IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I m »50 ilM IIIIIM 116 'A 4 |M M 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 .4 6" ► ^ V. #/ % % Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4S03 V V •o^ N> ^l 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: National Library of Canada L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grStce d ia g6n6rosit6 de: Bibliothdque nationale du Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. 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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmds en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des synboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^-signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est f ilm6 d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^Sl A\ Illustrated Flora NORTIIHRX UXITHI) STATKS. CAXADA AM) ike; IIRITISII POSSESSIONS From Nkwi-oinhland to the Parai.lki. of the southern Bouxdary of Virginia, AND FROM the ATLANTIC OcEAN WESTWARD TO THE I02I) MERIDIAN BV XATIIAXIEL LORD J^RITTOX, I'm. D. E.MiKir: - I'niii i>sou m liorwy in Commima Inuiksi rv. and Dirkctor-in-Ciiikf 111 rili: NlU ^■(||\iii:ks 49 2. V|/\v i.'.\:Mn.v 1. Cat-iau. 1'a:mii,v 2. U>K Ri;i:i) I'AMii.v ,^. riiNi>\VKi:i) Family 4. Akkiiw-crass Family ,S. \VAri;Kl'LAN-TAlN Family 6, Tai'ii-ckass F'a.mils 7. Crass Family 5. Ski)<;i; I'amii.y 9. Artm Fa.mii.\- 10. Di'CK-\vi;i;ii l-"AMn.\- 1. I,IZAIil)S-TAIL I'a.MII.Y 4S2 2. Wai.ntt Family .jS;, 3. Bayhkrry Family 4S7 4. Curk-wooi) Familv jSii ,S. WiLi.dw Family 4(p 6. Birch Family 506 7. Bkixii Family 51^ Skkds knci.osi:i) Cotyledon one 61 62 63 ^5 S2 •^4 92 9-1 2.S4 360 :,65 r,2 1 1. Mayaca I''AMILY }ft- 12. Vi:i.i,(iu-i;yi;ii C.kass F'amilv 368 13. I'II>i:\V()KI- I'AMII.Y 371 \\. l'tM:AI>l'I.I. I'"AMn.Y 374 15. Si'II)i;ru-(irt I'amily 374 16. l'n.Ki:Ki.i.-\vi:i'.i) I''amilv 37v 17. RiSH Familn' 3S1 18. BrXtlM-LOUKR ' F'amily 399 Cotyledons two 4S2 Petals distinct, or none 4S2 19. I.II.Y F'AMII.^ 2.1. I,ilY()i-tiii;-Vai.i.i;\ F"amily 21. ,S.MiL.\x I'amily 22. Hl.dODWORT I"aMILY 23. AM.VRYLI.IS ]'"AMILY 22. Y.\M F.\MILY 25. Iris I'amily 26. Arrowroot F'.vmii.v 27. l!rRM.\.NNiA Family 28. Orciiid Family 8. Kl:m I'amily 9. Mii.iiKRRY Family 10. Xettl.. Family 11. JIISLKTOL I'aMII.V 12. SaxualwooI) Family 13. BiRTnwoRT Family 410 427 4,S8 442 443 446 447 154 45.5 459 523 14. HrcK\viii:.\r Family 541 .S27 i.s. C.ooSKKoor Family 569 .s.^o 16. Am.^rantii Family 586 ,=i34 17. PnKi'.-\vi;Ki) Family 593 ,5,^(1 iS. FOI.-R-O'CLOCIC FaMI-.V 594 5,57 19- Cari'i;t-wi:i;i) I'.vmily 597 Latin I.vdi'.x oi- n'ami;s 599 IC.NOi.isii I-\iii;.\ (.]■■ X.\.\ii:s fxiS 4if> IXTRODUCTIOX 427 438 442 443 446 447 454 455 459 541 569 586 59.-? 594 1 ■ "^IIl'; prfsont wiirk is Uit- first coinplcle IlliislraUMl I'Mcira published in this country. Us aim is to illustnilu and desiriiiu every species, from the I'erns upward, recoj^ni/ed as • listinct by botanists and j;ro\ving wild within the area adojited, and to eoni])lete the work within siieh r.KMlerate limits of size and cost as shall make it accessible to the public fienerally, so that it may serve as an independent handbook of our Northern I'lora and as a work of j^eiieral reference, or as an adjunct and su])plenient to the manuals of systematic botany in current use. To all botanical students, a complete illustrate{io- .s|)ermae into the Subclasses Monocotyledoiies and I)icotyleody or of its organs; 1 5 1 by considerations of anticjuity, as indicated by the geological record; (6) bj- a consideration of the ])henoinena of embryogeny. Thus, the I'teridophyta, which do not proilnce seeds and which appeared on the earth in Silurian time, are simpler than the Spermatophyta; the Gyinnospermae in which the ovules are borne on the face of a scale, and which are known from the Devonian period onward, are simpler than the Angiospermae, whose ovules are borne in a closed cavity, and which are unknown before the Jurassic. In the Angio.spermae the simpler types are those whose floral structure is nearest the •■Berlin, 15 volumes, iS9(t-iS96. t ICiiglir uiid I'rantl. " NaliirliclK- rflanzenfainilieii;" WanniiiK. " Sysliinalic liolany. isc;5;" Vines. "Sludent's Hanilbook of Holauy, lSi|,s;" Riclilti, " I'lantae luinipcae, iSip;" Thcinie, "Flora von Dinitschland, OlCsterreioli unci der Sclnveiz. isSd-ivSi;" rotoniu. " Illustrirte I'lora voii Nord- uiul Mittel-Diutsoliland, iS.S;; " .Schleclitendalil, bauKitlial und .Sclictick, " I'lora von Deulschland," firtli i-dition by HallitT, iSSo-i.SSs. VIU INTRODICTION. structurf of thu hnmch or stt-tii from wliitli the tlowcr luis bueti iiiftiinuirphosod, that is to say, ill wliiili tin- ])arls of the (lower ' iiioililied leaves i are more nearly separate or distiiut from each other, tlu' leaves nf any stem or liraiuli luiny noriiially sei)arateil, while those are the most complex wliose floral parts are most united. These priiieijiles are ap;)lied to the arraiineineiit of the Subclasses Monocotjdedoiies and Dieotyledones iiiilependeiitly, the Monoeotyledones heiii}^ the simpler, as shown liy tlie less clegree of (litTereiitiatiou of their tissues, tlK)Ugli their floral structure is not so very different nor their aiitiquily much ,i;reater, so far as present information goes. I'or these reasons it is considered that Typliaceae, S|)ar- ganiaceae and Naiadaceae are the siiii])lest of the Monoeotyledones, and ( inhidaceae the most complex; Saururaceae the simplest family of I >icotyledoiies,aiid Compositae the most comidex. Inasmneh as evolution has not always been progressive, but some groups, on the contrary, have clearly been developed by de,i{radatioli from more hi.'.hly organized ones, ami other groups have been produced by divergence along more th.m one line from the parent stock, no linear consecutive se(|iieiice can, at all points, truly represent the actual Hues of descent. The se(|Uence of families adopted liv b'.ngler and I'rantl, in " Naliirliclie rilan/eiifam- ilicii " above referred to, has l)een closely followed in this book, in the belief that their sys- tem is the most complete and philosophical yet ])resenteli I'ImiUn piilili'-ln.-d ill iScj5, tlu'x.' niK's as ri.'S]K'Cts the ii.'inies of j^fiicra arc lar^'ily foUowuiI; out of .\\'< KL-iicra in ciminion with ours, all lull is hear the same iianies as here .i^iveii. It eaniiol lie too often repealed that the ohjeel of these rules is not to iniroduce new lianas, hut to restore the old and the true ones. The rules of the Ijotanists of the American Association, adopted as aliove, are as follow-^. A brief explanation of the objects attained by them is appended: Kri.i: 1. Priority of publication is to I)e regarded as the fundatiieiital ])riiicii)le of botani- cal nomenclature. This has been i;eiieiallv acknowledged in theory as the guiding principle for dcterniiiiinj; which n.inie slirior authors, make any earlier date be.set with diflicnlties. The result of much discussion has been to fix that work, with which modern nomenclature substantiallv begins, as the " point of dei)arture." That date received the endorsement of the International liotanical Congress at < 'lenoa in 1S92, and has since been accepted l)_v most botanists in Amer- ica and I';uro])e. Iiider this rule, no reference is made to names used prior to that work. Rri.i'; 3. In the transfer of a s])ecies to a genus other than the one under which it was first published, the original specific name is to be retained. l'"rom dilTereiit views of the limits of genera, or from further knowledge of a plant, it often liap])ens tli.it it must be transferred to a different ,genus from that to which it was first assigned. Tpon such a transfer. Rule 3 requires the original name of the species to be con- tinued, and preserves its stability. Thus, out of the genus l\>ly(>odiuni of Linnaeus, three other groups have Iveii since carved, vi/., /'>ivof>lt'ns \ .tspii/iiiiii ), Cv.s/i>/>/f>-is ii\u\ /'/iixo/>- lerls. The Long Heech I'ern 1 p. 191, called /')/i/(J(// //;;//'/;<<,'('/''''''' v by Linnaeus, belongs to the generic group named l'lici;of/i villi in dip/iv!liiiii by Linnaeus in I7,=;,i, nuiX /<\/'/?rso>ii(i hiiiala by liarlon in 1793; I'ersoon in i,So5 restored the Linnaeaii specific name, making the jjlaiit JrJ/'crsciiiid diphylhi, the correct binomial under the rule, and the one which the plant has borne for nearlv one hundred years. Ril.i'; 4. The original name is to be maintained, whether published as species, subspecies or variety. Plants and animals are continually described as species which subsequent authors con- clude are but varieties, and those first understood as varieties ])rove by subse(|ueiit studv to be entitled to specitic rank. Rule .) maintains the first desi.gnation as the ijrojjer one, and avoids much confusion, bixamples are numerous: See I'igs. 2.S, ^.S, 61 et set]. Rl'l.i-: 5. The ]niblication of a generic name or a binomial invalidates the use of the same name for any subse(|ueiitly published genus or species, respectively. Thus in the case of the Long Heech L'ern, above cited, though the specific name po/vfiodi- oiilc.\ is held to have been improperly given to it by b'ee, the binomial, P/u;i;o/>/rris po/y/nhfi- lu'i/rs, cannot be applied to any dilTereiit Jilant; for if the earlier name should for any reason be lost or discarded, the name polypihlioii/i's must remain available as the next lawful sub.sti- tule, and thus the principle of nonienclature — once a synonym always a synonym. This rule ojieratcs to maintain one name only for a genus or species, and that, the first one applied to it, unless this was jiidperly the name of another, in which case the next oldest ■ I'or a fuller discussion of this subject see articles by Professor Lester 1'. Ward, in " Hullelin ipf the Torrey liotatiieal Club. ' 22: .V''^-.i2'l. from which llie above suniiiiary is mostly taken; by Professor C. IC. Hessey. in •■.\inericaii Naturalist," 29: fii/j-ofjS ; by Professor \V. \. KeUennaii. in "Journal of the Coluinbus Ilurlieultinal Society," 10: 7-10, and in " Botanical Ciazette." 20: 4i),S (70; by Professor Conway MacMillan, in " Metasiiennae of tile Minnesota Valley." 17; by Dr. II. L. Kdbiiison, ill " Holanieal Cazette." 20- <)7-io,^. 261-2')^: by llr. 1', V. CiiviUe. in " liotatiieal t'.azelte," 20: 1O2-167, 520-122, 42s, |2i); by Dr. 1". II. Knowlton, in " liotanical Cia/ette. 21: S2-S5. X INTROUrCTIOX. is to be used. By mistake or inadvertently the same name has fre<|uently been given to sev- eral different genera or species, and it has repeatedly occurred that a name believed I)y the author to be a synonym is shown by another to be a valid designation. Rfi.K 6. I'ublication of a genus consists only, ( i I in the distribution of a printed descrip- tion of the genus named; (2) in the publication of the name of the genus and the citation of one or more previously published •-pecies as examples or types of the genus, with or without a diagnosis. Rfl.i-: 7. I'l'blication of a species consists only, ( i ) in the distribution of a printed de- scription of the jpecies named; i 2 ) in the publishing of a binomial, with reference to a pre- viously published species as a type. Rri.iC S. Similar generic names are not to be rejected oji account of slight difTerences, except in the spelling of the same word. Thuii Epidi'ihfru III and Epideiidyon are but different spellings of the same word; only one of them can therefore be used; the same of Elodes and Elodea. Rii.K 9. In the ca.se of a species which has been transferred from one genus to another, the original author must always be cited in parenthesis, followed by the author of the new- binomial. Thus Dryopteris Lomhitcs ( I,, i Knnt/c 1 Fig. 26 1 is so cited, because Linnaeus lirst gave the plant the specific name Loiit/iiles, while Kunt/e first combined that name with the accepted genus Dryoptcris. Rli.K 10. In determining the name of a genus or species to which two or more names have been given by an author in the same volume, or on the same page of a volume, preced- ence shall decide.* The Latin names of families have mo^tly Ijeen adopted as currently used, without refer- ence to priority or terminations, as no rule on tliat subject has yet been formally adopted by botanists. It seems desirable, however, that the scientific names of families should also fol- low some uniform system, and as a very large proportion of botanical family names have long been formed by the trrmination accae affixed to some prominent genus of the group, that this rule shoidd Vie ajiplied to the few remaining families otherwise named. All would thus be brought into a harmonious system of nomenclature, as the zoiilogists have done by the adoption of the ending /(/(.•,• for all zoological families. The Ivnglish common names of fam- ilies are similarly adopt id from some characteristic genus of the group; as Pink Family, Mustard F'amily, Mint l"aniily, etc. The Carophyllaceae, in the absence of any genus Cuiy- ophylhiiii, might thus beccnie Alsinaceae; the Cruciferae, Brassicaceae; the Labiatae, Men- thaceae or Lamiaceae, English Names of Plants. The general desire Uir some luiglish name to the ditTerent plants described has been met so far as possible. .\11 i;aines in common use have been Inserted, so far as thev have come to the authors' knowledge, except such as were merely local, or where tliey were too numeronis for insertion. An exception has also been made in a few instances where a common name, from its false suggestion, as in the name of Dog's-tooth Violet ( p. 4201 for .\dder's-tongue, is calculated to mislead as to the nature of the plant. Where no previous names in common use could be found, the names given are founded on some characteristic circumstance of de- scription, habitat, site or author. Names used in ICngland have been freely availed of, but the use of the same common name for different plants there and here has occasionalh' re- quired the omission of one or the other. The use of the same name for different plants has been rejected, except where there is no such ckise allinily or resemblance between them as is likely to cause confusion. Pronunciation. In botanical names derived from (ireek or Latin words, their compounds, or derivatives, the accent, according to the ordinary rule, is placed upon the penultimate syllable, if it is long in Latin (|uantity; otherwise, upon the antepenult. .Many names, however, have been given to ■'The rules have been cliisely followed in the publicatidiis uf Tin- I'liited States Xatioiial Mu- seum; the Divisions of Holaiiy and I'oreslry of the t'nited Slatis Diparliiu'iit of .\tfricuUiire; The -Missouri Hotauical ('■arden: The Torrey liotaiiical CUib; Tlie rnivtisity of Nebraska; The Hotati- ie\il Survey of Nebraska; The De])arliiu'iit of liulaiiv nf Columbia I'liiversity; The Ceolotjieal and Natural History Survey of Minnesota: The liotaiiieal Survey nf Indiana, and many other societies and iiistilulioiis, .Vlso in Professor SarKeiils " Silva nl" North .\nieriea;' I'rofessor I'liderwood's "Native I'erus and tlieir .Mlies; " I'rofessor Kellennan's " Plants of Ohio;" Mr. Newhall's ".Shrubs of Northeastern .\nieriea;'' and by a lar^e number of other authors in less extensive wriliiij;s. INTRonrCTION. XI onlv plants in honor of individuals, wliitli, haviiif,' notliing Latin ahout thcni except the terminal form, and the j)roniinciation jiiven to them liy botanical authors lieinj^ diverse, are here ac- cented like the names of the persons, so far as euphony will permit. This rule is followed because it is believeil to agree with the prevailing usage among botanists in ordinary speech; because it is in accord with the commemorative object of such names, which ought not to be obscured by a forceil and unnatural pronunciation; and because the test applied to words properly Latin, viz., the usage of the Latin poc's, cannot be applied to words of this class. We therefore give Torreyi, V:\seyi, Careyi, Jamesii, .\lleni, rather than Torrcyi, Vaseyi, Careyi, Jamesii, Allcni. The acute accent is useil to denote the short Knglish sound only; as in b:it, bet, bile of many mod- ern Latin adjectives ending in -inns, -ina, -inum, clerived from Latin words. As these adjectives are derived from Latin roots and are regularly formed, their pronunciation sh mid pro])erly follow cla.ssical analogies. When signifying, or referring to, time, material, or in- animate substances, they should, therefore, according to.\ndrews& Stoddard's rule, have the penult usually short, and the accent on the ante])enult; as in gossipina, cannabina, secalina, salicina, amygdalina, and other adjectives derived from plant names, like the classic nanl- inus, cyprinus, faginus. When these adjectives have other significations than those above referred to, the penult under the ordinary Latin rule is usually long and accented; as in lupulina, leporina, hystricina, like the classic ursiiia, canina. The Use of Capital Letters. In accordance with the reconnnendations of the Conmiittee on Nomenclature of the liotanical Club «( the .American As.sociation for the .Advancement of Science, specific or var- ietal names derived from persons or ])laces, or used as the genitive of generic names or as sulistantives, art printed with an initial cai)ital letter. There is much dilTereiice of opinion as to the desirability of this practice, many liotanists, and almost all zoologists, following the principle of writing all specific names with a small initial letter. Should this custom pre- vail, much information concerning tlie history and significance of t)ie specific names would be lost. Thus in the Tulip-tree, /.in'ci/finfroii 7'ii/i/>.i/'i'iliii. /.. I'lil- iiocin'ii, and many otlicr species. In all other forms of writing, personal adjectives such as yiiltal/ii, E>ii;tiiii(iii>ii or 7'ontyi are printed with capitals. We adhere to the ordinary literary yyiii^t. Varieties are panted as triiuMnials, e. g., Kyii; to I'rofessor Lucieii M. fiiderwood, for the text of the I'leridoiihyta; to Mr. I'rederick V. Coville, for the text of the Jimcaceae; to Dr. John K. Small, for the text of rolygonaceae i.iid Huphorbiaceae, and for assistance and critical notes - an ordinary fern, I\copod or horsetail. Tliis subkinploni comprises about 4000 liviiiK species, of which more than three-fourths those Hvin'l T ,?'"'"' '"'^T'-,?^^'' number of extinct species known prol.aJ.Tj e.xceeds t ose hvit - 1 hey appeared on the eartli in the earlv part of the I'alaeo/oic Era reached iu^^^'A '*/'"""^'''"^'' "' ^^"'■•'""ifenms Time, but'have since been n.ahdv replaced by plants of higher organi/^at.on, so that at present tl>ev form o.ily about one-fiftkHh of t e ScTreiarennitllre "'°''""'' ''°'"'' ""'''^'' "'"■" 'P''''' ''"''''''''' ">« season at which ule Family i. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Presl, Pterid. 6. 1836. Akdiir's-toncik K.vmh.v. More or less .succulent plants consisting of a stem and leaf urowinsr from a hesUy root. S])()ranj.es formed of the interior tissues, naked, horne in a spike or panicle and openn.jr at maturit>- l,y a transverse slit. Spores copious, ^•ellow. 1 rothalluim subterranean, devoid of chloroi)livll. natiiJ3'I7sSen/Asia!'"""'""' ''■^"''■^'"'"^ "" '"'H' OMUi.K.nts ; Hr. tl.inl, /r,i„n„//,„s,,u„n is Veins rcliculali- ; sporanKcs ccilu'rinu in a disticln.us spike \ cms iR-e ; spiiranKcs iHstincl, Ixinie in spikes ur panicles. 1. O/'liii'iilossii m. 2. tit)/ 1 Villi It III. I. OPHIOGLOSSUM I,. Sp. PI. 1062. 175.V bow plants from a small fleshy rootstock, with slender fleshy toots, the bud for the following year formed at the side of the base of the ste.n. Leaves solitary, borne on the stem, simple in our species. Spike terminal, forme.l of the two rows of larire coalescent sporan«es. \-euis of the leaf reticulate. Spores copious, sulphur-vellow. [Name Vrom Iht l.reck, signifying the tongue of a snake, in allusion to the narrow spike of sporanges.] r„inul'i",',".'l,."' *'''m''*'' ','5' ."••'•'-", ff^'>'Kraphic distribution, liesi.les llie fnllowiiiK three ..lliers -ire ^' ""'' '" " '^' "oiitllern I'mted .St.ites, one of them exlendinR to Calilornia. *Text contributed liy Professor LuciKN M. I'ndkrwood. I 2 "3" OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. I. Ophioglossurn vulgatum L. tdiisue. (Fig. I. ) Adder' s- Op//ii'i;/ii-:.S!lll/ :'llli;il/ll III I,. Sl>. I'l. Iii(i2. 175,?. Rootstock short, ol)lic|ue ; stem slender, erect, siiii- plp, glabrous, 2'-i2' liigli, bearing the sessile thiu ovate or elliptic-oblon,tj leaf ("sterile segment) near its miiUUe ; sterile segment i'-^' long, 'j'-i'^' wide, rather firm in texture, distiiicllv reticulated; spike solitary, ','-1' long, erect, the axis extending beyond the sporangcs into a point. Ill iiioist nii'iiddHS and thickets, or soini-tinu-s on dry liillsidcs, I'rinci- Ivdward Island to .\laska. south to New Jersuy, Ktntucky an.l .\rizoiia. .Vlso in ICuroi)c-, .\sia, .\frica and .\nstra1ia. .May-.\us. 2. BOTRYCHIUM S\v. Schrad. Joiini. Hot. 2 ; ,S. iS( )0. Fleshy plants with short erect rootstocks, and clustered fleshy roots, the bud for the succeeding year imbedded in tiie base of the stem. Sterile portion (leafj pinnatcly or ter- nately divided or compound, the fertile portion pinnate or tripinnate with sessile d'stinct sporauges in rows on either side of its branches, forming large panicles in some species. Veins free. Spores of varicius shades of yellow. [Cireek, in allusion to the grape-like clusters of sporangcs.] .Vbont lo spt.-ci(_-s, mostly natives of the nortlu-ni lu-inisijliori-, oni.' or two occurrinsf in .Vustnili.i. Uesidc'S the followinsf. another, /■'. Ihnruli-. occurs in Alaska. Bud for the I'ollowiny year enclosed in the l):\sc of the stem : plants mostly smill. Vernation wholly straight : sterile portion simple or 2-')-lol)ed. i. />'. siiiifthw. Wrnalion jiartly inclined in one or both portions. iUids glabrous : sterile portion ijiiniale : small plants, niature in early summer. .Sterile ixirtion .alone belli in vernation, its segments fan-shaped. 2. /.'. l.lllhin'il. lioth portions bent in vernation : segments of sterile portion narrow. ,?. /). iiiii/iiiiiriiii/nliiiiii. Ihul ))ilose : sterile puitiou leriiale, loiiu stalked : lartfer plants, mature in autumn.' 4. />'. Iiiiiiiliiiii. Vernation wholly inclined, recurved in llie fertile portion ; sterile portion trianitular. sessile. 5. A', laiu'ivliiliiiii. find enclosed in a cavity .it one side of the base of the stem ; sterile portion ternate and coni))ouiid ; plant larse. 6. /.'. riixiiiniiiiiiii. I. Botrychium simplex K. Hitchcock. Little (irape-feni. ( Fig. 2. ) Bolvyiliiiiiii siiiiplii !■;. Hitchcock, .\iiier. Jouiii. Sci. 6: lo;. l.S2,V Plant 2'--' high, slender, very variable. vSterile por- tion ovate, obovate or olilong, entire, lobed or pinnatcly parted, borne near the base of the stem or higher, some- times above the middle; fertile portion a simple or slightly compound spike, sometimes reduced to only a few sporangcs ; spores large for the genus, minutely tubercnlatc; bud for the following year enclosed in the base of the stem ; apex of both fertile and sterile portions erect in vernation. In moist woods, meadows or swamps. Prince lidward Island to Maryl ind. w.'st to Wyoming and California. .\lso in northern Huropc. May June. icssilo. ^ ADDHR'S-TONOrH l-A:\inA'. 3 2. Botrychium Lunaria ( I,, i S\v. Mooinvort. ( Fij;. 3. ) (hiiiiiii(/^. I75,v llnlrVili.'Kiii I.iiiKji iti^w. Si'lind. Joiirii. liol. 2; 110. iS(ki. riant very llesliy, 2'-i2' high. Sterile portion usually sessile, home at or above the middle of the stem, ])innatc with 2-S pairs of lunate or fan-shaped lohes which vary from crenatc to entire and are either close and iniliricaled or distant ; fertile ])ortion 2-,'- pinnate, often dense, i'-2' long, often about tho height of the sterile ; bud for the following year glab- rous, enclosed in the base of the stem ; apex only of the sterile portion bent over the nearly straight fertile portion in vernation. XiwfdundlaiK! In Alaska, snutli Id Cntnu'cticul. ciiitral N\\v Vork, Mit'liii;aii, liritisli Cnlunibi.i and in tlu- Kinky McpuiUains in Cdlnradn, nioslly in fic-Uis, AIsd in north- iru luiropi' and Asia. Jmu July. I'.r. 3. Botrychium matricariaefolium A Matricar>- ( ir.ipL-fcrn. 1 l-'i^-. 4. ) Pi'liyiliiii III luiilriiiiriiii /'I'liiiiii .\. lir. in Dcnll. Kluin. Plant 2'-i2' high, often very fleshy. Sterile portion borne above the middle of the stum, short- stalked, ovate or oblong, 1-2-pinnatifid or rarely 2-pinnate, with obtuse divisions and narunv toothed segments; nndveins disappearing by continued branchin.g: fertile portion 2-vpinnate. often nuu h branched ; spores tuberculate ; bud for the follow- ing year glabrous, enclosed in the base of the stem rpex of both sterile and fertile portions turned down in vernation. In jfrassy wiM ids anil swamps, Xova Scotia to New Jersey, west to Ohio. .Vlso in Washintflon and in Ivu rope. May-June. 4. Botrychium ternatum ( Tliiml), ) vSw. Teniate Crape-fcrii. ( Fij^. 5. ) Osiii II 11,1(1 Iciiialii Tliuub. I'M. Jap. ,(29. 17^1, lioliwhiiiin Iciniiliiiii S\v. Sohrad. Jouni, Hot. 2:111. iS.hi. Plant 4'-i6' high, very fleshy, often slightly pubes- cent. Sterile portion long-stalked from near the base of the stem, broadly triangular, ternatc, variously compound, the divisions stalked ; ultimate segments varying from round-reniform to ovate-lanceolate, their margins entire or finely incised ; bud for the following year pilose, enclosed in the base of the stem ; ajKx of both portions bent down with a slight inward curve in vernation. In moist meadows, woods and on hillsides. Nova Scotia to I'lnrida, west to California. .\lso in i;iiroi>e, eastern .\sia and .\nstralia. The sterile iHirtion is ])ersistent through the winter. Sei)t.-IKe. Varies greatly ; the lariifc forms are known as var. mis- li oh\ smaller forms with ol)lii|iiely lanceolate segments as var. (ihlii/iiinii, similar forms with finely dissected sip- nieiits as var. (/is.sii /Kill, and small forms with nmndisli- renifortn segments as var. liiiiaiioiilfs. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. 5. Botrychium lanceolatum i 8. (',. C.md. ) An^s. LancL-lcaved ('.rape- fern ( Fi;o; in larjjc crowns, with the fertile 1 sporc-liearin.i;; portions very niucli contracted, the sliort-pedicelleil naked sporanges on the margins of their rachis- like ilivisions, which are destitute of chloruphyll. Veins forked, very re,i,'iilar ami prom- inent. Sporanges thin, reticulated, openinj,; by a lonyilndinal cleft into two h; .ves, a few parallel thickeninj; cells near the apex rcpresentint; the ruditnentary transverse ring. Spore." copious, green. [I'"roui Osmunder, a name for the god Tlior. | Only tile fcilldwiuH: nccur in North Anu-r'ca. 1. (). rixalis. Six species, niiisllv of the nortli tinipcr.itc /^unc Leaves l)ii)inimte, fertile iil the apex. Sterile leaves hipinnalit'nl. Pinnae of sterile leaf villi a iMl'l iif tnuuntuni .it Imse ; I'erliU- leaf distinct fnini sterile. 2. If. I i inuinii^nitii. I'innae nl' sterile leaf witlin\il a tiifl iif tiinuntnni at b.ise : leaves fertile in the niiddk . ,i. r>. Cliivliiiiiiiiiit. ^ oiled in :he pin- ring of mis ; in tver .snr- I. Osmunda regalis I^. Royal Fern. ( I'i.i;. S.) (fsniniiilii iti;ijlis \,. .Sp. PI. iiXi.,. ir.S.v Rootstock stout, hearin,i( a cluster of several tall hipinnate leaves, 2°-6° high, and i"or more wide. Sterile pinnae 6'-i2' long, 2'-4' wide, the pinnules ohlong-ovate or lanceolateohlong, sessile or slightly stalked, ,glal)rous, finely ser- rulate, especially near the ajjcx and occasionally crenate towards the base which is truncate, oblitpie or even cordate ; fertile innmiles linear- cylindric, iianiclcd at the summit, withering and shrivelling with age, greenish before ma- turity, but becoming dark brown after the spores have fallen. Ill swaiiijis and luarslies. New Ilniiiswiek to I'liirida. west to tile N'ortliwesl Territory and .Mis sissippi, .\lsii ill Mexico. ICunipe anil .\sia. .\s ceiuls to v««i ft. ill X'ii'Kiiiia. May July. 2. Osmunda cinnamomea I., Cinnamon Fern. (Fig. 9.) \\'. fit 0^.. '" Osiiiiiiiihi ( iiiiitiiiiinin\i L. Sp. ri. icni(). I7,S,V Rootstock very large, widely creeping, bear- ing a circular cluster of sterile leaves with one or more fertile ones within. Stipes 1° or more long, clothed with ferruginous tomcntuiii when young, glabrous when old ; sterile leaves i^-s" long, glabrous when mature, except a small tuft of totiientum at , "■ base of each pinna ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatiful into oblong obtuse segments ; fertile leaf contracted, bipin- natc, soon withering ; sporanges cinnamon-col- ored after the copious green spores have been discharged. In wet i)laces. Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to I'lorida and Mexico. iMirnis ^.:^»r ^^A.>^ OSMfN'DACKAE. 3. Osmunda Claytoniana L. Clayton's I''cni. ( I"i 10. (>\)iiiiiitlii <'l,i\liiiiitiiiii I, Sp. I'l. i"H<. 175,?. Oui//iiii/,i I'/i/ii I ii/>/,i Michx. I'l. lii.r. Am. 2 : 27V Rootstock stout, bearinjr a circle of 2-piiinat- ifiil leaves 2°-6° lii>iS(iuri, As- CL-nds tli)ihiiii I,., and Iht- roUowinsr. C(iiiii)risins; smiK- 20 i sixciis. viiy ;i1)und ant in tmpieal reg-ions, a few dccurring in llic Icinp.rali- zcmcs. I. TRICHOMANES L. Sp. PI. 1097. 1753. Delicate filmy ferns, the leaves usually much divided. vSjiorangcs ilattencd, surrounded by a broad entire transverse ring opening vertically, sessile on the lower jiart of the slender filiform receptacle. Receptacle surrounded by a tubular or funnel-shaped inaiiicles, ovoid, sessile, provided with an ajncal rin^, oi)eninj> verti- call.v hy a lon^iuidinal slit. I'ivc Ki"i-'':i 'IIkI !il)()iit 7.S sj)rciis, llu- foHiA.iiijf ^I'li'Tii irtstint(l in iIk- iioitli IcmiK-rate /(inc. tlic iitlurs liciiiiiMl in (li^lnbuUim. SporanKis in t-lusi- j ratikiil -.pike- ; Uaws liUrcirni. S])ni.injfis ill aiiii)k- panirks ; pinnnlis iialniaU-. 1. Si//i:iiiir. 2. I.vviitliiiiii, I. SCHIZAEA J. ]■;. Sniitli, Mem. Acad. Tor. 5: 419. />/• -"a /• 9- 179.,. Small slentlcr ferns with filiform or liiicpr leaves, the fertile distinct from the sterile. Sporan^cs sessile in close distichous spikes alonj; the single vein < r th 'larrow divisions of the fertile leaves, provided with a complete apical rinj;. [(irerk, in allusion to the cleft leaves of some species.] .\ ttciuis (if 1(1 sptciis, iif wide jriMi;;r.i|)lii(.' disliilni tiiiii. incistly ill tr(i])ical ic>riiiii>. I. Schizaea pusilla Piirsli. ( P'ij!;. 12. ) Curlv-orass. Silii-:ti,;i f>ii.\ilUi I'ursli, I'l. ,\iii. Sipt. I'S'- 1"^I4- Sterile leaves linear, very slender and tortuous, l-'crtile leaves longer, 3'-5' high, the fertile por- tion terndnal, consisting of about 5 pairs of crowded pinnae, forming a distichous spike ; sporanges ovoid or pyriform, sessile in two rows along the single vein of the narrow incurved linear divisions of the fertile leaf, partially concealed by its incurved margins which are hooded at the apex and c''.iate ; ring apical, the sporanges opening by a vertical slit. In wet soil, pini' barniis (if New Jirsiy and in Nova Scotia. Kar(.- and bical. .\utr. -Sii>l. 2. LYGODIUM 8\v. vSclirad. Journ. Hot. 2 : 106. 1800. Twining or climbing ferns, the lower divisions sterile, variously stalked and lobed, the fertile terminal, panicled. Sporanges ovoid, solitary or two together in the axils of indiri- catcd scale-like indusia, provided with an apical ring, opeiung vertically. Indusia fixed by their broad bases to short oblicjue veinlets. [Greek, in allusion to the flexible stipes.] Sixti'cn sjH-cic'S. iiKistly (if trdpic.il distributidii. I. Lygodium palmatum ( Bernli. ) S\v. Climhini;- Fern. Hartford I'\rn. (Kij;-. 1 3. ' (I'hiif^lii is pii.'nald IkTiih. .Sclirad. Jdiirii. lint. 2: I2(). iSim. /.\!;i>(/iiim />iii'iii.i/iiiii Sw. ^yu. l''il. i,s4. iSmi. Rootstock slender, creeping. Stipes slender, flexible and twining ; leaves i°-3° long, their short alternate branches 2-forke(l, each fork bearing a nearly orbicular 4-7-lobed pinnule which is more or less cordate at the base with a narrow sinus ; surfaces naked ; fertile pinnules contracted, sev- eral times forked, forming a terminal panicle ; sporanges siditary, borne on the alternate veins which spring from the flexuous inidvein of the segments, each covered by a scaledike indusiuin. Ill nidist thickets and dptii Wdods, Massachusetts to I'cnnsylvaiiiii. sdutli tii IMorida and Tciim-sscc. As- cends to 2iii(i ft. ill eastern I'eniisvlvania. Sunnner. ,„ir^>:»-T;ri^^k;aw.i*r •> -r 8 POIA'PODIACFAIv. Family 5. POLYPODIACEAE R. IJr. I'ro.lr. I-l. Xov. IIoll. i: 145. icSio, 1'i:rn 1*amii,v. Ferns of various lial)it, the rodstooks horizontal, often elongated, or short and erect, tlie leaves sini])le, ])iiniate, ]>innatifi(l or deconntound, coiled in ver- nation. Si)oran.ues Ixn'ne in dusters ( sori ) on the lower side or niar^Mus of llie leaves or their segments, stalked, ])rovided with a vertical rin^ of cells, open- injr transversely. Sori with or without a nienihranaceous coveriuj;- ( indusimn 1. Prothalliuni .y;reen. Abniit /.iciiuni and ^i^ihi s|nciis (if vi ry widi- Ki.i>Ki'.i|)liic distriliiition. Tlu' fiimilv iiicliKK'S ny lar tin- jtuaUr miiiibir nf liviiiK ferns. SporcbiarinK leaves cUisely rolled IdKelher. with necklace like seiimenls. Leaves all flat iir their ed^es only slijjhlly reviilnte. .Sori dorsal or marginal, provided wiih special iiidusia. Sori roundish, indusi.-i less than twice as lonn as broad. Indnsinni wholly inferior. Indusinin roiiiKlish (^r stellate. 2. U'lhiilun. Indnsinni Clip shaped or somewhat 2-valved. ^. />iii:s,iiii,i. Indnsinni partly inferidr. fixed by a bmad base and eiielosiiiK the sori like a h 1. . (. ( 'vs/iif>/iris. Iiidiismni sniierior, fi.vcd by its centre or sinns. s. Ih viifi/ri is. Sori linear or oblong ; indnsia more than twice .as lonj;- as broad. ■Sori ill chaiiidike rows parallel to the miilribs or rachises. 7. lI'tHHluiinliii. .Sori all /,/>/<'''i.s. I. ONOCLEA L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753. Coarse ferns with the fertile leaves closely rolled up into necklace-like or berry-like segments, and entirely unlike the broad pinnatifid sterile ones. Sori round, borne on the back of the veins. Indusium very thin and membranous, hemispheric or hood-shaped, fixed at the inferior side of the sorus. Sporanjjes pedicclled, provided with a dorsal rinj?, burst- ing transversely. Fertile leaves unrolling at maturity, allowing the spores to escape, and remaining long after the sterile leaves have been killed by frost. [Name ancient, not originally applied to these plants.] Three species, natives of cold and temperate rcR-i(ms. Only the followiiiK are known to occur in North .\merica. Fertile leaf bipinnate : veins anastomosinjf. i. O. .U'iisi7>i7i.f. Fertile leaf simply pinnate ; veins free. 2. ci Shulliioplfiis. I'RRN I'AMILV, I. Onoclea sensibilis L. ( I'i^. 14. ) Onmliii siiisihilis I.. Sp. I'l. 111*12. Sensitive laTii. 1 r.i,^ Rootstook rather slender, co|)iou.sly rootiiij; ; fer- tile leaves i"-2'i" high, persistent over winter, iiiucli contracted, and with short pinnules rolled up into herry-like dosed involucres forining a nar- row panicle ; sterile leaves l°-4''° high, broadlv triangular, dueply pinnatifid, the segments lanceo- late-oblong, entire, undulate, or the lower pairs sinuate-piniiatifid ; veins freely anastomosing ; low- est segments t.-ipering both ways from the middle ; ve!n^• forming a somewhat regular series of semi- elliptic areoles next the midvtin and numerous smaller areoles between this series and the margin. In ni 'St soil, Ni'u t'diinillaiid and (Intarici tn tlu Northwest Tcnitciry, smitli id I'lcirida, Louisiana and Kansas. Ascends \,> ^oiKift. in \'irj;inia. N'arious in- ternuiliati- forms hctuii n llu- sUrik- and tVnik- leaves occur. Seusitivi- to larly frosls. .Xtij;. -Nov. ;ill and 2. Onoclea Struthiopteris i L. ) IIolTm. Ostrich P'ern. ( Fi}j^. 13.) OsDiiiiiiIti S/ni/liiiif>liris I,. .Sj). I'l. lofih. 17,S,V (liiKdrii Sliiilliiiifthris MotTni. Deulsch. I'l. 2 ; ir. Rootstock stout, ascending, bearing a circle of sterile leaves with one or more fertile ones within. l'"ertile leaves i°-r '>° high, simply pinnate with necklace-shaped pinnae which are formed of the closely revolute margins ; .sori crowded and confluent ; sterile leaves 2°--j° high, 6'-i5' wide, broadly lancei'rale and cold retfions. liesides the followins. anotlur oc- curs in the southweslern I'liited States. Indusium niituite or evanescent, flat, concealed beneath the sonis. its margin cleft into slender hair-like seK"ients. Stipes obscurely jointed near the base: cilia of the indusium inflexed over the sporanjres. Leaves with more or less rusty chalT underneath. i. (/'. //zriisis. Leaves ({labroiis or nearly so. Leaf lanceolate, not tapering below; pinnae cordateovate, ,s-7-lobed. 2. W. ii/f>iiia. Leaf linear or linear-oblong, often taperinjf both ways; pinnae deltoid, t,. II'. lilahi-lla. Stipes not joint- il; cilia of ihe indusiiini very sliort, hidden by the sporanges. I'uberulent; indusium deeply cleft, ending in hairs with cylindric cells. .\. 11'. Si«f>iiliiia. Leaves and stipes Rlabrous ; indusium divided to centre into headed hairs. 5. II'. (1ni;ciiii.ii\ K. lii. Ti;m> IM2, ( Via. I f'. ) I. inn. Sn i7.t- Koolstock short, cacsi>itose. Incases lam-colatf, 4'- iii' limfj, ])innali.', j,'lal irons above, iiiorf or less I'overeil Willi rusty olialT IxMicath, as are also the slender stipes; pinnae crowded, sessile, innnately parteil, the crowded segments olilonj^, obscurely crcnate ; stipes jointed near the base; sori borne near the nKirj,'ins of the sej^tiients, somewhat conlluent when old ; indusiunj minute, ciincealed beneath the sonis, its marf^in cleft into fdiform scjrmcnts which arc indexed over the sporan^es and inconspicuous, especially when the latter have scattered their spores. (In ixpiisi-d rock^^, I/ihradnr and Cncnland In tlie Nortlnvisl Tirrilnry. sniilli tn North Carcilin.i and Kcii- liuky. Ascitnls tn 5c»i,) I't. in Niw II iniiisliire. Also in I';uni])i- ,111(1 Asia. Jiiiu- .\iik. 2. Woodsia alpina (RoUoii) S. V. C.iay. Alpine W'ood.sia. ( Fit,'. 17, 1 Sli .■\i ruslii iiinii (i/f^iiniiii lidllini, I'il, lirit. .■Iti'dsh'i /ill HI Inf'i I hill ,11111 I.iljili. .\cl I7'M- U'lUHlsiii lnf>iil<,ii,,i K. lir. Tr.in^. l.inn. S< lf<12. Wdinlsi,! iilpiiiii S. I'. C.rav 1S21. 17')". ikh. jnl. X.it. .\rr. Ilrit. I'l. Rootstock short, caespitose. Leaves narrowly ob- lonK-lanceolate, 2'-6' long, ,S"-i2" wide, .scarcely narrower below the middle ; pinnae cordate-ovate or triangular-ovate, pinnately ,s-7-lobed, glabrous or very nearly soon both surfaces; stipes jointed near the base ; sori somewhat scattered on the seg- ments ; indusium as in the preceding species. On moist rocks. I/ibrailor to .\laska, south to Maim-, nortlurii Xi \v York and wcslirn (Intario. .Xscciuls to 42c«irt. in Wriiiont. Jllly-.\u^r. ■4 •3 ^^', 3. Woodsia glabella R. Hr. vSiiiooth W'ood.sia. ( Viff. iS ). U'oodsiii ^liilullii R. Hr. App. iMMiiklin's Journ. 7^4. Rootstock small, caespitose. Stipes obscurely jointed at the base ; leaves linear or narrowly lan- ceolate, 2 '-5' long, 4" 8" wi le ; pinnae deltoid to ovate, the lower remote, obtu.sc, crenately lobed, often somewhat smaller than the middle ones, glabrous or nearly so ; sori scattered on the seg- ments ; indusium minute, membranous, with 6-10 radiating segments, covered by the sporauges, its filamentous segments only inflexed over them when young as in the two preceding species. On moist rocks. Labrador to Alaska, south to New 11 impsliiie. Vcrrnonl. northern New York and the novlh shore of l.ake .Superior. .Vlso in arctic and alpine liurope and .Vsia. Summer. IKRN lAMII.V. 1 I 751- to New 111(1 the tic and 4. Woodsia scopulina I). C. lialmi. l<()ck\ Moiiiilain W'lHxlNia. ( V\^. nj. 1 l-'i.S. C. Iv.it. 111. Cull. Nut. a; <)>y Koot.sldck short, cRcpiiij.;, densely cliiiU'v. Stipes . 2' 4' loii.i;, not jointed, inihcnilent like the rachis ^ and lower siirfai'i- of the leaf with ininnle ll.ittened \ \ hairs and stalked (glands; leaves l.inceolatc, h'-i2' loiiKi tapcrinv,' fioni alionl the middle to lioth ends ; Iiiniiae numerous, olilonj; -ovate, pinnatilid into 10-16 ohlong toothed segments; indusiuni hidden licneath the s]ii)ranfies, very deeply eleft into short cilia with eylindrie cells III envin-s of rcu-U--, iinitlu rii Miiiiusnlu and wisl- i ru I nil iiin til I )iiniiii. -ciiilh in llu Kniky Muiiiitains tip .\ii/niia and in llu- Siirra Nt vada In Califnniia. Suiiinui. 5. Woodsia Oregana I). C. Ivatoii. ()ii.');'>ii Wixxlsia. 1 I''i,l,^ :o. ) s: ir,i,i,/si:i <>i,x,iii,i I). C. Iviloii, Can, Nat 2 : i).p. is^.s, ll'oi'i/Md (ililii.sii var. /,!.///// Ili.nk. Syii. I'll. .(S. iSOS. Rootstock short. Stipes a.\u\ leaves j.;lal)rous throughout; stipes not jointed, brownish below; K-aves 2'-iu' long, elliiHie-lanceolatc, the sterile shorter tlian the fertile ; pinnae triangular-oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid ; lower pinnae reduced in size and somewhat remote from the others; rachis straw-colored ; segments oblong or ovate, dentate or creiiate, the teeth often reflexed and covering the submargiiial sori ; iudusia minute, concealed by the sporanges, divided almost to the centre into a few beaded hairs On nicks. iiiiillKiii Miclii(;aii and Miiiiusnta ;ind M iiiituba t(i lirilisli Coluiiiliia. M>iitli in the Knky .Moiiiilains In .Xvizmia and in the Sicrr.i Nevada tn Cal- ilcpniia. Jnly-.\uR. 6. Woodsia obtusa ( vSprciig;. ) Toir. I5hmt-li)l)L'(l Woodsia. ]'ol\f>iiilii(iii ohIiiMini Spring. .\nUit. (|2. 1S04. Jlyf>of'rl/is olitiisii Tnrr. Cmnp. .^ni. 1*^2. |. Il'aii,/si,i iihliis,! Tnrr. Cat. I'l. in Cinl. Ki-p. N. V. 19.S. I'iL I.V|n. Rootstock short, creeping. Stipes not jointed, pale green, ,^'-6' long ; leaves broadly lanceolate, 6'-i5' long, minutely glandular-pubescent, nearly 2-pinnate ; pinnae rather remote, triangular-ovate, or oblong, pinnately jiarted into obtuse oblong creuatc-dcutatc segments ; veins forked and bear- ing the sori on or near the minutely toothed lobes ; ^:^>'o\f5''S!^%' indusium conspicuous, at first enclosing the spor- '^~-iJ.S^^:P^-^'/-^ anges, at length splitting into several jagged lobes, which are much wider than those in any of the pre- ceding species. !I. ) ?'.>Wi-> On rucks. Ndva Scotia laccnrdiiiK to Macmin i and M line tn iinrtlurn New York. Wiscniisiii and liritisli Cnliinibia, sniitli tn Ceninia. .Mabaiiia. the Indian Tcr- litniy aiul .\riznna. Ascends to 23iki ft. in Vii'tfinia. July-AuR. 12 POLYPODIACEAK. 3. DICKSON lA LHcr. Scrtuiii Aiik^I. 30. 17SS. Large ferns witli 2-;,-])iiiiiatiful leaves, and creeping or erect rootstock^, many tropical species arborescent. Sori small, globular, marginal or submarginal. Sporanges borne in an elevated globular receptacle, enclosed in the membranous cupshapcd inferior iiidusinni which is open at the top and on the outer side adherent to a reflcxcd toothlet of tlie leaf Sporanges pedicelled, i)rovi(led with a vertical ring which bursts trmisversely. Veins always free. [Xame in honor of James Dickson, Ivnglish nurseryman and botanist, i7_^S-i.S22.] Abdut 50 si)i-cii'S. Ill" \vi(k- (listributi'iii, ilu- uriiittr tunnbi.r in trupic-al Anurica and I'nlyiusia. I. Dicksonia punctilobula ( Miclix. ) A. (kay. ITay-scLiittd I'orn. .Xi/>/iriiifi/iiii /'iiiii/i/o/iii/in// Miflix. I'l. lior. Am. 2 : 26.'^. 1^11,5. DiiksiDiiit ftilosiiisiiilii Willd. l^nuni. 1117(1. iSik). Difksoiiid f>iiii(liliil>iitii .\. Cray, Man. 62S. i,S(S. Rootstock slender, extensively creeping, not chaffy. Stipes stout, chartless, pale green and sweet-scented ; leaves i^-,i° long, $'-<■)' wide, ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, frefiuenlly long- attenuate, usually vpinnatifid, thin and delicate; rachis and under surface minutely glandular and t^ ^tj. jT-"^, pubescent; sori minute, each on a recurved tooth- ■CZ^^i^'t^J^')^^ let, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe ; sporanges few; indusiuni cup-shaped with aiidiiiiii hidhi/ii ion I,. Sp. IM. ii»)i- '7.\v Ci'siiift/iiii hidhifi-iii Ikrnh. Schr.id. N'enes Journ. 11 .t. i: I'art 2, 2(5. iSoCi. Rootstock short, copiously rooting. Stipes 4'-6' long, light colored; leaves elongated, lanceolate from a broad base, i°-2;<° long, 2-;vpinnatifid or pinnate ; pinnules crowded, toothed or piunatifid ; rachis wingless, commonly bearing underneath in the axils of the pinnae and segments, large fleshy bulblets which fall away and propagate the plant; indusia short, truncate on the free side, early thrown back and withering so that the sori appear naked at maturity. On wet nieks ani'(/iiiiii O iix'i'/f I,, Sp. I'l C'rsliifilnis fnisiilis Jdiirn. Hut. I : Tart IIKII, 1 Ikriih. Sclirad. , 27. lS()*). NflRS Hrittle Fern. ( V\^. 24. ) '1'7 Rootstook short. Stipes 4'-S' lonjj ; leaves thill, oblotiji-lniiceolate, only slightly taper- ing below, 4'-io' long, 2-,vpinuatifi(l or pin- nate ; pinnae lanceolate-ovate, irregularly pinnalifid, with a broad central space and bluntly or sharply toothed segments dccur- rent along the margined or winged rachis, without bulblets ; indusia narrow or acute at the free end, early withering and exposing the sori which finallj- ap])ear naked ; texture membranous. On nicks and in moist Kiassy woods. Xiw- foiindliUKl to Alaska, soulli to (ii-ornia anil Ari- zona. .Msii in Sonlli and Ctntral .Vniirica, lUiioiK-. .\sia and New /calan. 25.) J M I'lil yfiiiiliiiiii iiii>iil(iiiiiiii I.ani. I'l. I'rancf. i : cy.s/"/i/iris iiioii/iiihi llc-rnh. Schrail. N'cucs Journ. l!ot. I : I'art 2, 3I1. iSo^>. Kootstock slender, widely creeping. Stipes fi'-g' long, slender ; leaves deltoid-ovate, 3-4- I)innate, about 6' long and broad, the lowest ])innae deltoid-lanceolate and much larger than the ui)per, their inferior pinnules I '-I 'i' long ; segments deeply divided into oblong lobes, deeply toothed ; sori numer- ous ; indusia acute, soon withering, cxjios- in.g the sori and causing them to appear naked at maturity. On rocks. Labrador ,ind Ouiliic to Hrilisli Columbia. so\Uli lo llii' norUi shore ol' Lake Sn piriot. ami in tlu' Uocky Mountains to Colorailo. .\lso in nonliL-ru Ivuropi- and .\sia. .\iik. 5. DRYOPTERIS Adans. Fniii. PI. 2; 20. lyr,,^, [.\si'ii)llM Sw. .Schrad. Journ. Hot. 2 : 4. iScm).] Kerns with i-.vpinuate or pinnatifid leaves and round sori usually borne on the backs of the veins, the fertile and sterile le.ivcs similar in outline. Itulusium Hat or llattish, orbicular and peltate or cordate-rcniforni, superior, fixed by its sinus or depressed centre. .Stipe con- tinuous, not jointed with the rootstock. Sporanges abundant, pedicellcd, the vertical ring bursting transversely. Veins free in the northern species, uniting occasionally or even freely in some of the southern. [Greek, signifying Oak-fcrii, in allusion to the forest habitat of most species.] About ,VS'> species, of wide Keonraphic distribution. IksiiUs the following sonic lo others occur in the soulliern ami western parts of North .\iiierica. The first three species are siimetinies separated as a distinct Kemis. ( l'«l\sliiliin)i Kolh, \';^~. ) ■ -^•*IWl.lLU.iJ.llJipi|>i 14 Indiisi POIA'rODIACI'AE. utn iirbii'Ular, intire, iR'Hale, lixi-d by llii' (U])rt-isi(l (.-iiiln.' iivis (iiu'f i)iiiniiU-. StiiKS slum ; liiwir ])iiiiiai- imicli uducrd. Stiprs Idiisftr : IdWir i)iniiac- usually little Rilucid. I.tavts l)i])iiiiiati-. Inilusium (.nnlati' riniform or orhioular. fixed by the siiiiis. Texture tliiii ineiiihraiKius ; veins simple or oiiee furked ; It I.nwer pinnae very inueli reduced. I.dwer i)inuae little smaller than the middle ones. \'eii\s 1 -2-1'iirked : sori emwded. id 12 to a segment. Veins simple ; snri larger, distinet, |-in to a sennuiit Texture firmer, sometimes snbeotiaeeous ; veins forking freely Leaves 2-piunalifid or 2 pinnate ; seuiueuts noL spinul Leaves small, narrowly lanceolate. Leaves lar^fir. mostly i'-"'-,s' liinh. Indusia hMVe. thinnish and flat, rimiae widest at the liase. Pinnae widest at the middle, ludnsia convex, without marginal glands. Sori near the marRin. Sori near the niidvein. Leaves 2 -piimate or vpimiatifid : seunuuts spiiuilose-toolhed Leaves ovate-lanceolate, usually not narrowed below ; s dark centre. Lea.ves eloU!j:ated-lanceolate, usually narrowed at the base brown. 1. ^■ />. /.OIK /lilis. iiiiii.slicliiiiitrs. Hi ail llii. ives pinnalifiil -1- 11. .Vo:-i'horiiiiii.^i.-i elv. 5- 6. n. n. V/irh'/'/fii.s. si III II III III. 7. IK f'l'fl^ I'd IIS. S. 0. n. i>. ( ris/ii/ii. (,'iilc/iiilllil. 10. J 1. n. n. iiidii^imilis. l''ili.V-lllllS. ales of stipes usually with a 12. /'. spill II Ins, I. scales of the stipes pale 1 ^ P. Itoollii. I. Dryopteris Lonchitis i L. i Kuiit/.e. Holly-fcriL i Fio;. 26. I'lilrpiiiliinii l.mnliitii L. Sp. I'l. m.ss. [755. Asliiiliiiiii l.iiiii iii/iiSw. Schrad. Jouru. Hot. 2: 50. iS(ki. Dryiipli lis l.diii iii/is KwuU.i.-. Kev. den. 1'1.."/ I pi 2 : 267. I-KRN 1-AMII,Y 3. Dryopteris Braunii { Speimcr i riukrw. Aspidiiiiii Hiiiiniii Spitiiur. I'l. I"rib. i : i|. 1S25. ,tsf>i(/i'ifiii nt. Atiir. 15 ( V\^. 28. ) IK Dryopteris Noveboracensis i I„. ! A. Ciiay. New York Fcni. i Im^. 29. ) ■.■rhuniii use I.. Sp. I'l. ickji. i^.S.V ■thunuiiisc S\\. Syn. I'il. 5,s. iSi]6. lu'lhiiaiciisis .\. (Iray, Man. 6311. iSiS. Dryopteris Thelypteris i r„. /'iilrf>inliin)i Xi . tsfyii/iinii Xii /Iriii/y/iiis .\i Rootstock slender, widely creeping. Leaves lanceolate, tapering both ways from the middle, I'^-j" long, 4'-6' wide, niembrauous, long-acumi- nate at the apex, once pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, sessile, long-acuminate, deeply pinnatilid, ciliatc and finely pubescent beneath, iH'-p,' long, the two or more lower pairs gradually shorter and de- tlexed, commonly distant ; segments Hat, oblong, obtuse, the basal ones often enlarged ; veins simple or those of the basal lobes forked ; sori not con- llueiit, borne near the margin ; indusium minute, reniforni, delicate, gland-bearing, fixed by its sinus. In moist woods and tliii'kcts. Newfoundland to On- tario and Mitniesola. south to Ni>rtli Carolina and .\rkansas. .\scends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. .Sonietinus sweet-scented in dryinj;. Jidy-Sept. A. (rt-ilV. .\i I os/i< liiiiii '/'/n/vp/ti is I,. ,Sp. I'l. 1071. 175,^. Asftiiliiiiii ■/'//( /i/)/(;/,vSw.Selirad. Journ.Iiol.2; (o. iSk). Ih Viiph'iis 'I'hrlip/, I is .\. Cray. Man. (),V'. 1>-|S. Rootstock slender, creeping. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, scarcely narrower at the base than at the middle, i°~2';° long, .\'-(i' wide, short- acuminate at the apex, membranous, once pin- nate ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, short-stalked or sessile, mostly horizontal, acuminate at the apex, nearly truncate at the base, i '2 '-3' long, slightly pubescent beneath, deeply pinnatifid ; segments ob- long, obtuse or appearing acute from the strongly revolute margins ; veins regularly once or twice forked; sori crowded, 10-12 to each segment; indusia reniform, slightly glandular or glabrous. In marshes and wet woods, rarely in dry soil. New ilrunswiek to Manitoba, south to I'Morida. Louisiana :iiid Kansas. .\seenft. in Vermont. .Mso in I'Uudpe and .\siii, Sunnuii. € Marsh .Sliicld-fcrn. ,<\\\\\\1 ^..{2^^^ -i |:' 1 6 6. rOLVPODIACEAK. Dryopteris simulata Daveiip. Massachusetts vSliield-fern. (Fijr. 31.) ^ . !sp,i/iiiiii SI 11/ 11/11/ II III Davi'ii)). liot. Cuz.ip : 495. />i]ii/)/(iis siiiiii/ii/:i D.ivi'iip. I!(il. Caz. 19: 497. As syiioiivm. iS94- i,S94. mmMt iiiVT^^ Rootstock wide-crcepitig, slciuler, brownish ; stipes 6'-2o' long, straw-colored, dark brown at bast, with deciduous scales; leaves .S'-2o' long, 2'-;' wide, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to an acu- minale apex (abruptly tapering in the fertile leaf), little or not at all narrowed at the base; pinnae 12- 20 pairs, lanceolate, pinnatifid. the segments ob- li(iuely oblong, obtuse, entire, slightly revolute in the fertile leaf; surfaces finely pubescent, especi- ally near the midribs; texture rather thin; veins simple, nearly straight ; son rather large, somewhat distant, 4-10 to each segment ; indusia finely glan- ilular at tlie margins, withering-persistent. In wiMKlliuid swamps, Xiw Ilampsliirc- to llic- Iiuliaii Krritiiry. Closf to the prc-cidiiiK spi'cies. Siiiniiier. Dryopteris fragrans ( L. ) Scliott. Krajj^raiit vShield-feni. ( I<'ijr. ^2. ) l'ii/yf>ii,iiiiiii fi ,ii;itiiis I,. Sp. I'l. loSii. ^Is/iiifiiim /'nii: rails Sw. Schrad. Joiirii. /)i flip/, I IS /ill'; runs Scholt, C.cti. I'll. Hoi. 2 : IS. iSki. Rootstock stout, chaffy with brown shining scales. Stipes 2'-4' long, cliaffy ; leaves lanceolate, firm, glan- dular and aromatic, pinnate or nearly 2-pinnate, acuminate at apex, narrowed to the base, 3'-i2' long; pinnae deeply pinnatifid, numerous, lanceolate, acute, %'-\'i' long; segments oblong, obtuse, dentate or nearly entire, nearly covered by the large sori ; in- dusium thin, nearly orbicular, persistent long after the sporanges have matured, its margin ragged and sparingly gland-bearing, the sinus narrow. OnroL'Us, I, ibrador lo .\laska, south to Maiiu\ Vcnnoiit, tin.' .\i liip/,-iis , lis/ii/ii .\. (".ray. Man. 6,ii. 1.S4S.' Rootstock stout, creeping, densely chalfy. vStipes of the sterile leaves 2'-$' long, those of the fertile 6'-io' long; leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, gradually and .slightly nar- rowed to the base, rather firm, i°-2;'i° long, 4'-6' wide, pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate or triangular- ovate, acuminate, dceplj- pinnatifid or the lower pinnate, the segments 6-10 pairs, serrate or incised; sori about midway between the margin and midrib; indusium thin, orbicular-reniform, glabrous. In wet woods aiul swamps. Ncwfoumllaiid to Maui- loba. soiilli to Kentucky and .\ikansas. .Xsceiidslo 2701) ft. in Maryland. .Also in ICuroiK- and .\sia. July-.XuK. Dryopteris cristata Clintoni&na II). C. ICatoii ) I'nderw. Native Kerns, lid. 4, 115. iSi;;. Asfiiiiiinii iiis/ii/inii var. C/iii/oiii,iiiiiiii I). C. ICalon in .X. Cray. .Man. ICd. 5, (165. 1S67. Leaves 2' .•°-4" lonjf. willi oblong lanoeotate piniiai', wliicli are broadest at the base and 4'-6' lonjf ; .seKnieiils S-iO pairs, linearoblontf, obscurely .serrate ; veins pinnalely forking, bearing the sori near the niidvein. Maine and Ontario to New Jersey. I'eiinsylvania and Wisconsin, FERN FAMILY. 17 3'-> ^ t)^5~' O'O: iiav. ami 3,' -(•>' iiriiiK 111*-' 9. Dryopteris Goldieana (Hook.) A. Gray. Goldie's Fern (Fig. 34.) Ashhfiiiin Coldicanum Hook. Ivdinl). I'liilos. Jdurii. 6: Diyoptcits (loldiaiia .\. (iray, Man. 6:51. l^4^. Rootstock stout, widely crcepiiij;, chafTy. Stipes io'-i8' long, chafTy at least below ; leaves broadly ovate, rather firm, 2°-4° long, usually 1° or more wide, glabrous or nearly so, dark green above, pin- nate or nearly 2-pinnate ; lower pinnae broadly lanceolate, widest at about the middle, 6'-9' long, J '-2' wide, piunately parted into about 20 pairs of oblong-linear subfalcate segments which are serrate with appressed teeth ; sori very near the midrib, close together but distinct, large ; in- dusium orbicular, fixed by its narrow sinus, glab- rous, persistent. In rich woiids, Xtw lirunswick In Minnesota, south to Xortli Carolina and Tennessee, .\scends to ,S(«io ft. in Virginia and to 2500 ft. in Vermont. Jnly-.VuK. CJ,n 10. Dryopteris marginalis ( I.,. ) A. Gray. ^^i^' ■35-) J'l'lyftiHiiinii iiiiiixiiitilf I,. S)). IM. locji. 175,^. .I.sfiid/iiiii iii/jii/i/tii.s iiiaiiiiiuili.i A. Gray, Man. 632. 184.'?. Rootstock stout, ascending, densely chaffy with dark brown shiningscalcs. Stipes 3'-8' long, chaffy below; leaves borne in a crown, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceo- late in outline, subcoriaceous, 6'-2>4° long, pinnate or 2-pinnate, acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed at the base ; pinnae numerous, lanceolate, nearly sessile, glabrous, 2 '-5' long, the lower broader and shorter than the middle ones, the upper pinnatifid, the lower pinnateh' parted into oblong, .sometimes slightly fal- ^~yr cate obtuse entire dentate or piunately lobed pinnules ; sori distinct, close to the margin, covered by the glab- rous indusium which is fixed bj- its sinus. In rocky woods and on banks. I'rince Ivdward Island to the Northwest Tenitory. south to .Mabania and .\rkansas. .\scends to ,si«»i ft. in VivKinia. -V hybrid with P. ciishtla is described. Leaves evergreen. July-.\ug. Mas ( L. ) vSchott. iMale Fern. (Fig. 36.) l\ilvl>odiiiiii l'ili.v-)iias I,. .Sp. I'l. lot^o. 17,1:5. .Isfiutiiiiii /Vy/.i -wif.v S\v. Sclirad. Joiirn. Hot 2: v'^. iS(hi. D) yiiphrh /■'I'/i.i -iiius Schotl, Gen, I'il, i!>,;4, Rootstock stotit, ascending or erect, chaffy. Stipes 4'-6' long, very chaffy below; leaves broadly oblong- lanceolate, acute, or acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed to the base, 1°-^° long, rather firm, half evergreen, pinnate or partly 2-pinnate ; pinnae lanceo- late, broadest at the base, gradually acuminate to the apex, 3'-6' long, pimiatifid almost to the rachis or piunately divic "d into oblong glabrous lobes or pin- nules ; pinnules slightly dentate, i".cised or nearly en- tire; sori large, borne near the midvcin, more numerous on the lower halves of the segments ; indusium firm, convex, glabrous, orbicular-rcniform, fixed by its sinus. In rocky woods, Labrador to .Vlaska, south to northern Michigan and Uritish Columbia, and in the Rocky Moun- tains to Arizona. .Mso in ("treeitland, ICurope and .\sia. and in the .Vndes of .South America, .Xug, The rootstock (if this and tlie preceding .species furnish th'.- drug Filix- nias, used as a vermifuge. IS I'OLVPDDIACEAI'. 12. Dryopteris spinulosa ( Rctz ) KuiUzu. vSpiiuilosc Shiukl-lVni. I'litvfithiiiiiii spiHiili'siiiii Kit/. I'l. Scatiil. I'M. 2. 2,so. I79,s. . Ispitl/liiii spiiiii/i'.siiii/ S\v. Sclirail. Jnuill. Hot. 2:.i^. 1'*ihi. /)i tiif>/i i/'i s/tiiiii/iiiii Kiinl/i-, Kuv. Ctii. I'l. M.I. i"^i>i. Rootstock stout, chaffy. Stipes f/-iS' lo'ij^, bearing a few pale brown deeiiluous scales; leaves ovate-lan- ceolate, 2-pinnatc, the pinnae oblique to the rachis, elongated-triangular, rather thin, the lower pairs broadly triangular, slightly shorter than the middle ones; pinnules oblique to the midrib, connected by a very narrow wing, oblong, incised or pinnatitiil with spinulose-toothcd lobes; indusiuni glabrous, orbicular- reniforni, fixed by its sinus. In rich wdikIs. NcwfciuixllatKl to .Vlask.i .u\i\ WasliiuK- tciii. sii\itli til Ktntui'ky ,iiul .Michit;:iii. .Vsciiiils tu ^mni ft. ill \'iri;iiii;i. .Mm) in luitopi.- and .\sia, July-.\iiu. Dryopteris spinulosa intermedia ( .Mulil. i I'ikU r\v. .Nativi- l\riis. I'M. |. ii'> i f'i.\i. ^1^ *■ .A: # ^■v.'S-if^-"..-.v, -,? ■ /'.•.■/•+i|'T ,'■.' N 'f^i'^^lf _n-?-^^ Asliiiliiiiii iiihiiiiidiiiiii Mulil.; Wind. Sp. I'l. 5: 26J. i.Sid. Drvdpliiis iiitci iiiidiii .\. Ciray, Man. (\v>. iSj.^. .ispiiliniii spill ii/dsii 11/ var, iii/ii iiii itiimi I). C Ivitmi in .\. (iray, Miii. VA- ,S, 66,=;. i."<67. Sfak'S nf the slipis few, Imiwn with a darker ciMitri' ; k'avis nbldiijf-iivale. 2-vi>iiiiiatc\ tlii' piiuiai iibldiitc-lanctolati'. siiriadiiijf. tin- Inwcst iiiu(|ually triaiiiiular nvalc ; pininik-s crowdt-d. pin- iiattly (lividi-d ; iiiiUisiiiiu di-licati-. bcsit with stalked jjlaiiils. I.alnadur to .\laska. south to North Carolina ami Missouri. 1 ?i WV haw chostii this coiiiiiioiRsl .\iiR-iii-aii form for illustration. Dryopteris spinulosa dilatata . Ilolfin. ) riuKrw N.ilivf Ivnis. ICd. 4. 116. iS^;;. I'iil\ pihliiiiii dilalnliini HolTiii, Dintsch. I'l. 2; 7. 1705. .Ispiiiiiiiii spiiiii/iisKiii \-,n. lUliiliilK III Hook, lirit. fl. (()■ '^.V. Pi yopi, lis liiliiliihi .\. Citay. Man. ii.;i. i^.(s. Scak-s of till- sti])f laiyv. brown with a darker i-cntiv: kavis broadly ovale or triaiiKular-ovatc-. cotnnioiily vpiiniatt' ; piniiuks laiiciolatc oblong, tlii' lowi--t ol'tiii iiuicli (.-lontfalfd ; iiidii^iuin Klab- roiis, Ncwfouiidlaud to WashiiiKlou and .\laska, soiitli alonii tlu' .Mk'Khuiiies to North Carolina and IViiiussti.- and to ( )hio ;iiid N\br,i>ka. .\lso in liuroiji- and .Vsia. 13. Dryopteris Boottii ( Tuckcriii. ) riulcrw Boott's SliicUl-fern. (Fig;. 3S. ) . Ispic/iiiiii /)()/'//// Tiickirm. Ilovcy's Mag;. 9: i.(,s. l^^^■ .tspii/iiiiii spiiiiili'SKiii v.ir. I'millii I). C. I{ali>n in \. Ciray, Man. IM. ,^, oo.s. iSd7. Ill yopli lis llinitlii Tiiderw. N.itivo I'Vriis. I^d. \. 117. i.siiv Rootstock stout, ascending. Stipes S'-i2' long, covered, at least below, with thin pale-brown scales ; leaves elongated-oblong or elongated- lanceolate in outline, thin, acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed at the base, nearly or quite 2-pinnate, 1^-2 fj^ long, 3'-3' wide ; pinnae lanceo- late, long-acuminate, broadest at the nearly sessile base ; pinnules broadly oblong, very obtuse, the lower pilinatifid ; sori distinct, borne about half way between the midvcin and margin ; indusiuni orbicular-reniform, minutely glandular. Ill woods. Nova Scotia to Miiniisola, south to soulli- (.rn Nfw York. I)Llawaru and Maryland. .Vscinds to 21KH1 ft. in Wrmoiil. .\lso in iioriliuni I^umpi- and .\sia. July-Si'pt. 6. PHEGOPTERIS Fee, (kii. Fil J42. 1S50-52. :\Iedium sized or small ferns witli 2-.vpinnatifid or ternate leaves and small round sori borne on the backs of the veins below the apex. Stipe not jointed with the rootstock. Indusium none. Fertile (spore-bearing) and sterile leaves similar. Sporanges peilicelled, provided with a vertical ring, bursting transversely. [Greek, signifying Heech-fcrn.] .\boul 101) species of w' Ic Kcoffrapliic distrilmtioii. Hcsidcs the following aiiolher occurs in wesurii North .\iiu'rica. lA'avcs lriau({ular, 2 piiiiiatifid : pinnae sessile, adiiate to the wiujreil rachis. Leaves louder than broail. usually dark Kreen. i. /'. IViivioplcris. Leaves as broad as Iouk, or broader, usually litflil ttreeii. 2. /'. hi .\ai;oiio(iliiix. Leaves ternate. with the three divisions putioled ; rachis wiiiRless. ,v /'. I)i yoptciis. 4. "7- ' lonji, brown oiigated- hc apex, or quite lanceo- scssile use, the ut half iilusiuui 11 south - L'l-iuls to iipu ;uul KKRX I'AMII.V. 19 ten's. iiiif>/<'i(i. I. Phegopteris Phegopteris i I,, i I'lKk-rw. I/ontr Ik'ccli-foni. i Imk- 3'J-^ I'oix f'l', till III /'III i;iipli ii\ 1.. S]>. I'l, liiSo, 175,;. J'liii^i'ph I is f'.ilv/iiiiliniili \ l''cf. Ct-n. I'il. 2-\\. i>,so-5.'. l'hii:"N' I is /•/i,L;.i/>/,iis fu(k-i-\v.; SmimII, lUill. Torr. Cluii. 20 : ('i2. iS(n. Rootstock Blender, creeping;, somewhat chafTy at least when younj^. Stipes 6'-<)' long ; leaves trian- jj;iilar, thin, mostly longer than wide, ('-9' long, .V- 6' wide, acuminate at the apex, pubescent, especi- ally on the veins beneath ; pinnae laiu'eolatc or linear-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sessile, broadest above the base, pinnately parted very nearly to the rachis into oblong obtuse entire seg- ments, the lower pair dellcxed and standing for- ward ; basal segments, at least those of the upper pinnae, decurreut and adnate to the winged rachis ; sori small, borne near the margin. In moist woods and on liillsicUs. N'lwfoundland to Alaska, soutli to till- mounlains of Vir^iiiiii. and to Micliiyan and Wa-hiniitoii. Ascends to }.«hi ft. in Viiinoiit. Also in I'Uiioiif and Asia. \nj;. Phegopteris hexagonoptera ( Michx. ) l''ijL*. Umad Hefcli-fL-ru. ( Fisr. 40. ) I'.'lvfiihliiiiii III A iii;iiiiiifil,i mil Alichx. I'M. lior. Am. 2: 2-\. [So;. I'lii i;ii/'li I is liiuii^iniiipliiii I''ce, ("icii. I'Ml. 2-),^. lSo-,S2. Rootstock slender, creeping, chaffy, some- what fleshy. Stipes .S'-l^' long, straw-colored, naked ; leaves triangular, as broad as or broader than long, ~'-\2' wide, slightly pubescent and often slightly glandular beneath, acuminate at the apex ; upj)erniost pinnae oblong, obtuse, dentate or entire, small, the middle ones lance- olate, acumiiuite, the very large lowest pair bro.-ulest near the middle, pinnately parted nearly to the midveiu into linear-oblong obtuse segments; sori mostly near the margin. In dry woods and on liillsi(ks, Ouihtc to Minne- sota, south to I"liiiif>li lis Diyofili I is I'Ci', (Un. I'il. 2\\. iSvi-52. Rootstock slender, creeping. Stipes slender, 4'-l2' long, chaify at least near the base; leaves thin, broadly triangular, almost glabrous, ('-S' wide, ternate, the three primary divisions stalked, pinnate or partly 2-pinnate, the terminal one slightly larger, all spreading more or less at right angles to the stipe ; pinnules lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, sessile ; segments oblong, obtuse, entire or crenate, close together. In nniist woods, thickets and swamps. Newround- land to .\laska. sontli to \'ii>;inia, Minnesota, ( )ie({on, and in tile Rocky MomUain- to Colorado, .\scends to .'|<«itt. in the Caiskills, .\ls. I-;nroiK' and .\sia. -Vuif- Phegopteris Dryopteris Robi .ma (HolTui.) Davenp. Cat. Davinp. lUil Mippl. 47. iS.s^. I'lilvfiiHiiiiiii h'lilii'i lidiiiiiii llolTin. Deutsch. l-'I. ■79,S. l'liii;iif>liris iiiliiii I'll l'"ee, Cen. l'"il. 3|,v iS,so-52. Sli])LS f)'-io' louK. straw-colored when dry ; leaves 6'-8' Ions, mostly erect, ,s'-7' wide, deltoid- ovate. 2-pitni.ite. the lowest i)innae nuich the largest, piuuatifid or affain pinnate ; upper piiniae smaller, piuuatifid, lobed or entire; sori uutuerous. Labrador to Iowa and Idaho. .\Iso in lUirope. 20 ror.VPODIACEAK. 7. WOODWARDIA J. K. Smith, Mem. Acad. Tor. 5: 411. 793>- Large and rather coarse ferns of swamps or wet woods, with pinnate or nearly 2-pinnate leaves and ohlong or linear sori, sunk in cavities of the leaf and arranged in chain-like rows, parallel to the margins of the pinnae. Leaves all alike or the pinnae of the fertile ones much narrower than those of the sterile. Indusia subcoriaceous, fi.xed Lv their outer margins to a veinlet and covering the cavity like a lid. Veins more or less' reticulated. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring, bursting transverselv. [Name iu honor of Thomas Jenkinson Woodward, 1745-1X20, English botanist.] .Six spccii'S. mostly of tlu- ii.ortli teni|KiaU- /one. lUsidLs Iht- followiuK, anntlifV ucciirs i>ii Hie I'acific coast of North .America. Leaves uniform ; VL-ins free between tlie sori and tlie marKiii. Leaves of two kinds ; veins everywliere aiiastoniosiiiff. //'. J'ii i; iiiiia. II'. (i/rn/ti,',!. I. \Voodwardia Virginica ( L. ) J. K. Smith. \'irgiiiia Cliain-ffrn. ( Fi^ 42.) 1771. Mem. Jl/i(liiiiini I'll iiiiiii iiiii L- Mant. 2: ,^07. iri'iHlutinlin I 'lit; Illicit J, li, Sniitli, Acad. Tor. 5:412. 179;;. Rootstock long, stout, horizontal, subterra- nean or creeping, chaffy. Stipcsstout, i2'-iS' long, nearly or quite naked, dark-colored be- low : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, i°-2° long, 6'-<)' wide, pinnate ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, usu- ally alternate or some of them opposite, coria- ceous, glabrous, acuminate at the apex, ses- sile, ;,'-6' long, deeply pinnatifid into ovate or oblong obtuse segments, their margins minutely serrulate ; veins forming a single series of areolae on either side of the mid- vein, the sori borne on the outer curving veinlets ; sterile and fertile leaves similar in outline. Ill swamps, often in deep water. Nova .Seotia to Ontario and Mieliiffan. south to I'lorida. Louisiana and .Arkansas. .Vscends to ivio ft. in reiiiisylvaiiia. .\lso in liernuida. Jniie-Julv. 2. Woodwardia areolata ( L. i Moore. Xet-veiiied Chain-fern Acrosliiliuiii arcnlaluDi L. Sp. IM. io63- orida. > fl. in July. f Larfje ferits with ohloiij; or straii-shaped mostly entire leaves, anil linear elongated sori which arc almost at right angles to the niitlrih and contiguous in pairs, one on the upper side of a veinlet, the otlier on the lower side of the next contiguous veinlct, thus appearing to have a double indusiuni opening longitudinally along its middle. .Sporanges pediccllcd, the ring vertical, bursting transversely, [(ireek, in allusion to the centipede, SiOlof)CiHiia.'\ I'ivu spcciis, tn:iiiily l^f tiiniHTalu riniiius. Only tlif I'Dlliiwinn is known tn occnr in North America. I. Scolopendrium Scolopendrium ( L,. ) Karst. Hart'.s-tonj^iie. (^Fig. 44. ) Asftliii i II III Siiilnfii-iiil li II III I,. S]). IM. 11J79. 175.V S(iiliifi tin- InllMuiiiir Cve others occur in I'h.n.lii .uid ihive in the wcsuni \y.ui> i>< tlic- Iniud Sl^iti- Sori ^['J'^'J:^''";j';[^''^"''«l'l'.^- '■""■"'■ ^m ulu.l t,, tlu- u,.|Rr >i,U- ,,r M viin; kavo nmstly small I.ciivo iiiniiiitirKl (ii- ])iinial(.- bilow, ta|Krinir to ,i jDinl StiiHs bjackisl, bil.iw. lobi's ,„„„,lc.l or l]u l,,u.sl acuniinalc. i. ./. /.hn,.,/!,i,/„w. Stipi> l)lackl^h tliroiiiilioiu : lol)is ai-utc or aoiiiiiinaU- -. I ,/„■;/,./,/,, I.^■av^•^ om-i- piiinati-, -. . . I'iniiac ;,' r j" loiii;. mostly l)bMil, Kacliis rlustinil brouii or blatki>li, I'iiiiKu- auritUcl al tin upinrsidi ol llu- Ivasi-. I'innac opiiositc. oblonn : racliis dark blown or blai-k ; / /uir-ii/inii riiiii;ii' partly altiTiiati-. laiict-olalc- : rac'liis cIrsUuU bmu ii I,- .-,,,, (. . /. ['Itit\ III II ii'ii. I innai- ii,.t auruUd, partly alUriiaU'. parlly op,„,MU-, s. . /. Iri, li.,i,„iii,^ Kacliis tirccii ; ]iiiinai' iiol aiinck-d. ,, ; -.,rit/, I'iimai- .>'-5' lonn. .'iculr or;n.'iiminatc. l.iavi.s .'-^-piinialifid. Stipes Ki-cfM : leaves ovati-dcltoiil : piimuU-^ fan -liaiii.d. vt-in^ (labillaU , cij,,. . ,i.,ri ..11 1 ''■ ■'■ /i'li^ii iiiiii III ill. Miixs (lark al Die base, srrciii .ibovt-. Leaves ovale-laiu-eol.ite broa.U si near the base. ,, . |. „„.ii/,iiii,iii. I.vaves laiuvojale, broadest aliove tin- middle. ,,, ; /,,„/, iiiiiiii Slipts elieslmil brown llivounliout. as al-,. tlic l.iwir part of tin- r.u-his. Sori usually mnre or Us- enrved soMRlime-, liorsrsl,o,..sl,a,H ,1, nften erossini^o^lu'V.i'iter.'ir lower sule ol tin v.iiiUl : l.aive liiiis. i N,,. 7 iiiav be luuked l\,r here I Leaves ipiiin,iliti(l : se.uiiuius bliiiu. se,ireelv\ri iiaU- ]> ; ,„ r '(// 7; ,/ /, , Leaves ipninaU- : piinuiks acute, t,M,ilK-,l or pinnatirid. , T V riii'v l\>, iiiiiia . I. iiiii; ii.\/i'/,i/iiiiu. I. Asplenium pinnatifidum Xmi. Pinnatitul SjilLLinvon. ■ Fi.o. ^r,. w ' .h/>/iiiiiiiii /iiiiii,i/i/i,/iiiii XuU Cen 2- IM.S. Rootstoc'k short, creeping, branched, chaflV. ,Stii)es tufted, polished, blackish be- low, green above, 2 '-5' long, .somewhat clialTy below, at least when young: leaves broadly lanceolalc in outline. ;,'-ic)' long, liriii, tapering upward to a long narrow point, i)innatitid or the lower jjarts pinnate ; lowest pinnae or occasionally several pairs .sometimes tapering to a point like that of the apex of the leaf; lobes or pinnae rounded or the lowest acuminalc; sori commonly numerous, straight or slightly curved. On rock-, .Neu Jer-i v and reiiiisvlvania to Illinois, soiitli loCeoriiia, Alaliama aiid .\rkan- sas. .\seeiuls lo V'oo ft. in .Nortli Carolina. The elil,iiiiim ihciuniii .\it. Il,,n. K\.„-. 3: ((..^ ■ isf>/lriiiiiiii Tii,/i,iiii,ni,i ],. <,],. I'l. i(i.So. I-,,. Rootstock short, nearly erect, chaffy with blackish scales. Stipes ileiisely tufted, commonly numerous, i'-5'lonj,', purplish-brown and shining; leaves linear in outline, ;/ S' lon>{, 6"-io" wide, rather riRid, once pinnate, evergreen ; i)iiinac oval or roundish-oblong, inc(|uilateral, partly opposite, partly alternate, or nearly all opposite, cuneatc at the base, the point of attachment to the dark brown rachis narrow, their margins sli),'htly cren.ate ; sori y6 on each side of the forking an('■,=; 1 S 1 V ' ' Rootstock stout, creeping, rooting along its whole length. Stipes growing in a crown, brownish or green above, chaffless, ,S'-i2' long, sometimes slightly scaly toward the base ; leaves lanceolate in outline, i°-2° long, once pinnate, glabrous ; pinnae 20-30 pairs, linear-lanceolate, or those of the sterile leaves lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, obtuse or truncate at the base, i's' long, flaccid, the mar- gins entire or slightly crenulate; fertile leaves com- monly taller than the sterile, narrower, their pinnae generally nmch narrower, often falcate ; sori 20-30 on each side of the midrib, linear, close together, the indusia at length concealed by the mature sporanges. In nioisi \ oods and shaded ravines. Quebec to Wis- consin, south to Virtfinia and Kentucky. Ascends to. 1 700 ft. Ill the Adiroiulacks.to 2300 in the Catskills Aug I'KKN- IWMILY. 8. Asplenium Ruta-muraria I,. Wall Hue Spkvmvoti. , Imj^. ;^_^ , Asf>!,iiiinii Kiihi iiiiiniihi r,. Si> I'l, io>i. i-,' Rootstock sliort. asceiuliiiK. Stipes tufted, nakeil slender, greeu, 2'-,,' Ioiik ; leaves ovate or deltoid- ovate 111 outline, 2' ,s' louK, Rlahrous, evergreen ^^y pinnate or pinnatili,! above; pinnae and pinnules stalked: pinnules rlionihie or olmvate, mostly olituse, dentate or incised, cuiieate at the base ; veins flahel- latc; sori feu-, linenr-ohlonK, eoiKluent when mature and coverinK nearly the whole pinnule, the indusiuni nienibran.aceous and delicate. 25 and .\tisM,un. Ascends tn .„., f,. i„ \-ir^,i„j,, \u"l\. Uiir.ipi, Asia and iinillRni Ainca. July. St pt *' " '" C'i & 9- Asplenium montanum WilUl. Mouiitnin Spleemvort. ( Fi>j^. 54. i .l^pliiiiinii nioiilaiiin,, Willd. Sj). I'l. 5: ,vp. l.Sio. Rootstock short, chaffy at the summit. Stipes tufted, naked, slender, blackish at the base, Krecn above, 2'-;/ long ; leaves ovate-lanceolate in outline, acuminate at the apex, rather firm, 1-2-piiinatc ; lower pinnae louKest, pinnate or pinnatifid, the lobes or seg- ments ovate or oblong; upper pinnae less divided, merely toothed or incised ; veins obscure ; sori linear- obloiijj, short, the lower ones sometimes double, usu- ally almndant, often confiuent at maturity and con- V'l "11.^11 tuiuiiitiiL ai matui // cealinj; the narrow membranous indusia. On dry and iiK.ist rocks, CnniKclicut and Ww V (H-nrKia west lo Olii.i aiul Arkansas. Asotnds t in .\ortli Laroliiia. JuiK-Aug. rk to > 151 «J ft. 10. Asplenium fontanum ( I^. ) Beriih. Rock Spleenwort. ( Fij^-. 55. ) rolyfiodiiitii foiilainnii I,. Sp. I'l. i.i.Si,. i-:;,. .Uplcniinii foiiUinum liernli. Sclirad Jdurn I'.ot i ■ Rootstock short, ascending, clothed with narrow dark scales at the ape.\-. Stipes tufted, i'-^' long, somewhat blackish at the base especially on the itiner side, usually glabrous; leaves lanceolate, broadest above the middle, thin, 2-3-piunate, ;/-6' long, 6"-i/,' wide, acuminate at the apex, nar- rowed to the base ; pinnae 10-15 pairs, the seg- ments deeply dentate with spinulose teeth; sori only I to 4 on each segment, covered with a mem- branous subentirc indusiuni, rarely confluent. On rocks I.ycoiniiiff Co., Pa., and Sprinpfield. Ohio. Xlie rarest North American fern ; conniion in l-Uirone ouninier. ' 26 I'OIA'l'ODIACEAlv. d II. Asplenium Bradleyi I). C. IvUon. Urad- le\'s Spk'ciuviirt. ( I-'i}^. 56. ) .l\/'/, 11/1111/ lli,id/i\i II. (J. Ivitnii. liiiU. Tnir. Club. 4: II. Rootstock short. cliafTy willi l)ro\vii sc.ilcs. Stipes tufted, slender, 2'-3'loiij.;, chestnut-brown throuj^liout; leaves ol)loni.;-lanccolate or olilon).;, acuminate at the apex, not narrowed at the base, pinnate with 8-12 pairs of short-stalked or sessile, obloiig-ovatc pinnae, the lower again pitinatifid or pinnate with oblong obtuse lobes or pinnules, which arc toothed at the apex, the up]icr pinnatifid with dentate or nearly entire lobes; racliis lirowii ; sori short, borne near the midrib, covered with the narrow indusium until iiia- turitv. (In I'H'k^. iiril\riin^r linuslmif. Ntw Vnrk in (k and .\lab;ini;i. wist to .\rkaii>as. l.m'al. .liil.v .Sipl. ■rifia ^\ 12. Asplenium acrostichoides S\v. Silvery .S|)lL-Ln\vi)rt. ( I'"].!;. 57. I .l.ifi/: iii/iiii ,1, I o^iulhi/ili ^ Sw. .Sflinid. Jniini. I'.nt. 2: ,s|. 1 >l K 1. .\if>l5. Rootstock slender, sinuous, creeping. .Stipes S'-i 2' lon.g, straw-coloreil. .somewhat chall'y below at 'east when young; leaves lanceolate in outline, 1 -,> long, 6'-] 2' wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, pinuate-pinuatifid ; pinnae linear-lanceo- late, .sessile, aciiininate, dee])ly pinnatilid into numer- ous oblong obtuse or subacute, slightly crcnate seg- ments; sori crowd', slightly curved or straight, the lower ones often double; inilusium light-colored and somewlial shining when youn.g. Ill lic.il llloi>l unnil^. NiiMl .Scnlia to MilllKScila. Sdlllll 1" Aliili.niiii and Kiiiliicky. .\sri ikN to 5.k«i ft. in \"iiviiiia, .\lsci ill I a-li 111 .\-.ia. .\iin ( icl. 13. Asplenium Filix-foemina i I,, i Hcrnh. Liul\ -tVni. < Ims;. 5.S. ) l'"l\pmliiiiii I'iH vfn, III ilia I.. Sp. I'l. ii»ici 1-5;. .tspli iiiiiiii I'ili \ -fiHiiiiiiii lUriili. .Schrad, .Nines jimni. Dili, i: I'ait .'. 2(1. isi/i. Rootstock creeping, rather slender for the size of theplant. .Stipes tufted, 6'-io' long, straw-colored, brownish or reddish ; leaves broadly oblong-ovate or oblong lanceolate, ."iciuuinalc at the apex, 1-3° ^, y-'-T^""^ long, 2-]>iiiiiate ; jiinnae lanceolate, acuminate, short-stalked or the ujipcr ones sessile, 4'-.S' long; liinnulesobloiigdanceolatc, incised or serrate, their lobes or teeth often again toothed, those toward the ends of the pinnae conlliicnt by a very narrow margin to the secondary rachis ; sori short, the indusia straight or variously curved, sometimes liorseshoe-sha]ied. Ill wncids. tliickits. .111(1 l)y wiiUs and fi luis. Nnva Scolia til .\laska. MHilli In I'lnrid.i. I.niiisi.iiia and .\ri- /iiiia. tliu- tlnniinliiiiit luaily all nf N'mtli .\iinrica. .X-criiil- tn (mill II itiNnrtli Carnliiia. and In .>.«i.i It. in \i iiiiiiiit. .\lsn ill Iviiriiiii.' anil .\sia, Jiiiii' .\iin. ^■V^^K^^ ^v.VVv^^;;;iii v^>:j&i'. FKRN lAMlLY. 27 II. ADIANTUM L. Sj). PI. 1094. 175;,. Graceful ferns of rocky hillsides, woods and ravines, with much divided leaves and short marginal sori borne on the under sido of the reflexed and altered portion of the pinnule which serves as an indusiuin. Stip(>s and branches of the leaves very slender or filiform, polished and shining. Sporangcs borne at the ends of free forking veins, provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. [Name ancient.] .\ (ri-mis of .'^o (ir 911 spicics, mostly of tro|)iciil Ain(-rii;i, lUsiiUs Uu- fl>llo^vill^; iihoIIri ipcciirs in IMoriila, one in Texas and one in California. I.eavis 2 pimiate, ovali- lani'C'ol:iU' in outlini. i. .1. Otf>i/hi> }'i ii, i is. I.eaves (lichotoiiiously forked with piniiiiU l)i;inchis. 2. .1. />iiliihtiii. I. Adiantum Capillus-Veneris I,. Wnus-liair l\rn. i Pi Adiiiiiliiiii Cupilliis \'i III I i\ I.. Sp. V\. iiKi*!. Rootstock creeping, rather slender, chaffy with light-brown scales. .Stipes very slender, black, or nearly so and shin'iig, ,i' i/ long; leaves ovate-lanceolate in ciutlinc, 2 iiinnalc below, simply pinnate above, membranous, commonly drooping, 6'-2 long, 4'-i2' wide at the base; piiuiiiles and U])|)er pinnae wedge-obovate or rhomboid, rather long- stalked, glabrous, the njipcr margin rounded and more or less incised, crcnate or dentate- serrate, excc])t where it is recurved to form the indusia ; main and secondary racliiscs and stalks of the pinnules black or dark Ijrown like the stijie. In ravines. X'iryinia to I'loiiila. wc~t to .Mi>. soiiii. rtali and Californi.i AmiiuIs to i ;,«' ft. ill Kiiitncky .\lso in tiopic.il .\iiurica. and wiiKlv (H^liiliiiti (1 ill tile waniii r parts of tin (lid World Jiiiii .\mr. 2. Adiantum pedatum I,. .Maiikii- l"crn. I'ii .\itl\lll/lllll f Rootstock slender, ing along its whole creeping, chaflV, root- length. Stipes 9'-iS' long, dark chestnut-brown, polished and shining, diciiolonunisly forked ;it the sum- mit ; leaves olili(inely orbicular in outline, .S'-iS' broad, memliranons, the ]iinnae arising from the upper sides of the two branches of the stipe, somewhat radiatcly arranged, the larger ones fi'-m' long, i '-2' wide ; pinnules oblong, triangular-oblong, or the terminal one fan-shaped, short-stalked, the lower margin entire and slightly curved, the upper margin cleft, lobed or dentate, liearint; the linear-oblong, often short sori. In woods. Nova Sioti.i in Itiiii.li Colnnibia, ^Miiilli to r,i-ornia and .\ikaii>a>. in tin- Koiky Mountain- to t'tali ami to Califoniiii .\-cinds to ,S'«»i ft ill Viiniiiia .\l>o in .\laska and wi>t- i rii .\-ia. Jiil> Sipt. 28 I'Olypodiaci;ae. 12. PTERIS L. vSp. PI. 1073. 175,^. Larjje, mostly coarse ferns, our species growing iti sunny places, with variously divided or in some tropical species simple leaves, and marginal linear continuous sori which occupy a slender or filiform receptacle, connecting the tips of free veins. Indusium membranous, formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf. Sporanges pcdicelled, provide