liardly make a better appearance than the cultivated parts of this pro-
"Vtnce, which reach about 60 miles back. There are here many gentle-
men of confiderable landed cftatcs ; but the grcatclt part of the pef)ple is
compaled of a fubliantial yeomanry, who cultivate their own freeholds,
without a dependence upon any but Providence, and their own induftry,
Thefe freeholds generally pafs to thtir children in the way of gavelkind j
which keeps them from being hardly ever able to emerge out of their
original happy mediocrity. In no part of the world arc the ordinary fort
fo independent, or poflefs more of the conveuiencics of life ; they arc ufed
from their infancy to the excrcife of arms : stnd before the contcft with
the mother country, they had a militia, which was hy no means con-
temptible ; but their military llrength is now much mor» confiderable.
The inhabitant! of MalPachufttt's Bay are eftimated at 350,000.

Connecticut is faid, in proportion to its extent, to exceed every other
colony of Britifl\ America, as wijll in the abundance of people, as culti-
vation of foil. Its inhabitants are about 206,000. The men, in general,
throughout the province, arc robuft, ftout, and tall. The urt-ittcll care
is taken of the limba and bodies of infants, which arc kept ihaight by
means of aboard j a prai'Ucc learnt of the Indian women, who abhor all
crooked people ; fo that deformity is here a rarity. The women are fair,
handO)me, and genteel, andmodcrtand rofcrvedin their manners and be-
haviour. They are not pern)iftcd to read plays, nor can they converfc
about whift, tjuadrille, or operas ; but it is faid that they Will talk freely
upon the fubjeits of hiftory, geography, and other literary fuhjciits. The
inhabitants of Conncdicut are extremely hofpitablc to ftrangcrs.

New Hampfliirc, of late years hath greatly increafcd in population, fo
' that in 178^, the number of inhabitants was reckoned to amount to
82,200 ; and of Rhode Uland province to 50,400.

Rhlicion.1 Calvinilm, from the principles of the firft fettlers, has
been very prevalent in New England : many of the inhabitants alfo for-
merly obferved the fabbath with a kind of Jcwifli rigour ; luit this hath
pf late been much dimmiflied. There is at prefcnt no ellabliftied religion
in New England ; but every Icl^ of Chriflians is allowed the free cxercile
pf their religion, and is equally Under the pi etetftion of law. The Con-
neiSticut province haih lately provided a bifliop for the epifcopalians
among them, by fending one of their number to Scotland to be ordained
by the nonjuring blfliops of the epifcopal church in that kingdom.

Chief towns.] Potion, the capital of New England, flands on a
pcninlula at the bottom of Mafl'achufett's Bay, about nine miles from
its mouth. At the entrance of this hay are feveral rocks, which appear
above water, and upwards of a dqjeeu fjnall jilands, fome of which are

^Jihabitcd*

UNITED STATES of AMERICA.

797

inlwbitcd. There is but one fafc channel to approach the harbowr, andl
that fo narrow, th:it two iliips can Scarcely lail through abrcall ; but
within the harbour tlu'ic is room for coo fiiil to lie at anchor, in agooA
ilcpth of water. On one of the ilknds of the bay, rtands Fort Witltam,
tlie moft regular fortrcfs iit all the plantation*. This calUc is defended
by too guns, twenty of which lie on a platform level with the water, fo
that it 19 (carccly polfiblc for an enemy to p.ifg the caftlc. To prevent
furpri/*, they have a guard placed ou one of the rocks, at'txvo league*
tlilkancc, from whence they make lignals to the callle, when any fljipj
come near it. There is alfo a battery of guns at each end of the town.
At the bottom of the bay is a noble pier, near jouo feet in length ; along
which, on the north fide, extends a row of warchoufes for the merchantii*
and to this pier fliips of the grcatcft burthen may come and unload, with-
out the help of boats. The greateft part of the town lies round the har-
bour, hi the fliape of a half moon ; the country beyond it riling gradually,
and affording a dclitjhtful prof|)e6t from the fea. The head «n the piclr
joins the principal (Irect of the town, which is, like moll of the others,
fpacious and well built. The trado of Hoilon was fo confidcrablc in the
year 1761-!, that tzco fail entered or cleared at the cuftom-houfe there.

Cambridge, in the fame province, four miles from fiofton, has an uni-
vcrlity, containing twofpacious college", called by the names of Havard
College, and Stoughton Hall, with a wcll-furniflied hbrary. Itconfilk
of a pi'efident, five fellows, a ireafurcr, three profcflbra, four tutors, and
a librarian. The college charter wa» tirft grunted iu i(j;o, and renewed
in i6c;2, and is held under the colony feal.

The other towns in New England, the chief of which have already
been mentioned, arc generally neat, well built, and commodiouily litu-
ated upon Hnc rivers, with capacious harbours.

CoMMtKcE AN)> MANU F Aci Ur ER8.] T hc tradc of Ncw England i»
great, as it lupplics a hirge quantity of goods from within itfelf ; out it is
yet greater, as the people of this country are in a manner the carriers for
all the colonies of North America, and to the Weft Indies, and even for
I'orac parts of Europe. The commodities which thecountty yields, arc
principally pig and bar iron, which were imported to Great Britain duty
free ; alfo mai>s and yards, pitcli, tar, and turpentine, for which they
contracted largely with the royal navy ; pot and pearl aflies, ftaves, lum-
ber, boards; all forts of pvovifions, which they fent to the French and
Dutch fugar iflands, and formerly to Barbadoes, and the other BritifU
illcs, as grain, bifcuit, meal, beef, pork, butter, chccfe, apples, cyder,
onions, jnackarel, and cod-fifli dried. They likcwife fent thither cattle,
horfes, planks, hoops, fliinglcs, pipe-ftavcs, oil, tallow, turpentine,
bark, calffkins, and tobacco. Their pehry trade is m)t very confiderablc.
They have a moft valuable fillicry upon their coaOs in mackarel and cod,
which employs vaft numbers of their people ; with the produce of which
they trade to Spain, Italy, the Mediterranean, and the Weft Indies, to
a confiderablc amount. Their whale-fifliery has been already mcntioncil.
The arts moft neccflkry to fubfiftencc, are thofe which the inhabitants of
New England have been at the greateft pains to cultivate. They manu-
fadure coarfc linen and woollen cloth for their own ufe ; hats ai e m;ule
here, which find a good vent in all the other colonies. Sug.ir-bakiiij^,
diftilling, paper-making, and fait works, are upon the improving hand.
The bufincfs of fliip-building is one of the moft conliderablc, which Bof-
tou, -Newbury, or the other fca-pori towns in Ncw England carry on.

bhips

798

UNITED STATES of AMERICA.

Ships lire fomctimpg built hfie upon commilTion ; but frequently the n>cr»
fl\iiiit8 of New Kiigland have them comiirurteil upon their own account ;
and luuJing thcin with (he produce ot* the colony, naval Aores, fifli, and
jidioil princl|>ully, tiicy Itiul them upon a trail in jf voyaj;c to ^pain, for-
tugul, or the Mnliterranran ; where, havitljj dilpofcil of their cargo, they
make what advantajje they can by freip;ht, until fuch time ni rhcy can
fell the vcifel hcdclt to advantage, which they feldom fail to do in n rcu«
fonablc tiinr.

If was computed, that, befoi-e the liitc unhappy difference arofc, the
amount of Knglitli niamifai^ures and India goods fenr into this colony
from Great iiritain, was not lefs, at an nvcruj'e of three years, than
395,ocol. Our imports from tlje fame were calculated at 37o,^i..ol.

History Anu tsovERNMtNr.] New Knjfland is at prcfent divided
into the four provinces of New Hampfliire, Rlairachufett's, khode Ifland,
and C«nnc»flicut. As early as i6c6. King James I. had by letters patent
crc(^ed two companies, with a pouxr to lend colonies into thofc parts,
then comprchciulcd under the L;cner;tl name of \ irginia, as all the north*
call coart of America was fomc time called. No iettleincnts, however,
were made in New England by virtue of this authory. The companies
contented theniielves with fending out a Ihip or two, to trade with the
Indians for their furs, and to filh upon their coaft. This continued to be
the only fort of correfpondcncc between Great Britain and this part of
America, till the year 1621. By this time the religious diflcnfions, by
which England was torn to pieces, had become warm and furious.
Archbifliop l.aud poifecuccd all forts of non-conformills with an unre-
lenting' fcvcrity. Thofe men, on the other hand, were ready to fubmit
to all the rigour of pcrfecuiion rather than give up their religious opinions,
and conform to the ceremonies of the church of I'.nglaiul, which they
confidercd as abufes of the inoft dangerous tendency. ! here was no \vnc
of the world into which they would not tiy, in order to obtain liberty «>f
confcicnce. America opened an extenfive field. I here they might tranf-
port themfclvef, and etlablilh whatever fort of religious policy they were
inclined to. VVith this'\'iew, having purchafedthe territory, which was
within the jurifdidion of the I'l) mouth Company, and having obtained
i\r>m the king the privilege of reuling it in whatc\ cr way they had a mind,
150 perfons embarked for New Engl.md, and built a city, which Inv
caufc they had failed from IMyinoulli, tliey called by that name. Not-
withftanding the fcvcrity of the climate, the unwholefomnefs of the air,
and the dilcafes to which, after a long fia voyage, and in a country which
ivas new to them, they were expuicd ; notwithiianding the want ot all
forts of convenlencies, and even of many of the neccflaries of life, thoic
who had conllitutions fit to endure fuch hardfliips, not difpirited or bro-
ken b\' the death of their companion.-, and fupportcd by the vigour then
peculiar to Englifluiicn, and the futisfadion of finding thcmfelvcs beyond
the reach of the fpiritual arm, let thLiniclves to cultivate this country,
and to take the bell Heps for the advancement of their infant colony.
New adventurers, ei\couraged by their example, and finding thcmfelves,
for the fame rcafonii, uneafy at home, palled over into this land of reli-
gious and civil liberty. Uy the dole of the year 1630, they had built
four towns, Salem, Dorchclier, Charles Town, and Bofton, which lall has
fmce become the capital of New England. But as neceirity is the na-
tural fource of lUat .iftivc and frugal induflry, which produces every
thing great among maukind, fo an uninterrupted fiow of piofperity and

lucccfs

UNITED STATES or AMERICA.

79f

than

fuccrf* occafions thafc cliflenGons, vvhicli arc the banc of human affairi,
and uitcn i'uhvcit ihc bcA fouiidcJ clbMilhmcuti.

The iiUubitantH ol' New Kn^lniid, who had lied from pcrfccution, be-
came in a n>ort time Ihon^ly tainted with this iUiber.tt vice, and were
eager to introduce au unifoiiiuty in religion, among all who entered their
trrritoiies. I'l^e minds ot men were not in that u^c, fupcriur tu manjr
prejiidiecit, they hid not that open and ^jnerous way ot thinking', which
nt picl'ent diitin^uillies tbo natives ot' Ciieat Uritain ; and the dodtrine of
univeilit) tolwtation, wliich, to the lionotir ot the lirll fcttlers in AmC'
rica, bcg.iii to apjjcar among them, had few abettors, and many oupo-
iicnls. Many ot them were bigoiied (Jalviniib ; and tliough they had lolt
the weight ot perllcution theml'elves, ihey hid no charity for thole who
itroteiled I'entiments ditVerent from their own. It was not the general
idea of the age, that men might live coinforialdy together in the fame
fociety, vvithout maintaining the fame religious ojuiniona ; and wherever
thcfe wore at variance, the members of diiierent fei'ttf kept nt a dillance
from each other, and tlt^blilhcd leparatc government*. Hence feveral
flips, torn from the original governrntfnt of New England by religious
violence, plumed themfclvcs in a new foil, and fprcad over the country.
Such was that of New ]^:imp(hirc, which continues to this day a fepa-
raie jiirifdiflion ; fuch too was that of Rhode I Hand, whofe inhabitant*
were driven out from the Mafliichufett'u colony (for that is the name by
\vhieh the government lull ercdcd in New England was didinguiflicd),
tor fupporting the freedom of religious fcijtimcnts, and maintaining that
the civil magillra'c hud no right over the i'^cculative opinions of mankind.
Thel'e liberal men founded a city called Providence, which they governed
by their own principles ; and fuch is the connet^ion between juftncft
of fentimcnt and external profperity, that the government of Rhode
Illand, though fmall, became extremely populous and flourifliinc;. Aftp
other colony, driven out by the fame pcrfecuting fpirit, fcttlcu on the
river Conncdticut, and received frequent reinforcements from England,
of fuch as were dilVatisfied either with the religious or civil government ot'
that country.

America indeed was now become the main refourcc of all difcontcuted
and cnierpriling I'pirits ; and fuch were the numbers which embarked for
it from England, tiiat in 1^37 a proclamation was pulilirticd, prohibiting
any perlon from failing thither, without an exprefs licence fron\ the go.
veinmcnt. For want of this licence, it is laid, that Oliver Cromwell,
JNlr. Hampden, and others of that party, were detained from going into
New England, aficr being on fliip-board for that purpofe.

Thefe four provinces, though always confederates for their mutual de-
fence, were at tiill, and ftill continue, under fcparate jurifdit'tions. They
were all of them hy their charters originally free, and in a great meafurc
independent of Great Britain. The inhabitants had the choice of their
ownniagiiliai.es, the governor, the council, the aflerably, and the power
ot making fuch laws as they thought proper, without fending them to
Great Britain for the approbation of the crown. 1 heir laws, however,
were not to be oppolite to thofe of Great Britain. Towards the latter end
of the reiv>n oT Charles II. when he and his minifters wanted to deQioy
all Chanel's and liberties, the Maffaehufett's colony was accufed of violating
their charter, in like manner as the city of London, and by a judgment
in the King's Bench of England was deprived of it. From that time to
the Revolution, they remaiiied without any charier. Soon after that

period,

809

UNITED STATES or AMERICA.

|)eriod, they receircd a ncwr one, which, though very favnurnhli*, \V.i»
much inrciior lo the cxienfivc privilcget of the former. The appoint-
ment of a governor, lieotcnanf-govcrnor, fecretary, and all the officers of
the admiralty, wii* verted in the crown j the power of the militia was
wholly ill the hands of the governor, as captain>gener:il ; all judges, juf-
liccs, and flicriffs, to whom the execution of the law wut cnirullcd, were
nominated b^ the governor, with the advice of the council ; the governor
had a neg:ative on the choice of counfeUort, peremptpry and unlimited ;
and he was not ohliged to give a rcafon for what he did in this pflrttcular ;
or rcftrained to any number; authentic copiet of the ieveral afh piided
by tUis colony, as well as others, were to be tranfmittcd to the court of
England, for the loyal approbation ; but if the laws cf this colony were
not repc.dcd witl»in three years after they were prelentcd, tht:y were not
repeaiable by the crown after that time ; no laws, ordinances, elc(^tion oi
magiftratcs, or art* of government whatfoever, were valid without the
governor's confent iu writing ; and appeals for fums above 300I. were ad-
mitted to the king and couucil. Nutwithftanding ihefc rertraints, the
people had rtill a great (liare of power in this colony ; for they not only
chofe the offcmbly, but this allembly, with the governor's concurrence,
chofe the council, refembling our houfe of brds j and the governor de-
pended upon the afTembly for his annual fupport.

But the government of New England has been entirety changed, in
confcquence of the revolt of the colonies from the authority ot Great
Britain ; of the origin and progrefs of which an account hath been given
in another place. It was on the 35th of July, 1776, that, by an order
from the council at Bofton, the declaration of the American Congrcfs,
iabfotving the United Colonies from their allegiance to the BritKh crown,
and declaring thcni free and indcnendent, was publicly proclaimed from
the balcony of the Aate-houfe in that town.

A conflitution, or form of government, for the commonwealth of Maf-
fachufets, including a declaration of rights, was agreed -to, and cftablillicd
by the inhabitants of that piovince, and tobk place in Odober, 17 So.
In the preamble to this it was declared, that the end of the inilitutiou,
maintenance, and adminiilration of government, is to fecure the exillejico
of the body pjlltic ; to proteift it, and to furnini the individuals who
compofe it, with the power of enjoying, in fafety and tranquility, their
natural rights, and the bleflings of life ,' and that whenever thefe great
objcifis are not obtained, the peopl* have a right to alter the governmenr,
and to take i\icafures neceiTary for their profperity and happincls. They
cvprelled their gratitude to the gfieat Legillator of theunivcrfe, for having
afforded them, in the courfe of liis providence, an o,>portuniTy, dtlibc
rately and peaceably, without, fraud, violence, or furprize, of entering
into an original, explicit, and folcnm compadt with each other ; and of
forming a new conflitution of civil government for themfelves and their
pofterity. They declared that it was the right, as well as the duty, of
all men in focicty, publicly, and at ftated Icafons, to worfliip the Su-
preme Bein:; ; and that no tubjcc't fliould be hurt, moleftcd, or reftrained,
in his perfon, libeity or ellatcj for worlhipping God in the m:mner and
Icafon moft agreeable to the dii^atcs of his own confctence ; or for his
religious proftirion or fentimenis ; provided he did not didurb the public
peace, or obftruct others in their religious, worlhip.

It was alio enaiSted, that the feveral towns, pariflies, precinfts, and

other bodies politic, or religious Societies, Hioulai at all times, have the

2 exclufive

UNITED STATES of AMERICA. 8oi

lie, wa*
njipoini-
Hcer» of
itia was
;ra, juf-
iil, were
[overnor
limited s

b pitfled
court ot*
ny were
vvf re not
cation of
lout the
were ad •
ints, the
not only
rurrcncc,
crnor dc«

in(;cd, ill
ot Great
ecn given
an order
Congrefs,
(h crown,
ned from

1 of Maf-
ifiablidicd
cr, 1780.
(licutiou,
exiAenca
ua'.s who
ty, their
\efe great
ernmenr.
They
or having
, dclibc-
entering
' ; and of
and their
duty, of
the Sii-
eftratned,
inner and
or for his
he public

nfts, and
have the

exclufive

eAclufive right of eledling their public teachers, and of contradting with
thcni for their fupport and miiintt-nance. That all inonica paid by th«
fubjed to the fupport of public woiihip, and of the public tcicheri,
fliould, if he requited it, be uniformly applied to the fiipportof the pub*
lie teacher or teachers of his own religious fedt or denomination, provided
there were any on whofc inllrutlVion» he uttendrd ; otherwifc it might b«
j)aid towards the fupport of the tt cher or teachers of the parifli or preciirft
in which the faid monies. (hou Id l^c raifcd. Thar every denomination of
Chridians, demeaning thcnifclvcs peaceably, and as good fubjedts of the
commonwealih, fliould be equally under the protedlion of the law : aiid
that nofubordinution of any fcdt 01 dcnominittion to another fliould ever
be cflabliflicd by law.

It was likcwifc declared, that as all power refided originally In the
people, and was derived from them, the fevcral magiflrates andbfficers'of
government, veiled with authority, whether Icgidativc, executive, 6r
judicial, arc their fublHtutcs and agents, and are Ht ull times accout^table
to them. That no fubjed fliould be arreded, imprifoned, defpoiled,
or deprived of his property, immunities, or privileges, put out of the
protection of the law, exiled, or deprived of his life, liberty, or eflate,
but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land. That the
legiflature fliould not make any law that fliould fubje£l any perfon to a
capital or infamous punifhment, excepting for the government of the
army or navy, without trial by jury. That the liberty of the prefs is
eflcntial to the fecurity of freedom in a date ; and that it ought not, there*
fore, to be reflrained in that commonwealth. That the people have si
right to keep, and to bear arms, for the common defence ; but that at in
times of peace armies are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be
niaintaincd without the confent of the legiflature ; and. that the military
power fliould always be held in an exa£t lubordination to the civil autho-
rity, and be governed by it.

It was likcwife cna£ted, that the department of legillation fliould be
formed by two branches, a fcnate, and a 'i^ufe of reprefentatives j eaOh
of which fliould have a negative on the ui ler. That the fenators, con-
fiding of forty, and the members of ihe houfe of rtprefentativcs, fliould be
clcftcd annually j andthaievcry male perfon, being twenty-one years of
age, or upwards, who had redded in my particular town in the common-
wealth, for the fpacc of one year, a id having a freehold eftatc within the
faid tov.n, of the annual income o three pounds, or any edate of the
value of fixty pounds, fliould haw^ a right to vote for fiaators and repre-
fentativesof the ditlridof which he was an inhabitant. And that there
fliould be a fupreme executive inagidiate, who fliould be ftylcd, the go-
vernor of the commonwealth of Maliuchufci's, and alfo a lieutenant-
governor, both of whom fliould be chofen annually by the whole body of
electors in the commonwealth, srnd adifted by nine counfellors, chofen
by ballot, out of the fenate. The fecictary, treafurer, receiver-general,
notaries public, and naval officers, to be chofen annually by the fenators
and reprefentatives. The judlciHry power to be feptennial, and the dele-
gates to congfcfs fliall be annually eledtcd by and out of the fcnate and
houfe of reprefentatives, or general court. The governor has a negative
on bills fent to him for alFent from the general court, but has no control
in their choice of officers.

The date of Rhode Ifland admits their original charter as the rule of
their govejrpment. New Hampfliire and Conuciticut have not yet efl».

, F bliflicd

8o« UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

bliOied their forms of government, or have chiefly adopted that of MaflU-
chulet's bay. *

It is woichy of notice, that fince the commencement of the war be-
tween Great Britain and the colonies, and even while that war was car-
ried on with great animofity on both fides, an ad was pafled, on the 4th
of May, 1 780, by the council and houle of reprefcntatives of Maflachufct's
Bay, for incorporating and eOabiifliing a fociety for the cultivation and
promotion of the arts and fcienccs. It is entitlec^ " Th« American Aca-
demy of Arte and Sciences;" thefirft members were named in the a6i:; and
they were njver to be more than two hundred, nor lels than forty. It
was deckred in the ait, that the end and dcflgn of the inllitution of the
laid acadcmyv was to promote and encourage the knowledge of the anti-

3^uities of America, and of the natural hiitory of the country ; and tu
etermine the iifcs to which its various natutal productions might be ap-
plied ; to promote and encourage medicinal difcoveries ; mathematical
difquifitions ; philofophical inquiries and experiments ; adronomical,, me-
teorological, and gcographiciil obfcrvations ; and improvements in agri-
culture, arts, manufadures, and commerce: and, in fliort, to cultivate
every art and fcicnce, which might tend to advance the intereft, honour,
digmty, and happinefs, of a free, independent, and virtuous people.

NEW YORK.

Situation and extent.

Miles.

Length 300 }
Breadth 150 5

Degrees.

betwesn

{ 40 and 46 ilorth latitude.
I 72 and 76 weft longitude

Sq. Miles.
> 24,000

Boundaries.] "V^ EW YORK is bounded on the South and South-
X\| weft by Hudfon's and Delaware rivers, which di-
vide it from New Jerfey and Pennfylvania j on the Eaft and North-eaft
by New England and the Atlantic Ocean ; and on the North-weft by
Canada.

This province, including the ifland of New York, Long Ifland, and
StaCen Ifland, is divided into the ten fullowing cqunties :

Counties.

New York —

Albany r— —

Ultler — ~

Duchefs — — .

Orange —

Weft Chcfter ^

King's — -^

(^leen's -— —

Sutfulk ~ ~

Richmond —

Chief Towns.

I New York. f^^-^^K''^
5 ( 74"00 W. ion,

Albany
None

}

Orange

Weft Chcfter

None

Jamaica

Southampton

Kichmond.

Rivers.}

lilcs.

XVERS.}

UNITED STATES of AMERICA. 803

ll I VERS.] The principal of thefc arft Hwdfon's and the Mohawk ; the
former nboutids with excellciit harbours, and is well (lored with grcac
variety of fifli ; on this the cities of New York and Albany are fituated.
On the Mohawk is a hitgc catariwt, called the Cdhocs, the water of which
is faid to fall 70 feet perpendicular, where the river is a quarter of a mile
ill breadth.

Capes.] Thcfe are Cape May on the eaft erttrrnce of Dclawar«
river ; Sandy -Hook, near tlic ent?i»ncc of Raritan river } and Moniock
Point, at the eail end of Lon^<r Ifland

Climate, soil, and produce.] This province, lying: to the fouth
of New England, enjoys u more happy temperature of climate. The
air is very healthy, ana agrees well with all conftitutions. ThC face ot
the country, rercnihliiiff that of the other BritiHi American colonies, is
low, flat, and marfliy tcnvards the fca. As you recede from the coail,
the eye is entertained with the gradual fwclling of hills, which become
large in proportion as you advance into the country. The foil is extremely
fertile, producing wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, barley, flax, and fruits,
in great abundance and perfccftion. The timber is much the fame with
that of New England. A great deal of iron is found here.

Cities, population, and commerce*] The city of New York
Hands on the fouth-wcft end of York-illand, which is twelve miles long,
and near three in breadth, extremely well lituated for trade, at the mouth
of Hudfon'b river, where it is three miles broad, and proves a noble con-
veyance from Albany and many other inland towns towards Canada, and
the lakes. This city is in length above a mile, and its mean breadth a
quarter of a mile. The city and harbour are defended by a fort and
battery : in the fort is a fpacious manfion-houfe for the ufeof the governor.
Many of the houfes arc very elegant ; and the city, though irregularly
built, aft'ords a fine profpect. A fourth part of the city was burnt down
by fome incendiaries in 1 776, on the king's troops taking it, A great part
of the inhabitants are deiccnded from the Dutch families, who remained
here after the furrender of the New Netherlands to the Englifli, and the
whole province is fuppofcd to contain now about 200,000.

Tl'.c commi>rce of this province docs not materially differ from that of
New England. The commodities in which they trad© are wheat, flour,
barley, oats, beef, and other kinds of animal food. Their ntarkets are
the fame with thofe which the New Englanders ufe; and tliey have a
rtiure in the logwood trade, and that which is carried on with the Spanish
*nd French plantations. They ufed to take almoft the fame fort of com-
modities from England with the inhabitants of Bollon. At an average
of three years, their exports were faid to amount to 526,000!. and their
imports from Great Britain to 53 ijoool.

KEi.ibioN AND Learning.] It is ordained, by the late conftitution of
New York, that the free e:<ercife and enjoyment ©f religious profcflioii
and worfliip, without dilcrimination or preterence, (hall forever be allow-
ed, within that ftate, to all manlNind.

A college was ereded in New York, by aft of parliament, about the
year 1755^; but as the aflcmbly was at that time divided Into parties, it
WIS formed on a contrarted plan, and has for that reafon n!;vcr mctwiih.
the encouragement which might naturally be cypeiltcd for a publie fem:-
nary in fo populous a city.

History and government.] The Swedes and Dutch were thh
iiri: Europeans who furnK^d fettlcment« on rhis part of the Amcrici.n

3 F 2 coaf»

I't'

8o4 UNITED STATEIS of AMERICA.

coaft. Thttraft clainwd by the two nations extended from the 38th to the
4 1 ll degree of latitude, and was called the New Netherlands. It con-
tinued in their hands till the time of Charles II. who obtained it from
them by right of conqucft in 1664 ; and it was conHrrned to the Englifli
by the treaty of Breda, 166 . The New Netherlands were not long in
our poflcflion before they were divided into ditt'crent provinces. New
York took that nnme from the kinjj's brother, James, duke of York, to
whom the king granted it, with full powers of government, by letters
p tent, dated March 20, 1664. On Jamcti's acccllion to the throne, the
right to New York became veiled in the crown, and it became a royal
govcnimcnt. The king appointed the governor and council ; and the
people, • ncc in fcven years, elerted their rcprefcntativcs to ferve in ge-
neral allemblies. Thele three branches of the legiflature (anfwering to
thofc of Great Britaiii), had power to make any laws not repugnant to
thole of England ; but, in order to their being valid, the royal affent to
them was fnft to be obtained.

By the conlVitution of the ftate of New York, cftabliflied in i777» the
fupreiiie Icgiilative power was veiled into two feparate and diilin6t bodies
of men ; the one to be called, " The Aflcmbly ot the State of New York,"
to coniirt of feventy members, annually chofen by ballot; and the other,
*• The Senate of the State of New York," toconfift of twenty-four for
four years, who together are to form the legillature, and. to meet once, at
Icait, in every year, for the difpatch of bufinefs. The fupreme executive
power is to be veiled in a governor, who is to continue in oiffice three years,
allilicd by four counfellors, chofen by and from the fcnate. Every male
inhabitant, of full age, who Ihall pollcfs a freehold of the value of twenty
pounds, or have rented a tenement of the yearly value of forty fliillings,
and been rated and have paid taxes to the llate for fix months preceding
the day of eletlion, is entitled to vote for members of the afTembly ; but
thofe who vote for the governor, and the members of the fcnate, are to
be poflcired of freeholds of the value of one hundred pounds. The de-
legates to the congrefs, the judges, &c. are to be chofen by ballot of the
fcnate and affembly. - . , •' - -s*.- >, .'/to-,/

NEW JERSEY.

Situation and Extent.

Miles.

Degrees.

Sq. Miles.

Breadth 60

}

Length 160 ) »,etwecn \ 39 and 43 north lat. I

10(000

BotJNDARiEs.] X7EW JERSEY is bounded on the Weft and South-
X\l weft, by Delaware river and Bay ; on the South-
eaft and Eaft, by the Atlantic Ocean ; and by the Sound which feparates
Statcn lilaud from the continent, aud Hudfon's river, on the Noith.

Divilions*

UNITED STATES of AMERICA. 8:15

th to the
It con-
l it from
s Englilli
It long in
8. New
York, to
)y letters
rone, the
e a royal

and the .
rve in gc-
wering to
Lignant to
I affent to

1777, the
i6t bodies
w York,"
the other,
y-four foi"
:tonce, at
executive
iree years,
,very male
of twenty
^ iliillings,
preceding
ibly ; but
ite, are to
The dc-
lUot of the

ies.

and South*
the South-
:h feparates
e North.

DIviiions*

Diviiions.

Counties.

contains

". ■ rMlddlefex

E«ft Divinon J ^"""'^"th

j Someifet
(_ Bergen
f Burlington
Glouccfter
Salem
1 J Cumberland
* Cape May
Hunterdon
Morris
..Suifcx . .

Weft Divifion
contains

Chief Towns.

Perth- Amboy and New.Brunfwick

None

Elizabeth and Newark

None
.Bergen

("Buui.iNRTON 7 40-8 N. lar.
■ Glouceftcr j 75-oW. Ion,

Salem

-4

'yj Hopewell
j I None
j I Trenton
« « Morris
J I None

Rivers.] Thefc are the Delaware, Raritan, nnd PalTaick, on the lat-
ter of which is a remarkable catarad ; the height of the rock from which
the water falls is faid to be about 70 feet perpendicular, and the riv^r there
80 yards broad.

Climate, soil, and produce.] The climate is much the fame
with that of New York ; the foil is various, at leaft one-fourth part of the
province is barren fandy land, producing pines and cedars ; the other
jxirts in general are good, and produce wheat, barley, rye, Indian com^
&c. in great perfeftion.

History, government, population, I New Jerfeyispartofthat
CHIEF TOWNS, AND COMMERCE. | vaft tradt of land, which wc
have oblcrved was given by king Charles II. to his brother, James, duke
of York ; he fold it, for a valuable confideration, to lord Berkeley and
iir George Carteret (from which it received its prcfent name, becaufe fir
George had, as the family ftill have, ellates in theifland of Jerfcy), and
they again to others, who, in the year 1702, made a furrender of the
powers of government to queen Anne, which Ihe accepted : after which it
became a royal government. By an account publiflied in 176J, the nuni>
ber of inhabitants appears to have been about 100,000, but is fuppofed
now to be 130,006. Perth-Amboy and Burlington were the feats of go-
vernment ; 'the governor generally rt- lided in the latter, which is plea-
fantly lituated on the fine river Delaware, within twenty miles of Phila-
delphia. The former is as good a port as moft on the co .' ncnt ; and the
haibour is fafe, and capacious enough to contain many large iliips. In
Bcrj;«n county is a very valuable copper-mine.

By the new charter of rights ertabliflied by the provincial congrefs
July 2, 1776, the government of New Jerfey is vefled in a governor, le-
glflative council, and general aiTembly. The members of the legiilative
council are to be freeholders, and worth at leaft one thoufand pounds real
and perfonal cftate ; and the members of the general aiTembly to be worth
five hundred pounds. All inhabitants worth fifty pounds are entitled to
vote for rcprclcntativcs in council and aflembly, and for all other public
officers. Xhe elections of the governor, legiilative council, and general
nirembly, are 10 be annual ; the governor, and lieutenant-g;ovemor, to be
chofen out of and by the aflbmhly and counciL The judges of the
fupreme court are clvofen for fcvcn years, and the ofHcei 5 of the executive
power for five years, .

3 F 3 Reliciov

8o6 UNITED STATES of AMERICA.

REtiQiow AND lEARKiNG,] According to the prefent co/»ftitution of
this provjncp, uU perfons arc allowed to worlhip God in the niJinner that
18 fnoft agreeable to thtir own confciences ; nor is any perfon obliged to
pay tithes, taxes, or any other rates, for the purpofe of building or re»
pairing any other church or churches, for the maintenance of any mif
niftpr or miniftry, contrgry to what he believes to be right, or has deli-
berately or voluntarily engaged hinifelf to perform. '1 here is to be no
eftablimttient of any one religious fedt in this province, in preference to
another ; and no proteilant inhabitants are to be denied the enjoyment of
any civil right, merely on account of their religious principles.

A college was eftabliflied at the town of Princeton, in this province, by
governor Belcher, in 1746, and has a power o£ conferring the fame de-

frees as Oxford or Cambridge. There were generally, before the war
etwcen Great Britain and th« colonies, between 80 a|)d 100 fludents
here, who ca;ne fro|i) all parts of the continent, fome even from the ex-
tiemifies of it.

•»•"»

•1.

P E xN N ^ Y I, V A N J A,

'31-iSi : i.ir ./,\

H:i.,

;,?-iv-*r; , oj -. - ^ITVATIOJJ AND EXTENT,
• .vUnt' runOi tTfjc." :'!??

.:>/;'».oif Miles, Degreps.

J-

Hi.

8q. Mijcg,

Length 300] V . g \ 74 and 81 weft longitude. I
Breadth 246 J ""^^W J ^^ ^^j ^^ ^^^^^ latitude. J 'S'^

,000

BoVNDARtES.] T^OUNDED by the country of the Iroquois, or Fiv?
JD Nations, on the North; by Delaware river, which
divides it from the Jerfeys, on the Eaft ; and by Maryland, on the Soutl^
^d W^ft ; and contain? the following counties.

^.Philadelphia' - »^

.Gheft€r; -
:. -Bucks.' —• •'

< Northanjpton
i^ ^Lancaiter
..■.York
. Cuniberland

Chief Towns,

PHILADEtPHlA J S? fci"!

( W, Iqng, 75?2p.

Cheftcr

Newtown

Reading

Eaftoji

Lancalier

York ,

Carlifle .

f »

^. J?edford, a county weflward of the mountains uppn the Ohio, pur-
chafed from the Indians in 1768, by Mr. Peiin, and eftabliflied
in 1771. ' '. - - .

"' ' : :■"■ '■ ' ' ?cfide,

litution of
inner that
obliged to
Ing or re»
' any nii'
has ileli-
to be no
fere nee to
jyment of

■

avince, by

fame tle«

*e the war

fludents

Ti the ex-

, Miles,

•ooo

5, or Fiv?
er, which
th^ Sou^t)

"Ji'.zp.

hio, pur-
silablifhed

^efidei

UNITED STATES of AMERICA. .80^

, J- ' Bcfides the above, there are the three following

Counties. Chief Towni.

Ncwcaftle 1 r Ncwcaftlc

Kent and S on the Delaware < Dover '

Suflex J £ L,ewcSy

which form a diftindl government, and arc now called " the Delaware
State," having a prefident, council of nine perfons, and houfe of aflembly
of twenty-one reprefcntativcs : the judges and other officers of llatc, ci-
vil and military, are chofen by the ptelident and general aflembly.

Rivers.] The rivers are, Delaware, which is navigable for veflels of
one fort or other, more than 200 miles above PhiUdelphia. The Suf-
quehanna and Schuylkill are alfo navigable a confiderablc way up the
country. Thefe rivers, with the numerous bays and creeks in Delaware
bay, capable of containing the largeft fleets, render this province admi-
rably fuited to carry on an inland and foreign trade.

Climate, air, son,, andI The fti'ce of the country, air, foil,

FACE OF THE COUNTRY. J and protlucc, do not materially differ
from thofe of New York. If there be any difference, it is in favour of
this province. The air is fwcet and clear. The winters continue from
December till March, and are fo extremely cold and fcvcre, that the ri-
ver Delaware, though very broad, is often frozen over. The months of
July, Auguft, and September, are almoll intolerably hot, but the country
IS refrcflied by frequent cold breezes. It may be remarked in gener.if,
that in all parts of the Britifli plantations, from New York to the fouthern
extremity, the woods are full of wild vines of three or four fpecies, all
different from thofe we have in Europe. But, whether from fomc fault in
their nature, or in the climate, or the foil where they groif, or, what ?•
much more probable, from a fault in the nla.iters, they have yet produced
no wine that deferves to be mentioned, though the Indians from them
make a fort of wine, with which they regale themf-lves. It may alfo be
obferved of the timber of thcfc colonies, that towards the fouth^it is not
fo good for fliijipin'^, as that of the more northern provinces. The far-
ther fouthward you go, the timber becomes lefs compai'f, and rives cafily,
which property, aj it renders it l«fs fcrviccable for fliips, makes it more
ufeful for ftaves.

History, govervment, settlement, po-\ This country, un-

PlTi.ATioN, CHIEF TOWNS, ANO COMMERCE. J dcr thc name of the
New Netherlands, was originally poffefled by the Dutch and Swedes.
"When thefe nations, however, were expelled-from New York by the
Englifti, admiral Pcnn, who, in conjunction with Venables, had conquered ,
the iiland of Jamaica (under the aufpices of Cromwell), being in favour
with Charles II. obtained a promife of a grant of this country from that
monarch. Upon the admiral's death, his fon, the celebrated quaker,
availed himfelf of this promife, and, after much court folicitation, ob-
tained the performance of it. Though as an author and a^ divine, Mr. ^
Pcnn be little known but to thofe of his on'n pcrfuafion, his reputation
in n charai'ter no lefs refpe6table is univcrfal among all civilized nations.
Tiic circumftances of the times engaged vaft numbers to follow him into
his new fettlement, to avoid the perfecutions to which the Quakers, like
oih^r fcitaries, were then cxpofed ; but it ,/as to hi-i own wi.fdom and
idebted for that chaaerof nrivilecres, which] "

ity

they

pnvi

thil colony on lb refpctftable a footing. Civil aud leli^aous liberty^ m

, F A tbe

8o8 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

the utmoft latitude, was laid down by that great man, as the chief and
only foundation of all his inftitutions. Chridians of all denominations
might not only live unmolefted, but have a fliarc in the government of
the colony. No laws could be made but by the confent of the inhabitants.
Even matters of benevolence, to which the laws of few nations have
extended, were by Penn fubjecled to regulations. The affairs of widows
and orphans were to be inquired into by a court conftituted for that pur-
pofc. The caufcs between man and man were not to be fubje«'ited to the
delay and chicanery of the law, but decided by wife and honert arbitrators.
His benevolence and generoiity extended alio to the Indian nations : in-
Head of taking immrdiute advantage of his putent, he purchafeU of thefc
people the lands he had obtained by his grant, judging that the orij^inal

Property, and eldeft right, was veiled in them. William Penn, in mort,
ad he been a native of Greece, would have had hs Itatue placed next
to thofe of Solon and Lycurgus. His laws, founded on the fulidbalis of
equity, ftill maintain their force ; and as a proof of thpir cffefts, it is only
neceflary to mention that land was lately granted at tivelve pounds an
hundred acres, with a quit-rent of four (hillings referved ; whereas the
terms on which it was formerly granted, were at twenty pounds the thou-
fand acres, with one fliilling quit-rent for every hundred. Near Phila-
delphia, before the commencement of the war with the mother-country,
land rented at twenty fliillings the acre ; and even at feveral miles diitance
from that city, fold at twenty years purchafe.

In fome years, more people tranfported themfclves into Pcnnfylvania,
than into all the other fettlements together. Upon the principal rivers
fettlcments are made, and the country has been cultivated 1 50 miles above
Philadelphia. The prefent number of inhabitants arc eftimatet! at
330,000. The people arc hardy, induftrious, and mod- of them fubl^an-
tial, though but few of the landed people can be conlidercd as rich ; but
before the commencement of the civil war, they were all well lodged,
well fed, and, for their condition, well clad ; and this at the more cafy
j-3te, as the inferior people manufartured moft of their own wear, both
linens and woollens.

This province contains many very confiderable towns, fuch as German-
Town, Chefter, Oxford, Radnor, all which, in any other colony, would
deferve being taken notice of more particularly. But here the city of Phi-
ladelphia, which is beautiful beyond any city in America and in rej;u-
larity unequalled by any in Europe, totally eclipfes the reft, and dcfcrvcs
our chief attention. It was built after the plan of the famous Penn, the
founder and legiflati r of t^is colony. It is lituated 100 miles from the
fea, between two navigable rivers, the Delaware, where it is above a mile
in breadth on the north, and the Schuylkill, onthefouth, whichit unites,
as it were, by running in a line of two miles between them. The whole
town, when the original plan can be fully executed, is in this manner :
every quarter of the city forms a Square oi" eight acres, and almoll in the
centre of it is a fquare of ten ac«:es, furroundedby the town-houfe, and
other public buildings. The fiigh ftreet is 100 feet wide, and runs the
whole breadth of the town : parallel to it run nineteen other ftreets,
which are crofled by eight moreat right angles, all of them 30 feet wide,
and communicating with canals, from the two rivers, which add not only
to the beauty, but to the wholefomenefe of the city. According to the
original plan, e^ery maninpofTclIionof 1000 acres in the province, had

his

had
his

UNITED STATES of AMERICA. 809

h'rt houfe either in one of the fronts, facing the rivers, or in the H'gh
ftreet, running from the middle of one \ ont to the middle of the other.
Every owner of 5000 acres, befides the above mfniioned privilege, wa»

* entitled to have an acre of ground in the front of the houlc, and all others
might have half an acre for gardens ant' court yards. The proprietor's
feat, which is the ufual place of the governor's refidencc, and is about a
mile above the town, is the firft private building, both for magnificence
and fituation, in all Britifli America. The barracks for the troops, the

• market, and other public buildings, arc proportionablygj-.aid, Th? quays
are fpacious and fine ; and the principal quay is ioo feet wide. -

There were ia this city ^ great number of very wealthy jierchants, ;
which is no 'Way furprifing, when we confidcr the great trade which it
catricd on with the EngliOi, Spanifh, French, and Dutch colonies in
America ; with the Azores, the Canaries, and the Madeira iflands; with
Great Britain and Ireland ; with Spain, Portugal, and Holland. Belides
# the Indian trade, and the quantity of grain, pro.viiions, and all kinds of
the produce of this province, which is brought down the rivers upon
which this city is fo commodioufly fituated, the Germans, who are fet-
tled in the interior parts of this piovincc, employ feveral hundred wag-
gons, drawn each by four horfes, in bringing the product of their farms
to this market. In rhe year 1749, 303 veflbls entered inwards at this
port, and 291 cleared outwards.

The commodities formerly exported into Pennfylvania, at an average of
three years, amounted to the value of 611, cool. Thofe exported to
Great Britain and other markets, belides timber, fliips built for lale, cop-
per ore, and iilDn in pigs and bars, coniifted of grain, flour, and many
ibrts of animal food ; and at an average of three years, were calculated
at 705,500!. Since the colony's independence, the new duty upon im-
ported goods of two and a hiilf per cent. aJ valorem, produced horn the
Jirft of March to the firft of December 1784, 132,000!. in Philadelphia,
which correfponds to an importation of 3,168,000!.

There is an academy eftablifhed at Philadelphia, which hasbecn greatly
encouraged by contributions from England and Scotland, and which, be-
fore the civil war broke out, bid fair to become a bright feminary of
learning.

It was in Philadelphia that the general congrefs of America met in Sep-
tember 1774; and-their meetmgs continued to be chiefly held there, til!
the king's troops made themfelves mailers of that'city, on the a^fh of
September 1777. But in June 1778, the Biitifli troops retreated to New
York, and Philadelphia again became the residence pf the <:opf,f«f?.i y

In 1776, the reprefentatives of the freemeii if Pennfylvaru^«et.in a
general convention at Philadelphia, and agreed upflin the piaiv«f ;a new
conftitwtion of government for that colony. They determined,, that the
commonwealth, or ftate of Pennfylvania, Aiould be governed hejcaftjer by
an aflembly of the reprefentatives of the freemen of the fam?, anc^ a pre-
fident and council. Jhat the fupreme le^iflativ© power (houl<J be vefted
in a houfe of reprefentatives of the freemen of the commonwealth or flats
of Pennfylvania. That the fupreme executive power fliould.be vefledin
a prefident and council of twelve. That every freeman of twenty-one
years of age, having refided in Pennfylvania one year before the day of
cleiStion for reprefentatives, and paid public taxes during that time, fliould •
enjoy the right of an elcdor j and that the foas of freeholders, of twenty-
one

8io UNITED STATES or AMERICA.

one years of age, fliould be entitled to vote, although they had not pakl
tnxes. That the houie of reprefentatives of the freemen ot this comnion-
wealth' flioii Id confift of pcrfons mo{t*noted forwifdom and virtue, to be
chofcn by the freemen of evei^' city and county of this commonwealth re-
fpe^Stively. And that no perlon mould be elertcd, unlefs he had rcluied
in the city or county for which he (hould be chol'en two years before the
eleclion ; and that no member, while he continued fuch, fliould hold any
other office, except in the militia. That no perlon iliould be capable of
being cle«fted a member to fnvve in the I.auleof rcfefcntativcs of the
freemen of this commonwealth more than four years in feven. That the
members of the houfe of reprefentatives fhould be cholen annually by
ballot, and fliould be ftyled, '♦ Ihc general aflembly of reprefentatives of
the freemen of Pennfylvania," and fliould have power to choofe their
fpenker, the trcafurer ot the flate, and their other officers, to prepare
bills and tnadt them into laws, to rcdrefs grievances, impeach flute cri-
minals, and have all other powers ncceflTary for the legiflature of a free
it&te or commonwealth. That delegates to reprcfent Pennfylvania in con-
grefs fliould be annually chofen by ballot, in the general afltmhly of re-
prefentatives. That the fupremc executive council of this flatt fliould
confift of twelve perfons, to be chofen by the freemen of Philadelphia,
and the feveral counties of Pennfylvania. That a prefident, and vice-
prefldent of this council fliould be chofen annually. That the prefident,
«nd in his abfence the vice-prelidcnt, and the council, five of whom are
to be a quorum, fliould have power to appoint and commiifionate judges,
naval onicers, judge of the admiralty, attorney-general, and other officers
civil and military. That the prefident fljall be commander in chief of, the
forces of the flate, butfliall not command in perfon, except advifed there-
to by the council, and then only fo long as they fliall approve. That all
trials fliall be by jury ; and that freedom of fpecch, and of the prefs, fliall
not be rcilrained. That all perfons in public offices fliall declare their
belief in one God, the creator, and governor of the univerfe, the re.
warder of the good, and the puniflier of the wicked ; and alfo acknow-
ledge the Scriptures of the Old and New Teftanieiu to be given l)y di-
vine infpiration. A variety of other particulars were alio contained in
this plan of government ; wherein it was like\vife determined, that the
freemen of this commonwealth, and their fons, fliould be trained and
armed for its defence, under fiu;h regulations, reftri.otions, and exceptions,
as the general aflembly fliould by law direct^ prefervin?:; always to the peo-
ple the right of choofing their colonel, and allcoinmiliionedoflicers under
jthat rank, in fu(;h manner and as often as by the laid laws fliould be di-
m'^ted. Two pcrlons alfo arc to be cholen by ballot every year for each
pounty and city by ^he freemen, to be called the " Council of Ccnfors,"
yiho are. to e.\aniiiie into the conduift of the legiflative and executive

powers. ,^ ,:..,. ..-,,..." . .

■ji ,)Ui''i jI-'c?, li- '-■ it' -■•• ■ ■•■ ■"'■ ' ■» '

> ffU'llf ' if

i >-. 5^ M 1

-■>?!;.' t

'■-: . >.'

MARYLAND.

[ ««• 1

;r )

.AND.

...:• "r..D .

■/ i .'• ■

"., jmo •

-, ^ ...v>

:,..<h.Vj'

, i..bi !)!.

: Miicj.

MARYLAND.

SiTUATJOM AND BXTENT.

Degrcei. Sq. Miles.

LenirtH 140 > . f 7 c and 80 wt^ 'oneitudc. ]

Breadth 135$ ''"«'«" } 37 and 40 north laticude. {'^•''oo

Boundaries.] QOUNDED by Pcnnfylvanja, on the North ; by an-
X# other part of Pcnnfylvania, and the Atlantic Ocean,
on the £aft ; by Virginia, on the South ; and by the ApaUchian moun-
tains on the 'Ve(l.

Maryland is divided into two parts by the bay of Ckefapeak, viz. i*
The euAern ; and 2. The wedern divifion.

Divifion.

.^aa/'i

The eaft divifion
contains the coun«
ties of

■ Counties.

rWorcefter — — *
Somerftt ——
Dorfet

^ Talbot

Cecil

Queen Anne's

.il

The Weft divifioft
contains

Kent

(St. Mary's county
Charles
Prince George
J CaJvert
Arundel •

Baltimore county
„ Frederic county

Chief Towns.

Princefs Anne
Snow Hiil

Dorfet, or Dorchefter
W Oxford

Qijeen's town
^Chefter
fSt. Mary

BiilVol

:;t:At>

Miifteikout

^ J Aldington

f ^ ANNApotis, W. Ion,
76- (;o. N. lat. 39.
Bultimoie.

Rivers.] This country is indented with a vaft number of ntvigabto
creeks and rivers. The chief are Patowmac, Pocomoac, Patuxent, Chep*
tonk, Severn, and S^flafras,

Face of the covntry, air,) In thefe particulars this province
SOIL, ANn PRODUCB. J has nothing remarkable by which i(

inay be diftinguiihed from thofe already defcribed. The hills in the in*
land country are of fo eafy afccnt, that they rather feem an artificial than,
a natural production. The vaft number of rivers diffufes fertility throu((l\
the foil, which is adtnirably adapted to the rearing of tobacco, which is
the ftaple commodity of that country, hemp, India corn and grain, ^vhich,
they now begin to cultivate in preferetvce to tobacco.

Population and commerce.] The number of Inhabitants is ef-.
timated at 220,700. The commerce of Maryland depends on the fame
principles with that of Virginia, and is fo clofely connet^cd with it, that
9iny feparation of them would cather confufe than in{lru(ft. It will be
f^nfidered therefore under that head.

History a^p Gov(itN'MEKT.] It fefms as if all the provinces of

. Nortli

Sl2

UNITED STATES of AMERICA.

NoitU Amcilca were planted from motives ofi«Iig!on. Mar) land, like
tliofc \vt! have formerly »1efcr'.beJ, owes its fettlcjiK-iit to religious conli-
derationc. As they however were peopled by pr.ttllants, Maryland
was orij;in:Uly pUiitcd by Rom.m catholics. This fci'.t, towards tl»e
clofe ot Charles the FinVs reign, was ihe ohjciSt of great hatred to
the bulk of the Kn^iifli nation ; and the laws in force againft the
Papiils were executed with great fevcrity. This in part arofe from
an opinion, th:it the court was too favourably dilpolcd towards this form
or religion. It is certain, that many marks of fiivour were conferred on
the RoTian catholics. Lord Baltimore was one of the moft eminent, in
great favour w;lth the court, and on that account mol\ odious to the
generality of Engliflimcn. This nobleman, in i6j2, obtained a grant from
Charles of that country, which formerly was conlidered as a parr of Virj;i-
nia, but was now called M;iryland, in honour of i|iicen Henrietrn Mary,
daughter to Henry IV. of France, and fpoufc to king Charles. The year
fallowing about 200 popifli fimilies, foine of confidcrable diftini^ion, em-
K.irkcd with lord Baltimore, to cuter into porttfllon of this new territory.
Thefe fettlers, who had that liberality and good breeding which didin-
guilli gentlemen of every religioni bought their lands at an eafy price
trom the native Indians ; they even lived with them for fomc tiiTie in the
fame city; nnd the fam^ harmony continued to fublitl between the two
nations, until the Indians were impofed on by ^hc malicious inftnuations
of fome planters in Virginiii, who envied the » -olperity of this popi(h
colony, and inflamed the Indians againft them by 1'1-grounded reports,
fuch as were fufficient to ftir up the refentmen: of i/<en naturally jea»
lous, anr who from experience had reafon to be fo. The colony, however,
was nor wanting to its own fafety on thisoccafion, Though they con-
tinued their friendly intercourfe with the natives, they took care to ereft a
fort, and to ufe every other precaution for their defence againft fudden
bpflilitics ; the defeat of this attempt jjave a new fpring to the a£iivity of
this plantation, which was likewife receiving frequent reinforcements
from England of thole who found thcmi'elves in danger by the approach-
ing revolution. But during the protedtorfliip of Cromwell, every thing
was overturned in Maryland. Baltimore, was deprived of his rights ;
2nd. a new governor, appointed by the proieillcr, fubftituted in his room.
At the Reftoration, however, the property of this province reverted to it§
natural pofleffor. Baltimore was reinftated in his rights, and fully difco«
vered how well he deferved to be fo. He eftablillied a psrfert toleration
in all religious matters : the colony increa fed and flourillied, and dillen-
ters of all denoiniiiations, allured by\the profpc^l of gain, flocked into
Maryland. But the tyrannical government of James Ji. a^rain deprived
this noble family t>f their poflbffion, acquired by royal bounty, and im-
proved by much care and expencc.

At the Revolution, however, lord Baltimore was again reftored to all
the profits of the government, though not to the right of governing,
tvhich could not conlillently be conferred on a Roman catholic. B it af-
ter the lamily changed their religion, they obtained the power as well as
the inftrell. The governtncnt of this country exadlly refembled that in
Virginia, except that the governor was appointed by the proprietors, and
only confirmed by the crown. The government of Maryland is now
veiled ill a governor, fenue of 15, and houfe of delegates, all which are
fo be chol'en annuallv. The governor is to be elei'ifed by barfot, by the
fcn.iteaad houfe of delegates. All freemen abovs twenty-one years of

UNITED STATES op AMERICA.

813

age, having a frcchoLl of fifry acres, or property to the value of thirty
pounds, have a right of fulVra;jc in the clcL^tion of delegates, which i»
vii'a voce. All perfons appointed to any oiKce of proftt or trult, ate to
fubfcribc a declaration of their belief in the Chriftian refigion.

In 1782, a college was founded at Cheder town in this province, undec
the name of J'^ajfingieu College^ in honour of general Waihington.

'i.tf

VIRGINIA.

., [ Situation AND Extent. -.>

Miles. ' Degrees. Sq. M. :. -

Length 750 ) u„».„„„„ i 75 and 90 weft Ion. C ^
Breadth Wo \ ^"^"" { 38 and 40 north lat. { ^°»°°°

Boundaries.] T^OUNDED by the river Potowmac, ivhich dividet
X3 Jt fio>n Maryland, on the North-eaft ; by the At-
lantic ocean, on the Eaft ; by Carolina, on the South ; and the river Mif-
fifiippi, on the Weft.

It may be divided into four parts, viz. The North ; the Middle; the
South ; and the Eaftcrn diviiion. ,, \

Divlfions.

The north divifion
contains

The middle divillon
contains

1 1- "

Counties.

1. Northumberland

2. Lancafliirc —

3. VVeftmoreland —

4. Richmond —

5. Stafford — .
f 6. Eflcx — . — -)
'. 7. Middlefex

18. Gloucefter —

9. King and Queen co
. 10. King William CO.
^ II. New Kent
I 12. Elizabeth
I 13. Warwick ■ -J fi-.'V
! 14. York
L15. Princefs Anne

17. Nanfa round '

18. Ifteof Wight

19. Surry

■, . , J. .- ao. Prince George

The fouth dmfion ^ ^^ (,,,^^j„

■r>x

J; )-i

16. Norfolk

Pari (lies.
' Wincoinoca
Chrift Church

St. Paul's -

r Farnham
Chrift Church
Abingdon t

Stratton
j . St. John's ;

— "1 1 St. Peter's ,.!i:.
Elizabeth
Dcnby mm u*.
York ' ilr. r.
j I Lynhaven " <.* .

contains

22. Htn'-jco

23. Jaine* .'UKriii

■ ■, : :>vo;4. ""il '

hrurtiii ") p Elizabeth ivi<i
Chutakulc 'd i
Newport ^i■..^L■ ^
South wark M\
Wayanoke
J»<Wellover ,. v
j Bfiftol
j James Town
I Williamsburg
I 37-(2 N. lat. 76.
J (, 48. W. long.

The. eaftern diviiion r

between Chefapeak | 24. Acomac county
bav and the ocean C

,- _ C J Aco n

C^l'E^,

Si4 UNITED STATES or AMERICA.

Capes, bays, and rivers.] In falline to Vimnia or ManlaiuU
you paf* a llriiit between two points of land, called the Capes of Virgi-
nia, which opens a paHatjc into the bay of Chefapcak, one of the larj-rll
and fafcft in the whole world ; for it centers the country near 300 inika
from the fouth to the norih, is about it) miles broad for a confideniblc
wav, and fcvcn where it is the narrowcli, the waters in moll places bcin^'
nin'c fathoms deep. This bay, throiiyh its wht)lc extent, receives a vail
number of navijjablc rivers from the lidcs of both Maryland and Virj,'inia.
From the latter, bcfules others of Icfs note, it receives fames Kiver, York
Kivcr, the Rappahannock, and the Potowniac : thefc'arc not only navi-
gable for large Ihips into the heart of the country, but have fo many
crri.is, and icci-ivc fuch u num* cr of linaller navi^^able rivi-rj, that Vir-
ginia is u ithour nil m.inuer of doubt the country in the world «)f all othci 3
of the tv.oll conwnicut iiuvigatidn. It has bun obftrvcd, and the
obfcrvatioH u not ex.ij;i;»ratcd, that eveiy planter has a river at his
door.

Face ov tut rovs 1 iiv-l The whole face of this country is fo ex-
trimcly low towards ihefca, that you are very near the lliore before you
can difcover land from the mall-head. The lofty trcos, which cover the
fell, gradually rife as it were from the ocean, and aftord an enchantini;
profpcft. You travel 100 miles into the country, without mcetitig with
a hill, which is nothing uncommon on this extenflve coall of N'orth
America.

Air and climatu.] In fummer the heats are exceflivc, thou;»h
not without refrelhing bree7.cs from the fca. The weather is change-
able, and the changes fuddcn and violent. Their winter frofts come
on without the leall warning. To a warm day there fometimci fuc-
cecds fuch an intenfc cold in the evening, as to freeze over the largell
rivers.

The air and feafons here depend very much upon the wind, as to heat
and cold, drynefs and moiiUire. In winter they have a fine clear air,
and dry, which renders it very picafant. Their fpring is about a month
earlier than in England ; in .-^pril they have frecjuent rains ; in May and
June the heat incrcifcs ; and the fummer is much like ours, bciiig re-
frcflied with gcntU- breezes from the fea, that rife about nine o'clock, and
Ueci'cafc and mcreafe as tlic fun rifes or falls. In Jrily and Auguft thcfc
breezes ceafe, and the air becomes ftagnant, and violently hot ; in Septem-
ber the weather generally changes, when they have heavy and frequent
rains, which orcafmn all the train of difeafes incident to a moift climate,
particularly aguf s and intermitting fevers. They have frequent thundei-
and lightnmg, but it rarely docs any mifchief.

Soil. am'> rnonuv.. Towards thcfea-lhore and the banks of the
rivers, the foil of Virginia conlifts of a dark rich mould, which, witli-
out manure, returns plentifully whatever is committed to it. At a di-
llance from the water there is a lightnefs and fan^dinefs in the foil, which,
howcter, is of a generous miture^ and helped by a kindly fun, yields
corn and tobacco extremely well. ^ ,

From what has been tuiil of the foil and climate, it is eafy to infer the
▼ariety and perfei'lion of the vegetable productions of this cok. ury. Tlie
forells arc covered with all forts of lofty trees; and no undenvood or
brulhes grow beneath ; fothat people travel with eafe through the forefts
on horfcback, under a ilnfr diadc to defend them frj)in the fun ; the plains

. - . are

of tlie
I, with-

UNITED STATES op AMERICA, 815

■.\re enamelled with flowen and flowering fliriihi of the richcft colours and
moft trugrunt fcent. Silk >;row« fpontaneous in many pliici-g, the fibre* of
which arc u* ftrongashcmp. Medicinal htrbi and nnrts, particularly the
liiake-roor, iind the ginfcnjr ot the Chinclc, are here in great plenty.
There is no fort of grain hut mi^ht he cultivated to advantage. The iiil
habitants, however, ate fo cnnroHcd with the culture of the lohacco plant
that they think if corn fuflicieut Jor their fup|)oi t can be reared, they do
enough in this way. But flax and hemp are produced, nut only fur their
own confumjition, but for exportation, though not in fuch ([uantities at
might be cxpcded from the nature of the foil, adiniiably fitted for pro-
ducing this commodity.

An I MM. S.J Wc iliall hereolifcrve, that there were neither horfcs,cow»
lliccp, nor hoj^s in America, hffoic rhcy were carried there by the Eu-
ropeans ; but DOW they are muliiplicd fo extremely, that many of them
paititularly in Virginia, .lud the iouthrrn cohmies, run wild. iJefure the
war bctuevn (treat Britain and the colonies, l>CL-f and pork ivcre fold here
from one penny to twopence per pound ; their fattelt pullets, at fix ikucc
a-pitce ; thickens, at ihrci: or four fliillings a dozen ; gecfe at ten pence i
and turkL-ys, at eighteen pence a-picce. But fifli and wild fowl were ftill
cheaper in the fi-ahm, and deer were fold from five to ten (liillings a-piece«
'l"liis eltintiite inny ferve for the other American colonies, where provniont
Were tfju.dly plentiful and cheap, and in fome llill lower. Bcfides the
animals iranfported trcm I'.uropc, thofc natural to the country arc deer
of which there are grtat numbers, a fort of panther or tyger, bears, wolves.
foxes, and racoons. Heic is likewife that fingular animal, called the
oj)ofliim, which feems to be the wood rat mentioned by Cbarlcvuix, in his
hitlury ot Canada. It is about the fizc of a cat ; and l)efides the belly
common to it with other animals, it has another peculiar toitfclf, and which
hangs beneath the former. This belly has a large aperture, towards the
hinder legs, which difcovcra a large number of teats on the ufual parts of
the common belly. Upon thcfe, when the female of this creature con-
ceives, the young are formed, and there they hang like fruit upon the
ftalk, until they grow in bulk and weight to their appointed fize ; then
they dropoff, and arc received into the tV.lfc belly, from which they go out
at plcafure, and in which they take refuge when any danger threaten*
them. In Virginia there arc all forts of taipc and wild fowl. They have
the nightingale, whofe plumage is crimfon and blue ; the mocking bird,
thought to excel all others in his own norc, and including that ot every
the humming bird, the fm;»llcft of all the winged creation, and

one

by far the moft beautiful, all arrayed in fcarlcr, green, and g(,Id. It
fip? the dew from the flowers, which is all its nourifliment, and is t(;o deli-
cate to be brought alive into England,

History, government, popula* 1 This is the firft country which
TION, TOWNS, AND coMinERCE. J the EngHfli planted in America.
Wc derived our rif'hr, not onW to this, byit to all our other fcttlemcnts,
as has been already obfcrvcd, from the difcovcfy of Sebnftian Cabor, who,
in tijg7, firft made the northern continent of America, in the fervice of
Henry VII. of England No attemprs, however, wrre mn;ie to ferrle ic
till the reign of queen EHz-beth. It was then that fir Walter Raleigh
applied to court, and got together a company, which was compoicd ui
fevAfal jTf rfons of diftindior, atid fevcral eminent merchants, who agreed
to open a trade, and fettle a colony, in that part of the world, -.vnich, in

i Kunour

8i6

UNITED STATES of AMERICA.

honour of queen Elizabeth, he called Virginia. Towards theclofe of the
fixteenth century, feveral attempts were made for fettling this colony, be-
fore any proved fuccefsful. The three firft companies who failed into Vir-
ginia, periftied through hunger and difeafes.or were cut off by the Indians.
The fourth was reduced to almoft the fame fituation ; and, being dwindled
to a feeble remainder, had fet fail for England, in defpair of living in
fuch an uncultivated country, inhabited by fuch hoftile and warlike fa-
vages. But in the mouth of Chtfapeak bay, they were met by lord De-
lawar, with a fquadron loaded with provilions, and every thing ne-
ceiTary for iheir relief and defence. At his perfuiilion they returned; by
his advice, prudence, add winning behaviour, the government of the
colony was fettled within iifcif, and put on a refpedtable footing with re-
gard to its enemies. This npbleman, who had accepted the government of
the unpromifing province of Virginia from the nobleft motives, was cum-
•elled, by the decayed Hate of his health, to return into England. He
[eft behind him, however, his fon, as deputy ; with fir Thomas Gates, lir
George Summers, the honourable George Piercy, and Mr. Newport, for
bis council. By them, James Town, the firll town built by the Engliih
in the New World, was eredted. 'f he colony continued to flourifli, and
the true fources of its wealth began to be difcovered and improved. The
jirft fettlifers, like thofc of Maryl.md, were generally pe rfons of confidera-
tion and diiHn<^tion. It remained a Aeitdy ally to the royal party during
the troubles of Great Britain. Many of the cavaliers, in danger at
home, took refuge here ; and under the government of fir William Berke.
leyi held out for the crown, until the parliament, rather by ilratagem
than force, reduced them. After the Rertoration, there is nothing very
interefling in the hillory of this province. Soon after this time, a young
gentleman, named Bacon, a lawyer, availing himfclf of fome difcontents in
the colony, on account of rellraints on trade, became very popular, and
fet every thing in confuiion. His natural death, however, redored peace
and unanimity; and the inhabitants of Virginia ceafed to dellroy them-
fclves.

The government of this province, as fettled in convention at V/illiamf-
burg, July 5, 1776, is verted in a governor, fcnate of 24, and houfc of
delegates, all ot whom are chofen annually. But a privy council, or
council of flate, confiding of eight members, is alfo to be chofen by the
joint ballot of the fcnate and houfc of delegate«, to allift in the adminiflra-
tion of government.

The inhabitants of Virginia are efiimated at 400,000; a cheerful, hof-
pitable, and in general a genteel fort oi people ; fome of them are accufed
of vanity and ofientation ; which accufation is not without fome ground.
Here are only two towns which deferve that name; the largeft of which,
and the capital of the province, is Williamfturg, containing about fixty
houfcs, and fome fpacious public buildings. It is about 40 miles from
the mouth of James's River, and feven from James Town, which was foi-
merly the capital, and which contains many taverns and public houfes,
for the entertainment of mariners.

In the following account of the commerce of Virginia, is alfo included
that of Maryland. Thcfe provinces were fuppofed to export, of tobacco
alone, to the annual value of 768,000!. into Great Britain. This, at
tight pounds per bogfliead, makes the number of hogflicads amount to
96,000. Of thefc, it is computed, that about 13,500 hoglhcads were

confumed

lofe of the
olony, bc-
I intoVir-
le Indians.
; dwindled
p living in
/sirlike la-
Y lord De-
thing ne-
urned: by
:nt of the
g with le-
ernment of
, was com-
;land. He
Gates, lir
:wport, for
;he Englilh
mrifli, and
>ved. The
F confidera-
arty during
I danger at
[iam Berke>
y flratagein
>thing very
ie, a young
fcontents in
opular, and
(lored peace
tlroy them-

V/illianif-
nd houfe of
council, or
ofen by the

adminiflra-

ecrful, hof-
are accufcd

me ground.

": of which,
about fixty
miles from

lichwas foi-

blic houfes,

Ifo included
of tobacco
|i. This, at
amount to
[Ihcads wcie
confumed

UNITED STATES of AMERICA.

8.7

confumed at home, the duty on which, at 26I. is. per hogfliead, came
to S^lt^/sl* the remaining 82,;co hogdieads, were exported by oufiiner-
chantt to the other countries of Europe, and their value returned to Great
Britain. The advantages of this trade appear by (he bare mention of it.
It may not be improper to add, that this lingle branch employed 330 (ail
of fliips, and 796c fenmen. Not only our wealth therefore, but the very
linews of our natio.ial ftrength, were powet fully braced by it. Theo^her
commodities of thefe colonies, of which naval iiores, wheat, Indian corn,
iron in pigs and bars, are the mod confiderable, made the whole cxporta-*
tion, at an average of three years, amount to 1,04.0,000!. The exports
of Great Britain, the fame as to our other colonics, at a like average, came
10865,0001.

Here is a college, founded by king William, called Willi m and Mary
college, who gave 2000!. towards it, and 20,000 acres of lan^i^ wirh power
to purchafe and hold lands to the value of 2000I. a year, an(i a duty of
one penny per pound, on all tobacco exponed to the other planr:itions.
There is a preiident, fix profeflbrs, and other officers, who are named by
the governors or vifiiors. The honourable Mr. Boyle made a very large
donation to the college for the education of Indian children.

NORTH AND SOUTH C AROLI N A, with

GEORGIA.

Situation AND Extent.

Miles. Degrees. Sq. Miles*

BouNDARiE8.]r>CUN!)ED by Virginia on the North; by the At-
Jl tantic Ocean, on the Eafl ; by the river St. John,
which feparates Georgia from Florida, on the South ; and by the Miffi«
fippi, on the We(l.

Divifions. Counties.

„ . /-, 1- f Albemarle — *)

North Carolina^ <:o]^') Bath, and Clarendon [
tains the counties of ^ in part

rClarendoninpart
j Craven
The middle divifion, or 1 Berkley
South Carolina, con-'< Colleton
tains the counties

Towns. ,

£denton
Wilmington

'St. Tames
Chrift-Church

:on-^
>o£ I

The South Divifion
opntains only —

(.Granville
Georgi* •—

1
I

y^ CtfARLES-TOWNjW*

II Ion. 79-ia. N« lat*

J tPort-Royal.

Savannah, N. lar«
31-55. W. long*
► J 8o-ao. /'

Frederica
^Ptfriiburgh.

RiVE&S.J

-f

8i8

UNITED STATES of AMERICA.

Rivers.] Thefe arc the Roanoke, or Albemarle river; Pamticof
Ncu« ; Cape Fear, or Clarendon river ; Peiiee ; Santce ; Savannah ; x\U
atamaha, or George River ; and St. Mary's, which divides Georgia from
Florida: all which rivers rile in the Apalachian mountains, and running
caft, fall into the Atlantic ocean. The back parts are watered by the Che»
rokces, Yalbiis, Mobile, ^palachicola, the Pearl river, and many other
noble flrcanis which fall into the MiiniTippi, or the gulf of Mexico.

Seas, bays, and capbs.] The only Tea borderinpf on this country
is that of the Atlantic Ocean ; which is lb mallow neur the coad, that a (hip
of any great burden cannot approach it, except in fonie few places. There
has not yet been found one good harbour in North Carolir.;: ; the bed are
thofe of Roanoke, at the mouth ot Albc-inarlt' River, and Pamtico. lii
South Carolina, there are the harbours of Winyaw, or George-Town,
Charles-Town, and Port Royal. In Georgia, the mouths of the rivers
Savannah nnd Alatamaha form good harbours.

The moft remarkable promontories are, Cape H;itteras, in 35 dcg.
odd minutes north lat. Cape Fear to the fouth of it, and Cape Carteret
ilill farther fouth.

Climate and air.] There is not any confiderable difference be-
tween the climate of thele countries. In general it agrees with that of
Virginia ; but where they difter, it is much to the adviintage of Carolina.
The fummcrs, indttd, are of a more intcnfc heat than in Virginia, but
the winters are miUler and llioi tcr. The climate of Carolina, like all Ame-
rican weather, is fubjefl to fudden tranfitions troin heat to cold, and from
cold to heat ; but not to fuch violent extremities as Virginia. The win-
ters are fcldom fcvere enough to freeze any confulerablc water, aft'etfling
only the mornings and evenings ; the froils have never fuflicicnt (Irength
to refill: the noon-day fun ; lb that many tender plants, which do not Ihmd
the winter of Virginia, tlouriih in Carolina, for they have oranges iu
great plenty near Charks-Tovvn, and excellent in their kinds, boih fwett
viiid four.

Soil, produce, and face) In this refpcdt, too, there is aconfi-
01' THH C0U4NTRV. 5 dtrable coincidence between thefe coun-

tries and Virginia ; the Curolinas, however, in the fertility of natuic,
have the advantage ; but Georgia hath not fo good a foil as the other
provinces. The whole country is in a manner one forcft, where our
j)V:imev5 have not denied it. The trees are alinoft the fame in every ref-
peil with thoff produced in Virginia; and by the different fpecics of
tliell, the (jnality of the foil is ealily known. The land in Carolina is
Ciiiilv cleared, as there is little or no underwood, and the forells moflly
conliti of tall ticca at a conluleriiMe tJillance. Thofe grounds wlii. h bear
the oak, the walnut, umi the hickory, are extremely feriiic ; tliey are of
a dark fand intei mixed with loam; and as all their land abounds with
nitre, it is a long time betoie it is t- xhaulled ; for here they never ufe any
manure. The pine barren is the worft of all ; this is an almoft pcrfctlly
vhite find ; yet it bears the pine-tree, and foine other ul'eful plants, na-
turally yielding good profit in pitch, tar, and turpentine. When this
Ipccies of land is cleared, for two or three years together it produces very
good crops of Indian corn and peafe ; and, when it lies low, and is flood-
«d, it even anfwers for rice. But what is moft fortunate for this province
is, that this worft part bf its land is favourable to a fpecies of tiic moll
valuable of all its products, to one of the kinds of indigo. The low

lich, fwampy grounds bear their great ftaple, rice.

The country near
the

•amtico f
ah ; i»l*
gia from

running
the Che-
ny other
ico.

country
hat a (hip
. Tlicre
e beft arc
itico. Ill
je-Town,
the rivers

I ;?5 deg.
B Carteret

;rencc be-
h that of

Carolinii.
ginia, but
,e all Ame-
, and from

The win-
•, aftedini;
It ftren<jth
o not iland
)ranges in
poih fwcit

is a confi-
lelecoiin-
ot natiiic,
the other
where our
every ref-

fpecics of
Carolina is
efts moftly
vb»« h bear
licy are of
ounds with
ver ufi' any
ft perfciitly
plants, na-
When this
duces very
id is flood,
is province
f the moll

The lo\\\
untry near
the

UNITED STATES of AMERICA. 819'

thcrfta is much the worft, in many parts little better than an unhealthy
fait marfli ; for Carolina is all an even plain for 80 miles from the fca, nbt
a hill, not a rock, nor fcarcely even a pebble to be met with. But ihc
country, as you advance in if, improves continually; and at 100 miles
diftance from Charl(;s-Town, where it begins to grow hilly, the foil is of
a prodigious fertility, fitted for every purpofe of human lite ; nor can
any thing be imaginrd more pleailint to the eye than the variegated dil-
polition of this back country. Here the air is pure and wholcfome,
and the funnner heat much more temperate than in the flat fandy
coaft.

In Carolina, the vegetation of every kind of plant is incredibly qiiickv
The climate and foil have iomething in them lo kindly, tiiar t!ie latter,
when left to itfelf, naturally throws out an immcnfe quantity of flowcis
and flowering fhrubs. All the European pLnts arrive at perfciiion here
beyond that in which their native country affords them. With proper
Culture and encouragement, filk, wine, and oil, might be produced in
thcfe colonies : of the lirft we have feen famples cnual to what is brought
to us from Italy. Wheat grows extremely well in the back parts, and'
yields a prodigious increafe.

I'rom what* we have obfcrvcd of thefft valuable provinces, their pru-
ducTions appear to be, vines, wheat, rice, Indian corn, barley, oats,
pcafe, beans, heivi flax, cotton, tobacco, indigo, olives, orange, citron,
cyprefs, i'lHatra!., «. . >a .Inut, caifia, and pine trees ; white mulbcrry-
11 CCS for (ceding !■ v-v .iis; farfapaiilla, and pines which yield turpen-
tine, retin, tar, anu jnici). There is a kind of tree from which runs an oil
of extraordinary virtue for curing 'vi'y.'nds, and another, which yields a
balm thouidit to Ue litile inferior to that of Mecca. Theti* arc other treea
bclide thele that }i(Kl jnims. 'I'lic Carolinas produce prodigious quan-
tities of honey, of whitli they make o;<ccllent f|'iiits, and mead as good as
INlalaga Ink. Of all ihcfe the three great ihpic commodities at prefenC
arc, the indigo, riec, and the produce of the pine. Nothing furprifcs an
Furopcaii more at lirft light than the lize of the trees here, as well as in
Virginia and other American couutius. Their trunks are often from 50
to 70 fctt hitiih, without a brapeh or limb ; and frequently above 36 ftet
in I ircumfcrence. Of thefc trunks when halloaed, the people of Charles-
Town as well as the Indians m.ikc (amies, which lerve to tranfport provi-
lions and 01 her i^oods from place to plaee ; and fomcof ihcm are in large,
that fhcy will cairy 30 or ,^o Itanelb of pitch, though formed of one piece
of limber. Of thcle an: likevvilc made curious pleafure boats.

Animals.] The orii;inal animals of this country do not diflfcr much
from thole of Vir;.;inia; but in Carolina they have a ftill greater variety
of beautiful fowls. All the animals of Europe arc here in plenty ; black
cattle arc multiplied prodigioully : to have 2 or 300 cows is vt ry conimon,
but fome have 1000 or upwards. Thcfe ramble all day at pleafure in the
forefts ; but their calves being fcparated and kept in fenced pallures, the
cows return every evening to them. The hogs muge in the fame man-
ner, and return like the cows ; ihefe are very nunierous, and many run
quite wild, as well a3 horned cattle and horiea, in the woods. It is lur-
priling that the cattle lliould have increafcd fo quickly fince their being
lirll inqxvrted from Europe, while rhcie are I'uch numbers of wobes, tv-
gers, and panther?, conftar.tly ranging the woods and torells. We have
alrtady obfervtd that tbcfe animals arc lefs ravenous tlum the bcafts of

5 G 2 Africa

920

UNITED SrATES of AMERICA.

Africa and Afi 3 ; they very fcldoin uttcmpt to kill either calves or foalt
in America, and when ntta'cked, their daint make a vigorous defence.

History, GovERNMiiNr, roi-ui-ArioN, \ The firft Englifli expe-
cHXtv TOWNS, AND coAfMEKcE. J ditioHs iMto Caiolina were

unfortunate. Nothing fuccel'sful was done in thin way till the year 1663,
in the iei^,n of Chitrlcs II. At that time fcveral EngliHi noblemen, and
others nfgicut diilintftion, obtained a charter from the crown, inveliing
them with the ryroper'y and jiiiifi'iction of this country. They parcelled
out the Ivtnds (o ftuh IS were willing 10 go over into the new leitlemcnt^
and to fubniir to a iy'teni ot l.<ws, which they employed the famous Locke
to comp'-(c for them.

The)r bcgim theii firft ferilemcnt at a pviint of land towards the fouth-
ward of their dilhii'.', bft\veen two navigable rivers. Here they laid the
foundation of a city, ciiHcd Charlcs-Tuwn, which was defigned to be, what
h now is, the capital of the province. In time, however, thcdifputcs be-
tween the church of En^laidnvjn and dillenicrs caul'ed a total conl'ulion in
the colony. This was nvidercd l>jil more ii.colcrable by the incurlions of
the Indians, whom thty had irritated by their infolence and injuflice. In
order to prevent the fai:il confequencc^s of thcfe intcOine diviliuns and
r^i'-'^ij^n wars, an adt of parliament was pniU'd, which put this colony under
the iiTimediate protection of the croWn. The lords proprietors accepted a
recomiK-nce of about 24,000). for both tl»e property and jurifdit^tion ;
and the confiitutiot) of this colony, in thofe rcfped^s in which it differed
from tilt royal coloni'^K, was ulteied. Eurl Granvil'e, how. er, thought
fit to retail! his fcvcnth (liarc, which continued in the ;)ofl<:(fion of his family.
Fur the inore convenient adnunii'ir.ttion ot' affairs, too, Carolina was di-
vided into two diftrit^s, and two governments. This li;t|)pened in 1728,
and from that time, peace being tciloved in the internal government, as
well as with the Chcrokees and other ln(li.tn tiibcs, thefe provinces began
tu breathe ; and their trade advanced with wonderful rapidity.

The fettlemcnt of Georgia was projected in 1732, when (everal puhlic-
fpiritcd noblemen and others, from coinp.ifTion to the poor of thefe king-
doms, fubfcribcd a confiderable funi, which, with io,oool. from the go-
■vcrnmcnt, was given to provide in neceilaries fuch poer perfons as were
willing to tranlpurt themfelvcs into ;his province, and to fubmit to the re-
gulations impoied on them. In proccfs of time, new fums were raifed,
and new inhabitants fent over. Before the year 1752, upwards of icoo
perfons were fettled in this province. It was not, however, to be expefted,
that the inhabitants of Georgia, removed as they were at a great diOance
from their bencfaftcri, and from the check and control of thofe who had
a natural influence jvcr them, would fubmit to the magillrates appointed
to govern them. Many ot the regulations, too, by which they were
bound, were very improper in rhcmldves, and deprived the Georgians of
privileges which their neighbours enjoyed, and which, as they increafed
m numbers and opulence, they thought it hard they iliould be deprived
of. From thefe corrupt fourccs arofc all the bad humours which tore
to pieces fhis conftitution of government. Diflitnlions of all kinds fprung
up» and the colony was on the brink of dci^ru6iion, when, in 1752, the
government took it under their immediate care, removed their particu-
kr grievances, and placed Georgia on the fame footing with the Carolinas.
The method of fettling in Carolina, and indeed in other provinces nf
Britiih America, was to pitch upon a void fpace of ground, and either to
purchafc i° at the rate of zol. for 1000 acres, and one (hilling quit-rent

for

-w

res or foal*
;fencc>
rlifl) expe>
ulina were
year 1663,
ctnen, and
, inveiling
)' parcelled
lettlemciir,
lous Locke

the fouth-
:y laid the
to be, what
lifputes bc-
uut'ulion in
curfions of
udice. In
irifiuns and
ilony under
accepted a
irifdif^tion ;
) it d:ff«:red
;r> thought
' his family,
ina was di-
:d in 1728,
rnment, as
nces began

;ral puhlic-
thefe king,
jm the go-
>n8 as were
ic to the rc-
ifcre railed,
U of I coo
ic expeflcd,
rat didance
e who had
i uppuinted

they were
eorgians of
y increafed
>e deprived
which tore
nds fprung

1752, the
eir panicu-
: Carolinas.
rovinces of
d cither to
g quit-rent
for

UNITED STATES op AMERICA. 821

for every 100 acres ; or otherwifc, to pay a penny an acre quit-rent year,
ly to the proprietors, without purchafe- money. I'hc people of Carolioii
live in the famceafy, plentiful, and luxurious manner with the Virginianii'
already dcfcribed. Poverty is here almoil an entire (Irangcr ; and the
planters sire the nioft hofpitablc |ieuple that are to be met with ro all (Iran*
gers, and efpcciaily ro fi rh as by accident or misfortune are rendered inca*
pahic of providing for thcmfelveg.

The only town in either of the Carolinas worthy of notice is Charlci<
Town, the metropolis, of South Caruliiia, which fur lize, beauty, and
trade, may he confidcrcd at one of the firlt in Britilh America. It is ad«
mirably fltuated at the confluence of two n.ivigabic rivers, one of which
is navigable for fliips 20 miles above the town, and for boats and large
canoes near 40. The harbour is good in every refpeft, but that of a bar,
which hinders veflch of more iN:n 200 tuns burthi-n, lo<ided, from enter-
ing. The town is regularly aiid pretty ftioiigly fortified by nature and
art ; the ftrcets arc well cut ; the houfes are large and well built ; fome
of ihem arc of brick, and others <<f wood, but all of thcin handfomc and
elegant, and rent is extremely h.gh. The (Irccts are wide and (Iraight,
intcrfcding each other at ri){ht angles ; thofe running eail and weA extend
about a mile from one river to the other. It contains abnVit 100^ houfei),
and was the featof the governor, and thf plat-c of meeting of the alTembly.,
Its ncighbourho<Jt^is beai'tiful bey<;nd dr fci iption. Several handfomc equi-
pages are kept here. Tlie planters and merchants are rith and well brec' ;
and before the war between Great Britain and the colonics, the ^leople
were (hewy and cxpenlr ; in their drefs and way of living ; fo that every
thing confpired to make this) by mucli the livelieft, the lovelieft, and po«
liteft pltce, as it is one of the richeft too, in all Anicrica. It ought alfo
to be c!>fcrved, tor the honour of ihc people ot C.ir')lina, that when, \h
common with the other colonics, they rcl'olvcd a^iiinll the ufe of certain
luxtn'ie<, and even nci.efl';iiics of life; thole articles which improve the
mind, enlarge the underliandini,', and correct the tafte were excepted:
the importation of books w.s pi mi tied as formerly.

North and South-Carolina joined with tho other colonies in their revolt
againft Britain ; and in i '80, Chailcs Town bcin^ bcfiL'^ed by the king's
troops, furrendercd on capitulation, with 600 > mtn in arms prilbners, on
the 1 2th of May in that year, yfier the fiegc had continued leveh
weeks.

As South Carolina has met with infinitely more attention than the other
provinces, the commerce of this country alouc employed (40 ihips, while
that ot the other two did not employ 60. Its exports to Great Britain
of native commodities, on an average of three yeais, amounted to more
than 39;,ocol. annual value; and its imports to 305,^001. The exports
of North-Carolina were cornputed at about 70,0001. and its imports at
1 8,000 1. The trade of Georgia is likewifc in its infancy; the exports
amounted to little more than 74,000!. and the imports to 49,000!.

The trade between Carolina and tlic Weil indies was the fame in all
refpefts wi^'^ that of the reft of the colonies, and was very large ; their
♦radc with the Indians was in a very flourilhing condition ; and they fo -
rnerly carried Englifh goods on pack-horfcs ^ or fco6 miles info the coun-
try weft of Charles-Tov'n,

The mouths of the Rivers in North Carolina form but ordinary har-
bours, and do not admit, except one at Cape Fear, veflels about 70 or
80 tons. This layg a weight upon their trade, by the expcncc of lighter.

3 G 3 age.

S22

WEST INDIES.

ajjc. Eilenton 1b the capit.il of Norrh Carolina, but little more tiiati fi
tnriiim' village ; they were lately projeiititig ;i town further louili, which
woiilu be iiiuie cciitrital.

Gcor};ia has two tnwns already known in trade. Savannah, the capitaf,
is coinniodioiilly lituatcil for an inlaiul anil foreign tradf, about ten milcg
from the Tea, upon a noble; river ol the f.iine name, wiiich is navigable foi*
200 milts fai liter for l.iij;e boats, to the leconil town, called /iuguUa,
which Hands in a country of the L'lcaiell fertility, and carries on acon-
fulciahlc traiic with t'lc Indians, rroni ilie toivn of S.ivarnah you fee the
whole courfe of tlic river towards tlic lea; and on tiic other hand, you
fee the liver for about 60 miles up into the country, Ilcie the Rev.
Mr. George Wliitfield (who ufed to crofs the Atlantic every other year)
founded an orphan-houfc, which is now amverted 10 a very ditt'crtni ufe,
into a college for the education of youiig nun defigned chiefly for the
luinillry. l>y a late eliiniate ol ihiir population, the number of inhabit-
ants in North Carolina is joo,ooo; in South Carolina 170,000 j and ia
Georgia ahout 25,080.

In Oi'iobcr, 1779, the town of Savannah being in pofeflHon of the king's
troops, was bclieged by 80.0 of the American and Fiench troops in con-
jundion ; but they were both bravely ri pulfed by the king's troops, with
a great llaughtcr of the Vrench and Aimvicans. But Savannah, as well
sts Charles Town, were afterwards evacuated by the king's troops, and re-
Jh)vfd to the AnuMicans.

The government of North^Camlina is now vcfted in a governor, fe-
liatc, and lioufe of commons, all elei'ted annually ; the executive power is
n governor and fevcn counfcliots ; of South C;uolina, in a governor, fe-
june of 2^1 and a houfe of reprefentafives of 202 members : and that of
Ge<)r{',i:i in a governor, executive council of 12, and houfc of allembly of
72 reprelentativcs. % ,

; WEST INDIES.; .

!^T7E have already obftivcd, that between the two continents of
VV Atnerica lie a multitude of ifiands, which wctall the Well In-
diff, and which, fuch as are worth cultivation, now belonu to five Eu-
ropean powers, as Great Btirain, Spain, France, Holland, and Denmark.
As the climate and feafons of thefe illands ditlVr widily from what we can
form any idea of, by what we perceive at homo, we (hall, to avoid repe-
titions, fpeak ot them in general, as well as fome other panic ' i^ that
are peculiar to the Weft-Indies.

The climate in all our Weft India iflands is nearly the fame, allowing
for thole accidental difteiences which the fevcial lituaiions and ijualitics of
the lands thcmfelves produce. As they lie within the tiopics, and that the
fun goes quite over their heads, j)aUing beyond them to the north, and
never returning farther liXini any of them than about 30 degrees to the
fouth, they are continually fubjec^ed to the exticme of an hear, which
would be intolciable, if the trade wind, liling gradually as the fun gathers
iirength, did not blow in upon them from the fea, and refrefh the air in
fuch a manner, as to enable them to attend their concerns even under the
meridian fun. On ihc other hand, as the night advance^, a breeze begins

ore tiiati fi
nil, whieli

the capital,
t tin inilci
ivigiiblc for
1 Augulla,
s on u con-
you ice the
haiul, you
B the Rev.
thcr year)
Hcrtnt ufc,
fly for the
of inhabit-
>o ; und iu

the king's
ups in cun-
"oops, with
ah, as well
ps, and re-

vernor, fe-
n p«)wer is
>vernor, I'c-
iiul thut of
ullcnibly of

s. :" ,.

Jtincnts of
[^ Weil In-
to five jiu-
l Denmark,
hat we can
avoid repe-
CiJ :- that

c, allowing
qualities qF
nd that the
north, and
ecs to the
icar, which
fun gathers
the air in
n under the
eeze begins
t(»

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WEST INDIES.

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to be perceived, which blows fmartly from the land, as it were from the
centre, towards the lea, to all points of the compafs at once.

By the fame remarkable Proviijcnce in the difpoling of things, it is,
that when the fun has made a great progrcfs towards the tropic of Cancer,
and becomes in a manner vertical, he draws after him fach a vnll body of
clouds, as fliield them from his direct beams ; and dilfolving into rain,
cool the air, and refrefli the country, thinly with the long drought, which
commonly reigns from the beginning of January to the latter end of
May.

The rains in the Wed Indies (and we may add iu the Ead Indies) are
by no means fo moderate as with us. Our heuviell ruins are but dews
comparatively. They arc rather floods of water, poured from the clouds
with a prodigious impetuofity ; the rivers rife in a moment ; new rivers
and lakes are formed, and in a Ihort time, ail the low country is under
water*. Hence it is the rivers which have their fource within the tro-
pics, fkvell and overflow tlu-ir banks at a certain feafop : but fo miftaken
w«rc the ancients in their idea of the torrid zone, that they imagined it to
be dried and fcorched up with a continual and fervent heat, and to be fur
that reafon uninhabitable; when, in reality, fome of the large?- rivers of
the world have their courl'e within its limits, and the inoiflme is one of
the ({rcatell iiiconveniencies of the climate in feveral pluces.

The rains make the only di(lin£tion of feaions in the Wcfl Indies ; the
trees are green the whole year round; they have no cold, no frorts, no
fnows, and but rarely fome hail ; the florms of hail are, however, very
violent when they happen, and the hailQones very great and heavy.—
Whether it be owing to this moiflure, which alone does not feem to be a
fuflicient caufe, or to a greater quantity of a fulphurcous acid, which pre-
dominates in the air of this country, metals of all kinds, that aie fubjefi:
to the adion of fuch caufes, raH and canker in a very (hort time; and
this caufe, perhaps as much as the heat itfelf, contributes to make the
climate of the Weft Indies unfriendly and unpleafant to an European con<
iliiution.

It is in the rainy feafon (principally in the month of Augufl, more
rarely in July and September) that they arc alfaulted by hurricanes ; the
muft terrible calamity to which they are fubjc£t (as well as the people in
the Eail: Indies) from the climate ; this deilroys, at a flrolce, the labours
of many years, and proftrates the moft exalted hopes of the planter, and
often juft at the moment when he thinks himfelf out of the reach of for-
tune. It is a fudden and violent florm of wind, rain, thunder, and
lightning, attended with a furious fwelling of the feas, and fometimei
with an earthquake ; in fliort, with every circumftance, which the ele-
ments can aflTemble, that is terrible and deftruftivc. Firfl, they fee as the
prelude to the enfuing havock, whole fields of fugar-canes whirled into
the air, and fcattered over the face of the country. The ftrongeft trees
of the foicrt are torn up by the roots, and driven about like ftubble ; their
windmills are fwept away in a moment ; their utcnlils, the fixtures, the
ponderous copper boilers, and ftills of feveral hundred weight, are wrenched
from the ground, and battered to pieces ; their houfes are no prolcftion ;
the roofs are torn off at one blaft ; whilft the rain, which in an hourrifes
five feet, ruflics in upon them with an irrefiftible violence.

. ; •■ X tn-- . I • See Wafer's Touruey acrof* the Ifthtnus of DiiistU

' • 3 G 4

The

8i4

WEST INDIES.

The hurrictne comes on eithvr in the quartcri, or at tlic full change
of the moon. If it comei at the full moon, obferve thefe Ci^^nu Thm
day you will fee the Iky very turbulent; you will obferve the fun more
red thiin at other timei ; you will uerccive a dead calm, and the hilli clear
of ail ihofe cloudi and mifis which ufually hover about them. In the
clefts of the earth, and in the wellt, you hear a hollow rumbling foundt
likr I he ruthin^ of a great wind. At night the ilar* fcem much larger
than ufual, and furroumlcd with a fort ot burs ; the north«weft flcy has a
bltck atui menacing look ; the fea emits a llrong finell, and rifcs into vail
wavis «>ftcti without auy wind) the wind itfelf now forfakei its ufuiil
Head) <.At>er\y l^ream, and Oiiftt about to the weft; from whence it foine»
times hlows with irteimilTions violently and irrcgulurly tor about two
htnirs at a titm. The moon herfelf is furroundcd with a great bur, and
fomeiimes the fun has the f»me appearance. Thefc are 6gns which the
Indians of tliefe illands taught our planters, by which they can prognofti«
cate the approach of nn hurricane.

The grand ftaple commodity of the Weft Indies is fugtr ; the com*
modity was not at all known to the Greeks and Romans, though it was
n>ade in Chinu in very early times, from whence we had the firft ktwir*
ledge of it ; but the Portuguefe were the firft who cultivated it in Ame-
rica, and^ brought it into requcft, as one of the materials of a very uni*
verfltl luktllfjyti Europe. It is not fettled whether the cane, from which
this fubftancelt^xtn^ted be a native of America, or brought (hither to
their colony of Brtzil, by the Portuguefe, from India and the coaftof
Africa ; bur, however that matter may be, in the beginning they made
the moft, as they ftill do the beft fugars which come to market in this
ptrt of the worla. The juice within the fugar-canc is the moft lively, '
elegant, and leaft cloying fweet in nature; and which, fucked raiv, hat
proved extremely nutritive snd wholefome. From the raolaflcs rum is dif.
tilled, and from the fcummings of the fugar a meaner fpirit is procured.
Ham finds its market in North America, where it is coniumed by the in>
habitants, or employed in the African trade, or diftributed from thence
to the fiihery of Newfoundland, and other parts ; beftdes what comes
to Great Britain atid Ireland. However, si very great quantity of mo«
laffes is taken off raw, and carried to New England to be dilUlled there.
The tops of the canes, and the leaves which grow upon the joints, make
very good provei)der for their cattle, and the refufe of the cane, after
erinding, ferves for fire ; fo that no part of this excellent plant is without
Its ufe.

They compute that, when things are well managed, the rum and mo«
laiTes pay the charges of the plantation, and the fugars are clear g^in.
HowjBver, by the particuhirs we have feen, and by others which we may
eafily imagine, the expences of a plantation in the Weft-Jndies are very
greats and the profits at the firft view precarious ; for the chargeable ar.
tides of the windmill, the boiling, cooling, and diftilling houfcs, and the
buying atid fubfifting a fuitabic number of flaves and cattle, will not fuffer
aby mun to begin a fugar plantation of any confequeucc, not to mention
the pafchai<i ot the land, which is very high, under a capital of at leaft
joeoh Neither is the life of a planter, if he means to acquire a fortune,
a life of idlenefs and luxury; at all times he muft keep a watchful eye
vpoa his overfeers, and even overfee himfelf occafionally. But at the
boiling feafon, if he is properly attentive to his affairs, no way of life
({IA J>P tnore UWtlous^ and ni»rt daogeroui to the heakh ; from a con-

itai^t

WEST INDIES.

825

full changt
i(nt. ThMt
le fun more
lehiUi clear
n. In the
ling foundt
luch larger
i iky hat s
ct into raft
t its ufiutl
ice it foffle>
about iwo
It bur, and
wbtch the
prognodi*

; the com*
ugh it was
lirfl knoNT.
It in Ame>
very oni-
om which
thither to
ie coaft of
hey made
et in thia
oft liTely,
I rair, haa
um it dif.
procured.
>y the in-
tm thence
lat comet
:y of mo-
ed there,
its, make
ine, after
B without

and mo>
car gain.
I we mny
are very
:able ar.

and the
not fuffer
mention

at leaft
fortune,
iful eye
t at the
r of life
a a con>
ftai>C

Aant attendance day and night, in the extreme united heati of the cli-
mate, and fo many fiery fumacei ; add to ihii, the lulFet by hurricanet,
earthquakcfl, and bad feafuns ; and then confider uhen the funn arc in
the cafli, that he quits the hazard of n planter, to engage in the hasarda
of a merchant, and fliipt hit produce at his own rilk. Thefe confidcra-
tiona might make one believe, that it could never anlWer to engage in this
bufincft ; but, notwithftamling all titis, there are no p^rti of the world, ia
which great cllatra are maJe in fo Ihort a time, from the produce of ihtt
earth, as the Weft Indies. The produce of a few good feafona generally
provides aeainft the ill effects ot the wnrlt, at the planter it fure of •
fpeedy and profitable market for his produce, which has a readier fale than
perh ips any other commodity in the wurld.

Large planiationt are generally under the care of a manager, or chief
overfeer, who has commonly a falary of i$ol. a year, with overfeert ub>
der him in proportion to the grearnels of the plantation ; one to about 39
negroes, and at the rate of about 40I. Such plantations too have a fur*
geon at a fixed falary, employed tu take care of the negroet which belonr
to it. But the courfc which it the leaft troublefome 10 the owner of the
cftate is, to let the land, with all the workt, and the (lock of cattle and
Haves, to a tenant, who gives fecuriiy for the payment of the rent, and
the keeping up repairs and llock. The e(hte is generally eftimated to fuch
A tenant at half the neat produce of the belt years ; fuch tenants, if induf*
triout and fragal men, foon make good rftatra for themfelves.

The nt-groes in the plantations are fubfiHed at a very eaty rate. Thia
is generally by allotting to each family of ihem a fmall portion of land,
and allowing them two days in the week, S<iturdHy and Sunday, to culti-
vate it : fome are fubiiftcd in this manner, but others find their negroet •
certain portion of Guinea and Indian corn, and to fome a fait hernng, or
a fmall portion of bacon or 'fHlt pork a day. All the reft of the charge
confifts m a cap, a (hirt, a pair ot breeches, and -.i blanket ; and the profit
of their labour yicliis 10 or 12I. annually. The price of men negroes
upon their firft arrival, is from 30 to 36I. women and grown boys jos. left ;
but fuch negro families as are acquainted with the bulinefg of the iflands
generally bring above 40I. upon an average one with another ; and there
are indancesof a Irngle negro man expert in bufmers, bringing 1 50 guineas 1
and the wealth of a planter is generally computed from the number of
ftaves he poflefieo.

To particularife the commodities proper for the Weft India maiut;
would be to enumerate all the neceiTaries, conveniencics, and luxurk;; .4'
life : for they have nothing of their own but lOtton, coffiee, tropical fruits,
fpices, and the commodities I have already mentioned.

Traders there make a very large profit upon all they fell ; but fiom the
numerous (hipping conftantly arriving from turope, and a conMnual fuc«
ccllion of new adventurers, each of whom carry out more ov lels a* a ven-
ture, the We(t India market is frequently overttocked ; money muft be
raifed, and goods are fometimes fold at prime coft or under. But tho(e
who can afford to i.ore their goods, and wait for a better market, acquire
fortunes equal to any of the plunters. All kinds of handicraftfmen,
efpecially carpenters, bricklayers, brazicrsj^und coopers, get very great
encouragement. But it is the misfortune of the Weft Indies, thatphy-
ficians and furgeons even outdo the planter and raerefaant, in accumulatbgf
ncbcs,
•-•>•' , ■ • . M "r •>' .»* •-•■,).. Before

t26

British American Islands,

Before th« late war, there were allowed to be in 6ur Weft Indlei at leaft
3,30,000 negro Haves ; and, upon the higheft calculation, the whites there
ID ail did not amount to qo,ooo fouls. This difproporiion between the
freemen and negroes, which grows more vilible every day, fome writers
have endeavoured to account for, by alleging, that the cnterprifing fpirit
which the novelty of the objeiit, and various concurrent caufesj, had pro-
duced in the laft century, has decayed v^ry much. That the difpofition
of the Weft Indians thcmfelves, who for cheapnefs choofe to do every
thing by negroes which can potfibly be done by them, contributes greatly
to the fmall numbcr.of whites of the lower ftations. Such indeed is the;
powerful influence of avarice, thatt'iough the whites are kept in confiant
terror of infurreftions and plots, many families employ 25 or 30 negroes
as inenial fervants, who are infinitely the moft dangerous of the Haves,
aad in cafe of any infurre^^ion, they have it more in their power to ftrike
a fudden and fatalblow : and the cruelty with which the negroes are often
treated, gives the white inhabitants too much reafon for their apprehen-
fions, that the negroes may endeavour to revenge themfelves upon their
nafters.

The firft obfervation that has been mentioned, in order to account for
tlie prefent difproportion between the freemen and the negroes in the Weft-
Indies, we think it not well founded ; that enterpriling fpirit which firft
led Britons out to difcovery and colonization, ftill animates in a very con-
fiderable degree the people of this nation ; but the field has been lately
more ample and enlarged, and emigrants have had greater fcope whereon
to raiDge. Befides the vaft continent of North America, which takes in
fuch a variety of climates, and'difcovers fuch a richnefs of foil ; the Eaft
Indies, an inexhauftible mine of riches, have in fome degree drawn the
attention of mankind from that of the Wefti Countries, as well as in-
dividuals, attain a name and reputation for f*mething extraordinary, and
have their day. Many of the beft families of this nation are ambitious of
procuring places for their fons in the Eaft Indies. Here is an ample field
for all adventurous fpirits, who, difdaining an idle life at home, and am-
bitious of becoming ufeful to themfelves, their connexions, or the con)-
munity, boldly venture into the immenfe regions of this Eaftern world.
Others, full as remote from an indolent difpofition, but with lefs condud
and inferior abilities, fee out with the moft fanguine hopes. Thefe are
your fiery, reftlefs tempers, willing to undertake the fev.ereft labour, pro-
vided it promifes but a fliort continuance, who love rifk and hazard, whofe
Ichemes are always vaft, and who put no medium between being great au4
being undone. ► nJ

The iflands of the Weft Indies lie in the form of a bow, or femicircle,.
firetching almoft from the coaft of Florida north, to the river Oronoque,
10 the main continent of South America. Some call them the Caribbees,
from the firft inhabitants ; though this is a term that moft geographers
confine to the Leeward Iftands. Sailors diftinguifti them into Windward
S.J ^. Leeward Iflands, with regard to the ufual courfes of fliips, from.Old
S^ain, or the Canaries, to Carthagena or New Spain and Portobello. — •
The geographical tables and niapi diftinguifti them into the great and
little Antilles.

. JAMAICA.] The firft that we come to belonging to Great Britain, and
alfo the moft important, after leaving Florida, is Jamaica, which lies be-
tiveen the 75th and 79th degrees of weft longitude from London, ai^d bq-

iweca

British American Islan^ds.

527

jiei at leaft
hites there
twecn the
ne writers
i(ing fpiric
, had pro*
difpofition
tlo every
tes greatly
leed is the .
in conAant
;o negroes
the flaves,
:r to Itrike
3 are often
apprehen-
ipon their

rcount for
the Weft-
ivhich firft
very con-
leen lately
2 whereon
h takes in
; the Eafl;
Irawn the
veil as in<
nary, and
bitious of
iiple field
and it (li-
the COIl)-

rn world,
conduft
hcfe are
our, pro-
d, whofe
jreat and

micircle,.
ronoque,
aribbees,
graphera
indvvard
rom.Old
bello.-,
reat and

ain, and
lies bc-
an,d bQ-
tweea

twecn 17 and 18 north latitude. From the eaft and weft it is in lenjrrh
about 140 miles, and in the middle about 60 in breadth, growing lefi to-
wards each end, in the form of an egg> It lies near 4500 miles foutb-wcit
of England.

This ifland is interfe<Sled with a ridge of ftecp rocks tumbled by the
frequent earthquakes in a Itupendous manner upon one another. Thefc
rock?, though containing no foil on their furface, are covered with a great
variety of beautiful trees, flouriihing in a perpetual fpring ; they are
nouriflied by the rains, which often fall, or the inifls which continually
brood on the mountains, and which, their roots penei'ating the crannies
of the rocks, induftrioufly feek out for their own fupport. From the ro^ckg
iffue a vail number of fmali rivers of pure wholefome water, which
tumble down in cataradts, and together with the flupendous height of the
mountains, and the bright verdure of the trees through which they fliiw,
form a mod delightrul landfcape. On each fide ot this chain of mountitins
are ridges of lower ones, which diminifli as they remove from it. Oa
thefe coffee grows in great plenty. The vallies or plains brtween thefe
ridges are level beyond what is ordinary in moil other countries, and the
foil is prodigioufly fertile.

The longeft day in fummer is about thirteen hours, and the fliorteft in
winter about eleven ; but the moft ufual divifions of the feiifons in tlie
"Weft Indies are into the dry and wet fcafons. The air of this iiland ia,
in moft places, excellivcly hot, and unfavourable to European conftitu-
tions ; but the cool fea-breezes, which fet in every morning at ten o'clock^
render the heat more tolerable : and the air upon the high grounds is tern*
pera^e, pure, and cooling. It lightens almoft every night, but without
much thunder, which when it happens is very terrible, and roars with
aftonifl)ing loudnefs, and the lightning in thefe violent ftorms frequently
does gre.'it damage. In February or; March, they expcdl; earthquakes, dl
which we (hall fpeak hereafter. During the months of May and October,
tlie rains are extremely violent, and continue fometimes for a fortnight
together. In the plains are found feveral fait fountains ; and in the moun*
tains, not far from Spanifli Town, is a hot bath, of great medicinal vir-
tues. Jr gives relief in the dry belly-aeh, which, excepting the bilious
and yellow fever, is one of t^e moft terrible endemial diftcmpers of
Jamaica.

Sugar is the greateft and moft valuable produftion of this ifland • Cocoa
was formerly cultivated in it to great extent. It produces alfo ginger,
and the pimento, or, as it is called, Jamaica Pepper ; the wild cinnamon-
tree, whofe bark is {o ufeful in medicine ; the manchineel, whofe fruit,
though uncommonly delightful to the eye, contains one of the worft poi-
fons in nature; the mahogany, in fuch ufe with our cabinet-makers, and
of the moft valuable quality ; but this wood^cgins to wear out, and of
late is very dear. Excellent cedars, of a large lize and durable ; tlv; cab-
bage-tree, remarkable for the hardnefs or its wood, which when dry is in-
corruptible, and hardly yields to any kind of tool ; the pahna affording
oil, much eftfcined by the favages, both in food and medicine; the foap-
trce, whofe berries anfwer all purpofcs of walhing ; the mangrove and
olive bark, ufeful to tanners ; the fuftic and red wood to the dyers ; and
lately the logwood. 'I he indigo plant was formerly much cultivated ;
and the cotton-tree is ftill fo. No fort of European grain grow* here ;
they have only maize, or Ind corn, Guinea corn, peas of various kiilds,
but iioix of them relcmbling oars, with variety of rcots. Fruits, as has

been

SiB

Sritish American Islands.

been already obfervcd, grow in great plenty ; citrons, Seville aud China
oranges, common and fwect lemons, luiirs, fliadocks, pomtgranares, ma-
nees, iburfops, papas, pine-apples, cuftard-^pples, ftar^ apples, prickly
pears, allicada, pears, melons, pompions, guavas,. and fererr* kinds of
fcerries, alfo garden ftuflFs in great plenty, and good. The cattle bred on
this ifland are but few ; their beef is tough and lean ; the mutton and
lamb are tolerable ; they have great plenty of hogs ; many plantations
bavc hundreds of them, and their flefli is exceedingly fwect and delicate.
Their horfes are fraall, mcttlcfome, and hardy, and when well made ge>
nerally fell for 30 or 40I. fterling. jlimaica likewife fupplies the a]iothe-
cary with guaiacum, farfaparilla, china, caflia, and tamarinds. Among
the animals are the land and feu turtle, and the alligator. Here are all
forts of fowl, wild and tame, and in particular more parrots than in any
of the other iflands ; liefides parroquets, pelicans, fnipes, teal, Guinea
liene, geefe, ducks, and tuikeys ; the hummjjag-bird, and a great variety
of others. The rivers and bays uboun^^tli fiffi. The mountains breed
nuQiberlefs adders, and other nQxi^h^'animals, as the fens and marflies do
the guana and gallewafp ; but thefe laft are not venomous. Among the
infers are the ciror, or chegoe, which eats into the nervous and mem-
brattous parts of the flefli of the negroes, and the white people are
ibmetime» plagued with them. Thefe inrc£l8 get into any part of the
body, but chiefly the legs and feet, where they breed in great numbers,
and fiiut themfelves up in a bag. As foon as the perfon feels them, which
is not perhaps till a week after they have been in the body, they pick them
out with a needle, or point of a penknife, taking care to deftroy the bag
entirely, that none of the breed, which are like nits, may be left behind.
They fometimet get into the toes, and eat the fleffi to the very bone.

This ifland was originally part of the Spanith empire in America. Se-
veral defcents had been made upon it by the Englilh, prior to i6c6 ; but
it was not till this year that Jamaica was reduced under our dominion.—
Cromwell had fittr ,' \.ut a fquadron, under Penn and Venables, to reduce
the Spanifl) iflund of Hifpaniola, but there this fquadron was unfuccefsful.
The commanders, of their own accord, to atone fur this misfortune, made
a defcent on Jamaica, and having carried the capital, St. Jago, foon com-
pelled the wh«>le ifland to furrendt-f . Ever fince it has been fubjeft to the
Englifli, and the government of it is one of the richeft places, next to
that of Ireland, in the dil'pofal of the crown, the Standing falary being
2,5001. per annum, and the aflcmbly commonly voting ihe governor as
much more; which, with the other perquifites, make it on the whole
little inferior to io,oool. per annum.

We have already ubferved, that the government of all the American
iflands is «.he fame, namely, tb t kind which we have formerly dcfcribed
under the name of a royal government. Their religion too is'univerfally
of thi- church of England ; though they have no bifliop, the bifliop of
London's commilTary being the chief religious magiftrate in thofe parts.

About the beginning of this century, it was computed, that the num-
ber of whites in Jamaica amounted to 60,000 and that of the negroes tvi
I zo,ooo. It appears at prefent that Jamaica is rather on the decline, as
is the number of inhabitants, the whites not exceeding^a 5, 000, and the
blacks 90,000. Befides thefe, a number of fugitive ftegroes have formed
a fort of colony among the Blue Mountains, independent of the whites,
with whom they make treaties, and are in fome refpefts ufeful to the inha-
bitants of the ifland, particularly in fending back runaway flares.

IndigQ

: aud China
anares, ma-
les, prickly
t' kinds of
ittle bred on
mutton and
plantations
md delicate,
ell made ge-
the iqiothe-
h. Among
Here are all
than in tny
eal, Guinea
»reat variety
intains breed
[ marflies do
Among the
I and mem-
! people are
part of the
;at numbers,
them, which
:y pick them
Iroy the bag
left behind.
y bone,
tnerica. Se-
o i6j6 ; but
dominion.-^
s, to reduce
nfucccfsful.
rtune, made
o, foon com-
'ubje£t to the
CCS, next to
falary being
governor as
1 the whole

le American
rly defcribed
s univerfally
ie bilhop of
ofe parts,
at the num«
e negroes to
e decline, as
00, and the
have formed
the whites,
to the inha-
les.

IndigQ

British American Islands.

929

Indigo was once very much cultivated in Jamaica, and it enriched the
ifland to fo ^reat a degree, that in the parilh of Vere, where this drug was
chiefly cultivated, tliey are faid to have had no lefs than 300 gentlemen's
coaches; a number I do not imagine even the whole ifland exceeds at this
day ; and there is great reafon to believe, that there were many more per*
fons of pioperty in Jamaica formerly than are now, though perhaps they
had not thoi'e vail fortunes which dazzle us in fuch a manner at prefenr.
However, the Jamaicans were undoubtedly very numerous, until reduced
by earthquakes, and by terrible epidemical difeafes, which, treading on
the heels of the former calamities, fwept away vaft multitude'^ The de«
creafe of inhabitants, as well as the decline of their commt^rce, .'i-ir^from
the diflicultles to which their trade is expofed, of which they do not faiS
to complain to the court of Great Britain : as that they are of late deprived
of the mod beneficial part of their trade, the carrying of negroes and dry
goods to the Spanifii coaft ; the low value uf their produce* which they
afcribe to the great improvementis the French make in their fugar colonies,
which are enabled to underfell them by the lownefs of their duties ; and the
trade carried on from Ireland and the northern colonies to the French and
Dutch iflands, where they pay no duties, and are fupplied with goods at
an eaiier rate. Some of thefe complaints, which equally afie£l the other
iflands, have been heard, and fome remedies applied ; others remain un«
redrefled. Both the logwood trade, and this contraband, have been the
fubjeds of much contention, and the caufc uf a war between Great Britain
and the Spaniih nation. The former we alumys avowed, and claimed ai
our right, and at the peace of 1 763, it was confirmed to us. The latter we
permitted ; becaufe we thought, and very jufily, that if the Spaniard*
found themfelves aggrieved by any contraband trade, it lay upon them,
and not upon us, to put a flop to it, by their guarda coAas, which cruife
in thefe feas, purpofely to feize and confifcate fuch veflels and cargoes
as are found in this trade. In this manner did the firiiiih court argue^
till the politics of this nation, in compliance with the court 5f Spain*
thought proper to fend Englifh cruifers to the American coad, eifec>
tually to crufli that lucrative trade, of which the whole body of Britifli
fubjedls in America loudly complained, as it put a (lop to the principal chan*
nel which hitherto enabled them to remit fo largely 10 Great Britain.

Port Royal was formerly the capital of Jamaica. It flood upon the
point of a narrow neck of land, which, towards the fea, formed part of
the border of a very fine harboor of its own name. The conveniency of
this harbour, which was capable of containing a thoufand ful of large
fliips, and of fuch depth as to allow them to load and unload at the greateft
cafe, weighed fo much with the inhabitants, that they chofe to build their
sapital on this fpot, though the place was a hot dry fand, and produced
none of the nect-flaries of life, not even frelh water. But the advantage
of its harbour, and the rcfort of pirates, made it a place of gttat confider-
ation. Thefe pirates were called Buccaneers; they fought with an in<
conliderate bravery, and then fpent their fortune in this capital with as
inconfiderate diffipation. About the beginning of the year 1693, no place,
for its fize, could be compared to this town for trade, wealth, and an eii-
tire corruption of manners. In the month of June, in this year, an earth,
quake, which fliook the whole iiland to the foundations, totally over-
whelmed this city, fo as to leave, in one quarter, not even the fmalleft
veftige remaining. In two minutes, the earth opened and fwallowed up
ninctcnths ot the houfes, and two thoufand people. The water gulhei

out

- ' 9"

t$6

British American Islands.

out from the openings of the 'earth, and tumbled the people on henps ;
but fomc of them had the good fortune to ratch hold of beams and ratters
of houfes, and were afterwards favcd hy boats. Several fliipa were caft
«way in the harbour ; and the Swan frigate, which lay in the dock to ca-
reen, was carried over the tops of linking houfes, and did not overfet, but
afibrded a retreat to fome hundreds of people, who faved their lives upon
her. An ofltcer, who was in the town at this time, fays, the earth opened
and fljut very quick in fome places, anu .»e faw feveral people fink, down
to the middle, and others appeared wi h *lieir heads juft above ground,
and were fqucezed to death. At Savji^^ nal. above a thoufand acres were
funk/, with the houfes and people in icni ; the phicc appearing tor fome
time like a lake, was afterwards dried up, but no houfes were leen. In'
fome parts, mountains were fplit ; and at one place a plantation was re-
moved to the diftance of a mile. They again rebuilt the city ; but it was
a fecond time, ten years afrer, deftioyed by a great fire. The extraor-
dinary convenience of th'; harbour tempted them to build it once more ;
and once more, in 1722, was it laid in rubbilh by a hurricane, the molk
terrible on record. Such repeated calamities feenicd to mark mit this place
as a devoted fpot ; the inhabitants, therefore, refolved to forfake it for
ever, and to refide at the oppolite bay, where they built Kingfton, which
is lately become the capital of the iiland. It cttnlills of upwards of one
thoufand houfes, many of them handfomcly built, and in the tafte of thefe
lilands, as well as the neighbouring continent, one ftory high, with por-
ticos, and every conveniencv for a comfortable habitation in that climate.
Not far from Kingllon, ilands St. Jago de la Vega, a Spanifli town, which.,
though at prcfent inferior to Kingilon, vvas once the capital ^f Jamaica,
and is ftUl the feat of government, and the place where the courts v( juf-
tice arc held.

On the 3d of OcSlober 1780, was a dreadful hurricane, which altt.oft
overwhelmed the little fea-port-town of Savaunali-la-Mor, in Jamaici',
and part of the adjacent country. Very few houfes ^vrre left iianding,
and a j<re;it number of lives were lolh Much damage was alio done, and
niany lives U^li, in other pitrta of the iiland.

The wholf produrt ot the iiland may be reduced to thcfc heads. Firfl,
fugiirs, of which they exported in 1753, twenty tbouland th ice hundred,
and fifteen hogflieaus, fome vailly great, even to a tun wciyht, which
cannnot be worth lefs in England than i|.24,72i;l. Molt of thi^ goes to
London, Briftol, and Glafgovv, and fome parr, of It to Morth America,
in return ibr the beef, pork, chcele, corn, pc.i;i, ftavcs, planks, pitch,
and tar, w-hich they have from thence. Second, rum, of which they
export about four thoufand puncheons. The rum of this iiland is gene-
rally cftecmed the bcft, and is the moll ufed in Great Britain. Third,
n^oltfies, in which they made a great part of their returns for New Eng-
land, where there are vnll diflillerics. All thefe are the produce of the
grand ftaple the fugar-cane. According to the late telHmony of a ref-
pet'table planter, in Jamaica, that iiland hath 280,000 acres in canes, of
which 210,000 are annually cur, and make from 68 to 70,000 tons of fugar,
and 4,200,000 gallons of rum. Fourth, cotton, of which they fend out two
thoufand bags. The indigo, formerly much cultivated, is now inconiider-
able ; but fome cocoa and coffee arc exported, v. ith a confiderable quantity
of pepper, ginger, drugs for dyers and apothecaries, fwestmcats, maho-
gany, and manchineel planks. But fome of the moft confiderable articles
of their trade are with the Spanilh continent of New Spain and Terra

f irma i

(ti hcnps;
ind ratters
i were caft
ock to ca-
rerfet, but
lives upon
rth upened
fink down
'C ground,
icrcs were
^ for fomc

lenn. In'
on was re-
but it was
le cxtraor-
nce more ;
, the nioli
t this phice
rfakc it for
on, which
rds of one
fte of thefe

with por-
lat climate,
t'iij which.,
f Jamaica,
urts of juf-

Ich aliT.oft
Jamaici',

ihmding,
one, and

3. Firft,
e hundred
It, which
113 goes ro
America,
l<s, pitch,
lich they
is ^ene-
Third,
L^ew Eng-
uce of the
of a ref-
cancs, of
s of fiigar,
ndont two
nconlider-
c quaiuity
its, maho-
le articles
;ind Terra
Firma ;

British American Islands!

i3^

Ttrma ; for in the former they cut great quantities of logwood, and both'
in the former and latter they carried on a vail and profitable trade in Ne-
j^roes, and all kinds of European goods. And even in time of war with
Spain, this trade between Jamaica and the Spanifh Main goes on, which it
will be impotrible for Spain to -ilop, whilft it is fo profitable to the Britiflt
merchant, and whilft the Spanifh officers, from the higheft to the loweif,
fliew fo great a refpeft to prefents properly made. Upon the whole, many
ot the people of Jamaicu, whilft they appear to live in fuch a ftatc of
luxury, as in moft other places leads to beggary, acquire great fortunes,
in a manner, inflantly. 'I'heir equipages, their cloaths, their furniture,
iheir tables, all bear the tokens ot the greateft wealth and profufion ima-
ginable. This obliges all the trcafure they receive to make but a very
Ihort ftay, being iiardly more than fufficicnt to anfwer the calls of their
neceffity and luxury on Europe and North America. ^ •

On Sundays, or court time, gentlemen wear wigs, and appear very gay'
in coats of filk, and veils trimmed with filver. At other times they ge-
nerally wear only thread ftockings, linen drawers, a vcft, a Holland cap,
and a hat upon it. Men lervants wear a coarle linen frock, with buttons
at the neck and hands, long trowfers of the fame, and a check fliirt. The
Negroes, except thofe who attend gentlemen, who have them drefled in
their own livery, have once a year Ofnaburghs, :uid a blanket for cloth-
ing, with a cap or handkerchief for the head. The morning habit of the
ladies is a loofe night-gown, carelefsly wrapped about them ; before dinner'
they put ort" their difliabille, and apptar with a good grace in all the ad-
vantage of a rich and becoming drcfs.

The common drink of pcrfons in affluent circumftances is Madeira wine
mixed with water. Ale and claret .ire extravagantly dear; and London
porter fells for a Ihilling per bottle. 3ut the general drink, efpecially
among thofe of inferior rank, is rum punch, which they call Kill-Devil,
becaule, being frequently drank to excefs, it heats the blood, and brings
«ja fevers^ which in a few hours fend them to the grave, efpecially thofe
who are juti come to the iiland, which is the rcafnn that fo many die here
upon thrir firit arrival.

Euglilh money i? fcldom feen here, the current coin being entirely
SpaaiUi. There is no place vnere lilver is fo jileniiful, or has a quicker
circulation. You cannot d:;ie tor lels than a piece of eight, and the'
common rate of boarding is t\\tee pounds per week ; though in the mar-
kets beef, pork, finvl, and filh, niay be bought as cheap as in London ;'
but mutton fells at nine pence ,)er pound.

Learning is here at a very law ebb ; there are indeed fome genfLmcn
\ycll verfed in literature, and who fend their children to Great Britain,
where they have the advant 'ge of a polite nnd liberal education ; but the
tiilk of the people take little care to iinpro ; their minds, being generally
engaged in trade or riotous dillipation.

Tl»c mifery and hardlhips of the Ncproes are truly moving ; nnd though
great care is taken to make tntm piO(->ii^ate, the ill trceat-nent they receive
fo tliovtens their live?, that inlhad of increafiuK by the courfc of na'urc,
nrany thouiands arc aunualiy imported to the WcA Indies, to fupply the
place of thofe who pine and die by the liardlliips they receive. It is fiid,
that they are ilubborn and untraCtahle, for the moil p:iir, and that they
muft be ruled with a rod of iron ; b.it they ought not to be cniflicd »\itli
it, or to be thought a fort ot beafts, without fouls, as fomc ot their maf-
Ki'S or overfeeds do at prefciu, though fomc of thefe tyrants arc thcmlt-lvcs

"Vl

a^i

BftiTrsH American Islakds.

the dregs of thU nation, nnd the refufc of the j«ili of Europe. Many o^
the Ne^roei, however, who fail intu the haodi of gentlemen of huma*
oityf fmd their fuuatlons ettfy and comfortable ; and it haa been obferved,
that in North America, where in general thcfe poor wreichei are better
uiedt thcfc it a left wade of Negroes, they live longer, and propaaatf!
better* And itfeemccleiii-, from the wl.uio courfe of hifiory, that iho<!o
nations which have behaved with tht. greatell humanity to their ilav«f.,
were always belt lervcd, and ran the le^iil hazard from their rebellions. -
The flaves, on their firA arrivui from the coiift of Guinea, are expo'oi
naked to fule ; they are then gcuerally very fimplc and innoccra cr«aturcs,
but they foon become roguiHi, enough ; and when they came to be whipped
«xcufe their faults by the example of tliR whites* They believe every
Kegroe returns to his native country after death. This tbrnj^ht is To Heree-
able, that it cheers the poor cieaturcs, and renders the burthen of life
«afy, wludi would othervvife, to many of them, be quite imalr-rable. <«
They look on death as a blelllng, atid it is furpriiing to fee with what
courage and iutrcpidity tumc of ihein meet it; lilicy are quite tianrpcrtrd
to thiok thci;- (lavery is iKar at an <-ud, that tb.cy (Iiall revifit thtir tuitive
Ihoivs, Str4 lee their old tiicnds and acquaintaiicr. When a Negroi* is about
to expire, his ietlow-iiiV!;;> kif^ him, and wifh him a good jonrney, and
ftod their hearty good v 'iiitc:) to ;lieir relations in Guinea. They make
no umentations ; out with a great deal uf juy inter his body, believing he
is gone home and happy.

BARBADOI£S. j This ^nvinU, the tnoft eaflcrly of all the Canbbecs, is
lituated in 59 degrees weft lon<7. and 13 degrees north lat. It ia 21 nules
in length, and in breadth 14. When the Englilh, fotnc time after rhc
year 1625, firft landed here, they found it the moft favage and deftituts
place they had hitherto vifiied. It had not the leail appearance of ever
having been peopled even by favages. There was no kind of beads of
pnilure or of prey, no fruit, no herb, nor root, fit for fupporting the life
o'i man. Yet as the climate was fo good, and the foil appeared fertile,
fomc j^entlemen of fmall fortunes in England refolved to become adven-
turers thither. The trees were fo large, and of a wood fo hard and ftub-
born, th:it it was with great difliculty they could clear as much ground as
was neceiu'ity for their fubfiftence. By unremitting perfeverance, how-
ever, they brought it to yield them a tolerable fupport ; and they found
that cotton and indigo agreed well with the foil, and that tobacco, which
was beginning to come into repute in England, anfwered tolerably. Thefc
profpc^s, together with the florm between the king and parliament, which
was beginning to break out in England, induced many new adventurers to
tranfport themfelves into this ifland. And what is extremely remarkable,
fo great was the increafc of people in Barbadoes, 35 years after its firft
fettitment, that in 1650, it contained more than ;o,ooo whites, and a
much greater number of Negroes and Indian flaves ; the latter they ac-
quired by means not at all to their honour ; for they feized upon all tbofe
unhappy men, without any pretence, in the neighbouring id <nds, and
carried them into flavcry. A pra6\ice which has rendered the Caribbee
Indians irrcconcileable to us ever iince. They had begun, a little before
this, to cultivate fugar, which foun reiulcred them extremely wealthy.—*
The numl)er of the (laves therefore was fiill augmented : and in 1676, it
is fuppofed that their number amounted to 100,000, which, together with
50,000, make 1 50,000 on this fmall fpot ; a degree of population un-
known in Holland, in China, or any other part of the world mod re-

oowned

British American Islands.

833

pe. Many 0/
ncD of huma-
Mxn obfcrved,
lei arc better
ind propaaato
ry, that th via
u their ilav«>Ci,
rebellions.-
i> ur« expo'icd
;crii iTcatuics,
to be whipped
believe tvery
;ht is Co Hgree-
ii'thcii of life
imolcrable.' —
zt with whftt
tc tt anfpcrtcd
It tbiir rwtive
egroi* is about
juiirncy, and
They make
believing he

Caribbecs, is
[t is II miles
me after rhc
and deftituts
ance of ever
of beads of
nine the life
;area fertile,
come adven-
trd and ftub«
:h ground as
ranee, how-
they found
acco, which
bly. Thefc
Tient, which
venturers to
remarkable,
after its iirft
lites, and a
ter they ac«
K)n all tbofe
ads, and
Caribbee
ittle before
wealthy,—
in 1676, it
'cther with
ilation un*
Id mod re-
nowned

itowned for numbera. At this time Barbadoes employed 400 fall of fliipj,
one with another of i;o tons, in their trade. Their annual cxponi in
fugar, indijjo, ginger, cotton, and citron-water, were above 350,000!.
nnd tbeir circuiutin^ cafli at home was 200,000!. Such w^s the incrcafc
of pomiliiiion, trade, and wealth, in the cuuil'c of 50 years. But fince
thit rune, this illand hus been much un the decline, wiiich is to be at-
tiit''Uted partly to the growth ot the I'rcnch fugar-colonieii, and partly to
our oivn eltablidtments in the neighbouring illes. Their numbers at pre-
f< ii' re faid to be zo,ooo whites, and 100,000 flaves. Their commerce
corii '. I in the fame aiticles as formerly, though they dent in them to lefii
rxittn?. The capital is Bridgetown, where the governor leftdei), whofe
cmployiTicnt is faid to he worth i;oool. per annum. They have a college*
founucil and well endowed by colonel Codrington, who was a native of
this illand. Barbadoes, as well as Jamaica, haa futlcrcd much by hurri-
lantH, tires, and the plague. On the loth of Oi'iober 1780, a dreadful
hurricane occalioned valt dcvaliation in Barbadoes, great numbers of the
iioules were dcllroyed, not one houfc in the illand was wholly free from
damage, many pcrl'ons were buried in the ruins ol the buildings, and
gicnt numbers were driven into the fen, and there pcrilhed.

St. CHRISTOI*HER'b.] This ilhmd, con)monly called by the failora
St. Kitt's, is lituatcd in 62 degrees well long, and 17 degrees norilt lar.
about 14 leagues from Antigua, and is twenty miles long and fc vcn broad.'
It has its name from the famous Chriltophcr CoUiiiitnis, who difcovered
it for the Spaniards. That nation, however, abandoned it, as tin worth/
of their attention ; and in 1626, it was fettletl by the French and Englilh
conjundly; but entirely ceded to us by the peace of Utrecht. Belidca
cotton, ginger, and the trojiical fruits, it generally produces near as much
I'ugar as Barbadoes, and lonietimes (juite us much. It is computed that
thife iflaad contains 6000 whites, and 36,000 Negroes. In i^'cbruary,'
1782, it was taken by the iMcnch, but was rellored again to Great Britaiu
by the late treaty of peace.

ANTIGUA:] Situated in 61 dcg. W. Ion. and 17 deg. N. lat, is of
a circular torin, near 20 miles over evi.iy way. This illand, which was
formerly thought ulelefs, ba&now got the Itajtof the red of the Eniflilh
harbout

f'>i" rh<

capital, which, before the fire in 1769, was lirge and wealthy, is the
ordinary feat of the governor of the J^ccward Illands, Antigua is Xjp-
iKjfed to contain about 7000 whites, and ^0,000 Ihivcs.

NEVIS AND MONTSKllRAT.] Two fmall illands, lying betwecti
St. Chrillophcf's and Antigua, neither of them exceeding 18 nnlet, in
circumference, and are laid each to contain 1,000 whites, and 10,000 flaves.
The foil in thcfe four iilanda is pretty much alike, light and fandy, but
notwithftaqding, fertile in a high degree ; and their principal exports are
derived from tire fugar cane. Both w<:re taken by the French in the year
1782, but reftored at the peace.

BARBUDA.] Situated in 18 deg. N. lat. 35 miles north of Aatigua,
is 20 miles in length, and 12 in breadth. It is tertiU;, and has an indif-
ferent road for fliipping, but no dirett t^ade with England. The inha-
bitants arc chiefly employed in holbandry, and railing trelli provifions for
the ufe of the neighbouring ifles. It bek)njg,» to the Codrington iktaily,
and the inhabitants amount to about icooJ -y

. . , ill ANGUILLA.]

:)urs, being the belt and fafelt as a dock-yard, and an ertabhfliihent
^e royal navy ; but-St. John's is the port of gieareft trade; and this

«54

British American Islands.

ANGUILLA.] Situpted hi 19 deg. N. lar. 60 miles north-weft of
,St. Chriibpher'si is about 30 miles long and 10 broad. ThU iflaad is
perfe^ity level, and the climate nearly the fame with that of Jamaica.—
The inhabitants, who are not nutneroui, apply themrelves to hulbandry»
jind feeding of catUe.

DOMINICA.] Situated in 16 ieg. N. lat. and in 6x W. Ion. lies
«^byut halfway between Guadalupe and Martinico. It is near 28 miles in
length* and 13 in bieadth: it Rut its name from being difcovered bv Co«
lumbui on a Sunday. The (oil of (his ifland is thin, nnd better adapted
to the rearine of coffee han fugar ; but the fides of the hills bear the nneft
iiftes in the Weft Indies, and the illand is well fupplied with rivulets of
fine water. The French have always oppofed our fettling here, becuufe it
muft cutoff their communication, in time of war, between Martinico and
Guadalupe. However, by the peace of Paris, in 1 763, it was ceded in
exprefs terma to the Englifh.; but we have derived little advantage from
tlus conquest the illaud being, till lately, no better thap a harbour for
the natives of the other Caribbees, who being expelled their own fettle-
mentSf have taken refuge here. But, on account of its fituatiun between
the principal French iflands, and Prince Rupert's Bay being one of the
stnoft capacious in the Weft Indies, it has been judged expedient to form
Dominica into a government of itfcif, and to declare it a free port. It
was taken by the French in 1778 ; but was reftored again to Great Britain
hy the late peace.

St, VINCENT.] Situated in 13 deg. N. lat. and 61 deg. W.lon.
50 miles north-weft of Barbadoes, 30 miles fouth of St. Lucia, is about
2J^. miles in length, and 18 in breadth. It is extremely fruitful, being a
black mould upon a ftrong loam, the moll proper for the railing of fugar.
Indigo thrives here remarkably well, but this article is lefs cultivated than
formerly throughout the Weft Indies. Many of the inhabitants ar0 Ca-
C^heanS) and many here are alfo fugitives from Barbadoes and the. other
ii^auds. The Caribbcans were treated with fo much injuftice and barba-
rity, after this illand came into polTulTlon of the Englifli, to whom it was
ceded by the peace in 1763, that they greatly contributed towards enabling
the French to get pollieflion of it again in 1779; but it was reftored to
(^reat Britain by the late treaty of ))eace.

GRANADA and the GRANADINES.] Granada is fituated in i»
deg. north lat. and 6z deg. weft Ion. about 30 leagues fouth«weft of Bar^*
badoes* and altnoft the fame diftance north of New Andalofia, or the
Spnnifh Main. This ifland is faid to be 30 miles in length, and 15 in
breadth. Ex:perieDce has proved, that the foil of this ifland is extremely
pniper for producing fugar, coffee, tobacco, and indigo ; and upon the
whole it carries with it all the appearance of becoming as ilourifhing a
'colony as any ill the Weft Indies, of its dimenfions. A lake on the top
of a hill, in the middle of the iftand, fupplies it plentifully with line
rivers, which adorn and fertilize it. Several bays and harbours lie round
the ifland, fome of which may be fortified with great advantage, which
renders it very convenient for fliipping ; and has the happinefs of not
being fubjcA to hurricanes. St. George's bay has a fandy bottom, and
is. cztreoiely. capacious, but open. In its harbour, or careening place,
100 large vefTels may be moored with perfrd): fafety. This ifland fWa*
Tpni^.the theatre of bloody wars between the native Indians and the
French, during which thefe handful of Caribbees defended themfelves
with the moft refolute bravery. In the laft war but one, when Granada was
-.j!^,;r v-^ " .! :■::: ■.:■. %f! .r' 'u :-r;Vs r'-j ; .• .•:•- . attacked

)rth-weft of
hU Ifland is
Jamaica.—
» hulbandry*

W. Ion. lie*
r 28 miles in
ered bv Co-
;tter adwted
ear the nneft
:h rivulets of
rC) bccuufe it
[artinico and
V4S ceded in
rantage from
L har^ur for
r own fettle-
tiun between
ig one of the
lient to form
rec port. It
3rcat Britain

deg. W.lon.
icia, is about
itful, being a
ling of fugar.
Liltivated than
unts aro Ca-
ind the, other
:e and barba-
whom it was
ards enabling
as rellored to

tuatedin i>

weft of Baro

afia, or the

and 15 in

is extremely

nd upon the

flouriflung a

on the top

y with fine

urs lie round

itagc, which

nefs of not

}ottonv luid

ning place,

', iiland iwas

ans 9nd the

themfe^veff

Granada was

. attacked

l^RiriSH AMRftlCAN litAi^&S.

»JJ

Mraekcdby the Englifli, thfc Fl-efjch inhabitants, who wei** ifiotve^ thii
inerou«i wrre fo amazed at 'the redufl^ion of Oiiarfalupe and M;irt(hlct^
that thfcy loft all fpirit, and fuircndercd Without making the lealV op|)ft'
fitioii ; and the full property of this iiland, together With the fiflall ifl|t)dl
on the north, called the f»rnnadine», which vield the fame produce, wer*
con'nrrtied to the crown of Great Britain by tne treaty of Paris in 1763,—
But in Joly, 1^79, the French again made themfelvcs mafters of this
ifland, though it wai reftured to Great Britain by the late treat^ of
peace.

NEWFOUNDLAND.] ExcluHve of the Weft India fugar iftJmds,
lyin? between the two contments of America, Great Britain clairtis fevcrrfi
others, that are feaied at the diftancc of fome thoufand miles from eacH
other, in ^his quarter of the globe, of Which we fhall fpeak according t6
our method, beginning with the north.

Newfoundland is fituated to the eaft of the gulf of St. Lawrence^ be-
tween 46 and 52 deg. north lat. and between 53 and 59 drir. weft long*
feparated from Labrador or New Britain by the Straits of Bclleiftr, and
from Canada by the bay of St. Lawrence, being 350 miles long,' and ztd
broad. The coafts are extremely fubje£t to fogs, attended wnh Sltnbft
continual ftorms of fnow or fleet, the flcy being ufually oviii-caft. From
the foil of this ifland we are far from reaping any uidden or great ad-
vantage, for the cold is long continued, and feverc ; and the fumriier
heat, though violent, warms it not enough to produce any thing valu-
able ; for the foil, at Icaft in thofe parts of the iiland with which We ara
acquainted, is rocky and barren. However, i*: is watered by feveral good
rivers, and hath many large and good harbours. This ifland, whenever
the continent fliall come to fail of timber convenient to navigation (Which
on the fea-coaft perhaps is no very remote profpedt) will afford a targe
fupply for mafts, yards, and all forts of lumber for the Weft India ttade.
But what at prefent it is chiefly valuable for, is the great flftiery of Cod»
carried on upon thofe flioals, which are called the Banks of Newfound-
land. Great Britaiii and North America, at the loweft compntation, an-
nually employ 3000 fail of fmall craft in this flfliery ; on board of which,
and on ftiore to cure and pack the fifti, are upwards of 10,000 h^tids ; fo
that this fifliery is not only a very valuable branch of trade to the mer-
chant, but a fource of livelihood to fo many thoufands of poor people,
and a nioft excellent nurlery to the royal navy. This fifliery is computed
to increafc the national ftock 300,000!. a year in gold and filvet, re-
mitted to us for the cod we fell ia the North, in Spain, Portugal, Italy,
and the Levant. The plenty of cod both on the Great Bank, and ihWlefler
ones, which lie dn the call and fouth-eaft of this ifland, is i nconcei viable |^
and not only cod, but leveral other fpecies of fifli are c^Ught ihfere irt->
abundance; all of which arc nearly in an equal pletity alone the fliorcs
of Newfoundland, New Scotland, New Erigliand, and the ifteof Cape
Breton ; aad very profitable fiflicrics are carried on upon 'dll their coalrj,
from which we may obferve, that whire our colonies "are rhi'uly peojlletf,
or fo barren us not to produce any thing from their Ibilj tHeJi; coafts in nke
us ample amends, and pour in upon us a wealth of another kiridj and no
way inferior to tlut arifing from the moft fertile loil.

This ifland, after various difputes about tht prd|«i'ty, was entirely

ceded to England by the treaty of Utrecht in' 171^; but the French w^re

left at liberty fo dry their nets on the nwthcrn flvores of the iflsi'id ; ani

by the treatv of 1763, they were permitted to -tifti ir. me gulf of St.-

V ' 3 H 2 Lawrence,

83^

British American Islands.

Lawrence, but with this liniir?t!on, that they fliould not approach within
fhree leagues of any of the coulh belonging to £ngland. The fmall iflands
of Sr. Picrie and Miquelun, lituated tu the fuuthward of Newfoundland,
were alfo ceded to the F.cnch, who llipuhtted to ered\ no fortifications on
•k); thefe illnnds, nor to keep more than 50 futdieri to enforce the police.
k^ i By the Idft treaty of peace, the French are to enjoy the fidieries on thq
-Dorth and wefl coad of the Ifland. The chief towns in Newfoundland
•re Placentia, Bonavift^, and St. John { but there do not above 1000
^ families remain Here in the winter.

*-. CAPE BRVi'ON.] 'J'his illand, feated between Newfoundland and
wovu Scutia, is in length about 110 miles. The foil is bairen, but it
has good harbours, particularly that of Louifburgh, which is near fouc
leagues in circumference, and has every where lix or feven fathomi
water.

The French began a fettlemcnt in this ifland in 17 14, which they con-
tinued to incrtafc, and fortified it in .4 730. They were, however, dif-
poflellied in 1745, by the bravery of the inhabitants of New England,
with little ailiOunce from Great Britain ; but it was again, by the treaty
of Aix la Chapelle, ceded to the French, who fparcd no cxpence to for<
tify and Ibengtbm it. Notwitliflanding which, it wasni!:ain reduced, in
1758, by the Britifli troops under general Amherlf and iidmir^l Bofcawcn,
together with a large body of New England men, who found in that
place two hundred and twenty-one pieces of cannon, and eighteen mor-
tars, togcihei' with a large cjuantity of ammunition and lluiis : and it was
ceded to the ciown of Great Briiiun by the peace of 1763, lince which
the fortifications have b(f:en blown up, and the town of Louifburgh dif-
niantlcd. ,

St. JOHN'S.] Situated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is about 60
miles in length, and 30 or 40 broad, and has many fine rivers ; and though
lying near Cape Breton and Nova Scotia, has greatly the advantage of
both in plcafantnefs and fertility of foil. Upon the rcduffion of Cape
Bieton, the inhalatantb of this illand, amounting to 4000, fubmitted
quietly to the Britifh arms ; and, to the difgrace ot the French governor^
tnere were found in his houfe feveral Englifli fcalps, which were brought
there to market by the favages ; this being the place where they were
encouraged to carry on that barbarous and inhuman trade. This
ifland was fo well improved by the French, that it was ifyled the granary
of Canada, which it furnillied with great pknty of corn, as well as beef
and pork.

BERMUDAS, or SUMMER ISLANDS.] Thefe received their Bid
name from their being difcovered by John Bermudas, a Spaniard ; and
were called the Summer Iflands, from fir George Sommers, who was fliip*
wrecked on their rocks in 1609, in his palTage to Virginia. They are
fituated, at a vaft diflance from any continent, in 32 deg. north lat. and
in 6; degrees weft Ion. Their diftancc from the Land's End is computed
to be near 1500 leagues, from the Maderias about 1200, and from Caro-
lina 300. The Bermudas are but fmall, not containing in all above
20,000 acres; and are very difficult of acccTs, being, as Waller the poet,
who reOded Ibme time there, exprcffes it, * walled with rocks.' The air
of thefe iflands, which Waller celebrates in one of his poems, has been
alwj. ' s efteemed extremely healthful; and the beauty and riebnefs of the
vegetable productions are pcrfedly delightful. Though the foil of thefe
iflands i« admirably adapted to the culttvauon of ihe vine, the chief mi

only

British American Islamds.

837

ach wlth'm
nail iflands
foundUnd,
ications on
the police,
ries on tho
irfoundland
bovc 1000

ndland and
ren, but it
s near fout;
en fathoms

h they con-
vvcver, dif-
w England,
y the treaty
ence to foi'-
reduced, in.
kl Bofcawen,
)und in that
ghtecn mor-
: and it was
fince which
lilburgh dif-

is about 60

and though

dvantagc of

ion of Cape

I, fubmitted

h governor^

ere brought

le they were

ade. This

I the granary

I well as beef

red their firft
laniard ; and
]ho was ftjip-
Tbey are
)rth lat. and
|is computed
from Cavo-
in nil above
her the poet,
The air
lis, has been
Ibncfs of the
[foil of ihefe
le chief iul
only

Only bufinefs of the inhabitants, who confift of aliout lo.coo, if the
building and navii;nting of light iluops and biigantinci, which they em-
ploy chiefly in the cratlc between North America and the Weft Indies.
Thefc veflels arc as remarkable for their fsviftnefs, as the cedar of which
they are built, is for its hard and durable quality.

The town of St. George, which is the capital, is feated at the bottom
of u haven in the ifland of the fame name, and is defended with fcvcn or
eight forts, and feventy pieces of cannon. It contains above louohoufes,
a hnndfomc church, and other elegant public buildings.

LUCAY'.-, OR BAHAMA ISLANDS.] The Bahamas are fituatcd
to the fouth of Carolina, between 12 and 27 degrees north lat. and 73 and
8 1 degrees weft Ion. They extend along the coaft of Florida quite down
to the illc of Cuba ; and are i'M to be qoo in number, fome of them
only mere rocks; but 12 of tiicm arc lirgc, fertile, and in nothing dif-
ferent from the foil of Carolina : they are, however, almoft uninhabited,
except Providence, which is 200 miles eaft of tlie I'loridas ; though fome
others are larger and more fertile, on which the Knglifli have plantations.
Between them and the continent of Florida is the gulf of Bahama, or
Florida, through which the Spanifl) galleons fail in their palTage to Eu-
rope. Thefe iilands were the firft fruits of CoUmibus'n difcoveries; but
they were not known to the Englifli till 1667, when captain Seyle, being
driven among them in his pnfllige to Carolina, gave his name to one of
them ; and being a fecond time driven upon it, gave it the n.imc of Pro-
vidence. The Englilh, obferving the advantageous lituation of thefe
iflands for being a check on the French and Spaniards, attempted to fettle
them in the reign of Charles II. Some unlucky incidents prevented this
fettlement from being of any advantage, and the Ifle of Providence he-
came a harbour for the buccaneers, or pirates, who for a long time in-
feflcd the American navigation. This obliged the government, in 17 18,
to fend out captain Woodes Rogers with a fleet to ditlodgethe pirates, and
for making a fettlement. This the captain effected ; a fort was erefled,
and an independent company was l\ationed in the idand. Ever iince this
laft fettlement thefe iilands have been improving, though they advance
but llowly. In time of war, people gain confiderably by the prizes con-
demned there ; and at all times by the wrecks, which are frequent in this
labyrinth of rocks and (helves. The Spaniards captured thefe iflands dur-
ing the laft war, but they were retaken by a detachment from St. Augu^
tine, April 7th, 1783.

FALKLAND ISLANDS.] Leaving the Bahama and Weft India
Klfands, we fliall now proceed along the fouth-eaft coaft of America, as
far as the 52ddeg. of fouth lat. wheie the reader, by looking into the
Map, will perceive the Falkland Iflands fituated near the Straits of Magellan,
at the utmoft extremity of South America. Falkland Iflands were firft
difcovered by fir Richard Hawkins, in 1594, the principal of which, he
named Hawkins Maidenland, in honour of queen Elizabeth. ^ Tlie pre.
fent Englilh name Falkland, was probably given them by captain Strong,
in 1639, and being adopted by Halley, it has from that time been received
into our maps. They have occafioned fome contcft between Spain and
Great Britain, but being of very little worth, feem to have been filently
abandoned by the latter, in order to avoid giving umbrage to the Spanifl*

court.

,vr

■t • I *J' ' '

3H3

^■''*.iM;^

•fr V; •

/♦iiV^'

SPANISH

[ «3« 1

SPANISH DOMINIONS in NORTH AMERIcA.

East anp Wist Florida,

Situation ANP EXTENT.

Miles, Dcgreei, \

JLength 500) b#»«.--ii 5 80 and yi weft lonj^Uudc,
Breadth 440 I ''**"P^'* ( 23 apd jmorth jatuudc. ,

^OVKOAXIEI,]

THIS country, which was ceded by Oreat Britain to
Spain by the late treaty of peace, is bounded by
Georgia on the North ; by the Milfiflippi on the Wed ; by the Qulf of
J^Iexico on the South ; and by the Bahama Straits on the £aft.

Rivers.] Thelc aix the IVIifli/Iippi, which is one of the fined in the
vvorld, a» well as the larRcfi ; for, including its turnings and windings, it
is fuppofed to run a courfe of 4eoo miles | but its mouths are in a manner
^hoaVed up with fands and ihoals, which deny accefs to vciTcls of any con?
^derable burden \ there being, according tp Mitchel's map, only twelve
feet wtiXcr over the bar (cgptain Pjtman far 1 feventeen) at the principal
fptrapce. Within the bar there is 100 fathom water, and the channel is
every where deep, and the purrent eentle, except at a certain feal'pn,
^hent like the Nile, it overflows and becomPH extremely rapid. It is,
except at the entrance already mentioned, every where free from flioalf
and cataracts, and navigable for praft of one kind or other almoft to it^
fource. The Mobille, the Apulachicola, and St. John's riycrs, are alfq
jarge and noble dreams.

Bays awd capps,] The principal bays arc St. Bernard's, Afcenfion.
^obille, Penl'acola, Dauphiui Jofeph, Apalaxy, Spiritu San£)o, and
Pharles Bay.

The chief capes nre, Cape Blanco, Samblas, Anclute, apd Cape Flo*
rida, at the extremity of the peninfula.

Am AND CLIMATE.] Very various accounts have been given of thefc
particulars in this country ; b|.it that the air of Florida is pure and whole,
(ome, appears from the lize, vigour, and longevity of the Floridlan Indi.
ans, who, in thefe refpcdts, far exceed their mpre louth^rp i\eighbours the
Mexicans.

Soil, productions, anp 1 £afi Florida, nearthp fea, and 4omilc9
FACE OF THE cpUNT|LY. ) back, is flat and fandy. But even the
country round St. Auguftine| in all appearance the wo|-fl in the province,
Ukr frorn being unfruitful ; i( produces two crops of Indian corn a-year ;
fhe garden vegetables are in great pcrfedlion ; the orange and leipon trees
grow here, without cultiva^on, to a large fue, and^ produce bet^r fruit
than in Spain anid Portugal. The inward country towards the hills is exr
tremely rich and fertile, prqducing fpontaneoufly the fruits, vegetables,
and gums, that are common to Georgia and the Carolinas, and is like-
wife fayoyra^le fo the rearing of Europeaii productions.

T'his country alfo produces rice, indigo, ambergrife, cochineal, a{)ie<
fhyds, tur(|uoi{i!S, lapis lazuli, and other precious (tones ; copper, c^uick-
iilyer, pit-coal, and iron-ore : pearls are alfq found pn the coad of flp-
jida : mahogany grows on t|ie fouthcrn jpa^fs of (he peninfula, ^ut infe-

RICA.

Britain to
)unclcd by
tcQulfof

(led in the
indings, it
I a manner
if any cont
nly twelve
e principnl
channel i»
lin feal'pn,
pid. It is,
rom flioaU
Imofl to it^
8, are alfq

Afcenfion.
an£lu, and

Cape Flo«

en of thefe

and whole.

idiun |ndi.

hbours the

nd 40 milc9
t even the

province,

orn a-year ;

etpon trcei

)etjer fruit

hills isex-
vegctablcs,
and is Uke-

ineal, a{)ie-
iper, tjuick-
3afl ot f lo-
I, ^ut infe-
rior

■\:)\r

..-,%:

(i-H l>f.M

• ... ' '

^U.

1^.

mil--

-IJ;.v '

cr"«

X«i«

oh^^f'

*■♦ .81

,i4jii:.

Spanish Dominions in North Amt-rica, 839

nor ill fize and quality to that of Jamaica. The animal creation are'tilerd
{o niimKrous, that you may purchafc a gooJ-laddlc horfe, inexchjange for
goods of Hve ihiUings viiliie prime coft ; and there are instances of horfet
being exchanged for a h:itchet per head.

CmiiK TOWNS.] The cliief town in Weft Florida is Penfacoh, N.
lat. 30-22. W. long. 87-20, which is fituated within the bay of the fame
name, 011 a fandy ihore that can only be approached by fmall refleli. The
road is, however, one of the beft in all the Gulf of MexicOi in whicb
vclicis may lie in fafety againft every kind of wind, being furrounded by
land on every lide.

St. Auguliiiie, the capital of £aft Florida, N. lat. 29^45. W. long.
8i>i2. runs along the fliorc, and is of an oblong form, divided by four
regular (li^eets, crofling each other at right angles. The town is fortified
with baflions, and enclofed with a ditcu. It is likewife defended by a
callle, which is called Fort St. John; and the whole is well furniflied with
cannon. At the entrance into the harbour are the north and fouth
breakers, which form two channelf, whofe bars, or low tides, have eight
feet water.

NEW MEXICO, INCLUDING CALIFORNIA.
Situation and Extent.

y;«k' i

II/-K-

'Cmt^

l^ /^^'f-'o-lf'-'-'

Length
Breadth

Miles.

2000 ]
1600 )

Degrees.

between

C 94 and I a6 weft longitude.
I 23 and 43 north latitude.

Boundaries.] DOUNDED by unknown lands on the North; by
Xj Louifiana, on the Eaft ; by Old Mexico, and the Pa<
clfic Ocean, on the South ; and by the fame ocean on the Weft.

Divisions.

Subdiviftons.

Chief Towns.

North-eaft divlfion | New Mexico Proper J J ^'^['J^ K latT'el""'

South-eaft divifion Apach;ira — St. Antonio.

South divifion Sonora -^ "» Tuape.

Weft divifion California, a peninfula St. Juan.

Soil and cmmate.] Thefe countries lying for the moft part within
the temperate zone, have a «limnte in many places extremely agreeable,
and a foil productive of every thing, either for profit or delight. In Cai
Ufornia, however, they experience great heats in the fummer, particularly
towards thr lea coaft ; but in the inland country the climate is more tem-
perate, and in winter even cold.

Face an d i>Roouct. of the country,] The natural hiftory of thefe
countries is as yet in its infancy. The Spaniards themfeives know liitlc of
thf matter, and the little they know they are unwilling to communicate.

3 H 4 Thcl\

Iti/tLc/i^iiiu/e \

JSSBk\

2^6

SPANISH AMERICA.

TKUr authority being on a precarious footing with the Indians, who
here at leaft flill preferve their independence ; they arejealouaof difcover-
ing the natural iidvantages of thcfe countries, which might be an induce-
ment to the other nations of Europe to form fettlements there. It is cer-
tain, however, that in general the provinces of New Mexico and Califor-
nia arc extremely beautiful and plcafant ; the face of the country is^agiee-
ably varied with plains, interfeflcd by rivers, and adorned with gentle
eminences covered with varied kinds of trees, fome producing excellent
fruit. With refpedt to the value of the gold mines in thofe countries, no-
thing pofitive can be affertcd. They have undoubtedly enough of natural
produdions, to render them advantageous colonies to any but the Spa-
niards. In California there falls in the morning a great quantity of dew,
which , fettling on the r-ofe leaves, candies, and becomes hard like mannn,
having all the fweetnefs of refined fugar, without its whiteiiels. There is
aUb iinother very fingular natural protiuftion. In the heart of the country
there are plains of fult, quite firm and clear as crylUl, which, confider-
ing the vail quantities of tifli found on its coafts, might render it an inva-
luable acqiiifition to any induftrious nation.

Inhabitants, history, government, 7 The Spaj^ilh fettlements
RELIGION, AND COMMERCE. J here are comparatively

weak ; though they are increafing every day in proportion as new mines
are difcoveicd. The inhabitants are chiefly Indians, whom the SpaniOi
miflionaries have in rnany places brought over to Chiiftianity, to a civil-
ized life, afid to raifc corn and wine, which they now export pretty large-
ly to Old Mexico. California was difcovered by Cortcz, the great con-
queror of Mexico; our famous navigator, lir Francis Drake, took poUef-
fionofitin 1578, and his right was confirmed by the principal king, or
chief in the whole country. This title, however, the government of
Great Britain have not hitherto attempted to vindicate, though Califorria
is admirably fituated for trade, and on its ojaft has a pearl fifherv of great
•value. The inhabitants and government here do not materially iiftbr
from thofe of Old Mexico.

u«i. VJ

OLD MEXICO, OR NEW SPAIN.

■' ' Miles.

. Length 2000
4T.i!i*i.iuI^«'C'''i'l^ <5oo

Situation and extent.
Degrees. '
i betwee

(83 and 1 10 weft longitude,
" i 8 and 30 north latitude.

BauNDARiES.] TJOUNDED by New Mexico, or Granada, on the
XJ North; by the gulf of Mexico, on the North.,
eaft ; by Terra Firma, on the South-eaft ; and by the Pacific Ocean, on
the South-welt ; containing three audiences, viz.

^nnt-yi

•'t

Audiences

wh©

, on the

e North-

^cean, on

audience*

SPANISH AMERICA: 841

Audiences, Chief Towns.

t. Galicia or Guadalajarra

2. Mexico Proper ■

3. Guatimala — —

Guadalajarra.

Mexico, W. Ion* ioo.N.Ut. I9-54,

Acapulco.

Vera Cruz.

Gjatimala*.

Bays.] On the north fea are the gulfs or bays of Mexico, Campeao
chy, Vera Cruz, and Honduras ; in the Pacific Ocean or South Sea, are
the bays Micoya and Amapalia, Acapulco and Salinas.

Capes.] Thefe arc Cape Sardo, Cape St. Martin, Cape Cornducedo,
Cape Catuche, Cape Humlurus, Cape Cameron, aud Cape Gracias Dios,
in the North Sea.

Capr Marijues, Cape Spirito Sanfto, Cape Corientes, Cape Gallero,
Cape F>l:inca, Cape Burica, Cape Prucreos, and Cape Mala, in the South
Sea.

Winds.] In the gulf of Mexico, and the adjacent feas, there are
ftrong north winds fnm Odtober to March, about the full an'^ change of
the moon. Trade winds prevail every where at a diiiance from land with-
in the tropics. Near the coaft, in the South Sea, they have periodical
winds, viz. Monfoons, and fea and land breezes, as in Alia.

Soil and climate.] Mexico, lying for the moft part within the
torrid zone, is excelfively hot, and on the eafte -a coall, where the land is
low, marfliy, and conilantly flooded in the rainy feafons, it is likewife ex-
tremely unwholefomc. The inland country, however, afTumes a better
ai'pect, and the air is of a milder temperamer* ; on the wellern fide the
land is not fo low as on the eaftern, much better in quality, and full of
plantations. The foil ot Mexico in general is ot a good variety, and
would not refufe any fort of grain, were the induftry of the inhabitants to
correfpond with their natural advantages.

Produce.] Mexico, like all the tropical countries, is rather more
abundant in fruits than in gram. Pine-apples, pomegranates, oranges,
lemons, citrons, figs, and cocoa-nuts are here in the greateft plenty and
perfection. Mexico produces alio a prodigious quantity of fugar, efpeci-
ally towards the gulf of Mexico, and the province of Guaxaca and Gua-
timaln, fo that here arc more fugar mills than in any other part of Spanifli
America. But what is coniidered -as the chief glory of this country, and
what firft induced the Spaniards to form fettlements upon it, are the mines
of gold and filver. The chief mines of gold are in Veragua and New
Granada, bordering upon D.irien and Terra Firma. Thofe of filver,
which are much more rich, as well as numerous, are found in feveral parts,
but in none fo much as in the province of Mejcico. The mines of both
kinds are always found in the moil barren and mountainous part of the
country ; nature making amends in one refpeft for her defefts in another.
The working of the gold and filver mines depends on the fame principles.
When the ore is dug our, compounded of feveral heterogeneous fub-

• This city was fwallowcd up by an earthquake on the 7th of June 1773, when
eight thoufand f'amih'es inftuntly periJlicd. ^ew Guatimala is built at fome diftance,
and is well inhabited,

AancM,

84*"

SPANISH AMERICA.

ilaMfri, mixed with the piecioul metals, it is broken into fmall pieces
by%mill, and afterwards waHicJ, by which means it is difengaged from
the earth, and other foft bodies which clung to ir. Then it is mixed
with mercury, which, of all fublkanccs, has the ftrongeO attraiilion lor
gold, and likewife u rtron|ei- attrartionfor lilvcr than the other fubllanccs
which are united with it in the ore. By means of the mercury, thcic-
fore, the gold and filver are firft feparatcd from the heterogeneous matter,
and then by ibaining and evaporation, they are difunited'from the mer-
cury iifclf. Of the gold and filver, which the mines of Mexico afford,
great thing* have been faid. Thofc who have enquired mod into this
fubje(JV, compute the revenues of Mexico at twenty-four inillion3 of our
money ; and it is well known that this, with the other provinces of
SpaiuHi America, fupply the whole world with filver. The other articles
next in import ince to gold and lilvcr, arc the cochineal and cocoa. After
inut . '1; ute concerning the nature of the former, it feems at laft agreed,
that I lo of theanimal kind, and of the fpecics of the gall infcds. It ad<«
here; ^^ 'be plant called opuntia, and fucks the juice ot the fruit, which is
of ft c fon colour. It is from this juice that the cochineal derives its
vpU'c, which confifts in dying all forts rf the fineft fcarlet, crimfon, and
uj! 'r^ II is alfo ufed in medicine as a fudorific, and as a cordial; and
•i!. ,: computed that the Spaniards annually export no lefs than nine hun<
dred ifind )H>unds weight of this commodity, to anfwer the purpofes
of r.-JjiiA and dying. The cocoa, of which chocolate is made, is the
next cOi!!i'ierable article in the natural hiftory and commerce of Mexico. It
grows on a tree of a middling fize, which bears a pod about the lize and
Ihape of a cucumber, containing the cocoa. The Spanifli commeree in
this article is immenfe; and fuch is the iiucrnal confuinption, as well as
external call for it, that a fmall garden of cocoas is faid to produce to the
owner twenty thoufand crowns a year. At home it makes a principal
part of their diet, and is found wholefottje, nutritious, and fuitable to
the climate. This country llkcwife produces filk, but not fo much 49
to make any remarkable part of their export. Cotton it here in great
abundance, and on account of its liglunefs is the common wear of the in-
habitants.

FoPui.ATroN, INHABITANTS, 7 We flisll place thefe heads under
oovER.vMFNi A>fn MANNf.»>. J onc poiiit of V iew, becaiife the reader
will foon be fco**^ • they arc very nearly connecf^ed. We have already
described' the or s ual inhabitants of Mexico, and the conquell of that
ptuntry by the St>*Miard8. The prcfcnt inhabitants mny be divided into
Whites, Indians, »rtd Negroes. The Whites ;trc cither born in Old
3pain, or they arc Creole:, i. e. na;t'-;s at "-ijaniih America. The for-
iricr are chiefly employed yf. jovernmeoc or trade, and have nearly the fame
character with the '>\>atiurc* in Euro-->e ; only a ftill r -re contiderable
portiort of pride- tor th«"y confider ..fmiTivcs as entitled to i fry high
dikhiction as nativ-cs o! Europe, and look upon the other inh:ibi\ants as
nv.\V degrees beneath them. The creolcs have ail the had qualities of
the b^niards, f' om vvhom they are defc-nded, without that courage,
flrmnefs, and patience, which make the piaifc-worthy part of the Spanilh
Chart»«!'^r. Nsrtwr.dly weak and effeminate, they dedic;Ue the greateft
part of t"vcir fives to loitering and inactive pkalare'^. Luxaiious without
varieiv ov elegance, arid cxpenlive with great parade, and little conveni-
ence, their general character is no nn^re than u o;rave andfpecious infiefin-
figancc. From idkncfi^ and conltituiiou thcif whole bulnefs is amour and

inti'i^u'' «

SPANISH AMERICA:

intrigvie ; and thgr ladieft of confcquence are not at all dift)n{|;ui(l)ed foP
the'tr cbalUc^ or domcftic virtues. The Indiaiu, who, notwithftandihg
the devaiUtions of the fird iavadarit remain in ereat numbers, are be.
by continual opprelTion and indignity, a dejcftedf limorouiy ^ml

come,

miferable race oi mortali. The blacks here, like all thole in other parts of
the world, are flubborji, hardy» and as well adapted for the grofs ilavervi
they endure, as any human creat4re8 C9n be.

Such is the general chara£lcr of the inh»bitnnts, not only in Mexico|
but the greatefl: part of Spanifli America. The civil government i« ad^
miuiilered by tribunals, called Audiences, which bear a reiemblimce ro
the parlinments in France. In thcG: courts the viceroy of the king o|
Spain prelidee. His empluyment is the greatcA trull and power which bi»
Catholic majefly has in his difpofal, and is perhaps the richeil guvernw
ment entruftcd to any fubje£t in the world. The greatncfs of the vicex
roy's oHice is diminilhed by the fliortuefs of its duration. For, as jealoiify
is the leading feature of Spanifli politics, in whatever regards America, nci
officer is allowed to maintain his power for more than three years, which
no doubt m;iy have a good eSc{\ itt I'ecuring the authority of the crown of
Spain, but is attended with unhappy confcquences to the mlierable inha*
bitanrs, who become a prey to every new governor. The clergy are ex-
tremely numerous in Mexico, and it has been computed, that prieils,
monks, and nuns of all orders, make upwards of a fifth of all the whito
inhabitants, both here and in the other parts of Spanifli America. It is
impolfible indeed to find a richer field, or one more peculiarly adapted to
ecclefjalUcs, in any part of the world. The people are fuperftitious, ig-
norant, rich, lazy, and licentious: with I'uch materials to work upon, it
is not remarkable, that the church fliould enjoy one fourth of the re*
venues of the whole kingdom. It is more furpriiing that it has not n
Jialf.

Commerce, cities, and shipping.] Thetmde of Mexico confirts
pf three great branches, which extend over the whole known world. It
carries on a trafiic with Europe, by La Vera Cruz, fituated on the gulf o£
Mexico, or North-Sea ; with the £aft Indies, by Acapulco on the South*
Sea, and with South-America, by the fame port. Thefe two fea-ports.
Vera Cruz and Acapulco, are wonderfully well fuuated for the commercial
purpofcs to which they are applied. It is by means of the former that
Mexico pours her wealth over the whole world ; and receives in return
the numberlefs luxuries and neccflarics, which Europe atfords to her, and
which the indolence of her inhabitants will never permit them to acquire
for themfelves. To this port the fleet from Cadi?., called the Flota, conr-
fifting of three men of war, as a convoy, and tourteen large merchant
iliips, annually arrive about the beginning or November. Its cargoe c«)n-
fifts of every pommodity and nwnuta^ture of Europe, and there arc fewr
nations but have more concern in it than the bpaniaids, who fend out liir
tie more than yv'int and oil. The profit of thcfc, with the freight aud
eommiflion to the merchants, and duty to the king, is all the advantage
which Spain derives from her American commerce. When all the good;
are landed and difpoled of at La Vera Cruz, the fleet takes in thi plate,
precions ftonej, and other cominodities for Europe, Sometimes in May
ihcy are ready to depart. From La Vera Cruz they fail to the Havj^nnah^
}n the iflc ot Cuba, which is the rendezvous where they meet the galleons,
a^iothpr fleet which carries o^ the trade of Terra Firma, by Carthagenp,

»44

SPANISH AMERICA.

mcl of Peru by Panama and Porto Bello. When all arc collcflcd and pro-
vided with a convoy neceflUry for their fafety, thejr (leer for Old Spain.

Acapulco if the fea-port. by which the cbinmunication is kept jp be-
tween the di/terent parte of the Spunifli empire in America, and the £aft
Indies. Atraut the month of December, the great galleon, attended by
m large fl'ip as a convoy, which make the only communication between the
Philippires and Mexico, annually' arrives here. The cargoes of thefe
iliips, (fcr the convoy, though '.n an u.ider-hand manner, likewifc carriej
^ooda), coi^fift of all the rich commodities and manufaflures of the Eail.
At the fame time the annual Oiip from Lima, the cnpital of Q^ru, comes
in, and is not computed to bring lefs than two millions of pieces of eight
in filver, betides quicklilver and other valuable commodities, to be laid
cut in the purchafe of the galleon's cargoes. Several other fliips, from
diiferent pans of Chili and Peru, meet upon ttie fame occalion. A great
fair, in which the commodities of all parts of the world are bartered for
one another, lafls thirty days. The gaUeon--then prepares for her voyage,
loaded with fiirer and uich European goods as hav^ been thought necef-
liiry. The Spaniards, though this trade be carried on entirely through
ihcir hands, and in the very heart of their dominions, are comparatively
but fmall gainers by it. For ns they allow the Dutch, Great Britain, and
other commercial Aateo, to furniih the greater part of the cargoe of the
f lota, fo the Spanifli i'lhabitnnts of the Philippines, tainted with the fame
indolence which ruined their European anceftors, permit the Chinefe mer-
chants to furniOi the greater part of the cargoe ot the galleon. Notwith-
ilanding what has been faid of Vera Cruz, and Acapulco ; the city of
Mexico, the capital of the empire, ought to be confidered as the centre of
commerce in this part of the world : for here the principal merchants re-
fide, and the grearcft part of the bufmefs is negociated. The Eaft India
^oods from Acapulco, and the European from Vera Cruz, .".11 pafs through
this city. Hitherall the gold and filver come to be coined, here the king's
fifth is depofited, and here are wrought all thofe utenfils and ornaments in
plate which are every year fent into Europe. The city itfelf breathes the
air of the higheft magnificence, and according to the bed; accounts con-
tains about 8o>ooo inhabitants.

' c f;i5 f- ill

•> ■ #• •

.»"•-■'

j^yi^Aiiaf^^ 'Hisl' Vsu/J^J fit »*',! rihr f • t . '

SPANISH

.:.-, ,:;.j. '-/

|&-^r-

Iledted and pro-
r Old Spain.
is kept jp be-
I, and the Eaft
1, attended by
on between the
trgoe* of thefe
likewifc curries
:s of the Eafl.
f ^ru, conies
)teces of eight
ies, to be laid
ler fliips, from
(ion. A great
e bartered for
For her voyage,
hought necef-
tircly through
comparatively
at Britain, and
cargoe of the
with the fame
: Chinefe nier-
>n. Notwith-
); the city of
s the centre of
merchants re-
rhe Eaft India
1 pafs through
lerc the king's
rnaments in
jreathes the
iccounts COB-

SPANISH

SPANISH DOMINIONS in SOUTH AMERICA.

TERRA FIRMA, or CASTILE DEL ORG,

tf( -?#!

Situation and extent.

Milcd.

Length 1400
Breadth 700

between

Degrees. ,( J,r, j

f 60 and 82 weft longihtde.

{ the equator, and -12 north lititude.

it'.

Boundaries.] T3OUNDED by the North Sea (part of the Atlantic
J3 Ocean), on the North ; by the fame fea and Surinam,
on the Eaft ; by the country of the Amazons and Peru, on the South {
and by the Pacific Ocean and New Spain, on the Weft. • '

Divifions.

The north divifion
contains the pro-
vinces of

ITie fouth divifion
contains the pro-
vinces of

Subdivifions.

Terra Ftrma Proper,'
or Datien ~— .

•A

It-

6. Comana

I'-

New Andal

New Granada
Popayau •

luda, or {

Chief Towns.

r Porto Bello

Pan A M A, W. Ion. So*
21. N. lat. 8.47, ,
Carthagena ^,...^t ;^, \^
St. Mar:ha ,.„|j^

Riodc hi Hacha. r;)«-
' 'cnezuela
Conuma
St. Tbomas

H^anta Fe .1

le Bagota

Bays, capes, Sec]

Ciirthagena

St. Martha

Rio de lit liacha

Venezuela • , „w.» ..,

. -i*

• ' -*,

'■!■

■:t • . . ; ■■;,!,' ..!f<-..: ic>

The irthmus pf Darien, or Terra. FirmaPi-oper,
joins North and South America. A line ilrawn tri)m Purio Bcllo in the
North, to Panama*in the South Sea, or rather a little wkU of tbefc two
towns, is the proper limit between Noitli .-.nd South America, and here
the ifthmus or neck of land, is only 60 miles over.

The principal bays in Terra Firma are, the bay of Panama, and the
bay of St. Michael's, in the South Sea ; the bay of Porto Bello, the
gulf of Darien, Sino bay, Carthagena bay and harbour, the gulf of
Venezuela, the bay of Maracaibo, the gulf of Triefto, the bay of Gu.iira,
the bay of Curiaco, and the gulf of Paria, or Andalufia, in the North
Sea.

The chief capes are, Samblas point. Point Canoa, Cape del Agua,
Swart point. Cape de Vela, Cape Conquibiicon, Cape Cabelo, Cupc
Blanco, Cape Galera, Cape Three Points, and Cape N^lHiu ; all on the
north (iiore of Terra Firma.

Climate.} . The climate here, particularly in the northeai divifions,
is extremely hot ; and it was found by Ulloa, that the heat of the warmeft
day in Paris is continual at Carthagena ; the excellive heats raife the va-
pour of the fea, which is precipitated in fuch rains as feem to threaten *
general delyge. Great part ot the coumry, therefore, is almoft conti-
- : , nually

846

SPANISH AMERICA.

nualtv flooded ; and this together with the exceflive heat, fo tmpregnateg
tli^ air with vapo 11, that in many provinces, particularly about Pop»yin
and Forto Bello, ii is extxKxndy unvvlioleibme.

Soil and produce.] The foil of this country, like that of thr
greater part of South America, it wonderfully rich and fruitful. It it uv-

fpollible to view, witiiout admiration, the perpetual verdure of the woodi,
, the iuxuriancy of the plains, and the towering height of the mountains.

■i This, however, only applies to the inland country, for the coafts are ^e•

ncrnlly barren (and, nud incapable of bearing any fpeciei of grain. The
trees, mull rcmarkublc lor thi-ir dimenfions, are the caobo, the cedar, the
maiia^ and balfam tree. The uianchineel tree is pnrticularly remarkable.
It bears a fruit refembling ar apple, but which, under this f{>cciuus ap<
pcarance, cuntaihs the molt iiibtlc poifon^ againd which common oil is
found to be the bed antidote. The malignity of this tree is luch, that if
a perfon only fleeps under it, he finds his body all iwelled, and racked with
the fevereft tortures. The beafts from inflinrt, aluays avoid it. The
Habella de Carthagena ti> the fruit of a fpecies of willow, and contains a
kernel refembling an iiliuond, but Icfs white, and extremely bitter. This
kernel is found to be an excellent and never.fuiling remedy for the bite of
the moft venomous vipers and fcrpcnts, which are very frequent all over
this country. There were formerly rich mines of gold here, which nre
DOW in a great mcafure cxhauflcd. The (ilver, iron, and copper mines
have been fmce o|)encd, and the inhabitants find cmeraldS) fapphircs, and
other precious ftones.

Animals.] In treating of North America, we have taken notice of
many of the animals that are found in the fouthern parts; it is therefore
unncccflary to repeat them (!e>c:itter. Among thofe peculiar to this coun-
try, the moft remarkable i: the f'.oth, or, as it is called by way of derifion,
the Swift Pcif! . It bear* a rei';;Mblance to an ordinary monkey in Ihape
and fize, but is of a moll wierched appearance, with its bare hams and
feet, and its Ikin all over :-urrugated. He ftands in no need of either
chain or hutch, never ftirrin|; vmlefs compelled by hunger ; and he is faid
(o be ieveral minutes in moving on« of his Ic^^s, nor will blows make him
mend his pace. When he moves, every effort is attended with fuch a
plailttive, and at the fame time, fo difagrecable a cry, as at once produces
pity and difguft. In this cry confiih the whole defence of this wretched
animal. For on the Hrft holHle approach it is natural for him to be in mo-
tion, which Is always accompanied with difguftful bowlings, fo that his
))urfuer flies much more fpeeilily in his tuiii, to be beyond the reach of
this horrid noii'e. When this animal iinds no witd fruits on the ground, he
looks out with a great deal of pains for a tree well loaded, which he
afcends with a world of mieafinefs, moving, and crying, and ftopping by
turns. At length having mounted, he plucks off all the fruit, and
throws it on the ground, to favc himfelf fuch another troublefome jour-
ney ; and rather thun bt fatigued with coming down the tree, he gathers
himfelf in a bunch, and with a (briek drops to the ground.

The monkeys in thefc countries are very numerous ; they kpep toge-
ther 20 or 30 in company, rambling over the woods, leaping from tree to
tree, and it they meet with a lingle perfon, he is in danger of being torn
to pieces by them ; at leaft they chatter, and make a frightful noife, throw-
ing things at him ; they hang themfelves by the tail, on the boughs, and
fcem to threaten him all the way he pallcs ; but where two or three peo-
ple are together, they ufually fcamper away.

Natives.]

npregnatei
it Pop»yan

hat of thr
. ItUim-
the woodi,
mountains*
)aft8 are t;c-
rain. The
! cedar, the
remarVablc.
■j)Ccioui aj)-
nmun oil is
uch, that if
rucked with
ill it. The
d contain) a
litter. This
ir the bite of
lent all over
, which are
ropper mines
pphircs, and

ken notice of
It is therefore
to this coun-
y of derifion,
key in Ihape
re hams and
led of either
ind he is faid
ws make him
with fuch a
mce produces
Ihis wretched
to be in nio«
, fo that his
Ithe reach of
le ground, he
|d, which he
flopping by
iC fruit, and
lelbme jour-
, he gathers

^y kpep toge-
from tree to
being torn
|)oife, throw-
soughs, and
^r three pco-

Natives.]

SPANISH AMERICA.

*4?

Nativki.] Befidcs the Indians in this country, who fall under our
gener. 1 defcriprion of the AmericiuiH, there is anotltcr fpecies, of a fait
c implcxion, delicate habit, and ut u fniallcr ftnture than the ordinary In.
dians. Their difpofitions too iirc more fuft and cfTeiniiKite ; hut what prin-
cipally diilinguiOies them is their Inrt^r, weak blue eyes, which, unable to
bcur the light ot the fun, foe bctl by nu>on-li^h(f itnd ium which they arc
therefore called Moon-aycd Indians. , "i , ^ .

Inhai!itant9, coMMiinct, ) W'c haVe'rilffady riientloncd how thia
AM) chii:f towns. Jcouiury fell into the h:inds of the Spa-

niards. The inhabitants therefore do uot materially diilcr fnmi tholt of
Mexico. To what we have obfcrved, with regard to thi* 'niry,
it is only neccliury t<> add, that the original inhubirunts i are

variouily intermixed with the negroes audlndians. Thclc
form various gradations, which are carefully diiHn9,uiAiod froi
bccaufe every pirfon cxpeiJts to be regarded, in proportion
lliiireof the Spanilli blood runs in his veins. The firll dlAiiii i
from the intermarriage of the vvhiites with the Negroes, is tliat of the
Mill tttoes, which is well known. Next to thefe are the Terccrones, pro-
duced from a white and mulatto. From the intermarriage with thefe and
tlic whites, arife the Quarteroncs, who, though dill near the former,
are dil'graced with a tint of Negro blood. But the produce of thcl'e and
the whites are the Quintcrones, who, which is very remarkable, arc not
to l)e didinguilhed from the real Spauiurds, but by being of a flill fairer
complexion. The fame gradations arc formed in a contrary order, by the
intermixture of the Miilattnes and the Negroes ; and befidcs ihcfe, there
are u thoufand others, hardly didinguilhablc by the natives themfclvcs.
The commerce of this country iu chiefly carried on from the ports of
Panama, Carthagena, and Porto T Ho ; which ate three of the nioft coo-
fiderable cities in Spanifli America ; and each containing fcveral thoufand
inhabitants. Here there ate aniuia' fairs for American, Indian, and Eu-
m commodities. Ainonir the natural mcrchandife of Terra Firma,

■ »
rr

ropea

<he pearls found on the coaft, particularly in the bay of Panama, aie not

the leaft confiderable. Au immenfe number of negro flaves are employed
in fifliing for thefe, and have arrived at wonderful dexterity at this occu-
pation. They are fbinetiines however devoured by fifli, particularly tlve
(harks, while they dive to the bottom, or arc cruflied as^aiuU theflielvcs of
the rocks. The government of Terra Firma is on the fame footing with

thatot Mexico.

•r\'.iT:o'.

n a:

itSvv ,fr.f

■ .'IV ,■■ :
til, ^,' . '

■1 1 ■

,";• ff

f- 'jnivw' i'.i-j'.i'ii U\

.^ni!

Situation and ExtentV^'V'^E "i; nc u ?v/of/r

Miles.
Length 1 8oo I

■'' Degrees.

„ _ , ( the equator and 15 fouth latitude* j.,/

Brea'ith jqo^ '^'^"" t 60 and 81 welUongitude. : ^a^ ^ri-'

BouMDA»lEs.]r)OUNDED by Terra Firma, on the North; hf
XJ the mountains, or Cordeleiras des Angcs, Fail >
by Chili, South ; and by the Pacific Ocean, Weft. ' •'^""

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

I.I

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" lis 11^

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•• 6" —

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Corporation

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.<^^

^<b

«»

*>
^

«4S

SPANISH AMERICA.

Divifioni.
The north divifion

The middle divifion

• _ . ■ ( .. - .

The fouth divifion

Provinces.
J Quito —

Chief Towna.

H Quito
Payta
C ") r Lima, 76-49 W. Ioo<

< Lima, or Los Reyes ^ } 12-1 1. S. tat.

< J I Cufco, and Callao,

{LosCharco, - } | J-Jj.

SeAs, bay*, and hakbours.] The only fea which borders on Peru
is the Pacific Ocean, or South Sea. The principal bays and harbours are
Fayta, Malabrigo, Cuanchaco, Cofma, Vermeio, Guara, Callao the port-
town to Lima, Ylo, and Arica.

RivEKS.] There is a river whofe waters are as red as blood. The
rivers Granada or Cagdalena, Oronoque, Amazon, and Plate, rife in
ihe Andes. Many other rivers rife alfo in the Andes, and fall into the
Pacific Ocean, between the equator and eight deg. S. iat.

Petrified waters.] There are feme waters, which in their courfe,
turn into (lone ; and here are fountains of liquid matter, called coppey,
refembling pitch and tar, and ufed by feamen for the fame purpoft.

Soil. AND CLIMATE.] Though Peru lies within the torrid zune, yet
having on one fide, the South Sea, and on the other the great ridge of the
Andes, it is not fo fiiiled with heat, as the other tropical countries. The
iky too, which is generally cloudy, fhields them from the dired rays of
the fun : but what is extremely ungular, it never rains in Peru. This
defed, however, is fufiiciently fupplied by a foft kindly de.v, which falls
gradually every night on the ground, and fo refreQies the plants and grafs,
as to produce in many places the greateil fertility. Alon^ the fea-coaft,
Peru is generally a dry barren land, except by the banks of rivers, when
it is extremely fertile, as are all the low lands in the inland country.
t Animal, vegetable, and ) There, are many <^ ' mines in the
. MINERAL PRODUCTIONS. ) northern parr. .; from Lima.

Silver too is produced in great abundance in vari< ,.rovinccs ; but the

old inines are conftantly decaying, and new ones daily opened. The towns
ihift with the mines. That of Potoli, when the filver there was found at
the caiieft expence, (for now having gone fo deep, it is not fo eafily brouf»ht
up) contained 90,020 fouls, Spaniards and Indians, of which the latter
were fix to oiie. The northern part of Peru produces wine in great plenr
ty. Wool is another article of its produce, and is no lefs remarkable for
its fincnefs than for the animals on which it grows; thefe they call
lamas and vicunnas. The lama has a fmall head, in fome meafure re-
fembling that of a horfe and fiiccp at the fame time. It is a^out the fize
of a ftag, its upper lip is cleft like that of a hare, through which, when
enraged, it fpits a kind of venomous juice, which inflames the part it falls
on. The fieih of the lama is agreeable and faliitary, and the animal is
not only ufcful in affording wool and food, but alfo as a beaft of burden.
It can endure amazing fatigue, and will travel over the fleeped mountains
with a burden of 60 or 70 pounds. It feeds very fparingly, and never
drinks. The vicunna is fmaller and fwifter than the lama, and producv3
IV09I fiill finer in quality. In the vicunna too is found the bezoar Hones,
regarded as a fpecific againil poifons. The next great article in their pro<-
■ilucc and commerce is the Peruvian bark, known better by the name of
%H^ii^'' '^ «*■ ■ "ji./ H r^".^.Jr-sV 'i'-- ■^'^ ^-- »?*H<-V., Jeiuitfe

SPANISH AMERICA.

&■.

I W. loo.
S. lat.
allao.

on Peru

■bours arc

ibe port-

k1. The
:, rife in
I into the

eir courfe,
:d coppey,
ofc.

zone, yet
idge of the
ries. The
eft rays of
eru. This
which falU
J and grafs,
c feacoaft,
ivers, when
itry.

nes in the
am Lima,
but the
he towns
as found at
y broUj?,ht
the latter
great plen-
arkable for
they call
leafure re-
nt the fize
lich, when
part it falls
; animal is
of burden,
mountains
land never
d produce?
,oar ftones,
their pro-
name of

jefuiti

Jefuits hark. The tree which produces this invaluable drug, grows prin-
cipally in the mountainous part of Peru, and particularly in the province
of Quito. The bed bark is always product^d in the high and rocky
grounds; the tree which bears it, is about the fize of a cherry tree, and
produces a kind of fruit rcfcmhling the almond. But it is only the bark
which has thofe evccllcnt qualities that render it fo ufeful in intermitting
fevers, ^nd other difoiders to which daily experience extends the applica-
tion of it. Guinea |)Cpper, or Cayenne pepper, as weeallit, is produced
in the greateft abundaoce in the vale ofVArica, a diilrift in the foutbern
parts of Peru, from whence they export it annually, to the value of
600,000 crowns. Peru is likewife the only part of Spanifh America which
produces tjuickfilvcr ; an arricle of i'nmenfe value, confidcring the various
purpofes to which it is applied, and efpe^-ially the puritlcation of gold and
filver. The principal mme of this fingulur metal is at a place called Ouan->
cavelica, where it is found in a whitifli mafs rcfembling brick ill burned*
This fubflance is volatilifed by fire, and received in (lean\ by a combination
of glafs velfels, where it conJenfes by means of a little water at the bottom
of each vefFel, and forms a pure heavy liquid.

Manufactures, THAnu, anr cities.] Wc join tlicfc articles hcffe
liecaufe of their intimate connet'tion ; tor, except in the cities we fliall dc-
f«.ribe, there is no commerce worth mentloninsT. The city of Lima is tlie
capital of Peru, and of the whole Spaniftj empire : irs firuation in th6 lind;;
die ol^ a fpacious and delightful valley, was fixed upon by the farrtous jf^'j*
7.arro, as the n'.'ilt proper for a city, which he expeflcd would prcfcfve tils
meiiiory. It is fo well watered by the river Riniac, thnt the nih'ab;t,ihb'>
like thofe of London, command a ftream, each for his own ufe. There
are many very magnificent ftrufturcs, particularly churches, in this city ;
though the hmifes in general are built of llight materials, the equality of
the climate, and want of rain, rendering ftone houfes uiinecefiary ; ahd
befides it is found, that ihefe are more apt fo fufier by fluicks of the tarth,
whirh are frequent and dreadful all over fhis pnivince. Lima is about
two leagues from the fea, extends in length two miles, and in breadth one
and* a quarter. It contains about 60,000 inhabitapts, of whom the
Avhifcs amnunt to a fixth pan. One itmarkable faft is futficient to dc-
moiilirate tho wealth of ihis city. When the viceroy, the duke de li Pa-
lada, made his entry into Lima in 1 682, the inhabitants, to do him hrnour,
caiifed the ftrects to be paved with ingots of filver, amounting to frveoteen
millions ftcrling. All travellers fpeak with amazemeiit of the decdatton*
of the churches with gold, filver, and precious llones, which load and or-
nanient even the walls. The only thing that could juftify thefe accoitnts,
is the iinmenfe richnefs and cxtfcnfive convi^ercc of the inhabitants. The
merchants of Lima may be faid to dcr.l with all the q^uariers of the world,
and that both on their own accounts, and as faftors lor others. Here all
the products of the fouthern provinces arc conveyed, in order to be ex-
changed at the harbour of Lima, for fuch articles as the inhabitants of
Peru ftand in need of; the fleet fiom Europe, and the Eaft Indies, land
at the fame harbour, and the commoditiea of Afia, Eurojie, and America,
are there bartered for each other. What there is no immediate vent for,
the merchants of Lima puichafe on their own accounts, and lay-up in
warehoufes, knowing that they muft foon find an outlet for them, hnce by
one channel or other they have a comnninication with almoll ^vcry com-
mercial nation. But all the wealth of the inhabitants, all the b«luty <ii
th-,- m.intion, and fertility of the clim.tte of Lima, are not fuflicient to

' ■ ^ I compenfaio

850

SPANISH AMERICA.

'j^

compenfate for one difadcr, which always threntens, and has foiiieiinto
a£iua|ly befallen them. In the year 1747, a mod tremendous cartlu]uake
laid three-founhs of th's city level with the ground, and enttiv:ly demo-
liflied Callao, the port-town belonging to it. Never was any dellrut^tion
more terrible or pcrt'c^, not more than one of three thoufand inhabitants
being left to record this dreadful calamity, and he by a providence the moft
fnigular and exn-aordinury im.iginable. — This man, who happened to be 011
a fort which overlooked the harbour, perceived in one minute the inha«
bitants runntni; from their hoiifes in the uimoil terror and confufion ; the
fea, as is uliual en fuch occaliuns, receding to a coniiderablc diiiance, re-
turned in mountainous waves, foaming vvich the violence of the agitation,
buried the inhabitants for ever in it» bofom, and immediately all was
filent; but the f.ini« wave which dcllroyed the town, drove a little boat
by the place where the man flood, into which he threw himfcif and was
i'aved. Cufco, the ancient capital of the Peruvian empire, has already
been taken notice of. A'^ it lies in the mountainous country, and at a
diftancc from the fea, it has been long on the decline. But it is dill a very
confiJerable place, and contains above 40,000 inhabitants, three parts
Indians, and \'ery indutlrious in manufat^uring baize, cotton, and kathcr.
They have alfo, both here and in Quito, a particular tadc for painting j
and their produaions in this way, foine of which have been admired in
Italy, arc di'pcrftd all over South America. Quito is next to Lima ir%

Epuloufnefs, il nut fuperior to it. It is, like Cufco, an inland city, and
ving no minef ir\iits neighbourhood, is chiefly famous /or its manuhic-
tures of Cotton, wool, and flax, which fupply the cunfumption over all
the kingdom' of Peru.

Inhabitants, manners, and ) It would be in vain tp pretend
GOVERNMKNT. J faying auy thing dccifive with re-

gaixl to the number 01 inhabitants in Peru. The Spaniards themfelvcs are
remarkably lilent on this head. It has been gucfled by fome writers, that
in all Spanifli America there are about thiee millions of Spaniards and
Creoles ot didercut colours ; and undoubtedly the number of lndi;jns 13
much greater ; though neither in any refpet'^ proportionable to the wealth,
fertility, and extent of the country. The manners of the inhabitants do
rot remarkably differ over the whole Spanidi dominions. Pride and iazi-
nefs arc the two predominant palHons. It. is agreed on by the iholl au-
thentic travellers, that the manners «if Old Spain have degenerated in its
colonics. The Creoles, and all the otbef de'' lants of the Spaniards,
Wcording to the above diiliniJ^ions, arc guil'y ^ny mean and piltering

vices, which a true-born Caftilian qould net tl. u^ of but with dctcftation.
This, no doubt, in part arifes from the cont-ir.pt in which all but the real
natives of Spain arc held in the Indies, mankind generally behaving ac-
cording to the treatment they meet with from others. In Lima the Spanidi
pride has made the greatell dcfcents; and many of the firit nobility aie
employed in commerce. Ir is in this city that the viceroy rclides, whofe
authority extends over all Peru, except Quito, which' has lately been de-
tached trom it. The v'lcejoy is as abiolute as the king of Spain ; but as
his territories arc fo cxtenlive, it is ncceflary that he fliould part with a
(hare of his authority to the feveral audit nces or courts cltablilhed over
the kingdom. There is a treafury court eftablithed at Lima, for receiving
the filth of the produce of the mines, and certain taxes paid by the In-
dians, which belong to the king of Spitin.

'4-:^ t iruMtT vaOrOC Cjrt.

C H I L I.

„««*

t 85t ]

fomeiitnet
arthquake
Ay demo-
lellriK^tion
nhabit.ints
;e the moft
ed to be on

the inha«
Lifion ; the
liance, re-
: ngicaiiorit
ly all was

little bout
f and was
ia» wlready
y, and at a
I ftill a very
three part*
md Itathcr.
r painting j
admired in
to Liuia in
d city, and
ts maniUnc-
on over all

I tp pretend
live with re-
lemfelvcs are
riteis, thtit
laniards and
Indians \$
the wealth,
abitants do
eand lazi-
le inort au-
erated in it!»
Spaniards,
nd pilt'ering
.Ictcftation.
but the real
ehaving ac-
theSpanilh
nobility aie
ides, whofe
:ly been dc-
3in ; but as
part with a
lilhed over
r receiving
by the In-

C H I L I.

Situation and extent.

Length
Breadth

Miles.

1300

500

Degrees.
\ '^"''^"" } 6s ami 85 weft longitude.

BouNDARiEs.lQOUNDED by Pcru> on rte 'North; by La Plata,
X3 ot> the Eaft ; by Patagbnta, on the South j dad by
•he Pacific Ocean, on the Weft.

Divtfions.

On the weft fide
the Andes

On the eaft fide of
the Andes.

Provinces.
°^| Chili Proper

< Cuyo, or Cutio

-]i

Chief Towns*
f St. Jago, W. Ion. "^j,
S.lat. 34*' "y.
Baldivia. ' -^

Imperial.

i < St. John dc Fronticra.

Lakes.] The principal lakes are thofc of Tagtttagua near St. Jago,
and that of Paren. Befides which they have fevefal falt-water Uki s, that
have a communication with the fea, part of the year. In ftormy weather
the fea forces a way through them, and leaves them full of fiflj ; but in
the hot feafon the water congeals, leaving a cruft of fine white fait a foot

thick. ":''^ '■;

Bays, seas, and harbours.] The only fea that borders upon Chili
is that of the Pacific Ocean, on the weft.

The principal bays, or harbours, are Copiapo, Coquimbo, Govnna-
dore, Valparifo, lata. Conception, Santa Maria, La Moucha, Baldiviai
Brcwer*s-naven, and Caftro.

Climate, soil, and produce.] Thefe are not remairkabTy diffe-
rent from the fame in Peru ; and if there be any difference, it is in favour
of Chili. There ic indeed no part of the world more favoured thaH tNls
is, with refpeft to the gifts of Nature. For here not dnly the tf^ipit'iil
fruits, but all fpecies of grain, of which a confiderable part is exported j
come to great perfe£tion. Their animal productions are thti fame With
thofe of Peru ; and they have gold almoft in every river.

Inhabitants.] This country is very thinly inhabited^ The oirgt-
nal natives are ftill in a gr^at meafurc unconquered and uncivilized j and
leading a wandering life, attentive to no objeft but their pf-efcrvatioH fr'ohj
the Spanifli yoke, are in a very unfavoured condition with regard to po-
pulation. The Spaniards do not amount to above 20,000 ; and the fiif
dians, Negroes, and Mulattoes, are not fuppofed to be thrictrthat numberi
However,°there have lately been fome formidable infurreftionsagalftftrh^
Spaniards, by the natives of Chili, which greatly alarmed the %iJilffi

Commerce.] The foreign commerce of Chili is entirely confined to
Peru, Panama, and fomc parts of Mexico. To the former they export ahiiu-]
ally corn fuflicient for 60,000 men. Their other exports are liemp, which"

i I i il

852

SPANISH AMERICA.

i» ruifeil in no other part of the South Seas ; hides, tntlow, and fr.lied
ptoviliuns ; and tlicy receive in return the cimtinodities uf Europe and the
Kxii Indies, which are brought to the port of Culhio*

PARAGUA, or LA PLATA.

Situation and Extent.

Miles. Degrees.

Leni>th I soo ) ijgt.y„p„ I « ^ and 37 foiith latitude.
Breadth 1000 J ( 50 and 75 well longitude.

iBouNDARiKs^J TJOUNDED by Amaxonlst, on the North ; hy Brazil,

uid Chili, VVca.
DiviHons.

E»ft divilion contains

South diviiion

Euft ; by Patagonia, on the South ; and by l^eru

{

Provinces.
Paraguay
Parana —
Guaira —
Uif\gua
Tucunun
Rio dc U Plata

Chief Towns.

HAfTu.nptiun
St. Anne
Civadad Real
Los Reyes

— > < Buenos Ayres,W Ion.
J C. S7-54'S. lat. 34- 35.,

Bays avd takes ] The principal bay is that at the mouth of the
river La Plata, on which ftands the capital city of Buenos Ayres ; and
Cape St. Antonio,, at the entrance of that bay, is the only promontory.
This cwmtry abounds with lake?, one of which is 100 miles long.

Rivers.] This country, befides an mtinite number of fmall rivers^ is
watered bv three principal ones, which, united near the fea, form the
famous Rio de la Plata, or Plate River, and which annually overflow their,
banks : and, on their recefs, leave them enriched witli a dime, that pro*
duces the grcateil plenty of whatever is committed to it.

Air, son., and vroduce.J This vafl trai^t is far from being wholly
fubdned or planted by the Spaniards. There are many parts in a great
degree unknown to them, or to any other people of Europe. 'I he prin-
cipal province of which we have nny knowledge, is that which is called
Riode laPlut;i, towaids the mou'ih of the above mentioned rivers. This

Erovince, with all the adjacent parts, is one continued level, not interrupted
y the leaft hill for feyerv^ hundred miles every way ; extremely fertile,
io(i' pi-oducing cotton in great quantities ; tobacco, and the valuable herb
called Paraguay, with a variety of fruits, and prodigious rich paftures,in
ivhich are bred ftich herds of cattle, that it is faid the; hides of the beafta
ate all that is properly bought, the carcafe being in a manner given into
ilie bargaitu A horfe fome time ago might be boui;ht for a dollar ; and
the ufuul price f')r a bcaft, thoftn out of a herd of two or three hundred,
was only four rials. But, contrary to the general uAture of America, this

•i^ country

nnd Cr.lied
pc and the

SPANISH AMERICA.

; .by Brazil,
md by Tern

IS.

REs,W Ion.
lut. 34-35.,

louth of thff
Ay res ; and
promontory,
long.

all'rivcrs^ is
form the
verflow their,
ne^ that pro«

»ejng wholly
ts in a great
'I he prin-
ich is called
rivers. This
interrupted
;mely fertile,
f aJuabh herb
paftiircs, in
of the hearts.
;r given into
dollar ; and
ree hundred,
Lmciica, thia
country

»J3

country is deftitute of woods. The air is remarkably fwect, and ferene,
«nd the waters of La IMaia are equally pure and wholelome.

First sETTtEMbNT, CHibP ) I'hc Spaniards Krii difcoverrd this
citV, and commercK. J countiy, by lUiling up the river fa PUt»
in 1515, and fouodcU the town of lliienos Ayres, fo cjiUcd on account
of the excellence of the air, on the (buth fulc of the river, titry Icaguis
within the mouth of it, where tlie river is fcvcn leagues broad. This i»
one (if the moftconfiderable towns in South Aineric;*, and the only place
of traffic to the fouthvrard of Braiil. Here we meet with the merchrmts
of Eurojw and Peru, bjt no regular fleet comes here, as to the other
parts of Spanilli America ; tsvo, or at mnfl three, regitlcr (hips, make the
whole of their regular intercourfe with Europe. Their returns are very
valuable, confilling chiefly of the gold and filverof Cliili and Peru, fug.ir,
and hides. Thofe who have now and then cairied on a contraband trade
to this city, have found it more advantageous than any other whatever.
The benefit of this coittraK ml is now wholly in the hands of the Portu-
gucfc, who keep magazines for that purpofc, in (uch pirts of Brafil as lie
near this country. The trade of Paraguay, and the manners of the peo-
ple, arc fo much the fame with thofe of the red of the Spanlfti coluniei
in South America, that nothing farther can be f^id oti thofe article*.

But we cannot quit this country without faying foinething of that ex*
traordinary fiHiiics of coinmonwcaUh, v^hich the Jcfuits erci^ed in the
interior parts, and of which thcfe crafty prieds endeavoured to keep all
ftrangcrs in the dark.

About the middle of lad century, thofe fathers reprefented to the court
of Spain, that their want of fucccfs in their millions was owing to the
fcandal which the immorality of the Spaniards aever failed to give, an4
to the hatred which their infnient behaviour caul'cd in the Indians, whcrevef
they came. They infinuated, that, if it were not for that impediment,
the empire of the Gofpcl might, by their labours, have been extended into
the moll unknown pans of America ; and that all thofe countries might be
fubdued to his Catholic majedy's obedience, without expcnce, and with*
out force. This remonftiance met with fuccefs ; the fpherc of thnr la-
bours was marked out ; an uncontrolled liberty was given to the Jcfuits
within theic limits ; and the governors of the adjacent provinces bad or-
ders not to interfere, nor to fuftisr any Spaniards to enter into this pale,
without licence from the fathers. Tliey, on their prt ageced to pay a
certain capitation tax, in proportion to their flock ; and to fend a cenaio
number to the king's works wh<;nevcr they (liould be demanded, and the
inlffions fliould become populous enough to fupply them.

On thefe terms the Jefuits gladly entered upon the I'ccne of afiiun, and
opened their fpiritual campaign. They began by gathering together
about 50 wandering familieji, whom they {jcriuaded to fettle i and they
united them into a little townflVip. This was the flight foundation upon
which they built a fuperflrudi>re, which has am iKed the world, and adJed
fo much power, at the fame time that it has brought on fo much envy an^
jealottfy, to their fociety. For when they had made this beginning, they
laboured with fuch indefatigable pains, and fuciv mallcrly policy, that, by
degrcea, they mollifled the minds of the mnfl: favage nations ; fixed the
molt rambling, and fubdued tliiofe to their government, whq had longdif-
dained to fubmit to the arms of the Spaniards and Portuguefc. They
prevailed upon thoufands of various difperffd tribes to embrace their
leligioq, and thefe foon induced others to follow their example, magnify-

3I3 H

Spanish American Islands. ^

mg Alt peace and tranquillity they enjoyed under the direAion of tb«
Fit! hers.

OurHmitt do not permit us to trace, with preclfion, all the ilcps which
%ere taken in the accoinpli(Ii;nent of fo extraordinary a conqueft over the
bodies and inind| of fo many |>eople. The JoTuits left nothidg undone,
that could cflilducc to their remaining in this fubje<Slion, or that could tend
to increafe their number to the degrees rcquifite for a well-ordertd and
potent foctcty ; and it is faid tha( above 34*,ooo families, feveral years
»go, were fubje(f\ to the Jefuits, living in obedience, and ;in awe border*
ing upon adoration, yet procured without any violence or conAratnt j
That the Indians were inilrud>ed in the military art with the moft exa£l!
difciplinc , and could rnife i 0,000 men well armed : That they lived in
tovvns ; they were regularly clad ; they laboured In agriculture ; they exer-
cifed manufactures ; fome even afpired to the elegant arts ; and that no-,
thing could equal the obedience of the people ot thefe miiSons, except
their contentment under It, $pmt writers ba«e treated the character of
thcle Jefuits with great feverity ; accuting them of ambition, pride, and
of caifryir'j their authority to fuch an excefs, as to caufe not only perfons
of both Icxe?, but even the magiftrates who are always chofen from
among the Indians, ito be corrected before them with ilripes, and to fuifep
perfons of the higheft diflindtion, within their jurifdiC^ion, to kifs the
hem of their garments, as the greatett hoftour. The priefls themfelvea
pollefied large propc^ny, all manufactures were theirs, the naturnl produce
pf the country was brought to them, and the treafures annually renatted
to tFs fupcrior of the order, feemed to evince, that zeal for religion wai
not the only motive of their forming thefe miflions. The Fathers would
not permit any of the inhabitants of Peru, whether Spaniards, Meftizos,
or even Indians, to come within their miflTions in Paraguay. Some years
»ffp, when part of this territory was ceded by Spain to the crown of Pox-
fugalf the Jefuits refufed to coinply with this divifion, or to fuflfcr them-
felvet to be' transferred from one hand to another, like cattle, without
their otvn coftfent. 4nd we were informed by the authority of the Ga-.
teitd, that the Indians aClually took up arms; but notwithflanding the
tlta&titfi pf their difcipline, (hey were eafily', and with confiderable
ilau^hier, defeated by the European troop?, who were fent to quell them.^
And, in 1767, the Jefuits were fent out of America, by royal authority^
and thieti^ late fubjeCts were put upon the frme footing with the reft of the
Inhabitants of the country, ■ ' * ' '. •

■ t-

'■■ ■ ■ H I

;.)-i!'f( 'i'/

il $ P A N I S H I S L A N p ^ IN A &{ £ R I C A.

(- UBA.] The Ifland of Cuba is fituated betwen 19 and 23 degree^
y north lat. and bftwen 74 and 87 degrees well Ion. 190 miles to the
ffliltW'Of' Cape Florida, and 75 north of jtiipaica, and is near 700 miles in
I<»ng'th<- and generally abour 70 miles in bieath. A chain of hills runs
through the middle of tne iflapd from eaft to weft ; but the land near the
fca is iti general level and l(looded in the rainy feafoo, when the fun is ver^
<ii.'tft. This ^oble ifland is fuppofcd to have the bell foil for fo large a
tonhtfyi of siny in America. It produces all the commodities known in
4bfc ^^ tiUIhdics, particularly gni^er, long-pepper, and other fpices, c»lfi»
'• ■ . ' • fiftul,,.

Spanish American Islands.

>i5

fiflula, maftic, and aloes. It alfo produces lobacco and fugir j hut from
the want of hands, and the laziuels of the Spaniurdji, not in IucIj (]uan>-
jitici as might be expcdcd. It \» owing to the liimc caufj th.it this lnrgc'
illand docs not prnJuce, including ail it conimuditics, I'o much tur cx«^
portation as our Tmiill ifl.md of Aniigun.

The courl'c of ihc rivers is too fliort to he of tiny confequcncc ; but
there ?re feveral good harbours iri the ifland, which belong lo the prin*
ctp.ll towns, as that of St. Jag », facing Jamaica, rtrougly lituated, and
well fortified, but neither populous nor rich. That ot the H.«vannah,
fcicing Florida, which is the capital city of Cuba, and a place of great
ilrength and importance, containing about aooo houfcs, with :i great
number of convents and churches. It was taken, however, by tlie cou-
rage and perfeverance of the Englifli troops in the year 1762, but rcilored
in the fubfequcnt treaty of peace, iicfuies thele, there is like wife Cuni«
berlind harbour, and that of Santa Cruz, a couiiderablc town thirty inilct
eaft of the Hav.mnah.

HISPANIOLA, or St. DOMINGO.] This ifland was at fi.ft pof,
fefled by the Spaniards alone ; but by far the mollconlidcrablc part is now
in the hands of the French. However, as the Spaniards were 1 lie original
pollelFors, and iUll continue to have a fltare in it, Ilifpaninla is commonly
regarded as a Spanifli ifland. ^

It is Htnatcd between the 17th and zid fllreei nonh lie. and the 67th
and _74th of wcfl Ion. lying in the middle between Cuba and l'orto-Rtco»
and is 4J0 miles long, and 150 broad. When Hifpaniola was iirfi difco-
vered by Colunibus, the number of its inhabitants was computed to be
at lead a million. But fuch was the cruelty of the Spaniards, and to fq
infamous a height did they carry their opprellion of the puor natives, that
they were reduced to fixty thoufand in the fpace of fifteen years. The
face of the illand prefcnts an agreeable variety of bills, vallies, woods,
and rivers ; and the foil is allowed to be extremely fertile, pr»ducing i'ugar,
cotton, indigo, tobacco, maize, and callkva root. The European cittlc
are fo multiplied here, that they run wild in the woods, and, as in South
America, -are hunted for their hides and tallo.v only. In the iiioil barrea
parts of the rocks, they difcovered lormeiiy lilverand gold. The mines,
however, are not worked now. The north-well parts, wnich are ir. the
pofleflion of the French, conlift of large tVuitful plains, which [• >Sjce
the articles already mentioned in vail abundance. This indeed is the ■■<^
and moft fruitful part of the bell and mod fertile illand in the Weft Indies,
and perhaps in the world.

The moft ancient town in this ifland, and in all the New World, built
by Europeans, is St. Domingo. It was founded by B.rthoioit^cw Cv)kiln-
bus, brother to the admiral, in 1504, who gave it that name in honour of
his father Dominic, and by which the whole illand is fonjotunca named,
©fpecially by the French. It is fituated on a fpacious harbour, and is a
large, well-built city, inhabited, like the other Spanilh to.vns, by a mix-
ture of Europeans, Creoles, Mulattoes, Meltizos and Ne};ro<'i..

The Frencli towns are. Cape St. Franqois, tlie ci»pital, wl.icli is neither
Walled nor paled in, and is faid to have only two batterirs, one at the en-
trance of the harbour, and the other before the town. It contains, about
8000 whites and blacks. . Leogane, though inferior in point of lizj, is a
good port, a place of confiderable trade, and the feat ot the rrcnch go-
vernment in thatilland. They have two other towns coulidciai)\e tor their
Ifatjc, f <;jit CsyaYfSj W^ ^on Louis

jfh,m

'i'Hi'%^^^^'-'^ • 3 I A '^fii'no

9^6.

Spanish Amirica)' IstANtJs.

It t$ computed that the exports of the French, from the nbove mentiuned
placer, are u<u IcI* in value than i,2co,oocl. 1 hey Uktwifc carry on h
contrulgnd trade with the Sputiiiirdi, ivha-h is nuich lu their udvautuge, aa
they Ckciian^te French nvinufa*itiiresfurSpanifli doiUrs.

FOR'l O KlCO ] Situiiteil hctwccn 64 and 67 dogiccs weft Ion, and in
18 decrees north ).ir, lying between Hilpuniola and St. ChriltcpheiS, ia
ICO miles long, and 40 bruad. The foil ik beautifully diveriiticd with
woods, vallieii, and plains } and \* extrt-meiy /ertile, producinc; the fame
fruits >|s the other illands. It is urll watered with (pr::igs and rivprs ; buc
the iilitiid is unhcniihful in ihe rainy Tciilons. It was on accour.t of the
gutJ that the S))Hniards fettled here ; but there is no longer any confidcr-
•ble c]u;intity of this metal found in it.

Porto Rico, the capital town, ftunds in a little iiland on the north fide
of the n tiUi ifland, furn<ing a ciuacious hnibuur, and joined to the chief
iiland by :i caufcy, and defended by forts and baitcrirs, which render the
town almoil inacctlUble. It was, however, taken by Sir Fiancis Drake,
and afterwards by the ciirl of Cumhcrhind. It is better inhabited than
moft of the Spanifli towns, becatifc it is the centre of the contraband trade
parried on by the Englifli and French with the king uf Spain's fubjev^ts.

VIRGIN I8LANDS.3 Situated at the eaft end oi Porto Rico, are
extremely fmall. ^

TRINIDAD.] Situate^ BRwcen 59 and 6a degrees weft Ion. and in 10
degrees north lat. lies between the ifland ol^^ Tobago and the Spnnifli Main ;
fiom which it is fettaratcd by the ftrcighis of Paria, It is about 90 miles
long, and 60 broad; and is an unhealthfol, but fruitful foil, producing
fugar, fine tobacco, indigo, ginger, variety of fruit, and foine cotton
trees, and Indian com. Jt w^s taken by Sir Walter Ralrigh in I59^> atid
by the French in 1676, who plundered the ifland, and extorted money
from the inhabitantF.

MARGARETTA.] Situated in 64 degrees weft Ion, and 1 1-30 north
lat. fcparated from the northern coaft of New Andalufia, in Terra Firma,
by a fliaitof 24 mile<, is about forty miles in length, and 24 in breadih ;
and bcin^ alwMyi verdant, affords a moil agreeable profpedl. The ifland
abounds m pafture, in maize, and fruif ; but there is » fcarcity of wood
and water, *fhere was once a pearl fifhery on its coal), which is now dif«
continued,

1 here are many other fmall iflands in thefe feas, to which the Spaniards
bave paid no attention. We fliall therefore proceed round Cape Horn
inro the South Seas, where the (irft Spanifli iiland of any importance is
CHILO^, oil the coaft of Chili, which has a governor, and lome harbours
Well fortified,

. jtAN FERNANPES] Lying in 83 degrees weil Ion. and 3 ^ fouih
lat, Vcb tniltg weft of Chili. This ifland is uninhabited ; but having fome
^(ioJ parliours, it is found extremely convenient for the F.ngltfti cruiferf
to touch at, and water ; atjd here they are in no danger of being diicovered,
Viltefs when, as is genemliy the cafe, their arrival in the South Seas, and
their wotioss, have been mude known to the Spaniards by our good friend^
in Braiil. T^is ifland is famous for having given rife to the celebrated
rciiia^ice of Kpbinlbn CJrufoe, It iirems, one Alexander Selkirk, a Scotf-
l^anj^'i^i^s Icfi^ .tfliore in this folirary place by his captninj where he lived
fdtiW'jyeart^ .until he was dtfcovered by captain Woodes Rogers, in 1709 ;
Wn^'tV ta)(eh up) he had lorgoiten his native language, and could fcnrcely
^'|i^4^ri(l9od, icfi^iog to ^pe^ (lig ^ord^ by h^iyea. He was dreiTed it!

PORTUGUESE AMERICA. 857

goan (kins, would drink nothing but «iter, and it wis fomc time befura
he could rclift) the thip'i vidtuali. During hi» abode in thii iil ind, he hii4
killed ;oo goati, which he caught by running them down ( and he markei
as many more on the enr, which he let go. Some of thrl'c were CHUgbt,

20 year» after, by lord Aafnn's people ; ihrir TCnerablc afpeA and majcAic
cards dilcoveredlhon^tymptoms of onti(]uiiy. belkiik, upon his reiura
to Kiigland, was stdviied vo publilh an account of hi« Hie and actrentureb
in hii liitle kingdom. He is fiiid to hnve put bis papers into tht hands of
Daniel Defoe, to prepare them fur publication. But that writer, fay the
help of thefe papers and a lively fancy, transformed Alexander Selkirk
into Robtnfon Crufiie, and returned Selkirk his papers again ; fo that the
l.itter derived no advantage from them, lliey \« ere probably too indi-
gcfted tor publicHiion, nnd Defoe might derive 1 ttle from them but thdie
hints, which might give infe to his own celebrated performance.

The other iiliti)d« that are worth mentioning arc, the Gallipago ifles^
fituated 400 miles weft of Pern, Under the ei]uator ; and thofe w th« bay
of Panama, called the King's or Pearl lilonds.

13^, fouih
|ing fome
cruiferf
fcovered,
}e:is, and
friend^
Ifltbrated
Ja Scotf.
Ihe lived
li 1709;
Ifcarcely
leflVd i0
goati

PORTUGUESE AMERICA.
Containing BRASIL.

Situation and Extent,

Miles.

Degrees.

latitude.

Length 2500 I u-.^,,^- J the equaitor and 35 fouth !
Breadth 700 J ****'*^" I 35 and 60 wcrt longitude.

Boundaries.] 'nOUNDED by the mouth of the river Amaxon,
Jl and the Atlantic Ocean, on the North; by thefaii^e
ocean on the Eaft ; by the mouth of the river Plata South ; and by a chain
of mountains, which divide it from Paraguay and the country of ArhiiMu^
on the Weft. .

On the coaft are three fntalt iflands, where (hips touch for provinont.
in their voyage to the South Sean, viz. Ferni^ndo, St. B^rbara^ Jt^tu^ ^«,
Catheriac*8.

Seas, bays, HAtcBOcas, ) The Atlantic Ocean wafljc* the coaft of
AND CAPES, S Brutil un the nnrth-e^ft and eail, Opwardi.

of 30CO miles, forming feveral hno bays and harbours: as ibe bar^ur*.
of Panambuco, AU Saints, porto Seguro, the port and harbouf pf .Riq,
Janeiro, the jiort of St. Vincent, the harbour bt 6t. Gabriel, and^theRO^,
of St. Salvador, on the north rtiore of the river La Plaita* '., ^ . , I,iyir

The principal papps arc, CApe Roque, Ciape St. AitguftJfie, Cip<»iTnQ||
and Cape St. Mary, the moft Jbutherly promohtpry of Brafil. ., _,

FACt OF THE cocNTav, AIR, ) The name of. Brafil was glv<in Va
CLIMATE, AND RIVERS. j this country, becaufe it was Ob(^i*yc4
to abound with a wood of that natne. To the northward of Brafil, vvh.ich ,
lies almoft under the equator, the climate is hot, boifterous, and 11 n--
WbplefoniCi fubjeft to great rains trad variable winds, pniticularly in thf

iiiof^tha.

858 PORTUGUESEAMERICA.

inonthi of March and September, when they have fuch detugci of ruiny
with Aurmi and tornadoes, that the country ii oyerflowrd. But to the
fouthward, beyond the tropic uf Capricorn, there ii no part of the world
that enjoyi a more ferene and wholcfome air, rcfrelhcd with the foil
brcc<i'9 of the ocenn on one hand, and the cool breath of the mountain!
on the other. The land near the coaft it in general rather low thun high,
but exceedingly plcaj)inr, it being interiperfed with meadows and woods ;
but on the well, far within land, are inountHini from whence iilue many
noble ftrcams, that fall into the great rivers Amazon and La Plata; othcri
running acrofs the country from eaft to wed till they tall into the Atlantic
Ocean, after meliorating the lands which they annually overiloH', and
turning the lugar-milli belonging to the Poriugucfe.

Soil and PKonucE.] In general the foil is extremely fruitful, pro-
ducing lu{pir, which being clayed, it whiter and finer than our nuil'covado,
as Wf cmU our unrcilned lugar. Alio tobacco, hides, incligu, ipecacuanha,
baUam of ropaibo, Bralil wood, which is of a red colour, hard and dry,
and is chiefly ufed in dying, but not the red of the bell kind ; it has like-
wife fome place in medicine, as a floinachic and rclbingcnt.
. The animals here are the fame as in Peru and Mexico. The produce
of the foil was found very fuHicient fur riibfifiing the inhiibitants, until
the njines of gold and diamonds were tlilcovcrcii ; thcic, with the fugar
nlamwions, occupy fo many haiwls, that agriculture lies negicdcd ; and,
in confeqM«ncc, Btalil depends upon Kiirope for its daily food.

In-uabitants, manners, and customs. ] The portrait given u»
of the manners and cufloms of the Portuguefc in America, by the molt
judicious travellers, is very far froin being favourable. They arc dc-
Vcribed as a people, tvho, while funk in the moft effeminate luxury, prac-
tific the moll defperaie ciiines. Of a temper hypocritical and dillcmbling;
of little linccrity in conVerfation, or honefty in dealing ; lazy, proud,
and crtiel. In their diet penurious; for, like the inhabitants of mod
fouthcin climates, they are much mare fond of fhew, rtate, and attend-
ance, than of the pleafures of free focicty, and of a good table ; yet
their fealh, which are feldom made, are (umptuous to extravagance.
When they appear abioad, they caufe themfelves to be carried out in a
kind o( cotton hatnmocks, cilled Serpentines, which are borne on the Ne-
gn>es flioulders, by the help of a bamboo, about twelve or fourteen feet
long. Moll of thcfc hammocks are blue, and adorned with fringes of the
fame colour : they have a velvet pillow, and above the head a kind o
teftcr, with curtains ; fo that the pcrfon carried cannot be feen, unlcfs he
picafes ; but may either lie down or fit up, leaning on his pillow. When
he has a mind to tc feen, he pulls the curtains alide, and falutes his ac«
quaintance whom he meets in rhe flreets ; for they take a pride in com-
pitmcnting each other in their hammocks, and will even hold long
conferences in them in the flreets; but then the two ftaves who carry
them, make ufe of a (Irong well-made ftafJ', with an iron fork at the
upper end, and pointed below with iron ; this they flick fail in the ground,*
and reft the bamboo, to which the hammock is fixed, on two of thele,
till their maftei '9 bufinefs or compliment is over. Scarcely any man of
fafhinn, or any lady, will pafs the ilreets without bdng carried in this
manner.

Trade AND CHIEF TOWNS.] The ^rade of Portugal is carried on up.

Wthe (Jiine cxcluftve plan on which the iVvcral nations of Europe trade

^jiV their colonies of Amrnca; atid it more particularly rcfembles the

■.a>n ' , . I Spanifli

CI of ru'iiir
But to the
■ the world
th the Ibl't
mountains
than high,
ind woodi ;
ifl'ue many
ata; oihcrt
he Atlantic
:rflow, and

uitful, pro-
muicovadot
xcitcuanha,
rd and dry,
it has like-

rhc produce
t;int8, until
h the fufjar
cded; and,

lit given ut
iy the mort
'hey arc de-
Lixury, prac-
lifl'cmbling;
nzy, proud,
tnts of mo(t
and attend-
table ; yet
travagance.
ied out in a
on the Ne-
'ourteen feet
nges of the
a kind o
unlef» he
ow. When
utes his ac*
ide in corn-
hold long
s who carry
fork at the
the ^rovind,t
o ot theie,
any man ot
ried in this

rried on up-
Europe trade
ifecibles the
Spanifh

PORTUGUESE AMERICA. 85$

Spanifli method, in not fending out fingle fliipi, ai the convenience of the
feveral placeu, and the jud;;ment ut the European merchanti, maydircA|
but by annual fleets, which fail at llatcd timet from Portugal, and com-

Cufe three flutiiii, bound to ai manv ports in Brafil ; namely, to Fcroam-
uco, in the northern part; (u Rio Janeiro, at the fout hern extremity |
■nd to the Bay uf All Sainti, in the middle.

In thii lalt it the capital, which ii called St. Salvadt>r, and fometime*
the city of Bahi», and where all the fleet* rcndezvout on their return to
Portugal. Thii city command! a noble, fpacioui, and commodious har-
bour. It is built upon a high and lleep rock, having the lea upon one
fide, and a lake, forming a crefcent, invefling it almoA wholly foas near-
ly to join the fea, on the other. The (ituation makes it in a manner im-
pregnable by nature ; and they have bcfides added to it very flrong forti-
fications. It is populous, magnificent, and, beyond comparifon, the muil
j^ny and opulent city in all Brafil.

The trade of Brafil is very great, and increafes every year ; which ia
the lefs furpriting, ns the Portuguefe have opportunities of fupplying
themfelves with flaves fur their feveral works, at a much cheaper rate
than any other European power that has fettlements in America; they
being the only European nation that has eflabliflied colonies in Africa,
and from hence they impon between 40 and 50,000 Negroes, annually, all
of which go into the amount of the cargo of the Braiil fleets for Europe.
Of the diamonds there is fuppofed to be returned tu Europe to the
amount of 130,000!.. Thiv, with the fu^ar, the tobacco, the hides, an4
the valuable drugs for medicine and manufa^ures, may give fome idea of
the importance of this trade, nut only to Portugal, but to all the tradinf^
powers of Europe.

The chief commodities the European (\f\p» carry thither in return, are
tJot the fiftieth part of the produce of Portugal; they coniift of woollea
goods of all kinds, from England, France, and Holland ; the linens and-
laces of Holland, France, and Germany •• the filks of France and Italy j
fllk and thread ftockings, hats, lead, tin, pewter, iron, copper, and all
forts of utenlils wrought in thefc metals, from England ; as well as (alt-
fi(h; beef, flour, and cheefe. Oil they have from Spain ; wine, with
fome fruit, is nearly all they are fupplied with from Portujjal, England
is at prcfenj mod interefted in the trade of Portugal, both for home con-
fumption and what they want for the ule of the Brafils. However,/ the
French have become very dangerous rivals to us in this, as in many other
branches of trade.

Brafil is a very wealthy and flourilhing fettlement. Their export ef
fiigar, within 40 years is grown much greater than it was, though an-
ciently it jiiadc aliY>o4 the whole of their exportable produce, and ihey
were without Vivals in the trade. Their tobacco is nmarkably good,
though not raifed in fuch large quantities as in the Britifli American co-
lonics. The northern and fouthern parts of Biafil abound with horned
cattle : thefc sire hunted for their hides only, of which no lefs than 30,bcg|^
are fcnt aiinually to Europe.

The Portuguefe had been long in poflcflion of Brafil before they diftol-
Tcrcd the treafures of gold and diamonds, which have lince made it fo
confulerable. Their fleets rendezvous in the Bay of All Saints, to the
amount of 100 fail of large fliips, in the mdnth of May or June, and
«:arry to Europe A cafgo little inferior in value to the trcafurcsof the
f\ovj> and galleons. l^M gold alone, gicat pjirt.of \yh\ch is coined in Atne^

Bib

French Aahrican Islands.

rica, amounts to near four million* fterUtig ; but part of this is brought
from their colonics in Atrica, together wirh ebony and ivoiy.

History and governmbnt.] This country was firll difcovcrtd by
Americus Vefputio. in 149)), but the Po)tii|[jueieilid nut plnm it till 1549*
when they fixed themielvcs at the Bay ot All Saintii, and founded the
jcity of Sr. S'llvador. They inet with Ibme interruption iit firil from the
couit of S()ain, who conlidered the whole cominenr of South America as
belonging to them. However, the aftiiir was at length made up by treaty ;
and it wiis agreed that the Portuguele fliould puiiet's all the country lying
1)etween the two great rivers Amazon and Plata, which they iiill enjoy.
The French aifo made fome attcnipts to pU.;-. '^olonies on this coall, buc
were driven from thence by the l^ortugucfe, who remained without a rival
till the year 158c, when, in the very meridian of p'ofperiry, thiry were
firuck by one of thole blows which inliantly decides the fiite of kingdoms :
Don SebaiUan, the king of Portugal, lull his life in an expedition againft
the Moors in Africa, and by that event the P')rtuguefc loll their liberty,
being abforbcd into the Spanilh dominions.

The Dutch, foon after this, having thrown off the Spanifli yoke, and being
not fatisiied with fupporting their independency by a fuc^efaful dcfenlive
war ; and Bulked with the Juveni^e ardour of a growing commonwealth,
purfued the Spaniards into the remoted reccflTes of their exrenlive tcr-
titories, and grew rich, powerful, and terrible, by the fpoils of their for-
mer maders. -They particularly attacked the poifeliions of the Porcu-
guefe ; they took almoA all their fortrcfles in the Eaif Indies, and then
turned their arms upon Braiil, where they took feven uf the cnpiainihips
or provinces ; and would have fubdued the whole colony, had nut their
career been llopt by the archbidiop, at the head of his monks, and a few
fcattercd forces. The Dutcl) were, about the year ,1654, entirely
driven out of Brafil ; but their Weft India company (lili continuing
thixr pretenfions to this country, and haraiiing the Portuguefe at fea, the
latter agreed, in 1661, to pay the Dutch eight tons of gold, to relinquidi
their iutercii in that country, which was accepted ; and the Portiiguelo
have remained in peaceable piiTctTion of all Bralil from that time, till
about the end of the year 1762, when the Spanifli governor of Buenos Ayrcs,
bearing of a War bctwet-n Portugal and Spain, took, after a month's hegc,
the Portuguefe frontier furtrcfe called St, Sacrament ; but, by the treaty
pf peace, it was relbrej. ,;t '.(-idiv^ir .:5i:c; .'■ '

.vrih

(■■i~f, !>{•

.j>i.!*n.v-

FRENCH AMERICA.

•J ft!)ii;!''\ •i.-.'i' in,th>

..:V.

as'

THE' poflcffions of the French on the continent of America are at pro-
fent inconliderablv. They vvere maftera of Canada and Louifianaj
Jjut th?y have now loil all fiv>ting in North America; though on the
fouthern continent they have ftill a fettlement which is called Cayenne,
pr Ecjulnodial France, and is iituatcd between the equator and fitth dc-
grep of north, latitude, and between the 50th and 55th of well longitude.
It eJitends 24.0 miles along the coaft of Guiana, and near 300 miles within
land j bounded by Surinam, on the North ; by the Atlantic Ocean,
Eall; by Amazouia, South j aud by Guiaoa» Weft. The chict town i«

French American Islakos.

I is brought

{"covered by
it till 1549*
founded the
irft from the
i America as
p by treaty ;
ountry lying
y llill enjoy,
lis cunli, but
ithout a rivMl
', thlry were
ot kingdoms:
Jition againft
their liberty,

ike, and being
itul defenfive
mmun wealth,
;xtenlive ter-
3 of their for-
»f the Fortu-
iies, and then
c cnpiainfht^
had not (heir
,k8, and a few
)54, entirely
\\ continuing
;fe at leu, the

to relinquidi
le Portiigiiele
hat tiine, till
Buenos Ay res,
tnunth's ficgc,

by the treaty

jica are at pro-
id Louifiaaa ;
Ihouuh on the
|lcd Cayenne,

and fitth de-
|ell longitude*

miles within
laniic Occati,
1 chic t town it

Caen. All the coad is very low, but withiii lan4 there are fine hiiW
Very proper for fcitlements; the French have, however, not yet extend6^,
them fo far as they mijjht ; but they ralfe the fame commodities which *' ,
they have from the Weil India Iflands,' and in no inconijderablc quantity.
They have alfo taken pofleifion of the illnnd of Ciiycnne, on this coaft,
at the mouth of the river of that name, which is about 45 miles in dt-
cumfert- nee. The iMand is rery unhc-althy ; but having fome good har-
bours, the French have \\c(e fome fcttlements, which raife fugar and
cufiee.

""'r'.' ' .', ' ' '

.;rk ,.•15 f ,.i' , (

French Islands in Am erica.

THE French were amongft the lift nations who made fcttlements ia
the Wert Indies; but they made ample atnends by the vigour with
which they purfued them, and by that chain of judicious and admirable
rocttAires which they ulcd in drawing from them every advantage that the
nature of the climate would yield ; and in contending againft the difficul-
ties which it threw in their way.

Thty are iVnfihle, that as the mother country is Ultimately to receive all
the benrfit of their Inbriurs and acquiiitioos, the profpcrity of their plan-
tations murt be derived from the attention with which ihey at^: rcgardtM}
ut home. For iliis rcafoii, the ^)lanraiions arc piirticulnrly under the care
;ind inl'peftioij of the council ot commerce, a board coinpofed of twelve
of the moft confiderable olKcers ot* the cnwn, aifilkd by the deputies of
all the conliderable trading towns and cities in France, whoarecholcn ou<
of the richeft and moft intelligent of their traders, aud'paid a handfome
f ilary for their attendance .it Paris, from the funds of their rerpcdfivccitics*
This council lits once a week, when the deputies propofe plans for rc-
dre(fii>g every grievance in trade, for raifing the branches that are falico,
for exwndiug new ones, for fop|iorting the old, and, in fine, for every
thing that may i«iprove the working, or promote the vcht, of their ma-
nufaftures, according to their own lights, or to the inftrudtions of their .
conlKtuenfs. Whfn they are fatisficd of the ufcfulnefs of any rcgulationik
they propofe it to the royal council, where their report is always received
tvith paiticular attention. An edift to enforce it accordingly iflucs, and
which is executed with punftuality.

The government of tiieir Icvcral colonies, is a governor, and intendsmt,.
and a royal souncil. The governor is invcftcd w Ith a great deal of |X)wer ;
which, however, on the fide of the crown, is checked by tlie intendant,
who b»3 the care ©f the king's rights, atid whatever relates to the x«-
vcnue : and on the fide of the people, it is checked by the royal cfwiuiln
whofe office it is to fee that the people are not f)hpreflcd by the one, nor
defrauded by the other: and they are all checked by thecohftant and jea-
lous eye which the government at home keeps over them : the offiecrs of
all the ports of France being ckirged, under the fevereft penahies, to in-
terrogate all captains of (liips coming from the colonies, concerrufng ^ho
recc|>iion they met with at the ports to tvbich they failed ? how juftice wa»
adminidered to them i what enlarges they wtrc made iiribte to, ao4,#f
tvbat kinds?' -.r

: '■ ' - tliat

8(^

French Ambricak Islands.

That the colonies may be a» little hurthened as poHible, snd th;)t (He
](Overnor may have lef» temptation to ftir u|> troubleiome intrigues, oi' fa-
vour faAions in his jrovei-niiieiir, his fulary is paid by the cruwn : he has
no pcrquifites, and is (Iridly f'orbiddeti to carry on itny trade, or to have
any plantations in the iflands or on the continent ; or any iiittreft what«
ever, in goods or lands, within his government, except the houfe he lives
in, and a jiarden for his convenience and recreation. All the other ofli-
cers are paid by the crown, out of the revenues of the mother country.
The fortifications are built and repaired, and the foUlicrs paid, out of the
fame funds. In general, their colonies pay no taxes ; but when, upou
any extraordinary emergency, taxes have bn n railed, they were very
irioderate. The duties upon the export of their produce at the Weft In-
dia iflands, or at its import into France, are next to nothing ; in both
places hardly making two per cent. What commodities go to them pay
, no duties at all. Their other regulations, refpcAinc; tiic judges of the
admiralty, law-fiilts, recovei^ of debts, lenity to fuch ns have fuftcred by
earthquakes, hurricanes, or bad feafons ; the peopling their colonies, num-
ber of whites to be employed by the planters, and, laftly, the manage-
ment of Negroes, cannot be fufficiently admired ; and would, probably,
be of great ufe, were fome of them introduced into our fugar iflands,
where poper regulations in many refpcAs fcera to be much wanted.
^ We have already mentioned the Ffench colony upon the Spaoifli ifland
of Hifpaniola, or St. Domingo, as the mod important and valuable of all
their foreign fettlcihents, and which they poffefs through the indolence of
the Spaniards on that iflnnd, or the partiality of their court to the French
nation. We fliall next proceed to the iflands of which the French have
:he fole pofleflion, beginning with the large and important one of

MARTINICO.] Which is fituated between 14 and 15 deg. of north
lat. and in 61 degrees weft Ion. lying about 40 leagues north-weft of Bar-
badoes, is about 60 miles in length, and half as much in breadth. The
inland pait of it is hilly, from which arc poured our, upon every fide, a
number of agreeable and ufcful rivers, which adorn and enrich this illand
in a high degree. The produce of the foil is fugar, cotton, indigo, gin-
ger, and fuch fruits as are found in the neighbouring iilands. But fugar
is here, as in all the Weft India Ulands, the principal commodity, of
which they export a confiderable quantity annually. Martinico is the re-
iidence of the governor of the French iflands in thefe feas. Its bays and
harbours are numerous, fafc, and commodious, and fo well fortified, that
they ufod to bid defiance to the Englifli, who in vain often attempted this
place. However, in the war of 1756, when the Britilh artjis were trium-
phant in every quarter of tV.e globe, this illmd was added' to the Britifli
empire, but it was given back at the treaty of peace.

GUADALUPE.] So called by. Columbus, from the refemblance of
its iMOUutains to thofe of that name in Spain, is fitviatcd in 16 degrees
north lat. and in 62 weft Ion. about 30 leagues north of Martinico, and
nlmoft as much fouth of Antigua; being 4:; miles long, and 38 broad.—
It is divided into two parts by a fmall arm of the lea, or rather a narrow
channeU through which no (hips can venture; but the inhahirants pafs it
in a ferry-boati Its foil is equally fertile with that of Martinico, pro-
ducing fiigar, cotton, indigo, ginger, &c. This illand is in a floulifli-
Jng condition, and its exports of fugar almoft incredil)le. LikeMitrti-
jUtCQ,- if was formerly attacked by the Engiilh, \yhogavc up the attempr;

French American Islakdi,

$$$

th^t (he

8, oi' fa-
: heJias
■ to have

ft whHt-
; he lives
ther ofli-
couiitry.
ut of the
rn, upon
ere very
Weft In-
; in both
;hem pay
;8 of the
iftcred by
ies, num-
mana^e-
prohabTv*
r iflands>
:cd.

idi iiland
ihle of all
lolcnce of
le French
nch have
f

of north
[t of Bar-
th. The
ry fide, a
his illnnd
ii;o, gin-
lut I'ugar
[odity, of
lis the re-
bays and
|fied, that
iptcd this
iie trium-
ic Britifli

)lance of
|6 degrees
lico, and
I broad. —
narrow
lits p:ifs it
ICO, pro-
flourifll-
|e-M;irti-
|atteinpt :
but

but in 1 7 $9, it wa» iced by the Britifli armi, and was given back at
the peace of 1763.

St. LUCIA.] Situated in 14 deg. north lat. and in 61 deg. weft loo.
80 miles north-weft of BarbadoeSjis 23 miles ip length, and 12 in breadth.
It recciveil its name from being difcovered on the day^ dedicated to the
virgin inartvr St. Lucia. The Englini firft fettled on this ifland in 1637.
From this tune they met with various misfortunes from the natives and
French ; and at length it was agreed on between the latter and the ling-
lilh, that this ifland, together with Dominica and St. Vincent, Hiuuld re-
main neutral. But the French, before the laft war but one broke out,
began to fettle thefc iflands ; which by the treaty of peace, were yielded
up to Great Britain, and this ifland to France. The foil ot St. Luciji,
in the vallics, is extremely rich. It produces excellent timber, and
abounds in pleafant rivers, and well fituated harbours; and is now de-
clared a fri;e port under cettain reftri£liun«. The Englifli made them-
felvcs mafters oi it in 1778; but it was reftored again to the French in
1783.

, TOBAGO.] This ifland is fituated 1 1 degrees odd min. north lat.
;/90 miles fouth of Barbadoes, and about the fame diftance from the Spa-
nifli Main. It is about 32 miles in length, and nine in breadth. The
climate here is not fo hot as might be expelled fo near the equator ; and
it is laid that it lies out of the courfe of thofc hurricanes that have iurnc-
tiincs proved io fatal to the other Weft India iflands. It has a fruitful
foil, cap;ible of producing fugar, and indeed every thing elfe that is railed,
in the Weft Indies, with the addition (ir" we may believe the Dutch) of
the cinnamon, nutmeg, and gum copal. It is well watered with nume-
rous fprings ; and its b.'vs and creeks are ib difpofed as to be very com-
modious tor all kinds of fliipping. The value and importance of this iliund
appear from the expenfive and formidable armaments fent thither by
Kuropc:in powers in fupport of their different claims. It fecms to have
been chiefly pofli:tred by the Dutch, who defended their pretenlionsagainft
both England and France with the inoft obftinatc perfever-mcc. By th«
treaty ot Aix la Chapelle, in 1748, it was declared ncutnil ; but by
the treaty of peace in 1763, it was yielded up to Great Britain. In
June 1781, it was taken by the French; and was ceded to them by tii»
treaty of 1783.

St. BARtHOLOMEW,^DESEADA, ) Arc three fmall iflands , y«
AMU JVIARIGALANTE. J ing in the neighbourhood if.

Antigua and St. Chnftopher's, and are of no great conitqucnce to \tc
French, except in t' .ie of war, when they give (helter to an incred.blp
number of privateers, which greatly annoy oiir Weft India trade.

DUTCH AMERICA. " b,

Containing SURINAM, ou the Continent of South Amekica.

AFTER thf Portuguefe had difpoflcflcd the Dutch of Brafil in the
manner v^c have feen ; and after they had been entirely removed out
of Nvrth America, they were obliged to conCoJe tUemfclves with thcjr

nwti

Dutch American Islands,

fkh poffiifltons in the Eaft Indies, nnd to fit down content in the Weft
with Surinam ; a country once in the |iofleflion of England, but ot no
f re«t value whilft we hud it, and which we ceded to them in exchange for
New York ; with two or three fmHil and barren iilands in the north
fea, not far from the Spanifh Main.

Dutch Guiana h fituated between five and feven degrees north lat. ex-
tending 100 miles along the coaft from the mouth of the river Oronoque,
north, to the river Maroni, or French Ouiana, fouth. The climate of
this countiy is generally reckoned unwbolefoine ; and a confiderable part
of the coaA is low, and covered with water. The chief fettlemenr is at
Surinam, a town built on a river of thC'.fame name ; and the Dutch have
extended their plantations 30 leagues above the mouth of this river.
This is one of the richeft and moft valuable colonies belonging to the
United Provinces ; but it is in 3 lefs profperous fituation than it was fomc
years iince, owin^, among other caufes, to the wars they have been en-
gaged ifr with their fugitive Negroes, jvhom they have treated with great
barbarity, and who are become To numerous, having increafed from year
to year, that they have formed a kind of colony in the woods, which are
•tmoft inaccellihie, along the rivers of Surinam, Saramaca, and Cope-
name, and are become very ibrmidablc enemies to their former mailers.
Under the command of chief?, whom they have eleflcd among themfelves,
they have cultivated hmds for their fubiiflcnce, and making frequent in-
curiions into the neighbouring plantations, revtnge themfelves upon their
old oppreflbrs. The chief trade of Surinam confirts in fugar, a great
(deal of cotton, coA'ee of an excellent kind, tobacco, flax, Ikins, and fome
valuable dying drugs. They trade with the North American colonies,
who bring hither horfes, live cattle, and provitions; and take home a
large quantity of mohifles.

Connefted with Surinam, we fliall mention the two Dutch colonies of
Demerary an«.l Ifli^fiuibo on the Spani(h Main, which furiandcrcd to the
Englilli «n the year 1781, and were rcprefcnted as a very valuable ac-

Suifition, which would produce more revenue to the crown than all the
ritifli Weft India iilands united. But the report was eithec not believed
or llightcd, for the colonics were left defencelefs, and foun were retaken
by a French fjrigate.

Dr. Baccroft obfcrves, that the inhabitants of Dutch Guiana are either
Mrhites, blacks, or the reddills-brown aborigftal natives pf America. The
jnomifcuous intercourfe of thcfe diHcrent people has likewife i^encrated
I'Avcral intermediate cafls, whofc colours immutably depend on their degree
of t;onfanguin1ty to either Whites, Indians, or Negroes. Thefc are
divided into Mulattocs, Terccrones, Quarteroncs, and Quinterones, with
leveral intermediate i'.ibdivilions, proceeding from their retrograde inter-
courfe. There are i'o great a number of birds, of various fpccies, ami
remarkable for the beauty of their plumage, in Guiana, that feveral per-
fons in this colony have employed themfelves advantageoufly, with their
ilaves and dependents, in killing and prcferving birds for the cabinets of
naturalills in different parts of £urope. The torporific eel is found in the
rivers of Guinna, which, when touched either by the hand, or by a rod
of iron, gold, lilver, copper, or by a ftick of fome particular kinds of
heavy Amcri< an wood, cummunicaits a ihock pcrfc6fly rcfembling that of
elcftricity. There are an immenfe number and variety of fnakes in this
country, and which form one of its principal inconveniencies. A fnake
was killed fome years lincc, on a plantatiua which had belonged to Peter

Amy at t,

Dutch American Islands.

865

be Weft
ut of no
iinge for
ic north

I lat. cx-
ronoque,
limate ot'
able purt
nc;nr is at
Itch have
lis river.
>g to the
was fomc

been eo-
lith great
from year
which are
nd Cope-
r maftcrs.
temfelves,
ei]uent in-
Li(>un their
r, a great

and ibme
I colonies,
^c home a

colonies of
red to the
liable ac-
latl all the
)t believed
re retaken

are either
rica. The
j;encratcd
leir degree
Thefc are
ones, with
ade inter -
rcieSf ami
everal pcr-
with their
:abinets of
lund in the
ir by a rod
r kinds of
ing that of
:es in this
A fnake
:d to peter
Amyatt.

Amyatt, Efq. which was upwards of thirty-three feet in length, and in
the largcd place, near the middle, was thrc« teet in circumference. Ic
had a broad head, large prominent fcyes, and a very wide mouth, lu which
was a double row of teeth. Among the animals of Dutch Guian.i is the
Laubba, which is peculiar to this country. It is a fmalLanipUibioua
creature, about the lize of a pig four months old, covered with tine (liorc
hair ; and its flefli, by the Europeans ^ho refide here, is pfeferred to all
other kinds of meat.

Dutch Islands in AMkRicA.

St. EUSTATIUS.]QITUATED in 17" 29' N. ht. 63' ^o'. W. lonir.
«3 and three leagues north-well of St. Chriftopher*s,
and is only a mountain about 29 miles in compafs, rifmg out of ihe fta
like a pyramid, and almoft round. But thoui^h fo Imall, and inconve-
niently laid out by nature, the induOry of the Dutch has made it to turn
out to very good account ; and it is faid to contain 5000 whites, and
15,000 Negroes. The-trdes of the mountain are laid out in verv pretty
fettlements ; but they have neither fprings nor rivers. They raifc here
fugar and tobacco ; and this iil,md, as well as CuraHuut is cngigcd in the
Spanifli contraband trade, for which, however, it is not fu well lituatcd ;
and it has drawn the fame advantage from its conllant neutrality. But
when hoftiUtics were commenced by Great Britain againft Holland, ad-
miral Rodney was fcnt with a cnnliderablc land and fea force againft
St. Eullatius. which, being inc.ipabic of any defence, furrendcrVd at
difcretion, on the 3d of February, 1781. The privace properiy of the
inhabitants was coniifcatcd, with a degree of rigour very uncommon
among civilized nations, and very inconiiftcnt with the humanity ind ge-
nerofity by which the Englidi nation were formerly charattcrifcd. The
reafon afligned was, that the inhabitants of St. Euflatius had allilled the
revolted colonics with naval and other ftorcs. But on the 27th of No-
vember, the fame year, Sr. Euftatius was retaken by the French, under
the command of the marquis de Bouille, though their force confifted of
only three frigates and fome fmall craft, and about 300 mfn.

CURASSOU.] Situated'Vn 1 2 degrees north lat. 9 or 10 leagues from
the continent of Terra Firma, is 3.0 miles long, and 10 broad. It fecms
ns if it were fated, that the ingenuity and patience of the Hollan
Hiould every where, both in Europe and America, be emjjloyedin fighting
againft an unfriendly nature ; for the ifl;ind is not only barren, and de-
pendent upon the rains for its water, but the harbour is naturally one of
the worft in America ; yet the Dutch have entirely remedied that iek^ :
t'oey have upon this hubour one of the largeft, and by far one of the moft
elegant and cleanly, towns in the Weft Indies. The mtbliic buildings are
numerous and handfomc ; the private houfes commodious ; and the ma-
gazines large, convenient, and well filled. All kind of labour is here per-
formed by engines ; fome of them fo ivell contrived, that flilps are at once
lifted into the dock. Thouj!;h this jfland is naturally barren, the imlullry
of the Dutch has l)roiijEfht it to produce a confidcrable (juimtiry both vf
tobacci

'ir^'^

goud

which there is a brifk demand from the Englilh iihmds, and the colonies
on the continent. But what renders this ifland of nioft advantiige tt> the

Dutch,

866

Dutch America^ Isdan5s.

Dutch, U the eoAtraband trade which is carried on betwreen the inhabitants
and the Suantardi, and their harbuur being the rendezvous of all nations
in time ot war.

The Dutch (hips from Europe touch at this Uland for imcltieence, or
pilotSf and then proceed to the Spanilh coaAs fur tndc, which they force
with a ftrong h;ind, it being very diflicuh for the Spanifh guard.i codas to
tftke thcfe vcflelsj-fur ihey iire not only Oout fliips, with a number of
guns, but are manned with large crews of chol'cn feanicn, deeply inte<
rcfted ill the I'afcty of the veflel and the fuccefs of the voy-Age. They have
each a (hare in the cargo, of a value proj^rtioned to the Ihitirn of the
owner, fupplicd by the merchants upon credit, and at pri'iie coll. This
animates them with an uncommon courage, and they fig?lt bravely, bc-
caufe every man fights in defence of his own property. Belides this, there
IS acoultant intcrcourfe between this ifland and the Spanifh continent.

Curallbu has numerous waiehoufes, uUv.iy3 full oi the commoilities of
Europe and the £ull Indies. Heie are all forts of woollen and linen
cloth, laces, lilk;:, ribbons, iron utcnfiU, naval and military ftores, brandy,
the fptccs of the Moluccas, and the calicoes of India, white and painted.
Hither the Dutch Weil India, which is alfotheir African Company, annually
bring three or tour cargoes of Haves ; and to this mart the Spaniards them-
felves come in fmall veflcls, and carry oft' not only the belt of tlie Negroes,
at a very high price, but great, quantities of all- the abov* forts of goods ;
and the feller has this advantage, that the refufe of warehoufes :-a-J mer-^
cen (iiops, with every thing that is grown unfafliionable and unfaKable in
Europe, ep oft' here extremely well ; every thing being fufficiently recom-
mondcil by its being European. The Spaniards pay in gold and filver,
coined or in bars, cacau, vanilla, Jefuits batii, cochineal, and ojher va>
luahlc commodities.

The tnidc of Curaflbu, even in times of peace, is faid to be annually
worth to the Dutch no It-fs than 500,0001. but in time of war the profit
N itill greater, for then it becon\e* the .common emporium of the Well"
Indies : it affords a retreat to (hips of all nations, and at the fame time
refufcs none of them arms and ammunition to dcflrov one another. The
intcrcourfe with Spain being then interrupted, the Spanith colonies have
icarcely any other marker from whence tliey can be well fupplied either
with flaves or goods. The French come hither to buy the beef, pork,
corn, flour, and lumber, which the Englifh bring from the continent of
North America, or which is exported from Ireland; fo that, whether in
peace'or in war, the trade of this iiland flourilhes extremely.

The trade of all the Dutch American fettiements was originally carried
on by the Weft India company alone t at prel'ent, fuch (liips as go upon
that trade pay two and a half per cent, for their licences : the company,
however, referve to thcmfel'ves the whole of what is carried on between
Africa and the American iflands..

The other iflandsj^onaire and Arub», are inconliderable in themfelve;,
and fliould be regarded as appendages to Curnfl'ou, for which they are chiefly
' employed in raifing cattle and other proviiions.

The fmall ifl^ds of Saba and St. Martin's, lituatec^ at no great diftance
from St. Euftatia, hardly deferve to be mentioned : they were both cap-
jured by admiral Rodney and General Vaugban ; at the time when
St. Euftatia furrendered to the arms of Great Britain j but were afterwards

retaken by the Fr.;nch.

„..- • .,^^,- . :.. -..,,,;...,,,, ^. ,.,.;-, Danish

♦ ■■ I .r

iitants
latiuns

ICC, or
,' force
idas to
iber of
J inic-
:y have
of the
This
sly, be-
st tlKie
nr.

lilies of
td linen
brandy,
painted.
Dtinually
ds them-
Negrocs,
(f goods ;
;-uJ mer-
»lv«ble in
ly recom-
nd filver,
ojher vii-

I annually

the profit

the Wcl>

fame time

icr. The

inies have

lUed either

|eef, pork,

itinent of

hethcr in

Uy carried

IS go upon

company,

[r between

lhen\fclve?,
arc chiefly

at diftance

both cap-

Hime when

afterward*

Danish

M r 867 ] '

Danish Islands in America.

, St, THOVIAS.] A N inconfiderable member of the Carlbbeei, fituatcd
/\in ft^ decrees weft Ion. and 18 north lar. alx)ut 15
milcR in circumCerence, ami Ivas a fafc stnJ coinimxlious hiirbour.

St. CROIX, ou SANTA CRUZ.] Another fmall and unhealthy
itkud, lyinjj about five Iciij^uci eartofSt. Thomas, ten or tkvelve leagues
in length, and three or four wlieie it is broailelK Thefe iflands, fo lon^
us they remained in the hands of the Danifli Well India Company were ill
managed, .ind of little conlcquf n.e to the Danes ; but that wili: and be*
nevolent prince, the late kii:g ot' Denmark, bought up the Company's
flock, and l:<id the trade open ; and lii)cc that time i\\t iiland of St. Thomas
has been fo gnatly improved, that it is fuid 10 produce upwards of 3000
hogflieads of fugar of icoo weight each, and others of the Weft India
commodities in tolerable plenty. In time of war privateers bring in
their prizes here for (ale ; and a great many vcflels trade from hence
along the Spanifli Main, and return with money inlpecic or bars, and va-
luable merchandife. As for Santa Cruz, from a pcrfc<fl defert a few years
(ince, it is beginning to fettle faft ; t'everal perfons from the Englilh iflands,
Ibme of them of great wealth, have gone to fettle there, and have received
very gicat encouragement to do fo. But, indeed, chefe two nations, ths
Dutch and Danes, hardly defervc to be mentioned among the proprietors

. of America; iheir poir:triiin<i there being fo inconfiderable ;, and yet the
Dutch are laid to make their fliare of them worth at leaft 600,00. 1, a
year.

; NEW DISCOVERIES.

OUR knowledge of the globe has been confiderably augmented by the
late difcovferics of the Ruifians, and ftill more by thoie that have
been made by Britilh navigators in the prefent reign, which have bceii nu-
merous and important : and of thefe difcoveries we fliall therefore give a
compendious account*

NORTHERN ARCHIPELAGO.

THIS confifts of fevera! groups of iilands, which are fituateJ between
the eallern coaft of Kamtfchatka aijd the weftcrn coaft of the conti-
nent of America *. Mr. Mailer divides thefe iilands into four principal

* Mr. Coxe obferves, that " tlic firft projedl for making difcoverie* in that teni-
ptftuous fca, which lies betwcem KaHitichatka \nd America, wus conceived andplaimcd
by Peter I." Voyages with that view were accordingly undertaken at the expjijce of
the crown; but \vhen it was difcovCred, that the iflands of the fea aboinidcl with
valuable furs, private merchants immediitely engajred with ardour in fimilar expe-
ditions; and, within a period often years, mure important difcovories wer.- inadc by
thefe individuals, at their own private coft, than had hitljertn been effc(fteit by all th-;
efforts of the crown. The i;ivtfti5ration of ufefu! know!e(lj:;e has alfo been grc tly ti-
couragedby the prefent cmprefit of Kulfia; and the moftdiftint parts of htr vail do-
minio.i', and oth;:r couutiit* and iflands have been txploird, at her exp.'iicc. l>y
peif-.ns of abilities and leafniug, in confcqucnce of which confiderable d*f>../ver»M
hav; been made.

868 N E W D I S C O V E R I E S.

groups, th« two firft of which are Ayled the Aleutun iflatuli. The firll
group, which is called by fome ut the illanders Sufignan, comprehendi» t.
beering's ifland ; z. Copper I flund ; i. Otma^ 4. Samyra, or shemyia ; 5.
Anakta. The fecood group is called Khao, and CMitn-izei eight iflandst
viz. i.lmmak; 3. Kima ; 3. 'Ichctchia ; 4. Ava; 5.Kavia; 6. Tfchan<
gulak ; 7. Ulagama ; 9, Amtichidga. The thirdj;eneral name u Negho,
and comprehends the iflitndt known to the Ruiuan* under the name of
A eunuftlki Oltrova ; lix'ecn of which are mentioned under the follow*
}ng names: i.Amatkinuk; 2. Ulak ; 3. Unalga ; ^.Navotftia; 5. Uli>
ga ; 6. Amigiu ; 7. Kiigiiliik ; 8. Ilblk, or lUak ; 9. Takavanga, upop
which is a vuIcmhu ; 10. Kanaga, which has alfo a volc»nu ; 11. Leg ; 1 2.
Sketfliiina ; 1 3. Tag^loon ; 14. Gorleoi ; ic". Otchu ; 16. Amla. The
fuurtli group is called Kavulang, and comprehends (ixteen itlaiids ; which
are called by the Rulilnns Lyme Oftrova, or the Fox (/lands ; an4 whith
are named, i.Amuchta; 2r 'l'fchigam» f 3.Tfchegula; 4. Unifiraf 5.
Vlag:i ; 6. Tiuiivgulana ; 7. Kagamin ; 8. Kigalga; <;, Skelmaga ; 10.^
Umnak ; 1 r . Agun-Alaflika ; i;. Unimma ;. 13. Uiigan; 14. Anturo-'
Leiiiinue ; iq.bcmitlit; 16. >Srti:igjk.

Some uf ihcfe ifl:tni's are only inhabited occafionallyr ai:d. for fome
months in the year, and orhcis are very thinly peopled ; but others have
a great number of inhabitants, who conOantly reflde in them^ Copper
Ifland receives its name from the copper v<'hich the fea throws upon its
coails. The iidiabkants of thcle i/lands are,, in general, c^ a fliurt &a*
ture, with Itron,:; and rubull limbs, but free and fupple. They have lank
black hair, and little bcaid, i^attilh fnces, »nd fair fltins. They are for
the iiibll part well made, and ot ilroni^ conftitutions, fuitable to the boif-
tcrous climate of their illc^. The inhnbirants of thtf Aleutian ides li\e
upon roots which grow wild, and lira-animals. They do not employ
themrdvcs in catching fill), thuuj^h the rivers abound with all kinds of
fahnoii, and the fea with turbut. Their cloaths arc made of the ikihs of
• birds, ami of fea-otters.

The Fox lllands arc lb called from tlie great number of black, grej',
and red foxes with which they abound. The drefs of the inhabttatus
. cunlilh of a cap and a fur coat, nhich reaches down to the km'c. Some
of them weav common caps of a paity-culoured bird-ikin, upoil which
they leave part of the wings and tail.. On the fore part of their nunting
and iifliing caps, they pVace a fmull board like a Ikreen, adorned with the
jaw-boK«s ot fea- bears, and ornan'tnted with glafs beads, which they re-
ceive in barter from the Ruirian?. At their felUvals and dancing parties
they ufe a much more fliewy <oit ot caps. They feed upoa the flelh of
all Ibfts of fea animals, and genernlly eat it raw. But if at any time they
choofe to drefs their vicluab, they make ufc of a hollow ftone ; having
placed the fifh or fltfli therein, thty cover it with another, and clofe the
interfticcs with lime or clay, 'ilicy then lay it horizontally upon two
ftones, andrght a ike under it. The prcvilion intended for keeping is
dried without f.tlt ijr^he open air. Their weapons conlill of bows, ar-
rows, and darts, anvl for licfence they ufe wooden (hiclds..

The moif p».rtecV equality reigns among thefe illanders. They hate
•neither chiefs nor fuperiors, neither laws nor punifliments. They live
together in families, and focieties of feveral families untied, which form
what they call a race, who 'n cafe of an attack, or defence, mutually
help and fupport each other. The inhabitants of the fame ifland always
pretend to be of the fame race ; and every perfon looks upou his Hlaud

^ ■" as

NEW D I S C O VER IvE^,^ 869

«s « pofleflion, the property of which is common to all the iodiTiduaU of
the lame f«)eiety. Feaft* are very common among them, and more par-
ticularly when the inhabitants of one iHand are vifited by thofe ot ihp
others. The men of the viUaj^e meet their guelU beaming d(u«s, and
preceded by the women, who fiug and dance. M the conclufion of the
dance, the both terve up their bcfl proviiions, and invite their gueftt to'
partake of the feaft. They feed their children when very young with tho
coarfeft flclh, aixd for the moft part raw. If an infan*. cries, the mother
immediately carries it tu the iea flde, and, whether it be fummer or
winter, hold it naked in the water until it is quiet. This caflom is k> '
far from doing the children any harm, that it hardens thcra againfi the
cold, and they accordingly go barefooted through the winter without the .
leaft inconvenience. They fclilom heat their dwelling* ; but, when they '.
are dcflrous of warming themfeivei, they light a bundle of hay, and ftand
over it ; or clfe they let fire to train oil, which they pour inti) a hollow
ilone. They have a good fl)are of plain natural fenfc, but are rather lluw
of underilanding. They feem cold^ and iiidiffeitnt in mod of iheiir
a«flions j but let an injury, or even a lufpicion only, roufe them from this
piilegmatic (late, and they become inflexible and furious, taking the inoU '
violeiit revenge, without any regard to the confrqucuccs. The leaft
affli&ion prompts them to fuicide, the apprehenlion of even «n uncertain,
evil often leads them to defpair, and they put an end to their days with
g^eat apparent infenfibility.

OTAHEITE!, or King George's Island.

THIS ifland was difcovered by captain Wiillis, in the Dolphin *t on
the iqth of June, 1767. It is iituated between the i7ih degree
,fS min.andthe i7th degree $3 min. fouth latitude; and between the 149th
degree 11 min. and the 149th degree 19 minutfis weft lonig. Itconflft>

* The Dolphin was fent out, under the command of capt«in Wiitl s, with the
Swallow, commaridcd hy captain Carteret, at tlie ezpence of the Britifl) goveramei^,
in Auguft, 1766, in order to make difcoveries in ttie fouthern hemifphcrc. ' Thefe
veflels proceeded together, till they came within fight of the South Sea, at the wef-
tern entrance of the ftruit of Magellan, and from' thence' returned by difTerent
routes to England. On the 6th 4)f Tutic 1767, captain Waliis difcoyered an ifland,
about four miles loi^p, and three wide, to which lie gave the name of tyiritfun- rjlanJ,
it being difcovered 011 Whitfun-evc. Its latitude is 1 9' 26' ^. and its longitude, 1 37"
56' VV. The next day he difcovered another illand, to which he gave the name of
^cen Cbarlttte'i J/lind.\ The inhabitants of this ifland, captain Wallis fays, were of
a middle flature, and dark complexion, with long black hair, which hung \voIt over
their (houlders. I'he men were well made, and the women handfounc.. Their cloth-
ing was a kind of coarfe cloth or martmg, which was taKemrd a!)o«t their middle,
and fecmed capable of being brought up rpund their fiioulders. 'rhi» iiland is about
fix miles loug, undone mile wide, and lies in latitude 19'' i9' S. longitude i^i" 4' Vf.
In the fpace ot a few days after, he alfp difcovered fevtirisl other fmull iflunclK, to
which he gave the names of £gm»'t Jfiand, Ghuitjlit IJland, CvmbtrUtitJ IJLnJ, Prince
tf'iUiam Henty't I/!aiui, and Ofmiirngb Jjland.

On the 19th of the fame month he difcovered the ifland of Otaheitc ; and, after he
had quitted that ifland, he difcovered, on thie aSth of July 1767, another iCand about
fix miles long, which he called Sir Cburlti^^Sjnmicn'* IJIjmi ; i^nd on the 30th of the
fame month, another about ten miles long,' and four broiid, which he called LorJ
fievif't Jfland. After having difcovered fomi other' fmall iflandi,. one of which was
j»am«d » «Uii'> IJknJ, he arr;vcd at Batavia on the '30th of November, at the Cape of

3 K 3 I Qv4

«7o N £ W D I S C O V E R I E S.

of two peninful^tf, of « fomrwhit c)rcut«r fornii joioed bj an iflhmt)t,
and it lurrounded by a reef of coral rocks, which form fever.il txcclUnt
bayi and harbouri, where therf_i< room und depth of water tor almull any
number trf the largeft Oiipi. The f^ce of the country U very ejttraordi-
Diry, fof a border of luw bml nlmoft entirely furroundt encn pcninfula,
andf behind tiiii border the bod rifet in ridget that run up into tKc middle
of thefe divifionfi atid iheO; torm mountitini thai may be I'een at fixty
league* diftance. The foil, except unon tliie very t<ipi i>f the ridges, ia
retAarkably rich and fertile, watered by a great number ot rivulets, Hn4
o^ered with fruit-trees of vnrioul kinds, fornnng the rnoH delightful
grevcff, Tht border of low Und th»t lies between the ridges Hnd the fea,
II in few places more than a mile and a half broad, and this, together
with fonfte of the vhIHci, are the only parts thnt arc inhabited. Caotajti
AVallis made fpme flay at this iilund ; and it wns afterwsiids vili(ed'*Bguin
by Captitin Cook in the Endeavour, in April, 1 769. That cummandcr
was accompanied by Jofeph Bunks, kfq. now ?tr Joftph B.nks, and Dr,
Solander ; apd thoie gentlemen, together with the cnptnin, made a very
accurate furyey of the ifliind.

Some parts of the ifland of Otahcite are Tery populous : and captain
Cook Was of opinion, that the number -of inhabitants on the whole ifland
vihounied to 204,000, including women :<nd children. 'I'hey aie of 1^
dear olive complexion ( the men nre tnll, itrong, wcll>limbed, and finely
fliaped : the \iromcn are of an inferior fize, but handfome, and very amon
reus, and indeed generally Ibmcwhat licentious. Their clothing conlifts
of cloth or matting of different kinds ; and the greateft part of the leo4
eaten here is vegetable, ns cocoa nuts, bananat, bread-fruity plantains,
and a gre.it variety of other fruir. Their houfvs, thofe which are of s|
rtiiddling iizle, are of an oblong fquare, about 24 feet long, and eleven
wide, with a (helving roof fupportcd ni^ three rows of pofi?, parallel to
^ch other, one row on ench tide, and one in the middle. '1 he utmuft
height within is about nine ktt^ and the Cnves on cflch fide reach to wiih-,
n^ about three feet and a h.iir from the ground. All the reft is open, no
part being inclofcd with a wall. The loof is thiitched with palm>>leaYef,
and the n()Or covered feme inches dtcp with fol't hay, over which they
]«'y ntnti; 'and upon thefe they At in the day, and flce^ in the night.
They have no tools among thexn mnde of metal ; n^d t^ofe they ufe are

(B<)od Hope on the 4th of February, 1768, ar.d his (hip anchored fafely in the Down%,
On the zoth of May foUowinfi;.

Captahi Carteret, in the Swa'Iow, after he had parted with captain Wallis, in the
Dolphin, having palfcd through the Itrait of MagelUfi, »nd made foi|n^ flay at the
tiland of Mafafuero, he difcuxered, on the ad of July 17C7, an i^and abuvt five milei
iu c rcumference, to which he gave, the name of Pittairn't U<ind. It lies in latitude
«j* z' S, long'tude 133* 21' W. and about a thoufahd leagues to the weftward pf the
fontinent of Ahierica. The nth of the fame month he difcovered another fmall
ifland,' to which he gave the name nftlt SiJLop ef Ofnaburgb' s Ipmiji. The next day he
difcovered tWo other fmall ifiandt, which he calfifd tht dUt tf-Ctefc^tr'i IJIctidt.
The fdtowing month he dlfcovieired a citifter of fmail ifland-, to which he gave the
name of ^ttn ChiMitt jfttMr, and aMip» three others, which he tiamed Gnctr't Jfantl,

■ "" " On the Z4(h of the lame month, he difcovered
in the latitude 4* 50'S.andthenext day fTiiiV^f/.
ten leapi£s, in the direction of S. by £. He after<
Vsu'ds difcovered fevei'al other iflands, and proceeded round thi Cape of Good Hope to
^ghuid, whec^ he arrived in March, i^'6$. ' . w

(

f NEW DISCOVERIES

. r^ 871

made of ftonCf or fame kind of bnnei. The inhiibitann of Otahviit nrc
rt-markiible lor 'licir clcKnlineii ; for both men uiul ivomcn cunftan^y wuih
their whole Imd.. .s in runiiintr water three tintrs every day. Their Ian*
gunge is fult and mcl(Hiiovi», attd nboiindt with voweli. There are no
tame Mnimals on the ifland but hogs, dugs, and poultry ; and the unly
wild animals are trnuical birJi* ptiroquets, pi^eoi^, ducks, and a fow
other birds, rats, and a very few ferjientii. The iea, however, fupplic*
the inhabitants with a y^retn variety ot the tnoft excellent filh.

In other countries, the men cut their h»ir fhoit, nnd the womcD pri4e
themfelves on its length ; but here the women iilways cut it fltnrt round
their tars, and the men (except the fiftiers, who arc almull continually in
the water) fuftcr it to fpread over their fliouMcrs, or tie it up in a
bunch on the top. The^ have the cuftom of dilcoIcHiring the (kin, by
prti:;king it with » fmall indrument, the teeth of which are dipped into
a mixture of a kind of lamp-bluck, and this is called tattoM'ing. Thil
is performed upon the youth of both fexes, tvhen they arc about twelve
or fourteen years of age, 00 feveral pans of the body, and in vaiiout
figures.^ Their principal manufa^ure is their cloth, of which there are
three kinds, made of the l^ark of three diiTereiit trees. The fineft and
ivhitcfl is made of the Cliinefc pap^r mulberry tree ; and this il chiefljr
worn by the piincipal people. Another confideruble manufat^uie is mat-
ting, fome of which is finer, and in every rcf|)ed better .than aay we
have in Europe. The coarfer fort fcrvcs them to deep upon, and (he
finer to wear in wet weather. They are likewife very dexterous in making
wicker-work : their balketi are of a thdufand differrnt patterns, and many
of thcin exceedingly neat. The inhabitants of Otaneite believe in one
Supreme Deity, but at the fame time ttfcknowled^e a varietv of fubordi*
nate Deities : they oAisr up their prayers without the ule of idols, and be-
lieve the exigence of the ioul in a feparate llate, where there arc two firu-
atious, of different degrees of happinefs. Among thofe people a fubor«.
dination is elbbliflied, which lomcwhat refemhles the early llate of the
European nations, under the feudal fydcm. If n general attack happen!
to be made upon the iiland, every diilrii^ is obliged to furnifli its pro-
portion of foldicrs for the commim deti'ncc. Tlicir weapons are fliiM^s,
which they ufe with great dexterity, and clubs of about ux or feven feet
hmg, and made of a hard heavy wood. They have a great number of
boats, many of which are confiruAed for warlike operaticms.

The society^ ISLANDS.

OF the feveral ifl»nJ8 fo called, and which were difcovercd by cap-
tain Cook*, in the yeiir \y6<), the prlncipM arr, Huharine, Uh-
TEA, OrAHA, and BoLABOLA, HuHAEiNK is about 31 leagues to tKc

nurth-

■^*"

• At the clofe of the year fe? it was rcfolved, by the Ropl Soci.rty, that it would
he proper to lend perfon* into Ibrae part of the South Sea, to obferve a tranfit of the

Clanct Venus over the Sun's dilk, which, according to aftronon-.ical calculation, would
ap|>rn in the year 1769 : and that the iflands called Marqu^fas de Mcndoaa, or thofe
of Rotterdam, or Amfterdani, were the propcrtft places then known for rnaJdng fuch
pbfervation. In confcquence of thefe refolufionf, it was recommended to his inAjefty,
in a sieiporial from the fociety, dated february, 176S, Hiat he would be pleafed to

3 K 4 otiiV

8;*

NEW DISCOVERIES.

noitlt-wed of Otaheite, and in prodiu'tioni are e%af\\y the fttine, but it
ap|>ejii (o be a inunth tbiwardcr. Tho inhabitant* I'cein to be larger

limde,

wAtt fufh in obfcrvution to be miide; upon which hi» majcfty figniiivd to the l.ord»
Cnniniiflioiicri of the Adniiritlty hii plc«iuia, thiit a (hip iliould be provided to curry
iurh obfcrvcrt *» the fociety tliould liiiiik fit to the Suiitlt beat ; »nd uc.ordiiigly a hittk
nf tlirtr hundred and fivcniy tniii wv^ prepurcd for th4t p\irpule. It wui iiuincd th^
tiidcavotir, and romtnandcd by ruptuin Jiitnc* Cook, who wa» fuon ufter, by the
Royal Socicry, itppointi'd with Mr. ('harlei Crcen, a gentleman wlio had been loup
alliltunt to l)r. Dl-adlry, at the Koyul Ol)fvrvat(>ry ;»t Urct n^vi< l>, to obfcrvc the iran-
fit. Uut while tbi* vvirel wan getting ready for her expedition, captuifi Wallii re-
turned i 4iid it having been recommended to him bv lord Murtnn, when he went
out, to fix on t proper place for this aftronomical oWorvation, he, by letti-r, dated
on board the Dolphin, the iRth of Mav 176S, the day before he lunded at Hafting.i,
mrniioned Port Rnyul harbour, in the ifland of Otuheitov the Royal Society, there-
fore, by letter, datrd the beginning of June, in anlivcr to an application from tho
Admiralty, to be informed whether they would huvo thuii' oblerveri fent, made choice
of that plarr. Cuptain Cook fct fail from Plymouth, iti the endea\our, on the t6th
of AucuU 1 7ftS. ( It was accompanied in hit voy.ige'hy Tofcph Bank», Efn. and Dr.
S<ilandtT. They niade no difcoviry till they got within the tropic, where they fell in
with i.agnon lltand. 'I'wo Groupn, Bird lihind, and Clnin Iflund; and they arrived
at Otaheite on the 13th of April 1761), During tlicir Hay at that iflund, they hiid the
Opportunity of making >very accurate iiK{uirie< rel.itive to ita produLc and inhabitant!) i
and on the 4th of June, the whole pall'age t>f the (lanct Vcnua over tlic fun'u dilk wuk
rili(trved by th<:m with treat advantage. 1 he rcl'iilt of tl.cir oblerv itions may be
(•'Und in the Hhilnfophicul TranfuiiUonii. After hi» departure from Oti.heitc, captain
t'«r.k difcovered and vifited the Society Iflattdt and Ohetcroa, and thence proceeded
to the foi)th till he arrived in the latitude of ^o degrcut la minute*; longitude 147
degree* ;!9 niinutrit VV. ; «ud afterward* made un ucctirate furvey of the coall of New
Zi iland. In November, he difcovered a chain of iil.iiid», which he culled Barrier
Ijhndu He afterwards proceeded to New Holland, and from thence to New (iuinca;
and in .Scptentbcr, 1770, arrived at the illand of Savu, from whence he proceeded to
Duiavia, Hnd from thence round the Cape of Good Hojte to bugland, where he ar>
rived on the uth of June 177 1.

Suoii alter captain Cook's return home in the Endeavour, it waa refolved to equip
two Ihipi, in order to make further difcoYcrie* in the foulhern hemifpheie. Accord-
i'ljjly the Kpfolution and the Adventure were appointed for thst piupofe ; the firft wii»
fominanded by captain Cook, and the latter by captain ToIh;!* Furticaux. 1 hc)» failed
from I'lymoiifh Sound, on the 1 3th of July, 1772; and on the 29th of the lame month
arrivi-d at the itiaiid of Madeira, from thence thry proceeded to the Cape of Good
Hi'pc; und in February, 1775, arrived at Ntrw ZealHnd, havinjj lought in vain for \
Oiiithcpi rontincm. In that month the Refolutit)n and the Adventure feparatcd, in
c«nlci|ucnoc of u thick fog, but they joined compupy again in Ql'*^<^n Charlotte's
found, on the i8fh «if May folluwiii)r. In Aiiguil they arrived at Otaheite; and in
Si-primber they difcovered Jlervey's lilund. On ttje id of Oiloher, they came to
Middlehiir^h, <'>(ie of the Friendly Iflund^; and about the clofe of that month, the
Kffi.lution and the Adventure were feparatcd, and did not join company any more.
Captuin Cook. hpv. t:ver, proceeded in thci<e<olutiou, in order to make nifcoverie* in
tlie louthein poLr rc^ionK, but wait Dripped in his pr(){;'rir« by the ice, in the luti-
tiidt of 7 I dij;icfs ic minutes fouth ; longitude ico degrees 54 minutes wcfl. He
tlifir pro»(i«\'d to Kalltr ilUind, "M'here he arrived in March, 1774, as .he did alio in
till- f.-me month at the Marqnefas lliunds. He aftertN-ards difrorered -four iilandf,
which Ik naii;id Balliitr's illantls, and again fteeied for Otaheite, wht-re he arrived
fo the J^d of April, und made fonir llay, andalfo vifited the neighbouring iilen. In
Augutl, he came to the New Hebrides, fome of which were fiiH difcovered by him.
Aftt-r leavin<; thefe iflands, he iUercd to the fouthward a few days, and difcovered
JJtw Caledonia. Having Vurveyed the fouth-wcll eoart of this illand, captain Cook
Cerred again for New Zealand, iu order to refreih his crew, and put his fliip into a
Cfim'.itiun to 'encounter the dangers attending tlie navigation in the high fouthern lati-
tujo. i.neding his courfe to the foyth and eall, after leaving New Zealand, till \f.

■ ' arrived

NEW DISCOVERIES.

871

mnde, Rnd more ftout, than thofe of Ottheicf. Mr. Bftnki m«afured om
* ihe men, and found him to be fijt feet ihr*^ inches and a half hivht
yer iliev are fo indolent, that he could not periuailr one of them to foup
the iiilli with him j for they f lid, if they were to itttempt it, the ftitnie
would kill them. The women ai fairer than tliore of Oraheitc, and both
fcxes appear Ici'i timid and left cunout 1 though in iheir drefi, languafe,
and almoft every other circumiUnce, they are the fnme. Their houfei tre
Milt, and they have boat-houfes that are remarkably large, Ulitra it abouc
fcvcn or eight Icaguei to the fouth-weftward of Huuheme, and ii a much
larger ifland, but appeiiri neither fo fertile norfo populoui. The princi-
pal refrelhmcntj to be procured here arc plautaini, cocoa nut«, yami, hogi,
and fowls ; but the two lalt are raihcr fcarce. Otaiia i> divided from
Ulitea by a lirait, that, in the narrowed part, !i not above two mile*
broad. This illand aftbrds two good harbours, aud its produce is of the
fame kind as that of the other iflands. About four leagues to the nurth-
weft of Otaha lies BolaMn, which is furrounded by a reef of rpcks, aiul
feveral fmall iflands, all of which are no more than eight leagues in com^
pafs. To thcfe illamls, and thofe of Marua, which lie about fourteea
miles to the wcftward of Bolabola, containing lix in all, captaio Cook
gitve the name of Society Iflands.

O H E T R R O A.

THIS iiland is (iruated in the latitude of tz deg. 37 min. fouth, and
in the longitude of 1 ;© dc^. 47 min. well from Greenwich. It ia
thirteen miles in circuir, and rather high than low, bin neither fo popu-

.irrived in the latitude of 55 drgrrcs flx luinutet I'outh, longritude 13? degree* 56 mi.
iiiitcs well, withoiit inciting with any lontiiient, raptain Cook jrave up all honei of
difcovcrlnj; any in tliN 01 Ran; and thcfflore came to a refulution to fteer diredly for
the wed entrance .ol the llrait of Magellan, with a view uf coaftia|( uud furvcyiii((
the outermoU or i<iuth-rule ol l'e>ra del Fuego. Keeping accordingly in' about the
latitude of s,\ or Sm ami lleeriiig nearly vAft, he arrived off the wcftcrn tnnnth nf
the llrait* of Magellan, without mectinf; with any thing remarkable in hi» new route.
In January, 1775, he dilcovered a large and drearv ifland, to which he gave the name
of Sauti OeergM. He afterwards dilcovered various capes and elevated liiow-clad
coalh, tu the uioft fi uthern part of which he gave the name of the Hovibtm ThkU, u
being the neareft land to that pole, which ha* yet been difcovcrcd. . In February he
difcovcred Samltnicb Laitd, and Icvcral illand» covered with fiinw. He then proceeded
round the Cape of (ioud Hnp« to England, where he ariivvd on the 30tn of July,
1 775. I'aptain Tunieaux had returned to Kngland, in the Adventure, a year befo*e,
haviiii; proceeded home round the Cape of Good Hope without making any remark-
able ililcovery. Ten nf hi* men, a boat's crew, had been murdered and tatc-n by
lome of the favage^ of New Zealand ; I'o that this voyage afTurdcd h melancholy proof
that caniiiltals really cxill; and, indeed, in the courle of thefe voyages of dil'covt-ry,
other evidence appeared of this fai^. As to captain Cook, in the courle ol his voy^igc
in the Kclolurioii, he had made the circuit of the fouthern ocean, in a hi);h latitude,
;ind had traverled it in I'uch a manner, as to leave not the Icail room fur the poflibility
tif there being a fouthern cuutimnt, unlefs near the pole, and out of the reach of na-
vigation. It del'ervcs aifo to be remembered, in honour of tluit able commander,
captain Cook, that, with a company of a hundred and eighteen mco, he performed
this voyage of three year* and eighteen days, throughout all the climates, from fifty-
two d grecs north, to feventy-one degrees fouth, with the lofs of only one man l^y
lickncls; and this appears, in a confiderable degree, to have arifen from the great hu-
manity of the colnmander, and his uncommo;i care and attention to adopt every me-
lliod lur prcfcrviiig the. health of hit men.

' lous

874 'NEW DISCOVERIES.

lout nor ftrtile as {ovae 9f the other iflands in thefc fens. The inhal)i<
tsmttare luily, and welt made, but -dft rather bruwner ih;iti thole of Ota-
hcite. Their pritiL-ipuI weapons arc long tanccs nuidc of etoa-wuud, which
is very hafd, and Ibme ot them are near twenty feet long.

. THE FRIENDLY ISLANDS.

THESE iflanils were to named by captain Cook in the year 1773, oa
account of ihc friendfbip which appcarfd to fuhlift among the in'
Irabitanrs, and from their conneous behaviour to ftrangcrs. Abel Janfen
Tafman, an eminent Dutch navigator, firft touched here in 1643, ant
gave nainis to the principal ifianiis. Captain Cook l.iborioudy explorrd
the whole cUirtcr, wliich he found to conlift »;f more thim twenty. The
three illands which Tafman Jaw be nanud New Amdcrilam, Rotterdam,
and Midt'''bwrg. The firft is the Imgcft, and extends wbout 2 1 miles from
eaft to welt, and about 1 3 from north to fouth. Thefe iUands arc inhabit-
ed by a race of Indians, who cultivate the earth with gicitt indulhy. The
ifland of Amfterdam is interfered by ftraight and plcafani roads, with
fruit-trees on each fide, which provide fliade from the fcorching heat of
the fun.

The chief iflandi' arc Aninmooka, Tongataboo, and Eooa. This laft,
when viewed from the (hip at anchor, formed one of the mod beautiful
nrofpe£is in nature ; and very diiferent from the others of tlie Friendly
Ifles ; which, behig low and perfectly level, exhibit nothing to the eye
but the trees which cover them : whereas here, the land rifuig gently to
Sl confiderable height, prelcntcd an extenfive profneft, where groves of
trees are only interfperfed at irregular diftances, in beautiful difordcr, and
all the reft is covered with grafs, except near the Ihorcs, where it is en-
tirely covered with fruit and other trees ; amongft which are the habita-
tions of the natives. In order to have a view of as great a part of the
ifland as poilibte, captain Cook and ibme of his ofliccrs walked up to the
htgheft point of the ifland. From this place they had a view of almoll
the whole ifland, which confifteJ of beautiful meadows, of prodigious ex-
tent, adorned wit< tufts of trees, and intermixed with pl-.intations.
• While I was furveying this delightful profpe^'t,' fays captain Cook, • I
could not help flattering myfelf with the pleating idea that foine future
navigator may, from the fame l^ation, behold thefe meadows (locked with
pattle, btonght to thefe iflands by the fliips of England ; and that the
poinplrtion of this (ingle benevolent purpofe, independent of all other con-
fidcrations, would fufliciently mark to pollerity, that our voyages had not
i>ecn ulelels to the general incercfls of humanity.'

NEW ZEALAND.

THIS country wsis firfl dlfcovered by Tafman, the Dutch navigator,
in the year 164.2, who gave it the name of Staten Land, though it
has been generally dilhnguifljcd, ii^ our maps and chaits, by the name of
New Zealand, and was fuppofed to be part of a fouthcrn continent : but
it is now known, from the late difooveries of captain Cook, who failed
jouud i() to coolifl of twQ laj^i iflands, divided fvutn egch other bj a flrait

'^ . . : ... . . foW

NEW DISCOrVERIES.

875

four or five leagiKs broad. They arc fituatcd between the l«titudci of 14
(ind 48 dcKrecs foutb, and bctwctn the lonc'irudcs of 166 and 180 degrees
eatl from Greenwich. Cnc of thefe iflancG is for the moft part mountain-
ous, rather barren, and but thinly inhabited ; but the other it much more
fertile, and of a better appearance. In the opinion of Sir Jofcph Banks
and of Dr. Solander, e<rcry kind of European fruit", giain, wnd plants*
-would flou rid) here in the utinoft luxuri;ince. From the vegetables fouml
here, it is fuppofed, that the winters are miler than thofe in England, Mod
the fummt rs are not boner, though inor»: equally warm ; fo that it isima*
gincd, that if this country were fcitled by people from Europe, they would,
with moderate induflry, befoon fupplicd, not'only wiih the i.eceflaritij but
the luxuries of life in great abundance. Hote are toiefts of vaft extent,
firled with very large simber trees ; and near four hundred plints were
foutid here that had not been defcribed by the natmalifts. The inhHbitanii
of New Zealand art ftout and robuft, and equal in rtaturetothe largcll Eu-
ropeans. Thfir colour in general is brown, but in few deeper ihait thut
of a Spanitird who has been cxpofed to the fun, and in many not fo deep ;
and both fcxes have good features. Their drefs is very uncouth, and they
mark their bodies in a mnnner fimihr to the inhabitants ol Otahcitc, which
is Called tattowing. Their principal weapons are lances, darts and a kind
of bnttlc-axes ; and they have generally lliewn thcmtclves very hoAUe to
the Europeans who have vifited them.

THE NEW HEBRIDES,

THIS name w.i8 giveii by Capt. Cook toa cluftcr of iflands, the moft
northerly of which was feen by Quiros, the Spanilh navit>ator, in
1606, and by him named Tierra del Efpiritu S info. From that time till
Capt. Cook's voyage in the Endeavour, in 1 -69,. this land was fuppofed
to be part of a great fouthern continent, calle^l Tfra Avjlralh imognlta.
Bnt when Captain Cook had failed round New Zealand, and alunj; ihe
cadern coafl of New Holland, this opinion was fully confuted. On bi|
next voyage, in the Refolution, he rcfolved to explore thefe parts accu-
rately ; and accordingly, in 1774, betides afcertaining the extent and fitU"
ation of thefe illands, be difoverrd feveral in the group, which were be-
fore unknown. The New Hebrides arc (ituatcd between the latitudes of
14 deg. 29 min. and 20 deg. 4 min. fouth ; and between 66 deg. 4.1 min.
and 170 deg, 21 min. eall longitude. They conftll of the following
iflands, fome of which have received names from the difterent Europcat^
navivators, and others retain the names which they bear among the naiives^
viz. rierra del Efpiritu Santo, Mallicollo, St. Butholomew, Iflcof Lepers^
Aurora, Whitfuntide, Ambrym, Immer, Apptc, Three Hills, Sandwich,
Montfigu, Hinchinbrook, Shepherd, Eorromanga, |rronan, Annatom, an4
Tanna.

Not far.diftant from the New Hebrides, and fouth-weftward of them^
lies New CaLEdpnIA, a very large ifland, firft difcovered by Capt,
Cook, in 1774. It is about eighty-fevcn leagues long, but its breadth i;
not confiderable, nor any where exceeds ten leagues. It is inhabited by \
vace of flout, tall, well-proporfioned Indians, ot a fwarthy or dark chefnut
brown. A icw leagues diifant are two fmall iflapiis called the Iflund of
ipincs, and Botany Ifland.

% NEW

[ «76 J

^'■f

NEW HOLLAND.

•>f •!,,;.', (/■,

THIS country Uof a much larger extent than any other that does
not bear the nume of a continent, it extending froiu the eleventh
to the thirty-eighth degree of ibuth latitude ; and the length of the eaft
atid north-ead coail, along which Capt. Cook failed, reduced to a llraight
line, is no lefs than twenty-lcvcn degrees, which amount to near two thou-
Iknd miles. The country -is rather barren than fertile ; yet in many
pUces the tifnig grounds are chequered by woods and lawns, and
live plains and vallics covered with herbage. The inhabitants, who
are not numerous, are naked fnvnges, of a middle Mature, extremely
active, and their Ikins of a chocolate colour, but tl";''r features are not di(-
agiccable. Their food is chiefly fi(h, birds of various kinds, yams, fruit,
and ihc flc(l» of a fingutar quadruped called the Kangaroo. Their wea-
pons are Ipears or lances ot different kinds, which they throw with great
force and dexterity. They alfo ufc fliields or targets of an oblong I'orm,
made of the bark of a tree.

Nkw (jUINka. till the late difcoveries, was thought to he the north-
coaft of an cxteniive continent, and to be joined to New Holland ; but
C-jpt. Cook difcoveicil a ibait between them, which runs north-eaft,
through which lie failcJ. Tims ic was found to be a long narrow illand,
cxiciuiiiig nortl\-eall, from the fccotid degree of loath latitude to the
fvvcUtli, and from one hundred and thirty-one to one hundred and fifty
degrees call lou(;itudc ; but in one part it does not appear to be above
lifty miles broad. The country conlills of a mixture of very high hills
and vallies, interrperfcd vviih groves of cocoa-nut trees, plantains, bread-
fruit, and moA of the tires, (lu'ubs, and plants, that are found in the other
8ourh-fca iflands. It affords from the fea a vatiety of delightful profpeds.
'I'hc inhabitants make nearly the fame appearance as the New Hollanders
on the other fuic the ilrairs.

To the north of New Guinea is New Britain, which is fituated in
the 4th degree of fouth latitude, and igi deg. 19 min.eaft longitude from
Greenwich. It was fuppofcd to be pirt ol an imaginary continent till
Capt. Dampicr found it to be an illand, and failed through a ftrait which
divides it from New Guinea. Capt. Carteret, in his voyage round the
world, in J767, found it was of much lefs extent than it was till then
imajiiued to be, by failing through another ftrait to the north, which fe-
parates ic from a long iflaud, to which he g^ve the name of New Ireland.
There are many high hills in Ncw Biitain, and it abounds with large and
ftately treei. To the caftvvard of New Britain, and in both the above
Uraits, aie many illanda, moft of which are f.iid to be extremely fertile,
and to abound with plantains and cocoa-nut trees.

Nuw Irm.and extends in Icnofth, from the north-caft to the fouth-eaft,.
nboix TWO luuidrcd and feventy miles, but is in general very narrow. It
abojnds with a variety of trees and plantf, and with many pigeons, par-
rots, i\>oks, and other birds. The inhabitants ate bl.ick, and woolly
headed, like the negroes of Guinea, but have not their flat nofes and
thick lips. North-weiUvard of Now Ireland a clufter of iflands was fccn
by Capt. Carteret, lying very near each other, and fuppofed to cnnfift f)f
twenty or thirty in number. One <»f thefe, which is of very confiderablc
extent, war, named Ntw IlANovts ; but the reft of the cUirter received
the aamc uf the AiiMiKAL'i V Isl a:->>.'--.
* ■ i Ecpdc^

NEW DISCOVERIES.

«77

Befides the voyages of dtfcoyery already mentioned, another voyage
was performed by Capt. Cook and Capr. Clerkc, in the Refolution atid Dif-
covery, during the years 1 776, 1 777, 1778, and 1 779, in fearch of a north-
well paflkgc between the continents of Afm and America. After they had
arrived at the Cape of Good Hope, they proceeded from thence to New
Holland. In their courle they dilcovercd two iflands, which Capt. Cook
called i'rincc's Edward's ides. The largeft about 15 leagues in circuit,
is in latitude 46, 53 fouth, longitude 37, 46 ; the other about o leagues
in circuit, lat. 46, 40 and long. 38, 8, £. both barren at.d almou covered
with fnow. From New Holland to New Zealand, and, afterwards vifited the
Triendly and the Society llles. In January 1 777, they arrived at thcS.mdwich
iflcs, which arc twelve in number, and are fititated between 22 dej{. 15 miR.
and 18 deg. 53 min. N. latitude. The air of thefe iflands is in general
falubrious, and many of the vegetable produflions are the fame with thofe
of the Society and Friendly llles. The inhabitants arc of a middle fizc,
ilout, and wclUmade, and their complexions in general a brown olive.' On
the 7th of February, being nearly in lat. 44 deg. 33 min. north, and long.
235 deg. 36 min. eaft, they law part of the American continent, bearing
iwrth-taft. They afterwards dilcovercd K.ing George's Sound, which is
lituated on the north-well coait of America, and is exteniive : that part of
it where the fliips under the command of Capt. Cook anchored, is in lat.
49 deg. 36 min. north, and long. 233 deg. 28 min. eaft. The whole
I'ojund is lurrounded by high land, which in Tome places appears very
bioken and rugged, and is in general covered with wood to the very
top. They found the inhabitants here rather below the middle lize, and
their complexions -.ippronching to a copper colour. On the 12th of May,
they difcovercd Sandwich Sound, in lat. 59 deg. 54 min. north. The
harbour in which the fliips anchored, appeared to be almoft furroundfd
with high land^' which was covered with fnow ; and here ihcy were vifitcd
by fome of the Americans in their c.inocs. They afterwards proceeded to
the itland of Un;dafchka, and after their departure from thence. Hill con-
tiiuied to trace the American coaft, till they difcovercd the llrait ivhich
It paratcs it from the continent of Alia. Here both the hemifphercs pre-
I't'iitcd to the view a naked and Hat country, without any defence, and the
fca between ttiem not very deep. 1 hey palled the ihait, and arrived ou
the 2Cth of Aiigurt 1778, in lat. 70 deg. 54 min. long. 194 dej;. 55 min,
where they found tbt-mfclves almoll furroundcd svith ice, and the farther
they proceeded to the calhvard, the clofer the ice became compacftcd.
They continued labouring among the icetiil the 25th, whca a Ctowa canic
on, which made it dangerous for them«to proceed ; and a confultaiioii
was therefore held on board the RefoUuion, as foon as the violence of the
gale abated, when it was refolvcd, that as this pafliige was imprai^icablc
for any ufcful purpofe of navij^ation, which was the gicat c-bjed u{ ihc
voyage, it fliould be proieiruted no farther ; unci cfpetiiilly 011 account ot
the condition the Ibij^s were in, the approHch of winter, and their great
dirtance fronr any known place of reCrtniment. The voyage indeed
aftbrdcd fufiicicnr t-viilcncc, ih;it no prafticablc pulTage exifts between the
Atliintic and Pacific Oceans towanis the Noith ; and this voyage alio al-
certaincd the weftcrn boundaries of the great continent of America. On
their return it onfortun;itcly happened that the celebrated and able navi-
gator, Capt. Cook, was killed in -.m nflray with the natives, on the iiland
of O'why'hee, one of theS-uuiwich iiles, on the i4th of February, 1779 ;

Ecfde?

and his dc.ah was univcrfally .or

retted, not onlv in Great Britain, but ailo

878

NEW t)ISCOVERIE§. •

Sn other ptrti of Europe, by thofc to whom his merits and public fcrvicra
were known. In his lift voyage he had explored ihe conU of Americi,
from 42 iie^. 17 inin. to 70 dee. 40 min. 57 fee. north. After the death
of Capt. Cook, the command devolved on C^pt. Gierke, who died at fra
on his return to tl(C foutluvitrd on the iii day of Auguft, 1779. The two
(hips returned home by the Cnpc of Guuit Hope, and on the 5th of October
1780, anchored at the Norc,

X We cannot coucUule this article without inferting the followJnjj cxtraft,
to pcrpeiuiite the memory and Icrviccs of 16 excellent a nuvi^ttor.

Perhaps no fcicnce ever rcteivcd greater additions from the labours of a
fingic man thfln geograpliy "has done from thole of Captain Cook. In
his Aril voyage to the South Seas, he difcovered the Society Iflanda ; dc-
tertntned the infularity of New /eulaiid ; difcovcied the ftraits which
frparate the two iilands, and are called after his na.nc ; and made a com*
pletc furvey of both. He afterwards explored the Eaftcrn coaft of
New Holland, hitherto unknown ; an extent ot twenty-fevcn degrees of
latitude, or upwards of two thoufand miles.

In 'his ftcond expedition, h^ rcfolved the great problem of a fouthern
coutineut, having travcrfcd that hemifphere betMren the latitude of 40**
•nd 7o'*f in fuch a manner as not to leave a pnflibility of its exiflitince,
untefs near the Pole, and out of the reach of navigation. During this
voyage, he difcovered New Calcdonin, the largeft ifland in the Southern
PaciiicOcean, except New Zealand ; the ifland ot Georgia ; and an unknown
coall, which he named Sandwich Land, the Thule of the Southern
hemifphere ; and having twice vifitcd the tropical feat, he fettled the
fituations of the old, and made fevcral new difcoverics.

But the lail voyage is diftinguiihed above all the rclt, by the extent
•nd importance of its difcoveries. BeGues fevend fmalicr iilinds in the
Southern Pacific, he difcovered, to the North of the Efiuinoftial Line,
the group called the Sandwich Iflands, which, from their lituation and
produdions, bid fairer for becoming an objcd of confcquence in the
iyflein oF European navigation, than any other difcovery in the South
Sea. He afterward explored what had hitherto lemaincd unknown -of
the Weftern coaft of America, from the latitude of 45"* to 70" North,
containing an extent of three thoufand and five hundred miles; afcertain*
cd the proximity of the two gi^cat continents of Afia and America ; pafled
the ftraits between tlicm, and furvcyed the coaft on each fide, to fuch a
lielght o( northern latitude, as to Jemonftrate the imprafticability of a
piiilage, in that hemifphere, from the Atlantic into the Pacific Ocean,
either by an Eaftcrn or n Weftfern courfe. In (hort, if we except the Sea
of Amur, and the Jap inefe Archipeligo, which ftill remain impcrfetftly
known to Europeans, he has completed the hydrography of the habitable
globe.

As a navigator, his fcrviccs were not perhaps lefs fplendid, certainly
not lefs important and meritorious. The method which he difcovered,
and fo fuccefbfully pwrfued, of prderving the health of feamen, forms a
new sra in navig:ition, and will tranlmit his name to future ages, amongft
the friends and bcnefadlors of mankind.

Thofe who are co'-'vcrfant iu nayal hiftory, need not be told at how
dear a rate the aJvaiiMges wliich have been fought, through the medium
of long voyages at fe;i, have always been purchafed. That dreadful dif-
ordcr which is peculiar to their fcrvice, and whofe ravages have m;irked
the tracks of difcovercrs with circumft mces almoll too fliocking to relate,

muft,

lie fcrvicps
Americi,
the dearlt

liied at iVa
Tlie two

of OAobcr

iR cxtraft,
ir,

ihoiirs of a
Cook. Ill
lands ; de-
lits which
idc a coin-
1 coaft of
degrees of

a fuuthern
ide of 40*
exigence,
luring this
c Southern
n unknown
'. S.xuthern
fettled the

the extent
nds in the
i6lial LinCf
uation and
nee in the
the South
iknown -of
o» North,

afcertain*
ica; pafled

to fuch a
)ility of a
ific Ocean,
pt the Sea
mpcrfeClly
: habitable

certainly
Ifcovcrcd,
forms a
, amongll

d at how
le medium
cadful dif-
ve tn;irkt'd
to relate,
muft.

UNKNOWN COUNTRIES. 87^ _

mull, without exenifuig an unwarrantable tyranny over the live« of oAr
fcainen, have proved an infuperable obllnclc to tne profecution of fuch
entcrpriies. It was referved for Captain Cook to fljew the worM, by re-
peated triiiU, th.it voyagei might be protraftcd to the unufual length of
three, or cvtn four years, in uoknown regions, and under.every change
and rigour of the climute, not only without affffting the health, but cvla

without diminifliing the probability of life, in the fmailei^ ^^^S"*^*

, - -

; TERRA-INCOGNITA, or unknown Countries. '

NOTWITHSTANDING the am;.zing difcovcries of navigators, and
the progrcis miide in gcograjjhy, fince the firft voyage of Coluth-
bU8, anno 1492, there flill remain Ihinc countries, cither abfolutely uji-
kixown, or very fuperficially furvcycd.

IN A F R I C A.

OF this quarter of the globe the moderns are acquainted with the Tea-
coafts only, and thefc very imperfeftly ; the internal parts being Ut«
tie known to us, tior have we any fytisfaclory accounts of ^heir inhabi-
tants, their pvoilu£tions, or their trade. It is well known, however, that
the rivers of Af ica bring down large quantities of gold,' and it is equally
certain, thnt the iincients drew prodigious riches from a country blefled with
a variety uf cUmaics, foiue of them the fiueft in the world.

■ ' * ■ IN AMERICA:

IN North America, towards the Pole, arc Labrador, or New Britain,
New NoriH anci South W:ilfs, New Denmark, 8{c. very little known.
The inbabitsints, like thofc of Nova Zembla, Greeuland, Groenland, ai)d
the northern pirts ot Siberia, are few, and thcfc favage ; loyv in (latur^ at)d
of an ugly apiicamnce. They live upon the raw Heft of whales, bears,
oxen, &c. :md go muffled up in fkin?, the hairy fides next their bodies.
In thefe inhofpitnble region?, their niglits (as m^y be feen in the table oi
climates in the Inirodiiftion) arc from one to fix months, and the earth
bound up in imprnctriiblc fnow ; fo that the miferable inhabitants live un-
der ground great part of the year. Again, when the fun makes his ap-
pear mce, they have a d ly ot equal length.

All that vaft trart o;i the bacK of the Britifh fcttlements, from Canada
and the lakes to the Pacific Ocean, which waflies America on the weft, is
perfectly unknown to us, no European having ever travelled thither.
From the climate and filiation of the country, it is fuppofed to be fruit-
ful ; it is inhabited by inmimeinible tribes of Indians, many of whom ufed
to rcfort to the great fair ot' Montreal, even from the dilUncc of 1000 miles,
when that city was in the h:inds of the French.

In South America, the country of Guiana, extending from the equ>itor
to the eighth degree of north latitude, and bounded by ihc river Oronoqn©
on the north, and the Amrtzones on the fouth, is unknown, except a Hip
along the coaft, where the French at Cayenne, and the Dutch at Surinam,
have inadf fame fcttlements ; which, frotn the unhcaltUfulnefs of the

climute

,l|o tJNKNOWN COUNTRIES.

climate, almoft under the equator, and other c'aufet, caa hardly be ex-
tended any confiderable way back.

The country of Amazonia, lb called from the great river of that name,
liat never been thoroughly difcovered, though it is lituated between the
European colonict of Peru and Bralil, and every where navigable by
ntant of that great river and its branches. Some uttempti have been
made bv the Spaniards and Portugucfe ; but being always attended with
y*& difficulties, fo that few of the adventurers ever returned back, and no

told being found in the country as they exjiefted, no European nation
u hitherto made any fettlement there.

Patagonia, at the fouthern extremity of Ainrricn, is fometimes defcribed
M part of Chili : but as neither the Spaniards; nor any other European
nation, have any colonies here, it i,s almoft unknown, and is generally rc-

Jirefented at a barren, inhofpitable country. And here in ;2| de^^rees
buth lat. we fall in with the Straits of Mngellan, having Patagonia on
the north, and the iflands of Terra del Fue?o on the fouth. Thefe
Straits extend from eaft to wed no leagues, out the breadth in fome

S laces falls ihort of one. They were firft difcovered by Mngellan, or
(agelhaens, a Portuguefe, in the fervice of Spain, who failed through
them in the year t;20, and thereby difcovered a paflligefrom the Atlantic
to the Pacific or Southern Ocean. Ha has been lince conddered as the
firft navigator that failed round^the world, hut having loft his life in :i
ftirmifli with fome Indians before the fliips returned to Europe, the
lionour of being the firft circumnavigator has been dir|)uted in favour of
the brave fir Francis Drake, who in 1^74 pafied the fime ftrait in his
way to India, from which he returned tu Europe by the Cape of Good
Hope. In 1616, La Maire, a Dutchtnan, keeping to the fouthward of
thefe ftrsuts, difcovered in lat. 54' another paflage, fince known by the
name of the Straits La Maire, and this paflage, which has been gene-
rally preferred by fucceeding navigators, is called doubling Cape Horn.
The author of Anfon's voyage, however, frotn fatal exi)erience, advifcs
mariners to keep clear of thefe ilraits and iilinds, by running down to
61 or 6a deg. fouth lat. before they attempt to fet their face wcilward, to-
wards the South Seas; but the extreme long nights, and the intenfe cold
in thofe latitudes, render that paflage pradicable only in the months of
January and February, which is there the middle of fuinnicr.

A NEW

t 88i ]
A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE,

Cbntaining the Names and Situations of the chief Cities,
Towns, Seas, Gulfs, Bays* Straits, Capes, and other
remarkable Places in the known World. Colleded frota
the moll authentic Chart*, Maps, and Obfervations.

Namtse/Ptacei, Proi/lnceu Coitntrieu ^arttr*

Abo,

BbevUle, Picardy, France,

Aberdeen Abcr4ecn(hlre,Scotland,

LaK
D.M.

Finland,
Acapylco, Mexico,
Adriatic fea, or. ,
GulfpfVcnice*^*^""
Acbcm, Sumatra,

Adventure (Iflc) Pacific

Aftilc,
Aficn,
St. A^nes

. (hg^s).,
Agra,

Air,

Adrianople,

Aix, .

Alby, •, ',

Aleppo,

Ale^nndrctta,

Aleximdria,

Algiers, ,

Albany,

.An^boyqa,

Ainbr) in Ille,

Amiens,

.Amsterdam,

Amfterdam,

Ancona,

Langucdoc,

Guienne,

Scillies,

Sweden,
North

Eafl ladia,
, Oceaii, ,
France^
Francd,

Long,
D.M.
i«'54'fi.

l-4ow^

22-I8E.

101 -ioW,

Europe,

Europe, 5 7-2 a N.
Europe, 60-27N

America, 1 7-1 oN. ._.

Itiry and Tur- Europe, MedSlerrancan Sea

Afia, 5-22N. 95-29 E.
Alia, 1 7.0 J S. 1 44- f 2 W,
Europe*' 43".i8N. 3-53 E
Europe, 44-1 2N. 0*40 E

Afjra,
Air(liire,

K.Qiiijnia,^
P/ovcnce^

JLa'i^ucdoc, Franc^i
Syria, Turkey,,

Syria, Turkey,

Lower Egypti Tui'kcy" '
Algiers, Barbarv,

New Yprk^ North'
Amboy'uiJL |fle,Eaft liidia,

Atlan^t ocean, Europe, 4g.56N. 6-41 Wi

'Eaft India,
Scptland,
Tlirkey,
France,

26-30 E.

S-3IE.

2-13E,
37-25 Ej.
36-25E.
30-21 E.

Z-17E.

Afia, 26-43N.'' 76-49 E;

Europe, 55-30N. 4-35W,

Europe 42-<ioN. ' ~

Kur<i{ie, 43-3 1 N.

Europe, 43-5 5 N.

Afia, 3S-fsN.

Afia, "36-35 N.

Africa,' 31-uN.
Africa, 36-49N.
America, 4 2-i|8N'. 73-3oWi
. , , . Alia, 4-')S. 1 27^25 E*

South " ■ Pacific Ocean, Afia, • 16-09'S. i68-i7E-.
lile. of France, Francf , Europe, 49-5 3 N. 2-22 E.

Holland, Ncth'ef lands, Europe, J2-22N. 4-49 E-

Ifle, Paci% Ocean, Afia, 21-998. 174-5 iW.

IVIarcU of An-Italy, Europe, 437^7 N. 13-35 E.

cona, ' ■ . •

Angra, , Tercera Ifle, Atlantic ocean, Europe, 38-39N. 27-07W,

Antigua (St. Antigua We, Carib.fea, N. Amc- 17-04N. 62-04 W.
John's town) ',/ .• rica,

Turkey, Afia, 36-30N. 36-4oE»

Netherlands, Europe, 5 1 - j 3N. 04-27 E.
Greece, Europe,' Med terranean SeS.

Ocean, Afia, 16-46S. 168-32 E.

Ruflia, Europe, 64-3 4N". "

South AtlanticOceah, ^-56N.
Ruflia, Afia, ■

Turkey, Europe,

South Ind. fen, Africa,
Pacific Ocean, Afia,

Antioch,

Aiitw.erp,

Archipelago,
.Apffl (Ifle)
. Archai\gel^,

Afcenfion. Ifle,

Allracan, Afiracan,

4||thens, Achaia,

. St. Auguftin, Madugafcar
. Aurora Iflc;, South

Syria,
Brabant
Ifland of
Pacific
Dwina,

4f-ooN.

38-05 N.

23-35 ''5-

38-59J-
14-27W.
5 r-06 E.

23-57 1-
43-'3?«

if-oSSi 166-22 £.

882 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE..

Namesof Places, Proviticth Countries. garter.

Ay A,

Avignon,
"DAgdad,

Baltic fea,bttween

Balafore, Orixa,

Bay of Bifcay,Coaft of
Bay of Bengal, C9aft of

Ava, £aft India, Alia

Provence, France, Europe

£yraca Arabia, Turkey, Afia

Gcr.and Swed. Europe

Baldivia,
Balbec,
Barcelona,
Barbuda Ifle,

Chili,
Syria,
Cataloiiia,

Eall India,

Trance,

India,

South

Turkey,

Spain,

Alia

Europe

Afia ^

Anrterica

Afia

Europe

Bafil,

Baflbra,

Baaia,.

Bath, /

B^lfsUl,

Bend(;r,

Baycux,

Berlin,

Bfjpudiii,

Berwick,
Belgrade, "
Bencoolen,
Batavia,
Baflc'Terrc,

Ey raca Arabia, Tu rkey,
y Qorfica, ^ 'Italy,
*•) Somerfetfhiire, En^ind,
.'.TJlfter, .^ Ireland,'

BaflariH&iai'

Atlantic ocean, N. Ante-

''• rica

Switzerl^\i(|,

Lat,
D. M.

20-zoN.
4i-S7N.
33-20N.
Atlantic

3I-20N»

Atlantic
Indian

S9-35S.
33-30N.

I7-+9N-.

Long,

D. M.

9 5-30 E.

04-53 E.

43-SiE.
Ocean.

86-0$ £.
Ocean.
Ocean.
Bi'ioW.

37-ooE.

02-l8E>

et-ssw.

Europe
Afia
Europe
Europe

,'Eu'op*
Europe
Europe
Europe

Turkey,
NorniAndy, France,
Brandenburg, Germany,
, $erg^^da i^Ues, Atlantic ocean,N. Aine-

nL.«- .,„„.. . '"^'t

Be'rh, ' ' Switaerland, Europe

Berwid|ifl)ji^"e, Scotland, " ..Europe

Servia, ^ Turkey, 'Europe

Sunnati-a, Eail Intlia, ' , Ada

Jav^, Ead: India,

Guadaloujpc, Carib.' fea,

Franrt,
France,

Bpardeaux^ Guienne,
Bayonnc, Gafcony,
Sorrpughfton- LinUthgo\yih. Scotland,

neis,
Boilon, Lutcolnfhire, Englat^,

BosTONT, New England, North

Bolabola, Ijle, ~ ""

Bologne, Picardy,

Bologna, Bolo^aefe,
Bolfcherilkoi, Siberia,
Bombay, ' Bombay Ifle,
Bridge-town, fiarbadoes.

Afia
N. Amei

'rica
Europe
Europe
Europe

Europe
America
Paciflic Ocean, Afia
France, Europe

Italy, Europe

Ruffia, Afia

Eall: India, Afia
Atlantic occan,N. Ame-
rica
Spain,

47-35N.
30-4sN.
4a-2cN.
51-22N,
54-30N.
46.40N.
49-16N.
52-32N.
32-^5N.V

'4^^ooN.
5$-48N;
45-QeN.
6 V-49S*
66-ioS.

«i-S9N;

o;^34E-

47-00 E.

09-40 E.

ot-i6W.

b6-3oW.

29*ooE«

OC-47E,

i3-'3i E.

-^ 63-23 W.

07-20 E.
e 1*45 W,
21-30E.

IO2'0c£.

io6-e6'£.
61-S4W.

44-;oN. o3*29W.
43-29N. OI-25W.
55-48N. 03-44W.

•I

Bilboa, ~ Biicay, Spain, ' ' Europe

Birminghani, Warwickflure, England, Europe

Bokharia, Uibec Tartary, Afia

Breda, Brabant, Netherlands, Europe

Breft, j^^i^Bretany, France, Europe

Bremen, LowerSaxony,Germany, Europe

Briftol, Somerfetfiiire, England, Europe

SRSlLitWy Silefia, Bohemia, Europe

rufleU, Bnbant, Netherlands, Europe

53-ioN.

42-25N.

16-52S.

50-43N.

44-29N.

52-S4N.

18-56N.

13-05N.

43-26N.

52-30N.
39-. 5N.
51-40N.
48-22N.
53-25N.
51-33N,
51-03N.
50-5 1 N.

00-25 E.

70-32W.

I51-47W.

1-3 1 E»

1 1-26 E.

1 56-42 E.

72.43B.

5 8-03 W.

03-1 8W.
01-50W.
67-30 E.
04-40 E.
04-2 5 W.
08-20 E.
02-40W.
17.13 E.
04-26 £t

A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. 883

Buenoi Ayrc8,La Plata, Brafil,

Vamtt of Places. Provincts, Countries* garter. *Lat.

D. M.
South A-34.35 S.
merica
Turkey, Europe 44-j6N.

Brit. & Germ. Europe Atlantic
Europe and Alia s

Bukaraft,
Britidi fea.
Block, or Eux

ine lea,
Bruges,
Brunfmck,
Buda,
Burlington,
Bourbon Ifle

CAbello,
.(Port),
Cadiz,
Caen,
Cahors,
Cagliari,
Cachao,
Cairo,
Calais,
Callao,
Calcutta,
Calmar,
Qambray,
CambeltoHrn,
Cambridge,

Cambridge,

Walachia,
between
Turkey in

Flanders,
Low Saxony,
Lower
Jerfey,
South
Terra Firma,

Andalufia,

Normandy,

Ouienne,

Sardinia,

Tonquin,

Lower

Picardy»

Peru,

Bengal,

Smaland,

Cambrefis,

Argylefliire,

Cambridge-

fhire,
New

Netherlands, Europe 5i-i6N.
Germany, Europe 52»3oN.
Hungary, Europe 47-40N.
North Americ. 40.08N.

Indian Oc£an, Africa 20-5 1 S.
South America 10-03N.

LoHt

d.m;

58-26 E.

26-13 E.
Ocean.

o3'-o; E.
ic-30 E«
19*20 E.
75-ooNV,

7*27W»

Spain,

France,

Italy,

Eaft India,

Egypt,

France,

South

Eaft India,

Sweden,

Netherlands,

Scotland,

England,

Canary, N. E Canary Iflci,
Point,

England, N. Ame-42-25N.

rica
Atlant. Ocean, Africa 28-i3N«

Candia,

Canfo Port,

Cambodia,

Canterbury^

Canton,

Carlcfcroon,

Carthage

Ruins,
Carthagena,
Carthagenaj
Carlille,
Cardigan,
Candy,
Cafpian Sea,
Cafan,
CalTel,
Cadres,
St. Catharine's Atlantic,

Ifle,
Cavan, Cavan,

America 45-2oN<

Candia Ifland, Mediterr. Sea, Europe 3j-i8N.

Nova Scotia, North

Cambodia, £a{l India,

Kent, England,

Canton, Ghma,

Schonen, Sweden,

Tunis, Barbary,

Terra Firma,

Murcia,

Cumberland,

Cardiganfhire,

Ceylon,

RufTia,

Cafan,

Hefle CaiTcl,

Languedoc,

South

Spain,

England,

Wales,

IndiaA Ocean,

Tartary»

Siberia,

Germany,

France,

Ocean,

Ireland,
3 L 2

Europe 36*3 iN. 6-06W.

Europe 49-iiN. o-i6W.

Europe 44-26N. j-'3i E.

Europe 39-35N. 9>38E.

Alia 2i*3aN. 105*00 £,

Africa 30-32N. 31-23 £•

Europe 50-57N. 1-55 E»>

America i2-oiN< 76-;3W'.

Afia 22«34N. 88-34 E.

Europe 56-4oN» i6*26E.

Europe 5C-10N. 3*18 E.

Europe 5S-3oN« s-'4oW«

Europe 52-iaN. 0-C9 £•

7I-05W.

15-33W.

2;>a3 E*

60-50W.

i05*ooE.

1-15 £•

1 1 3*07 E,

15-31 E.

9-00 £.

America io-26N. 75-2 iW.

Europe 37-37N. i.o3W.

Europe 54-47N. a-35W.

Europe 52-ioN. 4-38'VV.

Afia 7-54N. 79-00 E.
Afia

Afia 55-43^. 49-13 E.

Europe 5i-i9N. 9-34 E.

Europe 4J-37N. 2-19 E.

South A.27-35S. 49-12W,

merica

Europe 54-5 iN. 7-1 8 W.

Alia

Europe

Afia

Europe

Africa

i3*3oN.

51.16N.

23-07N«

56-20N.

36-3oN,

SS4 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE.

Jf4mtnfPltets, Prcv'iHets* Countritu garter.

Cayenne, Cayenne Ifle, South
Ceite, Languedoc, France,

Challon, Burgundy,

ChandcniagorcBei^gul,
Charlton, Itk,

Chartrea,
Cherbourg,
Chriihnas
Sound,
Si. Chrifto^

Orleannoin,
Normandy,
Terra ilel Fu-South

Caribbean

I.ai, Long*

D. M. D. M.

America 4-56N> 5J-10W.
Europe 43.23N. 3-47 E.
Europe 4ti-46N. 4-;(}K.

Afia a2-jiN. 88-34 E.

Hudfon'i Bay, North A-52-03N. 79-00 \V,
mcrica,
Europe 48-26N. '-SSE.
Europe 49-38N. I-33W.

America 55-21N. 69 sjW.

France,
Ead India,

France,
France,

pher's Ifle,
CivitaVccchiaPatro I)i S.

Petro,
Clerk'« Iflet, Atlantic

Sea,

Italy,

Ocean,

N.Amc-i7-isN. 62-38W.

rica, i'

Europe 4t-o5N

Clermont, Auvergne, France,
Colmar, AU'ace, France,

Cologne, Elc£t. of Co- Gefmany,

logne.
Cape Clear, Iriih Sea, Ireland,
^— — Comurin,Onthis lidcthcEall India,

Ganges,
■w. FtniHrrre, Galicia, Spain,

— St.Vincent, Algarve, Portugal,

•u- of Good Hottentots, Cnffrdrla,

South A- 55-058.
mericn,
Europe 45-46N.

Europe
Europe

Europe
Aiia

Europe
EAiropc
Africa

Hope,

— Florida^

— Verd,
— • Horn,

48-04N.
50.55N.

5I-18N.
7-56N.

42-5iN.
37-02N.
34-39 S.

1 1 • 5 1 E.

34-37W.

3-10E*
7^7E.
7-ioE.

n-ioW.
78-io£.

9-1 2 W.

8-srW.
18-28 £.

Americi.

Africa

America 55-58S.

14-45N.

Eaft Florida, North

Negrolaud,
Terra del Fu-South

ego Illand,
between Swed. & Den. Europe, Atlantic Ocean.

80-30W,
17-»8W.
67.aiW.

Cattegate,
Ceuta,
Cheftcr,
Charles-
• Town

CoPENHAncNtZeabnd Ifle, Denmark,
eoNSTANTi- Romania, Turkey,

Fez, Morocco,

Che(hire, England,

SnuthCarolinaNuith

Africa 35-04N.
Europe 53*1 5 N.
America 3 2-45 N.

6-3o'«V,
0.03W.

79"

laW*

Europe
Europe

55.40N.
41-01N.

13-40 E.
28-58 £.

8-23W.
I-J5W.
9-12 R.

NOJ'LE,

Cork, Munfter, ^ Ireland,

Coventry, Warwickflure, England,
Conftance, Stiabia, Germany,

Corinth, Movea, Turkey,

Cowcs, |. Ifle of Wight, England,

Cracow, Little Poland, Poland,

Creinfmunfler, Arch-duchy ofGermany,

Auftria,

Curaflbu, Curaflbu lUe, Welt India, America 11 -56N. 68-20W.
Cufco, ■ Peru, South ' America 12-258. 7Q^aW.

Cummin, Ifle, North Pacific AHa 3i-4oN. i2i^o9.E.

lOccan,

Europe 51-53N.

Fairope 51-25N.

Europe 47-37N.

Europe 37-30N. 23-00 £.

Europe 50-46N. I-I4W.

Europe 50-ioN. 19-55 E.

Europe 4803N. 14-* 2 E.

A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLTE. ^^5

joW.

2i«mts of Places. Provinces, Coiintries* garter.

I)ncca,

Delhi,

Dellf,

Derbcnt,

])ax,

Dieppe,

Dijon,

Dilbini^en,

Dol,

Amafcus, Syria, Turkey,

Dantztc, Polidi Pruflia, Pol unci.

Bengal,
Delhi,
Hollaud,
Dagiftan,
Gafcnny,
Normandy,
, Burgundy,
Suaoia,

Kad India,
Enft India,

Afia
Europe
Alia
AliA

Netherlands) Europe

Perlia,

France,

Gcnnany,

Al:a

Europe

D, M. D. m:

54-2aN. 18-38 E.

a3-3oN. 89*ao£.

ap-ooN. 76-30 E.

5a 06N. 4*9$ E.

4i-4iN. 50-30 E.

45-4jN. o-;8W.

49-$$N. o-$9 R.

47.19N. 4-57 »:.

4y*joN. 10-19 E.

48-3iN. J-4«JV.
aaW.

51 07N. i-ijE.

48-44N. I-I6E*

^2.58N. i-3oW,

54-S2N, 7-40W,

2t-37N. 69-30 E.

i^"i, jjrciugnc, r ranee, l^urope 48-3 3 N. 1

Dominique, Wind. Iflands, Weft India, America 15- 18N. 61

Dover, Kent, England, Europe *^*

Dreux, Orlcannots, France, Europe

Derby, Derbylhire, England, Europe

Derry, Ulfter, Ireland, Europe

Dieu, Guxerat, Eaft India, Alia

Dresden, Saxony, Germany, Europe 5i-boN. r3>'36E«

Dundee, Forfar, Scotland, Europe 56-26N. 2-48W.

DuELix, Leinftcr, Ireland, Europe 53-aiN. 6-01 W,

Durham, Durham, England, Europe 54-48N. 1-25W.

Dumbarton, Dumbartonfh. Scotland, Europe 55-44N. 4-2oW.

Dungenels, Kent, England, Europe 50-5 2N. i-04£.

Dunkirk, Flanderi, Netherlands, Europe ji-aaN. 2-27 £•

Dunbar, Haddington, Scotland, Europe 5S-5HN. 2-2 5 W,

Dumfries, Dumiricsflnre, Scotland, Europe 55*o8N. s-ajW.

ENgliHi between Eng.and Fran. Europe Atlantic Ocean.

Channel,
Euftcrn Ocean, bctw.theN.W.of N. Am. andN.E.of Afia.N. Pacific Oceao

Natolia, Turkey,

Pacific Ocean,

Edinburghfli. Scotland,
£ng. Channel, England,
Dauphine, France,
Pacific Ocean,

Pruflia, Poland,

Wertphalia, Germany,

Ephelus,

Eaoowc Ifle,

Eatler Ille,

Edinburgh,

Edyftone,

Enebrun,

Enatum Ifle,

Elbing,

Embdcn,

Errumangalflc Pacific

Erzcrum, Turcoman'.a,

Ethiopian Sca,Coa(l of

Eullutius, Carib. Sea,

Evereux, Normandy,

Exeter, Devonftrire,

FAlmouth, Cornwall,
Falkirk, Stirling,
Fez, Fez,

Ferrol,' Gnlicia,

Fayal Town, Azores,
Ferdinand N»-
rottKa»

Ocean,

Turkey,

Guinea,

Weft India,

France,

England,

Scotland,

Morocco,

Spain,

Alia

America

Europe

Alia

Europe

Afia

Africa

N.Amer. 17-29N.

Europe 49-01 N.

Europe

Africa

Europe

3;,-oiN. 27-30 E.
3I-24S. 174-25W.
27 06 S. ic«./4iW.
S5-S7N. 3-07W.
50-o8N»- 4-19W.
44-34N. 6-34 E.
20-10 S. 169-59 £.
54-I5N. 2000 E.
53-25N. 7-10 E;
18-46 S. 169-23 E.
39-56N. 42-05 E.
Atlantic Ocean.

63.05W.

1-13 £•

Atlant. Ocean, Europe
Brafil, South A-

mcr»C!»
3L 3

50-44N.
50.C8N,
Si-SSN.
33-3oN.
43.30N.
38-32N.

3-S

6S^

3.29W.

4.57W.

3.48W.

6.00W.

8-40W.
28.36W.
3a»43W»

88^

A NEW GEOGRAl IICAL TABLE.

JfMUitfPUuti* ProviHctt, Countriti* ^aritr, Lat,

D.M

Ferrara, Ferrarefe,

Ferro (Town)Caniriei,
Florence, Tufcany,
Floret, Azores,

St. Flour, Auvergne,
France(Ifleof) Indian
Francfort on Franconia,

the Main,
Frawenburg, Polilh
Fuego Ifle, Cape Verd,
Funchal, Madeira,
Furneaux Ifle,Pacific
Fort St. David,Coromandel,

GA P, Dauphin^,
Genes, Savoy,
Geneva, Geneva,

St. Georgjfle, Azores,
Genoa, Genoa,

Gibraltar|, AndaluHa,
St, GeorgeTo.Bermudas,
St.Gcorg. FortCoromandel,
Ghent, Flanders,

Glafgow, Lanerkfliire,
Goa, Mi(labar,

Goat Ifle, Indian
tvomera Ifle, Canaries,
GoodHope, T. Hottentots,
Gorce, Atlantic

Gottenburg, Gothland,

Italy, Europe

Atlan. Ocean, Africa
Italy, Europe

Atlant. Ocean, Europe

France,

Ocean,

Germany,

Pruflia,

Europe

Africa

Europe

Europe 54-3aN.
Atlant. Ocean, Africa i4-,6N.
Atlant. Ocean, Africa ^i-y N.
Ocean, Alia

PLaft India, Afia
France, Europe

Italy, Europe

Switzerland, Europe
Atlant. Ocean, Europe
Italy, Europe

Spain, Europe

Atlant. Ocean, N.Amer.3z-45N
Eall India, Alia i3<04N.
Netherlands, Europe 5i«o3N.
Scotland, Europe 55-51N.
Eaft India, Afia
Ocean, Alia

Atlant. Ocean, Africa

D.M.
11-41 S*
1 7-40 w,
1I07E.
JO'S I W,
3«io E.

S/-33 5'
8-40 E.

30-ixE*

34.23 W,

17-01 W,

17-11 S. 1A3-01W,

i2-o;N. 80-5$ £.

44-S4N.
27-47 N.
43-46N.
39-3+N.
4$-oiN.
ao-cpS.
49-SSN.

44-33N.
44-3 5 N
46-I3N

38-39N
36-C5N

IS-3»N.

6-09 £,

8-40 e.

6-cj E.

37.5 sW.

8-30 E,

C..7W.

63-30W,

80.33 E,

4-ioW.
73-5° E*

13-5 i;N. 130-07 E.
28-05N. I7-03W.

Gottcngen,

Granville,

Gratiofa,

JGratz,

Gravclincs

Hanover,

Norinandy,

Azores,

Stiria,

Fr. Flanders,

Gryphif\vaTd, Pomcrania,
Guadaloupc, Caribean
Glouceftcr,
Gombroon,
Greenock,
Guam,

GulfofBothniaCoaft of
7— of Finland,bctwecn

— of Venice, between

— ofOrmus, between
»— pf JPerfia, between
7— of Californiabetwe? n

— of St. Law. Coaft of
— • of Mexico, Coaft of

HAGUE, Holland,
HamburgHoldein,
HaiiingS| Sviflex,
Halifax, Yprkikirc,

Atlant. Ocean, Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe

Germany,
Netherlands,
Germany,
«Sea,
GlouceDerfli. England,
Farfiftan, Perfia,
Rcnfrewfliirc, Scotland,
Ladronc Ifles, Eall India,
Sweden,

Calfrcs, Africa 33^5; S. 18*28 E,

Ocean, Africa i4»4oN. 17-zoW.

Sweden, Europe 57-43N. 11-43 E.

Germany, Europe 5i«3iN. 9*58 E.

Fran«p, Europe 48-50N. 1-32W,

*~ 39-02N. a7-53W.

47»04N, i$-39E..

5C-59N. 2-13 E,

54'04N. 13-43E.

N,Amer. 1 5-S9N. 6W54W,

Europe 5i'»05N. 3-16W.

27T30N. 74-zoE,

S5-52N. 4»32W.

1 4-c oN. 1 40-30 E.
jPaltic Sea.
Baltic Sea.
Mediterranean Sea,
Indian Ocean.
Ii^diari Ocean.

Afia

Europe

Alia

Europe
Swed.&RufTia, Europe
Italy & Turk. Europe
Portia & Arab. Alia
Perlia& Arab. Alia

Calif.8(MexicoN,Amer.Pacific Ocean.
New Scotland, N.Amer. Atlantic Ocean.
Mexico, N.Amer.Atlantip Ocean.

Netherlands, Europe 52-04N. 4-22 E^
Germany, Europe 53-34N. 9-SSE.
England, Europe 50-52N. 0-40 E*
]&a|[Und, Ewro^ i3*4SN< i-'^aW,

Hi
Hal
Hal
Hal

La[

St.

A NEW GECX5RAPHICAL TABLEi St;

Sea,

VamMfPlMcet, Provincts, Countries, ^arttr, Lmt,

D. M.
America 44-40N.
Europe 5j-3aN.
N.Anier.aj-iiN.
Europe 49>29N.

Halifax, Nova Scotia,
Hanover, Saxony,
Havannah, Cuba
Hav redeG race Norm nndy,

D. Fl sliders,

North

Germany,

Ifland,

France,

Netherlandi,

Med. &l}l,Sca, Europe and

South

W. Bothnia,

La Htefe,
Hellefpont,
St. Hi'lcna,

Ja. Town,
Hernofand,
Hervey't Ifle, South
Haerlem, Holland,
Hereford, Herefordfliire, England
Hoai-Nghaii, Kian-Nnn, China,
LaHogucCape Normandy,
Hood't Ille, South

Brabant,

South

Yorkflurc,

Europe
Afu

5'-

J5N.
Atlant. Ocean, Africa 1 5- j j S.

D. M.
63.1 J W.

9-35 £•
8a-i3W.

O'loE*

4-50 E*

5.44W.

Hooglh-atea,
Howe's Iflc,
Huahine lile,
Hull,

Hudfon'g Bay.Coaft of
TAkutlkoi, Siberia,
JjaneiroRio,
Jany, Moldavia,

Java Head, Java lile,
Jeddo, Japan Ifle,

Jerufalem, Palelline,
Immer Ille, South
TngolOadt, Bavaria,
St. John's To.Antigua,
St. John's To.Newfouniilar
St. Jofeph's, California,
Irraname Ifle, South
Iflamabad,
Ifle of Pines,
Ispahan,
Judda,
Tuthia,
Invernefs,

Sweden, Europe

Pacific Ocean, Alia
Netherlands, Europe
Europe
Afia
Friuice, Europe

Pdcitic Ocean, Afia
Netherlands, Europe
Pacific Oceun, Alia
Pacific Oceun, Alia

61
19

38N.
17S.

J2-30N.

52*o6N.
33-34N.
4y-44N.
9-26 S.

5i-a4N.

I7-58E*
158.43W.
4-10 £.
2-38W.
1 18-54 E.
1.51W.
1 38-47 W.
4-52 E.
16-46 S. 1 54-01 w.
16-44 S. i5i*oiW.
^3-45N. o-iaW.
N.Ainer. N. Atlantic Ocean*
Alia 6z-oiN. 129-53 E<
S.Amer. 22-54 S. 42-38W.
Europe 47-obN. 27-34 ^»
6-49 S. 106-55 E.
36-aoN. 139-00 E.
31-5SN. 35-255.
19-10 S. 169-51 £•
48-45 N. ii-a7E>
62-34 E*

52-2lW»

Europe

England,

Labrador,

Ruflia,

Brafil,

Turkey,

Eail India, Alia

Eafl India, Afia

Turkey, Alia

Pacific Ocean, Afia

Germany, Europe

Leeward Iflc8,N.Amcr-i7-b'4N.

North America 47 32N.

Mexico, N.Amer.33.o3N. I09-37W^

Pacific Ocean, Alia 19-31 S. 170<26£*

Eurt India, Alia
Pacific Ocaan, Alia

32-20N. 91-50 E..
22-38 .S. 167-43 E.
32-25N. 52-55 E.
21-29N. 49-37 E.
i4-i8N. 100-55 E.

Bengal,

South

Irac Ag in, Perlia, Ali«

Arabia relix, Arabia, Aiia

Siam, Eaft India, Afia

Invcrnef»ftiire,Scotland, Europe 57*33^. 4-02W.
Ivica Ifle, Jeditcrr. Sea.Italy, Europe 38-50N. 1-40 £.

Illhmus of Suez joins Afric-.i to Afia.

. of Corinth, joins the Morea to Greece, Europe.

■ of Panama, joins North and South America.

of Malacca, joins Malacca to Farther India, Alia.

Irifli Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland, Europe, Atlantic Ocean.
Indian Ocean, Coall of India, Afia.

KAmtfchat-Siberia, Ruflia,

ka,
KcdKcre, Bengal, Eaft India,

. Kelfo, Roxboroughf. Scotland;

. Kilmarnock, Airfliirc, Scotland, •

kipfale, Munfter, Ireland,

K.IMOSTQN, Jamaica, Weft India,

3L4

Afia 57.ioN. i63-ooE.

Afla
Europe

21.48N. 88-55 E.

55-38N. 02-12W.
Europe 55-38N. 00-30W.
Europe 51-32N. 08-20W.
America. i8-i5N. 76-38W.

S«8 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE.

V*mtscfPlac«s, Provinces* Ceuntries, garter, Lat.

D. M.
50-30N.
68-52N.

54-43N.

Kio^r, ■ Ukraine/

Kola, Lapland,

Koninpfterg, Pruilia,

LAncfifler, Lancuftiirp,
LevantleaCoaft of
JL,aguna, Tenerlffe,

Landnii, Alfacc,

Lamlfcioon, Schonen,

I^aufanne,

Leeds,

Leiccfter,

Leipfic, Saxony,

Leper's Ifland,S. Facitic

Ldkard,

Lcfparre,

Lcyilea,

Leith,

Luhor,

Linlithgow,

Lincoln,

Lima,

Ruflia,
Ruffii,
Poland,
England,
Syrij,
Canaries,
France,
Sweden,
Cant, of Vaud.Swirzeiland,
Yorkfiiirc, Enghind,
Lficedci'fliire, England,

Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Alia

D. M.

31-12 E.
33-13 E.
21-35 E.
02-55 E,

A.Ocean 28-28N.
Europe 49-1 iN.

Germany,

Ocenn,

England,

Fra'Ace,

Netherlands,

Scotland,

Eail Indi«i,

Liege,

Limoges,

Lintz,

Lifle,

Lilbon,

Cornwall,

Guienne,

Holland,

Edinburghfli,

Lahor,

LJnlithgowfli. Scotland,

Lincolnlhire, EngLud,

Pprvi, South

Eifh. of Liege, Netherlands,

Limo^ts, France,

Auflna, Germany,

fren. Flanders Netherlands,

Eftremadura, Portugal,

Lizard Point, Cornwall, England,

Louiftiurg,

Limerick,

Litchfield,

Lov«tto,

LoNroN,

C. Breton Hie, North
Limerickihire, Ireland,
Staffordfliire, England,
Pope's Territ. Italy,
Middlefex, England,
Londonderry, Londonderry, Jrcsland,
Louveau, Siain, Ea0 India,

Louvain, Auftr. Brabant Netherlands,
Lubec, Holftein, Germany,

6t. Lucia Ille, WindwardlllesWeft Indies,
Lunden, Gothland, Sweden,

Luneville, Lorrain, France,

Luxcn:)burg, Luxemburg, Netherlands,
Lyons, Lyons,

ii /jAcao, ^ Canton,

_ Macaf- Celebes Illc,
"far,
!^adeira.

France,
Chinn,
Eall India,

Fuu'.hal,
Madras,
ikiAnRrn,

Atlantic

Corcmandel,
Nt:w Calliic,

Mediterranean lea.
16-13W.
08-cz E.

Europe

Afia

Europe

i'.urope

Afia

Europe

55-52N
46-3 1 N.
53-48N.
52-38N.
5I-19N.

12-51 E.
06-56 E.
01-29W.
01-03W.
12-25 ^*

15 23 s. 168-03 £,

50-26N. 04-56W

45-1&N.
52-ioN.
S5-58N.
32-40N.
S5-56N.

America 12-01 S.
I'urope 50-37N.

Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe

4;-49N.
4iJ-i6N.
50-37N.
38-42N.
49-57N.

America 45-53N.
Europe 52-35N.

Europe

Afia

Europe

52-43N.

43-15N.

00-5 2 W,
04-32 E.
03-ooW.
75-30 E.
03-30W.
00 27W.
76-44W.
05-40 E.
01-20 E,
13-57 E.
0309 fc»
09-04 W.
05-loW,
5 9-48 w.
08-48 w.
01-04W,
14-15 E.

51-31N. I ft Mtrid.
50-C0N. 07-40W.
12-42N. 100-56 E.
50-53N. 04-49 E,

54-ooN.

N.Amer. 13-24N.
Europe 55-4 ;N.

Europe

Afia

48-35 N.
49.37N.
4?-4sN.

11-40 E.

60-46W.
13-26 E.
o6r35 E.
06-16 E.
04-54 E.

22-I2N. 113-51 E.

05-09 S. 1 19-53 E.

Magdalena Iflciiouth
IVJahon Port, Minorca,
Majorca, ' Ifle,
ll^l^cc:!, Mala^ca^

Ocean,

Eal} India,
Spain,

Pacific Ocean,
Bleiiiterr. lea,
Mediterr. fea,
Eafl India,

Africa 32-37N, 17-oiW,

Afia 13-04N. 80-33 E,

Europe 46-25 N. 03-20 E.

Afia 1025S. 138-44W.

Europe 39-50N. 03-53 E.

Europe 39-3SN. 02-34 E.

Alia o2-,i2N. 102-10 K,.

A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. 8S9

NgmesefPlaces. Pr(n>inces. Countries, ^varier.

IVIalinei, Brabant,

Mallicel^(Ifle} South

St. Muloes,
Malta lUc,
Manilla,

Netherlands, Europe
Pacific Ocean, Ada

Mantua,
Maregalant*

ille,
Murfeilles,
St. Martha,

Bretagne, France, Europe

Mediterranean Sea, Africa

Luconia Phil- Eaft India, Afia

lip. Iflesi
Mantua, Italy,

Atlantic Ocean,

Lat.

D. M.
51-01N.

16.15N.
48-38N.
35-S4N.
14-36N.

Provence, France,
St. Martha, Terra Firma,
St.M;<rtin'5lfleCaribean Hies, Weft India,
Martinico Ifle,Caribean Ifle8,Wcft India,

Indian
South

St.Mary'sllle,Scillylfle8,

St. Mary's To. Azores,

Mafkelyne 1 UesSouth

Mauritius, '^"

Maurua Ille,

Maycnce,

Mayo Ifle,

Meaux,

Medina,

Mecca,

Europe 4;-2oN.
S. Amcr. 15-55N.

Europe 43-17N.
America 11-26N.
America
America

Atlantic Ocean Europe
Atlantic Offean Europe
Pacific Ocean, A(ia
Ocean, Africa

Pacific Ocean, Afia
Lower Rhine, Germany, Europe
Cape Verd, Atlantic Ocean Africa

18-04N.
14-44N
49-57N.
36-56N

D.Mf

04-33 E.

167-4A E,

01-S6W.

14-33 E.

120-58 S.

10-47 E.
6t-o6W,

05-27 E.
73-S9W.
62-57W.
61-16W.
06-38W.
a5-a4W.

16-328. 168-04 E.
20-09 S. 57-34 E.
16-25 S. 152-37 E.
49-54N. 08-25 E.

Champagne, France,

Arabia Felix, Arabia,

Mediterr. fca, between Europe and

Mequinez, Fez, Barbary,

Messina, Sicily Ifland, Italy,

Mergui, Siam, Eaft India,

Mexico, Mexico, North

Milford Haven Pembrokeflure Wales, ,
Miatea Ifles, South
St. Michael's Azores,

Ifle,
Middleburglfl.South

Europe

Alia

Africa

Europe

Alia

15-ibN.

48.57N.
25-ooN.
ZI-45N

23-OoW.
02-57 E.
39-33 E.
41-00 E.

Atlantic Ocean.
*^4-3oN. o6-oo E.

38-30N
12-12N.

Milan,

Mocha,

•Mqdena,

Montreal,

Montpelier,

Montrofe,

Montague Ifle, South

Mtlanefe,

Arabia Felix,

Modena,

Canada,

Lai)guedoc,

Forfar,

Pacific Ocean, Afia
AtlanticOcean Europe

Pacific Ocean, Afia

America 19-54N.
Europe 51-45N.

17-52S

15-40 E.

98-13 E.
1 00-00 W.

05-1 5 W.
148-8 1 W,

37-47N. 25-37W.

Italy,

Arabia,

Italy,

North

France,

Scotland,

Pacific Ocean, Alia

MontCcrratlfleCaribean Ifles, Weft India,

Morocco,
Moscpw,
Munich,
Munfler,

NT Arva,
\ Nanci,
Nanking,
Namur,
Nangafacbi,
Naples,
Ni\utcS|

Morocco,

Mofcow,

BavMiia,

Wellphalia,

Livonia,

Lorrain,

Ki<)ngan,

Namur,

Japan,

Naples,

^ret^gn?,

Barbary,

KufTia,

Germany,

Kurtia,

France,

China,

Ketherlandt,

21-20 S. 174-29W.

45-2 5N. 09-30 E.

13-40N. 43-50 E.

44-34N. 11-17 £.

America 45-3 5N. 73-11 W«

Europe 43-36N. 03-37 E.

56-34N. 02-20W.

17.26 S. 168-36 E,

i6-47N« 62-1 2 W,

30-3 2N. o6-.ioW,

5S-4S^- 37-50 £•

48-09N. 1 1-35 E,

52-coN. 07-10 E,

59-ooN, 27-35 E.

Europe

Afia

Europe

America

Africa

Europe

Europo

Afia

Europe

K* Pacific Oc. Alia
Italy, Europe

Ffince, Europe

41^41 N. o6-i6E,
32-ooN. 118-30 E.
5o-2*N. 04-49 E*
32-39N. 128-51 E,
oN. 14-1^ E.
oi-aSW,

40-5
47-13N.

800 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE.

NamisofPlacts, Provinctt* Countries* ^artir,

Nice,

Kewport,
Nieuportt
New York,
]^^Hleveh,

Piedmont,
Rhode liland,
Flanders^
New York,
Curdi(^an,

St.Nich.Mole Hifpaniola,
Newcaftle, Northumberl.
Ningpo, Chekiang,

Norfolk Ifle, South
Noriton, Pennfylvania,

North Cape, Wardhus,
Nottingham, Nottinghamfh
Northampton, Notthatnptfti.
Norwich^ Norfolk,
Nuremberg, Franconia,

OLmutz, Moravia,
Ochotflcoi Siberia,
Ohevahoa Ifle, South
Ohitahoo Ifle, South
Oleron Ifle, Saintonge,
Olympia, Greece,
Olinde, Brafil,

Onateayo Ifle, South
Oporto, Duoro,

Orenburg, Tartary,
Orleans, Orlcannois,

Orleans (New) Louiliana,
Orotava, Teneriffe,

iDrmua, Ormicos Ifle,

Orik, Tartary,

Oran, Algiers,

Ofnaburg Ifle, South
Oftend, Flanders,

Oxford Obfer-Oxtordftiire,

vatory,
St.Omer's, Flanders,
l*Orient(Pqrt) Bretagne,,

Pacific orOr . between
Ocean,
Padua,

Italy,

North

Netherlands,

North

Turkey,

Well India,

England,

Chma,

Europe

America

Europe

America

Afla

America

Europe

Afia

Pacific Ocean, Alia

North America

Lapland, Europe

England, Europe

England, Europe
Germany, Europe
Bohemia, Europe
RulTia, Alia

Pacific Ocean, Afia
Pacific Ocean, Afla
France, Europe

Turkey, Europe

South America

Pacific Ocean, Alia
Portugal, Europe
RufTia, ,.. Afia
France, * Europe

North America

Atlantic Ocean Africa
Peilia, Afia

Ruflia, Afia

Barbary, Africa

Pacific Ocean, Afia
Netherlands, Europe
England, Europe

Lat.

D. M.

43-4»N.
41-35N.

5i"'07N.

40-40N.

36-ooN.

19-49N.

SS-03N.

29*57 N.

29-01 S.

40«09N.

71-ioN.

53-ooN.

S2-15N.

52-40N.

49-a7N.

49-30N.

59-aoN.

09*40 S.

09-55 S.

46-02N.

37-30N.

08-13 s.

09-58 s.

4I-10N.-

5I-46N.

47-54N.

a9-57N.
a8-i3N.
26-50N.
51-12N.
36-30N.
17-52 S.
51-13N.
5I-4SN.

Netherlands, Europe 5C-44N.
France, Europe 4.7-45N.

Afia and America

Long,
D. M.

07-22 E«
71-06W,
oa-50 E.
74-00 W.
45*30 E.
73-24W.
01.24VV.
120-23 ^*
168-15 E.
75-18W.
26-02 E«
01-06W.
00-5 5 W.
01-25 E.

II-I2E.

16-45 E»
143-17 E.
138-56W.
1 39-01 W.

01-20W.

22-00 E*

35-ooW,
1 38.40 W.

08-22W.

55-14 E.

01-59 E,

89-5 3 W.

i6-i9\V.

57-00 E.

58-37 E.

oo-oj E.
148-01 E.

03.00 E.

oi*ioW«

02-19 E.
05-20W.

Taifley,
Palermo,
Palmyra,
Panama,

Paduano,
Renfrevvfliirc,
Sicily Ifle,
Syria,
Darien,

Pallifer'slfles, South
Palma Ifle, Canaries,
Palmerflon's I. South
Paoom ifle. South
P/Ris Obfer- Ifle oi France

vatory,
Fauixtiordi Iceland,

Italy, '
Scotland,
Italy,
Turkey,
Terra Firma,
Pacific Ocean,
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean,
Pacific Ocean,
, France,

Europe

Eurppe

Afia

S.Amer.

Afia

Africa

Afia

Alia

Europe

45-22N.

5S-48N.
38-30N.
33-ooN.
08-47N.
15-38 S.
28.36N.
1 8-00 S.
16-30 S.
48-50N.

12-CO E.

04-08 W.

13 43E.

39-00 E.

8o-o6VV.

146-25 W.

1 7-45 w.

162-52W,

«08-33E.

2-25 E.

N. AtU Ocean Europe fis-^jsNt 14-05^^

A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. ^|

Karnes of Placts. Pravincet* Countritu Quarter.

-19 E.
■20W.

Parma, Parmafan,

Patna, Bengal,

Pau, Beam,

3t. Paul's Ifle, South
Pegu, Pegu,

Peking, Petchi-li,

St.Pcter'sFort Martinico,

Italy, Europe

Eail India, Afia
France, Europe

Indian Ocean, Africa

Pembroke,

Penzance,

Peksacola,

Periguex,

Perinaldi,

Perth,

£aft India,

Afia

China,

Afia

W. India,

N.Amer

Wales,

Europe

England,

Europe

North

America

France,

Europe

Italy,

Europe

Scotland,

Europe

North

America

Cornwall,

Weft Florida,

Guienne,

Genoa,

Perthfliire,
Perth-amboy, New York,
St. Peter|8lilc, North Atlant. Ocean, America

Perfepolis, Irac Agem, Perfia, Afia

PetropawlolkoiKamtfchatka, Ruflia, Afia

Petersburg, Ingria, Ruflia, Europe

Philadelphia, Pennfylvania, North America

St. Philip's Minorca, Mediterr. Sea, Europe

Fort,
Pickerfgill Ifle, South Atlant. Ocean, America

i*ico, Azores, Atlant. Ocean, Europe

Pines, Ifle of, N. Caledonia, Pacific Ocean, Afia

Pifa,
Placentia,

Plymouth,
Plymouth,
Pollingcn,
Pondicherry,
Ponoi,
Porto Belle,
I'orto Sandto
'. Ifle,
JPort Royal,
Port Royal,
Portfmouth

Town,
— Academy,
Portfmouth,
Portland Ifle,
Portland Ifle,
Prague,

Tufcany, Italy,
Newfoundland North

Ifle
Devonfliire, England,
New England, North

Germany,

Eaft India,

Ruflia,

South

Atlant. Ocean, Africa

Europe
America

Europe

America

Europe

Afia

Europe

America

Suabia,
Coromandel,
Lapland,
Terra Firma,
Madeira,

Jamaica,

Martinico,

Hampfliire,

Hampfliire, England,

New England, North

South Pacific Ocean, Afia

North Atlant. Ocean, Europe

Europe
America

Weft India,
Weft India,
England,

nerica
America
Europe

Europe
America

Bohemia,
PrihceofWa!csNewN.Wales,Noith
Fort,

Peru, South, America

New England, North America

Lancafliire, England, Europe

Upper Hungary, Europe

Indian Ocean, Eaft Inifies, Afia

Potofi,
Providence,
Prellon,
Pre (burg,
Pulo Candor

D.M.
44-45N,
25-4SN.
43-«sN.
37-5 » S.
1 7-ocN.

39-S4N.
. 14-44N.
SI-4SN.
50-08N.
30-22N.
4S-11N.
43-S3N.
56-32N.
40-30N.
46-46N.
30-30N.
53'-oiN.

39-56N.
39-50N.

54042 S.
38-28N.
21-38 S.

43-43N.

47-26N.

50-2 2N.
4I-48N,

47-48N,

ii-4iN.

67-06N.

9.3 3N.

32.S8N.

18-00N.
1 4-3 5 N.
SO-47N.

50-48N.
43-ioN.
39-25 S.
63-22N.
50-04N.
S8.47N.

21*00 S.

4I-50N.

S3-45N.

4.8- 2oN.

8-4oN.

d.m!

10-51 E.

83-00 e:
C-04W4

77-53 K.
97-00 E.

1 16-29 £.

61-16W,

4-50W,

6.U0W.

87-2oW»

0-48 E.

7-45 E,

3-I2W,

74-20W,

56-iaW.

54-00 £•

15 8-40 E.

30-24 E«

75-09W.

3-53 E*

36-53W,
28-2 iW.
167-43 £•
10-17 S.
55-6oW«

4-ioW.
70-25W.
10-48 E«

79-57 E.
36-28 £.

16-20W,

76-40W,
61-04W.
oi-oiW*

i-oiW.
70-20W,
178-17 E.
1 8-49 W.
14-50 £.
94-02 W,

77-ooW,

71-21W.

2-5cW.

1 7-30W,

107-25 £,

l92

A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE.

Jfmnes^PhKts, Proviiuts, Countrifs, Quarter,
GulfofSutn, Ead Tnaia, Afia

Pu?o Thnor

li)e,
Fylcttaart Iflc, South

Quebec, Canada,
St. Qwin- Picaidy,
till,
Qijito, Pcra,

Qnecn Char- South

loite'a IHcs,
^r\ Amheitd, Cornwall,
■V Ragui'a, Dalnvitid,
Ratilbon, Bavaria,
Re ille, AuniSf

Redf, Brafit,

Rennest Bretagne,

RcfolutionKIc, South
Rhetins,

Pacific Ocean, Alia
North America

France, Europe

South America

Pacific Ocean, Alia

Enj!;lnntl,

VenicL%

Germany,

France,

South

France,

Km rope

Eiir(>j)e

Eu rope

Europe

America

Europe

Pacific Ocean, Afia

Europe

Champagne, France,

Rhodes, Rhode lUaiid, I^evant fca, Afia

Big3, Livonia, KulTia, Europe

Simijli, Komagna, Italy, Europe

Roi.helIe, Aunis, France, Europe

Rochfort, Saintonge, France, Europe

Rockot'Lif- Mouvh of Ta- Portugal, Eyropo

bon, g«8 river,

Rddcz, Guicnnc, France, Europe

Rodrigueslfle, South
Rome, (St. Pope's Tcrri

Peter's) tory,

Rotterdam, Holland,
Rotterdamlfle, South
Rousn, Normandy,

ST. Auj^f- Eail Florida,
tin.

France,

Indian Ocean, Africa

Italy, Europe

Netherlands, Europe
Pacific Ocean, Alia

France,
North

Europe
America

.-» Domingo,

•— Salvador,
JBaba Ille,
8agnn,
Sail Ille,
Salonichi,

Carib. fea,
lago, .Chili,

Salvador, Brafil,

Carib. fea,

Silelia,

North

Macedonia,
Salvage Ifles, North
Samann, Hifpaniola,

Samarcand, Ufbpc,
Salilbury, Wiltflure,
Santa Cru/,, TencrifTe,
Sandwich Ille, South
Santa Fe, New Mexico, North
Savannah, Georgia, North

Weft India, America
Mouth America

South America

Weft India, America
Germany, Europe
Atlanr. Ocean, Africa
Turkey, Europe

Atlunt. Ocean, Africa
Well India, America
Tartary, Alia

England, Europe

Atlant. Ocean, Africa
Pacific Ocean, Afia

America
America

Saunders'sllle, South Georgia S. Atlantic S. Amc-

Ocean, rica

64v.ige Ifle, South pacific Ocean, Ada

I). M.

3-ooN.

22-13 S.

46-5 jN.
49-50N.

C-13S.
lo-ii S.

50.t8N.
45-4. <;N.
48-56N.
46-14N.
8-ioS.
48.r6N.
17-23S.
49-14N.
36-aoN.

56-SsN.
44-03 M.
46-09 N.
46-02N.
38.45N.

44«2lN.
10-40N.

51-S6N.

iC.i6M.
49-26N.
29-4SN.

18-20N.
34-00 S.
1 1-58 s.

IJ-39N.

5I-43N.
,'^-38N.
40-4 1 N.
30-ooN.
19-1 5N.
40-40N.
51-00N.
28-27N.
17-4' S.
36-ooN.
3I-5SN.
58-00 S.

19-02 S.

Lent'*
I). M.
104-30 E.

1 7 5-36 W.

69 48W.

3-32 E.

7f-SoW.
164.35 E.

4-1 5 W.
18-25 ''-
12-05 E,

1-29W.
35-3oW.

1-36W.
1 41 -40 W.

4-07 E.
28-co E.
24-00 £.
12-39 ^•

I-04W.

0-13W.

9-30W.

2-39 E.
63-15 E.
ii-34E.

4*33 K.

174»25W',

i-ooW,

8I-I2W,

70-ooW,

7 7-00 W.

3 8-00 w.

63-I2W,

15-27 R.

22-5 1 W.

23 13F..

i5-4yVV.

69-1 1 W.

69-00 E.
..4SW.

16-iiW.
168-38 E,
ioj-ooW,

80-20W.

26-5 3 W,
169- 25 w.

vr-'

■2SW,

A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. S91

HametofPlMts, Provmcis*
Upper

CouHtrits*

Egypt,

Sayd, or

Thcbcj,

SamaiHRuins^HoIy Land, Turkey,
St. George's between Kngland and

Chunncl, Irelund,

Scarborough, Yorknure, England,
Scone, Fcrthllnre, Scotland,

Scliwexinjjen, Lower Rhine, Germany,
Sea of Al<>ph, LlttleTartary, Europe and
— Marmora, Turkey in Europe and
-— Ochotlk, * — --

D.M.

Africa 27-ooN.

D.M7
3a-2oK,

AHa
Kurop*

Europe

Alia

Afia

32-40N. 38.60 E.
Atlantic Occia.

54-I8N.
S6-24N.
49-23N.

Blade Sea.

o-ioW.
3-1 oW.
8-4S ?.

South

Yellow,
Sedan,
Senegal,
Shepherd's

iilcs,

Siam, Siatn,

Si-gham-fu, Chcnli,

Siueron, Dauphinc,

Shrewn)ury, Shi'opdiirc,
Shields(South) Durham,

Shcerncl's, Kent,

Seville, Andalufia,

Sidon, Holy Land,

Smyrna, Natulia,
Southampton, 1 lamplhirc.

between Siberia,!indKamtft'hatka,Afia,N.Pac;f.Occaa

bctw. Eaflcrn Tartaiy, China, and Corea, N. Pacif.Oceaa
Champagne, France, Eurcj>e' ^9-42^. c-o« E,

Negroland, Africa IS-S3N' 10-26W.

i'acific Ocean, Alia 16-58 S. 168-47 ^

Sombavcra

Illes,
Soolo Idc,
Spaw,
Sound,

Carib. Sea,

Philip. Iflcs,

Liege,

b^'twecn

Eafl Lidia,

China,

France,

England,

England.

England,

Spain,

'J'urkcy,

Turkey,

Tinj.huui,

Wt'Undia,

Eafl India,
Germany,
Denmark and

Sweden,
England,

Afla
Afia
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Aha
Atia
Europe
N. Ame-
rica
Afia
Europfi
Europe

i4-i8N. 100.55E.
34-16N. I08-48E.
44-1 1 N.
58-43N.
55-02N.

37-isN.
33-33N.
38-2bN.
SC-55N
18-38 ""

6.01W.

2.46W.

i-i^E.

o-co E.

6-05 \V.
36*15 E.
N. 27-24 E.
NT. i.2sW.
N. 63-32W.

5-57N. 121-20E.
50-30N. 5-40 E.
Baltic Sea.

Stafford, Staffordfiilre, England, Europe 52-50N. 2-00W.

Sterling, Sterling/hire, Scotland, Europe 56-ioN. 3-50W.

Stralfund, Pomerania, Gciniany, Europe 54-23N. 13-22 E*
Strafburgh, Alface, France, Europe 48-34N. 7-46 E.

Stockholm, Upland, Sweden, Fluropc 59-20M. 18-08E.

Straits of Dover, between England and France, Englifli Channel.
Straits of Gibraltar, between Europe and Africa, Mediterranean Sea.
Straits of BabelmanJcl, between Africa and Afia, Red Sea. • „.

Straits of Ormus, between Pcrfia iuid Arabia, Perfian Gulf.
Straits of Ajlalacca, between Malacca and Sumatra, Alia, Indian Ocean.
Straits of Magellan, between Tierra del Fuego, and Patagonia, South

America.
Straits of La Maire, in Patagonia, South America, Atlantic and Pacific

Oceans.
Straits of Waigats, between Nova Zembla and Rullia, Afia. «»'■ «^ « -^ ' ,
Straits of Sunda, between Sum .ra and Java, Indian Ocean, Afia.
Straumnefs, Iceland, ll. Atlantic Europe 65-39N. 24-24tV.

Ocean,
Suez, Suez, Egypt, Africa 29-50'^. 33-27 E.

Sunderlaod, Diirham, England, Europe 54-5 sNy i-i6W.

894 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE.

VamaofFlactu Ptevinen* Ctunttits,

South
France,
£all India,

NewHebridcs, South Pacific
Ocean,

£ail India, A(ia
Eaft India, Afia

Regal Pruffia, Poland,

Surinam, Surinam,
Sultz, Lorrain,

Surat, Guzerar,

Syracufe, Sicily Iflc,

TAblc
liland,
Tanna, South

Tanjour, Tanjour,

Tauris, Aderbcitz&n,

Tasukaalfle, South
Temontengis, Soloo,
TeneriSib Peak,Canarie>,
Tercera, Azores,

St. Thomai's Virgin Ifles,
• Ifle,

Tim^r, S. W.
' Point,
Timorland
' S. Point,'
Thorn,
Tetuan,
Teflis,
Tobol&i,
Tbmik,
Toulon,
Toledo,
Tonga Tabu

IHe,
Ttapefond,
Tient,
Troy Ruins,
Tomea,
Tripoli,
TrijJoU.
Tunis,
Turin,
Tyre,
Turtle We,
Tyrnaw,

ULiatea,
Upfal,
Uraniberg,
Ufhant Ifle,
Utrecht,
Venice,
Vera Crus,
Verona,

Verfailles, Ifle of France, France,
VitNMA(Ob.) Auftria, Germany,

Vigo, Galicia, Spain,

ViatimigUa, Genoa, Italy,

D. M.

America

Europe

ATia

Europe

Afla

6-ooN.

47-J3N-
ai-ioN.

hong*

D. M.

55.30WJ.

7-09W.

72>a7 E.

Pacific Ocftan, Afia
Eail India, Afia
Pcrfia, Afia

Pacific Ocean, Afia
Eaft India, Afia
Atlant. Ocean,Africa
Atlant. Ocean, Europe

38-20N.

14-30 S.

5-57N.

38-izN.

. 38-45N.
Weft India, America i8-ziN.

36-58N. 15-05 E.
15-38 S. 167-12 £.

19-33 S. 169-46 fi,
11-27N. 79-07 E.
46-30 E.
145-04W.
120-58 E.
i_6-24W.
27-6tW.
64-^6W.

10-23 S. 124-04 £.
8-15 S. 131-59 E.

Fez,

Georgia,

Siberia,

Provence,

New Caftile,

South

Natolia,

Trent,

Natolia,

Bothnia,

Tripoli,

Sytia,

Tunis,

Piedmont,

Paieftine,

South

Trentfchin,

South

Upland,

Huen Ifle,

Bretagre,

HsUana,

Vcnic?,

Mexico,

Veronefe,

Barhary,

Perfia,

Rufita,

Rulfia,

France,

Spain,

Europe

Africa

Afia

Europe

Pacific Ocean, Afia

Turkey,

Germany,

Turkey, '

Svvoden,

Barbary,

Turkey,

Barbary,

Italy,

Turkey,

52-56N.

35-40N-
43-30N.
58-1 zN.
56-29N.
43.07N.
39-5^N.
2 1 098.

41-50N.

Afia

Europe 46-65 N.

Afia

Europe

Africa

Afia

Africa

Europe

Afia

Pacific Ocean, Afia

Hungary, Europe

Pacihc Ocean, Afia

Sweden,

Denmark,

France,

Netherlands,

Italy,

39-30N.

65-50N.

3*-53N.

34-30N.

36-47N.

45-osN.

32-32N.

19-48 S.

48-23N.

16-45 s.
Europe 59 51N.
Europe 55-54N.

North
Italy,

Europe

Amcricp.

Europe

48.28N.
52-07N.
45 26N.
19-12N.
4^-2^N.
48-48N.
48-1 2N.
42-14N.
43-S3N.

1 9-00 W.

S-iSW.
47-00 E.
68-17 E.
85-04 E.

6-01 E.

3-25 E.
i74-4iW.

40-30 E.
1 1-02 E.
26-30 E.
24-17 E.
13-12 E.
36-15 E.
lo-oo E.

7-45 E-

36-00 E.
178-02W.

17-38 E.
15I-26W.

17-47 E.

12-57 E.

4-59W.
5-00 E.

11-59 E.

97-25W.

11-23 E,

2-12 E.

16-22 E.

8-23W.

7-42 £.

A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. 895

Virgin Gorda, Virgin Ides, Weft India,
Wurtzburg, Franconia, Germany,
Yortcfliire, England,
NewN. Wales, North

Namtt»fPlac4S. Previne$s* Countries, garter* Lat, L»ng,

T). M. D. m:

America i8-i8N. 63.59W.

Europe 49-46N. 10-18 E,
Europe S3-41N. i-a8W,

America 5 8-47 N. 94.ozW.

Wakefield,
I'r. of Wiles

Fort,
WardhiH,

Norwegian

Lapland,

Maflbvia

Lapland, Europe 70-2ZN. 3t-ii E,

Poland,

Warfaw,

Weftmanlflei, North
Whitfuntide South

Ifle,

Warwick, Warwickshire, England,
Waterford, Htfunder, Ireland,

Whitehaven, Cumberland, England,
Williamlburg, l^irginia, North
Welh, Somerfetfl;ire, England,

Winchefter, Hampfliirc, England,
Worma, Lower Rhine, Germany,

Worcefter, Worcefterfliire England,

Europe

Atlant. Oeean,Europ':
Pacific Ocean, Afla

Europe
Europe
Europe

$2-l4N.

63-zoN.
15-44 S.

52-18N.
52-12N.
54-38N.

America 37-12N.
Europe 51-12N.
Europe 5i'(i6N.
Europe 49-38N.
Europj ;2*o9N.

Willes's lilei, South<'>corgia, Atlant. Ocean, America ;4*ooS

Lithuania, Poland,
UpperSaxony, Germany,

Wologd^,

Wilna,
Wittenburg,
Wologda,
Wollsik,

YArmoutb Norfolk,
York, Yorklliire,
Yorkminfter, Terra del Fu

ego,
Greenwich Obferv. Kent, England, Europe, ji^ a8'4o"N.
£. of St. Paul's, London.

RuiTia,

Ruffia,

England,

South

Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe

54-4 1 N.
5»-49N.
S9-19N.
6i-i5N.
S2.45N.
53-59^.

America 55-26N.

2105 E.

20-22W,

168-25 £•

1-32W.

7-16W.

3-36W.
76.48W.

2-40W.

1-15W.

8-oc £.

1.55W.
38-24W.
25-32 E.
12-46 £.
41-50 £.

1-48 E.

i-oiW.

70-03W.

5' 37"

-•i^j

vA ,'-.'jrii,ini iJsVv' :/;.>

i\ 1;

ii'v

O O

^-»"

I ►-.

( «96 )

MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE}

The moft: Coptous and Authentic that ever was publifhed
of the prefent State of the Real and Imaginary Monik»

of the World.

, . . 1*

Dividedinto four Parts, viz. ,

EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, and AMERICA;

•

Which are fubdivided into fifty^-five Parts, contiiining the Names
of the mod capital Places, the Species whereof are inferted,
ihewing how the Monies are reckoned hy the refpeflive Na»

, tions J and the Figures (landing againd the Denomination of
each foreign Piece is the Engliih intrinfic Value thereof, ac-
cording to the bed Aflays made at the Mint of the Towek
of London. ''v-- ..jixjii jii^-jio.-/
' ■• • ' -\ Miy c.^gjvT

EXPLANATION. '*"'■''

By real Money is undciftood an Effetftive Specie, reprefenting in itdslf
the value denominated thereby, as a Guinea, &c. no '

♦ This Mark is prefixed to the imaginary Money, which is generalty
madeufe of in keeping Accounts, ligiufyinc; a fidlitious Piece which is
not in being, or which cannet be reprafentod but by feveral other Pieces,
as a Pound Sterling, &c. . . . ,.

•All Fraftions in the Value Englifli arc Parts of a Penny. *.,f ^*n*v*^^.?
:= This Mark fignifics, /j, mahy or equal to, '* " '^"^ ♦ ' —

Note, for all the Spanifh, Portuguefe, Dutch, and Danifli Domi-
nions, either on the Continent, or in the \Vei> Indies, fee the
» glomes of the relpciiive Nations.

ENGLAND and SCOTLAND.

London, Bri/lol, Liverpool^ (sfc.
Edinburght Glafgow, Aberdeen^ l^c*

£m 5.

A Farthing — — .. o o

2 Farthings = a Halfpenny — o o

2 Halfpence = a Penny _- o o

4 Pence cs. a Groat _ o o
6 Pence = a Half Shilling — o o

12 Pence ;= a Shilling .. o i

5 Shillings = a Crown .« o c

20 Shillings =: a * Pound Sterling -' i o

21 Shillings sa a Guinea .i. i a

ot
oi
I

4
6
o
o
o
o

o
u

4
6
o
o
o
o

A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLt. 39^

A Farthing
2 Farthings
2 Halfpence

64 Pence

12 Pence

13 Penoe

65 Pence '
20 Shillings
22| bhilHn|;s

IRELAND.

Duhlin^ Q>rkt Londonderry, ^c.

S8 a F- 'fpenny «.

— * a 4-cnny ..

a a Half Shilling ^

a * a Shilling Irim

s: a Shilling ^i^

as a Crown «.

a * a Pound Irifli —

= a Guinea -~

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
I

o
o
o
o
I

• A Pening
4 Peningena
8 Peningens
2 G rotes

6 Petards

7 Petards
40 Grotes

17I Scalins
X40 Grotes

FLANDERS and BRABANT.
Ghent, Ojiend, fife. Antwerp, Brujfeh, bfc.

an Urche ..m

♦ a Grote ~.
a Petard _

* a Scaliu .«
a Scalin — >

• a Florin —
a Ducat .^

* a Pound Flem. _

o
o
o

o
o
o
o
o

o
o
o
o
o
o
I

9
9

o
o
6
II
o
o

o
o

?
6
6

3
o

'Jl

* Pening
8 Peningens

HOLLAND AND ZEALAND.

Amjierdamy Rotterdam, MiddUburg, Flujh'tng, isle,

» mmmm.^ O O O

• a Grote —

a Stiver —

a Scalin —

a Guikicr —
a lli.N -dollar —
a Dry Guilder —
a Silver Ducattoon

2 Grotus

6 Stivers ss

20 Stivers rr

2 Florins lo Stivers =:
60 Stivers =

3 Florins 3 Stivers =
6 Guilders ~

zo Florins =s

15 Florins

o
o
o
o
o
o
o

* a Pound Flem. o

a Gold Ducat, or Ducat-
toon — 1

aDucattoon,anothei*fort,
called a Sovereign i

o
o
o
I

4
5

2 f

■in

*
1«

■J

HAMBURG, Jhena, Lubce, Bremen^ Ue.

*• * A »T>....i: ^ -, _

* A Trylinsr
2 Trylinjjs
2 Sexlings
12 Fening-s
16 Shillings

2 Marcs

3 Glares

4 Marcs
i:o Shillin^rs

o o

* a Sealing — 00
a Fening — 00
u Shilling Lub. o o

* a Marc — 01
a Sletch dollar — 03
a Rix-doUar — 04
a Silver Ducattoon o 6

* a Pound Flem, o 1 1

o
o
o
I

6
o

'J:

«98 A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE.
HANOVER, Luntnburgt Zell, isfc.

e
H

f-i.

- ;

S". s»

• A Fcning

— — ■

Tii

3 FcningH

a Drcyer —

« Fenings

z:z

a Marie n —

1 2 Fenings

z:::

a Grofli —

8 Groflun

a Half Gulden

1 6 Groflieii

—

a Gulden —

6 a

i\ Groflien

***

* a Kix-doUar

32 Grofljen

a Double Gulden

4 Guldens

a Ducat —

SAXONY

AND HOL STEIN.

(

Drefderii

Leipjict

Isfc. mfmar, Keil,

, f^f.

• An Heller

— .

7>7r

2 Hellers

—

a Fcning —

:(l

6 Hellers

a Dreyer —

i6Heller»

a Marien —

12 Fenings

a Grofli —

1 6 Groflien

a Gould —

24 Grolhen

• a Rix-dollar —

3 Groflien

r::

a Specie Dollar

4 Goulds

a Ducat —

BRANDENBURG and

B-rlhit PotJ'rhmi (sfc,
* A Denier — —

POMERAN
Sutin, i^c.

9 D enters
18 Deniers

3 Polchens

20 Groflien

30 Groflien

90 Groflien

108 Groflien

8 Florins

— —00

a Polchen —00
a Grofli —00
an Abrafs —00

• a Marc —00
a Florin — 01

* a Rix-doll.ir —03
an Albertus — 04
a Ducat — 09

I A.

O T?S

O
O

o
9

C O L O G N, Mentz^ Triersy Licge^ Munich^ Munjitry

PadcrborHy i^c.

A Dute
3 Diites

2 Cruirzers
8 Diites

3 Stivurj

4 Plnpctts
40 -Stivers

2 Guilders
2 Guildei-j

"— —

ii Cruitzer —

an Albus —

a Stiver — '

a Plapcrt —

a Coplhick —

a Guilder —

a Hard DolUr

a Ducat -.-

2 I

US
a 1

-a
7

To"

o
o
I
I

. 8

I a

■I

o
o
o
I
1

4
o

8
4

^7:

I
I

NIA.

'3^

t{-

tJ-

Munjitfy

t1-

2 I

7
Ti

T»

A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE, 899

BOHEMIA, SILE^IAj amd HUNGARY.

Prague^ Bre/Iauy Pre/liurghf (jfc.

A Fcning

2 Fenings

3 Fenings

4 Fenings
2 Cniitzers

60 Cruitzci's

90 Cruitzers

2 Goulds

4 Goulds

a Drcyer — o

a Grolh — '• o

a Crultzcr — ' o

a White Grofli o

u Gould — o

a Rix-dollar — o

a Hard Dollar o

a Ducat — o

b
o
o

4
9

o
. o
o
o
o

si
4t

AUSTRIA AND SWABIA.
Vienna^ Triejiey i^c. Augjburgt Blenheim^ isfe.

A Fening
2 Fenings
4 Fenings

14 Fenings
4 Cfuitzers

1 5 Batzen
90 Cruitzers

a Florins
60 £:vtzen

a Dreyer —
a Cruitzcr —
a Grofli —
a Batzen —
a Gould —

a. Rix-dollar —
a Specic-doUar
a Ducat —

o
o
o
o
. o
o
o
o
o

o
o
o
o
•o
2

3
4
9

o
o
o
I
1

4
6
b

1.
TT

FRANCONIA, Frdnckfortt Nuremburgy Dcttrngetiy (-fx. .

A Fening — — — o o o ,

" " = a Cruitzer — coo.

ss a Keyfer Grofli o o i

zz a Batzen -*— o o i

— an Ort Gold o o 7 fj

tf: a Gould ''■m 024

=s • a Rix-dollar — 036

d: a Hard Dollar a>, 4 St

=: a Ducat. — 094

4 Fenings

3 Cruitzers

4 Cruitzers
1 5 Cruitzers
60 Cruitzers
90 Cruitzers

i Goulds
240 Cruitzers

POLAND AND PRUSSIA.

Cracowy JVarfawy l^c. Dantzlcy Koning/betg, Is'c,

A Shelon — — - ' — o -^ '

3Shelons = • a Gfofli — o

e Groflien = a Coufoc ~ , o

= aTinfe . — , o

= an Ort — <>

zz a Florin — o

=s * a Ri;c-dollar ■ -r- o

zz a Ducat — P

ss a Frederic d'Or — O
3 M a ,

3 Couftics

1 8 Groflien

30 Groflien

90 Groflien

8 Florins •

5 RixrdolIar»-

o
o
o
o
o
I

-7,

^0 A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE.

•s
i

a,
o

P
W

LIVONIA.

A Blacken

6 Blackens

9 Blackeni

s Oniilicn

6 Graflieii

30 Grofbcn

96 Groihen

X08 Grufhen

64 Whitens

HJgttf Rtvtif Nsrvt, tit.

— — 000

a Grofh — 000

a Vording — 000

a Whiten •— 000

ft Marc — 003

a Florin — o i a

* 9 Rix-dollar — 036

an Albertus -^ 042

a Cojiper-plate Dollar 050

DENMARK, ZEALAND, akdNORWAY.
Copenhagerif Sounds Uc, Btrgert, Drintheim, lie.

A SkilHng
6 Skillings
16 Skillings
20 Skillings
24 Skillings
4 Marcs
6 Marcs
II Marcs
14 Marcs

a Duggen
• a Marc
a Rix-marc
a Rix ort
a Crown
a Rtx-doUar
a Ducat
a Hatt Ducat

o
o
o
o

o
o
o
o
o

o
o
o
o
I

4
8

o
3

9
II

3
6

tI
I

i
4

SWEDEN AND LAPLAND.
Stickbelm, U/>fai, lie, Thirn, lie.

=: a Stiver -* o

=: a Copper Marc >— o

a Silver Marc — > o

a Copper Dollar — • o

a Caroline — o

a Silver Dollar — o

a RixHdoUar <— o,

a Ducat — o

* A Runftick

2 Runfticks =:

8 Runilicks =:

3 Copper Marcs ==

4 Copper Marcs zz

9 Copper Marcs =
3 Copper Dollars =
3 Silver Dollars =
t Rix-(lellars- =■

o
o
o
o
•
I
z

4
9

o
I

4
6
a
6
6

R U S S I A AND M U S C O V Y.
Peter/hrg, jfrebattgtl, lit. Mo/eow, lie,

A Polufca — — —00

r: a Denufca — 00

a ♦a Copec — 00

= anAltin — 00

= aGrievener *— 00

= a Polpot'n — 91

= a Poltin — o 2

£= a Ruble •— 04

s a Xervonitz •—' 09

2 Polafcas

2 Deiiufcas

3 Copecs
ioCopccs '
25 Copecs
59 Copecs

too Copecs
2 Rubles

o
I

6
o

»7

•

&
e

•3

A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLft.

BASIL. Zurich, Zug, tfc.

Sa|

A Rap

3 Rapen
4 Feningt
13 Fenings
15 Feningt
18 Feningt
ao Soli
50 Cruitzert
108 Ciuitzers

a Fcning ~-

a Criiitzer — .

• a Sol -,
a Courfe Bntzen —
a Griod Batzen —

* a Livre .^
a GuUicii —
a Rix'dullar •—

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

o
o
o
I
I

6
6

St. gall. Apptnfal, t^c

•s

s
O

An Heller

3 Hellers

4 Feningt
I z Fenings

4 Cruitzers

5 Cruitzers
20 Sols

60 Cruitzers
102 Cruitzers

— ~. o

a Fening — o

a Cruitzer — o

» a Sol — o

aCoarfe Batzen — o

a Good Batzen — o

• a Livre — o

a Gould — o

a Rix<dollar — o

o
o

o
o
o
o

2
8

o
o
o
t

8
3

6
3

M
N
H

A Denier
4 Denierb

3 Cruitzers

4 Cruitzers
e Cruitzers
6 Cruitzers

20 Sols
7^ Cruitzers
135 Cruitzers

BERN. Liutrfie, Ni^fthattl, tfr.

»;Crultzcr
• a. Sol

aPlapert

s6r«s

aBst&en
• a Livre

a Gulden
^ a Crown

000

• 01

001

00a

003

o 3 o

0x6

046

»}

\
I

a
T

GENEVA. Ptkayt Bon/u, (^c.

A Denier ^
9 Deniers =
13 Deniers =5
I z Deniers current
iz Small Soil =
20 Sols current =
10 4 Florins s
1 5 I Florins r=
24 Florins =:

...^ >— 000

a Donier current 000

a Small Sol — poo

= a Sol current — 000

•a Florin — 004

• a Litre current — o i J

a Fatacoon — o 3 n

aCroifadc — o 5 10

aDu^at — 090

X
4

kfo-2^ A- MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE.

Lj/kf Cambrayf ValenfienneSy l^c.

A Denier
1 2 Deniors
15 Deniets-
15 Batards
20 Sols
30 Fatards
60 Sols • -
lo^^-Livres
24 Livres

a
-13

C!
Hi

a Sol —

^ a Patai'd —

* a Piette —
a Livre Tournois

* a Florin —
ari Ecu of Ex.

a iDucat ^-

a Louis d'Or —

o
o
o
o
o

Q
O
O
I

... i :

S. dm

o o
o o
o o

o 9
10
f 'o
2 6

9 3
o o

t
t

Dunkirk^ St. Omtr\ St. ^intin, l^<.

A Denier
12 Dciiiers
15 Deniprs
1 5 Sols
20 Sols
3 Livres
24 Livres
24, Livres
3o| Livres

i««t»iff-

. — — o o,

a Sol — 00

• a Patard — 00

• a PiettiB ■ — o Q

• a Livre Tournois q o
an Ecu of Ex. o 2

< a Louis d'Or i o

a Guinea — 11

a Moeda — 17

: 7
10

6
o
b
o

Paris, Lyonfi M9rfetllei\ (^c.

■'A Denier
3 Deniers
2'Liards

12 Deniera

20 Sols

60 Sols
6 Livres

10 Livres
^ 24 Livrffs

-r- — — 000

t'-JaLiard — - q o o

a Dardene — 000

^ a Sol .- 000

* a Livre Tournois o o 10

an Ecu of £x. o< 2 ' 6

an Ecu — o 5 q

•aPiftole ' — Q 8 4

a Louis d'Or — i o o

T
X

■h
I
If

^.^

■■■,*•

r R T U G A L. Lj/hn, Oporto,

£^^

* A Re

II . .__

10 Rez ^ ^

■' = aHalf Vintin —

«7

20 Rez

•' W . a Vintin —

5 Vintias

r: a Telloon « —

4 Teftoons

=' a Crufade of Ex. —

24 Vintias

= a New Crufade —

lo Tollboiis

= * a Milre • * ~

"li

48 Teaoor.s

r= a Moidore —

• 7

O4 Tcilooas"
* 1 " .

== a Joancfe ' —

^Madrid,

I
V

O 'lO

a 6

1 b

7 o

o o ,^

o o

O lO

2. 6

5 9

8 4

o o

X.
■»•
I

o
o
o
o

o,H

o
I

3
8

7
o
o

«7
7

A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE.

903

Madrid, Cadiz^ SevllUi far<.

A Maravedie
2 Maravedies
34 Maravedies °
a Rials
8 Rials
10 Rials
375 Maravedies

32 Rials
. 36 Rials

Ntio Plate,

— . ■ 0,

a Quartil -— o

a Rial — o

a Piftarine — o

* a Piiillre of Ex. o
a Dollar — o

* a Ducat of Ex. o

* a Piftole of Ex. o
a Piftole — o

J.
o
o

s.
o
o
o
o

4,11
14 4
16 9

•f
/

I
IE-

o
<<

•S
O

Gibraltar, Malaga, Denia, &c. Felon,

* A Maravedie — — — —

= an Ochavo —

r= a Quartil ►—

=. ♦a Rial Velon. ,

;= "'a Piaftre of Ex.

zz a Piaftre — ■

= ♦ a Piftole of Ex.

== a Piftole of Ex.

= a Piftole —

2 Maravedies
4 Maravedies
34 Maravedies
15 Kiitls
5 1 2 Maravedies
60 Rials
2048 Maravedies
70 Rials

Barcelona, Saragojfot Valencia, dfc. Old Plat^.

A Maravedie
16 Maravedies
2 Soldos.

20 Soldos ^ ■ .
24 Soldos '■ •'
16 Soldos

22 Soldos V

21 Soldos
60 Soldos

CS i ==

a Soldo — ^
u, Rial Old Plate

* a Libra —

* a Ducat —

* a Dollar —

* a Ducat —

* a Ducat —»
a Piftole -«

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

4
6

■J

3
6

7
9

16
9

X
4

. -f »i.,

GENOA. Navi, St. Remo, t^c.

*' CORSICA. Bajlia, isfc.

A Denari
12 Denari
4 SoH:

H !

»wi Soldi
le Soldi

5 Lires
1 1 5 Soldi

6 Teftooni
ao Lirea

:iiii,~

Vi-.il.

— o o

a Soldi — 00

a Chevalet — 00

♦ a Lire — r 00
aTeftoon r- 01
a Croifade — 03

♦ a Pezzo of Ex. o 4
a Genouine — r 06
a Plrtoie -r o '4 .

3 M 4 PIEUM9NT,.

2
4

Madrid,

04 A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE.

PIEDMONT, SAVOT, and SARDINIA.
Turin, Cbambtrry, Cagliari, life.

A Denan — • •— • p o

3 Detiafi =3 a Quatrioi «*^ 00

I J Denari ss a Soldi ••- 00

la Soldi = *aFloria «— o q

20 Soldi ;= * a Lite >— ^ 01

6 Florins == a Scudi ' -r- 94

7 Florins =3 a Ducattoon •-- 05
13 Li res s a Piftole -^ o 16
16 Lires = a Lquis d'Or — 10

M
■^*

©-
M

o
o
o

A D«nari
3 Denttri
12 Denari
20 Soldi
1 1 5 Soldi
117 Soldi
6 Lires

22 Lires

23 Lirea

Milan, Midtna, iParma, Pavioj i^(.

4 Quntrini

a Soldi « .

* a Lire

a Scudi current

* a Scudi of £x.
a Philip

a Piftole

8 Spanilh Piftole

o
o
o
o
o
o
o

o
o
o
o

4
4
4

o 16
o 16

? ;;; 1

o 1
o
o
8

3
4
6

o
o
o
o

2
2
6

Leghorn, FlaretU(, isfc,

A Denari — — — — o o

4 Denaii 3= a Quatrini «— 00

12 Denari == a Soldi r~ 00

5 Quatrini =• a Craca ^^ op
8 Cracas =z aQuilu «i 00

20 Soldi = ' * a Lire ^^ 00

6 Lires-. r= a Piaftrc of Ex. r— 04
7J Lires =* a Ducat *r* 05
22 Lires = a Piftol« •— p 15

I
1

ROME,

Civito Vmhia^ Jncona,

l^c.

A Quatrini

p ^

5 Quatrini =s

a Baypc — .

Q P ^

8 Bayocs =

a Jhuo -r—

p p 6

10 Bayocs =:

a Starapt Julio -^

p 7 1

24 Bayocs rr
10 Julios =

a Teftoon —

p I 6

a Crcwn current—

p 5

12 Julios =

* a Crown ftampt —

p 6 p

1 8 ulios =

a Chequin •—
aPiftefc «-

p 9

31 Julio* s=

p 15 6

J^AELES,

A MODERN UNIVERSAL T/MX^ 4M

s
o

SI
<<

AQuTttri^L
3 Quatrini
lo Grains'
40 Quatiini
30 Graini
4oGnun»
too Grains
a 3 Tarint
25 Tarins

NAPLES. Gaida, (itfm, (A.

if.

a Graia •— o

a Cat lia «i- o

a Paulo "^ o

(iTarin — o

a Teftoon «• o

a Ducat of £x. q

a Piftole •— . p

a Spaaith Pi dole 1 ib

o
o
o
o
o
r
3

♦

4
4
4
9

s
i

SICILY ANP MALTA, Paltrmo, Mtfme,

A PichUa
6 Pichtli
8 Pichili

t^c.

zo Graina

20 Grains

6 Tarins

^% Tarins

, I'nrlin*

a U uncos

o o

a Grain — 00

a Ponti — o ^

a Carliu >-• 00

a Tario — 00

* a Florin of Ex, o 1
a Ducat of £x. o 3

• an Ounce — 07
a Piftole — 015

o 7*
o tJ
o 4

3 T*

A Qj^atrii^
6 Quatrini
10 Bayocs
20 Bayocs
3 julios
85 Bayocs
105 Bayocs
100 Bayoci
31 Jufios

BelfigWf Ravenm, (sfc*

— —'©00

St a Ba)[oc — 000

ss a Julio — 006

s= ♦a Lire — o i o

sp aTeftoon — 016

af aScudiofEx. 043

sa a Ducattoon 9 i S

^ a Crown — 050

== ^ Piftole — 0154

VENICE. Btrgbamt Wf.

A Picoli
X2 Picoli
6^ Soldi
18 SoKlt
ao Soldi
3 Jule*
124 Soldi
a4 Gros
17 Lirc«

= a Soldi -*

as * a Gros —

=■ a Julc —

sr * a Lire —

Ss a Teitoon —

>£= a Ducat current

ra * a Ducat of Ex.

at a Cbc^uiu •*«•

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

o
o
o
o
o
t

4
9

6
6
6

(

t
X

TURKEY.

A MODERN UNI VERS At TABLE.

T Ijr R K E Y. Mirta, Candia, Cyprus, l^e.

AMangMT

4 Mangars
3 Afper*

5 Amt^ -•
loAipen
2oAipers

. 8o Alpcrs

loo Afp«r9

10 Solotas

an Afper ~ o

ft Parac •— o

a Beftic ; •>. o

an Oftic — o

a Solota — o

♦ a Piaflrc — o

a Caragrouch — o

a Xerilr — o

o
o
o

o
o
I

4
5

J.
o
o
I

o
o
o
o

ARABIA.

• ACan;t - >—

5 1 Carrets =

7 Carrt!ts --^ r:

8o Carrets ■ ■ =

1 8 Comaflices =

6o Comaihecs =

8o Cavecrs =

IOC Comafhees =:

8o Larins —

Medina, Mecca, Mocha, i^c.

a Gaveer

♦ a Comafliec
a Latin

an Abyfs

♦ a Piaftre
a Dollar
a Sequin

♦ a Tcmoud

o
o
o
o
o

G
O
O

o
o
I

4
4
7
7

o
o

4
6

If
tI

I
■«■

s
T

PERSIA.

A Cos —

lo Coz . =

20 CJOZ . =

25 Coz =

4 Shahces . =:

5 Abaflxees =:
12 Abafliees =
^ Abaihees 3=

Ifpahan, Ormus, Gombroon, l^c.

aBifti
a Shnhce
a Mamooda
a Larin
an Abafliee
an Or
a BovcUo
* a Tomond

f** I. ,'

o
o
; o

] o

o
o
o
o
o
I
6
16
6

.J
I

4
8

A Peclca
2 Peckas

4 Pices

5 Pices
16 Pices '

4 Anas •
2 Rupees
24 Anas
4 Pagodas

—

a Pice

—,

a Finam

— .

a Viz

— i

an Ana

—

a Rupee

—

an Englifh Crown

a Paj;;oda

a Gold Rupee

—

»S

G U Z U R A T. $urat, Cambay, l^c.

04"

T
I I

Bombay,,

.'■ »

A MODERIN UNIVfiRSAX. TAllfE/ ^^

Bomhay, DahulfUfe,

♦ ABudgrook
2 Budgrooks
5 Rez

1 6 Pices

20 Pices

1240 Rez
' 4 Quarters
. 14 Quarters
' 60 Quarters

♦a Re ""^

a Pice -,

a Laree —

a Quarter

a J^eraphiia

a Rupee —

a Pagoda —

a Gold Rupee

o
b
o
I

3
8

« »S

4
3
b

-m *>'•

♦ARe .

2 Rcz-

2 Bazaracas

30 Rez. -

4 Vintins

3 Laree«

42 Vintius

4 Tangus

8 Tangus

Goa'i VifapouiTi tdc.

" . ■.. -r — O

= 3 Bgzaraco o

= 9,Piecka — o

= a'Vintm — o

=s a Laree >~ o

= aXeraphlm o 1

= oTangu- — 04

= aP^ru : — . p 18

== a Gold Rupee 1*15

O
O
O
O

CORQM ANDEL. Madrafs, Pondlcherryy t^c,

ACafh ^— —7- — 00

a Viz — 00

vi, Pjcc — 00

{I Pical — 00

a Fanatn —00

a Rupee — 02

an Englifh Crown o ^

5 Cafli
2 Viz

6 pices
8 Pices

10 Fanams
2 Rupees

36 Fanams
4 Pagodas

a Pagoda

a Gold Rupee

8
IS

o
o
o

3
6
o

BENGAL. Callicuti Calcutta, t^c.

A Pice

4 Pices

Pices

12 Pices

10 Anas

16 Anas

2 Rupees

56 Anas ■

— .

—

a Fanain

—

a Viz

—

an Ana

a Fiano

a Rupee

-~<

a French Ecu

<»

an Englifli

Crown

a Pagoda

—

i
I

SI AM.

90» , A MODEBM VHfYtMiih'tA'Btt.

.--^'

. '%

SI AMt Pigfn Mttrnm CmMh, Sumatra, Java, Bmitot l^e.

£.*^ J.
ACori r-

800 Con sp

IJ5 Fettee* _, ss

250 Fctteei " «^

500 Fetteet s=

900 Phteit =:

2t*iciltt s;

4 Soocoi s;

8 Satateert ss

aFejIlpc
a S^fleer
aS<Mico
tTutal
a Dotiar
aRUl
an ^C\i
a Cioiwn

o
o
o

' o

o
o
o
I

4
5
5
S

o ^J.
7

6
o
o

ACaxa
10 Caxa
10 Candereens
3^5 Canc)«reens

a Ruoees
JO Cand«reenr

7 Maces
a Rxipeea
to Macci

CHINA. IfcktH, Canton, (ifc.

. , 1 >-i>. t,.-

a Candereen-
ti Mace
a Runee
a Dollar
a' R4x-dolIar
an Ecu
a Crown
a Tale

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

o
o
o

4
4
S

o
o
8
6
6

■o

JAPAN. ytdd9, Miaco, eff.

A Piti —

26 Pitis
15 Macea

26 Maces
50 Maces
13 Ounces Silver

2 Ounces Gold

a Japanefes
a I Ounces Gold

a Mace — o

an Ounce Silver <— o

a Talc — o

an Ingot -~ o
an Ounce Gold -— - 9

a Japancfe — 2

a Double — 1 2

♦a Cattcc — 66

o
o

3
6

4
10

T
t

r EGYPT.

An Afpcr
3 Afpers
24 Medins
80 Afpers
30 Medins
96 Afpers
32 Medins
200 Afpers
70 Medics

Old and New Cairo, JlexandrL^ C^yde, bfe.

a Mcdin

000 <

001 \

an Italian Ducat

034

40..

* a Piaftre

a Dollar

««

4 6 ^

an Ecu •« •

•«.

050

a Crown

^m-

050

a Sultanin

10 ;

a Pargo Dollar

19 6 1
3ARBARY,

*^'

VVfi9

t N

T
t

■"•H-

IfARBARy.

9D^

An An)eiii|^|WM^ —

3 AH)ert
10 Au>en

2 Rials

4 Doublet
24 Medina
30 Mcdins

180 Afpcrs
15 Doublet

jKtkrttTvnu, Srifoti, Una, &c.

=: nMedin .

= MialOtd Plate

Es ^nJouble —

= a Dollar —

=: a Silver Chequin

= a Dollar —

= a Zequin — *

m. ^n Piftolc -*

• 00
001
o o 6

O I I

046

o 5 4
046
o 8 10

io 16 9

MOROCCO.

A Fluce

24 Fluces =

4 Blanquilt r

7 Rlanquils =

14 Blanquils =

2 Quartos =

28 Blanquils =

54 Blanquils =:

100 Blanquils :

Santa CruZf Mequinet, FtZ, Tangier,
SalUe, i^c.

a Blanquil
an Ounce
an 0£bivo
a Quarto
a Medio
a Dollar
a Xequin
a Piftole

o o e

o O 2

o o

o I

O 2

O 4

« 9

» o 16 9

ENGLISH. Jamaica, Barbadoes, life.

* A Halfpenny
2 Halfpence
7« Pence

12 Pence

75 Pence
7 Shillings

20 Shillings

24 Shillings

30 Shillings

*a penny
a Bit

♦a Shilling ^
a Dollar
a Crown

♦ a Pound
a Piftolc
a Guinea'

o
o
o
o
o
o

6
o
4
5

Or'J

— • I

O 14
o 16
I

5
8

FRENCH.

* A Half Sol

2 Half Sols =

.7JS0I3 =s

1 5 Sols =

20 Sols :=

7 Livres =

8 Livres s:
26 LivrcS , —
32 Livrei :?

5^ Doming^, Martlnicot tJc.

* a Sol

a Half Scalin
a Scalia

♦ a Livre
a Dollar
an Ecu
a Piftole

a Louis d'Or

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
1

o
6
o
o
o

4
4

o
o
2
5

10
16 9

Of o

< I 7

■ I

• • • • • •

■ • *

ENGLISH.

• • fc t •
' , t • • t

9IO

A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE. ^-^^
ENGLISH. JViw Stctia, Ntw England, Virgi^lie.

♦A Penny — — mgRid o o i

12 Pence =t * a Shilling '■"•"T:: o i o •

2oShiUingi 5S A|Pound — i o o

a pound- /^»

3 Pounds I

4 Pounds « " \v

5 Pounds , J

6 Pounds \ I ^

7 Pounds -i^ -. \i;'4w i „} f '^'»

8 Pounds ' i -

9 Pounds . ,. .»-^.,.., .^„>,^

lo Pounds

The Value of the Currency alters according to the Plenty or
Scarcity of Gold and Silver Coins that are imported.

Canada, Florida, Cayenne, i^c* , " |

* A Denier ■ /| ;

12 Deniers = *aSol 'l

20 Sols =s *aLivre f

2 Livres ' •■.-.•■ -y |

3 Ltvres , , <

5 Livrta ..^ w. , „ ...^ , ,

6 Livres ■*' »• • " "^'^ ?4,.<- * f* ./>> / ;

7 Livres - '•' - • / *^''"*-;"-^- ' '

8 Livre» ¥0 *'.i '^ r ;' t^ „v.*j7,' -

9 Livres " <Ji *■- ... .. *'i '

10 Livres - ^ -> - - , ....

The Value of the Currency alters according to the Plenty or
Scarcity of Gold or Silver Coins that are imported.

Kote^ For all thtSj>aniJ^y Portugnefe, Dutch, and DamJJj Dominionsi
either on the Continent or in the West lN'];>iics,yee the Monies of the
refpe^ve Nations. -- -

1,1 «, l/>4(, 1 I

f i ♦'

■n

4*-

r ..1. •■ f;

I • « •

• « 4

r . s •

r.- ^ A NEW

■ • • • ■ t

.^^

fVc.

s, i*

O I

1 o
o o

\''\{

I ^^ 3

NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

Remarkable Events, Discoveries, and Inventions} •

ALSO,
The uEra, the Country, and Writings of Learned Mem ;

The whole comprehendintj, in one View, the Analyfis or Outlines of '
Geheral Hiftory, from the Creation to the prefcnt Time.

Bef.Chrift. , '

4004 'T^ H E creation of the world, and Adam and Etc.

400J JL "^^^ \)\xi>\ of Cain, the firft who was bum of a woa){tn.

3017 Enoch, for his piety, is tranflated into Heaven. '

»348 The old world is deftriiyed by a deluge, which continued 377 days.

4247 The tower «if Babel is built about this time by Noah's poflerity, upon vhich

God miraculouily confounds their language, and thus difperfes themi nto dif*

ferent nations.
Abiivt the fume time, Noah is, with great probability, fuppofed to have partcC

from hi« rebellious ofTspritip, and to have led a colony uf fome of the more

tradlable into the Eaft, :ind there either he or one of his fucceflbrs to have

founded the ancient Chincfc monarchy.
al)4 The celollial obfcrvattons are begun at fiabyion* the city which ilrft gave birth

to learning and the fciences.
218S Mifiatm, the fon ot Ham, founds the kingdom of Egypt, which laftcd i65j

years, down to its conqueft by Cumbyfes, in 521; before ChriQ.
2059 Niiius, the foil of lielus, founds the kln(;dom of Aflyria, which laftcd above 1000

years, and out of its ruins were formM (he AIFyrians of Babylon, ihofe of

Nirteveh, and the kinjedum of the Medes
1911 The covutuut of God made with Abrano, when he leaves Haran to go into Ca«

naan, which begins the 430 years fnjourniiig.
1897 Tiie cities of Soduni and Gomurrdh ate deflroycd for their wickeduefs, by fire

from Heaven.
1X56 The kingdom of Argoe, in Greece, begins under Inachus.
1822 Memnon, the Egyptian, invents the letters
J7 1 5 Prometheus firft ftruck fire from flints.
1635 JofepK dies in Egypt, which concludes thobook of Genefis, containing a perrod

of J 369 years.
1574 Aaron born in Egypt; 1490, appointed by God firft high-prieft of the Ifraelires.
J 571 Mofes, brother to Aaron, born in Egypt, and adopted by I'haraoh's daughter,

who 4dTicates him in all the Icaruing of the Egyptians.
i;556 Cecrops brings a colony of Saites from £gyi t into Attica, and begins the king-

Oom of Athens, in Greece.
1546 Scamunder comes from Crete into Phrygia, and bej^ns the linjjdom of Troy.
1493 Cadmus carried the Plioenician letters into Greece, and built the citadel of Thebe«.
Mofes performs a number of miracles in Egypt, and departs from that kingrfo n,

together with 6oo,coo Ifraeiites, belidts childrth; which completed the 450

years of fojourning. They miraculou.<ly pafs through the Red Sea, an:', come

to the Dcfcft of Sinai, wiierc Moles receives fiom God, and delivers to the

people, the Ten Cotiimant'mcnts, and the other laws, a<id fcts up the tabcr-

caeie, and in it the ark of the covenant

1491

fii A New Chuonolooical Tabli.

B4t| The firft (hip that appcaird in Orccce WMbrn«|htfr»m E^ypt b/ Duuiu, wh»

arrived at RHcmIl*, and hroa^fht with him hit fifty daughter*.
t45) The flrft Olympic %ime» celebrated at Olyinpu, in Oreecc.
»45a The Pcntatuucn, or five iirll booki nf Mufci, are wrktea in the land of Muab»

where he died in the year following, a^ed iir.
1451 The Ifraeiitet, after fojuuming in the \\ ildernefi forty year*, arc led under Jofhna

Into the htnd t( Canaan, where they fix themfeivei, after having fubdned the

native*; and the period of rhc faUhatical vear commence*.
1406 Iron i» found in Greece, from the uccidkMital burning of the wood*.
tiyS I'lie rape at Helen by Pari*, which, in 119;!, gave rife to the Trujan war, and

fiege of Troy by the Greek*, which cuiitinued ten year*, when that city wii

taken and burnt.
■048 David fule king of IDrael. *.

1004 I'he Temple i* fnleinnly dedicated by Snlnmun. ;

896 Elijah, the prophet, i* tranflated to Heaven.

894 Munuy iiri): made of gold and iilver at Argo*. , ,

869 > he Lity of Carthage, in Afrira, founded by queen Dido.
814 The kingdom of Moiccdon hegina. ''

7j] /<£ra of the building of Home in Italy by Koniutut, firft king of the Roman*<
^io Samaria taken, after -three ycur* fiegc, und the kingdom <if IlVael fniiAied, b/

Salnunafar, king of Anyria, who carried the ten tribe:) into captivity.
The flrft ecKpfe of the moon on record.
658 Byzantium (now Conflantinople), built by a colony of Athenian*.
604 By order of Necho, king of i''g}'ptt fonic Phaiiicians failed from the Red Set

round Africa, and feturnedliy the Mediterranean.
600 Thalcs of MiletRs, travel* into Rgypt, coiifults the pricft* of Memphi*, acquires

the knowledge of geometry, attronomy, and philofophy ; return* to Greece,

calculates eclipfe*, gives general notion* of the univcifc, and maintaiiM that

one fupremc intelligence regulate* all its motions.
Mapt, globes, and the figns of the Zodiac, invented by Anaximander, the

ichoTarof Thaies.
597 Jeboiakin, king of Judah, i* carried away captive, by Nebuchadnezzar, tu 6a.

bylon.
587 The city of Jertrfalcm taken, after a (irgc of 18 month*.
561 The fir^ comedy at Athens a^cd upon a moveable fcaflfold.
159 Cvms the iirft king of Pcrfia.
5j8 Tne kingdom vf Babylon finiflied ; that city being taken by Cyrun, who, in 536,

i^ics an bditft for the return of the Jew 1.
134 The firft tragedy wa* aded at Athens, on a. waggon, by Thefpi*.
J16 X.carning is greatlv encouraged at Athens, and a public library iiril founded.
51$ The fecond Temple at Jerotalcm i* finifhed urdcr Uaritm.
509 Tarquin, the fevcnth and laft king of tite Kumans, isexpellid, and Rome is go-
verned by two conlhls, and other repuhlici u magiftratcs, till the battle ol

Pharfaba, being a fpace of 461 year*.
504 Sardi* taken and burnt by the Athenian*, which gave occafion to the Perfian in*

vafion of Greece.
486 JEfchylu* the Greek poet, firfl gains the prise ot tragedy.
481 Xerxe* the Uicat, king «f Perua, begin* his eAitedition againft Greece.
458 Ezra i* fentfrom Babylon to Jerufalcm, with the captive jl-wsandtht: vcflels of

gold and niver, Ac. being fuventy weeks of year*, or 490 year* before the

crucifixion of our Saviour.
454 The Romans fend to Athtiu for Sotott'* laws.
4{i The Decemvirs created at Rome, and the laws of the twelve tables compiled

and ratilied.
430 The hiftory of the Old Teftament finilhei about this time.

Malachi the laft of the prophets.
400 Socrates, the founder of moral philnf'phy among the Greeks, believes the im>

moi'tality nf the foul, and a ftate of rewards and punifhments, for which, and

othtr fublime do(5(rines he is put to ikath by the Athenians, who foon aftt-r

repent, and erexfl to hii memory a ftatue«>f brafs.
331 Alexander the Great, king of Maccdon, conquer* Oarios, king of Pcrfia, and

other natioiis of Afiu. 313, Die* at fiabyUni, and hi* empire i* divided by

hi!! generals into four kingdum*.
285 Diouyfius, of Alexandria, began his allroRomical ara on Monday June z6, being

the

A N»W CMRONOLeorCAL TABLft;

913

the im.
tch, ami
on after

6, beinK

the

the firft who found tho cud b\u your to confift of 365 ikyi, 5 houn, «nd

49 minlitci,
•I4 Ptolemy Philudelphu*, king of Egypt, . entplor* fiveiity two interprcicri to
iratifl»te the Old Tcftamcnt iutu the Oreck laoguage, wliich it called the
Septuaifint.
169 The firft coiiting of filver at Rome.
•64 The drft Punic war beKina, and continues 2; yean. The chronology of the

Arundelian marbles compofcd.
a 60 The Ronuni ftrft cunceni thcmfeivei in naval affair*, and defeat the Garthagi.

ttiana at fea.
• 37 Hamilcar, the Carthaginian, caufei hie fun Hanuifaalr tt nine years old, to fwear

eternal enmity to the Komaui.
at3 The feoond Punic war begiiu, and continue* 77 yesra. Hannibal paiTeatlic Alpi,
and defeat* the Romans in fcveral battle*, but being amufed by hi* women,
doc* not improve his T.dloricshy the ftormine of Rome.
190 The firft Roman army enters Alia, and (rum the fpoil* of Antiochu* bring* th«

Afiatic luxury firft to Rome.
1 68 Perfeu* defeated by the Roman*, which end* the Macedonian kingdom.
167 The firft library crcdled at Runic, of book* brou|j;ht from Macedonia.
16;; The government of Judea under tht: Maccabees biegin*, and continue* iz6 yean.
146 CarthaKe, the rival '<f Home, i* ruzed to the ground by the Roman*.
I )5 The hiftory of the Apocrypha ends.
5a Julia* Cnfat' inakc< hi* firft cupedillon (Otu Britain.

47 The battle of Pharl'alia between Cxfas and Pumpey, ■'• which the latter i* dc-
featcd.
The Alexaitdrian library, coiififting of 400,000 valuable books, burnt by accident.
45 The war of Africa, in which Cam kill* hintfclf.

The folir year introduced by Cxfar.
44 Ccfar, the greateft of thu Roman conquerors, after having fought fifty pitched
battles, and flaiii 1,192,000 men, and overturned the liberties of his country,
is killed in the fenate houfe.
31 The battle of AtSliuin fought, in which Mark Anthony and Cleopatra are totally

defeated by U^avius, nephew to Julius Ccfar.
30 Alexandria, in ligypt, is taken by Odlavlus, upon which Anthony and Cleopatra

put thenifelves to death, and Egypt ii reduced ti> a Roman province.
27 OAavius, by a decree of the fenate, obtain* the title of Aucjuftu* Caifar, and an
abfulute exemption from tlic laws, and is properly the fird Roman emperor.
Rome at this time i* fifty mile* in circumference, and contains 463,000 men fit
to bear arms,
i. The temple of Jaiuis i* (hut by Auguftus, as m emblem of univerfal peace, and
JESUS CHRIST is (uppofcd to have been born in September, or on Mon-
day, December 25.
C.

Difputes with the Doftors in the temple ;
is baptized in the witdernefs by John ;

'33

is crucified on Friday, April 3, at 3 o'clock, P. M.

His Refurredlion on Sunday, April 5 : hi* Afcenfion, Thuifday, May 14.
36 St. Paul converted.

39 St. Matthew writes hi* Oofpel.

Pontius Pilate kills himfelf. ^ , ^1. -a

40 The name of Chriftians firft given at Antitch to the followers of Chritt.

43 Claudius Cxfar's expedition into Britain.

44 St. Mark writes his Gofpel. , , , -. . v 11 z'

49 London is founded by the Rotran*; 368, furrouj^ed by ditto with a wall, foma

partt of which are ftill obfervable.
5-1 Caic^dkacu*, the Britilh king, is carried in chain* to Rome.
52 The eottncil of the apoftles at Jerufalem.
•55 St. Luke writes his Oofpel. •

59 The eoiperor Nero put% hi* mother and brother* to death,

Perfecutes the Druids in Britain. «.r»^,v,

ii Boadicia, the Britifh queen, defeats the Ro.uan* ; but i» conquered foon after by ^.

Suetonius, governor of Britain. ,. ^.„, ,, > a £<

«s St. Paul IS fcnt in bonds to Rome-writes his EpOlles between 5 1 and 66.
<,^ Tile A&» of the Af oftlcs written.

>f fl n

Chriftianity

914 A NtW CHItOHOtOOtfCAL Tapii.

Chriftiaiitty i* fu^tpnfcU to he ii)|n^f:ed into liritw* b]r It. Vau\, or iumc of bi*

iA, Ronirtn-hhnr<, ain| btif rlM for 'tlx (tajNi i iuiun which bvgun (unUur N<ro) the
r.Ht-T«treeut «! ii|f4li.(t <lii <*hrilliftii, . ,, . ,, , , ,, ^ ,,

«'7 «t. vttvt rtid St., mmit t<i tfcMh, ;. , .„. ',,',', ' , ,,;;;, v ,,|.', k

73 Whiftthrr««loui<Ifcmi;eHeft^ox|t)foii<wik*rwIth«M^^^ tltu», t' ■

^(iin»ii ■ciitrlil/ til/» Jvri4'«)«n^f which it riKcsl |u the ground, uid tlto

pVnij^'hVBtte lO \fkh (>»ti If, ,^ „ , .„..,„ .,. ,/ j.iiui f*/

K« Tht |)hi^orii|ihvr» cx|)el^cU Ri'tMc pv.pomitlan,,;!/ ., , . ^, . ..'j' j', ,.■.., .» , • . \k
Aj Juiib* A|{rho^a, {(hvunii'ir 6f Somfi.nrituni, loprntea tne civtliReii VtUoiittrhin

tlio iMCbrridiiit ctf th« CiflciioiiiiU)!, lHiild» u hne of iorii hetwfcn the rivar*
' "' Tnrth und Clyda ; drftut^ the CuUdi>nmiw uiulrr (<it)gacu» on the Oitinipiun

hills { aiiu Grll fa'ili rovod Drliuiu, which lie difcnverH to be an illuiid.
OA i\. John th« KvUn^vtitt wrdti' hU Hew-liitiiyii— htiOurini in r;7,
l»i 'Ihc Ciilcdiiniaiiii rt'cnnquer |roi» the Homnoi all the luuthiru parti of >Scot|and ;

u|)iin which ihi: emperor Adfian buildna wall bistweeiiNewcaftltandCiuliflr 1
^ luK th« jll'o provibg ineluAualy I'olliui Urbicus tiM; Human gs;i)crul,

''^ "^'' ilmiit the year 144, repair* Agricola'* forts, which he joins by a wall lour

yards thick. ,, ^^ .

13 J yht iteonrt JeWilh war cndu, when they were all baniihcd Judea* ,.^ '

I j9 juUiti wrlti's his itrik apnlpi^y forihe Chriftians,
j4r A Aumhor of htrefin appear aboiu thist time.

ijk The tinpcror Antoninus riiis ftiijit tlis purfccution agalnA the Chrjftiani.
at 7 The Septuagint faid to be iouiid in a cuik.
ill About this time tlio Roman empire begins to fink under its own weight. The

Barbarians begin their cruptiunii und the Goths have annual tribute not t<>

moicft the empire, ■ rl ■ r ~

»6o Valerius Is taken priloner by .Sapor, king of Pcrfia, and flayed alive. .: ^ '

%:4 Silk firll brought from India : tin: manuftdory <>l it intnuluccd into Europe by

Ihnw moiikii, jsi i f»ll worn by ilic clergy in Knglnnd, 1534.
^91 Two emperors, and two C'.-elars, murLh to defend the four cjuarteri of the tnv

pi re,
■;.-6 Conlfaiitino the Great begins his reign. ,. . ,-i <

i.\j% Ciiidiiuls fird began. •» ' M

\ti The tenth perfecticion ends by an cditit of Condantine, who favours the Chrlf-

tiuns, and gives full lilK-tty to their religion.
\i4 Yhree hilhnps, or fathers, are lent from liritain to adift at the council of Arlc^.
325 The firft general council at Nice, when ^|S futlicrs utic^ided, againft Arius, where

was romj'oftjd the faincnts Niceiie creed, which we attribute to them.
otS ConOaiitme removes the feat of empire from Rome to Byzantium, which i»

thenceforwards called Conftantinople.
j)i I orders all the heathen temples to be dcftroyed.

^03 The. Roman emperor Julian, furnamed the Apollutc, eudeavours in vain to re-
build the temple of Jerufalem.
J64 The Roman emi>ire is divided into the eaftcrn fConftantinopIc the capital) and
. weftern (of which Rome continued to be the capital) each being now under
" I ' ■ . the government of different emperors.

460 Bells invented by bilhojp Paulinun, of Campagnia. .{*..»«,»'

^4 I'he kingdom of CaleJimia or Scotland revives under Fergus. •'" ^"' <
406 The V'aiidalii, Alaii^, and Siievi, fprcad into France and Spain, by a conceflion of

Honorius, emperor of the Weft.
410 Rome taken ai(d plunderid by Alaric, king of the Vin-Ooths.
41a' The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain.

4'o The kingdom of France begins upon the Lower Rhine, under Pharamond.
456 The Romam, reduced to extremities at home, withdraw their troops fron\ Britain,

and never return ; advifing the BritoiH to arm in their own defence, and

truft to their own v:ilaur.
4^6.- jTl^e.J^ri tons n'JV l«ft to themfclves, are greatly harrafled by the Scots and Pidts,

'iipoii which tbey once more make their complaint to the Romans, but receive

no ufliftance from that quarter,
447 Attila (furnamed the Scourge of Ood) with bis Huns ravage the Roman em*

fire. . ^ . . .

449 Vortigern, king of the Britpns, invites the Saxons into Britain, againft the Scots

^. .audPidii, . '. ■ ^ ' .

■ '• ■ 45jTha

•'.Ml.llKO

!• 11 n

4.»5

A New C h Hoft oLooifc Al tAUit,

The Hntort. ha«iti|r re|iii1ft(i thfe ««roM'irtiH»JA);., IhtJt* 9i^^nmiiii'%\L\tco*n.
ifyi.u'.i, uudhegin toeftaUlift th«nifely«» j., ficot, unJ«r M«»^
47« Tht wi-ftcrn rmpir* li fimftcH. ^i^ j^vrt »fter tlm battle ul Ph!»ri"«iJ«i upon the
ruinkot which fevcrul ne«y lU(f« arlln:' in haly mid (^ihtr pwct, C(u«blliiiK uf
(j.jthi, Vi»nd»l», Hunt, mid other liarWiiti**, untler whom iilcrMH(« i» u*
•*"" tinxblflied, and the Worku of the Xnrned arc dcaVvyed. ^

4it< Chrvie, khifof Frencc, btpli/cd, and Chrirtianity bctfini imh»i luiiB4>m.
50S Prince Arthur beiiini hi* retell over the, Uritoin. ^

513 Coi.ftaiitiiiople btficged by Viullaiiui, whufu flevt ia burned by a CpeCulum U

5 16 The compHtlnn of time by the Chrlftiuii aii-a it introduced by PionyCui tl« monk.

i;ii) The Ciidc ol Juuinian, tht ritftcrn cmjirror, i| iiuli|itbe«i.

5J7 A terrible plague alt over Europe, Alia, and Afri<;>i,i, which coottiiuei near 30

ycari.
5S1 Latiu ccaftJ to be l^ioken about thli time In Itajy. , ..t: - ; it ' . .

59ft Aujjufthie the numk lonun intf) linglmid with forty Hioii|iii ' '""'"
t)o6 Here bcKliii the power of the popes, by the convelSoua t>f Phocai, ertiperor of

tim Eaft. "^

6al Majumiet, a falfo prophet, flic* from Mecca to Medina, in Arabia, i: ;he 44th

year of hli ajje, and loih of hii inimdry, when he laid the foundation of tbe«

Saracen empire, and from whom the Maliometan prince* to thii day claim

theic dcfcent. Hi» fcjllowcri compute their time from tlila «ia, whidi ia

Ar«liic i« called Ilcgira, i. e. the I'light.
<ij7 Jcnilultiuiittakeii by the SaiaccoB, or iollowera of Mahomet.
640 Alexandria in l.gypt is taken ljy ditto, mid the grand library there burnt by

'order of Omar, their caliph or princct
653 The Saiacens now extend their conquelh on every fide, and retaliate the bar bar

ritits of the Oothii and Vandals upon their poftcrity. j

6fi4 f'llafii invented in Knuland by Bmalt, a monk. ** *,

6j<s The Hritoni, after a brave Urujjgle of near ijo years, ar« totally expelled by tbe

S.txonii, and driven into Wales mid CornwaU.
713 The Saraccni conquer Spain.
'■ji(t The controveily about images btglnn, and occaflons many iiifurrediont in t])C

eallcrn cijipae. ^ .

74'! The compiitiii" of years from the birth of Chriib began to be ufed in hlflory. ' '
"4(1 Tliu r.iec of Abb.is lit'caine Ciilipliit uf the Saracens, and eiicour'agu learning.
The ( ity.of Daudad upon the ligriii, ib made the capital for the caliph* ui the

hnld'c of Aboas.
Clurlcniagne, kinjjnf I'rance, btgiim the empire of Germany, afterward* called

the wtftcrn enipiic j given the pri'leiit iiaiuca to the winds and numths ; eii-

deavourii to reftore li arniiig in i'.nroiie ; but nianl^iud art not yet difpofed fur

it, being fok'ly engrDll'td in military eiiterprize'9.
Harold, kinnof Denmark, dethroned by his luhieft*, for being a Chriftian.
iCabert, king of Wtfl'ex, unites the ifeptarchy, by the name of England. j,.
8 }6 Tnc I'icmings trade to btotland for fifli. ^ ^'

S j8 Thi S«)t» and Fids have a dccifivc battle, in which the fotm;r p --it. and both

kinRdonis arc united by Keniiet, which begin* the fecon! /n'd of the

Stottifli hlftciry. '

867 The Dalies begin their ravage* in liiiglalid. . , t •

896 Alfred the Great, after fubduing the Dantfh invader* (agalnft wTiom he fotigfct

56 battles by fea and land), eompolcs his body of law* } ('ividesEnglar.dinto

counties, hundreds, and tythings ; creiSl* coUnix;-court*, fend fouf'9» *^ ^^i-'

-6a

8o3

8i6

X2H

verllty of Oxford about this time.

■-.--:, rr- ^ „ , . , ,. 1 »• iioit? Fiiiyji .!;.r5 Jomoh^nix' vtrfT ci»>'
ois The uiiiverilty of Cambridge founded. ,.,'., .- o''" iX '>'>

4)Ab The Saiiccrt empire is divided by uiurpatlon into fevcn Klngdomi. .^^,^ ' .
\'n. is depofed and baniihed for hi* crimes.

■975

Pope Hon if ace

979 Coronation oaths faid to be firtt ufed in Lngland.
li)i llie lij>ures in aiiihWicticarc brought into F.Uropc by the Jaracfns froti:
' 'Letter* of the alphabet were 'hitherto ufed. ...\\^.^'^j',)',l'(\;n', X^,

frofn Arabit.

596 Otho UI. makes the empire of (lermany cliidfrt-e.' .^ . j, >,

tvjg Boltflius, the fntl king of Poland. "" ' • •_

.000 I'aper made of cotton rags wa* in uf*; that of bncn rags to 1 170 5 the ajann-
' 'faftory introduced Into Kfigland at Dartford, 15^- , ...,^.^

I the old churches are tehuilt about this time in a new maimer of arcbiteatirt.

N n u 1 "'5 ♦•'^''•*

f9^5 Ajl!

9i6 A Nb>^ Chro n o l OvO i c a l T b l e.

ict; Children forbidden by jaw tpbefoldby thcir.pareuti in England^ -^f^^ ^,>T ^-^1'

1017 I'atiutt;, Hiog Qt° X>,*:Di;nark,, gets poflefllon uf England.

104P The Da^cs, lUtcr f^veral cii^gagcmcnts with various fucceft, are about thit time

.driven out uf -Scotlaiid^.jkiid never again return :ii a huftile manner.
1041 The Saxon line reftored under Edward the Confcffor,

1943 The, Turks, (a n^tivnof adycnturern from Tartary, fi-rviiig hitherto in tlie
ainuL's lit coutendiiig princcH) become formiduble.. and take- p^il'eflion ut

Periia. - »" ■ ■ '' ' f.-^M-l Wt >-"

1054 Llo IX. the fitftpi^c that kept ufj.an army. ,
ioj7 Malcolm III., king oii Scotland, kills the tyrant Macbeth at Dunfinanc^ and

niarrics the princefs Margaret, filler to Edgar Atheling.
J065 The Turks take Jt;rui'aleni from tlie Saracens.
1 060 The battle of H^ilitigs. fought^ between Harold and Wiiliaoi, (furnanied the

Bafturd) duke of Normandy, in which Harold is conquered and flaia, after

which William becomes king of England. ,. ■ i.^,.. .;,.;,.,,.
1070 William introduces the feudal law. •' '' ''" ;^^^«fi,!i"fv'ii '

MuUcal uotc«.iit vented.,
1075 Henry IV. emperor of ticrmany, and the pope, quarrel about the nomination of
„ the German bifliopfi. Henry, in penance, walks barefooted to the pope, to«
» ■ , wanls the end of January.
I07<3'juflicc9 of tlie peace lirfl appointed in England.
ipSo Duomlday book bc^ran to be CDnipiled by order of William, from a furvey of

all the cftatcs in England, and fmiflitd in 1086.
The Tower of l.oiulon built by ditto, to curb his Englifli fubjedt ; numbcrsof
V; , whom liy to Scotland, where they introduce the haxon or English language,

are proteiUd by Malcolm, and have land's given them.
J091 The iiaraicns ill Spuiii, being hard prcfl'ed by the Spaniardu, call to their afllA*

aiice Joliph, king of Morocco ; by which the Moors get poll'elliun of uU the

tiuruccn duminions in tipuin.
1096 The iirll cruladc to the Holy I and is begun under feveral Chriilian princes, to

drive tlie iiitiikls from Jerui'alcm.
1110 Edgar Atheling, the lait of the Saxon princes, dies in England, where he had

bein permitted to rcfidc as a fubjcft.
iiiS The onkr of the Knights Templars inftitutcd, to defend the fepulchre at Je-

ruiakm, nnd to proted ChnRian ftrangers.
1 1 51 The canoR law coUeded by Gratian, a monk of Bologna.
1165 London bridge, conlifting of 19 fmall arches, firft built of flone.
1164 The Teutonic order of religious knights begins in Germany.
1172 Henry IF. king of England (and firfl of the Plantagenets), takes pofl'rflion of

Ireland ; which from that period, has been governed by an Englifli viceroy,
" ' or lord lieutenant.
1 176 England is divided, by Henry, into fix circuits, and juftice is difpenfed by iti>

ncrant judges.

1 180 Glafs windows began to be ufed in nrivatc houfes in England, .j^ .

1181 'I'hc laws of England are digcftcd abou,t this time by Glaovihe. ' '" '
mSz Pope Alexander III. compelled the kings of England and Fnjice to hold the flir-

rups of his faddle when he mounted his horlc.

1 1S6 1 he great cuiijundliou of the fun and moon and all the planets in Libra, hap-
pened n September.

1192 The battle of Afcalon, in Judea> in which Richard, king of England, defeats
Saladine's army, confiding of 300,000 combatants.

|-I94 Dieii et mon Droit brfi uf(pd as a motto by Richard, on a viiStory over the French.

1200 Cliimnies were not known in England.

Surnames now begin to be ul'ed ; firfl: among the nobility.

l2o8 London incorporated, and obtaiticd their firft charter for clediiig tlicir Lord^
Mayi r and other magiftrHtes, from king John.

1215 Magna L'harta is figncd by king John and the barons of England. .■. . ,.

Court of Common Plea^ edablifhed.

1 227 The 1 artars, a new. race of heroes, under Gingis-Kan, emerge from the northern
parts of AfiAk over-run all the Saracen empire ; and, in imitation of former
conquerors, carry death and dcfolation wherever they march.

1*33 The Inquifitioii, begun in 1204, is now trulfcd to the Dumincans.

The houfesol London, and Other cities ia Enghuid, FraucC|.and Germany, ftill
Clu!tcbcd with 4I1VIW. . „ >,

•A%'-n.e 6 -r.A ...., .J.. ,,33 The

A New Chro»oloo ic al Tablf.

917

1153 The famous aftrononiiea! tabic* are coijipofed by Alonzt.. king of Cailjlc.

li^S The Tartars take BagdUd, whidh finiflics the empire of the Saracens.

IZ63 Acho, king of Norway, invades Scotland with 160 fail, and landn 20,000 men

at the miiuth of the Clydei T^ho are cut to pieces by Alexander III. who re-
covers the Weftern Ifles.
1264 According to fome writers, thi commons of Englarid were not fummoned to

parliament till this period. •

1269 The Hamburgh company incorporated in England. ^ .

1173 The empire of the prefent Aurfrian family begins in Germany. ' ' ," : •' r\^^
ii8i Lewcllyn, prince of Wales, defeated and kil'-ri b/ Edward I. who untt<l» that'

principalit) to England.
1184 Edward 11. born at Carn;irvon, is the firft prince of Wales.
1285 Alexander in. kln^- oF Scotland, dies, and that kingdom is difputed by twelve
, -cnndidates, who fubmit their claims to the arbitration nf Edward, king of

England : which lays the foundation of a long and dtfolating war betweeo

bi'th nations.
1193 There isareguUr fiiccenion of Engli(h parliaments from this year, being th?

iid of Edward I. ' ', ,"

1298 The prefent Turkifh empire begins in Bithynia under Ottoman. ■''*'' -'''

Silver-haftcd knives, fpoous and cup-., a great luxury.

Tallow candles fo great a luxury, that fpltnters of wood were ufedfor lights.

Wine fold by apothecaries as a cordial. ^z^'- ~

1302 The mariner's compafs invented, or improved Ly Civia, of Naples. '''_•

1307 The beginning of the Swifs cantons. '^•"

1308 Tlie popes remove to Avignon in France for 70 years. •„ ■ •
1310 Lincobi's Inn foclety eftablilbed.

1314 The battle ot Bannockburn between Edward 11. and Robert Bruce, \rh\ch efta-
bliihes the latter on the throne of Scotland.
The cardinals fet 6re to the conclive and feparate. A vacancy in the papal
chair fiir two years.

1320' Gold full coined in Chriitendom ; 1344 ditto in England.

J J 36 Two Brabant weavers fettle at York, which, fays Edward lit. may prove of
grciit benefit to us and cur fubjedls.

1337 The firft comet who'e couife is dcfcribcd with an aftronomicaJ exadlnefs. "^

1340' Gunpowder and guns firft invented by Swartz, a monk of Cologn ; 1 546, Ed*-
w;ird III. had four pieces of cannon, which contributed to gain him the bat-
tle of Crefly; 1 346, bombs and mortars were invented. , Pi « v s
Oil painting firft made ufc of by John Vaneck. *' ,• ^'^^ '
Heralds college inftituted in England. ^''l¥r ■ ^* "

1 344 The firft creation to titles by patent ufed by Edward HI. 'tI .

I -,46" The battle <if Durham, in which David king of Scots, is taken prifoner. .

1549 The order of the Garter inftituted in England by Edward HI. alteredin 1557,
andconliftsof 26 knights, •■rh'"'

1352 The Turks firft enter Europe. -- M-i-i ■*<■«-

J 354 The money in Scotla.ul till now the fame as in England.

i7<;0 The battle of PoiJliers, in which king John of France and his fon arc taken

priioncrs uy i'.awaru tne Black Prince.
1357 Ciial« firft broujrht to Ixjndon

.4*4.

' r cxfij .

11*8 Arms of England and France firft quartered by Edward III.

1^61 The law pleadings in England changed from French to Englifli, as a favour of

hdward III. to his people.
1ohi> WlcUiiflc, an Engl.ftiman, begins about this time to oppofe the errors of

the church of Rome with great acutenefa and fpirit. His followers are called

toliards. . , « A ti./i 1. , J ■..

1386 A company of linen-weavers from tJic Netherlands cftabhlhed \n Ltmdon.

Windfor caftltt built by Edward III. ^ , r^ , >r , t/ -^,

1,88 The battle of Otterburu between Hotfpur and the earl«rf Douglas. ^^-5/ :■>'

,391 Cards invented in I'rance for the king's amufement. 't^^^-^iU

i\L Weftminfter Abbey rebuilt and enlargcd-Weftminfter Hall ditto. 1^1- v <*.

Order of the Bath inftituted at the coronation of Henry IV. renewed m 1725 ;

confifting of 38 krii-'its. , ,, ,

,410 Guildhall, londoB^ -. c..:»f,^^/>.„„<i,*i'^>^n'i^t^ta>ii -if'T 4'

I4J I The uiilverfity of St. Andrew's m Scotland founded. t,.-1,„^

1415 The battle of Agi.icourt gained over the I-rench by Henry V. of England.

rhe

1 Ji'jji'lioa

^i8 A New Chr o w olo.oic ai, Table.

1428 The fiege uf Orleans, the RriJL blow _to the £t|^li|h t)ower in Fraiice.

1430 About thutime Laurantiusof Harlielm iHvelKcd the art of printinjT; which hq
praAlfed with feparate wooden . types'. Outttinhurgh alterwardk inveutcd cur.
metal types; But the' aft wascifricd to toeifeiSlion by Peter SchotflVr, who
invented the mode of cafting the types ui' matrices. '^ jderic Corfellis be-

, ^ gan to print at Oxford, in 1468, with, woodcl) typci; but it wa^ Willian^

"- " Ca.\tvn yfho intniduccd into England the art of printing with fufiie types iu

1^6 The' tSican library fou^ided at, from*. V ;: ';' ^.^V^-' r^McH ..Mjjn.-i
'i'he fen brtaks in at D(irt, in H'lllaii'd, 'i'l^d «lfb^^fH(t tcofico people.

1453 Cbn'ftahtlfiople tiken by 'the Ttirks, which ends the cafti rn empire, 1 i 2.? ycara

from its dedication by Cgndantiue the Great, and hqC years from the foun-i
. dation of Rome.

1454 The liniverfity of Glafgovtr, m Sciitland, founded.
1460 Eiigravinj' and etching in copper iiivcnted.
1477 The univerfit) of Aberdeen, in Scotland, fAundtd.

1483 Richard 111. king of Khj:l;ind, and lall of the Vlantaccnets, U defeated and
killed at the buttle of Burworth, by Henry (Tudcir) Vll. which | utsaneud
Vo the civil wars between the houfts of Vork and I^ancafter, alter » contcft
of 30 years, and the lofs of !co,oop men.
14S6 "Heni-y eftablifliri fifty yOomtn of the guards, the fJifl (landing army.
I4?9 Maps and fea charts fii ft brought to J^irgland by Barth. Coiumbus. ^ .^ ^^ ^
J491 William Grocyn public'y teaches the Greek" language at O.xford.

The Moors, hitherto a i'lfrnndable enemy to the native Spaniards, are entirely

fubduedby Ferdinand, and become (uhjefls to that prince nn certain cond"

., tions, which are ill obferved by the Spaniurrls, whofe clergy employ the

' J <■ powers of the lii(Juifit;on, with all its tortures; and in ifioc;, near one mil-

;,u.x I. JjQji ^f j]^g Moors are driven from Spain to the oppofite coaft of .-ifrica, frora

whence they originally came.
J494 Atnerirt fifft difcovered by Coluirtbus, a Genotfe, in the fcrvice of Spain.
X494 Algebra firft known iu Europe.

J4i>7 The Portuguefe firft fail to the F.aft-Indies by the Cape of Good Hope. ''
South knteACi difcovered by Americus Velpufius, from whom it has its name.
1499 N. America* ditto, for Henry V H. by Cabot.
15PO Maximilian divides the empire of Germany into fix circles, and adds fonr more

in 1512.
1505 Shillini^s firft cpine'd in England.
X J09 Garde'. ^ introduced into iuiglacd from the Netherlandsj^ from whence vegct-<

ables were imported hitherto.
iji3 "the battle of Plowdeh, in which James IV. of Scotland is killed, with the flower

of. his nobility.
IJ17 Martin LiithCr began the Reformation.
Egypt is conquered by the Turks.
: .I5j8 Magellan, in the fervice of Spain, firft difcovers the flraits of that name in
South America.
1520 Henry VIII. tor his writings in favour of popery, r ;eivcs the title of Defender

ol the Faith from the Pope.
1519 The name of Proteftant takes its rife from the Reformed protcfling againft the

church of Rome, ?.l the diet of Spins in Germany.
1534 The Reformation fakes plt^ce in England, under Henry VIIF. ■ -^ y
I -37 Religious houCesdiflVved by ditto. 'i>J

15 j9 The firft.Eng.ifh eduiua of the IJible authorized ; the prefent tranflation finidicd

About this time (aMhortbegart to be nfed in fhips.
'IS43 Silk ftockingi firft worn by the iVcnch king; firft worn in England by queon
' Elizabetn, 1561 ;ithfe Heel frame for weaving invented by the rev. Mr. Lie,

of St. Johri'» College, Cambridge, 1 589.
pins firft nfed in Eftgland, btfhi't which time the ladies ufed fkewers.
T544 Go(m1 |aiid? let in England at one (hilling pfr acre. ''

t>;4j The famo^s cpur\cil »f Trent begins, and e6niin«es 18 years.
1546 Tirft la^ in thglind iftaolifhing the intfei'eft of nmney at ten per cent
1 54.J Lords lieulenaiits ef e<^tfhtlM inftituted jft EnjjIhH^,
iSio Horfe guards iaftiiuted in Eijglacd^' ' , ; - , .,

A N

EW CHROKOtbatdAL T'A'itt.

9^^

lax.

T555 The Ruffian tWrtitoanif e'te4ed Jniiln^^ ,„.
«i5« Queen KlizabethLKinslKr reign. *^*''^ ■"«'^''
1560 iJic Reformation i«i Scotiatia comriletctlby'foJiak'ii
1,563 Knives firft made in EiiRlan<l. . ,

'569 Royal Exchanjre firft built. ' '' V ■'■^;

'573 ThcKrcatniBiracreof Proti'ftaptsaf Parii;!, ' 'V • 1 ■ '•»

1579 The I)utch Jhaki- off the Spanilh yolrc, ariSthcrepMbiic of HofJanHetini.

bnglilh Eaft-lndia company incoipuratrd— ejl;^iljfl»«d x^co. ^, ,'V * . ..

— Turkey company iuco/poi«t«d, ,. ' '.^ '. ••'

lilh eircuninavieator. , ( ' "/w f'ii'^^'7^«''iiJ^ !?,•»

Parochial rcgiflcr firtt appointed in EnRlana. ' '"^ "^"^^'^'''^'^ ••' ""';

i5Si Pope Gregory introduce, the New Styk in Italy; tlie jjr.h ->ld)5lob«r Ueioe

coiiiited 15. . ,■ ~ <■ : °

iSh Tobacco firft "hrrujrht flora Virginia into England, v ' "''■{ ^" " ^'' ,'. •• ' ^

15^7 Mary queen pf S^ots >» beheaded by order of EIIaabeth;.(itVt»'l1i''Vmi fefirfc

1388 The Spintfli Armada deftroyed by DraVe and .rthef Euglllh admirals.
Henry IV. pafTcs the edia of Nantz, tolerating the Proteftaut*.

1589 Coaches firft introduced into England; hackney ad 16934 inwpafcd to looo.

in 1770, , .

1590 Bandof pcnfionersinftituted in Eneland. . i '.A^,' * > '-
»59i Trinity Collcue, Dublin, founded. '"" T ' "'"^ rT"-'"^ "J"-;'*'^ 'P^t

1597 Watches firft brought into England from Ce'nn»n'y,-', .,
1602 Decimal arithmetic invented at Brugeit.

htiibffiH

160J (^cen Elizabeth r_ihe. laft of the Tudori) diej, and nominate "jame» VT. of
Scotlaiid (and firft of the Stuarts) as her fucceffor; which unitc»:buih king-
doms under the name of Great Britain.

1605 The Gunpowder plot difcovered at Weftminfter; being a proje^St of $he HMnan
catholics to blow up the king and both huufes of parliament. ;, ,y: r^^l

itSofi Oaths of alley.iancc firft adminiftcrcd in EnBiand. "■^i^i. j, 4.T

Gahleo. of Florcnc*-, firft clifcovcrs the fatelktes about th« pibnet Sattiro, by iht

telefcope, then juft invented in Holland.

1610 Henry IV. is murdered at Paris by Ravilli<tCi a prieft. '•. "">'p' .. ,

161 1 Baronets firft creatud in Enjriand, by James 1. ' ' ''*'""'\'";''i
1614 Napier, of Marchcfton, in Scotlai,a, invents ihe logarithmt. "/.j-i

Sir Hugh Midditton brings the New River to London from War?*!
16 16 The firft pei"maiient fettlcment i« Virginia. * "'^-

i6i>j Dr. W. Harvey, an Englilhman, djfoovers the dodrineof the cirai|atlon of |hf
blood

1620 The broad fillc manufadory frpm raw filk, introduced into £oglait4J|.

1621 New England planted by the Puritans. ''}. '*'<■*
1025 King Tames dies, and is fucceeded by his fon> Charles I.

The illand of Barbadocs, the firft Englifh Icttlement in the Weft Indict, is planted.
1632 The battle of Lutzen, in which Guftavus Adolphus, king of Swe4e.u, and head

of the Proteftants in Germany, is killed.
1O3S Province of Maryland planted by lord Balti^nore. ,,rr , r

Rci'ular pofts cftabliflicd from London to Scotland, Ireland, Uc. .^''^ ^'^'
)640 King Charles difobliges his Scottifli fubjeds, ou which their army, nnder general
Lelley,. enters England, and takes Newcaftle^ i^icig ciicouragtd by.the maU
s, contents in England, • . , , , ; . .- . , '*■■ '

The maffacre in Ireland, when 40,000 Engljlh J'rdtcftintr -^ire kilfidl ^'-^^
1642 Ku)g Charles impeaches five member*, yrhu h^d .P^P^^'*^ Jl''* ari}itrii;y.meafi|re(f

which begins the civil war in England. ' . ;. . !• ... ,.

J 64 J Excif;: on beer, ale, &c. firft impoLd by p»rr!»ipeiit,'. .' '^!^',
1646 Epii'copacy abolifhed in ^nglanil. ,. ■ . I'l.i ) \'H-I <i Id

1049 Charles 1. beheaded at-WhitehaU, Ja((uaf^r30^.^?|;<;jj (|^, j,'>, 'fi',p, \,,-q

l^c^.

1654 Cromwell affumes the proteftiitfliip^ • w •

The Eiiglift), under adniiiral P«jnn, taj^cj>in^ii,frjmth(! Spaniards.

l6s:

I n

105s Ciofnyveil dies, and is fucceeded in the prote«o«:(hip by his fon Richhi-di "^
>0oo King Charlei 11. is reftored by MQnk,,'t6in|Kf^4S'ijr.^||c4r^^^^ aii^'«*xUe of

twelve years in France and Holland. , j hn^L,.* „' ,'iii nil ..*i«f.i \t - .
Epifconacy rdlored in England and Scotland ''' \^m^\.^ '-^'-"y J*^«ii "c, i
* * ' * XI«n ^ ,. ; , t66o Til?

.Jinn

j66o The people of Ptnrpjirki bniwifftpraiTed 'bythe nablM, funwadw t)iur piivU

1662 The Koyai Society cilabliihcdiu London, by Clitrlei II.

1663 Carolina plaiitcd s !n 172^, 4W:(W into two tepar;itc govertttnentt.

wcie deftrvjll^ «a>9PO huMM' . »iadi4CO.iUcolit.
Tea Jirlk \l!s?A,h i^ujjftmdh-
1667 '/(ine ]*<iac<)!f}^ ijircduj. wfeKb c< ofirtns to the En^lilH the N.«w NetherMdii, now
known by the iiHrnes 'jf P\ nii' .. ,inia; New Vurk, and N«w. Jerfey.

,668 ^ (^«R„4i)tl».g- ><iU ... .,

St. jBiueik'Q I'iU-K plantedt anx auden thoroughfare for pnblici.ufe by Charlct

jC)7j Lcwib'XIV. ov«r.riin>j»,r«iat part of Hollani't, whtin thtCutcH.opcri.thmr fluicf%
ht'iM determined lu druwn tV.cg; cuutitrji, wa^d retire to thu>rJ[Utlen)i.-ni.s iii
tjic Lali l,iiuicii, , , ,;i K..,f't:,ij>ttil.>[vi <'j(>'i-.'»n«i'VK->.'viM(( -.Vf*, -'-vi-r' »'■'.■-

;r ,Ai»iWii<«»a)pa!'y-«l»blift«d,.r,,;i!,....u.«}i,,xviH.Tll^- ^WWiitJ- 'fhltv^"^ -•'*'** •*•'>';«
J678' Thii pnite ot NitiK'j^iicn. , ,; .: ,nn."/. iiji.-t'? J .. S ;l^Y'H"i"

Thu hab«as corpna ;i(il piiffed. If.i.jf «-•,■. *• i,-; n ; .i-^.^'f' ,! t, '•,' :

i()8o A great comet appeared, and, from lt» ncarntfs to our earth, alatJiMidthe inhi'.

bitant». It coMinufcdvijiblc>if»nni Naiv. 3, to Marth 9. '

WiUinm I'cnn, a (inaktr, receives a charter for pUuling' PennfylvRuiaj J!'! ' yii

i6Sj India fl?ic}i fvld froP* Jtto.40 «oo per cent. •.! \i

id^l iCi>w\c% ]i, djic% uged 55* aji|ii is lucceeded by his brother, James II.

1 ' The duke of MonniouiJi, narural fon toCharleii II. inifci a rebellion, but is de-
ir.i; fi'stttial.at the buttle of Sctlgcmopr* «»u beheaded. .'

•. The eitia..?»M?JanWtini"ttn)nttlly ntvoked by Lewis XI V. and tlw-Proteftant*
ciiurily pcrfccuted.
x6'.^7 The palac^ »if .Vcrf "llei. near Pari», finilhed by Lewi* X 'V.
t68d The Rcv(.!uti(n in Gnat Uritain begin?, Nov. 5. King Jamc^ abdicates, and rc«
tires i{y Krmice, Uecei»lH'r )•

1689 l^iif? Willians »nd tjuten Maiy, daiig^luer and fon-iu-lww to, J;ua<eSr ore p.o-

cia-med i-'ti^mary 16.
Xt . Vifcouut' l>iuidi;e {laiuis out for Janxesi in Scotland, but is killed (.y general
Mackty, at ilsc I.;itt!i; «if Kiiiycrankie, upon which the Highlando-s, wca*
«.,<»■.') vi rind will* rtpSPU'd n{ii«,fortui)«i9, difptiic,

The. lanil-tiix jv.\ir«l in England. ' i- lt(!,>4;.j'

The tuleniticn aijt palied^n ditttN'iT • .«* tttn 1 ■•. . .:, i 1. .» ' , 1 '.«v:X >! 7 .■ ,

St vt-ral bilb< '>n are deprived f(irnr>t taking the oatl». to king William. i/_

1690 The battle oi thtvljii^yne.' gained by William aguinll Jaincs, in Ireland. i^ .
i6()i The war ifl Iitlanil iiiiiflicd by. the. I'mrcijclcrol Limerick to William.

169% The Un^lilh ^nd Dutch Hccto, <:omnianded by adniiraViRufluli defeat the French

licet eft' la Hogue,
1693 Bayonets ar the end of Inaded mufkets firft uftd by the I'tench againll the Con.
federauis at tiw tatUc of f.Hjfjn.

' • n "i he liuthy of Hunr-ver ivadc th«.mnth,«lq(SlorftWt .v. 41^,. -> .!«« ■ ' .u ,

.Hank of Kngknd cllablifljcd by kit^ji: VVilliw»i. , ov>** *>ii) V; icir^iii >
t. The firft pu'.ilic lottery ^va^ drawn this yi ar. . •■ .•!.*>)!, li? s"i.i.- • i v' >

Miifiacre ol H.'t;iilaiuier» ;it Gleiictis, by king William's trr.opt, !!i.iv.j",0 •
1&Q4 Queen Mary dies*! thcuRtol 4'Ia iMid Vk'iliianvrtigub alone, i.»;i|']i.-.i ','1 ? ,^t

Stump dutifi iM'litiitcd ill linglaiid, ■.'■ii':' '-•-<

l(>i;(6 .The peace of RylSvirJc. '..;. .i.,. .. ;,.,.>

1699 The Scots llttled a colony at the iflhnms of Datitn, in.America^ and called ii
Caledoiiia. . v .'.•inod.iflo jeij;r.', jnj attiit.vji:i» sT'i ^-n-;

I,-»oo Charles Xll. of Sweden begins his reign* .i-. ,' .,1 1 < L.)..-' ^ iii;,ii,>.' jii 1

King James tl. dies at, St. Ofcrm»Ji»», in jhs 68th. year of. iiis age. ,v,v,i,i
170! Frullia crefted intd a kingdom. ,, i ■ ■.

\, Sdciely^fprtliic pfapagatittUittliithe Goifp«> in foroign parts eftabliflred.
1702 King Willi.iri dies, aged 5c, and i» fucceeded by .queeiJ Anr.e, daughter to
^ lames II. who, with tbv aB))<iCK^9Ml 't)uitt& CioitU'il, tcaew ^ the war aguinlb

• i'raiicc and Spuiii, ,^ ■ ■. k ,';-•. i'.»::'u,:.i- ■■.,..,.■ ,,■

(■< • , I

Gib-

A New Ch rokdxoo.i c al Ta»h, jh

1764 Oibrahar taken from the 3paiiJar<U» hy si*«>ifal R<wk«i'

i'liu battle of Blcnliciiu, won bf ih« duke bf Marlborootfb apid $Mnt, Mainft
^„, the French. •■; ,:o/.:'..l .11 ,. ..iiiWkli;, ,,~t.^.i;.,'; i,,,^.i;^ ^Tl ,"

Tbccourtof Exchequer infthuted in Englatrd.^i' II' fi-'i'vi Ilia, ir
r706 The treaty of Union bctwiw Enjjlu/jd add Scottand, flvne^t July a^f

'llie battle of Raniillios won by Marlborough andtbi: wleii . ■''M}^ i

1707 Tlie lirft Britifti parliament. ' ': : ->>/ ■ ^^^i^' ■''■'^' ''ii^^H^ ";■ '

1708 Minorca: takt 11 from the Spaniands by general Stanhof^. iA ;<.j.i« j»''^ <''t»W'
The batt'e of Oudcnaiilc won by MarlbojfijUgh; and the allk*/'*'^ ^ '''
Sariliiiia trec^tcd into a kini'doni, and tfivco to thddultii'of S^WfJ' ■■'■ ■ -"

1709 Fetcr the Great, caaref Mufcovy, defeats ChSrlwX it; «< PulMwa,irho fllea

to Turkey. .■.-.; p ■.'' ,_,v(,viul
The batth; of Malplaquet won by Marlborowgh and the alUe». :,• ' >4'

1710 Queen Anne chanK«i(the Whig miniftry for othtr* more faviiirab!* to the IH-

tercll of hir fuppofcd brotlier, the late Pretender.
The cathedral church of St. PiHl, London, rebuilt' by Sir Chrifiopher Wrett*
,R"«. • in 37 years, at one million cxncnce, by a duty on coaU,
The En^lifli South-Sea company began.

1711 puke of Hmnilton and lord Mcihim killed in a duel in Hyde-Park.

1713 The peace of rrtiecht, whereby Newfoundland, NovB.*cotla, New-BritaJn, an4
Hudfon'u Bay, in North An)erica, were yielded to Great Britain ; 6ibraU
tar and Minorca, in Europe, were alfo confirmed to the faid croWu by tbii
. s-^v' ■?-. treaty.
J 7 14 Queen Anne dies, at the age of 50, a{id» fucceeded by George I.

Intereft reduced to live per centw
17 15 Lewis XIV. dioi, and is fucceeded by his great-grandfon, Lewi* XV.

The rebellion in Scotland begin* in Sept. under the carl «rf Mar, in favour of
,1, -"i-i.the Pretender. The adlion r<i Sheriff-muir, and the I'urrender of Prefton,
b.)th iu November, when the rebel* difperfe.
1716. The Pretender n-.arricd to the princ«l» Sobielki, grand-daughter of John Sobi-
tiki, late kiin( of Pol:ind.
Ai>.,a(il paffed for fepteiiniai. parliament*. lit * v' iiH'fy ^'t>MT J|. 's.-

1 719 The Miflilfippi Ichcme at its. height in Francs. / " " ' *■

Lombc's filk-throwing machine, containing 16,586 wheels, ereAed at Derby ;
.;- takes uf) ono-eighth of a mile ; ojiq wat.er-.wheel moves the reft ; and in i'4

\u<ura, it works 318,504,960 yards of orjranzine filk thread.
I?),, The South-Sea fcheme in England begun April 7, was at ito height at the end c^
,.h June, nnd quite funk about September »9.

1717 Kiiij; George dies, in the 68th year of hiscge j and is fucceeded by his only fon^
George II.

InocuUtion firft tried on criminals with fuccefs.
« Uufiia, formerly a dukedom, is now eftablilhed as an empJro.

1732 Kottli Khan ufurps t'ie Perfian throne, conquers the Mogul empire, and returns
with two huniJre I thirty-one millions fterlirg.
Se%'cr.>I pnblic-lpiritt d gentlemen begin the fettlcment of Georgia, in North
America.
1736 Captain Ptjrteous, hiving ordered his foldiers td fire 'jpon the populace at the

execution of a fniuggier, is himi'elf hai)g<ed by the moH at Edmburgh.
173S Weflniinflier- Bridge, coiiilftins; of iii'teen arches, begun*, liniihed in 1750, attha

expence of jiiy.oool. Hcfi ayed by parliament.
1739 I-eturj of niarqu'- iiliied out m Drifin againft Spain, July 21, and war declared

Oiflober 23.
174^ The battle of Dettingcn won by the Englifh &nd allies, in favour of the queea

of Hungary.
1744 War deelh.u" aj^'Jnft France. Commodore Aiifou returns from his voyage

round the world. * -d:-.!;!. ' , . -i^-- -'

i743 The allies lofe the battle of Fontenoy* . ■". ^-'^ '"^ 'S-^' -,

1 he rebeliioii breaks out in Scotland, and the PretendbrVdrmy defeated b/ the
duke of Cumberland, at Cultndcn, April 16, 1746.
I •4') Britilh Linen Company erc<9;ed.
)/4S The peace of Aix-Ja-Chapelle, by which a reftitution of all places taken during

the war was to be made on all fides.
:-4j The intereft of the Britiih funds reduced ta three per centt . ' '
lint iih herring filhcry iiicorpotaccd. . ^m'^u'vui. .

■■.*i:<u-*^'ff%

^W^'«>

^la A New Ch rci^olo c ic a l Table.

•?^

.". Ajitiquuni(n iltCKfyat lyopdon iiicorporau'd.
t75» The new ftyle iiitroductit iiito Great Jiritai' ; the third of September being
counted the, fyurtticirth.

lyjj/l'he^BfitiiH Wijleiim erc«ed al Montagu houfi;.

Society of /Vr,t«^Af''anuftilure^ «iid piittimtvce, infti

J75J Viijjoti ^tMycd w.'iji'j'ifniKj-

tutcd in London.

co,^^o ^^ngl'l^'^ft*" a/«^e'oiifi^ied tn the BlacI; Hole at Calcutta, in the 1:j(1 IikIIcv,
■/ . ' ky,'»«l«;r!««'thc iiab'6b,,4tid iaiifoutidilcad iiext moining. V, '■
" ><ariiiefd£irtyeftabii(htJat,LM)d,ii, "■'•' '

•jy 57 piniieii attempted to all; .filiate tlitj French Wng.

J759 GoncraT Wolft is killed in the hanio of Qnebci-, which is gained by the F.nglifii.
J760 King George n. dici. OAober ^5, i» the T.ih y«ar m his age, .uid iVfu... cdul
by hiivprefcnt niiijefty.whc," oaitlv zzd of SK{)tcuibi.-r, i;oi, niarritd tlic

princeiit Charlotte, of Mcrkienlw! .',]i Stveliiz,

Black-Friaif»-i>ridgc, cotifilliiig o'f nine i?rche», begun; ijniflusd 1770, at tlic ':x
^J^ pence of i5r,84oh to hediftharycd bya toll. '"".".,

S7(5i War declared agai(ill Sjiuin.

Tijicr m. emptror of Ruflia, in depofed, i-iprifoned, iMu! murdered. '•', ' '■*■'
,*, American philofiiphita! imitty cftabliftied in Philadelphia. , ^d !'

•' ' OcorKeAir^uUii'i Frederic, prince of W:.les, born Auguft U..'"l^,'' '
lytij. The definitive maty of pcice between Grfat Britain, Friince, Spain, and Por-
tugal, I- " iudcd at Parif;, February iCj which conhrmed in (jrcat hritaiii tiic
extenftve '."■I vitict s <jf Canadiij rait and Weft Florida, and part of LouiGana,
in North Anifriai; aijo the ifianUsof Granada, St. Vincent, Dominica, and
Tubaj^o, in the \\\-k inoits,
ijA^ The parliament gi idhI lo.oool. tp Mr. Hairifon, for his difcovt.y of die lon-
gitude by his «• nn'-j-iece.
3765 Hi» niajeih's n;yai -jharter palled for incorporating the fociety of artiftg.

An ad't palfed aniie.iing the foveieignty of the iflaiid uf Man to rhc crown of
Great Britain.
j;66 April £ I , a fpot or macula of the fun, more than thrice the bignefs of our earth,

pafTcd the fun'» centre.
1768 Academy of painting eftabliflied in London.

The Turks imprifon the KuffiaD ambaflador, and declare war againfl that em-
pire.
k77t Dr. ioUnder and Mr. Banks, in his majefty's (hip the Endeavour, lieut. Cook,
return irom a vnyage round the world, having made leveral important dif-
coveric!) in the Si>uth Seas. ' ,

. V77» The iving of Sweden ciiunges the conftitution of that kingdom. "",■ '^.'■-
.,., The Pretender marries a princcf* of Germany, grand-daughter uf"THnmas, late

earl of Ayltlbm y.
',\h'' '.'Th«^ emperor of Germany, emprefsof Ruflia, and the kingof PrnflTia, ftrip the

it king of Pol 11 d of great pait of his dominions, which they divide among

themfelves, in violation of the moft f<>lemn trc;ities.
1773 Captain Pliipp$ 18 fent to explore the North Pole, but having made eighty-one
"' degrees, is in dungt-r of Iniing locked tip by the ice, and his attempt t6 difcovcr

■m., " paflage in that qnarter pn^ves fruitieft.

, T'l.'v" The Jefuits expelled from the pope's dominions, and fupprcflcd by hisbitil, Aug.jj.

The Fngllih Eaft I..di.i company having, by onipieft or trtaty, ticipiircd the

-dluiiS h. cxtenfive provinces of Henjiul, Orixa, and IJahai, containing fifteen million

<nl\)iH-i' *^^ inhabitants, great irregularities are committed by their fcr\unts abroad,

' ' ht^iit'.' ' wpon which government interferes, and fends out jiKlges, ^c. for the better

,^.,j,,, , adminiflrr;|ion of juftice.

^*,;..TThe war between the Hu'Ua''' and Turks proves difgracei ' to the latter, who
lofe the iilands in the Arcbipelagn, and by fea arc every whire nnfuccefsful.
1774 Peace is proclaimed between the BuHians and Turks. \

tu niit/iThc Britifli parliament having pafTed an aiii, laying a duty of three pence per
, pound upon all. teas imported into America ; the coloniits, confidenng this as
a grievance, deny the right of the I'.ritifli parliament to tax them. ,
Deputies from the feveral American coluuitis meet at Philadelphia, as the iiifl:

geueral congrefs, Sept. 5. ,•,'- v, , V r> r?^ r ,' ;, v f\

Firft petition «»f CoBgrefs to the king, Kov.';' '*''^'''-; •^^•^•"'>'' iM.*J!-v: ; , •
April 19. The firft adion 'happens iti Amcricji between the Iting's troops and the
Pruvincials at Lcxingtoi).

1775

' earth,

ftrip the
amoiig

pence jicr
lig this ai

the fiift

'* J''J

'-'>

A New Chkonolooical Table, 913

1775 May so, ArticleiojT confederation and per|K;tuaJi union between the American

provinces. \ • : <■•

< June 17, A bloody ailion at Bunker't Hill, between the royal' tii-oopt and the
'* Atnciicanii,

1776 March 17, The town of Boflon evacuated hy ^he kinjt'i troow. ,'

An unfurccfsfu I attempt, !n July, made bv coinBiiidi^'c Sir P^teV ParVer, and
litutcitaiit general Clinton, upon CharlciTowyi, in Soiitli Carotin^.

The Congrefs declare the American colonics free a^d indepcudent fkikik, July 4.

Ihc Americans are driven fr-.m Long Ifland, N*tw York, in"Auj>uft,\»rith great
lol't, and greit numhrriof thtm taken prtfonm; apd the city ot' New Vork
is afterwards taken polTcilion of by the Iting'* trnvps.
^ December z I, , G eneral VValhlngton takei 900 of the HeUian* priibdWait T rent«n.

Torture aboilhfd in Poland.

1777 General Howe takctipoffeflion of Philadelphia.
Lieutciiatit-gencral Knrgoync is obliged to furrender his army, at Saratoga, io

Canada, by convention, to the American army under ti-; command of the
generals Gates and Arnold, Odober 17.
J 7 78 A treaty of alliance concluded at Pwrs between the French king and the thirteen
united American colonies, in which their independence i» acXnowiedged hy
the court of France, February 6.
The rcmaiok of the earl of Chatham interred at the public cxpence in Weft-
^ ^ minfter Abbey, June 9, in onfequcnce of a vote oi parliament.
tV '^, The earl of Carliflc, William Eden, elq. and Gtorfre Johnftone, tfq. arrive at
" i' A Philadelphia, the beginning of June, as comniiflioners for refioring peace
;" '■' ' between Great Britain and America.

Pkiladelphia evacuated by the kings troops, June 18.

The congreft rcfnfe to treat with the Britiih conimilfioners, nnlefsthe independ-
" ■ ' ' encc of the American colonies were fitft acHnowledg«?d, or the king's fli-ct»
and armits withdrawn from America.
^n engagement fought off Breft between the Englilh fleet und^r the command
of admiral Keppel, and the French fleet under the command of the couu(
d'GrvilJiers, July ly,
Pominica taken by the French, Sept. 7. -

Pondicherry lurrenders to the arms of Great Britain, OA. 17. , X

^jt. Lpcia taken from the French, Dec. 28. ■„ ,,,..^,\,.-^ i., -t W- "*

St. Vincent s taken by the French. ^ "^' ''""I"'' ^.S^.J!* -

Grenada taken by the French, July 3. m\^- wiArl'ii'-,i*', -

,780 Torture in c urts of juftice aboliihed in France. ^ '^'^ ^^ ^f'^'^^'^ VT'iC
The inquifition abolilfted in the duke of Modena's dominions. ' '.
Admiral Rodney takes twenty-two fail fif Spanilh fhlpy, Jan. 8.
, , : The fame admiral alfo engages a Spanilh fleet under the command of Don Joan
" ' '' de Langara, near Cape St. Vincent, and takes five fliips of the line, one more
driven on fljore, anil another blown up, Jan. 16. ....

Three aftions between admiral Rodney and the count de Guichen, in the Weft

Indies, in the months of April and May; but none of them decifivc.
Charles Town, South-Carolina, furrenders to Sir Henry Clinton, May 4.
Jieiifacola, and the whole province of Weft F.onda, iurrender to the arms of

the kiinr of Spain, May 9. . tt r r^

The Protellar.t Affociation, to the number of 50,000 go up to the Houfe of Com-
' *■ r^ f mons, with their petition for the repeal of an aft paOed in favour of the Pa-

pifts, June 2. ... rr J Jet

That event followed >y the moft daring riots in the cities of London and South-
wark, for feveral fucceffive days, in which fome Popifh chapels are deftroyed,
together with the pnfons of Newgate, the King's Bench, the Fleet, feveral pri
vate houles,&c. Thefe alarming riots are at length fiippreffedby ihe interpqr
fition of the military, and many of the rioters tried and executed for felony.

JFJVC Engliih Eaft Indiamen, and fifty Engliih merchant fhipsbound fur the W eft
Indies, tiikenby the combined fleets of France and Spam, Aug 8.

Earl Cornwallis obtains a fignal virtory over general Gutes, near Camrfen, in
South Carolina, in which above toco American prifoners are taken, Aug. 16.

Mr. Laurens, late prcfidcnt of the congrcfs, taken in an American packet, near
Kewfouiidland, Sept. 3.

general Arnoli

flijjdS a bri|™.v.-^w„,.-. . , - . . ,. ,. ,,. j^, j, ,^^^ ^.

•,:/..a .-i lUiJidr-i-'t

1779

..(

••-iTi.,

fO.lli

•iu!:;ri

'•..Ill's

• Hi:!

■•■(

midland, Sept. 3. ., .^. .... ^, , ,.

mold dcferts the fervicc of the congrefs, cfrapes to New y [k, and li
i brigaUier-jcncral in the royal ret vice, Sej?t.i^^. -';\-[^^

524 A N 8 w Chronological Table.

. M»]<n Andre, adjutai)t-j;en(ra| to the Britiih army, hanged as a fpy at Tappan,
in thf province of New York, QA, %.

"Ur.'jUtamt i« committciil prifoncr to^hc Tower, on a charge of high trcafun,
Odlober 4.

Dveadful hurricane* in the Weft Indies, l»y_ which great devaftation is made in
'.Vtf. 1 -Ajaftuljca, BaibadoM, »t. Lucia, Dcminica, nnd other iflands, Oil. 3 and 10.

Alclltcktatiion'of holiiU»e»t>l»bt(hed;>^!tintt Horhind, Dec. io.
fj%t :i')v Putch ji))uid of St. Euftatia taken by admiril Rodney and general Vaughan,
Feb. 3. Retaken by the French, Nov. a;.

Kari Cornwaliis obtains a viAory, hut with conTiderable loft, over the Ameri-
cans under general Oreon, at Guildford, in North Carolina, March 1$.

The iibnd of iTohago takci|i l>y the French, June z. ' >
, , A bl(Bi»dy engagement foujiht between an Engiifh fijtiadron under khe command
of admiral Parker, and a Dutch fquadron urtdcr the command of admiral
Zoutman, off the Dogger-bank, Atiguft 5.

Earl Cornwailis, with a confiderabie Britifli army, Airrcndered prifoners of war
to the American and French troops, under tlie eommiud of general Wafli-
ington, and count Rochumbeau, at York-town, in Virginia, 061. 19. .
1782 Trincomale, oa the iiland of CVylon, taken by admiral Hughes, Jan. 11.

Minorca furrendered to tlie arms of the king of Spuin, Feb. 5. >• n

The ifland of St. Cliriftuplier taken by the French, Feb. la, *i-n V "

The ifland of Nevis, in the Weft Indies, taken by the French, Feb. 14. *
• l^ontfet'cat taken by the French, FYb. ai.

Th« houl'c of' commons addrefs' the kii:g againft any farther profccution of of-
feniivc war on the continent of North America, March 4, and refolve, tliat
that houle would coniider all thofe as enemies to his majefty, and this country,
who Ihould advife, or by aiiy menus att'.:mpt, the farther prolecution of
oiTcniive war on the continent of North America, for the purpofe of reduc-
ing the revolted colonics to obedience by force.

Admiral Rodney obtains a lignal viAory over the French fleet, under the com.
mand of count de Grafle, near Duminica, in the Weft indies, April j i.

Admiral Hughes, with eleven fhips, beat off, near the iiland of Ceylon, the Frencli
admiral Suffiein, with twelve fhips of the line, after a feverc engagement,
in which both lieets loft a great number of men, April 13.

The refolution of the houfe of commons relating to John Wilkes, efij. and the
Middlefex etedlion, paffed Feb. 17, 1769, rel'cinded May 3.

The bill to repeal the declaratory adl of George I. relative to the legiilation of
Ireland, received the royal affent June jo.

The French tt)ok and deftroyed tlie forts and lettlements in Hudfon's Bay, Aug. 24.

The Spaniards defeated in Vheir grand attack on Gibraltar, Sept. 1 3.

Treaty concluded betwi.\t the republic of Holland and the United States of Ame-
rica, Otft. 8.

Provifional articles of peace figned at Paris between the Britifli and Amer can

' '• L' commiilioners, by which the Thirteen United American colonics arc ac-

^ knowledged by his Britannic majefl.y to be free, iovereign, and independent

fiates, Nov. t;o.

S783 Preliminary articles of peace between his Britannic majefty, and the kings of

France and Spain, figned at Verfailles, Jan. 20.

The order of St; Patrick iullitutcd, Feb. 5.

Three earthquakes in Calabria Ulterior and Sicily, deftroying a great number of
towns and mhabitants, Feb. 5, 7, and 28th. ... ■ • ^ . '

Armiftice betwixt Great Britain and Holland, Feb. lo. 'if.'nri^:::''i ,oiAji..i >i

Ratification of the definitive treaty of peac*j between Great Britain, Frimce,
Spain, and the United States of America, Sept. 3.
1784 The city of JLondon wait ou the king with an addrefs of thanks for difmiffmg
the coalition miniftry, Jan. 16.

The great feal ftoleif from the lord chancellor's houfe in Great Ormand-ftrcet,
Inarch 24.

The ratification of the peaee with America arrived April 7.

The definitive featy of peace between Great Britain and Holland, May 24.

The memory of Ilandci commemorated by a grand jubilee, at Wcftniinficr
Abbey, M.iy 26.

Piociumation for a public thankfgiving, July 2. . '

Mr. Lunardi afcciided in a balloon from the Artilliny-groiind, Moorfields, the

1' ■ -fijli; aucmr.t of tht kiad in England, Sept. 15.

* fc I i J MEN

[ 9'^5l

••' /^ /

1 ..-.-^tl' 2 J.Kl-'-hi- ,'. (,.|A K>i»,M

MEN of LEARNINd^^'aia- GE*ft*'^ !

Bef. Ch.

907

CMk,

N. B. Sy tbt Data 1/ imtlUJ tit Timt wien tie ^im>t tTritm JUdf i^ mlm IW

J'erioJ bapfint not to be iitewn, tie Age m nvkith thnjhmr^ji figMti k»A. 71,

, fiftrijj ■«««'« '» //a//'M, Br# //lo/i %ub* have given tbt ttM MitgUfi Ttm/MmnL^faU^i hf

Sibeol Both. i-ll ,f W^;!"'*"' '

.»' '. -.Ai-

TTOMER, the firft profa!>e writer and Greek ^t, flonrifhei. -PiSt.
rj. Hcliod, the Greek poet, fuppofed to live near the time of Humt,

884 Lycurgut, the Spartan lawgiver.

600 Sappho, the Greek lyric poetcls, fl. Faiuiii. '

558 Solon, lawgiver of Athcni.

556 ^fop, the firft Greek fabulift. Cnxal.

548 I'halen, the firft Greek aftronomer and geographer.

497 PythagMts, founder of the I'ythagorean phiiofophy in Greece, llntt.

474 Anacreon, the Greek lyric poet. Fa-utet. AJdiftH.

456 .^fchylus, the firft Creek tragic pf)et. Potter.

435 Pindar, the Greek lyric poet. Well.

4i3'Herodotu», of Greece, the firft writer of profane hiftory. Liltleiurj,

407 Ariftvphapes, the Orttk comic poet, fl. kfbife. >.;

Euripidet, the Greek tragic poet. JVoodbull. '

406 Scifhudcs, ditto. Franliin. Fatter, ui»ii .'i.v-

Confucius, the Chinefe phiiofoDhcr, fl. ' >') ■,r<'.v

400 Socrates, the founder of moral philolophy, in Greece.

391 Thucydiiles, the Greek hiftorian. Smith. Hobbet.

361 Hippocrates, the Greek iiiiyficiaii. Clifton,
Democritut, the Greek philofopher.

359 Xenophon, ditto, and hilloriiin. Smith, Sptlman, AJbly, Fielding. i."»i'«tl.^'

348 Plato the Greek philofopher, and dilciple of Socrates. Sydenham. •■'■•

3j6 Ifocrates, t!ie G^eek orator. JOimfiale.

332 Ariftotle, the Greek philo bpher, and difciple of Plato. Hobbet.

3 1 3 Dernofthenes, the Athenian orator, poifoiied himfelf. Lelund. Franeiti

288 Theophraftus, the Greek pliiloibpher, and fcholar of Ariftotle. Budget. '

aSj Theocritus, the firft Greek paftoral poet, fl. FatvLet.

277 Euclid, of Alexandria, in £.]^ypt, the mathematician, fl.

270 Epicurus, fovnder of the Epicurean philnfophy in Greece.

264*Xeno, founder cf the ftoic phiiofophy in ditto.

344 Callimachus, the Greek elegiac poet.

20S Archimedes, the Greek geometrician.

184 Plautus, the Roman comic poet. Thornton. ■<■ 'h (n.-acij

159 Terence, of Carthage, the Latin comic poet. Colman. i

155 Diogenes, of Babylon, the ft'oic philofoplior. ..l';

1 24 Folybius, of Greece, the Greek and Roman hifterian.' Hamfttii, 'Hmiiill i;|^^
54 Lucretius, the Roman poet. Creech. ir-'f

44 Julius Cxfar, the Roman hifturian and commentator, killed. Duncan^ . -;'r
Diodoru* Siculus, of Greece, the univcrfal hiftorian, fl. Boatb, ' :'

Vitruvius, the Roman architeiSb, fl.
43 Cicero, the Roman orator and philofopher, put to deathr- Gutfirit. Me/mHi,
Ct ■melius Nepoa, the Roman biographer, fl. /fewf. !.ih. silMo .toiJHJtJi.'JsJT .
34 Salluft, theRoman hiftorian. Cordon. Rofe. •' ' '■ 'iO/j .'ifi^S

30 Dionyfius, of Haliearnaflus, the Roman hiftorian, fl.' Spelmai* 'c- ^'ibyrfT-.^-r

R. Strnfim- 1 t
Digbj, 'irf'tfifiT'
_;y."i; ■•■:•>•> vt';;.-'l
;.H':;f?.'3„i:ii7
■ 'i. i,-v;(iSrv' •■ ■

i«iyi ■ '

19 Virgil, the Roman epic poet. Dryden, Pitt, IVarton.
Xi Catullus, TibuUus, and Propertlus, Roman poets. Grainger, Dart,

8 Horace, th6 Roman lyric and fatiric poet. Francis. i

A. C. ' •-<;"»■; 9/1) I0 notjr>!^''(;»»rtT

17 Livy, the Roman hiftorian. Hay. >-■- -•sjq »'■ x«3i}3v:ii.ji-^h 3?iT

S9 Ovid, the Roman elegiac poet. Gartb. .^'iroo; l^bncH

20 Celfus, the Roman philofopher and phyfwian, flr Crhve»
»5 Strabo, the Greek geographer, ^ ■ '
33 Phsdrus, the Rotnui fabulift; fim»li--i-tmi^i^Ks .uii^-'pi

3dx

45 Pittt-

fiftt A New Chronological Table.

PatercuIuN, the Roman 'nftorian, H. Nrwttmt.

PertiuB, the Ki man Ik'trlc pint, htnvfitr.
44 Q](iptui Curtiufi, h R'-nnin, hid^'mn uT Al^xaitdnr iheC^at, fk

tcneca, of Spain, the philofophor and trajfic pu'it, put to death. L'Mtunrt,
^5 Lucan, the Kninuii epic p«ict, ditto; Kt-wr.
99 ^Unyr the elder, the Koiuaji ii«,tural'hlllorian. 'Htlland.
f I Jufephiu », the Uyi iflt HHl6f ran; , IfbifltMi.
»4 IjJM^d; tihe'^rvck a«S(i> pliikiroi>l.cr, n. Mr...

loiiiicr
11(1 adv

I ) (Hi. r

' J'b'tr.. i
•11 illlf /V fi

„• ■■! r

,'rl

•tU

-:» jj.. If 1 1 I I . J. - Ciirhr,

95 QijTn'tll'iW, tM KoniaA drai'(ir niidadvoiate. Guthrie,
•>6 Stiittus, the Roman uuic P<>ct. Lnvis.
98 Luciu* I'lorut, of Spdin,' die Ronhn hiftorian, fl.
9() 'i'ucituf, the Kouiuii hilloriat]. Csfihn.
104 Martial, of Spain, t)ic cpij^raihtuutic poet. Ji.iy.

Valcrtiu Flacctis, tlifc Rrtitian epic pott,
116 PJiny tlie yoinigiT, lii(ti)iical letters. AMmotlJ, Orrery.
J17 Suetimiiii, the Roman hiiJonaii. .Ifu'^fn.
J 19 Pluturch, of fTrccce, the MoijniphL'r " i)>ydeti, La/ij^toriie.
liS Juvenal, the Roman fatiric. pqct. Dnihn,

140 I'tolcniy, the Kgypiian jjcnjitraphcr, n.;ithcmatician, and aflrononier, fl.
t^o JultiM, the Roniaii hlUi>riini, fl. Tui-ntul. '■■'• - ■

161 Arriaii, the Roman hillntiaii uiid philofopiicr, fl. Jfimle.
167 Tuftin, of Sanuiia, the olded Chriftiaii siuthor after the apoftlcs,
jSo LucJan, the Roman philologk-r. Dim/Me, Drydcn, Iranilin.

Marcus Aur. Antoninin, Roman unperor and philofo^<her. C«//'«> Etphin^wxt. ^
J93 Galen, the Greek phihifophcr ;ind phyfician.
%'.o Diogenes Lacrtius, the Greek hicjnipher, fl.
Sio Dion Cuflinn, of Greece, the Knhinn hiilurian, fl.
JI54 Origcn, a Chriftiiin father of Alexandria.

Herodian, of .'Me.xardria, the Roman hiftorian, fl. llmt.
138 Cyprian, of Curtilage', fuficrcd martyrdom. Murfual.
27) Longinus, the Greek orator, put to death by A urclian. Smilb,
3^o Ladaiitiiis, a father of the church, fl.

336 Arius, a pricft of AL-xandri;i, founder of the fedt of Arianft.
34^ Hul'ebius, the eccl^Tia (Ileal hiilorian and chronoioj^vr. iUnmer.
;j79 Bafd, hifhop of Ciciarta,
3^(; Gregory Nazien/.en, hliliop of Conftantinoplc.
397 Ambrole, bifhnp of Milaii.
415 Macrobius, the Roiiuiu !;ranim;<riim.
42$ Eutropitt.'j, tlie Roniun hilloiiari. ' ' * ''

^24 Boetiue, the Roman pi:ct ;'.nd I'latonic philofnnhcr. Bfllamy, PreJlaH, ■

3i<) Procopius, of C.-efar.a, the Roinm hiltiTi:iii. J-hlcmjt

Here ends the illulhioai liil of ancient, (;r, as thiy are ftylcd, Claflic author^ for
whom mankind are inJchtcd 10 tireece and Rome, tliol'e two great theatres of human
glory; but it willevtr be rt^retrcd, tliat a fioall par; only qf their \vriting8 have
cotni to our hands. Tliis w.in owmjj to the ba!'baroii-< policy of thofe fierce ilincrate
pagims, who, in the fiftii century, Ivibvcrted the Roi ..in empire, and in which prac-
tices they were joined fion after by the Saracens, or followers of Mahomet C(ni-
llantinople alone had cfca))ed the rav;iges of the Biirbiiriaus ; and to thi: few literati
xvho fliiiltered thcniftlvcs -.vrthin its walls, i* cliii.riy owing the prefervation of thofe
valuable remaiiw of antiiiuity. To learning, civility, and refinement, fucceeded wurle
than Gothic ignorance-^rhe luperftition and buifoouery of the church of Rome ; Eu-
rope th'ertfore produces few uamo.s worthy of record during the fpace of a thoufand
years; a period which luflonaus, with great propriety, denominate the dark or Go^
thic ages.

The invention of printing contributed to the re.vival of learning in the fixteenth
century, from which nic murable era a race of men have fprung up in a new foil,
France, Germany, and Britain ; who, if they do not exceed, at Icaft equal the greatelt
geniules of antiquity. Of thel'e our own countrymen have the reputation of the firil
rank, wiUi whole name5 we Ihall finifh our lift.

•• if

t*'

5>.

iiri -itfH' o^'i ■

>»v

;•/

A. C.

jinoii
-■ .11 ,1 j,,.t

.iiifr

V t ^'

735 Beds a prieft^fVorthumber[and;^hiflory of the Saxons, Scots, 4(c^
904 Kj^JS Alfred; hiilory, philofiiphy, and poetry, . ' "

iaj9 MMthew Paris, moiik of ^t. Alban's} hilUry. o England.

I292 Roger

■?■>.

■-y

A N I W C H R O M O t G X,t^ A CT) Xji'M^^', ^il§

U.I

,1).

U0» Rop:er Bacon, Somerfetfl>ire < njjtM^tAiUfojOjy,,, ,-,,,(,.,,„, <|l,,r,

1308 Jiihn ForJuii, a pricft «» MerrifAurcU^.iry «>( Sc9tbfi4,,., ,;^ „fi , ,^ _ ,,

14C0 Of..ftr<.y el.aurc,•,a.•a.lon^,;^l•l|^d(r.«^■.|iptfji^|l>KMrw ,. .,nm«-).',„?<,.n
140. I;.l.n0«wcr Whiles; «»": j^itj^ ,,,,,, . , , 1 ,, ,,1 ,„i„,|>., ■,, r*,

1535 Sir I lianiu* M<. tt, London ;WOi<^-.p«)I>^^ 4»,Tl««<;y^ . ,„u„„>1 .,„
l$S» J"!!" Ldiuul, Uiulon; livei and Mjiglguifica. ,, . ., i, ,,(, ...M, .„|, ^„,it,
iSfiS K<.get Afiliam, VorLlh.rei fhil«logyMfoltu,K^f!i>t|Uf|^„% -,|, ..rf' ,„^
ij;7i Rcvorciid John Kiiux, ilic Si;ut«,h refiTiptrri ^l|Wn^,1>{ t^u chwcdi.or Scfjlnttf..
15S2 (icori'u Hiichaiian« Dumbuttwfhirt: j hiiiv<V (^'W<>tiawi|it^l<|«M«>' PnyifS.!^^

litic-n, &c. ^ ; „, ' '

i5i;8 Edmund Spciilir, Lnndonj Fairy tiyteB»ai)f|||»th<iitL,.,o
|6I5«»S UcAumont and llctcluT; 53 clramatie jjicccn. ,,:•,,•,"" ■ ■';ti^^,',{''
j6i6 William Shiikl'|)cart, Stratford; 41 tragenk.i s^\<j(,e«nictO*i. .,;,,,,-5 ;,
161a John Napier, of MarchdtDU, Scotland ; (lif>.ovi|r,er of IttgaritninilL ■
1613 Willi m CanKkii, 1 ondon j hiilory and an<J<j(>itigs. . ., , ,

ifii<> Lord Ch UKcllor Bacun, London; natu ai philolophy .\Dd Utohlture ih feacnilt
i6j4 Lord Chief Judicc Coke, Norfolk; law* of tngland. , ,,, ,, ,.;

iftjS Len Johufoii, London ; 53 diamutlc piec«». . . . A >h

J '>4i Sir Hciirv Spclman, Noriulk 1 iaw* and anti^uitic*.

j6^4 John Scldcn, SiillVx ! antiquities and lawa. ,*

1657 Dr. William Harvey, Kent ; difcovertd ihe circulatiun of the blood. ^

1667 Abraham Cowley, London; n)iJccllaneous poetry.
i6;4 John Milton, London; I'aradilc LoH, Regained, and variout other piecei iii

vcrfe and profc.
Hyde, carl of Clarcnd< n, Wiltftiire; Hiftory of the Civil Wari in England. ,
t6;5 Janus C;rc(;oiy, Abenlcm ; mathematics, geomcuy, and optics. '"'"''■

1677 Kcvcrtnd Dr. Ifaac Uarrow, Lriidoii; nutiual pltiiofophy, uiathetuatics, aiid

I'crnions.
16-0 Samuel Hiitlfir, Worccftcrftiire ; Hudibriu, a burlcfque poem.
1685 Thomas Otvvay, London; 10 truijedics and coniedicn, with other ,poeou,
ih-!? Edmund Waller, Kutks; jioen^s, fpcechcs, letters, &c.
168S Dr. Raljph Cudwortli, Sonurfctih're ; iiui'lleitUiJ Sylleni.
16S9 Ur. '1 himas Sydenham, Uorfetfliire ; Uillory of Phytic.

1690 Nathaniel Lcc, London i 1 1 tragedieit.

Robert H rcay, Edinburgh ; Apology for the QoAeru.

1691 Honourable Rwbtrt lioylc ; natural and expcrjnuiital phllofophy and theology.
tiir OLorj^c M'Kenzie, Dundee ; Antiquities and laws of Scotland.

1694 John Tillotfon, archbifhop of Canterbury, Ha.ifax i »54ferinon».

1(197 hir NS'illiam 'I'empic, London j politics, and polite literature.

i7ot John Urydcn, Northamptonlhire; 27 tragedies and comediet,fatir{c poem*, Virg,

1704 John Locke, tiomcil'etlhicc; pliilofophv, govtrnmeut, atjd theology,

1705 John Kay, Jlflox ; botany, natural philolophy, and diviuity.
1707 Georjie Farquhar, I^un.ior.derry ; eight con^die*.

171 J Ant, Alh. Cooper, earl of Shaitlbury ; rburaeleriftics.

1714 Gilbert Burnet, Edinburgh, bifliop of -Satifbury.; h'ftory, biography, divinity, JCC. '

1 715 Nicholas Rowc, Devoufhirc ; fcvcn tragedies, tranilacion of Lucan't Pharfalia,. '
1 719 Rev. John Flaniftcad, Derbyfliire; mathematics, and allronomy.

Jofcph Addilon, Wiltfljii-e; Spcdator, Guardian, poems, politics. ^^,^., ,j,.

Dr. John Kcil, Edinburgh ; mathematics and agronomy. ^^.^.^ 'J. jj.

171 1 Matthew Prior, London; poems and politics. uHiJial*;

1724 William Wollaftw, Staflordfhire ; Religion of Nature delineated. " •,
172- Sir ll'aac Newton, l.incplufliire; mathematics, geometry, allionomy, cpticib.
1729 Rev. Dr. Samuel Clarke, Norwich; ijiatheoiatics, divinltv.

Sir Richard Steele, Dublin; four cvmedie*., papers in I'atier, &c.

William Congrevc, Stalfordlhiie ; loven dranutic pieces. 1-, ,

173a John C;y, E.vttcr; poems, fable.-, and eleven dramatic picc.^ , „ f^,,.,} _.^, . .

1734 Dr. John Arbuthnot, Mearns-fliire; medicine, coin.% politics^ „. .,,.,.„) ;

I74» Dr. kdmund Halley; natural phllofophy, agronomy; navigation^ w io iilii'viyj

Dr. Richard Bentley, Yorklhire; cljiiUcal learning, cr.lticifm. . _^. -j.;.^^ i'^.

1744 Alexander Pope, London; poems, letters, tranUation of Horner.
1-45 Reverend Dr. Jonathan Swilt, Dublin ; ];oenis, politics, and lett'-rs. .'- »"•

1746 Colin M'Launn, Argylefliire,; algebra, view of Newton's. philolophy.
1748 James Thortifoli, Rosburg' " ' • " '■ ' -•■■"•■

^■rjiii, tjxl

urKliffiirwi Stiaiwwi and OtlKhf obem*, %V« irui;<?Ji"% .' ' •

.^'''Ni'^. dii»ir<](i;W'Vi

Tail ft*

S7^ M w i tc»4 >r« IIhm Wa«v

I k|k, y|Hii if ifl i y , .|ifchm» hyfei.

9t.Wm>^ HlHl W i iit iftllfch* t MbmilMml aiittifnpli*.
f ffir EMnMDr. C^mri Mii&toii, YorkMp Life of Cicero, he.

._^ «_ ._^ J -i__* AjJt Mid natural philofophf.

V J pmlofophy, mctaphyfictiandpalitlet.
"Mptomy of the human bodv.
ifAilon*, pUcue, fmaU-pox, medicine, precepto.

'%:?

licfc

, IVm Jonet, joAph Andrewf , &c.

UMragcdlo and comediei.
. ^ . tpLondon I 69 rermoni, &c.
Roadlcyi bidKM>,if .Wincheftor ; fermons and controYcrfy.
,..,p_J^IUtb«rMM, LoaMIt OrandKoD, Clariffa, Pamela.
^ a tffWil JPr. John LtolaiiPl^ancaftire 1 Anfw«r 10 Deiftical Writen.
nil mautod Dr.^ldward Young t l^iKht Thoughts, and other pocnu, 3 tragedi
'V'^ MMlSinA|laii<>l«r|ow; conic fcaioni, Euclid, Apulloniut.
SfH, Rewrend La^ence Iteme ; 45 fermoni, Sentimental Journey, Triftram Shandy.

1769 JlpbcreSmith, Lincolnfhire ; harmonica and optics.

1770 -Reverend Dr. Jortin ; Life of Erafmus, Ecclefiaftical Hiftory, and Termonf.
.gr Dr. Mark Akenfide, Ncwcaftle noon Tyne ; poems.

^ Dr. Tobias Smollett, Dumbartonlhire 1 Hiftory of Eneland, novels, tranflatient.

1771 Thomas Gray, Profeflnr of Modem Hiftory, Cambridge 1 poems.
i773 Philip Dormer Stanhope, carl of ChcfterBcld ; letters.

Oeoi^e Lord Lyttleion, Worcefttrfhire ; Hiftory of England.
J 774 Oliver Ooldftnith ; poems, eflays, and other pieces.

Zachary Pearce, biihop of Rocheftcr ; Annotations on the Hew Teftament, tec,
f 77c Dr. John Hawkfworth ; elTays.
177O David Hume, Merfe; Hiftory of England, and cflayt.

James Fergufun, Aberdeenfttire; aftrouomy.
1777 Ssnnuel Foote, Cornwall ; plays.

1779 David Oarrick, Hereford; plays, &c.

Will'am Warburton, biihop of Gluucefter; Divine Legation of Mofes, and
various other works.

1780 Sir William Blackftone, Judtre of the Court of Common Pleas, London ; Com-

mentaries on tl>e Laws of England.
Dr. John Fothcrgill, Yorkfliire { philoHuphy and medicine.
James Harris, Hermes, Philological Inquiries, and Philofophical Arrangements.
.^782 Thomas Newton, biihop of Bnftol, Litchfield; difcourfes on the prophecies,
and other works.
Sir John Pringle, Bart. Rnxboroughlhire ; Difeafes of the Army<
Henry Home, lord Kaimes, Scotland ; Elcmenu of Criticifni, Sketches of the
Hiftory of Man.
17SJ Dr. William Hunter, Lanerkftiire ; anatomy.
1784 Dr. Samuel Johnfon, Litchfield ; EngUfti Didlionary, Biography, Eflays, Poetry.

Died Dec. ij, aged 71.
»ftf yniiaai Whitehead; poet luireat ; pocm» and plays.

F I N I S.

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