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X BT JOHN GIBSON, B.A., F.G.8., P.B.8.E., an^OHN MACOUN, U.K., ^ Profetsors in Albert College and University, Deiyville. v., f 0.' c.^ [From the "Canadian Jouma' "] 1 1 /■ *, 4 r THE BOTANY OF THE EASTERN COAST OF LAKE HURON. BY JOUN GinSON, DA., F.G.8., F.B.S.E., asd JOHN MACOUN, M.A., Prrifcssora in Albert College and Uiaveriity, BdlcvUU. During the months July and August of the past summer, th« writers, in company with James Burns, Esq., of Buyfiekl, made a Bomowhat satisfactory, though necessarily incom[)loto exploration of the Botany and Geology of that portion of the eastern coast of liake Huron lying between tiie parallels 43" 10' and 44° 50' N. lat. The eastern and western extcuision of this area embraces only that ]K)rtion of "Western Ontario which is bounded on the west by Lake Huron, and on the east by an imaginary lino drawn from the southern bend t( the Biviore aux Sables (south), in a direction N. by N. E., to the mouth of the Sydenham River at Owen Sound on the Georgian Bay. The superticial area, therefore, is by no means extensive, but owing to its northern and soutiiern bearing, and its favoured conditions of climate, cannot fail in a botanical [»oint of view to he proiluctive of many interesting facts in the geographical botany of Canada. In treating of the botany of a district so limited in extent as the one under review, it must be borne in mind that, making duo allowance for the varying altitude of the country, we cannot with any degree of precision come to any generalizations regarding the effect of so limited an increase of latitude upon the vegetation of that particular meridian. Wc can point, however, to the existence, within this area, of forms whose presence can only be accounted for through a pecu- liarity of causes, geological and climatic ; and on this account it is deemed expedient to preface our botanical notes with a sketch of the more salient points in the physical geology and climatology of the district. From Capo Ippewash on the south to the Geoi-gian Bay on the north, the general character of tho region is level or gently undu. lating, presenting no conspicuous highlands with the exception of the bold precipitous escarpments found skirting the southern and south- western coasts of the Georgian Bay. Along the coast of Lake Huron from Port Frank to Clark Point tho coast is bold l)ut not precipitous, baa an avoragc hoiglii of 100 foot above tlio Lake, ami is coinpoaeil of the brown calcareous claya of tho Saugeen division, soniotimcB visibly underlaid by nionib-rs of tho Corniforous and 'rentaculilii Forniatinns. Westward from tho Lake tho country keeps percei)tibly rising, and culminates in a ridge, running between tho Townships of Tuckcr- Binith and Hibb:n-t n County Huron, which rises to the summit- level of l,()r)0 feet abiive tlie sea. The average altitude above Lake lli'.ron is about L'-Jli feet, and above the s. a approximately, IH)0. Tho aupei'tioial deposits of tho drift period form tho surface of this tiian- gular area, and so vast and universal arc these aeeunnilations that access to tho foundation rocks can only be mad.^ along some of the river channels, and at intervals along the margin of the Lake. These deposits have as yet been but imp;;rfectly studied, but the i)rincipal facts of their history, so fa'- as is neuessai-y in tho ))res('nt coinieetion, "will bo given as brielly as possible. Tlioy may be sub-divided in ascending order, into : 1. Erie blue clay. 2. Saugccn brown clay. 3. Local dcpoE'ts of roddish clay, gravel ami sand. The lowest of these stratified sediments is the Erie clay. It is more or loss calcareous, containing in many instances .'lO per "ent. of calcium carbonate, and holds num-rous pebbles and boulders alike of Paljcozoie, Iluronian and Laurentian origin. The second division, or that of tho Saw/een clay is, along witli beds of modified drift, the superficial deposit of the district, and thus demands some considera- tion in a botanical point of view. It is an aggregate of very fine layers of brown calcareous clay, containing but few embedded boulders or pebbles. Its average thickness seems to be abmit 100 feet, although in a few instances in north Huron, and along the banks of the Saugcen River, between Hanover and Walkerton. it is found as a very thin bed, overlying a deposit of fine brown sand, into which at dilferent points the clay is pressed in the form of mammillary masses of various sizes. A great portion, however, of this upper deposit of clay is overlaid by beds of coarso gravel and sand, observed capi-ing the ridges of hills waich run in a general east and west direction to the vicinity of the Lake. Crossing these ranges of hills almost at right angles, and extending along the western limit of tho district, lies a remarkable ridgo composed of water-worn gravel and fine sand, whose j)rocij)itoiis, conipoaed of times visibly ForiniitioiiH. J risiiii;, ami i of Tucker- tlio Kiunmit- ) above Lake ly, 1)00. The 3f this tiian- iilatio:iH thiit soDie of tlie j-ake. These the principal t connection, ub-dividud in e day. It is per "ont. of dders alike of id division, or [led drift, the mo considora- of very lino •dded bovdders feet, although )f the Sangcen as a voiy thin h at different sses of various isit of clay is 1 Ciipjiing the irectiou to the .luiost at right district, lies a ae sand, whose geuond contour is parallel to the present margin of tlio i'.ako. Con- formin<' to the irrogularilien of tho coast fur about t^ixly miles, and at an average distance from it of a mile and a hiilf, it n-aclics on tho Routii the sandy Hats of the Riviere aux Sables (south), and is llnally lost. The western slope of this lacustrine terrace inclines gradually towards the present l-aki' beach, and within this limited are;- ''ejiosits- of shell-marl arc frecpi'Mitly found. Future researches will, no .loubt, prove the oxistenee of other terraces lying more to the eastward, whieli will, iloubtless, tlirow nnvli light on th * former physical features of this Lake area. Hydrographically, the region under con- sideration may bn divided into tsvo. more or less, di'tinct area.s, the one comprising the valleys of the Uiviere aux Sables (north and south), the Bayfield, Maitland, an 1 Saugeeu Rivers w)ii.-h flow into Lake Huron ; the other •,. uprising the bight of Owen Hound, fed by the Rivers Totawatirnie, Sydenham, and Lidian, and the Bays Colpoy and Hope. These streams, us a rr.l(!, are small, and undergo rapid oscillations of levcd, increasing in IIk^ spring to torrents of considerable volume, and conspicuously diminishing towards tlie fall, when, in many cases, numeious small deltas are formed in the lowlands, com- posed for the most part of thin alluvial accimiulations. The hydrographie areas thus indicated are naturally separated by the somewhat tortuous escarpment of the Niagara limestone, which, entering this district from the soutti, sweejjs around towards the heights above f'ap(^ (Jonunodoro, and thence trending northward past Cape Paulet, finally terininates at fabot's I [.'ad, the extreme noithern point of the Bruce Peninsula. Througl\out its course it conforms with mori' or less iri-cgularity to ^he shai)c of the coast line, but pre Renting a lefjs Kalient cu've, and in every ease exposing its lu-ecipitous laco to the north and north-east, in dills ranging from r)0 to .'500 feet above the level of Lake Huron. The Clinton limestones, however, are found to visibly underlie the Niagara in the more southern bluffs, occupying in many in-itances a vertical face from 70 to 100 feet in height. North of (!ape Paulet these lime .tones disappear, and the cliffs along the coast to Oai)e Chin are altogether occupied by the Niagara escaqtment, and vary in height from I '20 to H)() ''eet. Lnportant as is this escarpment from a geological standpoint, it is found to "no no loss ciiectual as a meteorological t.gp.nt, in its relation to the vegetation of this portion of Ontario. The immediate coast alon- the southern and south-western portions of the Georgian Bi-.y r is naturally oxposcil much more offcctunlly to the boreal winds from the Muakokiv territory than is tho district lying along thn «!astom shoro of Lake Huron. Thc.ia cold windn act as refrigoratorH on tho vaporous atniospheri! of tho Georgian Bay, and arc tlierc^foro ])roduc- tivo of a supjjly of snow much nioro abundant tiian tliat found along the iininodiiito coast of Lako Huron. Tho soil, therefore, umlisturbed by the varying temperature which affects otl»er districts further south, Boldom freezes to any great extent, and coiisei|uently must exert a marked intluence ui)on tlie vegetation of early spring. Such indeed is fonrid to be tho case. Tho snow remains till late, and when it finally disappears, vegetation bursts out witit astoni.shing rapidity and vigour. Doubtless similar physical causes render tho vegetation of the Mus- koka district equally precocious and exuberant ; so that 'lero on the 45th ])arallel of latitude, and before the end of May, mpy bo neon peas beans and potatoes several inches above the ground. To some what different olimatological influences, however, is that region ox- posed which borders on tho coast of Lako Huron. Here likewise, tho prevailing winds are from the north and north-west, but those are materially modified in temperature in their passage over such a body of water. Lako Huron, with its area of 23,780 square miles, cannot but dispense a degree of moisture to its shores not to be found in more inland localities, and must consequently exercise an equalizing effect upon the summer and winter temperatures of the atmosphere near tho coast line. Hero, however, we find no protect- ing rock-escarpments so congenial to the more northern vegetation of the Georgian Bay, but a continuous cliff-lino of brown clay raised on an average 100 feet above tho lake. While, therefore, in tho former area are found on the one hand introduced forms which survive the inclemency of winter under its heavy car[)eting of snow, and on the other, herbacious vegetation deligliting in boreal winds and tho moist cool crevices of rocks; — in the latter grow arborescent types, the vitality of whoso fruit- bud could only be preserved by an equable and moist atmosphere, and tho majority of which are decidedly southern in range. As corroborative of this conclusion may be cited tho fact that in the neighbourhood of our great lakes the isothermal lines trend southward, the curve being considerably more acute on the eastern than on the western shores. In this connection it may bo observed that tho following introduced trees and shrubs grow and flourish most luxuriantly at lloyston Park, Owen Sound : — ,1 winds from [ tlin eiiHtem nitoi'H on tho ■(^foro produc- t I'luinil along ', iinili.sturhod fiirthor south, must exnrt a Such indood is 'hon it finally ty and vij»onr. 1 of the MuB- ,t I'.cro on tho mpy bo neon nd. To sorao I at region ox- lere likewise, est, but those ;e over such a square miles, res not to be ly exercise an raturos of the nd no protect- 1 vegetation of clay raised on iu the former ch survive the w, and on the and the moist ?nt types, the 3y an equable are decidedly 1 may be cited the isothermal more acute on neetion it may I rubs grow and nd:— Fonythia viriditiima. Cydonia japponica. Pynis aucuparia. Deutzia scabra. Dciitzia gracilifl var. rrenat*. ChionanthuB virginica. IlllUB cotiiius. Viburnum odoratisaimum. It is somewliat remarkable that the majority of all tho shrubs in cultivation, either in Toronto or St. ('atliariiu'H, can hens ho brought to perfection witliout any artilicial prott-ction whatever, but that on the exposed coast-line of Lake Huron such forms cannot bo openly cultivated, the snow supidy not being Huflicient, nor its continuance constant enough, to afford tho necessary protection. Before leaving this portion of our subject it may not bo uninter eating to indicate certain preferences among the i>\i\.nta of this area for the Niagara and Clinton limestones, a fact which at once suggests an explanation of the many anomalies in the botanical geography of the district. Tho Ferns, Scolopcndrium ojicinarum, Pelaea atro- purpurea, Aspidium /elix-mas, and A. lonchitia, may more especially be cited as peculiar, so far as investigation goes, to the Niagara and Clinton formations of Canada. Of these, ScolopenJriiim officinarum has been reported from only two localities in North America, the one at Onondaga in New York State, the other in the vicinity of Owen Sound, Ontario. Pelaea atropurpurea has been detected at different stations along the Niagara escarpment, from tho Falls to Owen Sound and Colpoy's Bay ; and Aspidium lonchitia seems to be confined to tho Niagara escarpment of the Bruce Peninsula. Among the mosses, however, we discover a more marked predilection for the Niagara and Clinton rocks of Canada. The following brief cata- logue in all probability mcludes the principal forms under this rela- tionship : — Anodus Dorianua. Seligera rocurvata. S. pusilla. Gymnostomum curvirostrum. G. rupestre. Hypnum Sulivantii. H. brevirostre. H. Somerfeltii. H. chrysophyllum, var. rupcstro. H. compactum. H. deplanatum. Bryum albicans. Lcskia nervosa. Bartramia calcarea. Diilytnodon luridua. D. cylindricus. Desraotodon Trichostomum tophaceum. Fissidena grandifrona. Dicranum Schrcbcri. Eucalypta atreptocarpa. Cotoseopium nigratium. Trichostomum rigiJulum. Mniura serratum. Barbara fallax. Of tho abovo, Anodns Dorlnnua, ScUgara ptitUla, Ifi/imum eom^ pactum, nnd Cotoscophim nlijrntium, miiy more piirticiiliirly bo citi''ll(i. Olhii' examitles, moroovor, of tlio inlbieni'o cx<'rt(>d on distrllmlion by the chemical natun! of tho iiabitat, could in this connection bo cited, oxomplifying nvon moro chnractoristically a similar poculiarity of range. 'Tpon Laurentian hoIIh and strata occnr a nninbcr of spocioa not els(,whL>re dctjuto 1 in C.inada, so far as our pres(fnt knowledge of their distribution oxtonds, Tho moro chariictoriatic of theao are given in the following list : Air.i flcxuosii. Ti'icotuni 8ul)Hj)icatum. As|iloii"uin cl)L'ncurn. \Vi)i)il-i;i llvouais. Asimliuiu fragraus. C.iiminia louci)i>lmea. I!:v«oiniti'iaiii miorocarpum. U. SiuletifUiii. K. Cancscfiis. Ili'dwigia ciliata. ])ioriiiiiini sparoum. IMKiliiliiwuis-iia fiigax. 'ri'ioliiist- uiululiitum. H. uucinatuni. !>• Diumnioudii. H. nitons. Mnium afHiie. H. Blamluvii. Bryum biuuin. H. tamaricinum. riasidens adiantoides. Intimately associated with the latter, but less abundantly distri- buted, occur tlio sedges, (7arcx tcrdmscula, C. utricfa, C. irrigua, C. vaginata, C. rlparia, C. utrkulata, C. Jillforuus, C. Jlava, C gijnocnUcs, G. tenella, 0. cancscens, 0. Irispermt, C. JlexiUs, and C. intumesccns. The usual monotonous appearance of this meadow herbage is to some extent modified by the growth of tlie glasses MulUertheryia glomerata, Phragmites communis, CalamogroslM Cana- densis, Phdaris arundinacea, Glycerin elongata, and G. Kervata; whilst the minor flora is marked by the luxuriant orchidaceous gi-owth of Platanthcra dilatata, P. hijim-borea, P. oblusata, P. orbir culata, Cyp-ipedium pubescens, 0. spectabilc, C. arietinum, C. acaute, Calypso borccdis, anl()nift'ra. Liniia;a borealis, L.micera ea;rulea. Galium bcircalu. Suliilago Houglitonii. Abter borealis. Tauacetuui Hui'onensc. Artcuiisia (,'auaileusis. Cirsiuui uudulatum. Hieraciuiu ( 'uiuulense. Nabaliis ract^mosus. Alopcourus aristulatiis. OalauiJgrostia stricta. C. Canaileu:;is. Ciniia arumlinacea. (Irapheplioruiii luilieoiJcs. (Jlyucria a(iuatica. Pyrola secuiiila, Moiieses uuillora. rriniula Mistassinica. I'liysalis gniiulillora. llil Ilia ilelli'xa. lluiiiex salicifolia. riati.utiiera orbiculata. J', obtuaata. I', hypciburca. 1'. ail,it:it.i. Alliuui Si'liu'iii)]>rasniii. Tolieldia glutinusa. Scirpus sylvaticus. S. c.espitosus. ("art'X tlexilis. C. leiitiuularia. C. gyiiocrates. C scirpoidca. C. Huxbauuiia. 0. Monoapenua. Thiticum rejieiis, Aspidium loiichites. Asjilciiluni viride. Cetraria leelaudiea. Cotoscopiuiii nigratium. Solagiiiella selagiuoidea. Many of the abovo-iuimsil species arc coiifiuoJ to tbo Bnico Penin- flulu ami aw: a;>paro!itly souUktii waifs from tlio nioro nortluTU sub- arctic vegetation of tli(> Laky Sup-rior ivgioii, oiicoiira.i^oil hither by a danip cliinato, a lew teiuiwnituro, and a groat radiation of heat and moistur'-. Those interesting wandtiroi-s sug^'est ni;uiy refle;'tions, of whicli tha most attnicLive is that relating to the common origin, subsequent disi)(>rsion, and iirial segregation in tin; temjieratc! regions of the nortliem and souklioni lunuisph.-rcs, of many of the forms above enumerated. Of ilioir birtli-places as species, nothing is yet definitely known ; whilst t" aeeount for their dispdi-ioii and segre- gation, only one theory li.is been iidvanc'-d that is at tlie same time tenable and proh.d.le. AVe allude to Mr. D..i-win's famou-? hypothesis which assmaoo that tliese and other boreal t\p's v>'ere driven from our leniperat'; latitudes into the Torrid Zone daring the cold of the (Jlacial Epoch, and, on the return of warmth, retreat'.:d in opposite diructioi'^back towards the Poles, ascending to the Alpine summits of the mountains that crossed tlioir line of march. This is not tho I 13 ita. num. lilies. Ik'uce T'cnin iiortluTu sub- iL^oil hither by in of huat and ri!fh':'tioiis, of iiiunuii origin, ijK'rati- regions of ih(^ forms nothing is yet ■ion iUiil segre- ihe saiuo time loug liypothosis ro (irisen from hii cold of tiie ed in opjiosite klpine suuimita This i.s not tho place wliorein to discuss tlii.s pkinsible theory, though in passing it may be rcmai'kod that it demands a persistence of specific type through enormous periods of time, and over enormous areius, and under incalcuhible changes of conditions, that at lirst siglit tells with considerable force against Darwin's own theory of tho origin of sj)ecies by natural selection. Provin-ciai. Typh. — Throughout the wooded district of tho east coast. occur a number of species of very wide distribution over the whole Dominion. These are found diffused through the Provinces from Newfoundland to Liike Superior, and arc eminently Canadian in typo. Austral Typk.— As wo proceed southward from the Bruce Penin- sula towards the Eiviere aux Sables (.south), wo come ui.on a vegeta- tion approaching more and more to that of the coast of Lake Erie, or that of tho western portion of the State of New York. The forests south of the Maitland, and more particularly those of the Bayfield and Aux Sables lUvers, arc charactoiized by an abundance of Oak, (Querciis rubra, Q. macrocarpa, Q. coccimn, Q. olha), and Red Pino (Firms resinosa) ; and outlying patches of tho White Pine (Piniui atrobus), are of frequent occurrence over the southern part of Huron County, and the Township of Bosanciuet, in tho County of I.ambton. The Tulip Tree, or so-called White wood (Liriodemlron tulipi/era), decidedly a south-western type, and heretofore reported only from that portion of Ontario circumscribed by London, Hamilton, St. Catharines, and 'Sandwich, is found in great abundance along the Lake, and inland fi'om tlic Township of Sarnia northward to the valley of the Bayfield River— the latter locality being its most northern home in North America. Among tho sands of tho Riviere aux Sables, and growing abundantly with tho Red Pine and Staghoni Sumach (Rhust;/p/,!ua), was found tiie southern Quercus ilid/olia, the Black Scrub Oak, a straggling shrub from threo.to eight feet in height, with jietiolate leaves, whitish-downy beneath, a subturbinate cup° and ovoid acorn. In the intervale lands of the above-named rivei-s grows in great abundance the Buttonwood (Platanus ocn- dentalis, a tree which further south, along the mud-flats of the Thames, attains gigantic proportions. Here too are found in greater or less abundanct! the Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), the Flowering Dogwood (Cornusjlorida), tho thick, shell-bark Hickory (Canja sul- cata), the American Crab Apple (Pyrus cwonarlus), the Sassafras '^Xi:^^i:i^i::S^:'' u (S. oftcimiJe), and the Euphorbia ceroUata, all plants of southern origin, and clHcwhcio in Ontario but locally distributed- the rang© in almost every instance Ix'ing south of their present locations. Tho Golden Club (Orontium Aijuaticuin), an aquatic perennial with a deep root-stock, and strongly-nerved floating leaves, was detected in a pond near the embouchure of tho Bayfield River. This station ifl certainly wonderfully inland for a i)lant usually found delighting in ponds near the sea coast and in river marshes of the tide water, being in its present habitat nearly 700 miles from the sea. Heretofore its more northern station has been a point about 400 miles up tho valley of the Susquehanna, at Gilbertsvillo, in the County of Otzego, (Pain(!). On the wooded hillsides of the Aux Sables iuid Uiko Bur- well occurs tho Chestnut (Castanea vesca), with its aments as long as its leaves, and so numerous as to impart a yellowish hue to tho whole tree when in blossom. Equally remarkable for its long pendulous amonts of baiTon flower., hanging from the ends of its branches, though in other resi)ects so dissimilar, is tho shrubby Hazelnut (Coryliis Americana), which in the barren plains of Bosanquet ia found in great abundance, associated with tho»Red Pine, tho Staghorn Sumach, and (he Black Scrub Oak. Tlio following si)Ocics comprisa the more important additional representatives of this division : — Thalictrum anemonoiilcs. Hypericum kaliuianum. Enonj mus atropurpurcus. E. Americana. Vitis riiJaria, Lupinus porennis. Erigenia bulbosa. Gcrardia intcgrifolia. Aster Ix'vis, van cyaaous. Artemisia biennis. Lobelia sincata. Monarila iliilyma. Physalis viscosa. Prosartes lamiginoaa. Juncus acuniiuatus. Pauicum virgatiun. \ ^_ if southern -the rang© tions. Tho lial with a detected in is station is elighting in water, being I leretofore uiles up tho y of Otzego, 1 L:iko Bur- ts as long aa to tho wliolo Lg pendidoua ts branches, )y Hazelnut Sosanquot ia tho Staghorn iies comprisa ision : — JkOUS.