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AN Illustrated Volume Setting Torth the Q\a
AND THE NONUMENTS OE CaNADIA
TORONTO
THC DOMINION PUBLISHING COMPA
96 PRCCHOLD BUILDINO
' ■'^'^^HSIPHPSBW
D O
lL<7
^>TT^
r^
nn
o o o o
H THE Richness or Canadian Pesoupces
)E Canadian Entei^prise
BUSHING COMPANY
LD 15UILDING
^^^ «'«-J
bki^
re
I ' /
u
I'llntecl aiul fiound by Tho HuiUo-, IMsc Co., Li.i«K-<l
Temple. ftulWliMi, rcvvHUo, OiuckIh.
ftUered flccorJirijj to the Act of the Parlten\e4\t of
the gear one thousand eight hundred and ninet
Puhllshing Company, Toivnto, at the Depail
J^^^ f».J ^1.
r^^t^g
K) me net or me Porlldnw^t of mc Dominion of Conodo In
housand eight hundred and ninety-ninc bg The Dominion
Company, Toivnto, at the Depaitnieflt of «flriculfiire.
Con>pllcd l)« J. Lawioi- Woo<l.s.
^^ CONTEN
PAOB
I.— THE DOMINION OF CANADA ----- 6
2.— THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA : - - - n
Its Industries, Resources and Chief Cities.
Victoria -_--.-___- i6
Nanaimo ----------.29
Vancouver ---------- -^q
New Westminster --------- ^g
Vernon -_-__-_--_ ^^
Rossland -----------48
3.— THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES - - - - 57
And the Yukon Gold Fields - - - - . - _ jg
4. -THE PROVINCE OF MANITOBA: - - - - 66
The Granary of Canada.
Winnipeg -..------__ -5
5.-THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO : . - - - 88
Its Natural Wealth, Business Establishments and Chief Cities.
Toronto - - - - - - - - - - -"3
Hamilton - ----.---_ i^y
London -- - - - - - - - - -148
Ottawa __-------- i^g
6.—
8.
9-—
10.
-a-
NTENTS ^^
II
i6
29
30
39
45
4«
57
59
66
76
88
"3
'37
148
'49
I'AOK
6. -THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC: 150
The Gateway to the New World ; its Commerce and Resources.
Sherbrooke --_-_ 16S
St. Hyacintbe - • - - -- - - - - 169
Quebec ----_-____ 173
Montreal 180
7.-THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK : - - 190
Its Chief Industries and \atural Wealth.
8. -THE PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA: - - - - 211
Its Commerce and Resources of Sea and Land.
Halifax -----_--___ 226
9.— THE PROVINCE OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: - 230
Its Agricultural Interests and Other Resources.
Charlottetown ---------- 239
10. -A SELECT NUMBER OF THE NATION'S BLHLDERS
AND EMINENT MEN ------- 244
as
am'w^ww'mrt iiwm m^n
TH PACIFh
AAP 01
SHOWING HER RELAT
:::: colonies and mother
EzaExas!
warn
/TH PACIFIC
AAP OF
SHOWING HER RELATIVE POSITION
yiES AND MOTHER COUNTRY
Preface of the Pi
HE publication placed before tV
has been designed chiefly to serv<
Dominion of Canada, in the |
been issued in which Canada hj
scientifically. Distinguished men
she possesses for the painter, 1
Never, however, has there been a
in a permanent form the attractions she possesses for th
who, after all, comes before the artist and the scholar in al
Editor of the present volume has had the assistance of ti
such matters, and most of its pages have had the immedii
Governments of Canada. The Editor can, therefore, lay c
commercial guide, absolute accuracy.
THE Publishers
Dn placed before the World in the lollovmg pages
led chiefly to serve as a commercial guide to the
Zanada. in the past, excellent publications have
which Canada has been exploited scenically and
Distinguished men have dwelt upon the attractions
for the painter, the scientist and the historian.
p, has there been a conscientious attempt to depict
ic possesses for the man of trade and commerce
d the scholar in all the world's civilizations. The
he assistance of tnose be;st qualified to speak on
re had the immediate supervision of the Provincial
an, therefore, lay claim to the prime requisite of a
DOMINION PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, Mi
^
THE DOMINION 01
^w^*wvv^vwwwvw%»w%%^/www^^^
REATING the subject of the Dominion of Canada it will be
well to take up, first of all, the exact position of the country
in relation to the rest of the world :
The Dominion of Canada comprises all that portion
o( the continent of North America north of the United States,
except Alaska and Newfoundland and the coast of Labrador.
Canada is entirely self-governing and self-maintaining, and is not called upon
to pay any taxes whatever to the Mother Country, its connection with Great
Britain being almost wholly a matter of loyalty and affection. It consists (i)
of seven Provinces : Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia. New Brunswick, Prince
Edward Island, Manitoba and British Columbia, which, in their self-governing
powers and their relation to the general government, correspond very closely
to the different States in the American Union, excepting that for i:\\ local
laws they are practically self-governing ; (2) of four territories, Assiniboia,
Alberta, Saskatchewan and Athabasca, which correspond somewhat to the
American territories, and are also in a measure self-governed districts ; (3) of
four other territories, Ungava, Franklin, Mackenzie and Yukon, which are
administered by the Federal Government ; and (4) the district of Keewatin,
which is under the jurisdiction of the lieutenant-governor of Manitoba. The
capital of the whole Dominion is Ottawa, which takes its name from the
important river which bears the same title, and was selected by Queen Victoria
as the seat of the Federal Administration.
The
almost "GO,
exclusive o
Europe,
rivers, prov
necessary al
area with S(
of a highl)
recently ma
'^Th
ance of th(
extent of tl
it our most
sale of agi
Canada, ins
of a centur
Over
occupied, a
older Provii
land in an)
is almost o
No. I hard
very high,
very freque
-7-
DN OF CANADA
WWXX^'VXX^X'V^%^^»V>^/VXV^«
The area of Canada figures up to 3,456,000 square miles, which is
almost ,',00,000 square miles more than the total area of the United States,
exclusive of Alaska, and not far short of being equal to the area of all
Europe. About 150,000 square miles of this area is taken up by lakes and
rivers, providing magnificent waterways for the manufacturer ; when all the
necessary allowances have been made, there still remains in Canada an immense
area with soil fertile enough and climate favorable enough for all the purposes
of a highly civilized population. As a prominent American journalist, who
recently made a trip through Western Canada, says :
'^The members of the American Press Association made the acquaint-
ance of the Canadians of the Northwest and learned something of the vast
extent of their territory and of its great resources, which are destined to make
it our most formidable commercial competitor in the world's markets for the
sale of agricultural products. We learned that the Northwest Territory of
Canada, instead of being a barren waste, as taught by geographies of a quarter
of a century ago, is capable of sustaining an empire of 50,000,000 of people."
Over 900,000 square miles of the Dominion of Canada are already
occupied, and of the occupied area fully one-half has been "improved." The
older Provinces are, acre for acre, as suitable for agricultural pursuits as is the
land in any other portion of the known world. Manitoba, the Prairie Province,
is almost one vast wheat field, with its productivity unequalled anywhere. The
No. I hard wheat grown there is unsurpassed ; the average yield per acre is
very high, being anywhere from 18 to 40 bushels, and even higher yields are
very frequently known. It generally brings from 5 to 10 cents per bushel
-7-
more than the wheat grown in the more southern latitudes, on account of its
quality- British Columbia is a land of almost infinite possibilities, not only
because of its mineral and timber resources, but also because of its capabilities
for agriculture and fruit growing. The Territories are so vast an area, that
no gfeneral description of them is possible, but it may be said that the great
wheat valley of the Saskatchewan, the sheltered grazing country of Alberta,
I
iflUK.^'i'lLllI
r\>^^
M.
i
, fifck"'''" ^^
^-mmmxK
DOMINION PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS-West Block— OTTAWA.
and the great plains of the Peace River Valley in Athabasca are regions
adapted in soil and climate to sustain a hardy and vigorous people. Within
the past few years, there has been a wonderful immigration into the Territories
as well as into British Columbia and Manitoba. As railways are projected
and constructed, the settlement is crowding to the front. Many of these
iccount of its
ties, not only
ts capabilities
an area, that
lat the great
^ of Alberta,
are regions
le. Within
; Territories
e projected
y oi these
settlers have formerly been residents of the American Union, while a larg-e
number have come direct from Enrope, and their testimony is that they enjoy
the clTiate, and that their prospects for malting comfortable homes for them-
selves are beyond any question. Many of these, also, who are taking up
these lands-the free homestead lands of Western Canada-are ex-Canadians,
Canadians who have resided some time in the United States. Tl..:ir attention
.s now being directed to N.wer Canada, or Western Canada, the term by
whjch It is familiarly known.
On this rich land of Gods giving the best minds of Great Britain
have planted a stable and flexible system of government, which insures peace
and rap.d development. The administrative system established in Canada
under the Union Act of ,867 is a federal union, having a general or central
government controlling matters essential to the general development, the per-
manency, and the unity of the whole Dominion; and a number of Local or
Provincial Governments, having the control and management of certain matters
naturally and conveniently falling within their defined jurisdiction , while each
government ,s administered in accordance with the British system of parlia-
men ary mstmuions. Representatives to these governments are elected by the
people, the House of Commons, or federal Government, now consisting of
2.3 members; the number of representatives in the Local or Provincial Gov-
ernment varying according to the size of the Province.
The Provinces will be treated in detail in the ensuing pages,
manzed^briefly they are as follows :
British Columbia Population, gg,,,, ; area, 407,300 square miles.
Sum-
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
New Brunswick .
Nova Scotia ... .
Prince Edward Island
152,506;
2,114.321 ;
'.488,535;
321,263;
450.396 ;
109,078;
1 16,021
222,000
228,900
28, 200
20,000
2,000
In all these provinces there is a lieutenant-g-overnor appointed for five
years by the governor-general of the Dominion in council, and aided by an
executive council of eight or less members, who have seats in the leirislature,
and are responsible to the popular house in accordance with the principles of
English parliamentary government. In Nova Scotia and Quebec there is a
legislative council of 20 and 24 members respectively, appointed by the lieu-
tenant-governor in council of each province. The assembly in these provinces
consist of 3cS and 73 members respectively, elected for four years in Nova
Scotia, and for five years in Quebec, on a limited franchise based on property
and income. The speaker of the legislative council is appointed by the
crown. In the five other provinces there is only one house, an elected
assembly, viz.: Ontario, 94 members; New Brunswick, 41; Prince Edward
Island, 30; Manitoba, 40; British Columbia, ■^:^. In all these provinces there
is manhood suffrage, limited by residence and citizenship, but in Prince Ed-
ward Island 15 are elected on a special real estate qualification. In all of
these provinces the duration of the assembly is four years, unless sooner dis-
solved. Sessions are annual. In all of the provinces the speakers of the
assemblies are elected by the members. In both houses members are paid.
Members require no property qualification. The legislative powers of the leg-
islatures are defined by the British North America Ac*^ of 1867. Widows and
unmarried women, when taxed, can vote at municipal elections in Ontario and
the Northwest Territories. In Manitoba and British Columbia all women who
are taxed in their own right can vote at such elections. The various territor-
ies of the Northwest, as enumerated above, have representative but not respon-
sible government. A lieutenant-governor with a small executive council
administers their affairs, and the resident populace voice their views through a
joint assembly of 26 members. The franchise is based on household qualifi-
cation, Indians being excluded. The assembly elects its own speaker, has a
duration of four years, unless sooner dissolved, and meets once every year.
Members do not require a property qualification, and are paid a small indem-
nity. Tne legislative powers are defined by a Dominion act, and are, as nearly
as practicable, those of provincial assemblies. Municipal institutions have been
established in towns and rural districts in imitation of the Ontario system.
At t
the Klond}
ment. TI
In cl
ing statisti
interest :
Total a
Total u
Total ii
-9-
At the last census the popuhition was above 120,000 s^ uls, exclusive of
the Klonclyke district, which is under a separate and wholly paternal govern-
ment. The total area of the Territories is about 2,500,000 square miles.
DOMINION PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, EAST BLOCK, OTTAWA.
In closing this brief summary of the Dominion of Canada, the follow-
ing statistics, furnished by the Government of Canada, become of supreme
interest :
^^^ AREAS .3*^^
Total area of the world (not including- oceans or seas), 46,756,745 square miles.
Total area of the British Empire 1 1,552,531 " "
Total area of Canada 3,653,946 " "
-9-
DOMINION PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS -LANGEVIN BLOCK— OTTAWA.
That is, the area of the British Empire is about one-quarter of the world's area as
above given.
That is, the area of Canada is about one-thirteenth of world's area as above given.
That is, the area of Canada is nearly one-third of area of British Empire.
jf'^j' DISTANCES jfiJ-^
From Liverpool to Halifax 2,475 rniles.
I Vom Liverpool to New York 3, 105
From Liverpool (through Canada via Vancouver) to Yokohama 9>994
From Liverpool (via New York and San Francisco) to Yokohama 10,911
From Liverpool (via Suez Canal) to Yokohama 1 1,280
From Montreal (via Vancouver) to Yokohama 7» 189
-10-
CANADIAN COMMERCE
1888
i8g8
TOTAL IMPORTS.
VALIK.
$1 10,894,630
'40.305.950
Increase $ 29,411,320
TOTAL EXPORTS.
VALIK.
$ 90,203,000
164,152,683
$ 73.949.683
^^^
CERTAIN EXPORTS COMPARED
1888
1898
Increase.
THE MINE.
$ 4,110,937
14.463.256
THE FISHERIES.
$ 7.793.183
10,841,661
•• $'0,352,319 $ 3,048,478
THE FARM.
1888 $40,155,657
'^98 _J7.36^.755
Increase $37,209,098
THE FOREST,
$21,307,814
^6,511. 539
$ 5,208,725
MANl^FACTfRES.
$ 4,161,282
10,678,318
S 6,517,034
BANKING INTERESTS
Sept., 1887
Sept., 1898
Increase . . . .
AVERAGE NOTES IN
DAILY CIRCl LATION.
$33,765,610
40,071,143
• • $ 6,305,533
DEPOSITS.
$114,954,591
244,630,165
$129,675,574
I's area as
given.
TOTAL DEPOSITS IN SAVINGS BANKS
June 30th, 1887 TOTAL DEPOSITS.
June 30th, 1898 $50,924,418
Increase . _^^9^
$14,225,552
RAILWAY INTERESTS
1887
1897
TONS OF FREIGHT CARRIED.
$'6,356,335
25.300,331
,475 miles.
105
994
911
280
189
Increase $8,943,996
EARNINGS.
$38,842,010
52,353.277
$'3,511,267
OUTPUT OF MINERAL PRODUCTS
1887 VALUE.
1897 ' " $11,365,705
Increase ^^> 789.1 73
-10- $17,423,468
THE PROVINCE OF BRT
W^V%^%VS%V%%X'V^%^%^%X>/%N^^V%/VW^AA^^^V
RITISH COLUMBIA is ihe most westerly province of Can-
ada, and extends for about 700 miles north and
south, and nearly 500 east and west. Its limits
extend from the 49th parallel — the international
boundary line between Canada and the United
States — on the south to the 60th degree of north
^ latitude, and from the summit of the Rocky
Mountains westward to the Pacific Ocean, Vancouver Island and Oueen Char-
lotte Islands being included within its bounds. It contains an area of 383,-
000 square miles, in which are mountain ranges, numerous forests, many
fruitful valleys and splendid waterways. The Rocky Mountains separate it
from the rest of Canada, while the Pacific Ocean bounds it on the west, ex-
cept for nearly 300 miles on the extreme north, where the Alaskan possessions
of the United States interpose between it and the sea.
The principal harbors of British Columbia are Esquimalt, the head-
quarters of H.M. Pacific Squadron, Victoria and Nanaimo, in Vancouver
Island ; Vancouver Coal Harbour and English Bay (at the entrance of Bur-
rard Inlet) on the mainland. There is a dry dock at Esquimalt 450 feet long
with width of 90 feet at the entrance, making the province an invaluable out-
post of the British Empire.
Of the rivers of British Columbia the principal are the Eraser, the
Columbia, the Thompson the Kootenay, the Skeena, the Stikine, the Liard,
and the Peace. The Eraser is the great watercourse of the province. It rises
in the northern part of the Rocky Mountains, runs for about 200 miles in two
branches in a westerly direction, and then in one strearr. nins due south for
nearly 400 miles before turning to rush through the gorges of the coast
range to \\
its way it
The
province, ii
Lake. Thi
bia runs nc
turn and ri
by the abi
Columbia."
some distar
a total area
Then
tion, both (
to that of !
vi?ice snow
remains gre
every wintei
heavy rains
commences
Mountains,
tinning fron
as low as 2
spondingly
ter is seven
Gold,
mainland 01
Islands, and
—11—
F BRITISH COLUMBIA
range to the Straits of Georgia. Its total length is about 740 miles. On
its way it receives the waters o( numeroi;s important minor rivers.
The Columbia is a large river rising in the south-eastern part of the
province, in the neighborhood of the Rocky Mountains, near the Kootenay
Lake. This lake is now traversed by regular steamboat service. The Colum-
bia runs north beyond the 52nd degree of latitude, when it takes a sudden
turn and runs due south into the State of Washington. It is this loop made
by the abrupt turn of the river that is known as the "Big Bend of the
Columbia." The Kootenay waters fall into the returning branch of this loop
some distance south of the main line of the n-ilway. The Columbia drains
a total area of 195,000 square miles.
There are several climates in British Columbia. In the southern por-
tion, both of the mainland and of Vancouver Island, the climate is superior
to that of southern England or central France. In this section of the pro-
vince snow seldom falls, and then lies but a few hours or days. Vegetation
remains green, and the flowers are bright through the greater part of nearly
every winter; while i« spring and summer disagreeable east winds, excessively
heavy rains and long-continued fogs are unknown. Generally speaking, spring
commences in February in all parts of the province west of the Cascade
Mountains. East of these mountains the winters are short but sharp, con-
tinuing from six to ten or twelve weeks, with a temperature down sometimes
as low as 20' or even 30" Fahrenheit. Summers in this region are corre-
spondingly warm. In the northern portions of the province the cold of win-
ter is severe ; but everywhere the climate is salubrious and healthy.
Gold, silver and copper, besides other minerals, are found both on the
mainland of British Columbia, Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlotte
Islands, and to the far north beyond the limits of the province in that division
m
— u—
i
i I
of Canada known as the Northwest Terri-
tories. It is in that division that the Yukon
River and its marvellous j^'old discoveries
are situated, and these are reached at present
only hy way of British Columbia. It is
impossible to say where within the limits of
British Columbia immense discoveries will
not be made.
The British Columbia Bureau of Mines
gives the total mineral production of that
country from il.^ earliest history, commenc-
ing with 1858, down to the commencement
of the present year. The total production
for all years is stated to be as follows : —
Gold (placer) $57,704,855
Gold (quartz) 2,1 77,8^19
Silver ■ • 4,028,224
Lead i ,606,427
Coppei 254,802
Coal and Coke 33,9;;4,427
Building stone, etc 1,200,000
Other materials 25,000
$100,931,604
The province is divided into several
districts containing an unpredecentedly var-
ied wealth of the products of the earth.
The chief cities of the Island will be dealt
with in detail hereafter. A brief summary
of the characteristics of the various sections
of this immense province first becomes
necessary.
-12-
LEGISLATIVE BUILDINGS, VICTORIA, B.C.
-12-
Vancouver Island is the largest on the west coast of America, being
about 240 miles long, and with an average breadth of about 50 miles, and
contains an estimated area of about 15,000 square miles. It is separated from
the mainland portion of British Columbia by the Straits or Gulf of Georgia,
at distances varying from 20 to 60 miles, and from the State of Washington
in the United States by the Strait of San Juan de Fuca. The coast line,
more particularly on the west side, is broken by numerous inlets of the sea,
some of which run up to the interior of the Island for many miles between
precipitous cliffs, backed by high rugged mountains, which are clothed in fir,
hemlock and cedar. At some points are sheltered bays which receive small
streams, watering an open-gladed country, having a growth of wild flowers
and grasses— the white clover, sweet grass, cowslip, wild timothy and a profu-
sion of berries. The two ends of Vancouver Island are, comparatively speak-
ing, flat, but there are mountains in the interior ranging from 6,000 to 8,000
feet on the highest ridger. The interior of the Island, still unsettled at any
distance from the sea coast, is largely interspersed with lakes and small
streams. The surface is beautifully diversified by mountains, hills and rich
valleys, and on the east coast the soil is so good that great encouragement is
offered to agricultural settlement and fruit-growing.
Tn other parts the soil is light and of little depth, but it is heavily
wooded with valuable timber. In the island lakes and in the indentations of
the coast there is a plentiful supply of fish, and a fair variety of game on
shore. The scenory is picturesqi e and varied.
The Island is rich in mineral wealth, besides the great coal mines of
Nanaimo, whose output amounts to 1,000,000 tons annually, there being dis-
coveries of gold and other valuable metals in several districts. The region
about Alberni has recently com2 into prominence owing to the rich "fields,"
and it is expected that this district will rank high among the gold-producing
centres of the n )rth as developments, already well under way, progress. Some
of the rocks of the Island furnish excellent building material, the gray granite
being equal to Scotch and English granites.
The
of the pro\
In t
farming lai
is rich and
marked sei
out much
this local it;
per acre, a
crops, total
growing, v\
all the sm^
at Agassiz
The
the Fraser
settlements
settlements
boo Railw;
is rapidly (
is found IV
tions are b
the refraci
already atl
There is, r
cattle thriv
quality, ch
and smalle
The
The distrii
For the pi
province r
-13-
The New Westminster district is situated at the south-western corner
of the province.
In the southern portion of this district there is a good deal of excellent
farming- land, particularly in the delta of the Fraser River. The soil there
is rich and strong, the climate mild, resembling that of England, with more
marked seasons of rain and dry weather, and heavy yields are obtained with-
out much labor. Very large returns of wheat have been got from land in
this locality— as much as 62 bushels from a measured acre, 90 bushels of oats
per acre, and hay that yielded 3% to 5 tons to the acre, and frequently two
crops, totalling six tons. Experiments have of late years been made in fruit-
growing, with the most satisfactory results — apples, plums, pears, cherries and
all the smaller fruits being grown in profusion, and at the Experimental Farm
at Agassiz figs have been produced.
The Lillooet district lies directly south of Cariboo, and is bisected by
the Fraser River The country is as yet only sparsely settled, the principal
settlements being in the vicmity of the Fraser River, though there are other
settlements at Clinton, Lillooet and elsewhere which, when the projected Cari-
boo Railway is built, will rapidly become of more importance. This district
is rapidly coming to the front as a gold producer. Considerable milling gold
is found near the town of Lillooet. Several promising quartz-bearing loca-
tions are being developed in this district, and as machinery capable of treating
the refractory ores are the most improved methods, the excellent results
already attained are attracting miners and mining men in large numbers.
There is, moreover, a large area of the finest grazing land in this district, and
cattle thrive well. The valleys are wonderfully rich, and fruit of an excellent
quality, chiefly apples, is grown; peaches, pears and plums are also cultivated,
and smaller fruits grow in profusion.
The Yale district is on the east of Lillooet and New Westminster.
The district affords openings for miners, lumbermen, farmers and ranchmen.
For the purpose of localizing the information here given, this district of the
province may be sub-divided into the Nicola, the Okanagan and the North
-13-
Thompson countries. The Nicola valley,
forming- the central part of the Yale dis-
trict, while specially adapted to pastoral
pursuits, is well fitted for agriculture and
the growth of all classes of cereals. The
crops already grown are excellent in quality
and the yield exceptionally large. Nicola
valley is becoming as famous for its grain,
roots, vegetables and fruits of all kinds as
it has been for its bu .^n grass fed cattle.
The valley is also rich in its mineral
deposi<^s. There is a large area of bitumin-
ous and good coking coal at Coldwater,
where magnetic iron ore is likewise found.
The richest platinum mines on the continent
have been discovered on Tulameen and Slate
Creeks.
The Okanagan valley, ^south of the
Canadian Pacific Railway, and east of the
Nicola valley, is one of the finest sections
in the whole province for agriculture and
stock-raising pursuits. In this part are to
be found the most extensive farms in the
province, as well as the largest cattle ranges.
Okanagan is famous as a grain-growing
country. For many years this industry was
not prosecuted vigorously, but of late a
marked change has taken place in this re-
spect, and samples of wheat raised in Okana-
gan, sent to the Vienna Exposition, were
awarded the highest premiums and bronze
medals.
LEGISU
-14-
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LEGISLATIVE BUILDINGS, VICTORIA, B.C.— LEGISLATIVE HALL.
-U-
m
The West Kootenay district is the next east of Yale, embracing, with
East Kootenay, an area of 16,500,000 acres. West Kootenay is chiefly re-
markable for its great mineral wealth. Marvellously rich deposits have been
discovered in different sections, and new finds are iJmost daily made. There
is still a large area not yet prospected which will doubtless yield even more
phenomenal returns of precious ores. It is a country of illimitable possibili-
ties, but is only passing the early stages of development, when the vast area
of hidden wealth is considered. Great strides, however, have already been
made, and many of the camps, notably in the Trail Creek, Rossland, Kaslo-
Slocan, Ainsw,.rth and Nelson districts, are completely equipped for mining
operations. In the Lardeau, Big Bend and other parts of this rich region,
mining is profitably carried on, and as capital is acquired through the work-
mg of ^he mines, or is brought in, the output of ore will be immensely
increased.
East Kootenay, lying between West Kootenay and the eastern bound-
ary of the province, comprises the larger part of the famous Kootenay region
of British Columbia, which is entered from the east at Golden, on the Cana-
dian Pacific Railway.
East Kootenay, though not yet opened to the same extent as West
Kootenay, is known to be a rich mineral country, and men are now actively
engaged in working its new mines and prospecting for others. The selection
of the Crow's Nest Pass route for a short line of the Canadian Pacific Rail-
way, and the probable construction of branch roads and other lines within a
few years, will add marvellously to its prosperity. East Kootenay is, speak-
ing generally, a good agricultural and pastoral as well as mining country, and
during the past year has added a large number of actual farmers to its popu-
lation who have taken up and are cultivating land.
Nearly the whole of the area of the Kootenay valley described is a
bunch grass country, affording excellent grazing. The grass country is 250
miles long, of an average width of five miles, besides a number of lateral val-
leys of more limited extent. It is safe to say that the whole of the valley is
fertile, thou
tested.
The
west of the
which millii
is still a vi
the result
the enormo
machinery
mining. 1
gold fields <
Canadian P
way to nort
ment has re
The I
and occupie
tude. It i;
mines, and
oped. The
and parts of
siar district
Victoria for
within the d
-15-
fertile, though except in a few places its agricultural capabilities have not been
tested.
The Cariboo district lies north of the Lillooet district, and immediately
west of the Northwest Territories of Canada. The famed Cariboo mines, from
which millions of dollars of gold have been taken, are in this district. This
is still a virgin field for the miner, the immense output of yellow metal being
the result of explorations and operations necessarily confined to the surface,,
the enormous cost and almost insuperable difficulties of transporting heavy
machinery necessitating the employment of the most primitive appliances in
mining. These obstacles to the full development of the marvellously rich
gold fields of Cariboo have been largely overcome by the construction of the
Canadian Pacific, and the improvement of the great highway from that rail-
way to northern British Columbia, with the result that the work of develop-
ment has recently been vigorously and extensively prosecuted.
The Cassiar district is the most northerly district of British Columbia,
and occupies the whole western portion of the province from the 26° longi-
tude. It is not an agricultural country, but contains some very rich gold
mines, and indications are numerous of further mineral wealth to be devel-
oped. There are some prosperous fish-canning establishments on the coast,
and parts of the district are thickly timbered. Communication with the Cas-
siar district is principally by water. Steamers start at regular dates from
Victoria for the Skeena River, Port Simpson and other points on the coast
within the district.
n
^-. ^»^g:^//r:g^K-^,
-15-
City of Victoria ^^^^^
HE seat of i^fovernment for the Province of British Columbia
is at Victoria, a lovely ci.y situated at the southern
extremity of Vancouver Island. Here are the Par-
liament buildings, courts, government offices, and
her" also the headquarters of Her Majesty's fleet in
the North Pacific. It follows, therefore, that the
social life oi the province should centre here ; here
the young pioneer who is busy most of the year
building up the province in the mine and the forest
comes for a little
The societv of Victoria
social relaxation,
is of the most charming character ; a well
educated and wealthy populace which has
seen much of the world tends to make this
city of the Pacific a social paradise. Nine-
tenths of the city's residents own their homes,
and if in business their business premises.
It follows, therefore, that a healthy, pro-
gressive civic life must exist here.
To its own natural advantages, apparent
to intelligent observers even before the axe
had been laid to the first tree on its site.
Victoria OA^es, not only its birth, but its
growth in population, wealth and com-
mercial importance. It has had no artificial
aid ; no world-wide advertising of the un-
told values of the virgin mines and forests
in the tributary country or the wealth of
its adja..ent waters.
att
en
in
vei
im
mc
pai
cla
fre(
not
CITY HALL, VICTOK
-16-
Columbia
e southern
e the Par-
Rfices, and
y^'s fleet in
, that the
lere ; here
f the year
the forest
CITY HALL, VICTORIA, B.C.
— 16-
Fifty years ago, before immigration to the shores of the Pacific was
attracted by the discovery of gold in California, Fort Victoria had an exist-
ence. The gold-seekers were preceded by the fur-dealers, and the first house
in what is now the capital of British Columbia was that of one of the ad-
venturous traders o( the Hudson's Bay Company. As years rolled on, the
importance of the post on the southern extremity of Vancouver Island became
more and more recognized. Population increased ; the Hudson's Bay Com-
pany, with its store-keepers, trappers, and traders, forming one important
class ; while another, drawn from the ships of the Royal Navy, which paid
frequent visits to the shores of Vancouver Island, more gradually became a
noticeable feature of its society.
Then came news of gold dis:overies in various parts of the country
tributary to the struggling settlement, and
then the influx of the army of the Argo-
nauts. From California, where they tasted
the sweet and the bitter of the gold fever,
the treasure-seekers, with pick and shovel,
poured into Victoria, equipped themselves,
and passed on in hundreds and thousands
to the Fraser, or to Cariboo. The history
of Victoria's life 'during the "sixties" is
the history of many places in the West,
which gold finds have made famous in a day.
The mad search for riches made the
village a city — and one, while the excitement
was at its height, of considerable population
and constantly changing character. After
the fever came the reaction, which even
more tried the young and struggling city.
Many of its citizens, however, knew its
worth, and Victoria passed the crisis safely,
and commenced the steady, substantial
growth whicii has le:? to its recognition to-day as the wealthiest city— for its
size — upon the American continent.
Located at the southern extremity of Vancouver Ishmd, the situation of
Victoria is remarkahle for its beauty and its adaptability to the purposes of
commerce. The city rises gradually from the Straits of San Juan de Fuca,
and from the land-locked harbor in which its extensive shipping lies in safety.
The grades from the water-side, through the business section to the suburbs,
are all gentle, and no high bluffs, alike dangerous and inconvenient, mar any
of the wide and well kept streets. The harbor and shipping facilities cannot
be surpassed. By the expenditure of hundreds of thousands of dollars, pri-
POST OFFICE, VICTORIA, B.C.
vate enterpris
capable of ao
largest steam
Pacific. Th(
ous and torti
dant water ai
The shore lir
conform.ation
being found i
or more in a
and sailing <
ceiving or dij
-17-
GOVERNMENT STREET, LOOKINC; NORTH, VICTORIA, B.C.
vate enterprise has constructed at the entrance to the harbor proper, docks
capable of accommodating and sheltering" in the roug'hest g"ale that blows, the
larg-est steamships and sailing- vessels to be found upon the waters of the
Pacific. Their course from the ocean is a clear one, there being no danger-
ous and tortuous channels, and no shoals or rocks. At this outer dock abun-
dant water and excellent wharfage is afforded for shipping of any draught.
The shore line of Victoria harbor, which is entirely protected by the natural
conform.ation of the land, is about seven miles in length, good anchorage
being found in many places, while well appointed wharves extend for a mile
or more in almost unbroken succession. Here it 's that dozens of steamers
and sailing craft of all sizes are to be found at all sea.sons of the year, re-
ceiving or discharging freight. The great majority of the wharves are lighted
■17-
SOUTH PARK SCHOOL, VICTORIA, B.C.
by electriC'ty, and all are provided with the most approved appliances for the
quick despatch of business.
Victoria's business streets are wide and handsome. The policy of the
people has been not to concentrate the business life of the city upo.i any one
street. Hence her chief avenues are all bustling commercial thoroughfares,
while a vast amount of substanti?.! business is transacted daily in the wholesale
districts. All of the business sti-jets boast buildings of imposing design and
the most modern arrangement, but the city differs materially from many others
in the neighboring States, in that it is far from being built to meet a non-
existent demand. Four and five storey blocks are uncommon, but every foot
of accommodation provided is utilized. In this particular point will be seen
the conservative policy which has made the city what it is ; the boom policy.
-18—
iances for the
policy of the
ipo.i any one
horoughfares,
the wholesale
g design and
many others
meet a non-
lut every foot
; will be seen
boom policy,
so common to the cities o\' Piigct Soiiiul, is thoroughly lacking hero , the
business atmosphere is dilTcront; credits are maintained, and Hastern merchants
always point with pride and confidence to their trade with this point ; in the
late unsettled financial feeling extending throughout most parts of the World,
it may be confidently asserted that Victor!- felt it less than any city on the
Pacific, and, in fact, sent large sums of money to the Sound Cities to allevi-
ate the stringency at those points. So great, in fact, is the credit of Victoria
that the city bonds find a ready market at 4 per cent.
Scenically the situation of Victoria is grand. The well ordered, pictur-
esque city in the foreground ; beyond, the shimmering harbor and Straits, re-
flecting the deep blue of the sky ; across «:his grand body of water, the Straits
of Juan de Fuca, may be seen the glittering, snow-capped uneven line of
NORTH WARD SCHOOL, VICTORIA, B.C.
-18--
OFFICE OF "THE DA!! V cOLOMST, ' VICTORIA, B.C
peaks o( tl
Washinj>fto:i
ered t'oot-hi
erin^ into s
and the Sis
north loom
Columbia,
Georgia, do
ing beaches
from the c
coast, and t
way. Here
ships of Br
and dry do(
accommodati
Bay is anotl
This is rapii
surroundingi'
ment, and b
The c
ated by the
fire departmi
drawn from
is distributee
system are c
from the w;
The sewage
tem is comp
exists.
By si
connection >
Pacific at T
-19-
peaks of the Olympic ran^^e, extendinjr over the westerly part o( the State of
Washington ; to their east, on the other side oi Piijret Sound, the forest-cov-
ered foot-hills, and then the mountains themselves o{ the Cascade range, tow-
ering into sight, and presided over by the great snow sentinels, Mount Baker,
and the Sisters and Mount Rainer, the pride of Washington. Further to the
north loom up the white saw-toothed peaks of the great ranges of British
Columbia, while between them and the post of vision, extend the Straits of
Georgia, dotted with innumerable islands. In park lands, pleasure and bath-
ing beaches the city boasts beautiful environments. Beautiful drives extend
from the city in all directions— to Coldstream, to various points on the sea
coast, and to Esquimalt, three miles away, and also connected by electric rail-
way. Here is the most perfect harbor on the coast, in which the stern war-
ships of Britain are constantly to be found. Here, too, are the naval yard
and dry dock, the latter built of huge blocks of cut stone, and capable of
accommodating the largest ships of war and merchantmen on the seas. Oak
Bay is another popular seaside suburb connected by the busy electric road.
This is rapidly becoming the summer home of wealthy citizens, its charming
surroundings, attractive beach, and facilities for every form of seaside enjoy-
ment, and bringing it into constantly growing favor.
The city possesses an extensive system of water works, which is oper-
ated by the corporation, and which, with the well-equipped and well-disciplined
fire department, reduces the fire risk to almost nothing. The water supply is
drawn from a succession of spring-fed lakes, and passing over the filter beds,
is distributed by steel mains, its purity being assured. Improvements to the
system are constantly being made, and its efficiency maintained. The receipts
from the water works form one of the principal items in the civic revenue.
The sewage of the city is carried far out to sea by the tide, and the sys-
tem is complete. The pavements are good, and a fine electric railway system
exists.
By steamboats of exceptional elegance and speed, the city has daily
connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway at Vancouver ; the Northern
Pacific at Tacoma, and the Union Pacific at Portland ; while a regular service
is also maintained with San Francisco and all other coast points to the south;
Alaska and the northern way ports ; China and Japan ; the Sound Cities ; the
West Coast ; and the islands of the Gulf of Georgia. A railway connects the
city with Nanaimo and Welling'ton, the chief centres of the coal mining" dis-
trict. A number of projects are, however, receiving attention, having for their
object connection with the transcontinental systems to the north and south.
The climate compares very favorably with that of California. It is
temperate at all seasons, the summer heat being softened by the breezes from
mountain or sea. It is never oppressive, and the hottest days of the year are
invariably followed by cool and
delightful evenings. The win-
ter's rains, for snow is almost
unknown, when properly pro-
vided for, are neither unheal-
thy nor unpleasant ; and the
longevity of Victorians testifies
to the health-preserving quali-
ties of the climate. To those
who do not understand the
cause of the mild winters in
this section, it may be said
that the Japan Current has a
similar effect here to that of
the Gulf Stream upon Eng-
land ; the winds during the
winter are warm and heavilv
laden with moisture, which on
the other side of the Straits
are met by the ccld peaks of
the Olympic range ; the mois-
ture condensed is distributed in
rather heavy rainfalls over the
THE "VICTORIA DAILY TIMES," VICTORIA, B.C.
-20-
to the south;
id Cities ; the
connects the
il mining- dis-
ving- for their
and south.
fornia. It is
: breezes from
f the year are
d by cool and
fs. The win-
low is almost
properly pro-
iither unheal-
mt ; and the
3rians testifies
serving quali-
e. To those
merstand the
d winters in
may be said
urrent has a
e to that of
upon Eng-
during the
and heavily
ire, which on
f the Straits
eld peaks of
e ; the mois-
distributed in
"alls over the
RESIDENCE OF COMMODORE JOHN IRVING, VICTORIA, B.C.
Puget Sound country ; but there beingf no such mountains to the west of Vic-
toi.a, the rainfall is much less than at Seattle or Tacoma.
It follows from the position of the city that a large shipping trade
should exist ; hundreds of vessels of all classes come and go during the year,
and the transient population of sailors runs far into the thousands.
Many conditions have combined to make Victoria the manufacturingf
centre of British Columbia. In addition to her enormous financial prestige,
her admirable situation and shipping facilities, outside of her large and con-
stantly increasing home demand, she stands in a central position to reach the
world's markets as cheaply as any city of the Northwest. The policy of the
city has been, and is, to encourage in every way possible with liberal aid the
upbuilding of the manufacturing industries which are always the mainstay of a
city's population, and hence this industry is growing yearly in extent and
-20-
importance. At the head of the
list stand the Albion Iron Works,
which are capable of casting a
stove or building a steamship,
and possessing facilities superior
to even the Union Works, San
Francisco ; roller flour and rice
mills, soap works, shipbuilding
yards, several large furniture
manufactories, six breweries, two
soda water manufactories, cofi'ee
and spice mills, a piano factory,
carriage, boot and shoe and pow-
der manufactories, brush works,
stair building works, saw and
planing mills, and sash and door
factories in great numbers, Van-
couver Iron Works, harness and
trunk factory combined with a
tannery, marble and granite
works, shirt and clothing manu-
factories, pottery and terra cotta
works, brick yards, large baker-
ies, a large lithographing house,
printing establishments, in addi-
tion to box, tin can, wire works
and match manufactories, and a
host of others too numerous to
mention. This list will serve to
illustrate that the manufacturing
importance of Victoria is greater
to-day than that of any city of the
Northwest ; and these industries
THIi DUIARD HOTEL, VICTORJA, B.C., REDON & HARTI
-!2r-
}.C., REDON & HARTNAGEL, PROPRIETORS.
-Bl-
have sprung- into existence from
a purely commercial standpoint —
because they would pay and
thrive from the then existing de-
mand. And, notwithstanding- the
lavish outlays in this direction,
the field is constantly increasing;
the markets in South America,
Australia, Japan, China, India
and Siberian Russia are open to
the manufactured products of
Victoria, which is nearer to them
all (except to those of South
America) than any city on the
Pacific Coast; and in return this
city can receive and does receive
and manufacture their raw pro-
ducts for distribution in an oppo-
site direction. It is here also of
interest to note that importers
from the Orient, on account of
the existing conditions as above,
find Victoria the most feasible
headquarters at which to contract
for importations to British Col-
umbia and to the United States,
the latter trade for them being
even the larger of the two.
Foreign trade and manufac-
turing, however, can be no index
of the large amount of busi-
ness transacted between Victo-
ria's wholesalers and the interior
OFFICE AND WAREHOUSK OF LENZ & LEISER,
WHOLESALE DRY GOODS MERCHANTS,
YATES STREET, VICTORIA, B.C.
towns of the Island and Mainland, all
of which draw their supplies from the
capital. The mining districts must
import their provisions and machinery ;
the salmon canneries of the Fraser and
the northern rivers must be kept in
tin and other materials of the industry;
the sealing fleet must be fitted out
annually and vessels built here, and to
meet these demands requires a liberal
use of capital, which is returned, with
interest, in the products of the mines
OFFICE, WHARVES AND LUMBER MILLS OF J
-22-
LUMBER MILLS OF JOSEPH A. SAYWARD, VICTORIA, B.C.
-22-
OFFICE AND WAREHOUSr OF WILSON BROS,,
WHOLESALE GROCERS, YATES STREET,
VICTORIA. B.C.
and the canneries, and the catch of the
sealing schooners brought home in the
fall. Victoria is the headquarters of the
salmon industry, and from here the
output of the province is shipped an-
nually to the markets of the old world,
a fleet of sailing vessels being utilized
in this trade alone. Victoria merchants
are largely interested in the develop-
ment of the gold and silver mines of
the interior, the coal and quicksilver
claims on the Island and the important
ERSKIXE VVALL & CO.'S ITALIAN WAREHOUSE,
COR. FORT AND GOVERNMENT STREETS,
VICTORIA, B.C.
timber resources in all sections of the
province, contiguous to water. The oper-
ations in each direction indicated natur-
ally tend to advance Victoria. The fifty
schooners comprising the sealing fleet
being owned, and annually fitted out
here, also play an important part in the
business o( the citv. Farminir in
surrounding Victoria is advancing ste
all branches of agriculture, including
fruit growing, sheep culture and dair\
and unsatisfied market invites the
practical men. The demand is still
of the supply. Deep sea fisheries i
coimted among the industries whicl
inducements to capital and labor h
matters are more particularl\' referrec
chapter following, relating to the coun
to Victoria.
BANK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, VICTORI
Head Office, 6o Lombard Street, London, England. Branc
Victoria, Vancouver, New Westminster, Nanaimo, Kamlc
and Kaslo. In the United States, San Francisco and
-•i3-
V. Farmiiii»- in the district
is advanciiiiJf steadily, and in
ulture, incliidini^ hop raisiiio-,
cuhiire and dairyini**, a larj^e
ket invites the attention of
demand is still far in excess
ep sea fisheries ma}' also be
industries which offer rich
tal and labor here. These
irticularh' referred to in the
atinj,*- to the countr)- tributary
COLUMBIA, VICTORIA, B.C.
DON, England. Branches in British Con mbia,
NSTER, Nanaimo, Kamlcops, Nelson, Sandon
Es, San Francisco and Portland, Oregon.
--'3-
OFFICE AND WAREHOUSE OF SIMON LEISER& CO.,.
WHOLESALE GROCERS, 14 and 16 YATES
STREET, VICTORIA, B.C.
In conclusion, aside from its great
commercial possibilities, Victoria is an
important factor in the rapidly develop-
ing tourist trade of the Pacific Coast.
The opening up of China makes the
capital a most important outpost of im-
perial advancement and brings to the
province a vast number of travellers from
■ni^
OFFICES AND WAREHOUSE OF THE U. P. RITHET & CO., LUHTED, VICTORIA, B.C
all parts of the globe. To this type of wayfarer, who is usually wealthy,
Victoria is most attractive ; the city is naturally what Monte Carlo, the
renowned resort on the Riviera, is artificially. With its winding river
drives embracing vistas of the most beautiful scenery in the world, as already
described in these pages ; with Beacon Hill Park, that glorious preserve of
nature in her loveliest and most opulent expression ; with the rare and deli-
cious climate of which so much has already been said, what could be more
charming to the Englishman striking for the Orient, or to the sun-burned
traveller on his way back to the homeland after years of sojourn in India or
China. No wonder Victoria is known to the "world-trotters" as one of the
best beloved of cities. The municipal government of the place is of a char-
acter that enables the tourist to enjoy himself. There is nothing in the hospit-
able, well-educated and wealthy population of Victoia like the narrow
-24-
-"^
?IA, B.C.
y wealthy,
Carlo, the
iding river
as already
Dreserve of
•e and deli-
d be more
sun-burned
n India or
one of the
of a char-
the hospit-
he narrow
cxclusiveness and selfishness of some other cities on the American continent.
The people have been de.scribed as "live and let live" individuals, the stranger
finds a cheery and lively city ready to receive him, treat him well, and bid
him God-speed when he leaves. The municipality does not endeavor to
circumscribe the pleasure-loving wayfarer with narrow ideas or fads such as are
given the force of law in many American cities. Its government is clean,
broad, and of the best. Victoria is aiso lucky in having hotel accommodation
such as is not surpassed the world over, in the shape of the Driard Hotel.
The building itself, which is shown on a previous page, is one of the hand-
somest on the continent ; it is sumptuously fitted out in a manner surpassing
even the famous tourist hotels of Europe. In every detail of service, cuisine
and the elements of comfort, it is perfect. It is ably managed by its proprie-
tor, Mr. Gustave Hartnagle. The value to the city of Victoria of such an
enterprise it would be impo.ssible to overestimate.
I I MATILLA. 2 CITY OK PL'EBLA. 3 WALLA WALLA.
FLEET OF PACIFIC COAST S.S. CO., PLYING BETWEEN SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., VICTORIA
AND V.^NCOUVER. R. P. RITHET & CO., LIMITED, AGENTS, VICTORIA, B.C.
—24-
arc mountaii
ridg^es. The
except alon^
streams. T
valleys, form
the inlets ak
the abuiulani
Halibi
on the bank:
halibut fishe
larg-e quant i
4,000,000 pc
OFFICE A\n WAREHOUSES OF J. PIERCY & CO., WHOLESALE DRY GOODS, VICTORIA, B.C.
Another valuable feature of the City of Victoria, which she will come to
appreciate perhaps even more as the years go by, is her ready access to the
hunting and fishing grounds of Vancouver Island. For the lover of the rod
and gun the district tributary to the City of Victoria is a sportsman's paradise.
As has already been pointed out in the general account of the province, the
coast line on the west side of the Island is broken by inlets of the sea, that
run up to the interior of the Island between precipitous cliffs, backed by rug-
ged mountains which are forever green with the dusky foliage of fir, hemlock
and cedar trees. Sheltered bays there are which receive small streams, water-
ing an open gladed country, having a growth of wild flowers and grasses.
The two ends of Vancouver Island are, comparatively speaking, flat, but there
D -25
OFI
are mountains in the interior ranj^-ing from 6,000 to 8,000 feet on the hii^J^hest
ridjtjes. The interior o( the Ishmd, which, as has been said, is unsettled
except aIon«if the sea coast, is largely interspersed with lakes and small
streams. The surface, so beautifully diversified by mountains, hills and rich
valleys, forms for the huntsman an ideal ground, while the inland lakes and
the inlets along the coast boast a plentiful supply of fish, equalled only by
the abundant variety of game on shore.
Halibut o( fine quality and large size are plentiful in the inner waters,
on the banks off the west coast ol' Vancouver Island, and further north. The
halibut fisheries are just being developed, and during the past three years
large quantities were exported. The estimated catch of last season was
4,000,000 pounds.
OFFICE AND WAREHOUSE OF TURNER, BEETON & CO., WHARF STREET,
VICTORIA, B.C.
-25
Hi
HIS COMPANY operates the larg-est and most
moclernly equipped Milling Plant in Western
Canada, and ever on the alert to keep strictly
up-to-date, it has, concurrently with the growth
o( the country, grown to its present large
proportions.
It is indeed a far call from the small old
style mill operated hy Mr. Henry Brackman, the founder of this
Company, at Saanich, a suburb of Victoria in 1876, to the present
Company's strictly modern Cereal Mills in Victoria, New West-
minster and South Edmonton, and shows in itself the wonderful
growth of this important industry.
As for the quality of the goods turned out by this Com-
pany, their competitive records eloquently speak for themselves.
That their " Nationf 'ills Brand" is the peer o{ any in the
world, and which is it. .iself a very broad statement, is evidenced
by the fact that in competition with the world they were
awarded the gold medal (highest award) at the Chicago
World's Fair in 1H92-3, and also had the same distinction at the
Mid-Winter Fair in San Francisco in 1894, in fact,', wherever
their goods have been exhibited they have always held this
unique position. This is an envious record indeed.
The products of the Company consist of rolled oats, oat-
meal, split peas, pearl barley, yellow c.irn meal, Graham flour,
rye flour, buckwheat flour.
In addition to their Cereal Mills they operate 3 Grain
Elevators of 25,000 bushels capacity, 2 at South Edmonton, and
1 at Wetaskiwin, in Alberta, Northwest Territory, and also have
large Wholesale and Retail Houses in Victoria, Vancouver and
New Westminster. The Head Office is in Victoria, B.C.
Cereal Mills -'
"B" South ED^
THE BRACKMAN & KER MILLING COMPANY (Limited Liability).
NATIONAL MILLS.
Cereal Mills -Victoria, B.C., New Westminster, B.C., South Edmonton, Alta. Elevators — "A" Soith Edmonton, Alta.
"B" South Edmonton, Alta. "C" Wetaskiwin, Alta. Stores — Victoria, B.C., Vancouver, B.C., New Westminster, B.C.
I victoria. 2 EDMONTON, N.W.T. 3 WESTMINSTER. 4 VICTORIA. 5 VANCOUVER.
-26-
THE S.S. BRISTOL IN DOcK AT VICTOR
The above picture was taken on Sunday, Aug-. 15th, 1897, on the first man to
occasion of the first excursion to the Kl Jyke. The "Bristol" was chartered Davidge som
by Mr, 1'. C. Davidge, of the firm of F C. navic'[,>-e & Co., of Victoria, the China and Ja
in ''If
1'
IN nOcK AT VICTORIA.
first man to grasp the immediate profits of the Klondyke export trade. Mr
Davidge some years ago embarked on the export and import trade with India,
China and Japan, in which countries he had had a wide commercial "xperJence.
!;):■!' ■
27-
VIEWS OF S.S. ISLANDER, ONE OF THE DOZEN OF THE C.P.N. CO.S FLEET.
LEAVING VICTORIxV OR REfULAR TRIP TO VANlOl VER. 2 ISLANDER AND TEES LEAVING FOR DVEA AND
SKAGWAY WITH KLONDVKE GOLD SEEKERS. ,3 ISLANDER LEAVING VICTORIA
WITH KLONDVKE GOLD SEEKERS.
The Canadian Pacific Navigation Company, Limited, was incorporated
in 1883 by a number of Victoria business men, with a capital of $500,000.00.
The chief business was at that time carried on between Victoria and the
Mainland, and on the Fraser River as far as Yale. The steamers operated
by the Company at that time were " R. P. Rithet," *' Princess Louise,"
"William Irving," "Western Slope," "Enterprise," "Reliance," "Otter
Maude" and "Gertrude."
As the country became more settled and the demand for transportation
facilities increased, this fleet was strengthened from time to time by the con-
struction and purchase of larger and more modern boats. At the present
time the Company's fleet is represented by the following craft: "Islander,"
"Charmer," "Danube," "Tees," "Yosemite," " R. P. Rithet," "Transfer,"
"Princess Louise," "Willapa," "Rainbow," "Maude," "Queen City," and a
LEET.
^R DYEA AND
incorporated
500,000.00.
ia and the
rs operated
>s Louise,"
' "Otter
[nsportation
)y the con-
Ihe present
I' Islander,"
Transfer,"
Ity," and a
fleet of light draft river steamers plying on the Stickeen and Yukon Rivers,
and making connections with the Company's boats from Victoria and Van-
couver to Fort Wrangel and St. Michael's. The following routes are operated
by them :
Victoria and Vancouver, daily ; Victoria and Westminster, tri-weekly ;
Westminster and Fraser River, tri-weekly; Vancouver and Victoria and Texada
Island, bi-weekly ; Victoria and Vancouver and Northern Coast, weekly ; Vic-
toria and West Coast and Vancouver Island, weekly ; Victoria and Vancouver
to Fort Wrangel (connecting with river steamers for Telegraph Creek), Dyea,
Juneau, Skagway and Alaska ports, weekly ; Victoria and Vancouver to St.
Michael's (connecting with river steamers for Dawson City), monthly.
To Captain John Ir, ing, the efficient manager, is due the success ot
C. P. N. Co.
INTERIOR VIEWS OF S.S. ISLANDER.
—28-
City of Nanaimo ^dS'^^^
ERHAPS the greatest resource of Vancouver Island is her
immense coal seams, which are the most celebrated,
"* both for their output and quality, of any on the
Pacific Coast ; and it is to this fact that the city of
Nanaimo owes her existence. Nanaimo was practi-
cally founded
freely, it is !
tion, and gr
indeed, its e
mines from
since, the m
The 1
company rui
its employee
in 1856 by the
Hudson Bay
Company, when the first
coal was taken out ; but
was not incorporated until
1874. It is situated o\\ the shores oi
the Straits of Georgia, and occupies
the most eastern point of Vancouver
Island. No more beautiful view could
be conceived oi than that stretch i up*
away from its feet; several islands form
a rampart against the waves and winds
oi the Straits, and keep the waters of
the beautiful harbor at all times placid.
I
The city contains a population
o^ about 9,000 souls, is provided with
churches, schools, hotels; electric light and gas, as also a good water works
system, are among the conveniences.
When one considers that there are ten coal mines tributary to Nanaimo,
and furnishing a monthly pay-roll of about $175,000, not to speak of the
great number of sailors from the steamers, and sail-craft from all portions of
the globe, crowding the thoroughfares at all times, and spending their money
No. 1 SHAFT, Xli \V VANCOUVER COAL MINING AND LAND Ci
railroad com
The characti
largely moui
and snow-ca
one of the (
reaches abs(
Commerciall
-2!)-
' il
I,
e
)f
i-
freely, it is hardly to be wondered at that the city is in a flourishing condi-
tion, and growing- rapidly ; but it may be said that it owes its prosperity,
indeed, its existence, to the Nev/ Vancouver Coal Company, which bought its
mines from the Hudson Bay Company in 1862, and has made them, ever
since, the main resource and support of the bulk of its inhabitants.
The miners, excepting those at Northfield, all live in Nanaimo, the
company running work trains from the city to its outlying mines, which enable
its employees to enjoy the comforts of city life. The railroads connecting the
shafts with the big coal wharves at
LS. ^"* t
le
)f
■y
Nanaimo are all of the standard gauge,
ensuring complete intercommunication
with the Esquimau & Nanaimo Rail-
road. The city is a flourishing and
prosperous one.
It is blessed beyond most min-
ing towns with good educational ad-
vantages, having two schools of the
higher grade, the one a collegiate in-
stitute, the other a grammar school,
where, in addition to all the elemen-
taries, a pupil receives a grounding in
the classics. A very good opera house
and no less than twenty-four hotels are
also included in the make-up of the
city. This, with the advantage of good
railroad communication, gives Nanaimo genuine claims to urban importance.
The character of the beautiful scenery alluded to in the opening paragraph is
largely mountainous. On a clear day one has a fine view of the saw-toothed
and snow-capped peaks of the Selkirks of British Columbia, of Mount Baker,
one of the Cascade range in the State of Washington. The sight is one that
reaches absolute grandeur, and makes Nanaimo ever memorable to visitors.
Commercially speaking, the city's future is beyond doubt.
IINING AND LAND CO., LIMITED, NANALMO, B.C.
:s
-21>-
SaTOi'il . ■ ,'
1
• 1
■ i '
City of Vancouver ^d^dt
EFERRING to the City of
Vancouver, which is
on the mainland
and must not be
confused with the
Island, is one of the
two chief commer-
cial centres of Brit-
ish Columbia, and
is called after one of the greatest of the world's
navigators who bore the same name. Colum-
bus, Cabot, Cartier and their comrades explored
the Atlantic, and, perhaps, enjoy a larger fame
than Cook, Vancouver, Behring, Perez and
their rivals who revealed the Pacific to the civi-
lized world ; yet this may not be for many
years. The fearless seamen who opened up the
western coast of North America to trade and
civilization will be heroes to posterity. What
valiant navigator first passed "The Narrows"
and saw "The Inlet" stretch before him is a
question still unsettled. In all probability it
was Vancouver during his expedition of 1792-4.
For many long years this spot, where a flour-
ishing city now stands, remained a place with-
out a name, untouched by trade. The riches of the
Slope gradually became known to the outside
world, however, and towns grew. The collec-
tion of primitive cabins, or "shacks," which has
A FEW BUSINES
I IMPERIAL BANK. 2 VANCOUVER CLUB HOI
S HOTEL VANCOUVER. 6 POST OFFICE. 7 Bi
9 MERCHANTS BANK OF
become the City of Vancouver, wa
"Gastown." With the selection
-30-
wu im
A FEW BUSINESS BLOCKS IN VANCOUVER.
2 VANCOUVER CLUB HOUSE. 3 PUBLIC SCHOOL. 4 BANK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.
I. 6 POST OFFICE. 7 BANK OF MONTREAL. 8 BANK OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA
9 MERCHANTS BANK OF HALIFAX. lO COURT HOUSE.
o
f Vancouver, was first known as Granville and nick-named
ith the selection of this spot, however, as the terminus of
-30-
the Canadian Pacific Railway
all was suddenly changed.
What became known as the
Terminal City sprang into ex-
istence as if by magic. By
the early summer of 1886 a
well-built town of about 5,000
inhabitants had arisen on the
shores of Burrard Inlet. In
June of that year, however, a
terrible fire virtually swept
Vancouver from the face of
the earth. Nothing daunted,
its citizens set to work to
build another city on the
blackened site. The result of
their courage and energy is
seen in the Vancouver of to-
day, with its population of
over 30,000, and its well-
grounded confidence in a still
more rapid growth in the near
future.
The Canadian Pacific Rail-
way Company has become so
integral a part of Canada, for
the one word naturally brings
up the other, that it is diffi-
cult to realize that this great
giant among the world's won-
ders is not yet thirteen years
old, that in fact its first train
'^mi,0^
P*':'?' I •< '.i '
■^-mm^^Oim'i
■w*'!^?^-
I fORDOVA STREET LOOKING WEST.
WATERFRONT AND BUSINESS STREETS OF VV
2 C.P.R. DOCKS. 3 HASTINGS STREET LOOKING EAST. 4 VANCOLV
-31-
^^R8^IHKS**| '
NESS STREETS OF VANCOUVER.
iJKING EAST. 4 VANCOLVER HARBOR FROM HASTINGS STREET, SHOWING A PORTION OF ITS SHIPPING.
-31-
RESERVOIR IN STANLEY PARK, VANCOUVER. BEAUTIFUL SUPPLY OF PURE COLD WATER
DIRECT FROM THE MOUNTAINS.
only reached Vancouver in May, 1887. In this century of marvels there is
no more startling story of indomitable energy and engineering genius than
that embodied in the inception and completion of this railway which has its
terminus at the Queen City of the Pacific.
From this vantage point the trade of the Orient is being grasped by
the C.P.R., and as a result of an early effort in this direction, came the idea
of placing on the route, steamers which would surpass anything afloat on the
Pacific. The suggestion was immediately acted upon, and, as a result, the
Canadian Pacific Railway Company have as their connection 10 Japan and
China the magnificent steamers '* Empress of India," " Empress of Japan,"
and " Empress of China," 6,000 tons each, 10,000 horse-power, fitted and
equipped throughout in a manner which makes them, as originally intended,
surpass any other steamers of any other ''ne crossing the Pacific.
Next came the suggestion of a steamship line to Australia, which has
-32-
:OLD WATER
els there is
|i,''eiiius than
hich has its
grasped by
Ime the idea
Ifloat on the
result, the
Japan and
of Japan,"
fitted and
|y intended,
which has
now become a reality. Small wonder, therefore, that as the new gateway to
the Orient, Vancouver, commands public attention. Geoj^-raphically speakintj-,
no city in the world is better situated to become a commercial metropolis.
The western terminus of the greatest of all the transcontinental lines, and the
home port of the Australian and China steamships, it must o( necessity be the
transhipping point for the lilastern trade. And it must not be forgotten in
this connection that the Canadian route is the best from Britain to the Orient,
having a very large advantage over the New York and San Francisco route in
the matter of distance. It may easily be predicted that Vancouver will soon
become the greatest of Pacific ports.
This prediction is strengthened by its topographical, that is, local
advantages. It is doubtful whether any city in the world has mor? beautiful,
more auspicious surroundings. First among these is that of the harbor, large
enough to hold all the navies of Europe, and particularly safe both from
storms (by reason of the shelter of the mountains and the fact that it widens
i
» T— ■ ~J^
''4 1
: ■ t
s **
i
miMm
M^M
"fii^
>^-.s!e *
1
1
■ ^^'"^
^ ■,,::f>t^-
"^
^
''^m
f*
*i
,
■ • ■ - ^
iV
i
1
^ttkr'^^mM
w •
'
i
t
Ijlk. ' j
-^''^c^Vssyfaftfii.r"
^■«*-««SR 1
T-w-
^^^^■r^'
.■-■■'%'■* ^- V^' ■■■
y* ^
- -^
*='■■. ^ , <^
-":t-- '^ (^ \
A DRIVE AROUND ENGLISH BAV, STANLEY PARK, VANCOUVER.
-32-
.- . I. J. j.^
iinvaul from the Narrows) and from forelj^-n attack (by reason o{ the ease with
which its entrance may he iletcMuletl). It is a question only oi time, hy the
way, when I'rospect Point, or some other position in Stanley Park, which is
Ordnance kind, will he fortified, and a i^arrison stationed here. Mven iu>w
Vancouver is rei,'"ukirl\- visited h\ the men-of-war from the naval station at
I'isquimalt.
Ao-aln : No city has in its immediate neij^^hhorhood more beautiful
scenery. As may be seen, Vancouver proper occupies a peninsula l> inj^^
between Burrard Inlet (the harbor) and another inlet called h'alse Creek, its
western side stretchiiii^ down to the open ocean, or rather l{ni,''lish Ha)- and
the Gulf of Georgia. I^'rom the shores of these several waters the land rises
in an easy slope to a heii|ht of perhaps loo feet, while across False Creek, in
Mount Pleasant and Fairview, the ridge is somewhat hitj-her. I'^'om an\' part
of the cit)' maj^-nificent views max- be had. h'acini^' the inlet one sees, imme-
diately below, the pleasant homes of Mount Pleasant and I'^iirview embowered
FOUKST CHANTS, OMi OF THE MANY BFAL TIKL'L WALKS IN STANLKV I'ARK, VANCOUVER.
E
VIEW C
in orchard ar
when the tidi
brick, and its
BeNond this
ini^»- merchant
two or three
olic Church,
all, are the IN
they stretch f
the harbor, s
of from 6,oc
would be iiK
giant trees 2(
riage may be
miles in leng
-33-
VlliW Ol- THE CITY FROM BROCKTON POINT, STANLEY PARK, VANCOUVER.
ill orchard and i,''ardoii. Across the strip of water, of itself a capacious harbor
when the tide is in, lies the cit\' proper, with its business blocks of stone and
brick, and its residential quarters surroinided by their trees and well-kept lawns.
Be)ond this are the blue waters of the Inlet, with i>'reat steamships, the tower-
ini^ merchantman, and, perhaps, a war vessel or so. Across the Inlet, between
two or three miles in width, are seen the Indian Mission of the Roman Cath-
olic Chinvh, North Vancouver, and the ^reat Moodyville Mills ; while, back of
all, are the Mountains. And who can describe their beauty ? In a oreat line
they stretch from west to east. Keepii\£>" watch and ward over the entrance to
the harbor, stand, or crouch rather. The Lions, two peaks risini*" to the heii^ht
of from 6,000 to 7,000 feet. All descriptions of the scenery of Vancouver
would be incomplete, however, without a reference to Stanley Park, with its
g"iant trees 200 and 300 feet hijjfh, and so big of t>irth that a horse and car-
riage may be turned round in their hollow trunks ; and to its shell road nitie
miles in length.
-33-
r I
scKNii; siiowixc; m:\vshovs starting out to skia. the vancoivkr daily "would,"
OXE OF THE MOST WIDELY CIRCULATED PAPERS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.
It was sail! a moment ago that the city is built in)on a peninsula, and
that the land of the city proper and of the suburbs rises in gentle slopes
from the tidal water. Now, apart from any question of beauty, this is a
fact of the utmost importance, inasmuch as it ensures perfect drainage. Van-
couver will never be troubled with any difficult sewerage problem; Nature has
solved that once and for all.
In this connection there is another factor in the city's future; its water
supply, which is practically cxhaustkss, and of the purest quality. It is
derived from the Capilano River, across the Inlet, and is drawn from moun-
-M-
AILV "WORLD,'
UMBIA.
peninsula, and
gentle slopes
uty, this is a
•ainaf^e. Van-
n; Nature has
ure ; its water
uality. It is
li from moun-
tain streams ; the water is therefore not only pure, but ice cold, the necessity
for ice being thus largely obviated. The canyon has a sheer descent of 300
to 400 feet.
Again, there is ample room for growth, both for business and for resi-
dential purposes. There need be no crowding, even on this side of the Inlet,
not to speak of the splendid building sites in North Vancouver on the other
side.
But further, there is re matter of climate. Canadians have criticized
Rudyard Kipling a guc^ leal for "Our Lady of the Snows"; and have
insisted that Canada is rather "Our Lady of the Sunshine," that Ontario is
in the latitude of North rn Italy, and British Columbia in that of England ;
and that no coup.^ry in the world produces better peaches, grapes, and other
like fruit. All this is true, and a good deal more. But still the winters in
HOTEL METROPOi.E. STRICTLY FIRST CLASS. WITH ELEVATOR AND COM.MODIOCS SAMPLE
ROOMS. RATES FROM $2.50 PER DAY. HODSOX & DEMl'SEY. PROPRIETORS, VANCOUVER. ,
-34-
Eastern and middle Canada are cold — they are bright and healtliful, neces-
sary for the getting out of the lumber, good for the fall wheat, and so on ;
but they are cold. It has come to pass, therefore, that all Canada ha.j had
to bear the accusation oi an arctic climate, and hundreds of thousands of
intending immigrants have been driven from our shores thereby. It will be
news to multitudes in Europe and the East, therefore, that the climate of
Vancouver and its neighborhood is milder than that of Southern Enp-land.
Yet such is the case; there is virtually no winter here, as that word is ordin-
arily understood. ,,What is winter elsewhere is here the rainy season — inter-
spersed with many bright days ; for there is this peculiarity of the Pacific
FURNITURE WARKROOMS OF SHELTON & CO., HASTINGS STREET, VANCOUVER.
OFF
Coast climatt
at once come
their beauty,
very rarely g
sionally there
the rainy sea
Whether wet
climate. Ho
ocean " blow
China of th«
muring pines
with good ^^
salt water t(
Good salt wj
sand and sh^
-3£—
-ff
■ J.
OFKICE AND STORKS OF THOMAS DUNN it CO., LIMITED, VANCOUVER.
Coast climate ; when the weather clears up, it is simply delig'htful, as the sun
at once comes out, the mists roll away, and the mountains stand forth in all
their beauty. The dry season is all that can be desired. The thermometer
very rarely goes nbove 85", and the nights are always pleasantly cool. Occa-
sionally there is a shower, but ver}' rarely, aud there is — and this applies to
tlie rainy season as well — an almost entire absence of thunder and lightning".
Whether wet or dry, however, there is no doubt of the healthfulness of the
climate. How c< t it be otherwise? There is "the odor of brine from the
ocean" blowing all the way from Mandalay," or, at any rate, "from
China of the bay ; and there is the health-giving breeze from the "mur-
muring pines and the hemlocks" that clothe the mountain sides. If these,
with good water, to drink — that is, for those who drink water — and good
salt water to bathe in, do not give strength, we do not know what will.
Good salt water to bathe in, for English bay possesses an ideal beach, fine
sand and shelving gently into titjep water. In fact, everywhere about the city
r , :( i
l{
--3£—
1^-''V^
''gi«8MWBiiaKai».^>»sM.
m-m
f>:,4:r#:..ifi
■mucnicat. nio\uAioff.
■> ri:-^ i
OFFICES AND STORKS OF WEKKS & ROBSON, VANCOUVER,
there is bathing of the very best, graduated, as one will, in temperature and
degree of saltness.
For sport also, in the way of shooting and fishing, the neighborhood
of Vancouver offers peculiar facilities. It is imnccessary to refer to the Brit-
ish Columbia salmon — they are known all over the world — and it is literally
true that in the time of " the run " streams become choked with the mass of
salmon. As far as they are concerned, then, all one has to do is to go out
and pull them in. But salmon are not the only fish to be caught in these
waters ; there are cod {of various kinds), bass, herring, and many others.
For real sport with rod or g'un, however, let one go for a tramp in
-36-
- r::.
erature and
;ighborhood
to the Brit-
is literally
he mass of
to go out
ht in these
ithers.
I tramp in
almost any direction, and he will find all he desires. The streams swarm
with fish and wild game is abundant.
But as to the city itself. The first thing that strikes the visitor, after
its unrivalled site, is the fact that, notwithstanding its youth, it has all the
appearances and appointments of places a century old. It is almost impossi-
ble to make one's self believe that 15 years ago the site of Vancouver was
simply a virgin forest. A slight idea of the labor needed to clear that site
may be gained from a glance at the cedar trunks and roots one still sees in
vacant lots, lying, like the bones of the buffalo upon the plains, sad memen-
toes of former sway. It is almost impossible, also, to make oneself believe
THE BRITISH COLUMBIA SUGAR REFINING CO., LIMITED, VANCOUVER, B.C.
—36-
that, but 1 2 years ai^o, the town was
virtually swept out of existence. But
the seemingly impossible yielded to the
eneroy of the city pioneers ; and to-
da\-, in its civic life, Vancouver sur-
passes any other place o\' its size ou
the continent. The streets are well
paved and lighted It has an excellent
water and fire system. Electric cars
run from end to end, and extend even
to New Westminster, 12 miles awa\-.
it has direct railway commimication
with all points. It has direct steam-
W ll.\I<\i:s, MILL AM) STORK OF TlIK HUITISII COLIMBLV MILL
( OMPANV, MAMIACTL'RKRS AND SHIPl'KRS OF Ll'MHKR.
VANCOUVKR, B.C. MILLS ALSO AT NKW WF:sTMINSTF
OFFRT
OFFICK and warehouse of OPl'ENHEIMKR HROS., WHOLESALE f.ROCKRS, VANCOLVER.
-37-
^
riSH COI.l'MHIA MILLS TLMBKR AXO TRADINC
III'l'KRS OF LIMBKR, TIMBER AND SPARS,
^T NKW WKSTMLNSTKR, VANCOl'XKR.
ship communication with Hawaii, Fiji,
New Zealand and Australia ; with
China and Japan; with San Francisco;
with Seattle ; and the other Sound
ports ; with Alaska and the Northern
i^old fields ; and with Victoria and
other Island points. It has shops that
would do credit to a great metropolis ;
an ahundance of good hotels ; many
hanks ; large manufacturing estahlish-
ments ; three dr'ly and various weekly
newspapers, and a first-class opera
house.
-i '■ m
1
..1
Hi
1
pii
i
!'"'li
officp: and works of thk British Columbia iron works co., limited,
vancouver.
.s
■ New WHtLINOTOn COAL
EVANS, COLEMAN a EVANS . i
wmsmm:y~< ;. . 'Mf^ms^-'
~s:|r^
% '
ALONG VANCOUVER'J
it
|i
The above is from a photograph of Messrs. Evans, Coleman & Evans'
Wharf, Vancouver, taken in May, 1897, since which its capacity has been
more than doubled. This firm does a very extensive general shipping and
commission business, particularly in importing goods by sailing vessels direct
from Great Britain, and are interested in salmon canning and exporting.
-38-
tf.v^af''-'^
H
\LONG VANCOUVER'S WATERFRONT.
an & Evans'
ity has been
;hipping and
vessels direct
d exporting.
Their local shipping facilities are excellent, as the C.P.R. cars run to the
wharf, which is also the Great Northern Railway Company's headquarters.
Steamers run from the wharf to Nanaimo, Fraser River Points, Seattle, Tacoma
and other Puget Sound ports, Rivers Inlet, Skeena River, and all Northern
British Columbia and Alaska ports in connection with the Klondyke.
^
City of New Westminster
NE oi' the most impor-
tant cities of Brit-
ish Cohmibia is
New Westminster,
the centre ot two of
the most important
industries of this
amazingly rich Pro-
vince. In Septem-
ber, 1S9S, a disastrous hre played havoc
with its commercial districts, but the enter-
prise oi' its inhabitants and the importance
of its trade is such that it is speedily rising
like the phoenix from the ashes of its former
self, and will be finer than ever ere long.
It is called the Royal City in the Province,
and is one of the oldest corporations in the
Province, laving alreadv attained the re-
spectable age for a new country of 37
years. It is the centre of Fraser River
navigation, and partly in consequence
thereof, and partly as a result of the suc-
cessful establishment of a weekb farmers'
market, retains, notwithstanding keen Van-
couver competition, a considerable ag^ricul-
tural trade. The Fraser River salmon can-
neries, which are tributary to the town, are
all within easy reach, and it was this im-
portant industry which proved the foundation
the C. P. R. connects the city with Canada's j.
as also with Vancouver, and a similar branch ai
direct access to the Great Northern Railway of
Westminster is aUo connected with Vancouver
railway, and regular steamship services run bet\
Fraser River points, Nanaiino and Victoria
QL'liENS PAIiK AND liXMlBiTIOX BUILDING, N
salmon and lumber-laden vessels also makes yea
minster to the United Kingdom and other parti
cial world.
New Westminster has additional inijiortanc
seat of various important Dominion and Provi
-3a -
1 the fouiulatioii of the city. A branch of
• with Canada's ^rreat transcontinental line,
similar branch at South Westminster irives
thern Railway of the Unitetl States. New
with Vancouver bv the iiUcrurban rlectric
i services run between the city and various
lo and Victoria respectively. A lleet of
IBITION BUILDING, NKW W liSTMINSTLU.
Is also makes yearly trips from New West-
m and other parts of the western commer-
ditional imjiortan.e o'ving to its being the
minion and Provincial institutions, notably
the Dominion penitentiary and
limatic asylum, as also the Pro-
vincial gaol for the New W'estmin-
ster district. It has also a weil-
.ippointed library and two parks,
in one of which, Oueen's Park,
are situated the Royal Agricultural
and Industrial Itixhibition buildings,
wherein the leading agricultural
show of the Province is annually
held. The city is provided with
gas and a local electric tramway
service by incorporated companies,
and owns its own river ferry and
farm market, electric light and
water works services, the last
amongst the best in the Province
and established at a cost oi nearly
$500,000, an inexhaustible supply
oi the purest water being thus ob-
tained from Lake Coquitlam, 12
miles distant.
New Westminster is the seat oi
bishoprics — Anglican and Roman
Catholic — and amons^st churches of
the leading religious bodies pos-
sesses two cathedrals. A fine court
house, in which assize and county
court sittings are held, is another
notable local institution, whilst the
city promises to become a great
educational centre of the lower
1:1 ,t
VIKW OF CENTRAL PORTION OF THE CFIY OF NKW WliSTMIXSTER. (\V
WESTMINSTER. (WIDTH OE ERASER RIVER OPPOSITE THE CITY, THREE-FOURTHS OF A MILE.)
—40-
«
sisterhood. 1
has also the
exceeds 6,000,
The nat
Fraser estuary
a^e, whilst a r
the river navig
vessels of i»-reji
gradually clos
future for Ne
distributint»" po
Its posi
River valley, \
Pl'BLIC LIRRARV AND MUSEUM, NEW WESTMINSTER, H.U.
M'jnland, haviiiii^ already, in addition to a ^'ood hi^-h school and several
iraded public schools, the St. Louis Collej^'-e for Roman Catholic boys, the St.
Ann's College for Roman Cntholic girls, a seminar}' for the education of
Roman Catholic clergy, and the Columbian Methodist College, a well-appoint-
ed and beautifully situated place Ot higher education — religious and secular —
giv'en by an able body of teachers and lecturers. There are also two large
hospitals — the Columbian at Sapperton, and the St. Mary's in the centre of
the city — the latter managed on liberal lines by a devoted Roman Catholic
V -u
f.
/ ■
■ ■'/
■''■/>
??-•■
A^
/(^/
/
mm
sisterhood. The citN' is administered b\- a mayor and board of aldermen, and
has also the aid of an active Board of Trade. Its present population
exceeds 6,000, and is rapidly increasini^.
The natural situation of the city, on a terraced hillside overlooking the
Fraser estuary, is very bea^.tiful, and also affords excellent facdities for drain-
ii^e, whilst a modest expenditure of Dominion revenue on the improvement of
the river navigation would make New Westminster a port readily accessible by
vessels of _i>-reat size and the deepest drauj;rht. All of which thini>'s suggest in
gradually closening association with the neighbor city Vancouver— a great
future for New Westminster as ,t residential centre, river port, agricultural
distributing point and manufacturing centre.
Its position on the great natural water highway which drains the Fraser
River valley, will always secure for New Westminster the lion's share o\' the
CKNTRAL AND HKllI SCHOOLS, NEW WESTMINSTER, H.C.
h\
im
i
8!|'
■I' ,
THE LAW COURTS, NEW WrJSTMINSTER, B.C.
farming trade, which is rapidly growing, and is a source of wealth to the city
which will increase as the years roll by.
There are about forty large salmon canneries within easy reach of New
Westminster. These establishments represent an invested capital of over a
million dollars, they employ over eight thousand men during "the fishing
season, and pay out over $750,000 a year for supplies. We give some
statistics on this industry, which for years has ranked as the main industry
of the Province.
-42-
i^^
l^i^ij^^
^mm
th to the city
each of New
al of over a
the fishing
e give some
nain industry
It made a modest beginning, less than 20 years ago, on the banks of
the Fraser, where three canneries packed, in 1876, a total of 9,847 cases, or
about a fiftieth of what is now considered a good, but not extraordinary
pack. The three canneries grew to six in 1877, and in that year a com-
mencement was made by a cannery on the Skeena of the salmon pack of the
North, which now contributes largely to the Provincial aggregate. So vast
has, since its earliest days, been the growth of the industry, that 44 canneries,
which number would have been larger but for the destruction of four others
by fire, contributed to the pack of 1895, when, according to a conservative
estimate made last September, five hundred and twenty-five thousand, five
hundred and sixteen cases had been then put up. To this the canneries of
the Fraser district contributed 348,865, those of the Naas River 19,000, those
of the Skeena River 67,710, those on Rivers Inlet 68,758, and those at other
Northern points 20,183 cases. Since tlien there has been a considerable pack
on the Fraser of the later running cohoe salmon, which has — this being pro-
COLUMBIA STREET, LOOKING EAST, NEW WESTMINSTEK, B.C.
-42-
m
UNLOAJ:)IN'G SALMON AT A CANNERY, NEW WESTMINSTER. (THE MORNINGS CATCH lO.OUO).
babjy an underesliniate, though exact fig^ures are not available for our purpose
— added at least 25,000 other cases to the Provincial aggregate of the year,
which can therefore be very conservatively reckoned at 550,000 cases, repre-
sentintf a value of $2,750,000. This result shows a i>-reat increase on the
returns of 1894, when the pack was represented to be 494,371 cases.
Cold storage facilities exist at New Westminster in connection with the
trade. The Dominion salmon hatchery on the Fraser is, after the persistent
effort of years, beginning to have a good effect on the southern run, as a
result of the yearly deposit by that institution of an average of 5,000,000 fry.
Previous doubters are now beginning to recognize this as r; Uast jj*; jf- ti^le,
one evidence in favor of such a conclusion being the fact that . icro i,. lu w
greater consis
cannerymen—
about that ri'
uaily large }
year poor,
great — indeed
but still fair,
tication, have
rivalling the 1
At Ne\
tions are exte
of 350,000 fee
of vessels sail
Scotland, Irel
the Argentini
SALM
greater consistency in the runs. It has, till now, been held by Fraser River
cannery men — and statistics have largely borne this out — that the runs of and
about that river proceeded in cycles, every fourth year being that of an imus-
ually large )'ield, after which the next }ear's run is fair, and that of the third
year poor. Now the run of 1H93 was, as already stated, and as expected,
great — indeed a record one. That of 1894 followed the rule, and was smaller,
but still fair. Hence that of 1895 should according to the canners' prognos-
tication, have been a poor run, instead of which it proved unusually good and
rivalling the record year.
At New Westminster, as in Victoria and Vancouver, lumbering opera-
tions are extensively carried on, the mills in the city alone having a capacity
of 350,000 feet per day of ten hours, and a large export trade exists. Fleets
of vessels sail from her wharves annually with cargoes of lumber consigned to
Scotland, Ireland, France, Holland, Belgium, the Pacific isles. Chili, Peru,
the Argentine Republic and the Australian colonies. Large cargoes have
. -^.^^ »<__ *». t ■ •JL-^^-t'A
■ -t^tt-lk::-*-^'
SALMON IISIIINC. FI.KKT ON i;^\SKR UIVKU, NKW WKSTMINSTKK, HA"
13—
I ! IJ
- t^.^X
"i " ■
-i^SSiteii
THK I'LRLIC MAUKKT, NKW WKSTMINSTKR, H.( .
been sent also to England and to British South Africa, the total export show-
ing an annual increase. There is, in addition to the increasing home demand
for British Columbia lumber and manufactures and the foreign trade already
noted, a large and growing demand in Eastern Canada, whither giant baulks
of timber and car loads oi^ shingles are at frequent intervals sent. Hence
considerable and important as is the present lumber industry of the cit)' and
Province, it is yet far under the dimensions which it must idtimatol)- attain.
Another valuable feature of New Westminster is its annual fair, at which
the gradually developing agricultural enterprise oi the Province finds a public
disphi)'. The Exhibition buildings situated here are handsome and commodious,
and from many sections exhibits are sent. Of course its position, a few miles
from the mouth of the great Eraser Fiiver, makes New Westminster the objec-
tive point for much of the country through which the beautiful Eraser River,
the pride of the Province, Pows.
The alluvial plain, which lies along either side of the great stream for
a distance of 80 miles, is dotted with farms, and these send their contributions
to the annual fair. Indeed, finer agricultural exhibits cannot be seen in any
part of the world. To Knglishmen especially, the displays of fruit seen for
the first time are apt to be astonishing, particularly to him who has regarc'od
Canada as "Our Lady of the Snows."
As has been said earlier in this work, fruits are grown with great
success in the New Westminster district, and the autumn fruits, such as apples,
plums and pears, are a feature of the annual fairs at New Westminster. Live
stock, also, of a quality that is improving year by year, as farmers are learning
the value of good breeding, as well as fine products of the forest, field and
mine are to be seen. Something has previously been said oi' the large lumber
export trade at the port of New Westminster, and a word as to the character
of the logs will be of interest. The staple tree, of course, is the Douglas
pine, wh! h, near the coast, sometimes grows to a height of 300 feet, with a
circumference of 80 feet at the base. Its durabilitv is bevond question.
export show-
lome demand
trade already
giant baulks
^ent. Hence
the cit)' and
tely attain.
fair, at which
inds a public
commodious,
, a feu miles
Ler the objec-
"Vaser River.
VESSELS UNLOADING JUl'.M»KK, NEW Wh.s r.MINSTKR, B.C.
— M-
The City of Vernon ^Sd^^
HE chief city of the Okaiiat,'-aii district is Vernon. It has
stores oi all kinds, flour and saw mills and two
banks. Haviiii*' a first-rate farming and ranching
country in its immediate vicinity, besides large
tracks oi valuable timber, a large and flourishing
business is done at this centre. It possesses four
churches, splendid schools, a weekly news[)aper. It
is the boast oi its inhabit;" ts that it is the health-
iest spot on earth. Lord Aberdeen's famous fruit
orchard, the largest plantation in Canada, is four
miles from^Vernon, and hop-g.ovving is another profitable industry thereabout.
A British Columbia writer has described the cit\- as a ipiaint combination o'i
leisurely old-\^
been located
farmer oi pas
tricts that boi
value promise
tion facilities
struction) will
but the imme*
and find its ci
must be open(
ble by rail frc
Let us
the city site.
oi it all, this
tions oi Rriti
.^^f,::_'»j^
^-J,.«»;'-^VIjp^-Ujr
wm-
i!
H-.. tr-
HIRDS-EVE VIEW OF THE CITY OF VEK.\0>
-15-
leisurely okl-worldism and feverish modernity, for mineral claims have recently
been located in close proximit\- to the cit\', and stiini'' into life the drowsy
farmer of past years. Down in the Boundary Creek and Kettle River dis-
tricts that bound the Okanagan on the southeast, man\- mines of immense
value promise to become world-famous, and are only awaiting such transporta-
tion facilities as the completion of the new railway (now in course of con-
struction) will afford them, to s^'ive larger proof of their wonderful richness ;
but the immediate vicinitN' around Vernon will e\er be essentiallv ai^ricultural,
and find its chiefest g'ain in the new market for all products of the soil that
must be opened up when Midway, Fairview anil Greenwood City are accessi-
ble by rail from Penticton.
Let us pause to note a few of the leadini*' leatures of the localitx' about
the city site. Farming- and farming, and yet again farming, is the sum 'total
of it all, this being one of the most extensive ranching and stock-raising sec-
tions of British Columbia. The season of 1H9H was a capital one, wheat
'I'
:HK city of VERNON, B.C",
— (3-
1 11
VIKW OV KALKMALKA HOTKL, VKKNON, HA .
averagino- from three-quarters to one tdn per acre, and the fruit crop turninqf
out exceptionally well. Local enterprise, too, extends beyond production, for
at Vernon, Enderby and Armstrong- there are now mills, the flour manufac-
tured at which (from Okanagan grain) is equal to any in the Dominion.
There is a near prospect of Vernon's obtaining proper water works. It
is the district generally that is so attractive, and which, by reason of its
splendid climate, fine agricultural lands, and the excellent inducements it
holds out in the way of sport, has become known to, and deservedly popular
with, visitor and settler alike.
What Vernon may and doubtless will become when connected by
steamer and rail with the Boundary Creek country, depends largely upon the
enterprise of its inhabitants and their ability to seize to their own advantage
-4fi
crpp turniiii,^
oduction, for
ov\r manufac-
n ill ion.
r works. It
eason of its
ucements it
odly popular
3n nee ted by
:ly upon the
n advantage
upon the opportunity that will then be ottered of securing a big market for
every sort of produce ; (or thou^'h during the last two years exportation of
farm products has been greatly facilitated through the reductions made by the
C.I'.R. Company in its local freight charges, still the opening up of many
busy mining camps so close to the ranches must of necessity give a tremeiul-
ous stimulus to the agricultural industry and an outlet for produce at paying
prices. There is no doubt that the Okanagan has a great future before it,
and that ere K>ng, on the opening of a through line from I'enticton to Roh-
.son, it will be the centre of prosperity such as the local farmers of three years
ago never even dreamed of.
The same writer says of the land of Okanagan, that the very name
breathes of pu>toraI scenes, peaceful meadows outstretched in the sunshine,
and undiK.aing hills where cattle t^aze on the thick grass and bands of
horses ro.un at will over the close-cropped ranges. Okanagan — the land of
Cottonwood trees, coyotes and the wild cayuse, the home of the farmer and
the Paradise of sportsmen.
liO ACUK ORCHARD ON LORD AHERDKKNS "COLDSTREAM" RANCH, NEAR VERNON. B.C.
-W
w \r 1^
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
i.l
■^ Kii ■2.2
2.0
HI
a
•a
I
Mil
125 mu 11.6
HIM]
Corporation
f|^>^.^^^
[A
"^^^V^^'
^.v^
79 WHT MAIN STRBIT
WIBSTIi.K.Y. I4sm
(716)I73-4S03
^
To the sportsman the Okanagan is a land of promise, the abundance
and variety of fish and game, large and small, constituting it a true Mecca
for the angler and the good shot. Deer are as plentiful as blackberrhs on
the sloping sparsely-wooded hills, and may be shot any morning about sun-
rise, when the herds come down into the valleys to drink. Mountain goat
and sheep, cariboo, bear, cougars and wild-cats also abound in the vicinity.
The 60 mile trip from the landing near
Vernon down the Okanagan Lake to Pen-
ticton is a charming one, and interesting in
that en route the steamer '• Aberdeen " (a
most comfortable and well-appointed vessel)
stops at numerous small agricultural settle-
ments, where, in the autumn, peaches ripen
to perfection, and whence large quantities of
all sorts of fruit are shipped to distant mar-
kets. It is quite likely the day will soon
come V hen Peachland will appear a misno-
mer for the locality at present thus desig-
nated, as close by are a group of promising
mines, whilst all along the west shore of
the lake claims have been staked out and
partially developed, but not as yet to a suf-
ficient extent to prove their actual value.
At Kelowna, a town tributary to Vernon,
much advancement has been made in tobacco
^><H
Okanagan La
Okanagan La
Valley. Of t
for this sectio
and beauty, w
for the tourist
%'-l~JjiAlhAjUj
PUBLIC SCHOOL HOUSE, VERNON, B.C.
growmg.
The interior of British Columbia contains, between the Cascade and
Selkirk ranges, a series of wonderfully fertile valleys, producing magnificent
crops of wheat and other cereals, and possessing a soil of unsurpassed rich-
ness, which, with its delightful climate, renders it particularly adapted for fruit
culture. The name Okanagan is given to a splendid stretch of country
reaching from the main line of the C.P.R. in the north to the foot of
a fine public s
comfort of vis
with them any
these can be
sash and door
-47-
(j
m
1 ■ '
Okanagan Lake in the south. This region, in addition to the basin of the
Okanagan Lake, includes the Spallumcheen district. White Valley, Coldstream
Valley. Of these districts, Vernon is, of course, the natural centre of trade
for this section, and possessing many natural advantages of position, climate
and beauty, which gives it the distinction of being pre-eminently an ideal resort
for the tourist, sportsman or health-seeker.
50 miles to the north is the Salmon
Arm River, while five miles south of the
city is the head of Okanagan Lake, a
beautiful stretch of water. Long Lake,
some 15 miles in extent, also takes its rise
within two and a half miles from Vernon,
and both these bodies of water teem with
large trout, offering splendid sport to the
angler. In Vernon the sportsman may
secure all articles necessary to equip him
for a hunting excursion, and guides, pack-
horses, etc., may be arranged for at very
reasonable rates.
The climate is unexcelled in Western
Canada or the United States, and is espe-
cially recommended to those suffering from
weak lungs or pulmonary troubles.
lousE, VERNON, B.C. The city contains good hotels, a num-
ber of well-furnished stores, four churches,
a fine public school, and all the requirements necessary to the convenience and
comfort of visitors or intending settlers, who will find it unnecessary to bring
with them any large quantity of supplies, clothing, or household effects, as all
these can be purchased cheaply from local merchants. A large flour mill,
sash and door factory, and other industries are here located.
BEf!
Hi
47-
City of Rossland^^e^e^
URING the mining excitement of 1897 and 1898, the
little City of Rossland was the chief centre of acti-
vity in West Kootenay. Its sudden growth was
so remarkable as to gain it the epithet of a mush-
room town. However, it is steadily maintaining
its position and is
now on a definite
pay-roil basis. It
is being rapidh
equipped with all urban requirements. Its his-
tory dates back to 1895, when the site pre-empted
b) Ross Thompson in 1891 was divided into
town lots. In March, 1897, it was incorporated
as a city, and went through all the vicissitudes
cf a boom and subsequent re-action.
Rossland, as a mining centre, now has a
very enviable and bright future as well as a
most important present. A strong feeling of
confidence is now abroad in the camp as it is
demonstrated that there are other ore-chutes and
that the old ones continue in depth. The weekh-
tonnage of ore shipped to the smelters is increas-
ing and will yet increase much more as the
mines have the ore in sight to warrant this
statement. For mining many exceptional facili-
lies are now afTorded, as railroads run to each
important property, or may easily do so. While
the rock is hard for mining still the misiimum
COLL!
-4«-
K i j i wut ' mr ri i Tt wi
and 1898, the
centre of acti-
Mi growth was
[let of a mush-
ly niaintaining-
of timbering is demanded, and very little water comes into the mines. Geo-
logicr/ly speaking, the mines are located in an area of eruptive rock, of which
the centre or core is gabbro surrounded by uralite porphyrite. This area is
traversed in a north-east or south-west direction by lines of Assuring, along
which the ore-bodies have been formed by the impregnation or replacement of
the country rock by gold-silver bearing pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and very finely
disseminated quartz. In some parts of these veins the ore-bodies assume the
great width of twenty to forty feet of shipping ore— in one mine one stope is
sixty-six feet wide— and, as depth is attained, both size and values appear to
be well maintained.
From the beginninjj' to
COLUMBIA AVENUE, ROSSLAND, B.C.
-w-
the present date, the
mines of Rossland have
produced 177,000 tons
of ore, worth $5,500,-
000. The amount of
ore shipped each week
from the mines of Ross-
land now averages
3,000 tons, valued at
$90,000.
Rossland is well con-
nected with the outer
world by railroads.
The passenger travel
through the section is
enormous.
Two trains daily
make connections with
the Canadian Pacific
Railway, as well as
Columbia and Koote-
nay steamers.
AMERICA CORPORATION, Limited. -The
ciriirman of this corporation is the Marquis of
Dufferin and Ava ; vice-chairman, Whitaker
jj§|IB^^gS ^^^ ^„J^^^^ ^ Wright, Esq., oi' London, and the resident
^ lm.\^^lltmm^Srjr^^' director. Honorable C. H. Miukintosh. The
capital stock is $7,500,000, of which $5,000,000
^ have been paid up, and the following properties
in Rossland are now controlled and being operated, viz. : — The " Le Roi "
mine, under Superintendent N. Tregear ; the " Josie " group, consisting of the
"Josie," " Poorman," "Number One," "West Le Roi," "You Know,"
" Surprise," and fractional claims, under Superintendent J. M. Long ; the
"Nickel Plate," " Great West-
ern," " Golden Chariot," and
"Golden Dawn," under Super-
intendent W. S. Haskins, and
the " Columbia & Kootenay "
group, under Superintendent
D. J. Macdonald.
The financial manager at
Rossland is Edvin Durant, and
Wm. A. Carlyle is general
superintendent and mining en-
gineer in charge. Work is
progressing rapidly on all the
above groups, and as soon as
possible each will be well
equipped for thorough and ex-
tensive exploration and mining.
The exceptional advantages
afforded by the railwavs are
being utilized, and all ore can
be easily shipped directly from
the mines,
which are aln
First is the 1
est in the n
dividends, an(
early history
to-day will hi
strength and
down to the
feet wide. C
over 600 feet
LE ROI COMPANY'S SMELTER AT NORTHPOR'
-49-
the mines. A short description is now subjoined of the working properties,
which are already famous investments in England, Canada and other places.
First is the Le Roi Mine. — The B. A. Corporation owns the controlling inter-
est in the now famous Le Roi mine, which so far has paid $825,000 in
dividends, and now has large reserves of good smelting ore in sight. The
early history of this mine is well known, so only a description of it as it is
to-day will be attempted. The main ore-chute is now known to continue in
strength and value to the lowest or 700-foot level, although most of the ore
down to the 500-foot level has been mined, leaving in one place a slope 66
feet wide. On the 600-foot level an almost unbr )ken ore-chute continues for
over 600 feet in length, with a width varying from four to twenty-four feet of
good shipping ore. On the
new 700-foot level, a large
body of smelting ore is being
rapidly opened up — there is
known to be a width of at
least twenty feet — and a w'inze
from the 600-foot level has
proved the existence of very
good ore between these two
levels.
Development is progress-
ing rapidly, and the shaft (on
an incline of seventy-two de-
grees) is being sunk to the
800-foot level as quickly as
possible, wh-le a triple-com-
partment vertical
shortly be begun
permit the more
,TER AT NORTH PORT, WASH.
-49--
shaft
which
rapid
economical working of
mine. Drifts are also being
will
will
and
the
ilia
TJT
&'r:b^'^i'::
lw>
•^:.-^x .
/■; . "^*' ' " *
V^.-^.,.- ^
a Q .„;^ ■"
>.^.^^ 4^t^'^-
■^sft^ V.
i
JOSIE MINE, SHOWING OUTCROP OF VEIN.
driven along the vein to the west, while nearly all waste rock is being- thrown
into the old stopes to make them safer from caving in. An output of 200
tons per day can easily be maintained for a long time, but when more fully
opened up, the mine will ship from 400 to 500 tons daily. In 1897, 56,000
tons were sent to the smelter, and so far this year, 27,000 tons, but shipments
have been greatly reduced, pending the negotiations for sale of this property.
The mine is equipped on the surface with a large 300 H.P. hoisting
engine, small hoists, pumps, etc., and on the "Black Bear" claim is a stone
building, enclosing a 40-drill Rand A'r Compressor, the largest in Canada,
and with this power thirty machine drills, pumps and small hoists can be operated.
-50-
being" thrown
output of 200
len more fully
1 1897, 56,000
but shipments
this property.
H.P. hoisting
aim is a stone
st in Canada,
an be operated.
At Northport, Wasiiington, is situated the Le Roi smelter, one of the
most complete and best equipped smelting plants in the northwest, a full
description of which will be found on another page.
The "Josie," lying next north from the Le Roi, has shipped consider-
able ore in the past, and at present the vein is being developed both to east
and west on the 300-foot level, and sinking for another level is being begun.
The ore now taken out during development is being stored, and is '■* very good
grade of smelting ore. All the buildings and plant are in excellent condition,
and shortly the compressor plant capacity will be augmented.
The " Poorman " will be worked through the ''Josie" workings, the
west drifts of which will be rapidly pushed into the "Annie" claim, and
"Rockingham," better known as the "West Le Roi."
NICKEL PLATE MINE, SHOWING WAR EAGLE MINE AND RED MOUNTAIN IN BACK GROUND..
-80-
Number One. — The extensive development of this vakiable property,
throii*,'"h which runs a strong vein carrying at the surface high vahies in gold
and silver, is now ir. progress, a large two-compartment shaft being sunk to
tap the vein at a depth of about 250 feet. An electric hoist may be installed
here. To the west a tunnel is now in 150 feet, along an unbroken vein,
which is improving rapidly in size and value as the tunnel gets farther into
the mountain.
Nickel Plate, — This mine, from which some very high-grade ore has
been taken, is being explored along the 200-foot level, and soon the shaft will
be sunk to the 300-foot mark for another level.
A i2-drill Ingersoll air-compressor, equipped with two 60 H. P. boilers,
pumps, heater and condenser has just been installed at the Centre Star gulch,
GREAT WESTERN MINE.;
and is a plai
this mine :\i
been run.
Great
outcrop of a
silver have b
feet, on a s
level to pros
way, the shi
hoist and ca^
Colum
a fraction lyi
same name ;
Roi "-" Centr
now being de
a thousand fe
or eruptive re
cross-cut in ^
straight down
will be run ir
that ore can
around to a c
the ore will t
At the
soil air-comp
comfortable b
shop and oth
development
In add
their respecti^
atories, store
heart of the
—51-
f
and is a plant that will aflford ample power for some time to come Jth for
this mine and the "Great Western," to which half a mile of piping has
been run.
Great Western. — This property is located in the city and has a strong-
outcrop of a vein from small workings in which high assay values in gold and
silver have been obtained. A large two-compartment shaft is now down 230
feet, on a slope of 72 degrees, and the first drift is started at the 200-foot
level to prospect this most promising vein. When this work is well under
way, the shaft will be sunk deeper and probably equipped with an electric
hoist and cage.
Columbia and Kootenay. — This property, consisting of five claims and
a fraction lying on the summit and north-east slope of the mountain of the
same name as the group, is traversed by what is believed to be the " Le
Roi "-" Centre Star" vein. There is very strong iron capping on the vein
now being developed by three main tunnels, of which No. 3 is now in nearly
a thousand feet, disclosing a continuous vein, except where traversed by dykes
or eruptive rock. This vein or ledge in places is very wide, the ore where
cross-cut in No. 4 being 27 feet wide of solid pyrrhotite, and the vein running
straight down the mountain side offers ideal advantages for mining. Tunnels
will be run in at vertical intervals of 150 feet and then connected by raises so
that ore can be run from the stopes to the railroad spur that will be run
around to a convenient point as soon as the mine is fully opened up, so that
the ore will be mined and sent to the smelter at a minimum cost.
At the foot of the mountain, near the water supply, is a 30-drill Inger-
soll air-compressor, which supplies ample power for the mine, at which
comfortable board and bunk houses have been erected and also a blacksmith
shop and other buildings, so that now this mine is well equipped for thorough
development
In addition to comfortable cottages for the different superintendents at
their respective mines, the company is erecting commodious offices and labor-
atories, store house and machine shop on the Nickel Plate ground, in the
heart of the city.
II
ll
1
!
Ip
f
i '■
f
1
1
h
•
i
1
191
1 ' t i
"\'fi
!
'111
-51-
HE imr^lSH PACIFIC GOLD PROPERTY COMPANY,
Limited, is one of the best known development corporations
in the Province of British Cohunbia. It was incorporated in
March, 1897, and embraces in its management some of the
best known men in Canada as is indicated by the following
list of officers : —
President, Alex. J. McLellan, Esq., President of the
Kimberley Mining Company and Vice-President of the San Joaquin Mining
Company ; Vice-President, R. T. Williams, Esq., Publisher of the Williams'
Directory of the Province and Secretary-Treasurer of the Caledonia General
Mining Association ; Secretary-Treasurer, W. J. Dowler, Esq., B.A., President
of the British Columbia Gold Property Company and Secretary of the British
North Western Development C->mpany ; Directors, Hon. T. R. Mclnnis,
Lieut.-Governor, Victoria, B.C.; W. H. B. Aikins, Esq., M.D., Toronto,
Ont.; D. Lowrey, Esq., M.D., President of the Brantford Starch Co., Ltd.,
President of the Brantford Stoneware Co.; B. M. Britton, Esq., Q.C., M.P.,
Kingston, Ont. ; J. W. r"rost, Esq., Q.C., Owen Sound, Ont. ; Prof. E.
Odium, London, Eng. ; Geo. Gillies, President Gillies Co., Gananoque ; Frank
Dowler, Esq., Merchant, Guelph ; R. L. Eraser, Esq., M.D., Medical Health
Officer, Victoria, B.C.; A. T. Watt, Esq., M.D., Victoria, B.C.; Frank Hall,
Esq., M.D., Victoria, B.C.; Moses McGregor, Esq., Alderman, Victoria, B.C.;
Chas. Hayward, Esq., Chairman Board School Trustees, Victoria, B.C.; Law-
rence Goodacre, Esq., Victoria, B.C. ; Ex-Alderman Dwyer, Victoria, B.C. ;
James Muirhead, Esq., Victoria, B.C.; R. Erskine, Esq., Victoria, B.C.;
A. B. Erskine, Esq., Victoria, B.C. ; E. A. Morris, Esq., Victoria, B.C. ;
Geo. Powell, Esq., Victoria, B.C. ; and Consulting Metallurgist and Mining
Engineer, W. J. R. Powell, B.A., F.R.G.S., M.E., Principal of the Victoria
Metallurgical Works ; Consulting Civil Engineer, H. P. Bell, Esq., C.E.,
M.I.C.E.; Solicitors, For British Columbia, Archer Martin, Esq., of the firm
of Messrs. Martin & Langley, Victoria, B.C.; For Eastern Canada, Alfred W.
Briggs, Esq., B.A., ;i;i Richmond St. West, Toronto, Ont.
r COMPANY,
lit corporations
incorporated in
It some of the
the following
2sident of the
Daqiiin Mining
the Williams'
edonia General
3. A., President
of the British
R. Mclnnis,
I.D., Toronto,
irch Co., Ltd.,
, O.C, M.P.,
•nt. ; Prof. E.
moque ; Frank
VIedical Health
. ; Frank Hall,
Victoria, B.C.;
ia, B.C.; Lavv-
/Ictoria, B.C. ;
Victoria, B.C.;
i^ictoria, B.C. ;
it and Mining
of the Victoria
I, Esq., C.E.,
q., of the firm
ada, Alfred W.
The capitalization is $5,000,000, divided into one dollar shares, fully
paid and non-assessable. The Company's address is Box 112, Victoria, B.C.,
but it has Representatives in all the chief centres of Canada, the United States
and Great Britain. The cable address is "Gold Prop.," the mining code
used being Beford-McNeills. The following brief sketch of the Company's
manifold activities is of great general interest.
The record of the discoveries made, and of the developments which have
taken place within the past two years in the country lying between the Rocky
Mountains and the sea, and between the 49th parallel of latitude and the
Arctic Circle, known as the British Pacific Coast, is so remarkable as to
eclipse all preceding annals in its history, and forms a chapter of such striking
interest that, beside it, the tales of the land of Ophir, of Monte Cristo, and
of the Treasure Islands of the Pacific are trite, and poor, and tame.
These discoveries and developments have demonstrated the fact that
this country possesses mineral resources, which, distributed over an area of
hundreds of thousands of square miles, are so rich and extensive as to trans-
cend the limits of computation and entitle it to be designated as " The
Wonderland of Wealth."
Early in the history of these discoveries it became obvious to the
promoters of this Company that an unusual opportunity had arrived in which
to launch an enterprise that should comprehend within its scope the entire
field of this great area and make it tributary not only to their own financial
betterment, but, rightly conceived and properly carried out, to the benefit of
the world at large.
In order to effect this, they recognized it to be a matter of vital import-
ance that the fundamental principles of its organization should commend
themselves to every thoroughgoing business man as possessing the essential
qualities of proved merit and known reliability. And hence, after giving the
subject the most exhaustive study in all the details and requirements, they
evolved what they claim to be the safest, mor-t economical, and most perfect
plan for conducting a mining enterprise ever placed before the public.
—52-
The essential principle and purpose of this Company k to practically
eliminate the speculative element altogether, and to secure the largest returns
possible to every member for the money he has invested.
The speculative element enters more or less into mining enterprises
when money is expended upon a single mining propo-
sition, when large amounts are paid for undeveloped
property, or when, the property being developed suffi-
ciently to disclose its intrinsic value, the management
is inexperienced, or unworthy of confidence, or both.
It is safe to say that whenever a collapse of a
mining enterprise occurs, it may be traced to one or
more of these causes.
This Company has, in the interest of the pros-
pective inventor, safeguarded itself against all these
contingencies.
It does not depend for success upon the posses-
sion and development of one, two or three mining
properties in some mining district, however promising,
but its object is to secure, after careful prospecting or
examination, the ownership outright or the controlling
interest in properHes containing well-defined and valu-
able mineral veins, or placer beds, in every mining
district in the country. Should any one of these
properties i)rove unprofitable, there would be no neces-
sity, even if the Company were unscrupulous enough
to do as others (happily only a few) have done, and
"boom" a worthless claim to recoup themselves for the money they have put
into it. It would, of course, be abandoned, but without sense of loss, for the
Company will have many more which 7vi// pay to develop continuously, or
to dispose of profitably, when their actual ca>>h value has been clearly
demonstrated.
Nor
any propert
resources uf
On t
A. J. AkLELLAN, PRESIDENT.
Not i
sonnel of it
etc., but its
deserve the
of the Co
-53-
ly
IS
2S
Nor does the Company propose to pay any large sum of money for
any property however valuable it may appear to be, and thereby deplete its
resources upon a venture of that kinti.
On the contrary, its method is to begin at the bottom, and, taking the
place of the prospector, to locate its own properties
and conduct the preliminary exploitation work which
is practically performed in many instances when the
assessment work re\juired by law to obtain a proper
title to a claim has been done upon it.
The expenditure necessary for this work is only
$500 in each case, but properly laid out will be suffi-
cient to indicate very clearly the prospective value of
the claim, :ind place it in a saleable condition. The
" fancy " prices which a>-e paid every day for such
claims the Company will not therefore give, but receive
and convert them into dividends.
In the organization of this Company only those
whose character and business ability v\ere unquestioned
were selected to manage its affairs. Among them are
gentlemen well known in Canada, prominent in politi-
cal, professional and commercial circles. They are a
guarantee of the Company's standing and reliability.
Moreover, the President and Vice-President and a
number of the Directors are experienced in mining
matters as well. They have been and are still interested
in developing the mineral resources of this country.
LLAN, PRESIDENT.
Not alone are the external features of the Company, namely the per-
sonnel of its directorate, it .<ethods of acquiring and developing properties,
etc., but its nternal management and regulations are such as to claim an-i
deserve the confidence and approbation of the investing public. The endeavor
of the Company has been to avoid, and it has consequently enacted
-33-
k
provisions against, the mistakes, dangers and evils into which others have
fallen and from which they have suffered in the past. For instance, the
provision whereby the directors are debarred from incurring any expense, unless
there are funds available to meet it, prevents the Company from getting into
debt and involving the shareholders in liability. Also the placement of all
promoters' stock in the custody of the bank until the Company's affairs are
placed on a dividend-paying basis, precludes the possibility of any disposal of
stock at a lower rate than the upset price. Thus, these elements of danger
which have caused the wrecking of more than one hopeful enterprise of a
similar kind before it was properly launched on its caree*, have no place in
the management of this Company. It enters an unqualified and standing
protest against all bogus and swindling operations.
In fact, all the lines upon which this Company has been framed are
calculated to exclude the speculative element from mining operations and to
assure even the most cautious that its affairs will be administered honestly and
economically, wisely and well, and with profitable results to every shareholder.
t!i!
The means employed by the Company to secure good mining properties
embrace a comprehensive scheme, including every lawful and proper method.
In addition to fitting and sending out a number of experienced prospectors to
locate claims for the Company in the leading mining districts of the Province,
the Company has secured reliable confidential agents in prominent mining
localities to co-operate with the Company, and promote its interests in such
localities by :
I. Discovering and locating new mineral-bearing properties prospectively
of value.
2. By locating good claims as "annexes" to well-known mining pro-
)erties already developed.
3. By making use of such means as will enable them to be informed at
once of new rich ** strikes" or " finds" made in the vicinity.
-64-
.•»u3,
h others have
instance, the
expense, unless
m getting into
acement of all
ny's affairs are
iny disposal of
ents of danger
enterprise of a
ve no place in
and standing
en framed are
;rations and to
d honestly and
ry shareholder.
ning properties
proper method,
prospectors to
f the Province,
Tiinent mining
terests in such
s prospectively
rn mmmg pro-
be informed at
4. By making terms with owners of valuabl- claims who are, financially,
not in a position to do the necessary development work u^^on them, and who
are consequentlv willing to allow the Company a controlling interest in the
claims upon the Company undertaking to do a certain amount of development
work within a given time.
5. By advising the Company promptly in the event of any owner of
valuable property desiring to dispose of same at a low figure. And, in
general, to do all such things as may advance the interest of the Company in
that locality, but always under instructions from the Company. Travelling
confidential agents, with similar instructions, have also been employed.
The Company by these methods is provided with exceptional opportun-
ities for acquiring valuable properties without the necessity of purchasing them
second-hand, and is at the same time enabled to reserve its funds for develop-
ing those properties which, from all appearances, would indicate that large
results might be expected therefrom at a reasonably small outlay. Should the
Company, however, deem it advisable, on account of the terms offered, to
purchase a property which they have every reason to believe it would be
desirable to acquire, the property must in every case be reported upon and
recommended by the mining expert of the Company, who shall also from
time to time visit and report upon claims located or developed by the
Company.
A glance will be sufficient to reveal the fact that no more economical
and efficient plan of securing good properties than the above has yet been
devised, the only question being that of selecting the best that are available.
In pursuing these methods during the] past season the Company has rejected
numbers of properties, not because they were not good, but because, from
information in the Company's possession, there were better, and those they
did secure represent the best they have been able thus far to acquire.
While the value of a first-class organization, operating under the direc-
tion of a capable and reliable officiary, and governed by safe and sound busi-
ness principles, cannot be over-estimated, still the fact remains, that the essen-
-«-
tial basis of all true success in mining enterprises is to be found in the nature
of the properties acquired.
The system adopted by this Company for acquiring- good properties
embraces every known, method, and it is not too much to say that it is the
most complete that has yet been devised. Special
attention has been given to this branch of the Com-
pany's operations with the resuli that a number of
original features have been added which are peculiar
to this Company. They have been adopted after a
most careful study of the conditions prevailing in the
country.
Taken as a whole, this system combines every
known plan of securing, at the lowest possible cost,
only those properties regarding which there can be no
doubt as to their product power and intrinsic value.
The principal features of the system, and of that em-
ployed in the development of properties, together with
other information, including reports upon, and full
descriptive matter relating to the properties which
have been acquired, are set out in the Company's pro-
spectus, copies of which will be mailed by the Sec-
retary-Treasurer to anyone desiring them, free of charge.
As before mentioned, for a fuller description
of these properties the reader is referred to the Com-
pany's prospectus, though a word or two regarding
some of them here may serve to afford at least a faint
idea of their real character.
They t
acres. Some
is stated that
of silver, bes
from one end
ROBT. T. WILLIAMS, VICE-PRESIDENT.
The Te
the Island, th
Respecting the two claims first mentioned in the table it may be said
that they abut one another, and that the characteristics of one are common
to both.
The sit
claims which
-56-
They take in the whole of a large hill and comprise an area of 363.6
acres. Some conception of the value of this property may be forn '^J when it
is stated that a 50-foot ledge of high grade ore, carrying from 63 to 92 oz.
of silver, besides ccpper, and 30 per cent, lead, runs through this property
from one end to the other. In fact, if the Company owned no other property
than this, the success of its undertaking is assured.
Of the "Grand Times," "Hidden Treasure,"
" Mabel," and " Dolphin," it may be said that these
are all free-milling propositions which the Company
is proud of, as the) are properties of splendid promise.
They contain a number of fine ledges, all of which the
Company is preparing to develop vigorously as soon
as they can be worked to advantage when the season
opens, though development work is now being carried
on on the " Grand Times" and "Hidden Treasure."
Assays of specimens taken from the surface give in
the case of the "Grand Times," $17.58 in gold and
silver, in the case of the " Hidden Treasure," $16.18
in gold and silver (another assay gives $69), and in
the case of the " Dolphin," $40.31 in gold, silver and
copper, per ton, mineral value. They are easily
accessible and can be readily worked. The means of
transportation is by waggon road and Okanagan Lake,
thus affording no difficulty whatever. There can be
no question about the value of tnese properties.
Three of them, at least, belong to the "pay from the
grass roots " class.
The Texada properties include some of the finest copper-gold veins on
the Island, the ore being of remarkable purity and extent.
The situation of these claims for development purposes, as in all the
claims which the Company has acquired, is exceptionally good ; the climate is
MS, VICE-PRESIDENT.
-.1
■M
■ ■ 1
'
V '
I ■•■
-66-
so mild as to admit of their being worked throughout the year, in winter as
in summer, while the shipping facilities cannot be excelled in any part of the
world. The Company has also located a townsite adjacent to the above claims
on the most sheltered bay on the east coast of the Island.
It will thus be seen that, for the commence-
ment of this Company's undertaking, the Company
has possession of, or ho'ds the controlling interest in,
a number of properties comprising extensive deposits
of gold, silver, copper and lead, which, when developed
more fully, will inevitably bring handsome returns and
ensure to the Company the most gratifying success.
In additio.i to the properties above referred to,
however, negotiation^; are almost completed for the
acquirement of three groups of claims in the Kaslo-
Slocan District, celebrated for its great dividend-paying
silver mines.
Preparations are also being made to send a
number of well-tried and experienced prospectors, some
of whom are now under contract with the Company,
into the Yukon and Cassair territories to locate some
of the rich quartz and placer beds for which that
region is already world renowned. So ihat it may,
without doubt, be averred that, within a reasonably
short time, there will not be a mining district in the
country which will not yield its tribute to the coffers
of this Company.
W. J. DOWLER, SECRKl
If this Company receives the support from this country and abroad
which its position, enterprise and capabilities entitle it to, it will be the vehicle
of distributing a portion of the great wealth of the mineral areas of British
Columbia and its northern frontier to the people of this continent, and of the
old land, and of the most distant parts of the globe.
-86-
11.:^ Vi_
, in winter as
ly part of the
' above claims
J. DOWLER, SECRETARY-TREASUIiER.
and abroad
3e the vehicle
eas of British
t, and of the
-66-
The days when mining was viewed only as a speculative proposition are
now past, and, so far at least as this country is concerned, it has entered upon
an era when mining may be regarded as a legitimate and stable industry.
The character, area and value of mineral deposits to be found therein, the
application of modern, systematic and scientific methods
and improved machinery to the several processes of
mining, the successful economical treatment of low
grade ores as in the case of the refuse portion of
the Le Roi output, the increasing number of dividend-
paying mines, and other considerations which might
be mentioned, all tend powerfully to reduce the spec-
ulative features of this business to a minimum, and
place it on a basis of " like conditions, like results."
It is now a generally admitted fact that there
is no country in the world which presents, everything
considered, so inviting a field for mining operations
as the British Pacific Co;;st. F^rom the 49th parallel
of latitude to the Arctic Circle, and from the eastern
foothills of the Rocky Mountains to the farthest cape
of the most western island in the British Columbia
archipelago, a vast territory embracing some 200,000
square miles is spread out, abounding in minerals of
every kind and value.
It now only remains, in conclusion, to draw
attention once more to the chief characteristics and
features of the Company which it commends to the
careful consideration of every one interested in bettering his financial condition,
by a judicious investment of whatever sum may be at his disposal, in an industry
which of all others properly conducted, and carried out upon the plan herein
outlined, is calculated to most certainly and speedily repay him for his outhy
beyond his most sanguine expectations.
THE NORTHWEST TI
'^y/'/^'^^'V.-^^^^^^'^ ^'^^'^ >'^'\'rif -.(*==^^T<y\'*) /i'^X<^-r> «»^^<v\\-i (vn-ivi rf
V'-??
^^^^ HE Northwest Territories of Canada comprise the larger portion
of the Dominion outside the boundaries oi the different pro-
vinces. This vast portion of the North American continent
was, until comparatively lately, an almost unknown region,
ruled over by the Hudson's Bay Company. With the acquire-
ment bv the Dominion of Canada oi the rip-hts of the Hud-
son's Bay Company in 1870, came
more enlightened knowledge of the
natural advantages which the newly-
acquired portion of the Dominion
offered to those in search of homes.
Railway construction, together with
intelligent exploration and systema-
tic observation of climatic conditions,
which have since taken place, enable
us to realize and confidently assert,
that within these Territories is situ-
ated the largest unoccupied areas of
good land on the North American
continent.
The Territories extend from the
International Boundary, or 49th
parallel of latitude on the south,
to the Arctic Ocean on the north,
and from Hu
This vast extei
and embracing
naturally includ
which show m
features.
The mot
by nature into
H
CATTLE RANCHING SCENE, NEAR THE FOOTHH.L!
ST TERRITORIES
WWV^.WV^'V^VW^^X^'V"
and from Hudson's Bay on the east to the Rocky Mountains on the west.
This vast extent of territory, covering an area of some 1,402,800 square miles,
and embracing some twenty degrees of latitude and fifteen degrees o( longitude,
naturally includes within its limits many districts, of gre : extent in themselves,
which show marked differences from each other in climatic and topographical
features.
The more fertile portion of the Territories in question has been divided
by nature into two distinct divisions exhibiting marked differences in physical
features and climatic conditions.
The southern half is contained
within the great plains or prairie
region of Western America, while
the northern half exhibits the tran-
sition from open prairie or plains
to the timbered regions of the
north, being park-like in its char-
acter, with alternate wooded and
prairie portions. Both of these
divisions, however, offer special ad-
vantages to the homeseeker, but
these advantages do not in any
way clash with each other when
properly understood. In the prairie
or plains region, which, within a
comparatively few years, formed the
grazing ground of vast herds of
EAR THE FOOTHILLS, N.w.T. buffalo, the Settler who desires to
i--<L-i||k^«M~A«' ■ «;~i,»^.\..„.
11
w
llli'
confine himself to pastoral pursuits will find many locations where the '.iixuri-
ance of the growth o( the native grasses and the unlimited pasturage, the
small snowfall and the mild winters afford every opportunity for successful
effort in that direction, while the northern district ofi^ers to the farmer proper,
rich soil and better opportunities to embark in grain raising and mixed farming.
In the year 1882 it was found advisable for administrative purposes to
divide the portion of the Territories, above described, into four provisional
districts, named respectively Assiniboia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Athabasca.
The eastern portion of Assiniboia, for a distance of some 120 miles
west from its eastern boundary, is prac-
tically a continuation to the westward
of the grain-growing areas of Manitoba,
and although the soil is somewhat
lighter than the deep black loam of the
Red River Valley, it is very warm and
productive. Within this portion of the
district settlement has rapidly extended,
and many thriving towns have sprung
up along the main line of the Canadian
Pacific R.ai!way.
This portion of Assiniboia offers
special inducements to the intending
settler who is desirous of embarking in
grain raising and mixed farming, there
being a good market for all kinds of grain, dairy produce, and beef or pork.
The winters are much milder in the western part of Assiniboia, the
snowfall is very light, and cattle, horses and sheep graze outside during the
whole year.
The rainfall on the plains adjoining the hills is not as a rule sufficient
to mature croos, but the large number of small streams heading in the hills
SANITARIUM AND HOTEL
58-
re the ..ixuri-
)asturag'e, the
for successful
armer proper,
ixed farming.
e purposes to
ir provisional
id Athabasca.
me 1 20 miles
beef or pork.
ssiniboia, the
e during the
rule sufficient
r in the hills
and running down to the plains afford a good supply of water for irrigation,
and by constructing cheap ditches, this water is brought to the growing crops
and exceedingly satisfactory results obtained.
Southern Alberta is essentially a ranching and dairying country. The
district is composed of high, open plains, broken by the valleys of numerous
large streams, which head in the Rocky Mountains and flow to the east, and
the country becomes more or less rolling and hilly as the heads of these
streams are approached. The valleys and bench lands produce a most luxur-
ious and nutritious growth of n.- tive grasses, chief among which is the far-
famed " bunch grass," and cattle, horses
and sheep graze outside during the
whole year. Northern Alberta is essen-
tially an agricultural district, and while
some portions of the district offer fav-
orable openings for stock farming, the
principal advantages of the district will
ensure settlement by immigrants who
desire to engage in mixed farming.
In all the settled portions of the
Territories, most liberal provision is
made for schools, and new schools can
be formed in any newly settled district
where there are twelve children of school
age. About seventy per cent, of the
cost of ke ^ping the schools open is paid by the Government. The country
is well provided with churches, banks and markets.
Such trade and educational centres are scattered at convenient points
over the vast area of the Territories. These prosperous settlements include
Edmonton, Prince Albert, Battleford, Regina, Indian Head, Moosejaw, Medi-
cine Hat, Lethbridge, Fort McLeod and Calgary, all growing in importance
and with progressive municipal government can be made into thriving cities.
y
I
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all
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(
:arium and hotel banff, banff, n.w.t
-58-
The Yukon Gold Fields dt^dt
NE of the greatest g"old discoveries of recent years has been
made in these Northwest Territories of Canada. No
sooner had the ^reat wealth of the gold and silver
quartz mountains of British Columbia become known
to the world than tidings were received of fabulously
rich gold diggings on the Yukon and its tributary
streams, particularly on the Thronduick, or, as it is
more generally called, the Klondyke, as well as on
the Bonanza, the El Dorado and other creeks. This
district adjoins the United States territory of Alaska
and approaches on the north very nearly to the limit of the Arctic circle. It
is a country of severe winter and very short summer, and, so far as can be
judged, principally valuable for its minerals. But of its richness in that
respect there is no doubt, and it is impossible at present to limit the locality
from which gold will be taken.
The principal drawback
has been the difficulty of
getting into the country.
It was necessary to go by
steamer to St. Michaels,
Alaska, and by the \ con
River to Dawson Cit\', or
else to cross the mountain
divide, carrying provisions
on the prospector's back,
and build boats on the
other side to get down to
the Yukon. This also in-
volved expense, hardship
and danger,
and few in n
free from crii
authority for
brought out
seen for mar
the future,
coast to the
building smal
The tv
conveying pn
Government c
to a strength
here and ther
might be op«
officer was se
which mining
undergone by
■:^^
Alaska, *
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY ACROSS
THE YUKON RIVEF
5U-
i'll
and danger. Under these circumstances the mining camps have been small
and few in number, though, like all such communities in Canada, quiet and
free from crime. A small detachment of the Northwest police proved ample
authority for the maintenance of order. But the enormous quantity of gold
brought out by a few prospectors resulted in .i rush such as has not been
seen for many years, and it became necessai* to provide more amply for
the future. Three companies obtained charters to build railways from the
coast to the head of the inland navigable waters, with the intention of there
building small steamers.
The two American companies in Alaska do much o( the business of
conveying prospectors and carrying the focJ in to feed the country. The
Government of Canada, in 1897, reinforced the detachment of mounted police
to a strength of 100 men, and established stopping places or refuge posts
here and there between the sea and the Yukon, in order that communication
might be open by means of dog train throughout the winter. A customs
officer was sent to the divide and regulations promulgated as to the terms on
which mining claims could be taken up and held. Considerable hardship was
undergone by many, who, contrary to advice, insisted upon making their way
into the country during
the first summer after the
discoveries, but later ar-
rangements will result in
making the Yukon as ac-
cessible as many of the
mining districts of British
Columbia.
The pioneers in Yukon
exploration owe much to the
Alaska Commercial Com-
pany and Hudson's Bay
Company, whose enterprise
enabled these early pros-
pectors to survive.
Canada.
Is THE YUKON RIVER— LOOKING NORTH.
-5'J-
I 'p
r^famtmmi^^m'^min'i^m'm^i
mimmmmmmmmmmmmm
HE ALASKA COMMERCIAL COMPANY.— The principal cor-
i poration engaged in conveying passengers to the Yukon by the
ocean route is The Alaska Commercial Company which had been
carrying on a
trade with the
cou n t r V for
nearly thirty
years previous
to the Klondykc dis-
coveries. The Yukon
River, along the tribu-
taries of which the Can-
adian fields lie, has its
mouth in the gioat track
of Alaska, which is
owned by ihe American
Republic.
Alaska was pur-
chased from Russia by
the United States, in
1867. Even prior to this
time the Alaska commer-
cial Company had repre-
sentative ; there securing
information regarding the
country. In 1867 the
Company bought out the
Russian- American Com-
pany that had been en-
gaged in trading for
many years. The Priby-
ioff Islands were leased
DEPARTURE OF ALASKA COMMERCIAL CO.S STEAMER "EX
ST. MICHAEL WITH PASSEP
-60-
principal cor-
:^ukon by the
liich had been
r-^.
iC^
to the Company for twenty years from May i, 1870, under an Act of Con-
gress, approved July i, 1870. The annual rental paid was $55,000, with a
tax of $2.62 on each sealskin taken, making the total rental $317,000.00 per
annum. It will thus be
seen that the Company
has paid nearly seven
million dollars in rentals
to the United States.
They established sta-
tions at all the principal
points in Alaska during
1868 and 1869, and had
a passenger and freight
boat running on the
Yukon River in 1869.
The Company has been
engaged actively in busi-
ness for nearly thirty
years, consequently^ ow-
ing to this long-con-
tinued occupation of ter-
ritory, it possesses ad-
vantages Oi a superior
character in connection
with everything relating
to Alaska. It has a
thorough knowledge of
the style and quality of
provisions and clothing
best suited to the needs
of the country. Its faci-
lities for the transporta-
'■•^■^1«^
'3"«„'- '•*
^^^v.;^ ■v':"^,.::
r^»
.- <W".,«^
CO.S STEAMER "EXCELSIOR" FROM SAN FRANCISCO, JL'LV 28th, ISOT, FOR
ICHAEL WITH PASSENGERS FOR DAWSON.
-60-
ALASKA COMMERCIAL CO.S WAREHOUSE IN COURSE OF ERECTION AT DAWSON, JULY, 1897.
tioii of passengers and freight are unexcelled. It has the advantages of hav-
ing a plant already established and vessels on the river ready to proceed to
the Klondyke district as soon as the river opens. Wood piles are already
stacked at convenient points on the river, and therefore passengers travelling
on its steamers will not be subject to the delays and trouble that will be
attendant upon people who have not taken time by the forelock, and so
thoughtfully provided themselves with fuel, which is, of course, the great
essential of the river trip. The reputation of the Company for taking proper
care of passengers is so well established that comment is unnecessary. The
steamers of the Company are fast and commodious, and are equipped with
everything necessary for the comfort of passengers. The Company takes
justifiable pride in referring to its successful career, and particularly to the
fact that since it first engaged in the transportation business in 1869 there has
not been one case of a loss of life. The captains o( their steamers have been
on the river for many years, and are thoroughly acquainted with the dangers
and difficultiei!
have a perfect
The Ci
tically the wo
its bond,
interests to gi
and they will
have a full an
a Knowledge
acquired b\' y
money.
As an i
interested in t
the following
-01-
wm
It
and difficulties of navigation. In this respect it will be seen that passengers
have a perfect guarantee of safety.
The Company's reputation for integrity and fair dealing is known prac-
tically the world over, and its word in any business transaction is as good as
its bond. Passengers travelling to the Klondyke will find it to their best
interests to go there under the auspices of the Alaska Commercial Company
and they will be sure of making the trip without danger or discomfort. They
have a full and accurate knowledge of the country and its peculiar features —
a Knowledge not possessed by any other company, and which could only be
acquired by years of direct ex'ierience and the expenditure of large sums of
money.
As an illustration of the fact that the Alaska Commercial Company was
interested in the development of Alaskan mines more than twenty years ago,
the following letter is appended. The letter was a portion of the evidence
rv.
m
!:lll
ST. MICHAELS FROM THE EAST.
-01-
Si
;lli
ALASKA COMMERCIAL CO.S WHARF, ST. MICHAELS.
furnished in the investigation of the fur-seal fisheries of Alaska by the House
of Representatives in January, 1889. It also ably illustrates the honorable
policy that has characterized the Company in its dealings with its patrons :
San Francisco, May 7, 1886
Mr. M. Lorenz, Agent, St. Michael, Alaska:
Dear Sir, — ^We have been informed that a large number of miners have
already started for the Yukon and Stewart River mines, and it is probable
that many others will be attracted to that section of the Territory in conse-
quence of the supposed existence of rich diggings in that district. Consider-
ing that the Company's station ai St. Michael is the nearest source of supply,
an extra amount of groceries and provisions have been sent to you to meet
the possible demands likely to be made upon you during the coming winter.
It must not be understood, however, that the shipment referred to is made
for the purpose of realizing profits beyond the regular schedule of prices here-
tofore established ; our object is to simply avoid any possible suffering which
-^2-
i>-
li
f?f !
i 1
■<^ i
r
"»'■!
1
i
1
;<»«*.■, ;.»,
the large increase of population, insufficiently provided with articles of food,
might occasion. Hence you are directed to store the supplies as a reserve to
meet the probable contingency herein indicnted, and in that case to dispose of
the same to actual corsumers only and in such quantities as will enable you
to relieve the wants and necessities of each ani every person that may have
occasion to ask for it.
In this connection we deem it particularly necessary to say to you that
traders in the employ of the Company or such others as drr .<i their supplies
from the stores cf the Company, doing business on their own account, must
not be permitted to charge excessive profits ; otherwise all business relations
with such parties must cease, as the Company cannot permit itself to be made
an instrument of oppression toward any one that they may come in contact with.
It is useless to add that in case of absolute poverty and want the per-
son or persons placed in that unfortunate position should be promptly furnished
by the House
the honorable
its patrons :
y 7, 1886
of miners have
it is probable
itory in conse-
ct. Consider-
urce of supply,
o you to meet
coming winter,
ed to is made
of prices here-
iuffering which
DAWSCN, APRM,, 1897.
"82-
J
LOOKING N.E. FROM MOUTH OF CLIFF CREEK, NEAR FORTYMILE ; SITE OF AN
EXTENSIVE COAL VEIN IN MIDDLE FOREGROUND.
with the means of subsistence without pay, simply reporting such facts at your
earliest convenience to the home office.
Asking your strict compliance with the foregoing instructions, which we
hope will be carried out with due discretion on your part, I am, with kind
regards, Yours truly,
(Signed) Lewis Gerstle, President.
Of the transportation companies operating the Ocean River Route to the
Klondyke gold fields, the one that i most widely and favorably known is the
pioneer line of the Alaska Commercial Company. The length of its time of
service, extending over a period of almost three decades, has given to it an
experience that is not possessed by any other company. As time has rolled
on the Company has steadily advanced in its carrying capacity until now its
fleet of vessels is almost irreproachable. The knowledge gained by years of
travel on the
value to the (
possible servic
been in the
everything ne
of passengers.
The la
steamship "S
of San Franci
and equipmem
marine archite
eighty-eight fe
for two hund
twenty-five hu
LOOKING
UF \\Jh
IN
-(B-
travel on the Pacific Ocean and the great Yukon River, has been of great
value to the Company, and it is now prepared to give to its patrons the best
possible service. The captains of the vessels and all of the other officers have
been in the employ of the Company for many years and fully understand
everything necessary for the safe and speedy transportation and the comfort
of passengers.
The latest acquisition of the Company is the magnificent new steel
steamship "St. Paul," which has been constructed by the Union Iron Works,
of San Francisco, which had practically carte blanche regarding the building
and equipment of this vessel, and every feature of the most modern plans of
marine architecture has been introduced. The steamship is two hundred and
eighty-eight feet long, with a thirty-eight foot beam, and has accommodations
for two hundred and fifty-seven first-class cabin passengers. Its register is
twenty-five hundred tons and its horse power eighteen hundred and filty. Its
m
LOOKING UP YUKON RIVER FROM 3 MILES BELOW FORTYMILE. CUDAHY AND FORTYMILE
IN DISTANCE, ROCK POINT ON RIGHT I,3(K) FEET ABOVE WATER.
(B-
■i i
if
I
i 1
m
m
n
ill
M- '
lip
jL^i
ill
MOUTH OF FORTYMILE RIVER,
State-rooms are all commodious, well ventilated and lighted and are furnished
with only fore and aft bunks. The rooms are fully equal in luxury and in
size to many of the great Atlantic liners, and in them one can easily believe
himself to be in a hotel instead of at sea. The decorations are artistic in soft,
yet rich effects, and the conveniences for the bestowal of the passengers'
belongings are most ingenious. There are electric lights everywhere and elec-
tric bells for the summoning of attendants at a moment's notice. There is also
a saloon and a smoking-room fitted with lounges and easy chairs for the comfort
of passengers. Though not exactly following the well-known remark of James
Russell Lowell, "Give me the luxuries of life and I will dispense with the
necessaries," the Company has made a most happy combination of both these
features, and, in providing properly for the comfort of its patrons, it will feel
confident of their unqualified approbation. Believing that cleanliness is akin
to godliness, the Company has supplied a plenitude of bath-roums, with
porcelain tubs, and hot and cold water will be ready at all hours. A notable
d are furnished
luxury and in
n easily believe
artistic in soft,
the passengers'
^vhere and elec-
There is also
for the comfort
mark of James
pense with the
of both these
ns, it will feel
nliness is akin
h-roums, with
rs. A notable
feature o( the vessel is its cold storage rooms, which enables the Company to
carry fresh meats, fruits and vegetables for the entire round trip.
The "Portland" is another one of the Company's steamships. It is a
wooden vessel, of fifteen hundred tons gross, and it has been entirely rebuilt
and refitted and is in first-class condition. All the state-rooms are new and
the equipments, in every particular, are the same as those on the "St. Paul."
Its passenger accommodations in every way are unexcelled and exceed those
of any vessel of any other line. The steamer is staunch and seaworthy and
will be under the command of one of the Company's most experienced captains.
The well-known steamers the " Dora " and the "Bertha" have also been
thoroughly refitted and equipped in first-class style and will be used on the
ocean voyage as they have in years past.
NEAR THE BOUNDARY. ONE-HALF OF THE PREVIOUS DAYS BAG. ALASKA, CANADA.
-61-
LOOKING UP THK CANYON ON FORTYMILE.
The fleet of river boats used on the Yukon is a matter of pride to the
Compaux' as their construction is the result of years of experiments and prac-
tical experience in transportation. They are all commanded by officers who
have had years of experience in navigating the river and are thoroughly
acquainted with whatever dangers and difficulties that may exist. The steamers
that are now ready for the Yukon River trade are the " Alice," the " Bella,"
the "Margaret," the "Yukon," the " W. H. Seward," the " Saidie," a new
steel side-wheeler, the " Leah," new, the " Sarah," new, the " Hannah," new,
the "Susie," new, and the 'Louise,' new.
These vessels are all thoroughly fitted in first-class style for the trans-
portation of passengers in the best possible manner, possessing every equip-
ment that the necessities of such a trip require.
Further
ment of freii^
importance to
ing thirt)' or
cverN'thing is
guests. For
mercial Com pi
northern trip,
recently built
are all staunc
conveniences f
of cold storagi
FROM MOUNTAl
-65-
[""urthernioio, the transportation facilities and arr.inj^ciiicnts for the ship-
ment o\' freight are iniexcelled, and these are considerations of the utmost
importance to travellers. A sea voyage coverini^ thousands of miles, occupy-
ing;;' thirt}' or more da\s, is tilled with inconveniences and hardships unless
ever}thiny is done by the Steamship Company to insure the comfort ot its
guests. Vor the transportation of passengers and freight, the Alaska Com-
mercial Company has its own fleet of steamships, speciall\' equipped for the
northern trip. Included among these are the steel steamshij) " St. PauJ,"
recently built for Company, the " Bertha," and the " Dora." These vessels
are all staunch and seaworthy, and have been equipped with all the modern
conveniences for the comfort of passengers. Through the Company's system
of cold storage, f . h meats, vegetables and fruits are supplied dail)'.
FROM MOUNTAIN TOP EAST OF DAWSON. LOOKING UP AND ACROSS KLONDVKE VALLEY,
fio-
TT
GOVERNMENT HOUSE AND PARLIAMENT
-66—
iK AND PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, WINNIPEG, MANITOBA.
1^:^
-^g^:-,
•«.l*,'»
;
THE PROVINCE OF
ITOBA, the infant Province of Canadian Confederacy,
is fast attaining a political and commercial status
amongf the sister Provinces of Canada. A portion
of what is now known as the Province of Manitoba
was first settled by Lord Selkirk in 1811, and the
fo 1 1 owing"
m .^
year wi t-
nessed the
e stabl ish-
ment of the Red River colony. The
Hudson Bay Company sold Earl Sel-
kirk a fertile strip along the banks of
the Red River for the purpose of col-
onization. He was invested with full
proprietory rights to the soil, subject
only to the extinguishment of the Indian
title. The settlers came from the north
of Scotland, most of them being from
the parish of Kildonan in Sutherland-
shire. Two rival fur-trading companies
to the Hudson Bay Company having
come into the country, led to many
scenes of conflict between the contend-
ing parties. The young colony, as a result of these contentions, was ham-
pered in its development and made but little progress. In fact, a severe
struggle which took place in June, 1816, in vv'hich Governor Semple of the
Hudson Bay Company was killed, almost strangled the infant colony. The
Earl lost .10 time in trying tc punish those identified with their persecution.
but failed in
extinguishme
They were la
and from thi!
ernment und(
THE LAST OF THE BUFFALO, SEEN IN CONFINEMENT AT SILV
The Council
ever since.
Executive Co
is elected for
and seven mc
-67-
1 OF MANITOBA
.%^.W^%A.%^N^V%XX>/W%%N^X%^WNr
but failed in iiis efforts to punish the guilty. The Earl next secured an
extingfuishment of the Indian title and gave his colonists a fresh start in 1817.
They were later given deeds in fee simple for their small allotments or farms,
and from this time forward they made steady progress. After years of gov-
ernment under the jurisdiction of the Hudson's Bay Co., the district, for a
consideration, was handed over to the
Canadian Confederacy in 1869. A some-
what chaotic state of affairs existed
during the interval between the retire-
ment of the H. B. Co. and the assump-
tion of authority by the Government of
Canada. The Metis, under the leader-
ship of the late Louis Riel, precipitated
an insurrection, which was speedily sup-
pressed.
The newly organized Province of
Manitoba entered Confederation on the
15th July, 1870. Instead of a Territorial
Government, as first proposed, Mani-
toba was given a representative Legis-
lature with two Houses, a Council and
Legislative Assembly of 24 members.
The Council was abolished in 1876 and there has only been a single chamber
ever since. Manitoba is now governed by a Lieutenant-Governor and an
Executive Council of five Ministers responsible to a Local Legislature, which
is elected for a term of four years. The Province is entitled to four Senators
and seven members of the House of Commons in the Parliament of Canada
NFINEMENT AT SILVER HEIGHTS, MANITOBA.
mm
i^iil
iliji
1 ' ; ■'
-67-
at Ottawa. It was soon found that
with the prospective development of the
Northwest Territories the Province of
Manitoba was too small, accordingly
an Act was passed in 1881, enlarging
the area of the Province to 123,200
square miles ; the eastern portion was,
however, subsequently reduced as a
result of litigation with the Province of
Ontario, until now the area is 73,956
square miles, with a population of about
200,000, according to the census of
iSg6. The growth of Manitoba has
been phenomenal, when compared with
that of the older Provinces. The Pro
PILOT MOUND, A VILLAGE I
VIEWS OF STEINBACH, A MENNONITE VILLAGE IN SOUTH EASTERN MANITOBA.
-ns
Tm
MOUND, A VILLAGE IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA.
vince has been under disabilities in the
past that must of necessity be overcome
in the near future. Cheap transporta-
tion to and from the seaboard will
open up a new era in the development
of Manitoba and the Northwest Ter-
ritories. With the further construction
of railways and a more active competi-
tion, the vast and fertile regions of
Manitoba and the adjoining Territories
will be fully occupied, and hundreds of
thousands will follow in the wake of
those who are now but pioneers, to
enjoy comfortable homes in its verdant
vales and fertile prairie.
ANITOBA.
VIEW OF TOWN OF GLENBORO, MANITOBA.
—08—
Manitoba has already developed
wonderful resources in agriculture, live
stock, dairy, fishery and other products.
Apart from being a desirable home
for the intending settler, the Northwest
is now attracting a large number of
tourists from Europe as well as the
neighboring Republic. The fever-
stricken people of the United States
and the terrorized inhabitants of the
cyclone and tornado belt of those of
the southwest are fast realizing that
more desirable homes can be made in
Manitoba, with its bracing climate, pure
air and congenial surroundings of wood
and water. It is not unfrequently
A farmp:rs home, residence and garden of a. p. stevep
PIONEER SETTLERS, NELSON, MANITOB
FARM DWELLINGS NEAR MANITOU, IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA.
-«»-
11, 1.
DEN OF A. P. STEVENSON, ESQ., ONE OF THE
S, NELSON, MANITOBA.
termed "The Hunter's Paradise, " from
the abundance of game of all kinds.
Deer, elk, moose, cariboo, antelope,
wild fowl and a large variety of fur-
bearing animals are found in the more
remote parts, affording fascination for
the most ardent disciple of Nimrod.
The rivers and lakes teem with fish of
all kinds, trout, sturgeon, whitefish,
pickerel, pike, bass, perch, etc.
The Province has an excellent sys-
tem of non-sectarian Public Schools for
elementary and intermediate education,
with a University and four affiliated
colleges for higher education.
■M
r
^jM
•
•
FARM DWELLINGS NEAR MANITOU, IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA.
-(»»-
Some idea of the growth of the Province may be had from the foPowing
statistics: Census of 1871, population 18,995; ^^^i, 62,260: 1891, 152,506, and
as already stated, nearly 200,000 at the special census of 1896. Of the people
in Manitoba to-day, they may be said to be more cosmopolitan than those of
any other Province in Canada. They consist of natives of the British Isles,
Canadians, Indians, Half-breeds, Mennonites, Icelanders, Germans, Danes,
Scandinavians, Jews, Poles, French, Chinese, Japanese, Galicians, Russian
Doukhobors and persons from every known clime, but of course the great
majority of the population consists of English-speaking people from Eastern
Canada and Great Britain. There was not a single mile of railway in the
Province when it entered Confederation in 1870. To-day there are 1,544 niiles.
The Canadian Pacific main line passes through the Province for 303 miles,
with 611 miles of branches. The Manitoba & Northwestern has an entire
length of 207 miles within the Province, the Northern Pacific 265 miles, i'.ie
Dauphin Line 102 miles and the Great Northwest Central 56 miles.
A THRESHING SCENE, COMMON IN ALL .'ARTS OF MANITOBA IN SEPTEMBER
AND OCTOBER.
-70-
1
n the following
I, 152,506, and
Of the people
1 than those of
2 British Isles,
-mans, Danes,
cians, Russian
Lirse the great
; from Eastern
railway in the
ire 1,544 miles,
for 303 miles,
has an entire
265 miles, r.ie
liles.
TEMBER
FARMERS HOME AND OUTBUILDINGS IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA.
There are evidences everywhere of the growth of cities and towns
throughout the Province as a result of its rapid development. The Red River
Rebellion was not an unmixed evil. Many of those who volunteered for ser-
vice remained in the country after the rebellion was quelled, while the attention
of the outside world was, by means of the disturbance, attracted to what was
before that time practically an unknown land. The result was that the settle-
ment of what may be termed "Modern Manitoba" dates from about the time
of the rebellion.
It is hardly possible for people elsewhere to credit what has been done
in the brief space of a quarter of a century — brief, that is, when measuring
the life of a nation. Yet the fact remains that twenty-five years ago, aside
from a few settlements about Winnipeg and along the Red River, Manitoba
was a vast wilderness of forest and prairie, of lake and river, a wide stretch
of blue-domed solitude. To-day the sojourner in the land will see everywhere
— not in one locality, but in nearly every part of the Province — busy towns
and thriving settlements of agriculturists, and he will hear, too, upon all sides
-70-
the sound o( the saw and the hammer and the trowel, a sound prophetic of
greater things to follow. Twenty-five years ago the nearest railway station to
Winnipeg was Breckenridge, Minn., 260 miles away, which was reached by a
tri-weekly stage. Now every district is reached by railway, half a hundred
passenger trains leaving Winnipeg, alone, every week over thirteen lines. In
1870 the value of the exports of Manitoba, consisting of the furs bf animals,
was less than $124,000. Twenty-five years later the farmers of Manitoba
exported wheat, stock, butter and cheese to the value of seven and three-
quarter millions of dollars, while their estimated receipts from all sources for
the same season was fourteen and a half millions. In the year 1870 there was
one postoffice in the Province. There are now over 500. In 1871 there were
16 schools; now there are 985, comprising 1,032 departments. A quarter of
a century ago the grain of Manitoba was stored in a few log granaries.
To-day, towering elevators are seen at every railway station, and within their
bins may be stored at one time ten millions of bushels of wheat.
AN ICELANDERS STOCK, OUT-HOUSES AND PRAIRIE HAY FOR WINTER USE IN
MUNICIPALITY OF ARGYLE.
AN ICELANDE
In 188^
their meat, lai
In 1895 these
export and Ic
siderable num
being over tw
period has inc
to 1896 inclus
When it is t
bushels, it is
increase his w
in the early d
Then v
which was wh
-71-
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4
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^
lg
[ '^ IH
^ _
r
Ij
[ j^'jjy^
1
1
y
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■ 1 ■ . ■ •*
v.
J
1
i
,1
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,1
1
ijt '
!:|!-'i
AN ICELANDER'S HOME AND STOCK IN MUNICIPALITY OF ARGYLE AFTER TEN YEARS'
RESIDENCE IN MANITOBA.
In 1883, and indeed later, the farmers of the Province were buying
their meat, large quantities of which were imported, from the United States.
In 1895 these farmers, according to a most conservative estimate, sold for
export and local consumption 41,000 cattle and 48,000 hogs, besides a con-
siderable number of sheep, the estimated value of the three kinds of stock
being over two millions of dollars. The production of wheat within the same
period has increased more than 500 per cent. For the seven years from i8go
to 1896 inclusive the average yield of this cereal per acre was 19^ bushels.
When it is considered that the average of the United States is only 12^^
bushels, it is hardly to be wondered at that the Manitoba farmer continues to
increase his wheat area, even in the face of lower prices than those prevailing
in the early days.
Then within still more recent years has grown the dairying industry,
which was wholly unknown in the early stages of developments. Creameries
-71—
I
W ;l
m-
m
liM
I
SPECIMEN OF MANITOBA SHORT HORNS (PHOTO. FROM LIFE).
for the manufacture of butter and cheese factories have been operating only a
very short time, but there are already in operation throughout the Province
nearly one hundred of such institutions.
Undoubtedly the chief industry of the farmers of Manitoba, however, is
the cultivation of wheat. While stock-raising, dairying, etc., are annually in-
creasing in importance, it must not be forgotten that wheat is still king, and
is likely to remain the leading product for many years to come. Why this is
so may be briefly accounted for in the quality and yield of our wheat. The
superior quality of Manitoba No. i Hard has more than once been established
in competition with the best that other countries could produce. And so far
as yield is concerned, it is only necessary to point to the fact that the average
annual yield over the whole Province for the seven years of 1890 to 1896, inclu-
sive, was only a small fraction less than twenty bushels per acre. These
-72-
I' I
p^^fffl
;rating' only a
the Province
I, however, is
; annually in-
till king, and
Why this is
wheat. The
en established
And so far
t the average
:o 1896, inclu-
acre. These
things, together with economical methods of cultivation, go far to explain why
it was that the wheat area o( the Province increased during the same period
^y 73 P^"* cent., although, as is well known, it was a period o( remarkably
low prices. In addition to wheat, most of the cereals found elsewhere in
Canada are successfully grown in Manitoba. Oats, barley and flax are o(
importance to the farmers of the Province in the order named. Oats and
barley are grown largely for milling and malting, as well as for feed, and for
these purposes are equal to the best products o( other countries. Flax is now
grown chiefly for the seed, but there is every reason to believe that the fibre
will shortly become of value for manufacturing purposes. Rye, peas and corn
are also grown in most districts for feed.
It is, of course, well known that the natural grasses of Manitoba, when
properly cured, make excellent feed for stock. Hay from these grasses is the
staple winter feed. Timothy and rye are also cultivated for this purpose.
Oats, cut green and cured in the same manner as hay, are used by many
A VIEW OF THE C.P.R. STOCK YARDS DURING THE BUSY SEASON, WINNIPEG.
-72-
at each institut
j^feiieral body,
tleloj^atcs from
tion of business
are secured foi
topics. There
These societies
etc., of the di^
liberal grants,
eniment to re^*-!
operation with ;
in the best pos
Dairy School
WESLKY COLLEGE (METHODIST), WIXNU'ECl. MANITOBA.
stockmen with very satisfactory results, while others devote attention to corn.
The cutting box and the chopping mill are extensively used in preparing the
feed for stock.
The farmers of Manitoba have established a number of organizations
which are of grei^c value to the various agricultural interests of the Province.
Amongst these are the Dairy Association, the Cattle and Swine Breed'^rs'
Association, and the Poultry Association. At their annual meetings these
associations deal with such questions as are of interest to the farming com-
munity and publish exhaustive reports of the proceedings, which are widely
road. Leading men of the Province, and elsewhere, who are specialists in the
subjects they discuss, are secured for these meetings.
Some twenty-five Farmers' Institutes have been organized at as many
different points. From time to time throughout the year meetings are held
J -7S-
ST.
BONIFACE COLI
BUILDING ER!
at each institute for the discussion of practical questions. There is also ci
general hody, called the Central I^^irmers' Institute, which is composed of
delej^ates from the local hodies. The Central meets annually for the transac-
tion of business. At intervals, the local institutes are visited by speakers who
are secured for the purpose by the ^oveiiiment and who discuss suitable
topics. There are about 50 local Agricultural Societies in the Province.
These societies hold annual fairs, at which the agricultural products, stock,
etc., o( the district they cover are brought into competition. They receive
liberal grants. A Dairy Superintendent is employed by the Provincial Gov-
ernment to regularly visit creameries and cheese factories during the season of
operation with a view to having butter and cheese products put on the market
in the best possible condition. Under the direction of the Superintendent a
Dairy School is conducted in Winnipeg during the winter months, where
ill
7-7' r^|-|--5J?|B- -iSSKS?
4
J
i
i
ST. BONIFACE COLLEGE (ROMAN CATHOLIC), WINNIPEG, MANITOBA. FOUNDED 1818. PRESENT
BUILDING ERECTED BY LATE ARCHBISHOP TACHE IN 1882. TWELVE PROFESSORS.
»'M^ wi^^^— ■w^i^^^^^^^^^^i p r w*^'
I
MAN'ITOBA COLLEGE (PRESBYTERIAN), WINNIPEG, MANITOBA.
practical instruction is imparted in both farm and factory dairying. Tuition
is free to all residents of the Province. In view of the growing importance
of the dairying and kindred industries of the Northwest, the Dominion Govern-
ment have lately arranged for a complete system of cold storage, by which
these products of the Manitoba farmer may be taken from his local railvay
station and delivered in the mai-kets of Great Britain under the most modern
methods of refrigeration.
It is safe to say that there is a market at every railway station. Though
it may be a very small place, the farmer will always finds a ready cash market
for his wheat. Indeed, the superior quality of Manitoba wheat causes a steady
demand for it at all times, and there is always a keen rivalry amongst buyers
to secure it. When the farmer has stock to sell the buyers visit his farm,
and the s,' ok is delivered at the railway after the sale is made.
ing. Tuition
ig" importance
linion Govern-
ige, by which
1 local railv ay
most modern
ion. ThouQ-h
y cash market
luses a steady
nongst buyers
visit his farm,
As becomes a great wheat -g-rowing country, Manitoba is well sup-
plied with flour mills, which are conveniently located at various railway points.
These mills are equipped with the best of modern machinery, and they do
both a custom and a shipping trade.
Most of the principal farming districts of Manitoba are within easy
reach of timber suitable for firewood. Cordwood delivered at the towns and
villages throughout the Province is sold for $2.00 per cord and upwards,
according to the distance hauled.
While it is true that the great majority of the farmers of the Province
are likely to use wood as fuel for many years to come, it is also true that
even now they are not obliged to depend entirely upon this fuel. The exten-
sive coai deposits just beyond the boundary of Manitoba in the vicinity of
Estevan are connected by railway with nearly every part of the Province.
ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE (EPISCOPALIAN), WINNIPEG, MANITOBA.
-T4-
A SCENE AT THE WINNIPEG INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION, JULY, 189S.
This cocil is delivered throus^-hout the Province at $3.00 to $5.00 per ton. It
will therefore be seen that a cheap and plentiful supply of fuel is assured those
who may decide to settle in Manitoba.
Free homesteads are available in various districts of the Province, but
of course in the older settled districts the choice of these lands is limited. In
those portions of Manitoba, however, where settlement has been more recent,
such as the Dauphin district, there are many free homesteads still open for
settlement. The homestead lands are under the control of the Dominion
Government antl are subject to certain regulations, a synopsis of which will be
found in government pamphlets which may be had on application. A list of
the Dominion Lands Agents, with the territory under their supervision, is
also given.
Land may be purchased in all parts of the Province. These lands are
held by the railway companies, the Hudson's Bay Company, numerous loan
companies, and by private individuals. As a rule, the lands referred to were
selected by the
therefore, of su
are very liberal,
purchase money
Where the inter
liberal discount
country and se
owner in the tov
The price
location; fcixce
of market, at $,
sesses exception
asked, but it is
$5.00 in order t
the Province.
»f„>"*"'i:
"Mil (■'■
CHAMPIO?
-74-
^^
selected by the companies and others in advance of settlement, and they are,
therefore, of superior quality. The terms on which they may be purchased
are very liberal, a small cash payment only being required, the balance of the
purchase money being" spread over a number of years at low rates of interest.
Where the intending settler is in a position to pay for his land in cash, a
liberal discount off the usual prices is allowed. Persons looking over the
country and selecting a suitable farm will generally find an agent of the
owner in the town nearest the land, through whom the purchase may be effected.
The price of land ranges from $2.50 per acre upwards, according to
location; Excellent land can be bought in many districts, within easy reach
of market, at $3.00 to $5.00 per acre. In some cases, where the farm pos-
sesses exceptional advantages in the way of location, as high as $10.00 is
asked, but it is hardly necessary at the present time to go beyond $3.00 to
$5.00 in order to secure a desirable farm in many of the leading districts of
the Province.
yM
A '11
I .'1
. i
CHAMPIONSHIP PRIZES, ETC., WON BY ATHLETES OF WINNIPEG, MANITOBA
The City of Winnipeg ^S^d^
ITY OF WINNIPEG, the capital of the Province of Mani-
toba, and the commercial metropolis of Western
Canada, stands at the confluence of the Red
and Assiniboine Rivers, midway between the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, in the very centre
of the North American continent. Lord Duf-
ferin aptly called Manitoba " The biilTs-eye of
the Dominion." Winnipeg is the heart of the
bull's-eye. Unlike many western towns, Winni-
peg is not a mushroom growth, conjured up in
LAST REMAINS OF FORT GARRY, NORTH GATE, WINNIPEG, MANITOBA.
-7B-
ince of Mani-
is of Western
of the Red
between the
e very centre
Lord Duf-
bull's-eye of
heart of the
owns, Winni-
injured up in
^jl"""
OBA,
MAIN STREET, WINNIPEG, MANITOBA, LOOKING SOUTH FROM CITY HALL.
a night, the realization of the dream of some enthusiastic town-site boomer,
or called into existence by the unexpected advent of a railway. Before rail-
ways and steamboats were invented, Winnipeg was a trade centre of import-
ance. The advantages which its position commanded were recognized as far
back as 1731, when La Verandrye de Varennes and Pere Messager planted
the fleur-de-lis and the Cross side by side at the forks of the unnamed west-
ern streams and built Fort Rouge. Traders who followed the adventurous
Frenchmen found their selections so wise that they also established their head-
quarters there, until finally the Hudson's Bay Company founded Fort Garry
on the spot, the most important of the Company's posts. In course of time
a few free traders opposing the Hudson's Bay Company, gathered near Fort
Garry, and Winnipeg was born. A few scattered warehouses and dwellings
at first, isolated from the great world in the heart of the vast continent, with
-76—
CITY HALL AND VOLUNTEERS' MONUMENT, WlNf
-77-
I{
1
,\'M
i' MONUMENT, WINNIPEG, MANITOBA.
WHOLESALE AND UKTAIL SHOWROO.MS OF JOSEPH MAW & CO., COR. KING AND WILLLXM
STREETS. WINNU'EC, DEALERS IN CAURLAGES, ILVUNESS, RICYCLES. WINDAHLLS,
PUMPS, ROAD GRADERS, RAH.ROAD CONTRACTORS' SUPPLIES, ETC.
an empire lying- waste about it, the little hamlet stood — an outline picket
preserving- with its humble limits the civilization from which it was cut off.
Previous to 1859, Winnipeg and the whole country west of it was
supplied with goods from the British market by way of Hudson Bay. The
Hudson's Bay Company monopolized transportation, and the free traders
sought an outlet for their trade with the nearest United States city, St. Paul,
Minnesota. As commerce increased in importance, steamboats were built on
Red River, the United States railways extended their lines northward, and
gradually the Hudson Bay route, the natural outlet of the Canadian west, was
abandoned for the more available, but longer and less direct, road to the
Atlantic sea-board via the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence. The advantage
thus lost to Winnipeg has been keenly felt in later times, the necessity for a
-78-
r
M) WILLIAM
n. MILLS,
itliiie picket
LS cut off.
: of it was
Bay. The
free traders
y, St. Paul,
^ere built on
thward, and
in west, was
road to the
e advantage
:essity for a
direct route to Europe via Hudson Bay, which would shorten the distance to
Liverpool by a thousand miles, becomes ever more apparent as the trade of
the Great West increases, and its construction cannot much longer be deferred.
The building of the Canadian Pacific Railway across the continent through
Canadian territory still further committed Winnipeg to the long haul o\' 1,500
miles to the Atlantic, but the advantages of the Hudson Bay route are none
the less recognized as essential to the well-being and progress of the city and
the whole western country.
In 1 86 1 the first steamboat was launched on the Red River, and a new
impetus was given to V/innipeg's trade. It was then the depot and distrib-
uting point for the great plains, where large brigades of buffalo hunters went
yearly, returning with rich booty in robes and pemmican, which they sold to
the Hudson's Bay Company and the traders of the town. In 1859, the first
newspaper, the " Nor- Wester," was established at Winnipeg, which was then
OFFICE, PREMISES AND COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSE OF THE PARSONS PRODUCE CO.,
WINNIPEG, MANITOBA. .
-78-
WINNIPEG BREWERY, COR. COLONY AND BROADWAY STRKKTS, WINNIPEG, MANITOBA.
McDONAGH & SHEA, PROPRIETORS.
recognized as the capital of Rupert's Land, and an agitation for civic govern-
ment began, but it was not until 1870 that the town, freed from the bonds of
a forced inactivity, had a chance to realize its ambition. In the latter year
Rupert's Land was transferred from the Hudson's Bay Company to Canada,
the Province of Manitoba was created and Winnipeg's real career began.
1869-70 were memorable years in the town's history. Riel and his half-breed
followers seized Fort Garry, proclaimed a provisional government and held the
place under martial law, until a military expedition under Colonel — now Lord —
Wolseley, scattered the rebels without the exchange of a shot and restored
peace and order. The Riel rebellion made Winnipeg known far and wide,
thousands flocked to the new Province of Manitoba and the capital grew
amazingly.
In 1873 it was incorporated as a city, and in January, 1874, the city
council met for despatch of business. One of the first acts of the council was
a by-law pledging the city's credit for $250,000 to be expended on sewers, fire
protection, ci
taking for 2,(
The n
communicatio
established u
material were
every disadva
assessable pr^
and in 1885
churches, anc
$22,168,990 w
$26,587,770.
inclusive of i
J
\
\
'«Mf '
1
i '
-*>pr.
\^
PW
X
%
1
^
"^
«
I
REDWOOD FACT
, The growth of Wi
years age
-79-
protection, civic buildiniis, streets, sidewalks and bridi*^cs — rather a bold under-
taking for 2,000 people, the total population o( that date.
The infant city had nian\ difficulties to contend aj^-ainst. Railway
communication with liiastern C'anada, through Canadian territory, was not
established until 1H83, and prior to that year nearly all classes of building
material were high pricei! and skilled labor hard to secure, but in the face of
every disadvantage the city grew and prospered. In 1H74 the total value of
assessable property was $2,678,018 ; in 1880 it had increased to $4,000,000.
and in 1885 to $19,711,605, exclusive of $3,500,000 of exemptions (schools,,
churches, and public buildings). In 1895 the assessed value had reached,
$22,168,990 with $4,518,780 of exemptions, or a grand total after 21 years of
$26,587,770. The assessable property this year, 1898, amounts to $27,734,620,
inclusive of exemptions. A study o{ the foregoing figures will show that
i.^WS^'
i*». J
^
,-^*l»4v
REDWOOD FACTORIES. IB97.
*KCDWOOD*rACTOI>IKS. 1877
REDWOOD FACTORIKS. EDWARD L. DRKWRY, MANUFACTURER AND IMPORTER, WINNIPEG.
The growth of Winnipeg is evidenced by the above ilhis'.ration of the Redwood Factotios as starting- twenty
years ago from a small begining, they have gradually expanded, until now they command
a place .imong the most important of the country.
-78—
m
¥. II
OFFICKS OF MASSEY-HARRIS CO., LIMITED, WINMPKO. HEADgUARTKRS FOR NORTH-
WESTERN CANADA. FACTORIES AT TORONTO AND HRANTFORD, ONT. LARGEST
MANUFACTURERS OF FARM MACHINERY UNDER THE BRITISH FLAG.
while the growth of the city has been rapid it has been normal, there has
been no attempt to inflate values or to create an artificial prosperity.
The increase in population has been remarkable. In 1870 Winnipeg''
had 216 inhabitants; in 1874, as has been mentioned, it had 2,000; but accord-
ing to the Dominion census of 1891 it was the ninth city in population in
Canada with 25,642 people, showing an increase in ten years of 221. i per
cent. The population this year, estimated by the city directory, is 45,000, an
increase of nearly 20,000 in seven years. Winnipeg has increased more rapidlv
than any other city of Canada, Victoria, B.C., coming next, showing that
population is steadily moving westward and that the western towns are destined
to outstrip their eastern rivals.
—80-
! iB.! '-J'ia„ai!'J.t!.J«'4JKBrS5'aBi
Winnipeg's broad streets are the admiration o( all visitors. The prin-
cipal ones are 132 feet wide, while all the others are 66 feet, and nearly every
block in the city is intersected by a lane of 20 feet. Wooden block pave-
ment, macadam and asphalt are used ou the main thorou/^'-hfares, while
the less travelled streets are still in the primitive condition of i^'rading and
ditchinji-. The road-bed of these latter is well-nij^h perfect in dry weather,
but prolonged rain makes them almost impassable for heavy traffic. This
drawback, however, is being rapidly remedied, as the city is spending very
considerable sums yearly on road-making. The sidewalks are mostly o( heavy
plank, though artificial stone, granolithic and tile walks are fast taking the
place of wood. The cit)' has about forty miles of sewers, to which additions
are constantly being made as the building up of new streets demands. An
electric street railway system, covering- about twenty miles, supplies rapid tran-
sit, while two electric and one g^as-light company supply the citizens with
light and electric power. The gas is also used extensively for cooking pur-
poses. Water is furnished from the Assiniboine River by the Winnipeg
FOR NORTH-
LARGEST
LAG.
nal, there has
M-ity.
870 Winnipeg
d; but accord -
population in
of 221.1 per
is 45,000, an
more rapidly
showing that
is are destined
WAREHOUSE AND OFFICES OF G. F. & J. GALT, WHOLESALE GROCERS, WINNIPEG, MANITOBA.
HEADQUARTERS FOR THE CELEBRATED "BLUE RIBBON TEA."
-80-
pace with the
shod frame ere
when common
ance of the stn
of brick and si
The clej
Winnipeg" is b
broad streets a
phiy to the o/x
ants. Althoui
there has never
are invariably «
perp.ture in sun
1.5. The heii
OFFICES OF OSLER, HAMMOND & XANTON, MAIN ST., WINNIPEG, MANITOBA.
Water-Works Comj)any, but the city now proposes the construction of a more
complete system, utilizing the numerous springs which exist in the immediate
vicinity. The city has an excellent fire brigade and electric fire alarm and
telephone service.
The illustrations that accompany this article will convey a better idea of
Winnipeg's buildings than a written description, but it may be said that
nowhere will be found more substantial, nor, in many instances, more artistic
structures than the city boasts. The public buildings, churches, schools and
warehouses would do credit to any city, while the private residences are
constantly improving" in exterior appearance, and inward comfort and con-
venience. As the city advances in wealth the character of its houses keeps
K -81-
';_-; .
1
EXTERIOR ANL
pace with the progress, and the modern dwelling" is fast replacing the slip-
shod frame erection of former days. Many of tne primitive " shacks " built
when common lumber cost $45 per thousand, still mar somewhat the appear-
ance of the streets, but they are disappearing fast, replaced by solid structures
of brick and stone.
The clear bracing climate, and the almost perpetual sunshine which
Winnipeg is blessed with, render it a most desirable place of residence. Its
broad streets and the wide, unbroken stretches of surrounding prairie give full
play to the ozone-laden breezes which bear health and stamina to the inhabit-
ants. Although the mercury sometimes mounts into the 90's in summer,
there has never been a case of prostration from heat, and the summer nights
are invariably cool and pleasant, permitting healthful sleep. The mean tem-
per?,ture in summer is about 59 degrees Fahrenheit, while that of winter is
1.5. The health of the city is exceptionally good, the annual death-rate
EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR VIEWS OF PREMISES OF ROBINSON & CO., DRV GOODS AND
GENERAL MERCHANTS, WINNIPEG, MAN'TOBA.
Hli:r
n-
III
•a
CITY MARKET, WINNIPEG, MANITOBA.
iill
^•t
being- less than that of twenty of the leading" cities and towns of Canada.
There is not as yet an overcrowding of buildings, and few of the dwellings,
however unpretentious, are without their little g-arden or strip of lawn. The
markets are stocked with all the necessaries of life, and most of the luxuries,
native and foreign, at prices that compare favorably with those of eastern
cities ; the staples, bread and meats are exceptionally cheap.
The vacant spaces of the city were so rapidly being built up that the
citizens became alarmed that Winnipeg's experience would be similar to that
of many older cities which allowed building to go on in all directions, without
a thought of the future, until all available space grew so valuable that the
establishment of parks became an impossibility, or involved such a large out-
lay of public moneys as to render these desirable adjuncts of urban life an
expensive luxury. A board of park commissioners was therefore nominated by
the city council in 1893, consisting of six citizens, chosen by the council, and
the mayor, chairman of finance and chairman of public works. The board
-82-
formulated a scheme of parks providing" a convenient pleasure ground for
every district of the city. A bond issue was authorized for raising $74,000
for the purchase of parks and a provision made that a revenue for their main-
tenance be provided out of the general assessment of the city by an annual
levy of one-half mill. Eight park sites were purchased and considerable work
done in the way of levelling, sodding, tree-planting, and laying out, and a
nursery has been established for the culture of ornamental shrubs and flowers.
In a few years, Winnipeg will, no doubt, point with pride to its parks and
bless the forethought of those who provided it with breathing spaces. Apart
from its public parks, Winnipeg has two pleasure resorts accessible by electric
cars — Elm and River Paiivs — which are liberally patronized during the summer
months. PJxhibition Park, owned by the Winnipeg Industrial Exhibition
Company, and Fort Garry Park, owned by a private corporation, have excel-
lent half-mile tracks where horse and bicycle race meetings and athletic games
take place. Few cities of its size can boast of more triumphs in the athletic
field than Winnipeg. Its young men excel in all the outdoor sports, cricket,
IS of Canada,
the dwellings,
)f lawn. The
f the luxuries,
ose of eastern
ilt up that the
similar to that
ctions, without
luable that the
h a large out-
urban life an
nominated by
le council, and
;. The board
DONALD STREET, LOOKING SOUTH FROM PORTAGE AVENUE, WINNIPEG, MANITOBA.
-82-
I
III
ASSINIBOINK STRKKT, LOOKING EAST FROM KKNNEDV STRKKT, WINMI'KG, MANITOBA.
lacrosse, hockey, rowiiitr, football, baseball, bicyclitig and tennis, while curling
and golf are played by men of all ages and conditions. The summer evenings
are given up to games and outdoor amusements, and in the winter skating,
hockey, curling and snowshoeing serve to pass the time pleasantly and health-
fully. Winnipeg's curling rinks are the largest and most commodious in the
world and are famed in every country where the good old roaring game has
its votaries. Music is greatly cultivated, bands are numerous, and vocal and
instrumental concerts are the most frequent and favorite form of amusement.
Winnipeg has two good theatres, and artists and companies of reputation visit
the cit\' frequently, and are, as a rule, liberally patronized. The people are of
a sociable disposition and take kindly to all classes of amusements. An
amateur operatic society, a mandolin and guitar club, and several vocpI socie-
ties and quartettes are features in Winnipeg's social life. The city maintains
an excellent free public library.
Winn
reasonable |
extent, but
safe and per
of the invest
front ; those
from $150 t
100 to 150
city may be
desirable lotj
size of thest
50 X 120, ri
compared wit
lies rent at t
modern conv
eluded. M;i
HARGRA\
-83-
Wiiinipcj^ property for business and residential purposes is held at very
reasonable prices. During the boom values were inflated to an enormous
extent, but have now reached a level that renders investments in city realty
safe and permanent, with the chances of a le,i»^itimate increase largely in favor
of the investor. Central business lots are held at an average of $700 per foot
front ; those favorably situated, but further from the heart of the city, sell
from $150 to $400 per frontage foot. These lots have generally a depth of
100 to 150 feet. Choice residence lots in the more fashionable parts of the
city may be bought at prices varying from $20 to $30 per foot front, while
desirable lots in good localities can be chosen at $10 to $20 per foot. The
size of these lots vary, the most ordinary dimensions being 33 x 162, and
50 X 120, running back to 20-foot lanes. House rents are moderate when
compared with other western cities. Well built houses suitable for small fami-
lies rent at from $10 to $20, while the better class of dwelling, furnished with
modern conveniences, can be rented at from $25 to $50 per month, taxes in-
cluded. Many of the residential streets are beautified by shade trees and
Hill
f Bam!:
i J
i!:il
HARGRAVE STREET, LOOKING NORTH FROM BROADWAY, WINNIPEG, MANITOBA.
-83-
I
"
ABKKUEliN SCIU'OL, WlNMI'lA., MAMTOHA.
boulevards, the movement in this direction extending- rapidly every year.
Suburban properties, accessible by electric cars, are procurable at reasonable
prices, which rang"e all the way from v$2 to $7 per foot front.
One of the most ci'»n\incing proofs of the stability of the city and the
faith of its citizens in the value oi their properties is the fact that in twenty-
four years it has only been found necessary to hold five tax sales. These sales
were highly successful to the city trcasur}-, as the prices paid for lots which were
actually sold were far in excess of the taxes against them, but in the majority
of cases ownei-s came forward and redeemed their properties before the day of
sale. The payment of taxes during the past ten }ears has been highly satis-
factory, the money being paid in with more promptness than formerly — a fair
indication of an improvement in tli" general well being of the citizens.
Winnipeg is deservedly proud of its educational instiiuiions. From the
earliest years education has been made a special feature, and it is claimed that
the present school system is one of the most perfect in existence. The
University of Manitoba, working in unison with St. John's College, under
control of the Church of England ; Manitoba College, Presbyterian ; St. Boni-
face College, Roman Catholic ; Wesles College, Methodist, and the Manitoba
Medical College has become famous through the success o( its graduates in
the larger fields of science, thei)logy, law and medicine. Apart from the
colleges abo\e named, Winnipeg has seventeen public schools with an enrolled
attendance of about 6,700 pupils. The teaching staff" numbers 106, in charge
of as many classes. There is a colleg-iate institute in connection with the
public schools in which pupils are prepared for the university. Music, draw-
ing and physical culture are added to the regular studies undei the supervision
of special teachers. The public school sites and buildings are valued at 8442,-
000. The city has many excellent private schools — St. John's Ladies' College,,
DL'KFKUIX SCHOOL, WIN'Nirix;, MANITOBA.
-81 -
ML'LVEY SCHOOL, WINMI'KG. MANITOBA.
St. Mary's Academy, taug-ht by the nuns of Jesus and Mary ; All Saints'
Boys' School, and several others. The Roman Catholics have four primary
schools, attended by about 1,200 scholars, which are supported by the
voluntary contributions of the members of the Church, as separate schools are
not recognized under the existing law, and are not aided by public money.
The Catholic school property is valued at $22,000.
Winnipeg's position ensured its becoming a railway centre, and in addi-
tion to the transcontinental line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, twelve roads
radiate from it, while another— the South Eastern, now in course of construc-
tion — will give one more outlet to Lake Superior. The Red and Assiniboine
Rivers are spanned by seven railw ly and traffic bridges within the city limits
and others are in contemplation.
Despite the fact that the city has grown so rapidly and the heavy
annual expenditure on civic work, taxation is not excessive. As an illustra-
tion :— The general taxation o( Detroit, Mich., is, mills on the dollar of
assessed valuation, $15.70, and per head of population, $12.41 ; tiiat of
Toronto is $16.00 and $13.88; St. Paul, $21.00 and $14.39; while Winnipeg's
is $21.50 and $11.67. Although the Winnipeg rate on the dollar of assess-
ment, twenty-one and a half mills, may seem high, the per capita taxation —
$11.67 — is less than either of the other three cities. The total net general
debenture indebtedness of the city is only $2,578,731.
Winnipeg's trade has kept pace with the increase in its population. In
1875 the total trade of the city aggregated only $1,832,267, of which $588,958
represented exports. In 1894 the exports has increased to $1,864,964 of a
total trade of $5,218,732. For the fiscal year ending June 20th, 1898, the
exports amounted to $3,472,801, imports $4,432,184, representing a total trade
of $7,904,985. The principal items of exports are cattle, fish, cheese, butter,
furs, hides, wool and seneca root, apart from flour, wheat and other cereals,
and flax. The figures just quoted, although official, do not convey a correct
idea of Winnipeg's trade, for in the matter of imports a large percentage of
goods consumed in Manitoba are entered at eastern ports— Halifax, St. John,
Quebec, Montreal and Toronto — which get credit for them in the Government
trade returns, and as no statistics of interprovincial trade are kept, it is
impossible to ascertain the quantity and value of the goods brought to Winni-
peg. The same anomaly exists in regard to our exports. Nearly all the
wheat, flour, oats, barley and other grain sent out of the country is credited
to the last port of shipment. For instance. Port Arthur's exports for 1895
were returned at $3,833,496, Sault Ste. Marie's $3,094,337, and Owen Sound's
$3,545,918 ; all these magnificent amounts representing, for the most part, the
value of Manitoba's grain crop, and Winnipeg should be credited with the
great bulk of them. Cattle and sheep are shipped principally all rail to
Montreal, and from there to Great Britain, so Winnipeg loses the credit of
them, and the same applies in a great measure to shipments of hides, cheese
and butter. Thus it will be seen that, if proper trade statistics were kept,
•It;
-80-
\
i
MILVKY SCHOOL, WIXMl'KG, MAMTOIU.
St. Mary's Academy, taught by the nuns of Jesus and Mary ; All Saints'
Boys' School, and several others. The Roman Catholics have four primary
schools, attended by about 1,200 scholars, which are supported by the
voluntary contributions of the members of the Church, as separate schools are
not recognized under the existing law, and are not aided by public money.
The Catholic school property is valued at $22,000.
Winnipeg's position ensured its becoming a railway centre, and in addi-
tion to the transcontinental line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, twelve roads
radiate from it, while another— the South Eastern, now in course of construc-
tion — will give one more outlet to Lake Superior. The Red and Assiniboine
Rivers are spanned by seven railw ly and traffic bridges within the city limits
and others are in contemplation.
Dcsp
annual expe
tion :— The
assessed va
Toronto is 5
is $21.50 at
ment, twent
$1 1.67 — is
debenture in
Winn
1875 the tot
represented
total trade c
exports amo
of $7,904,98
furs, hides,
and flax,
idea of Wir
goods consu
Quebec, Mo
trade return
impossible h
peg. The
wheat, flour
to the last '
were returne
value of M
great bulk
Montreal, a
them, and t
and butter.
—85-
Despite the fact that the city has j^rrowii so rapidly and the heavy
annual expenditure on civic work, taxation is not excessive. As an illustra-
tion :— The j^reneral taxation of Detroit, Mich., is, mills on the dollar of
assessed valuation, $15.70, and per head of population, $12.41 ; that of
Toronto is $16.00 and $13.88; St. Paul, $21.00 and $14.39; while Winnipeg's
is $21.50 and $11.67. Although the Winnipeg rate on the dollar of assess-
ment, twenty-one and a half mills, may seem high, the per capita taxation —
$11.67 — is less than either of the other three cities. The total net general
debenture indebtedness of the city is only $2,578,731.
Winnipeg s trade has kept pace with the increase in its population. In
1875 the total trade of the city aggregated only $1,832,267, of which $588,958
represented exports. In 1894 the exports has increased to $1,864,964 of a
total trade of $5,218,732. F'or the fiscal year ending June 20th, 1898, the
exports amounted to $3,472,801, imports $4,432,184, representing a total trade
of $7,904,985. The principal items of exports are cattle, fish, cheese, butter,
furs, hides, wool and seneca root, apart from flour, wheat and other cereals,
and flax. The figures just quoted, although official, do not convey a correct
idea of Winnipeg's trade, for in the matter of imports a large percentage of
goeids consumed in Manitoba are entered at eastern ports— Halifax, vSt. John,
Quebec, Montreal and Toronto — which get credit for them in the Government
trade returns, and as no statistics of interprovincial trade are kept, it is
impossible to ascertain the quantity and value of the goods brought to Winni-
peg. The same anomaly exists in regard to our exports. Nearly all the
wheat, flour, oats, barley and other grain sent out of the country is credited
to the last port of shipment. For instance, Port Arthur's exports for 1895
were returned at $3,833,496, Sault Ste. Marie's $3,094,337, and Owen Sound's
$3,545,918 ; all these magnificent amounts representing, for the most part, the
value of Manitoba's grain crop, and Winnipeg should be credited with the
great bulk of them. Cattle and sheep are shipped principally all rail to
Montreal, and from there to Great Britain, so Winnipeg loses the credit of
them, and the same applies in a great measure to shipments of hides, cheese
and butter. Thus it will be seen that, if proper trade statistics were kept,
! •
; VI
i 4
I ti,i
—85-
irfi
iii
m
I t"
Winnipeg would make an immensely better showing as a trade centre than is
possible for it to do under the existing state of affairs.
As a financial centre Winnipeg stands third on the list of Canadian
cities. Thirteen chartered banks are represented, and Winnipeg's bank clear-
ings are third in volume in the Dominion. The total clearances for the
year ending December 31st, 1H97, were $84,435,832 ; for 1896 they were
v$64, 146,438, and for 1895, $55,873,630, an increase of 31.63%.
There are upwards of forty churches and religious establishments in the
city, of which nine are Church of England, three Roman Catholic, seven
Presbyterian, nine Methodist, three Congregational, six Lutheran and two
Baptist. Many of these churches are oi large dimensions and possess con-
siderable architectural beauty — all are attended by large congregations. Reli-
gious and national societies are numerous and strong in membership. From
the number of its churches it may be inferred that Winnipeg is a moral and
law-abiding city and so it is ; serious crime is of very rare occurrence and the
efficient police fore? have little difficulty in maintaining law and order. Profes-
sional pauperism is unknown, and occasional cases of poverty which present
themselves during the winter season are promptly relieved by the city working
in conjunction with a committee of ladies from the various denominations.
The conditions of life are much better than in the older cities. There is, as
a rule, ample work for all, there are few very poor and the rich are only
moderately so — there are no plutocrats.
It is difficult to arrive at an exact estimate of the volume of business
transacted by Winnipeg's merchants, manufacturers and traders. The Board
of Trade and the Jobbers' Union do not compile statistics bearing on this
important point, consequently the only authority upon which one may base an
approximate estimate of the annual "turnover" is the aggregate of the clear-
ing-house transactions. This will easily reach $90,000,000 this year, and it
can be safely calculated that 25 per cent, of this amount will fall below the
actual value of Winnipeg's wholesale business— a healthy showing for a city
of 45,000 people.
-86-
centre than is
t of Canadian
j-'s bank clear-
rances for the
\gb they were
>hments in the
'atholic, seven
leran and two
1 possess con-
ations. Reli-
irship. From
s a moral and
rrence and the
3rder. Profes-
which present
e city working"
denominations.
There is, as
rich are only
ne of business
The Board
;aring on this
; may base an
e of the clear-
=1 year, and it
fall below the
ng for a city
Winnipeg has been appropriately called the Chicago of Canada, and
there is a striking similarity between the cities in some respects. Chicago is
the gateway of the great wheat areas of the United States as Winnipeg is o(
the greater fertile belt of the Canadian west, Winnipeg is, and will continue
to be, the railway centre of Western Canada, as Chicago is of the Western
States. As of old all old roads led to Rome, so in the future of the Great
West all roads must lead to Winnipeg — its position commands the fact. The
city is still in its infancy, a sturdy youngster brimful of life and energy.
As the population west and north increases, factories are springing up.
There is an abundance of raw material — iron, timber, wool, flax, hides, pottery
clay, coal, etc. — within easy reach and magnificent water powers for the genera-
tion of electricity, awaiting only the magic touch of capital to turn it all to
profitable account. As it is, the city has over sixty manufacturing establish-
ments, the more important being flour mills, saw and planing mills, foundries and
breweries. There is ample room and opportunity for the enlistment of capital
in various lines of manufactures, notably tanneries, boots and shoes, and
leather goods generally, woollens, furniture, wooden ware, paper, meat pre-
serving and packing, stoves and castings, pottery and terra cotta ware, agricul-
tural implements, tiles and drain pipes, wire fencing and many other lines.
Standing at the threshold of a vast fv=!rtile area of 40,000,000 acres,
comprised within the boundaries of Manitoba, with, further west, an expanse
of 300,000 square miles of agricultural lands, and to the northwest again
1,300,000 square miles, of which a large porlion is arable, while the remainder
is rich in gold, timber, coal, petroleum, fish and peltries, who can doubt that
Winnipeg has a grand destiny in store. With this magnificent domain to the
westward, Winnipeg has tributary to it on the east the great, immense i;old
fields of Western Ontario, embracing an area of 320,000 square miles, ihe
greater portion of which is as yet undeveloped and unexplored, while to the
north the vast basin of Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River is known to
contain immense deposits of iron, gold, silver, copper and other economical
minerals awaiting development.
-86-
The firm of Geo. D. Wood &
Co. is a branch o\' the wholesale hard-
ware firm oi Wood, Vallance & Co.,
Hamilton, Ontario, which was estab-
lished b\ Mr. A. T. VW^od, present
Liberal M.P. for Hamilton, in 1849.
The Winnipeg 'branch was opened
in 1880. They carry an extensive
stock of shelf and heavy hardware,
paints, oils, .s^-Iass, sporting" goods,
tin and graniteware. Their trade
extends throughout Manitoba, North-
west Territories and British Columbia.
GEO. D. WOOD & CO., VVHOL
-87-
WOOD & CO., WHOLESAI.K HAKDWAKi:, WlNMI'lXl, MANITOBA.
«H*P"IW|
mm
ifl :,:!.'
87-
ONTARIO PARLIAMENT 1
-88
AKIO PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, TORONTO.
-88-
THE PROVINCE OF
HE History of the early settlement of Ontario dates back about
one hundred and fifteen years, to the close of the
American War of independence. In 1784 about
10,000 of those who had remained faithful to the
Mother Land throus^hout that stru^^-gle, migrated
from New York, Pennsylvania, and the New
England States, and settled along the River St.
Lawrence,
and around
the Bay o(
Ouinte, on the shores of Lake Ontario,
and in the Niagara Peninsula. They
are known to history as the United
Empire Loyalists, and were of varied
descent, numH, ring among them many
sons of England, Scotland and Ire-
land, besides persons of German,
Dutch and Huguenot origin. Some
were farmers, but the greater number
consisted of disbanded officers and
men who had served Great Britain in
the late war, and were unaccustomed
to pioneer life. They began the
arduous task of felling the traps,
clearing the land (for Ontario was an
unbroken forest), the building of rude
houses and barns, and the planting of
the cleared ground among the stumps
of the forest
selves and the
nothing to 80
engaged in til
the farms wei
amount of Ian
and farm bull
GROLP OF SHORT HORNS AT BOW PARK, -RANTFC
mm
nrwiMim
E OF ONTARIO
kWX^A/v^.x^,^^^^«^v^^A,^^»'
of the forest trees with wheat, oats and potatoes for the sustenance of them-
selves and their families. In 1812 the population had ^rown from practically
nothing to 80,000, all of whom, with the exception of a few hundred, were
engaged in tilling the land. At this time the principal articles exported from
the farms were oak and pine timber, and wood ashes. Gradually a larger
amount of land was brought under cultivation, and more substantial dwellings
and farm buildings of sawn lumber took the place of the first crude log struc-
tures. In 1830 there were five towns
in the Province of over 1,000 inhabi-
tants each, viz. : Brockville, 1,130;
Hamilton, 2,013 I London, 2,415 ;
Toronto, 2,860, and Kingston, 3,587.
The Province could also boast of one
daily paper and o\^c bank.
?OVV I'AUK, -.RANTFOUD, ONTARIO
At the end of the second thirty
year period, namelx' in 1837, the popu-
lation had increased to 397,500, b\ far
the greater portion still living o\] [jje
farm. '
During the third period, frotti
1837 to 1867, an extensive immigra-
tion sot in from Kngland, Scotland
and Ireland. The great famine of
184b sent Irish immigrants to America,
by tens of thousands. Those new
comers, who were a very fine class of
settlers, located as a rule in groups
%
ov blocks, and fonneJ the nuclei
of some of the richest townships
o( Ontario. In this manner
arose the Hi^-hhuKl settlement
of Glengarry, the settlement of
Eno'lish i>'entlemen and retired
militar) officers near Cobouri*',
the Irish settlement near Peter-
boro', the military settlement
near Perth, the Talbot settle-
ment in Elg"in, the Canada
Co.'s settlement in the Huron
Tract, the block of Paisle}-
Weavers in VVellini^ton, the
\mm ^11 ^1 )ii 111 ^1 |i iH ill III Uj
^^^lltt1lj|i||l1il Hi iitjill
PULP MILLS AT SAULT STE. MARIK, t.
i:
i
SCENE OX RAL\S' RI\KR, ONTARIO.
Germans
loo, Huroi
trew, and i
Canadians
Prescott,
and aloni,'
R. west oi
The
saw the-;be
the railwa
first line in
beiiii^ thai
ronto nor
town oi'
This was
three yeai
the establi
railway
-9
*^e*dsS»'?^*''-
iiuiuHi III ill 111 lii I
niHluilliiii III liriii
SAULT STE. MARIK, ONTARIO. I,ARGEST IN THK WOKMX
between Montreal and I'oronto
by Grand Trunk, after which
the work of improvin!t>f com-
munication and transportation
facilities was pushed forward
with vijLfor.
The lunilierinL;- industry
now assumed very lar^i'e pro-
portions, and (he lumbering-
and radway operations, com-
bined with the influx o( immi-
grants and capital, greatly stim-
ulated all branches oi' trade.
Germans in Water-
loo, Huron and Rer-
frew, and the French
Canadians in h^ssex
Prescott, Russell,
and alonyf the C. P.
R. west of Mattawa.
The year i^^t,
saw the'^beginning ot
the railway era, the
first line in operation
being that from To-
ronto north to the
town oi' Bradford.
This was followed
three years later b)-
the establishment of
railway connection
-90-
.-*-^^;
•;«'\<(r*fr
.,-|«*r^-
KEF.WATrN HAV, ONTARIO.
-I i ■
•mft.-.
■,->,iX-?:,lx-
^^'HWIl
SCENE ON RAINY RIVER, ONTARIO, SHOWING BOOM OF LOGS.
I'D-iiay Ontario has a population of about 2,200,000. Its primary sources
of wealth are four in number— its farms, its forests, its mines, and its fisheries,
which will hereafter be briefly describee..
To these is added manufactures as a fifth. Ag'ricultuie is still by far
the most important industry of Ontario, representing" $900,000,000 c t invested
capital and an annual production of over $200,000,000.
Ontario has an area of two hundred and twenty thousand square miles,
with an extreiDe jeng-th from north to south of 750 miles, and a breadth of
1,000 miles. It is larger than the nine north Atlantic states of the American
republic by one-third ; larger than Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New
York, Pennsylvania and Ohio combined ; larger than Great Britain and Ire-
land by seventy-eight thousand scjuaii miles. It is only four thousand square
miles less than the French republic, and u/i)y eight thousand less than the
German ICmp
from end to c
Montreal, and
and night, al
next day, and
Province. I a
lied, and that
round figures,
siderable porti
enough to bet
Its gee
centre of the
afforded by tl
favor that ma
GOVERNMENT 1
-91
German linipire. Its extent can never be fully realized until one has travelled
from end to end over its territory. Commence, if you will, at oue end, say
Montreal, and travel by express train on the Canadian Pacific Railway all day
and nio-ht, all the day following, and the nii^hi following ami far into the
next dav, and vou still find vourself whirlinp- over territorv belonyinir to that
Province. Less than twent}' per cent, of the l*rovince has as yet been set-
tled, and that over eighty per cent, is still in the hands of the Crown. In
round figures, there is an area of 100,000,000 square miles unsurveyed, .■ con-
siderable portion of which is even unexplored. In area Ontario alone is vast
enough to become the seat of a mighty empire.
Its geor.aphlcal situation, bringing its southern limits almost to the
centre of the continent, and its remarkable water transportation facilit' 's,
afforded by the lakes and rivers which bound it on all sides, are poini in its
favor that many countries might envy.
fr:
I
GOVERNMENT IMONEER lAKM BUILDINGS AT WAUIGOON, RAIN\ RIVER DISTRICT, ONTARIO
1, w
-91-
t\'
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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Sciences
Corporation
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23 WBT MAIN STRUT
wfUTn,N.Y. usrt
(716)872-4503
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Consider the position of Ontario on the great waters that open to the
commerce of the world— tlie mighty inland seas, Superior, Huron, Erie and
Ontario, with their outlet to the ocean, the River St. Lawrence. While its
northern point is a port on James Bay, its southern point, further south than
Boston or Chicago, is washed
by the waters of Lake Erie,
which forms with the other
great lakes, the finest system
of inland waterways \n the
world.
Note how like a wedge the
territory of Ontario is driven
right into the heart of the great
agricultural states of the Am-
erican Union ; consider how
many large cities there are on
the American shores of these
lakes and throughout the terri-
tory adjacent thereto, important
centres of industrial population
\;'hich may by means of these
waterways be easily and cheap-
ly reached. Consider that by
a little deepening and wid-
ening of channels and canals
that already exist, ocean vessels
might be brought to the doors
of the citizens of Ontario's cap-
ital itself; how with a little
widening and deepening of the present canal system at Niagara Falls, these
same vessels might pass through Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, and, after
touching at such^ports as Buffalo, Detroit and Chicago, prvxeed on their way
A SETTLER S FARM AND I
H
at open to the
ron, Erie and
ce. While its
lier south than
through Lake Huron to Duluth, at ihe farthest western limit of Lake Super-
ior, penetrating half way across the continent, a distance of 2,384 miles, and
there tapping the prairies of the West. Even now there passes through the
Sault Ste. Marie canals at the juncture of Lakes Superior and Huron, in the
seven months of navigation, a
I greater tonnage of shipping,
I American and Canadian, than
! passes through the Suez Canal
in the whole year.
'J^^^^ ■ "
t-i^r. ^
.-*ji.CV*v (iiJP^
4-t
*-^
Consider these facts and it
will be readily apparent that
the position and surroundings
of Ontario give her many of
the advantages of a maritime
country, including remarkable
natural facilities for the cheap
distribution of her products,
whether of the field, the mine,
or the forest, to the markets of
th» world.
To facilitate description, it
will be necessary to divide the
Province into two districts,
namely, the southern, or set-
tled portion, and the northern,
or sparsely settled portion. Fhe
settled portion is contained with-
in the triangle or wedge of
a Falls, these country, the apex of which extends southward into the territory of the United
■ic, and, after States, as previously stated. This trianoje, 6o,odo square miles in area, forms
on their way practically an island, washed by the waters of two large rivers, the St.
-92-
• #
^
P^**'.'' -^^^^
r*
"^•■■^^^j, ^
^
^&^..
5». ■
.^^^
SN^P
%
, ^-^-^^ii^
^^•^^ 1j .
^
TLKR S FARM AM) HOMK IX ALGOMA, ONTARIO.
A TYPICAL SCENE ON THE MUSKOKA LAKES IN NORTHERN ONTARIO, REACHED C
II ■'
!vn..
i-m
r.-r: '
^:
NTARIO, REACHED ONLY BY THE GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY SYSTEM.
Lawrence and the Ottawa, and three
o( the Great Lakes, Ontario, Erie
and Huron, thus possessing" oppor-
tunities for commerce such as few
other inland countries enjoy. J^
contains twenty-three million acres
of occupied farm lands, and nearly
the whole of Ontario's population
of 2,114,320 is to be found within
these boundaries.
Southern Ontario is for the
most part of great fertility, and may
be described as a purely agricultural
land, suited by its soil and climate
to all branches of farming. In this
respect it is very to similar New
MODERN STYLE OF FARM D\
PEACH ORCHARD NEAR LEAMINGTON, ONTARIO.
■! !^ir
York State and other ;
of the Union.
Northern Ontari
called " New Ontar
fact that its actual
the Province as a pa
tory is a matter t
recently been set at
northward and westv
older settled portion
and the Albany Ri'
extent is hard to coit
prising as it does an
140,000 square mile:
ably greater territcry
-91-
inii.MI-liiil'I'il'
s; STYLE OF FARM DUELLING L\ ONTARIO.
tied portion of the Province. The
unexplored portion alone is equal
in extent to or.e-half of the entire
Province. Yet so valuable are its
resources proving' to be, that the
question of its development in rela-
tion to the future prosperity of the
Province, as a whole, is becominjj'
one of ever-increasing" importance.
Scientists tell us thi^t through-
out this region the fundamental
rocks upon which the very founda-
tions of the continent are laid, 'here
come to the surface and are laid
bare. They are known as the
Laurentian and Huronian rocks, to
■k State and other adjacent States
the Union.
Northern Ontario (sometimes
ed " New Ontario " from the
: that its actual possession by
Province as a part of its terri-
>^ is a matter that has only
Mitly been set at rest) extends
thward and westward from the
iv settled portion to James Bay
1 the Albany River. Its vast
2nt is hard to comprehend, com-
iing as it does an area of about
,000 square miles, a consider-
Y greater tcrritrry than the set-
91-
GATHERIXG THE GRAPE CROP, ESSEX COUNTY, ONTARIO.
which the gfeiieral term Archien is applied, as
denoting" their extreme a^-e, for they belongs to
the very oldei t of the earth's rock formations.
A relatively large portion of the area is covered
with innumerable lakes. The land surface is
generally hilly and broken with ridges of rock,
which often rise precipitously above the rocky
lake basins, forming rugged cliffs or bluffs.
Everywhere, except where fires have devastated it,
or settlement has taken place, the country is
still covered with a dense growth of forest.
As time has progressed, it has been gradu-
ally demonstrated that it possesses not only great
forest wealth, but even greater mineral wealth ;
and not only so, but that certain
sections of it are not at all tc
be despised from an agricultural
point of view, until it is prob-
able that few, even among Can-
adians themselves, realize the
wonderful natural wealth with
which Northern Ontario is en-
dowed. Especially is this true
o( its minerah. — the value and
extent of which may truly be
said to surpass belief. Such
discoveries of gold, nickel and
iron have been made as are
perhaps unique ; yet who shall
say, when we consider the
wealth brought to light in the
relatively small area hitherto
AN ON'IARIO ROAD.
ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND EXPERIMENTAL FARM, GUI
-Ho-
NTAKIO KOAU.
IMENTAL FARM, GUPILPH, ONTARIO GENERAL VIEW.
-!lo-
prospectccl, that anything is impossible for the
future to reveal. Even now, the prospects are
that in a few years Ontario will possess a gold
mining industry comparable with that of the
Cape or of V/estern Australia ; a factor which
must not be lost sight of in considering the
general commercial outlook of the Province.
Neither should it be forgotten that the develop-
ment of these minerals will continue to yield an
increasing revenue, to be expended in promoting
the general welfare of the people, and in defray-
ing the cost of governn.ent.
A great deal of miseoncepiion exists regard-
ing the climate of Canada. The idea is still
very prevalent in Great Britain
and the United States as well
that snow and ice are its dom-
inant features. It must be re-
membered that Canada is a
vast coiuitr), extending over
twenty degrees of latitude, from
that of Constantinople to the
arctic regions, and consequently
it embraces a wide range of
climate. In the southern por-
tion of Ontario the winters are,
as a whole, quite moderate.
Progressing northward in the
higher altitudes, the season be-
comes correspondingly colder.
In the southern region it is
always late in the )ear, or
1 ■, •■
\m
lit '
T
Wi
II
«K.
1^
JOHN HKRTRAM & SONS, MAXUFACTURKRS OF MACHINK TOOLS FOR SHIP BLMLDING
LOCOMOTIVE AND CAR MACHINERY, ALSO ALL MACHINERY PLANT FOR PAPER
AND PULP MILLS. OFFICE AND WORKS, DUNDAS, ONTARIO.
sometimes the beginning of the New Year, before winter actually holds com-
plete sway : it advances and retreats. There are many warm days mingled
with the frosty ones, and summer dies hard, fighting every inch of the way.
Ontario, as described in the preface, has a very fine system of central
government, with an elective Legislature and Cabinet Council responsible
thereto, comprising the departmental heads. Every Minister is a member of
the Legislature. She also possesses a very complete system of municipal self-
government. Under this system the Province is divided into county, city,
town, township and village municipalities. Each municipality annually elects
a council to transact its business. Th only direct taxes that the people of
Ontario are called upon to pay are those imposed by the municipality. Muni-
cipal taxation, especially in rural districts, is, as a rule, very moderate.
The Ontario system of education combines the best features of the sys-
-9C-
K
(•'
terns of Great Hritain, Germany and the Unite*' States, upon which it has
been founded ; and for completeness and excellence is probably unexcelled in
any country. The complete system includes the Kindergarten, the Public
or Common School, the High School and the University.
Education in Ontario is practically free, attendance is compulsory, and
the schools are national instead of sectarian. No class or sect is favored.
The highest distinctions of the University are most frequently gained by the
sons — and daughters too — of working men. The poorest boy or the poorest
girl may reach by his or her own efforts the topmost rung of the ladder.
The work is presided over by a department of the Government with a
Minister at its head, who has a seat in the Legislature and is a member of
the Cabinet. There are in all about 9,000 teachers, male and female, in the
different grades of schools, while the number of scholars is about 500,000.
The Province is divided into counties, which are sub-divided into townships,
' BUILDING
R PAPER
y holds com-
days mingled
of the way.
Mil of central
responsible
a member of
unicipal self-
county, city,
inually elects
he people of
ility. Muni-
■y moderate.
of the sys-
OFFICIi AND PREMISES OF THE INGERSOLL* PACKING CO., INGERSOLL, ONTARIO. ENGLISH
ADDRESSES, T. L. BOYD & CO., MONTAGUE CLOSE, LONDON BRIDGE,
S.E. LONDON, AND 20 MATHEW STREET, LIVERPOOL.
-9G-
iiSsMc's '-? • " '- :&afiSiSS£o
IHE ANDERSON FURNITURE CO.'S (LIMITED) OFFICES
SHOWROOMS AND FACTORY IN GREAT BRITAIN,
BELL WHARF, SOUTH BROMLEY, E., LONDON, ENGLAND.
THE ANDERSON FURNITURE CO.'S
WOOD
The above illustrations show the establishments of one of the largest Canadian manu-
facturing firms. The total ground area of their premises at Woodstock, Ontario, is twenty-five
acres. The total floorage area is 300,000 square feet. One factory has a capacity of 100
chamber suites per day, or 30,000 per year. The chair factory is capable of turning' out 2,000
M —97-
per day, or 6(
one time, whil
year. All thf
Ontario, while
'I
iiiii
)X FURNITURE CO.S (LIMITED) OFFICES, SHOW ROOMS AND FACTORIES AT
WOODSTOCK, ONTARIO, CA.>;ADA.
per day, or 600,000 per year. In the drying kilns 300,000 feet of lumber can be treated at
one time, while the saw mill has a capacity of 50,000 feet per day, or 15,000,000 feet per
year. All the Canadian and foreign export trade of the firm is handled from Woodstock,
Ontario, while in Great Britain a separate establishment is maintained
—97-
%
r I
i.i
i!lf
Kiid these again into school sections. In the
centre of each school section there is a public
school, which is presided over by a board or trus-
tees elected by the ratepayers of the section.
These schools number upwards of 5,^00. Though
" J Province of Ontario is generally Protestant,
there is still a Roman Catholic minority. In order
to meet the demands of this church for combined
secular and religious instruction, v hat is known as
the Separate School has been established, to which
persons of that religion may send their children if
they so desire. There are 250 Separate Schools in
the Province. After going through the course of
instruction in the Public School, as laid down by
the Education Department, the pupil is ready for
A FRUIT GROWERS HOME, MAC
4^
fili'^i'
LOOKING NORTH-EAST FROM FAIRVIEW. TOP OF MOUNTAIN, I OUNTY OF LINCOLN, ONTARIO
-08-
ROWERS HOMK, NIAGARA PENINSULA, ONTARIO.
the Hij>h School. Every town or village of im-
portar.ce has one cf these institutions. They form
the connecting link between the common schools
and the University, as the course of study culmin-
ates where that of the University begins.
There are several good Universities in Ontario,
the principal being the University of Toronto, a
liberally endowed and well-equipped institution, and
the head of the educational system of the Province.
This University was founded in 1827. It has an
endowment of over a million dollars, and an
income of $85,000. Its students, male and female,
number about 1,275. ^^ ^^^^ '^ undenominational.
The wishes of those who prefer to attend a
«^.'- -TT^
■x^ ■■'<■■
,v:^^' •
<*& ■^.
W>-
JCOLN, ONTARIO LAL'RENTIAN FRUIT FAl'M, TOWNSIIU' OF SALTFLEET, COUNTY OF WKNl WOK rH, ONTARIO.
-08-
■-t"«-.;t*-5
VINICYARD SCKNK KRUIT-PRODUCINc; IMSTRICT OK SOl'THKRN ONTARIO, NKAR HAMILTC
IT
!|!|
U<IO, NKAU HAMILTON, 0\ THK LINK OV THK ClRAXn TRUNK RAILWAY SYSTKM.
Cienominational university are met by the several institutions of the kind which
have been established, viz. : Ottawa University (Roman Catholic), Queen's
University (Presbyterian), Trinity University (Episcopalian), The Western
University (Episcopalian), Victoria University (Methodist), now federated with
Toronto, and McMaster University (Baptist).
A number of schools and colleges arj affiliated with the Provincial
University, including the Ontario Agricultural College, School of Practical
Science, two Medical and a Dental College, and two colleges of Music, etc.
In addition to the above, a number of private and endowed schools and col-
leges are to be found throughout the Province for the students of both sexes,
1
1 1
1
r
i
1
1
1
i
KRUIT FARM IN THE NIAGARA FRUIT SECTION, ONTARIO.
100-
e kind which
lie), Queen's
?he Western
iderated with
le Provincial
of Practical
Music, etc.
ools and col-
F both sexes,
I ^^^^rs^^yi^e^
:>',,jF^^^
*^:-r-t»** "
•■','■"■" :;:is&x '-■■■.
•vv^'t?
it./-
LOOKINC; \ORTH-WEST FROM FAIRVIEW, TOP OF MOUNTAIN,
COUNTY OF LINCOLN, ONTARIO.
3NTARIO.
some of which are of a denominational character. Among
these the Upper Canada College is well known. Also a
School of Technology, and a school of Art and Design,
located in Toronto ; tw^o Schools of Mining and three
Schools of Dairying.
Ontario has 7,000 miles of steam railways. In this
regard the southern portion of the Province is particularly
well supplied, being covered with a network of lines.
These, in connection with the lake, river and canal navi-
gation systems, affoid exceptional facilities for internal
communication. Very few farmers in the settled portion of
Ontario are more than four miles from a railway station.
The principal railway systems are the Grand Trunk and
the Canadian Pacific, two splendidly equipped roads with
i
-100-
'
' I »:<:« »r«i >:^m »!«y^i^4
:uai-j!\sxsi! :. v.... ..>«HB ' '« jij^ « to. 'Meiij^.
^.^^j^^j
^-' '
**-^' S:-
„^.>-.- V
■^ws^rr;'-' -c»!*v,
'^"""l^-^^^nk
GRAND TRUNK NEW SINGLK ARCH, DOUBLE TRACK, STEEL BRIDGE OVER THE NIAGAR.
mm
OVER THE NIAGARA RIVER, SHOWING NIAGARA FALLS IN THE DISTANCE.
WATEROUS ENGINE WORKS CO., LlMITliD, HRWTFORn, CANADA. E.ST
Sawmill Machinery- — Portable Sawmills of 2,000 to 20,000 daily caoacity. Stationary, Cireular and Band
Sawmills of any capacitj'. Full line of labor-savinjj^ devices for handling material into, tiirough and out of mill.
Direct Steam Driven Machines for handling logs and lumber.
Steam Machinery — Engines — pl;iin and automatic, simple and compound. Bo'lers— portable, stationarv',
marine. Steam Road Rollers. Steam Fire Engines.
— 102--
"ORO, CANADA. KSTABLISHED 1844. .\K\V WORKS OCtL'IMi:i) l,S9(i. INCORl'ORATKI) 1874.
y, Ciri-ular and Baiul
iit^li and out ot mill.
Wood Working' Machinery — I'uil lino of builders' niacliinerj'. Special line of brick niachinerv, plastic,
stiff clay and dry press machines. Special line of pulp and pulp-wood machinery, for tutting off, barkinjj and
g'rinding' pulp-wood,
portable, stationary, Many years' experience in export trade at your service. Send for fully illustrated and priced cata-
logues. Address : Waterous, Brantford, Canada.
-102 -•
THRKE FROSl'KROUS BlCl FACTORIES IN THE CITY OV HRANTFORD, ONTARIO, CANADA.
The Brantford Hicyi-lo Supply Co., Limited, Maniifaciurers of Electric and Imperial Tires, Wood Rims aiul
Guards of the finest quality. The Goold, Shapley & Muir Co., Limited, Manufacturers of
Galvanized Steel Windmills, with roller bearings for pumpinjj and power. Steel Towers
and Flagstaffs, Iron and Wood Pumps, Grain Grinders, Bee Supplies, etc.
The Goold Bicycle Co., Limiied, Makers of ilie Famous " Red Bird "
Bicycle, Canada's best known and most popular wheel.
fine roadbeds and rolling stock. These systems are confined not only to Can-
ada, but their ramifications extend to the United States as well.
A third system, not so well known as the above, but one that seems
likely to play a very important part in the development of the country
immediately north of the older settled portion of the Province, is the Ottawa,
Arnprior & Parry Sound Railway. The route of this road runs for 264 miles
directly across the Province from the City of Ottawa, in the east, to Parry
Sound, a port of the Georgian Bay, in the west, and parallels the main lines
of the Canadian Pacific and Grand Trunk to the south. It connects, via the
Canada Atlantic, with Montreal, Quebec, St. Jo'in and Halifax ; and with
Boston, Port
across C>iitari
waters.
The t:!
has been rap
the Province
for passenger
into the rura
the speedy tr?
and bids fair
the Province.
As ha:
rence River
'I'here is, ho^
THE CANAI
Manufac
-W,
Boston, Porilaiul and New York by American roads. It forms a short cut
across CJntario from the Great Lakes, and is thus a very direct route to tidal
waters.
The j^^rowth of the electric railway in Ontario within the past few years
has been rapid and continuous. In the cities and more important towns of
the Province the electric car has completely taken the place o( the horse car
for passenger traffic. Not only so, but the system is rapidly extending" itself
into the rural districts, where it affords light or secondary railwa}- facilities for
the speedy transportation of passeng^ers, farm produce and gfeneral light freight,
and bids fair in the near future to add greatly to the wealth and prosperity of
the Province.
As has already been pointed out, the Great Lakes and the St. Law-
rence River form the grandest system of inland waterways in the world.
There is, however, a difference of level between Lake Superior and the tide-
U
THE CANADIAN OFFICE AND SCHOOL FURNITURE CO., LIMITED. PRESTON, ONTARIO.
Manufacturers and Exporti-rs of Ottifo, School, Church, Lodjje and Hall Furniture. Hank,
OITi.-e, Hotel, Drug- and Jewelry Store Fittings, etc.
-KC!
: \
m
"
OKFICI-: AND MILLS OF THE AL'IU'RX WOOLLKN CO., PHTKRHOUOLt'.ll, (ONTARIO.
waters amountingf to 602 feet, giving rise to rapids between Lake Superior
and Huron, to the celebrated falls of the Niagara River between Lakes Erie
and Ontario, and to the rapids of the St. Lawrence. To overcome these
obstacles to navigation, a fine series of canals has been constructed, fifty-one
miles in extent, at a total cost of about fifty millions of dollars, as follows :
The Welland system, connecting Lake Erie with Lake Ontario, twenty-three
and three-quarter miles ; the St. Lawrence system, twenty-four miles ; and
the Sault Ste. Marie canal, three-quarters of a mile. The Canadian lock at
Sault Ste. Marie, between Lakes Superior and Huron, is one of the finest
works of the kind on the continent. Electricity is used as the motive power.
There are also several internal canals.
|:^ \'''
The mineral resources of Ontario are widely spread, varied in character,
and cover almost the entire list of economic minerals. Examination shows
that even now, when only on the threshold of discovery, they are of almost
limitless extent and value. Not only does the varied list include all the prin-
—104-
(ONTARIO.
Lake Superior
eii Lakes Erie
vercome these
icted, fifty-one
s, as follows :
twenty-three
miles ; and
adian lock at
of the finest
iiotive power.
in character,
ination shows
are of almost
all the prin-
cipal and more commonly found metals, such as iron, copper, lead, silver and
^o\{.\, but it also embraces the comparatively rare metal, nickel, the deposits
of which, in the Sudbury district, constitute one of the two sources o( the
world's supply.
In Ontario the Huronian rocks, which are the principal mineral-bearinr
series, cover a vast area. Beds of these rocks, of j^reater or less extent,
overlie the Laurentian formation all the wav from the Quebec to the Manitoba
boundary of the Province, passing north of Lake Superior and westward along
the United States border. One tract alone, known as the great Huronian
belt, extends from Lake Superior eastward into Quebec Province, a distance of
THE WILLIAMS, GREENE & ROME CO., OI- BERLIN. LIMITED, BERLIN, ONTARIO.
Manufacturers of .Shirts, Collars and Cuff's. Orfjanizod in 1882, this business has grown steadily and is now
the largest of its kind in Canada. The buildings are handsome and extensive, containing a floorage
of 37,000 square feet and a plant of the most complete and up-to-date description. This
Company employs 350 to 400 people.
-104-
THK CROSSKN CAR MANIFACTI'RING CO. OF COHOURG, LIMITED, COBOURG, ONTARIO.
\VM. J. CROSSKX, GENERAL MANAGER.
Manufacturers of Sleepinjf, Parlor, Passenger, I'ost Office, Ba.tfg-afje, Mox, Platform, Street Cars, etc.
700 miles. Ill most localities exploration for minerals has been lari^-ely super-
ficial, and the country cannot, on account of its great extent, be thoroug^hly
explored for many years. Fresh discoveries of minerals, which had hitherto
not been supposed to exist in commercial quantities, are not uncommon, as,
for example, the discovery of nickel a few years ago, and, last year, the start-
ling discovery of a large area of coriindum-bearing rocks. Much of the
northern country remains absolutely untouched, and the prospector has there
a limitless field of operations before him. On the Hudson Bay slope, it is
doubtful if any white man has crossed the country from east to west, north of
the 49th parallel.
The development of Ontario's minerals has been hindered by several
adverse economic onditions, chief among them being the American import
duty on the principal products of the mine, the narrowness of the home mar-
ket, and the Canadian duty on mining machinery, which, however, has
N
recently bee
price of iro
adians to c
trade is thi
tomer, taki
Those well
skill and a
room for la
As r
established
to warrant
gold count
metal mav
LUMBER M
Who are one n
H re the
vi(
-106-
m
recently been removed. These two resttictions to trade, together with the low
price of iron, copper, nickel, etc., have rendered it almost impossible for Can-
adians to compete in the United States market Yet, in spite of the fact that
trade is thus handicapped, the United States is still Canada's principal cus-
tomer, taking" about So per cent, of the total export product of the mine.
Those well informed on the subject believe that even under present conditions,
skill and capital migfht be made to give satisfactory results, and that there is
room for large development in the mineral industries of the Province.
As regards gold, while Ontario cannot be said, as yet, to have a well-
established gold-mining industry, investigation has now proceeded far enough
to warrant the statement being confidently made that the Province possesses a
gold country of almost limitless extent, where the mining of the precious
metal may be undertaken to better advantage and with a surer prospect of
LUMBER MILLS AND YARDS OK MKSSRS. C.ILMOUR & CO., TRENTON. ONTARIO, CANADA,
Who are one of the bijj representative firms eng^affed in the development of the Canadian Timber Industry.
H re the forest tree is eiiaiijfed to the finished prodiiet. This Company have done a special ser-
vice to Canada in developing- the export trade in Doors and Boxes, the capacity of
their plant being: ;"„ooo,ooo feet of timber annually.
i ' .'K
II
-105-
I 1
hi,
liiii
OKKICR AND WORKS OF THE CANADIAN LOCOMOTIVE AND ENGINE CO., LIMITED,
KINGSTON, ONTARIO.
return for the money invested than perhaps in any other country in the world.
It may be stated confidently that those who desire to invest capital in this
industry will nowhere find a more favorable opportunity for doing so than in
Ontario.
In the smelting of iron ore, a fair beginning has been made, but the
capabilities o( expansion in this line have as yet been scarcely more than
touched. The magnetite deposits of eastern Ontario and the hematite and
magnetite of northwestern Ontario, taken together, are more than sufficient to
supph' our own needs in the way of iron for perhaps centuries to come.
Among the non-metallic substances we possess the basis of two permanent
and important industries in our salt beds and petroleum wells. The whole
shore of Lake Huron from the latitude of Kincardine southward, and for many
/ miles inland, is underlaid with beds of salt hundreds of feet thick, supplying
the raw material not only for refined salt itself, but for carbonate and bi-car-
bonate of soda, soda ash, bleaching powder, and other essentials for the textile
-106-
w
, LIMITED,
in the world,
apital in this
g so than in
nade, but the
y more than
ematite and
suflficient to
es to come.
o permanent
The whole
nd for many
k, supplying
and bi-car-
)r the textile
and other industries. The petroleum industry leads all others of a mineral
nature in the value of yearly output, and affords an admirable example oi
what enterprise and skill can do in the profitable utilization of raw material.
Another instance of this is seen in the cement business, which has undergone
satisfactory development during the past few years. In the products oi cla\
—brick, tile, terra cotta and sewer pipe — the output is limited only by the
market. The total mineral production for 1897 was valued at $1,042,779,
and that for nine months of 1898 at $1,243,483. The best known and furthest
developed gold-bearing section of Ontario lies to the west of Lake Superior,
OFFICE AND WORKS OF THE RATF BUN CO., LIMITED, DESERONTO, ONTARIO,
BAY OF gUINTE DISTRICT.
I REAR OF SASH AND DOOR FACTORY. 2 MACHINE SHOP AND SASH AND DOOR FACTORY. 3 CAR WORKS. 4 RKAR
OF STONE MILLS. 5 HEAD OFFICE. 6 GAS AND CHEMICAL \VORKS. 7 CEMENT WORKS.
Manuracturers of Lumber of all Descriptions (i-apacity, 70,000,000 ft. annually), Railway Sleepers, I elegi ;iph and
Electric Poles. Last year tiiis firm exported 160,000 Door;;, besides ol'.ier Wooden Buildinjf material.
They are the Canadian Pioneer manufacturers of Portland Cerient, the demand for their
".Star" Brand alone exceeding the capacity of their works. In their ('hemical Works
Ihey mainifacture Wood, Alcohol and Charcoal. This last fact has led to
Uie establishment, in the town, of the Deseronto Iron Works.
-106-
number of
of location;
tlie year i8(
and between it and the Lake of the Woods, in what is known as the Rainj'
River District. It is only within a very recent period that work has begun
in earnest. Gold-mining in Ontario is a new industry. It is largely through
the perseverance, de-
termination and ulti-
mate success of one
man that effort has
been stimulated and
confidence aroused i>i
gold-mining in the
Rain\ River District.
The history of the
" Sultana " mine, on
the Lake of the Woods,
owned and operated by
J. F. Caldwell, of
Winnipeg, reads like a
romar.ce.
The success of the
*' Sultana " and the
feeling of confidence it
aroused, at once had a
good effect on enter-
prise and exploration.
Development work was
begun on many pro-
perties, a vast number
of new claims were
located, and since that
time the known auri-
ferous area of the Province has been widely extended. There is no better may be clas
evi.ience of the stimulus that has been given to mining enterprise than the on Lake of
-107-
OFFICE AND PRE.VHSES OF H. CORBV, M.P., DISTILLER, BELLEVILLE AND CO
ly number o( mining- companies recently organized in Ontario, ;ind the number
m of locations that have been purchased or leased from the Government. For
;h tlie year 1896 the total number of mining companies organized in the "rovince
was 26, and the total
amount of their auth-
orized capital was $15,-
600,000. In 1897 the
number was 136, and
the aggregate of their
authorized capital was
$98,356,000. The to-
tal number of locations
(chiefly g'old) sold and
leased in the year 1897
was 1,255, with an area
of 115,809 acres, the
number being gfreater
than in the five pre-
vious years by 229,
and the area by 22,000
acres.
Development work
in all its stages is now
actively going forward
on hundreds of pro-
perties, with distinctly
gratifying results. Al-
ready a number of
mines have passed the
experimental stage and
may be classed as regular bullion producers. There are now three such mines
on Lake of the Woods, one on the lower Seine, and two on the upper Seine.
■r.-i
BELLEVILLE AND CORBYVILLE, ON lARIO. ESTABLISHED 18,-)!)
' li-
le
-107-
\\l
With another season's work the \alue ol' many properties, which is now to a
certain extent probhmatical, will have been set at rest. Three of the princi-
pal mines are now owned by Knglish companies, and not a little foreii^n
capital, both English and American, is being interested in the district. It is
doubtful whether any other gold region in the world possesses the advantages
of northwestern Ontario for the prosecution of
the gold-mining industry. First and foremost,
the ore is to a large extent " free milling,"
which means that it may be easily muI cheaply
worked with a quick return for a comparativel\'
small outlay of capital.
The gold is usually found scattereti
throughout the quartz by itself, or in combina-
tion with pyrites only, the removal of which is
not nearly so difficult a process as the separation
of gold, silver, copper and lead, when all are
found in a conglomerate mass. The ore is free
milling to such an extent that with a stamp
mill 80 or 90 per cent, of the g'old mav be
secured by quicksilver as the pulverized ore
passes from beneath the stamps, and onlv from
ID to 20 per cent, is found in the pyrites.
Consequently no great smelting plant and re-
fining works are required at a cost of $500,000
and upwards for smelting the ore and refining
the metal before the gold can be obtained, for
the stamp mill takes the place of the smelter
and refinery in free-milling ores. The concen-
tration plant gathers up the gold-carrying pyrites into a convenient form for
transportation to the reduction works, where the gold is recovered. It is
probable that very few o{ such reduction works will suffice for all the gold
sulphur ores of Ontario. An abundance of water power and of timber enhance
FULFOUn BUILDING, BRO(
Hfailquarters tor Or. Williams' Pink Pills
BuildiT and Nerve
KlN-
Kl
'I'iil
IS now to a
)f the princi-
little foreii»"ii
strict. It is
e advanta_i»"es
the vakie of the section. Elsewhere in Ontario besides the Rainy River Dis-
trict, rich discoveries of gold have been made. The precious metal is found
in the eastern part of the Province, in the County of Hastinf>-s, where a
bromo-cyanide plant, capable of treating seventy-five tons per day o\' the
refractory ore of this region, is being successfully operated by an English
company. At Jackfish Bay, on the north shore
of Lake Superior, several properties of promise
have been discovered, and in one case, at least,
a large extent of ore body has been demon-
strated. Coming east, the Michipicoton coun-
try is reached, the most recent addition to the
gold fields of the Province.
Continuing east, along the C.I'. R., the
WahnapitcTe region, which is in the same great
Huronian belt that produces ores of nickel
and copper, next claims attention. Here on
Lake WahnapitcC a large number of claims
have been taken up, and on several of the
properties on which development work has b^en
done the ore is undoubtedly very rich, showing
free gold in abundance. At the Crystal mine
a stamp mill is now running and the ore is
yielding from $12 to $18 to the ton.
The ores of iron occur in Ontario in great
abundance. In the eastern part of the Pro-
vince there are large bodies of magnetic iron,
and of hematite and limonite, the red and
brown iron ores. North of Lake Superior, hematite exists in large quantities,
and elsewhere valuat)le deposits of bog iron have been discovered. Iron ore
has been found in many localities in the Huronian and Laurentian formations,
but the largest and most valuable deposits are undoubtedly the hematites of
:>KO HUII.DINCi, BUOCKVILLE, ONTARIO.
Dr. Williams' Pink Pills for Pale People, the Great Blooil
Muilder and Nerve Ri'slorer.
ent form for
red. It is
ill the gold
iber enhance
10s-
the Mattawan iron range, and the magnetites of the Atik-okan, to the west oi manufacture
Lake Superior. These ranges are supposed to form a continuation of the pose having
wonderful Minnesota deposits, which now lead the world in production, but douSt that
are thought to be of even greater extent in Ontario than in that State. working of
These mountainous
bodies of ore may be
followed for miles,
and millions oi' tons
could be quarried at
very low cost, while
the supply is simply
inexhaustible.
Extensive an !
valuable as the iron
deposits of Ontario
are, it is neverthe-
less a fact that at the
present time they are
unproductive. On-
tario consumes about
300,000 tons of pig
iron annually in her
manufactures, and
this fact, together
with the offering o(
a bonus by the Can-
adian Government,
has recently led to
the establishment of
a blast furnace at
Hamilton for the smelting of native ores with American coke. The furnace is connection
of the most approved kind, and is capable of turning out 200 tons of pig iron the north 1
per day. During 1897 its output was 24,000 tons, valued at $288,000. The yielded $3,;
-109-
OFFICE AND WORKS OF THE VVM. CANE & SONS MANFG. CO., LIMITI
Manufacturers of Lumber, Lath, Shingles, Sash, Doors, Blinds, Moulding's, etc., also Pails, Tub:;, W;
Paint Cans, Jam Pails, Jelly Pails, Candy Pails, Caramel Pails, Lard Pail
oi' manufacture of charcoal iron is now beiiij^' undertaken, a furnace for this pur-
he pose having" been built at Deseronto durinj^ the present year. There is little
ut douSt that the requirements of these furnaces will lead to the opening- up and
te. working" of some, at least, of Ontario's iron deposits, and were it not for the
prohibitor)' Ameri-
can tariff", the indus-
try would assume
larg^e proportions.
On account of
the low price of cop-
per, that mineral is
not now produced in
Ontario, except as a
by-product of the
nickel industry.
Valuable deposits of
native copper, or
copper m its pure
state, exist at Ma-
maise, on Lake Sup-
erior, similar in char-
acter to the famous
deposits of northern
Michigan. Klse-
where in Northern
Ontario native cop-
per has been found.
Chalcopyrite, an ore
of copper, is mined
to soirie extent in
is connection with the nickel of the Sudburv reyfion. This ore is also found on
on the north shore of Lake Huron, where between 1849 and 187b the mines
he yielded $3,300,000 worth of the metal.
-109-
i MANFG. CO., LIMITED, NEWMARKET, ONTARIO, CANADA.
etc., also Pails, Tub:;, Washboards, Clothes Pins, Butter Tubs, Syrup Pails, Pickle Cans,
Caramel Pails, Lard Pails, Tubs and all General Woodenware.
hi
1' J
i
s
The total produce for 1897 was 2,730 tons, but the iiulications are that
the output is likely to be larij-ely increased, as cheaper and more effective
methods have lately been adopted for separating the Sudbury ores.
'I'he most extensive deposits o( nickel-bearing ore in the world arc
found in Ontario. They are located to the north of Lake Huron in the
Algoma district, principally in the vicin-
ity o( the town of Sudbury on the Can-
adian Pacific Railway. I
A few years ago, experts from the
United States Navy Department who
examined the deposits, estimated in their
report that there were 650,000,000 tons
of ore in sight, and since then other dis-
coveries have been within an area oi'
about 2,000 square miles.
The fact that no workable beds of
coal have been discovered in Southern
Ontario, confers a large degree of im-
portance on the other kinds of fuel the
Province possesses. These are wood,
petroleum, natural gas and peat. The
stock of the first-named in Ontario is
still great, and of petroleum and natural
gas some account has alread)' been given.
0\ peat, Ontario possesses immense
quantities. The most extensive bogs are
those of Hudson Bay slope, where, it has been estimated, they cover 10,000
square miles of territory. It may be stated, however, that there is not a
county and hardly a township in the Province in which this substance may
not be found. The importance of this fact has led to the st?tement being
made that a process by which a good and cheap peat fuel could be obtained
TORONTO UNI
no-
:ioiis are that
norc effective
is.
le world arc
hiron ill the
TORONTO U X I VK RSIT V.
cover 10,000
ere is not a
ibstance may
tement being
be obtained
would be a national be'iefit. 'I'ln-ning to Ontario's agriculture : There are
about twelve and a half million acres of land under cultivation, while the total
amount of farm land assessed in 1H93 amounted to nearly 23,000,000 acres.
The number of farmers is estimated to be 175,000, the average size of their
farms 130 acres, and the average value $5,600. The census of 1891 gave the
total number o( farmers and farmers' sons at 292,270, and classed 67 per cent, oi'
the total pop:;!.ition of 2,1 14,321 as rural
It is difficult to determine the an-
nual value o{ the products of the farm
in Ontario, but the following figures at
current market prices are probably within
the mark: — Field products, $100,000,000;
live stock increase, $35,000,000 ; dairy
produce, $35,000,000 ; orchard and gar-
den products, $12,000,000 ; farm wood-
land products, $20,000,000 ; pasture, $4,-
500,000; eggs, wool, honey, etc., $3,500,-
000 ; total, $200,000,000. With this
contrast the value of the annual mineral
production of the Dominion, which is
about $30,000,000, and the fisheries pro-
duction of Canada amounting to about
20,000,000.
All this demonstrates that agricul-
ture is the principal industry of the
people of Ontario, and as an agricultural
country the southern or older settled por-
tion of the Province is singularly favored. Its soil is rich and productive,
more so perhaps than any other similar area on the North American continent.
Its climate is healthful and invigorating, and admits of the growing of a
great variety of products. A better sample and a larger average yield may be
grown in Ontario than in the United States.
110-
The ability o\' Ontario to produce some ot" the most useful varieties of
fruit of the finest quality ami Havor was tully demonstrated at the Worlds
Columbian b^xposition. There the Province secured the i^'-reatest nunber of
Provincial and district awards, and on the score of the judj^es succeeded in
obtaining- a position fully thirty per cent, higher than any other country or
state, as to the appearance and quality of its fruit. The proximity of the
Great Lakes helps to render the climate
of the southern or lake counties very
temperate and suited to the growth even
of tender fruits. Grapes grow there as
a field crop, producing- enormous yields,
and peach trees are planted out in
orchards in a similar manner to apple
orchards. The Niagara District has
been aptly termed "The Garden of Can-
ada," and immense quantities of small
fruits of every kind are shipped every
season from this district.
The Ontario Bureau of Industries
places the number of apple trees of
bearing age in 1896 at 5,913,906, while
there are 3,548,058 young apple trees
planted in orchards. The yield of apples
in 1896 is estimated to be 55,895,755
bushels, or an average ot 9.45 bushels
per tree of bearing age. The following
is an estimate of other fruit-bearing
trees and vines in Ontario : — Plum trees, 700,000 ; cherry trees, 500,000 ;
pear trees, 500,000 ; peach trees, 500,000 ; grape vines, 2,000,000. Dairying
is one of the most important branches of Ontario agriculture. Ontario exports
more cheese than the whole of the United .States, and on the British market
the quality of the product is admittedly superior. Entering late into the race.
when it seei
that country
Much of tl
althougfh, d
The amoun
Ontario, exj:
rHK AK.MOIKIKS, TOUOXTO.
Ontario farm
began and A
most of the
white or We
vince. It ii
— ui-
I 'll'Ji'
if
s
^f
II
>r
le
when it sccMMcd almost won by the United States, Canada has wrested tVom
that country the Hrsi place on the market by the superiority of its product.
Much of the cheese consumed b\' the British public is made in Ontario,
althouj^h, doubtless, sometimes sold to the consimier as the home article.
The amount of Canadian cheese, of which probably two-thirds comes from
Ontario, exported to Great Britain in iSg6 was i64,6(S9, 123 lbs. ; in 1S97, 164,-
220,699, and in 1S9.S, 196,703,323 lbs.
The butter industry is not nearlx-
so far advanced as the cheese, chietl)
owinj>- to the lack hitherto 01 proper
facilities for placing the product on the
world's markets in prime condition. As
soon as the means are found for the
accomplishment of this, butter-making-
will at once be stimulated and receive
the attention it demands. The amount
of butter exported by Canada for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1S98, and the
two previous years, was as follows : —
1898, 11,255,187 lbs.; 1897, ii,453,35[
lbs. ; 1896, 5,889,241 lbs.
There is no branch of high-class
farming in which Ontario, taken as a
whole, does not excel. Advanced meth-
ods have brought about these results,
and progress has been accelerated largely
by the economic conditions under which
Ontario farmers have found themselves placed after the competition oi' the west
began and American markets were closed." Turning to her forest wealth, fore-
most of the trees of Ontario both for value and commercial importance is the
white or Weymouth pine, the main object of lumbering operations in the Pro-
vince. It is admitted that Ontario still possesses a larger supply of white
Jl KIKS. TOROXTO.
18^
-ui-
i:|'
!
^K
i
■■iitt
•= \
11.
.1
n
J
4 'I
I ;
Hill
1 f
U
t
^ r
piiie than is to be found anywhere else on the contnient. Next in importance
IS the spruce, a tree which is found ahiiost everywhere in the north in laree
quantities. The great and increasing value of the spruce for paper-making,
makes it one of the most valuable assets of the Province. Throughout
Ontario there is a great variety of valuable hardwoods which supply the
domestic consumption and contribute largely to the exports.
The rapid increase in the past few years in the consumption of spruce
and poplar for pulp or cellulose, used in the manufacture of paper, textile
fabrics and a thousand other articles, has built up a business in Ontario likely
soon to rival the great lumbering industry in magnitude. The white and
black spruce furnish the most desirable material for wood pulp, and Ontario
is the fortunate owner of extensive forests of these trees. While considerable
spruce is found intermingled with other forest growth in all parts of the Pro-
vince, beyond the height of land on the Hudson Bay slope there extends clear
to the shores of Hudson Bay v.'hat is probably the greatest spruce forest in
the v.orld. Three things are necessary for the successful development of the
manufacture of pulp— suitable wood, extensive water pov/er and suitable labor.
All these advantages exist in Ontario. Moreover, Canadian pulp wood is of
a superior quality and very much sought after by the manufacturers of the
United States, as is seen in the yearly increasing demand. With regard to
quality, Ontario is better situated thnn Norway and Sweden, if the price
obtained in England is taken as a criterion, for in 1893 Canadian pulp was
sold in England at an average of $24.80 a ton, as against $20.77 for the
Scandinavian product. The pulp mill at Sauk Ste. Marie is considered to be
the largest and best equipped mill in the world. The lake steamers pass
right by it through the canals, and the Sault rapids afford power enough to
supply many such industries. A second immense mill is now under construe
tion at that point. Small wood industries are also growing rapidly through-
out the Province.
The commercial fisheries of the Great Lakes are the most extensive
fresh water fisheries in the world. In these waters are found the whitefish,
salmon-trout, herring, sturgeon, bass, pickerel, etc. The total quantity of fish
-na
II
!ct in importance
2 north in large
r paper-making-,
;. Throughout
lich supply the
iption of spruce
)f paper, textile
1 Ontario likely
The white and
Ip, and Ontario
lile considerable
irts of the Pro-
re extends clear
spruce forest in
;lopment of the
I suitable labor.
3ulp wood is of
acturers of the
With regard to
n, if the price
adian pulp was
$20.77 f'^r the
onsidered to be
: steamers pass
3wer enough to
under construe
apidly through-
most extensive
i the whitefish,
quantity of fish
caught in Ontario waters during the twelve years, 1883 to 1894, amounted to
nearly 294,000,000 pounds, valued at $17,660,000. The principal kinds of fish
caught in the period named were : — Herring, 97,000,000 pounds ; whitefish,
62,000,000 pounds ; salmon-trout, 6^,000,000 pounds. The Rainy River dis-
trict, west of Lake Superior, embraces some 300 miles of international waters,
the fisheries of which are of much importance. The centre of the industry is
the Lake of the Woods. Although the catch of whitefish in this large district
reaches nearly half a million pounds, the staple fish is the sturgeon. The
produce of sturgeon caviare and bladders for 1895 represented a value of over
$21,000. The whole of the catch from this district is exported to the United
States. The value of exports of the fisheries of Ontario during the years was
as follows : — 1895, $389,694; 1896, $467,799; 1897, $372,599.
From the general description of Northern Ontario to be found elsewhere,
it will have been observed that, while the country as a whole cannot be
classed as agricultural, it nevertheless contains numerous tracts of land not to
be surpassed in fertility by any in the Province. Some of these sections have
already been opened up and developed to a greater or less extent, and are
immediately available for settlement. These possess advantages that render
them particularly attractive to persons of small capital, and therefore call for
a more detailed description. Chief among such sections fje:— (i) The Rainy
River and Wabigoon valleys in the Rainy River district, west of Lake Super-
ior ; (2) the country in the vicinity of Port Arthur in the Thunder Bay district;
(3) the country along the north shore of Lake Huron, including the islands
of Manitoulin and St. Joseph, in the District of Algoma ; and (4) the Temis-
camingue country in the District of Nipissing. In these sections there is
not less than 2,500,000 acres of farm land available for settlement at the
present time.
In addition to the above there are less important areas of good land
scattered here and there throughout the districts named, and still others which,
although important in themselves, are as yet beyond the reach of the pioneer
because of lack of railway and road communication.
-n2-
The City of Toronto ^S^^^
HE CITY OF TORONTO, chief city of the Province of On-
tario, is one of the most interesting examples of those new
capitals of commerce which have arisen, in recent times, on the
shores of the great lakes, to challenge comparison, in their
exuberant ripening, with
their elders of both the
Old and New Worlds. Census figures
show that, Chicago excepted, no city in
America has made, of late, greater for-
ward strides. It had at last accounts a
population rising 210,000, and the com-
merce speaking generally that goes with
a community of that number of the
thrifty and energetic empire-building Bri-
tish stock ; it is the second city of the
Dominion in population, wealth, business
and social advantages, and has reached
a station from which it may reasonably
aspire (as in truth it does) eventually to
be first.
As York, too,
suppression o
prominent pa
stages chiefly
as Toronto, a
at all inappro
ing it with th(
and the Cana(
with which ace
assured. In I
twentv-fold in
■j-«-.-_
But, although a city of such rapid
development, it by no means lacks a
past. It was laid out as the town oi
York, by an order of the Governor of
Upper Canada, of date the year 1793.
^slSii
fiT3>-'^ ■"?*5T"'i
VONGE STREET POCK, TORONTO.
O
-n3-
I n
As York, too, it was raideil twice in the American war of i<Si2 ; and in the
suppression of the Riel and Fenian disorders of hiter days its militia had
prominent part. Other than these its chronicles are uneventful ; commercial
stag-es chiefly mark the mile-stones of its progress. In 1S34 it was chartered
as Toronto, a name oi' Indian derivation, meaning a great meeting place, not
at all inappropriate for this bustling city. The Grand Trunk Railway conn^ict-
ing it with the lower Provinces and the adjacent States, made its entry in 1S53,
and the Canadian Pacific, penetrating the West to the Pacific Ocean, in 1S85;
with which accessions to its transportation facilities its future as a trade centre was
assured. In the sixty and odd years since it was incorporated it has increased
twenty-fold in population. In 1H34 it had 10,000 inhabitants; in 1861, 45,000;
in 1871, 56,000; in 18S1, 86,500; in 1891,
~ I 181,220; and this year, 1897, with its
twenty-two suburbs, at the ratio oi' 3J/2
persons to the enumeration of the direc-
tory, is a city of 250,000 souls. In 1867
when the Dominion was established, and
the population of the city was 50,000, its
tax valuations were $20,000,000 ; in 1897,
with 200,000 population or more, they had
reached the sum of $130,000,000.
Toronto lies in latitude 43" 39' North,
and longitude 79' 24' West, on the north
shore of Lake Ontario, about 35 miles
from the west end of that " unsalted sea,"
and 500 miles, as the crow flies, from the
Atlantic seaboard. It has a passage to
sea by means of the lake and St. Law-
rence River, has connection with all the
ports of the great lakes by lake, river,
canal and other water routes which ramify
)OCK TORONTO ^'^^ Great Lake region, and has commu-
te-
! I ,
li
in
n
I A i
U
: lillj
m
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I I
lllii
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CITY HALL, '
-114
*
CITY HALL, TORONTO.
-114-
I
VIKW SHOWING METROl'OLFTAX (METHODIST) AND ST. MICHAELS (ROMAN CATHOLIC)
CHURCHES. TORONTO.
nication by rail with all principal points in the British North American pos-
.sessions and in the States as well.
From it, Montreal, the chief Canadian city and port, is ^_^t, rail miles
distant northeast ; Quebec 430, and Ottawa, the Dominion capital, 2<Si in the
same direction ; St. John, N.B., also northeast. Portland, Me., which affords
an outlet to the sea for it, is 630 miles east ; Boston, Mass., 667 southeast ;
New York City, 534 southeast. Hamilton, the nearest place of note in Canada
is in Ontario, 39 miles southwest, at the lake's end ; Buffalo, N.Y., is 105
miles very nearly south (and 70 by boat across the lake); Detroit, Mich., on
the border, is 229 miles southwest; Chicago, 512 miles southwest; Winnipeg-,
Manitoba, i,
about 2,760
so called, it
abiding- place
well as a tra
new and m(
architectural!
boring unior
Its superb s
mate draws
tors from ov
and its fame
progressive
city has gon(
and wide.
It lies uj
between the
Toronto Bay
hand, and
lake shore, 1
carpment or
260 feet hi|
other. This
generally spe^
to a course
miles distant
present lake
but on the e;
and boldly ad
the lake as S
Head. Throi
the Don ai
-n5-
Manitoba, 1,387 northwest, and Vancouver and Victoria, B.C., on the Pacific,
about 2,760 northwest. Toronto, figuratively speaking, is the "Queen City";
so called, it would seem as much if not more, for its manifold charms as an
abiding place than commercial rank and prestige. It is a political capital as
well as a trade centre, and is a very notable educational seat. It is, moreover,
new and modern, and is on the whole, rather more handsomely adorned
architecturally than the cities of its class either in the Provinces or neigh-
boring union of states.
Its superb summer cli-
mate draws many visi-
tors from over the line ;
and its fame as the most
progressive Canadian
city has gone abroad far
and wide.
It lies upon a slope,
between the lake and
Toronto Bay on the one
hand, iv\d the ancient
lake shore, here an es-
carpment or blufl^ abcut
260 feet high, on the
other. This escarpment,
generally speaking, holds
to a course about two
miles distant from the
present lake shore line ;
but on the east it bends
and boldly advances upon
the lake as Scarborough
Head. Through it breaks
the Don and H umber
'ir
i^m
%'
ST. JAMES' CATHEDRAL (ANGLICAN), TORONTO (THE
HIGHEST CHURCH SPIRE IN AMERICA.)
-ns-
li i.m:[
til =■■»!
OSGOODH HALL, THE LAW COLRTS. TOKONTO.
Rivers, the first named at the eastern end of the city, and the other flowini>'
by the western limits into the still waters of the H umber Bay. Along these
sfeams, where they enter the city, are very many picturesque spots ; their
reaches are broken with gorges and ravines, one of which, Rosedale Ravine,
forms a driveway and pleasance, behind the escarpment, entirely encircling
the city.
Coming in by train, by the Grand Trunk especially, the view of the
city and lake and bay from the heights of the Don is very impressive. But
the finest approach to the city is by water, disclosing the long and wide
Ksplanade of piling and filling along shore which accommodates the railroads
and shipping and the many factories and business concerns ; to the left the
UK-
other flowing"
Along these
spots ; their
edale Ravine,
i\y encirclingf
view of the
essive. But
ig" and wide
the railroads
1 the left the
Kxposition group of buildings and grounds ; midway the Union Station w ith its
towers, yards, viaducts and acreag^e of iron roof, and, at the water's edge, the
long- stretch of Ro\al Canadian, Argonaut, Nautilus and other yachting, rowing
and canoe club houses; in front, "the Island," with its numerous summer
cottag-es and resorts ; and behind it all the city, stretching compactly away,
brave with spires and towers and architectural landmarks ;ind monuments, and
with the green oases of parks and grounds here and there in the panorama —
all which go to make this city, of Dominion cities, truly the Queen.
It is a site which was chosen originally for its native beaut)' and attrac-
tions, and for its convenience of harbor and shore. " I distinctly recollect,"
says old Surveyor General Bouchette, who 'aid out the place, "the untamed
DRIVEWAYS IN HIGH PARK. TORONTO.
-116-
ONTARIO JOCKEY CLUB PARK. THE RACE FOR THE QUEENS PLATE, MAY, 1898, TJRONTO.
aspect which the country exhibited when I first entered this beautiful basin.
Dense and trackless forests lined the margin of the Uike and reflected their
inverted images in its glassy surface. The wandering savage had constructed
his ephemeral habitation beneath their luxuriant foliage, and the bay and
neighboring marshes were the hitherto uninvaded haunts of immense coveys of
wild fowl." "Toronto," says Rose's guide, a recent issue, quoting the above,
'* has lost its untamed aspect," but the beauty oi' the highlands, of its sur-
roundings, of its island frontage from the lake remain. And although from
the fringe of shore on the mainland has gone the romance of trackless forest
and wandering savage — of painted Mississaga, Mohawk and Huron — there
exist here now in their stead the more desirable symbols of civilization and
modern progress, pressing ever, "En avant?"
The area of Toronto is about 15 square miles; but outside the city
proper numerous suburbs lie, like Parkdale, and like Little York and North
'I'oronto, wh
assessment o
The s.
net debt $1
$5,217,892.
Water Work
(special In- ni
value of pro
amount oi' i
all the publi
heavy cost t
.^l'N
- 117"
'l\>ronti>, which have subiiihs, wo may say, o( their own. The tax Ie\ y upon an
assessment of somewhat less than $130,000,000 is $17.00 per $1,000 of \al nation.
The jrross city debt on 31st December, 1H97, was $21,629,013, and the
net debt $16,411,121, after deducting sinkiiii,*^ funds on hand amountinj^ to
$3,2I7,<S92. The above is inclusive of revenue producinj^ debts (including-
Water Works debt) amountinj^'' to $5,417,016, also Local Improvement debt
(specially rated) $5,035,757, makini»- together $10,452,784. The estimated
value of property owned by the Corporation is over $12,000,000, ami a large
amount of it is revenue producing. This valuation is altogether exclusive o\'
all the public works and services of the city, which have been provitled at a
heavy cost to the taxpayers, and, though not available assets, are required for
m-
KI\G STREKT (WKST FROM VONGK STRKKT), TORONTO.
i
S I
i ^ ' '
liiij
TORONTO STREET, TORONTO.
itlH|)ljl|
public use and convenience. The citN's 3^/^ bonds command a good premium
in the British, Canadian and United States markets, and the next loan will
be issued bearing ^X- The largest item of municipal expenditure at present
is for new civic br'ldings, to cost complete, about $2,200,000.
The lay of the land, with the streams leading to the lake, makes the
drainage problem easy; the water supply of 100 gallons per diem to the
inhabitant, provided by the Corporation, is from the depths of Lake Ontario,
and is very pure and clear. In the 256 miles length of streets there are 247
miles length of w^ater mains, and the revenue from the Water Works, notwith-
standing liberal exemptions to factories, is over $450,000 a year.
118-
The innueiicc of the j^reat lakes moderates the climate, and extremes ot'
temperature are very rare. In a period of more than 50 years the coldest day
known was 26 below, with the average lowest cold 22 above; the hottest dav
was 99, the average, 67 ; the rainfall during the same time was 27 inches, and
the snowfall 69 inches (average) annually. The winters are not so cold as
in some parts farther south, and the summer climate is verv near ideal. Dosr
days are rare. With little rain, and abundant sunshine, excellent dtainage,
abundant water, an invigorating climate, it is not surprising that the mortality
here is very low. The latest figures available make it about 14 to the
thousand of population. The streets for the most [)art are broad and well
kept. They are paved very generally with asphalt, cedar block or stone, and
ood premium
ext loan will
n"e at present
e, makes the
diem to the
.ake Ontario,
there are 247
)rks, notwith-
U8-
ST. GEORGE STREET, TORONTO.
Cci
are aligned with the many handsome business and public structures for which
the city is renowned.
Architecture and Ipj-titutions. — Very imposing', also, are the Ontario
Provincial Parliament Buildings, central in Queen's Park, a brown stone
apitol, 435 by 260 feet, with moresque towers, which cost $1,250,000 ;
Osgoode Hall, the provin-
cial law courts (so-called
after the first Chief Justice
of the Province), with its
classic facade and vaulted
interiors ; and the new
Civic Buildings, the most
pretentious public structure
of the city, if not also in
the Dominion. And highly
creditable, likewise to the
community, are such sub-
stantial edifices as the Ar-
moury, the Central Prison,
the Lunatic Asylum, Mer-
cer Reformatory, Kxposi-
tion Buildings, the Athletic
and Toronto Clubs, and
the Granite and Victoria
Rinks.
Toronto's distinguish-
ing feature is 'ts metropo-
litan aspect ; and this not
alone in the busines-- quar-
ter, along Yonge and King
OKl'lCli AXO WARKUOL'SE OF KICK LEWIS & SO\', r (MITKi:).
wuoLKSALE AND RETAIL HARDWARE, TORO.v ». Streets, and Other busy
i,:^*
OFFICE AND I'
-iin—
retail thorou;^hfares, or
on Front and Welling-
ton Streets, which are
devoted to wholesale
traffic, or even in
Toronto Street, the
Wall Street, so to
speak, of the city, but
in other lights as well.
Its many fine churches
-St. James' especi-
ally, with its noble
cathedral spire 306 feet
high (the tallest in
America), its dials and
its silver chimes, and
the Bond Street group,
Methodist, Congrega-
tional and Roman
Catholic — numerous
educational institutions
of the higher order,
and its broad and
shady avenues of elm
and chestnut, lined
with handsome homes,
some of them reallv
palatial, all contribute
to giv3 it ihe true city
air and type.
JjM'vis, Sherbourne
OFFICE AND PRKMISFS OF THK "GLOBK I'RIXTING CO., LIMFrEO. .j,^J t^t^ Gcor^'^e Streets
TORONTO. < ». w . I j^ V . ,
:i!'!
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t
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i 1
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•
KKMI' MAXLTI 'ACTfRINC. CO., l.ERRARD, RIVKR AND BELL STREETS, TORONTO.
Enaiiiflocl Sheet Metal Ware, Stamped Steel Ware, Steel Kitchen Sinks, Stamped Tin Ware,
HouseliDkl Clomls, (lalvanizers, Copper Cioods, INL'iehine Oilers, etc.
all asphalt paved and boulcvarded, are the fashionable residence streets. The
University of Toronto occupies an iniposino- pile, said to be, by careful judges,
with its tall and massive central tower and elaborate entrance, as fine a speci-
men oi' the pure Norman architecture as there is extant. It has its colleges
of medicine, law, science and letters — the full university organization, in fact.
Affiliated with it are a number of schools and colleges also housed in state ;
Trinit) Universit}', which has its own medical college ; Victoria University,
-120
\{
.^^''''
rORONTO.
Titi Ware,
Streets. The
careful judges,
IS fine a speci-
las its colleges
zation, in fact.
)used in state ;
ia University,
Methodist ; McMaster University, Baptist ; Wycliffe College, Church oi' Hng-
land ; and others. Toronto is the seat also of Upper Canada College, founded
in 1829, a famous Dominion school ; Knox College, Presbyterian ; St. Michael's
Catholic College, and a score or more of other institutions of learning whose
buildings are of more than ordinary proportions and design. The School o(
Practical Science, Presbyterian Ladies' College, Toronto College of Music,
St. Hilda's, the Ontario Veterinary College (the most important school of its
kind in America) among them ; evincing these scholastic institutions of the city,
its social status quite as much as in their architecture, its wealth and pride.
The city under provincial laws has a very superior common school
system. It supports fifty free schools and has solved the much-vexed question
of "separate schools" by allotting part of the school fund for eighteen other
schools, which are taught by the Catholic Christian Brothers, Sisters of St.
Joseph and Ladies of Loretto. The system embraces also a Normal School,
OFFICE AM) FACTORY OF IHK STANDARD SILVER CO., .SI-43 HAYTER STREET, TORONTO,
ONTARIO, MANUFACTURERS OF HIGH GRAPE SILVERWARE
-lao-
I
I
THK HOME OF THK GRIP PRINTING AND PLHLISHING CO., OF TORONTO, LIMITKH, DKSIGNKRS
AND KNGRAVFRS, WHKRK THK FAMOUS GRIP PLATF:S ARK MADK. "GRIP PI.ATF:S
ARK GOOD PLATKS," IT IS KNOWN AS TIIK "SATURDAY NIGHT" BUILDING,
2(5 TO 28 ADKLAIDK STRKKT WKST, TORONTO, CANADA.
P -121-
four high ;
schools and
tion in the
Then
art and sci
cultivation i
conditions i
the statuary
public place
well kept
Horticultura
High Park
" Grenadier
Reservoir Pa
srjrts, til
branches par
a feature of
city. The mi
somely ace
frequently or
of exceeding"
to the man
from the o
the line. 1
ber Industr
the Exposit
tion draws n
visitors also
the delight:
The Exposii
cover more
acres ; they
four high and coliegiate institutions, which are a link between the common
schools and universities, schools for orphans, and a technical school for instruc-
tion in the industrial trades.
There is a free library of 100,000 volumes in the city ; museums of
art and science ; three conservatories of music ; and many other signs of
cultivation in the community. Toronto has evidences also of its metropolitan
conditions and spirit in
the statuary adorning its
public places, and in its
well kept parks like
Horticultural Gardens,
High Park, with its
"Grenadier Pond," and
Reservoir Park. Athletic
srjrts, the aquatic
branches particularly, are
a feature of life in the
city. The military, hand-
somely accoutred and
frequently on parade, are
of exceeding interest also
to the many sojourners
from the other side of
the line. The Septem-
ber Industrial Fair of
the Exposition Associa-
tion draws many country
visitors also in to enjoy
the delights o^: town.
The Exposition grounds
cover more than 100
acres; they contain 100
THE FREEHOLD LOAN AND SAVIMIS CO. S lUILDINf..
TORONTO, ONTARIO.
1 Si-
ll ^1 I
OFFICES AND PRIiMlSFS OF THK COSGRAVK BRKWERV CO. OF TORONTO, LIMITED, TORONTO.
buildings and a grand stand seating 12,000 people. Nearly half a million
visitors in 1898. The population of Toronto is for the most part made up of
English-speaking Canadians, but the Old Country element of English, Irish
and Scotch is also numerous. Americans form a considerable colony ; and the
Germans number several thousand — enough to maintain in flourishing condition
their Liedertafel and other clubs. There are French and French-Canadians,
and Italians also, and a sprinkling from almost every country under the sun.
Commerce and Trade. — Toronto is a big business place — bigger than at
the first glance it would seem. It is a great railroad and shipping centre,
and has a very large jobbing trade, comprising, not domestic traffic alone, but
a very considerable foreign commerce. It has extensive and diversified manu-
factures, and as a money centre, is of no small note.
It counts among its transportation facilities eight water lines, viz. : A
line to Montreal, one to Hamilton, at the western extremity of Lake Ontario ;
-122-
S^*5»3r?*j*^'''^;
MITED, TORONTO.
half a million
art made up of
English, Irish
olony ; and the
hing condition
nch-Canadians,
under the sun.
bigger than at
ipping centre,
affic alone, but
versified manu-
lines, viz. : A
Lake Ontario ;
three across the lake, two of which go to the Canadian and one to the Amer-
ican shore ; and three lines, through railroad connections, on Lakes Superior
and Huron. It has the railroad service of three divisions of the Canadian
Pacific and four of the Grand Trunk lines, the two most important railroad
systems of the Dominion. These afford it, not only transcontinental com-
munication, but routes ramifying the Provinces, and, through their connections,
all the Northern and Western United States.
The foreign trade of the city, according to recent reports of the Board
of Trade, is about $24,000,000 annually, nearly $19,000,000 of which are
imports. Of this import trade $6,000,000, is in dutiable articles from Great
Britain, and $5,000,000 of the same sort of merchandise from the States.
It is liberally provided with the financial sinews of trade. The capital
and surplus of its eight incorporated commercial banks is about $40,000,000,
and of its loan and investment companies, or savings banks, about $22,500,-
000 more. Besides, there are several private banks. It is an insurance head-
quarters also, and the
savings of its people are
largely invested in build-
ing and loan concerns.
The bank clearings,
which may be taken as
an index of the business
done in the city, were
$338,600,000 in 1897.
The banking system of
the Dominion is consid-
ered exceptionally sound,
and free from the defects
of the greater country
which it adjoins. The
ag'g'i'egate of the general
trade of Toronto, in
M. STAUNTON it CO., TORONTO .ONTARIO, WALL PAFKR
MANUFACTURERS. ESTABLISHED IN CANADA 1854,
AND THE PIONEERS OF THIS INDUSTRY.
-122-
WORKS OF MASSEY-HARRIS CO., LIMITED, AT TORONTO AND BRANTFORD ; AND OF THE AFFILL
-123-
if
i
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I
AND OF THE AFFILIATED COMPANIES AT BRANTFORD, HAMILTON AND WOODSTOCK.
-123-
iiil4l
'i-M
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a
THE ROBERT SiMl'SON CO., LIMITED, TORONTO, CANADA (MAIN BLILDING)
LEADING DEPARTMENTS-DRESS GOODS, LINENS, COVES AND HOSIERY, MANTLES AND
MILLINERY, CARPETS AND CURTAINS, CHINAWARE, FANCY
GOODS, JEWKLERY, TOYS, ETC.
"tnri
-124-
■agaeg
groceries and provisions, j>frains, coal, lumber, cattle, dry goods, hardware,
etc., cannot be definitely stated, but it is very large and of infinite variety.
As a manufai'turing place, it is of note as the largest brewing and distilling
centre in Canada, and as a place of very miscellaneous production. Among
the many hundreds of Toronto Victories are iron works, foundries, a rolling
mill, barb wire factory, electrical works, brass works, bicycle shops, smelting
and refining works ; factories making shoddy and woolen goods, lumber and
I
\
ll.DING)
MANTLES AND
OFFICES AND PACKINC. HOUSE OF THK Wir HAM DAVIES COMPANY, LIMITED, TORONTO.
EXPORT BACON CURERS AND PROVISION MERCHANTS.
building finish, elevators, etc.; brick yards, paper mills soap works, tanneries,
flour mills, piano and furniture factories, chemical works, etc. Its water routes
and rail lines afford it a cheap and abundant coal supply, and the lumber,
mineral and farm products of its tributaries, ample store of raw material.
It supplies more, perhaps, than any other city in America, a home
market with home-made products.
-124-
OFFICES AND WORKS OF J. H. FARR & CO., MANUFACTURERS OF FINE
-125-
FACTURERS OF FINE VARNISHES, (J TO 10 MORSE ST., TORONTO.
-125-
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THE HUNTER. ROSE CO., LIMITED.
Bl'SINKSS OFFICE.
The building permits o( ten
y<iars past aggregate values of $2,-
000,000 a year. The post-office
finances balance at about $4,000,000
a year, 73 per cent, of that siwn
money orders. These sums, with
those heretofore given, afford a
gauge of the stature and girth, as it
were, of the place. Toronto sup-
ports, besides the Boairl o\' Trade of nearl)- a thousand
members, represeiuing the best business element of the
city, a Builders' l^xchange and Stock Hxchange. The
proceedings of the last-named body have been enlivened
THE HUNTER. ROSE CO.. MMnEP,
fHE HUNTER, ROSK COMPANY, LIMITED, PRINTING AND
THE HUNTER, ROSE CO. LIMITED, PRESS KOOM.
^^l!^
much of late by the discoveries ot'
precious metals, and development
of the properties containin"" them,
in British Columbia and Western
Ontario, for the business of pro-
moting these enterprises in the Can-
adian West and Northwest, centers
very largely here.
At present there are several
projects on ^oot to connect Toronto
more directly by rail with Georgian
Bay and with the new countiy in
the neighborhood of James Bay.
With these as tributary' districts,
her future must be a i^reat one.
K. KOSE CO.. MMITEO. COMPOSING ROOM. THE HUXTEK. ROSE CO., I.IMITEH. BINDERY.
:D, I'UlNTlXf. .\\n BOOKBINDING ESTABLISHMENT, TORONTO, ONTARIO.
mam
Tin-: TOKO\l\> OKIICKS OV TIIK CANADA LlIK ASSIRAWE COMl'AXV.
-127-
,1 ■!|
A r.ROl'P OK I ANAIMAX CHII.nKKN, TIIIKI) t;KNliKATK>N IN CAVAUA.
-127-
II
;!■.: S
1
<! 'Ml
PLANT OF THE DOMINION' RADIATOR COMPANY, LIMITED, TORONTO, CANAD/
-128-
'^'T-;^ n
L), TORONTO, CANADA, LARGEST RADIATOR MANUFACTURERS UNDER THE BRITISH FLAG.
-128-
r
sole control
enabled to pi
also obtained
a business tl
short space o
cities, shown
A Grovvins^ Business. — Herewith and on the precedinir paj;*"e are shown
views of the headquarters, and five Canadian branch establishments of the
Dominion Radiator Manufacturing- Co., Limited, of Toronto, Canada. This
Company are the makers of the world-famous SaflFord Radiators. The pecu-
liar system of steam joints used in their manufacture is patented, and all the
desig-ns and names o( the products of this Company are reg-istered. Remark-
ably good taste is
shown in the de-
signs and coloring
of the Company's
products. All
tastes in Radiators
are consrdted on
the principle that
what will suit one
buyer ma\- not suit
another. This ac-
counts for a cer-
tain Furopean
country demand-
ing a radiator with
an absolutely plain
surface, while an-
other wants elab-
oratel}' carved and
decorated heaters.
Neither bolts,
lead nor packing
are used in the
Safford Radiator ;
the Conpanv,
CANAOIAN HKANCII WAKKKOOMS AND OIKKKS Ol' TIIK DOMINION KADIATO
throug-h havingthe larukst radiator manliactirkrs inder tm
g -12»-
nvw
sole control oi' the patent Saft'ord nipple and with patenteJ machinery, is
enabled to produce, not only an absolutely perfect joint, but a faced joint is
also obtained. The ist of the Company's as^encies abroad shows how threat
a business this enterprising Toronto concern has secured in the comparatively
short space of twelve \ears. Besides five depots in five other principal Canadian
cities, shown herewith, it has ai^encies in London, Kngfland ; Hdinburjj"h and
Glas^»-ow, Scot-
land ; Auckland,
N. Zealand ; Ant-
werp, Belgium ;
Berlin, Germany,
and Christiania,
Norway.
The Direc-
tors are :— Joseph
Wright, President;
David Carlyle,
John Stark, John
M. Taylor, Chas.
T. Stark. Mr.
John M. Taylor
has been Manager
and Secretary ever
since its establish-
ment, in 1SS7, and
there is every rea-
son to assume that
the enterprise and
growth which have
attended the Com-
pany in the past,
will continue in the
DOMINION RADIATOR COMI'ANV, LIMITKD, TORONTO. CANADA.
CTURKRS UNDER THK BRITISH FLAG. future.
-12H
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I'M
Ill
iiiii
To trace the course of an important industry from its inception must
always be an intensely interesting occupation. In nearly every case it is a
history of patient toil and unremitting watchfulness and attention to the
smallest details, resulting in the greatest success in the end. The Wilkinson
Plough Co., of Toronto, is no exception to this. Commencing in a new
'•«iuntry, forty years ago ; being under the necessity of originating an altogether
new ^*yle of implement to meet the conditions of soil ; gradually expanding
its operations as success attended its efforts, the Company has attained the
enviable position it now occupies, and has given Canada a ''Standard" for
plough building, of which the
Dominion is justly proud.
''li
••'^^*%^»5r
A position such as this
is not gained without a vast
amount of labor, both of hand
and brain. From the rude,
hand-made, unwieldy implement
turned out by a country black-
smith, to the modern, highly
finished plough of to-day, is a
long step. Defects in prin-
ciple, improper material, crude
methods, have all to be over-
come ; and even then, having
suited the conditions of the
soil in his immediate neighborhood, the embryo manufacturer is, as the
demand grows, confronted by entirely new conditions and has, practically, to
cover precisely the same ground again, to find something suitable for his new
customer. By this time, however, he is beginning to be known and his goods
to be In requisition ; he is enabled to devote more time to new plans and to
hire helpers to carry out his ideas. Presently he finds his shop too small for
his operations ; his shipping facilities are not adequate ; and he finds it impera-
tive to remove to some central point, if he means to follow out the business
THE WILKINSON PLOUGH (
i;«)-
m
inception must
•y case it is a
ention to the
The Wilkinson
I'miT in a new
»■ an altogether
ally expanding
IS attained the
Standard " for
he has built up. This step once taken, he is in a good position to enlarge
and extend his business ; and from this point the real enterprise takes its
start. In exactly this manner has the gigantic business of The Wilkinson
Plough Co. been built up. They now pride themselves on having the larj^'est
and best equipped plough factory in Canada. They will allow nothing but
the very best material to be used in the construction of their ploughs, and
none but the most skilful mechanics are occupied in their manufacture. To
the Canadian farmer to-day the phrase, "They last twice as long," as applied
to "Wilkinson" goods, is " F'amiliar in his mouth as household words," and
he knows that when the article
: ^ he buys is stamped with that
name and address, he is assured
of the quality and of value for
his money.
In an agricultural country
like Canada, and in the fore-
going pages, the reader must
have already become aware that
agriculture is the staple indus-
try of this country. It is an
inestimable boon to the fanner
to be able to buy implements
of the very highest class at
home. The farmer's necessity
has created an agricultural implement industry in Canada that ranks, perhaps,
the highest among all her manufactures, so far as capital invested and range
of market is concerned. Canada not only supplies the needs of her own agri-
cultural population in this direction, but her manufacturers are successfully
reaching out for an international market in these products. With the develo))-
ment of her vast mineral wealth, these industries will become more and more
important to her. As will be seen by the accompanying picture, the Wilkin-
son Plough Co.'s premises are very complete and extensive.
WILKINSON PLOUGH CO., LIMITED, TORONTO
er is, as the
practically, to
•le for his new
and his goods
plans and to
too small for
nds it impera-
t the business
130-
mm-mmieraiihAitiTii HiIiVwH
This Company, under the
powers conferred upon it by an
Act of the Parliament of Upper
Canada, passed in the year 1833,
beg-an operations in fire insur-
ance in Canada, with Head
Oilice in the City of Toronto,
and so continued until 1S42,
when it was authorized to trans-
act Inland Marine Insurance a.s
well, its powers being still
further extended in the )'ear
i(S5i to include Ocean Marine
business.
The record of the Company
during its longV^areer (and cov-
ering as it does operations in
all the principal cities and
towns in Canada and the United
States) is one which reflects the
confidence bestowed upon it by
the insuring public ; and some
idea of the steady g^rowth of its
business may be formed from
the fact that its income, which
was less than »$ 12,000 during
Hurrisii A^^•:RICA asslkanck compaw, \\
-131-
>i
the first year of its existence,
exceeded $1,400,000 in 1H97,
while its assets now amount to
$1,500,000.
The building' oc»Jupied by
the Company at the corner of
VV'elIini;ton and Scott Sts., To-
ronto, and which is built of
Ohio white cut stone, was
erected in the year 1877, at a
cost of over $100,000.
The present Boaril of D'w-
ectors is composed of the fol-
lowing gentlemen : — Hon.
George A. Cox, President ;
J. J. Kenny, Vice-President ;
Hon. S. C. Wood, S. F. Mc-
Kinnon, Thomas Long, John
Hoskin, O.C, LL.D., Robert
Jaffray, Augustus Myers, H.
M. Pellatt.
RANGE COMPANY, FORONTO.
i'^f-
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'Phis Ci>nipany, nrs^ani/cil as it was in
1S51, is one ot the oldest ami best known
Canadian Companies doin^" business in the
l")oniinion. Althous^'h its charter empowered
it to transact life insurance, it has confined
its operations to the fire and marine branches.
After becomiuir firmly established in Canada,
the Company, in the xear 1S72, commenced
operations in the United States, and is now
represented in the principal cities and towns
throuj^hout the entire Union. It has also
aij'encies in the British West India Islands,
and more recently opened a branch of the
marine department in Uondon, Engf.
ft^^
WESTERN ASSURANC
-1
S'^
The capital stock o^ the Company is
now $2,000,000, half of which is paid up, ami
the assets exceed $2,300,000. Ii therefore
offers to its policy-holders unqiiestii>nable secur-
ity, 'i'he income o\' the Companx for I lie
year i<S97 was $2,2X0,000, and it has paid in
losses to its policy-holders, since ori,'-anization,
upwards oi $25,300,000.
The directorate is an exceptionally strong
ouQ, and is composed oi the following well-
known gentlemen : — Hon. George A. Cox,
President; J. J. Kenn\, Vice-President; Hon.
S. C. Wood, W. R. Brock, H. N. Baird,
G. R. R. Cockburn, Robert Beaty, George
McMurrich, James Kerr Osborne.
Sd^
WKSTERN ASSURANCE COMPANY, TORONTO.
-132-
One of ihe oldest commercial enterprises in Canada is now known
as the firm oi Buntin, Reid & Co., of Toronto and jNIontreal, paper
manufacturers. The mills of the firm, which are situated at the pretty village
of \'alleyfield, a few miles from Montreal, were purchased by Messrs. James
and Alexander Buntin m 1S57. The two brothers, imbued by the pertinacity
OFFICE AND WAKKHOl'SK 0\- lUNTIN, RFII) & CO., TORONTO.
of the Scot, speedily built up a large business. In 1H61 Mr. James Buntin
died and the remaining brother carried on the work with great success until
his death in 1893. Mr. John Y. Reid, the other partner in the firm,
entered the employ of Buntin Bros, in 1S46, and worked his way up to a
partnersh
has been
Jr., in coi
young m;
officer an
learned t
been thor
tions ha\
improved
of paper
capacity <
_. _.. Tl
they carr
the pape
methods
-133
partnership. He, too, was removed by death earl\' in iSgc;, and the business
has been carried on by the executors o\' the estate, with Mr. Alexander Huntin,
Jr., in control, who, althouoh he took hold of the i,''reat enterprise as a ver\'
young- man, has been most remarkably successful. After a career as a ship's
officer and as a rancher in the west, he went into tlie mills at X'alleyfield antl
learned the practical side oi' paper-makiui^, and thus his management, has
been thoroug-hly systematic. During- the coiu-se of \ears extensions and addi-
tions have been made to the mills, which are now equipped with the most
^
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BUNTIN, REin ^v co.s I'Ai'KR MILLS. \ .\LLi:vi"i I'.LD, ori:Ki:r.
improved machinery and appliances for the production of the various line lines
of paper they manufacture. The mill for the production of wood pulp has a
capacity of 16 tons per day.
Their premises in Toronto are very handsi»me and extensive, ami here
they carry o\\ a very large business in all lines oi stationery. 1 he qualit\- of
the papers they turn out is one of the best evidences oi the progressive
methods of firsi-class Canadian business houses.
\x\
- "TC''^"
A';SK«'^MKN' r "-VSTI"
»*
.,;«'. iir
HE INDEPENDKNT ORDER OF FORESTERS.— A
brief sketch oi " The best fraternal benefit socitty in exist-
ence." — Chief amoni'' the very few fraternal benefit socie-
ties which have made for them-
selves world-wide or even con-
tinental reputations is the Inde-
pendent Order oi Foresters.
The Order was founded on the 17th of June,
1874, at Newark, New Jersey, as a death assess-
ment society. The experience of the first seven
years having" failed to come up to the expectations
of the leaders, the Order was completely reorg'anized
by Dr. Oronhyatekha and his associates in July,
1 88 1, the death assessment plan being abandoned
and the present system of definite paid-in-advance
premiums adopted. As part oi the scheme oi
reorganization, the Supreme Court sought for and
obtainetl incorporation under the general law oi
Ontario, and (he legal status thus secured materi-
ally assisted in the task of rebuilding the Order.
In 1889 application was successfully made to the
Parliament of Canada for a special act of incor-
poration, and the powers then granted were further
enlarged by an amending Act passed in i8g6.
Under the last named Act the Supreme Court is
empowered to issue policies up to $5,000 on any
one life, and is authorized to maintain a deposit
with the Dominion Government, the same as is
required oi the regular insurance companies, as
well as to make annual returns to the Dominion Insurance Department ; and
it is subject to be and has been inspected by the Superintendents of Insurance
for Canada and for the several States in the United States in which the
.1- I }■ I
k\'':\ _ ,i(
"TKMIM.K lU
COR. OK UICHMOXn ANH HAY S
HKAD Ol-FICt: O
IMI
,\^SI'»c^MKN I "-V*>TIM.
!STERS.- — A Order is doing business. When the Supreme Court commenced operations in
iitty in exist- J"ly» 1881, under the new system there were only 369 members on the roll
benefit socie- with not a dollar in the treasury ; and over v$4,ooo of liabilities of the old
organization were assumed by the new. These,
however, were trifles to the determined and en-
thusiastic men who became sponsors for the reor-
ganized Independent Order of Foresters. So
vigorously did they apply themselves to their
undertaking, and so successfully have they worked,
that to-day the Order extends over the whole of
Canada, the major portion of the United States,
c'Jid throughout Great Britain and Ireland, and
has obtained a foothold in Norway, the total
membership being now in the neighborhood o\'
one hundred and fifty thousand ; while, after
paying all management expenses, and benefit
claims amounting in the same time to more than six
million dollars, a reserve fund has been accumu-
lated to the extent of over three million dollars, to
meet future claims and provide for contingencies.
The government of the Order is vested in
the Supreme Court, which is the legislative and
supreme governing body and the final court o\'
appeal ; besides which there are High Courts,
having care of the Order in each Country, Pro-
vince or State, and Subordinate Courts and Com-
panion Courts, located in healthy communities, in
some one of which every person belonging to the
Order must hold membership. There are now
lartment ; and thirty-six High Courts and over four thousand Subordinate Courts and Com-
of Insurance panion Courts in existence. Membership in the Order is open to both sexes
in which the on equal terms, but in entirely distinct and separate courts, called Subordinate
-131 • - ... - -;.„':
"TKMPLK lU'lLDlNG, "
lmimoxn and hay strf.kts, toronto, canada.
hi:ai) office of tiik i.o.f.
Courts (for the males) and Companion Courts (for the females). The benefits
furnished by the Supreme Court, in addition to the social and fraternal privi-
leo-es oi' the Order, free medical attendance, etc., provided by most courts,
consist of (a) A Sick Benefit of $3 a week for the first two weeks and $5
a week for the next ten weeks of any
illness, and under certain circumstances,
as provided for in the Constitution and
Laws, $3 a week for twelve additional
weeks; (b) A Funeral Benefit of $50 ;
(c) A Total and Permanent Disability
Benefit equal to one-half the face value
of the Mortuary Certificate held by
the member, with exemption from the
payment of assessments ; (d) A Mor-
tuary Benefit of $500, $1,000, $2,000,
$3,000, $4,000 or $5,000 ; (e) Exemp-
tion from paying- Mortuary premiums
after the seventieth year of age ; (f)
An Old Acre Disability Benefit of $50,
**>ioo, $200, $300, $400 or $500 a year
for ten years from the date that a
member of seventy years oi' age or
upward has been adjudged to be totally
and permanentl)- disabled by the infir-
crirned.
Temple (i
Bay Stree
London,
mi ties
of age.
or, as an alternative,
(g) An Old Age Pension, graded in
amount according to the Mortuar\-
Benefit held and the date of being
declared disabled, payable annually until
death, when (h) A Burial Benefit of $100 insures decent interment. The cost
to join the Order ranges from $4.00 to 10.00 and upwards, according to age
and amount of protection required ; and the subsequent expense "111 "-ange
from $12 a year upward, according- to age at entry and am^i >; of hi,;pv!:'.s
PRIVATE OFl'lCIi Ol' DR. OKO.NH VATliKHA, SUPR
Que. ; Jol
A. Collins
M.R.C.S.
Stevenson
fits
ivi-
rts,
$5
■!!'s
earned. The Head Office ot the Supreme Court is located in the magnificent
Temple (illustrated on the opposite page) at the corner of Richmond and
Bay Streets, Toronto. Branch offices are maintained at 24 Charing Cross,
London, England, for Europe ; at 6436 Kimbark Avenue, Chicago, for the
United States ; and at 806 Market
_ Street, San Francisco, for the Pacific
Coast.
The unexampled prosperity and
growth of the I.O.F. are due to the
fact that its foundations have been laid
ou a Solid Financial Basis, and that
every department has been managed on
business principles, thereby securing for
all Foresters large and varied benefits
at the lowest possible cost consistent
with safety and permanence.
The Executive Council, which
manages the business of the Order in
the interim of Supreme Court sessions,
consists of seven members who are
elected triennially. The following per-
sons now constitute the F!!\ocutive
Council : Oronhyatekha, M.D., J. P.,
Supreme Chief Ranger, Toroiito, On-
tario ; Hov. Judge Weut'erburn, Past
Supreme Chief Ranger, Hampton,
N.B. ; Victor Morin, B.A., LL.B.,
Supreme Vice-Chief Ranger, Montreal,
One.; John A. McGillivray, O.C., Supreme Secretary, Toronto, Ontario; H.
A. Collins, Supreme Treasin-er, Toronto, Ontario; Thomas Millman, M.D.,
M.R.C.S., England, Supreme Physician, Toronto, Ontario ; Hon. F. G.
Stevenson, Supreme Counsellor, Detroit, Michigan.
ONHVATliKHA, SUI'REME (HIKK RANGER.
:ost
age
no'e
i:tt
■ '!;>
1>I'1U K AM) WOUKS Ol" Till': C.ENDROX MANUI \C
Thi HoiiU' of Ihi' Celebrate (.1 CloiKlron Hifyili-. Made Co staiul the mo^\ exaetinp erilii '"-'ii. FroTii Oeean to Oc<
_ ^ Also ihe l.'iixesi makers ii) the Dominion of ChiUIrt
GKNDKON MANUFACTURrXG CO., LIMITED, TORONTO, (. ANADA.
111. Krom Oi'oan lo Oc< an " (ifpilron Silvt-r Wluu'l " is synonvnunis with all tliat is fiaiidsonie, roliablo aiid ineciiatiiL-ally corroil.
I llie Dominion of ChiidrtMi's X'l'iiii «^, Rt^fd ami Rattan l-'iirniture.
The City of Hamilton ^^e^e^
^HE CITY OF HAMILTON, ONTARIO, familiarly known
as the Birming-Jiam of Canada, occupies an area of
3990 acres, and is situated upon a plane which rises
gradually from the shore of Hamilton Bay, a beau-
tiful land-locked harbor at
the western end of Lake
Ontario, to the base of the
Niagara Escarpment, the
height over which the
waters of the mighty Nia-
gara plunge at the Falls, 4; miles to the east
of the city. From the summit of this ridge a mag-
nificent view is to be had — the City lies immediately
below, the squares in the centre are distinct as a
chessboard, and the foliage of the majestic maples,
of which its streets are lined, make a veritable flower
garden. At one's feet, extending from Beasley's
Hollow in the west to the delta in the east, a dis-
tance of nearly five miles, and in width, from the
mountain to the bay, about two miles, lies the beau-
tiful city, with its wide, regularly laid out and well-
paved streets, its fine churches, residences and public
buildings, and its wealth of beautiful shade trees ;
to the north are the clear waters of the beautiful
bay, with the green banks of Oaklands and the blue
heights of Flamboro Head for a background ; to the
west is a bird's-eye view of the beautiful valley and
town of Dundas, nestling among its surrounding tall
and forest-covered heights. Turning^^jthe eyes to the
R
north you
while separ
sunlight lik
resort. It
bay from sli
only by tht
going vess(
upon one
CITY HALL. HAMILTON.
-137-
B9
III
•I'll
north you look over the bay to the bhie and placid waters of Lake Ontario,
while separatinj^r bay and lake is the beach, ^iistenin.^- and gleaming in the
sunlight like a ribbon of burnished gold. This is Hamilton's favorite summer
resort. It is about five miles long and stretches across the eastern end of the
bay from shore to shore. It has an average width of ,300 feet and is intersected
only by the Hamilton Canal, which affords an entrance for the largest lake-
going vessels. The Hamilton and North-Western Railway crosses this canal
upon one of the largest and most substantial suing bridges in Canada, it
being 375 feet in length ; and the Hamilton Radial
Electric Railway upon another ; this also affords
means of passage to vehicles and foot-passengers.
To the east we have a panoramic view seldom
met with of fields of green and gold, like a tessel-
ated pavement, broken here and there by tracts of
woodland, and in the distance the blue waters of
Lake Ontario form a fitting frame for so beautiful a
picture. At the western end of the bay is another
canal and the picturesque Burlington Heights.
It is not our intention to note in detail the
gradual development of the city since its incorpora-
tion in the year 1847, but rather to give the reader
some adequate idea of what the city is to-day as a
manufacturing, commercial and educational centre,
and as a desirable place for the safe and profitable
investment of capital and a delightful place to live
in. The city has always been noted for its mild
and even climate, the cleanliness of its streets, its
drainage system being almost perfect.
The Water Works system is owned and oper-
ated by the Municipality and quite a Karge revenue
is derived from this source. The pumping stations
lAl-L, HAMILTON.
-137-
'I ,ili^
!^
iiil
GORE I'ARK, LOOKING KASTKRLY FI
- KtS
JOKING KASTKRLY FROM JAMES STREKT. HAMILTON.
- 138--
inn
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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Hiotographic
Sciences
CorporatiGn
33 WIST MAIN STRf IT
WnSTSR.N.Y. 14SM>
(71«)t73-4S03
^
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and filtering basins are at the beach — two reservoirs are situated on the moun-
tain side all water is filtered through sand. The pumping capacity of the
works is 13,000,000 imp. gals, per 24 nours. There is laid throughout the city
99 miles of water mains, and the total cost of the system was $1,720,004.40.
For the amusement and recreation of the citizens there are nine ciiy parks,
containing in all 52 acres.
In facilities for acquiring an education, the City oi Hamilton stands in
the front rank. The public schools are numerous, well built and comfortable.
There are thirteen
5] schools of eight or
more rooms, all of
brick or stone, and
almost as many small
schools in the more
outlying sections.
There are about 7,500
children in r.ttendance,
under the instruction
of 180 teachers, the
whole under the super-
vision of the Public
School Inspector. The
public school course
extends over seven
years
from Kinder-
POST OFFICE, HAMILTON.
garten to the Colleg-
iate Institute. In all
the 13 larger schools,
from the Kindergarten
class for children from
■^ 5 to 6 years of age,
the pupils pass through
a regular g
to the Colli
divided for
the subjects
typewriting,
these classe
100 words
50 volumes
reading by
that many
teachers of
be appointe
and afterwc
placed the
-13»-
COURT HOUSE, HAMILTON.
a regular grade to the public school leaving, or taking the entrance examination
to the Collegiate Institute. In each of the six districts in which the city is
divided for school purposes, there is a commercial class in which is taught all
the subjects necessary for entering commercial life — book-keeping, shorthand,
typewriting, commercial law and commercial forms. To show the excellence of
these classes it needs only to be said that the standard speed in shorthand is
lOO words per minute. Every class-room is provided with a library of about
50 volumes of literature, science, history and geography, for supplementary
reading by the teacher and pupils, and these libraries are so generally used
that many of the books have to be replaced every two or three years. The
teachers of the public schools receive special t'-aining — any person wishing to
be appointed to a class must attend the City Model School for a full year,
and afterwards be placed on the probation list for six months. That this has
placed the public schools of Hamilton in the front rank, is shown by the
m
i.'i; I 1^'
iii
'"if"
m
^;''i
-18&-
■m
!. M'
ONTARIO NORMAL COLLEGE AND COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, HAMILTON.
fart that it was particularly the Hamilton exhibit at the World's P'air in Chi-
cago which called forth the praise of the British educational representative,
Sir Richard Webster. For higher education provision is made in the Col-
legiate Institute where those who desire to go farther than the Public Schools
are prepared for matriculation into the Universities or the professions. Manj^
of the students, however, attend solely for the advantages of a broader educa-
tion. The staff is composed of 17 teachers, most of whom are specialists in
their departments. The average attendance for some years has been over 500.
The new building (illustration of v/hich appears in this work) is the finest
school of its kind in Canada. In fact, there may be larger, but there is not
one better equipped in America. It is fitted with all modern appliances — the
chemical and physical laboratories are especially well provided for experiments
and other individual work. Th^ Assembly Hall, on the third story, has a
HILTON.
d's F'air in Chi-
representative,
ide in the Col-
Public Schools
essions. Man)'
broader educa-
re specialists in
been over 500.
k) is the finest
:)ut there is not
appliances — the
for experiments
•d story, has a
seating capacity of 1,200. One wing of the Collegiate Institute is occupied
by .he Ontario Normal College, the Government training school for first-class
Provincial teachers and High School assistants. The students in training, to
the number of 180, are instructed in psychology, the science of history and
education, by the Principal, Dr. McLciiHan, whose fame as an educationist
is not confined to Canada alone. The lectures on the method of teaching are
given by the department masters of the Collegiate Institute, while pnictical
work is afforded by the classes in the Public Schools and the Collegiate Insti-
tute. The whole system of education in the city is under the care of a Board
of Trustees, composed of men of high views in educational matters, and this
in itself is a guarantee that any change made will be for the better. There
is also a number of other schccis regulated and conducted on much the same
principle as those previously noted, by a Separate Board, elected by the
Roman Catholic population of the city for the purpose of educating their chil-
dren. These schools also send a large number of pupils to the Collegiate
Institute and Normal College. It will be seen from this brief description of
\'
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y& M
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iki
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rri;'ii;iuihiNiMi'jli
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A
CITY HOSPITAL, HAMILTON.
140-
MARKET F'LACK. HAMILTON.
the educational system that it is no empty boast when Hamilton lays claim to
a position in the front rank, in so far as the education of its children is
concerned.
The city also possesses about the finest Public Library in the Dominion,
located in a magnificent building- centrally situated and open to all free. It
is owe of the chief features of interest in the city. Under the same roof a
very successful Art School is conducted, in which are tauo^ht the rudiments
and higher branches of mechanical and artistic drawing.
The City Hospital (illustration of which appears in this work) occupies
about four acres of ground. This is the only instituticm of its kind in Canada
that is under the control and supported entirely by the municipality. The public
wards are free to citizens who, through force of circumstances, are placed in
such a po
a position
small sum
The
establishm
nurses— -th
time of pr
and fall o:
Lee
visiting j
Superinter
hygiene, r
-141-
such a position as to require medical care and attention, and who are not in
a position to pay for it. There are semi-private and private wards for which
small sums are charged.
There has been a training school for nurses in connection with the
establishment for the past nine years and has at the present time 26 pupil
nurses — the course of training is over three years with yearly examinations. The
time of probation is one month, the probationers being accepted in the spring
and fall of each year.
Lectures are also given throughout the course by members of the
visiting staff of physicians, the Medical Superintendent and the Lady
Superintendent of Nurses on the following subjects : Anatomy; physiology,
hygiene, materia-medica, medicine, surgery, midwifery, gynaecology, dietetics,
I
ROYAL CANADIAN YACHT CLUB, HAMILTON IMERS.
-141-
'^'1
:t::f!l
OFFICES AXD^FREMISES OF HAMILTON DISTILLERY CO., LIMITED, HAMIl/lON.
diseases of children, massag-e and bandaging". The internal manag'ement is
under control of the Medical Superintendent, Dr. J. W. Edgar. The super-
vision of the entire institution is under the ""uidin"' hand of a bodv of seven
responsible citizens who constitute the Board of Hospital Governors. Within
the past few years many improvements have been made and the institution is
in such a perfect condition at the present time as to make it one of the best,
if not the best, institution of its kind in the country. The city also owns
and supports a House of Refuge which is a magnificent building situated
upon the bay shore, and a great many old and indigent people of both sexes
are taken care of and provided for, who otherwise would be thrown upon the
cold charity of the world at large.
The City of Hamilton is fast becoming the centre of a widespread and
magnificent system of radial railways. The Hamilton and Dundas Street
Railway reaches out to the town of Dundas about five miles to the west. The
Hamilton, Grimsby & Beamsville Elecii' Railway travels to the east through
142
m *
W-^
lAMlL'lON.
nanapfement is
The super-
body of seven
nors. Within
! institution is
e of the best,
:ity also owns
Idingf situated
of both sexes
own upon the
idespread and
)undas Street
le west. The
east through
a country that for years has been known as the fruit garden of Canada to
Grimsby and Beamsville, a distance of 23 miles. People from all parts of
the world have come to visit this place and view the great garden in aP its
glory. Nearly $1,000,000 worth of fruit is annually shipped from this placci
a great portion of it passing through the City of Hamilton. The Hamilton
Radial Electric Railway leaving Hamilton by the north-east and skirting the
bay shore until the beach is reached, then crossing the beach and passing
between handsome villa residences that have been erected by the citizens oi
Hamilton along the entire length of the beach, having its present terminus
in the pretty little village of Burlington, 10 miles from the City of Hamilton.
'I'here is also within the City of Hamilton 19 miles of street railway tracks.
AH these roads are operated by electricity.
OFFICE AND WORKS OF HAMILTON COTTON CO., HAMILTON.
Establiyilied 1880. Manufacturers of Cottonades, Denims, White and Colored Yarns of all descriptions.
Twine, Cordage and Webbings,
-142
wealth, and
sented. Ht
saving" devic
the metal, v\
clothing, etc
vegetables a
peculiar to t
interest has
country and
The only sn
of Hamilton
in operation
within a ver
OFFICES AND WORKS OF THE GURNEY-TILDEN CO., LIMITED, HAMILTON.
IRON FOUNDERS. WORKS ESTABLISHED 1843. INCORPORATED 1893.
No Other Canadian city has won for itself the industrial celebrit}' that
Hamilton has obtained, so often called the Birmingham of Canada, and
though comparison with the world's great workshops in the English Midlands
is presumptuous, it is not altogether unwarranted. A place within the memory
of living men, transformed from the wilds of a forest, can necessarily but in
few things be compared with Birmingham. On one point, however, such a
comparison may not be unseemly. Hamilton resembles the older and larger
hive of industry in her thrifty application of skill and capital to widely diver-
sified industrial operations. This has been her distinguishing characteristic
for the last generation. Within that period 227 manufacturing establishments,
on a scale and with equipments in keeping with the latest demands for cheap
and efficient productions, have successively sprung up within her limits. Her
increasing workshops have steadily added to her population and in^. eased her
OFFICE /
U3—
Jl 1
'^:||
wealth, ami scarcely an imjK riant branch o( incliistr} is left altogether unrepre-
sented. Her factories, equipped with modern machinery and the latest labor-
saving devices to minimize the cost o( production, maintain a daily output of
the metal, wood and leather industries, and textile fabrics, ij^lassware, pottery,
clothing, etc. The curing and packing of meats and canning oi' fruits and
vegetables are also carried on in accordaiKX' with the advantageous methods
peculiar to the Western side of the Atlantic. Within the past few years great
interest has been taken in the development of the mineral resources of the
country and particidarly of Northern Ontario, where iron ore is very abundant.
The oiily smelter for this product, situated in Ontario to-day, is in the City
of Hamilton, where a plant upon a very extensive and modern plan has been
in operation for some time with a daily capacity of 200 tons, and it is possible
within a very short time that there will be in connection with these works a
'^0
''■ii
OFFIC?: ANr3 WAREHOUSE OF LONG & BISHV, WOOL DEALERS AND COMMISSION
MERCHANTS. HAMH^TON.
1 • 'J'ii
i^^
- U3-
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OFFICES AND PREMISES OF THE GRANT-LOTTRIDGE BREWING CO., LIMITED, HAMILTON.
Steel plant upon an exceedingly large scale. Hamilton also contains two large
rolling mills, a large number of stove and other foundries and many machine
shops, and is recognized to-day as the centre of the iron industry in the
Dominion. No city in the Province commands the railway and shipping
facilities which the City of Hamilton possesses. Her geographical position
at the head of Lake Ontario, gives direct communication with Montreal
without the expense and delay entailed in passing through the Welland Canal,
and her railway connections are most complete, consisting of the Grand Trunk
System (Southern and Northern and North Western Division) ; Toronto,
Hamilton & Buffalo ; Canada Pacific ; Michigan Central ; New York Central ;
and the Lehigh Valley over Grand Trunk tracks. Hamilton within the past
year has solved a problem which will be of great interest and profit to manu-
facturers, namely : The transmission of electricity for a great distance and at
a high voltage, for power purposes. Three years ago local capitalists interested
themselves in the formation of a company for the generation of electrical
-144-
m.
"^*
energy to be transmitted to the City oi Hamilton from Decew's Falls, 35
miles distant. Many prejudices had to be overcome and many seemingly
insurmountable obstacles had to be brushed aside, and when it is taken into
consideration that up to the present time neither in Europe nor America had
electricity been transmitted higher than 10,000 volts, and this Company found
that it was necessary that the pressure be 20,000 volts or over, so that the
cost of the conductor would be within the limits set, to allow The Cataract
Power Company to undertake the development of the enterprise, some of the
difficulties can be imagined. The work has been successful, and the streets
of Hamilton are lighted and power supplied to a great many of her factories
by electricity generated 35 miles distant. The plant has been in practical
operation for several months and has thoroughly demonstrated the success of
D, HAMILTON.
lins two large
nany machine
dustry in the
and shipping
hical position
ith Montreal
/^elland Canal,
Grand Trunk
n) ; Toronto,
fork Central ;
ithin the past
"ofit to manu-
stance and at
lists interested
1 of electrical
-144-
THE HAMILTON BRASS MANUFACTURING CO., LIMITED, HAMILTON.
MANUFACTURERS OF THE HAMILTON AND NATIONAL CASH REGISTERS.
electrical transmission at this high voltage for a long distance. Hamilton
being situated at the western end of the Niagara Peninsula it is the market
place of very large surrounding territory, and it has without doubt the largest
and best market place in the Dominion. It would be utterly impossible to
give a word picture that would give an idea of its beauty, its size and the
amount of business that is transacted upon it. A better general idea will be
given by the two photographs which appear
in this work.
Another institution which the citizens
of Hamilton are justly proud of is their
splendid fire department under their ener-
getic and efficient chief engineer, Alex. W.
Aitchison. The department has reached a
state ot effectiveness that borders on abso-
lute perfection and its performances in some
directions have gained for it a continental
fame. There are three fire stations in the
central portion of the city and four others
in the outlying districts, so situaied as to
be able to arrive at the scene of conflagra-
tion within a few minutes after the alarm
has been given. Alarms are sent through
a system of electric boxes and also through
the Gamewell Police Call System, the sta-
tions of which are scattered all over the
city, and a great many calls coming in
over the Bell Telephone System. The
department consists of 45 men, and their stations are al] equipped with the
latest and m.ost approved fire fighting apparatus. A police force of 50 men
is found ample to preserve the peace. This is under the command of Alex.
Smith, Chief Constable. In the year 1845 a Poard of Trade was established
in Hamilton. That body since its inception has exercised a salutary influence
S -145-
over the n
promote t
the resour
an interest
some hav(
We can no
HliAU OFFICKS FEDKRAL LIFE ASSURANCE C
Amount Assured, $11,000,000. Capital and Asst
JAME-^ H, BEATTV, President.
DAVID
houses nes
chimtieys
required n
it will be
to the As
i
ton
ket
'■est
; to
the
be
over the mercantile affairs of the city and it has always been on the alert to
promote the construction of railways, canals and other works for opening up
the resources and trade of the country. The list of Hamilton merchants is
an interesting- one, several standing- in the front rank of Canadian trade, and
some have won more than a Canadian reputation for their public spirit.
We cannot close this article more fittingly than by quoting an extract from
the pen of one who has travelled in many
lands and seen many phases of life ; we
refer to an article by the Countess of
Aberdeen entitled "Through Canada with
a Kodak," and published in a paper called
"Onward and Upward."
The town lies on a gentle rising
slope round the head of a beautiful bay,
and nestles under a s^eep ridge, which
stretches miles and miles away to the
heights of Niagara^ Here it shelteringly
protects the town, which fondly acknow-
ledges its sway, and which demands from
all strangers and newcomers a true tribute
of loyal admiration for the mountain.
Well, climb up this mountain (almos*^
on the side of which r>tands Highfield), in
the cool of an early September evening, and
see the town spreading itself out east and
west before you, wide and well kept streets,
trim lawns as green as those in England,
houses nestling amongst trees, handsome buildings, church spires and factory
chimneys competing foi ^.re-eminence. Should any further information be
required v i any of the readers of this brief article upon the City of Hamilton
it will be forwarded to them if they will kindly address their communication
to the Assessment Commissioner of the city, Mr. John T. Hall.
L LIFE ASSURANCE CO., HAMILTON,
o.ooo. Capital and Assets, $1,500,000.
DAVID DEXTER, Managlnjf Director.
the
nen
lex.
hed
nee
i ■
Wk
jfUHH
'ISfflH
''1
I'lffl
\
-145-
i
i
1
? ^
:i
lii!
II
1
1
H
^^BfjT .
HALF-CENTURY
RECORD. - In a
trip around the world
the traveller would
find very few coun-
tries whose banking
and insurance insti-
tutions were on a
sounder basis than
those of Canada, and among life insur-
ance companies of the Dominion none
have a longer, more interesting or more
honorable record than that of the oldest
and largest Company, viz., the Canada
Life Assurance Company.
Its Origin. — The Canada Life was
founded in 1847, and has for over half a
century conducted a successful business,
having its head office in the city of Ham-
ilton, Ontario. It was the first Canadian
life insurance company founded, and in its
early years experienced opposition from
British companies which then occupied
the field, and prejudice on the part of the
people of Canada, who had not then much
confidence in the stability of their own
institutions. Consequently ^he Company
had to struggle on with many difficulties
which are now rarely met with. Among
these may be mentioned the fact that rail-
ways were almost unknown, telegraphic
HEAD OFFICE OF THE CANADA
iU
:E Ol' THE CANADA LIFE ASSURANCE CO., HAMILTON.
-116-
comniunic^tion was almost unheard of,
and the population was small and scat-
tered, and the people had little knowledge
of the principles and the necessity of life
insurance. But by patience and persever-
ance the Company grew steadily and
surely, a^ will be seen.
Its Principles. — The founders of the
Company established it on sound founda-
tion principles, which have been found to
stand the test of half a century. Adopt-
ing the time-tried and approved plans of
British Companies, the Canada Life has
been spared the misfortune of experiment-
ing with visionary and deceptive schemes
of insurance. As a result of the adoption
and continuation of sound insurance prin-
ciples, the Company has among its insured
many thousands of persons thoroughly
satisfied with the Company's management
and record. Not only has the Company
avoided unsound and deceptive plans of
insurance, but it has been managed with a
singular degree of economy, and its repu-
tation in this respect is almost world-wide.
Its Profits. — It is, perhaps, not
too much to say that no other Company
in America has a more satisfactory and
honorable record in the matter of profits
paid to policyholders. While the Com-
pany has a subscribed capital of a million
dollars, with $125,000 paid thereon, its
policyholders are guaranteed at least 90 per
cent, of all profit earnings, and as a inntter of
fact at last division of profits, the policyholders
received 95 per cent, of the quinquennial profits,
and the stockholders only 5 per cent., so that
with the guarantee of a capital stock the policy-
holders virtually enjoy the privilege of receiving
almost all the surplus. As a result, few if any
companies can boas.t of having so many policy-
holders who are so well satisfied with the large
profits paid them from time to time. It may
be mentioned that the bonus addition profits
distributed by the Company have averaged over
$20.00 per year per $1,000 of assurance, and
for about a quarter of a century the bonus addi-
tions averaged $25.00 per year.
Its Progress. — The progress of the Com-
pany is well shown by the study of the table in
centre of page, from which it will be seen that
at the end of 1897 it had assets of over $18,-
000,000 and insurance in force of over $72,-
000,000, while its annual income was about
$3,000,000.
Its Buildings. — Visitors to the cities of
Montreal, Toronto and Hamilton will be struck
with the excellence of the Company's buildings
in these three cities. These large buildings are
partly occupied by the Company, and while
evidences of its stability, they are also an
attraction to the cities in which they are erected.
Its Mortality Experience. — In 1895 ^he
Canada Life gave to the public the results of
Date.
1847
Assurances in
Force — (Gross).
Annual Income
(Gross).
1850
$ 814,903
$ 27,338
1855
2,349»6o9
83,908
1S60
3» 365*407
133,446
1865
4,013,268
141,968
1870
6,404,437
273,728
1875
i3»430i037
582,735
1880
21,547.759
835,856
1885
34,890,890
1,336,681
1890
54,086,801
2,093,881
1894
66,807,397
2,661,985
J897
72,7Jy,555
2,953,273
PROGRFSS OF THE COMPAXV FROM 1847
-147-
Annual Income
(Gross).
Total Assets.
$ 27,338
$ 41,973
83,908
217,758
133.446
664,627
141,968
717,379
273,728
1,090,098
582,735
2,412,362
835,856
4,297,852
1,336,681
7,044,944
2,093,881
11,032,440
2,661,985
15,607,723
2,953,273
18,678,915
COMPAXY FROM 1847 TO 1897.
an elaborate investigation of its mortality ex-
perience from its origin in 1847 up to the year
1893. This was the first investigation of its
kind undertaken in Canada, and its publication
and free distribution by the Company has been
of material service in clearing the country from
the false teachings which had for several years
been disseminated. The highly favorable Mor-
tality Experience of the Company demonstrated
the great care exercised in the selection of risks,
and also the fact that Canada is an exceedingly
healthy country in which to live.
Its Present Position. — By reason of its
age, its size, its economy of management, its
profit record, the Canada Life to-day occupies a
unique place among Canadian life insurance
companies. It is not too much to say that in
the above respects it occupies first place.
Directors.
A. G. Ramsay, F.I. A., Pres., Hamilton.
F. W. Gates, Vice-Pres., Hamilton.
N. Merritt, Toronto.
Adam Brown, Hamilton.
Sir George Burton, Toronto.
Senator Machines, Hamilton.
B. E. Walker, Toronto.
J no. Hoskin, LL. D., Toronto.
The Very Rev. G. M. Innes, London.
Alex. Bruce, Q.C., Hamilton.
Hon. Geo. A. Cox, Toronto.
J. W. Flavelle, Toronto.
Z. A. Lash, Q.C., Toronto.
Wm. Gibson, M.P., Beamsville.
-U7-
f;>S
It
■i will
1 1 .1
The City of London e^^e^
HE g^reat metropolis of the world has in
Western Ontario a thriving namesake,
situated as it is on a river named the
Thames. In 1826 it was laid out as a
court town and administrative centre by
the paternal government then enjoyed by
the Dominion, and was chosen for its
position at the forks of the River Thames, the chief water-
way of the western peninsula of the Province of Ontario,
one of the richest agricultural sections in the whole world.
It grew steadily and now boasts a population close on ^0,000.
It has good railroad connections with all points east and
THE TECUMSEH HOUSE, LONDON, C. W. DAVIS, PROPRIETOR.
west between
west to the A
daily than fro
fertile portion
polis. Its pu
agricultural pi
r^
v. TORONTO. ' ifS^
the centre of
of oil and sal
just being ta
manufactures
west of Toror
creameries. ^
west between Montreal and Chicago, and is also a point of importance in the routes from the
west to the American cities of the Atlantic Coast. More trains arrive and depart from London
daily than from any other point in the Dominion of Canada. The whole area of the most
fertile portion of Ontario is tributary to this city as its commercial and manufacturing metro-
polis. Its public market place is one of the finest and busiest the world over. All classes of
agricultural produce have their mart there, and because of its grain output, London has been
LAB/m!^:««iH<6l^;^t6NB8!».4l^-
the centre of a great brewing industry and sends its ales all over the world. The production
of oil and salt is also carried on to a very large extent in the district, while tobacco culture is
just being taken up on a large scale in its vicinity. The great number and variety of its
manufactures assures for London a constant growth. Of all the counties in the fertile section
west of Toronto, Middlesex stands second both in the number of its cheese factories and of its
creameries. With public and charitable institutions the city is richly equipped.
-148 --
Esrsi
The City of Ottawa ^^^^
TTAWA, the capitab city of the Dominion of Canada, is
situated at the confluence of the river from which it is
named with Rideau and Gatineau Rivers. It sprang-
up in 1826 when the Rideau Canal was commenced,
and for nearly 30 years bore the name of Bytown,
which commemorated Lt.-Col. By, the engineer in
charge of that work. In 1854, when the necessity of
obtaining some capital for the united Provinces oi
^^4Ei^5S^- Upper and Lower Canada arose, Bytown was chosen
as the site by Queen Victoria, the arbiter of the claims of the rival Provinces.
It had the advantage of being adjacent to Lower Canada (or what is now the
Province of Quebec) and was at the same time distant from the frontier and
not likely to be threatened in time of
war. In 1867, on the federati ui of all
the Provinces, Ottawa, as it had been
newly named, remained the capital.
The following figures show the
rapid growth of the city : Incorporated
as a town the population of Bytown
was 5,000; 1854, 10,000; 1861, 14,669;
1871, 21,545; 1881, 31,307; 1891, 44,-
154; 1892, 50,000; 1898, 56,000. The
present assessment is $23,679,000. With
the addition of the suburb of Hull, on
the Quebec side of the river, the popu-
lation is close on 70,000.. The front
portions of the city stand on a succes-
sion of bluff's, and when viewed from
the river are seen to great advantage. the russell house, Ottawa, f.
-U9
From the 1
witnessed s
in all the \
surrounding
bank of wh
on the cont
cottages bit
stretching
Hills. Bel
every ucscri
of lumber,
further up
themselves
many miles
Otta\
A _■
i
......»„
li.. W- "1 •Ifi
^!;is.jiBBg:^ii«__i
I^B*^i '*","*'; •
fji J:'g'tj
1 SI !• .. <«► "S-
^p-qm
f>"S^'^'^
s
.M>mfum
•^■■^»-
~z
m
^^^^^^^^^^gg^H^^B
(iniitimii'ii' NB
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n
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Wl^-'^€^^^^
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^ ■ssf^^^^aiP^'^
^k
i- ii^''^'
X. ST. jAcgui
IS
is
d,
n,
in
of
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en
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he
lid
From the high cliffs, on which its noblest buildings have been erected, can be
witnessed scenes of natural beauty unsurpassed by any on the continent ; rich
in all the varied charms of mountain, river and forest, and enhanced by the
surrounding triumphs of architectural skill. The River Ottawa, on the southern
bank of which the capital stands, ranks as the largest of the third class rivers
on the continent ; on the opposite bank lies the City of Hull, its more distant
cottages blending with farm and forest, while at the back of the whole scene,
stretching out interminably to either hand, loom up the dark Laurentian
Hills. Below, the river's surface is dotted with s )amboats and small craft of
every description. Covering the low-lying shores to the west are huge piles
of lumber, which tell of the chief industry of that portion of the capital, and
further up the stream can be seen the boiling masses of water as they hurl
themselves over the Chaudiere F'alls. To the east the river can be seen for
many miles wending its way through field and forest towards the ocean.
Ottawa is divided by the Rideau Canal running through it, and is laid
out in wide, regular and uniform streets,
which are planted with shade trees and
provided with drinking fountains. Its
geographical location, when compared
with other cities, makes Ottawa one of
the most easily accessible cities from all
points of Canada, and with its seven
railroads and many steamboat facilities
possesses more and better forwarding
capabilities than any of its inland
sister cities.
It has an advanced waterworks
system of absolutely pure water, fine
electric light and gas plants, a fine
electric railway service, and the best of
drainage systems.
WA, F. X. ST. JACgUES, I'ROI'RIETOK.
140 -
m
yT1-"Wiii riiiiiiim»*»ii»i
IBi'
1 sii , ,
I
>|l
PARLIAMENT AND DEPART»\
-li
m
^MENT AND DEPARTMENTAL BUILDINGS, QUEBEC.
-15»-
THE PROVINCE 01
"V^/»'
mmmm
HK PROVINX^H OF QUEBEC is not only the oldest, but
t^'-eoo-raphically the most important, and historically the most
interesting of all the Pro-
vinces of the Canadian Con-
federation. It is alike the
cradle of the Dominion, the
starting-point of its wonderful development,
the fountain-head of its great railway, trade
and shipping interests, and the gatewa)-, so
to speak, which opens the way to its very
heart, and through which is ceaselessly
poured the ever rising flood of the rich
commerce of half a continent, under the
protection of the British flag and the benign
influence of responsible government, accord-
ing to the British constitutional system.
Indeed, the vastness of its territorial
extent, the immei ty, variety, importance of
its natural resources, and the commanding
character of its position at the head of
oceanic navigation, coupled with the vigor
of its population and the stability of its
institutions, all combine to make it one of the two leading Provinces of
the Confederacy, with a still greater future before it. It is chiefly distin-
guished from the other Provinces by difference of population. It is the
French Province par excellence of the Dominion, the native land of the hardy.
prolific, hos]
of the origin
ish regime, ;
atives of the
rivalrv for
"SPENCERWOOD," RESIDENCE OF THE LIEUT.-GC
of the FFen(
made to carr
but it was n
Samuel de C
-151-
CE OF QUEBEC
.It
St
-151-
proHfic, hospitable and pleasant-mannered Trench Canadians, the descendants
of the original founders of the colony, who have loyally conformed to the Brit-
ish regime, and who dwell in the utmost peace and concord with the represent-
atives= of the other races, only engaging with them in a generous and friendly
rivalry for the greater development of their common homes and country.
Within the limited scope of a work of this
kind, it is practically impossible to do jus-
tice to the imique and almost romantic
history of a Province like that of Quebec.
Broadl)' speaking, her history, which is in
a great measure synonymous with that of
the Dominion, may be divided into two
great epochs. One of these covers the
period from the discovery of Canada by
Jacqvics Cartier, in 1534, down to the end
of the French regime, in 1759. The other
carries us through the period of British rule
from that date to the present time.
Both epochs so brisile with stirring
incidents, and so mam- illustrious fip-ures
loom up in their contemplation, that a verit-
able aspect of romance is imparted to the
retrospect. Nearly three-quarters of a cen-
tury elapsed between the French discovery
of the country and the first serious attempt
of the pFench to colonize it. In the interval, some spasmodic efforts were
made to carry on the fur trade with its aboriginal inhabitants, the Indians,
but it was not until 1608 that the foundations of the colony were laid, by
Samuel de Champlain, on the site of the present City of Quebec, which may
CE OF THE LIEUT.-GOV. OF QUEBEC.
)f
I-
$' m
|i!i |;
ill!
i -.ii'm
i.'l
ill'
li' >
not be inaptly styled the birthplace and cradle of the present Dominion. It
was from this humble nucleus that sprang the great colonizing, evangelizing
and fur-trading movement which at one time extended the dominion of France
from the Atlantic to the Rockies, and from Hudson's Bay to the Gulf of
Mexico, and which, after a long and bitter struggle, stretching almost without
cessation over a period of one hundred and fifty years,
both with savage and civilized foes, was brought to a
close by the P'rench defeat on the Plains of Abraham,
and the transfe. to England of the French possessions
in North America, by the treaty of 1663.
Looking back through the mist of blood and tears
in which this period is more or less enveloped, one is
chiefly struck by the curious combination of heroism and
daring adventure, of unceasing hardship and trial, of
chivalry and feudali::m, of missionary zeal and eager
pursuit of the fur-trade which its annals present.
Religious fervor and thirst of gain seem to have
produced in New France a more than usually abundant
crop of enthusiastic souls and bold spirits, who distin-
guished themselves as gallant soldiers and sailors, as
explorers and missionaries and martyrs, and to whom
we are indebted for the opening up of the greater pan
of North America to the blessings of Christianity and
civilization.
And one hardly knows which most to admire, the
gallantry and tenacity with which the early French col-
onists, who numbered no more than 70,000 in 1759,
defended and clung to the fortunes of their mother
country during the trying French regime, or the frank
loyalty with which they accepted and have since adheied
to the British Crown, defending it even with somo of
MONTMORENCY FA
l.>:
"•^"i
Dominion. It
ig, evangelizing
linion of France
to the Gulf of
f almost without
MONTMORENCY FALLS, NEAR QUEBEC.
-J53
their best blood during the wars of the American Revolution and of 1812, and
doing a manful share of the patriotic and useful work of building up the
sturdy young Dominion, which has sprung up out of the ruins of the colony
founded by their ancestors, and which is to-day one of the brightest jewels in
the diadem of the British Empire. And as the French epoch was the period
of incubation, so has the British epoch been the period
of growth and material and constitutional development,
in the Province of Quebec. It has passed, during the
latter, through the successive stages of Crown and oli-
garchical rule to the blessings of self-government, and
from the position of a poor, struggling and war-devas-
tated colony to that of one of the largest, most pros-
perous and most important sections of the Canadia:
Confederation.
But these advantages have not been secured with-
out many trials and vicissitudes, and without much
political agitation and social change. It is not our
purpose to enter into these at any length. Let it suffice
to say that, in 1867, the Province of Quebec, which for
over a quarter of a century had been governed by its own
Parliament in union with Upper Canada, the present
Province of Ontario, cast in its lot with the young
Confederacy which was then formed, and which has
since extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
By the British Norch America Act or Constitution
of 1867, the Province of Quebec possesses an autono-
mous government as regards its own particular interests,
while to the Federal Government and Parliament at
Ottawa, in both of which it is represented by men of its
own free choice, diily expressed by the ballot at the
polls, is committed the care of those interests which
affect the Dominion at large.
The Province has its own Legislature, which is composed of two
Chambers, an upper and a lower, the one Crown-nominated, called the Legis-
lative Council, and consisting of twenty-four members, and the other elective,
and styled the Legislative Assembly. The latter consists of seventy-three
members elected directly by the people in as many electoral divisions, while
the Government is administered by a Ministry possessing the confidence of a
mdjority of these popular representatives, and presided over by a Lieutenant-
Governor appointed by the Federal Government at Ottawa. Judicial decen-
tralization exists in the highest degree,
and the law courts are accessible to and
within easy reach of all. As in Eng-
land> too, the jury system prevails in
all its fulness, even in civil matters.
The civil law is the French civil law,
as it stood before the French Revolu-
tion, with the addition of some provi-
sions of the Code Napoleon, which
have been inserted into it. The crim-
inal law is the common law of England,
as modified from time to time by the
laws of the Federal Parliament, which
has exclusive powers of legislation as
regards criminal matters. These powers
•ire to-day greater than ever, as the
right of appeal to England in criminal
cases has been abolished, and the
Habeas Corpus forms part of the criminal law. The Province of Quebec
occupies the centre of the Dominion. With its eastern shores washed by the
waves of the Atlantic, and traversed throughout its whole length by the great
River St. Lawrence, it unites all the advantages both of a maritime and a
continental country ; situated, too, in the temperate zone, its climate is brac-
ing, and among the most favorable to the growth of all agricultural products
and to the activity, energy and industry of the hardy and vigorous races who
inhabit it.
longitude fi
54° 30' and
its greatest
Bird Rocks
the norther
of Quebec,
superficies
GRAND MERE PULP AND PAPER MILLS ON THE^ST. MA
immense ba
to the sea.
Province, fi
The
or to 900 r
high up as
-163-
s-
e,
ee
lie
a
it-
II-
inhabit it. It extends from east to west between 57 08' and 79^^ 34' west
longitude from the meridian of Greenwich, and from south to north between
54° 30' and 45° north latitude. Its greatest length is about 1,000 miles, and
its greatest width some 650 miles. The Islands of Anticosti and Brion. the
Bird Rocks, the Magdalen Islands, and all the islands near Gaspe and along
the northern coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, also belong to the Province
of Quebec. Within the limits of the Province, the area embraced forms a
superficies of 222,034,400 acres, or about 347,025 square miles, so that in
point of territory the Province of Que-
bec far exceeds all the countries of
Europe, with the single exception of
Russia. Of sea coast proper, it has
over 1,000 miles on the Atlantic and
Hudson's Bay, but in reality the extent
of its maritime shore line is much
greater than this figure would seem to
indicate. The shores of the Gulf and
River St. Lawrence may be included as
coast to the ports of Quebec and Mon-
treal, as along the whole of the dis-
tance from the Atlantic to those ports,
oceanic navigation is carried on as in
the open sea, thus giving an additional
interior development of coast to the ex-
tent of 1,500 miles. Properly speaking,
the greater part of the Province is an
immense basin whose waters flow to the St. Lawrence, which conveys them
to the sea, the total length of this great artery, including the Gulf, in the
Province, from the Straits of Belle Isle to St. Regis, being 1,046 miles.
The influence of the tide is felt in the river as high up as Three Rivers,
or to 900 miles from the Straits of Belle Isle, while salt water extends to as
high up as thirty-five or forty miles below Quebec.
ILLS ON THli^ST. MAURICE RIVER, QUEBEC.
ec
le
at
a
c-
ts
lO
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r
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VAUDREUIL, QUEBEC, ONE OF THE MANY SUBURBAN RESORl
mmf K ' ' i 'g iwiiMW g Ji» ' W ' i ' '«i« »i i ' ji ' M *' ' ' w.w i! i.m^
V SUBURBAN RESORTS NEAR MONTREAL, ON THE GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY SYSTEM.
But the St. Lawrence is not the only great fluvial artery and waterway
of the Province of Quebec. It has others like the Ottawa, St. Maurice and
Saguenay, tributaries of the St. Lawrence, which are almost as large as the
parent stream and which can compare favorably in size, length of course and
volume of water with the largest in Europe, the Ottawa alone having a
course of 615 miles. These again have affluents with courses ranging from
250 miles and penetrating far into the interior. Emptying into the north side
ot the St. Lawrence there are no less than twenty principal rivers, whose
uniied courses represent a total of 2,948 miles, not including the courses of
their tributaries. On the south side there are upwards of eighteen more,
representing a total length of 1,215 miles, exclusive of their aflluents, while,
north of the Height of Lands, in the new and important section known as
the James' Bay Region, lately annexed to the territory of the Province, there
is also a number of great streams.
All these rivers constitute and furnish means of transportation which
are of the greatest utility. Several of them are navigable for the greater part
of their course, especially the Saguenay, Ottawa, St. Maurice, Yamaska and
St. Francis ; the others are used for driving timber and thus greatly facilitate
the working of the immense forest domain of the Province. These rivers also
supply manufacturing industry with almost unlimited water power, and thus
permit the establishment in all parts of the Province of factories of all kinds,
whose motive power costs almost nothing. These water powers offer above all
special advantages for the making of wood pulp. Indeed, there is no country in
the world which can offer so many facilities to this industry as the Province of
Quebec. And yet these are not the only water surfaces which facilitate trans-
portation and agreeably diversify the picturesque scenery of the Province, besides
furnishing vast quantities of fi^h to the population and unlimited sport to the
angler. The surface of the country is literally studded with lakes ranging
from the size almost of inland seas to that of mere ponds. Some of these
bodies of fresh water, like Great Mistassini, are 100 miles long, while over
twenty can be named, including Lakes Abbitibbi, Temiscaming, St. John,
Memphremagog and Tcmiscouata, which range from 50 down to 20 miles.
In fact,
Province
A
♦^hree dis
Townshi
geologist
Tl
of crystJ
given bi
hills are
abundant
clearings
of this j
with a d
provincia
which su
source of
Tl
region fi
Like tho
but softe
slightly J
of Indiai
formation
lands. 1
almost ei
T\
Silurian
These be
sand and
of severa
-155-
In fact, it is no exaggeration to say that one-third of the total surface o( the
Province is monopolized by water, the Gulf of St. Lawrence included.
As regards the quality of the soil, the Province may be divided into
♦^hree distinct regions ; the region of the Laurentides, the region of the Eastern
Townships, and the Vahey of the St. Lawrence, properly so termed, to which
geologists have given the name of the Champaign Region.
The hard rocks of the Laurentides are intersected by numerous bands
of crystalline limestone, which, by their softness and decomposition, have
given birth to a great number of valleys of fertile soil. The slopes of the
hills are covered with a layer of vegetable mould supporting an apparently
abundant vegetation ; but this soil has been partially destroyed by fire in the
clearings, which has left the rock exposed. In the river valleys and bottoms
of this great piateau, there are, however, considerable tracts of good land,
with a deep soil, and densely wooded. Here is found the greater part o\' the
provincial forest domain, especially those splendid forests of pine and spruce
which supply the export lumber trade and furnish to the Province its principal
source of revenue, next to the Feder?! subsidy.
The lands of the Eastern Townships embrace all the mountainous
region from the Vermont frontier to the eastern extremity of che Province.
Like those of the Laurentides, these lands are formed from crystalline rocks,
but softer and producing from their decomposition a more abundant soil — a
slightly sandy yellow loam admirably adapted to pasturage and the raising
of Indian corn and other cereals. In Gaspe, the calcareous and Devonian
formations, which are very extensive, furnish exceedingly rich agricultural
lands. The forests of this region include a good deal of hard wood, which is
almost entirely lacking in many parts of the Laurentides.
The great plain of the St. Lawrence rests upon beds of primitive
Silurian and Devonian rocks composed of sandstones, limestones and schists.
These beds are level and overlaid with clay, sometimes interstratified with
sand and gravel. These superficial strata, which frequently attain a thickness
of several hundred feet, are mostly of marine origin and date from the period
i <
M
M\
-155-
»■ if
iih
m
m
when all this roi^ion was submerged by the ocean. They are composed of
strong and comi)act clays, which, in the newly cleared lands, are in many
places covered with a thick layer of vegetable mould. The parts adjoining
the region of the Eastern Townships, and especially that of the Laurentides,
are covered with sandy deposits, chiefly in the neighborhood of Berthier and
Three Rivers ; but the central part, which is by far the largest, is composed
of a tenacious blue clay, more or less calcareous, and of great thickness, con-
stituting a rich soil, which produces crops of all kinds in abundance, but is
particularly adapted to wheat-raising.
The immense region of Lake St.
John is mostly characterized by an ex-
actly similar soil and one fully as rich
as that of the St. Lawrence valley,
being composed of clay equally suit-
able for wheat-raising.
Of the total superficies of the
Province of Quebec, some 222,034,400
acres belong to the State domain and
constitute the Provincial patrimony.
In addition, there are 10,678,931 acres
included in the seigniories, and 11,744,-
599 acres held in free and common
soccage Of the immense public do-
main, a good deal yet remains to be
thoroughly explored, while only a rela-
tively small portion has been surveyed and laid out into farm lots. This work
is only being done gradually from year to year and as the progress of settle-
ment demands, but the Provincial Government can actually place at the dis-
posal of settlers nearly 7,000,000 acres regularly surveyed and divided, more
than one-half of which are adapted to cultivation, and almost all accessible by
means of good roads. The forest domain actually under license for the manu-
facture of timber, comprises an area of about 55,000 square miles, leaving
OFFICES AND PREMISES OF CARRIER, LANE i
MACHINISTS AND GE
are composed of
Is, are in many
; parts adjoin ini*"
the Laurentides,
of Berthier and
est, is composed
Lt thickness, con-
bundance, but is
147,000,000 square acres, or 246,785 square miles still available. The principal
woods of the region under license vary a little, as regards quantity, in the
different parts of the territory. In the region o( the Ottawa, the most abund-
ant species are white and red pine. Then come the grey and black spruce,
the red spruce or tamarac, ihe cedar, balsam-fir, ash, red birch, white birch,
maple, elm and basswood. There is also a little hemlock in some parts of
the Lower Ottawa. In the St. Maurice region, pine and spruce occur in
about equal quantities. There is also hemlock. In the other region; , pine is
no longer found in abundance, the
prevailing timber being spruce, cedar,
cypress or grey pine, hemlock, red
birch, white birch and maple.
It is difficult to accurately specify
the relative abundance of the different
woods in the portion of the forest
domain still available. However, the
isolated and incomplete surveys, which
have been made in these regions,
establish the fact that there still re-
main several thousands of miles, at the
headwaters o( the Ottawa, in which
red and white pine are found. Every-
where else, pine is only rarely met,
the forests being composed of grey
and black spruce, tamarac, balsari-fir,
cypress and cedar. These figures apply to the forests comprised within the
old limits of the Province. The additional territory, recently obtamed, forms
an area of 116,531 square miles, three-fourths of which are in forest. The
explorations of the Geological Survey in the region of the Lake and River
Abbitibbi, have shown that there are workable pine and spruce in that district ;
and as this region of the Abbitibbi is pretty extensive, it will offer to the
lumber trade a Vcist field of operations.
OF CARRIER, LANE & CO., LEVIS, QUEI5EC. ENGINEERS, FOL'NDERS,
MACHINISTS AND GENERAL CONTRACTORS.
lots. This work
ogress of settle-
place at the dis-
nd divided, more
all accessible by
^e for the manu-
e miles, leaving
—136-
From the first of July, 1867, to the first of July, 1S97, the Govern-
ment's annual revenue from the woods and forests has yielded a total of $17,-
113,040. It amounted to $911,088.30 for the twelve months ended on the
30th June, 1897.
Tiie flora of the Province of Quebec is composed of nearly all the
species common to the climates of the temperate zone. The sylvan flora
includes the following indigenous trees : Poplar-leaved, canoe, yellow, black
and red birch, bitter shell-bark and
white heart-hickory, horn-beam, white,
post and red oak, white, black and Nor-
way spruce, ash-leaved, silver, rock or
sugar, striped and red maple, black,
white and red ash, beech, tamarac or
American larch, butternut, white and
red or slippery elm, iron wood, bal-
sam-poplar, aspen, white pine, banksian
pine or cypress, yellow pine, red pine,
button wood, bass or linden, hemlock-
spruce, balsam fir, white willow, yellow
willow, mountain ash, white cedar, etc.
With very few exceptions, the
fauna of the Province embrace all the
wild animals common to the temperate
zone of North America, which are hunt-
ed either for food and sport, or for the sake of their skins, the fur-trade still
constituting one of the Province's great resources. They include moose, cari-
boo and red deer, black bears, wolverine, foxes of different species, otter,
mink, marten, fisher, hares, musk rats, seals, etc. Of all these, there is still
great abundance. In fact, the Province is a great natural game preserve, in
whirh animal life abounds and is constantly increasing, owing to the intelli-
gent protection afforded it by the system of close seasons, and of immense
Government
ance, for th
note that tli
able, and.
Among the
The
partridge, tl
COTTON, PAPER, ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER WORKS
Tl e (
streams, abc
sea fishe"ies,
world, suppl
halibut, herr
quantities of
bait by the
157-
?>ll'>H
le
le
ra
;k
»
II
II
i-
e
-157-
GovernmeiU parks, in which it is permitted to freely multiply without disturb-
ance, for the benefit o( the other districts. At the same time, it is well to
note that the fauna include no dan^j-erous beasts ; the bear is the most formid-
able, and, as every one knows, this animal is not in general dangerous.
Among the reptiles there is only the harmless adder.
The list of the feathered game is a large one, and includes the spruce
partridge, the ruffed grouse, ptarmigan or white partridge, a great number of
varieties of the wild duck, notably the
eider, along the north shore of the St.
Lawrence, the teal, the Canada goose,
the brant goose, the wild goose, the
sea pigeon, the snipe, the wood cock,
the black eagle, the bald eagle, the
golden eagle, the osprey, the snowy
owl, the bittern, the heron, and a host
of other aquatic birds. Lake St. Peter
and its environs are renowned as duck-
shooting grounds. In the Lower St.
Lawrence, and especially on the north
shore, game is so abundant that a good
shot can load himself down in a few
hours. In the woods, partridge abound
and the quantities of these birds killed
every winter, or rather every autumn,
are immense.
Tbe Gulf and River St. Lawrence and the myriad inland lakes and
streams, abound with fish of all Iiinds and of the best qualities. The deep
sea fisheries, which are inexhaustible and among the most important in the
world, supply the home and foreign trade with salmon trout, cod, haddock,
halibut, herring, mackerel, shad, smelts, sardines, lobsters, eels, and immense
quantities of fish of minor value, such as caplin, etc., which are used either as
bait by the fisherman, or as manure by the farmers on the coast.
AND POWER WORKS AT VALLEY! lELD, P.Q.
11
; ; ,^ (
i-^ir
llil
rv.
Tn fact, the prosecution of the deep-sea fisheries constitutes one o( the
most important of the Provincial industries. In the inland rivers and lakes,
there is also a vast abundance of salmon ranj^^ing- from lo and 15 to 40, and
even 50, pounds in weij^'^ht ; speckled trout, bass, striped or sea bass, touladi
or ^'"rey trout, pickerel, maskinon^^e, which attain as much as five feet in
length, eel, perch, whitefish, the celebrated ouananiche, a species of fresh
water salmon found in the upper waters of the Saj^^uenay and in Lake St.
John, and many ot'ier kinds of lesser importance. Including the seal and
porpoise, the annual value of the pro-
ducts of the deep-sea fisheries was $2,-
025,754 in 1896, and that of the inland
fisheries about half a million, while the
Provincial government derives a large
and ever-increasing revenue by leasing
the fishing privileges of portions of the
inland waters to clubs and individuals
for terms of years. The rivers which
flow into the Lower St. Lawrence and
those of the Bay des Chaleurs, espec-
ially the Grand Cascapedia River, have
not their equal as fly-fishing salmon
rivers. They also swarm with splendid
trout, running all the way up to five
and six pounds in weight, and even, in
some c. ses, to eight and nine pounds.
This superb fish is also taken in im-
mense quantities in the lakes, and the Province of Quebec is deservedly
regarded by American and English sportsmen as the finest fishing ground in
the world.
The astronomical situation of the Province of Quebec shows at once
that it is included in the temperate zone. The extremes of temperature range
from 30° and even more below zero, to 90° above ; but the mean or ordinary
variations are about the same as in the European countries situated under the
CIJRIXG FISH,
itutes one o( the
rivers and lakes,
nd 15 to 40, and
sea bass, touladi
1 as five feet in
species of fresh
and in Lake St.
\ng the seal and
CURIXC; FISH, PERCH, gUEBKC.
)ec is deservedly
ishing ground in
;c shows at once
emperature range
Tiean or ordinary
ituated under the
same latitude. The mean spring temperature here is 45' 45' and 45 71' for
the seven European cities. The summer mean is 60 9' in the Province aiul
60* K' in the European cities, whence it follows that with a difference o( o 26'
less in spring, and of o" i' in summer, the mean temperature of these two
seasons is the same as in the most populous and advanced parts oi' lunope.
The autumn temperature is 12' and that o( winter 18 7' lower, with a differ-
ence of 9* 44' over in favor o( the European countries for the whole year. It
may be added that the period exempt from frost is much longer than is
requi'\J to fully ripen all the cereals.
A somewhat erroneous idea pre-
vails as regards the severity of the Que-
bec winters. Judging the temperature
exclusively by the thermometrical indi-
cations, European writers, who have sim-
ply passed through the country, have
arrived at very false conclusions. It is
very true that during the winter the
mercury falls lower than in England,
for instance ; but as the sky is always
clear and the air pure and dry, the cold
in the lowest temperatures is less pene-
trating, and is less felt, than in the
damper climates of Europe, and espec-
ially of England. This is the testimony
of Englishmen who have resided for a
length of time in the country and studied the climate with the greatest care.
Moreover, the winters possess the double advantage of supplymg the inhabit-
ants with the best roads possible for lumbering in the woods, which consti-
tutes the most important branch of their Extractive industry, and also of
admirably preparing the land for sowing. The action of the frost pulverizes
the soil, which thus becomes extremely friable and only the slightest harrow-
ing is needed to convert the fall ploughings into regular garden mould.
-158—
While giving excelleiiL roads for the hauling of heavy loads, the snow also
protects the grass of the meadows against the frost, which, under ordinary
circumstances, never affects it in any way.
The summer temperature is splendid, especially in the region of the
Lower St. Lawrence and the Bay des Chalei.rs. At that season, the magni-
ficent watering-places of the Province are frequented by thousands of persons
from all quarters of the United States and the Western Provinces of Canada, a
tj-reat n.mber of whom have built villas for themselves at these seaside resorts.
In fine, it is established by vital statistics and by the life insurance
companies that the Province of Quebec enjoys one of the most healthful of
climates and one as calculated to maintain the vital energy as it is to favor
lonoevitv. Endemic diseases are absolutely unknown, and, in the rural dis-
tricts, piiysicians would have a hard time of it earning a livelihood, if their
positions were not somewhat bettered by other lucrative occupations.
According to the last decennial census of the Dominion, taken in 1891,
the total population of the Province of Quebec then numbered 1,488,535
souls, of whom 1,186,346 were French and 309»i^'^9 ^vere English-speaking.
T^n years previously, in 1881, the total population was 1,359,027, so that
durino- the last decade there was an increase of 129,508, or 9.53 per cent.
The proportion of the French to the English-speaking element is somewhat
Over three-fourths to one-fourth, the latter being made up of English, Scotch
and Irish, with a small percentage of Germans, Jews and other nationalities.
In addition to the 1,186,346 French Canadians in the Province of
Quebec, the last census shows that there were 61,767 more in New Brunswick,
79,838 in Nova Scotia, 101,123 in Ontario, 11,847 in Prince Edward Island,
11,102 in Manitoba, 1,543 '" the North West Territories and 1,181 in British
Columbia, or a total of 1,404,747 in the Dominion at large, with probably
over iOG,ooo more in the United States, making in all pretty nearly two and
a half millions, which shows the prodigious development of this race, since
the cession of Canada to Great Britain in 1763, when the French population,
as already stated, numbei^d no more than 70,000 souls.
As r
their occup
14.6% ; trac
cal pursuits
[professional
Of t
which Moi
due chieflv
larger than
It is
the fertility
ing more tl
the work o
into five gr
efforts of
particularly
r
I. —
the Provin
which is of
acre, on ja
lation by n
2. —
tending fro
equally pro
I
3-—
division of
farms and
climate is ;
4-— '
of that nai
—159-
As regards callings, the census of 1891 groups the population who gave
their occupations as follows : Agriculture, mining and fishing, 217,061 or
14.6%; trade and transportation, 50,588 or 3.4 ; manufacturing and mechani-
cal pursuits, 93,206 or 6.2°/ ; domestic and personal services, 73,307 or 4.9% ;
professional, 16.342 or 1.1%; non-productive class, 26,396 or 1.8%.
Of the increase during the decade from 1881 to 1891, the section of
w'hich Montreal is the centre, claims the largest proportion, namely 28^%,
due chiefly to the growth of Montreal's city populacion, which was relatively
larger than that of Boston or Philadelphia, U.S.A.
It is natural that in a Province like that of Quebec, so remarkable for
the fertility of its soil and the vast extent of its still unoccupied territory cover-
ing more than 258,000 square miles, special importance should be attached to
the work of colonization. From this standpoint, the Province may be divided
into fi.ve great regions or centres of colonization to the settlement of which the
efforts of Government and the attention of the public are just now more
particularly directed. These regions are : —
I. — The Ottawa and Temiscaming at the north-western extremitv of
the Province, compiising about 45,000 square miles, a large proportion of
which is of the finest arable quality purchasable at the rate of ;^o cents per
acre, on easy terms of payment, and connected with the great centres of popu-
lation by means of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
2.— The Montreal Northern, commonly called the Labelle Region, ex-
tending from the County of Montcalm and including the valley of the Lievre,
equally provided with railway communications.
3. — The Eastern Townships, among which is included the vast territorial
division of Beauce. In this region are located the best tilled lands, the finest
farms and the richest soils in mineral products of the whole Province. The
climate is also milder and more agreeable than in the other regions.
4. — The Metapedir, comprising especially the valley watered by the river
of that name, but to wliich may be added the vast interior plateau stretching
-1S9-
■iiiifi
westward from it to the large Lake Temiscouata for nearly 200 miles. This
region may be righlfully termed the agricultural region par excellence of the
Province of Quebec. It is exceptionally gifted by nature, protected equally
against the violence and the humidity of the east and west winds, and watered
by numerous streams swarming with the finest game fish, which are a power-
ful auxiliary to the work of colonization. Indeed, it may be said of the
Metapedia that it offers the finest possible field to indigenous settlement as
well as to foreign immigration. It is traversed throughout its entire length
by the Intercolonial Railway, which
extends from Montreal, the commercial
capital of the Province, to the extrem-
ities of the Provinces of New Bruns-
wick and Nova Scotia, and which has
numerous branches circulating the cur-
rents of life and trade in all directions.
5. — The Basin of Lake St. John,
which, during the last twenty-five years,
has sprung into astonishing celebrity,
by reason of its immediate proximity to
the far-famed River Saguenay, and to a
region of country presenting the strang-
est aspects and the grandest freaks of
nature. In certain parts of it the soil
is of the most remarkable fertility which
assures its prosperity and its agricultural
importance in the near future. Indeed, the progress of colonization and agri-
culture there is already very notable. The dairy industry, especially, has
advanced with giant strides, the manufacture of cheese alone last year exceed-
ing a value of $200,000.00. The lumber industry is also carried on very
extensively, and the contribution of this region to the lumber exports of the
Province is very considerable and annually increasing. The Lake St. John
region has a further advantage in being the best and the most regularly watered
FISH i A
THE GRAND DISCHARGE OF LAK
oo miles. This
excellence of the
jrotected equally
nds, and watered
ich are a power-
be said of the
)iis settlement as
its entire length
of all the sections of the Province, while its many and splendid streams abound
with lofty falls and cascades, supplying the finest water powers in the world
to manufacturing industry. The Lake St. John region has a superficies of
31,000 square miles, or about 19,840,000 acres. The five regions above
enumerated, however, are far from embracing all the colonizable parts of the
Province of Quebec, but we limit ourselves to these for the moment, as they
are actually the best defined and the most popular centres of settlement. As
showing the further scope in this respect which the Province possesses, the
immense peninsula of Gaspe may be
mentioned, which itself is large enough
to constitute a Province, and the agri-
cultural and mineral wealth of which is
as yet bat imperfectly known. There
are also the valley of the Gatineau and
the back country, extending from Tem-
iscouata to Beauce, which is still un-
populated and the soil of which is sim-
ilar to that of these two regions.
<
1^^^
ik.-." ^ ,
M
^^m^mr^'i'^-^
^Mlr , ^Mi^^HI
Iw_^
». — - - —
"^^ S^\
-r*i.-~ •.-.v-i^FSs^^^^^Kai In tact, it is impossible to esti-
mate all that the splendid soil of the
Province of Quebec contains in point of
still undeveloped wealth. Time and
capital alone can call it forth. The
natural resources of the Province are
unlimited and incalculable, while, thanks
to its innumerable h}'draulic powers, industry possesses in it a field to which
it is impossible to assign bounds at present. The principal industry of the
Province is that u( agriculture, and it seems probable that it will always hold
the first place in importance. More than half the population are engaged in
agricultural pursuits, and therefore dependent for a living on the fruits of the
soil. At the time of the census of 1891, there were 5,542,780 acres under
crops, 3,054,539 acres in pasture, and 73,627 acres in gardens and orchards,
D DISCHARGE OF LAKE ST. JOHN, HEAD OF THE RIVER SAGUENAV.
lization and agri-
, especially, has
last year exceed-
carried on very
2r exports of the
e Lake St. John
regularly watered
160-
forming a total of 8,670,946 acres under tillage, or an increase of 2,260,682
acres over the returns for 1881, ten years previously. The yield of cereals
was 24,909,156 bushels in 1891. The meadows yielded 2,243,435 tons of hay,
81,548 bushels of seed, while the crop of roots was : potatoes, 15,024,644 bush-
els, and turnips and other roots, 2,532,853 bushels; flax and hemp, 575,930
pounds; flax seed, 27,647 bushels ; apples, 1,034,139 bushels ; other fruits,
190,671 bushels; tobacco, 3,958,737 pounds; hops, 180,297 pounds. In addi-
tion to the home-made butter and cheese, $2,362,595 worth of cheese and
$555,932 worth of butter were made in
the factories.
These figures show the rapidly
growing importance of the dairy indus-
try in the Province of Quebec, which is
specially adapted to it. In 1891 there
were 1 1 1 creameries in the Province,
employing 249 hands, and representing
a capital invested of $361, 156.00. The
number of cheese factories was 617,
employing a total of 971 hands, and
representing an investment of $822,-
626.00. This is an immense increase
over the figures of 1881, and empha-
sizes the remarkable revolution that is
taking place in the agricultural industry
of the Province and the rapidity with
which dairying is pushing to the front. The products of domestic industry
for 1891 amounted as follows : — Cloth and flannel, 2,505,014 yards ; linen,
S^'^^uSSg yards; total 3,073,373 yards; maple sugar, 18,875,231 pounds.
The total value of the real estate, live stock, waggons and farm imple-
ments, etc., employed in the agricultural industry may be roughly estimated
at $325,000,000.00. While every efi^ort is being made to increase the milk
production, nothing is being neglected to improve the quality of the dairy
U -161—
products,
annually at
training ess
dreds of the
by compete
the Provii
establishme
most impoi
CHICOUTIMI PULF MILLS, CHICOUTIMI, (
feet ; small
board meas
feet ; boom
pine, 8,959
or 32,961 f(
cubic feet ;
soft, 3,868
m
products. A dairy school has been established at St. Hyacinthe, which is
annually attended by large numbers of persons who go there to acquire the
training essential to become skilled cheese and butter makers. Several hun-
dreds of the factories are owned by syndicates of farmers, and are regularly visiied
by competent inspectors. The half of the cos': of this inspection is borne by
th-e Provincial Government, which employs inspectors o( its own to visit the
establishments that are unsyndicated. After agriculture, lumbering is the
most important extractive industry of the Province, affording annual emplo\-
ment to an average of 25,000 to 30,000
hands, who are engaged in felling and
preparing the timber in the forest, or in
sawing it at the mills. The wages paid
to these exceed $5,000,000.00 a year
and the annual output in the form of
round timber, building or square timber,
railway ties, shingles, wood for ship-
building, carriage making, cooperage,
and other industries, represents an aver-
age total value of $25,000,000.00 a year.
Of the State domain, 46,155 square
miles were under license as timber
limits in 1895-96, and from these were
cut during the same year, for the home
and foreign markets, the following quan-
MILLS, CHICOUTLMI, (JUKHIX.
tities : — White pine, 2,151,949 1
^^g-'^.
representing 1,431,787 standards oi' 200
feet; small white pine and red pine, 1,650,827 logs, equal to 95,483,209 feet
board measure; spruce, 4,594,830, representing 1,38^,411 standards of 200
feet ; boom timber, 570 pieces, or 67,275 feet board measure ; square white
pine, 8,959 pieces, rei)resenting 430,909 cubic feet ; square red pine, 679 pieces
or 32,961 feet; square birch, elm, maple, etc., 1,133 pieces, equal to 27,036
cubic feet; cedar, etc., 8,771 pieces, or 184,603 lined feet; firewood, hard and
soft, 3,868 cords; pulp wood, 4,015 cords; spool wood, 1,421 cords; railway
■*!
i'i
-161—
w
91 \
Hi »
ties, 108,406; lathwood, 42^^ cords; fence rails, 16,786; fence pickets, 25,174;
shingles, 6,070 thousand, etc., etc-
According to the official fig-iires from 1867 to 1890, the Province pro-
duced during the twenty-three years comprised between these years inclusively,
[1,668,965,549 feet board measure, and 72,424,363 cubic feet of timber, upon
which $11,570,420 were collected as Government dues. According to the
census returns of 1881, the value of the wood
pulp manufactured in Canada amounted to
$1,037,810.00, o{ which $832,936.00 repre-
sented the quantity made in the Province of
Quebec. This industry has therefore assumed
great importance in the Province. Since 1891,
the production of wood pulp has largely in-
creased and the largest establishmei.ts for its
manufacture are now located in the F'rovince.
The greater part of the output is converted
into paper for home consumption, only a few
of the factories as yet manufacturing for ex-
port. Canada, and especially the Province of
Quebec, with their immense spruce forests, are
destined to take in it the Canadian spruce,
being unquestionably the best of all pulp
woods, and Canadian pulp being highly prized
in the English and American markets.
ORCHARD I'LAiNTEU L\ 1831 AT !
BELOW
The Province of Quebec is rich in
economic minerals of all kinds, and, within the last twenty years, the mining
industry has not only assumed great development, but its progress is con-
stantly marked by new discoveries and by the working of many minerals
formerly neglected. Owing to its still limited population, however, it is
obliged to export most of its mineral products, having thus to contend against
transportation charges, customs duties and foreign competition. Nevertheless
pickets, 25,174;
he Province pro-
years inclusively,
of timber, upon
iccording to the
it possesses some well-established mining industries, which are steadily
increasing. Among the oldest of these industries is the manufacture of iron.
The old St. Maurice forges, to the north of Three Rivers, date back
to the time of the French regime, in 1737, and were the first establishments
of the kind started in North America. Since that time, and at different inter-
vals, the limonite, or bog iron, has been worked in blast furnaces with char-
coal, producing a superior quality of pig-iron,
which is used for railway car-wheels and cer-
tain special purposes. At present there is a
blast furnace at Radnor, turning out 25 to 30
tons a day, and two others at Drummond-
ville, of smaller capacity, only one of which
is now working. The output of pig iron in
1897 amounted to 8,386 tons. In the eastern
townships, magnetic iron is found in the
neighborhood of Sherbrooke, in Leeds, and
also in the environs of Ottawa, where it has
been several times worked, especially some
twenty or thirty years ago. Magnetic iron
sand forms very extensive deposits on the
beaches of the north shore of the St. Law-
rence. Titanic iron is encountered in consid-
erable masses in the formation known as the
Labradorian or the Upper Laurentian, espec-
ially at Bay St. Paul. At St. Malo, near
Three Rivers, a considerable quantity of red-
dish-brown ochre is produced by calcination. In the neighborhood of Black
Lake Station, on the Quebec Central Railway, and of the asbestos mines oi
the eastern townships, deposits of chromic iron have been worked within the
last four years, and 10,000 tons have been shipped to the close of 1897.
This mineral is abundant and generally of high grade, about 50%. Copper
ore, grading from 2 to 5% of copper, 35 to 40% of sulphur and about i ounce
PLAi\TEI7 IN 1831 AT ST. ROCH DES ALLNAIES, 70 MILES
BELOW giEBEC.
'ears, the mining
progress is con-
f many minerals
, however, it is
> contend against
n. Nevertheless
-162-
o( silver per unit of copper, is obtained in considerable quantities by two
leading companies at Capelton, near Sherbrooke. In recent years, an aver-
age of 30,000 to 40,000 tons has been taken out and shipped. Many other
copper mines of a similar character are found in the Eastern Townships.
The galena mines of Lake Temiscaming and of Potton, on Lake Mem-
phremagog deserve mention. Last year an important deposit of blend and
galena, the ^atter containing in the rough state from 100 to 200 ounces of
silver and upwards to the ton, was opened on Calumet Island, in the County
of Pontiac, and the result has been encouraging. In Beauce, some fifty miles
south of Quebec City, there are deposits of alluvial gold, which have never-
theless produced upwards of $2,000,000.00 worth of the precious metal.
Within the last five or six years an important company has been
making borings in the Gaspe district, in a sandstone of Devonian formation,
and a quality of petroleum analogous to the best Pennsylvanian hi.s been
struck in several of these wells. In the neighborhood of Buck-ngham,
County of Ottawa, graphite disseminated in a species of gneiss has been long
worked and has yielded a product of good quality. In the Eastern Town-
ships there are important asbestos [mines which ^.supply 85% of the world's
consumption ; phosphate of lime, mica and slate are also important products.
The mining industry of the Province of Quebec has been in regular pro-
gress for the past fifteen years, and though it does not provoke the excitement
visible in other provinces, it is none the less characterized . by several well
established industries, such as the manufacture of iron with charcoal from bos"
ore, the utilization of low grade copper ores and the manufacture of sulphuric
acid, asbestos, mica and chromic iron.
It is estimated by Mr. Obalski, the mining engineer of the Province,
that during the year 1897, the gross value at the mines of the mineral pro-
ducts extracted represented upwards of $2,000,000.00, the number of men
employed being about 4,000.
The deep sea and inland fisheries of the Province of Quebec are among
the richest, the most varied and the most prolific in the whole world. Capital
alone is n(
millions,
vincial fish
fisheries fii
fisheries, b
the Provin
increasing
from the c
year alone
years inclii
the value
used for h
The
mackerel,
white fish,
porpoise, c
foreign ms
The
five years
the ten y<
the Provin
ployed frc
informatioi
699,1 15.00
496.00 ; vi
The
of Quebec
is carried
Then, for
following
cotton, wo
—1(1*
wn
alone is needed to increase their productiveness, which miy^ht be counted by
millions. Indeed, from the commercial point of view, the value of the pro-
vincial fisheries is incalculable, as the supply is inexhaustible. The deep-sea
fisheries furnish employment to a large number of people, while the inland
fisheries, besides being in some degree a source of food to many, attract to
the Province annually thousands of sportsmen whose numbers are rapidly
increasing from year to year. An idea of their importance can be gathered
from the census of 1891, showing that the value of their total yield for that
year alone was $2,008,879.00 and of their total yield from 1869 to 1891, both
years inclusive, was $43,149,048,00. But these figures by no means represent
the value of the total catch, as they take no account of the large quantities
used for home consumption.
The principal fisheries are the salmon, cod, haddock, halibut, herring,
mackerel, shad, eels, sardines, sturgeon, trout, ouananiche, striped sea bass,
white fish, maskinonge, pike, pickerel, bass, tomcods, smelts, lobsters, seal,
porpoise, oyster, etc. ; and the products of these are supplied to the home and
foreign markets in variety of shapes, fresh, frozen, canned, pickled, smoked, etc.
The manufacturing industry of the Province has within the l.i t twenty-
five years assumed very extensive proportions and is constantly growing. In
the ten years from 1881 to 1891, the number of industrial establishments in
the Province increased from 15,848 to 23,110 and the number of hands em-
ployed from 85,673 to 117,389; the census of 1891 supplies the following
information: Number of persons employed, 117,389; annual wages paid, $30,-
699,115,00; capital invested, $1 18,291,1 15.00 ; value of raw material, $85,630,-
496.00; value of articles produced, $153,255,583.00.
The leather industry is the most important in the Province. The City
of Quebec is the centre where the leather industry — tanning and shoemaking —
is carried on upon a larger scale than anywhere else in the whole of Canada.
Then, for the whole Province and in the order of their importance, come the
following industries : Milling, iron manufactures, sugar refining, furs and hats,
cotton, wool, silk, rubber goods. The manufacture of agricultural implements.
!IH|P'
«^i
— iti;*—
I
I !
furniture, paints, carriages, soap and candles, bricks, window blinds and sashes,
tobacco and cigars, ales, etc., etc. ; also employ a large number of hands and
represent a considerable investment o( capital and annual output.
By its geographical position, as well as by the splendid seaports fur-
nished it by the River St. Lawrence, which enable sea-going vessels to ascend
as fai' as Montreal, the Province of Quebec commands the trade of nearly the
whole of Canada, and even of the finest portion of the Western States of the
American Republic. Montreal is at the
head of the entire Canadian trade, and
also serves as the distributing point of
a great part of the products of the
American Western States. Consequent-
ly, nearly one-half of the import and
export trade of the whole of Canada is
done through the Province of Quebec.
FRKNCII-CANAni.W HOMESTEAD AT STE.
For the year 1H97, the shipping
trade of the ports of the Province shows
a total of 8,899,743 tons, made up of
4,398,763 of arrivals and 4,300,980 of
clearances. The arrivals were composed
as follows : — Ocean navigation, 1,639,-
074 tons ; navigation between the Pro-
vince and the United States, 185,354
tons ; and coasting trade, 2,774,335
tons. The clearances show 1,541,002 tons of oceanic navigation, 179,864 tons
of navigation between the Province and the United States, and 2,580,114 of
coasting trade. In the latter, 8,354 vessels and over 95,000 men were engaged.
The St. Lawrence, one of the finest rivers of the world, takes its rise
in a small lake in Minnesota, which discharges its waters into Lake Superior
by the River St. Louis. It is designated by different names:— St. Mary's,
between Lake Superior and Lake Huron ; St. Clair, or Detroit, between Lake
nds and sashes,
er of hands and
ut.
iid seaports fur-
essels to ascend
de of nearly the
rn States o( the
Huron and Lake Erie ; Niagara, between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario ; and
lastly, St. Lawrence, from the latter lake to Pointe-des-Monts, which is
reji^l^arded as the line of separation between the River and the Gulf.
The total length of the St. Lawrence is 2,iSo miles. Its ordinary width
varies between one and four miles in its upper course, increasing beiow Que-
bec to over one hundred miles at its mouth. It is navigable for ocean vessels
to Montreal, which is 833 miles from the Straits o( Belle Isle ; and from
Montreal to the head of Lake Superior,
a distance of 1,398 miles, it can be
navigated by vessels of 700 tons, with
the aid of the canals built to overcome
the rapids. By the Straits of Makinac,
Chicago, 1,145 miles distant from Mon-
treal, can also be reached by navigation
by the St. Lawrence route.
Apart from the St. Lawrence,
there are in the Province 72 miles of
ocean navigation on the Saguenay, and
more than 100 in the Bay des Chaleurs
and the River Restigouche. The river
navigation for steamboats comprises fifty
miles on the St. Lawrence above Mon-
treal, about 200 miles on the Ottawa
and its lakes, 60 miles on the Richelieu,
75 miles on the St. Maurice, and about 100 miles on the other rivers, with-
out counting the lines on Lakes Temiscamingue, St. John, Memphremagoi^
and others. The length of the railways in operation in the Province of
Quebec, was 3,263 miles on the 30th June, 1897, with 419 miles in the
course of construction.
The Province of Quebec leads all the other Provinces of the Dominion
in the number, financial strength ?nd stability of its monetary institutions.
lOMESTEAD AT STK. PKIMi:, LAKH ST. JOHN DISTRICT, yUKBKC.
5n, 179,864 tons
nd 2,580,114 of
m were engaged.
Id, takes its rise
o Lake Superior
s : — St. Mary's,
t, between Lake
-m-
The paid-up capital and reserves of its banks amounted, on the 30th June,
FH98, to .^he sum of $49i537,«o5.oo.
The paid-up capital o( the banks of the Province of Quebec forms
nearly 50;/ of the paid-up capital of all the banks of Canada, which amounted
on the 30th June last (1898) to $62,303,137.00. At the same date, the dis-
counts were $114,184,889.00. The total assets were $177,282,831.00 and the
total liabilities were $128,970,232.00. Deposits formed a total o( $103,653,.
528.00, Government deposits not included, o( which $44,416,291.00 were pay-
able on demand and $59,237,237.00 after notice. The notes in circulation at
the same date represented a total of $i7.949»353.'^o apart from these discounts.
The control and the general supervision of matters relating to education
in the Province are exercised by a Council composed: (i) Ex-Officio, of all
the Catholic Bishops of the Province; (2) of a similar number of laymen
belonging to the same religious denomination and appointed by the Govern-
ment ; (3) of as many Protestant members, also appointed by the Government,
as there are Catholic lay members. This body, which is called the Council of
Public Instruction, meets very seldom, and then only to discuss questions of
general interest. The business is practically done by two committees; one
called the Catholic Committee, composed of the Bishops and the Catholic lay
members of the Council ; the other called the Protestant Committee and formed
of the Protestants, named by the Government, and a certain number of associate
members chosen by the Committee. Each Committee sits separately and
annually distributes the moneys voted by the Legislature for public instruction.
The whole school organization is directed by the Superintendent of Public
Instruction, who is ex-officio member and President of the Councf, with a
deliberative voice in the two Committees. He has as executive officers forty-
three inspectors, whose duty it is to visit all the schools subsidized by the
Government, to see to the observance of the school laws and to report to the
Superintendent upon the state of the schools and of education in their respec-
tive districts. There are Catholic inspectors for Catholic schools and Protestant
Inspectors for Protestant schools. These inspectors are named by the Govern-
ment on the recommendation of one or other of the Committees, according to
the religious
each munici]
ratepayers,
and the gre?
assured by
the subject
regards educ
have the Fn
of the other
The i
small tax or
cents, for ea
obliged to ]
to school,
are three spe
clusively a
zr two at
grades, from
At the heac
a French anc
McGill Uni\
Laval
inary, and o
comprises al
veterinary m
wealthy mer
wealthy and
professors a
medicine, an
rank with tl"
Lennoxville,
Mountain, o
-1C5-
the reli^»-ious denomination to which the schools to be visited belon^^ In
each municipality, school affairs are manaj^cd by Commissioners chosen by the
ratepayers. The most absolute respect for all reli^'-ious beliefs as to education
and the greatest harmony between the different elements o( the population are
assured by this organization, which renders all conflict between them on
the subject impossible. Moreover, history is there to prove that never, as
regards education or any other matters affecting questions of race or religion,
have the French Canadians attempted the slightest encroachment on the rights
of the other races or the other religious denominations.
The imposts levied for the purpose of primary education consist of a
small tax on real estate and a monthly contribution ranging from five to fifty
cents, for each child from seven to fourteen years old. All the ratepayers are
obliged to pay the school taxes, even when they do not send their children
to school. To form teachers for the primary and secondary schools, there
are three special teaching schools designated as normal schools, and maintained
clusively at the cost of the State. One of these schools is Protestant ; the
^r two are Catholic. The system of education embraces teaching in all its
grades, from University training dov.n to that of the humble primary school.
At the head of this system are three great Universities : Laval University,
a French and Catholic institution, and two English ani Protestant institutions,
McGill University and Bishop's College.
Laval University, at Quebec, was founded in 1852 by the Ou^'bec Sem-
inary, and organized by the late Rev. Louis Jacques Casault. Its curriculum
comprises all the departments of science and art, including even a course of
veterinary medicine. McGill University, at Montreal, founded in 1827 by a
wealthy merchant whose name it bears, and since richly endowed by other
wealthy and generous citizens of the commercial metropolis, counts 53 regular
professors and 55 assistant professors (lecturers) in its faculties of law and
medicine, and in the arts and sciences. Its department of applied science takes
rank with the finest and best equipped in the world. Bishop's College, of
Lennoxville, is an Anglican University, founded in 1843, by the late Bishop
Mountain, of Quebec. Its curriculum covers law, medicine, arts, sciences and
1 'I
I
-1C5—
1
1
r
[
1^ 1
:. I f. ;l
iiaiul Trunk Railway Sysli'in.
VICTORIA jrnil.KF. URIDGE, COMPLKTKI) IS!)!), ACR
This hridjrt. aoi'onimodatos clo-.ible railway tracks, and double pedesli
rOMPLKTKD IS!)!), ACROSS THE ST. LAWRlCXCIi: RIVKR AT MONTREAL, CANADA.
■aeks, and double pedestrian and vehicle roadways. The superstnieture replaced that of the \iiioria Tuhtilar Bridge erected lS.-.4..-.il.
theology. There are eig-hteen Catholic colleges i' the Province, two of which,
the Seminaries of Quebec and of St. Sulpice, at Montreal, are independent
institutions and make no report to the Superintendent of Public Instruction.
The majority of these colleges are affiliated to Laval University. There are
also seven schools of art and design for the Catholics.
The Protestants have also a number oi colleges affiliated to their Uni-
versities, among which may be more specially mentioned Morrin College, at
Quebec, St. Francis College and the Stanstead Weslevan College, besides a
large number of high schools and academies both for boys and for girls. In
addition to the institutions of secondary instruction, comprising academies
and model schools, there are schools of agriculture and of dairying, schools
of applied science, schools of arts and design, and a number of establishments
for the training of the deaf, dumb and blind.
It may be stated without fear of contradiction that the Province of
Quebec is far ahead of all other countries with the same population in the
matter of public charities. Indeed, these benevolent institutions are one of the
most characteristic features of its social organization. Its convents, its
monasteries of men and w^omen and its hospitals and asylums afford shelter,
consolation and relief to all the ills and all the hardships and infirmities to
which flesh is heir. Nearly all the races and creeds composing its population
are most liberally supplied with institutions of this character which are
generously subsidized by the Government. During the year 1896-97, the
grants for lunatic asylum amounted to $314,414, while $44,175 were contri-
buted to the support of hospitals and refuges; $62,514 to that of reformatories
and industrial schools, and $13,000 to that of deaf and dumb schools, or a
sum of $434,103.00 in all.
Besides the two leading cities of Quebec and Montreal hereinafter
described, the one its political and the other its commercial capital, as well
as the commercial metropole of the whole Dominion, the Province contains
several other important cities, such as Three Rivers, St. Hyacinthe, Sherbrooke
and Hull, and a number of thriving towns and villages like Levis, Mont-
magne, Fra;
John's, Mag
ville, Valleyf
etc., whose |
last census, ;
tries, or ceni
The C
treal on the
tributary, thi
Canada. Fc
and stores tl
the whole of
of the colon;
interesting a
the great ce
tures. The
Maurice Lui
annually. \
at Grand M
Piles Railwa
consists larg
perous local
which turn
shoes, of ca!
machines, w
riages, etc.,
10,000 souls
The ,
terrace over
some trees,
buildings ar
accessible e\
-16T-
magne, Fraserville, Rimouski, Chicoutimi, Sorel, Richmond, Waterloo, St.
John's, Magog, Bedford, Nicolet, Drummondville, Lachute, Longeuil, Louise-
ville, Valleyfield, Joliette, St. Jerome, F'arnham, Lachine, Iberville, Aylmer,
etc., whose populations range from 1,200 to 12,000 souls, according to the
last census, and which are either the seats of flourishing manufacturing indus-
tries, or centres of populous and thriving agricultural districts.
The City of Three Rivers, situated midway between Quebec and Mon-
treal on the north shore of the River St. Lawrence, at the mouth of its great
tributary, the St. Maurice, is one of the oldest and most interesting cities in
Canada. Founded in 1634 by the Sieur de la Violette, who established a fort
and stores there by order of Champlain, the founder of Quebec, it was during
the whole of the French regime one of the most important fur-trading posts
of the colony, and its history, next to that of Quebec, is the most chequered,
interesting and romantic of any point in the Province. At present, it is one of
the great centres of the Provincial lumber industry, and has many manufac-
tures. The extensive saw-mills of Baptist Warren & Curtis, and of the St.
Maurice Lumber Company, alone turning out over 100,000,000 feet of lumber
annually. The great pulp and paper mills of the Laurentides Pulp Company
at Grand Mere, on the St. Maurice, are connected with it by means of the
Piles Railway, and furnish an extensive contribution to its trade, which also
consists largely of farm products, chiefly butter and cheese. Another pros-
perous local industry is the manufacture of pig iron at the Radnor forges,
which turn out an average of 25 tons a day. The manufacture of boots and
shoes, of cast iron water pipes, of tools and axes, of steam engines, threshing
machines, wooden shovels, furs, gloves, biscuits and confectionery, stoves, car-
riages, etc., also occupies the attention of its population, which num.bers about
10,000 souls, and is almost wholly French Canadian.
The general aspect of the city is agreeable. Its public squares, its
terrace overlooking the port, and many of its streets are lined with hand-
some trees, and its fine public and private edifices ; but the majority of its
buildings are of substantial but plain construction. Its port is spacious and
accessible even to ocean steamships.
-16T-
ill,
I ^i 1
Mm4
ll^l',
I ! !"
r\
The City of Sherbrooke ^
HE CITY OF SHER-
BROOKE is one
of the most enterpris-
ing" and flourishing
cities of the Province,
with a mixed F^rench
and English popula-
tion of about 12,000
souls. It is situated
near the United States
boundary line, on both sides of the River
Magog, 100 miles southeast of Montreal, and
is a gfreat manufacturing and railway centra,
besides being" the chief business centre of the
HKAH OFFICK, EASTKRX TOW?
officf: and premisks of thk jenckf:s machine company, sherbrooke, Quebec,
manufacturers of power plants, mining and mill machinery, general iron vvori
i jii < MimiimKmnLJ"».m[:
KICK, EASTERN TOWNSHIPS BANK, SHERBROOKE, QUEBEC.
populous and fertile region known as the
Eastern Townships. Its industries incliule
manufactories of woollen and cotton goods,
flannels, iron castings, machinery, axes, pails,
etc., besides saw-mills, breweries, etc. It con-
tains a certain number of large and comfort-
able hotels, the head office of the Eastern
Townships Bank, churches of five or six de-
nominations, law courts, etc.
The Paton Manufacturing Company is one
of Canada's largest industries in the woollen
trade. The Jenckes Machine Co.'s output is
to be seen in all the mining camps in Canada.
The head office of the Eastern Townships Bank
is one of the beautiful sites in the Province, on
the banks of a water-power unsurpassed on
the continent.
BROOKE, (QUEBEC.
GENERAL IRON WORK
THE PATON MANUFACTURING COMPANY OK SHERBROOKE, gUEBEC.
MANUFACTURERS OF WOOLLENS, WORSTEDS AND WOOLLEN AND WORSTED YARNS.
HIRDS-EVK VIEW OF ST. HYACINTHK, QUKBKC.
City of St* Hyacinthe d^
The Cit}' o^ St. Hyacinthe is also
an important and proi^ressive industrial
centre, with a population oi about 14.000,
lart^el)' French Canadian. It is situated
on the northern branch of the Vamaska
River, and located in a fertile and well-
V
NEW WARD RECENTLY AXNEXKI
—109-
1
cultivated farming- district, but it is as a
manufacturing city that St. Hyacinthe is
chiefly reputed. Among its principal in-
dustries are boot and shoe making, leather
tanning-, and the manufacture of agricul-
tural implements, organs, woollen goods,
webbed goods, steam engines, doors and
window sashes, carriages, corsets, etc.
These industries furnish constant employ-
ment to over 2,000 hands, while the capital
nvested in them amounts to about $4,-
500,000. The city is also supplied with
all the modern improvements, and has
direct railway communication with all
parts of Canada and the United States by
means of the Grand Trunk Railway, the
ntf.p.
'I'll'
^^rn^KX
-^iafc-^v^V"
*i|'>
M
:« imm^Mi
i^i
RECENTLY A\NEXEI5 TO THE C[TV OV ST. HVA( INTHE. giEBEC.
— Kill -
m
It!
Drummond, the United Counties and the
Canadian Pacific Railways. It also contains
one local bank, the Bank of St. Hyacinthe,
and branches of the Eastern Townships
Bank and La Banque National, of Quebec.
The City of Hull, with its population
of nearly 13,000, is another of the great
manufacturing and lumbering centres of the
Province, and is famed for its great saw-
mills, paper mills, match and pail factories,
etc. It is situated on the east bank of the
Ottawa River, which divides it from the
capital of the Dominion, and with which it
is connected by means of a suspension bridge
and by the Canadian Pacific Railway bridge.
ST. HYACI
Founded in 1811. Classical education. Al
religious world, such as Sir \V. Laurier, Ih
and Bishops, etc., ai
THE BOAS MANUFACTURING COMPANY, ST. HYACINTHE, QUEBEC.
Manufacturers of Woollen Goods, Flannels, Underwear for Gent's and Ladies', Shirts, Gloves, Stockings, etc.
Annual output, $1,500,000.00. Capital authorized, $4,000,000.00. Employs over 1,000 persons.
One of its natural attractions is the Chau-
diere Falls, considered by many to rank next
in importance and beauty to Niagara.
The Town of St. John's is also an
important industrial and agricultural centre,
with a population of about 6,000 souls.
Situated on the west bank of the Richelieu
River, at the head of the Chambly canal, and
at the foot of the navigable waters o\ Lake
Champlain, 25 miles southeast of Montreal
and 20 miles north of the American frontier,
it occupies a commanding position in its
section of the Province, and is, moreover,
rendered easy of access by the navigation of
ST. HYACINTHE COLLEGE.
Classicc'il education. Alma Mater of many celebrities in the political and
such as Sir W. Laurier, the late Sir J. A. Chapleau, etc.; many Archbishops
and Bishops, etc., and other prominent citizens.
QUEBEC.
s, Gloves, Stockings, etc.
ver 1 ,000 persons.
ST. HVACLVTHE CENTRE MARKET.
The City being the best agricultural centre of the Province, the farmers' produce sold on thai
square is over $1,000,000.00 annually. Many other places are supplied from the St. Hyacinthe
Centre Ma 'ket, on account of its excellent choice and special quality.
the Richelieu, and by the four great lines of railways converging thereto : The
Grand Trunk, the Canadian Pacific, the Vermont Central, and the Shefford,
Stanstead and Chambly. It is the chief seat of the Canadian pottery industry.
The Toivn of Salaberry de Valleyfield, or Valleyfield, as it is more fre-
quently called for brevity's sake, is one of the most flourishing and progressive
of Canadian towns, and has evidently a bright future before it. Although it
only sprang into existence in 1874, it has already a population of 9,000 to
10,000 souls and takes rank among the principal manufacturing centres of the
Province. It is agreeably situated at the head of the Beauharnois Canal, at
the foot of Lake St. Francis, and is built partly on Grande He and partly on
the south bank of the St. Lawrence, the separation being by a branch of the
latter, which provides one of the finest water powers in the world. This
power is utilized to operate the great mills of the Montreal Cotton Company,
and the Buntin Estate's extensive paper mills.
The Town of Arthabaskaville, with which is included the adjoining
municipality of Victoriaville, is chiefly noted throughout the Dominion as the
home of one of the most eloquent, brilliant and successful public men that the
French-Canadian race have ever produced, the celebrated Sir Wilfred Laurier,
the present Prime Minister of Canada and leader of the Canadian Liberal
party. It is to his comfortable but unostentatious residence in Arthabaskaville,
that this busy and versatile statesman delights to retire when he lays down
the cares of State for a time and seeks a little needful rest amid scenes and
friends whom he dearly loves. Arthabaskaville has at present a population of
7,000 to 8,000 souls, chiefly French Canadian. It is situated on the line of
the Grand Trunk Railway at the junction, with the main line, of its branch to
Three Rivers, and possesses considerable importance, both as the centre of a
thriving agricultural and lumbering district, and as the chef lieu, or county
town, of the judicial district of Arthabaska. Besides the saw-mills within its
limits, or in its neighborhood, it has several factories.
The Town of Levis is situated on the south shore of the St. Lawrence,
immediately opposite the City or Quebec, with which it is connected by a
powerful steam ferry, running regularly both in summer and winter, and is
remarkable i
great forts,
several milli(
de Levis, is
484 feet lon|
ing the adjt
10,000, and
college atten
good elemen
hospital for
paper, a nui
telegraph ar
cable, beside
including a
Levis does a
but, such as
extensive foii
saw-mills, th
pany, Davie:
In a
multiplicity ;
of woodland
resorts is ne(
of them in ;
to speak, it
Quebec is r
scenery, and
beautiful Riv
Cacouna, Lii
Ha Bay and
in the beauti
John Railwa
-171-
ipr
remarkable as the spot whence Wolfe bombarded Quebec, in 1759. The three
j,»-reai forts, erected by the British Government on its hei^^hts at a cost of
several millions of dollars, are particularly interesting. Near by, r. St. Joseph
de Levis, is also the Government graving dock, a massive piece of masonry,
484 fed long and 100 wide, for the accommodation of the shipping. Includ-
ing the adjoining municii)ality of Lauzon, Levis has a population of over
10,000, and is, above all, an important railway centre. It has a classical
college attended by nearly 400 boys, a convent school for girls, a number of
good elementary schools, an asylum for the aged, infirm and for orphans, an
hospital for the sick, two bank agencies, a daily and a weekly French news-
paper, a number of social and other clubs, a police force and fire brigade, a
telegraph and telephone service, including communication with Quebec by
cable, besides many fine stores and handsome public and private buildings,
including a town hall, Roman Catholic, Anglican and Presbyterian churches.
Levis does a large trade in lumber. The local industries are not numerous,
but, such as they are, are very flourishing. They include Carrier & Lanes'
extensive foundry and machine works, King's boot and shoe factorv. Gravel's
saw-mills, the Beaver File Works, the workshops of the Levis Acetylene Com-
pany, Davies' slips and floating docks, etc.
In a Province of such vast territorial extent, and presenting such a
multiplicity and variety of natural attractions, as well as such an abundance
of woodland and water surfaces, the number of favorite summer and sporting
resorts is necessarily so great that it would be vain to attempt a description
of them in a work of this limited scope. Each centre of population has, so
to speak, its own favorite spots, which are more or less special to itself.
Quebec is noted among the Province, of the Dominion for its beautiful
scenery, and the variety and number of its watering places. Situate on the
beautiful River St. Lawrence are Murray Bay, Cap al Aigle, Riviere du Loup,
Cacouna, Little Metis and Tadousac ; while on the Saguenay River are Ha
Ha Bay and Cl^coutimi. From the latter, Roberval, a famous resort situated
in the beautiful Lake St. John, is easily reached by the Quebec and Lake St.
John Railway.
-171-
eORTICKI.LI SII.K MILLS. LAUCEST SILK THRK.M) MILLS IN Till-: WOULD. I\
LKKDS, MASS.; II AYDKNVILLE. :
I
; IN THK WORLD. KACTOKIKS AT ST. JOHNS, I'.g., ANH COATICOOK. I'.g.. CANADA; KI.ORIiNCK. MASS.
SS. ; IIAVDKNVILLE. MASS., AND HARTI-ORD, CONN., U.S.A.
- 172 -
The City of Quebec t^«=st«^«^
I
I
UKBfcX, the Capital oi the Province, is one o( the oldest and
most interesting cities o( America ; while in the _i>-randeur
of its site and surroundings, in the extent and romance of
its history, in the strength of its fortifications, and in the
kindness and hospitality of its citizens, it far surpasses
about mid
hand, and
nini»" of ri'
the hiijh \
Lawrence
the islands
the verdan
two chann
tory of O
them all. Every foot of
ground in and around
Oueliec is :;dolent with
historic associations, and
.vhatever jealousies may
exist among the other
Canadian cities, all are
p''oud of this old capital or
New France- which was
the cradle, so to speak, of
♦he whole Dominion. Its
geographical situation, at
the point where the St.
Lawrence quickly narrows
and ceases, so to speak, to
forin part of the ocean,
gives it special import-
ance in the militarN' and
commercial strategy of
North America. Located
IMRDS-EVE VIEW OF gUKBEC, WITH ST. I.AWRENCK RI\ER IN T
PROPOSED CANTILEVER URIHGE 0\KR ST. LAWRENCE R
--17;>--
and
leiir
t? of
the
sses
about midway botween tho line dividing the salt and fresh water on the one
hand, and the head of tide water on the other, Quebec is really at the bei*-!!!-
ninjL'' oi' river navii»'ation. l;i its splendid harbor, the difference oi' level between
the hii^h water of ordinary and spring- tides is i8 feet. Below Quebec the St.
Lawrence presents all the appearance of an inland sea, gradually attenuated by
the islands which are struni^ like the beads of a rosar\- alonp' its centre, with
the verdant and smiling Isle of Qrleans at the end, separating the waters into
two channels right in front of the city. Viewed from this delta, the promon-
tory of Quebec, in the form of a great ;etacean asleep on the waters, seems
to close the passage and
; to indicate the limit of
oceanic navigation. True,
at a distance of five miles
above the cit)', the shores
of the river suddenly draw
closer, and its deep waters
are pent up in a sort of
gorge between cliffs of
sa\age aspect. But what
it loses in breadth it gains
i:T depth. In fact, in the
harbor of Quebec, the lead
goes down to 182 feet
before touching bottom.
Before 1S41, Lake St.
Peter had only a depth of
seven feet at some points,
but since then a channel
through it has been
d'edged out, which en-
jibles ocean vessels to as-
WRK.N'CK UI\KR IN THK FOKKCROlNn, I'KO.M HlvM' PORT,
KkPkiTtClTK^
UTH axanc
y^ CANT'LCVEB BRIOCr. OVCR . '»
CITY or QUBPCC
^J
KR ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. NEAR C\T\ OV QIEHEC,
cend to Montreal, at the
foot of the first rapids of
III
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1
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CITY HALL, Cr
CITY HALL, CITV OK QUEBEC.
IT*-
CHATEAU FRONTENAC, DUFFERIN TERRACE, LOWER TOWN AND HARBOR
FROM THE CITADEL, QUEBEC CITY,
the St. Lawrence. The scenic beauties of the ancient capital are famed far
and wide. It has been surnamed the "Gibraltar of America," with this dif-
ference, that it is not only a fortified promontory, but an inhabited mountain
with palaces and suburbs, and surmounted with cupolas and minarets which
give it an Oriental aspect ; a city of stairways, of terraces, and of hanging
gardens. It has consequently become the Mecca of tourists, and the affluence
of its visitors so increases from year to year, that in the summer of 1898,
although its one grand hotel has been replaced by the Chateau Frontenac, one
of the most extensive and princely hostelries of America, and by two other
modern hotels, there is still a lack of accommodation, and it will be necessary
to enlarge and build further.
Topography. — Citadel of Quebec, latitude 46° 48' 23" N., longitude 71°
12' 35" W. (according to the hydrogaphical map of Commander Maxwell, 1887)
75th merid
The city is
promonton
tributary, 1
Its superfi(
annexation
great seap<
head of n:
length, wit
the mouth
the city,
one of whi
of the Cha
V-J
BIRDS-]
-175-
75th meridian, 5 hours difference of time with the meridian of Greenwich.
The city is built partly on the top and on one of the less abrupt slopes of the
promontory, and partly on the low shorts of the St. Lawrence and of its
tributary, the St. Charles, whence its division into Upper and Lower Towns.
Its superficies of ij4- miles before 1889 has been increased to 2}^ miles by the
annexation of the adjoining village of St. Lawrence. Quebec is one of the
great seaports of the St. Lawrence and of the Canadian Atlantic, being at the
head of navigation in the deep water channel. Its harbor is ten miles in
length, with a width ranging from about 2,000 feet at its narrowest point, at
the mouth of the Chaudiere River, to 5,000 and 6,000 feet opposite and below
the city. In the immediate vicinity are some of the gre?vtest water powers,
one of which, the Montmorency Falls, is utilized, while three others, the falls
of the Chaudiere, the St. Ann and the Jacques Cartier Rivers, will shortly be
'iH
] ^it
ii
m
my''.'u
lii
m
BIRDS-EVE VIEW OF UPPER TOWN, KRUM PARLIAMENT TOWER, CITY OF (JUEBPX.
-175-
ill
^i'll
!
1
1
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i
■ 1 .ik^rM.
AAjyfcf^ia ■ hii ^1.
^-:»^
\
■■
k ■ ■ *
li
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. h
-..is
-
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f
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t-r^
'1 -
/
MONL'MKNT liAUDKN, CUV OF QUKBKC.
SO for manufacturing^ purposes. Quebec's '' back country " is one of the best
watered reg"ions on the American continent, and comprises the valley of Lake
St. John and its numerous affluents, that of the St. Maurice, and, lastly, that
of the Sa^-uenay which is one of the world's wonders.
History. — In 1535 Jacques Cartier landed on the banks of the River St.
Charles, but the fcuidation of the first settlement at Quebec onlv dates back
to the 3rd July, 160K, when Samuel de Champlain took possession for and iri
the name of the Kin_i»' of France. Taken by Kirke in 1629, Quebec was
restored to the French in 1633. It was a^ain threatened b)- Phipps in 1690
and Walkem in 171 1, and capitulated to the Kni>-lish in 1759, after the defeat
of the French under Moncalm, by the En^-lish under Wolfe, on the Plains of
Abraham. In 1763, the whole of Canada was ceded by France to Fngland.
In r 775 Quebec was besie_i»'ed by the Americans luuler Arnold and Monig-omery,
the latter beiiii^ killed in an unsuccessful attempt to earn- it by storm. In
1832, no less than 6,000 of its population fell victims to the Asiatic cholera,
and in 1845, 1866, 1876, 1881 and 1889, it was the scene o\' great conflaij-ra-
tions, which destroyed whole sections of it constructed of wood.
Public Worship, Education and Charity. — Quebec has had the honor of
possessini*- the first Canadian Cardinal of the Roman Church. The Roman
Catholic archdiocese of Quebec has been the cradle of >o dioceses. Quebec
has also a Bishop of the Anglican Church. It contains 20 Catholic and 12
Protestant churches and chapels. Higher education is represented by Laval
University and Morrin College ; secondary education b\- the Minor Seminary,
the Hip-h School and tb: Laval Normal School, and summarv education bv
the Commercial Academy, the Business Colleges, the schools under the control
of the Protestant Commissioners, the schools of the Christian Brothers,
L'CEuvre du Patronage, the Schools of Arts and Design, and the Government
Night Schools. There are also six convent schools for girls, and 13 hospitals,
refuges and asylums, exclusive of the Beauport Insane Asylum.
one of the best
valle}- of Lake
and, lastlv, that
of the River St.
3nly dates back
ision for and in
19, Quebec was
Phipps in 1690
after the defeat
n the Plains of
iCe to Kngland.
d Montgomery,
VIKW IN gUKHKC CITY, OVKRI.OOKINCl ST. I.AWUENCK UIVKU, FROM I! X AC SOl'AUi:.
-17ti-
— -». -^ —1. '
•
■■■;a£»^;'i"'SS
-
H
^^^ . ..
i
■^^'■^ms^f'^m
IWWj^^v^sr •**
^ ,. - ■ ■
iM-
.- --7' ; r
/
1
•
''■■■■
VIKW FROM I'OIXT I.KVIS. SHOWING WOLFES COVK, THK CITADEL, UPPER TOWN
AND LOWER TOWN, QLEREC C IT\'.
Trade and Indiistrv. — Quebec has the head offices o{ four banks, the
banks o( Quebec, the Nationale, the Union and the Caisse d'Economie, and
seven agencies o( outside banks. Towards the middle of the present century,
wooden shipbuikliniif was one of the great k^cal industries, and the export o\'
square timber was carried on upon a kirge scale ; but the multiplication of
saw-mills in the interior and the decentralization of the export trade did great
damage to the port of Quebec. But, since then, another great local industr\-
has arisen — the manufacture o( boots and shoes. Recent statistics show that
there are actually 32 shoe factories in the city, without reckoning those at
Levis and Loretto, to the luunber of 7, and that their annual output is about
9,000,000 pairs, or nearly one-half of the total Canadian consumption, which
is estimated at $20,000,000 per annum. The square timber trade has been
replaced by
these nation,
years. In
mentioned f
amounted to
round figure
shore there
the whole o
over the St.
above Cape
posed of tw
project. Ai
been formed
Quebec, Moi
Power Comf
and power.
w
-17
m
replaced by sawn lumber, in the form of boards and deals, and the export of
these national products has increased in a very marked way at Quebec of late
years. In 1895, it represented a trade o\' $3,500,000; in nSgb, $4,250,000;
in i«S97, $5,000,000, and this year the prospect is that it will exceed the last
mentioned fig-ure. The total imports and exports at the port oi' Quebec
amounted to $9,500,000 in 1895, and to $10,000,000 in 1897, both years in
round hijures. Quebec is the terminus of four railways, and on the south
shore there are three others runninj^ into Levis. The idea of connecting"
the whole oi' this network of railways with the city by means of a bridge
oyer the St. Lawrence at its narrowest point, in the yicinity, or fiye miles
aboye Cape Diamond, is now in a fair way to be realized, a company com-
posed of two hundred influential citizens having- been formed to carry out the
project. Another great company, with a capital of v$3, 000,000, has recently
been formed by the amalgamation oi the Quebec District Electric Railway, the
Quebec, Montmorency and Charlevoix road, and the Montmorency Electric and
Power Company, to operate the city street railway and to supply electric lig^ht
and power. Qther important local industries are, the Montmorency Cotton
! ' '1*!;
LOUISK HASIX, Ol'KHKC ("ITV.
-177-
. I
Ir
i!iri
m
jj mmu
CH.VIEAU FKONTENAC, FROM LAVAL UNIVERSITY, gUEBIX CITY.
Mills, the Canadian manufacture of furs, four large breweries, two corset fac-
tories, two tobacco and cigar factories, etc. Among other local institutions
may be mentioned the Quebec Gas Company, the Quebec and Levis Ferry
Company, the Quebec Fire Assurance Company, the Quebec Steamship Com-
pany, the Lotbiniere and Megantic Railway Company, the Quebec Building
Society, etc. The Quebec Harbor Commission is also, this year, making a
$350,000 extension to its already extensive system of wharves and docks, to
meet the increase in the shipping trade. The export of pulp to Europe for
paper-making, has also set in from Quebec.
The population of Quebec, which was almost stationary during the
decade from 1881 to 1891, numbered 63,000 at the last census, in 1891, but
it is estimated that it now exceeds "jo^ooo. '
It becomes clear to the most superficial visitor that the City of Quebec
is rapidly acquiring a commercial position commensurate with her importance
historically. She has not only a great past but a brill run future. It is pos-
sible that some of the conservative minds of the old Province view, with a
■i-i
CITY.
, two corset fac-
local institutions
nd Levis Ferry
Steamship Com-
;^uebec Building
year, making a
s and docks, to
p to Europe for
lar)' during the
us, in 1 89 1, but
City of Quebec
her importance
ture. It is pos-
ce view, with a
certain amount of alarm, commercial growth in a city hallowed by tradi-
tion, but in a young country the wheel o( progress must continue to rev^'ve.
The rapid strides Quebec has made in recent years must be attributed largely
to Mayor Parent, who represents the best lype of I*rench Canadian. In three
successive terms, at the head of her municipal administration, he has stood for
progress md development. As a result the city has been spreading out on all
sides until it seems likely that the historic battlefield, tlie Plains of Abraham,
will have to be sacrificed to her need for expansion. The exceptional advan-
tages she has to offer as an industrial city, with a good working population
to draw on, are being realized all over Canada.
OFFICES AND FACTORY OF W. A. MARSH & t O., 466 TO 472 ST. VALIER ST., gUEBEC CITY.
Manufacturers of P'ine Boots and Shoes in Men's, Boys', Vouttis', Ladies', Misses' and Children's.
-178-
An establishment which the
City of Ouebec may well be
proud ot" is the noble ^roup of
commercial premises known as
Z. Paquet's stores, which occupy
a wide tVontai,'-e on St. Joseph
Street, in the centre of the
I'rench-Canadian ward of St.
Roches. 'IMiey consist of three
buildings of unequal heij^ht,
marking' different periods and
stag-es in the development of
Mi. Paquet's success. They
can be pointed out as a re-
markable achievement of busi-
ness enterprise. From a very
humble starting- point more than
fifty years ago, the commercial
venture of Mr. Paquet has con-
stantly grown up until it has
expanded into a large dry goods
departmental store, the first and
only one of its kind in Ouebec
City. The stores are equipped
with all modern appliances as
far as heat, light, power and
comfort are concerned. They
also have their own electric
plant, a steam heating appa-
ratus, a cable cash sytem, a
system of fire protection, ele-
vators, capacious show - win-
War^e'houses.
16510171 te
St. Joseph 5t. '
QUEBEC.
1
OFFICES, WARKHOUSES AND FACTORY C
-179-
rflARE Point,
0: QUEBEC.
,1-- -™.-;^.-y- -.- .:r-:m:
rSES AND FACTORY OF Z. FAQL'F:T.
-179-
dows, jrlass counters, fold in j^*-
stools, etc. Above the ret.iil
stores are millinery and tailor-
inj^>- workshops, fur showrooms
and warehousing'' department
and sample rooms, for Mr.
Paquet also carries on a large
wholesale business. He is the
owner of "The Canadian Man-
facture of Furs," which occupies
an extensive building at Hare
Point, near Victoria Park, and
whose production is favorably
known from ocean to ocean.
His business also includes a
glove factory, to which he is
just now adding kid-tanning
works, and he is one of the
largest wholesale (^a radian deal-
ers in hats, caps and moccasins.
He has a branch office in
Montreal. In those several pur-
suits he gives employ to (700)
seven hundred helps, viz.: —
bookkeepers, clerks, travellers,
operatives, etc. Mr. Z. Paquet
has now reached a ripe old
age, but the management of
his extensive business is in
charge of an able successor in
the person of Honorable J.
Arthur Paquet, senator, one of
his sons.
' ': ;■.!
ill
'J ' '
The City of Montreal ^^^
'0NTRI":AL is the chief
city, not onK- of
the Province of
t^u. Quebec, but oi'
all Canada.
Thoug-h not its
political capital,
or even the seat
of Government,
oi its own Province, it is the commercial
metropolis of the Dominion, and exceeds
all other Canadian cities, as well in size,
population and i>-randeur, as in its com-
mandini,'- positio.. at the head of ocean
navit^ation, and the unrivalled extent of its
trade as a seaport and a manufacturint,*-
cenrre. It holds toward the Dominion the
position that New York does to the nei|L>-h-
boring- Republic oi' the United States. As
the ajres of cities are reckoned in this new
world, Montreal is ancient indeed. The
story of its settlement iroes back so far
that it is lost in the mists of antiquity.
When Jacques Cartier, the French discov-
erer of Canada, sailed up the St. Lawrence,
he found it an ancient svailed city of the
Indians. Three centuries and a half have
roiled away into the boundless ocean of
eternity since Cartier first looked upon its
CANAIlA I.tl'I'. ASSl'KANCK (
1
A LI( K. ASSrUANCK CO. BUILDING. MOXTRKAl.
IHl)
mai^nificeiit site, on the fertile island formed
by the confluence oi' the Ottawa with the
.St. Lawrence, and on the majestic moun-
tain which he called Mount Royal, and
from which the modern city takes its name.
Three-quarters of a century after Cartier
came Champlain, the founder o\' historic
Quebec, but over thirt\' \ears more were
fated to elapse before the knig-htly pioneer
and explorer, Maisonneuve, laid at the foot
of Mount Royal the foundations oi' what
was destined to become the jjreat commer-
cial centre oi' Canada, the fair and flourish-
\n^ metropolis o\ Britain's possessions in
America. In 1642 Montreal was founded
on the site oi' the old Indian town oi'
Hochela^a, a name still preser\ed in one
oi' the wards of the city and in man\' local
institutions. The early histor\- of " V'ille
Marie," th. name fiist bestowed upon it
by its founder, is full of romance. DiUMnir
the wars between the French and the New
Eiii^land colonies, aided h\ the fierce Iro-
quois, it was exposed to the whole fury oi
the stri'.j^rgle, and on more than one occa-
sion the entire island, up to the ver)- palis-
ades of the town, was swept by Indian
war parties. Yet, in spite of all ihese
drawbacks, it rapidly grew into importance
and became the centre of the trade with
the west. In 1760, after the fall of Ouehec,
Montreal capitulated to the English. Six-
teen years later, in 1776, it fell for a short
GENERAL OFFICES OF THE GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY
m
<D TRUNK RAILWAY SYSTEM, MONTREAL
PLACE VIGER HOTEL, MONTREAL.
time into the hands of the American revolutionists, in their strug-gle for inde-
pendence. After the revokition, Montreal began to thrive under British rule,
and became for a short time the political as well as the commercial capital.
The city tells at a gflance to-day the story of its commercial o-reatness.
Its magnificent situation, at the outlet of navigation for the vast chain of
inland fresh water seas, st e Miing away into the very heart of the continent,
and at the head oi' the ocea i navigation, 986 miles from the Straits of Belle
Isle, shows clearly that it was destined by nature to be the emporium of the
Dominion. Four and a half miles long by two miles wide, there are no sleepy
thoroughfares within its limits. There are quiet streets in the select residen-
tial sections, where the houses of the more prosperous citizens are to be found ;
but these, in their ver\' nature, are the evidence of a jirogressive people, who,
by their energy and enterprise, have made life worth living for its social
pleasures. In the business districts, however, the rush and bustle of a metro-
polis are seen and heard from early morn till evening- late. There are miles
and miles of busy streets, with block after block of massive buildings, each of
which is a veritable hive o( industry. Indeed, the commercial growth oi
■HiiiiMKa
va
I
rug-gle for inde-
der British rule,
nmercial capital.
ercial p'reatness.
e vast chain of
f the continent,
Straits of Belle
mporium of the
e are no sleep}
e select residen-
re to be found ;
ve people, who,
;■ for its social
stle of a metro-
rhere are miles
ildings, each of
■cial growth oi
Montreal has been of a solid nature, based upon legitimate foundations.
Sound principles have prevailed and as a consequence foreign capital has
sought investment in the city. Montreal is the combined London and Paris
of Canada.
Viewed from the summit of Mount Royal, or the Mountain, as it is
more frequently termed, the scene is most striking and impressive. Beneath
and spreading on all sides in grand and solid proportions, with broad paved
avenues, maple-adorned streets, brilliant squares, open parks, hundreds of
spires, cupolas and domes, and high above all, rising conspicuously, the huge
towers of Notre Dame, and the colossal form of St. James Cathedral, a fac-
simile of St. Peter's in Rome, we behold the Montreal of to-day. Montreal,
with its wealth, its grandeur and its beauty, its museums, its art galleries and
its libraries ; Montreal, with its great banks and its vast warehouses ; Montreal,
in all its attractions, is there before us. The scene, too, that frames in the
picture of the city is as magnificent as it is varied. To the right run the two
picturesque roads to Lachine, and between is the famed canal, where the
steamers ascending seem to be running on dry land, while in the distance,
hp:ad offices Canadian pacific railway, Montreal.
\»'i-
WORKS or li<E DOMINION BKIOtil-: LOMJ'AW. l.liVUlKl),
-183-
"I
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m
COMPANY, I.IMITKD, AT LACHINK LOCKS, P.Q.
-183-
WrtF*?
the worlcl-ronownccl rapids appears with-
in a stone's throw o\' the canal boats.
Lower down, hke a hui^e leviathan of
prehistoric epochs, stretched across the
broad St. Lawrence, pier after pier
and span after span, the Victoria bridjL,''e
flings its huj^e proportions. Lower still,
St. Helens Island, once famed as a
military stroni>hold, now a j^em-like
park, withiri a tew acres o\' the wharves.
0\er its mai^azine-crowned hillocks, a
i^limpse is cauL,''ht o\' the slender and
elei>ant spire o\' the Lengareil Church,
one o\ the finest in Canada, and the
blue backs oi' Heloeil Mountain, the
summer resort oi' the thousands of Mon-
treal's citizens. Broader o-rows the St.
Lawrence, and fainth- aj)pear the spark-
linjLj" steeples oi' Boucherville and Var-
ennes as the\' iJ'listen in the heams oi'
the settint*' sun, while \onder comes a
dark object with its curling' column oi'
smoke, it is an ocean steamer ploui^h-
ini,"" its way against the miii^hty force oi'
the ciu'rent. Architecturally speakini*',
Montreal is a beautifid city. It has
more \ariety in its architecture, and its
public buildini>'s are more massive and
tasteful than those oi' almost any other
cit\- oi' the y\merican continent. The
blue-j^ray limestone with which the
island abounds, is eminently adapted to
producing graceful structural effects.
\VI\!)SOR IIOTKI., KIIOWINU 1M^KMISI':S OI
WINDSOR STRl':i>:
IS
low INC. i'ri:misi:s ok c;i;oKf.K hi.achi;, importing tailor,
WINDSOR STRKKT, MOXTRKAL.
Most o\' the pii\ato houses arc also
built o( stone, and several o( the belter
class have been built at a cost o\ over
half a million dollars each. There is
s^^reatness, too, in man)- o\' the objects
o( local interest. The Church of \otre
Hanie, capable ot seatins^)" 15,000 peo|)le,
is the lar,t,''est relis^ious edifice on the
continent, north of the City of Mexico,
while its i^reat bell is the iari,''est in
America. McGill ( ollei>'e ranks with
the great universities beyond the sea,
and Montreal College is famed through-
out the continent. The Bank of Mon-
treal is the greatest financial institution
in America, and the Seminary of St.
Sulpice, the wealthiest educational estab-
lishment on the hemisphere. Then
among a choice of spleiulid hotels is the
Windsor, with its stately edifice in which
a regiment could be lodged, and witii a
spacious main corridor and dining-hall,
which are the admiration of \isitors
from all quarters. Of churches there
are over eighty, apart from chapels and
private places of worship. 'Inhere aie
upwards of twentx' Roman Catholic
chin^ches, eighteen Presbyterian, fourteen
liipiscopal, one Reformed {Episcopal,
twelve Methodist, three Congregational,
four Baptists, one Swedenborgian, one
I.utheran, one Unitarian, one United Free
Church and three Jewish synagogues.
even greatc
Protestant i
to the ' du(
the Fresbyt*
Normal Scl
and the V\
Protestant *
Amoi
or Seminar}
the best cl
seats of \ei\
Sacred He?
other educa
RESIDKXCE OF JAMKS HAXTER. KS^J., HWKKU, SHKRHROOKE STREET, MONTREAL.
One of the finest of the Roman Catholic churches is St. Patrick's Church,
the shrine, par excellence, where the Irish Catholics worship. The nost
widely known and nnportant educational institution is McGill College or
University. Its buildings, its museums, its grand halls and its splendid
grounds, are all worthy of the greatest admiration. It is a vei v city in itself.
There are to-day the William Molson Hall, the Peter Redpath Museum, the
W. C. McDonald Physics Building, the Thomas Workman Department of
Mechanical Engineering and the W. C. McDonald Engineering Building and
Library, besides the many endowed chairs, exhibitions and scholarships to
show the world what has been done by Montreal and its merchant priiKos for
higher education. And what McGill is to the l-lnglish and Protestant element,
Laval University is to the French and Roman Catholics of the Province.
The chief seat of this institution is in Quebec, but the Montreal branch is
X — 18.>
RESII
even greater than the parent establishiTieiit. There is aiu>ther prominent
Protestant institution known as the Presbyterian College of Montreal, devoted
to the ' Jiication and training oi' missionaries and clergymen connected with
the Presbyterian Church of Canada; the University of Bishop's College, McGill
Normal School, the Anglican Diocesan College, the Congregational College
and the Wesleyan Theological ColI»^ge must also be included among the
Protestant educational establishments.
Among other large Roman Catholic institutions are the Montr al College
or Seminary of St. Sulpice, and the Jesuits' College. Those take rank among
the best classical colleges in America. Other pron\inent Roman Catholic
seats of learning are the Jacques Cartier Normal School, the ( onvent of the
Sacred Heart, the Hochelaga Convent, etc. Besides, there are hundreds of
other educational institutions from the high schools, academics and scnools of
l(ti
RKSIDKNCK OF R. MKICUI K\, KSO., I'UKSIDKNT Ol' TIIK I.AKK OF THK WOODS
MILI,IXC". c;OMI'A\Y, 14(1 DRUMMONn STRKl'T, MONTRHAL.
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TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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Corporation
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93 WIST MAN STR8IT
WIBSTIR,N.Y. MSSb
(71«) 672-4503
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ELMCROFT, LACHINE, P.Q., THE RESIDENCE OF MR. ROBERT BICKERDIKE.
applied science, down to the ordinary elementary schools, all engaged in the
education of youth. As for libraries they are numerous. The McGill College
library contains 25,000 volumes ; the Advocates' library, in the Court House,
15,000; the Presbyterian College library as many volumes as the three put
together. Besides these, there are public libraries in the Mechanics' Institute,
the Fraser Institute, the Young Men's Christian Association, the Jesuits,
College, and in many of the other institutions. There are also a number of
musical societies In Montreal, among them the most noted and most thoroughly
organized being the Philharmonic Society. Then there is the Art Association,
dear to every lover of painting and sculpture. The collection, which is aug-
mented every year, is a permanent one, and the galleries are open all day
long. Montreal is also a city of amusements. In the first place, it is the
grand centre of the national game of lacrosse, and its team have for years held
the world's championship for that most splendid form of exercise, and as for
theatres, there are no end of them. There are the Windsor Hall, the Academy
of Music, the Queen's Theatre, the French Theatre, Sohmer Park, etc. Apart
,1 K
'Hi'-
11
ICKERDIKE.
I engaged in the
le McGill College
the Court House,
as the three put
chanics' Institute,
tion, the Jesuits,
also a number of
most thoroughly
e Art Association,
3n, which is aug-
are open all day
it place, it is the
ive for years held
ercise, and as for
lall, the Academy
Park, etc. Apart
from these there are numerous public halls, notably that of the Monument
National. In winter Montreal has its toboganning, skating and its gymnastic
halls ; and in summer the winter out-door sports are replaced by lacrosse,
foct-ball, golf, tennis, cricket, yachting and boating. The public buildings
proper are of a class equal to those of any city on the continent, and superior,
in proportion to Pvlontreal's extent and population, to most of them. The
Court House is a most massive edifice. The City Hall, the Custom House,
Examining Warehouse, Post Office, Harbor Commissioner's Building, Inland
Revenue Office, and the magnificent Board of Trade Building, are all beauti-
ful and imposing structures, and pictures of both external and internal perfec-
tion of arrangement. There is also the Dalhousie Station in the east end,
which forms the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway's Quebec line, and
is also the grand shipping depot at which the ocean-bo'md vessels get their
RESIDKNCK OF LORD STRATHCONA AND MOUNT ROYAL, SHERBROOKE STREET, MONTREAL.
—186--
Hospital, tl
the Good S
numerous t(
magnificent,
merce and i
all the othe
can cities,
the solidity
banking ca[
precious loads of grain and cattle for Europe, while in the west end are the
Bonaventure, or Grand Trunk Station, and the Windsor, or Canadian Pacific
Station. And, if banks can be styled as public buildings, Montreal has a
profusion of them that are worthy of the greatest admiration. The Bank of
Montreal is a massive structure of solid carved stone, with huge Corinthian
pillars supporting a gratidly designed portico. Internally it is fitted up in a
manner in accord with the many millions it represents. On St. James Street,
also, is the Canadian Bank of Commerce, which has its offices in the splendid
building of the Standard Insurance Company ; the Bank of British North
America, on the same street, is a solid,
substantial-looking edifice ; the Mol-
sons Bank is a gem of architecture
and richness. While the Toronto,
Merchants, Jacques Cartier, the Na-
tivonal and the Ville Marie are also
very prettily housed. Montreal is also
remarkable for the abundance and ad-
mirable character of its benevolent and
charitable institutions. There are Pro-
testant, Catholic, French, English,
Irish, Scotch, German, Italian and
Hebrew establishments for the purpose
of helping the poor, caring for the
sick, protecting the insane, giving
homes to the aged and the orphan,
and for the objects of mutual benefit.
Of the Protestant institutions, the most
celebrated are the Insane Asylum at
Verdun, the Montreal General Hospi-
tal, and the Royal Victoria Hospital,
besides many smaller and equally use-
ful institutions. The Roman Catholic ^^.^,^^^ ^^^ premisks of colin Mcarthur ^ co., the pi
establishments include the Hotel Dieu wall fapkr industry, montre/'
-187-
he
fie
a
of
m
a
it,
id
th
Hospital, the Notre Dame Hospital, the Hon.es of the Sisters of Providence,
the Good Shepherd Asylum and the Grey Nunnery, besides many others too
numerous to mention. Social clubs are also numerous, and many of them are
magnificent. But it is in the vast accumulation of wealth, its immense com-
merce and its great manufacturing and industrial interests that Montreal excels
all the other c'ties of the Dominion, and, indeed, most of all the other Ameri-
can cities. Its wealth is attested by the splendor of its merchant princes, and
the solidity of its financial institutions. It controls about two-thirds of the
banking capital of the Dominion. The Bank of Montreal corresponds, in a
sense, to the Bank of England. It is
the largest monetary institution in Am-
erica, and the largest colonial bank in the
world, while the number of other great
banks, which have their head offices
or their agencies in the city, show how
immense is the banking business neces-
sitated by the vast and ever-growing
trade. The wholesale houses of Mon-
treal are also the largest and wealthiest
in all Canada, while in the manufactur-
ing line it equally stands pre-eminent.
Among its chief industries may be
mentioned its great cotton mills, the
largest in Canada, its silk mills and
other textile factories, its numerous tan-
neries and boot and shoe ictories, its
ready-made clothing establishments, its
great iron and steel works, its safe,
nail and horse-shoe factories, its found-
eries, its machine shops, its sewing
machine factories, its immense paper
and flour mills, its sugar refineries,
ri'HUR & CO., Till-: PIONEKRS OF THE CANADIAN
INDUSTRY. MONTREAL. etC. etC.
'1'!
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-187
>iii
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1
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: ■
Abbey's Effervescent Salt. — Of the more
important industries which have been introduced
into Canada, during the past year, there is
scarcely any ranking in importance with that
of the Abbey Effervescent Sa.c Company,
Limited, whose headquarters are in Montreal.
Abbey's Effervescent Salt is an English phar-
maceutical preparation, which differs from the
ordinary proprietary article in that it is endorsed
by the medical journals everywhere, and is pre-
scribed by physicians. In its advertising litera-
ture, too, it makes no claim that cannot be
fully substantiated in its use. The excellent
business methods of this Company have met
with tremendous success, and with the approval
of the drug trade of Canada, so much so that
the September issue of the Canadian Pharma-
ceutical Journal makes the statement that
Abbey's Effervescent Salt is probably the best
selling specialty in Canada to-day.
Such Companies as these, conducted on
the excellent principles which they have laid
down as their rule, are what add stability to
the industries of Canada. It is an accepted
fact that their preparation is a worthy one, and
that their motto, used on their posters and in
theii advertising to the effect that "Abbey's
Effervescent Salt is The Foundation of Health,"
is quite justified. There is no doubt but that
the daily use of Abbey's Effervescent Salt will
keep one in good health, and this is not only
the conviction of the proprietors of the Com-
MACDONALD MOXUMKNT,
ONALD MOXUMKXT, HOMIMON SQUARE, MONTREAL.
-188-
pany, but the opinion unanimously expressed
by the leading medical journals and physicians
of this as well as other countries.
The success which has attended the Com-
pany's operations is thus due to the excellence
of the preparation and to the intelligent and
honest manner in which it has been placed
upon the market. In order that the profession
and the public should be satisfied on this point
the proprietors had their product analyzed by
the Dominion Official Analyst in Montreal
with the following- result :
Laboratory of Inland Revenue,
Office of Official Analyst,
Montreal, July 28, icSgS.
I, John Baker Edwards, do hereby certify
that I have duly analyzed and tested several
samples of "Abbey's Eftervescent Salt," some
being furnished by the manufacturers in Mon-
treal and others purchased from retail druggists
in this city. I find these to be of very uniform
character and composition, and sold in packages
well adapted to the preservation of the Salt.
This compound contains saline bases which form
" Fruit Salts " when w-ater is added — and is then
a very delightful aperient beverage, highly palat-
able and effective. Abbey's Effervescent Salt
contains no ingredient of an injurious or un-
wholesome character, and may be taken freely
as a beverage.
(Signed) John Baker Edwards,
Ph.D., D.C.L., F.C.S.
ONE OF MONTREAL'S INDUSTRIE
The above is a view of the Canadian premises of the Bovril Company, It s]
Limited, a world famous org^anization which has its headquarters at 30 Farrincr- finds it nee
don Street, London, Eng-., and Canadian Works at 25 and 27 St. Pete- manufactur
Street, Montreal. tured the a
-189-
•J
NTREAL'S INDUSTRIES.
ly, It speaks well for the Canadian market that such a famous corporation
i£f- finds it necessary to maintain such extensive premises here. The condiment
te- manufactured is Bovril, the most notable form of beef nourishment manufac-
tured the world over.
—189-
' I
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1 i! .-< I
NEW BRUNSWICK PARMAM
lT^.■t;^H^■;iSJ■.-.':l'.^,^^i'^ftji^i ;^!l^i!.J K .■il5.^li U^ !
S!B!
WiJl.lJWBK.RUIJIlUttJaUlllJIMWlWMiJif i' 8!
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IRUNSWICK PARMAMENT BUILDINGS, FREDERICTON.
-180-
THE PROVINCE OF NE
WVX»
HEKH is not a corner of the earth to which the Irishman has
not penetrated, where the Scotchman is unknown, or where the
native Kn^irlishman has not made his presence felt. A foreigner,
ignorant oi' physical geography, might well suppose that each
o( these divisions of the United Kingdom was a continent,
rather than a very limited area of territory from the extreme
points of which would be an easy railway journey of only a few hours. Each
of these countries has made its name known to the world, not from its terri-
torial area, its natural resources, or aught else that one seeks for in a new
country, but because, in the accidents of histor\, it has become the abiding-
piace of a vast and ever increasing population, the overflow of which finds its
way to every portion of the habitable world.
Had the accidents of history made the early home of the Anglo-Saxon
race on the western side of the Atlantic, imagination fails to predict the extent
to whic!i this wonderful land would be developed at the present time. The
Province of New Brunswick, for instance, is nearly equal to Ireland in area,
and still more closely approaches the size of Scotland. With all due respect
to the memories and traditions of those lands across the sea, nature has made
New Brunswick a greater country than either of them, and it only remains for
time and an increase of population to force a recognition of its long deferred
claims to prominence in parts of the world where, heretofore, it has been
scarcely known by name.
A generation ago, what was recognized as the leading school geography
of America, and which was a text-book in the schools of New Brunswick
itself, gave a little over a hundred words to an account of the Province, from
which the
the inhabi
fishing. S
this fair p(
to those w
where the
part of the
New
and betvvei
little outsi(
Lawrence,
Scotia, on
of Quebec
about 230
territorial ;
Europe, it
land, and
considerably
and some t
As compan
Maine, bui
Massachuse
Hampshire
an average
the square
living in th
there is abi
facilities an(
—191-
)F NEW BRUNSWICK
—191-
which the stranger was left to gather that it was an unimportant colony where
the inhabitants managed to live by the industrious pursuit of lumbering and
fishing. Since then better justice has been done, but even at the present day
this fair portion of Canada's possessions is not known abroad as it should be
to those who seek a land fair to look upon, with great material resources and
where the opportunities for successful enterprise are as abundant as in any
part of the British possessions.
New Brunswick lies between longitude 64° and 68° west of Greenwich,
and between 45° and 48" north latitude, with some small portions lying a
little outsidf of these lines. It is bounded on the east by the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, on the south by the Bay of P\mdy and the Province of Nova
Scotia, on the west by the State of Maine, and on the north by the Province
of Quebec and the Bale de Chaleur. The extreme length of the Province is
about 230 miles from north to south, and its width is about 190 miles. The
territorial area is about 27,000 square miles. As compared with portions of
Europe, it has already been stated to be nearly as large as Ireland or Scot-
land, and it bears the same proportion to the kingdom of Bavaria. It is
considerably larger than the whole of Denmark, twice as large as Holland,
and some two and one-half times as large as the entire kingdom of Belgium.
As compared with the New England States, it is slightly less in area than
Maine, but it is nearly three times greater than the important State of
Massachusetts, and is nearly equal to that State with Vermont and New
Hampshire combined. This area has a population of some 325,000 people, or
an average of slightly more than eleven to the square mile, as against 315 to
the square mile in Great Britain and Ireland, and the proportion of those
living in the cities is about one-fifth of the whole. It will thus be seen that
there is abundant room for colonization, and it will presently be shown that the
facilities and opportunities for new settlements are of the most inviting character.
I'l
II
mn
^^0( the climate, soil and capabilities of New Brunswick, it is impossi-
ble to speak too highly. There is not a country in the world so beautifully
wooded and watered. There is scarcely a portion of it without its streams,
from the running brook up to the navigable river. Two-thirds of its boundary
is washed by the sea ; the remainder is embraced by the largo rivers — the St.
John and the Restigouche. ""' "" For any
grer^ plan of emigration or coloniza-
tion, there is not another British col-
ony which presents such a favorable
field for trial "s New Brunswick "
This was the official report of the
Commissioners sent out by the British
Government to explore a line of rail-
way, more than half a century ago,
and it applies with tenfold force to-day,
when the country is so much more
fully developed and the facilities for
travel and interior communication are
so very materially increased. A glance
at a very ordinary map of the Province
will show the great extent of seaboard
and the principal rive's by which the
country is wMtered, but only a good
map will show the ramifications of
these rivers and their innumerable trib-
utaiy streams. A recent and careful
calculation shows the area of water
surface within the Province to be 400
square miles. Of the rivers, the chief
is the St. John, which takes its rise in the State of Mai'^'^ and has a length
of some 450 miles. It is over a mile in w'dth in mary po.tions, flows through
a great diversity of country, and, in respect to the scenery along its banks, is
one of the most beautiful rivers in America, or in the world. U empties into
DEPARTMENTAL BUM
ick, it is impossi-
:)rld so beautifully
thout its streams,
ds of its boundary
go rivers — the St.
DEPARTMKNTAL RUILDIXG, FREDERICTON, N.B.
and has a length
ons, flows through
ilong its banks, is
U empties into
the Bay of Fundy, at the city of St. John, and Fredericton, the capital of the
Province, is about 85 miles from its mouth. All the country along this river
is in a high state of cultivation, but good land is easily obtained on the banks
of it and its important tributaries, and for many miles to the rear of them.
The question of river communication is less important now, however, than it
was in the days before the country
was so fully supplied with railvvav
facilities.
The Miramichi, the second river
in size, has so many branches and
tributaries, that it has been very prop-
erly termed a system of rivers. It
starts in the interior of the Province,
and empties into the Gulf of St. Law-
rence. Much of the territory through
which it runs is in a state of nature,
abounding in lumber forests, and it is
part of the finest moose and deer coun-
try on the continent. The important
towns of Chatham and Newcastle are
at the lower part of the river, the for-
mer nearly 25 miles, and the latter
about 30 miles from the outer Mira-
michi Bay, but they rank as seaports,
and the shipping of all nations is
found at their wharves. The river at
these points is over a mile in width,
and a few miles below Chatham it ex-
pands into the Inner Bay, which has
a width of from seven to more than ten miles. The Restigouche, which emp-
ties into the famed Baie de Chaleur, forms a part of the boundary between
New Brunswick and the Province of Quebec. Like the Miramichi, it has
many tributaries, which drain about 4,000 square miles of territory, valuable
-192—
for its timber and which is a part of the great hunting and fishing region.
The important towns at the mouth of the Restigouche are Campbellton and
Dalhousie, both of which are extensively engaged in the lumber trade and have
other flourishing industries.
These are the three principal rivers of New Brunswick, but there are a
number of others which are important streams and which would rank as rivers
of the first class in countries less abundantly watered. Among these are the
Nepisiguit, the Richibucto, the Petitcodiac and the St. Croix, all of which
flow through flourishing sections of the Province.
One of the first matters to be considered about any country is its cli-
mate, and in this respect New Brunswick will bear the most searching inves-
tigation. It is essentially a temperate climate, where the great extremes of
heat and cold found in other part? of Canada to the westward are unknown. The
average mean of summer temperature is 60°, and that of winter in the vicinity
of 20" above zero. There are, of course, times when these figures are exceeded
for short periods, and there is a difference between places in the interior and
on the seaboard, but there is no part of the country where the summers are
too hot or the winters too cold for comfort. The seasons are such as to make
the work of the farmer easy, and the climate, as a whole, is so healthful that
the Province is every year becoming more and more of a summer resort for
the people from the great cities to the south and west. There are no diseases
peculiar to the country, and epidemics are unknown. The death rate of the
Province is below the average of Canada as a whole, while instances of extreme
longevity are easy to find in every part of the country. n the cities of St.
John and Fredericton a large percentage of the deaths is o\ persons more than
75 years old. In St. John, the ratio of the deaths of these aged people is
about 119 in each 1,000 deaths reported, while in Fredericton the rate is 211
in each thousand. No city in any other part of Canada can show a similar
proportion of the aged in its vital stat sties, and the figures are of themselves
a sufficient evidence of the healthful haracter of the climate. The bracing
air combining the balsam of the forest and the vigorous atmosphere of the
Bay of Fundy are largely accountable for this.
tion at all s
large amour
thither at al
plain as a h
shoals or da
with the mc
and buoys,
ary circumst
responsible 1
but these in
ance to it ii
a height of
reach a heig
heights may
The
exceptional
and it is an
A lar
being Great
of St. Johr
addition to
-193-
HE CITY OF ST. JOHN, the commercial metropolis, has a
population of upwards of 40,000, and has one of the
finest harbors on the Atlantic seaboard. It is, in-
deed, the only harbor north of Cape Hatteras that
is never frozen in the most severe winters. Tt opens
into the Bay of Fundy, a place which, in one way
and another, has been more misrepresented than any
part of the North Atlantic waters. Under certain
conditions, fogs are found here as on other parts of
the coast, but the bay is absolutely safe for naviga-
tion at all seasons, and the disasters have been very few in proportion to the
large amount of shipping, from every maritime nation, which finds its way
thither at all seasons. The course of vessels in and out of the bay is as
plain as a highway, with an abundance of room, and a freedom from rocks,
shoals or dangerous currents. Besides this, the whole coast is amply provided
with the most approved safeguards in the way of lights, automatic fog alarms
and buoys, so that if a vessel comef; to grief it will have to be, under ordin-
ary circumstances, through incapacity or ignorance on the part of some person
responsible for its safety. The Bay of Fundy has a fame for its high tides,
but these in no way affect the safety of navigation, and are of material assist-
ance to it in the case of sailing vessels. At St. John the mean tides rise to
a height of 26 feet, and further up the bay, in the narrow estuaries, they
reach a height of 40 feet or more. At what are called spring tides these
heights may be considerably exceeded.
The result is that as a shipping port the City of St. John has
exceptional advantages. Vessels of any known draught can enter its quays
and it is an important outpost of the great Dominion.
A large export trade in lumber is still carried on, the principal market
being Great Britain. There are more than 30 saw-mills in the city and county
of St. John, some of them being of the most complete modern type, and in
addition to what they manufacture, a very large quantity of lumber comes to
-193-
,.i
i
i
;l
.(
m Iti
M
this port for export, the sources of ihis supply being the mills along the
River St. John, those which send lumber by rail from other places in the
interior, and those which are situated along the Bay of Fundy. Thus it is
that about half the total export of the Province, valued at between five and
six million dollars, is shipped from St. John to ports beyond the sea. While
the lumber business is still an
important factor in the export
trade, so many industries have
been developed that the people
are no longer dependent on this
single line of manufactures to
the extent that they were in the
earlier days of the city's history.
The branches of business have
been multiplied into many and
extensive lines, and new indus-
tries are coming to the front
each year. Among the latest
evidences of progress in this
direction are extensive pulp
mills, of which there are also
several in other parts of the
Province, the most extensive be-
ing at Chatham, and the indica-
tions are that the number of
these will be rapidly increased.
It has been necessary to enlarge
the city's already abundant water
supply in order to better accommodate this particular industp\ The geogra-
phical location of St. John, and the fact that its harbor is easily accessible at
all seasons, has had the effect of making it a winter port for Canada for the
shipment of freight from the west to Great Britain and other transatlantic
countries. The city is the eastern terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway,
BIRDS-EYE VIEW OF CITY OF ST. JOHN AND I
BRIDGES OVER
; mills along the
her places in the
indy. Thus it is
between five and
J the sea. While
which spans the continent, and is the longest railway line in the world.
Through its medium, vast quantities of grain and other produce are brought
from the west each year and shipped by various s^^eamship lines to ports be-
yond the seas, and so largely is this business increasing that additional ter-
minal facilities h?ve been found necessary with each season. The new grain
elevator of the Canadian Pacific
Railway at this port, combined
with the former elevator, has a
capacity for 1,050,000 bushels.
St. John is also a deep water
terminus of the Canadian Gov-
ernment railway system, and the
Government has undertaken the
construction of extensive docks,
a grain elevator of at least half
a million bushels capacity, and
other facilities for handling its
western business at this port.
St. John has much in its
favor, both as a place of busi-
ness and as one of residence or
temporary sojourn. It is a very
orderly city, with upwards of
fifty churches of all kinds, and
its cool summer climate is not
surpassed anywhere. Ouiet as
it is for residential purposes, it
is a busy place, and likely to be more and more so. New and extensive
works have been projected in various lines, and among these is a scheme for
the construction of dry docks, etc., on a very large and modern scale. Three
lines of raihvay have their termini in St. John, as well as a number of steam-
ship lines, and from this point all parts of Canada and the United States can
• OF ST. JOHN AND HARBOR, SHOWING CANIMLEVER AND SUSPENSION
BRIDGES OVER REVERSiBLE FALLS.
The geogra-
isily accessible at
)r Canada for the
ther transatlantic
Pacific Railway,
-194-
iver,
be easily and speec-ly reached. Where the St. John River empties into the
harbor are the most curious natural falls in America. They are unique in the
fact that at certain times of tide in each day their descent is with the course
of the river, and at other periods of the same day the descent is up ri*
Thib is due to the fact that the great
River St. John, flowing a distance of some
500 miles, is here forced to dischargL'
its waters through a rocky chasm with
a width of about 400 feet. As a resuli,
when the tide is falling, the volume of
river water pours out in a fall some
fifteen feet in height, while at the turn
of the tide the waters of the bay are
poured into the river in the same way.
At half tide there is safe passage for
vessels or boats of anv kind. Across
this chasm are two beautiful bridyes,
one a roadway suspension bridge, now
under the charge of the Provincial
Government, and the other a steel can-
tilever railway bridge, which connects
the city proper with the western lines
of the Canadian Pacific and other rail-
way systems.
Reference has already been made
to the River St. John, but no brief
description can do it justice. It is
navigable for schooners and passenger
steamers as far as Fredericton, 85 miles from the mouth, and by steamers of
lighter draught as far as Woodstock, some 65 miles further, while for certain
classes of boats the ascent is easy as far as Grand Falls, 225 miles from the
mouth. The ascent cf the St. John w'll give a very good idea of the
character c
the strange
fairest seen
ments, and
CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY AT ST,
CM'.R. STATION, ST. JOHN. 2 C.P.R. ELKVATOR
In f
resources c
mercantile
advent of i
-195
:he character of much of the country, and is a journey never to be forgotten by
he the stranger. The river flows through some of the richest farm land and the
rse fairest scenery in the Province. All along its course are prosperous settle-
er. ments, and the eye never wearies of the varying and ever beautiful panorama.
The rich intervale lands of miles upon
miles of fertile loam are a prominent
feature in many parts of the journey,
and the evidence on every hand is that
of great prosperity. Not only is the
St. John a great river of itself, but its
tributaries are of themselves rivers of
magnitude. The Aroostook and the
Tobique flow through regions that are
wonderfully fertile, and are, at the sam^
time, magnificent hunting and fishing
grounds. Other tributaries, of each of
which a long account could be given,
are the Madawaska, the St. Francis,
Green River, Grand River, Salmon
River, the Nashwaak, the Oromocto,
the Jemseg, the Washademoak and the
Kennebecasis. Many of these names
are suggestive of the days of aboriginal
occupation, and here and there in this
and other parts of the Province are
found the settlements of native Indians,
a peaceful and simple-minded race.
They number about 1,500 in the whole
Province.
In former times, ship-building and the lumber business were the chief
resources of St. John. Some of the largest, finest and swiftest of the world's
mercantile vessels were built here and in other parts of the Province, until the
advent of iron shipping made a change in the conditions of commerce.
•IC RAILWAY AT ST. JOHN.
IN. 2 C.P.R. ELEVATORS, ST. JOHN.
of
ain
the
the
-195-
I. 'I
■'■!
%
lil
i
li!!
^
HE CITY OF FREDERICTON, the seat of Government
is centrally situated as respects the other parts of the Pro
vince, and it is very easily reached, either by land or water
from all points. North, south and west it has the lines o
the Canadian Pacific, while the Canada Eastern give;
communication across the country with the Gulf shore anc
eastern parts of the Province. The Nashwaak enters th(
St. John immediately opposite the city, and here are some of the most exten
sive mills and manufacturing establishments in the Province, under the contro
of Alexander Gibson, known as the lumber king of New Brunswick. Fred
ericton is also a central point from which ready access may be had to th(
great game and fishing regions of the country, some o( which are within i
comparatively short distance of the city. It is also an objective point fo
summer tourists, who find the climate and the surroundings even more thai
their fancy has led them to expect. The city has a population of abou
7,000, and is beautifully laid out. The streets are wide and regular, ver}
level, and the tasteful private residences are made still more attractive by ai
abundance of well kept grounds and a profusion of shade trees. The publii
buildings are of an important character. Among them are the Parliamen
and Government departmental buildings, the Normal and Training School foi
teachers, the civic and municipal structures, the English Cathedral and th(
University of New Brunswick. F^redericton is not only the official residenct
of the Governor and the headquarters of the Canadian infantry troops in th(
Province, but it is the seat of the Anglican bishop and of the Supreme Cour
of New Brunswick. It is also the centre of a rich manufacturing and agri
cultural district.
Although lumber has alwaj's been regarded as the great New Bruns
wick staple, it is already apparent to those who have perused the preceding
pages that agriculture is with her as with the more western provinces ;
highly important institution.
Woodstock, 65 miles further up the river, is in the great farming count
of Carleton, and is also a manufacturing centre. As with others of the citie
lit of Government,
parts of the Pro-
by land or water,
it has the lines of
da Eastern gives
he Gulf shore and
shwaak enters the
of the most exten-
, under the control
Brunswick. Fred-
nay be had to the
v^hich are within a
)bjective point for
3fs even more than
)pulation of about
and regular, very
le attractive by an
rees. The public
ire the Parliament
raining School for
Cathedral and the
le official residence
mtry troops in the
he Supreme Court
"acturing and agri-
>-reat New Bruns-
sed the preceding
jstern provinces a
jat farming county
)thers of the cities
and towns of note, however, only a mention can be made of it at this time.
In other parts of the Province are such important places as St. Stephen, the
live and enterprising city on the borders of Maine ; Moncton, the busv ami
ever-growing railway and manufacturing city to the eastward of St. John with
a population of some 10,000, with many other places, such as Sussex, Sack-
ville, etc., all of which are worthy of the attention of the traveller and of him
who seeks to settle or invest his capital in this part of the world.
One of the most important towns in the Province is Chatham, the
xmmercial centre of the great Miramichi lumbering, fishing and farming
region. It has now a population of upwards of 6,000, and is rapidly growing
under the stimulus of increasing trade and commerce. The Miramichi is one
of the principal lumber districts of New Brunswick, and a recent year's ship-
ment of spruce from Chatham, Newcastle and other points in the vicinity, was
108,000,000 superficial feet of deal, etc., to ports beyond the sea, not includ-
ing the large shipments of smaller lumber to the United States. About a
third of this was shipped by one extensive concern at Chatham. In addition
to the 27 saw mills in this one county of Northumberland, there are two pulp
mills at Chatham, one of them representing a cost of upwards of $800,000.
The output is about 300 tons a week, and the amount disbursed in the cost
of manufacture will approximate $9,000 each week. Chatham also does a large
business in the shipment of fish, and it is the market town for a large area
of country. It consumes all that the farmers can raise in the rich airricultural
district in which it is situated, and it is one of the places where there is a
steady demand for building lots and houses for the increasing population.
The cod, smelt, and other fish which form an important feature of the ship-
ments from Miramichi, are referred to elsewhere in this sketch. Chatham has
railway connection by the Canada Eastern across the Province, and by the
Intercolonial Railway and its connections with all parts of Canada and the
United States. Newcastle, a few miles further up the river, is directlv on the
line of the Intercolonial, and much that has been said of Chatham will also
apply to it and its business enterprises. Outside of Great Britain itself, and
excepting the long and narrow territory of Prince Edward Island, there is not
-in6-
ill the British Kmpiro a territorial division so well provided with railways as
is New Brunswick. There are nearly i,6oo miles of line, or Lmc mile of line
tor each nineteen miles o( area. If placed to run north and south at equal
distances apart, they would traverse the length of the Province seven times,
and be practically within the reach of every man's door. The greater portion
o\' them having been built to supply local needs, they are well distributed over
the country, and thus bring all
the important districts in touch
with each other. Connecting
with the great through linej,
the most remote of the Provin-
cial roads is a part of the com-
plete and wonderful railway sys-
tem which is in communication
with every part of the continent.
This very desirable condition of
affairs has been due to the lib-
eral and far-sighted policy of the
Provincial Government in ex-
tending every possible aid to
railway enterprise for many years
past. The subsidies to the vari-
ous lines, twenty-three in num-
ber, have amounted to nearly
$10,000,000, half of which has
been given to these important
works since the confederation of
the Provinces, and is in addition to the large expenditure by the Dominion
Government for railway purposes. This expenditure of the Provincial Govern-
ment has been more than justified by the development of portions of the coun-
try which now offer rich fields for enterprise. A similar progressive spirit has
been shown in the matter of great roads, bridges and other public works. In
the matter of bridges alone nearly half a million dollars has been -pended in
replacing th
tial ty|)e, a
under the fi
the question
eration, and
lumber indu
\i:W BRUNSWICK KDUCATION AL IXSTITUT
I NORMAL SlIIOOI., IKKDEKICTON. J IMVKRSHV OI- NKW BRU
lumber wood
are over 4,o(
are vast quji
opportunities
St. John an(
vacant Crow
-1«7
s
1
1
rcplacini,'' the old time structures with permanent bridg-es ot the most substan-
tial type, a true economy, when the continual losses and charj^^es for repairs
under the former system are taken into consideration. With each year, also,
the question of good roads for all classes of vehicles receives g-reater consid-
eration, and the hij^^hways of the Province are ^iven increased attention. The
lumber industry is a very important one in the Province, and the value of the
annual exports in this line has
already been stated at between
five and six million dollars a
year. Spruce deals for Great
Britain form the principal item
o{ the shipments, and these are
sent both fr.im St. John and
other ports on the Bay of Fundy,
and from the great lumber dis-
tricts which lie along the Gulf
of St. Lawrence and Baie de
Chaleur. Other classes of lum-
ber are sent to southern coun-
tries and to various parts of the
United States. Some very large
concerns are engaged in this
business, and its results affect all
classes. Smaller operators are
found in all parts of the coun-
tr \ including manv farmers who
find opportunity to go to the
lumber woods at periods when their farms least require their attention. There
are over 4,000 square miles of vacant Crown lands in the Province, on which
are vast quantities of the best of timber, to say nothing of the unlimited
opportunities for obtaining wood for the manufacture of pulp. On ihe River
St. John and its tributaries alone, there are more than 1,400 square miles of
vacant Crown lands, on which, at a low estimate, are three hundred million
'C AT ! O N A L I \ S T I T V T I O N S.
imvi;rsitv Ol- NKW URI'NSWKK, irkdekicto.n.
n
V '.y
:1 •(
-1«7
m
superficial feet o( inercliantable spruce lumber, while further to the eastwan
ill the interior of the country, are almost unexplored forests, on the enormoi
timber value o( which it would be difficult to place an estimate. Under tl
recent laws for the protection and preservation of the forests, there is n
lonj'-cr the apprehension that the supply of lumber is likely to be exhausted ;
an early day, but, on the contrary, judicious cuttinjr will have the effect i
permanently improving the timber domain.
In no country can the timber cut in the forest be more easily an
cheaply conveyed to the mills and to its final destination than in New Brun;
wick. The water area of four hundred square miles makes a network of rivet
and lakes, large and small, so connected as to be highways for the lumberman
purposes. The logs cut in the woods are hauled to the banks of the nearej
available stream, and when the water is high, at certain seasons, may b
floated into the larger rivers, and thence to any desired point. The railways
too, penetrating to all sections, are important factors where a saving of tim
and distance may be desired.
The spruce, however, important as it is, is far from being the onl
merchantable wood. The forests of New Brunswick abound with hard ani
soft woods of every species common to this latitude, some of which are c
great economic value. White pine of the best description, and in som
instances of enormous size, is found over a large area of the country, and ha
been a very important article of shipment. There are other kinds of pine an
several varieties of spruce. The hemlock, a most useful wood for many pui
poses, including wharf building, has also a commercial value for its bark
which is used in tanning. Not only is the bark exported in its natural state
but factories for making bark extract are an important feature of the Industrie
in some sections. The hacmatac is another useful wood, much in demand b
shipbuilders and for ordinary construction purposes. The cedar is one of th
most durable woods known, and for this reason it is the material chosen fc
the construction of telegraph lines and for railway ties. Large quantities c
cedar are manufactured into roofing shingles, for which purpose no other woo
known is so well adapted. The cedar is a very common wood in many part
er to the eastward,
s, oil the enormous
imate. Under the
orests, there is no
to be exhausted at
have the effect o(
•e more easily and
lan in New Bruns-
a network of rivers
or the lumberman's
links of the nearest
I seasons, may be
int. The railways,
e a saving of time
m being the only
nd with hard and
le of which are of
ion, and in some
e country, and has
kinds of pine and
ood for many pur-
value for its bark,
n its natural state,
ire of the industries
luch in demand by
;edar is one of the
material chosen for
Large quantities of
)ose no other wood
ood in many parts
-108-
o( the country, and the farmers use it to a large extent in making rough
tenets to enclose portions of their lands. The birch, a harder wood, is exten-
sively used in the construction of heavy works, such as wharves, docks, ship-
building, and the like, and is also in demand for the manufacture of many
kinds of furniture. Large quantities of spool wood are made from it aiul
shipped abroad. The maple, of which there are several var-'='ties, is another
wood prized for furniture and decorative purposes, having a beautiful grain
and taking a very high finish. It makes the best of fuel. Among the varie-
ties is the rock or sugar maple, from the sap of which large quantities of
deliciously flavored sugar are made in the springtime. In good seasons
nearly half a million pounds of this home-made sugar are manufactured by the
farmers of New Brunswick, and it always commands a ready sale in any of
the markets at home or abroad.
The elm, butternut, ash, oak, cherry, poplar and basswood, with many
other kinds of trees, large and small, are found in various parts of the country,
and all have their uses and value for the people.
While this is not pre-eminently a fruit country, many varieties of small
fruits are indigenous to the soil, and cultivated species do remarkably well,
especially along the River St. John and in other parts of the interior. As
fine apples are raised here as can be found anywhere, with pears, plums,
cherries and other marketable fruits. The berries, such as the strawberry and
raspberry, are common in the fields, and the cultivated varieties are of the
finest description. Among the common wild berries are the cranberry and
blueberry, in which a large and profitable export trade is done.
New Brunswick is rich in mineral deposits, and there is every reason
to believe that much remains to be developed in this respect. So much of the
interior of the country is covered with forest, and such large tracts remain
unexplored for deposits beneath the surface that, judging from what has
already been discovered, the prospects are of a most encouraging nature. So
many sources of wealth have been found ready for use above the ground that
less attention has been paid to what is below than would have been the case
in a country less bountifully supplied with natural resources. As it is, coal,
iron, gypsum, manganese, antimony and other useful products have been
mined to a considerable extent, while gold, silver, copper, lead, etc., are found
distributed over a wide area. An important source of industry is found in the
building stone, especially the granite and freestone, of which there are exten-
sive quarries in various parts of the
Province. The red granite from Char-
lotte County is found in imposing
structures all over the continent, from
the Atlantic to the Pacific, and is un-
equalled for monumental and decora-
tive uses. It is of a beautiful color
and takes a high polish, which it
retains under all conditions of exposure
to the weather. The red and grey
freestones, found in the eastern part of
the Province, are also handsome and
durable building material. In the vic-
inity of St. John, and at other places,
are vast quantities of limestone, the
converting of -.vhich into lime is a pro-
minent industry, and must be a still
more extensive one in the future.
Beds of brick and pottery clay are so
common, that the utilizing of them for
manufactures is merely a question of
capital. Salt springs abound in King's
County, and the manufacture of dairy
salt is carried on, and is to be a very
important industry in the future. According to the last census, there were
nearly 5,500 industrial establishments in New Brunswick, and since then this
number has been materially increased. In this number are embraced all the
ordinary trades and industries and many very extensive establishments. There
are about
ing the en^
numbers o
pulp mills.
An abundj
GAME ANIMALS OF NEW BRUf SW
of the vess
is about t\
between fo
exceeds a
-190-
al,
;en
nd
the
are about 500 saw mills, employing about 7,000 persons, and indiiectly requir-
ing- the employment of many more. Among other industries employing large
numbers of hands are five cotton mills, and to these must now be added the
pulp mills, which are likely to increase in number within a very short time.
An abundance of water power, cheap fuel, excellent sites for manufactories
and the best of facilities for shipments
by v/ater and by rail, make New
Brunswick, as a whole, a most desir-
able place for the investment of capi-
tal. In some instances special induce-
ments are offered by municipalities in
the way of reduced taxes or entire
exemption from taxation for a term of
years, varyi.ig with the nature and
extent of the industry.
The deep sea and shore fisheries
of New Brunswick are a most valuable
heritage. With a seaboard of nearly
600 miles, every class of fish common
to these latitudes is found in abund-
ance. Among the principal fish are
cod, halibut, salmon, herring and
mackerel, with great quantities of lob-
sters, oysters and other edible shell-fish.
In some years, between two and three
thousand men are engaged in the
actual work of fishing, but, as in all
parts of the world, this is an industry
in which the seasons vary. The value
of the vessels and other appliances connected with the fisheries of the Province
is about two million dollars, and the value of the annual catch may be put at
betwee.i fear and five million dollars. The catch of herring alone considerably
exceeds a million dollars in value in good seasons, the value of the lobsters
LS OF NEW BRUr SWICK.
ere
his
the
ere
-199-
i
i n
! i
1^
\'.'"
approaches half a million, while Prince Edward Island alone, of all the Pr.-*
vinces, exceeds New Brunswick in the value of its oysters. The oysters an
chiefly found along- the shore of Northumberland Strait, while the other fish
eries are everywhere off the coast at Baie de Chaleur, on the Gulf of St. Law
rence and in the Bay of Fundy. The counties which lie along the Gulf o
St. Lawrence and Baie de Chaleur are
especially notable for their fisheries,
the value of which in this district was
about $3,400,000 according to the last
available returns, and there were en-
gaged more than 200 vessels, about
3,500 boats, with over half a million
fathoms of nets, in addition to between
two and three thousand smelt nets and
nets of other kinds. There were 173,-
420 lobster traps, and nearly 200
lobster canning factories, employing
upwards of 4,000 hands. The value
of the herring caught was nearly a
million dollars, of the cod somewhat
less than half a million dollars, with
about the same values of salmon and
smelts. Large quantities of the dried
cod are sent to Italy. The value of
lobsters amounted to nearly a third of
a million dollars, and it was not a
good average lobster year in some dis-
tricts. These returns are chiefly from
the Counties of Gloucester, Northum-
berland, Kent and Westmorland. Did space permit, much more that is o
interest could be given in respect to the fisheries both of this and other parts
of the Province. The river fisheries of New Brunswick have a very extendec
fame, and wilh good reason, for here are some of the finest salmon and trou
GAME BIRDS AND AM
■liMif¥ia»ii*iWi»
WWH^^WW^W M^ WWW ^W W f-
le, of all the Pro-
The oysters are
lile the other fish-
2 Gulf of St. Law-
alons" the Gulf of
•4»i*'*W*S''Wfc
>
s^w*
lAME BIRDS AND ANIMi^LS OF NEW BRUNSWICK.
Ii more that is of
is and other parts
e a very extended
: salmon and trout
streams on the continent. Each season sees a constant succession of enthusi-
astic sportsmen from all parts of America in search of recreation with the rod
on these famous rivers. One of these, the Restigouche, at the northern
boundary of the Province, has a reputation which is world-wide, and it is
considered to be without an equal anywhere. Thousands of dollars are paid
for the leases of fishing privileges on
this river and those connected with it,
but those who enjoy the sport are
more than satisfied with the phenom-
enal salmon and trout which are cap-
tured. The Nepisiguit, which empties
into La Baie de Chaleur at Bathurst,
is another notable river, while further
to the south the Miramichi and its
tributary waters afi^ord unlimited oppor-
tunities for the rod and line fisherman.
On the western side of the Province is
the Tobique, another famous stream,
which empties into the St. John, and
there are many other excellent fishing
rivers, of which even a mention cannot
be made in the limits of this article.
There is good fishing for either trout
or salmon, and in many cases for both,
in every one of the fifteen counties of
the Province, and in most instances it
is of a kind that strangers willingly
come hundreds of miles each year to
enjoy.
While Canada has a fame as a land of big game, it may not be gener-
ally known that New Brunswick has more of this game, in proportion to its
area, than has any part of the Dominion. This is equivalent to saying that
it is the greatest game country in America, which is a truth capable of easy
I J 7 f? ' T , J- 7 T T !*■ f t ' i r i < i i i i i i 1 1 1 i i i r i •' ' i i i i i
V *
'W:-:^
-200-
demonstration. There is no territory of similar area which can claim to be
its peer in respect to moose, caribou, deer and other game worthy of the skill
of the expert hunter. With an efficient game law, carefully enforced, this
game is not only not becoming more scarce, but there is every reason to
believe that it is likely to increase. There is no wholesale slaughter as in the
earlier years of the country, but sufficient close seasons are fixed, and in the
open season no one person is allowed to take or kill more than one moose,
one caribou or two deer. The killing of female moose is wholly prohibited,
and there are other restrictions which the experience of this and other coun-
tries has found to be necessary.
The vast forests of the interior, to which reference has already been
made, are the homes of this large game, but it is found well distributed
throughout the Province, and some of the best of shooting is within five
hours' railway from St. John, the commercial metropolis. At least one-third of
the area of the Province is good hunting-ground, and some of it is without an
equal. By the aid of the numerous railways all parts of it are easily, cheaply
and quickly reached, though one who disdains this modern auxiliary of the
sportsman, and desires to rough it in the old-fashioned way, has a choice of
more than seven million acres of ungranted land over which to pursue his
investigations. In whatever way he may go, he is sure of seeing game, and
of securing it if he knows anything about shooting. Moose are found in
twelve of the fifteen counties, and every county has either moose, caribou or
deer, while smaller game is abundant in all parts of the Province. The moose
are the largest and finest in America, for though Alaska has had a record for
the great size of these animals, that recoul has been equalled in New Bruns-
wick by the recent shooting of one with a spread of 67 inches from tip to tip
of the antlers. A number of those taken in recent years have had a measure-
ment of from 64 to 66 inches, while 50 inches is a common size. One thou-
sand pounds is considered a good, but not uncommon, weight for a moose in
this country.
To the north and east of the River St. John is a tract of country about
150 miles long and having a width of more than 100 in places, which is one
z
vast game n
one who is
castle, on th
bear, and a
way, good
while an inf
The head w
the light ca
to make the
way one mi
a canoe voy
S:. Lawreni
Wild
numbers ak
extent in th
while partri
wick is in <
tive laws it
matters are
information
Surveyor-G
All ^
in quest of
of summer
attractions,
more of a
sanitarium
and where
of life. T
some of th
section wh
the ocean-
-201-
n
vast irame rep-Jon, traversed by -ailways and easily reached at all seasons by
one who is at Fredericton, St. John, or such towns as Chatham and New-
castle, on the eastern shore. Here are found the moose, caribou, deer and
bear, and a great variety of smaller game. When one has tO leave the .ail-
way, good routes are found through the forests to the camping grounds,
while an infinite variety of voyages by canoe may be made along the rivers.
The head waters of these streams are very often so near to each other that
the light canoes may be carried a short distance over the land from one river
to make the descent of another river in a wholly different direction. In this
way one may go from the City of St. John, on the Bay of Fundy, and make
a canoe voyage through the country to the Bale de Chaleur and the Gulf of
S:. Lawrence, or even to the River St. Lawrence, in the Province of Quebec.
Wild geese, duck, brant, plover, snipe, etc., are found in enormous
numbers along the northern and eastern shores of the Province, and to some
extent in the Bay of Fundy. Woodcock are plentiful in a number of districts,
while partridge are most abundant in every part of the country. New Bruns-
wick is in every sense a land of fish and game, and under the present protec-
tive laws it must continue to be such for a long period in the future. These
matters are under the control of the Crown Lands Department, and any further
information in regard to them will be furnished on application to the
Surveyor-General.
All who come to this part of the world for pleasure, however, are not
in quest of opportunities for fishing and shooting. The majority are in search
of summer recreation, and for these the Province offers many and varied
attractions. As has already been said, it is each year becoming more and
more of a tourist country for the people from the south and west. It is a
sanitarium where the feeble may regain strength without the aid oi the doctor,
and where the weary in mind and body may fit themselves anew for the battle
of life. Two great systems of railway give access to the Province, traverse
some of the best portions of it, and by the aid of connecting lines reach every
section which the tourist may desire to visit. The Canadian Pacific Railway,
the ocean-to-ocean route, runs the best class of express trains between St.
-201-
I i
M
John and Montreal, and gives a rapid service between St. John and Bostor
Within the Province, this line reaches to the northward along the course c
the St. John River to the north-eastern boundary, with Fredericton and man
smaller attractive places along the route. From Fredericton one may g
eastward across the country to Miramichi, by the Canada Eastern Railway, an
connect with the Intercolonial Railway for all points north and south in Ne
Brunswick and Nova Scotia, as well as for Prince Edward Island. The inte
colonial is part of the Canadian
Government railway system. It
extends from Montreal to Halifax.
In New Brunswick it runs along
the northern and eastern shore
from the Quebec boundary to the
boundary of Nova Scotia, inter-
sected by a portion which connects
St. John with Northumberland
Strait. This is the great tourist
route of America, and full informa-
tion regarding its attractions may
be had by addressing the general
passenger agent at Moncton,
where the head offices are located.
The famous trout and salmon
fishing rivers are along this line,
while the most delightful summer
outings, with unexcelled facilities
for boating and sea-bathing, are
found everywhere along the shores of the Baie de Chaleur and the Gulf c
St. Lawrence. In every part of the Province to which pleasure-seekers ar
likely to resort, good accommodation is found, either al well-kept hotels i
the cities, towns and villages, or at farm houses, which give absolute rest an
comfort in the more remote districts. The cost of travel and of accommoda
tion generally, is very low, while the variety of scenery and of opportunitie
NEW BRU
I VEGETABLES. 2 FI
John and Boston,
long the course of
idericton and many
icton one may go
astern Railway, and
and south in New
Island. The inter-
NEW GRUNSWICK EXHIBIT,
VEGETABLES. 2 FRUIT. 3 WHEAT. 4 CHEESE
ir and the Gulf of
jleasure-seekers are
well-kept hotels in
e absolute rest and
nd of accommoda-
id of opportunities
-202-
for recreation is not excelled in any part of Canada. Strangers are equally
charmed with the pleasures o( the sea shore and the beauties of the interior,
while the scenery of the magnificent River St. John has been the theme of
many a traveller's song of praise. Scant justice has been done in the past
to New Brunswick as a home for immigrants. While other parts of Canada
have been advertised abroad, and strenuous efforts have been made to secure
the attention of intending settlers in the New World, this Province has merely
taken what has come to it in the
natural course of things. In this
age of competition, countries, as
well as individuals, must not be
content to rest on their own
merits without letting the world
know something of their capabil-
ities, and the government of to-
day has recognized this fact.
The efforts now making are not
to secure an indiscriminate throng
of fortune-hunters, such as pour
into the countries when gold or
silver are discovered, but to aid
in settling the Province with the
best class of settlers, who have
the qualities of good citizens
about them, and whose industry
and good character will make
them desirable acquisitions to any
land. Many of this class have already settled in New Brunswick, where they
have their own little colonies, and have really a home in a new land. More
of the same class are expected, and thus throughout the Province are being
laid the broad foundations of good citizenship for all time to come. The ease
with which all parts of the Province may be reached has already been pointed
out. It will thus be seen how admirably adapted it is for settlement, few
part of the
John are «n
outlet on til
flows throu^
most fertile
narts of it being re; .-/ remote from markets and bases of supply. The con-
tour and physical features of the country make all parts of it easily accessible,
and all sections are available for settlement as the increase of population may
demand. The total area of the Province is 17,393,410 acres, of which a little
less than 10,000,000 are granted lands, leaving more than 7,000,000 acres
open for settlement by direct acquisition
from the Government. Apart from this,
there are always opportunities in the
older parts of the country for securing
the best class o( cleared farms at very
moderate cost. Of the Government
lands, large areas of the finest descrip-
tion, capable of sustaining hundreds of
thousands of farmers, are to be had on
very easy conditions. In addition to
these choice lands, there are great tracts
of forest, where the land is excellent
for most purposes, but which does not
rank as farming land of the best quality
At least two million acres o( the public
lands are fit for settlement, on a very
moderate estimate, and the actual quan-
tity is probably much greater.
More than 1,400 square miles of
these vacant lands are situated on the
River St. John and its branches, and
much of this is of a verv excellent de-
. , .' ^ r ^1 LUMBER OPERATIONS OF EARNEST HUTCHINSON O
scnption. At the northern part of the
Province, in Victoria County and the southern part of Restigouche County, dred acres
is an unsettled territory which contains some of the best land in the country,
a fertile belt capable of sustaining tens of thousands of families. It yet awaits
the settler, but some day it must be one of the famous farming regions of this
reach of ai
in money t
or he has
-203-
n-
le,
ay
:le
es
part of the world. The principal portion of the vacant lands on the River St.
John are in the vicinity of Grand Lake, a large inland water which has its
outlet on the river, and on the Tobique River and its branches. The Tobique
flows through Victoria County and empties into the St. John. Some uf the
most fertile land in the Province is in this part of the country, and the
vacant lands around the Tobique amount
to 105 square miles.
In the rich, but, as yel, thinly
settled County of Restigouche, are 400
square miles of vacant land ; the great
County of Northumberland has between
800 and 900 square miles vacant, and
the adjoining County of Gloucester has
about the same number. Charlotte
Count)' has over 300, Kent nearly 200,
while Westmoreland, Albert and St. John
have much smaller quantities. When it
is remembered that a square mile means
640 acres, some of these figures may
seem large, but it must be understood
that theie are large counties in New
Brunswick. Northumberland, for in-
stance, has an area of more than two and
three-quarter million acres, so that only
about a tenth of it is available as vacant
land. The Government docs not make
any absolutely free grants, but the con-
ditions under which a lot of one hun-
dred acres can be obtained by actual settlers are so easy as to be within the
reach of any man who has health and energy. He may pay twenty dollars
in money to aid in the construction of the roads and bridges in his locality,
or he has the choice of another method, by which he pays no money, but
CEST HUTCHINSON ON AilliAMICHI. N.B.
y»
its
lis
-203—
i
11 ' '
performs work on these roads and bridijes to a certain extent each season foi
three years, at the rate o( ten dollars a year. In either case he is doings work
which is not only for the general g'ood, but is of particular benefit to himself.
Within two years after obtaining permission to occupy the land, he must buik
on it a house not less than i6 by 20 feet in size, and clear at least two acre?
of the land. When he has resided there three consecutive years, cleared aiu
cultivated ten acres, and complied with the conditions already named, an
absolute grant of the 100 acres will be made to him, and he will have a home
as against all comers. In order to
make the condition as to three years'
residence as easy as possible, and yet
to protect the bona fide settler, the ap-
plicant may from time to time absent
himself from the land in order to follow
other occupations, to assist him in sup-
porting himself and family while he is
making his future home the place he
intends it to be for his permanent source
of livelihood. There are various ways
in which an industrious man may thus
earn money both in summer and winter,
in lumbering and otherwise, and an
active worker of steady habits need
never want for employment in this part
of the world. All required information
as to available lands, and the conditions under which they may be secured,
may be had by addressing the Surveyor General at P'redericton.
That farmers in New Brunswick prosper is shown by the number 01
them who are well-to-do in every county. The seven millions of dollars ir
the savings bank at Fredericton is chiefly the money of the farmers, anc
represents only one section of the Province. New Brunswick produces aboui
five miUion bushels of potatoes in a year, more than three million bushels o
NEW BRUl
^i^^-
It each season for
he is doing- work
benefit to himself,
md, he must build
at least two acres
years, cleared and
Iready named, an
will have a home
NEW BRUNSWICK TROUT
' may be secured,
on.
by the number of
ions of dollars in
the farmers, and
:k produces about
million bushels of
oats, and about half a million tons of hay. Other field crops are in propor-
tion. All these crops do well in every section of the Province. Every farm
has its fields of upland hay, while some parts of the country have the best of
natural hayfields in the form oi' marsh and intervale meadows. The marshes,
of which there are more than 100,000 acres in this Province at the head of
the Bay of Fundy alone, are of inexhaustible fert'lity. The dykes protect
them from the sea at ordinary times, but when they require renewing, at long
intervals, the tide is allowed to flow in upon them, depositing a coating of
fine mud, which makes the best of fer-
tilizers. The fresh water intervales along
the River St. John are inundated by
the river during the springf freshets.
Too little attention has been given
in the past to the raising of wheat,
though many sections of the Province
are well suited for this important cereal.
The Provincial Government, recognizing
this fact, has o( late made the question
of wheat and wheat mills a part of its
policy. During the past year it has
imported over three thousand bushels
of the best seed wheat, which it has
distributed among the farmers of the
wheat districts at cost, and it offers a
bonus, equal to about a fifth of the cost
of construction, to every mill built and equipped with machinery for producing
the roller process flour. Under the stimulus of this encouragement, thirteen
mills have been put under construction in various parts of the Province, one
of which is at the City of St. John. Four of these mills are already in
operation, and others will be begun within a short time. A liberal bonus is
also given to ordinary grist mills, which introduce the roller process machin-
ery, and the general results cannot but be beneficial to evory section of the
Province.
-204-
Some of the finest beef cattle in the country arc raised in the County
o( Westmorehmd, and they have found jrreat favor in the Kni»-lish market.
Sheep, too, can be raised to a very much greater extent than has yet been
attempted, while the raising of pork is likely to be a prominent branch o(
farming in the near future. The increase of pork-packing establishments has
caused a demand which the farmers will be called upon to supply. Poultry
raising is also attendeil with large profits, and a new stimulus has been given
to it by the demands of the English markets supplied by the transatlantic
steamers which make St. John their winter port.
It has been found, also, that there are great profits in dairy farming,
to which increased attention has been given in recent years. Apart from what
is produced by individual farmers, there are nine or ten butter factories in
operation in ihe various counties, the production of which in a recent season
was 81,000 pounds. There are more than half a hundred cheese factories, and
in 1897 these produced 1,107,281 pounds of cheese. Of this, more than 400,-
000 pounds were exported to the English market, and a considerable quantity
to the West Indies.
The Provincial Government has given much attention to the subject of
agriculture, and has gone to a large expense in the importation of the finest
specimens of improved stock for the benefit of farmers. The policy of the foster-
ing agriculture is continually broadening as the needs of the farmers become
apparent in this or that branch of their pursuit. In order that these interests
may be the better watched and provided for, the Government, in 1H97, created
the new Cabinet position of Secretary for Agriculture. Active and efficient
agricultural societies, to the number of over fifty, are found in the various
counties, having a membership of between tour and five thousand practical
farmers, many of whom are making a science of their occupation.
The seasons in New Brunswick are 'avorable to out-of-door work for
a large portion of the year. Spring is a delightful time of year, and it is
succeeded by a summer which is never oppt-i^ssive in its heat, though there are
occasional very warm daj s in the interior of the country. Near the seaboard
the sum me
autumn, wl
known as 1
a little ear
average tirr
of Novemb
the month
and in som
to the ridic
in Canada,
is mild an(
snow is on
rather than
of manual
Aboi
as having
the total p
included in
mers are ^
comfort in
a farmer, a
affairs thro
New
French con
are found c
moreland, <
began aftei
a country 11
Province.
comparativ<
things are
that is noi
—205-
w
the summers are always cool. This season is followed by a long and mild
autumn, which many consider the most pleasant time of the year. What is
known as Indian summer jcomej between the loth and 20th of November, or
a little earlier in some years, after which the colder weather bej^ins. The
average time for the closing of navigation on the St. John River is the 20th
of November, but in some years the date is much later and extends well into
the month of December. It opens about the middle or latter part of April
and in some years very early in the month. The winter bears no resemblance
to the ridiculous caricatures which have gone abroad to represent that season
in Canada. While there are short periods of keen cold, much of the weither
is mild and the farmer can accomplish a great deal during the months the
snow is on the ground. Working in the woods at this season is a pleasure
rather than a toil, so bracing is the air and so little does one feel the fatigue
of manual labor.
About one-seventh of the people of New Brunswick who are classed
as having occupations follow agricultural pursuits, but the proportion to
the total population is, of course, much larger when farmers' families, not
included in this enumeration, are taken into consideration. Many of the far-
mers are wealthy, and all who intelligently follow this pursuit can live in
comfort in this part of the world. The Lieutenant-Governor himself has been
a farmer, and representatives of this class are found high in position in public
affairs throughout the Province.
New Brunswick was originally settled by the French, and the Acadian
French compose about one-sixth of the population at the present time. They
are found chiefly in the northern and eastern counties and especially in West-
moreland, Gloucester and Kent. The principal settlement by the English
began after the American Revolution, when largo bodies of Loyalists sought
a country under the British flag and made their homes in various parts of the
Province. The City of St. John was founded by them in 1783. It is thus a
comparatively new country in respect to English occupation, and when all
things are considered it has made and is making wondeiful progress, a growth
that is not so rapid as it is sure. From time to time the population has
-205-
' :t|
been augmented by immigration from England, Ireland, Scotland and variou;
countries of Europe, including Scandinavia. Some of the smaller settlement!
partake strongly of the national characteristics of their founders.
There are nearly a thousand churches in the Province of New Bruns
wick, representing all shades of Chris-
tian belief. There is no established
or state religion, though when New
Brunswick was a separate colony and
under imperial regulations, the Church
of England virtually occupied that posi-
tion, as in the Mother Country. At the
present time the Catholics number about
116,000, or somewhat more than one-
third of the population, and the leading
Protestant denominations are in the fol-
lowing order : — Baptists, about 80,000 ;
Church of England, 43,000 ; Presbyter-
ians, 41,000; Methodists, 36,000. Be-
sides these are a number of the smaller
denominations. Churches of some kind
are found in every part of the country,
and in the rural districts they are in
more than relative proportion to the
size of the population. King's County,
for instance, has a church for every 175
people within its boundaries, and its
population is about 24,000. In all parts
of the Province harmony exists between
people of different religious beliefs, and sectarian strife is unknown. The onl}
attempts to excite such a feeling are those occasionally made by petty politician;
to force themselves into temporary prominence, but they have not the sympathj
of the body of the people, and in due time they fall by their own weapons.
SPORTING SCENI
1 STREAM 1•ISHI^
i I '-
3tland and various The educational interests of the Province are provided for by a system
mailer settlements of free public schools, which has been in operation for more than a quarter
-lers. of a century. As a result, the proportion of those who are illiterate is small,
and is composed largely of the more advanced in years, who were among the
ce of New Bruns- poorer class of immigrants in the days prior to the opportunities for free edu-
cation. As it is now, there are over
1,700 free schools throughout the Pro-
vince, some of them in the most remote
and thinly settled districts, all taught
by teacherr who have taken the required
course and have been certified as com-
petent instructors. In the larger places
the schools are graded so as to j^ive the
highest educational facilities. The pub-
lic schools are non-sectarian, but in
Catholic communities, religious instruc-
tion is permitted under certain definite
regulations as to the hours. The cost
of the school system is met by an
assessment in ratio to the general taxes,
and while it is not felt by the rich, is
in no way burdensome to the poor.
The school tax of the head of a family
is insignificant when compared with
what would be required to provide even
a poor education for the child-en under
the old system.
SHORTING SCENES IN NEW BRUNSWICK.
1 STREAM IISHING.
2 MOOSE SHOOTING.
known. The only
by petty politicians
not the sympathy
r own weapons.
In addition to the large number
of free schools, there are a number of educational institutions, including fully
equipped universities and colleges. The oldest of these is the University of
New Brunswick, at Fredericton, formerly King's College. It receives govern-
ment aid and is non-denominational in its character. The University of
-20ft-
Mount Allison, at Sackville, is a Methodist institution of high reputation,
splendidly equipped in every department, and including a wide range of work.
The University of St. Joseph, near Memramcook, in the same county, is the
evolution of an academy designed primarily for the benefit of the Acadian
French, but it now reaches all classes, and is the chief Catholic educational
institution in the Province. It is under the charge of the religious order of
the Congregation of the Holy Cross.
Taxes are very light in New Brunswick, and there is no direct taxation
by either the Federal or Provincial Governments. The Dominion Government
imposes a revenue tariff on all parts of Canada, which is adjusted from time
to time with a view to reducing the customs duties on the articles most
necessary to the people and which are imported from other countries. So far
advanced is Canada in manufactures, however, nearly everything that is
ordinarily required by the mass of the people is made in the country. The
expenses of the Provincial Government are met by subsidies from the Govern-
ment of Canada and from the revenues derived from Crown lands, etc. The
only direct taxation is that imposed by the people themselves in each munici-
pality, through the members of the County Councils whom they annually elect
to represent them. This taxation varies in each county, according to the local
requirements, but it is never a very serious matter. In the cities, the assess-
ment is for civic purposes, and while considerably greater than in the country
the benefits and advantages are in proportion to it. No special taxes on
different kinds of personal property are imposed in any part of the Province.
New Brunswick is essentially governed by the people, to whom the
Government is responsible for all its acts. The qualification for voting is so
small that it practically means universal suffrage for any man who has reached
the age of twenty-one and has either property of any kind or earns any wages.
The Governor, appointed from Ottawa, holds his office for five years, but
may be reappointed at the end of his term. All of the Governors appointed
since the formation of the Dominion have been New Brunswick men who
have worked their way to the front, sometimes from very humble beginnings,
and have served the Province faithfully in other capacities. One of the former
Governors
ties that a
executive p
The
representing
They are (
dissolved a
advisable t
Council coi
follows : — I
Public Wo
Secretary,
Albert T.
issioner f
Hon. Amb
oortfolios.
M.
The
buildings, i
ditures. T
very large
the public
for the Insa
The
affai • V f tl
per cen; i
interest, un
been issued
in 1897, he
premium,
disposed of
figure, they
the latter r
-m-
Governors started in life as a poor errand boy, and it is within the possibili-
ties that any bright boy at the present time may some day hold the chief
executive position in his native Province or the Province of his adoption.
The Legislature consists of only one branch, consisting of 46 members,
representing the various counties on the basis of relative size and population.
They are elected for a term of four years, but the Assembly may be sooner
dissolved and a new election may take place if the Government considers it
advisable to have the voice of the people on any question. The Executive
Council consists of seven members, and is at the present time constituted as
follows : — Hon. Henry R. Emmerson, Premier and Chief Commissioner of
Public Works, residence Dorchester, N.B. ; Hon. L. J. Tweedie, Provincial
Secretary, Chatham ; Hon. A. S. White, Attorney-General, Sussex ; Hon.
Albert T. Dunn, Surveyor-General, St. John ; Hon. C. H. Labillois, Com-
. .issioner for Agriculture, Dalhousie ; Hon. L. P. Farris, White's Cove, and
Hon. Ambrose D. Richard, Dorchester, members of the Government without
oortfolios.
M.
The Chief Commissioner has charge of the roads and bridges, public
buildings, etc., and has a very important department, involving large expen-
ditures. There are nearly 2,500 miles of great roads in the Province, with a
very large number of by-roads, with many rivers crossed by bridges. Among
the public buildings which are looked after in this department is the Asylum
for the Insane, a very completely arranged establishment at the City of St. John.
The Provincial Secretary is the Finance Minister, and the financial
affai < f the Province are on a very sound basis. The old time bonds at six
per cei' iave been replaced from time to time by bonds at lower rates of
interest, until the rate is now three per cent. No four per cent, bonds have
been issued since 1897, at which time they realized a large premium. Indeed,
in 1897, bonds bearing three and one-half per cent, interest were sold at a
premium. In January, 1898, a three per cent, loan of a million dollars was
disposed of at the remarkably good figure of 96. As the bonds netted this
figure, they rank with the Dominion Government two and one-half per cents.,
the latter realizing in the vicinity of 92, while the brokerage and other expenses
i
•tl'
..|i
\\h
\'i
-207-
■Mm
!• I m
added bring them pretty close to three per cents. The Provincial three pei
cent, loan of 1898 was made to meet the redemption of four per cent, bonds,
that may be called in at the option of the Government «fter ten years from
their date. It is the intention of the Government to call in all the bonds thai
have a provision for optional redemption, as fast as possible, substituting three
per cent, issues. Nominally, the Province debt is somewhat over two and a
third million dollars, but, as a matter of fact, the assets available for read)^
conversion into money, much more than offset this amount. Among the
assets are nearly seven and a half million acres of land. The value of the
public buildings is about $370,000. Of the nominal debt the greater portior
has been incurred in providing for works of permanent value to the country.
The nearly five millions given in aid of Provincial railways since Confederation
have been well expended in the public interest, as have been the large amounts
devoted to highways and permanent bridges. Among the items of expendi-
ture in the accounts for 1897 are over $208,000 for education, $195,800 for
public works, and nearly $20,000 for agriculture.
The Attorney-General is the legal adviser of the Government and is the
Crown prosecutor. In the latter respect his duties are not onerous, for this is
not a land where the criminal dockets are heavy, and very serious crimes are
of rare occurrence.
The Surveyor-General is at the head of the Crown Lands Department,
the receipts of which from sales of land and other sources were more than
$180,000 in the year 1897. This official also has charge of the inland fish-
eries and the game within the Province^ and of the mining leases. The
receipts from the leases of salmon and trout rivers, in the year last named,
amounted to $9,225, while nearly $2,000 were paid in for licenses to hum
game, by spor^smen who were not residents of the Province.
The Secretary for Agriculture looks after tiie interests of the farmers,
and his annual report shows the work that is being done in the various coun-
ties throughout New Brunswick. The position of Solicitor-General, who is
auxiliary to the Attorney-General, is at present vacant.
rovincial three per
r per cent, bonds,
ter ten years from
all the bonds that
substituting three
at over two and a
available for ready
ant. Among the
The value of the
he greater portion
ue to the country.
;ince Confederation
the large amounts
items of expendi-
ition, $195,800 for
irnment and is the
)nerous, for this is
serious crimes are
•
^ands Department,
2s were more than
3f the inland fish-
ling leases. The
year last named,
r licenses to hunt
Its of the farmers,
the various coun-
3r-General, who is
The Government of New Brunswick is carried on without reference to
federal party lines, and thus stands upon its own merits, free from the entan-
glements of Dominion politics, with which it has no concern. Each constitu-
ency chooses its members on whatever issue may seem of importance to it,
and it can make a party issue if it so desires. In legislative work and in the
conduct of the affairs cf the Government, however, there is no line of Domin-
ion politics drawn. In voting on debated questions in the legislature, the
sides are of Government and Opposition on local issues, and in the constitution
of the Cabinet men are chosen because of their fitness, and without reference to
their political views in respect to the two great Canadian parties. The pre-
sent Premier, a Liberal, succeeded a Conservative of whose Cabinet he had
been a member, and the present Provincial Secretary is a Conservative. The
other members of the executive come from both of the political parties. This
system is an exemplification of the principle, so sound in civic a- J municipal
affairs, that men should be chosen with reference to local matters, rather than
that they should hold office because of their belief in politics, which do not
pertain to the work they have in hand.
The judiciary of New Brunswick is composed of a Chief Justice and five
Judges of the Supreme Court, one of whom is an Equity Juuge. The
Supreme Court meets at Fredericton at the regular terms, and the judges
hold circuits in the various counties at stated times of the year. These judges
are appointed from Ottawa, as are the judges of the County Courts, who have
inferior jurisdiction. There are also parish courts for the hearing of cases
involving small amounts.
Each county is a municipality, and councillors to transact its business
are elected annually by the voters. These regulate the local assessment and
appoint the required officers for parish purposes.
In what is intended to be a comprehensive sketch of this kind, much
must of necessity be left unsaid in regard to the Province, its people and
resou»'ces. There is no opportunity for detail, and even a general view is of
necessity limited. Much might be told of the commercial importance of New
Brunswick, its products of the field, the forest, the mine and the sea.
-208-
BEAUTEOUS NATURE ON THE INTERCOLONIAL RA
I GRAND METIS KAM.S, P.(J.. RKACHKD ONI.V BV THK INTERCOLONIAL RAILWAY.
A A
2 LAW LOR S LAKE, NEAR ST. JOHN, N.B., ON
4 CAMPBELLTON, N.B., ON INTERCOLONIAL KA
w
INTERCOLONIAL RAILWAY OF CANADA.
EAR ST. JOHN, N.B., ON INTRRCOLONIAl, RAILWAY.
5., ON INTERCOLONIAL KAILWAY.
3 NORTHWEST ARM, HALIFAX, ON INTERCOLONIAL RAILWAY.
jt
HE chances of your holiday outing being* a succesi
will be greatly enhanced should you visit the territor)
on or reached by the Intercolonial Railway of Canada
It has decidedly the advantagfes of picturesqueness, anc
no other route in America presents to tourists, invalids,
hunters and fishermen, so many unrivalled attractions,
Starting from its western terminus, Montreal, where
connections are made with rail and steamer lines, the
Intercolonial's superbly equipped train crosses the Vic-
toria Jubilee Bridge and thence on to Quebec through a romantic country.
METAPEDIA, P.g., I>
wherein are many of Nature's beauty spots, and pretty little towns, among
which are St. Hilaire and St. Hyacinthe, and in quick time Levis and Quebec
are reached. For some distance the Intercolonial commands a magnificent view
of this famous old city, crowned by its historic Citadel, and of the celebrated
falls of Montmore ici, thence the train speeding away south skirts the shore ol
the mighty St. Lawrence, and follows the course of the Mctapedia and Resti-
:im»\^
g being" a success
visit the territory
ailvvay of Canada,
cturesqueness, and
3 tourists, invalids,
ivalled attractions.
Montreal, where
steamer lines, the
n crosses the Vic-
romantic country.
gouche Rivers, so famous for salmon fishing and for scenery, also the shores
of the beautiful Baie des Chaleurs, embracing an ever-changing panorama of
mountain, river, lake and seashore scenery. In the Provinces by the sea, the
Intercolonial connects with all steamboat lines to Prince Edward Island, "The
Garden of the Gulf o( the St. Lawrence," and is the "All Rail Route" to
Cape Breton, the Switzerland of Canada, with its famous Bras d'Or Lakes,
immortalized by Charles Dudley Warner in his " Baddeck and That Sort of
Thing," and is the only "All Rail Route" between the cities of St. John,
N.B., and Halifax, N.S. This railway furnishes to the general traveller all the
comforts, conveniences and luxuries of modern invention ; while the pleasure
METAPEDIA. V.Q., INTERCOLONIAL RAILWAY.
tie towns, among
Levis and Quebec
a magnificent view
of the celebrated
skirts the shore of
apedia and Resti-
seeker, angler and sportsman will find elsewhere few, if any, equals to the
numerous summer resorts and places of interest which it reaches. The hotels
are comfortable and home-like, and the rales exceedingly low.
Guide books, timetables, etc., mailed free on application to the District
Passenger Agent, Montreal or Halifax, the General Travelling Agent,
Toronto, or the General Passenger Agent, Moncton, N.B.
-210-
THE PROVINCE OF N
NLY a narrow peninsula separates Nova Scoiia from its
sister Province New Brunswick. It has on the north
the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the west the Bay of
Fundy. Its extent is about 21,731 square miles, in-
cluding the Island of Cape Breton. The population
by the census of 1891 was 450,396. The settle-
ment of the country practically commenced in the year
1749, and has continued since with an influx of
settlers from a number of sources, so that the pop-
ulation at present is made up of the descendants of the French inhabitants,
Germans, Irish, Scotch, English and United Empire Loyalists. The nature
o( the country has largely determined the occupations of its inhabitants. The
Atlantic shore which is bold and rocky is principally occupied by fishermen.
The more central and northern counties, which have large tracts of fertile
land, support a considerable farming industry. The interior of the country,
which is extensively wooded, supports a considerable lumbering industry,
while in Cape Breton, Pictou and Cumberland there are large coal mining
and iron smelting industries, and on the coast there are numerous gold mines.
As will be understood from the small size of the Province it contains
no large rivers. As it abounds in lakes there are numerous and important
water powers which are beginning to be utilized for manufacturing and other
purposes. The coast is provided everywhere with excellent harbors, is well
lighted and buoyed, and free from any difficulties or impediments to navigation.
The construction of railways in Nova Scotia commenced in 1854, and
since that time they have been systematically extended. At present Halifax,
the capital, is connected by railway with Yarmouth, at the western extremity,
and with Sydney, in the Island of Capo Breton, at the eastern extremity.
The Interco
Montreal, a
branches fro
boro and Jo
so that in a
railroad com
The
centre a lar^
the recesses
tion. It ha;
and where il
constructed j
route is furr
Lawrence, w
The country
In a(
Government,
by water is
headquarters
Edward Isla
The (
tion. The s
by the fact
winters are
of the summ
as is shown
211-
OF NOVA SCOTIA
The Intercolonial Railway (Dominion Government) runs from Halifax to
Montreal, and connects with the railway system of the continent. The
branches from this railway connect with Prince Edward Island, Pictou, Parrs-
bono and Joggins. Other roads are in course of construction and projected,
so that in a few years' time the Province will be abundantly supplied with
railroad communication.
The Island of Cape Breton presents the peculiarity of having* in its
centre a large salt water lake known as the Bras d'Or. It penetrates into
the recesses of the Island, and aflfords great facilities for internal communica-
tion. It has an opening into the Atlantic on the eastern side of the Island,
and where it approaches the southern shore of the Island a canal has been
constructed at St. Peters, capable of passing large vessels. By this means a
route is furnished from the coal fields and eastern shore to the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, which is shorter and more sheltered than the route by the Atlantic.
The country is well supplied with roads through every part of it.
In addition to the above railway facilities steamers, subsidized by
Government, run along the shore so that a complete system of transportation
by water is supplied. A number of steamship lines make Halifax their
headquarters, and connect with the United States, West Indies, Prince
Edward Island, Newfoundland and Great Britain.
The climate of Nova Scotia is necessarily affected by its peculiar posi-
tion. The severity of the winter season incident to its high latitude is modified
by the fact that it is almost entirely surrounded by water, consequently the
winters are very much less severe than they are in the mainland, and the heat
of the summer is tempered by ocean breezes. The climate is remarkably healthy,
as is shown by the records of the Imperial garrisons, from which it would
-2U-
.\o\ A S(. oriA s i'aui.ia:
\-.\ SCOTIAS I'AUI.IA.MKNT lU ll.niMi, IIAI.IIAX, N.S.
appear that it is the healthiest station the British soldiers are stationed in.
There are no diseases peculiar to Nova Scotia. During the earlier settlement
of the country, puimonary complaints were common, but with the improve-
ment in the modern of living, the drainage of large portions of the country,
and the clearing of the forests, the mortality from this disease is not above
the average of other countries. The mean temperature of the summer at
Halifax is 62^ degrees, and of the winter 30 degrees, the winter proper last-
ing about three months. The maximum heat in Nova Scotia rarely exceeds
80 degrees, and in winter time the greatest cold rarely exceeds zero.
The Atlantic coast is rugged and rocky ; but happily it is broken by
many beautiful and well-sheltered bays, harbors and havens, some of which
run far inland, and are useful for purposes of commerce. The coast is also
protected and rendered picturesque in many places by islands, large and small,
resorts of sea fowl, and frequently favorite resorts of summer pleasure-seekers.
No spots could be healthier in the hot summer time, for the breezes are ever
' )1 and bracing, and the coves and creeks sanuy and sheltered. Yarmouth,
Shelburne, Liverpool, the long beaches of Petite Riviere, LaHave, Lunenburg,
Mahone Bay, Chester, Margaret's Bay, to the south-west of Halifax ; Cow
Bay, Lawrencetown, Sheet Harbor, Guysboro, Port Mulgrave, and many a
lovely spot in Cape Breton, to the east of Halifax, furnish every attraction
that natural beauty of situation can impart. The other side of the Province
is certainly not less attractive, though it is widely different. Digby, Anna-
polis, the shores of the Minas Basin, the whole westerly coast of the Bay of
Fundy, is remarkably picturesque.
The soil in the interior of the country is as rich as could be wished ;
it is in many cases inexhaustibly fertile, and a source of perennial wealth to
the farmer who is happy enough to bo the proprietor. Along the northern
coast, too, the soil is usually rich and good- On the flanks of the Cobequid
hills the soil is usually thin, and requires more manure than is easily avail-
able ; but in the "intervals" of those bills, the quiet spaces where the brooks
and rivers begin, there is fertility as well as beauty, and it often happens
that prosperous farms lie nestled and hid away i'^ the bosom of the valley.
The i
upon legisla
different sec
subsidizes a
also support
The
sectarian. ]
religious ani
The scheme
Schools an<
broad is chi
through the
the Colleges
tically deno
those of an;
in each of v
and section
this is that
exceptional
educational
are also a i
both sexes ;
The
at Truro, i
Scotia are
Horticultun
plums, etc.,
The
farm which
Provincial
important i
-213-
The system of public education in the Province of Nova Scotia is based
upon legislation passed by the Provincial Government, which unites with the
different sections in the support of the teachers, and in addition specially
subsidizes academies, or finishing schools, in each county. The Government
also supports a Normal School for the training of teachers at Truro.
The principle of education in Nova Scotia is that it is free and non-
sectarian. Hov/ever, the latter feature permits the employment of members of
religious and other orders when licensed by the regular Provincial authority.
The scheme of education is progressive through various steps to the High
Schools and Academies, and thence to the Colleges and Universities. So
broad is this scheme that a boy or girl can pass from the primary schools
through the different grades to the High Schools, whence matriculation into
the Colleges is a regular step. The Colleges, it may be remarked, are prac-
tically denominational, and as a rule, furnish opportunities for study equal to
those of any other part of the Dominion. The country is divided into sections
in each of which is a school, the teacher being supported partly by the County
and section and also subsidized by the Provincial Government. Tiie result of
this is that few countries present better facilities for education, and it is an
exceptional case v/here a Nova Scotian child does not find within its reach
educational facilities that will fairly fit him for the duties of citizenship. There
are also a number of large and well conducted private schools for children of
both sexes ; some are denominational and others are not.
The Government of Nova Scotia also supports a School of Agriculture
at Truro, in which the theory and practice of farming as suited for Nova
Scotia are taught and exemplified. A similar school for the teaching of
Horticulture, with special attention to the growth of apples, peaches and
plums, etc., has been established at Wolfville.
The Dominion Government supports at Maccan a large eyperiuiental
farm which supplements the work of the two institutions maintained by the
Provincial Government. Through the exertions of the staffs of these three
important institutions, the farmers are gradually acquiring a better knowledge
il
% *
'■i
l!i
W*
Im "■
—213-
of their occupations, and the benefits of the experience gained in this mannei
are already very evident. The Provincial Government also provides instructioi
and requires the managers and other coal mine officials to pass examinations
before they can be entrusted with responsible positions. Night schools ar«
also provided for those who are unable to attend day schools. Responsible
government was conceded to the Province in 1847.
The Lieutenant-Governor is appointed by the Do-
minion Government, and he has an executive of
nine members selected from the Legislative Council
and House of Assembly. The Legislative Council
consists of 21 members appointed by the Government
to serve for life. The duty of legislation devolves
upon these two bodies. The Provincial Legislature
has the power of passing laws for the regulation of
matters not in conflict with the powers of the Do-
minion Government. The Civil and Criminal Laws
are administered by judges appointed by the Federal
Government for life. Appeals can be carried from
the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia to the Supreme
Court of Canada, sitting at Ottawa, and from there
to the Privy Council of England.
The qualification for voting for members of
the House of Assembly, sitting at Halifax, is that
the person must be of the full age of 21 years, and
a subject of Her Majesty by birth or naturalization,
a) Every male person who shall have been assessed
in respect of real property of the value of $150, or
in respect of personal property, or of personal and
real property together, to the value of $300. (b) Every yearly tenant of real
property of the value of $150, where the assessment on real property was by
law levied upon the owners thereof, or the assessed value of whose personal
property, combined with that of the real property so occupied by him as a
JOK IK)\VK KALLS, VIC
Hm
tmm
;d In this manner
ovides instruction
Dass examinations
\'ight schools are
3ls. Responsible
yearly tenant, shall have been three hundred dollars or upwards, (c) The son
of every person qualified under the preceding sub-sections, if such person at
the time of the last assessment shall have been in possession as owner or
yearly tenant of sufficient property to qualify more than one voter, and if
such son shall have resided in the residence or dwelling* of his father, or on
property owned by his father within the assessment
district, for at least one year next prior to said
assessment. (d) The son of every widow, if such
widow, at the time of the last assessment, shall have
been in possession, as owner or yearly tenant, of
sufficient property to give a qualification to vote, if
such son shall have resided in the residence or dwell-
ing of his mother, or on property owned by his
mothe- within the assessment district, for at least
one year next prior to said assessment.
Members are elected to serve in the House of
Commons, at Ottawa, for five years, and in the
House of Assembly for five years. The Provincial
franchise has been adopted for elections to the Fed-
eral Parliament.
The franchise in Nova Scotia is essentially
popular and calculated to develop a sense of the
privileges and responsibilities of citizenship. Every
man may have, if he desires, a voice in the man-
agement of the country from the levying of an assess-
ment for a trifling local matter, up to the policy and
wellfare of the Dominion. By preserving the form
ly tenant of real of monarchal stability of government and by the wide division of the franchise,
property was by the principles of the broadest democracy have full room. A settler from the
f whose personal United Kingdom will find here the same freedom of thought and speech as he
)ied by him as a enjoyed at home, and perhaps in a greater degree, as the country is not in
-2U-
)l!: HJWK FALLS, VICTORIA PARK, TRURO, N.S.
any way bound by the traditions and by the social and other restraints which
are in force in the Old World.
The eastern section of the Province is largely occupied by the descen-
dants of Highlanders, principally belonging to the Roman Catholic and
Presbyterian Churches. In the centre and western portions of the Province
Protestants o( various denominations predominate. There is no established
church and all denominations are totally untrammelled in the exercise of their
religion and possession of property.
There are seven local banks of
good standing, in addition to branches
of the Bank of British North America
and of the Bank of Montreal. The
banking institutions of the Province
have been conducted for a number of
years with great skill and success.
They have branches at all important
parts of the Province wherever business
warrants it, and by this means the facil-
ities of banking operations are available
everywhere. Some of these banks have
Savings Bank branches, and the Do-
minion Government also has Post Office
Savings Banks in all the principal vil-
lages and towns.
The low rate at which Provincial, county and municipal loans are
floated bears evidence of the prosperity and good business thrift of the Province.
The manufacturing industries of Nova Scotia, while not as extensive as
those of the Province of Quebec and Ontario, are becoming an important item
in its industrial life. Among the most prominent may be mentioned the
refining of sugar, the working of cotton mills, the manufacturing of iron and
steel and the different castings and forgings made from these metals, the
building an
woollen fac
cheapness t
The
wooden-war
duck, machi
the manufaj
FRESH VVATIiR CREEK, CAFE BRETON
try — last y
erel and ot
ance to the
of Nova S(
abundant,
were put i
$1,802,000.
120. The
-215—
building" and repairs of ships both wood and iron. There are a number of
woollen factories turning out clothes and other goods equal in quality and
cheapness to any that are imported.
The manufacture of fertilizers, grind-stones, agricultural implements,
wooden-ware in various forms, carriages, furniture, boots and shoes, cotton
duck, machinery of all kinds, canned lobsters, canned fruit and vegetables, and
the manufacture of boxes and barrels, etc., etc., may be referred to. The ex-
ports of Nova Scotia, to points outside
of the Dominion of Canada, in 1897
were $10,683,065.00; and the imports,
$7,657,242.00.
The position of Nova Scotia na-
turally led to a great attention to the
fishing industry. The waters surround-
ing the coast are at a temperature which
ensures the finest development of the
best varieties of food fishes. Codfish,
pollock, haddock, salmon, mackerel,
herring and alewives are abundant.
Large quantities of these fish are caught
for home consumption, dried, cured and
exported. In addition there are sal-
mon, trout, shad, smelts and oysters.
Cod fishing is the most valuable indus-
try — last year the catch being valued at $2,188,512. The value of the mack-
erel and other fish, although considerable, is much smaller. Next in import-
ance to the cod fishery comes the lobster industry. The whole of the shores
of Nova Scotia are particularly adapted to this crustacean, and it is extremely
abundant. As soon as the art of canning lobsters was discovered, factories
were put up all around the shores, and in 1897 the value of the catch was
$1,802,000. The total export of fish in 1897 from Nova Scotia was $4,562,-
120. The total value of the catch in addition used for home consumption
CAPE BRETON, N.S.
tsl
lli!
1
ii
215—
and for export to the neighboring colonies v.ould be in the neighborhood o
$7,000,000. It may also be mentioned that the rivers and lakes abound ii
salmon and trout and furnish unequalled opportunities for the angler's sport
The proximity of Nova Scotia to the Great Banks of Newfoundlan
has led to the building of a large fleet of fishing vessels. The principa
headquarters of this business is at Lunenburg, Lockeport, Shelburne an
Harrington. In addition to this a large cod fishing business is kept up oi
the shore banks by means of small sail
boats. Lobster catching, bank fishing,
shore fishing and the capture o( herring
and mackerel in nets constitute the live-
lihood of a large proportion of the
people living on the Atlantic Coast.
The fisheries in the Island of Cape Bre-
ton and in the Bay of F'undy and on
the northern side of the Province are
not so extensive, and are regarded more
as an adjunct to farming and other
occupations.
The fishing interests of Nova
Scotia have been the subject of much
attention at the hands of the Dominion
Government. They are practically re-
served for the Nova Scotians, foreign
vessels not being allowed to fish within
three miles of the shore, or to enter harbors except for wood, water, shelter and
repairs. The lobster fishery is also the subject of regulation, and it is hoped
that the result of the measures that have been adopted will be that the fishing
industry in Nova Scotia will long retain its present important position. The
following summary of exports of fish from Nova Scotia to countries outside
of the Dominion of Canada will be of interest. The value of the export of
fish in 1897 was: Salmon, $60,760; mackerel, $161,606; herring, $213,674;
THE PRINCESS IMTS AT THE COI.I.IERV OF
AT SYDNEY MINES, N.S. PORT
2 neighborhood of
I lakes abound in
:he angler's s|5ort.
of Newfoundland
s. The principal
t, Shelburne and
;ss is kept up on
cod, $2,188,512; halibut, $20,637 ; other fish, miscellaneous, $109,863; lobster,
$1,802,019; total, $4,557,071-
The Government provide at convenient places hatcheries for replenishing
the lakes and rivers with trout and salmon, and experiments are being made
in the breeding of codfish and lobsters, and it is also contemplated to establish
a Marine Biological Station in connection with the fisheries of the lower Pro-
vinces. The Province of Nova Scotia has in the interior, large tracts of land
which, while comparatively valueless for
farming purposes, are admirably adapted
for the growth of trees. The principal
varieties of lumber cut in Nova Scotia
are spruce and hemlock ; small quanti-
ties of pine, birch, oak, ash and maple
are also cut. The intersection of the
country by numerous rivers and lakes,
permits of cheap collection and trans-
portation of the lumber to the saw mills,
which are generally placed at the head
of navigable tide waters. In addition,
during the past few years, tracts of land
inaccessible by these means have fur-
nished supplies of lumber by portable
steam mills.
[■
W^^^^»^- 1* MH
r
THE COLLIERY OF THE GENERAL MINING ASSOCIATION, LIMITED,
MINES, N.S. PORT OF SHIPMENT, NORTH SYDNEY, C.B,
water, shelter and
and it is hoped
that the fishing
lit position. The
countries outside
of the export of
rring, $213,674 ;
The lumber is largely cut into
deals and boards, for export to the
West Indies, Great Britain and the United States. The hardwood goes
almost entirely to England, for cabinet making and similar purposes. Dur-
ing the past few years, the manufacture of wood pulp has engaged much
attention. A number of large establishments have been built in various
parts of the Province, and their product finds a ready sale on the Continent
and in the United States. The large tracts of land which yield lumber neces-
sary for this purpose replenish themselves with great rapidity — as spruce will
-2Ift-
orow in 23 years to a size sufficient for the purpose o( lumbermen. It appears
probable that the extent of territory which may be considered tree-bearing is
sufficiently large in this Province, and the rate of growth sufficiently rapid,
to ensure for many years a large and permanent industry in the production of
timber. The trade returns for 1897 show the following figures as the export
of lumber, pulp, etc., from this Province — $2,508,968.00.
As will be seen by reference to the mineral resources of the Province,
there are few countries better adapted for
building iron steamers and sailing vessels.
It is probable that as capital is accumulated
or invested in the Province, a large trade
will be built up in this direction. At New
Glasgow, for instance, there are large steel,
boiler and machine works. Coal is abund-
ant in the vicinity. Equally favorable
natural conditions exist at several other
places in the Province, and there is no rea-
son why, at these points, ship-building
could not be carried on more cheaply than
in most couiitries, and possibly as cheaply
as in the famous ship yards of the Clyde
and other localities in England. The pre-
sent tonnage owned in Nova Scotia is about
2,347,064 tons.
Few of the
capitalist,
with fine hai
orderly popi
future for il
The r
are cokeing,
In this connection, it may be men-
tioned that Halifax has a large stone dry dock, which is capable of taking the
largest ships afloat. There are also large marine slips at Halifax, Lunenburg,
Pictou, Sydney, Hawkesbury and Yarmouth.
Nova Scotia has long been distinguished as a mineral producer. The
mining resources of the Province are much more extensive than is generally
known, and a list of minerals of economic value is a long and interesting one.
BB
COUNTY ACADliMV, PICTOU, N.S.
and the Ge
about 1,114
The
Atlantic coc
gold occurs
is generally
-217-
Few of the English colonies offer a more promising" field to the miner and
capitalist. The natural posiJon of Nova Scotia, projecting into the Atlantic,
with fine harbors, a cheap fuel, numerous minerals, a healthy climate, and an
orderly population, all combine to forecast an important and prosperous
future for its mining resources.
The Nova Scotia coals belong entirely to the bituminous system, and
are cokeing, free-burning and steam coals. There are three principal coal
fields. 'i'he Sydney coal field occupies the
eastern shore o\ Cape Hretun County, and
contains about 40 feet of coal in seams not
less than four feet thick This group of
seams is known as the upper series, and is
underlaid by other workable seams which as
yet have received very little attention, but
are known to be, in some cases, large and
valuable. The coal of this district is bitu-
minous, and especially adapted for gas and
coke making, and for steam purposes, and
is a well-known domestic fuel.
ADKMY, FICTOU, N.S.
Official reports on the Cape Breton
coals show that they are admirably suited
for marine steam purposes, and Sydney is
a well-known port of call for bunker coal.
There are two large companies operating in
this district — the Dominion Coal Company
and the General Mining Association. Their combined output last year was
about 1,114,000 tons.
The gold fields of Nova Scotia stretch in an irregul - band along its
Atlantic coast. Their area is estimated at about 3,000 square miles. The
gold occurs in quartz veins from one inch to ten feet in thickness. The gold
is generally visible in grains and small nuggets, and is also present in various
w
-217--
i
I !!l
sulphides of ircn, lead, copper, etc., which occur more or less abundantly ii
the veins. In places these veins are especially rich, and forni what are callc(
pay streaks, some of which have been followed to a depth oi' over 600 feet
In addition to these quartz veins tiiere are in many oi' the districts belts o
quartzite and slate, intersected by small quartz veins. It is found that frc
quently the veins and the rocks in these belts are more or less auriferous, anc
pay for crushing and working. Experience has shown that when a large
qua'.tity of this material is available, it
}'ields a handsome profit even when it is
not worth more than $2.00 a ton. At pre-
sent there are several mines working in the
Province on these low grade deposits, and
making profitable returns. Among these
may be mentioned the Richardson mine, at
Isaac's Harbor, which has for a number of
years been profitably worked on a deposit
of this character. A statement of the cost
of working and of expenses during the
month of May, 1898, at this mine, shows
that 2,226 tons of quartz were crushed which
yielded $5,372 worth of gold at a cost of
$3,275, leaving a profit of $2,097. Similar
returns have been made from this mine dur-
ing the whole of the year. As yet, little
attention has been paid to alluvial gold min-
ing in Nova Scotia, but there is no doubt
that in many places the ground is rich
enough to warrant systematic working and sluicing. As already mentioned,
the various sulphides that occur with the gold in the quartz are auriferous.
It has been found lately that at a great many other prints in the Province,
outside of what is known as the regular gold fields of the Province, there are
deposits of metallic sulphurets of greater or less value in gold or silver. As
yet little has been done in the way of testing and prospecting these deposits.
GOVERNMENT H
liK:
;ss abundantly in
Ti what are called
of over 600 feet.
I districts belts of
is found that fre-
>s auriferous, and
at when a large
GOVERNMENT HOUSE HALIFAX, N.S
eady mentioned,
z are auriterous.
in the Province,
ovince, there are
J or silver. As
these deposits.
-218-
They are found in the Cobcquid Mountains, in Pictou Cnnily, and in the
northern part of Cape Breton. The conditions under which these deposits
occur are similar to those characterizing^ some of the best known j^»-old and
silver producing- districts in the world, and there is every reason to believe
that before lorg, the yield of gold in Nova Scotia from this source will be of
much more importance than that hitherto extracted from the veins of the coast
district. The principal gold mining districts are Isaac's Harbor, Sherbrooke,
Tangier, Lake Catcha, (Caribou, Oldham,
Renfrew, Uniacke, Brookfield and Montague.
The iron ores of Nova Scotia are of
great extent and variety, and frequently of
very good quality. They are nearly all
favorably situated for working and trans-
portation. There is a blast furnace working
at Ferrona, in Pictou County, and has been
running steadily for several years on local
ores mixed with ore imported from New-
foundland. This furnace produces a foundry
and Bessemer pig. The latter is converted
by the Nova Scotia Steel Company, a few
miles distant, at Trenton, near New Glas-
gow. Another furnace has been running
for some years at Londonderry, producing
principally a foundry and forge pig. At
Nictaux, in Annapolis County, there are
large deposits of magnetite and red hema-
tite which have been worked to some extent. At Londonderry, in Colchester
County, in the Cobequid Mountains, there are verv extensive veins carrvine
brown hematite which have been worked for a number of years. In Pictou
County there are large deposits of specular ore, red hematite and brown hema-
tite, which have been worked by the Ferrona furnace, and for use in a small
charcoal furnace. Red hematite is also found at Arisaig, Clifton, Stewiacke,
NOVA SCOTIA STEEL COMPANY, LIMITED, MANUFACTURERS OF OPEN HEARTH STEEL, HEAVY FORCINGS,
-210-
T
LIMITBO.
W/i
, _..-»f<r*,.
„ HEAVY FORCINGS, "FERRONA" FIG IRON, MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF " VVABANA IRON ORE.
-2ia-
I
4
ss
BOCK HARBOR, CHESTER, N.S.
lii
Brookfield and in a number of other places in the Province. In Cape Bretor
there are large deposits of magnetic ore at Whyci^comagh and George's River,
and red hematite is also found at East Bay, Loch Lomond, and in othes
portions of the Lsland. Hitherto, however, in Cape Breton, very little atten-
tion has been paid to the iron deposits as they could not be made available
for smelting in Nova Scotia, and have not been developed sufficiently to com<
into competiiion with the Cuban and Spanish ores. It is proposed that c<
large blast furnace should be erected at Louisbourg. This point is close tc
limestone, the coke of the Sydney coal field, the iron deposits of Cape Breton,
and available for supplies of ore by water from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and
Newfoundland. It is confidently believed that pig iron of an excellent qualit}
can be manufactured here more cheaply than in the Southern States of th(
American Union. In view of the fact that pig iron from that district has beer
successfully shipped to Europe there is every reason to believe that highl',
successful business could be done in Cape Breton in supplying the Englisl
and European markets.
■iPWvaKH^
At present but one lead n:ine is being worked in Nova Scotia. It is
situated at Cheticamp in the Island of Cape Breton. The deposit is lartre,
carries an important percentage of silver and is accessible for shipping-. A
large plant has been erected and work is being carried on with satisfactory
returns. At present arrangements are being made for concentrating and ship-
ping the ore.
Soft and hard gypsum is very abundant in Nova Scotia it; deposits of
great extent. It is met princip' i^ in the northern and eastern parts of this
Province. In the district of ^Viiui /"r, on the Bay of Fundy, there are very
large deposits of very fine quality ; id there is an annual shipment from this
point of about 120,000 tons to the United States per annum. It is used in
the United States as a top dres ing in house construction, and in the manu-
facture of fertilizers. Other deposits are worked at Lennox Passage and near
Baddeck. The Cape Breton deposits are worked for export to Montreal and
New York. The plaster is locally used to a considerable extent in the manu-
facture of fertilizers, and for cornices, and other architectural purposes. The
In Cape Breton
nd George's River,
nd. and in other
, very little atten-
be made available
ufficientl}' to come
proposed that a
point is close to
s of Cape Breton,
St. Lawrence and
n excellent quality
lern States of the
t district has been
elieve that highly
ying the English
BIRDS-EYE VIEW OF VARMOL-'TH, \.S.
220-
^B^''
L m^
kc J
'1'^ .c^' ii'i
' "..1 ^^ -
_ S IS
1 ,,^
. if
1 ' i ly '^- :^:«-..v ■ ,
1 tt' li'l ? • -:^
PROVINCIAL NORMAL SCHOOL TRURO, N.S.
total production would be about 175,000 tons per year. Mineral paints are
worked to a small extent for local consumption. Barytes is mined in several
places, and used locally in the manufacture of paint, etc. Mineral waters
occur at several places and are frequently credited with medicinal properties.
At one or two places these waters are bottled and find a considerable sale.
Brine springs occur in connection with the gypsum deposits. They are in
many cases capable of yielding salt of a very fine grade, but at present little
attention has been paid to them, as the maritime position of the Province
permits of the importation of salt at a very low figure. It is probable that
these brine springs come, in some cases at least, from deposits oi rock salt,
and market conditions permitting, an important industry may some day be
established in this connection.
The grant of lands to the early settlers in this Province contained no
regular reservation of minerals. In some instances gold, silver and precious
stones only
etc., were r<
ernment pa:
silver, coal,
for the purp
This Act re
barytes, mai
whenever th
by whirh th
revenue all
were grante
at the Crow
charged witl
Mines Regt
-221-
stones only were reserved ; in other cases the gold, silver, iron, copper, lead,
etc., were retained for a source of revenue to the Crown, In 1858 the Gov-
ernment passed an Act by which they retained in previous grants the gold,
silver, coal, iron, copper, lead, tin and precious stones whenever reserved, and
for the purposes of revenue made the above reservations in all future grants.
This Act releases to the owner of the land all gypsum, limestone, fireclay,
barytes, manganese, antimony, etc, etc., and any oi the above reservations,
whenever they are not specified in the grant. In 1892 an Act was passed
by whirh the Government reserved in all ungranted lands for the purposes of
revenue all minerals except plaster, limestone and building material, which
were granted with the land. Information as to every grant can be obtained
at the Crown Lands Office. The Department of Public Works and Mines is
charged with the collection of revenue from the mines, the enforcement of the
Mines Regulation Act, etc.
-221-
VICTORiA STRKK r. AMHERST, \.S.
11
11
All the regulations connected with the leasing and working of th(
Provincial mines are framed with the view o\' affording all proper and neces
sary facilities to those desirious of entering into mining operations, and amonj
not the least of these advantages may be mentioned the security of the titl
granted and registered by the Government.
The following are the rates of royalty paid by those holding under the
Government : Each licensed mill owner shall pay, or cause to be paid, it
money, in weekly or other payments,
as the Commissioner of Mines shall
order, to the Commissioner or to the
Deputy Commissioner for the district,
a royalty of two per cent, on the gross
amount of gold obtained by amalgama-
tion or otherwise in the mill of such
licensed mill owner, at the rate of nine-
teen dollars an ounce troy for smelted
gold, and eighteen dollars an ounce
troy for unsmelted gold, and of two per
cent, on the silver, at the rate of one
dollar per ounce troy. Coal. — Ten cents
on every ton of two thousand two hun-
dred and forty pounds of coal sold or
removed from the mine, or used in the
manufacture of coke or other form of
manufactured coal. The words " removed from the mine," In the preceding
section shall not be held to apply to coal used for domestic purposes by the
workmen employed in and about each mine ; nor to coal used in mining
operations in and about the mine from which such coal has been gotten ; but
coal so used shall not be liable to pay royalty. Tin and precious stones. —
F'ive per cent, on their values. The Governor-in-Council have power to
arrange for the rate of royalty on all other minerals.
SYDNEV, CA
working of the
proper and neces-
itions, and among
curity of the title
holding under the
e to be paid, in
SYDNEY, CAFE BRETON, N.S.
in the preceding
purposes by the
used in mining
been gotten ; but
recious stones. —
have power to
If we pass over our mines, especially coal and gold, our fisheries and
our forests, as an Agricultural Province we can offer inducements to intending
settlers second to none. The great fruit valley from Windsor and Annapolis,
upwards of eighty miles long, and an average of about six miles wide, is not
surpassed for apples, plums, pears, and the usual small fruits on this continent,
and yet is well adapted for mixed farming, especially dairying. The other
portions of the Province while more especially suited for mixed farming, such
as grain, roots, sheep raising and beef, being so well watered and with such
excellent grazing, should be one of the
best portions of the Dominion for pro-
ducing butter and cheese of the finest
quality. Even in the counties outside
oi what is called the fruit belt, sufficient
can be raised for local use, and Yar-
mouth, North Queen's and Lunenburg
are fast growing for export.
By comparing the products of
our experimental farm at Nappan, with
those of the United States, and oi the
other Provinces in Canada, it will be
found that those of Nova Scotia are
well up in the average with all impor-
tant crops.
There can be no question that
most excellent inducements are ofl"ered
for a good class of English, Scotch, Irish or German farmers with a small
capital of, say, from two hundred to two thousand pounds sterling, to settle
in Nova Scotia.
The dikelands around the Bay of F'undy are admirably adapted for the
growth of hay. The intervale lands all over the Province are rich and pro-
ductive. The upland is of varying degrees of fertility. Wheat, rye, buck-
wheat, peas, beans, Indian corn, together with almost every variety of roots
-222-
;r ■*'!«-. ^; *>• «.
and vegetables are produced abundantly. Apples, pears, plums and cherries
and all the small fruits of temperate climates are largely cultivated. The
wildvvoods, barrens and pastures are full of strawberries, raspberries, black-
berries, blueberries, whortle berries and cranberries. Cranberries have recently
become an important article of profitable cultivation, not only for home con-
sumption, but for export, in sections of bog land which is valueless for any
other purpose. Away from the sea grapes ripen in the open air, and in the
world famed fruit region of the Cornwallis and Annapolis Valley, where the
apple crop now reaches the vicinity of a million barrels annually, and is
destined in the lapse of a
decade or so to reach ten or
twenty millions, pears and
even peaches are successfully
cultivated. Great attention
is now given to the cultiva-
tion of fruit, the Government
having established a School
of Horticulture at Wolfville,
and for some few years past
considerable quantities have
been shipped to the English
market. In 1891, the last
census year, the farm pro-
ducts included 165,186 bush-
els of wheat, 227,530 of barley, 1,559,802 of oats, 5,113,612 of potatoes,
63,291 tons of hay, 1,051,592 bushels of apples, 9,004,11c pounds of butter,
589,363 pounds of cheese and 1,07^,234 pounds of wool. Since that date the
production of butter and cheese has largely increased under the stimulus of a
Provincial bonus of $400 for the establishment of creameries and cheese
factories under certain conditions.
Nova Scotia is destined to take a high rank among the dairy countries
of the world, as the natural conditions are pre-eminently favorable to the
proper maint
Ayrshires th
individual sp
Truro
Bay, the tid
hundreds of
Lower Onslc
outlying por
'■"; m^
TOWN AND FORT OF NORTH SVDNKV, CAPK
lands being
There are (
East
on the banl-
valleys, the
The popula
and comfort
could suppc
-223-
proper maintenance of the best dairy breed of cattle. Jerseys, Guernseys and
Ayrshires thrive admirably in Nova Scotia, as several fine herds and many
individual specimens in th' Province amply attest.
Truro is on the Salmon River, which empties its waters into Cobequid
Bay, the tides from which have formed the rich dikelands containing many
hundreds of acres which lie along its banks. The districts of Upper and
Lower Onslow and Fort Belcher and Clifton, all of which may fairly be called
outlying portions of Truro, are all illustrations of prosperous husbandry carried
on under the most favorable
conditions. The places named
he
K- f!
je
a
se
JS
le
the west . iid south of
Truro. Following down the
western shore of the Cobe-
quid Bay from Truro, we
find an excellent farming
country for many miles, where
rich dikelands and undulat-
ing upland and hills abound.
All the shore of the Bay of
Fundy and Minas Basin pre-
sents alternations of rich
dikeland and fertile upland,
the most extensive dike-
lands being in the vicinity of Wolfville, and along the Annapolis River.
There are extensive ranges of dikeland near Amherst and along the Gulf shore.
East of Amherst there is a country intersected with numerous brooks,
on the banks of which are rich interval lands. It is filled with hills and
valleys, the soil of which is generally fertile and much of it very productive.
The population is thrifty and intelligent, and numerous well cultivated farms
and comfortable houses are met. The district is well adapted for grazing and
could support great numbers of sheep. It is large and there is room for
)RTH SVDXKV, CAPK HRKTON, N.S.
I
-223-
r '
^11
several times its present population. These remarks apply to all the district
lying between Amherst and the Strait of Canso, along the shore of the Gulf
o( St. Lawrence. Already it is well known for its dairy products, and has in
operation a number of cheese factories, creameries, etc. In Cape Breton there
are large tracts of good land
as yet untouched, or worked
only In the spare time of the
miner or hsiierman. The val-
leys of all the rivers are fertile
and in many sections there are
large tracts of productive up-
land, and in every section there
are good grazing facilities.
Ten miles from Port
Hood is the village and farm-
ing settlement of Mabou, an
exceedingly rich and fertile dis-
trict ; in fact, taking it for all in
all, and barring fruit, it cannot
be surpassed by any other dis-
trict in the Province. And
even the cultivation of fruit
might, with proper attention,
become a profitable pursuit in
this district, as apples and
plums are grown to some ex-
tent, and we have seen fairly
well matured grapes on vines
at Mabou that were grown
and ripened in the open air.
Leaving Mabou and passing
Hillsboro and Brook Village,
I BUSINESS STREKT,
scp:nes in the town of
2 RESIDENCE STREET. 3 COURT HOUSE.
8 PARK AND MILITARY BUILl
i
'ii
1.
i
i
£!>^k .ii '
:o all the district both fine farming districts, we reach picturesque Whycocomag-h, at the head
hore of the Gulf o{ a section of Bras d'Or Lake. The scenery is magnificent, the farms are
;iucts, and has in good, and recent gold discoveries have drawn great attention to the district,
ape Breton there Continuing east about twenty-five miles we come to Baddeck, in Victoria
County; and continuing to Inver-
ness, through the best farming
districts, we would touch Lake
Ainslie. Along the margin of
this lake for about fifteen miles
on either side are excellent
farms, and to be had at very
low prices.
Annapolis and the west-
ern part of Hants, contain the
great fruit valley of Nova Scotia.
For a distance of upwards of
eighty miles in length, and
ranging from four to eight miles
in breadth, lying between what
are called the North and South
mountains, this great and fruit-
ful valley extends. The apple
production is not confined to
the valley, for on the slopes of
the mountains, both north and
south, splendid orchards are
found. The annual production
of apples in ♦^his valley is now
about three-quarters of a million
barrels, which, with the new
trees now rapidly coming into
:S IN THE TOWN OF SYDNEY, CAPE BRETON. N.S. . f J f>
bearing, will soon be very
I;ET. 3 COURT HOl'SE. 4 AIAIIEMY. 5 HOTEL. 6 POST OFFICE. 7 CRAWLEV's CREEK. .
PARK AND MILITARY BUILDINGS. 9 TOWN AND HARBOR. largely iuCreaSCd. /
-224-
^HK DOMINION ATLANTIC RAILWAY runs from Hali-
%^ fax, N.S., to Yarmouth, N.S., with branch lines from
^ -* \ Kentville to Kingsport, and Wihnot to Torbrook. It
^ operates its own line of fast modern steamships which
perform, during- the summer months, a daily service
^ between Yarmouth and Boston, Dighy and St. John,
|t= — N.B., and King-sport and Parrsboro. The fleet com-
prises the Prince Rupert, Prince Edward, Prince
Georg-e and Prince Arthur,
which are without any
question the swiftest and most elegant of their
class in these waters, or, for the matter of that, in
the world. This line, within the last few years,
has become so popular with the travelling public,
and has given such satisfaction to shippers of
freight that its business has increased by leaps and
bounds, and it is now the favorite passenger and
freio-ht line between Nova Scotia, Newfoundland,
New Brunswick and the United States, via Yar-
mouth and St. John, N.B. Apart from the splen-
did service by land and water, the route offers
absolutely unique attractions to passengers and
tourists in the way of picturesque scenery, the
hio-hest and lowest tides in the world, the most
famous apple-growing district on the globe, and the oldest town in North
America, Annapolis Royal. This has been designated "The Land of Evange-
line" route, and rightly so. The rails run within a few yards of the site of
the ancient Village of Grand Pre— the scene of the expulsion of the French
Acadians, and a spot immortalized by the poet Longfellow, in verse of ex-
quisite beauty and pathos. The Annapolis Valley is every season drawing
more people from the Upper Provinces of Canada and from the United States ;
people who desire a thorough rest and change, and where the cost of living
cc
allows them ai
ing any more i
I^'ull informatic
Company, and
this part of N
official guide 1
history and de
G. D. Roberts
iOSTON*
•n^uCofvij
MAP OF THE DOMINION ATLANTIC RAILV
quoted and th
The fol
them will brin
in the region
P. Gifkins, !
senger Ageni
Freight Agen
Manager, Ke
-225-
allows them and their families to come and stav a few weeks without spend-
ing any more money than if they had stayed at home, and in some cases less.
Full information on every point will be gladly furnished by the officials of the
Company, and as it is impossible to shortly touch on the many attractions ol
this part of Nova Scotia, the in? nding visitor should obtain the Company's
official guide book, which is not an ordinary publication of the kind, but a
history and description of the country written for the Company by Prof. Chas.
G. D. Roberts. The service performed between Halifax and St. John by the
celebrated "Flying Bluenose " express trains and
the R. M. S. " Prince Rupert," a ship which
gets through the water at the enoimous speed of
over 19 knots an hour, is without doubt the route
which commends itself to every one. Not only is
the distance between the two places shorter than
by any other route and the time less, but it costs
less. No wonder the traveller who once gets hold
of these facts becomes a pairon of the line, and,
after a single trip, remains one.
To the shipper who is looking for despatch,
careful handling of goods and moderate freight
rates, this line appeals strongly. With termini at
Boston, St. John and Halifax, putting customers
in touch with all the principal railroads and steam-
ship companies, the lowest through rates can be
quoted and the quickest possible time made.
The following are the Company's officials. A line addressed to any of
them will bring information and pamphlets illustrating the scenery that abounds
in the region made famous by Longfellow, in his poem "Evangeline": —
P. Gifkins, Superintendent, Kentville, N.S. ; A. D. Hewat, General Pas-
senger Agent, 126 Hollis Street, Halifax, N. S. ; W. Fraser, General
Freight Agent, 1^6 Hollis Street, Halifax, N.S. ; W. R. Campbell, General
Manager, Kentville, N.S.
ION ATLANTIC RAILWAY.
I
-225-
CITY HALL
,A*,«J
CITY HALL, HALIFAX, \.S.
—205-
The City of Halifax n^S^^^
manned
and Mc
STONK laid in Her Majesty's Dockyard, states that
the latitude and longitude of Halifax are respectively
44 39' 26" N. and 63^ 37' 48" W. The city is built
on the eastern side of a trianoular-yhaped peninsula
three miles long and a mile and a half at its great-
(}st width. To the north o^ the city is Fort Need-
ham, still showing in its grass-grown mounds the
abandoned earthworks once thrown up to defend the
oariv settlers against either French or Indian invader.
On the south, in contrast to this fort of the past, is
Point Pleasant, with two batteries of to-day, and
bv the Royal Artillery. Down the harbor's sides and on George's
Nab's islands are a half-dozen other strong fortifications.
I*****
ICNTRAN'lE to HALIFAX HARBOR, N.S.
-227-
Hal
four hours
from Mon
It
mountains
ful Sou'ih
go east, n
Here the
administer
resides.
Ainerica
Here in si
by Admiri
r
f^.v
'19|S«»^.JiW|P|}!W!.''W|pi<f^4i^flW''W '
-2!J7-
CITY OF HALIFAX, N.S., FROM FORT ST. (.'.FORGE.
Halifax is easy of access. It can be reached from Bj^ton in twenty-
four hours, from PJevv York in thirty hours, from St. John in eight hours,
from Montreal in twenty-four hours, and from Toronto in thirty-four hours.
It is midway between Cape Breton's charming lakes and frowning
mountains on the east, and the Land of Evangeline and Nova Scotia's beauti-
ful South Shore to the west. By fi lely equipped railroads the traveller may
go east, north or west. Halifax is ihe seat of government in Nova Scotia.
Here the legislature makes laws in Provincial affairs, and here the courts
administer laws Federal and Provincial. Here the Lieutenant-Governor
resides. Here the general officer commanding the British forces in North
America has his headquarters, and here are stationed the Imperial troops.
Here in summer rendezvous the splendid fleet of British warships, commanded
by Admiral Sir John F'isher. , " — -_— .
if
VIEWS IN HALIFAX, X.S.
1 NOUTHWKST ARM SHOWING MILITARY PRISON. 2 A VIEW IN POINT PLEASANT PAKK.
Halifax was founded in 1749, by English colonists under the leadership
of Colonel Edward Cornwallis. Previous to the settlement, the harbor had
oi^ly been visited by a few storm-stayed fishing smacks. In 1746, the Due
d'Anville's shattered and fever-stricken armada had sought shelter there, and
the broken-hearted commander died, some say of poison ; and his successor
shortly after committed suicide. When Cornwallis arrived, the skeletons of
some of d'Anville's men were found beneath the trees, while thousands lay
buried in trenches near the shore. For some time the Indians were a con-
stant source of anxiety to the inhabitants, and they n urdered several who
straggled outside the pickets of the town.
Dartmouth, on the opposite side of the harbor, was attacked by night
by Micmacs under the direction o( French Acadians, and a number o( the
settlers were killed and scalped. This hostility had much effect in retarding
the growth of the town. To aid in defending the settlement, a blockhouse
was erected on a commanding eminence, now known as Citadel Hill, and
• ? . s r . -i ixtv& ' *-i9ummx i rt !n
^
\SAM FAKK.
ler the leadership
, the harbor had
In 1746, the Due
shelter there, and
and his successor
the skeletons of
ile thousands lay
ians were a con-
ered several who
ttacked by night
I number of the
ffoct in retarding-
Mit, a blockhouse
Jitadel Hill, and
others were built in various advantageous positions. The modern fortifications
which surround the town are evidences of the great importance of the position
as a nazal and military station.
St. Paul's Cliurch, commenced in 1749, is probably the oldest building
in Halifax, and its history is most interesting. The quaint Dutch church was
built about six years later, as a place of worship for the German settlers who
resided in the northern suburbs. The legislative building, erected in the early
years of the present century, was once considered the finest building in
America. At the close of the American revolutionary war, the population of
Halifax was greatly increased by loyalists from the United States, and we find
many New England names represented among the citizens of to-day. Old Si.
Paul's cemetery and the church records afford rich stores of information for
American genealogists.
Halifax has been the rendezvous of many fleets on their way to attack
the French strongholds in Cape Breton and Canada. At such times the place
VIKWS Ol- I'L'H1,IC f.VRDKNS, ilALIKAX, N.S.
I MAIN KNTRANCK AWH I.II.Y I'ONIi. 2 HAND STAND.
L'MTKD STATKS BATTLliSlI IP IXniANA IN THK DKV DOCK AT IIAIJFAX, N.S.
presented a busy scene, the roadstead being filled with battleships and the
streets thronged with troops.
The most picturesque figure in Halifax social life was H. R. H. the
Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria. For a number of years he was sta-
tioned here as commander of the forces. His summer residence was a most
imposing and beautiful one on the shores of Bedford Basin, a few miles from
the city, and there he lived in semi-regal state. The winding paths of this
once magnificent estate can yet be traced among the trees, and the old band
house remains until this day. Innumerable stories of the duke's life are extant,
and the whole place is steeped in the glow of romance.'
From a military point of view, Halifax is one of the most important
positions in the Bri.ish Elmpire. Its foundation is said to owe its origin to
the people of IVL'ssachusetts, who recognized that Annapolis Royal was i- "d-
equate to cope with the pretensions of the French to obtain the mi.i':? \ ot
the New W(
imperatively
of its settlen
whole of No
fecords are i
military ami,
large propoi
quartered he
tation of bei
H ALII AX Ih
I
Accoiiimn
■2fl
the New World. The cession of Louisbur^', in 1 74H, rendered such a stejj
iniperativeh' necessary, and Halifax was in reality a military colony at the time
of its settlement. In its peerless harbor, the armaments destined to bring the
whole of North America under British rule were once assembled, and its early
records are indelibly associated with some of the grandest achievements in our
military annals. For an unbroken period of one hundred and fifty years, a
large proportion of the different regiments in the regular army have been
quartered here, many of them several times, and it has long enjoyed the repu-
tation of being one of the healthiest and most desirable stations in the British
Kmpire. The command
has always been a favor-
ite one, and at the be-
ginning of this century
was filled by H. R. H.
the Duke of Kent, the
father of Oueen Victoria.
Halifax, since its founda-
tion, has been the head-
quarters of the North
American fleet.
The position of Hali-
fax as an Atlantic sea-
port, gives it the utmost
importance in a commer-
cial sense. Her trade is
expand! iij^ in all direc-
tions, and the tonnage o(
outiroint'' and incoming
shipments is very heavy.
With the exception of
New York and Boston,
she is the most important
post on the Atlantic coast.
HALIFAX HOTEL, !W TO 105 HOLLIS STRKKT, HALIIAX, N.S.
H. UKSSLEIN & SONS, l'ROI'Kn-:TORS.
Accoiniiuulatinii lor 450 Guests. The Cuisine is of the Finest
\.i.
ii
-2.^1
■'imKiimMy.'^^
^T
PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS ^iN'/) LAW Cv>UR'iS OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. (,
"' ERECTED IN 1S4:{
KDWARD I.SI,A\n. gLKKN Syi AUK, CIIAULOl IKTOVVN.
KKKCTIil) IN I84:{. LATKK HLILT IN l«7(>.
KvmMKR mill OF NOVA ScOTIA FKKKSTONE.
-IKKI-
THE PROVINCE OF PRING
RADLED on the wave of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and
situated in its southern part, Prince Edward Island
presents the form of an irregular crescent concaved
towards the north. It lies between 46 and 47° 7'
North latitude and 62° and 64° 27" West longitude,
and is separated from Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick by the Strait of Northumberland, which
varies from 7 to 30 miles in width. The Island
is 130 miles long, and from 2 to 34 miles wide,
and contai-is an area of 2,133 square miles, or
1,365,120 acres. The exact date of the discovery of Prince Edward Island is
rapt up in uncertainty. But it is generally conceded to have been amongst
the first discoveries of the celebrated navigator, John Cabot, who named it St.
John, in honor of the day on which he first saw it— the 24th of June, 1497.
The island bore the name of St. John until 1798, when, out of compliment to
the Duke of Kent, the father o( Queen Victoria, at that time Commander of
the forces at Halifax, it was changed by an Act of the Colonial Legislature to
that of Prince Edward Island.
In 1663 the Island of St. John was granted with other islands by the
Company of New France, to Sieur Doublet, a captain in the French Navy,
and he, with some other adventurers, established a few fishing stations ; but
for half a century after its discovery by Cabot, this beautiful "gem of the
ocean" remained in its primeval state. It was not until the Treaty of Utrecht
in 17 13, which brought to a close a war of ten years' duration between Eng-
land and France, that the Island can be said to have begun to attract settlers.
By this treatv, Acadia and Newfoundland were ceded to Great Britain, but
Isle St. Jean (as it was called by the French), Cape Breton (then Isle Royalc),
and Canada were still retained by France.
John's sli
control ol
appear to
such as ^
of the Is
exceed i ,
promoted
lies to re
restored 1
in 1758
Louisbur<
without (
of Fontai
formally «
Govern m
submissic
allegianct
a little o
Scotia, ir
to contril
with and
first vGov
Assembb
Tl
until Jul
Responsi
has been
-231 -
RINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Many of the expelled Acadians from Nova Scoiia found safety on St.
John's shores, and from this date, 17 13 to 1758, the Colony was under the
control of the Freiich. Port La Joie (Charlottetown), I'innette and Crapaud,
appear to have been the earliest of the French settlements ; but other places
such as St. Peter's, Rustico and Malpeque soon sprang up. The population
of the Island of St. John in 1728 was about 300, and in 1745, it did not
exceed 1,000 souls. In this year, war between England and l^Vance again
promoted its settlement. The fall of Louisburg caused several French fami-
lies to remove from Cape Breton to Isle St. Jean. The great fortress was
restored to the French in 1748, but it again fell into the hands of the British
in 1758 under the leadership of the gallant Wolfe. After the reduction of
Louisburg, several ships were sent to seize the Island which was accomplished
without difficulty. And now followed the fall of Quebec, and by the Treaty
of Fontainebleau in 1763, Cape Breton, the Island of St. John and Canada were
formally ceded to Great Britain, the two Islands named being placed under the
Government of Nova Scotia. Rigorous measures were adopted to enforce the
submission of the Acadians, and many returned to France rather than swear
allegiance to England. The population at this time is estimated to have been
a little over 4,000. Becoming dissatisfied with their connection with Nova
Scotia, in 1768 the Islanders petitioned for a separate Government and agreed
to contribute a certain sum to meet their expenses. This request was complied
with and within two years afterwards. Walter Patterson was appointed the
first vGovernor. It was not, however, until July 7th, 1773, that the General
Assembly first met under Governor Patterson.
The Island remained a separate Province from the ist of May, 1769,
until July ist, 1873, when it became a Province of the Dominion of Canada.
Responsible Government was granted in 185 1, since which time the Executive
has been distinctly recognized as responsible to the Legislature.
I,
-231
After the Treaty of Font.iiiicbleau, the British Government set about
devising some method of sctthng the country, and accord in.i,rly in 1766, a sur-
vey was made by Captain Samuel Holland, whereby the Province was di\ idcd
into 67 townships or lots and granted to a number of persons who were cou-
sidered to have had claims upon the British Government. By the terms of
their grants, the grantees were to encourage the fisheries, pay a small sum as
quit-rents, and were to settle one person upon every 200 acres of land, within
ID years. Very few o( the original
grantees carried out the conditions,
their only object being to convert the
grants into ready cash as quickly as
possible, and many of them sold their
estates to parties in England. How-
ever, notwithstanding these difficulties,
shortly after the beginning of the pre-
sent century, t' country became popu-
lated with a race of hardy English,
Scotch and Irish settlers who formed
separate communities, and, along with
the French inhabitants, devoted them-
selves to agriculture and the fisheries.
lAlxONWOOO INSANE ASVI.l'M, THkKK
STRUCTURH, I
Prior to Holland's survey, many
plans were suggested for the settlement
of the Colony. The most strenuous
efforts were made by the Earl of Eg-
mont, F'irst Lord of the Admiralty, for a grant of the Island, and to hold the
same in fee simple to the Crown. He proposed to settle it on a feudal plan,
and that he himself should be Lord Paramount of the whole Island. His
plans were set forth in an elaborate memorial to the king, and were backed
up by several communications addressed to the Lords of Trades and Planta-
tions, and signed by influential gentlemen distinguished for military and other
services. The king referred the matter to the Board of Trade. In 1764 the
• '--»-9.i>^»!!v«iS^iMWSi)iiiitaHi>nM
mneiit set about
y \i\ 1766, a sur-
ince was di\ ided
s who were coii-
Bv the terms of
a small sum as
s of land, within
\NE ASYLl'M, THRHK
STRUCTURK, I-
and to hold the
n a feudal plan,
le Island. His
md were backed
des and Planta-
ilitarv and other
|e. In 1764 the
Board reported a^minst the adoption ot Egmonl s scheme, and his proposal
was therefore rejected.
For more than half a century what was known as the Land Question
was '*a fruitful source of discontent." The matter remained unsettled until
the union of the Island with Canada, when a sum of $800,000 was placed at
the service of the Local Government for the purpose of finally disposing of
the difficulty. The Land Question has now become a thing o{ the past,
absentee proprietorship has been abol-
ished, and the Provincial Government
has purchased the interests of the land-
lords with the object of making the
farmers owners of the freehold oi the
soil which they have redeemed from the
wilderness. The great majority oi the
tenants have availed themselves oi this
immense advantage, and at the present
time, only 50,000 acres remain unsold
of the 843,981 acquired by the Govern-
ment, and of this quantity but 20,000
acres represent land held by parties
who havL not yet purchased from the
Government. I'he remaining 30,000
acres may be set down as the available
uncultivated and vacant Goxernment
lands. The population is of mixed ori-
gin, a large proportion being emigrants
from Great Britain, and the remainder natives of the country, descendants o+"
the French Acadians, Scotch, English and Irish settlers, and of the Loyali;
who came to the Island after the American Revolution. The inhabitants a
almost exclusively engaged in agriculture, considerable attention, however,
being devoted to the fisheries, and to the breeding of horses and sheep. The
Island is divided into three Counties, King's in the east, Queen's in the centre
and Prince in the west. The Provincial Government is vested in a Lieutenant-
MILES I'ROM ( HARl.OTTETOWN. A BlilCK
RKCTI^r) IN 187«.
^,
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3}
1.0
1.1
11.25
£ iU& 12.0
I^ic^ographJc
Sciences
CorporaliGn
23 WfST MAIN STRUT
WISSTIR,N.Y. USM
(7IS)l7a^S03
4fS
^;4
^4^
Governor, an Executive Council of 9 members, and a Legislative Assembly of
30 members elected by the people.
The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court with one Chief and two
Assistant Judges ; a Court of Chancery of which the Lieutenant-Governor is
ex-officio Chancellor, and ihe judicial powers of which are exercised by a
Master of the Rolls and a Vice-Chancellor ; a Court of Marriage and Divorce
of which the Lieutenant-Governor and Members of the Executive Council are
Judges (this exists as yet but in name); a Court of Vice Admiralty with one
Judge; a Court of Probate and Wills with one Judge; three County Courts
with one Judge for each ; and Stipendiary Magistrates and Justices of the
Peace. The Province has authority to make its own civil laws, but in all
criminal cases, the form employed by the Courts is the Criminal Law of the
Dominion. The Island is represented in the Dominion P^.rliament by four
Senators, and five members in the House of Commons. The revenue is
derived from subsidy allowed by the Federal Government, the taxation of
lands, incomes, and' incorporated companies, fees, etc., and is applied to
education, the administration of Justice, the maintenance of Public Works and
Buildings, and of the Executive Government.
In military affairs, the Province is the twelfth district of Canada. The
established strength of the active force by arms is composed of five companies
of garrison artillery, one double company of engineers, and eight companies
of infantry, a total of 6o officers and 646 non-commissioned officers and men.
Prince Edward Island's educational system is under the control of a
Board of Education appointed by the Government, and of a Chief Superinten-
dent and the schools are supported partly by Government grants and partly
by district assessments. The school age is between the ages of 5 and 16,
attendance between the years of 8 and 13 being compulsory. Smce 185., the
free school system has obtained. Prior to that date, the schools were mamly
supported by voluntary subscription, and with such local assistance as could
be had In 1877, the Public Schools Act, an ample and liberal measure, was
passed, and a Department of Education was instituted. Two years later lad.es
DD
were admit
i860 and a
Department
number of
467. The
12,978. 1
was $i28,(
advanced a
The
situated in
sors. Att:
School witl
In c
lege near (
ent parts c
institutions
is a day s(
Chu
Catholic b
Augustus,
two hospit
institution
infectious
Agr
counties, c
floods or 1
And the c
independei
The soil
whole equ
-233—
vmm
11
were admitted to the Prince of Wales College, an institution established in
i860 and amalgamated in 1879 with the Normal School ; and since then the
Department has introduced many improvements into the system. The total
number of teachers in 1897 was 579, of school districts 469, and of schools
467. The number of pupils was 21,845, ^"d the average daily atten'^nce was
12,978. The total expenditure for education by the Provincial Government
was $128,662.53. The schools are divided into three classes, primary,
advanced and high.
The Prince of Wales College, which includes the Normal Schcol, is
situated in Charlottetcwn, and its staff consists of a principal and four profes-
sors. Attached to it as an adjunct to the Normal Department is the Model
School with two teachers.
In connection with the Roman Catholic Church are St. Dunstan's Col-
lege near Charlottetown, two convents in the city, and several others in differ-
ent parts of the Island. Boarders and day scholars are received in all these
institutions. Connected with St. Peter's English Cathedral, in Charlottetown,
is a day school for boys and girls.
Churches prettily situated are everywhere met with, and the Roman
Catholic body possesses brick edifices on commanding sites at Tignish, Fort
Augustus, Vernon River, St. Peter's Bay, Souris and elsewhere. There are
two hospitals located in Charlottetown, the Local Government maintains an
institution for the care of the insane, and a quarantine station or hr-...d for
infectious diseases is under the control of the Dominion authorities.
Agriculture overshadows every other resource in this Island, and .ew
counties, considering everything, are better adapted for profitable farming. No
floods or tornadoes destroy the labors of its inhabitants, or mar its beauty.
" Rent by no ravage but the gentle plough."
And the owners of this fair land are worthy of it ; for they are an industrious,
independent and moral people. The farmers, generally, are a well-to-do class.
The soil is light, warm and easily tilled, and its productiveness is on the
whole equal to that of any other part of Canada. Very great progress has in
1
ri
n.
—'VX.V-
mt
l l lllllfr.ia'^Trtl^ W " * !^*" * " * '" ' ^"^ ** "" * ' "'"""'"'"' " "'*''' " *****""''*!' ^ '*'^-
:El
|l
mm:^
recent times been made in this line. Modern labor-saving i achines have been
adopted The mixed farming of years ago is now supplemented by the dairy
industry. Fruit-growing is receiving more attention than formerly. This 's a
most enjoyable pursuit, and it is not accompanied by the heavy, laborious
work that is inseparable from the ordinary avocation of farming. With better
transportation facilities, fruit-raising in this Province could be made a most
important industry ; and it is expected that the proposed cold storage and
direct ster^mship service to the old country will render this business more
profitable than it has hitherto been.
The fisheries (also r-^ferred to on
another page) must continue to be one
of the standard resources of Prince
Edward Island. But the habits and
feelings of the Islanders are so decid-
edly agricultural, that the tillage of the
deep has not received from them the
attention which it deserves. Apart alto-
gether from their direct value financially
and industrially lo the Province itself,
the Island waters are of immense im-
portance, far transcending their mere
extent. The mackerel fisheries in what
is known as the North Bay of Prince
Edward Island, are considered by com-
petent authorities to be worth more than
those on all the other eastern coasts of
the Dominion combined. One of the most important sources of profit is the
lobster fishery. This industry shows signs of deterioration from over-fishing ;
but the strict enforcement of the regulations regarding the close season, etc.,
will have a good effect. The oyster industry is extensive and annually
increasing, and is capable of vast development. The employment by the Do-
minion Government a few years ago of an expert in this line, has been, and
will still be, productive of good results in the preservation and replenishing of
A RACE DAY ON THE HALF-MILE TRAt
PARK ASSOCIATION
uhUAk uu.-iAUAii » 1
;hiries have been
ted by the dairy
lerly. This 's a
heavy, laborious
\g. With better
be made a most
3ld storage and
business more
THE HALF-MILK TRACK
PARK ASSOCIATION. C
of profit is the
im over-fishing ;
)se season, etc.,
; and annually
lent by the Do-
, has been, and
replenishing of
the oyster beds. Of two former resources not much can now be said. The
forests, once very extensive, have been reduced, although many trees still
remain, the principal being beech, birch, pine, maple, poplar, spruce, fir, hem-
lock, larch and cedar. Ship-building, too, formerly a considerable resource,
has declined here as it has done in other parts of the world.
Prince Edward Island has been justly termed the " Garden of British
North America." The summer climate is perfect, and, as Jacques Cartier
described it, "of the best temperature
which it is possible to jee." ^n the six
weeks from the middle of June till the
end of July, the country is a perfect
paradise of verdure, bloom and foliage.
The summei heat is always tempered
by the waters of the surrounding Gulf,
and from every direction is borne on the
breeze the life-giving smell of the sea.
The summer climate generally is re-
markably healthy. The winter, per se^
is not unpleasant ; but the springs,
owing to the prevalence of ice along
the shores, are often backward. The
summer, however, is of such brightness
and beauty as amply to compensate for
the tedious spring. Ordinary naviga-
tion generally closes towards the end o{
December and re-opens about the middle of April. The cold is neither so
great in winter nor the heat so intense in summer as in the other Provinces
of the Dominion ; while the Island, sheltered from the Atlantic by the moun-
tains of Cape Bretoii and Newfoundland, is almost entirely free from fogs. In
mid-winter the mean temperature is about 19.6. The mean heat of August is
63.9, and the autumn is very pleasant. Seen from the water, the appearance
of the Island is exceedingly prepossessing. Although generally level, in some
OF THK CHARLOTTETOWN DRIVING
HARlOTTETOWN.
parts it is beautifully undulating. As Hunter Duvar, a gifted Island writer,
says : — " A long low line of beach, with crest of trees,
With openings of rich verdure, emerald-hued,
And tb=s fair land is Epaygooyat called,
An isle of golden grain and healthful climt ,
With vast fish-teeming waters, ocean-walled,
The smallest Province of the Maritime."
The scenery resembles that of England and everywhere flourishing
homesteads meet the eye. The landscape is sufficiently undulating to relieve
it from the monotony of the prairie ; while the bays and beautiful arms of the
sea with which the Island is so indented, with their silvery waters and red-hued
banks, together with the foliage of the trees and the rich verdure of the
meadows, make up a scenery which is very beautiful and pastoral. On the
north shore of the Island, fifty miles of clean white sands washed by the cool
waters of the Gulf, form one of the finest bathing grounds in the world. The
average temperature of the water is about 65 degrees.
It may here be stated that the oldest geographical formations in Prince
Edward Island are represented by beds of brown, grey and red sandstone and
shale, with layers of coarse concretionary limestone and fossil plants. The
disintegrated red sandstone forming the upper layer, imparts a peculiar redness
to the soil, a feature which always attracts the attention of strangers. The
minerals are unimportant, neither coal, gypsum nor gold being found in any
part of the Island.
Prince Edward Island is essentially an agricultural Province. It is
noted for the fertility of its soil, and, with the exception of a few bogs and
swamps composed of a soft spongy turf or a deep layer of wet black mold,
the whole Island consists of valuable land, which responds readily and gene-
rously to good cultivation. All kinds of grain and vegetables ripen here in
great perfection. The principal crops raised are wheat, oats, barley, potatoes
and turnips, of which oats and potatoes are exported in immense quantities.
The potatoes are famed for their excellent quality, hence the demand for them
abroad. Of wheat the crops are from 18 to 30 bushels and of oats from 25
to 70 bushels to the acre. The Island's productiveness is equal to that of any
part of th
oats and
that of an
turnips an
ing figure;
quarters o
of wheat,
there were
potatoes,
sheep, 73,
were rais<
buckwheai
horses, i^
In
Island in
bushels ;
2,922,552
yield 7,0'
150,108 i
corn, yie
bushels ;
1,479 bus
In
251674 ;
other hor
In
acres wet
dens and
Sii
An expei
the supe
235-
part of the Dominion. According to the census of 1891, the proportion of
oats and potatoes grown in the Province per thousand acres is higher than
that of any part of Canada east of the Prairies ; and the proportion of wheat,
turnips and other crops and roots is, on the whole, equally high. The follow-
ing figures will indicate the progress made in farming during the last three-
quarters of a century: In 1825 there were raised on this Island 766 bushels
of wheat, 10,717 bushels of oats and 47,220 bushels of potatoes. In 184:,
there were of wheat 160,028 bushels; of barley, 83,299; of oats, 611,824; of
potatoes, 2,250,114 bushels; number of horses, 9,861; of neat cattle, 41,915;
sheep, 73,650; hogs, 35,52i. In i860 (as shown by the census of 1861) there
were raised of wheat 346,125 bushels; of barley, 223,195; oats, 2,218,578;
buckwheat, 50,127; potatoes, 2,972,235; turnips, 348,784; hay, 31,000 tons ;
horses, 18,765; neat cattle, 60,015; sheep, 107,242; hogs, 71, 535-
In the year 1890, the products of 15,000 farmers in Prince Edward
Island included :— Wheat, under cultivation, 44,703 acres, yield 596,761
bushels; barley, 7,594 acres, yield 147,880 bushels; oats, 123,924 acres, yield
2,922,552 bushels; buckwheat, yield 84,460 bushels; potatoes, 43,521 acres,
yield 7,071,308 bushels; turnips, 4,411 acres, yield 2,005,453 bushels; hay,
150,108 acres, yield 13^,959 tons; grass and clover, yield 12,417 bushels;
corn, yield 2,651 bushels; beans, yield 2,445 bushels; peas, yield 4,735
bushels; rye, yield 221 bushels; apples, yield 52,018 bushels; plums, yield
1,479 bushels; cherries, yield 4,265 bushels.
In the same year, the live stock of the Province comprised :--Horses,
25,674; colts and fillies, 11,718; milch cows, 45,849; working oxen, 116;
other horned cattle, 45,730 ; sheep, 147,372; swine, 42,629; hens, 485,580.
In 1891, there were 718,092 acres of improved land, of which 536,175
acres were under crop, 178,072 acres of pasture land, and 3,845 acres of gar-
dens and orchards.
Since 1891 there has been great improvement in the dairying industry.
An experimental station for the manufacture of cheese started in 1892, under
the supervision of the Dominion Dairy Commissioner, was followed in the
\
-235-
succeedingf years by several other factories, all, with one exception, being on
the co-operative principle, and each company owning the building and plant
which it used. Since then, 32 cheese factories and 4 creameries have been
established throughout the country. The exception just mentioned is that of
a Ci)arlottetown gentleman v.ho has, from time to time, imported a large
number of pure-bred Holstein, Guernsey and Jersey cattle, and has started the
manufacture of butter in a factory of his own. This new industry is well
adapted to the Province. The products
are regarded as first-class and have
found a ready sale in the markets of
Great Britain, the neighboring Pro-
vinces, Newfoundland, and the West
Indies. In the summer ci' 1896, the
cheese manufactured and sold in the
Province amounted to 1,612,209 lbs.
valued at 3i4i»235.i9, and during the
summer of 1896 and winter of 1897, the
pruducL of the butter factories amounted
to 225,802 lbs., the value of which was
$41,706.37. These factories, originally
managed by the Dominion Government,
are now conducted by joint stock com-
panies of farmers.
STEAMKRS OF THE C HARLOTTETOWN STE.J
The growing of Indian corn for plying between point uu chene
. , , , , , , , between pictou and i
fodder has been greatly extended on the
Island. In 1890, the area devoted to the growth o( this article was not more
than ten acres. In 1896 ii was estimated that the area of the Indian corn for
fodder was about 10,000 acres. Many of the leading farmers have put up
silos, and others stook the fodder corn and have it in a fair state of preserva-
tion for feeding during the winter. Considerable improvement has of late been
made in the raising of farm stock. Excellent specimens of live stock are to
be met with la every section, and at the present writing, Island animals are
-23
ption, being' on
Iding and plant
leries have been
ioned is that of
iported a large
has started the
industrv is well
capturing prizes at a great fair in a neighboring Province. The Provincial
Government maintains a stock farm which is devoted to the breeding of cattle,
and the yearly surplus stock is distributed between the three counties. The
horses of the Island enjoy a high reputation, much attention having be :i
bestowed upon their breeding. Owing to early Government importations of
thoroughbred and cart stallions, which have more recently been followed by
many private purchases from abroad, the horses are now regarded as among
the best in America, and command
ready sale at good prices. In recent
exhibitions open to the whole Domin-
ion, held in Montreal and Halifax, a
large share of the honors and prizes for
the horses was awarded to this Province.
For sheep, also, this country appears
well adapted, the soil being light, dry
and sound, and growing a thick-set,
tender and nutritious herbage. The
mutton is of very fine flavor, and the
export of sheep and lambs to the other
Provinces and the United States is
assuming large proportions. Exhibi-
tions of live stock, farm, garden and
dairy products, and manufactures are,
and have been for a number of )ears,
held in Charlottetown, Summerside,
Georgetown and other parts of the
country. The annual Provincial Fair in Charlottetown, in connection with
horse races under the auspices of the Driving Park Association, is, from an
agricultural point of view, superior to any annual show of the kind in the
Maritime Provinces. Our illustraiion on page 234 shows one of these gala days.
In addition to the natural fertility of the soil, the facility for obtainini,*^
manure may be noted as a particular advantage. In most of the rivers and
ARI,OTTETOWN STEAM NAVIGATION CO. "NORTHUMBERLAND*
;N point UU CHENE and summerside, AND "PRINCESS"
WEEN PICTOU AND CHARLOTTETOWN, P.E.I.
e was not more
Indian corn for
rs have put up
ate of preserva-
las of late been
ive stock are to
nd animals are
-23H-
bays are found extensive deposits of mussel mud formed by decayed oyster,
clam and mussel shells. The deposits vary from 5 to 20 feet in depth, and
their surface is often several feet below low water level. Machines placed
upon the ice and worked by horse power are used for raising this manure.
Procured in this way in large quantities and possessing great fertilizing quali-
ties, it has vastly improved the Island's agricultural status.
Without doubt, Prince Edward Island is the best fishing station in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the fisheries are exceedingly valuable, particularly
those on the north coast. They consist chiefly of mackerel, lobsters, herring,
cod, hake and oysters, while salmon, bass, shad, halibut and trout are caught
in limited quantities. In the year 1896, the whole of the product of the
fisheries was $976,125, which included mackerel valued at $59,628, herring
$224,110, lobsters $284,019, cod $102,686, smelts $33,960, hake $56,095, and
oysters $120,856. The yield of lobsters was 2,028,709 lbs., of oysters 30,214
bbls., of mackerel (fresh) 11,680 lbs. The number of vessels and boats en-
gaged in the fisheries in 1896 was 2,086, number of men 4,668. The number
of lobster canneries was 174, and the number of hands employed was 3,748.
Commerce is maintained principally with the other Maritime Provinces,
the United States and Great Britain. The value of the exports is large.
They embrace oats, potatoes, oysters, and other products of the field and
fisheries, eggs and live stock. Trade with the Mother Country is growing,
and the large interprovincial traffic is increasing.
Prince Edward Island is the smallest member of the Canadian family,
but it is more than twice as thickly populated as any other Province, the
proportion being 54.5 persons to the square mile. Its population is 109,078.
The Scotch muster about 49,000, the Irish 25,000, the English 21,000 and
the French about 12,000. There are 281 Indians. The Roman Catholics
number 47,837, the Presbyterians 32,988, Methodists 13,596, Church of Eng-
land 6,646, and the Baptists 6,265. The Roman Catholic Diocese is situated
at Charlottetown ; and authority over the spiritual c ffairs of the Episcopalians
is exercised by the Bishop of Nova Scotia.
The
provements
the farmers,
phere of an
the proper 1
in scientific
Edward Isl;
Who can te
Then
Charlottetov
necessary a
smoking an
Great Brita
way of fatte
esteemed th
will be grea
Althc
there is no\
place for a
buildings, a
of this kin(
from time t
And
noted ? Tl
limited area
not surprisii
ever, its far
in the lattei
had never s
only as a 1
has been af
—237—
The future o( the Island lies obviously along- the line of further im-
provements in methods of farming-. The dairying industry has transformed
the farmers. A new light has broken in upon the cloudy and murky atmos-
phere of antiquated methods. In the line of handling- milk, raising fodder of
the proper kinds In right quantities, feeding stock and canng for them, and
in scientific knowledge, the advance has been remarkable. To-day, Prince
Edward Island derives a large revenue from its export of butter and cheese.
Who can tell what the future of this great industry will be?
There is also a prospect of a largely increased product of pork.
Charlottetown possesses a modern pork-packing factory fitted up with all the
necessary appliances for the slaughter of swine, and the curing, packing,
smoking- and complete preparation of pork and its by-products for markets in
Great Britain, the neighboring Provinces of Canada and elsewhere. The old
way of fattening pork is being abandoned, scrub pigs are now no more highly
esteemed than scrub cattle, and the result of their extinction on the Island
will be greatly to the advantage of the farmers.
Although Prince Edward Island cannot expec*^ many new settlers, since
there is now comparatively little available land for such, yet it is a desirable
place for a certain class of immigrants in search of improved farms with
buildings, and within easy reach of the social comforts of life. Good farms
of this kind, vacated by those who turn their faces to the Golden West, can
from time to time be had at from $20 to $35 per acre.
And should not the Island's immense attractions to tourists be here
noted ? There is no better summer resort in all America. Being of such
limited area, and its inhabitants so much devoted to domestic pursuits, it is
not surprising that comparatively little is known abroad concerning it. How-
ever, its fame is increasing, and now instead of being characterized as it was
in the latter part of the last century by a very prejudiced English writer, who
had never seen it, as a *' rascally heap of sand, rock and swamp, occupied
only as a military station, and producing nothing but potatoes," the Island
has been aptly termed, and is admitted to be, "The Garden of British North
-237—
[4.:,-i,
America." It is a tourist's paradise, and a wonder to those who visit it for
the first time. None of the objectionable attractions of a modern seaside resort
will here be found ; but, instead, is the finest surf-bathing- in the world.
excellent fishing" and game in season. Comfortable hotels and farm houses
are everywhere open to the tourist at moderate rates, where the tired toilers of
the hot and dusty cities can find health and enjoyment. There are many
attractive places on both the north and south shores of the Island.
** With spots of sunny openings, and with nooks
To lie and read in, sloping into brooks."
Several Americans have built cottages for their own use, and the number of
tourists is yearly increasing-. With more extensive advertising and greater
hotel accommodation, the summer visitor "industry" would be a veritable
mine to the country.
The Prince Edward Island Railway is 210 miles long, runs from one
end of the Province to the other, and touches almost every point of any im-
portance. A branch to the Murray Harbor District, in the southern part of
the Province, is in contemplation. Good waggon roads are everywhere found,
but as these are often sandy, the Island is not a wheelman's paradise.
During the season of navigation there is daily communication by the
fine steamers of the Charlottetown Steam Navigation Company, between Char-
lottetown and Pictou, N.S., and Summerside and Point du Chene, N.B.
After the close of open navigation, connection is maintained between George-
town and Pictou by the steamer " Stanley," a boat specially constructed for
winter work, and which has been wonderfully successful. Within a year it is
expected that there will be a boat similar to the " Stanley," but of larger
dimensions, to act in conjunction with her. In mid-winter the work of the
"Stanley " is supplemented by the Ice Boat Service between Cape Traverse on
the Island, and Cape Tormentine on the New Brunswick shore, a distance of
about nine miles. The standard ice boat is 18 feet long, 5 feet wide and 2
feet 2 inches deep. Its frame is oaken, it is planked with cedar, and the
planks are covered with tin. It has a double keel which serves for runners,
and foui- leather straps are attached to each side. The crews are hardy,
e who visit it for
lern seaside resort
\g in the world.
and farm houses
he tired toilers of
There are many
Island.
id the number of"
sing and greater
d be a veritable
g", runs from one
point of any im-
southern part of
everywhere found,
paradise.
nunication by the
ly, between Char-
du Chene, N.B.
between George-
ly constructed for
ithin a year it is
y," but of larger
the work of the
Cape Traverse on
3re, a distance of
) feet wide s.nd 2
h cedar, and the
;rves for runners,
:rews are hardy.
powerful and courageous men. The passage usually occupies about three and a
half hours, hut when there is much 'Molly" (small particles of ice floating in
the water, often to the depth of several feet) and when wind and tide are
unfavorable, it sometimes requires from five to seven hours. A ip by "The
Capes " is a unique experience.
Freight and passenger steamers connect weekly with Quebec, Montreal,
St. John's, Newfoundland, Halifax, Boston and the Magdalen Islands. Small
steamers and sailing packets, most o( them more or less subsidized, furnish
means o( coast and river transit. A direct steamship service to Great Britain
will soon be an accomplished fact.
Telegraphic communication is maintained by the cable of the Anglo-
American Telegraph Company between Capes Traverse and Tormentine, and
other offices of this Company are established throughout the Province and
along the Railway. A telephone system reaching almost every important
point, is also in existence. Mails are despatched daily to the mainland, and
weekly to Great Britain, while advantage is taken of intervening opportunities
to Europe via New York. There are good postal facilities throughout the
Island, offices being established at intervals of three or four miles.
The Island Province possesses few financial institutions. The banks
ar^ the Merchants' of Prince Edward Island and the Summerside Bank. The
former occupies a substantial building in Charlottetown and is doing a very
successful business. It was incorporated in 187 1 and has agencies at Souris
and Montague. The Summerside Bank has been in existence for upwards of
30 years. Both are sound financial institutions. The Union Bank of Prince
Edward Island, incorporated in 1832, was, in 1883, amalgamated with the
Bank of Nova Scotia, and is now known as the Charlottetown agency of
that great Nova Scotian Corporation. There is also an agency at Summer-
side. Another Halifax Bank, the Merchants', has agencies at Charlottetown
and Summerside. A branch of the Dominion Government Savings Bank, and
an agency of thf; Credit Foncier Franco-Canadien of Quebec, also do business
here. There are no Loan or Trust Companies.
-238-
The business men of Prince Edward Island are up-to-date. Stores with
well selected stocks are found in every village and at almost every "cross
roads ' throughout the country. In Charlottetown, the establishments of every
kind are equal to those of any city of its size in Canada ; and the window
dressing of many of the stores surpasses that of much larger places. The
principal dry goods retailers send buyers direct to England to select their
stocks, while the large a .ny o^ commercial ambassadors who regularly visit
the Island, secure substantial orders. In the capital are several shipping
firms, eight or nine dry goods establishments (some with wholesale depart-
ments), seven drug stores, two furniture warerooms, five tailoring establish-
ments, with several stores each in the lines of groceries, hardware, boots and
shoes, etc. Summerside, too, possesses excellent business establishments.
The Charlottetown Board of Trade is an influential body and Is accomplishing
good work for the city and Province.
Manufactures are limited, but have rapidly developed of late. They
consist of butter, cheese, starch and soap factories, tanneries, grist, saw and
woollen mills, furniture factories, lobster and other canning establishments,
carriage factories, etc.
By the census of 1891 the figures of Island industries were as follows :
Number of industrial establishments, 2,679; capital invested, $2,911,963; num-
ber of hands employed, 7,910; yearly wages, about $1,101,620; value of
products, $4,345,910.
Compared with the census of 1881, these figures show an increase in
ten years of over 25 per cent, in the number of establishments, nearly 40 per
cent, ii capital invested, 38 per cent, in hands employed, and 27 per cent,
in value of products.
To-day the Island of Prince Edward 13 as beautiful as ever. Its
people are as hospitable as of yore, and are ready to v/elcome increasing
numbers of tourists and permanent residents to its shores. Wi' n more hotel
accommodation, anu the good work of modern improvements now going on,
continued, the prosperity of this "gem of the sea" is assured.
T
author ity)
from the
ground ar
is Fort I
are fired c
fortificatlo
Ch;
a thriving
being wi(
Queen Sq
converted
grassy la\
of flowers
growth,
light and
during th
Charlottet
Many of
vicmity, tl
-239-
The City of Charlottetown ^d^SdS'
Its
^HE CITY OF CHARLOTTETOWN, the seat of Govern-
ment, was founded in 1768, and was incorporated in
1855. It is pleasantly situated upon a point of land
at the confluence of the York, Elliot and Hillsborough
Rivers. Approaching from the sea and passing the
red sandstone clifl^s which, with the vivid green of the
fertile fields, make a rare combination o'i color, one
enters a large, safe and almost land-locked harbor,
deep enough for the anchorage of the largest warships.
This harbor is said by Admiral Bayfield (a standard
authority) to be in every respect one of the finest in the world. Three miles
from the mouth of the harbor, the city stands, occupying gently sloping
ground and almost surrounded by water. To the left, as seen from the water,
is Fort Edward, with a battery of four guns. From this battery salutes
are fired on important occasions, and it is all that remains of a number of
fortifications erected in bygone times.
Charlottetown is the principal port of shipment in the Province and has
a thriving trade. The city is attractively and generously laid out, the streets
being wide and the public squares numerous. Of these the principal is
Oueen Square which, from being a barren waste a few years ago, has been
converted into a thing of beauty with hard smooth paths and well- trimmed
o-rassy lawns. It is planted with trees and embellished with numerous beds
of flowers and foliage plants which, during the season, show a marvellous
o-rowth. A fountain and a band stand add to its a^ tactions. The electric
light and the presence of a band of music mako it a great resort of the people
during the summer evenings. The other squares oi the city are well kept.
Charlottetown is widely known as one of the healthiest towns in Canada.
Many of its thoroughfares are shaded and there are pleasant drives in the
vicmity, the principal being the new Park Boulevard. The city's surroundings
-239-
>•>>■■
w
li:||i|i|;
Mil-'
iiiii
are attractive, the water pure, and
the air clear and bracing. Many
improvements have been made in
recent years. The wooden build-
ings that served as business estab-
lishments a generation ago, have
given place to modern brick and
stone structures, and <?reat pro-
gress is also to be seen in the
residential parts. The suburb'^ are
charming with gardens, groves
and hedges of evergreens and with
shady avenues opening out upon
fertile fields.
The principal public build-
ings are situated on Queen Square.
In the Dominion Building — a mas-
sive brick and stone structure —
are the Post Office, Custom House,
Savings Bank and other Federal
Government Offices. Alongside
is the Provincial Building, of
Nova Scotia freestone, the corner-
stone of which was laid on the
1 6th day of May, 1843. It con-
tains the Local Government offices
and Legislative Assembly Cham-
ber, etc. Further east is the Law
Courts Building. These, surround-
ed by the tastefully laid-out gar-
dens and the handsome brick and
stone blocks on all sides of the
crrV HA1,L, CHAN
CONTAINING COUNCIL CHAMBER. STIPENDIARY M
OFFICFiS ; ALSO FIRE AND POLICE ST.
liK!
CITY HALL, CMARLOTTKTOWN, I'.K.L
ER, STlFKXniARY MAGISTRATK'S COURT ROOM, MAYORS AM) ALL CITY
IRK AXn POLICE STATION'S. BUILT OF BRICK AND STONE.
Square, make up a city vista
which would be creditable to a
larger place than the Island capital.
East of these buildings is St.
Paul's Anglican Church with its
beautiful rectory, and to the west
is the Market House, one of the
institutions of Charlottetown. Here
twice a week are offered for sale
in great abundance the farm,
market garden and dairy products
for which the Island is so noted.
The butchers and market garden-
ers have their stalls on the lower
floor, while upstairs, women dis-
pose of butter, pofaltry, fruit,
flowers, etc., of a quality and at
prices that surprise visitors. The
surrounding Square is also given
up to market purposes. The city
is well supplied with places of
worship, among which are one
Roman Catholic, two Anglican,
three Methodist, two Presbyterian
and one Baptist Church. A large
and handsome Roman Catholic
Cathedral, to replace the old St.
Dunstan's, is in course of erection.
St. Paul's Anglican and St. James'
Presbyterian Churches are pretty
edifices, and St, Peter's Cathedral
(Anglican), with the Chapel ad-
joining, is well worth a visit.
OUEKX SgUARH SCHOOL AND VICTOR/A ROW. A BUSINESS PORTION OF THE CITY
FRONTING ON QUEEN SQUARE, SOUTH SIDE, CHARLOTTETOWN, F.E.I.
Other prominent buildings are the Bishop's Palace, City Hall, Masonic
TeiTijile, Charlottetown Hospital and the Public Schools. The institutions
include two well-conducted hospitals (the Charlottetown, in charge of the
Sisters of Charity, and the Prince Edward Island, managed by a general
board of directors), the Prince of Wales College and Normal School — a wooden
structure which will soon be replaced by a brick and stone one — St. Dunstan's
Roman Catholic College, two Convent Schools, three Public Schools, a
Kindergarten, and several excellent private schools. There is also a well-
appointed Young Men's Christian Association. A new Opera House furnishes
amusement for the theatre-going population.
Victoria P?'-k, to the west of the city, is a popular breathing place, and
though somewhat limited in a'-ea, cont?ining but 46 acres, possesses many
beauty spots. The cricket, football and tennis clubs have excellent grounds
in this park, which, during the fine afternoons of the summer, present scenes
of great animation. On the way to the park and overlooking the new Boule-
E
vard, is (
for many
east end
Charlotte
ing track
ada. Ch
that is nc
of sewera
fire alarrr
been pasi
weekly n(
being no
fellows,
contains
a pork fc
MARKH
PR(
M
vard, is Government House — the of^cial residence of the Lieutenant-Governors
for many years past. The Exhibition Buildings and Driving Park are at the
east end of the city, and to the north of the town are the grounds of the
Charlottetown Athletic Association. Both of these grounds contain good rac-
ing tracks, that of the Driving Park being pronounced one of the best in Can-
ada. Charlottetown has a first-class water-works system wiiich f'.rnishes water
that is not surpassed in excellence anywhere in America, and a modern system
of sewerage is now in use. The city has two electric light plants, an electric
fire alarm, and a gas light and power company ; and legislation has recently
been passed for an electric street railway. There are three daily and several
weekly newspapers. Religious and national societies are well represented, there
being no less than fifteen lodges or societies, including the Masons and Odd-
fellows. The leading hotels are good and are constantly improving. The city
contains several machine shops, wood-working, furniture and tobacco factories,
a pork factory, woollen mUl, flour mill, a boot and shoe factory, and numerous
ifii
i
g
1 ^ Ifl
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— ->
MARKET HOUSE AND SQUARE ON MARKET DAY, WITH QUEEN SQUARE. POST OFFICE,
PRCVINCIAL BUILDING AND LAW COURTS ADJOINING, CHARLOTTETOWN, P.E.I.
-ill
ill''
I.' 'i'f
LA\\:\ TKWIS COLfrrS with tennis bungalow. a BKAUTIKUL SPOT SITUATKD IN
VICTORIA PARK, COVERING ABOUT TWO ACRES, WITH GRADED WALKS
AND SHADED DRIVES ALL ROUND, CHARLOTTETOWN, P.E.I.
minor industries. The aflfairs of the city are administered by a mayor and
eight councillors, and its population is about 12,000.
Summerside in Prince County, with a population of about 4,000 and
ranking next to the capital in wealth and i^nportance, is situated on Bedeque
Bay in the centre of one of the finest farming districts in the Province. A
large import and export trade is done here, as well as an extensive wholesale
and retail distributing traffic throughout the county. It is also the principal
oyster mart of the Island. The town is lighted by electricity and boasts of
the largest and finest departmental store in the Maritime Provinces.
It is a go-ahead community, the citizens being noted for their energy
and enterprise. The business establishments are substantially built and of
modern appearance. Its Post Office and other public buildings are creditable,
and many of the residences exhibit much taste, being surrounded by beautiful
lawns and gardens. The town contains three banks, several industrial estab-
-242-
1. i*
SITUATKD I\
f^ALKS
a mayor and
ut 4,000 and
d on Bedeque
Province. A
sive wholesale
the principal
and boasts of
ices.
r their energy
built and of
are creditable,
J by beautiful
dustrial estab-
lishments, and two well-appointed printing offices. Two semi-weekly news-
papers are published, each of which issues a weekly agricultural adjunct.
There are eight churches representing the leading religious denominations, a
public library, and several lodges of Masons, Oddfellows and Foresters,
besides national, temperance and other societies.
Summerside is justly proud of its schools, the principal of which is the
brick High School on Green Street. The eastern and western district schools
are good institutions, and there is also an excellent convent school for girls.
In the neighborhood of the place, the sportsman will find good fishing and
shooting grounds, and a famous trout stream — the Dunk River — where many
a piscatorial beauty has been killed, is only six miles distant.
The h tels are fair and tourists are delighted with the beautiful scener\
and pleasant drives in the vicinity of the tov.n. Forty miles west of Summer
VICTORIA TERRACE. A BEAUTII TL DRIVE AND ROADWAY CONSTRUCTED AI.ONC. THE
FRONT OF GOVERNMENT HOL'SE FARM, BETVVE'iN THE CITY AND VICTORIA
PARK, AT A COST OF $14,000, FRONTING ON THE HARBOR. OFFICIALLY
OPENED BY THE MAYOR ON JUBILEE DAY, JUNE 22nd, 1807,
CHARLOTTETOWN, P.E.I.
-242-
WEST KENT STREET SCHOOL. BUILT OK HRUK AM) STONE AT A COST OF $i«,(HKl. IT HAS 13
CLASS ROOMS AND AN ATTENDANCE OF 50() PUPILS, WITH LARGE PLAY
GROUND, CHARLOTTETOWN, P.E.L
side is Alberton, a growing place. Georgetown, prettily situated amid the
slopes of velvet fields on a peninsular between the Cardigan and Brudenell
Rivers, possesses one of the finest harbors in the world. The other most
important town in the east end of the Island is Souris, situated on Colville
Bay, and said by some to be the prettiest and healthiest spot on Prince
Edward Island. Tignish, Kensington, Mount Stewart and Montague are
thriving villages, having the advantage of water connections or railway stations.
On a calm day, with a blue sky overhead, the waters on which fishing
boats and larger vessels are constantly coming and going, and the bright sun
lighting up all the varied colors of the scene ; make a prospect that is dis~
tinctly pleasing. Entering the narrow passage, between Blockhouse Point on
the one side and Keppoch on the other, the voyager finds himself in a
splendid
borough
the large
o( the v(
visit. I
Cape Bn
the form(
is most i
Prince E
Gulf. A
town occ
from the
PRINCE i
STC
-24;i-
splendid harbor — almost land-locked — formed by the confluence of the Hills-
borough or East River, the West River, and the North River. In this harbor
the largest warships in the English navy can anchor, and every summer some
of the vessels attached to the North Atlantic squadron pay Charlottetown a
visit. If the traveller is just from Halifax or Pictou, or from any ports in
Cape Breton or up the St. Lawrence, the change from the rocky shores of
the former places to the verdant well-tilled fields and thick woods of the Island
is most surprising. Long before landing one comes to the conclusion that
Prince Edward Islan has a perfect right to the title o( the Garden of the
Gulf. About three miles from the mouth of the harbor the Citv of Charlotte-
town occupies a pleasant site, being laid out upon a slope that gradually rises
from the water's edge to a height of 50 feet above sea level.
PRINCE STREET SCHOOI,, ORIGINALLY THE WESLEVAN ACADEMY. BUILT OF BRICK AND
STONE AT A COST OF $25,000. IT HAS 14 CLASS ROOMS AND AN ATTENDANCE
OF 600 PUPILS, WITH 2 ACRES OF LAND FOR PLAY GROUND,
CHARLOTTETOWN, P.E.I.
-243-
m
FEDERAL CABINET OF THF
-•-M
1 1
<*Jim:^
i.\L CAHINET OF THK DOMINION OF CANADA.
-•244-
If
&
PROVINCIAL CABINET OF MANITOBA.
-2«-
I-ROVIXCIAL CABINET OF ONTARIO.
24")
WW
ii
1 '
*ijiftM*i«i^'niiiii»irii niitirt
■■ - ' - ■■'"'''• '-"-^
PROVINCIAL CABINET OF QUEBEC.
h ,f
-246-
PROVINCIAL CABINET OF NEW BRUNSWICK.
l'RO\ I\( lAL CABINET OF NOVA SCOTIA.
-■247-
n
PROVINCIAL CABINE:T of prince EDWARD ISLAND.
247
,i,»J
m
ii '
PREMIERS OF CANADA FROM CONFEDER-XTION, 1867-1S96
'I 1
:«.
CHIEF MAGISTRATES OF SOME I.EAHINCi CANADIAN CITIES.
248
4'4'4'4'^4'4*4'4*4*4'4'4*4'4*4*4*
«!
MR. JAMES BAXTER, MONTREAL
THE LATE HON. GEORGE BROWN, TO
9fl
-249-
@^ @#9 ew9 ewi @w^ @W^ ^w^ @w9 ^w9 «4U @^ (^ @^ 9^ @#9 ewi e^
GEORGE BROWN, TORONTO.
MR. COLIN McARTHUR, MONTRE.AL.
-249-
1
III'
lil!
Jii
-250-
1: /
-360-
-241-
-241-
lilt
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if..
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