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Tous les autres exempiaires originaux sont film6s en commen^ant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole —^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V aignifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document es*' "cp grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul c' ..d, il est film* d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut an bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrarnmes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 JOHN MACL.&AN, THE LIFE AND TIMES OF ID ZEISBERGEK i THE WESTERN PIONEER AND APOSTLE OF THE INDIANS. BY EDMUND DE SCHWEINITZ. PHILADELPHIA: J. B. LIPPINOOTT & CO. 18 70. I ^ — w> CAIMOIAM Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., In the OfHee of the Librarian of Cons;re.s.s, at Washington. 2.^~\-^0 PREFACE. Among the philanthropists who dedicated them- selves to the work of reclaiming the aborigines of our country and spreading civilization throughout the West, is a man who has remained comparatively unknown, although he defeerves a prominent place in history. His name is David Zeisberger. As a \ missionary and an Indian linguist he is the peer of John Eliot; while he far outranks him as a herald of the Gospel and a forerunner of the race that has since possessed the land in which he labored. As regards the frequency of his journeys among the Indians and the privations which he en- dured in his efforts to convert them, no one is his equal except the Jesuit Fathers of the seventeenth century. I have attempted, in the following pages, to give a narrative of his life, devoting, for a number of years, such time to this work as was not occupied by official duties. The only Life of Zeisbergev which has been pub- lished^ is a smalL„jmiaElietjof ,, sexi?^^^^^ p nges, ( iiO' ^ (f^ /y^SAM/!»<^ f^AjuJXc*^ ;lZ?e^^^*^ 17 PREFACE. printed at Bielefeld, in 1849, in the German lan- guage, and written by J. J. Heira, a clergyman of Switzerland. It is an edifying production, but full of errors in all points relating to Indian history. In fLoskiel's and Ileckewelder's Histories of the Mora- vian Mission among the Indians, Zeisberger is a leading character, and much may be learned from these volumes concerning his labors. The present work is based upon original Lnanu- scripts, preserved in the archives of the Moravian churches at Bethlehem and 'other places. In addition to their regular correspondence with }the Mission Board, Zeisberger and his fellow-mis- sionaries wrote voluminous journals of their every- day life among the Indians, as also complete reports of any occurrences of special interest. These manu- scripts, which are mostly in the German language and number many thousands of pages, have been preserved, and I have carefully studied them all. As a rule, references to them have been given in the foot-notes only in connection with events of unupual importance. It has been my endeavor to weave into the narra- tive a full account of the manners, customs, charac- ter, and religion of the aborigines, without, however, entering into any critical investigations. In all cases I have reproduced what Zeisberger says upon \ PREFACE. these subjects. His residence of sixty-two years'^ among the Indians reiiders him an important au-/ thority. I have also set forth his life in close coxi-j nection with the history of the Colonies and of thej United States, from 1735 to 1808. Hence the In- dian and other wars which broke out in our country during this long period all find a place in my work. The narrative may seem, at times, to go too mi- nutely into details. But this was unavoidable if I remained true to my purpose of writing not merely for the general reader, but also for the student of Mo- ravian history among the Indians, and of furnishing a book of l-eference on this subject. I have endeav- ored to embody, as much as possible, biographical notices and local facts in the foot-notes. The details which I have given when treating of events of colo- nial or national interest, such as the Paxton Insur- rection and the Western Border War during the Revolution, may be deemed important because they are mostly drawn from sources that have never before been used by the historian. In the orthography of the Indian names, whicK^ varies so much that it cannot be subjected to rules, ( I have followed Zeisberger, who was guided by thgj German mode of pronunciation. I have added a geographical glossary, setting forth the situation of those early settlements, Indian vil- VI PREFACE. lages, forts, and the like which are mentioned in the work. This glossary, with the aid of an ordi- nary atlas of the United States, will answer all the purpoi. ;8 of a special map. My sincere acknowledgments are due to the many /friends who have, in various ways, assisted me in my researches, and I take pleasure in mentioning particularly John Jordan, Jr., Esq., of Philadelphia, and Jacob Blickensderfer, Jr., Esq., of Tuscarawas County, Ohio. Both these gentlemen have put me under the deepest obligations. My object is not merely to bring out from ob- scurity an illustrious man, and to make prominent in the history of our country a name which should never be forgotten. I have a still higher aim in view. I humbly lay this work at the feet of that Divine Master whose glorious Gospel I am permitted to preach. If the following pages shall incite my readers to greater zeal and devotedness in the ser- vice of the Lord Jesus Christ, who is the only hope of America and of the world, and shall thus serve to promote His honor, I shall feel that my labors have not been in vain. Bethlehem, Pa., June 11, 1810. ABBREVIATIONS IN THE FOOT-NOTES. B. A. Archives of the "Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. L. A. Archives of the Moravian Church at Litiz, Pa. P. A. Archives of the First Mo|>vian Church in Philadelphia. G. A. Archives of the Moravian Church at Gnadenhiitten, Ohio. (vii) CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. The early Years of David Zeisberger.— 1721-1743 CHAPTER II. The Indians at the Time when Europeans began to settle on the North American Continent.— 1497-1620 PAOI 18 28 CHAPTER III. New Tork and Pennsylvania about the year 1746. — Their Settle- ments and Indian Tribes 48 CHAPTER IV. Government, Manners, Customs, Character, and Religion of the Delawares and Iroquois in the Times of Zeisberger • , 75 CHAPTER V. Missionary Operations among the Indians previous to Zeisberger's Times.— 1549-1746 . . .97 CHAPTER VI. Zeisberger a Student at Bethlehem, a Prisoner at New York, and an Envoy to Onondaga. — 1744, 1746 119 CHAPTER VII. His Labors at Shamokin and in the "^ alley of Wyoming. — 1746-1750 140 CHAPTER VIII. Zeisberger and Cammerhoff on an Embassy to Onondaga. — 7750 . 156 CHAPTER IX. His Visit to Europe and first Labors after his Return. — 1760-1752 . 176 CHAPTER X. Zeisberger a Resident of Onondaga. — 1752 187 CHAPTER XL Zeisberger a Resident of Onondaga. — 1758-1766 204 (ix) 1 1 X CONTENTS. CHAPTER XII. FAOE The Months prior to the Indian War, and the Massacre at Gna- denhiitten.— 1765 , . 220 CHAPTER XIII. The French and Indian War.— 175«-1761 211 CHAPTER XIV. Zeisberger's first Labors after the French and Indian War.— 17G2, 1763 254 CHAPTER XV. The Pontile "War and the Paxton Insurrection.— 1763, 1764 . 274 CHAPTER XVI. Zcisberger at Friedenshiitten.— 1765, 1766 307 CHAPTER XVII. Zeisbcrger's Exploratory Tour to the Indians of the Alleghany Eiver.-1767 321 CHAPTER XVIII. Zeisbcrger a Missionary at Goschgoschiink. — 1V68, 1769 . . 336 CHAPTER XIX. Zcisberger at Lawunakhannek.— 1769, 1770 350 CHAPTER XX. OntheBeavcrRivcr, and first Visit to Ohio.— 1770,1771 . . 360 CHAPTER XXI. The Susquehanna Converts settle in the West. — First Missionary Town in Ohio.— 1771, 17T2 3^ CHAPTER XXII. Zeisbcrger's Visits to the Shawanese. — Progress cf the Mission in Ohio.— 1772-1774 382 CHAPTER XXIII. Dunmore's War.— 1774 399 CHAPTER XXIV. The Great Plans of Zeisbe^ger and White Eyes.— 1774 ... 410 FAOE 220 . 211 254 . 274 307 321 336 350 360 3'' CONTENTS. xi CHAPTER XXV. PAOl Religious Liberty in the Delaware Nation, and great Prosperity of the Mission. — 1775 421 CHAPTER XXVI. Lichtenau founded on the Muskingum. — 1776 .... 432 CHAPTER XXVII. The Mission during the Western Border War of the Revolution.— 1776,1777 441 CHAPTER XXVIII. The Mission during the Western Border War of the Revolution (continued).— 1773, 1779 460 CHAPTER XXIX. Lichtenau abandoned and New Schonbrunn and Salem built. — 1779,1780 472 CHAPTER XXX. Zeisberger's Marriage and last Visit to the Settlements.— 1781 . 480 CHAPTER XXXL Capture of the Missionaries, and Overthrow of the Mission on the Tuscarawas. — 1781 486 CHAPTER XXXIL The Missionaries and Christian Indians carried off to the San- dusky.— 1781 523 CHAPTER XXXIIL TheTrialand Acquittal of the Missionaries.— 1781 . . .518 CHAPTER XXXIV. The Missionaries at Captives' Town until their Remandment to Detroit.— 1781, 1782 ggg CHAPTER XXXV. The Massacre at Gnadenhutten.- 1782 537 CHAPTER XXXVL Zeisberger at Lower Sandusky and Detroit.— 1782 . , ,558 Xll CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXXVII. PAGE Second Campaign against the Christian Indians, and News of the Massacre in the States.— 1 "82 564 CHAPTER XXXVIIL Zeisberger at New Gnadenhutten, in Michigan.— 1782-1786 . 578 CHAPTER XXXIX. Zeisherger on the Cuyahoga, Ohio.— 1786, 1787 .... 590 CHAPTER XL. Zeisberger founds New Salem on the Pettquotting. — 1787-1789 . 600 CHAPTER XLL Zeisberger at New Salem amid the first Indications of War. — 1789-1791 , . 612 CHAPTER XLIL Zeisberger at the Mouth of the Detroit River.— 1791, 1792 . . 623 CHAPTER XLIIL Zeisberger founds Fairfield, i:T Canada.— 1792.-1795 . . .631 CHAPTER XLIV. Further Stay of Zeisberger at Fairflelu.— 1795-1798 . . .644 CHAPTER XLV. Zeisberger returns to Ohio and founds Goshen. — 1798-1807 . . 652 CH/^PTER XLVL The last Year of Zeisbergcr's L'fe.— 1808 667 CHAPTER XLVIL The literary Works of David Zeisberger 686 CHAPTER XLVIIL The Indian Mission from the Death of Zeisberger to the present Time.— 1809-1870 093 APPENDIX. A Brief Sketch of the Moravian Church 698 Geographical Glossary ........ 701 Ihdbx , . . , 717 LIFE AND TIMES ov DAVID ZEISBERGER. CHAPTER I. THE EARLY YEARL OF DAVID ZEISBERGER.— 1721-4." , Zeisberger's birth. — Flees with his parents from Moravia to Saxony. — His parents emigrate to Georgia. — Zeisberger remains in Europe. — Becomes an errand-boy at Herrendyk, in Holland. — Being harshly treated, he runs away and joins his parents. — Zeisberger in Georgia and South Carolina. — Goes to Pennsylvania; and helps to found Naz- areth and Bethlehem. — Remarkable manner in which the plan of sending him back to Europe is frustrated. — Zeisberger's conversion. — He devotes himself to the mission among the North American Indians. In the eastern part of Moravia, where the Oder takes its rise, and the pastures are so luxuriant that the peas- antry term the country KuhlUndl, or Kine-land, there lies, in a beautiful valley inclosed by the spurs of the Middle Carpathians, a small village named Zauchtenthal. For- merly a sequestered spot, seldom visited/oy the stranger,! it is now a station on the railroad fron/Cracow to Vienna.! In this village David Zeisberge r was\.b orn. on Good- Fridav, the 11th of April ^1721 . His parents were David and Rosina Zeisberger, and their progenitors belonged to ^he ancient Church of the 14 IJFE AND TIMES OF Bohemian Brethren, foui.docl, sixty years before the Re- |oa™jUionjb\M\^^ of John IIuss. He came, there- fore, of an ancestry that had been the iirst to kindle the torch of evangelical truth amid the darkress of the Middle Ages; and was born in a valley which had heard the stirring hymns of the Brethren, swelling in harmony from their modest sanctuaries, and making glad the day of the Lord.^ But when he saw the light of the world, the besom of persecution had, long since, swept ttie Church of his fathers from the land. The Reformers before the Refor- mation were forgotten, except by a few of their descend- ants, who groaned under the yoke of Romish oppression, and longed for the time when they would be free. That time was approaching. God had already sent Ilis mes- senger to call the remnant from the land of bondage. 'One ^-ear after tlie birth of Zeisberger, ten Moravian ' emigrants, guided by Christian David, "the servant of J;he Lord,"^ fled from their native country, under cover 1 Biographical Skotcli of David Zeisliergor, written in Gcriiian, by the Kcv. John Heckcwcldcr, MS. Library of ^Moravian Historical iSo- cicty. Tho substancn of this sivctcli is published in " Nachrichtcii aiis dor liriidorgemeinc," and transhitcd into English in "Periodical Ac- counts," vol. viii. London, I81JI. , 2 Christian David (born December 31, 1000, at Senf.leben, in Moravia ; idled February 8, 17.S1, at Ilerrnhut), a Roman Catholic, and by protes- jsion a carpenter, having been converted, became a zealous (evangelist of {Protestantism, and began a niissionary work, in his native country, ^ among the descendants of the Hrethren, which resulted in u general awakcming. Having n-eeived i\w promise from Count Zinzendorf of a homo fot* ]\roravian r(^fugees, he brought a number of them to Saxony, at various times. Ho aftei'ward became an elder of the Church, and was one of her first missionaries to Gritenland. In Moravian history he bears the title of " the servant of the Lord." DAVID ZEISBERGEK. 15 of the night, took their way to Saxony, aud in Upper Lusatia, on an estate of Count Zinzeudorf, founded lierrnhut, and formed the nucleus of a colony in the midst of which their venerable Church was renewed.' When Zeisberger ,. was^ iive years old hia_ jj^;ent8 ■ escaped to this place of refuse, with their, children (Jul y, 1726). They had considerable possessions at/ Zauchtenthal, but sacriticed them all for the sake o^ religious liberty. Herrnhut, however, was not to be their rest. In the ^ year 1733, that noble hearted philanthropist, James ^Oj^ Oglethorpe, founded the colony of Georgia. It was an J ^^^ asylum for the oppressed. To that class the MoraviansJ ^^ ^^^ now belonged. They had fallen into disfavor with ^^^o. -• the Saxon Government, and it became a question ^-i. whether they would be permitted to remain at Herrn- hut. Hence Zinzeudorf, himself an exile from his native country through the machinations of embittered enemies, secured other retreats. One of these was in Georgia, where Augustus Spangenberg^ received • For a brief account of Count Zinzendorf and the Monivian Church, see Appendix. '■' A ugustus Gottlieb Spangcnbcr g (born July 15, 1704, at Klettenborg,' in Prussia ; died September 18, 1792 at Bertheisdorf, in Saxony) was a professor of the University of Halle, and an assistant director of tlw Orphan House. In 1733, he joined the Moravians, having been de prived of his oflSccs at Halle, by ti royal mandate, on account of his connection with their Church. He subsequently presided over the Church in America for nearly eighteen years. In 1762, he entered the Ger.eral Executive Board of the Unitas Fratrum, and died in that office, in the eighty-ninth year of his age. He was known among Moravians as "Brother Joseph," and was one oi her greatest men. 1 16 LIFE AND TIMES OF '■from the Trustees, for the Count, five hundred acres of land, and, for himself, fifty acres additional. The first if these tracts lay on the Ogeechee River; the other formed a part of the present site of Savannaii. Htre a little company of Moravians settled (1735), ^planting the Church of their fathers in that Western \ "World whose existence was unknown when, at the fiery ( stake of Constance, the blood of Huss became her seed. . A .=