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Whenever possible, these have been omitted front filming/ I) se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutTT^ r^ nn o o o o H THE Richness or Canadian Pesoupces )E Canadian Entei^prise BUSHING COMPANY LD 15UILDING ^^^ «'«-J bki^ re I ' / u I'llntecl aiul fiound by Tho HuiUo-, IMsc Co., Li.i«K-pllcd l)« J. Lawioi- Woo^/VXV^« The area of Canada figures up to 3,456,000 square miles, which is almost ,',00,000 square miles more than the total area of the United States, exclusive of Alaska, and not far short of being equal to the area of all Europe. About 150,000 square miles of this area is taken up by lakes and rivers, providing magnificent waterways for the manufacturer ; when all the necessary allowances have been made, there still remains in Canada an immense area with soil fertile enough and climate favorable enough for all the purposes of a highly civilized population. As a prominent American journalist, who recently made a trip through Western Canada, says : '^The members of the American Press Association made the acquaint- ance of the Canadians of the Northwest and learned something of the vast extent of their territory and of its great resources, which are destined to make it our most formidable commercial competitor in the world's markets for the sale of agricultural products. We learned that the Northwest Territory of Canada, instead of being a barren waste, as taught by geographies of a quarter of a century ago, is capable of sustaining an empire of 50,000,000 of people." Over 900,000 square miles of the Dominion of Canada are already occupied, and of the occupied area fully one-half has been "improved." The older Provinces are, acre for acre, as suitable for agricultural pursuits as is the land in any other portion of the known world. Manitoba, the Prairie Province, is almost one vast wheat field, with its productivity unequalled anywhere. The No. I hard wheat grown there is unsurpassed ; the average yield per acre is very high, being anywhere from 18 to 40 bushels, and even higher yields are very frequently known. It generally brings from 5 to 10 cents per bushel -7- more than the wheat grown in the more southern latitudes, on account of its quality- British Columbia is a land of almost infinite possibilities, not only because of its mineral and timber resources, but also because of its capabilities for agriculture and fruit growing. The Territories are so vast an area, that no gfeneral description of them is possible, but it may be said that the great wheat valley of the Saskatchewan, the sheltered grazing country of Alberta, I iflUK.^'i'lLllI r\>^^ M. i , fifck"'''" ^^ ^-mmmxK DOMINION PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS-West Block— OTTAWA. and the great plains of the Peace River Valley in Athabasca are regions adapted in soil and climate to sustain a hardy and vigorous people. Within the past few years, there has been a wonderful immigration into the Territories as well as into British Columbia and Manitoba. As railways are projected and constructed, the settlement is crowding to the front. Many of these iccount of its ties, not only ts capabilities an area, that lat the great ^ of Alberta, are regions le. Within ; Territories e projected y oi these settlers have formerly been residents of the American Union, while a larg-e number have come direct from Enrope, and their testimony is that they enjoy the clTiate, and that their prospects for malting comfortable homes for them- selves are beyond any question. Many of these, also, who are taking up these lands-the free homestead lands of Western Canada-are ex-Canadians, Canadians who have resided some time in the United States. Tl..:ir attention .s now being directed to N.wer Canada, or Western Canada, the term by whjch It is familiarly known. On this rich land of Gods giving the best minds of Great Britain have planted a stable and flexible system of government, which insures peace and rap.d development. The administrative system established in Canada under the Union Act of ,867 is a federal union, having a general or central government controlling matters essential to the general development, the per- manency, and the unity of the whole Dominion; and a number of Local or Provincial Governments, having the control and management of certain matters naturally and conveniently falling within their defined jurisdiction , while each government ,s administered in accordance with the British system of parlia- men ary mstmuions. Representatives to these governments are elected by the people, the House of Commons, or federal Government, now consisting of 2.3 members; the number of representatives in the Local or Provincial Gov- ernment varying according to the size of the Province. The Provinces will be treated in detail in the ensuing pages, manzed^briefly they are as follows : British Columbia Population, gg,,,, ; area, 407,300 square miles. Sum- Manitoba Ontario Quebec New Brunswick . Nova Scotia ... . Prince Edward Island 152,506; 2,114.321 ; '.488,535; 321,263; 450.396 ; 109,078; 1 16,021 222,000 228,900 28, 200 20,000 2,000 In all these provinces there is a lieutenant-g-overnor appointed for five years by the governor-general of the Dominion in council, and aided by an executive council of eight or less members, who have seats in the leirislature, and are responsible to the popular house in accordance with the principles of English parliamentary government. In Nova Scotia and Quebec there is a legislative council of 20 and 24 members respectively, appointed by the lieu- tenant-governor in council of each province. The assembly in these provinces consist of 3cS and 73 members respectively, elected for four years in Nova Scotia, and for five years in Quebec, on a limited franchise based on property and income. The speaker of the legislative council is appointed by the crown. In the five other provinces there is only one house, an elected assembly, viz.: Ontario, 94 members; New Brunswick, 41; Prince Edward Island, 30; Manitoba, 40; British Columbia, ■^:^. In all these provinces there is manhood suffrage, limited by residence and citizenship, but in Prince Ed- ward Island 15 are elected on a special real estate qualification. In all of these provinces the duration of the assembly is four years, unless sooner dis- solved. Sessions are annual. In all of the provinces the speakers of the assemblies are elected by the members. In both houses members are paid. Members require no property qualification. The legislative powers of the leg- islatures are defined by the British North America Ac*^ of 1867. Widows and unmarried women, when taxed, can vote at municipal elections in Ontario and the Northwest Territories. In Manitoba and British Columbia all women who are taxed in their own right can vote at such elections. The various territor- ies of the Northwest, as enumerated above, have representative but not respon- sible government. A lieutenant-governor with a small executive council administers their affairs, and the resident populace voice their views through a joint assembly of 26 members. The franchise is based on household qualifi- cation, Indians being excluded. The assembly elects its own speaker, has a duration of four years, unless sooner dissolved, and meets once every year. Members do not require a property qualification, and are paid a small indem- nity. Tne legislative powers are defined by a Dominion act, and are, as nearly as practicable, those of provincial assemblies. Municipal institutions have been established in towns and rural districts in imitation of the Ontario system. At t the Klond} ment. TI In cl ing statisti interest : Total a Total u Total ii -9- At the last census the popuhition was above 120,000 s^ uls, exclusive of the Klonclyke district, which is under a separate and wholly paternal govern- ment. The total area of the Territories is about 2,500,000 square miles. DOMINION PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, EAST BLOCK, OTTAWA. In closing this brief summary of the Dominion of Canada, the follow- ing statistics, furnished by the Government of Canada, become of supreme interest : ^^^ AREAS .3*^^ Total area of the world (not including- oceans or seas), 46,756,745 square miles. Total area of the British Empire 1 1,552,531 " " Total area of Canada 3,653,946 " " -9- DOMINION PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS -LANGEVIN BLOCK— OTTAWA. That is, the area of the British Empire is about one-quarter of the world's area as above given. That is, the area of Canada is about one-thirteenth of world's area as above given. That is, the area of Canada is nearly one-third of area of British Empire. jf'^j' DISTANCES jfiJ-^ From Liverpool to Halifax 2,475 rniles. I Vom Liverpool to New York 3, 105 From Liverpool (through Canada via Vancouver) to Yokohama 9>994 From Liverpool (via New York and San Francisco) to Yokohama 10,911 From Liverpool (via Suez Canal) to Yokohama 1 1,280 From Montreal (via Vancouver) to Yokohama 7» 189 -10- CANADIAN COMMERCE 1888 i8g8 TOTAL IMPORTS. VALIK. $1 10,894,630 '40.305.950 Increase $ 29,411,320 TOTAL EXPORTS. VALIK. $ 90,203,000 164,152,683 $ 73.949.683 ^^^ CERTAIN EXPORTS COMPARED 1888 1898 Increase. THE MINE. $ 4,110,937 14.463.256 THE FISHERIES. $ 7.793.183 10,841,661 •• $'0,352,319 $ 3,048,478 THE FARM. 1888 $40,155,657 '^98 _J7.36^.755 Increase $37,209,098 THE FOREST, $21,307,814 ^6,511. 539 $ 5,208,725 MANl^FACTfRES. $ 4,161,282 10,678,318 S 6,517,034 BANKING INTERESTS Sept., 1887 Sept., 1898 Increase . . . . AVERAGE NOTES IN DAILY CIRCl LATION. $33,765,610 40,071,143 • • $ 6,305,533 DEPOSITS. $114,954,591 244,630,165 $129,675,574 I's area as given. TOTAL DEPOSITS IN SAVINGS BANKS June 30th, 1887 TOTAL DEPOSITS. June 30th, 1898 $50,924,418 Increase . _^^9^ $14,225,552 RAILWAY INTERESTS 1887 1897 TONS OF FREIGHT CARRIED. $'6,356,335 25.300,331 ,475 miles. 105 994 911 280 189 Increase $8,943,996 EARNINGS. $38,842,010 52,353.277 $'3,511,267 OUTPUT OF MINERAL PRODUCTS 1887 VALUE. 1897 ' " $11,365,705 Increase ^^> 789.1 73 -10- $17,423,468 THE PROVINCE OF BRT W^V%^%VS%V%%X'V^%^%^%X>/%N^^V%/VW^AA^^^V RITISH COLUMBIA is ihe most westerly province of Can- ada, and extends for about 700 miles north and south, and nearly 500 east and west. Its limits extend from the 49th parallel — the international boundary line between Canada and the United States — on the south to the 60th degree of north ^ latitude, and from the summit of the Rocky Mountains westward to the Pacific Ocean, Vancouver Island and Oueen Char- lotte Islands being included within its bounds. It contains an area of 383,- 000 square miles, in which are mountain ranges, numerous forests, many fruitful valleys and splendid waterways. The Rocky Mountains separate it from the rest of Canada, while the Pacific Ocean bounds it on the west, ex- cept for nearly 300 miles on the extreme north, where the Alaskan possessions of the United States interpose between it and the sea. The principal harbors of British Columbia are Esquimalt, the head- quarters of H.M. Pacific Squadron, Victoria and Nanaimo, in Vancouver Island ; Vancouver Coal Harbour and English Bay (at the entrance of Bur- rard Inlet) on the mainland. There is a dry dock at Esquimalt 450 feet long with width of 90 feet at the entrance, making the province an invaluable out- post of the British Empire. Of the rivers of British Columbia the principal are the Eraser, the Columbia, the Thompson the Kootenay, the Skeena, the Stikine, the Liard, and the Peace. The Eraser is the great watercourse of the province. It rises in the northern part of the Rocky Mountains, runs for about 200 miles in two branches in a westerly direction, and then in one strearr. nins due south for nearly 400 miles before turning to rush through the gorges of the coast range to \\ its way it The province, ii Lake. Thi bia runs nc turn and ri by the abi Columbia." some distar a total area Then tion, both ( to that of ! vi?ice snow remains gre every wintei heavy rains commences Mountains, tinning fron as low as 2 spondingly ter is seven Gold, mainland 01 Islands, and —11— F BRITISH COLUMBIA range to the Straits of Georgia. Its total length is about 740 miles. On its way it receives the waters o( numeroi;s important minor rivers. The Columbia is a large river rising in the south-eastern part of the province, in the neighborhood of the Rocky Mountains, near the Kootenay Lake. This lake is now traversed by regular steamboat service. The Colum- bia runs north beyond the 52nd degree of latitude, when it takes a sudden turn and runs due south into the State of Washington. It is this loop made by the abrupt turn of the river that is known as the "Big Bend of the Columbia." The Kootenay waters fall into the returning branch of this loop some distance south of the main line of the n-ilway. The Columbia drains a total area of 195,000 square miles. There are several climates in British Columbia. In the southern por- tion, both of the mainland and of Vancouver Island, the climate is superior to that of southern England or central France. In this section of the pro- vince snow seldom falls, and then lies but a few hours or days. Vegetation remains green, and the flowers are bright through the greater part of nearly every winter; while i« spring and summer disagreeable east winds, excessively heavy rains and long-continued fogs are unknown. Generally speaking, spring commences in February in all parts of the province west of the Cascade Mountains. East of these mountains the winters are short but sharp, con- tinuing from six to ten or twelve weeks, with a temperature down sometimes as low as 20' or even 30" Fahrenheit. Summers in this region are corre- spondingly warm. In the northern portions of the province the cold of win- ter is severe ; but everywhere the climate is salubrious and healthy. Gold, silver and copper, besides other minerals, are found both on the mainland of British Columbia, Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlotte Islands, and to the far north beyond the limits of the province in that division m — u— i i I of Canada known as the Northwest Terri- tories. It is in that division that the Yukon River and its marvellous j^'old discoveries are situated, and these are reached at present only hy way of British Columbia. It is impossible to say where within the limits of British Columbia immense discoveries will not be made. The British Columbia Bureau of Mines gives the total mineral production of that country from il.^ earliest history, commenc- ing with 1858, down to the commencement of the present year. The total production for all years is stated to be as follows : — Gold (placer) $57,704,855 Gold (quartz) 2,1 77,8^19 Silver ■ • 4,028,224 Lead i ,606,427 Coppei 254,802 Coal and Coke 33,9;;4,427 Building stone, etc 1,200,000 Other materials 25,000 $100,931,604 The province is divided into several districts containing an unpredecentedly var- ied wealth of the products of the earth. The chief cities of the Island will be dealt with in detail hereafter. A brief summary of the characteristics of the various sections of this immense province first becomes necessary. -12- LEGISLATIVE BUILDINGS, VICTORIA, B.C. -12- Vancouver Island is the largest on the west coast of America, being about 240 miles long, and with an average breadth of about 50 miles, and contains an estimated area of about 15,000 square miles. It is separated from the mainland portion of British Columbia by the Straits or Gulf of Georgia, at distances varying from 20 to 60 miles, and from the State of Washington in the United States by the Strait of San Juan de Fuca. The coast line, more particularly on the west side, is broken by numerous inlets of the sea, some of which run up to the interior of the Island for many miles between precipitous cliffs, backed by high rugged mountains, which are clothed in fir, hemlock and cedar. At some points are sheltered bays which receive small streams, watering an open-gladed country, having a growth of wild flowers and grasses— the white clover, sweet grass, cowslip, wild timothy and a profu- sion of berries. The two ends of Vancouver Island are, comparatively speak- ing, flat, but there are mountains in the interior ranging from 6,000 to 8,000 feet on the highest ridger. The interior of the Island, still unsettled at any distance from the sea coast, is largely interspersed with lakes and small streams. The surface is beautifully diversified by mountains, hills and rich valleys, and on the east coast the soil is so good that great encouragement is offered to agricultural settlement and fruit-growing. Tn other parts the soil is light and of little depth, but it is heavily wooded with valuable timber. In the island lakes and in the indentations of the coast there is a plentiful supply of fish, and a fair variety of game on shore. The scenory is picturesqi e and varied. The Island is rich in mineral wealth, besides the great coal mines of Nanaimo, whose output amounts to 1,000,000 tons annually, there being dis- coveries of gold and other valuable metals in several districts. The region about Alberni has recently com2 into prominence owing to the rich "fields," and it is expected that this district will rank high among the gold-producing centres of the n )rth as developments, already well under way, progress. Some of the rocks of the Island furnish excellent building material, the gray granite being equal to Scotch and English granites. The of the pro\ In t farming lai is rich and marked sei out much this local it; per acre, a crops, total growing, v\ all the sm^ at Agassiz The the Fraser settlements settlements boo Railw; is rapidly ( is found IV tions are b the refraci already atl There is, r cattle thriv quality, ch and smalle The The distrii For the pi province r -13- The New Westminster district is situated at the south-western corner of the province. In the southern portion of this district there is a good deal of excellent farming- land, particularly in the delta of the Fraser River. The soil there is rich and strong, the climate mild, resembling that of England, with more marked seasons of rain and dry weather, and heavy yields are obtained with- out much labor. Very large returns of wheat have been got from land in this locality— as much as 62 bushels from a measured acre, 90 bushels of oats per acre, and hay that yielded 3% to 5 tons to the acre, and frequently two crops, totalling six tons. Experiments have of late years been made in fruit- growing, with the most satisfactory results — apples, plums, pears, cherries and all the smaller fruits being grown in profusion, and at the Experimental Farm at Agassiz figs have been produced. The Lillooet district lies directly south of Cariboo, and is bisected by the Fraser River The country is as yet only sparsely settled, the principal settlements being in the vicmity of the Fraser River, though there are other settlements at Clinton, Lillooet and elsewhere which, when the projected Cari- boo Railway is built, will rapidly become of more importance. This district is rapidly coming to the front as a gold producer. Considerable milling gold is found near the town of Lillooet. Several promising quartz-bearing loca- tions are being developed in this district, and as machinery capable of treating the refractory ores are the most improved methods, the excellent results already attained are attracting miners and mining men in large numbers. There is, moreover, a large area of the finest grazing land in this district, and cattle thrive well. The valleys are wonderfully rich, and fruit of an excellent quality, chiefly apples, is grown; peaches, pears and plums are also cultivated, and smaller fruits grow in profusion. The Yale district is on the east of Lillooet and New Westminster. The district affords openings for miners, lumbermen, farmers and ranchmen. For the purpose of localizing the information here given, this district of the province may be sub-divided into the Nicola, the Okanagan and the North -13- Thompson countries. The Nicola valley, forming- the central part of the Yale dis- trict, while specially adapted to pastoral pursuits, is well fitted for agriculture and the growth of all classes of cereals. The crops already grown are excellent in quality and the yield exceptionally large. Nicola valley is becoming as famous for its grain, roots, vegetables and fruits of all kinds as it has been for its bu .^n grass fed cattle. The valley is also rich in its mineral deposi<^s. There is a large area of bitumin- ous and good coking coal at Coldwater, where magnetic iron ore is likewise found. The richest platinum mines on the continent have been discovered on Tulameen and Slate Creeks. The Okanagan valley, ^south of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and east of the Nicola valley, is one of the finest sections in the whole province for agriculture and stock-raising pursuits. In this part are to be found the most extensive farms in the province, as well as the largest cattle ranges. Okanagan is famous as a grain-growing country. For many years this industry was not prosecuted vigorously, but of late a marked change has taken place in this re- spect, and samples of wheat raised in Okana- gan, sent to the Vienna Exposition, were awarded the highest premiums and bronze medals. LEGISU -14- -K^"^^ ' 1 9P ^g///gi/gggg^^-- mm) mm. I Bn*^ ^'^^ rA»^^ v^ 1 i • .1 -IP-;- • i t i- 3 * l A ' J fw ji.. ■ Jft- ' JUMW-'J 'W? i -^" V TW i ffiiiiWI^ ■ i'A-»*=J- ^.•* .': " •■ / %^'^: i« . n El 11 n <1 %i LEGISLATIVE BUILDINGS, VICTORIA, B.C.— LEGISLATIVE HALL. -U- m The West Kootenay district is the next east of Yale, embracing, with East Kootenay, an area of 16,500,000 acres. West Kootenay is chiefly re- markable for its great mineral wealth. Marvellously rich deposits have been discovered in different sections, and new finds are iJmost daily made. There is still a large area not yet prospected which will doubtless yield even more phenomenal returns of precious ores. It is a country of illimitable possibili- ties, but is only passing the early stages of development, when the vast area of hidden wealth is considered. Great strides, however, have already been made, and many of the camps, notably in the Trail Creek, Rossland, Kaslo- Slocan, Ainsw,.rth and Nelson districts, are completely equipped for mining operations. In the Lardeau, Big Bend and other parts of this rich region, mining is profitably carried on, and as capital is acquired through the work- mg of ^he mines, or is brought in, the output of ore will be immensely increased. East Kootenay, lying between West Kootenay and the eastern bound- ary of the province, comprises the larger part of the famous Kootenay region of British Columbia, which is entered from the east at Golden, on the Cana- dian Pacific Railway. East Kootenay, though not yet opened to the same extent as West Kootenay, is known to be a rich mineral country, and men are now actively engaged in working its new mines and prospecting for others. The selection of the Crow's Nest Pass route for a short line of the Canadian Pacific Rail- way, and the probable construction of branch roads and other lines within a few years, will add marvellously to its prosperity. East Kootenay is, speak- ing generally, a good agricultural and pastoral as well as mining country, and during the past year has added a large number of actual farmers to its popu- lation who have taken up and are cultivating land. Nearly the whole of the area of the Kootenay valley described is a bunch grass country, affording excellent grazing. The grass country is 250 miles long, of an average width of five miles, besides a number of lateral val- leys of more limited extent. It is safe to say that the whole of the valley is fertile, thou tested. The west of the which millii is still a vi the result the enormo machinery mining. 1 gold fields < Canadian P way to nort ment has re The I and occupie tude. It i; mines, and oped. The and parts of siar district Victoria for within the d -15- fertile, though except in a few places its agricultural capabilities have not been tested. The Cariboo district lies north of the Lillooet district, and immediately west of the Northwest Territories of Canada. The famed Cariboo mines, from which millions of dollars of gold have been taken, are in this district. This is still a virgin field for the miner, the immense output of yellow metal being the result of explorations and operations necessarily confined to the surface,, the enormous cost and almost insuperable difficulties of transporting heavy machinery necessitating the employment of the most primitive appliances in mining. These obstacles to the full development of the marvellously rich gold fields of Cariboo have been largely overcome by the construction of the Canadian Pacific, and the improvement of the great highway from that rail- way to northern British Columbia, with the result that the work of develop- ment has recently been vigorously and extensively prosecuted. The Cassiar district is the most northerly district of British Columbia, and occupies the whole western portion of the province from the 26° longi- tude. It is not an agricultural country, but contains some very rich gold mines, and indications are numerous of further mineral wealth to be devel- oped. There are some prosperous fish-canning establishments on the coast, and parts of the district are thickly timbered. Communication with the Cas- siar district is principally by water. Steamers start at regular dates from Victoria for the Skeena River, Port Simpson and other points on the coast within the district. n ^-. ^»^g:^//r:g^K-^, -15- City of Victoria ^^^^^ HE seat of i^fovernment for the Province of British Columbia is at Victoria, a lovely ci.y situated at the southern extremity of Vancouver Island. Here are the Par- liament buildings, courts, government offices, and her" also the headquarters of Her Majesty's fleet in the North Pacific. It follows, therefore, that the social life oi the province should centre here ; here the young pioneer who is busy most of the year building up the province in the mine and the forest comes for a little The societv of Victoria social relaxation, is of the most charming character ; a well educated and wealthy populace which has seen much of the world tends to make this city of the Pacific a social paradise. Nine- tenths of the city's residents own their homes, and if in business their business premises. It follows, therefore, that a healthy, pro- gressive civic life must exist here. To its own natural advantages, apparent to intelligent observers even before the axe had been laid to the first tree on its site. Victoria OA^es, not only its birth, but its growth in population, wealth and com- mercial importance. It has had no artificial aid ; no world-wide advertising of the un- told values of the virgin mines and forests in the tributary country or the wealth of its adja..ent waters. att en in vei im mc pai cla fre( not CITY HALL, VICTOK -16- Columbia e southern e the Par- Rfices, and y^'s fleet in , that the lere ; here f the year the forest CITY HALL, VICTORIA, B.C. — 16- Fifty years ago, before immigration to the shores of the Pacific was attracted by the discovery of gold in California, Fort Victoria had an exist- ence. The gold-seekers were preceded by the fur-dealers, and the first house in what is now the capital of British Columbia was that of one of the ad- venturous traders o( the Hudson's Bay Company. As years rolled on, the importance of the post on the southern extremity of Vancouver Island became more and more recognized. Population increased ; the Hudson's Bay Com- pany, with its store-keepers, trappers, and traders, forming one important class ; while another, drawn from the ships of the Royal Navy, which paid frequent visits to the shores of Vancouver Island, more gradually became a noticeable feature of its society. Then came news of gold dis:overies in various parts of the country tributary to the struggling settlement, and then the influx of the army of the Argo- nauts. From California, where they tasted the sweet and the bitter of the gold fever, the treasure-seekers, with pick and shovel, poured into Victoria, equipped themselves, and passed on in hundreds and thousands to the Fraser, or to Cariboo. The history of Victoria's life 'during the "sixties" is the history of many places in the West, which gold finds have made famous in a day. The mad search for riches made the village a city — and one, while the excitement was at its height, of considerable population and constantly changing character. After the fever came the reaction, which even more tried the young and struggling city. Many of its citizens, however, knew its worth, and Victoria passed the crisis safely, and commenced the steady, substantial growth whicii has le:? to its recognition to-day as the wealthiest city— for its size — upon the American continent. Located at the southern extremity of Vancouver Ishmd, the situation of Victoria is remarkahle for its beauty and its adaptability to the purposes of commerce. The city rises gradually from the Straits of San Juan de Fuca, and from the land-locked harbor in which its extensive shipping lies in safety. The grades from the water-side, through the business section to the suburbs, are all gentle, and no high bluffs, alike dangerous and inconvenient, mar any of the wide and well kept streets. The harbor and shipping facilities cannot be surpassed. By the expenditure of hundreds of thousands of dollars, pri- POST OFFICE, VICTORIA, B.C. vate enterpris capable of ao largest steam Pacific. Th( ous and torti dant water ai The shore lir conform.ation being found i or more in a and sailing < ceiving or dij -17- GOVERNMENT STREET, LOOKINC; NORTH, VICTORIA, B.C. vate enterprise has constructed at the entrance to the harbor proper, docks capable of accommodating and sheltering" in the roug'hest g"ale that blows, the larg-est steamships and sailing- vessels to be found upon the waters of the Pacific. Their course from the ocean is a clear one, there being no danger- ous and tortuous channels, and no shoals or rocks. At this outer dock abun- dant water and excellent wharfage is afforded for shipping of any draught. The shore line of Victoria harbor, which is entirely protected by the natural conform.ation of the land, is about seven miles in length, good anchorage being found in many places, while well appointed wharves extend for a mile or more in almost unbroken succession. Here it 's that dozens of steamers and sailing craft of all sizes are to be found at all sea.sons of the year, re- ceiving or discharging freight. The great majority of the wharves are lighted ■17- SOUTH PARK SCHOOL, VICTORIA, B.C. by electriC'ty, and all are provided with the most approved appliances for the quick despatch of business. Victoria's business streets are wide and handsome. The policy of the people has been not to concentrate the business life of the city upo.i any one street. Hence her chief avenues are all bustling commercial thoroughfares, while a vast amount of substanti?.! business is transacted daily in the wholesale districts. All of the business sti-jets boast buildings of imposing design and the most modern arrangement, but the city differs materially from many others in the neighboring States, in that it is far from being built to meet a non- existent demand. Four and five storey blocks are uncommon, but every foot of accommodation provided is utilized. In this particular point will be seen the conservative policy which has made the city what it is ; the boom policy. -18— iances for the policy of the ipo.i any one horoughfares, the wholesale g design and many others meet a non- lut every foot ; will be seen boom policy, so common to the cities o\' Piigct Soiiiul, is thoroughly lacking hero , the business atmosphere is dilTcront; credits are maintained, and Hastern merchants always point with pride and confidence to their trade with this point ; in the late unsettled financial feeling extending throughout most parts of the World, it may be confidently asserted that Victor!- felt it less than any city on the Pacific, and, in fact, sent large sums of money to the Sound Cities to allevi- ate the stringency at those points. So great, in fact, is the credit of Victoria that the city bonds find a ready market at 4 per cent. Scenically the situation of Victoria is grand. The well ordered, pictur- esque city in the foreground ; beyond, the shimmering harbor and Straits, re- flecting the deep blue of the sky ; across «:his grand body of water, the Straits of Juan de Fuca, may be seen the glittering, snow-capped uneven line of NORTH WARD SCHOOL, VICTORIA, B.C. -18-- OFFICE OF "THE DA!! V cOLOMST, ' VICTORIA, B.C peaks o( tl Washinj>fto:i ered t'oot-hi erin^ into s and the Sis north loom Columbia, Georgia, do ing beaches from the c coast, and t way. Here ships of Br and dry do( accommodati Bay is anotl This is rapii surroundingi' ment, and b The c ated by the fire departmi drawn from is distributee system are c from the w; The sewage tem is comp exists. By si connection > Pacific at T -19- peaks of the Olympic ran^^e, extendinjr over the westerly part o( the State of Washington ; to their east, on the other side oi Piijret Sound, the forest-cov- ered foot-hills, and then the mountains themselves o{ the Cascade range, tow- ering into sight, and presided over by the great snow sentinels, Mount Baker, and the Sisters and Mount Rainer, the pride of Washington. Further to the north loom up the white saw-toothed peaks of the great ranges of British Columbia, while between them and the post of vision, extend the Straits of Georgia, dotted with innumerable islands. In park lands, pleasure and bath- ing beaches the city boasts beautiful environments. Beautiful drives extend from the city in all directions— to Coldstream, to various points on the sea coast, and to Esquimalt, three miles away, and also connected by electric rail- way. Here is the most perfect harbor on the coast, in which the stern war- ships of Britain are constantly to be found. Here, too, are the naval yard and dry dock, the latter built of huge blocks of cut stone, and capable of accommodating the largest ships of war and merchantmen on the seas. Oak Bay is another popular seaside suburb connected by the busy electric road. This is rapidly becoming the summer home of wealthy citizens, its charming surroundings, attractive beach, and facilities for every form of seaside enjoy- ment, and bringing it into constantly growing favor. The city possesses an extensive system of water works, which is oper- ated by the corporation, and which, with the well-equipped and well-disciplined fire department, reduces the fire risk to almost nothing. The water supply is drawn from a succession of spring-fed lakes, and passing over the filter beds, is distributed by steel mains, its purity being assured. Improvements to the system are constantly being made, and its efficiency maintained. The receipts from the water works form one of the principal items in the civic revenue. The sewage of the city is carried far out to sea by the tide, and the sys- tem is complete. The pavements are good, and a fine electric railway system exists. By steamboats of exceptional elegance and speed, the city has daily connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway at Vancouver ; the Northern Pacific at Tacoma, and the Union Pacific at Portland ; while a regular service is also maintained with San Francisco and all other coast points to the south; Alaska and the northern way ports ; China and Japan ; the Sound Cities ; the West Coast ; and the islands of the Gulf of Georgia. A railway connects the city with Nanaimo and Welling'ton, the chief centres of the coal mining" dis- trict. A number of projects are, however, receiving attention, having for their object connection with the transcontinental systems to the north and south. The climate compares very favorably with that of California. It is temperate at all seasons, the summer heat being softened by the breezes from mountain or sea. It is never oppressive, and the hottest days of the year are invariably followed by cool and delightful evenings. The win- ter's rains, for snow is almost unknown, when properly pro- vided for, are neither unheal- thy nor unpleasant ; and the longevity of Victorians testifies to the health-preserving quali- ties of the climate. To those who do not understand the cause of the mild winters in this section, it may be said that the Japan Current has a similar effect here to that of the Gulf Stream upon Eng- land ; the winds during the winter are warm and heavilv laden with moisture, which on the other side of the Straits are met by the ccld peaks of the Olympic range ; the mois- ture condensed is distributed in rather heavy rainfalls over the THE "VICTORIA DAILY TIMES," VICTORIA, B.C. -20- to the south; id Cities ; the connects the il mining- dis- ving- for their and south. fornia. It is : breezes from f the year are d by cool and fs. The win- low is almost properly pro- iither unheal- mt ; and the 3rians testifies serving quali- e. To those merstand the d winters in may be said urrent has a e to that of upon Eng- during the and heavily ire, which on f the Straits eld peaks of e ; the mois- distributed in "alls over the RESIDENCE OF COMMODORE JOHN IRVING, VICTORIA, B.C. Puget Sound country ; but there beingf no such mountains to the west of Vic- toi.a, the rainfall is much less than at Seattle or Tacoma. It follows from the position of the city that a large shipping trade should exist ; hundreds of vessels of all classes come and go during the year, and the transient population of sailors runs far into the thousands. Many conditions have combined to make Victoria the manufacturingf centre of British Columbia. In addition to her enormous financial prestige, her admirable situation and shipping facilities, outside of her large and con- stantly increasing home demand, she stands in a central position to reach the world's markets as cheaply as any city of the Northwest. The policy of the city has been, and is, to encourage in every way possible with liberal aid the upbuilding of the manufacturing industries which are always the mainstay of a city's population, and hence this industry is growing yearly in extent and -20- importance. At the head of the list stand the Albion Iron Works, which are capable of casting a stove or building a steamship, and possessing facilities superior to even the Union Works, San Francisco ; roller flour and rice mills, soap works, shipbuilding yards, several large furniture manufactories, six breweries, two soda water manufactories, cofi'ee and spice mills, a piano factory, carriage, boot and shoe and pow- der manufactories, brush works, stair building works, saw and planing mills, and sash and door factories in great numbers, Van- couver Iron Works, harness and trunk factory combined with a tannery, marble and granite works, shirt and clothing manu- factories, pottery and terra cotta works, brick yards, large baker- ies, a large lithographing house, printing establishments, in addi- tion to box, tin can, wire works and match manufactories, and a host of others too numerous to mention. This list will serve to illustrate that the manufacturing importance of Victoria is greater to-day than that of any city of the Northwest ; and these industries THIi DUIARD HOTEL, VICTORJA, B.C., REDON & HARTI -!2r- }.C., REDON & HARTNAGEL, PROPRIETORS. -Bl- have sprung- into existence from a purely commercial standpoint — because they would pay and thrive from the then existing de- mand. And, notwithstanding- the lavish outlays in this direction, the field is constantly increasing; the markets in South America, Australia, Japan, China, India and Siberian Russia are open to the manufactured products of Victoria, which is nearer to them all (except to those of South America) than any city on the Pacific Coast; and in return this city can receive and does receive and manufacture their raw pro- ducts for distribution in an oppo- site direction. It is here also of interest to note that importers from the Orient, on account of the existing conditions as above, find Victoria the most feasible headquarters at which to contract for importations to British Col- umbia and to the United States, the latter trade for them being even the larger of the two. Foreign trade and manufac- turing, however, can be no index of the large amount of busi- ness transacted between Victo- ria's wholesalers and the interior OFFICE AND WAREHOUSK OF LENZ & LEISER, WHOLESALE DRY GOODS MERCHANTS, YATES STREET, VICTORIA, B.C. towns of the Island and Mainland, all of which draw their supplies from the capital. The mining districts must import their provisions and machinery ; the salmon canneries of the Fraser and the northern rivers must be kept in tin and other materials of the industry; the sealing fleet must be fitted out annually and vessels built here, and to meet these demands requires a liberal use of capital, which is returned, with interest, in the products of the mines OFFICE, WHARVES AND LUMBER MILLS OF J -22- LUMBER MILLS OF JOSEPH A. SAYWARD, VICTORIA, B.C. -22- OFFICE AND WAREHOUSr OF WILSON BROS,, WHOLESALE GROCERS, YATES STREET, VICTORIA. B.C. and the canneries, and the catch of the sealing schooners brought home in the fall. Victoria is the headquarters of the salmon industry, and from here the output of the province is shipped an- nually to the markets of the old world, a fleet of sailing vessels being utilized in this trade alone. Victoria merchants are largely interested in the develop- ment of the gold and silver mines of the interior, the coal and quicksilver claims on the Island and the important ERSKIXE VVALL & CO.'S ITALIAN WAREHOUSE, COR. FORT AND GOVERNMENT STREETS, VICTORIA, B.C. timber resources in all sections of the province, contiguous to water. The oper- ations in each direction indicated natur- ally tend to advance Victoria. The fifty schooners comprising the sealing fleet being owned, and annually fitted out here, also play an important part in the business o( the citv. Farminir in surrounding Victoria is advancing ste all branches of agriculture, including fruit growing, sheep culture and dair\ and unsatisfied market invites the practical men. The demand is still of the supply. Deep sea fisheries i coimted among the industries whicl inducements to capital and labor h matters are more particularl\' referrec chapter following, relating to the coun to Victoria. BANK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, VICTORI Head Office, 6o Lombard Street, London, England. Branc Victoria, Vancouver, New Westminster, Nanaimo, Kamlc and Kaslo. In the United States, San Francisco and -•i3- V. Farmiiii»- in the district is advanciiiiJf steadily, and in ulture, incliidini^ hop raisiiio-, cuhiire and dairyini**, a larj^e ket invites the attention of demand is still far in excess ep sea fisheries ma}' also be industries which offer rich tal and labor here. These irticularh' referred to in the atinj,*- to the countr)- tributary COLUMBIA, VICTORIA, B.C. DON, England. Branches in British Con mbia, NSTER, Nanaimo, Kamlcops, Nelson, Sandon Es, San Francisco and Portland, Oregon. --'3- OFFICE AND WAREHOUSE OF SIMON LEISER& CO.,. WHOLESALE GROCERS, 14 and 16 YATES STREET, VICTORIA, B.C. In conclusion, aside from its great commercial possibilities, Victoria is an important factor in the rapidly develop- ing tourist trade of the Pacific Coast. The opening up of China makes the capital a most important outpost of im- perial advancement and brings to the province a vast number of travellers from ■ni^ OFFICES AND WAREHOUSE OF THE U. P. RITHET & CO., LUHTED, VICTORIA, B.C all parts of the globe. To this type of wayfarer, who is usually wealthy, Victoria is most attractive ; the city is naturally what Monte Carlo, the renowned resort on the Riviera, is artificially. With its winding river drives embracing vistas of the most beautiful scenery in the world, as already described in these pages ; with Beacon Hill Park, that glorious preserve of nature in her loveliest and most opulent expression ; with the rare and deli- cious climate of which so much has already been said, what could be more charming to the Englishman striking for the Orient, or to the sun-burned traveller on his way back to the homeland after years of sojourn in India or China. No wonder Victoria is known to the "world-trotters" as one of the best beloved of cities. The municipal government of the place is of a char- acter that enables the tourist to enjoy himself. There is nothing in the hospit- able, well-educated and wealthy population of Victoia like the narrow -24- -"^ ?IA, B.C. y wealthy, Carlo, the iding river as already Dreserve of •e and deli- d be more sun-burned n India or one of the of a char- the hospit- he narrow cxclusiveness and selfishness of some other cities on the American continent. The people have been de.scribed as "live and let live" individuals, the stranger finds a cheery and lively city ready to receive him, treat him well, and bid him God-speed when he leaves. The municipality does not endeavor to circumscribe the pleasure-loving wayfarer with narrow ideas or fads such as are given the force of law in many American cities. Its government is clean, broad, and of the best. Victoria is aiso lucky in having hotel accommodation such as is not surpassed the world over, in the shape of the Driard Hotel. The building itself, which is shown on a previous page, is one of the hand- somest on the continent ; it is sumptuously fitted out in a manner surpassing even the famous tourist hotels of Europe. In every detail of service, cuisine and the elements of comfort, it is perfect. It is ably managed by its proprie- tor, Mr. Gustave Hartnagle. The value to the city of Victoria of such an enterprise it would be impo.ssible to overestimate. I I MATILLA. 2 CITY OK PL'EBLA. 3 WALLA WALLA. FLEET OF PACIFIC COAST S.S. CO., PLYING BETWEEN SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., VICTORIA AND V.^NCOUVER. R. P. RITHET & CO., LIMITED, AGENTS, VICTORIA, B.C. —24- arc mountaii ridg^es. The except alon^ streams. T valleys, form the inlets ak the abuiulani Halibi on the bank: halibut fishe larg-e quant i 4,000,000 pc OFFICE A\n WAREHOUSES OF J. PIERCY & CO., WHOLESALE DRY GOODS, VICTORIA, B.C. Another valuable feature of the City of Victoria, which she will come to appreciate perhaps even more as the years go by, is her ready access to the hunting and fishing grounds of Vancouver Island. For the lover of the rod and gun the district tributary to the City of Victoria is a sportsman's paradise. As has already been pointed out in the general account of the province, the coast line on the west side of the Island is broken by inlets of the sea, that run up to the interior of the Island between precipitous cliffs, backed by rug- ged mountains which are forever green with the dusky foliage of fir, hemlock and cedar trees. Sheltered bays there are which receive small streams, water- ing an open gladed country, having a growth of wild flowers and grasses. The two ends of Vancouver Island are, comparatively speaking, flat, but there D -25 OFI are mountains in the interior ranj^-ing from 6,000 to 8,000 feet on the hii^J^hest ridjtjes. The interior o( the Ishmd, which, as has been said, is unsettled except aIon«if the sea coast, is largely interspersed with lakes and small streams. The surface, so beautifully diversified by mountains, hills and rich valleys, forms for the huntsman an ideal ground, while the inland lakes and the inlets along the coast boast a plentiful supply of fish, equalled only by the abundant variety of game on shore. Halibut o( fine quality and large size are plentiful in the inner waters, on the banks off the west coast ol' Vancouver Island, and further north. The halibut fisheries are just being developed, and during the past three years large quantities were exported. The estimated catch of last season was 4,000,000 pounds. OFFICE AND WAREHOUSE OF TURNER, BEETON & CO., WHARF STREET, VICTORIA, B.C. -25 Hi HIS COMPANY operates the larg-est and most moclernly equipped Milling Plant in Western Canada, and ever on the alert to keep strictly up-to-date, it has, concurrently with the growth o( the country, grown to its present large proportions. It is indeed a far call from the small old style mill operated hy Mr. Henry Brackman, the founder of this Company, at Saanich, a suburb of Victoria in 1876, to the present Company's strictly modern Cereal Mills in Victoria, New West- minster and South Edmonton, and shows in itself the wonderful growth of this important industry. As for the quality of the goods turned out by this Com- pany, their competitive records eloquently speak for themselves. That their " Nationf 'ills Brand" is the peer o{ any in the world, and which is it. .iself a very broad statement, is evidenced by the fact that in competition with the world they were awarded the gold medal (highest award) at the Chicago World's Fair in 1H92-3, and also had the same distinction at the Mid-Winter Fair in San Francisco in 1894, in fact,', wherever their goods have been exhibited they have always held this unique position. This is an envious record indeed. The products of the Company consist of rolled oats, oat- meal, split peas, pearl barley, yellow c.irn meal, Graham flour, rye flour, buckwheat flour. In addition to their Cereal Mills they operate 3 Grain Elevators of 25,000 bushels capacity, 2 at South Edmonton, and 1 at Wetaskiwin, in Alberta, Northwest Territory, and also have large Wholesale and Retail Houses in Victoria, Vancouver and New Westminster. The Head Office is in Victoria, B.C. Cereal Mills -' "B" South ED^ THE BRACKMAN & KER MILLING COMPANY (Limited Liability). NATIONAL MILLS. Cereal Mills -Victoria, B.C., New Westminster, B.C., South Edmonton, Alta. Elevators — "A" Soith Edmonton, Alta. "B" South Edmonton, Alta. "C" Wetaskiwin, Alta. Stores — Victoria, B.C., Vancouver, B.C., New Westminster, B.C. I victoria. 2 EDMONTON, N.W.T. 3 WESTMINSTER. 4 VICTORIA. 5 VANCOUVER. -26- THE S.S. BRISTOL IN DOcK AT VICTOR The above picture was taken on Sunday, Aug-. 15th, 1897, on the first man to occasion of the first excursion to the Kl Jyke. The "Bristol" was chartered Davidge som by Mr, 1'. C. Davidge, of the firm of F C. navic'[,>-e & Co., of Victoria, the China and Ja in ''If 1' IN nOcK AT VICTORIA. first man to grasp the immediate profits of the Klondyke export trade. Mr Davidge some years ago embarked on the export and import trade with India, China and Japan, in which countries he had had a wide commercial "xperJence. !;):■!' ■ 27- VIEWS OF S.S. ISLANDER, ONE OF THE DOZEN OF THE C.P.N. CO.S FLEET. LEAVING VICTORIxV OR REfULAR TRIP TO VANlOl VER. 2 ISLANDER AND TEES LEAVING FOR DVEA AND SKAGWAY WITH KLONDVKE GOLD SEEKERS. ,3 ISLANDER LEAVING VICTORIA WITH KLONDVKE GOLD SEEKERS. The Canadian Pacific Navigation Company, Limited, was incorporated in 1883 by a number of Victoria business men, with a capital of $500,000.00. The chief business was at that time carried on between Victoria and the Mainland, and on the Fraser River as far as Yale. The steamers operated by the Company at that time were " R. P. Rithet," *' Princess Louise," "William Irving," "Western Slope," "Enterprise," "Reliance," "Otter Maude" and "Gertrude." As the country became more settled and the demand for transportation facilities increased, this fleet was strengthened from time to time by the con- struction and purchase of larger and more modern boats. At the present time the Company's fleet is represented by the following craft: "Islander," "Charmer," "Danube," "Tees," "Yosemite," " R. P. Rithet," "Transfer," "Princess Louise," "Willapa," "Rainbow," "Maude," "Queen City," and a LEET. ^R DYEA AND incorporated 500,000.00. ia and the rs operated >s Louise," ' "Otter [nsportation )y the con- Ihe present I' Islander," Transfer," Ity," and a fleet of light draft river steamers plying on the Stickeen and Yukon Rivers, and making connections with the Company's boats from Victoria and Van- couver to Fort Wrangel and St. Michael's. The following routes are operated by them : Victoria and Vancouver, daily ; Victoria and Westminster, tri-weekly ; Westminster and Fraser River, tri-weekly; Vancouver and Victoria and Texada Island, bi-weekly ; Victoria and Vancouver and Northern Coast, weekly ; Vic- toria and West Coast and Vancouver Island, weekly ; Victoria and Vancouver to Fort Wrangel (connecting with river steamers for Telegraph Creek), Dyea, Juneau, Skagway and Alaska ports, weekly ; Victoria and Vancouver to St. Michael's (connecting with river steamers for Dawson City), monthly. To Captain John Ir, ing, the efficient manager, is due the success ot C. P. N. Co. INTERIOR VIEWS OF S.S. ISLANDER. —28- City of Nanaimo ^dS'^^^ ERHAPS the greatest resource of Vancouver Island is her immense coal seams, which are the most celebrated, "* both for their output and quality, of any on the Pacific Coast ; and it is to this fact that the city of Nanaimo owes her existence. Nanaimo was practi- cally founded freely, it is ! tion, and gr indeed, its e mines from since, the m The 1 company rui its employee in 1856 by the Hudson Bay Company, when the first coal was taken out ; but was not incorporated until 1874. It is situated o\\ the shores oi the Straits of Georgia, and occupies the most eastern point of Vancouver Island. No more beautiful view could be conceived oi than that stretch i up* away from its feet; several islands form a rampart against the waves and winds oi the Straits, and keep the waters of the beautiful harbor at all times placid. I The city contains a population o^ about 9,000 souls, is provided with churches, schools, hotels; electric light and gas, as also a good water works system, are among the conveniences. When one considers that there are ten coal mines tributary to Nanaimo, and furnishing a monthly pay-roll of about $175,000, not to speak of the great number of sailors from the steamers, and sail-craft from all portions of the globe, crowding the thoroughfares at all times, and spending their money No. 1 SHAFT, Xli \V VANCOUVER COAL MINING AND LAND Ci railroad com The characti largely moui and snow-ca one of the ( reaches abs( Commerciall -2!)- ' il I, e )f i- freely, it is hardly to be wondered at that the city is in a flourishing condi- tion, and growing- rapidly ; but it may be said that it owes its prosperity, indeed, its existence, to the Nev/ Vancouver Coal Company, which bought its mines from the Hudson Bay Company in 1862, and has made them, ever since, the main resource and support of the bulk of its inhabitants. The miners, excepting those at Northfield, all live in Nanaimo, the company running work trains from the city to its outlying mines, which enable its employees to enjoy the comforts of city life. The railroads connecting the shafts with the big coal wharves at LS. ^"* t le )f ■y Nanaimo are all of the standard gauge, ensuring complete intercommunication with the Esquimau & Nanaimo Rail- road. The city is a flourishing and prosperous one. It is blessed beyond most min- ing towns with good educational ad- vantages, having two schools of the higher grade, the one a collegiate in- stitute, the other a grammar school, where, in addition to all the elemen- taries, a pupil receives a grounding in the classics. A very good opera house and no less than twenty-four hotels are also included in the make-up of the city. This, with the advantage of good railroad communication, gives Nanaimo genuine claims to urban importance. The character of the beautiful scenery alluded to in the opening paragraph is largely mountainous. On a clear day one has a fine view of the saw-toothed and snow-capped peaks of the Selkirks of British Columbia, of Mount Baker, one of the Cascade range in the State of Washington. The sight is one that reaches absolute grandeur, and makes Nanaimo ever memorable to visitors. Commercially speaking, the city's future is beyond doubt. IINING AND LAND CO., LIMITED, NANALMO, B.C. :s -21>- SaTOi'il . ■ ,' 1 • 1 ■ i ' City of Vancouver ^d^dt EFERRING to the City of Vancouver, which is on the mainland and must not be confused with the Island, is one of the two chief commer- cial centres of Brit- ish Columbia, and is called after one of the greatest of the world's navigators who bore the same name. Colum- bus, Cabot, Cartier and their comrades explored the Atlantic, and, perhaps, enjoy a larger fame than Cook, Vancouver, Behring, Perez and their rivals who revealed the Pacific to the civi- lized world ; yet this may not be for many years. The fearless seamen who opened up the western coast of North America to trade and civilization will be heroes to posterity. What valiant navigator first passed "The Narrows" and saw "The Inlet" stretch before him is a question still unsettled. In all probability it was Vancouver during his expedition of 1792-4. For many long years this spot, where a flour- ishing city now stands, remained a place with- out a name, untouched by trade. The riches of the Slope gradually became known to the outside world, however, and towns grew. The collec- tion of primitive cabins, or "shacks," which has A FEW BUSINES I IMPERIAL BANK. 2 VANCOUVER CLUB HOI S HOTEL VANCOUVER. 6 POST OFFICE. 7 Bi 9 MERCHANTS BANK OF become the City of Vancouver, wa "Gastown." With the selection -30- wu im A FEW BUSINESS BLOCKS IN VANCOUVER. 2 VANCOUVER CLUB HOUSE. 3 PUBLIC SCHOOL. 4 BANK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. I. 6 POST OFFICE. 7 BANK OF MONTREAL. 8 BANK OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA 9 MERCHANTS BANK OF HALIFAX. lO COURT HOUSE. o f Vancouver, was first known as Granville and nick-named ith the selection of this spot, however, as the terminus of -30- the Canadian Pacific Railway all was suddenly changed. What became known as the Terminal City sprang into ex- istence as if by magic. By the early summer of 1886 a well-built town of about 5,000 inhabitants had arisen on the shores of Burrard Inlet. In June of that year, however, a terrible fire virtually swept Vancouver from the face of the earth. Nothing daunted, its citizens set to work to build another city on the blackened site. The result of their courage and energy is seen in the Vancouver of to- day, with its population of over 30,000, and its well- grounded confidence in a still more rapid growth in the near future. The Canadian Pacific Rail- way Company has become so integral a part of Canada, for the one word naturally brings up the other, that it is diffi- cult to realize that this great giant among the world's won- ders is not yet thirteen years old, that in fact its first train '^mi,0^ P*':'?' I •< '.i ' ■^-mm^^Oim'i ■w*'!^?^- I fORDOVA STREET LOOKING WEST. WATERFRONT AND BUSINESS STREETS OF VV 2 C.P.R. DOCKS. 3 HASTINGS STREET LOOKING EAST. 4 VANCOLV -31- ^^R8^IHKS**| ' NESS STREETS OF VANCOUVER. iJKING EAST. 4 VANCOLVER HARBOR FROM HASTINGS STREET, SHOWING A PORTION OF ITS SHIPPING. -31- RESERVOIR IN STANLEY PARK, VANCOUVER. BEAUTIFUL SUPPLY OF PURE COLD WATER DIRECT FROM THE MOUNTAINS. only reached Vancouver in May, 1887. In this century of marvels there is no more startling story of indomitable energy and engineering genius than that embodied in the inception and completion of this railway which has its terminus at the Queen City of the Pacific. From this vantage point the trade of the Orient is being grasped by the C.P.R., and as a result of an early effort in this direction, came the idea of placing on the route, steamers which would surpass anything afloat on the Pacific. The suggestion was immediately acted upon, and, as a result, the Canadian Pacific Railway Company have as their connection 10 Japan and China the magnificent steamers '* Empress of India," " Empress of Japan," and " Empress of China," 6,000 tons each, 10,000 horse-power, fitted and equipped throughout in a manner which makes them, as originally intended, surpass any other steamers of any other ''ne crossing the Pacific. Next came the suggestion of a steamship line to Australia, which has -32- :OLD WATER els there is |i,''eiiius than hich has its grasped by Ime the idea Ifloat on the result, the Japan and of Japan," fitted and |y intended, which has now become a reality. Small wonder, therefore, that as the new gateway to the Orient, Vancouver, commands public attention. Geoj^-raphically speakintj-, no city in the world is better situated to become a commercial metropolis. The western terminus of the greatest of all the transcontinental lines, and the home port of the Australian and China steamships, it must o( necessity be the transhipping point for the lilastern trade. And it must not be forgotten in this connection that the Canadian route is the best from Britain to the Orient, having a very large advantage over the New York and San Francisco route in the matter of distance. It may easily be predicted that Vancouver will soon become the greatest of Pacific ports. This prediction is strengthened by its topographical, that is, local advantages. It is doubtful whether any city in the world has mor? beautiful, more auspicious surroundings. First among these is that of the harbor, large enough to hold all the navies of Europe, and particularly safe both from storms (by reason of the shelter of the mountains and the fact that it widens i » T— ■ ~J^ ''4 1 : ■ t s ** i miMm M^M "fii^ >^-.s!e * 1 1 ■ ^^'"^ ^ ■,,::f>t^- "^ ^ ''^m f* *i , ■ • ■ - ^ iV i 1 ^ttkr'^^mM w • ' i t Ijlk. ' j -^''^c^Vssyfaftfii.r" ^■«*-««SR 1 T-w- ^^^^■r^' .■-■■'%'■* ^- V^' ■■■ y* ^ - -^ *='■■. ^ , <^ -":t-- '^ (^ \ A DRIVE AROUND ENGLISH BAV, STANLEY PARK, VANCOUVER. -32- .- . I. J. j.^ iinvaul from the Narrows) and from forelj^-n attack (by reason o{ the ease with which its entrance may he iletcMuletl). It is a question only oi time, hy the way, when I'rospect Point, or some other position in Stanley Park, which is Ordnance kind, will he fortified, and a i^arrison stationed here. Mven iu>w Vancouver is rei,'"ukirl\- visited h\ the men-of-war from the naval station at I'isquimalt. Ao-aln : No city has in its immediate neij^^hhorhood more beautiful scenery. As may be seen, Vancouver proper occupies a peninsula l> inj^^ between Burrard Inlet (the harbor) and another inlet called h'alse Creek, its western side stretchiiii^ down to the open ocean, or rather l{ni,''lish Ha)- and the Gulf of Georgia. I^'rom the shores of these several waters the land rises in an easy slope to a heii|ht of perhaps loo feet, while across False Creek, in Mount Pleasant and Fairview, the ridge is somewhat hitj-her. I'^'om an\' part of the cit)' maj^-nificent views max- be had. h'acini^' the inlet one sees, imme- diately below, the pleasant homes of Mount Pleasant and I'^iirview embowered FOUKST CHANTS, OMi OF THE MANY BFAL TIKL'L WALKS IN STANLKV I'ARK, VANCOUVER. E VIEW C in orchard ar when the tidi brick, and its BeNond this ini^»- merchant two or three olic Church, all, are the IN they stretch f the harbor, s of from 6,oc would be iiK giant trees 2( riage may be miles in leng -33- VlliW Ol- THE CITY FROM BROCKTON POINT, STANLEY PARK, VANCOUVER. ill orchard and i,''ardoii. Across the strip of water, of itself a capacious harbor when the tide is in, lies the cit\' proper, with its business blocks of stone and brick, and its residential quarters surroinided by their trees and well-kept lawns. Be)ond this are the blue waters of the Inlet, with i>'reat steamships, the tower- ini^ merchantman, and, perhaps, a war vessel or so. Across the Inlet, between two or three miles in width, are seen the Indian Mission of the Roman Cath- olic Chinvh, North Vancouver, and the ^reat Moodyville Mills ; while, back of all, are the Mountains. And who can describe their beauty ? In a oreat line they stretch from west to east. Keepii\£>" watch and ward over the entrance to the harbor, stand, or crouch rather. The Lions, two peaks risini*" to the heii^ht of from 6,000 to 7,000 feet. All descriptions of the scenery of Vancouver would be incomplete, however, without a reference to Stanley Park, with its g"iant trees 200 and 300 feet hijjfh, and so big of t>irth that a horse and car- riage may be turned round in their hollow trunks ; and to its shell road nitie miles in length. -33- r I scKNii; siiowixc; m:\vshovs starting out to skia. the vancoivkr daily "would," OXE OF THE MOST WIDELY CIRCULATED PAPERS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. It was sail! a moment ago that the city is built in)on a peninsula, and that the land of the city proper and of the suburbs rises in gentle slopes from the tidal water. Now, apart from any question of beauty, this is a fact of the utmost importance, inasmuch as it ensures perfect drainage. Van- couver will never be troubled with any difficult sewerage problem; Nature has solved that once and for all. In this connection there is another factor in the city's future; its water supply, which is practically cxhaustkss, and of the purest quality. It is derived from the Capilano River, across the Inlet, and is drawn from moun- -M- AILV "WORLD,' UMBIA. peninsula, and gentle slopes uty, this is a •ainaf^e. Van- n; Nature has ure ; its water uality. It is li from moun- tain streams ; the water is therefore not only pure, but ice cold, the necessity for ice being thus largely obviated. The canyon has a sheer descent of 300 to 400 feet. Again, there is ample room for growth, both for business and for resi- dential purposes. There need be no crowding, even on this side of the Inlet, not to speak of the splendid building sites in North Vancouver on the other side. But further, there is re matter of climate. Canadians have criticized Rudyard Kipling a guc^ leal for "Our Lady of the Snows"; and have insisted that Canada is rather "Our Lady of the Sunshine," that Ontario is in the latitude of North rn Italy, and British Columbia in that of England ; and that no coup.^ry in the world produces better peaches, grapes, and other like fruit. All this is true, and a good deal more. But still the winters in HOTEL METROPOi.E. STRICTLY FIRST CLASS. WITH ELEVATOR AND COM.MODIOCS SAMPLE ROOMS. RATES FROM $2.50 PER DAY. HODSOX & DEMl'SEY. PROPRIETORS, VANCOUVER. , -34- Eastern and middle Canada are cold — they are bright and healtliful, neces- sary for the getting out of the lumber, good for the fall wheat, and so on ; but they are cold. It has come to pass, therefore, that all Canada ha.j had to bear the accusation oi an arctic climate, and hundreds of thousands of intending immigrants have been driven from our shores thereby. It will be news to multitudes in Europe and the East, therefore, that the climate of Vancouver and its neighborhood is milder than that of Southern Enp-land. Yet such is the case; there is virtually no winter here, as that word is ordin- arily understood. ,,What is winter elsewhere is here the rainy season — inter- spersed with many bright days ; for there is this peculiarity of the Pacific FURNITURE WARKROOMS OF SHELTON & CO., HASTINGS STREET, VANCOUVER. OFF Coast climatt at once come their beauty, very rarely g sionally there the rainy sea Whether wet climate. Ho ocean " blow China of th« muring pines with good ^^ salt water t( Good salt wj sand and sh^ -3£— -ff ■ J. OFKICE AND STORKS OF THOMAS DUNN it CO., LIMITED, VANCOUVER. Coast climate ; when the weather clears up, it is simply delig'htful, as the sun at once comes out, the mists roll away, and the mountains stand forth in all their beauty. The dry season is all that can be desired. The thermometer very rarely goes nbove 85", and the nights are always pleasantly cool. Occa- sionally there is a shower, but ver}' rarely, aud there is — and this applies to tlie rainy season as well — an almost entire absence of thunder and lightning". Whether wet or dry, however, there is no doubt of the healthfulness of the climate. How c< t it be otherwise? There is "the odor of brine from the ocean" blowing all the way from Mandalay," or, at any rate, "from China of the bay ; and there is the health-giving breeze from the "mur- muring pines and the hemlocks" that clothe the mountain sides. If these, with good water, to drink — that is, for those who drink water — and good salt water to bathe in, do not give strength, we do not know what will. Good salt water to bathe in, for English bay possesses an ideal beach, fine sand and shelving gently into titjep water. In fact, everywhere about the city r , :( i l{ --3£— 1^-''V^ ''gi«8MWBiiaKai».^>»sM. m-m f>:,4:r#:..ifi ■mucnicat. nio\uAioff. ■> ri:-^ i OFFICES AND STORKS OF WEKKS & ROBSON, VANCOUVER, there is bathing of the very best, graduated, as one will, in temperature and degree of saltness. For sport also, in the way of shooting and fishing, the neighborhood of Vancouver offers peculiar facilities. It is imnccessary to refer to the Brit- ish Columbia salmon — they are known all over the world — and it is literally true that in the time of " the run " streams become choked with the mass of salmon. As far as they are concerned, then, all one has to do is to go out and pull them in. But salmon are not the only fish to be caught in these waters ; there are cod {of various kinds), bass, herring, and many others. For real sport with rod or g'un, however, let one go for a tramp in -36- - r::. erature and ;ighborhood to the Brit- is literally he mass of to go out ht in these ithers. I tramp in almost any direction, and he will find all he desires. The streams swarm with fish and wild game is abundant. But as to the city itself. The first thing that strikes the visitor, after its unrivalled site, is the fact that, notwithstanding its youth, it has all the appearances and appointments of places a century old. It is almost impossi- ble to make one's self believe that 15 years ago the site of Vancouver was simply a virgin forest. A slight idea of the labor needed to clear that site may be gained from a glance at the cedar trunks and roots one still sees in vacant lots, lying, like the bones of the buffalo upon the plains, sad memen- toes of former sway. It is almost impossible, also, to make oneself believe THE BRITISH COLUMBIA SUGAR REFINING CO., LIMITED, VANCOUVER, B.C. —36- that, but 1 2 years ai^o, the town was virtually swept out of existence. But the seemingly impossible yielded to the eneroy of the city pioneers ; and to- da\-, in its civic life, Vancouver sur- passes any other place o\' its size ou the continent. The streets are well paved and lighted It has an excellent water and fire system. Electric cars run from end to end, and extend even to New Westminster, 12 miles awa\-. it has direct railway commimication with all points. It has direct steam- W ll.\I<\i:s, MILL AM) STORK OF TlIK HUITISII COLIMBLV MILL ( OMPANV, MAMIACTL'RKRS AND SHIPl'KRS OF Ll'MHKR. VANCOUVKR, B.C. MILLS ALSO AT NKW WF:sTMINSTF OFFRT OFFICK and warehouse of OPl'ENHEIMKR HROS., WHOLESALE f.ROCKRS, VANCOLVER. -37- ^ riSH COI.l'MHIA MILLS TLMBKR AXO TRADINC III'l'KRS OF LIMBKR, TIMBER AND SPARS, ^T NKW WKSTMLNSTKR, VANCOl'XKR. ship communication with Hawaii, Fiji, New Zealand and Australia ; with China and Japan; with San Francisco; with Seattle ; and the other Sound ports ; with Alaska and the Northern i^old fields ; and with Victoria and other Island points. It has shops that would do credit to a great metropolis ; an ahundance of good hotels ; many hanks ; large manufacturing estahlish- ments ; three dr'ly and various weekly newspapers, and a first-class opera house. -i '■ m 1 ..1 Hi 1 pii i !'"'li officp: and works of thk British Columbia iron works co., limited, vancouver. .s ■ New WHtLINOTOn COAL EVANS, COLEMAN a EVANS . i wmsmm:y~< ;. . 'Mf^ms^-' ~s:|r^ % ' ALONG VANCOUVER'J it |i The above is from a photograph of Messrs. Evans, Coleman & Evans' Wharf, Vancouver, taken in May, 1897, since which its capacity has been more than doubled. This firm does a very extensive general shipping and commission business, particularly in importing goods by sailing vessels direct from Great Britain, and are interested in salmon canning and exporting. -38- tf.v^af''-'^ H \LONG VANCOUVER'S WATERFRONT. an & Evans' ity has been ;hipping and vessels direct d exporting. Their local shipping facilities are excellent, as the C.P.R. cars run to the wharf, which is also the Great Northern Railway Company's headquarters. Steamers run from the wharf to Nanaimo, Fraser River Points, Seattle, Tacoma and other Puget Sound ports, Rivers Inlet, Skeena River, and all Northern British Columbia and Alaska ports in connection with the Klondyke. ^ City of New Westminster NE oi' the most impor- tant cities of Brit- ish Cohmibia is New Westminster, the centre ot two of the most important industries of this amazingly rich Pro- vince. In Septem- ber, 1S9S, a disastrous hre played havoc with its commercial districts, but the enter- prise oi' its inhabitants and the importance of its trade is such that it is speedily rising like the phoenix from the ashes of its former self, and will be finer than ever ere long. It is called the Royal City in the Province, and is one of the oldest corporations in the Province, laving alreadv attained the re- spectable age for a new country of 37 years. It is the centre of Fraser River navigation, and partly in consequence thereof, and partly as a result of the suc- cessful establishment of a weekb farmers' market, retains, notwithstanding keen Van- couver competition, a considerable ag^ricul- tural trade. The Fraser River salmon can- neries, which are tributary to the town, are all within easy reach, and it was this im- portant industry which proved the foundation the C. P. R. connects the city with Canada's j. as also with Vancouver, and a similar branch ai direct access to the Great Northern Railway of Westminster is aUo connected with Vancouver railway, and regular steamship services run bet\ Fraser River points, Nanaiino and Victoria QL'liENS PAIiK AND liXMlBiTIOX BUILDING, N salmon and lumber-laden vessels also makes yea minster to the United Kingdom and other parti cial world. New Westminster has additional inijiortanc seat of various important Dominion and Provi -3a - 1 the fouiulatioii of the city. A branch of • with Canada's ^rreat transcontinental line, similar branch at South Westminster irives thern Railway of the Unitetl States. New with Vancouver bv the iiUcrurban rlectric i services run between the city and various lo and Victoria respectively. A lleet of IBITION BUILDING, NKW W liSTMINSTLU. Is also makes yearly trips from New West- m and other parts of the western commer- ditional imjiortan.e o'ving to its being the minion and Provincial institutions, notably the Dominion penitentiary and limatic asylum, as also the Pro- vincial gaol for the New W'estmin- ster district. It has also a weil- .ippointed library and two parks, in one of which, Oueen's Park, are situated the Royal Agricultural and Industrial Itixhibition buildings, wherein the leading agricultural show of the Province is annually held. The city is provided with gas and a local electric tramway service by incorporated companies, and owns its own river ferry and farm market, electric light and water works services, the last amongst the best in the Province and established at a cost oi nearly $500,000, an inexhaustible supply oi the purest water being thus ob- tained from Lake Coquitlam, 12 miles distant. New Westminster is the seat oi bishoprics — Anglican and Roman Catholic — and amons^st churches of the leading religious bodies pos- sesses two cathedrals. A fine court house, in which assize and county court sittings are held, is another notable local institution, whilst the city promises to become a great educational centre of the lower 1:1 ,t VIKW OF CENTRAL PORTION OF THE CFIY OF NKW WliSTMIXSTER. (\V WESTMINSTER. (WIDTH OE ERASER RIVER OPPOSITE THE CITY, THREE-FOURTHS OF A MILE.) —40- « sisterhood. 1 has also the exceeds 6,000, The nat Fraser estuary a^e, whilst a r the river navig vessels of i»-reji gradually clos future for Ne distributint»" po Its posi River valley, \ Pl'BLIC LIRRARV AND MUSEUM, NEW WESTMINSTER, H.U. M'jnland, haviiiii^ already, in addition to a ^'ood hi^-h school and several iraded public schools, the St. Louis Collej^'-e for Roman Catholic boys, the St. Ann's College for Roman Cntholic girls, a seminar}' for the education of Roman Catholic clergy, and the Columbian Methodist College, a well-appoint- ed and beautifully situated place Ot higher education — religious and secular — giv'en by an able body of teachers and lecturers. There are also two large hospitals — the Columbian at Sapperton, and the St. Mary's in the centre of the city — the latter managed on liberal lines by a devoted Roman Catholic V -u f. / ■ ■ ■'/ ■''■/> ??-•■ A^ /(^/ / mm sisterhood. The citN' is administered b\- a mayor and board of aldermen, and has also the aid of an active Board of Trade. Its present population exceeds 6,000, and is rapidly increasini^. The natural situation of the city, on a terraced hillside overlooking the Fraser estuary, is very bea^.tiful, and also affords excellent facdities for drain- ii^e, whilst a modest expenditure of Dominion revenue on the improvement of the river navigation would make New Westminster a port readily accessible by vessels of _i>-reat size and the deepest drauj;rht. All of which thini>'s suggest in gradually closening association with the neighbor city Vancouver— a great future for New Westminster as ,t residential centre, river port, agricultural distributing point and manufacturing centre. Its position on the great natural water highway which drains the Fraser River valley, will always secure for New Westminster the lion's share o\' the CKNTRAL AND HKllI SCHOOLS, NEW WESTMINSTER, H.C. h\ im i 8!|' ■I' , THE LAW COURTS, NEW WrJSTMINSTER, B.C. farming trade, which is rapidly growing, and is a source of wealth to the city which will increase as the years roll by. There are about forty large salmon canneries within easy reach of New Westminster. These establishments represent an invested capital of over a million dollars, they employ over eight thousand men during "the fishing season, and pay out over $750,000 a year for supplies. We give some statistics on this industry, which for years has ranked as the main industry of the Province. -42- i^^ l^i^ij^^ ^mm th to the city each of New al of over a the fishing e give some nain industry It made a modest beginning, less than 20 years ago, on the banks of the Fraser, where three canneries packed, in 1876, a total of 9,847 cases, or about a fiftieth of what is now considered a good, but not extraordinary pack. The three canneries grew to six in 1877, and in that year a com- mencement was made by a cannery on the Skeena of the salmon pack of the North, which now contributes largely to the Provincial aggregate. So vast has, since its earliest days, been the growth of the industry, that 44 canneries, which number would have been larger but for the destruction of four others by fire, contributed to the pack of 1895, when, according to a conservative estimate made last September, five hundred and twenty-five thousand, five hundred and sixteen cases had been then put up. To this the canneries of the Fraser district contributed 348,865, those of the Naas River 19,000, those of the Skeena River 67,710, those on Rivers Inlet 68,758, and those at other Northern points 20,183 cases. Since tlien there has been a considerable pack on the Fraser of the later running cohoe salmon, which has — this being pro- COLUMBIA STREET, LOOKING EAST, NEW WESTMINSTEK, B.C. -42- m UNLOAJ:)IN'G SALMON AT A CANNERY, NEW WESTMINSTER. (THE MORNINGS CATCH lO.OUO). babjy an underesliniate, though exact fig^ures are not available for our purpose — added at least 25,000 other cases to the Provincial aggregate of the year, which can therefore be very conservatively reckoned at 550,000 cases, repre- sentintf a value of $2,750,000. This result shows a i>-reat increase on the returns of 1894, when the pack was represented to be 494,371 cases. Cold storage facilities exist at New Westminster in connection with the trade. The Dominion salmon hatchery on the Fraser is, after the persistent effort of years, beginning to have a good effect on the southern run, as a result of the yearly deposit by that institution of an average of 5,000,000 fry. Previous doubters are now beginning to recognize this as r; Uast jj*; jf- ti^le, one evidence in favor of such a conclusion being the fact that . icro i,. lu w greater consis cannerymen— about that ri' uaily large } year poor, great — indeed but still fair, tication, have rivalling the 1 At Ne\ tions are exte of 350,000 fee of vessels sail Scotland, Irel the Argentini SALM greater consistency in the runs. It has, till now, been held by Fraser River cannery men — and statistics have largely borne this out — that the runs of and about that river proceeded in cycles, every fourth year being that of an imus- ually large )'ield, after which the next }ear's run is fair, and that of the third year poor. Now the run of 1H93 was, as already stated, and as expected, great — indeed a record one. That of 1894 followed the rule, and was smaller, but still fair. Hence that of 1895 should according to the canners' prognos- tication, have been a poor run, instead of which it proved unusually good and rivalling the record year. At New Westminster, as in Victoria and Vancouver, lumbering opera- tions are extensively carried on, the mills in the city alone having a capacity of 350,000 feet per day of ten hours, and a large export trade exists. Fleets of vessels sail from her wharves annually with cargoes of lumber consigned to Scotland, Ireland, France, Holland, Belgium, the Pacific isles. Chili, Peru, the Argentine Republic and the Australian colonies. Large cargoes have . -^.^^ »<__ *». t ■ •JL-^^-t'A ■ -t^tt-lk::-*-^' SALMON IISIIINC. FI.KKT ON i;^\SKR UIVKU, NKW WKSTMINSTKK, HA" 13— I ! IJ - t^.^X "i " ■ -i^SSiteii THK I'LRLIC MAUKKT, NKW WKSTMINSTKR, H.( . been sent also to England and to British South Africa, the total export show- ing an annual increase. There is, in addition to the increasing home demand for British Columbia lumber and manufactures and the foreign trade already noted, a large and growing demand in Eastern Canada, whither giant baulks of timber and car loads oi^ shingles are at frequent intervals sent. Hence considerable and important as is the present lumber industry of the cit)' and Province, it is yet far under the dimensions which it must idtimatol)- attain. Another valuable feature of New Westminster is its annual fair, at which the gradually developing agricultural enterprise oi the Province finds a public disphi)'. The Exhibition buildings situated here are handsome and commodious, and from many sections exhibits are sent. Of course its position, a few miles from the mouth of the great Eraser Fiiver, makes New Westminster the objec- tive point for much of the country through which the beautiful Eraser River, the pride of the Province, Pows. The alluvial plain, which lies along either side of the great stream for a distance of 80 miles, is dotted with farms, and these send their contributions to the annual fair. Indeed, finer agricultural exhibits cannot be seen in any part of the world. To Knglishmen especially, the displays of fruit seen for the first time are apt to be astonishing, particularly to him who has regarc'od Canada as "Our Lady of the Snows." As has been said earlier in this work, fruits are grown with great success in the New Westminster district, and the autumn fruits, such as apples, plums and pears, are a feature of the annual fairs at New Westminster. Live stock, also, of a quality that is improving year by year, as farmers are learning the value of good breeding, as well as fine products of the forest, field and mine are to be seen. Something has previously been said oi' the large lumber export trade at the port of New Westminster, and a word as to the character of the logs will be of interest. The staple tree, of course, is the Douglas pine, wh! h, near the coast, sometimes grows to a height of 300 feet, with a circumference of 80 feet at the base. Its durabilitv is bevond question. export show- lome demand trade already giant baulks ^ent. Hence the cit)' and tely attain. fair, at which inds a public commodious, , a feu miles Ler the objec- "Vaser River. VESSELS UNLOADING JUl'.M»KK, NEW Wh.s r.MINSTKR, B.C. — M- The City of Vernon ^Sd^^ HE chief city of the Okaiiat,'-aii district is Vernon. It has stores oi all kinds, flour and saw mills and two banks. Haviiii*' a first-rate farming and ranching country in its immediate vicinity, besides large tracks oi valuable timber, a large and flourishing business is done at this centre. It possesses four churches, splendid schools, a weekly news[)aper. It is the boast oi its inhabit;" ts that it is the health- iest spot on earth. Lord Aberdeen's famous fruit orchard, the largest plantation in Canada, is four miles from^Vernon, and hop-g.ovving is another profitable industry thereabout. A British Columbia writer has described the cit\- as a ipiaint combination o'i leisurely old-\^ been located farmer oi pas tricts that boi value promise tion facilities struction) will but the imme* and find its ci must be open( ble by rail frc Let us the city site. oi it all, this tions oi Rriti .^^f,::_'»j^ ^-J,.«»;'-^VIjp^-Ujr wm- i! H-.. tr- HIRDS-EVE VIEW OF THE CITY OF VEK.\0> -15- leisurely okl-worldism and feverish modernity, for mineral claims have recently been located in close proximit\- to the cit\', and stiini'' into life the drowsy farmer of past years. Down in the Boundary Creek and Kettle River dis- tricts that bound the Okanagan on the southeast, man\- mines of immense value promise to become world-famous, and are only awaiting such transporta- tion facilities as the completion of the new railway (now in course of con- struction) will afford them, to s^'ive larger proof of their wonderful richness ; but the immediate vicinitN' around Vernon will e\er be essentiallv ai^ricultural, and find its chiefest g'ain in the new market for all products of the soil that must be opened up when Midway, Fairview anil Greenwood City are accessi- ble by rail from Penticton. Let us pause to note a few of the leadini*' leatures of the localitx' about the city site. Farming- and farming, and yet again farming, is the sum 'total of it all, this being one of the most extensive ranching and stock-raising sec- tions of British Columbia. The season of 1H9H was a capital one, wheat 'I' :HK city of VERNON, B.C", — (3- 1 11 VIKW OV KALKMALKA HOTKL, VKKNON, HA . averagino- from three-quarters to one tdn per acre, and the fruit crop turninqf out exceptionally well. Local enterprise, too, extends beyond production, for at Vernon, Enderby and Armstrong- there are now mills, the flour manufac- tured at which (from Okanagan grain) is equal to any in the Dominion. There is a near prospect of Vernon's obtaining proper water works. It is the district generally that is so attractive, and which, by reason of its splendid climate, fine agricultural lands, and the excellent inducements it holds out in the way of sport, has become known to, and deservedly popular with, visitor and settler alike. What Vernon may and doubtless will become when connected by steamer and rail with the Boundary Creek country, depends largely upon the enterprise of its inhabitants and their ability to seize to their own advantage -4fi crpp turniiii,^ oduction, for ov\r manufac- n ill ion. r works. It eason of its ucements it odly popular 3n nee ted by :ly upon the n advantage upon the opportunity that will then be ottered of securing a big market for every sort of produce ; (or thou^'h during the last two years exportation of farm products has been greatly facilitated through the reductions made by the C.I'.R. Company in its local freight charges, still the opening up of many busy mining camps so close to the ranches must of necessity give a tremeiul- ous stimulus to the agricultural industry and an outlet for produce at paying prices. There is no doubt that the Okanagan has a great future before it, and that ere K>ng, on the opening of a through line from I'enticton to Roh- .son, it will be the centre of prosperity such as the local farmers of three years ago never even dreamed of. The same writer says of the land of Okanagan, that the very name breathes of pu>toraI scenes, peaceful meadows outstretched in the sunshine, and undiK.aing hills where cattle t^aze on the thick grass and bands of horses ro.un at will over the close-cropped ranges. Okanagan — the land of Cottonwood trees, coyotes and the wild cayuse, the home of the farmer and the Paradise of sportsmen. liO ACUK ORCHARD ON LORD AHERDKKNS "COLDSTREAM" RANCH, NEAR VERNON. B.C. -W w \r 1^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 i.l ■^ Kii ■2.2 2.0 HI a •a I Mil 125 mu 11.6 HIM] Corporation f|^>^.^^^ [A "^^^V^^' ^.v^ 79 WHT MAIN STRBIT WIBSTIi.K.Y. I4sm (716)I73-4S03 ^ To the sportsman the Okanagan is a land of promise, the abundance and variety of fish and game, large and small, constituting it a true Mecca for the angler and the good shot. Deer are as plentiful as blackberrhs on the sloping sparsely-wooded hills, and may be shot any morning about sun- rise, when the herds come down into the valleys to drink. Mountain goat and sheep, cariboo, bear, cougars and wild-cats also abound in the vicinity. The 60 mile trip from the landing near Vernon down the Okanagan Lake to Pen- ticton is a charming one, and interesting in that en route the steamer '• Aberdeen " (a most comfortable and well-appointed vessel) stops at numerous small agricultural settle- ments, where, in the autumn, peaches ripen to perfection, and whence large quantities of all sorts of fruit are shipped to distant mar- kets. It is quite likely the day will soon come V hen Peachland will appear a misno- mer for the locality at present thus desig- nated, as close by are a group of promising mines, whilst all along the west shore of the lake claims have been staked out and partially developed, but not as yet to a suf- ficient extent to prove their actual value. At Kelowna, a town tributary to Vernon, much advancement has been made in tobacco ^> •^:.-^x . /■; . "^*' ' " * V^.-^.,.- ^ a Q .„;^ ■" >.^.^^ 4^t^'^- ■^sft^ V. i JOSIE MINE, SHOWING OUTCROP OF VEIN. driven along the vein to the west, while nearly all waste rock is being- thrown into the old stopes to make them safer from caving in. An output of 200 tons per day can easily be maintained for a long time, but when more fully opened up, the mine will ship from 400 to 500 tons daily. In 1897, 56,000 tons were sent to the smelter, and so far this year, 27,000 tons, but shipments have been greatly reduced, pending the negotiations for sale of this property. The mine is equipped on the surface with a large 300 H.P. hoisting engine, small hoists, pumps, etc., and on the "Black Bear" claim is a stone building, enclosing a 40-drill Rand A'r Compressor, the largest in Canada, and with this power thirty machine drills, pumps and small hoists can be operated. -50- being" thrown output of 200 len more fully 1 1897, 56,000 but shipments this property. H.P. hoisting aim is a stone st in Canada, an be operated. At Northport, Wasiiington, is situated the Le Roi smelter, one of the most complete and best equipped smelting plants in the northwest, a full description of which will be found on another page. The "Josie," lying next north from the Le Roi, has shipped consider- able ore in the past, and at present the vein is being developed both to east and west on the 300-foot level, and sinking for another level is being begun. The ore now taken out during development is being stored, and is '■* very good grade of smelting ore. All the buildings and plant are in excellent condition, and shortly the compressor plant capacity will be augmented. The " Poorman " will be worked through the ''Josie" workings, the west drifts of which will be rapidly pushed into the "Annie" claim, and "Rockingham," better known as the "West Le Roi." NICKEL PLATE MINE, SHOWING WAR EAGLE MINE AND RED MOUNTAIN IN BACK GROUND.. -80- Number One. — The extensive development of this vakiable property, throii*,'"h which runs a strong vein carrying at the surface high vahies in gold and silver, is now ir. progress, a large two-compartment shaft being sunk to tap the vein at a depth of about 250 feet. An electric hoist may be installed here. To the west a tunnel is now in 150 feet, along an unbroken vein, which is improving rapidly in size and value as the tunnel gets farther into the mountain. Nickel Plate, — This mine, from which some very high-grade ore has been taken, is being explored along the 200-foot level, and soon the shaft will be sunk to the 300-foot mark for another level. A i2-drill Ingersoll air-compressor, equipped with two 60 H. P. boilers, pumps, heater and condenser has just been installed at the Centre Star gulch, GREAT WESTERN MINE.; and is a plai this mine :\i been run. Great outcrop of a silver have b feet, on a s level to pros way, the shi hoist and ca^ Colum a fraction lyi same name ; Roi "-" Centr now being de a thousand fe or eruptive re cross-cut in ^ straight down will be run ir that ore can around to a c the ore will t At the soil air-comp comfortable b shop and oth development In add their respecti^ atories, store heart of the —51- f and is a plant that will aflford ample power for some time to come Jth for this mine and the "Great Western," to which half a mile of piping has been run. Great Western. — This property is located in the city and has a strong- outcrop of a vein from small workings in which high assay values in gold and silver have been obtained. A large two-compartment shaft is now down 230 feet, on a slope of 72 degrees, and the first drift is started at the 200-foot level to prospect this most promising vein. When this work is well under way, the shaft will be sunk deeper and probably equipped with an electric hoist and cage. Columbia and Kootenay. — This property, consisting of five claims and a fraction lying on the summit and north-east slope of the mountain of the same name as the group, is traversed by what is believed to be the " Le Roi "-" Centre Star" vein. There is very strong iron capping on the vein now being developed by three main tunnels, of which No. 3 is now in nearly a thousand feet, disclosing a continuous vein, except where traversed by dykes or eruptive rock. This vein or ledge in places is very wide, the ore where cross-cut in No. 4 being 27 feet wide of solid pyrrhotite, and the vein running straight down the mountain side offers ideal advantages for mining. Tunnels will be run in at vertical intervals of 150 feet and then connected by raises so that ore can be run from the stopes to the railroad spur that will be run around to a convenient point as soon as the mine is fully opened up, so that the ore will be mined and sent to the smelter at a minimum cost. At the foot of the mountain, near the water supply, is a 30-drill Inger- soll air-compressor, which supplies ample power for the mine, at which comfortable board and bunk houses have been erected and also a blacksmith shop and other buildings, so that now this mine is well equipped for thorough development In addition to comfortable cottages for the different superintendents at their respective mines, the company is erecting commodious offices and labor- atories, store house and machine shop on the Nickel Plate ground, in the heart of the city. II ll 1 ! Ip f i '■ f 1 1 h • i 1 191 1 ' t i "\'fi ! '111 -51- HE imr^lSH PACIFIC GOLD PROPERTY COMPANY, Limited, is one of the best known development corporations in the Province of British Cohunbia. It was incorporated in March, 1897, and embraces in its management some of the best known men in Canada as is indicated by the following list of officers : — President, Alex. J. McLellan, Esq., President of the Kimberley Mining Company and Vice-President of the San Joaquin Mining Company ; Vice-President, R. T. Williams, Esq., Publisher of the Williams' Directory of the Province and Secretary-Treasurer of the Caledonia General Mining Association ; Secretary-Treasurer, W. J. Dowler, Esq., B.A., President of the British Columbia Gold Property Company and Secretary of the British North Western Development C->mpany ; Directors, Hon. T. R. Mclnnis, Lieut.-Governor, Victoria, B.C.; W. H. B. Aikins, Esq., M.D., Toronto, Ont.; D. Lowrey, Esq., M.D., President of the Brantford Starch Co., Ltd., President of the Brantford Stoneware Co.; B. M. Britton, Esq., Q.C., M.P., Kingston, Ont. ; J. W. r"rost, Esq., Q.C., Owen Sound, Ont. ; Prof. E. Odium, London, Eng. ; Geo. Gillies, President Gillies Co., Gananoque ; Frank Dowler, Esq., Merchant, Guelph ; R. L. Eraser, Esq., M.D., Medical Health Officer, Victoria, B.C.; A. T. Watt, Esq., M.D., Victoria, B.C.; Frank Hall, Esq., M.D., Victoria, B.C.; Moses McGregor, Esq., Alderman, Victoria, B.C.; Chas. Hayward, Esq., Chairman Board School Trustees, Victoria, B.C.; Law- rence Goodacre, Esq., Victoria, B.C. ; Ex-Alderman Dwyer, Victoria, B.C. ; James Muirhead, Esq., Victoria, B.C.; R. Erskine, Esq., Victoria, B.C.; A. B. Erskine, Esq., Victoria, B.C. ; E. A. Morris, Esq., Victoria, B.C. ; Geo. Powell, Esq., Victoria, B.C. ; and Consulting Metallurgist and Mining Engineer, W. J. R. Powell, B.A., F.R.G.S., M.E., Principal of the Victoria Metallurgical Works ; Consulting Civil Engineer, H. P. Bell, Esq., C.E., M.I.C.E.; Solicitors, For British Columbia, Archer Martin, Esq., of the firm of Messrs. Martin & Langley, Victoria, B.C.; For Eastern Canada, Alfred W. Briggs, Esq., B.A., ;i;i Richmond St. West, Toronto, Ont. r COMPANY, lit corporations incorporated in It some of the the following 2sident of the Daqiiin Mining the Williams' edonia General 3. A., President of the British R. Mclnnis, I.D., Toronto, irch Co., Ltd., , O.C, M.P., •nt. ; Prof. E. moque ; Frank VIedical Health . ; Frank Hall, Victoria, B.C.; ia, B.C.; Lavv- /Ictoria, B.C. ; Victoria, B.C.; i^ictoria, B.C. ; it and Mining of the Victoria I, Esq., C.E., q., of the firm ada, Alfred W. The capitalization is $5,000,000, divided into one dollar shares, fully paid and non-assessable. The Company's address is Box 112, Victoria, B.C., but it has Representatives in all the chief centres of Canada, the United States and Great Britain. The cable address is "Gold Prop.," the mining code used being Beford-McNeills. The following brief sketch of the Company's manifold activities is of great general interest. The record of the discoveries made, and of the developments which have taken place within the past two years in the country lying between the Rocky Mountains and the sea, and between the 49th parallel of latitude and the Arctic Circle, known as the British Pacific Coast, is so remarkable as to eclipse all preceding annals in its history, and forms a chapter of such striking interest that, beside it, the tales of the land of Ophir, of Monte Cristo, and of the Treasure Islands of the Pacific are trite, and poor, and tame. These discoveries and developments have demonstrated the fact that this country possesses mineral resources, which, distributed over an area of hundreds of thousands of square miles, are so rich and extensive as to trans- cend the limits of computation and entitle it to be designated as " The Wonderland of Wealth." Early in the history of these discoveries it became obvious to the promoters of this Company that an unusual opportunity had arrived in which to launch an enterprise that should comprehend within its scope the entire field of this great area and make it tributary not only to their own financial betterment, but, rightly conceived and properly carried out, to the benefit of the world at large. In order to effect this, they recognized it to be a matter of vital import- ance that the fundamental principles of its organization should commend themselves to every thoroughgoing business man as possessing the essential qualities of proved merit and known reliability. And hence, after giving the subject the most exhaustive study in all the details and requirements, they evolved what they claim to be the safest, mor-t economical, and most perfect plan for conducting a mining enterprise ever placed before the public. —52- The essential principle and purpose of this Company k to practically eliminate the speculative element altogether, and to secure the largest returns possible to every member for the money he has invested. The speculative element enters more or less into mining enterprises when money is expended upon a single mining propo- sition, when large amounts are paid for undeveloped property, or when, the property being developed suffi- ciently to disclose its intrinsic value, the management is inexperienced, or unworthy of confidence, or both. It is safe to say that whenever a collapse of a mining enterprise occurs, it may be traced to one or more of these causes. This Company has, in the interest of the pros- pective inventor, safeguarded itself against all these contingencies. It does not depend for success upon the posses- sion and development of one, two or three mining properties in some mining district, however promising, but its object is to secure, after careful prospecting or examination, the ownership outright or the controlling interest in properHes containing well-defined and valu- able mineral veins, or placer beds, in every mining district in the country. Should any one of these properties i)rove unprofitable, there would be no neces- sity, even if the Company were unscrupulous enough to do as others (happily only a few) have done, and "boom" a worthless claim to recoup themselves for the money they have put into it. It would, of course, be abandoned, but without sense of loss, for the Company will have many more which 7vi// pay to develop continuously, or to dispose of profitably, when their actual ca>>h value has been clearly demonstrated. Nor any propert resources uf On t A. J. AkLELLAN, PRESIDENT. Not i sonnel of it etc., but its deserve the of the Co -53- ly IS 2S Nor does the Company propose to pay any large sum of money for any property however valuable it may appear to be, and thereby deplete its resources upon a venture of that kinti. On the contrary, its method is to begin at the bottom, and, taking the place of the prospector, to locate its own properties and conduct the preliminary exploitation work which is practically performed in many instances when the assessment work re\juired by law to obtain a proper title to a claim has been done upon it. The expenditure necessary for this work is only $500 in each case, but properly laid out will be suffi- cient to indicate very clearly the prospective value of the claim, :ind place it in a saleable condition. The " fancy " prices which a>-e paid every day for such claims the Company will not therefore give, but receive and convert them into dividends. In the organization of this Company only those whose character and business ability v\ere unquestioned were selected to manage its affairs. Among them are gentlemen well known in Canada, prominent in politi- cal, professional and commercial circles. They are a guarantee of the Company's standing and reliability. Moreover, the President and Vice-President and a number of the Directors are experienced in mining matters as well. They have been and are still interested in developing the mineral resources of this country. LLAN, PRESIDENT. Not alone are the external features of the Company, namely the per- sonnel of its directorate, it .