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^Sl
A\
Illustrated Flora
NORTIIHRX UXITHI) STATKS. CAXADA
AM) ike;
IIRITISII POSSESSIONS
From Nkwi-oinhland to the Parai.lki. of the southern Bouxdary of Virginia,
AND FROM the ATLANTIC OcEAN WESTWARD TO THE I02I) MERIDIAN
BV
XATIIAXIEL LORD J^RITTOX, I'm. D.
E.MiKir: - I'niii i>sou m liorwy in Commima Inuiksi rv. and Dirkctor-in-Ciiikf
111 rili: NlU ^■(||<K liillAMl \I, CiAKDF.N
AND
IIOX. ADDISOX BROWN
I'KKMDKNI ok TMK 'J'oRKKV IJoTANHAl. CLIH
Tin; UKSCRII'TIXE TEXT
C'llll.l l.Y I'lU I'M;KD HV PkoKKSSOR liKIl kin. with rill. A,-.SISTAMK OF Sl'Efl AI.IS Is IN
m:\kk\i. CJRoi PS : riiE Fuii Ris also dkawn undick his Sipkrvision
IX in REE XOLIMES
Vol. I
CPHIOGLOSSACEAE TO AI20ACEAE
iKKNs TO c.\Ri'i;r-\vi:i;n
NEW \ORK
CHARLES SCRlliNER'S SONS
1896
!'i
f irT^i'-^faUT full i 'i
-.f^.
'~;
•*■' c
/ ^- '■] .
\. i
Col'VKKJlIT 1S96
II V
CiiARi.Ks St Ri li.Mcu's Sons
Tiiu New Eua I'kintini; Hmi sh,
Lancastbr, Pa.
-w
I
Contents of Volume I.
Introduction
1. Ophioglossackae r
2. OSMUXDACKAE 4
3. HVXIENOPHYIJ.ACKAK 6
4. SCHIZAKACKAK 7
I. PiNACEAE
1. Typhackae
2. Si'ARGANIACEAE
3. Naiadaceak
4. SCHEfCHZERIACEAE
5. Ar.ISMACEAE
6. Vaijjsneriaceae
7. Gramineak
8. Cvperaceae
9. Araceae
10. I,ex;naceae
1. Saururacicaic
2. JrC.r.ANDACEAE
3. mvricackae
4. Leitneriaceae
5. Sai.icaceae
6. HETirr.ACEAE
7. Fagaceae
PTERIDOI'HYTA i
5. polvpodiackae 8
6. Marsii.eaceae 33
7. Salvintaceae 34
8. Equisetaceaic 35
9. LYCOPOniACEAR 39
10. Selaginellaceae 44
ii. isoetaceae 45
SPERMATOPHYTA 49
gvmnospermae 49
49 2. Taxaceae 61
Angiospermae
61
Moiiocotyledoncs 62
62
II. Mayacaceaic
367
20
Conyai.i.ariaceae
427
63
12. Xvridaceae
368
21.
Smii,aceae
43S
65
13. Hriocaii.aceae
371
22
HAEMOnORACEAE
442
82
14. Bromei.iaceae
374
23-
Amaryi.i,idaceae
443
«4
15. COMMEI.INACEAE
374
24.
DiOSCOREACEAE
446
92
16. PONTEDERIACEAE
379
25-
Iridaceae
447
94
17. JUNCACEAE
381
26.
Marantaceae
454
234
18. Melanthaceae
399
27.
nURlIANNIACEAE
455
360
19. LltlACEAE
410
28.
Orchidaceae
456
365
Diiotyledoiies 4S
Choripetalae 48
2
2
482
8. n.MACEAE
523
14.
POI.VGOXACEAE
541
483
9. MORACEAE
527
15.
ClIENOPOniACEAE
569
487
10. Urticaceae
530
16.
Amaranthaceae
586
489
II. IvORANTIIACEAE
534
17-
Phytoi.accaceae
593
49<J
12. Santai.aceae
536
18.
Nyctagikaceve
594
506
13. Ari.stoi.ochiaceaic
537
19-
Aizoaceaic
597
513
KXGIJvSH FAMIIA' NAMES.
FERNS AND FERN-AIJJES 1
1. .\|)I)1;R'S ToNClK 1'"amii,V I
2. Rdyai- ii;kn F.vmii.v (
3. I'lI.MY-l'KR.V Hamiiv h
4. Cl.IMIlIMl-IKKN l''AMir.Y 7
5. I'lORN I'".VMII.V 8
6. Marsh. KA I'amii.v 33
7. Sai.vin'ia 1\\mii.y 34
8. lUlRSIClAII. I'".\.MII.V 35
9. Ci.iii-Moss Family 39
10. Hki.acinem.a Family 44
11. (JriLi.woRT Family 4,5
■ ( ' 'nrti i ' ^ rrr-jM- i TT-r ift
IV
CONTI'NTS.
SKED-BKARINC, PLANTS 49
Si:i;i)s NAKici) 49
1. riNi: I'amii.v— C(>\iii:ks 49 2. V|/\v i.'.\:Mn.v
1. Cat-iau. 1'a:mii,v
2. U>K Ri;i:i) I'AMii.v
,^. riiNi>\VKi:i) Family
4. Akkiiw-crass Family
,S. \VAri;Kl'LAN-TAlN
Family
6, Tai'ii-ckass F'a.mils
7. Crass Family
5. Ski)<;i; I'amii.y
9. Artm Fa.mii.\-
10. Di'CK-\vi;i;ii l-"AMn.\-
1. I,IZAIil)S-TAIL I'a.MII.Y 4S2
2. Wai.ntt Family .jS;,
3. Bayhkrry Family 4S7
4. Curk-wooi) Familv jSii
,S. WiLi.dw Family 4(p
6. Birch Family 506
7. Bkixii Family 51^
Skkds knci.osi:i)
Cotyledon one
61
62
63
^5
S2
•^4
92
9-1
2.S4
360
:,65
r,2
1 1. Mayaca I''AMILY }ft-
12. Vi:i.i,(iu-i;yi;ii C.kass
F'amilv 368
13. I'II>i:\V()KI- I'AMII.Y 371
\\. l'tM:AI>l'I.I. I'"AMn.Y 374
15. Si'II)i;ru-(irt I'amily 374
16. l'n.Ki:Ki.i.-\vi:i'.i)
I''amilv 37v
17. RiSH Familn' 3S1
18. BrXtlM-LOUKR '
F'amily 399
Cotyledons two 4S2
Petals distinct, or none 4S2
19. I.II.Y F'AMII.^
2.1. I,ilY()i-tiii;-Vai.i.i;\
F"amily
21. ,S.MiL.\x I'amily
22. Hl.dODWORT I"aMILY
23. AM.VRYLI.IS ]'"AMILY
22. Y.\M F.\MILY
25. Iris I'amily
26. Arrowroot F'.vmii.v
27. l!rRM.\.NNiA Family
28. Orciiid Family
8. Kl:m I'amily
9. Mii.iiKRRY Family
10. Xettl.. Family
11. JIISLKTOL I'aMII.V
12. SaxualwooI) Family
13. BiRTnwoRT Family
410
427
4,S8
442
443
446
447
154
45.5
459
523 14. HrcK\viii:.\r Family 541
.S27 i.s. C.ooSKKoor Family 569
.s.^o 16. Am.^rantii Family 586
,=i34 17. PnKi'.-\vi;Ki) Family 593
,5,^(1 iS. FOI.-R-O'CLOCIC FaMI-.V 594
5,57 19- Cari'i;t-wi:i;i) I'.vmily 597
Latin I.vdi'.x oi- n'ami;s 599
IC.NOi.isii I-\iii;.\ (.]■■ X.\.\ii:s fxiS
4if>
IXTRODUCTIOX
427
438
442
443
446
447
454
455
459
541
569
586
59.-?
594
1
■ "^IIl'; prfsont wiirk is Uit- first coinplcle IlliislraUMl I'Mcira published in this country. Us
aim is to illustnilu and desiriiiu every species, from the I'erns upward, recoj^ni/ed as
• listinct by botanists and j;ro\ving wild within the area adojited, and to eoni])lete the
work within siieh r.KMlerate limits of size and cost as shall make it accessible to the public
fienerally, so that it may serve as an independent handbook of our Northern I'lora and as a
work of j^eiieral reference, or as an adjunct and su])plenient to the manuals of systematic
botany in current use.
To all botanical students, a complete illustrate<l mamial is of the j^reatest service; always
useful, often indispensable. The doubts and diflicnlties that are apt to attend the best writ-
ten descriptions will often be instantly solved by fifjures addressed to the eye. The jjreatest
stimulus, moreover, to observation and study, is a clear aiul intelligible guide; and among
the aids to botanical eiK|niry, a complete illustrated handbook is one of the chief. Thou-
sands of the lovers of plants, on the other hand, who are not botanists and are not familiar
with botanical terms or the methods of botpnical analysis, will find in the illustrations of a
complete work the readiest means of com])arisoii and identification of the plants that grow
around them; and through the accompanying ilescriptions they will at the same lime accpiire
a familiarity with botanical language. Hy these facilities, not only will the study of our na-
tive plants be stimulated and widened among all .-lasses, but the enjoyment, the knowledge
and the scientific progress derivable from these studies will be proportionately increased.
Though most Huropean countries have complete illustrations of the flora of their own
territory, no similar work has hitherto been attempted here. ( tnr illustrated works, some of
them of great value, have been either sumptuous and costly inonographs, accessible to com.
paratively few, or confined to special groups of plants, or have been works of a minor ,ind
miscellaneous character, embracing at mo.st but a few hundred .selected species, and from in-
ccmipleteness, therefore, unsuited for general reference. Scarcely one-(|uarter of the species
illn.strated in the present work have ever been figured before. That no such general work
has been previously attemjHed is to be ascribed partly, perhaps, to the imperfect exploration
of our territory, and the insnfliciency of the collections to enable such a work to be made
ajjproximately complete; partly to the great number of species retpiired to be figured and
the consequent difilcnlty and cost of the uiulertaking, and partly to the lack of any apj)arent
demand for such a work sutTicient to warrant the expense of the enterprise.
The increased accumulations of material in our largest herbaria, the result of m.iltiplied
explorations, and the widely extended interest in the study (jf our native plants, seem now
to justify the endeavor to sup])ly a complete illustrated work ailaptecl to general use.
The enterprise, projected liy Judge Hrown, and maintained and supervised by him
throughout, has been diligently pro.secnted for the past six years. Its execution has been
mainly the work of Dr. liritlon. The text, founded upon a careful examination of living or
herbarium s])ecimens, has been chiefly prepared bv him, with the a.ssistance, however, of
•siiecialists in a few gron])s who have contributed the descriptions for certain families as
stated in the footnotes. The figures also have been drawn by artists under his immediate
supervision; except those of most of the grasses, drawn by Mr. Holm, under the eye of I'rof.
Scribner; while the work in all its parts has been carefully revised by both authors. The
keys to the genera and species, ba.sed upon a few distinctive characters, will, it is believed,
greatly facilitate the determinations.
In preparing a new work of this character, the authors have felt that there should be no
hesitation in adopting the matured results of the botanical studies of the last half century
here and in I;urope, so as to bring the work fully abrea.st of the knowledge and scientific
conceptions of the time, and make it answer present needs. .Vlthough this involves changes
in systematic order, in nomencliiture, and in the division of families and genera, such as may
(5)
VI
INTRODfCTloN.
seeiii to sonic to )k too radical, no (loul)t is enturlaintd Hint tiiiiu will fully justify tliuse
clianj;es in the ju(l),'nicnt of all, and dcinonstralc- that the pLTHianeiit advantajjcs to Botanical
Science will far outweigh any temporary inconveniences, as has been already so fully sliown
in Ornitliolojjy and other /txiloj^ical sciences.
The work will he completed in three volumes and will he issued as rapidly as it can he
priuteil, the text being already written anil the figures drawn.
Area.
Tlie area of tlie work e\-tends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the lo2d Meridian, a
little beyond that of Ciray's Manual, so as to include the whole of tlie State of Kansas; and
northward from tlie parallel of the southern boundary of X'irginia and Kentucky to the north-
ern limits of Labrador and Manitoba. I'or convenience, the whole of Nebraska has been iii-
cluiled, thus permitting the illustration of practically the entire l''lora of the northern por-
tion of the Great I'lains.
The Flora of Canada and the British possessions not being distinguishable by any well
marked features from that of the adjacent parts of the L'nited States, and not embracing
more than about ,^oo additional species, it was deemed best to include this more northern ter-
ritory, in order to present a manual of the whole Flora of the northeastern part of the coii-
ti'.ent, with the exception of that of Greenland and the Arctic Circle, which is much the
same on both continents; nearly all the Arctic plants are, however, included, as but very few
of them are strictly confined to the Arctic Zone.
Figures.
Within the ab e area there are over 4,cxx) recognized species, more than three times the
number in Bentham's Illustrated Handbook of the Briti.sh Flora. To illustrate all these in a
work of moderate size and cost, only parts of each plant could usually be figured, and these
mo.stly below life-size. To exhibit full-page illustrations would have added fourfold to the
bulk of the work, and the con.seciuent more limited .sales would have necessarily increased
the price in a much greater proportion, and thus have thwarted the primary object, viz., to
supply a work adapted to general circulation and use. On the other hand, it was found that
any considerable further reduction of the figures in order to reduce the size of the work, would
be at the sacrifice of the clearness and usefulness of the illustrations.
In the general plan adopted and in giving parts only of the larger plants, it has been the
constant aim to make the reduction of each figure as little below life-size as possible, to select
the most characteristic parts for illustration and to preser\'e the natural proportions. In
these respects, it is believeil, the present work will be found to be at least not inferior to that
above nameil and often superior.
The cuts are all from original drawings for this work, either from life or from heil)a-
riuni specimens, though reference has constantly been made to publislied plates and figures.
All have been first drawn life-size from medium-sized specimens, and afterwards reduced to
the proportion indicated by the fraction near the bottom of each cut, most of them being
from ^2 to -J of medium life-size. By this method the illustrations do not sutler from the
use of a magnifier, but are improved by it and regain their full expression.
luilargements of .special parts are ailded in most of the illustrations in onler to show
more clearly the floral structure, or minute organs, or the smaller flowers. These are in vari-
ous degrees of enlargeinent, not deemed necessary to be stated. The figures are uncolored,
because coloring, except in costly work, obscures the fineness of linear definition and injures
the cuts for descriptive and educational uses.
The Classification of Plants.
The IMant Kingdcjin is composed of four Sulikingdonis, or primary groups:
1. Thallophyta, the Algae, I'ungi and Lichens.
2. Bryophyta, the Mosses and Moss-allies.
3. I'teridophyta, the F'enis and I'ern-allies.
4. Spermatophyta, the Seed-bearing plants.
The subkingdoms are divided into Classes, the Classes into Orders, tlie Orders into l"am-
ilies, the I"amilies into Genera, and the Genera into .Species, a species being composed of all
the individuals of a kind capable of continuous successive propag.ilion among themselves,
an<l being the only group marked out by nature by such a definite and positive boundary.
INTROUfCTIOX.
VU
111 iuldilioti lo tliusf main ranks, subordinate ones are soiiietiincs employed, when further
division is desirable: thus a Class may be separateil into Subclasses, as the Class Aii>{io-
.s|)ermae into the Subclasses Monocotyledoiies and I)icotyle<lones; I'amilies may be separated
into Tribes, as in llie treatliient of Cramineae in tlie following pages; Ceiiera are often separ-
ated into Subgenera; and in the case of Species, where certain individuals are found to ex-
hil)it features of structure or aspect differing more or less constantly from the majority of
the kind, these are set off as Varieties or Subspecies. Often tlie varieties or subspecies are
subsequently found to be distinct species.
The variability of some species, caused by the operation of the forces collectively known
as the factors of organic evolution, is .so great, and the variation being often toward a re-
lated species, that it is sometimes very dillicult to determine whether certain ir.divi<luals be-
long to one or to the other, or to a variety of one or the other. This leads to different opin-
ions. The actual fact, whether of the same species or not, may usually be ascertained by the
close examination of a large number of sjiecimens, or by growing the forms in (juestion siile
by side, when, if they are the same, their rapid approximation will be manife.st; though if
their natural habitats are in different soils, this latter experiment may not be a satisfactory test.
The grouping of .Species into C.enera, and of Genera into I'amilies, though ba.sed upon
natural characters and relationships, is not governed by any definite rule that can be drawn
from nature for determining just what characters .shall be sufficient to constitute a Genus or
a I'amily. These divisions are, therefore, necessarily more or le.ss arbitrary and depend upon
the judgment of scientific ex])erts, in which natural characters and aflinities, as the most im-
portant and fundamental factors, <lo not necessarily exclude considerations of scientific con-
venience. The practice among the most approved authors has accordingh' been various.
Some have made the number of genera and families as few as possible. This results in as-
sociating under one name species or genera that present marked differences among
themselves. The present tendency of expert opinion is to separate more freely into
convenient natural groups, as genera and families, according to similarity of .structure,
habit, form or appearance. While this somewhat increases the number of these divisions, it
has the distinct advantage of decreasing the .size of the groups, and thus materially facilitates
their study. This view has been taken in this work, following in most instances, but not in
all, the arran,ge«ient adopted b}- Engler and I'rantl in their recent great work, " Natiir-
liche Planzenfamilien," * not yet (juite completed, in which all known genera are de.scribed.
Systematic Arrangement.
The Nineteenth Century closes with the almost unanimous scientific judgment that the
order of nature is an order of evolution and development from the more simple to the more
complex. In no department of Natural Science is this progre.ssive development more marked
or more demonstrable than in the vegetable life of the globe. Systematic Arrangement
should logically follow the natural order; and by this method also, as now generally recog-
nized, the best results of study and arrangement are obtained. The .setiuence of I'"aniilies
adopted 50 or 75 years ago has become incongruous with our pre.seiit knowle<lge; and it has
for some time past been gradually superseded by truer scientific arrangements in the later
works of European authors.!
The more .simple forms are, in general, distinguished from the more complex, (i ) by fewer
organs or parts; 1 2 ) by the less [jerfect adaptation of the organs to the purposes they sub-
serve; (3) by the relative degree of development of the more important organs; (41 by the
lesser degree of differentiation of the plaiit-l>ody or of its organs; 1 5 1 by considerations of
anticjuity, as indicated by the geological record; (6) bj- a consideration of the ])henoinena of
embryogeny. Thus, the I'teridophyta, which do not proilnce seeds and which appeared on
the earth in Silurian time, are simpler than the Spermatophyta; the Gyinnospermae in which
the ovules are borne on the face of a scale, and which are known from the Devonian period
onward, are simpler than the Angiospermae, whose ovules are borne in a closed cavity, and
which are unknown before the Jurassic.
In the Angio.spermae the simpler types are those whose floral structure is nearest the
•■Berlin, 15 volumes, iS9(t-iS96.
t ICiiglir uiid I'rantl. " NaliirliclK- rflanzenfainilieii;" WanniiiK. " Sysliinalic liolany. isc;5;"
Vines. "Sludent's Hanilbook of Holauy, lSi|,s;" Riclilti, " I'lantae luinipcae, iSip;" Thcinie, "Flora
von Dinitschland, OlCsterreioli unci der Sclnveiz. isSd-ivSi;" rotoniu. " Illustrirte I'lora voii Nord-
uiul Mittel-Diutsoliland, iS.S;; " .Schleclitendalil, bauKitlial und .Sclictick, " I'lora von Deulschland,"
firtli i-dition by HallitT, iSSo-i.SSs.
VIU
INTRODICTION.
structurf of thu hnmch or stt-tii from wliitli the tlowcr luis bueti iiiftiinuirphosod, that is to
say, ill wliiili tin- ])arls of the (lower ' iiioililied leaves i are more nearly separate or distiiut
from each other, tlu' leaves nf any stem or liraiuli luiny noriiially sei)arateil, while those are
the most complex wliose floral parts are most united. These priiieijiles are ap;)lied to the
arraiineineiit of the Subclasses Monocotjdedoiies and Dieotyledones iiiilependeiitly, the
Monoeotyledones heiii}^ the simpler, as shown liy tlie less clegree of (litTereiitiatiou of their
tissues, tlK)Ugli their floral structure is not so very different nor their aiitiquily much ,i;reater,
so far as present information goes. I'or these reasons it is considered that Typliaceae, S|)ar-
ganiaceae and Naiadaceae are the siiii])lest of the Monoeotyledones, and ( inhidaceae the most
complex; Saururaceae the simplest family of I >icotyledoiies,aiid Compositae the most comidex.
Inasmneh as evolution has not always been progressive, but some groups, on the contrary,
have clearly been developed by de,i{radatioli from more hi.'.hly organized ones, ami other
groups have been produced by divergence along more th.m one line from the parent stock,
no linear consecutive se(|iieiice can, at all points, truly represent the actual Hues of descent.
The se(|Uence of families adopted liv b'.ngler and I'rantl, in " Naliirliclie rilan/eiifam-
ilicii " above referred to, has l)een closely followed in this book, in the belief that their sys-
tem is the most complete and philosophical yet ])resente<l. The se(|uence of genera adopted
by them has for the most part also been accepted, tlujugh this secpience within the family
does nut attempt to indicate greater or less complexity of organization.
ft was originally inlendeil to ])reseiit a conspectus of the orders and families iiuiudeil in
this work in the Introduction, as is indicated uixiii Jiage 62 of this volume, but as the printing
proceeded it was deemed better to place this at the end of llie thinl volume.
Nomenclature.
The names of genera and species used in this work are in accordance with the Code of
Nomenclature devised by the I'aris botanical Congress in 1.S67, as modified by the rules
adopted by the botanical Club of the .\mericaii Association for the Advancenienl of vScience
at the meetings held at Rochester, Xew York, in .\ugusl, iSija, and at Madison, Wisconsin,
in August, if^93. These names were mostly elaborated in the " I.ist of I'leridophyta and
Spermatophyta growing without Cultivation in Northeastern North America," prepared by
the Committee of that as.sociation and published in 1S94 as the fifth volume of Memoirs of
the Torrey botanical Club. The synonyms given under each species in this work include
the recent current names, and thus avoid ain' <lifricnlty in identification.
The necessity for these rules of nomenclature arose from the great confusion that has ex-
isted through the many different botanical names for the same species or genera. Some
species have had from 10 to 20 different names, and, worse still, different plants have often
had the same name. I'or about 2t)o,axj known species of plants there are not fewer than
7oo,aHi recorded names. Such a chaotic condition of nomenclature is not only extremely
nnscientific, burdensome and confusing in it-elf, but the dilTiculty and uncertainty of identi-
fication which it causes in the comparative study of plants must make it, so long as it con-
tinues, a serious and constant obstruction in the puiU of botanical imiuiry.
The need of reforni, and of finding some simple and fixed system of stable nomenclature,
has long been recogniz.ed. This was clearly stated iu i.Si ^ by .\. 1'. I)e CandoUe in his Tlieorie
Ivlementaire de la Hotaiiique 1 pp. 22S-2501, where he declares priority to be the fundamental
law of nomenclature. Mo.st systematisls have acknowledged the validity of this rule. Dr.
Asa dray, in his Structural botany, says (j). ,^4Si: " I'or each ])lant or group there can be
only one valid name, and that always the most ancient, if it is tenable; conse(|uently no new-
name should be given to an old plant or group, except for necessity."
This principle was applied to Zoology in the " Stricklandian Code," adopted in 1.S42 as
Rules of the Hritish .Vssociation, and revi.sed in 1S60 and 1865 by a committee embracing
the mo.st eminent English authorities, such as Darwin, Ilenslow, Wallace, Clayton, balfonr,
Huxley, Hentham and Hooker. In .Vmerican /oology the same ditliculties were met and
satisfactorily overcome by a rigid system of rules analogous to those here followed and now
generally accepted by zoologists and palaeon'-ologists.
At an International Botanical Congress held at I'aris in 1S67, in which unfortunately the
English botanists did not participate, A. DeCandolle presente<l a system of rules which, with
modifications, were adopted, and, as above stated, are the foundation of the present rules of
the botanists of the American Association. These rules were in part adopted also liy the In-
ternational Botanical Congress held at (".enoa in 1S92, and l)y the .Vustro-C.ermaii botanists at
INTUoDrCTION.
IX
I
llieif iiiuctiiin; ill SiptiiiiliLT. iS).); wIiIIl' in tlie qlli Ijlitioii of tlie I.oikIoii CiiliiliiKin.' of liiil-
i>li I'ImiUn piilili'-ln.-d ill iScj5, tlu'x.' niK's as ri.'S]K'Cts the ii.'inies of j^fiicra arc lar^'ily foUowuiI;
out of .\\'< KL-iicra in ciminion with ours, all lull is hear the same iianies as here .i^iveii.
It eaniiol lie too often repealed that the ohjeel of these rules is not to iniroduce new
lianas, hut to restore the old and the true ones. The rules of the Ijotanists of the American
Association, adopted as aliove, are as follow-^. A brief explanation of the objects attained
by them is appended:
Kri.i: 1. Priority of publication is to I)e regarded as the fundatiieiital ])riiicii)le of botani-
cal nomenclature.
This has been i;eiieiallv acknowledged in theory as the guiding principle for dcterniiiiinj;
which n.inie sli<uild be borne by an animal or plant dilTereiitly named by ilifferenl writers.
X'arious causes have retarded its ap|)licatioii in practice. Its adoption is the only practicable
way of securinji sl.ibilily to the orij^inal names. It has also been ,1,'enerally considered that
the author who first deliiies or dc'-cribes an animal or plant is entitled to the distinction of
having his own name permanently associated with the name assigned to it; and this is also
uecessarv for reasons of accuracy, because in numerous instances dilTereiit plants have lieeii
called by the same name. In most cases the synonyms given in this work, with the dale of
pul)licalioii, indicate the original name and the reason for its restoration under this rule.
ki'i.i-; 2. The britanical nomenclature of both genetaand species is to begin with the pub-
lication of the tirsl edition of Linnaeus' ''Species I'lantaruni " in 1753.
Some past date iiiu-t of necessity be taken, in order to fix the limits within which prior-
ity shall be reckoned. Prior to the publication of " S])ecies I'lantaruni" in 1753, the ab-
.seiice of any general liinomial nomenclature, anil the meagre, uncertain and inaclequale de-
scriptions by most ]>rior authors, make any earlier date be.set with diflicnlties. The result of
much discussion has been to fix that work, with which modern nomenclature substantiallv
begins, as the " point of dei)arture." That date received the endorsement of the International
liotanical Congress at < 'lenoa in 1S92, and has since been accepted l)_v most botanists in Amer-
ica and I';uro])e. Iiider this rule, no reference is made to names used prior to that work.
Rri.i'; 3. In the transfer of a s])ecies to a genus other than the one under which it was
first published, the original specific name is to be retained.
l'"rom dilTereiit views of the limits of genera, or from further knowledge of a plant, it
often liap])ens tli.it it must be transferred to a different ,genus from that to which it was first
assigned. Tpon such a transfer. Rule 3 requires the original name of the species to be con-
tinued, and preserves its stability. Thus, out of the genus l\>ly(>odiuni of Linnaeus, three
other groups have Iveii since carved, vi/., /'>ivof>lt'ns \ .tspii/iiiiii ), Cv.s/i>/>/f>-is ii\u\ /'/iixo/>-
lerls. The Long Heech I'ern 1 p. 191, called /')/i/(J(// //;;//'/;<<,'('/''''''' v by Linnaeus, belongs
to the generic group named l'lici;of<leii<. by I'ee in iS.So. Rule ^ forbids the u.se of the new
sjiecific name, /yo/\pi><iiui(li-s. given to this plant by I'ee, and requires the former .specific name
of Linnaeus to be preserved, and the plant thus becomes P/iCfiOplriix P/iev^oftleris, an acci-
dental re-diiplicatioii that occurs in but few instances in the whole field of nomenclature.
The Twin-leaf was called /'iii/(if>/i villi in dip/iv!liiiii by Linnaeus in I7,=;,i, nuiX /<\/'/?rso>ii(i hiiiala
by liarlon in 1793; I'ersoon in i,So5 restored the Linnaeaii specific name, making the jjlaiit
JrJ/'crsciiiid diphylhi, the correct binomial under the rule, and the one which the plant has
borne for nearlv one hundred years.
Ril.i'; 4. The original name is to be maintained, whether published as species, subspecies
or variety.
Plants and animals are continually described as species which subsequent authors con-
clude are but varieties, and those first understood as varieties ])rove by subse(|ueiit studv to
be entitled to specitic rank. Rule .) maintains the first desi.gnation as the ijrojjer one, and
avoids much confusion, bixamples are numerous: See I'igs. 2.S, ^.S, 61 et set].
Rl'l.i-: 5. The ]niblication of a generic name or a binomial invalidates the use of the same
name for any subse(|ueiitly published genus or species, respectively.
Thus in the case of the Long Heech L'ern, above cited, though the specific name po/vfiodi-
oiilc.\ is held to have been improperly given to it by b'ee, the binomial, P/u;i;o/>/rris po/y/nhfi-
lu'i/rs, cannot be applied to any dilTereiit Jilant; for if the earlier name should for any reason
be lost or discarded, the name polypihlioii/i's must remain available as the next lawful sub.sti-
tule, and thus the principle of nonienclature — once a synonym always a synonym.
This rule ojieratcs to maintain one name only for a genus or species, and that, the first
one applied to it, unless this was jiidperly the name of another, in which case the next oldest
■ I'or a fuller discussion of this subject see articles by Professor Lester 1'. Ward, in " Hullelin
ipf the Torrey liotatiieal Club. ' 22: .V''^-.i2'l. from which llie above suniiiiary is mostly taken; by
Professor C. IC. Hessey. in •■.\inericaii Naturalist," 29: fii/j-ofjS ; by Professor \V. \. KeUennaii. in
"Journal of the Coluinbus Ilurlieultinal Society," 10: 7-10, and in " Botanical Ciazette." 20: 4i),S (70;
by Professor Conway MacMillan, in " Metasiiennae of tile Minnesota Valley." 17; by Dr. II. L.
Kdbiiison, ill " Holanieal Cazette." 20- <)7-io,^. 261-2')^: by llr. 1', V. CiiviUe. in " liotatiieal t'.azelte,"
20: 1O2-167, 520-122, 42s, |2i); by Dr. 1". II. Knowlton, in " liotanical Cia/ette. 21: S2-S5.
X INTROUrCTIOX.
is to be used. By mistake or inadvertently the same name has fre<|uently been given to sev-
eral different genera or species, and it has repeatedly occurred that a name believed I)y the
author to be a synonym is shown by another to be a valid designation.
Rfi.K 6. I'ublication of a genus consists only, ( i I in the distribution of a printed descrip-
tion of the genus named; (2) in the publication of the name of the genus and the citation
of one or more previously published •-pecies as examples or types of the genus, with or
without a diagnosis.
Rfl.i-: 7. I'l'blication of a species consists only, ( i ) in the distribution of a printed de-
scription of the jpecies named; i 2 ) in the publishing of a binomial, with reference to a pre-
viously published species as a type.
Rri.iC S. Similar generic names are not to be rejected oji account of slight difTerences,
except in the spelling of the same word.
Thuii Epidi'ihfru III and Epideiidyon are but different spellings of the same word; only
one of them can therefore be used; the same of Elodes and Elodea.
Rii.K 9. In the ca.se of a species which has been transferred from one genus to another,
the original author must always be cited in parenthesis, followed by the author of the new-
binomial.
Thus Dryopteris Lomhitcs ( I,, i Knnt/c 1 Fig. 26 1 is so cited, because Linnaeus lirst gave
the plant the specific name Loiit/iiles, while Kunt/e first combined that name with the
accepted genus Dryoptcris.
Rli.K 10. In determining the name of a genus or species to which two or more names
have been given by an author in the same volume, or on the same page of a volume, preced-
ence shall decide.*
The Latin names of families have mo^tly Ijeen adopted as currently used, without refer-
ence to priority or terminations, as no rule on tliat subject has yet been formally adopted by
botanists. It seems desirable, however, that the scientific names of families should also fol-
low some uniform system, and as a very large proportion of botanical family names have long
been formed by the trrmination accae affixed to some prominent genus of the group, that
this rule shoidd Vie ajiplied to the few remaining families otherwise named. All would thus
be brought into a harmonious system of nomenclature, as the zoiilogists have done by the
adoption of the ending /(/(.•,• for all zoological families. The Ivnglish common names of fam-
ilies are similarly adopt id from some characteristic genus of the group; as Pink Family,
Mustard F'amily, Mint l"aniily, etc. The Carophyllaceae, in the absence of any genus Cuiy-
ophylhiiii, might thus beccnie Alsinaceae; the Cruciferae, Brassicaceae; the Labiatae, Men-
thaceae or Lamiaceae,
English Names of Plants.
The general desire Uir some luiglish name to the ditTerent plants described has been met
so far as possible. .\11 i;aines in common use have been Inserted, so far as thev have come to
the authors' knowledge, except such as were merely local, or where tliey were too numeronis
for insertion. An exception has also been made in a few instances where a common name,
from its false suggestion, as in the name of Dog's-tooth Violet ( p. 4201 for .\dder's-tongue,
is calculated to mislead as to the nature of the plant. Where no previous names in common
use could be found, the names given are founded on some characteristic circumstance of de-
scription, habitat, site or author. Names used in ICngland have been freely availed of, but
the use of the same common name for different plants there and here has occasionalh' re-
quired the omission of one or the other. The use of the same name for different plants has
been rejected, except where there is no such ckise allinily or resemblance between them as is
likely to cause confusion.
Pronunciation.
In botanical names derived from (ireek or Latin words, their compounds, or derivatives,
the accent, according to the ordinary rule, is placed upon the penultimate syllable, if it is long
in Latin (|uantity; otherwise, upon the antepenult. .Many names, however, have been given to
■'The rules have been cliisely followed in the publicatidiis uf Tin- I'liited States Xatioiial Mu-
seum; the Divisions of Holaiiy and I'oreslry of the t'nited Slatis Diparliiu'iit of .\tfricuUiire; The
-Missouri Hotauical ('■arden: The Torrey liotaiiical CUib; Tlie rnivtisity of Nebraska; The Hotati-
ie\il Survey of Nebraska; The De])arliiu'iit of liulaiiv nf Columbia I'liiversity; The Ceolotjieal and
Natural History Survey of Minnesota: The liotaiiieal Survey nf Indiana, and many other societies
and iiistilulioiis, .Vlso in Professor SarKeiils " Silva nl" North .\nieriea;' I'rofessor I'liderwood's
"Native I'erus and tlieir .Mlies; " I'rofessor Kellennan's " Plants of Ohio;" Mr. Newhall's ".Shrubs
of Northeastern .\nieriea;'' and by a lar^e number of other authors in less extensive wriliiij;s.
INTRonrCTION.
XI
onlv
plants in honor of individuals, wliitli, haviiif,' notliing Latin ahout thcni except the terminal
form, and the j)roniinciation jiiven to them liy botanical authors lieinj^ diverse, are here ac-
cented like the names of the persons, so far as euphony will permit. This rule is followed
because it is believeil to agree with the prevailing usage among botanists in ordinary speech;
because it is in accord with the commemorative object of such names, which ought not to be
obscured by a forceil and unnatural pronunciation; and because the test applied to words
properly Latin, viz., the usage of the Latin poc's, cannot be applied to words of this class.
We therefore give Torreyi, V:\seyi, Careyi, Jamesii, .\lleni, rather than Torrcyi, Vaseyi,
Careyi, Jamesii, Allcni.
The acute accent is useil to denote the short Knglish sound only; as in b:it, bet, bi<l, Tiot,
niit; ihe grave accent, to denote either of tlie other i*;nglish sounds, whether long, broad or
open; as a in bale, biill, bar, bare, laud; cin eve, there; ; in pine, pique, machine; o in note,
move; « in pure, rude. The accent for the short or longer luiglish sound is based upon cur-
rent I'jiglisli u.sage, as given in the chief English dictionaries from Walker's to tlie most re-
cent, and without reference to the supposed ancient jironunciation.
Much diversity has been found in botanical works in the accented syllal>le of many mod-
ern Latin adjectives ending in -inns, -ina, -inum, clerived from Latin words. As these
adjectives are derived from Latin roots and are regularly formed, their pronunciation sh mid
pro])erly follow cla.ssical analogies. When signifying, or referring to, time, material, or in-
animate substances, they should, therefore, according to.\ndrews& Stoddard's rule, have the
penult usually short, and the accent on the ante])enult; as in gossipina, cannabina, secalina,
salicina, amygdalina, and other adjectives derived from plant names, like the classic nanl-
inus, cyprinus, faginus. When these adjectives have other significations than those above
referred to, the penult under the ordinary Latin rule is usually long and accented; as in
lupulina, leporina, hystricina, like the classic ursiiia, canina.
The Use of Capital Letters.
In accordance with the reconnnendations of the Conmiittee on Nomenclature of the
liotanical Club «( the .American As.sociation for the .Advancement of Science, specific or var-
ietal names derived from persons or ])laces, or used as the genitive of generic names or as
sulistantives, art printed with an initial cai)ital letter. There is much dilTereiice of opinion
as to the desirability of this practice, many liotanists, and almost all zoologists, following
the principle of writing all specific names with a small initial letter. Should this custom pre-
vail, much information concerning tlie history and significance of t)ie specific names would
be lost. Thus in the Tulip-tree, /.in'ci/finfroii 7'ii/i/>.i/'i'i<i, the specific name riilipiftra was
tlie ancient generic name; and tlie same with I.ythntin Siiliuin'n, L. /fyssofyl/(>liii. /.. I'lil-
iiocin'ii, and many otlicr species. In all other forms of writing, personal adjectives such as
yiiltal/ii, E>ii;tiiii(iii>ii or 7'ontyi are printed with capitals. We adhere to the ordinary
literary yyiii^t.
Varieties
are panted as triiuMnials, e. g., Kyii<iiospora i^loiiurala paiiicm'nid, the contraction v ir. or
the Crreek 1 tters n or ^ commonly inserted lietweeii the specific and varietal name l)eing
dispensed with. The comma sometimes placed between the specific or varietal name and
I'l.; name of the author is omitted, in accordance with the opinions of tlu same committee.
Assistance.
Cordial acknowledgment for assistance and advice is hereby tendered to I'rofessor Tlu)mas
C. Porter, who lias continuously, from the iiicejilion of the enterprise, coi')perated in its exe-
cution !)'• suggestion, information and the coiuribnlioii of specimens, and who has read all
the proofs; to Mr. luigene 1'. llicknell, who h is supplied many specimens and read the proof-
sheet->; to I'rofessor Lucieii M. fiiderwood, for the text of the I'leridoiihyta; to Mr. I'rederick
V. Coville, for the text of the Jimcaceae; to Dr. John K. Small, for the text of rolygonaceae
i.iid Huphorbiaceae, and for assistance and critical notes <m many other families; to Mr. Ceo.
V. Nash, for the text of the Cirainiiieae; to I'rofessor I". Lam.son-Scribner, for supervising the
drawings of tlramineae, and for manuscript notes on many genera and species of that family;
to Mr. .Arthur lloUick, for supervision of the drawings; to Mr. Ivhnund 1'. Shelilon,
for tile text of Lemnaceae; to Mr. Charles !•:. Smith, for critical eNaminatioii of the final
proof -slieets, and to many others who l)y the contriliution of siiecimeiis or notes h.ive facili-
tated tlie imxluetion of the work.
Xll
IXTRODrCTION.
The text for the families Tvphaceae, Si)argaiiia :eae, Naiadaceae, St'heuclizeriaceae, Ara-
ceae, Kriocaulaceae, I'ontederiaceae, Smilaceae and Orchidaceae, was prepared by the late
Rev. Thoiiias Moroii.tf, and has been printed with very little change from his niannscript.
Draughtsmen.
Most of the drawings have been executed by Mr. V. Ivtnil; he has made all the figures of
the I'teriilophyta, Gymnosperniae, ami nearly all of the Monocotyledones, with the exception
of tho.se of t'.ramiiieae, Melanthaceae, Ijliaceae and Convallariaceae; also nearly all of the
apetalous Choripetalae, and a consi<lerable jjortion of the Sympetalae. Miss IMillie Tinimer-
inan i now :\Irs. Heinrich Kies i clrew the bulk of the polypetalous Choripetalae, the enlarged
parts being mostly inserted by Mr. .\rthur Holliek; she al.so did some work on several of the
sympetalous fanulies. :Mr. Joseph nridgham drew the Melanthaceae, Liliaceae and Conval-
lariaceae; also the Ericaceae, rrimulaceae and several related families. Mr. Theodor Holm
drew most of the Gramineae. Mr. Hollick has made .some drawings and numerous enlarge-
ments of special parts throughout the work. :SIiss Mary Knight and Mr. Rudolph Weber
have al.so contributed drawings.
Symbols Used.
° is use<l after tigures to indicate feet.
' is used after figures to indicate inches.
" is used after figures to indicate lines, or twelfths of -in inch.
-■ over syllables indicates the accent, and the short blnglisli .sound of the vowel.
V over syllables indicates the accent, and the long, broad, open or close luiglish sound.
Ni;\v VOKK, August l.sth, iSy6.
<
ILLUSTRATED FLORA.
Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA.*
KI'KXS AXI) KI'RX-AI.I.IHS.
Plants containing woody and vascnlar tissnes in the stem and producinjr
spores asexually winch, on termination, develop small flat mostlv -reen stnic-
tnres called prothallia ( Rametoi)hyte ). On these are horne the sexnal repro-
ciictne oi-Rans, the female known as archejrones, the male as antherids From
the tertih/ation of the oosphere of the archegone by s])ermato.oids i)rodticed in
the antliends, the asexual phase (sporophyte) of the plants is developed • this
phase is represented 1)>- an ordinary fern, I\copod or horsetail.
Tliis subkinploni comprises about 4000 liviiiK species, of which more than three-fourths
those Hvin'l T ,?'"'"' '"'^T'-,?^^'' number of extinct species known prol.aJ.Tj e.xceeds
t ose hvit - 1 hey appeared on the eartli in the earlv part of the I'alaeo/oic Era reached
iu^^^'A '*/'"""^'''"^'' "' ^^"'■•'""ifenms Time, but'have since been n.ahdv replaced by
plants of higher organi/^at.on, so that at present tl>ev form o.ily about one-fiftkHh of t e
ScTreiarennitllre "'°''""'' ''°'"'' ""'''^'' "'"■" 'P''''' ''"''''''''' ">« season at which ule
Family i. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Presl, Pterid. 6. 1836.
Akdiir's-toncik K.vmh.v.
More or less .succulent plants consisting of a stem and leaf urowinsr from a
hesUy root. S])()ranj.es formed of the interior tissues, naked, horne in a spike
or panicle and openn.jr at maturit>- l,y a transverse slit. Spores copious, ^•ellow.
1 rothalluim subterranean, devoid of chloroi)livll.
natiiJ3'I7sSen/Asia!'"""'""' ''■^"''■^'"'"^ "" '"'H' OMUi.K.nts ; Hr. tl.inl, /r,i„n„//,„s,,u„n is
Veins rcliculali- ; sporanKcs ccilu'rinu in a disticln.us spike
\ cms iR-e ; spiiranKcs iHstincl, Ixinie in spikes ur panicles.
1. O/'liii'iilossii m.
2. tit)/ 1 Villi It III.
I. OPHIOGLOSSUM I,. Sp. PI. 1062.
175.V
bow plants from a small fleshy rootstock, with slender fleshy toots, the bud for the
following year formed at the side of the base of the ste.n. Leaves solitary, borne on the
stem, simple in our species. Spike terminal, forme.l of the two rows of larire coalescent
sporan«es. \-euis of the leaf reticulate. Spores copious, sulphur-vellow. [Name Vrom
Iht l.reck, signifying the tongue of a snake, in allusion to the narrow spike of sporanges.]
r„inul'i",',".'l,."' *'''m''*'' ','5' ."••'•'-", ff^'>'Kraphic distribution, liesi.les llie fnllowiiiK three ..lliers -ire
^' ""'' '" " '^' "oiitllern I'mted .St.ites, one of them exlendinR to Calilornia.
*Text contributed liy Professor LuciKN M. I'ndkrwood.
I
2
"3"
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE.
I. Ophioglossurn vulgatum L.
tdiisue. (Fig. I. )
Adder' s-
Op//ii'i;/ii-:.S!lll/ :'llli;il/ll III I,. Sl>. I'l. Iii(i2. 175,?.
Rootstock short, ol)lic|ue ; stem slender, erect, siiii-
plp, glabrous, 2'-i2' liigli, bearing the sessile thiu
ovate or elliptic-oblon,tj leaf ("sterile segment) near its
miiUUe ; sterile segment i'-^' long, 'j'-i'^' wide,
rather firm in texture, distiiicllv reticulated; spike
solitary, ','-1' long, erect, the axis extending beyond
the sporangcs into a point.
Ill iiioist nii'iiddHS and thickets, or soini-tinu-s on dry
liillsidcs, I'rinci- Ivdward Island to .\laska. south to New
Jersuy, Ktntucky an.l .\rizoiia. .Vlso in ICuroi)c-, .\sia,
.\frica and .\nstra1ia. .May-.\us.
2. BOTRYCHIUM S\v. Schrad. Joiini. Hot. 2 ; ,S. iS(
)0.
Fleshy plants with short erect rootstocks, and clustered fleshy roots, the bud for the
succeeding year imbedded in tiie base of the stem. Sterile portion (leafj pinnatcly or ter-
nately divided or compound, the fertile portion pinnate or tripinnate with sessile d'stinct
sporauges in rows on either side of its branches, forming large panicles in some species.
Veins free. Spores of varicius shades of yellow. [Cireek, in allusion to the grape-like
clusters of sporangcs.]
.Vbont lo spt.-ci(_-s, mostly natives of the nortlu-ni lu-inisijliori-, oni.' or two occurrinsf in .Vustnili.i.
Uesidc'S the followinsf. another, /■'. Ihnruli-. occurs in Alaska.
Bud for the I'ollowiny year enclosed in the l):\sc of the stem : plants mostly smill.
Vernation wholly straight : sterile portion simple or 2-')-lol)ed. i. />'. siiiifthw.
Wrnalion jiartly inclined in one or both portions.
iUids glabrous : sterile portion ijiiniale : small plants, niature in early summer.
.Sterile ixirtion .alone belli in vernation, its segments fan-shaped.
2. /.'. l.lllhin'il.
lioth portions bent in vernation : segments of sterile portion narrow.
,?. /). iiiii/iiiiiriiii/nliiiiii.
Ihul ))ilose : sterile puitiou leriiale, loiiu stalked : lartfer plants, mature in autumn.'
4. />'. Iiiiiiiliiiii.
Vernation wholly inclined, recurved in llie fertile portion ; sterile portion trianitular. sessile.
5. A', laiu'ivliiliiiii.
find enclosed in a cavity .it one side of the base of the stem ; sterile portion ternate and coni))ouiid ;
plant larse. 6. /.'. riixiiiniiiiiiii.
I. Botrychium simplex K. Hitchcock.
Little (irape-feni. ( Fig. 2. )
Bolvyiliiiiiii siiiiplii !■;. Hitchcock, .\iiier. Jouiii. Sci. 6: lo;.
l.S2,V
Plant 2'--' high, slender, very variable. vSterile por-
tion ovate, obovate or olilong, entire, lobed or pinnatcly
parted, borne near the base of the stem or higher, some-
times above the middle; fertile portion a simple or
slightly compound spike, sometimes reduced to only a
few sporangcs ; spores large for the genus, minutely
tubercnlatc; bud for the following year enclosed in the
base of the stem ; apex of both fertile and sterile portions
erect in vernation.
In moist woods, meadows or swamps. Prince lidward
Island to Maryl ind. w.'st to Wyoming and California. .\lso
in northern Huropc. May June.
icssilo.
^
ADDHR'S-TONOrH l-A:\inA'. 3
2. Botrychium Lunaria ( I,, i S\v. Mooinvort. ( Fij;. 3. )
(hiiiiiii(/<i l.iiinuia I,. Sp. I'l. t'*>^. I75,v
llnlrVili.'Kiii I.iiiKji iti^w. Si'lind. Joiirii. liol. 2; 110. iS(ki.
riant very llesliy, 2'-i2' high. Sterile portion
usually sessile, home at or above the middle of the
stem, ])innatc with 2-S pairs of lunate or fan-shaped
lohes which vary from crenatc to entire and are either
close and iniliricaled or distant ; fertile ])ortion 2-,'-
pinnate, often dense, i'-2' long, often about tho
height of the sterile ; bud for the following year glab-
rous, enclosed in the base of the stem ; apex only of
the sterile portion bent over the nearly straight fertile
portion in vernation.
XiwfdundlaiK! In Alaska, snutli Id Cntnu'cticul. ciiitral
N\\v Vork, Mit'liii;aii, liritisli Cnlunibi.i and in tlu- Kinky
McpuiUains in Cdlnradn, nioslly in fic-Uis, AIsd in north-
iru luiropi' and Asia. Jmu July.
I'.r.
3. Botrychium matricariaefolium A
Matricar>- ( ir.ipL-fcrn. 1 l-'i^-. 4. )
Pi'liyiliiii III luiilriiiiriiii /'I'liiiiii .\. lir. in Dcnll. Kluin.
Plant 2'-i2' high, often very fleshy. Sterile
portion borne above the middle of the stum, short-
stalked, ovate or oblong, 1-2-pinnatifid or rarely
2-pinnate, with obtuse divisions and narunv toothed
segments; nndveins disappearing by continued
branchin.g: fertile portion 2-vpinnate. often nuu h
branched ; spores tuberculate ; bud for the follow-
ing year glabrous, enclosed in the base of the stem
rpex of both sterile and fertile portions turned
down in vernation.
In jfrassy wiM ids anil swamps, Xova Scotia to New
Jersey, west to Ohio. .Vlso in Washintflon and in Ivu
rope. May-June.
4. Botrychium ternatum ( Tliiml), ) vSw. Teniate Crape-fcrii. ( Fij^. 5. )
Osiii II 11,1(1 Iciiialii Tliuub. I'M. Jap. ,(29. 17^1,
lioliwhiiiin Iciniiliiiii S\v. Sohrad. Jouni, Hot. 2:111. iS.hi.
Plant 4'-i6' high, very fleshy, often slightly pubes-
cent. Sterile portion long-stalked from near the base
of the stem, broadly triangular, ternatc, variously
compound, the divisions stalked ; ultimate segments
varying from round-reniform to ovate-lanceolate,
their margins entire or finely incised ; bud for the
following year pilose, enclosed in the base of the stem ;
ajKx of both portions bent down with a slight inward
curve in vernation.
In moist meadows, woods and on hillsides. Nova Scotia
to I'lnrida, west to California. .\lso in i;iiroi>e, eastern
.\sia and .\nstralia. The sterile iHirtion is ])ersistent
through the winter. Sei)t.-IKe.
Varies greatly ; the lariifc forms are known as var. mis-
li oh\ smaller forms with ol)lii|iiely lanceolate segments
as var. (ihlii/iiinii, similar forms with finely dissected sip-
nieiits as var. (/is.sii /Kill, and small forms with nmndisli-
renifortn segments as var. liiiiaiioiilfs.
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE.
5. Botrychium lanceolatum i 8. (',. C.md. ) An^s. LancL-lcaved ('.rape- fern
( Fi<r. h. )
Osiiiiiii(l(i la.uriiliila S. C. Cnu-l. Xnv. CdiiitiKiil.
Ac:i(l. I'Ltri'p. 12: 51(1. x-hS.
Jl(i/ivcliiii))i lii:iii ulii/iiiii AiiK^. Hill. Xolisc-r, 1854;
Plant 3 -9' liigli, soinewlial fleshy. vSterile
jiortioii losely sessile at the suiniiiit of the
stem, I ' or more wide, 3-lol)ed or broadly trian-
gular and 2-pinnatirid, the ultimate segments
lanceolate, acute, oblique, entire or dentate;
midvein continuous, with forking veinlets ; fer-
tile portion slightly overtopping the sterile,
short-stalked, 2-,vpinnate ; bud for the follow-
ing year glabrous, enclosed in the base of the
stem ; fertile portion recurved its whole length
with the shorter sterile portion reclined upon it
in vernation.
In nK'a<lnus, wciods aii<l s\v;ini])s. N'uva Scdlia to
Alaska, soutli to Ni'W Jc-rsuy, Ohio and in the
Kiicky Mountains to Colorado. .\lso in ICmope and
.\sia. June-July.
6. Botrychium Virginianum i L. ) vSw. \'ir,i^inia C.rape-fcrn. ( V'w. 7. )
Osmiiin/a Vir^iHiaiin I„ ,S]). Tl. io6.|. 175;,.
Jjolrviliiidii I '/i\- ill/an II III Sw. Sclmul. Journ.
Hik. 2.111. i>;o<i.
liolrvrliiKiii i;iiii i/r I'ursli. I'l. Am. Sipl. 6s6.
isi,.
Plant 4'~2° high, the stem slender. Sterile
portion nearly or (juile sessile above the
middle of the stem, spreading, thin, ternate
with the primary divisions pinnate to 2-pin-
nate and the segments 1-2-pinnatirid ; ulti-
mate segments oblong, more or less toothed
near the apex ; epidermal cells flexuons ;
fertile portion long-stalked, 2-3-pinnate ;
bud for the following year pilose, enclosed
in a glabrous cavity at one side of the lower
part of the stem ; fertile jjortion recurved its
whole length, the sterile reclined upon it in
vernation.
Ill rich woixls. N'ova .Scotia to Vlorida, wist
to liiitish Columbia and .\rizoiia. .\lso in I-ai
ropL- and .\sia. June July.
FamiK- 2. OSMUNDACEAE R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Moll.
Rov.M< Fkkn 1'.-^mii,v.
I/ir^e ferns with stout often erect rootstocks, 1-2 jiinnate leaves coiled in
vernation, the veins free, mostly forked, running- to tlie margins of the pin-
nules or lobes. Spnranges lary;e, jjlohose, with mere traces of an elastic ring of
cells or none, borne on modified contracted jjinnae in the typical genus ; in
'/'odcii, a genus of the southern hemisphere, in clusters ( sori ) on the lower sur-
faces of the piiuutles.
Two living genera, Osiii ii iniu und Todca.
KOV.\r< I'l-RN FAMILY.
I. OSMUNDA L. Sp. PI. 1063. 175;,.
Tall sw.iiiip ferns, i;ro\viii>; in larjjc crowns, with the fertile 1 sporc-liearin.i;; portions
very niucli contracted, the sliort-pedicelleil naked sporanges on the margins of their rachis-
like ilivisions, which are destitute of chloruphyll. Veins forked, very re,i,'iilar ami prom-
inent. Sporanges thin, reticulated, openinj,; by a lonyilndinal cleft into two h; .ves, a few
parallel thickeninj; cells near the apex rcpresentint; the ruditnentary transverse ring. Spore."
copious, green. [I'"roui Osmunder, a name for the god Tlior. |
Only tile fcilldwiuH: nccur in North Anu-r'ca.
1. (). rixalis.
Six species, niiisllv of the nortli tinipcr.itc /^unc
Leaves l)ii)inimte, fertile iil the apex.
Sterile leaves hipinnalit'nl.
Pinnae of sterile leaf villi a iMl'l iif tnuuntuni .it Imse ; I'erliU- leaf distinct fnini sterile.
2. If. I i inuinii^nitii.
I'innae nl' sterile leaf witlin\il a tiifl iif tiinuntnni at b.ise : leaves fertile in the niiddk .
,i. r>. Cliivliiiiiiiiiit.
^
oiled in
:he pin-
ring of
mis ; in
tver .snr-
I. Osmunda regalis I^. Royal Fern.
( I'i.i;. S.)
(fsniniiilii iti;ijlis \,. .Sp. PI. iiXi.,. ir.S.v
Rootstock stout, hearin,i( a cluster of several
tall hipinnate leaves, 2°-6° high, and i"or more
wide. Sterile pinnae 6'-i2' long, 2'-4' wide,
the pinnules ohlong-ovate or lanceolateohlong,
sessile or slightly stalked, ,glal)rous, finely ser-
rulate, especially near the ajjcx and occasionally
crenate towards the base which is truncate,
oblitpie or even cordate ; fertile innmiles linear-
cylindric, iianiclcd at the summit, withering
and shrivelling with age, greenish before ma-
turity, but becoming dark brown after the
spores have fallen.
Ill swaiiijis and luarslies. New Ilniiiswiek to
I'liirida. west to tile N'ortliwesl Territory and .Mis
sissippi, .\lsii ill Mexico. ICunipe anil .\sia. .\s
ceiuls to v««i ft. ill X'ii'Kiiiia. May July.
2. Osmunda cinnamomea I., Cinnamon Fern. (Fig. 9.)
\\'. fit 0^..
'" Osiiiiiiiihi ( iiiiitiiiiinin\i L. Sp. ri. icni(). I7,S,V
Rootstock very large, widely creeping, bear-
ing a circular cluster of sterile leaves with one
or more fertile ones within. Stipes 1° or more
long, clothed with ferruginous tomcntuiii when
young, glabrous when old ; sterile leaves i^-s"
long, glabrous when mature, except a small tuft
of totiientum at , "■ base of each pinna ; pinnae
linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatiful into oblong
obtuse segments ; fertile leaf contracted, bipin-
natc, soon withering ; sporanges cinnamon-col-
ored after the copious green spores have been
discharged.
In wet i)laces. Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south
to I'lorida and Mexico. iMirnis <pccurwith leaves
variously intermediate between tlie fertile and ster-
ile; some beitijf sterili' at the apex, others in the
middle, others on one side only. Ascends to 56(X) ft.
in Virginia. May-June.
».. '*^fc^!rfi**t»w«*...;6;ej>^.:^»r
^^A.>^
OSMfN'DACKAE.
3. Osmunda Claytoniana L. Clayton's
I''cni. ( I"i
10.
(>\)iiiiiitlii <'l,i\liiiiitiiiii I, Sp. I'l. i"H<. 175,?.
Oui//iiii/,i I'/i/ii I ii/>/,i Michx. I'l. lii.r. Am. 2 : 27V
Rootstock stout, bearinjr a circle of 2-piiinat-
ifiil leaves 2°-6° lii><li, 6'-iu' wiik- ; sterile pinnae
wil'iout tufts of toiiieiitum at the base, linear-
lanceolate, deeply cleft into obloii).^ obtuse seg-
ments, some of the leaves contracted in the
niiiMlc and bearing 25 jiairs of fertile pinnate
])innae with dense, cylind.ic divisions which are
.greenish at first, afterwards dark brown, finally
withering; leaves clothed with tonientuni when
young, glabrous when mature, the fertile ones
taller than the sterile, and rmally widely re-
curving.
In swatii])saii(l luciisi scjil, NiufcnnKlliiiul IciMiii-
nisiita sniuli t(i Nnrtii Can)liiia and .\[i>iS(iuri, As-
CL-nds t<i .s.NKi t't. in \'irKinia. Also in India. Jlay-
J"iy-
Family 3. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE C.atul. in Freyc. \'oy. 262. 1826.
1"ii,:mn-i'i:kx 1'.\mii.v.
Meiiibranaceoiis, iiiosllx- small fcrii.s with filifonn or sk-nder crcL-jiin.i;' foot-
stocks. I.,eaves ii.stially imicli diviclccl. vSi):)ran,nes SL-ssik 011 a filiform, usually
eloiiiratc'd receptacle, surnmiuled 1)\- a traiis\erse rinj.; which oi)ens \ertically.
TwoRcnera. /fyini'iiiif>li)ihiiii I,., and Iht- roUowinsr. C(iiiii)risins; smiK- 20 i sixciis. viiy ;i1)und
ant in tmpieal reg-ions, a few dccurring in llic Icinp.rali- zcmcs.
I. TRICHOMANES L. Sp. PI. 1097. 1753.
Delicate filmy ferns, the leaves usually much divided. vSjiorangcs ilattencd, surrounded
by a broad entire transverse ring opening vertically, sessile on the lower jiart of the slender
filiform receptacle. Receptacle surrounded by a tubular or funnel-shaped in<lusiuin which
is truncate or slightly adippe 1. [Cireek, in allusion to the thin hair-like segments of some
species.]
Abniit Mil species, ninslly ul' lriii)ical ret;iiiiis. Ik-nidrs Uk- fiiUnwinj!-, aiuitlier occurs in .Mabaina.
I. Trichomanes radicans ,S\v.
Hristle-fcrii. ( V\\r. i 1. 1
Tri, lioiimiic^ I tu/iitiii.s i^w. V\. Ind. ( )cc. 3: 17,16.
1 Si Kj.
Rootstock filiform, wiry, tomentose, creep-
ing. Stipes I petioles) ascending, i'-:;'
long, naked or nearly so ; leaves 2'-S' long,
8"-iyi' wide, membranaceous, lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, 2-j;-pinnatifid ; pinnae
ovate, obtuse, the upper side of the cuneate
base parallel with or appressed to the nar-
rowly winged rachis ; segments toothed or
cut into linear divisions ; iudusia terminal
on short lobes, 1-4 on a pinnule, the mouth
slightly 2 lipped ; receptacle more or less
exserted, bristle like, bearing the sessile
sporanges n'ostly near the base.
On wet rocks, Kentucky to IMorida and .\la.
baina. Al.so in the West Indies, Mexico, trop.
ie.il America, iCurope, Asia and Africa. Summer.
.4*i
i826.
abiiiul
I
CLIMBING I'KRN lAMII V. ^
Family 4. SCHIZAEACEAE Rciclieiil). Coi'.-j). 39. 1S2.S.
I'eriis of various lial)it, with siiaj)lL (jr jntiiu.t.' leaves. Six)ranj;L's lH)riie
in spikes or i>aiiicles, ovoid, sessile, provided with an ajncal rin^, oi)eninj> verti-
call.v hy a lon^iuidinal slit.
I'ivc Ki"i-'':i 'IIkI !il)()iit 7.S sj)rciis, llu- foHiA.iiijf ^I'li'Tii i<l>rtstint(l in iIk- iioitli IcmiK-rate
/(inc. tlic iitlurs liciiiiiMl in (li^lnbuUim.
SporanKis in t-lusi- j ratikiil -.pike- ; Uaws liUrcirni.
S])ni.injfis ill aiiii)k- panirks ; pinnnlis iialniaU-.
1. Si//i:iiiir.
2. I.vviitliiiiii,
I. SCHIZAEA J. ]■;. Sniitli, Mem. Acad. Tor. 5: 419. />/• -"a /• 9- 179.,.
Small slentlcr ferns with filiform or liiicpr leaves, the fertile distinct from the sterile.
Sporan^cs sessile in close distichous spikes alonj; the single vein < r th 'larrow divisions of
the fertile leaves, provided with a complete apical rinj;. [(irerk, in allusion to the cleft
leaves of some species.]
.\ ttciuis (if 1(1 sptciis, iif wide jriMi;;r.i|)lii(.' disliilni
tiiiii. incistly ill tr(i])ical ic>riiiii>.
I. Schizaea pusilla Piirsli.
( P'ij!;. 12. )
Curlv-orass.
Silii-:ti,;i f>ii.\ilUi I'ursli, I'l. ,\iii. Sipt. I'S'- 1"^I4-
Sterile leaves linear, very slender and tortuous,
l-'crtile leaves longer, 3'-5' high, the fertile por-
tion terndnal, consisting of about 5 pairs of
crowded pinnae, forming a distichous spike ;
sporanges ovoid or pyriform, sessile in two rows
along the single vein of the narrow incurved linear
divisions of the fertile leaf, partially concealed by
its incurved margins which are hooded at the apex
and c''.iate ; ring apical, the sporanges opening by
a vertical slit.
In wet soil, pini' barniis (if New Jirsiy and in
Nova Scotia. Kar(.- and bical. .\utr. -Sii>l.
2. LYGODIUM 8\v. vSclirad. Journ. Hot. 2 : 106. 1800.
Twining or climbing ferns, the lower divisions sterile, variously stalked and lobed, the
fertile terminal, panicled. Sporanges ovoid, solitary or two together in the axils of indiri-
catcd scale-like indusia, provided with an apical ring, opeiung vertically. Indusia fixed by
their broad bases to short oblicjue veinlets. [Greek, in allusion to the flexible stipes.]
Sixti'cn sjH-cic'S. iiKistly (if trdpic.il distributidii.
I. Lygodium palmatum ( Bernli. ) S\v.
Climhini;- Fern. Hartford I'\rn.
(Kij;-. 1 3. '
(I'hiif^lii is pii.'nald IkTiih. .Sclirad. Jdiirii. lint. 2: I2().
iSim.
/.\!;i>(/iiim />iii'iii.i/iiiii Sw. ^yu. l''il. i,s4. iSmi.
Rootstock slender, creeping. Stipes slender,
flexible and twining ; leaves i°-3° long, their short
alternate branches 2-forke(l, each fork bearing a
nearly orbicular 4-7-lobed pinnule which is more
or less cordate at the base with a narrow sinus ;
surfaces naked ; fertile pinnules contracted, sev-
eral times forked, forming a terminal panicle ;
sporanges siditary, borne on the alternate veins
which spring from the flexuous inidvein of the
segments, each covered by a scaledike indusiuin.
Ill nidist thickets and dptii Wdods, Massachusetts to
I'cnnsylvaiiiii. sdutli tii IMorida and Tciim-sscc. As-
cends to 2iii(i ft. ill eastern I'eniisvlvania. Sunnner.
,„ir^>:»-T;ri^^k;aw.i*r •> -r
8 POIA'PODIACFAIv.
Family 5. POLYPODIACEAE R. IJr. I'ro.lr. I-l. Xov. IIoll. i: 145. icSio,
1'i:rn 1*amii,v.
Ferns of various lial)it, the rodstooks horizontal, often elongated, or short
and erect, tlie leaves sini])le, ])iiniate, ]>innatifi(l or deconntound, coiled in ver-
nation. Si)oran.ues Ixn'ne in dusters ( sori ) on the lower side or niar^Mus of llie
leaves or their segments, stalked, ])rovided with a vertical rin^ of cells, open-
injr transversely. Sori with or without a nienihranaceous coveriuj;- ( indusimn 1.
Prothalliuni .y;reen.
Abniit /.iciiuni and ^i^ihi s|nciis (if vi ry widi- Ki.i>Ki'.i|)liic distriliiition. Tlu' fiimilv iiicliKK'S
ny lar tin- jtuaUr miiiibir nf liviiiK ferns.
SporcbiarinK leaves cUisely rolled IdKelher. with necklace like seiimenls.
Leaves all flat iir their ed^es only slijjhlly reviilnte.
.Sori dorsal or marginal, provided wiih special iiidusia.
Sori roundish, indusi.-i less than twice as lonn as broad.
Indnsinni wholly inferior.
Indusinin roiiiKlish (^r stellate. 2. U'lhiilun.
Indnsinni Clip shaped or somewhat 2-valved. ^. />iii:s,iiii,i.
Indnsinni partly inferidr. fixed by a bmad base and eiielosiiiK the sori like a h 1.
. (. ( 'vs/iif>/iris.
Iiidiismni sniierior, fi.vcd by its centre or sinns. s. Ih viifi/ri is.
Sori linear or oblong ; indnsia more than twice .as lonj;- as broad.
■Sori ill chaiiidike rows parallel to the miilribs or rachises. 7. lI'tHHluiinliii.
.Sori all <ibli(iue to the midrib or rachises ; veins free.
Sori eonllneiil in pairs with an apparciitlv double indusium opeiiiiiK in the middle ■
leaf simple. S. Sm/iipriu/i iiiii/.
Sori sinjfle on the upper side of a veiiilet or rarely crossing it.
10. .Is/i/ri/iiini.
Son partly par.illel to the midrib, parti v oblique; veins united, q. ( iiinplosunis.
Sori with niaruiual iiulusia formed of the more or less altered edije of the leaf.
.SporailKcs at the ends of veins, borne 011 a refle.ved i)ortioii of the leaf.
11. AiliiUihnii.
Sporauircs borne on a oontiunons vein like receptacle which couuects the apices of the
vii"^- 12. I'Inii.
SporaiiKcs at or near the ends of nuconnected veins.
Leaves of two forms : stipt'S pale, \x Cry/>/,<i;i ,111111111.
Leaves uniform ; stipes usually dark colored.
Sori mostly forniiuK a conliiinous indnsinni around the segment.
14. I'liliUii.
Son niinnte : iudnsium usually interrupted, if coiitimioiis the segments small and
liead-like. i:;. Cli<ilirii/li,s.
Son without indnsia.
•Sori linear and marjfinal. 16. .\,illi,<l,u'iia.
Sori roundish or not more than twice as Iouk as broad.
Stipes articulated to the rootstocks ; leaves in our species ])iiinalifid.
, . . 17. /'itlypihihini.
Stipes not articulated to the rootstocks ; leaves in our species 2 -,vpi"iiatifid or ternate.
6. /'/iiXi>/>/<'''i.s.
I. ONOCLEA L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753.
Coarse ferns with the fertile leaves closely rolled up into necklace-like or berry-like
segments, and entirely unlike the broad pinnatifid sterile ones. Sori round, borne on the
back of the veins. Indusium very thin and membranous, hemispheric or hood-shaped, fixed
at the inferior side of the sorus. Sporanjjes pedicclled, provided with a dorsal rinj?, burst-
ing transversely. Fertile leaves unrolling at maturity, allowing the spores to escape, and
remaining long after the sterile leaves have been killed by frost. [Name ancient, not
originally applied to these plants.]
Three species, natives of cold and temperate rcR-i(ms. Only the followiiiK are known to occur
in North .\merica.
Fertile leaf bipinnate : veins anastomosinjf. i. O. .U'iisi7>i7i.f.
Fertile leaf simply pinnate ; veins free. 2. ci Shulliioplfiis.
I'RRN I'AMILV,
I. Onoclea sensibilis L.
( I'i^. 14. )
Onmliii siiisihilis I.. Sp. I'l. 111*12.
Sensitive laTii.
1 r.i,^
Rootstook rather slender, co|)iou.sly rootiiij; ; fer-
tile leaves i"-2'i" high, persistent over winter,
iiiucli contracted, and with short pinnules rolled
up into herry-like dosed involucres forining a nar-
row panicle ; sterile leaves l°-4''° high, broadlv
triangular, dueply pinnatifid, the segments lanceo-
late-oblong, entire, undulate, or the lower pairs
sinuate-piniiatifid ; veins freely anastomosing ; low-
est segments t.-ipering both ways from the middle ;
ve!n^• forming a somewhat regular series of semi-
elliptic areoles next the midvtin and numerous
smaller areoles between this series and the margin.
In ni 'St soil, Ni'u t'diinillaiid and (Intarici tn tlu
Northwest Tcnitciry, smitli id I'lcirida, Louisiana and
Kansas. Ascends \,> ^oiKift. in \'irj;inia. N'arious in-
ternuiliati- forms hctuii n llu- sUrik- and tVnik- leaves
occur. Seusitivi- to larly frosls. .Xtij;. -Nov.
;ill and
2. Onoclea Struthiopteris i L. ) IIolTm.
Ostrich P'ern. ( Fi}j^. 13.)
OsDiiiiiiIti S/ni/liiiif>liris I,. .Sj). I'l. lofih. 17,S,V
(liiKdrii Sliiilliiiifthris MotTni. Deulsch. I'l. 2 ; ir.
Rootstock stout, ascending, bearing a circle
of sterile leaves with one or more fertile ones
within. l'"ertile leaves i°-r '>° high, simply
pinnate with necklace-shaped pinnae which are
formed of the closely revolute margins ; .sori
crowded and confluent ; sterile leaves 2°--j°
high, 6'-i5' wide, broadly lance<date, pin-
nate, much the broadest above the middle and
gradually tapering below, the lower pinnae
being gradually much reduced ; veins pin-
nate, free and simple ; texture firm ; rootstocks
stoloniferous.
In moist thickets, especially aloiijt streams. Nova
Scoliii to New Jersey, west to llritisli (Johiiiibia and
Illinois, .\scends to 2c«ki ft. in VeniKint. .Mso in
I'UiroiR- and .\sia. July-Oct.
2. WOODSIA R. Hr. Trans. I.iini. Sue. ii : itc
1S12.
Small or niedimn-sizcd ferns, growing in rocky places, with i-2-pinnate or pinnatifid
leaves and round sori borne on the backs of simply forkf 1 free veins. Indusia inferior,
thin and often evanescent, roundish or stellate, either small and ojicn or early bursting at
the top into irregular lobes or segments. Stipes often jointed above the base and separating
at the joint. [Name in honor of Joseph Woods, 1776-1.S64, English architect and botanist.]
About i.s species, natives of tenii>i'rale and cold retfions. liesides the followins. anotlur oc-
curs in the southweslern I'liited States.
Indusium niituite or evanescent, flat, concealed beneath the sonis. its margin cleft into slender
hair-like seK"ients.
Stipes obscurely jointed near the base: cilia of the indusium inflexed over the sporanjres.
Leaves with more or less rusty chalT underneath. i. (/'. //zriisis.
Leaves ({labroiis or nearly so.
Leaf lanceolate, not tapering below; pinnae cordateovate, ,s-7-lobed. 2. W. ii/f>iiia.
Leaf linear or linear-oblong, often taperinjf both ways; pinnae deltoid, t,. II'. lilahi-lla.
Stipes not joint- il; cilia of ihe indusiiini very sliort, hidden by the sporanges.
I'uberulent; indusium deeply cleft, ending in hairs with cylindric cells. .\. 11'. Si«f>iiliiia.
Leaves and stipes Rlabrous ; indusium divided to centre into headed hairs. 5. II'. (1ni;ciii<i.
Indusium distinct, at first cnelosiiiK the sporauRes, splitting into jagged lobes. 6. //'. ohiii.ia.
lO
Woo Isia Ilvensis
rOI.VI'ODIACKAI-;.
L. I K. Mr. Riist\- W'oodsia.
.\i rus/iiliinn lli'iiisr I,. Sp. I'l. r..;
ll'iimlsia //ri'>i.ii\ K. lii. Ti;m>
IM2,
( Via. I f'. )
I. inn. Sn
i7.t-
Koolstock short, cacsi>itose. Incases lam-colatf, 4'-
iii' limfj, ])innali.', j,'lal irons above, iiiorf or less I'overeil
Willi rusty olialT IxMicath, as are also the slender stipes;
pinnae crowded, sessile, innnately parteil, the crowded
segments olilonj^, obscurely crcnate ; stipes jointed
near the base; sori borne near the nKirj,'ins of the
sej^tiients, somewhat conlluent when old ; indusiunj
minute, ciincealed beneath the sonis, its marf^in cleft
into fdiform scjrmcnts which arc indexed over the
sporan^es and inconspicuous, especially when the
latter have scattered their spores.
(In ixpiisi-d rock^^, I/ihradnr and Cncnland In tlie
Nortlnvisl Tirrilnry. sniilli tn North Carcilin.i and Kcii-
liuky. Ascitnls tn 5c»i,) I't. in Niw II iniiisliire. Also in
I';uni])i- ,111(1 Asia. Jiiiu- .\iik.
2. Woodsia alpina (RoUoii) S. V. C.iay.
Alpine W'ood.sia. ( Fit,'. 17, 1
Sli
.■\i ruslii iiinii (i/f^iiniiii lidllini, I'il, lirit.
.■Iti'dsh'i /ill HI Inf'i I hill ,11111 I.iljili. .\cl
I7'M-
U'lUHlsiii lnf>iil<,ii,,i K. lir. Tr.in^. l.inn. S<
lf<12.
Wdinlsi,! iilpiiiii S. I'. C.rav
1S21.
17')".
ikh. jnl.
X.it. .\rr. Ilrit. I'l.
Rootstock short, caespitose. Leaves narrowly ob-
lonK-lanceolate, 2'-6' long, ,S"-i2" wide, .scarcely
narrower below the middle ; pinnae cordate-ovate
or triangular-ovate, pinnately ,s-7-lobed, glabrous
or very nearly soon both surfaces; stipes jointed
near the base ; sori somewhat scattered on the seg-
ments ; indusium as in the preceding species.
On moist rocks. I/ibrailor to .\laska, south to Maim-,
nortlurii Xi \v York and wcslirn (Intario. .Xscciuls to
42c«irt. in Wriiiont. Jllly-.\u^r.
■4
•3
^^',
3. Woodsia glabella R. Hr. vSiiiooth
W'ood.sia. ( Viff. iS ).
U'oodsiii ^liilullii R. Hr. App. iMMiiklin's Journ. 7^4.
Rootstock small, caespitose. Stipes obscurely
jointed at the base ; leaves linear or narrowly lan-
ceolate, 2 '-5' long, 4" 8" wi le ; pinnae deltoid to
ovate, the lower remote, obtu.sc, crenately lobed,
often somewhat smaller than the middle ones,
glabrous or nearly so ; sori scattered on the seg-
ments ; indusium minute, membranous, with 6-10
radiating segments, covered by the sporauges, its
filamentous segments only inflexed over them
when young as in the two preceding species.
On moist rocks. Labrador to Alaska, south to New
11 impsliiie. Vcrrnonl. northern New York and the
novlh shore of l.ake .Superior. .Vlso in arctic and
alpine liurope and .Vsia. Summer.
IKRN lAMII.V.
1 I
751-
to New
111(1 the
tic and
4. Woodsia scopulina I). C. lialmi.
l<()ck\ Moiiiilain W'lHxlNia. ( V\^. nj. 1
l-'i.S.
C. Iv.it. 111. Cull. Nut. a; <)>y
Koot.sldck short, cRcpiiij.;, densely cliiiU'v. Stipes .
2' 4' loii.i;, not jointed, inihcnilent like the rachis ^
and lower siirfai'i- of the leaf with ininnle ll.ittened \ \
hairs and stalked (glands; leaves l.inceolatc, h'-i2'
loiiKi tapcrinv,' fioni alionl the middle to lioth ends ;
Iiiniiae numerous, olilonj; -ovate, pinnatilid into
10-16 ohlong toothed segments; indusiuni hidden
licneath the s]ii)ranfies, very deeply eleft into short
cilia with eylindrie cells
III envin-s of rcu-U--, iinitlu rii Miiiiusnlu and wisl-
i ru I nil iiin til I )iiniiii. -ciiilh in llu Kniky Muiiiitains
tip .\ii/niia and in llu- Siirra Nt vada In Califnniia.
Suiiinui.
5. Woodsia Oregana I). C. Ivatoii. ()ii.');'>ii Wixxlsia. 1 I''i,l,^
:o. )
s:
ir,i,i,/si:i <>i,x,iii,i I). C. Iviloii, Can, Nat 2 : i).p. is^.s,
ll'oi'i/Md (ililii.sii var. /,!.///// Ili.nk. Syii. I'll. .(S. iSOS.
Rootstock short. Stipes a.\u\ leaves j.;lal)rous
throughout; stipes not jointed, brownish below;
K-aves 2'-iu' long, elliiHie-lanceolatc, the sterile
shorter tlian the fertile ; pinnae triangular-oblong,
obtuse, pinnatifid ; lower pinnae reduced in size
and somewhat remote from the others; rachis
straw-colored ; segments oblong or ovate, dentate
or creiiate, the teeth often reflexed and covering
the submargiiial sori ; iudusia minute, concealed
by the sporanges, divided almost to the centre into
a few beaded hairs
On nicks. iiiiillKiii Miclii(;aii and Miiiiusnta ;ind
M iiiituba t(i lirilisli Coluiiiliia. M>iitli in the Knky
.Moiiiilains In .Xvizmia and in the Sicrr.i Nevada tn Cal-
ilcpniia. Jnly-.\uR.
6. Woodsia obtusa ( vSprciig;. ) Toir. I5hmt-li)l)L'(l Woodsia.
]'ol\f>iiilii(iii ohIiiMini Spring. .\nUit. (|2. 1S04.
Jlyf>of'rl/is olitiisii Tnrr. Cmnp. .^ni. 1*^2. |.
Il'aii,/si,i iihliis,! Tnrr. Cat. I'l. in Cinl. Ki-p. N. V. 19.S.
I'iL
I.V|n.
Rootstock short, creeping. Stipes not jointed,
pale green, ,^'-6' long ; leaves broadly lanceolate,
6'-i5' long, minutely glandular-pubescent, nearly
2-pinnate ; pinnae rather remote, triangular-ovate,
or oblong, pinnately jiarted into obtuse oblong
creuatc-dcutatc segments ; veins forked and bear-
ing the sori on or near the minutely toothed lobes ; ^:^>'o\f5''S!^%'
indusium conspicuous, at first enclosing the spor- '^~-iJ.S^^:P^-^'/-^
anges, at length splitting into several jagged lobes,
which are much wider than those in any of the pre-
ceding species.
!I. )
?'.>Wi->
On rucks. Ndva Scotia laccnrdiiiK to Macmin i and
M line tn iinrtlurn New York. Wiscniisiii and liritisli
Cnliinibia, sniitli tn Ceninia. .Mabaiiia. the Indian Tcr-
litniy aiul .\riznna. Ascends to 23iki ft. in Vii'tfinia.
July-AuR.
12
POLYPODIACEAK.
3. DICKSON lA LHcr. Scrtuiii Aiik^I. 30. 17SS.
Large ferns witli 2-;,-])iiiiiatiful leaves, and creeping or erect rootstock^, many tropical
species arborescent. Sori small, globular, marginal or submarginal. Sporanges borne in
an elevated globular receptacle, enclosed in the membranous cupshapcd inferior iiidusinni
which is open at the top and on the outer side adherent to a reflcxcd toothlet of tlie leaf
Sporanges pedicelled, i)rovi(led with a vertical ring which bursts trmisversely. Veins always
free. [Xame in honor of James Dickson, Ivnglish nurseryman and botanist, i7_^S-i.S22.]
Abdut 50 si)i-cii'S. Ill" \vi(k- (listributi'iii, ilu- uriiittr tunnbi.r in trupic-al Anurica and I'nlyiusia.
I. Dicksonia punctilobula ( Miclix. ) A. (kay. ITay-scLiittd I'orn.
.Xi/>/iriiifi/iiii /'iiiii/i/o/iii/in// Miflix. I'l. lior. Am. 2 :
26.'^. 1^11,5.
DiiksiDiiit ftilosiiisiiilii Willd. l^nuni. 1117(1. iSik).
Difksoiiid f>iiii(liliil>iitii .\. Cray, Man. 62S. i,S(S.
Rootstock slender, extensively creeping, not
chaffy. Stipes stout, chartless, pale green and
sweet-scented ; leaves i^-,i° long, $'-<■)' wide, ovate-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, frefiuenlly long-
attenuate, usually vpinnatifid, thin and delicate;
rachis and under surface minutely glandular and t^ ^tj. jT-"^,
pubescent; sori minute, each on a recurved tooth- ■CZ^^i^'t^J^')^^
let, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe ;
sporanges few; indusiuni cup-shaped with a<lelicate
membranous irregular margin.
In various situations, most .ilnuKlant on (ipin liill-
sidi's, New lirunswick and Ontarid t(i Indiana and Min
UL'Siila lacciinlinsi Id rpliani 1, south to .Mabania and
Teinifssef. .Vscfuds to ,s6(h) fl. in Virginia. .\iiK.
(.^XX^^
4. CYSTOPTERIS Hernh. vSchrad. Xfite.s Jouni. Hot. i: Part 3, 26. 1806.
Delicate rock ferns with slender stipes, 2-4-pinua;e leaves, and roundish sori borne on
the backs of the veins. Indusium membranous, hood like, attached by a broad base on
its inner side and partly under the .sorus, early oper ing and somewhat evanescent. Veins
free. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a trans'.-erscly bursting vertical ring. [Greek,
signifying Bladder-fern, in allusion to the inllatcd indusium.]
Five si)i'cii.-s. natives of the north tenipLiale zone. Only the following known in N'drlli .\nierica.
I<caves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2-,vi)iiniate.
Leaves broadest at base, lonsf-laiierinK. bearing bullilels beneath.
Leaves hcarcely broader at base, short-pointed; no bull)lels.
Leaves deltoid-ovale, V4 pinnate.
I. ( '. biillu/fia.
('. iiiiiii/iiiiii.
.1
I. Cystopteris bulbifera i L. ) Ikriili.
Ihilhk't Cystopteri.s. ( Fij;. 23. )
l'i<lrf>iidiiiiii hidhi/ii ion I,. Sp. IM. ii»)i- '7.\v
Ci'siiift/iiii hidhifi-iii Ikrnh. Schr.id. N'enes Journ.
11 .t. i: I'art 2, 2(5. iSoCi.
Rootstock short, copiously rooting. Stipes 4'-6'
long, light colored; leaves elongated, lanceolate
from a broad base, i°-2;<° long, 2-;vpinnatifid or
pinnate ; pinnules crowded, toothed or piunatifid ;
rachis wingless, commonly bearing underneath in
the axils of the pinnae and segments, large fleshy
bulblets which fall away and propagate the plant;
indusia short, truncate on the free side, early
thrown back and withering so that the sori appear
naked at maturity.
On wet nieks an<l in ravines, especially on limestone,
(Juebec to Wisconsin, south to Tennessee and .\rkansas.
.\scends to .vso" ft. in Virginia. July-.\ug.
FI'RN FAMILY.
13
2. Cystopteris fragilis ( L. ) Bornh
J'<i/\/>i'(/iiiiii O iix'i'/f I,, Sp. I'l
C'rsliifilnis fnisiilis
Jdiirn. Hut. I : Tart
IIKII, 1
Ikriih. Sclirad.
, 27. lS()*).
NflRS
Hrittle Fern. ( V\^. 24. )
'1'7
Rootstook short. Stipes 4'-S' lonjj ; leaves
thill, oblotiji-lniiceolate, only slightly taper-
ing below, 4'-io' long, 2-,vpinuatifi(l or pin-
nate ; pinnae lanceolate-ovate, irregularly
pinnalifid, with a broad central space and
bluntly or sharply toothed segments dccur-
rent along the margined or winged rachis,
without bulblets ; indusia narrow or acute
at the free end, early withering and exposing
the sori which finallj- ap])ear naked ; texture
membranous.
On nicks and in moist Kiassy woods. Xiw-
foiindliUKl to Alaska, soulli to (ii-ornia anil Ari-
zona. .Msii in Sonlli and Ctntral .Vniirica,
lUiioiK-. .\sia and New /calan<l ; alniosl cosmo-
politan in disliibution. .\socnds to S'xk) ft. in
N\\v IIanii)sliirc. May-^July.
3. Cystopteris montana (Lam.) ILrnli. Moiiiitain Cystopteris. ( Fij>. 25.)
J M
I'lil yfiiiiliiiiii iiii>iil(iiiiiiii I.ani. I'l. I'rancf. i :
cy.s/"/i/iris iiioii/iiihi llc-rnh. Schrail. N'cucs
Journ. l!ot. I : I'art 2, 3I1. iSo^>.
Kootstock slender, widely creeping. Stipes
fi'-g' long, slender ; leaves deltoid-ovate, 3-4-
I)innate, about 6' long and broad, the lowest
])innae deltoid-lanceolate and much larger
than the ui)per, their inferior pinnules
I '-I 'i' long ; segments deeply divided into
oblong lobes, deeply toothed ; sori numer-
ous ; indusia acute, soon withering, cxjios-
in.g the sori and causing them to appear
naked at maturity.
On rocks. Labrador ,ind Ouiliic to Hrilisli
Columbia. so\Uli lo llii' norUi shore ol' Lake Sn
piriot. ami in tlu' Uocky Mountains to Colorailo.
.\lso in nonliL-ru Ivuropi- and .\sia. .\iik.
5. DRYOPTERIS Adans. Fniii. PI. 2; 20. lyr,,^,
[.\si'ii)llM Sw. .Schrad. Journ. Hot. 2 : 4. iScm).]
Kerns with i-.vpinuate or pinnatifid leaves and round sori usually borne on the backs of
the veins, the fertile and sterile le.ivcs similar in outline. Itulusium Hat or llattish, orbicular
and peltate or cordate-rcniforni, superior, fixed by its sinus or depressed centre. .Stipe con-
tinuous, not jointed with the rootstock. Sporanges abundant, pedicellcd, the vertical ring
bursting transversely. Veins free in the northern species, uniting occasionally or even freely
in some of the southern. [Greek, signifying Oak-fcrii, in allusion to the forest habitat of
most species.]
About ,VS'> species, of wide Keonraphic distribution. IksiiUs the following sonic lo others
occur in the soulliern ami western parts of North .\iiierica. The first three species are siimetinies
separated as a distinct Kemis. ( l'«l\sliiliin)i Kolh, \';^~. )
■ -^•*IWl.lLU.iJ.llJipi|>i
14
Indiisi
POIA'rODIACI'AE.
utn iirbii'Ular, intire, iR'Hale, lixi-d by llii' (U])rt-isi(l (.-iiiln.'
iivis (iiu'f i)iiiniiU-.
StiiKS slum ; liiwir ])iiiiiai- imicli uducrd.
Stiprs Idiisftr : IdWir i)iniiac- usually little Rilucid.
I.tavts l)i])iiiiiati-.
Inilusium (.nnlati' riniform or orhioular. fixed by the siiiiis.
Texture tliiii ineiiihraiKius ; veins simple or oiiee furked ; It
I.nwer pinnae very inueli reduced.
I.dwer i)inuae little smaller than the middle ones.
\'eii\s 1 -2-1'iirked : sori emwded. id 12 to a segment.
Veins simple ; snri larger, distinet, |-in to a sennuiit
Texture firmer, sometimes snbeotiaeeous ; veins forking freely
Leaves 2-piunalifid or 2 pinnate ; seuiueuts noL spinul
Leaves small, narrowly lanceolate.
Leaves lar^fir. mostly i'-"'-,s' liinh.
Indusia hMVe. thinnish and flat,
rimiae widest at the liase.
Pinnae widest at the middle,
ludnsia convex, without marginal glands.
Sori near the marRin.
Sori near the niidvein.
Leaves 2 -piimate or vpimiatifid : seunuuts spiiuilose-toolhed
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, usually not narrowed below ; s
dark centre.
Lea.ves eloU!j:ated-lanceolate, usually narrowed at the base
brown.
1.
^■
/>.
/.OIK /lilis.
iiiiii.slicliiiiitrs.
Hi ail llii.
ives
pinnalifiil
-1-
11.
.Vo:-i'horiiiiii.^i.-i
elv.
5-
6.
n.
n.
V/irh'/'/fii.s.
si III II III III.
7.
IK
f'l'fl^ I'd IIS.
S.
0.
n.
i>.
( ris/ii/ii.
(,'iilc/iiilllil.
10.
J 1.
n.
n.
iiidii^imilis.
l''ili.V-lllllS.
ales of stipes usually with a
12. /'. spill II Ins, I.
scales of the stipes pale
1 ^ P. Itoollii.
I. Dryopteris Lonchitis i L. i Kuiit/.e. Holly-fcriL i Fio;. 26.
I'lilrpiiiliinii l.mnliitii L. Sp. I'l. m.ss. [755.
Asliiiliiiiii l.iiiii iii/iiSw. Schrad. Jouru. Hot. 2: 50. iS(ki.
Dryiipli lis l.diii iii/is KwuU.i.-. Kev. den. 1'1.."<I,(. iSoi,
Rootstock short, stout, densely cliafFy. Stipes
I '-5' long, bearing large dark brown scales with
some smaller ones ; leaves rigid, coriaceous, ever-
green, narrowly lanceolate in outline, once pinnate;
pinnae broadly lanceolate-falcate, i'-2' long, acute
or acuminate at the apex, strongly auriclcd on the
upper side at the base and obli(iuely truncate on
the lower, ilensely spinulose-dentatc, the lowest
commonly triangular and shorter ; sori large, at
length contiguous, borne nearer the margin than
the midrib, commonly (piite close to the margin ;
indusium orbicular, entire, fixed by its depressed
centre.
On rocks, Labrador to Alaska, south to Ontario and
Hritish Columbia, and in the Kocky ^bluntaius to
I'tah, .\lso in northern ICurope .and .\sia. .\uK.
Dryopteris acrostichoides ( Micl.x. i Ktiiitze. Cliristnias Fern. ( P'ig. 27.)
s.'ic/mii/is Michx. I'l, lior. .\m. 2 : 267,
.\iplinutiiiiii dill
1.S15.
.Ispii/iiiiii dii nsliiliiiiilis Sw. Syn. 1m1.
PiVi'pti I is dcii'sliilioidis Kmitze, kev.
11. lS,rf).
Ceu. ri. M2.
1S91.
Rootstock stout, creeping. Stipes 5'-;' long,
densely chaffy; leaves lanceolate in outline, 6'-2°long,
.i'-5' wide, rigid, evergreen, subcoriaccous. once pin-
nate ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, somewhat falcate, I'-j'
long, acutish at the apex, half halberd-shaped at the
base, bristly with appresscd teeth, the lower little
smaller, .sometimes dellexed ; fertile fronds contracted
at the summit, bearing the large contiguous sori near
the middle, which soon cover the whole lower sur-
face ; indusiuni orbicular, entire, fixed by its depressed
centre, persistent.
In woods and on hillsides, most abundant in rooky
places, .New Hrunswick and Nova .Scotia to I'lorida, west
to Ontario, Wisconsin and Mississippi. .Vsceiids to 2700
ft. in Marylaiul. Ju1v-.\uk.
lM)rms with cut lof)ed or incised pinnae arc known as
var. .Silratiiiil:ii : occasional forms are 2 pintiatifi<l.
,>/
I pi
2 : 267.
I-KRN 1-AMII,Y
3. Dryopteris Braunii { Speimcr i riukrw.
Aspidiiiiii Hiiiiniii Spitiiur. I'l. I"rib. i : i|. 1S25.
,tsf>i(/i'ifiii <ii ii/iii/iii/i var. /liiiinii/ Ddcll, Kliiiii. I'l.
21. IS^.V
Piyii/itcri'i tiiiiliiilii var. /liinniii I'lnUrw. Nativt-
(•■(.■nis. VA. ), ii2. [S(|^,
Rootstock stout. Stipes 4'-j' Ions, chalTy with
botli broad and narrow brown scales ; leaves oh-
long-lanccolatc, not coriaceous, 2 pinnate, the
rachis chaffy, at least below ; pinnae numerous,
close tofjether, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
broadest at the base, cut to the midvein into ovate
or oblong pinnules; middle pinnae 2^i'-.\' long,
the lower gradually shorter ; pinnules truncate and
nearly rectangular at the base, acute or obtuse,
sharply toothed and beset with long soft hairs and
scales; sori small, mostly nearer the midvein than
the margin ; indusium orbicular, peltate, entire.
In nicky wikhIs. OuiIhc In Alaska., soiitli to Maine,
the niDunlains of I'l iiusylvania, and to MiiliiKan aiul
Urilish Cnhinibia. Asi-iiids tn.scKol't. in \'cinii>nt. Atiir.
15
( V\^. 28. )
IK
Dryopteris Noveboracensis i I„. ! A. Ciiay. New York Fcni. i Im^. 29. )
■.■rhuniii use I.. Sp. I'l. ickji. i^.S.V
■thunuiiisc S\\. Syn. I'il. 5,s. iSi]6.
lu'lhiiaiciisis .\. (Iray, Man. 6311. iSiS.
Dryopteris Thelypteris i r„.
/'iilrf>inliin)i Xi
. tsfyii/iinii Xii
/Iriii/y/iiis .\i
Rootstock slender, widely creeping. Leaves
lanceolate, tapering both ways from the middle,
I'^-j" long, 4'-6' wide, niembrauous, long-acumi-
nate at the apex, once pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate,
sessile, long-acuminate, deeply pinnatilid, ciliatc
and finely pubescent beneath, iH'-p,' long, the
two or more lower pairs gradually shorter and de-
tlexed, commonly distant ; segments Hat, oblong,
obtuse, the basal ones often enlarged ; veins simple
or those of the basal lobes forked ; sori not con-
llueiit, borne near the margin ; indusium minute,
reniforni, delicate, gland-bearing, fixed by its sinus.
In moist woods and tliii'kcts. Newfoundland to On-
tario and Mitniesola. south to Ni>rtli Carolina and
.\rkansas. .\scends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. .Sonietinus
sweet-scented in dryinj;. Jidy-Sept.
A. (rt-ilV.
.\i I os/i< liiiiii '/'/n/vp/ti is I,. ,Sp. I'l. 1071. 175,^.
Asftiiliiiiii ■/'//( /i/)/(;/,vSw.Selirad. Journ.Iiol.2; (o. iSk).
Ih Viiph'iis 'I'hrlip/, I is .\. Cray. Man. (),V'. 1>-|S.
Rootstock slender, creeping. Leaves lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, scarcely narrower at the base
than at the middle, i°~2';° long, .\'-(i' wide, short-
acuminate at the apex, membranous, once pin-
nate ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, short-stalked or
sessile, mostly horizontal, acuminate at the apex,
nearly truncate at the base, i '2 '-3' long, slightly
pubescent beneath, deeply pinnatifid ; segments ob-
long, obtuse or appearing acute from the strongly
revolute margins ; veins regularly once or twice
forked; sori crowded, 10-12 to each segment;
indusia reniform, slightly glandular or glabrous.
In marshes and wet woods, rarely in dry soil. New
ilrunswiek to Manitoba, south to I'Morida. Louisiana
:iiid Kansas. .\seen<ls to 2<HH>ft. in Vermont. .Mso in
I'Uudpe and .\siii, Sunnuii.
€
Marsh .Sliicld-fcrn.
,<\\\\\\1
^..{2^^^
-i
|:'
1 6
6.
rOLVPODIACEAK.
Dryopteris simulata Daveiip. Massachusetts vSliield-fern. (Fijr. 31.)
^
. !sp,i/iiiiii SI 11/ 11/11/ II III Davi'ii)). liot. Cuz.ip : 495.
/>i]ii/)/(iis siiiiii/ii/:i D.ivi'iip. I!(il. Caz. 19: 497.
As syiioiivm.
iS94-
i,S94.
mmMt
iiiVT^^
Rootstock wide-crcepitig, slciuler, brownish ;
stipes 6'-2o' long, straw-colored, dark brown at
bast, with deciduous scales; leaves .S'-2o' long,
2'-;' wide, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to an acu-
minale apex (abruptly tapering in the fertile leaf),
little or not at all narrowed at the base; pinnae 12-
20 pairs, lanceolate, pinnatifid. the segments ob-
li(iuely oblong, obtuse, entire, slightly revolute in
the fertile leaf; surfaces finely pubescent, especi-
ally near the midribs; texture rather thin; veins
simple, nearly straight ; son rather large, somewhat
distant, 4-10 to each segment ; indusia finely glan-
ilular at tlie margins, withering-persistent.
In wiMKlliuid swamps, Xiw Ilampsliirc- to llic- Iiuliaii
Krritiiry. Closf to the prc-cidiiiK spi'cies. Siiiniiier.
Dryopteris fragrans ( L. ) Scliott.
Krajj^raiit vShield-feni. ( I<'ijr. ^2. )
l'ii/yf>ii,iiiiiii fi ,ii;itiiis I,. Sp. I'l. loSii.
^Is/iiifiiim /'nii: rails Sw. Schrad. Joiirii.
/)i flip/, I IS /ill'; runs Scholt, C.cti. I'll.
Hoi. 2 : IS. iSki.
Rootstock stout, chaffy with brown shining scales.
Stipes 2'-4' long, cliaffy ; leaves lanceolate, firm, glan-
dular and aromatic, pinnate or nearly 2-pinnate,
acuminate at apex, narrowed to the base, 3'-i2' long;
pinnae deeply pinnatifid, numerous, lanceolate, acute,
%'-\'i' long; segments oblong, obtuse, dentate or
nearly entire, nearly covered by the large sori ; in-
dusium thin, nearly orbicular, persistent long after
the sporanges have matured, its margin ragged and
sparingly gland-bearing, the sinus narrow.
OnroL'Us, I, ibrador lo .\laska, south to Maiiu\ Vcnnoiit,
tin.' .\<lironil ick Mountains anil Wisconsin. .Xscends to
4000 ft. in W'niionl. Also in Cntiilaiiil, I'airo])u and .\sia.
Jin'kk*^
rC^
'^
mp
8. Dryopteris cristata ( I.,. )
'VHn-^- Crestcil ShicUl-fcru. ( Flo-,
/ ^VxV /'iily/'iii/iinii iiis/ii/iiiii I,
Vj
.Sp. I'l. |.H)0
i7.^.v
iSoo.
^mmis^^y^
. Is/iii/iiiiii ciis/ii/ii III Sw. .Sclirad. Joiini. I!ol. --..s,.
/>i liip/,-iis , lis/ii/ii .\. (".ray. Man. 6,ii. 1.S4S.'
Rootstock stout, creeping, densely chalfy. vStipes
of the sterile leaves 2'-$' long, those of the fertile
6'-io' long; leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate,
acuminate at the apex, gradually and .slightly nar-
rowed to the base, rather firm, i°-2;'i° long, 4'-6'
wide, pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate or triangular-
ovate, acuminate, dceplj- pinnatifid or the lower
pinnate, the segments 6-10 pairs, serrate or incised;
sori about midway between the margin and midrib;
indusium thin, orbicular-reniform, glabrous.
In wet woods aiul swamps. Ncwfoumllaiid to Maui-
loba. soiilli to Kentucky and .\ikansas. .Xsceiidslo 2701)
ft. in Maryland. .Also in ICuroiK- and .\sia. July-.XuK.
Dryopteris cristata Clintoni&na II). C. ICatoii ) I'nderw. Native Kerns, lid. 4, 115. iSi;;.
Asfiiiiiinii iiis/ii/inii var. C/iii/oiii,iiiiiiii I). C. ICalon in .X. Cray. .Man. ICd. 5, (165. 1S67.
Leaves 2' .•°-4" lonjf. willi oblong lanoeotate piniiai', wliicli are broadest at the base and 4'-6'
lonjf ; .seKnieiils S-iO pairs, linearoblontf, obscurely .serrate ; veins pinnalely forking, bearing the
sori near the niidvein. Maine and Ontario to New Jersey. I'eiinsylvania and Wisconsin,
FERN FAMILY.
17
3'->
^ t)^5~'
O'O:
iiav.
ami 3,' -(•>'
iiriiiK 111*-'
9. Dryopteris Goldieana (Hook.) A. Gray. Goldie's Fern (Fig. 34.)
Ashhfiiiin Coldicanum Hook. Ivdinl). I'liilos. Jdurii. 6:
Diyoptcits (loldiaiia .\. (iray, Man. 6:51. l^4^.
Rootstock stout, widely crcepiiij;, chafTy. Stipes
io'-i8' long, chafTy at least below ; leaves broadly
ovate, rather firm, 2°-4° long, usually 1° or more
wide, glabrous or nearly so, dark green above, pin-
nate or nearly 2-pinnate ; lower pinnae broadly
lanceolate, widest at about the middle, 6'-9'
long, J '-2' wide, piunately parted into about 20
pairs of oblong-linear subfalcate segments which
are serrate with appressed teeth ; sori very near
the midrib, close together but distinct, large ; in-
dusium orbicular, fixed by its narrow sinus, glab-
rous, persistent.
In rich woiids, Xtw lirunswick In Minnesota, south
to Xortli Carolina and Tennessee, .\scends to ,S(«io ft.
in Virginia and to 2500 ft. in Vermont. Jnly-.VuK.
CJ,n
10. Dryopteris marginalis ( I.,. ) A. Gray.
^^i^'
■35-)
J'l'lyftiHiiinii iiiiiixiiitilf I,. S)). IM. locji. 175,^.
.I.sfiid/iiiii iii<nxiiiti/(' S\v. .Syn. l"il. 50. iN)6.
/>/jii/i/tii.s iiiaiiiiiuili.i A. Gray, Man. 632. 184.'?.
Rootstock stout, ascending, densely chaffy with dark
brown shiningscalcs. Stipes 3'-8' long, chaffy below;
leaves borne in a crown, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceo-
late in outline, subcoriaceous, 6'-2>4° long, pinnate or
2-pinnate, acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed at
the base ; pinnae numerous, lanceolate, nearly sessile,
glabrous, 2 '-5' long, the lower broader and shorter
than the middle ones, the upper pinnatifid, the lower
pinnateh' parted into oblong, .sometimes slightly fal-
^~yr cate obtuse entire dentate or piunately lobed pinnules ;
sori distinct, close to the margin, covered by the glab-
rous indusium which is fixed bj- its sinus.
In rocky woods and on banks. I'rince Ivdward Island to
the Northwest Tenitory. south to .Mabania and .\rkansas.
.\scends to ,si«»i ft. in VivKinia. -V hybrid with P. ciishtla
is described. Leaves evergreen. July-.\ug.
Mas ( L. ) vSchott. iMale Fern. (Fig. 36.)
l\ilvl>odiiiiii l'ili.v-)iias I,. .Sp. I'l. lot^o. 17,1:5.
.Isfiutiiiiii /Vy/.i -wif.v S\v. Sclirad. Joiirn. Hot 2: v'^. iS(hi.
D) yiiphrh /■'I'/i.i -iiius Schotl, Gen, I'il, i!>,;4,
Rootstock stotit, ascending or erect, chaffy. Stipes
4'-6' long, very chaffy below; leaves broadly oblong-
lanceolate, acute, or acuminate at the apex, slightly
narrowed to the base, 1°-^° long, rather firm, half
evergreen, pinnate or partly 2-pinnate ; pinnae lanceo-
late, broadest at the base, gradually acuminate to the
apex, 3'-6' long, pimiatifid almost to the rachis or
piunately divic "d into oblong glabrous lobes or pin-
nules ; pinnules slightly dentate, i".cised or nearly en-
tire; sori large, borne near the midvcin, more numerous
on the lower halves of the segments ; indusium firm,
convex, glabrous, orbicular-rcniform, fixed by its sinus.
In rocky woods, Labrador to .Vlaska, south to northern
Michigan and Uritish Columbia, and in the Rocky Moun-
tains to Arizona. .Mso in ("treeitland, ICurope and .\sia.
and in the .Vndes of .South America, .Xug, The rootstock
(if this and tlie preceding .species furnish th'.- drug Filix-
nias, used as a vermifuge.
IS
I'OLVPDDIACEAI'.
12. Dryopteris spinulosa ( Rctz ) KuiUzu. vSpiiuilosc Shiukl-lVni.
I'litvfithiiiiiii spiHiili'siiiii Kit/. I'l. Scatiil. I'M. 2. 2,so. I79,s.
. Ispitl/liiii spiiiii/i'.siiii/ S\v. Sclirail. Jnuill. Hot. 2:.i^. 1'*ihi.
/)i tiif>/i i/'i s/tiiiii/iiiii Kiinl/i-, Kuv. Ctii. I'l. M.I. i"^i>i.
Rootstock stout, chaffy. Stipes f/-iS' lo'ij^, bearing
a few pale brown deeiiluous scales; leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate, 2-pinnatc, the pinnae oblique to the rachis,
elongated-triangular, rather thin, the lower pairs
broadly triangular, slightly shorter than the middle
ones; pinnules oblique to the midrib, connected by a
very narrow wing, oblong, incised or pinnatitiil with
spinulose-toothcd lobes; indusiuni glabrous, orbicular-
reniforni, fixed by its sinus.
In rich wdikIs. NcwfciuixllatKl to .Vlask.i .u\i\ WasliiuK-
tciii. sii\itli til Ktntui'ky ,iiul .Michit;:iii. .Vsciiiils tu ^mni
ft. ill \'iri;iiii;i. .Mm) in luitopi.- and .\sia, July-.\iiu.
Dryopteris spinulosa intermedia ( .Mulil. i I'ikU r\v.
.Nativi- l\riis. I'M. |. ii'> i f'i.\i.
^1^
*■ .A:
#
^■v.'S-if^-"..-.v, -,? ■
/'.•.■/•+i|'T ,'■.' N
'f^i'^^lf
_n-?-^^
Asliiiliiiiii iiihiiiiidiiiiii Mulil.; Wind. Sp. I'l. 5: 26J. i.Sid.
Drvdpliiis iiitci iiiidiii .\. Ciray, Man. (\v>. iSj.^.
.ispiiliniii spill ii/dsii 11/ var, iii/ii iiii itiimi I). C Ivitmi in .\. (iray, Miii. VA- ,S, 66,=;. i."<67.
Sfak'S nf the slipis few, Imiwn with a darker ciMitri' ; k'avis nbldiijf-iivale. 2-vi>iiiiiatc\ tlii'
piiuiai iibldiitc-lanctolati'. siiriadiiijf. tin- Inwcst iiiu(|ually triaiiiiular nvalc ; pininik-s crowdt-d. pin-
iiattly (lividi-d ; iiiiUisiiiiu di-licati-. bcsit with stalked jjlaiiils. I.alnadur to .\laska. south to North
Carolina ami Missouri. 1 ?i WV haw chostii this coiiiiiioiRsl .\iiR-iii-aii form for illustration.
Dryopteris spinulosa dilatata . Ilolfin. ) riuKrw N.ilivf Ivnis. ICd. 4. 116. iS^;;.
I'iil\ pihliiiiii dilalnliini HolTiii, Dintsch. I'l. 2; 7. 1705.
.Ispiiiiiiiii spiiiii/iisKiii \-,n. lUliiliilK III Hook, lirit. fl. (()■ '^.V.
Pi yopi, lis liiliiliihi .\. Citay. Man. ii.;i. i^.(s.
Scak-s of till- sti])f laiyv. brown with a darker i-cntiv: kavis broadly ovale or triaiiKular-ovatc-.
cotnnioiily vpiiniatt' ; piniiuks laiiciolatc oblong, tlii' lowi--t ol'tiii iiuicli (.-lontfalfd ; iiidii^iuin Klab-
roiis, Ncwfouiidlaud to WashiiiKlou and .\laska, soiitli alonii tlu' .Mk'Khuiiies to North Carolina
and IViiiussti.- and to ( )hio ;iiid N\br,i>ka. .\lso in liuroiji- and .Vsia.
13. Dryopteris Boottii ( Tuckcriii. ) riulcrw
Boott's SliicUl-fern. (Fig;. 3S. )
. Ispic/iiiiii /)()/'//// Tiickirm. Ilovcy's Mag;. 9: i.(,s. l^^^■
.tspii/iiiiii spiiiiili'SKiii v.ir. I'millii I). C. I{ali>n in \.
Ciray, Man. IM. ,^, oo.s. iSd7.
Ill yopli lis llinitlii Tiiderw. N.itivo I'Vriis. I^d. \. 117.
i.siiv
Rootstock stout, ascending. Stipes S'-i2' long,
covered, at least below, with thin pale-brown
scales ; leaves elongated-oblong or elongated-
lanceolate in outline, thin, acuminate at the apex,
slightly narrowed at the base, nearly or quite
2-pinnate, 1^-2 fj^ long, 3'-3' wide ; pinnae lanceo-
late, long-acuminate, broadest at the nearly sessile
base ; pinnules broadly oblong, very obtuse, the
lower pilinatifid ; sori distinct, borne about half
way between the midvcin and margin ; indusiuni
orbicular-reniform, minutely glandular.
Ill woods. Nova Scotia to Miiniisola, south to soulli-
(.rn Nfw York. I)Llawaru and Maryland. .Vscinds to
21KH1 ft. in Wrmoiil. .\lso in iioriliuni I^umpi- and
.\sia. July-Si'pt.
6. PHEGOPTERIS Fee, (kii. Fil J42. 1S50-52.
:\Iedium sized or small ferns witli 2-.vpinnatifid or ternate leaves and small round sori borne
on the backs of the veins below the apex. Stipe not jointed with the rootstock. Indusium
none. Fertile (spore-bearing) and sterile leaves similar. Sporanges peilicelled, provided with
a vertical ring, bursting transversely. [Greek, signifying Heech-fcrn.]
.\boul 101) species of w' Ic Kcoffrapliic distrilmtioii. Hcsidcs the following aiiolher occurs in
wesurii North .\iiu'rica.
lA'avcs lriau({ular, 2 piiiiiatifid : pinnae sessile, adiiate to the wiujreil rachis.
Leaves louder than broail. usually dark Kreen. i. /'. IViivioplcris.
Leaves as broad as Iouk, or broader, usually litflil ttreeii. 2. /'. hi .\ai;oiio(iliiix.
Leaves ternate. with the three divisions putioled ; rachis wiiiRless. ,v /'. I)i yoptciis.
4. "7-
' lonji,
brown
oiigated-
hc apex,
or quite
lanceo-
scssile
use, the
ut half
iilusiuui
11 south -
L'l-iuls to
iipu ;uul
KKRX I'AMII.V.
19
ten's.
iiiif>/<'i(i.
I. Phegopteris Phegopteris i I,, i I'lKk-rw. I/ontr Ik'ccli-foni. i Imk- 3'J-^
I'oix f'l', till III /'III i;iipli ii\ 1.. S]>. I'l, liiSo, 175,;.
J'liii^i'ph I is f'.ilv/iiiiliniili \ l''cf. Ct-n. I'il. 2-\\. i>,so-5.'.
l'hii:"N' I is /•/i,L;.i/>/,iis fu(k-i-\v.; SmimII, lUill. Torr.
Cluii. 20 : ('i2. iS(n.
Rootstock Blender, creeping;, somewhat chafTy at
least when younj^. Stipes 6'-<)' long ; leaves trian-
jj;iilar, thin, mostly longer than wide, ('-9' long, .V-
6' wide, acuminate at the apex, pubescent, especi-
ally on the veins beneath ; pinnae laiu'eolatc or
linear-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sessile,
broadest above the base, pinnately parted very
nearly to the rachis into oblong obtuse entire seg-
ments, the lower pair dellcxed and standing for-
ward ; basal segments, at least those of the upper
pinnae, decurreut and adnate to the winged rachis ;
sori small, borne near the margin.
In moist woods and on liillsicUs. N'lwfoundland to
Alaska, soutli to till- mounlains of Vir^iiiiii. and to
Micliiyan and Wa-hiniitoii. Ascends to }.«hi ft. in
Viiinoiit. Also in I'Uiioiif and Asia. \nj;.
Phegopteris hexagonoptera ( Michx. )
l''ijL*. Umad Hefcli-fL-ru. ( Fisr. 40. )
I'.'lvfiihliiiiii III A iii;iiiiiifil,i mil Alichx. I'M. lior. Am.
2: 2-\. [So;.
I'lii i;ii/'li I is liiuii^iniiipliiii I''ce, ("icii. I'Ml. 2-),^.
lSo-,S2.
Rootstock slender, creeping, chaffy, some-
what fleshy. Stipes .S'-l^' long, straw-colored,
naked ; leaves triangular, as broad as or broader
than long, ~'-\2' wide, slightly pubescent and
often slightly glandular beneath, acuminate at
the apex ; upj)erniost pinnae oblong, obtuse,
dentate or entire, small, the middle ones lance-
olate, acumiiuite, the very large lowest pair
bro.-ulest near the middle, pinnately parted
nearly to the midveiu into linear-oblong obtuse
segments; sori mostly near the margin.
In dry woods and on liillsi(ks, Ouihtc to Minne-
sota, south to I"liiii<la and Louisiana, .\scends to
|i«»j ft. in Noitli Carolina. I.eavts IraKvanl. Aiifj;.
3. Phegopteris Dryopteris ( L. ) lYc
Oak-fcTii. ( Fi.t;-. 41. )
/'i ill/" III i mil Piyiifihi i< I,. Sp. I'l. iiKi,;. \~~..\.
I'liit;i>f>li lis Diyofili I is I'Ci', (Un. I'il. 2\\. iSvi-52.
Rootstock slender, creeping. Stipes slender,
4'-l2' long, chaify at least near the base; leaves
thin, broadly triangular, almost glabrous, ('-S'
wide, ternate, the three primary divisions stalked,
pinnate or partly 2-pinnate, the terminal one
slightly larger, all spreading more or less at right
angles to the stipe ; pinnules lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, sessile ; segments
oblong, obtuse, entire or crenate, close together.
In nniist woods, thickets and swamps. Newround-
land to .\laska. sontli to \'ii>;inia, Minnesota, ( )ie({on,
and in tile Rocky MomUain- to Colorado, .\scends to
.'|<«itt. in the Caiskills, .\ls. I-;nroiK' and .\sia. -Vuif-
Phegopteris Dryopteris Robi .ma (HolTui.) Davenp.
Cat. Davinp. lUil Mippl. 47. iS.s^.
I'lilvfiiHiiiiiii h'lilii'i lidiiiiiii llolTin. Deutsch. l-'I. ■79,S.
l'liii;iif>liris iiiliiii I'll l'"ee, Cen. l'"il. 3|,v iS,so-52.
Sli])LS f)'-io' louK. straw-colored when dry ; leaves 6'-8' Ions, mostly erect, ,s'-7' wide, deltoid-
ovate. 2-pitni.ite. the lowest i)innae nuich the largest, piuuatifid or affain pinnate ; upper piiniae
smaller, piuuatifid, lobed or entire; sori uutuerous. Labrador to Iowa and Idaho. .\Iso in lUirope.
20
ror.VPODIACEAK.
7. WOODWARDIA J. K. Smith, Mem. Acad. Tor. 5: 411.
793>-
Large and rather coarse ferns of swamps or wet woods, with pinnate or nearly 2-pinnate
leaves and ohlong or linear sori, sunk in cavities of the leaf and arranged in chain-like
rows, parallel to the margins of the pinnae. Leaves all alike or the pinnae of the fertile
ones much narrower than those of the sterile. Indusia subcoriaceous, fi.xed Lv their outer
margins to a veinlet and covering the cavity like a lid. Veins more or less' reticulated.
Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring, bursting transverselv. [Name iu
honor of Thomas Jenkinson Woodward, 1745-1X20, English botanist.]
.Six spccii'S. mostly of tlu- ii.ortli teni|KiaU- /one. lUsidLs Iht- followiuK, anntlifV ucciirs i>ii Hie
I'acific coast of North .America.
Leaves uniform ; VL-ins free between tlie sori and tlie marKiii.
Leaves of two kinds ; veins everywliere aiiastoniosiiiff.
//'. J'ii i; iiiiia.
II'. (i/rn/ti,',!.
I. \Voodwardia Virginica ( L. ) J. K. Smith. \'irgiiiia Cliain-ffrn. ( Fi^
42.)
1771.
Mem.
Jl/i(liiiiini I'll iiiiiii iiiii L- Mant. 2: ,^07.
iri'iHlutinlin I 'lit; Illicit J, li, Sniitli,
Acad. Tor. 5:412. 179;;.
Rootstock long, stout, horizontal, subterra-
nean or creeping, chaffy. Stipcsstout, i2'-iS'
long, nearly or quite naked, dark-colored be-
low : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at the
apex, narrowed at the base, i°-2° long, 6'-<)'
wide, pinnate ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, usu-
ally alternate or some of them opposite, coria-
ceous, glabrous, acuminate at the apex, ses-
sile, ;,'-6' long, deeply pinnatifid into ovate
or oblong obtuse segments, their margins
minutely serrulate ; veins forming a single
series of areolae on either side of the mid-
vein, the sori borne on the outer curving
veinlets ; sterile and fertile leaves similar in
outline.
Ill swamps, often in deep water. Nova .Seotia
to Ontario and Mieliiffan. south to I'lorida.
Louisiana and .Arkansas. .Vscends to ivio ft. in
reiiiisylvaiiia. .\lso in liernuida. Jniie-Julv.
2. Woodwardia areolata ( L. i Moore. Xet-veiiied Chain-fern
Acrosliiliuiii arcnlaluDi L. Sp. IM. io6<i. 17^!.
ll'ooiluiiniia aii!;iisli/oh\i ]. ]•;. .Smith. Aleiii.
Acad. Tor. 5: 411, I7q;5.
WciHiuiiiilia i!ii;i/n/i! Moore, Iiule.x rilieuiii.
xlv. 1857.
Rootstock slender, widelj- creeping,
chaffy. Leaves of two kinds, the fertile
taller than the sterile and borne on longer
stipes, i°-2° high, their pinnae much con-
tracted, narrowly linear, 3'-5' long, 2"-3"
■wide, distant, their bases connected by a
very narrow wing to the rachis or quite dis-
tinct ; sterile leaves deltoid-ovate, membran-
ous, broadest at the base, or sometimes
with one or two small pinnae below, the
apex acuminate, the segments lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
minutely serrulate, sometimes undulate,
their bases connected by a rather broad
rachis-wing ; veins forming numerous
areolae.
In .swamps and moist .soil, Maine to IHorida,
Tennessee, Louisiana, and .Arkansas ; also in
Michigan. Ascends to T,txKi ft. in North Caro-
lina. Aug. -Oct.
FKRN I AMILV.
21
8. SCOLOPENDRIUM Adr
aii<
Fam. IM. 2: 20. i'f>3-
orida.
> fl. in
July.
f
Larfje ferits with ohloiij; or straii-shaped mostly entire leaves, anil linear elongated sori
which arc almost at right angles to the niitlrih and contiguous in pairs, one on the upper
side of a veinlet, the otlier on the lower side of the next contiguous veinlct, thus appearing
to have a double indusiuni opening longitudinally along its middle. .Sporanges pediccllcd,
the ring vertical, bursting transversely, [(ireek, in allusion to the centipede, SiOlof)CiHiia.'\
I'ivu spcciis, tn:iiiily l^f tiiniHTalu riniiius. Only tlif I'Dlliiwinn is known tn occnr in North
America.
I. Scolopendrium Scolopendrium
( L,. ) Karst. Hart'.s-tonj^iie. (^Fig. 44. )
Asftliii i II III Siiilnfii-iiil li II III I,. S]). IM. 11J79. 175.V
S(iiliif<riitli iiiiii :ii/i;tiir J. }'.. Smith, llcni.
.\ca<l. Tor. 5 : 421. i;!)?.
Smlii/^i mil ill III Sioiofxiitl rill III Karst. Deutsch.
I'l. :?7S. i-^So s^.
Rootstock short, erect or ascending, chaffy
with light brown scales. Stijies 2 '-6' long,
fibrillose-chalTy below or sometimes up to
the base of the leaf; leaves simple, bright
green, firm, 7'-iS' long, I'-i^i' wide, cor-
date at the base, the margins entire or un-
dulate, the lower surface of the midrib souie-
timus chalTy; pairs of sori distinct, 2"--,"
long ; conspicuous on the lower surface, the
sporanges dark brown at maturity ; veins
free, usually once forked near the midrib.
On sliadi-d dilTsnf llic cornifc-nms limestone,
Cliitlinanifd I'alls .ind JaniLSville. N. V.; near
.Sdutli I'ittsburK. Tenn.: Owen Snund, Ont.,
New jirun^wick and Mcxien. Widely dislrib-
utiil in l-aircipi', .\sia and .M'rica. Very variable
in I'cirni in the Old Wurld.
9. CAMPTOSORUS Link, Hurt. Rerol." 2 : 69. 183;,.
Slender ferns with tapering simple entire or undulate leaves, bearing linear or oblong
sori several times longer than broad, irregularly scattered on either side of the reticulate
veins or sometimes crossing them, p.irtly parallel to the midrib and partly oblicjue to it, the
outer ones more or less approximate in pairs. Indusiuni nieinbranous. Sporanges pedi-
celled, provided with a vertical ring which opens transversely. [Greek, referring to the
bent or curved sori.]
Two sijecies, the fi)ll<iwini{ of eastern North .Vnierica, the other of northern Asia.
I. Camptosorus rhizophyllus ( L. )
Link. Walking-fern. (Fig. 45.)
Asfilriiiiiiii rlii-ol'livllii I,. Sp. I'l. 107S. 175^.
CiiiiifilKsiiriis liiizo/ilivlliis Link, Hort. Herol. 2 :
69. kS,^,^.
Rootstock short, usually creeping, somewhat
chaffy. Stipes light green, i'-6' long, tufted,
spreading ; leaves rather thin, lanceolate, sim-
ple, long-acuminate at the apex, cordate, has-
tate or rarely narrowed at the base, 4'-9' long,
sometimes with a more or less elongated pair
of basal auricles ; tip of the leaf and sometimes
the tip of one or both of the basal auricles root-
ing and forming a new plant by the ultimate
withering away of its tissue, but commonly
two or sometimes as many as four plants are
found connected ; sori usually numerous, very
irregularly scattered on the lower surface.
On dry rocks, preferring; limestone, (juehec to
Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina
and Kansas. .Vseends to 2Si«J ft. in Virginia.
Aug. -Oct.
22 rOLVI'ODIACJCAP:.
10. ASPLENIUM L. S].. I'l. iu7,s. 1753.
I^ar^e or small ferns with simple lohcd piiinatu 2-,vpiiiiiate or piiinatilid leaves, and
linear or oblong son oblique to the midribs or rachises. Leaves uniform or the fer-
tile sometimes different from the sterile. Veins free in our species. Indusia straight or
curved, opening towards the midrilis when single. Spnranges pedicclled, provided with an
elastic ring, bursting transversely. [Ancient f.reek name ; some species were supposed to
be remedies for diseases of the spleen.]
A ffenus of s.„n.; vv' sp-cies. of vi-ry wide ^r^•.,jr^,•lI,lli,■ dislrilmtinn, l;r>i<K> tin- InllMuiiiir Cve
others occur in I'h.n.lii .uid ihive in the wcsuni \y.ui> i>< tlic- Iniud Sl^iti-
Sori ^['J'^'J:^''";j';[^'<i;y'>'^"''«l'l'.^- '■""■"'■ ^m ulu.l t,, tlu- u,.|Rr >i,U- ,,r M viin; kavo nmstly small
I.ciivo iiiniiiitirKl (ii- ])iinial(.- bilow, ta|Krinir to ,i jDinl
StiiHs bjackisl, bil.iw. lobi's ,„„„,lc.l or l]u l,,u.sl acuniinalc. i. ./. /.hn,.,/!,i,/„w.
Stipi> l)lackl^h tliroiiiilioiu : lol)is ai-utc or aoiiiiiinaU- -. I ,/„■;/,./,/,,
I.^■av^•^ om-i- piiinati-, -. . .
I'iniiac ;,' r j" loiii;. mostly l)bMil,
Kacliis rlustinil brouii or blatki>li,
I'iiiiKu- auritUcl al tin upinrsidi ol llu- Ivasi-.
I'innac opiiositc. oblonn : racliis dark blown or blai-k ; / /uir-ii/inii
riiiii;ii' partly altiTiiati-. laiict-olalc- : rac'liis cIrsUuU bmu ii
I,- .-,,,, (. . /. ['Itit\ III II ii'ii.
I innai- ii,.t auruUd, partly alUriiaU'. parlly op,„,MU-, s. . /. Iri, li.,i,„iii,^
Kacliis tirccii ; ]iiiinai' iiol aiinck-d. ,, ; -.,rit/,
I'iimai- .>'-5' lonn. .'iculr or;n.'iiminatc.
l.iavi.s .'-^-piinialifid.
Stipes Ki-cfM : leaves ovati-dcltoiil : piimuU-^ fan -liaiii.d. vt-in^ (labillaU ,
cij,,. . ,i.,ri ..11 1 ''■ ■'■ /i'li^ii iiiiii III ill.
Miixs (lark al Die base, srrciii .ibovt-.
Leaves ovale-laiu-eol.ite broa.U si near the base. ,, . |. „„.ii/,iiii,iii.
I.vaves laiuvojale, broadest aliove tin- middle. ,,, ; /,,„/, iiiiiiii
Slipts elieslmil brown llivounliout. as al-,. tlic l.iwir part of tin- r.u-his.
Sori usually mnre or Us- enrved soMRlime-, liorsrsl,o,..sl,a,H ,1, nften erossini^o^lu'V.i'iter.'ir lower
sule ol tin v.iiiUl : l.aive liiiis. i N,,. 7 iiiav be luuked l\,r here I
Leaves ipiiin,iliti(l : se.uiiuius bliiiu. se,ireelv\ri iiaU- ]> ; ,„ r '(// 7; ,/ /, ,
Leaves ipninaU- : piinuiks acute, t,M,ilK-,l or pinnatirid. , T V riii'v l\>, iiiiiia
. I. iiiii; ii.\/i'/,i/iiiiu.
I. Asplenium pinnatifidum Xmi. Pinnatitul SjilLLinvon. ■ Fi.o. ^r,.
w '
.h/>/iiiiiiiii /iiiiii,i/i/i,/iiiii XuU Cen 2-
IM.S.
Rootstoc'k short, creeping, branched,
chaflV. ,Stii)es tufted, polished, blackish be-
low, green above, 2 '-5' long, .somewhat
clialTy below, at least when young: leaves
broadly lanceolalc in outline. ;,'-ic)' long,
liriii, tapering upward to a long narrow
point, i)innatitid or the lower jjarts pinnate ;
lowest pinnae or occasionally several pairs
.sometimes tapering to a point like that of
the apex of the leaf; lobes or pinnae rounded
or the lowest acuminalc; sori commonly
numerous, straight or slightly curved.
On rock-, .Neu Jer-i v and reiiiisvlvania to
Illinois, soiitli loCeoriiia, Alaliama aiid .\rkan-
sas. .\seeiuls lo V'oo ft. in .Nortli Carolina. The
eli<l ot Uie lony liji ,,f llu- leal' somelime- takes
lool a- ill the Walking I'eni. Jiil\ ( let.
FERN I'AMIIA',
2.
Asplenium ebenoides R. R. Scoti. Scolf.^ Snl
23
. isf^htiiiiiii ihriiniil,^
Sin'. ,s-. |S)»:.
Spleciiwort. ( lMj,r. 47. )
K. k Soitt, Jdiini. k<
Unit
Rootstock short, chafTy. Stipes hlackisli tlirouKh-
out, tufted, i'i'-4' lonjf; leaves lanceolate in ..in-
line, variable in size and length, ;/-c,' lon^r, ,'-3'
wide at the base, firm, tapcrin^' into a verv Iouk
narrow acuminate apex, pinuatifid, or coinmonlv
pinnate hclow, the seKtnents or pinnae lanceolate
troni a broad base, acute or acuminate, irregular in
lenKth, the lower sometimes shorter than those
just above; sori several on each segment, straight
or slightly curved ; indusiuni narrow, rcdexed when
the sporanges are mature.
On liiiust.im-, C(Mnuclii-ut U. Iiidiiiiia, x.iitli t., \la
biinia Kiiro iuul local .Mvpt in tin lasl iianuil Ich-.iI
ily. .\sccn.lsto I ),., ft. j„ \-irK:ii,iM Tlu- i)lant UMi.illv
occurs will, ( „////./,. w„v,. ////:.. M, ///rvan.l .lv/./,/„„»/
/j/.j/l //, iiroi, and issusiiccl.d uf l,cinn .a liybri.l hcluccii
3. Asplenium parvulum Mart. .\; (".al.
.S])k-i.-ii\vorl. ( Ims;-. 4,s, i
Snial
. I sN, II ill III t'" I '■■II I II III M.irl \: C.-il
[n))riiit iH.,] |V|_,
.Mini. .\ca'l, Unix.
15:
Rootstock short, creeping, chaffy with black stiff scales.
Stipes tufted, blackish and shining, I'-z' long; leaves
rather firm, lincar-obloiig or linear-oblanceolaU;, ;,'-i(/
h)ng, 5"-i2" wide, once pinnate; pinnae 2 "-6" long,
mostly opposite, oblong, obtuse, entire or crenulate'
auricled on the upper side and nearly sessile, the middle
ones the longest, the lower gradually shorter an<l re-
flexed ; rachis dark brown or black : sori oblong, short,
borne about midway between the midrib and the maigiu
of the pinnae, nearly or ((uite straight.
Oil liimslniiy, XiiHiiiia to I'lniida. west to .Miss,,mi Texas
'^^: j^;;,^'nc. •^^^^•■'"^ '" '''- ''■ •" ^•"■^--- Ai;ri^
4. Asplenium platyneuron , L. , Oak.-s. l.:i,uny .Spkunvnrt. , Kin. 49.)
-liros/i,/iini, /i/„/,;„„,;,s I,. S]). I'l. i.Vk;.
As[>l,iiiiim ihciuniii .\it. Il,,n. K\.„-. 3: ((..^
■ isf>/<iiiiiiii fildlyiiiinnii {hi\n.^- \) (_' I.'.,.,,
' 1:24. i^rv. ■ "
A.
I'lriis .N.
Rootstock short. Stipes densely tufted, pur-
plish-brown and shining, i'-4' long; leaves lin-
ear, ,S'-i5' long, ','-1 ■,' wide, firm, once pinnate,
the rachis chestnut-brown ; pinnae 20-40 pairs,
lanceolate, subfalcate, alternate or partly so, ses-
sile, crenate, serrate or incised, auricled on the up-
per side at the base and occasionally also on the
lower ; lower pinnae grachially smaller and oblong
or triangular ; son ,S-i2 on each side of the midrib
of the pinnae, becoming crowded at maturity.
()n rocks aiKl banks, prcf.ninp liiiKstom- soil
.Maine and OnlaiK. to I-lorida, west to Co'.orado, tlie I„.
(lian lerritory. Louisiana and Texas. .Vsceiids to i2,«,
It. in North Carolina. Julv-Sepl
24
I'OLYI'ODIACI'AK.
5. Asplenium Trichomanes L, Maukn-
liair Splccmvoft. 1 I''i),r. 50. )
.t-.;>lriiiiiiii Tii,/i,iiii,ni,i ],. <,],. I'l. i(i.So. I-,,.
Rootstock short, nearly erect, chaffy with blackish
scales. Stipes ileiisely tufted, commonly numerous,
i'-5'lonj,', purplish-brown and shining; leaves linear
in outline, ;/ S' lon>{, 6"-io" wide, rather riRid, once
pinnate, evergreen ; i)iiinac oval or roundish-oblong,
inc(|uilateral, partly opposite, partly alternate, or
nearly all opposite, cuneatc at the base, the point of
attachment to the dark brown rachis narrow, their
margins sli),'htly cren.ate ; sori y6 on each side of the
forking an<l evanescent midrib, short, narrowed at
cither end ; sporanjrcs dark brown when mature.
l)n r.)cks, imlVrrinc linicstunc. thrnii(rli,,iit nc-itlv
llK- wlink' nf N(,rth Aim-ru-a cxcipt the i-xtrvinc iioitii
.\-ciii(ls to .'si«i 11, ni ViriiKiiit. Also in luiropt^, \si,i,
Soiilli AliKNi 1111(1 till. I'ai-ific Islaiiils. Julv-Scpt
6. Asplenium viride Muds,
wort. (Fiii. 51
Asfiltiiiuii! yiiidi Hiuls. I'l. .ViirI. ?S;
C.recn vSpluen-
Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy with brown nerve-
less scales. Stipes numerous, deusely tufted, brown-
ish lielow, green above; leaves linear-lanceolate,
2'-S' long, 4"- 10" wide, once pinnate, pale green,
soft, licrbacccu.f. or almost membranous; rachis
green ; pinnae 12-20 pairs, ovate or rhomboid, deeply
creuate, obtuse, unequal sided, their upper edges nar-
rowed suddenly at the base, the lower obliquely trun-
cate; sori oblong and numerous or scattered and fewer .
On rocks, Xiw liruiiswick to Hiitisli Cohinil)iii, south
to llic Crciii .Moiuilaitis of Vi.rin<mt. .Vlso in noillicrn
Kuropf and .-\sia. Suninicr.
7. Asplenium angustifolium Miclix. Xarrow-leavedvSpleemvort. (Fig. 52.)
Asplciiiidii (iimiis/iy'o/it/m Midix. I'l. Hor. \ni 2- ->('■,=;
1 S 1 V ' '
Rootstock stout, creeping, rooting along its whole
length. Stipes growing in a crown, brownish or
green above, chaffless, ,S'-i2' long, sometimes
slightly scaly toward the base ; leaves lanceolate in
outline, i°-2° long, once pinnate, glabrous ; pinnae
20-30 pairs, linear-lanceolate, or those of the sterile
leaves lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, obtuse
or truncate at the base, i's' long, flaccid, the mar-
gins entire or slightly crenulate; fertile leaves com-
monly taller than the sterile, narrower, their pinnae
generally nmch narrower, often falcate ; sori 20-30
on each side of the midrib, linear, close together,
the indusia at length concealed by the mature
sporanges.
In nioisi \ oods and shaded ravines. Quebec to Wis-
consin, south to Virtfinia and Kentucky. Ascends to.
1 700 ft. Ill the Adiroiulacks.to 2300 in the Catskills Aug
I'KKN- IWMILY.
8. Asplenium Ruta-muraria I,. Wall Hue
Spkvmvoti. , Imj^. ;^_^ ,
Asf>!,iiiinii Kiihi iiiiiniihi r,. Si> I'l, io>i. i-,'
Rootstock sliort. asceiuliiiK. Stipes tufted, nakeil
slender, greeu, 2'-,,' Ioiik ; leaves ovate or deltoid-
ovate 111 outline, 2' ,s' louK, Rlahrous, evergreen ^^y
pinnate or pinnatili,! above; pinnae and pinnules
stalked: pinnules rlionihie or olmvate, mostly olituse,
dentate or incised, cuiieate at the base ; veins flahel-
latc; sori feu-, linenr-ohlonK, eoiKluent when mature
and coverinK nearly the whole pinnule, the indusiuni
nienibran.aceous and delicate.
25
and .\tisM,un. Ascends tn .„., f,. i„ \-ir^,i„j,, \u"l\.
Uiir.ipi, Asia and iinillRni Ainca. July. St pt *' " '"
C'i
&
9- Asplenium montanum WilUl. Mouiitnin
Spleemvort. ( Fi>j^. 54. i
.l^pliiiiinii nioiilaiiin,, Willd. Sj). I'l. 5: ,vp. l.Sio.
Rootstock short, chaffy at the summit. Stipes
tufted, naked, slender, blackish at the base, Krecn
above, 2'-;/ long ; leaves ovate-lanceolate in outline,
acuminate at the apex, rather firm, 1-2-piiinatc ; lower
pinnae louKest, pinnate or pinnatifid, the lobes or seg-
ments ovate or oblong; upper pinnae less divided,
merely toothed or incised ; veins obscure ; sori linear-
obloiijj, short, the lower ones sometimes double, usu-
ally almndant, often confiuent at maturity and con-
V'l "11.^11 tuiuiiitiiL ai matui
// cealinj; the narrow membranous indusia.
On dry and iiK.ist rocks, CnniKclicut and Ww V
(H-nrKia west lo Olii.i aiul Arkansas. Asotnds t
in .\ortli Laroliiia. JuiK-Aug.
rk to
> 151 «J ft.
10. Asplenium fontanum ( I^. ) Beriih.
Rock Spleenwort. ( Fij^-. 55. )
rolyfiodiiitii foiilainnii I,. Sp. I'l. i.i.Si,. i-:;,.
.Uplcniinii foiiUinum liernli. Sclirad Jdurn I'.ot i ■
Rootstock short, ascending, clothed with narrow
dark scales at the ape.\-. Stipes tufted, i'-^' long,
somewhat blackish at the base especially on the
itiner side, usually glabrous; leaves lanceolate,
broadest above the middle, thin, 2-3-piunate, ;/-6'
long, 6"-i/,' wide, acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed to the base ; pinnae 10-15 pairs, the seg-
ments deeply dentate with spinulose teeth; sori
only I to 4 on each segment, covered with a mem-
branous subentirc indusiuni, rarely confluent.
On rocks I.ycoiniiiff Co., Pa., and Sprinpfield. Ohio.
Xlie rarest North American fern ; conniion in l-Uirone
ouninier. '
26
I'OIA'l'ODIACEAlv.
d
II. Asplenium Bradleyi I). C. IvUon. Urad-
le\'s Spk'ciuviirt. ( I-'i}^. 56. )
.l\/'/, 11/1111/ lli,id/i\i II. (J. Ivitnii. liiiU. Tnir. Club. 4: II.
Rootstock short. cliafTy willi l)ro\vii sc.ilcs. Stipes
tufted, slender, 2'-3'loiij.;, chestnut-brown throuj^liout;
leaves ol)loni.;-lanccolate or olilon).;, acuminate at the
apex, not narrowed at the base, pinnate with 8-12
pairs of short-stalked or sessile, obloiig-ovatc pinnae,
the lower again pitinatifid or pinnate with oblong
obtuse lobes or pinnules, which arc toothed at the
apex, the up]icr pinnatifid with dentate or nearly
entire lobes; racliis lirowii ; sori short, borne near the
midrib, covered with the narrow indusium until iiia-
turitv.
(In I'H'k^. iiril\riin^r linuslmif. Ntw Vnrk in (k
and .\lab;ini;i. wist to .\rkaii>as. l.m'al. .liil.v .Sipl.
■rifia
^\
12. Asplenium acrostichoides S\v. Silvery
.S|)lL-Ln\vi)rt. ( I'"].!;. 57. I
.l.ifi/: iii/iiii ,1, I o^iulhi/ili ^ Sw. .Sflinid. Jniini. I'.nt. 2: ,s|.
1 >l K 1.
.\if>l<iiiiiiii thihlU, ii'i,ti \ Michx. l-'t. liuv. .\iM. 2: 2'>5.
Rootstock slender, sinuous, creeping. .Stipes S'-i 2'
lon.g, straw-coloreil. .somewhat chall'y below at 'east
when young; leaves lanceolate in outline, 1 -,> long,
6'-] 2' wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed
to the base, pinuate-pinuatifid ; pinnae linear-lanceo-
late, .sessile, aciiininate, dee])ly pinnatilid into numer-
ous oblong obtuse or subacute, slightly crcnate seg-
ments; sori crowd', slightly curved or straight, the
lower ones often double; inilusium light-colored and
somewlial shining when youn.g.
Ill lic.il llloi>l unnil^. NiiMl .Scnlia to MilllKScila. Sdlllll
1" Aliili.niiii and Kiiiliicky. .\sri ikN to 5.k«i ft. in \"iiviiiia,
.\lsci ill I a-li 111 .\-.ia. .\iin ( icl.
13. Asplenium Filix-foemina i I,, i Hcrnh. Liul\ -tVni. < Ims;. 5.S. )
l'"l\pmliiiiii I'iH vfn, III ilia I.. Sp. I'l. ii»ici 1-5;.
.tspli iiiiiiii I'ili \ -fiHiiiiiiii lUriili. .Schrad, .Nines
jimni. Dili, i: I'ait .'. 2(1. isi/i.
Rootstock creeping, rather slender for the size of
theplant. .Stipes tufted, 6'-io' long, straw-colored,
brownish or reddish ; leaves broadly oblong-ovate
or oblong lanceolate, ."iciuuinalc at the apex, 1-3°
^, y-'-T^""^ long, 2-]>iiiiiate ; jiinnae lanceolate, acuminate,
short-stalked or the ujipcr ones sessile, 4'-.S' long;
liinnulesobloiigdanceolatc, incised or serrate, their
lobes or teeth often again toothed, those toward
the ends of the pinnae conlliicnt by a very narrow
margin to the secondary rachis ; sori short, the
indusia straight or variously curved, sometimes
liorseshoe-sha]ied.
Ill wncids. tliickits. .111(1 l)y wiiUs and fi luis. Nnva
Scolia til .\laska. MHilli In I'lnrid.i. I.niiisi.iiia and .\ri-
/iiiia. tliu- tlnniinliiiiit luaily all nf N'mtli .\iinrica.
.X-criiil- tn (mill II itiNnrtli Carnliiia. and In .>.«i.i It. in
\i iiiiiiiit. .\lsn ill Iviiriiiii.' anil .\sia, Jiiiii' .\iin.
^■V^^K^^
^v.VVv^^;;;iii
v^>:j&i'.
FKRN lAMlLY.
27
II. ADIANTUM L. Sj). PI. 1094. 175;,.
Graceful ferns of rocky hillsides, woods and ravines, with much divided leaves and short
marginal sori borne on the under sido of the reflexed and altered portion of the pinnule
which serves as an indusiuin. Stip(>s and branches of the leaves very slender or filiform,
polished and shining. Sporangcs borne at the ends of free forking veins, provided with a
vertical ring which bursts transversely. [Name ancient.]
.\ (ri-mis of .'^o (ir 911 spicics, mostly of tro|)iciil Ain(-rii;i, lUsiiUs Uu- fl>llo^vill^; iihoIIri ipcciirs
in IMoriila, one in Texas and one in California.
I.eavis 2 pimiate, ovali- lani'C'ol:iU' in outlini. i. .1. Otf>i/hi> }'i ii, i is.
I.eaves (lichotoiiiously forked with piniiiiU l)i;inchis. 2. .1. />iiliihtiii.
I. Adiantum Capillus-Veneris I,. Wnus-liair l\rn. i Pi
Adiiiiiliiiii Cupilliis \'i III I i\ I.. Sp. V\. iiKi*!.
Rootstock creeping, rather slender, chaffy
with light-brown scales. .Stipes very slender,
black, or nearly so and shin'iig, ,i' i/ long;
leaves ovate-lanceolate in ciutlinc, 2 iiinnalc
below, simply pinnate above, membranous,
commonly drooping, 6'-2 long, 4'-i2' wide
at the base; piiuiiiles and U])|)er pinnae
wedge-obovate or rhomboid, rather long-
stalked, glabrous, the njipcr margin rounded
and more or less incised, crcnate or dentate-
serrate, excc])t where it is recurved to form
the indusia ; main and secondary racliiscs
and stalks of the pinnules black or dark
Ijrown like the stijie.
In ravines. X'iryinia to I'loiiila. wc~t to .Mi>.
soiiii. rtali and Californi.i AmiiuIs to i ;,«' ft.
ill Kiiitncky .\lso in tiopic.il .\iiurica. and
wiiKlv (H^liiliiiti (1 ill tile waniii r parts of tin
(lid World Jiiiii .\mr.
2. Adiantum pedatum I,. .Maiikii-
l"crn.
I'ii
.\itl\lll/lllll f<i dilllt III I, S]! I'l loo.i 17.>
Rootstock slender,
ing along its whole
creeping, chaflV, root-
length. Stipes 9'-iS'
long, dark chestnut-brown, polished and
shining, diciiolonunisly forked ;it the sum-
mit ; leaves olili(inely orbicular in outline,
.S'-iS' broad, memliranons, the ]iinnae
arising from the upper sides of the two
branches of the stipe, somewhat radiatcly
arranged, the larger ones fi'-m' long, i '-2'
wide ; pinnules oblong, triangular-oblong,
or the terminal one fan-shaped, short-stalked,
the lower margin entire and slightly curved,
the upper margin cleft, lobed or dentate,
liearint; the linear-oblong, often short sori.
In woods. Nova Sioti.i in Itiiii.li Colnnibia,
^Miiilli to r,i-ornia and .\ikaii>a>. in tin- Koiky
Mountain- to t'tali ami to Califoniiii .\-cinds
to ,S'«»i ft ill Viiniiiia .\l>o in .\laska and wi>t-
i rii .\-ia. Jiil> Sipt.
28
I'Olypodiaci;ae.
12. PTERIS L. vSp. PI. 1073. 175,^.
Larjje, mostly coarse ferns, our species growing iti sunny places, with variously divided
or in some tropical species simple leaves, and marginal linear continuous sori which occupy
a slender or filiform receptacle, connecting the tips of free veins. Indusium membranous,
formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf. Sporanges pcdicelled, provide<l with a vertical
ring which bursts transversely. Stipes continuous with the rootstock. [Greek name for
ferns, from the fancied resemblance of their leaves to the wings of birds. ]
.\bout ux) s])(.'ciis of vtiy wide sfcofTniphio (listribiilicm, niiistly of warm and tropical rinions.
Iksides the following, three- others occur in the southeastern I nited Stales.
"a
I. Pteris aquilina L. Hraktj. Bracken.
(Imr. 61. )
Ptciii aquilina I,. Sp. I'l. 1075. I7,s,v
Rootstock stout, woody, horizontal, subterranean.
Stipes \°-2° long, straw colored or brownish;
leaves 2°-4° long, i°-3° wide, usually glabrous, ter-
natc, the three branches each 2-piunate ; upper pin-
nules undivided, tlie lower more or less pinnatifid.
Ill dry or moist sunny places. <listril)uted over nearly
the whole of North Ameriea. exeej)! the extreme north,
and over nearly the whole of the Old World. .Ascends
to 5oi«) ft. in North Carolina. iMirms with pubescent
lower leaf surfaces occur in southern New York and
New Jersey. July -.Sept.
Pteris aqui'.iua caudata ( I,. ) Hook. Sp. I'il. 2: 196. i.-<5S.
rii'iii caiiiiala I,. Sp. I'l. io7,s. i7,s,(.
I'innules sometinus linear and entire, or with the
segments less erowiled aii<l the terminal Inhe .atteniiale.
narrow and entire. In sandy soil. New York to I'lorida
and Texas, and in tropical .\nieriea.
13. CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Hr. App. Kraiiklin'.s Joiini. 767. 1S23.
Light green, alpine and arctic ferns with leaves of two kinds, tlic segments of the sterile
much broader than those of the fertile, the sporanges in oblong or roundish sori, which arc
at length condueut and cover the backs of the fertile pinnules. Indusium formed of tlic
somewhat altered margin of the pinnule, at first reflexed to the midrib, so that the segments
appear poddike, at length opening out flat. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical
ring whicli bursts transversely, borne at or near the ends of unconnected veins, copious,
light brown. [Greek, in allusion to the hidden sporanges.]
Two species, tlu' following of northern North .\merica, the other of boreal regions of Old World.
I. Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Hr. American Rock-brake. ( FiR. 62. )
Civfyliinrainnia a<ri)s-/i,//iii(/is K. Hr. .\pp.
i"ranklin's Jonrn. 7(17. i>!2,v
Allosorii:- aiiiisliihoidis Sprenj;. Svst. 4 : (16.
1827.
Rootstock rather stout, short, chaffy.
Stipes densely tufted, straw-colored, 2'-6'
long, chatfy below, very slender ; leaves
ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, thin,
glabrotis, 2-3-pinnate, the sterile shorter
than the fertile, their ultimate segments and
pinnules crowded, ovate, oblong or obovate,
obtuse, crenatc or slightly incised ; fertile
leaves with linear or linear-oblong segments
3"-6" long, l" or less wide, the margins
involute to the midrib at first, at maturity
expanded and exposing the light brown
sporanges.
I'orminK dense patches anionp rocks, Labra-
dor ami Iludson bay to .Maska, south to Lakes
Huron aiul .Superior, in the Kocky Mountains to
Colorado and to California. .Summer.
FKRN FAMILY.
29
U'.. PELLAEA Link, Fil. Hort. Berol. 59. 1S41.
Rock-loving small or medium-sizeil ferns with pinnate or ptnnatifiJ leaves and intra-
niarginal :;ori borne on the ends of nnconnected veins, at length confluent and forming a
marginal line. Indusium commonly broad and membranous, formed of the reflexed mar-
gins of fertile segments which are more or less modified and membranous. Fertile and
sterile leaves similar. Stipes usuallj- dark-colored. Sporanges provided with a vertical
ring which bursts transversely, pedicelled, copious, usually dark brown. [Greek, in allusion
to the dark-colored stipes. ]
About 55 specii-s, of wide peoprraphic distribution. Iksidts the following:, some I2 others oc-
cur in the western and southwestern i)arts of North .\ineriea.
Texture of the leaves thin: veins phiiiily visible,
Te.xture eoriaeeous ; leaves everRreen: veins obseure.
Leaves pinn.ite or 2-i)innate with larpe pinnules.
Leaves small, 3-P'nnale, the piniuiles narrow.
I. /'. Sldli'ii.
atrdpiirfiiiira.
(Inisa.
Pellaea Stelleri (S. G
Slc-iuler Cliff-brake. fFi^. 63.)
/'/(•lis S/illiii S. ('.. ("lUiel. Nov, Coin. .\cad.
I'elrop. 12 ; 5it). /)/. /.'. /: /. 176)5.
J'tiiis i;i(ici7is Miehx, Kl, Bor. Am. 2: -262.
/•,-//a,,i :;iaii/is Hoi>k. .Sp, I'il. 2: 138. iS.sS.
J',//ii(ii Sli'llcii Watt, Can. l"il. No. 2. 1S69-70.
Rootstock slender, creeping, thread-like,
somewhat scaly. Stipes scattered, 2'-t,'
oiig, straw-colored or pale brown, slightly
chaffy below ; leaves thin-membranous, ovate
in outline, 2'-5' long, I '-2' wide, 2-3-pinnate
or pinnatifid above, the fertile taller than the
sterile and with narrower pinnules and seg-
ments ; pinnae lanceolate-deltoid, cut to the
rachis into a few blunt or subacute slightly
lobed or entire segments ; indusium broad,
continuous ; veins of the fertile leaves mostly
only one-forked, everywhere apparent and
conspicuous.
(In roeks. prefeniuR litnestoue, Labrador to
l!rilish Columbia, south to Massachusetts, I'etin-
sylvania. Iowa. Wisconsin and in the Kooky
>bnnitaiiis to Colorado, .Xseends to 25i»i ft. in
Virnioiit, .\lso in .Vsia, .\uk .Sept,
v3
k^^
2. Pellaea atropurpurea ( L. ) Link.
Pnrple-stennncd ClifT-brake.
( FiR. 64. )
J'Iri is ahopiii ftiiit'a L- Sp, I'l. 1076, 17,,^,
r,iliua iihiipiirftima Link, Fil. Hort, llerol.
59, 1S41,
Rootstock short, densely clothed with
rusty slender hair-like scales. Stipes tufted,
2'-6' long, dark purple or nearly black ;
leaves coriaceous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late in outline, 4'-i2' long, 2'-6' wide,
simply pinnate or 2-piiniate below ; rachis
dark-brown or purple, glabrous or pubes-
cent ; pinnules and npper piiniac i'-2' long,
glabrous, 3" or less wide, short-stalked or
sessile ; indusium formed of the slightly al-
tered incurved margin of the pinnules ; veins
obscure, commonly twice forked.
(In rocks, preferring litnestoue, (Ititario to
the Northwest Territory and Hritish Coluiid)ia,
south to New Jersey, CieoiKia, the Indian Terri-
tory, Arizona and northern Mexico, .\secndsto
2200 ft. in Virginia, June-Sept.
?>^
Pellaea densa ( Brack.
Oregon Cliff-hraki.'. ( I"i.i.
POLVPOUIACKAK.
Hook.
V
f>5. ) '^
(>ii>i //in III
(/< iiiinii
llriick. I'il. r. S. ICxi)].
/',//,!
ill iiui H.iiik. Sp. I'll. 2: I.s^i
i^=;s.
Rootstock rather slender, clialTy with
blackish scales. Stipes densely tufted,
wiry, slender, lij,'ht brown, },'-'■)' lonj; ;
leaves ovate or triatij>ular-oblong in out-
line, I '-;,' lonj^, densely ,s-pinnate, the seg-
ments 3"-6" lonj;, linear, r.early sessile,
acuininalf ')r niucronate, tho.se of the fer-
tile leaves tapering at each eii<l, with
narrowly recurved margins ; apices of the
rare sterile leaves sharply serrate, these
otherwise similar to the fertile ones.
Ml. AlbiTt. C.aspe, yiuh.-c. .Ms.i I'roiii
Hritisli Columbia to Wyoming ■mil Calilorni:!.
.Suninier.
Mil
15. CHEILANTHES S\v. Syn. Fil. 126. i,S<)6.
llostly pul)esccut or tomentose rock-loving and small ferns with mncli divided leaves,
the sori terminal on the veins, at first small, ultimately more or less confluent. Indusium
formed 'of the rcflexed margin of the leaf, roundish and distinct or more or less conilu-
ent. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with an clastic ring which bursts transversely, often
much concealed in the scales or tomcntum which covers the segments in many species.
[Greek, in allusion to the lipi)ed indusia of .some species.]
.\boiU 'is sprcics, of IcmiKrali- anil troi)ii.'al unions. liisiiU'S tlic rollowinjj. smui.' i ( others
occur in the wcsUru ami soMllnvi.sti.rii parts of Noitli .XiiKvica ami mu' in I'lmida.
I.ciivis nearly ulab-ous, 2-])iiiiiatc. [. ( '. .l/ii/niiiirii.sis.
Leaves liirsnte ami tilaiulul.ir. not toineiitose ; imltisia not eoiiliiuious. _'. ( '. liiiinsii.
Leaves imne or Us- tomentose ; iiulnsi.i nmstly eoiitinmius.
Leaves 2 s' loiiR ; stijies slender, ,it leiintli "early ^;labrolls. ,v < '■ Kiiuilis.
Leaves f/ i,i' lonj; ; stipes stout, densely brown tomentose. .(. C. /oiiirii/nsii.
1. Cheilanthes Alabamensis ( Huckl. ) Kiiii/.t-. Alal)aina Mii-fcrn. ( Fi^-. 66. )
/'/iiis Aliilhiiih iisis liiiekl. -\iner. Joiini. Sei.
45: 177- i""!.^
( ■//( i/iiii/lii s . \liihaiiiiii\is Kuii/e. Linnaea, 20 ;
4. i.S|7.
Kootstock creeping, rather stout and
short, clothed with slender brown scales.
Stipes black, ,V-7' long, slender, wiry,
villous at least towards the l)ase with rusty
wool ; leaves lanceolate in outline, glab-
rous, 2'-io'long, 2-pinnate ; pinnae numer-
ous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, very
short-stalked, tlie lowest usually smaller
than those above ; iiiiinules oblong or tri-
angular-oblong, mosti}' acute, often auricu-
late on the upper side at the base, more or
less toothed or incised ; indusia jiale, mem-
branous, interrupted by the incising of the
pinnae.
On rocks, Virginia to .\labama, west to Illi-
nois, Arkansas and .\rizona. Auk. -Oct.
I'KKN I'AMILV.
31
Cheilanthes lanosa
liiiiihsiiiH Micli\. I'l.
( Michx.
!!iir. Am.
Watt. Hairy Lip-fcni. ( I'ijj
|ut and
scales.
wiry,
|h rusty
jmtincr-
vcry
Isinallcr
or tri-
liiuricii-
iiore or
I, inciii-
It of the
t.p lUi-
JVi'/'/iriH/iiin/
IS,,;,.
i'/iii/iiii//ii i -.'islilii S\v. Syii. I'il. ij--. iN«i.
t'liiHiiiilliis IdiiitSii Watt, TriiiKii '^ Jourii. lint. 12 : ).■*.
iS;.).
Rootstock sliort, creepitii.;, covered witli pale
rtisty-browii scales. Stipes tufted, wiry, chestuut-
browu, 2'--4' loii^, hirsute; leaves herbaceous,
obloii^{lanceolate iti outline, .;'-(/ long, i'-2' wide,
gradually attenuate to the apex, 2-pinnate ; pin-
nules somewhat distant, lanceolate-deltoid, acute,
deeply pinnatifid or incised, more or less covered
with almost bristly hairs and usually somewhat
glandular, obtuse or subacute ; sori numerous, cov-
ered by the infolded ends of the rounded or oblong
lobes.
On locks, siiulliirn .\\\v Vi
Missipuri, .\rk.insas .ind 'IVxas
North Carolina. JulySipt.
irk to (iiiiriria, utst
.\:-ci.-n<ls Icp 1710 I't.
3. Cheilanthes gracilis i lYc- 1 Mctt.
4. Cheilanthes tomentosa Link,
Lip-fcni. ( l''!};'. 69. i
Cli,il,i)illi(S liiniiiitosii Link, Ilort. liiio!. 2: |.>.
.Slciuk-r Li])- fern.
.1/liiii/t/iiisi;riiii/is l''ec. Cell. l'"il. i,so. iS.so-sz.
Chriliiiilliis luiiiiiiiiiiisd Nutt.; Hook. .Sj). I'il. 2: i>(j.
Clii iliiiillir.i i;i iiiilis Mftt. .\bli. Siiick. Nat l',i.-^(.ll.
3; [ripriiit ,V>]. I'^.io.
Rootstock short, covered with narrow brown
scales lined with black. Stipes densely tufted,
slender, about as long as the leaves, at first cov-
ered with woolly hairs, at length nearly glab-
rous ; leaves ovate-lanceolate in outline, 2'-4'
long, I '-2' wide, .vpiiiuate or j-pinnatc with the
pinnules piiniatiful, the upjier surface slightly
toinentose, the lower densely matte<l with whit-
ish-brown woolly hairs ; upper pinnae oblong-
ovate, the lower deltoid, the lowest distant ; ul-
timate segments or lobes minute, the terminal
ones slightly larger than the others, all roundish
or obovate and much crowded; indusium nar-
row, formed of the inrolled unchanged margin
of the segments.
On rocks, Illinois and Miiimsota to Hrilisli
Coluiiibia, south to Tc.vas ami .\rizoiia. July -Oct.
\V()(.llv
\vi-
Rootstock stout, sliort, densely chaiTy with slen-
der light brown scales. Stipes tufted, .I'-.S' long,
rather stout, densely brown-tomentosc even ..hen
mature ; leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline, 3-pin-
nate, 6'-iS' long, densely tomentosa, especially be-
neath, with slender brownish-white obscurely artic-
ulated hairs ; piiniae and pinnules ovate-oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, the ultimate pinnules about ',."
long, the terminal ones sometimes twice as large as
the others ; indusia pale, nietnbrauous, continuous.
On rooks, Virifiiiia to (kiirtfia. west to Missouri.
Texas, .\rizolia and Mexico, .\sceiuls to K/o ft. ill
North Carolina, Julv Oct.
32
POLYPODIACEAE.
i6. NOTHOLAENA R. Hr. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: 145. 1810.
Mostly small rock-loviny fcnis, with 1-3-piiiiiate or piiniatifid leaves and marginal
roundish or oblong sori, which are at first distinct hut soon confluent into a narrow band.
Iiidusiuni none, but the sporanges are sometimes at first covered by the inflexed margin of
the leaf. Veins free. Sporanges pedicellcd, provided with a vertical transversely bursting
ring. Lower surface of the leaf often covered with a white or yellow waxy powder, or iu
some species with a dense tomentum. [Greek, in allusion to the woolly lower surfaces.]
About 411 spcciis, of wi<k- distrilniticm, must luinurous in .Vniirica. lii-iiks the lolldwingr,
homo 17, iitliirs arc found in the mountainous portions of the soulliwcslcrn I'nitcd States,
I. Notholaena nivea dealbata
(Pursln Davtiip. Powdery
Notholaena. ( Fij;. 70. )
Clifihiiillii-s dt-dllhila I'ursli, I'l. .\m. .Sept.
(■■-I. \X\\.
.\i'lliiihiiihi (li'iilhnlii Kuiizc. .Vmcr. Journ. Sci.
(II,i6:s.'. 1S4N.
XiillKilitriHi iii'rfci van ilialhahi Davcnp. Cat.
Davcnp. Herb. .Suppl. 44. iS.s^.
Rootstock short, chaffy with narrow
brown scales. Stipes tufted, wiry, very
slender, shining, dark brown, i '-3' long;
leaves triangular-ovate in outline, acute,
broadest at the base, I '-4' long, 3-4-pin nate,
the racLis black and shining ; pinnae
ovate, the lower slender-stalked ; ultimate
pinnules ovate or obovate, obtuse, lobed,
crenate or entire, small, scarcely i " long,
white and powdery on the lower surface.
0\\ ciU-areoU!- rocks, Missouri and Kansas
to .\rizona and Texas, June-.Sept. The typ-
ical form of the species occurs in the South-
western Slates and in Central .Vmerica,
17. POLYPODIUM L. Sp. PI. 10.S2.
1753-
Pinnate or simple ferns with stipes articulated to the creeping rootstocks. Sori circular,
dorsal, in one or more rows on either side of the midribs. Indusinm none. Sporanges pedi-
cellcd, provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. \'eins variously arranged.
[Greek, iu allusion to the branched rootstocks of some species.]
.Vbout ,^,so species, of very wide >reoKrapliic distribution, mostly of tropical regions, liesides
the followinsf, 5 occur in I'lorida, i in .Vrizona and 3 on the I'acifie Coast
I. ower surface of tile leaf itlabrous; plant jireen, 1, /', -.■iiltiorr.
Lower surface of the leaf <lensely scaly ; plant urayisli. 2. /', f>itl\p(Hiionlts.
1. Polypodium vulgare L. Com-
mon Polyix)dy. i Fig. 71.)
rolvpoili 1(1)1 I'lilgnic I„ Sp, rl. i(p.'^,i, I7,S3,
Rootstock slender, widely creeping, dense-
ly covered with cinnamon-colored scales.
Stipes light colored, glabrous, 2' -6' long;
leaves ovate-oblong or narrowly oblong in
outline, subcoriaceous, evergreen, glabrous
on both surfaces, 3'-io' long, i'-3' wide, cut
nearly to the rachis into entire or slightly
toothed, obtuse or subacute, linear or linear-
oblong segments ; sori large, borne about
midway between the midrib and margins of
the segments ; veins free.
On rocks or rocky banks, almost throuKliout
North America. Asia and ICurope, .Ascends to
5600 ft, in Virs:inia, The leaf varies much in
serration. I'orms with the ends of the sejfments
cnlarKcd. somewhat ])alniately lobed, and the
upper crested are known as var, iris/u/uiii.
l"orms with the seRUients broad and deeply i)in-
iiatifid arc called var, Ca»il>iUiim. Suiutiier,
lERN FAMILY.
33
side
;I,. Sp. ri. l(i6S.
I'l. Iiul. Occ. 3:
•75,1-
16-15.
2. Polypodium polypodioides ( L. )
A. S. Hitclicock.
Gray PolxjMxly. ( Fijj;. 72. )
. \i iiisliiliinii />ii/t/>iii/iiiii/i\
/'ii/r/>ii</iiiiii hiiiiiiiiiii Sw.
IN i(j.
J'olvp.ntiinii />o/ip,i,/i,'id,i A. S. Ililolicuck.
kf|). Mil. Hot. Cianl. 4: [.Vi. iS).?.
Rootslock widely creeping, woody, cov-
ered with small brown scales. .Stipes dense-
ly scaly, i'-,i' long; leaves oblong-lanceo-
late in ontline, acute, coriaceous, evergreen,
i'-6'long, i'-i>2'wide, cut very nearly or
([uite to the rachis into entire oblong or lin-
ear-oblong obtuse segments, glabrous or
nearly so on the upper surface, the lower
densely covered with gray peltate scales
with darker centres, as are also the rachises;
veins indistinct, unconnected and usually
once forked.
< 111 trtts or rarely im rnt-ks, Virginia to I-'lnr-
ida, wisl In lUiiicpis, Miss<iuri .'iikI 'IVxas. As-
citiils tci 4i«Ki ft. ill North Carolina. Wiikly
distribuU'd in tropiial .ViiuTica. July-Sipt.
Family 6. MARSILEACEAE R. Hr. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i: i66. iSio.
Perennial herbaceous i>lant.s rootiiij; in nnul, with .slender creei)injr root-
stock.s and 4-f()liolate or filiform leaves. A.sexnal propax;ati(jn consistinj^ of
•sporocarps borne on jK-dnncles which rise from the rootstock near the leaf-stalk
or are consolidated with it, ccMilainini;- l)oth macrosjiores and microsjiores. The
niacrospores irerminate into ]>rothallia which bear mosth' arche,y;onia, while the
microspores i;row into i)rothallia bearing' the antheridia.
Two ffL'iR'ia ami >otiic -),s s|Kcits of wide- j{i.-o)rrapliic <listribiitinii.
I. MARSILEA L. Sp. PI. 1099. 1753.
Marsh or acjuatic plants, the leaves commonly floating on the surface of shallow water,
slender-petioled, 4-foliolate, Peduncles shorter than the petioles, arising from their bases
or more or less adnate to them. Sporocarps ovoid or bean-shaped, composed of two vertical
valves with several transverse compartments (sori) in each valve. [Name in honor of Gio-
vanni Marsigli, an Italian botanist, who died about 1804.]
.\tjout 40 siiL-ciL-s. wicK'ly distrilnli-d. lU'sidis tht- foUowiut; 2 or i, ollii;r.< occur in 'IV.xas.
,Si)orocarps jilabrous and purpk- \v In 11 inalurc. 1. .1/. i/iituiriloliti.
.Sporocarps dfiisfly covered with hairlikc scales. 2. .1/. I'rslilii,
I. Marsilea quadrifolia L.
ICnropean Marsilea. ( Fij;-. 73. )
Jfaisi/cii i/iiiiifri/o/iii I,. Sl>. PI. hhiq. 17.1,1.
Rootstock slender, buried iu the muddy bot-
toms of shallow lakes or streams. Petioles us-
ually slender, z'-s' high, or when submerged
sometimes elongated to 1° or 2°. Lcallets mostly
triangular-obovate, variable iu outline, 3"-S"
long, 2"-6" wide, glabrous or rarely with scat-
tered hairs when young, the margins entire ;
sporocarps 2 or rarely ,^ on a branching peduncle
which is attached to the petiole at its base,
covered with short yellowish-brown hairs when
young, becoming glabrous ami dark purple
when mature ; s jri 8 or 9 in each valve.
.Moiijr the slioresof Haiitani I.ake. I.ilchfield Co..
Conn., whence it lias been introduced into various
parts 111' llie eoimtry. notably into eastern Mass.Klin
setts. Native of Europe and .Vsia.
3
MARSIIJvVCHAi;.
2. Marsilea vestita Hook. vS: (ircv.
Hairy Marsilea. i Fijjj. 74. )
Jf(ir.si/,;i :;s/i/,i Ildi.k. .S: C.iiv, Ic. I'il. /i/. /,9.
Ararsiliii >iiuiioii,il,i \. lir. Anur. Jmini, .Si-i.
I 11.13: AS. I>I7.
Rootstock slender, creeping. Petioles
slender, 2'-^' lii,i,'h ; leaflets similar to those
of the preccdinj,' species, entire or toothed ;
sporocarps .V-4" long, 2"-;/' wide, with a
short raphe, a short and hlnnt lower tooth
and an acute and sometimes curved upper
one, densely covered with soft spreading
narrow hair-like scales or (in the forms
known as -)/. iiiucroiiata) these short and
apprcsscd or almost wanting; sori 6-1 1 in
each valve.
In wit siuul (ir in si. allow dilclus, I'icirida
to Kansas, .\ri/otia and .Mu.xii-o. north to liritish
L'oluni1)ia.
Faiiiil\-
SALVINIACEAE Rciclifiil). Coii.sp. 30. 1S2S.
S.VI.VINI.V l''.\MII.V.
.Small floatiiitr ])laiits with a more or le.s.seloii.oated and .sometimes braiichiiiji^
axis heariiit; ai)i)aremly 2-raiike(I leaves. .Sporocarps soft, thiii-w.-illed, borne
2 or more on a common .stalk, i -celled, with w central often branched receptacle,
which bears inacrosporannes containino- a sinole macrospore or microsporaiiijes
containino; numerons microspores. The macro.spores j,^erminate into in'othallia
which bear archeoones, the microsjHJres into prothallia which bear antlierids.
The family consists of Iwomiuia.
Leaves 6" -f/' lonjt, 2-rankcd. on mostly simple stvnis. i. Salviiiia.
Leaves minute, closely imbricated on pinnalely hrancliinn stems. 2. .\:olla.
I. SALVINIA Adaiis. 1-am. PI. 2: 15. 1763.
Floating annual plants with slender steins hearing rather hroad 2-ranked leaves.
Sporocarps globose, depressed, 9-14-sulcate, inemhranous, arranged in clusters, 1 or 2 of
each cluster containing 10 or more sessile macrosporanges, each containing few niacrospores,
the others containing numerous smaller globose pedicelle<l microsporanges with very
numerous microspores. Leaves rather dark green, finely papillose on the upper surface.
[Name in honor of Antonio Maria Salvini, i63;,-i729, Italian scienti.st.J
.Vbout i;5 species of wide distril)ulion. Only the following occurs in North .\nierica.
I. Salvinia natans ( L. ) Hoffni. Salvinia.
< f i«;- 75- )
Miusilra nalciiis \,. .Sp. I'l. iik)ii. 17,^,;.
Sali'iiiia luihiiis IIotTm. Deutscli. I'l. 2: i. 1705,
Leaves oblong, rather thick, obtuse or emargin-
ate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base,
entire, spreading, 6'-i2' long, pinnately veined,
bright green and papillose above, the lower surface
densely matted with brown pellucid hairs ; sporo-
carps 4-S in a cluster, the upper ones containing
about 10 macrosporanges, each containing a few
niacrospores, the remainder containing numerous
microsporanges each with numerous microspores ;
niacrospores marked with 3 obtuse lobes which
meet at the apex.
Hois Hrul^ Hottonis, I'erry Co., Missouri and near
Minneapolis, Minn. Introduced into ponds on Staten
Island. N. Y. Reported by I'nrsli in 1S14 from central
New York, but his exact station is unknown. Widely
distributed in Kurope and .Asia.
SAIAIMA FAMILY.
35
2. AZOLLA I.aiii. luicycl. i: ;,4,^ 17S3.
Miiuite moss-like rr--.i(lisli or urceii lloatinji plants, with piiiimtcly brniichcil stems covered
with minute iinl)ricatc(l 2-lol)ed leaves, and emitting rootlets beneath. Sporocarps of two
kinds borne in the axils of the leaves, the smaller ovoid or acorn-shaped, containing a single
macrospore at the base and a few corpuscles above it whose character is not fully known,
the larger globose, producing many pedicelled sporanges, each containing several masses of
microspores which are often beset with a series of anchor like processes of unknown func-
tion. [Greek, signifying killed by drought.]
.Vbout 5 species of wide Kcographic (listriliutimi.
Azolla Caroliniana Willd.
Azolla. ( Fiir. -(->.)
Cariiliiia
A::ollii Ciirnliiiidiiii WiUd. Sp. I'l. 5: 5)1. iSm.
Plants greenish or reddish, deltoid or triangu-
lar-ovate in outline, pinnately branching, some-
times covering large surfaces of water. INIacro-
spores minutely granulate, with three accessory
corpuscles; masses of microspores armed with
rigid septate processes: leaves with ovate lobes,
their color varying somewliat with the amount
of direct sunlight, the lower usually reddish, the
upper green with a reddish border.
I'MdatintJ mi still walir, ( )iilari() and wisu-rn Niw
York til lirilisli Culuiiibia. sdiitli In l-lniida. Ari/niia
and Mexicii. Alsn in SuuUi .Vniurica. Nalnrali.'.i-d
in lakts on Slatcii Island, N. V.
leaves.
or 2 of
ospores,
very
surface.
Family S. EQUISETACEAE Miclix. 1*1. T'.or. .\ni. 2: 2S1. 1S03.
II()Rsi;'r.\ii, l".\Mii,v.
Ru.sh-like perennial plants, with mostly hollow jointed simple or often nuich-
branched grooved steins, provided with a donhle .series of cavities and nsually
with a lar^e central one, the branches verticillate, the nodes jmjvided with dia-
phrajj;ms. Rootstocks snblerranean. Leaves reduced to sheaths at the joints,
the sheaths toothed. Sporanj^es i -celled, clustered underneath the scales of ter-
minal cf)ne-like spikes. vSpores all of the same size and shaj>e, furnished with 2
narrow strap-like ajiiK-ndairt-s attached at the middle, coilin-^ around the siw)re
when moist and spreadinj;, when dry and mature, in the form of a cross ( elaters ).
Kpidennis impretrnated with silica, rou^h. Prothallium on the surface of the
grotind, <rreeu, usually dioecious.
'file family consists of llii- fdllowinif iftnus :
I. EQUISETUM L. Sp. PI. 1061. 1753.
Characters of the family. [Name ancient, signifying horse-tail, in allusion to the copious
branching of several species.]
About 25 species, of very wide jfcoKrapliic distribution.
Stems annual ; stoniala scallired.
•Stems (if two kinds, the fertile appiarintf in early sprinjr bifore the sterile.
I'Vrtile stems simple, sonii wilherinsi; slie;itlis nf briinclus of
Fertile stems branched when old. only llie apex wiUKTin,r.
Hrauclies (if the stem simple, their slie.itlis vtootiied. 2. K.
Uraiiclies comiidund. . ,v A".
Stems all alike; spdres mature in summer; branches simple nr mine.
Sheaths ratlier loose ; branches usually lonn ; stems bushy below, atlemmte u
Central cavity very small ; spike Unit; •(• /■■
Central cavity about one-half the diameter of stem: spike short. ,S. A'.
Sheaths appressed ; branches usually short. 6, /■.'.
Stems jierenuial. evergreen ; spikes tipped with a ri(>;id point ; stomata
.Stems tall, usually manv-Krooved.
Stems rough and tubereulate, prominently ridded.
Ridges with l line of tubercles; ridpfes of sheath tricarin.ite; ste
sterile stems 41
I. /;■
spike short
I in regular row
em stout.
(Killied.
iii:iiisi\
f>>llli >lSl\
s\/:<i/i(iiiii.
pwards,
/>ll/llS/ll'.
lillomh-.
Hti-ialilc.
7. /;. ri'luisliiiH.
Ridges of the stem with 2 indistinct lines of tubercles; ridges of sheath obscurely
4-earinatc; stem slender. S. A", hyiiiitilr.
Stems not tubereulate; sheaths enlarged upward. 9. A'. Iiicx'ii;aluni.
.Stems low, slender, tufted, usually ,s-lo-grooved.
Central cavity small ; sheaths ".s-io-tootheO.. 10. E. -'aiiegalum.
Central cavity none ; sheaths 3-toottied. n. A", scirfwides.
36 EQUISKTACEAE.
I. Equisetum arvense I.. lMd<l Horsetail. ( Im;;.
)
lu/iiisilinii III :i use \.. Sp. I'l. 11161, 17S.5.
Stems annual, proviiled with scattered stoinata, ilic
fertile appcarinj,' in early s])rinn before the sterile.
I'crtilc stems 4'-io' hi),'h, not branched, soon wither-
iii),', light l)ro\vn, their loo^e scarious sheaths mostly
distant, whitisli, ending in about 12 brown acuminate
teeth; sterile stems green, rather slender, 2'-2° high,
6-i9-furro\vcd, with numerous louj; mostly simple
verticillatc 4-anglcd or rarely ,^-angled solid branches,
the sheatlis of the branches 4-toothed, the stonuita in 2
rows in the furrows ; central cavity one-fifth to one-
fourth the diameter of the stem.
In siindy sciil. tsiiiciiilly alcmjf Vdail^idi^ and railwavs.
Niwfiiini(llaii(l iinil ('.ri'iuland tn .\laska, Miutli U> \'irt;ii"iia
and Califninia. .\l?-o in lCiirii|H' and A^^iii. .\>crnds tn at
U-asl 25i«i ft in X'iivinia. An oicasicmal I'linn in wliicli the
stirilf stem hiars a ttrininal spikr is kmmii as var. siin-
li II Hill. .Stirilf stems Minu'liniis vi ly slmn and with long
irnslrati' (pr astxiidinK liraiu-lKs. M;iy.
2. Equisetum pratense Ivhrli.
tail. ( \'\)y. 7S. )
Kt/i(istiiiiii f>nil, IIS,- \-.\\r\\. Ilannv. .May. i.',s
Thicket IIorsL-
17N-
Stems annual, S'-i()' high, with scattered stomata, the
fertile appearing in spring before the sterile, branched
when old, only its apex withering, the two becoming
similar in age; stems rough, H-20 ridged with narrow
furrows and cylindric or cup-shaped sheaths ; branches
straight, rather short, simple, densely whorled, ;,-augled
or rarely 4-5-aiigIed, solid; sheaths of the stem with
about r I short ovate-lanceolate teeth, those of the branches
3toothed ; rootstocks solid, acutely angled.
In sandy jihiccs, Nciva Sc-oti.i and Kupeit Kivirld .Mimic
siila, and .\laska. miuIIi tn New Jiisev anil Colorado. .\lso in
ICuidpi' and .\sia. July .Sept.
Equisetum sylvaticum L
tail. I I"'io-. 79.
Wood Horse-
JC(/iii\iliiiii .u/:;i/i, Hill I.. ,Sp. I'l. io«ji. i;,s^.
Stems annual, provided with scattered stomata, the
fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile, at first
simple, at length much branched and resembling the
sterile, only its naked apex withering. Stems usually
i2-furrowed, producing verticillatc compound branches,
the branchlets curved downward ; sheaths loose, cylin-
dric or campanulate, those of the stem with S-14 blunt-
ish teeth, those of the branches with 4 or 5 teeth, those of
the branchlets with 3 divergent teeth ; central cavity
nearly one half the diameter of the stem ; branches and
branchlets solid.
In moist sandy woods and tliickits. Newfoundland and
r.iLenland to Alaska, south to \'iininia and .Micliijfan. .\lso
in luiropt- and .\sia. Mav.
HORSETAIL I'AMII.V
4. Equisetum palustre L. Mmsli Horsetail.
( Fijr. ,S( ). )
/■:,/iih,liiiii fi,ili(sli,\,. S]). I'l, ic*,r. 175,.
Stems annual, slender, all alike, lo'-iS' long, very
deeply 5-9 frrooved, the grooves separated hv n.'.rrow
ronghish %ving-like ridges, the central canal very
small ; sheaths rather loose, hearing about S sul.u-
late-lanceolate whitish-margine.l teeth ; hranches sim-
ple, few in the whorls, 4-7-angled, always hollow
barely sulcata, more abundant below than above their
sheaths mostly 5-toothed ; spike rather long; stoniata
abundant in the furrows.
37
111 \V(.l ,)laci-s, .\,,va Scutia to .\laska, s.mth U< -M-iin,-
Equisetum littorale Ktidtl. Sh„re Horsetail. ( Fijr ,s, )
/u/,,is,/„,„ lilloraU- K.R-lil. li.itr. I-naiiA Riiss
Ktichs, 4 : 91. 1S45,
Stems annual, very slender, all alike, S'-iS'
liigh, slightly roughened, e-ig-groovcd, the
riclges rounded, the central canal one-half to two-
thirds the diameter ; sheaths sensibly dilated
above, the nppcrmost inversely campanulate,
their teeth herbaceous, membranous at the mar-
gins, narrow, lanceolate ; branches of two kinds,
simple, some4-angled and hollow, some3-aDgled
and solid, the first joint shorter or a trifle longer
than the sheath of the stem ; spike short with
abortive spores, these commonly with no elaters.
,,„.V"/''v''' ^''■'''' ""'• '''l^^- ■'^'""•is Maine and On-
'' ,",• V V- ^''T,'' •"•"' ''^""^vlvaiiia, west to lirit-
M.H;'"'A;;^silu; ""''"■'""■ «"l'P"-"tohea
6. Equisetum fluviatile L. Suaiiip Horsetail.
F.'lllisclUIII ri„vialilc\.. Sp. I'l. l(l(;,2. ,;=;,,
lit/ II I SCI Kill lillliKUIIIl I,. .Sp. \'\. u^3. i;v,.
Stems annual, all alike, 2°-4° high, slightly
io-3o.fnrrowed, very smooth, usually producing
upright branches after the spores are formed the
stomata scattered. Sheaths apprcssed with ai>ont
18 dark brown short acute rigid teeth, air cavities
wanting under the grooves, small under the
ndges ; central cavity very large ; branches hol-
low, slender, smaller but otherwise much like the
stems, short or elongated ; rootstocks hollow.
Scot a to .\laska, south to Vir>fi„ia, Nebraska and
VVasIunston. .Vlso in liurope and .Asi .. Ma tjune
( Fig;. S2.
3« EQflSKTACKAE.
7. Equisetum robustum A. Hr. Stout Samrin^^-rusli
/u/iiisr/iiiii lii/iiis/iiiii A. Ill,: Ijimlin
Soi. 46: ^s, i,s||.
Atiitr. Jmini.
Steins perennial, stout, tall, cvet^jreen, ,^"-ir'
liij{li. sonielinics nt-arly 1 ' in dianictcr. 2ii-).S-fur-
rowcd, simple or litllo liranclieil. Riilj^es of the
stem ronnliencil with a single series of transversely
oblonj^ siliceous tubercles; sheaths short, cylin-
clric, ajipressed, markeil with Mack girdles at the
base, and at the bases of the dark caducous
teeth; ridj»es of the sheath vcarinate; branches
whi.'ii present occasionally fertile; spikes tipped with
a rij^id point.
Ill wit plaiis, ()!iiii til I.iiuisiaiia and Mexico, wist
til llriti^h CoUiinliia and California. Also in Asia.
May Jiiiii
c:^
8. Equisetum hyemale L. Coininon
vSciuirin.o-ni.sli. ( I'ijr. ,S4. 1
i'.iliiisi liiiii liYiiiiiilf !,. S|i. I'l. ioiVj. I75,v
Stems slender, rather stiff, ever^jreen, 2°-4° high,
with the stoinata arranjjed in rej;ular rows, rough,
S ,^4- furrowed, the ridges with two indistinct lines
of tubercles, the central cavity large, from one-half
to two-thirds the diameter ; sheaths rather long,
cylindric, marked with one or two black girdles,
their ridges obscurely 4-carinate ; teeth brown,
membranous, soon deciduous ; spikes pointed ;
stem rarely producing branches which arc usually
short and occasionally fertile ; forms are sometimes
found with longer sterile branches.
Ill wit plai'is and cm banks, i-;|Ri-ially almiK rivers
and lakrs, tliriiu^liuut maily tin- wlioli- nC North
.\iiRriia. lUiiopi- and .\sia. 'i'lii- nuiyli stilus of this
and relatiil siirciisari' used I'm sl■lPllrill^t Moors. Jlay-
Junc.
9. Equisetum laevigatum A. \\x. Smooth
.Sc()urin.s;-nisli. 1 I'"i>;'. .S5. 1
liquiicliiiii liii:ii;(iliiiii X. l!r. ; Iviiiriliu. .\iiiir. Jnurii.
Sci. 46: S7. 1S41.
Stems i°-5° high, simple or little branched, pale
green, persistent, •14-30-fnrrowcd, the ridges al-
most smooth. Sheaths elongated and enlarged
upward, marked with a black girdle at the base of
the mostly deciduous, white-margined teeth and
rarely also at their bases ; ridges of the sheath with
a faint central carina and sometimes with faint
short lateral ones ; stouiata arranged in sii.gle
scries; central cavity very large, the wall of the
stem very thin ; spikes pointed.
.\loiiK streams and rivers, especially in clay soil,
valky of the Dilaware Kivir in New Jirsiy and lastirn
reiiiisylvania to North Carolina and I.oiiisi.iiia. west to
lirilish Columbia and the Mexican border, .May -June.
HORSI'TAII, I'AMILV.
39
10. Equisetum variep'*nm Sclikicli.
\'aii(.'),MlL'(l l';(iiii-.i.iuii I Viii. S(). I
Ju/iii\i /inn :;ii ii
1 ^1 r.
Mill III Sililciili. Cat, ri. Ililvit. 2-.
Stems slfiKlcr, perfiiiiial, fvcrnrccn, 6' iS' lonj,',
roiiKli, usually siiuiUe from a bratuhcd base, com-
mon'.y tufted, .s-iD-fiirrowcil, the stomata lionie in
ri-gular rows. Slieallis caiiii):imilalu, (lisliui.lly
4-caritiatc, Krecii, varif(;ali-il with Mack above, the
median furrow deep ami escurreiit to the teeth and
downward to tlic ridges of the stem, the teeth ,s-io,
each tipped with a deciihious bristle ; central cav-
itv small, rarelv wantinu.
I.abr.iilcir ami (iii i iilaml In tin- Nurtliwot Tiiiitdiy,
Sdiitli t I Niw llanip^liiu-, wi^Urii Niw York, N<bia?-ka
anil Ni vada. .\l>(i in I'Uunpc an<l A'-ia. May Jinir,
II. Equisetum scirpoides Miclix. .St.(lj,'e-
likc IvqiiisLlum. < 1m;;. S;. )
/■'.i/iiisilinii M ///id/i/i V .Mii'lix. I'l. !ii)r. .\ni. 2: jni. IN13.
Stems perennial, evergreen, very slender or fdiform,
,','-6' long, somewhat rough, llexuous and furving,
growing in slender tufts, mostly 6-furrowcd w itli acute
ridges, simple or branching from near the base.
Sheaths 3-toothed, distinctly 4-carinate, the central
furrow broad, the lateral narrow, the bristly teeth
rather persistent; central cavity entirely \v;inting.
(In nini>i iir wi-l woiidid hanks, Labrador to .\laska,
-mitli In I'lnnsylvania, Illinois and lirilisli Cnluuibia.
.\l-ii ill l-Uudpi- and .\sia. May June.-.
I'aniily 9. LYCOPODIACEAE .Micli.x. I'l. Uor. Am. 2: 2S1. 181)3.
Cl.tll-MDSS I'.VMII.V.
Soiiiewliat inoss-likc, L-recl or trailing,- terrestrial herbs with miiiierous small
lanceolate or siihiilale simple leaves, sometimes olilonj;- or roinidish, .arran.i^ed in
2-many ranks, the stems often elong;ate(l, tisiialh' freeh" hranchiny:. .Sporan.tjes
i-,Vcelleil, .solilarx' in the axils of tlie lea\es or on their tijipjr snrtaces. SjKires
uniform, minute. Prothallia 1 as far as known 1 mostly subterranean, with or
withotit chloro])hyll, monoecious.
l''our KiiKiii ami about 1 m species, licv-idcs llii fullduiiig. I'silolinii occurs in I'lorida, llic two
other (fetiera only in AusUalia.
I. LYCOPODIUM L. Sp. IM. ikk.. 1753.
Perennial plants with evergreen l-nerved leaves arranged in 4-16 ranks. .Sporanges
coriaceous, flattened, reniform, icellerl, situated in the axils of ordinary leaves or in those
of the upper modified, bract-like ones, which are imbricated in sessile or peduncled
spikes, opening transversely iiUo 2 valves, usually by a line around the margin. Spores all
of one kind, copious, sulphur-yellow, readily inllannnable from the .nbundant oil they contain,
[dreek, meaning wolf's-foot, perhaps in allusion to the branching roots of some species.]
.\b(pul loo spities of wide geographic distribution, the largest occurring in the .Vndes of .South
America ami iiillie lliiualavas.
40
LYCOI'OniACEAE.
which liiL- vtrv unlike
Sl)(iraii(rcs txiriK' ill Ihv axils of leaves which arc similar to those of the stem.
Sl)oiaiii;es mostly wanting ill the axils of the iil)|iei'. mostly s ranked leaves.
Stems erect, riiji'l; leaves iiiiifonii, asceiulin^j. i. /.. .SV/,/<,'ii.
Stems somewhat lax. sjireadiiiK; leaves spiiadiiin or dellexed, alternately longer and
shorter. 3. /.. Iiii iiliihnii.
Sporanttes only in the axils of the upper leaves forming terminal spikes: leaves many ranked.
Plant smail; leaves acuti', soft, mostly entire. ',. /.. iiiuiulnliini.
Plant siont: leaves narrow, spinulose-pointed, bristle-toothed below the middle.
4. /. . lllof^iilDitiili s
SporauKes borne in the axils of yellowish ovate or cordate scale like leave
tliose of the sterile stems.
Stems leafy up to the base of the spike or marly so.
Spikes erect, closely se-sile.
Stems erect, tree like.
Stilus creepiiiM: with ascendiujr branches.
Leaves uniform, spreadinj;, ,s ratikid.
J.eavis of 2 forms, erect imiiricatt. (ranked
.Spikes elect, shoit-peduncled; leaves small, appressed. (ranked.
1" rtile branches with ininute leaves so that the spikes aijpear Ions; pediineled
eaves uniform, many ranked; stems teitte
i.eaves of 2 forms, few ranked; steins llaltene<l.
Sterile stems entirely creijiiiitf ; s])ikes solitary
Sterile stems with fan like asceiidiiiM: branches
spikes clustered.
i>hsi 11 I'll HI,
iiiiih'liiiinii.
iilpiiiKiii.
sithiiiiuln!ii(iii.
I /ii:'ti/iiiii.
t 'iirnliiii'iiinnii.
■oiii/iltniiilinii.
I. Lycopodium Selago I<. I'ir Club-inoss. ( Ti^. SS. )
I.W'poi'.iinii Sclaiiii I.. S)). I'l. 1102. 175,5.
Stt'ins'3'-6' IukIi, thick, rigid, erect, 2-5 times
forked, the branches fastigiate, forming a level-
topped cluster. Leaves crowded, uniform, ascend-
ing, elongatcil-lanceolate, mucronulate, entire or
spinulose-dciiticulatc, nerved below, convex above,
the upper mostly S-ranked, sterile, those below
bearing the small sporanges in their axils, those of
the lower half of the stem again sterile; plant
propagated also by bud-like organs which have
a lower pointed bract and 2 or ;, upper fleshy and
obovate ones.
(in rocks, I..ibrailor and Crcenlaiul to .\laska. south
to the mountains of .Maine. .New Hainpshire. \'eriiioiit
,111(1 noithcru New York, on the summits of the hijrher
.Mleuheiiies to North Caidliuii. and to Michigan and
Washington. .\lsc in lUirope and .\sia. .\uluiiiii.
2. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx.
Cliili-ilioss. ( Imj;. Sy. (
Shining ^'i^
t
LViopihliinii liii ididiiiii Michx. I'l. Uor. .\m. J: 2S(. iSo?
Stems somewhat lax, ascending or spreading, thick,
2-^ times forked, the branches 6'- 12' high. Leaves
widely spreading or rcflexcd, dark green, shining, 1-
uerved, acute, minutely toothed, a series of longer ones
alternating with a .series 01' shorter, the latter more fre-
c|uently bearing the sporanges at a short distance below
the summit of the stem ; sporanges of preceding years
often persistent ; plant also propagated like the preced-
ing species by gemmae, which fall to tlie ground and
become new olants.
Ill cold, damp woods, Newfoundland to Urilisli Columbia,
south to North Carolina and Iowa, .\sceuds to nearly ,S7oo ft.
in Virginia. .\uK.-<ict.
CUB-MOSS I'AMII.V.
4'
3. Lycopodium inundatum h Hojj; Clulviiioss.
I Fi<(. 90. )
/. 1,(1/', I,/ ill III inn lul'iliiiii I,. S)). I'l. 11112. 175.^.
riants siiiiill, i'-5'lonj{, with creeping flaccid forking-
hrilllc sterile stems closely apprcssetl to the earth. Fer-
tile stems erect, solitary, i'-6' high, terminated by a short
thick spike ; leaves lanceolate orlanccolate-snhulate with
hyaline margins, those of the spike similarto those below,
acnte, soft, spreading, mostly entire, those of the sterile
stems curved upward; spikes rarely two together, 9"-iS"
long, yellowish ; sporanges tranversely oval, splitting
nearly to cUc base; spores large, reticulated.
In saiiily b(it;s, Niwfdiniillaiul lowisUrn Ontario an<l Mich-
igan, siiiuli to l'"loriila. .Xsciiuls lo 2i«ici fl. in i-.istirn IVnn-iyl-
vaiiia. .\lso in Iviiropc and .\sia. I.arifcr forms with ftrtilc
^-tfuis < -' liitfli and more pointi-d sirralf leaves liavi- hitii
.sc])aiali<l as var. /Hi;, /,i:ii. .\iin. (let.
4. Lycopodium alopecuroides L. I-Ox-tail
Chib-nioss. ( Fij^j. 91. )
I.yiofi,hliiiiii,il,'f^i;iiriii,lis\,. Sp. I'l. 1102. 175,^
Plant stout, densely leafy, the sterile branches
flaccid, recurved and creeping, sometimes 10' long.
Fertile stems stout, rigid, erect, 6'-2o' high, termin-
ated by a spike 9"-i '.' long, and, including its leaves
4"-5" thick ; leaves narrowly linear-subulate, those of
the spike similar to those below, spinulosc-pointcd,
spreading, conspicuously bristle-toothed below the
middle, those of the spike with long setaceous tips ;
sporanges transversely oval, splitting to near the base.
In ])inc-barreii swamps. New Jersey lo I'"loiida. near the
coast, west to Mississippi. .\uK.-"ei.
5. Lycopodium obscurum I,, (lioimd Piiic. ( V\\i,. 92. )
US
■A
-^^1 ■^::M "^l/'?;/ .:/'
"illy -!• .'Mx\i >-i,.\.r .'•'■
\
/.I, ii/t, i,/iiiiii ,i/'S(iiriiiii I.. Sp. I'l. 1102. I7.\V
/.l(<i/>ii(/iiiiii i/i iii/i ,iii/iiiiii .Mie!i.\. I'l. llor. .\m. 2: 2S2.
iSo.v
Stems erect, h'-u' high, bushy-branched, the
branches fan-like, the rootstocks subterranean,
nearly hori/.onlal. Leaves lanceolate-linear, acute,
entire, S-rankcd on the main stem, those of the
branches 6-rankcd, with the two upper and the two
lower ranks shorter anil a|fpresscd, or all alike and
equally incurved-spreading, densely clothing the
stems up to the bases of the spikes ; spikes 1-10 ou
each plant, Iz'-ili' long, composed of many-
ranked ovate scarious-margined bracts (scale-like
leaves), each with a transversely oval sporange in
its axil.
In moist woods. NewfoinidlaiKl and Labrador lo
.Maska. south lo the motiulain>i of Norlli Carolina and
to Indiana, .\seends lo 4(«xi fl. in VirRinia. .Mso iti
.\sia. July-Sejil.
42
lA'COI'ODIACEAE.
6. Lycopodium annotinum I^. Stiff
Club-iiioss. ( Kijr, y3. )
I.yci'f>iHliinii iiiiiiiiliiiniii I,. Sp, I'l. iiii^. i;5^.
Stems much brancheil, slender, prostrate and
creeping, rather stiff, r'-4° long, the branches sim-
ilar, ascending, s'-S' high, sparingly forke.l.
I<eavcs uniform, spreading, 5-ranked, rigid, linear-
lanceolate, minutely serrulate, nerved below; spikes
solitary or several at the ends of the branches, ob-
long-cylindric, I'-z'.' long, composed of ovate or
ovate-cordate, short-acuminate and denticulate
bracts, each with a sporange in its axil; s])ores
smooth crspinulose-rcticulatcd on the basal surface.
In wood:, and tliicktls, ounini.nilv in drv -oil I ali-
ra.l.ir lu Alaska, soulh tn \tw Jirs^-v. WVsl Virginia
Michiyan. Colorado and \Vashin«:loM." .\lso in I'urop,-
and Asia. Mountain loniis with nioic ri^id pointi-d
kavfs have hww si puratid as var. piii/-;,i/s. .\iiliiiiiii
7. Lycopodium alpinum I,. Alpine Club-
m()s,s. (I'i^r. ,j^_ )
l._\ii'/>i>(tiiiiii <ilf>iiii(iii I,. Sp. I'l. iio). 17/^5.
Steins elongated, creeping, with ascending densely
clustered crowded dichotomous branches. I.eavcs
4-raiikcd, erect-imbricate, a<lnate-decurrent, of two
forms ; those of the lateral rows lanceolate, falcate,
acute, carinate, concave within, those of the interme-
diate rows scarcely one-third as large, lanceolate-sub-
ulate, the upper and lower rows alike ; spikes solitary
at the apices of slightly elongated branches, erect,
closely sessile, the stems leafy to their bases; bracts
broadly ovate, acuminate, dentate ; -spores reticulated.
,,'","■ '^- I.abiadoito I.aki- Siipirior. Washington and
.Alaska .Sonutiiius iiniU-d with I.. iiniif^l,ni,ili(iu Vlso
in luiiopf and .\sia.
8. Lycopodium sabinaefolium Willd.
Ccdar-likL' CIiiI)-iiios.s. ( l-'i.
'y.s. »
/.\ii>f>iHliiim stihiiiiii/nliiiii; Willd Sp. I'l. 5 : 2n.
1 S 1 o.
Stems elongated, creeping, or more usually sub-
terranean with short erect dichotomous clustered
ascending branches, 2' ,?' long. Leaves 4-ranke<l,
small, apprcssed or slightly curve.! outward, lan-
ceolate, mucronate, entire, apjiarently terete ;
spikes .short-peduncled, solitary, cylindric, with
cordate acuminate crosc-dciiticulatc or entire
bracts; sporanges transversely oval or somewhat
reniforui, deeply splitting.
In cold
Cohiiiibia
woods, bibrador to New Jersey anil llritisli
CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.
43
9. Lycopodium clavatum h. Runniiij; I'iiie. Club-moss. ( Vi^. <.)(•>. )
/
^
/.ii"/>iii/iiiiii ihr.iihnii I,. Sj).
fee'
•75,v
Stems extensively creeping, i°-4° long with simi-
lar short irregnlar ascemling or decnnibent densely
leafv branches. Leaves much crowdetl, many-ranked,
incurved, linear-suhnlatc, bristle-tipped, the lower
denticulate, the upper nearly entire and slightly de-
current on either side ; spikes 1-4 on long 8-striate
peduncles ; bracts membranous, roundish, erose-
dcnticulate l)elow, bearing in the axil a transversely
oval sporange which splits nearly to the base ; spores
narrowlv reticulate.
In woods, Labrador to .\laska. south to North Carolina.
Michigan and Wa-ihintrto". -Mso i" ICuropr, .\sia and
CtiiUal AuKiica. Thr sporisof tlii> sinciis, and those
of A. (iniif>liiiiiiliiiii. funiisli the inllaintnal)lv i)"w<U-r
known as l.ycopodiuni powikr or viittlabk- sulpluir. ust'd
in slajri- ilTicts. Au^r. Oi't.
I and
Also
10. Lycopodium Carolinianum L. Caro-
lina Clul)-lll()SS. ( Kjo-, i;y, I
L\'ii>f>iHliii»i t'liii'/iiii' iiiiiii I,. Sp. ri. iio|. 1755.
vSterile stems and their few short branches entirely
creeping, closely appressed to the earth. 1'-;/ long,
emitting numerous roots on the lower side. lA'aves
of fertile stems of two forms, the lateral ones broadly
lanceolate, acute and some\.hat obli(|ue, 1 -nerved,
widely spreading, in 2 ranks with a shorter, interme-
diate row appressed on the upper side ; peduncles
simple, slender, I'-d' high, clothed with small bract-
like leaves ami bearing a single cylindric spike ; bracts
cordate, short-acuminate, mostly entire with trans-
versely oval sporanges in the upper axils.
In moist pino barrens, Ni \v Jirsi y to I'loridaand l.o\iisi-
.■iiia near tlie coast.
^>'
II. Lycopodium complanatum L, Trail-
iiij; Clirislnias-oivcii. ( I-'ij;-. 9.S. )
i.\ii>f',i,iiiiiii (iiiiifihiihiiiiiii I,. S|). ri. iio|. 175,',.
stems extensively creeping, with erect or ascend-
ing reniform or fan-shaped branches several times
forked above, with crowded llattencd br.inchlets.
Leaves minute, imbncate-appresscd, 4-ranked, the
lateral rows with somewhat spreading tips, the in-
termediate smaller, narrower and wholly appressed,
forming a Hat surface ; iiedunde slender, 2' W high,
dichotomous, bearing 2-4 lincar-cylindric spikes ;
bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, the margins pale and
crose ; sporanges transversely oval, deeply splitting.
In wooils an<l tliiikils. Ni wroinulliuid to .Maska, south
to .\orlli Carolina, Miiliitjan and Iliilisli Cohinil>i;i .\lsci
in lUiropc and .\sia. I'orms with less distinctly dinior-
ihoiisliavi sand narrowiv, more trcct and busily branches
lave been separatKl as var. (.'luiniiin \ fiiii is.\iu.
I
44
SEKAGINHLI.ACKAK.
Kainily lo. SELAGINELLACEAE I'lulcrw. Native I'erns 103. iSSi.
Terrestrial, annual or jierennial, moss-like ])lants with hrancliin^- stems and
scale-like leaves, which are many-ranked and uniforni, or 4-ranked and of two
t\i)es spreadinj; in two jilanes. Sporanj^es 1 -celled, solitary in the axils of
leaves which are so arranged as to form more or less (juadranj^ular sjnkes, some
containing; 4 macrospores ( macros]>oranjrt.-s 1, other;, containing numerous mi-
cr()S])ores i niicros]>oran.i;es i, which develoj) into small prothallia, those from
the macros])ores hearing;- archej,jones, those from the niicros])ores antherids.
Tlu' fiitnily Cdiisists nf tin- fnllnwiiitf ^^^■IHls :
I. SELAGINELLA Heauv. I'rodr. AethcoK. 101. 1805,
Characters of family. [Name diminutive of Selaj,jo. an ancient name of some Lyivpodium. ]
Alxiut VV^ ^piiiis (if viry widf ifiii;{n>i>1iif (lislribiitiuii, nii>sl al>un(lant and larufst in tnipioal
n-(;ii>ns. In adililinn to tlif fcillnwinK ^inna- 5 dllurs oi-cur in wtsKrn North Anurica.
Sttiii Uavts all alike, ni.my ranked.
Steins compact willi ri>;id leaves: spikes iiuadrantjnlar. 1. .S'. riif'isliis.
Stems slender; leaves lax. >))readin)r; s))ikesenlar(fed, scarcely (|nallran^rtllar. 2. .V. siltii^iiidiilis.
Stem leaves of 2 kin<ls, 1 ranked, spre.idinjr in 2 planes. ,v -V <ipiis.
I. Selaginella rupestris ( L. ) Sprinjj;.
Rock Selaginella. ( Fijj;. 9y. )
/.viiiftitiiiiiiii nif>is/)i\,. .Sp. IM. iioi. 175,1.
.Si/di; I iit//ii iii/>rs/ris .SpriiiK in Mart. I'l. Hras.
i; Tart 2, U.S. 1,^4,1.
Steins densely tnfted, with occasional
sterile runners and sul)-])innate branches,
i'-^^' liifili, commoidy curved when dry.
Leaves T\nu\, appresscd-imbricatcd, i" or
less lonjii, linear or linear-lanceolate, convex
on the back.more or less ciliate, many-ranked,
tipped with a distinct transparent awn ;
spikes sessile at the einls of the stem or
branches, strongly (|uadrangular, 6"-l2"
lonj.;, about i" thick; bracts ovate-lanceo-
late', acute or acuminate, l)roader than the
leaves of the stem ; macrosporanj^es and ndc-
rosporanji;es borne in the same spikes, the
former more abundant.
On dry rocks, tlironnliout the northern hem-
isi)liere, and in .\frica. .\scen<ls to at least
2<»io ft in Virjfinia. .\uk -Oct.
2. Selaginella selaginoides ( L.
Link. Low vSfla^inella. 1 Imj;. kxj. )
/.yiii/iiii/i'iiiii \( A;!,'///ii/c//.v I,. Sp. I'l, iioi. 175.V
.S</iti;iiii//ti s/'iiiii^ii I!ean\, I'rodr, .\etlieo(f, 112.
1.S05,
SihiKiiii'llii si/iii:iiii>iitis Link. I'il. Ilort. lierol.
Sterile branches prostrate-crec])inj{, slen-
der, '2 '-2' long, the fertile erect or ascend-
ing, thicker, i '-3' high, sim])le ; leaves
lanceolate, acute, lax and spreading, sparsely
spinulosc-ciliate, i"-2"long; spikes solitary
at the ends of the fertile branches, enlarged,
oblong-linear, subacute, i' or less long,
2"-2|2" thick ; bracts of the spike lax, as-
cending, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
strongly ciliate.
On wet rocks, Labrador to .\laska. soutli to
New Hampsliire, .Michigan and Ci>lorado, .Also
in nortliern I'hirope and .\sia. Summer.
vSELAGINELLA rAMIIA'. 45
3. Selagmella apus ( L. ) Sprinj;;. Creci)ins SelaKinclla. ( I''i<j;. loi.)
/.yiiiftiHiiioii ii/iniliiiii I,. S]), I'l. Mn.s. 175.^.
Siiiiiiiiiillii (I/'tis SjjriiiK in Marl. I'l. liras. i :
I'art. 2, 1 If). i.'^-to.
Annual, light green, stems prostrate-
rreoping, i '-4' long, nnicli branclieil, flac-
cid, angled on the face. Leaves minute,
inemhranous, of 2 kinds, 4 ranked, spread-
ing in 2 planes ; upper leaves of the lower
plane spreading, the lower reflexed, ovate,
acute, serrulate, not distinctly ciliate ;
leaves of the upper plane ovate, short-cus-
pidate ; spikes 3"-.S" long, obscurely (|uad-
rangular ; bracts ovate, acxite, sometimes
serrulate, acutely keeled in the u])perhalf ;
niacrosporanges more abundant toward
the base of the spike.
In nidist slia<K-(l ])laccs, (ifKu anicinn yrass,
MaiiR' and Ontario to tin.' Northwest Ttrri-
tory, south to l-'lori(la, I.onisiana an<l Ti-xas.
.Xscvnds to 22i«ift. in \'irKiiiia. July Sipl.
Family II. ISOETACEAE. riulcnv. Xalive Peni.s, 104. iSSi.
yill.UWOKT I".\MII.V.
A(Hialic or marsh plant.s rootinj;' in the imul, with a short buried globed or
3-lobL'(l trunk (stem i soiulin.i!; out al)inuhint roots and .scndino; up a compact tuft
of rusli-likc leaves. .Sjjoran^es sessile in the axils of the leaves, some coiUaining;
macrospores ( macrosporan^es ), others microspores 1 microsporan.tjes 1 : the for-
mer ^a'rminate into ])rothallia l)earing; only archeyones, the latter into prothallia
bearing; usually only a single antherid.
The family consists of thr following ncnus only.
'^
I. ISOETES L. Sp. PI. iHxx 1753.
Submerged, amphibious or uliginous plants with a cluster of elongated awl-shaped leaves
rising from a more or less 2-,vlobed lleshy short stem, the leaves with ..r without peripheral
bast-bundles, with or without stomata, bearing a small membranous organ (ligule) above
the base. Sporanges sessile in the excavated bpses of the leaves, orbicular or ovoid, the
sides more or less covered with a fold of the inner si<le of the leaf-base 1 velum 1. The
sporanges of the outer leaves usually contain spherical, mostly sculptun Macrospores,
those of the itnier ones contain minute powdery usually oblong microspores. [Name
("■reek, taken from I'liny, apparently referring to the persistent green leaves.]
.\tiout .so s])voiis, widily distrihutKl. liisidis tin- following 2 ,irt- known from llu- soullu rn
I'nitfd Statis, - from lliv racilk' Coast and 2 from Mixiio. ( )« in^ to tliiir ai|uatic habitat and ai>-
Iiariiitly loial (listribulion, tlusi- plants arc |>oi)ul.irly litlk- known. The sporis mature in sunmR-r
ami autumn.
Submirmil or rarely emersed in vi ry dry seasons ; Uaves (|u,ulranK:nlar, without peripheral bast-
buiuUes.
.Stomata wantin^t : macrospores crested.
Leaves stout, rittiil, scarcely t.iperiiiK. ■ /
Leaves slender, laperillK. 2. /.
Stomat.i present : macrospores idiin.ite. ,v /.
.\mpliil>ious or submertfeil only in earlier st.ijfes : stomata always present on the
leaves.
I'eriplieral bast bui\dles waiUinj" : velum parti.il.
Leaves 2' ,t' lonj; ; macrospores with minuti warts 4. /.
Leaves 4' S' loiij; : m.icrosporcs with jaum'd crests. ,s. /,
Peripheral b.ist bundles present ; macrospores honeycombed reticulate, (), /.
Terrestrial : stomata almtnlaiU on the triangular leaves
Leaves 15 <»>. usuidly black at the base 7. /. iii,/iniif.'i/,i.
Leaves .H-i 2, bright ttrceti, ))aler at the base. ' •'^. l.ltiillni.
hiiitsh i\.
Till kii iiiiuii.
1 1 liiiii'sf^iiiti.
iiuadranjtular
Sili'l liaidtd.
I if>iii ill.
/uii;i'/iiliiiiiil.
^^ ISOKTACKAK.
I. Isoetes lacustris L. Lake (Juilhv
Ismlis hiiKs/i i.s r„ S]). I'l. iii«j.
ort.
I'i.r
I02. )
' :y-,-
Ism l( s iiiiii I ,is/>ii
Jill.
isr,,.
•/"'ic, Duriiii, Hull. Sdc. l!(it. I'raiK-c. n:
.Sul)iiiLTKCtl or rarely above water in drv seasons ;
leaves 10-25, rigid, rather thick, scarcely tapering,
(lark or olive green, obtusely (lumlrangular, 2'-^'
long ; stoniata none ; ])eriplieral bast-bnndlcs want-
in- ; sporange orbicular or broadly elliptic, un-
S])otte(l ; velum rather narrow ; ligule triangular,
short or somewhat elongated ; macrospores 500-
800 » in diameter, marked all over with distinct or
somewhat confluent crests, and bearing three con-
verging ridges ; microspores ;,,s-46 ;/ long, smooth.
In i'^-,s°.,r NVMti-r, I.ibniilnr tn tlic .\,,nliwi-t 'iVrri-
lory, s(,iitli toiMsliru .MassacluisiUs and New Iirs.v
Also Ml l-.uroiH. and Asia. •
2. Isoetes Tuckermani A. Hr. Tuckcnuaus Onilhvort
( iMjr. 103. )
/su,/,s Tii,k,, iiiani A. lir in
'>;»'. i,S(,-.
A. f.niy, Man. lid.
Submerged or rarely partly or whollv emersed
during very dry seasons ; leaves io-;,o, very slen-
• ler, capering, olive-green, (luadrangular, 2'-^
long, without peripheral bast-bundles, the outer
recurved ; sporange oblong, niostlv white, its upper
one-third covered by the velum ; macrospores 440-
560 ,1 in diameter, with wavy somewhat parallel
and branching ridges on the upper half, separated
by the three converging ridges, the lower covered
with an irregular network ; microspores 26-32 a
long, nearly smooth.
In pmids, N\wfi)unillaiid to Middk-sev countv Miss
aclmsitts, clusurcd i„ shallow water. ■■""'"■'• -^■■'^''-
3. Isoetes echinospora Braumi , Dttriett, K„.el,n. Brattn s Quilhvort
< tiK- 104. ) "^
''■^'I'sT "'"""'' "'"■'^■" H'lll- Soc. Ii,.t. l-rai;ce. II; ini.
'''"\l''.'.n ".•'("'"'?'"" '■'"■ /''""""■'■ I':"Kelni. in A. C.rav,
Jian. I',d. 5, b-u. 1X67.
Submerged or in dry seasons emersed, leaves 12-
25, tapering, soft, red.lish-grecu, ^'-6' long, with-
out peripheral bast-bundles, bearing stomata only
toward the tip; sporange orbicular or broadly
elliptic, spotted, one-half to three-fourths covered
with the velum; macrospores 4aj-5oo » in diameter,
covered with broad spinules which arc ofteti
slightly connuent and incised at the tips ; micro-
spores 26-30 (/ long, smooth.
Labrador and Creeidand to Alaska, south to New
Jersey, I'einisylvania and ftali,
QUILLWORT FAMILY. 47
Isoetes echinospora robiista Kiiuilm. Trans. St. I,<mis Xcad. 4: v**"- i'*'*2-
Jtm-li larjiir than tin- iirrcrdintf, kavis 2,s 711 or ivin ninrt-. ,s' 12' Ions, with alnnulant stoniata
tlinuiKhout. With Ihi- prcciilinn.
Isoetes echinospora Boottii ICniftlni. in A. Cray, Man. I';<1. 5, 676. 1S67.
I.eavi's 12-211, soft, irtct, bri^lit uritn. j' .s' lonjf. with a hw stoniata near thiir tips; sporansfc
nearly (irl)ii'nlar, with j)ak' sixits, two thirds or inon.' ciiviifd by the vilnni ; niacrcpspnrcs ,vk> ,S<«)"
in (lianuttr, with lontfir and tnori' slender simple snimiles ; niierospDres 2()-.i(i" I'mtl- I" l»inds,
Middlesex ecmnty, Massachusetts, usually submerged.
Isoetes echinospora muricata 1 Diiriein Ivntjelni. in .\. Ciray. Man. ICil. ,s. 671'). iSC)-;.
/siu/fs III II ri III /(I Durieu. Hull. Sue. lint. l"ranee, ll: imp. i.soj.
Leaves [,s-2ii, llriecid, hrinht tirieu. d' 1 2' lonjf. hearinjt few stoniata ; sixiran^e broadly oval, with
pale spots, about one half covered by the velum ; maerospores )oo 5S0" in diameter, with shorter
and more eontliu'nt, almost erest like spiuuh s . microspores jS 52", sliftlitly roUKh on the eiltfes.
Submerged in ruunin^ water in tribnlanes of Mystic I'ond. Middlesex county, Mass.
4. Isoetes saccharata Kii^lIiii. Sugary
(juillwort. ( Ki,g. 105.)
Isot/rs stiiiliiiiiitii IviiKelm. in .\. Cir.iv, Man Ivd. s, fi7'>.
1,X67.
Aniplitbioiis or uliginous with a flat depressed
trunk. Leaves 10-21), olivc-t^rcen, pale at the base,
spreadinjj, 2'-},' lonjj, (|ua(lraii},jular, bearing nu-
merous stoniata; sporangc oblong, unspotted, with a
narrow velum covering only one-fourth or one-
third of its surface ; peripheral bast bundles want-
ing ; ligule triangular, rather short; maerospores
400-470 " in diameter, with very minute distinct
or rarely conlluent warts as if s])rinkled with grains
of sugar; microspores papillose, 24-28/; long.
In mud overtlowed by the tides, Wic-omico and N'an-
ticoke Rivers, eastern Marvland.
5. Isoetes riparia Ivngdni. River-
bank Quilhvort. ( Kig. 106.)
f.uir/iw lipaiiti I'jiKelili.; .\. Hr. I'lora, 29: 17S.
Amphibious or uliginous, usually cmersed
when mature ; leaves 15-30, deep green, rather
rigid 4'-S' long, ((uadrangular, bearing numer-
ous stoniata ; peripheral hast ' indies wanting ;
ligule rather short, triangular , sporange mostly
oblong, distinctly spotted with groups of brown
cells, one-fourth or rarely one-half covered with
the velum ; maerospores 450-650 ," in diameter,
marked with distinct or anastomosing jagged
crests or somewhat reticulate on the lower side;
microspores 2S-32 /< long, more or less tubercu-
late.
liorders of the lower Delaware River to Maine.
48
ISOKTACEAK.
6. Isoetes Engelmanni A. Hr. Ivnjrdinann s yuillwort
/m'i /i i /'iii;! hiiiiinii .\. lir. I'lora, 29: 17s. 1S46,
Ainpliihioiis, usually partly cnicrsed wlieu ma-
ture. Leaves 25-10(1, lij^lit grecu, (luadraunular,
taiieriiig, g'-ao' long, bearing abundant stoniata ;
peripheral l)ast-l)undles present ; sporange oblong
or linear-oblong, unspotted ; velum narrow ; nia-
crosporcs .jiki-^jo » in diameter, covered with
honeyconib-Iikc reticulations; microspores 24-2.S //
long, mostly smooth.
iHl-
( I'iR. 1(17. )
In |)niiils and iliU-lus.
awart- and I'l nnsvlvania
nidtiiiK in imid, INIaitu- ti
lllimiis and .MisMiuri.
Isoetes Engelmanni valida IjiKilin in A. Ciav, Man
I'M- 5. '>7;- '^t<7.
I.i-.ivts ,vi 3>i, kteli-d iin llu- upper side. IS' .'5' lun« ;
spnran^'i- linearohldiivr. (" -<r lonj;. ime-tliird to twn
tliirds cdvirid by the velum : niai!(ispiirc> .52ii-(Sii" in
dianuUr; mien is|)( ires 24-27" Imi^r. spimdose. \('ar
riorsniark, Curnwall and .Sinilliville. I'a,, and Wilniins;-
ton. Del.
^^^^^^
I.cavi
in llu- typical rurni
Isoetes Engelmanni gracilis ICnjiilni. in .\. Cray. Man. ICd. 5. 677. 1.^1,7.
\J. sk-nder. c/ 12' Iciuy ; ba^t Imiidles dlun (|iiite small oroidy twii jjresenl
.Siiuthirn New lun;land to New Jersey.
spores as
0/
ii^>
7. Isoetes melanopoda J. Cray. Ulack-liased
(jiiillwort. I Fix. '"•'^- '
/.Mv/, V ii/,/,iii,'p:'(/ii J. C.iv, liull. Sue. Hot. l-'rance. .'i- 1112.
l."<6.t.
Terrestrial with a subglobose deeply 2-lobed trunk.
Leaves 15-60, slender, erect, bright green, with a
bl.ackish shining base, 5'-i,S' long, triangular, bear-
ing stoniata throughout, well developed peripheral
bast-bumlles, thick disseiiiments and small air cavities
within; ligule triangular, awl-shaped; sporange mostly
oblong, spotted, with a narrow velum ; polygamous ;
macrosporcs 25c>-.4oii// in diameter, with low more or
less confluent tubercles, often united into worm-
like wrinkles, or almost smooth ; microsi)ores 2;,-2S/(
long, spiiuilosc.
In moist prairies, and overlbiwed Ik Ids, lUinois to Iowa,
Missouri and Texa>..
8. Isoetes Butleri Khk^cIiii. Hutler'.s yuill-
wort. I Ki.n'. 109. )
IsDchs Jliillcri ICiiKelni. Conlt. liot. Ca/. 3: 1. i.S7,s.
Terrestrial from a subglobose trunk. Leaves S-15,
bright green, paler at the base, triangular, %,'--' long,
bearing numerous stomata, and with well developed
peripheral bast-bundles, thick di.ssepinients and small
air cavities within; sporange usually oblong, spotted;
velum very narrow or none; ligule small, triangular;
dioecious; macrosporcs 5oo-6;,o « in diameter, with
distinct or confluent tubercles; " microspores 28-34 «
long, dark brown, papillose."
On rocky hillsides, St. I.onis. Missouri, and on
flats, Indian Territorv.
aline
PINE I AMILY. CONIFKRS.
49
//
Subkingdom SPERM ATOPHYTA.
SKKO-BKARIXG IM.ANTS.
Plants jjroduciiiK seeds which amtaiii an enil)ry() formed of f)ne or more
rudimentary leaves (cotyledons), a stem ( hypocotyl, radicle), and a terminal
biul iplunuile), or these parts sometimes undifferentiated before ^termination.
Microsjxjres ( ]X)llen-Krains ) are borne in microsporanj^es ( anther-sacs i on the
apex or side of a modified leaf (filament). The macrosporanj^es ( ovules i are
borne on the face of a flat or inroUed much modified leaf (carpel) and contain
one macrospore ( embryo-sac ) ; this develops the minute female prothallium,
an archcKone of which is fertilized by means of a tube ( pollen-tube i, a jiortion
of the male prothallium sprouting from the jx)llen-srain.
The .Seed-bearing plants form the most numerous group in existence, not less than 120,-
• (x» species being known. The subkingdom was formerly known as Phaneroganiia, or I'hac-
nog.iinia and more recently as Anthophyta, this term signifying the presence of (lowers,
which characterizes most of the grou]>. liut the consideration that the spore-bearing organs
of the Pine Paniily cannot well be regarded as flowers, and the fact that the production of
seeds is the most characteristic diiTcrcncc between these jilants and the Ptendophyta, are
reasons which have led to the accc])tance of the term here adopted.
Thtre are two classes in the subkitiKiliun, which dilTer from each other as folUiws:
Ovules and seeds borne on the f.iee of a scale: stigmas none. Class i, ("■vmncisi'Icrmak.
■Ovules and seeds contained in a closed cavity (ovary). Class 2. Anc.ihsi'Kkmai;.
Class I. GVMNOSPiSRMAE.
Ovules ( niacrosporanges ) naked, not enclo.sed in an ovary, this represented
by a .scale or apparently waiUins. Pollen-grains ( micros])ores ) dividing at
maturity into two or more cells, one of which gives rise to the jiolleii-tube ( male
prothallium), which directly fertilizes an archegoue of the nutritive endosperm
( female prothallium ) in the ovule.
The ('.vMinospernis are an ancient t{''onp. first known in Silurian time. They lucaine most
numerous in the Triassic a({e. They are now represented by not more than 450 species of trees
and shrubs.
There are three orders, Coniferales, Cycadales and (Inetales, the first <if which is represented in
■ our area by the I'ine and Yew Kamilies.
Family i. PINACEAE Liiull. Xat. vSy.st. Kd. 2, 313. 1S36.
Pink F.\mii,v. Coxifhrs.
Resinous trees or .shrubs, mostly with evergreen narrow entire or .scale-like
leaves, the w(X)d miiform in texture, without tracheae, the tracheids marked by
large depressed disks, the pollen-.sacs and ovules borne in separate spikes
( aments ). Perianth none. Stamens .several together, subtended by a scale; fila-
ments more or less united ; pollen-.sacs ( anthers ) 2-several-celled, variously de-
hiscent ; jxiUen-grains often provided with two lateral inflated sacs. Ovules
with two integuments, ortliotrojx)us or amphitroixnis, borne .solitary or .several
together on the surface of a .scale, which is stibtended by a bract in most gen-
era. Fruit a cone with numerous, .several or few, woody, papery or fle.shy
scales; .sometimes berry-like. Seeds wingless or winged. Endosjierm fleshy or
starchy, copious. Embryo straight, slender. Cotyledons 2 or several.
.\bout 25 Kenera and 240 species of wide distribution, most abun<lant in temperate ref{ion.s.
Scales of the cone numerous lexceiit in /.mix ): leaf-buds scaly.
Cone-scales woody; leaves needle-shaped, 2-,s in a sheath. i. Piiiiis.
Cone-scales thin; leaves linciir-filifonu. scattered or fascicled, not in sheaths.
Leaves fascicled on very sliort branchlets, deciduous, 2, l.nii v.
Leaves scattered, persistent.
Cones peiululous; leaves jointed to short persistent steri({niata,
Leaves tetrai;onal. sessile, t,, /'iiii!.
Leaves flat, shortpetioled. 4, 7'.sin;ti.
Cones erect, steriifmata inccmspicuous or none. ,s. .l/n'is.
• Scales of the cone few ^-121; leaf buds naked.
Cone-scales spiral, thick; leaves deciduous. 6, Tavodiiim.
Cone-scales opposite; leaves persistent.
Cone oblong, its scales not peltate, 7. Thuja.
Cone iflobose. its scales peltate, .s. Cliamnrtv />(!>' is.
l''ruit fleshy, berry-like, a modified cone. 9. fiiiiif>eriis.
50
PINACKAK.
I. PIN US L. S]). IM. KMX). 175;,.
Evergreen tret-s with two kimls of loiives, the priiimry ones liiit-ar or scalf-liki', (leciil\i-
cus, the secondary ones forming tlic ordinary foliage, narrowly linear, ari^inK from tlie axils
of the former in fascicles of 2 •, < rarely solitary in some western s])ei'ies), suhtended l)y the
bud-scales, some of which are united to form a sheatli. Sl.iminate aments home at the
bases of slioots of the season, the clusters of stamens sjiirally arranged, eacli in the axil of
a minute scale ; fdaments very short ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs lonj^iludinally dehiscent.
Ovnle-hcarins; anicnts solitary or clustereil, home on the twigs of the jjrcceding season, com-
posed of numerous iml)ricate<l minute bracts, e.ich with an ovulc-heariu); scale in its axil,
rijicniu),; into a large cone, which matures the following aututf,:- its scales elongating and
becoming woody. Seeds 2 on the b.isc of each scale, winged a'xnc, the testa crustaceous.
[Name Celtic. ]
I^jives 5 in a sliialh: com- scales lilllr lliickinid at the tip. 1. /' SOn/iiis.
Leaves 2-\ in a sliiatli; cum -scaks niucli tliicktnid at the li|).
Cones Irnninal nr s\il>tcrininal
I.iavis 2 in a sluatli; conis 1 ' '-2' •' Iciiin. tliiir scaks (Miinlks-.. .' /'. 1 imiihui.
I.iavis \ in a sluaili; cducs 4' m' lunjr. their scaks prickle tipptil.
Ccmes HkIiI, '>' m' Iciii^t; leaves m' lit' limn.
Cones very heavy and wimmIv, |' '1' Iniijt; leaves ,s -i"' ImiK
Cones lateral.
Cone-scales with neither spine nor prickle; leaves in 2's.
Cone-scales tipped with a -pine or ])rickk-
Leaves some or all of tlieni in 2's.
Cones I ' •' 2' ■' lonn. their scales lipped with prickles.
Leaves stout, 1 ' ■' 2' ■' loMK.
I.e.-ives slender, ;' 5' loim. ;
Cones .I'.'-.s' lonti. their scale- tippi d willi very -lout short spine
>. /'. /'ttlfLitl/'i
Leaves in ^'s 1 very rarily -onie in j'> or |'>i
Leaves*"' lo' kmn: oiil -heaths o" 10" long; cones oblong conic ci. /'. I'ludii,
Leaves, V.s' lonn; old sheaths V'' long; cones ovoid, io, /'. iij;ii/(i.
V /'. ftiiliiilris.
4. /'. }lO/ll/l IIISll.
,i. /', i/i:'tii it(i/ii.
6. /'. riixiiiiiiii'i-
I. Pinus Strobus L. White I'iiic Wcyiiioiitli rim.-. 1 l""ig. 110.)
/'iiiiK S/iii/iii\ I. S]). IM. loiil. 175.V
A large forest tree, reachin.g a maximum
height of 175° ami a trunk diameter of 10'."^,
the hark nearly smooth except when old, the
branches horizontal, vcrticillate. Leaves 5
in a sheath, very slender, i)ale green and glau-
cous, ,V-.5' long, with a single libro-vascular
bundle, the dorsal side devoid of stomata ; sheath
loose, deciduous ; ovule-bearing aments ter-
minal, iiednnclcil ; cones subterminal, drooj)-
iug, cylindric, often slightly curved, 4'-6' long,
about 1' thick when the scales are closed, re-
sinous ; scales but slightly thickened at the
apex, obtuse and rounded or nearly truncate,
without a terminal spine or prickle.
In woo<ls. often forming dense lore-ts, Newfoinid
land to Manitol>;i, -ontli alouK the ,\lkt:lienie- to
(ieornia anil to Illinois and Iowa. Ascends to no"
ft, in North C.irolina and to 2,^(»i fl. in the .\(liron
(lacks. Wood litfht brown or nearly white, soft,
compact, one of the nio-t valn.ib'.e of tindiers;
weight per cubic foot, 24 lbs. June.
I'lNI- lAMII.V. CONII'I'RS.
iiiniin
lo'..',
the
■•cs 5
Klall-
ascular
iheatli
ter-
droo])-
<e<l, re-
al the
.nicate,
ifilUllll-
nits to
I,, I.V«.
Vdiriiii-
r, soft,
imlKVs;
2. Pinus resinosa Ail. Caiuuliaii
I'iin.'. Red I'iiK'. I Imil;. mi.)
I'iiiii.\ i(\iiiii\ii Ait. Iloit. Ki w 3;
rpi).
.\ tall fori'st tree, reaching a ma\iiiiuiii heiijlit
of al)i)iit i,so' anil a trunk cliainuter of 5\ tlif
the bark reddish, ratlicr smooth, flaky when
old. Leaves 2 in each sheath, slender, dark
green, 4' 6' lon>;, with j llhro-vascular bundles ;
sheaths (1" \ 2" long when young; slaminate
anients 6" c/' long ; cones sublerininal, s])rea<l-
iiig, oval-conic, i '<' 2''j' long, usually less than
1' thick while the scales are closed; scales
thickened at the apex, obtuse, rounded and
devoid of spine or prickle.
In w<io(ls. NrwI'otiiKllaiul to M;milol>a, simlli to
Mass,uliusi.tts, IVmisvlvaniiiiiiul Miniitsota. Wdoil
conipiut, not slronn, li^;llt ml; weight ih r ciibic
fool ;o ll>s. .May June
3. Pinus palijstris Mill.
I,<)iij;-k-a\x(l Pine. (iL'()rg;ia I'iiit.-.
' I"*i,y;. 112.)
/ 'ill II ■,/•<!/ II ■;/ lis .Mill. Card. Did. U,d. S. No. 14. I7(>s,
I'iiiiii iiiii/iii/is Michx. f. Hist. .\rl). .\ni. i: (14. /i/, Ci.
I .s I o.
.■\ large tree, sometimes attaining a height of 100^
and a trunk diameter of ,s°, the bark nearly smooth.
Leaves in .^'s, slender, dark green, clustered at the
ends of the branches, much elongated do'- 16' long),
with 2 fibro-vascular bundles; sheaths i'-i'+' long;
buiis long ; slaminate aments rose-purple, 2'-^, U ' long,
very conspicuous ; cones terminal, s])reading or erect,
conic-cylindric, 6' 10' long, 2' -y thick before the
scales open ; scales thickened at the apex, which is
provided with a transverse ridge bearing a short cen-
tral recurved j)ricklc.
Ill satiily, iiioslly (hy soil, often foiiiiiti^t ixtriisivi- for-
ests, soutliern X'irdiiiia to I'Morida and Texas, mostly near
the coast. Wood hard, strong, eotiipaet. li^iht red or
oiaime; weisiht per cubic foot (| ll>s. TIlis tree is the
chief source of our turpentine, tar, rosin, and their deriv.i
fives. .\lso known as Southern I'iiie. Yellow I'iiie, Hard
Pine and Xirjfiiiia rine. .March .\pril.
4. Pinus ponderosa Doiiol. Wc.^^ttrn Yel-
low I'iiic. ( Fig;. 113.)
I'iiiii'i fiiiiiili lo^ii Doutfl. I.awson's Man. .i,s(. i^^.V'.
One of the largest North American trees, attaining
a maximum height of nearly 3ixj° and a trunk diam-
eter of 15°, but commonly much smaller. Hranches
widely s])reading or somewhat droojung ; bark light
red, scaly ; leaves in 3's (rarely some of them in 2's),
rather stout, s'-io' long, slightly scabrous; cones
subterminal, very dense and heavy, ovoid-conic,
4'-6' long, 1 '2'-2,'j' thick ; scales much thickened at
the a])ex, the transverse ridge j)romincnt, with a
triangular subulate short stoiit recurved p- '?.
Montana to Hritish Colnnibia, south to tern Ne-
braska, Texas, Mexico and Califoniia; the snorter-leaved
eastern form which reaches our area has been distin-
Ruished from the western as var. smfiiiloi iini Wood hard,
strong, light red; weiRlit per cubic foot 29 lbs. One of the
most itnporlant lumber-trees of the west. .-Xpril-May.
52
riNACIvAIv.
I'iiiii
I'm II \
I'illllS
Pinus divaricata i Ait. ) SiuKv. I<al>ra-
(lor Pine. Ciray I'iiic. ( Im^. i 14. 1
^l/.•(^/;/l viir. i//.'i;/7i<;/i/ .\il Hurt Kiw.
3 .t''^>-
llmiksiiiihi I.ainli
itirtii iiii/ii Sudw,
I'iiiu-', 1:7 /</. ,'. iSil
Hull Tcirr. Clul). 20: \\.
A slemlcr tree, \isiinlly 411' 60^ liin''. ''W' '>nictiiiies
reaching n«)'', and a trunk dianietur of 3-^', the
brandies si)rca(linj,', the bark l)ecomin>{ flaky. Leaves
in J's, stout, atilT, more or less curved, sjjreading or
obliciue, linht Kreen, crowdeil aloiij; the branches, sel-
dom over 1' lonj.; ; fii>ro-vascular bundles 2; cones
commonly very numerous, lateral, oblong-conic, usu-
ally upwardly curved, I'-j' long, 9"-i5" thick when
mature; scales thickened at the end, the transverse
ridge a mere line with a minute central point in place
of spine or prickle at maturity; young scales s])iny-
tipj)cd.
In sand> suil. Sdniitinus fnrinlntf ixtinsive forests. Ntw lininswick tn Iludsun Hay and the
Northwest firritory. south to Maiiii, iiortlurn New Y<irk. nortlurn Illinois and Slitniesota. Wood
■soft, weak, i-oinpact, linlil brown; weiglit per lubii- foot J7 lbs, .\lso lalled Hudson Hay Pine and
Northern .Send) I'iiu-, May June,
6. Pinus Virginiana Mill. Jersey Pine.
Scrub Pine. ', Fijj;- ii.S.)
Pinus I'll 1; ill ill ml Mill, Card, Iliet, ICd. S. No, 9, I7i''<,
Pinus iiiops Ait, Ilort, Kcw, 3: ,^67, \-Si).
A slender tree, usually small, but sometimes at-
taining a height of 110° and a trunk diameter of 3°,
the old bark dark colored, flaky, the branches
spreading or drooping. Leaves in 2's, dark green,
rather stout and stiff, S])rcading when old, 1 ' . '-2 ' , '
long, with 2 fdiro-vascular bundles ; young sheaths
rarely more than 2'," long; cones connnonly few,
lateral, recurved when young, s])rea(ling when old,
oblong-conic, i '•'-2';' long, their scales somewhat
thickened al ,he ajiex, the low transverse ridge
with a short central more or less recurved i)rieklc.
In sandy soil, I.ontf Islan<l, New York to .South Caro-
lina, wist to southern Indiana and Kentucky, sonu-
tinies fonniuK forests, .\sciiids to ,^,V)o ft, in Virifinia,
Wood soft, weak, brittle, liKht orauffe; wiiKht per
■cubic foot },}, lbs, .\pril-May.
Pinus echinata Mill. Yellow Pine. Spruce Pine.
I'inii
J'inii
( Kij;. 116.)
1768,
,rliin,itii Mill, Card, Diet, I';d, s. No, 12,
inilis Michx, I'"l, lior. Am, 2: 204. iSo^,
A forest tree, reaching a uiaximuni height of about
iao° and atrunk diameter of 4'.°, the branches spread-
ing, the old bark rough in ])lates. Leaves some in
2's, some in 3's, slender, not stiff, dark green, ^''-5'
long, spreading when mature ; fdiro-vascular bundles
2 ; young sheaths s"-S" long ; cones lateral, oblong-
conic, about 2' long, usually less than i' thick when
the scales are closed ; scales thickened at the aiicx,
marked with a prominent transverse ridge an<l armed
with a slender small nearly straight early deciduous
prickle.
In sandy soil, southern New York to Florida, west to
Illinois, Kansas and Texas. Wood heavy, stroiiir, orange;
one of the most valuable tind)ers; weinlit per cubic foot
.^S ll)s. Also called Short-leaved I'ine and Hull Pine.
May -June.
about
rcad-
)iiie in
.V'-5'
undies
bloug-
wheu
aiicx,
aruied
iduous
vest to
)riinK»-' ;
ic foot
Pine.
riNI' FAMILY. CONIFHRS.
.SJ
8. Pinus pungens Miclix. f
l'niii\ /iiiiiL:ti/~ Miilix f Ili^l. Art> Am l: 'M />/ i
iMii.
A tree witli a uiaxiniutii heiKht of about 6(j'' and
trunk diameter of 3 'i', llie brandies siircadinx, the
old rouijli liark in (lakes. Leaves mostly iu 2's,
some in ,Vs, stout ami stiff, iin'it ^(reen, 2'i'-4'
lonj,'. crowded on the twij^s ; fibro-vascular bundles
2; youn;; sheaths 5 " ^" lonj; ; cones lateral, usu-
ally clustered, loiifj-persistent on the l)ranchcs,
ovoid, .^'j' s' lonv;, 2' },' thick while the scales are
closed, nearly j^lobuhir when these are expanded ;
scales very thick and woody, their ends witli a larj;e
elevated transverse ri(ij»e, centrally tipped by a stout
rcflexcd or siireadinx si>ine 2"-2'2" long.
Ill wiHPils, ><iiiiititii(- fiiriiiitijr fiirists, vvi-^Urn New
Jersivaiiil initnil I'l iiiisvlvania In Nurtli L'ariiliiia and
r;il)lL-Mi)Uiitaiii I'inc. Ilickor.N I'inc. i l-i^. 117. i
Tl-llIU '^M T. A-lttllU til
Wiiiid Mift. wtak, liriltlc,
cubic fool (I lbs. May.
I'«"i ft. ill .Vortli Carnlina.
li^lit brnwii ; wiivtlil per
9. Pinus Taeda L
Lolilolly I'inu. Old-fit-ld TiiiL-.
/'ill IIS Tiiitlii I,. Sp. I'l. ii>«'. 17,^1.
A large forest tree, reaching under favorable con-
ditions, a height of 150° and a trunk diameter of
5°, the branches sjireading, the liark thick and
rugged, flaky in age. Leaves in ,Vs (rarely some
of them in 2'sl, slender, not stitf, light green, as-
cending or at length spreading, 6' id' long ; fibro-
va.scular bundles 2; sheaths S"-i2" long when
young ; cones lateral, spreading, ol)loiig-coiiic, ^'-5'
long, I'-i'.' thick before the scales o|)cn ; scales
thickened at the apex, the transverse ridge iiroini-
nent, acute, tijipcd with a central short triangular
rcflexed-spreading sjiine.
Dilaware to IMnrida and Texas. iiKi-itly near tlie cci.ist,
iidrtli tliroHi;'' the .Missi-.siiii)i \'alley tu .\rkaiisas.
Wdiid iKit strmit;, brittle, eiiar>e t;r,iiiie(l. liylit binwii:
weitflil I>er eiibie font \\ lbs SpiiiiK-. up in i.ld
fields or in eleariiiKs. .\lsii e.illed I'r.iiikiiueiisi I'iiie.
April May.
10. Pinus rigida Mill. Pitcli Pine.
I'iiiiis I ii;ii/'i .Mill. Card. Diet. Ivd. .s, N<i, 10. 170S,
A forest tree reaching a maximum height of about
80° and a trunk diameter of 1,°, the branches sjircad-
ing, the old bark rough, furrowed, flaky in stri])s.
Leaves in ,^'s (very rarely some in .j's), stout and stiff,
rather dark green, ,^'-5' long, spreading when mature ;
fibro-vascular bundles 2 ; sheaths 4"-6" long when
young; cones lateral, ovoid, i'j'-3' long, becoming
nearly globular when the scales open, commonly
numerous and clustered ; scales thickened at the apex,
the transverse ridge acute, jirovided with a stout cen-
tral triangular recurvcd-spreading prickle.
Ill dry, sandy or rocky soil, New Hriiiiswiek to Cieorpia.
west to soutliem Oiitariii, West \'irKiiiia and Kentucky.
Ascends to V""' ft in Virginia. This forms most of tlu
"pine barrens " of Lon^ Island and .New Jersey. Wood
soft, brittle, eoarse-Kiaiiied, linlit reddish-brown; weijflit
per cubic fool 12 lbs, .Also called ,Sap I'ine and Candle
wood I'ine; produces luiinerous shoots from cut stumps.
April-May.
Torch I'iiK'. ( Fi.y;. ik). )
I
54
pinacp;ar.
2. LARIX Adans. Fain. I'l. 2: 48(1. 1763.
Tall trees with liori/ontHl or asccndiiij; hranclies ami small narrowly linear deciduous
leaves, without sheaths, in fascicles on short lateral scaly hud-like hranchlets. Anients
short, lateral, monoecious, the staniinatc from lealle^s huds ; the ovule-hearinj; buds com-
monly leafy at the base and the aments red. .Anther sacs 2-cellcd, the sacs transversely or
<>l)li(iuely dehiscent. I'ollen-^^rains simple. Cones oxoid or cylindric, small, erect, their
scales thin, spirally arr.inj;cd, obtuse, persistent. Ovules 2 on the base of each scale, ri]ien-
in^; into 2 rcllexed somewhat win>{ed seeds. [Name ancient, jirohably Celtic]
.\l)c>ut <) spiiii >, niitivi> (if till- ticirlli tiiii)Ktali- ;in(l subarctic zmics. Uisidis tin f(iU(i\viii(>: 2
(illiers (iccur in llu wisUrii parts of .\nrth Aniirici.
I. Larix laricina ( I)ii Vini Kocli. AiiK-ri-
caii Laroli. Tamarack (.iM.t?. 120. )
I'iiiiis /(iriiiiiii Dii Koi. Obs. Itiit. |i|. 1771.
J'iiiKs f>, ludihi Ail. Ilcirt. Ktw. 3: V"!. I7^<l.
/.mix .liiiiiiiiiiid Micli.x. 1"1. Ucir. .\ni. 2: 2n',. iSn^.
J.ari \ hii ii iiiii Kcicli. Dinibdl, 2: I'urt 2. 2(>.;. 1S7V
.\ slcniler tree, att.itninj; a maNinnini height of
about Kxi" and a trunk diameter of ,^°, the branches
s])reading, the bark close or at length slightly scaly.
Leaves pale green, numerous in the fascicles, 5"-
12" long, about '+ " wide, deciduous in late autumn;
fascicles borne on short lateral hranchlets about 2"
long ; cones short-pcduncled at the ends of similar
hranchlets, ovoid, obtuse, 6" -S" long, com])osed of
about 12 suborbicular thin scales, their margins
entire or slightly lacerate.
In swampy wmids and alioiil marjrins nf lakes. New-.
fiiuiiiUatid tu tile Niirthwisl Tirriti>ry. si mill In N\ w Jer-
sey, IVnnsylviUiia, Indiana and Minnisota. WiMiilliard.
slnmn, very (Uirable, resinnus, lijflit lirnwn; wiisjlit per
cubic ft .VI lbs. Calledalsii Hackmatack. March .\pril.
3. PICEA Link, Al)h. Akad, Wiss. Ik-rlin, 1827: 171), iSjj-iS^o,
Evergreen conical trees, with linear short 4-sided leaves sjjreading in all directions,
jointed at the base to short ])ersistent sterigmata, on which they arc- sessile, falling away in
drying, the bare twigs ai)pearing covered with low truncate iirojcctions. Leaf-bu<ls scaly.
Staminate aments axillary, nearly sessile; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent,
the connective ])rolouged into an a|)j)en<lage; pollen-grains compound: ovule-bearing aments,
terminal, ovoid or oblong; ovules 2 on the bass of each scale, rellexcd, rijicuing into 2 more or
le^s winged sced.s. Cones uvoid or oblong, obtuse, pendulous, their scales numerous, spirally
arranged, thin, obtuse, jiersistent. [Name ancient.]
Ahniil I I spicies, niliv.snf ilic north trmi), rate iuul subiuclic Zllm■^
,^ nllurs incur ill tin- iinrtliwisttrii pails cif Nnrth .\merica.
'I'wik'- ami sUriKiiial.i irlalMniis, lilaucous; cuius nblimu; eylindric.
Twins pubisciiil, brown; coius nvoiil or oval.
Twins stout; leaves imicron.ite; cuius pirsisliiit
Twins sleiuUr; liavis very acute; coins cU ciiluous.
I. Picea Canadensis Mill.) U.S.I'.
White- Sprticf. ( I'ij;. 121.1
.l/i/(i ( ',ui,h/, iim\ Mill. Card. I>ict. I'M s, \,, ) |-,,s
J'niiii ii//iri .\it. Ilorl. Kcw. 3: 571. i7>o.
.1/'/. V 11//111 .Miclix. b'l. lior. .\m. 2: J07. iso;. .\oi
.Mill i7'is.
J'iiiiiiilhii Link, I.iniiae.i, 15; .sni. iS(i.
J'iiiii i\iii,ii(iiisi\ 11 S.I', I'ril. Cat. N. V. 71. isNX.
A slender tree, attaining a maximum height of
about 150' and a trunk diameter of ,V'. but usually
much smaller. Twigs and sterigmata glabrous,
pale and glaucous: leaves light green, slender, '>"
■S" long, very acute; cones cylindric or oblong-
cvli-'lric, )iale, 1 '..'2' long, 6'' S" thick before the
scales o|)en : scales almost membranaceous, their
margins usually (|uite entire; bracts incised,
NcwfouiiillamI to Hudson Hay and .Maska. smitli to
Maim . iioitliirii .New \'ork. Miciiinaii. llic black Hills,
.Montana ami llritisli Columbia. Wood soli, weak. HkIiI
yellow; wiinlit pi r cubic loot 2s lbs. .\piil May.
IksiiU
■s the IdllowitiK
1. /'
( iniiiiiiiisis.
2. /■.
Mill ill iiii.
1 iihi >i.
PINK lAMILY. CONIFERS.
2. Picea Mariana (Mill. ) IJ.vS.P. Hlack .Siirucc.
55
(KiK. 122.)
Dill. I'M. s. \.,
.l/i/V V .)/,iii,iiiii .Mill. Caul
/'inns iiii;!,! Ail. Ilcirt Kiw. 3; ^7(1. i7Si».
A/iiis )iii;i,! Dof. IIi?.t. .\rl). 2: 5N1. ink^.
I'iitii niaiii Link. I.iiiiiata, 15: 520. i>4i.
/'/(></ Mniiiuui n.S.lV rrtl. Cal. N. V. 71.
.\ slender tree, soinetiines 90° high, the
trunk reaching a diameter of 2°-;,^, the
brandies spreading, the bark only slightly
roughened. Twigs stout, jjubesccnt ; ster-
iginata ])ubcsceiit : leaves thickly covering
the twigs, deep green, stout, straight or
curved, rarely more than '2' long, obtuse or
merely niucronatc at tliea])ex ; cones oval or
ovoid, I'-l'.' long, persistent on the twigs
for two or more seasons, their scales with en-
tire or merely crose margins.
Nt wfiiuiuUanil In Iluilson li.iy ami the
Niirlliwtsi 'IVrriliMv, si mill lo N\\v Jir-^ty,
aliiiin llu' lii^tlur .Ukttluiiiis lo Nurtli Cam-
liiia and In Mii'liiK.m and .Miiiiu-^cila. Wnnd
suit, wiak, i>alc rid or marly wliili- ; wiight
jK-r luliii- fool 2.^ 1!)>. May JuiR-.
Picea rubra (Lanil). ) Link.
Spruce. ( FIh;. 123. >
Red
J'iiiiis inliid I.aiiili. I'iiiii-, I: | ;. /'/. .'V 1^05.
/'/(('(/ inhiii I, ink. I.iniiara. 15: 521, 1S41.
J'icfii ni!;rii var. rii/ti,i luisiilin. dard. Chroii.
( II. I II: ,vvt. i^^r'i.
A slender tree, sometimes reaching a
height of 100° and a trunk diameter of 4°,
the branches si)reading, the bark reddish,
nearly smooth. Twigs slender, sparingly
pubescent; stcrigmata glabrate ; leaves iiglit
green, slender, straight or sometimes in-
curved, very acute at the ajiex, 5" S" long;
cones ovoid or oval, seldom more than
i' long, deciduous at the end of the first
season or during the winter, their scales un-
dulate, lacerate, or 2-lobcil.
Nova Scolia lo norlliirn Nrw York and alonn
llii- liiKliir .Mk'vtlunirs lo sontjurn \'irj;inia
.\srind^ In (ii«i 11. in tin- Aililoiulai-k-. Wnml
•iiiiilar lo thai of llii- i)riiidinvr spiiii>. May
lime.
4. TSUGA Carr. Trait. Conif. 1S5.
i.S.rS.
P.vcrgrecn trees with slender hori/.ontal or droojiiiig branches, flat narrowly linear
scattered short-petioled le.ives, s)ireaditig ami appearing j-raiikcd, jointed lo very short
stcrigmata and falling away in drying. I.eaf-biuls scaly. Staminate anients axillary, short
or siibglobosc; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehisi-eiit, the oouiiective slightly pro-
duced beyond them; pollen-,grains simjile. Ovule-bearing anients terminal, the scales
about as long as the bracts, each bearing 2 reflexed ovules on its base. Cones small, ovoid
or oblong, ])enduloiis, their scales scarcely woody, obtuse, persistent. Seeds soiicwhat
winged. [ Name Jajiauese. ]
.Xbiiiil 7 spi'cles, tile following of casUrn Nnilli .Vnuiiii. 2 in n ulliw^-iU rii Notlli .\iiii rica, 2 or
.1 A'liatic.
Coins d" lo" lonw;, lliiir •^calis rtniainiii^! aiipnsMil.
Coins i' I ', ' loiin, llifir mmIi'S widily spnadiinj al in iliirily.
/'. ( \lllill/l>ISI<.
/' L'lii ii/iiiiiiiiti.
56
riNACEAK.
I, Tsuga Canadensis (L.) Carr.
Hemlock. (I'iii. 124. )
Pi mis Cniioili iisis \.. S]). I'l. VA. 2, 1421. . i~h},.
Ahiis Caniuitiisis Xliclix. Fl. Hoi. Am. 2: 2iif).
Tsiifiit C'niiiii/iiisisCurr. Trait. C<>iiif. iN). 1S55.
A tall forest tree, sometimes 110° hi>;h,
the trunk reacliing 4° in diameter, the lower
branches somewhat drooping, the old hark
flaky in scales. I'oliage dense ; leaves ob-
tuse, flat, 6" 9" long, less than 1" wide,
dark green above, pale beneath, the petiole
less than one-half as long as the width of
the blade ; cones oblong, obtuse, as long as
or slightly longer than the leaves, their
scales suhorbicnlar.obtusc, minutely lacerate
or entire, not widely s])reading at maturity.
Nuva Sciitiatii MinnrsDta. soutli td iHlawarc,
alonKtlii- .MkHlHiiits til .\liil)aiiia and to Miclii-
Kaii aTul Wisoiiisiii. .\sciii(l> to 2c«<i It in tin-
Adirciiidacks. Oni- of tlio nidst onianuiital <<{
eviTKriiiis HJun ycmnjt. WimkI soft. wtak.
brittU-. coarse (traini-d. lijjlit brown or marly
whiti- ; wiitrlit irt cubic foot 2() lbs. Hark much
used iu t.uniintf. .XprilMay.
2. Tsuga Caroliniana l''iig;fliii.
Carolina Hemlock. ( I'"i.y:. 125.)
/"v»i,'i/ C'liiii/i'iiiiiiiii luiKelni. Co\iU. Hot. (r,,.. 5:
.IhifS Ciiiiiliiiiiiiiti Cliapm. 1"1. .S. States. I'M 2.
6.S0, I'^S^
A forest tree attaining a maximi>in height
of about So° and a trunk diameter of 4'',' the
lower branches droojiing. Leaves narrowly
linear, obtuse, rather light green above,
nearly vhitc beneath, 7" ki" long, the ])cti-
ole nearly as long as the width of the blade ;
cones l'-i'4'' long, the scales firm but
scarcely woody, oblong, obtuse, widely
sjireading at maturity.
Soutluvesttru Vir^jiiiia to South Carolina iu
the .Mlenhenies. Wood soft. weak, brittle. li|;ht
brown; wei^;ht pi r cubic loot about 27 lbs. .\
uiore itraceful and be.iutiful Irei than tlu' pre
ceding; at maturity .\sct uds to )2oo It. iu .North
Carolina .\i>ril.
5. ABIES JUS.S. (k-Il. 414. l7Sij.
Evergreen trees with linear flat scattered sessile leaves, spreading so as to appear
2-ranked, but in reality spirally arranged, not jt)inted to sterigmata, and couimonly (piite
persistent in drying, the naked twigs marked by the flat scars of their bases. Slam-
inf. e anients axillary; anthers 2-cellcd, the .sacs transversely dehiscent, the connective jirn-
longcd into a short knob or point ; pollen-grains compound. Ovule-bearing amcnts lateral,
erect ; ovules 2 on the base of each scale, rellexi'd, the scale shorter than or exceeding the
thin or pajKiry, mucronate or aristatc bract. Cones erect, subcylindric or ovoid, their scales
deciduous from the persistent axis, orbicular or broader, obtuse. | Ancient name of the
firs.]
.\bcuit 20 species, natives of the north temperate zone, chielly iu boreal and mouiitiiiiious
refrions. liesides the following, some 7 ipthers occur in the western parts of .\orth .\merica and i
in Mexico.
Hracts serrulate, mucrouate. shortir than the scales. i. .1. hiihtinini.
Bracts aristate, reflexed. loUKer than the scales. 2. .1. /'itiuii.
I
una 111
. liKlil
)s. A
ni)i)car
(piite
Stam-
i-i- ))ro-
atcral,
iiK tlie
si'alfs
of the
a and l
PINK FAMILY. CONIl'RRS.
1. Abies balsamea ( I.. ) Mill. Halsain Fir. ( Fi>>:. 126.)
57
I'iiiiis hiil.uiiiiiii I,. S]). I'l. ii«p2. 175,?.
.thiis hal.saiiuii .Mill. Ciard. Diet. VA. S, Xo. ^
176S.
A slender forest tree attaining a uiaxiniuni
height of about 9<i° and a trunk diameter of
,^°, usually much smaller and on mountain
tops and in high arctic regions reductd to a
low shrub. Hark smooth, warty with resin
"blisters." Leaves fragrant in drying, less
than i" wide, 6"-io" long, obtuse, dark
green above, paler beneath or the youngest
conspicuously whitened on the lower surface ;
cones cylindric, 2'-4' long, 9"-i5" thick,
upright, arranged in rows on the upper side
of the branches, violet or purplish when
young ; bracts obovate, serrulate, mncronate,
shorter than the broad rounde<l scales.
NrHl'ouiKllaiKl .111(1 I.abradiir In Hiulson Hay
and llii- .N'ortlnvi'sl Tirrilnry, soiitli tn Massa-
cliusrUs, IVnnsylvania, alcintt llii' .\lk(flifiiit's to
Virginia and In Michigan and .MiniusDla. As-
cends to ,^i»«> ft. ill till- .Xdirondacks. \V 1
soft and weak. \\\ih\. brown: wiiRlit jur cubic
foot 2| lbs. Canada balsam is dirivid from the
risinons exudations of the trunk. May-June.
2. Abies Fraseri i I'lirsli ) Liiidl.
Frascr's Halsain I'ir. ( I-'ijj;. 127. 1
rhiiis I'liisi I i I'ursli. I'l. .\ni. .St])t. (j;c), 1S14.
Afiits I'ldii ri I.iiiiH. I'eiiny Cyel. i: 30. i,s?v
.V forest tree, reaching a maximum size
about that of the ])rcccdiiig species, the
smooth bark bearing similar resin •'blisters."
Leaves, esjiccially the younger, consiiicu-
oi:sly whitened beneath, ,s"- 10" long, nearly
l" wide, cmargiuale or some of them ob-
tuse at the ajiex ; cones oblong-cylindric ur
ovoid-cyliudric, 2' 3' high, about 1' thick,
their scales rhomboid, much broader than
high, roundeil at the apex, much shorter
than the jiajiery bracts, which aic rctlexcd,
their summits cmarginate, serrulate and
aristate.
On the lii^ili .Mletrlienies of soiitliwestirn \'ir-
ifinia, North Cjynlina ,ind 'IVnnessee. Wooil
similar to that of the nortliern speeies, lint
sli^litly litjhler in weinlil. .May.
6. TAXODIUM h. C. Rich. Ann. Mns. Paris, 16: 29.S. iHio.
Tall trees with horizontal or drooping bnmches, and alternate spirally arranged sessile
linear or scale-like leaves, deciduous in our sjiecies, spreading so as to a])])ear 2-ranked,
some (if the twigs commonly deciduous in autumn. Leaf-buds naked. Staminate ameiits
very numerous, globose, in long terminal drooping iianiclcd spikes, apjicaring before the
leaves ; anthers 2 s-cellcd, the sacs 2-valved. » )vule-bearing amenls ovoid, in small terminal
clusters, their scales few, bractless, each bearing a pair of ovules on its base. Cones globose
or nearly so. the scales thick and woody, rhomboid, fitting closely together by their mar-
gins, each marked with a triangular scar at its base. Seeds large, sharply triaiigular-
]>yramidal. [Name Greek, referring to the yew-like leaves.]
Three known siieeies, the following of southeastern North .\inerica. one Mexican, one Chinese.
5R
r..sACEAE.
I. Taxodium distichum ( L. ) L. C. Rich. IJald Cyi)rcss.
( ImK. 12.S. )
Aim Mil- Taris.
(iif'ii •cii': (li.sliiha I.. S]). I'l. i.
I'll I '1(1 i inn (lis/iiliii»i 1,. C Kiili Aim Mil- Taris. i6:
iiy^. I Ml I.
A lar>;f forest tree attaining a inaxiniutn licij^ht
of about 150° and a trunk iliaiiicler of 14, the old
bark llaky in thin strips. I^eavcs narrowly linear,
flat, thin, $"-\o" lung, 'i" or less wide, rather
light green, acute, those on some of the (lowering
branches smaller, scale-like ; cones globose or
slightly longer than thick, ])endent at the ends of
the branches, very comp.ict, about i ' in diameter ;
surfaces of the scales irregularly rugose above the
inversely triangular scar ; seeds 4"-5" long.
Ill sw.inips and alinitr rivtrs, Dilawart- i (idssilily in
siiiithrni N'l w JiTst V ) ti> I'Mmida. wist t(i Ttxas, imiili
in Ihi' .Mississii>|)i Valky rijtioii tii sdUtlKVii Imliaia,
Missuiiii and .\rkaiisas. WudcI -.iift, nut stroiit;. bniwii,
viry diirabk': w<.i(;lil l)ir oiibii- I'mil .'7 llis. Tin- ri Kits
drvilcii) iii)nj{lil Clinic " kmcs " ^.llnn.■lilnl•^ ) hijth .iiul
r' tliici;. .March ,\])ril.
7. THUJA L. Sp. PL i;x)2. 175;,.
Evergreen trees or shrubs with frond-like foliage, the leaves small or minute, scale-like,
ajipressed, imbricated, opposite, .(-ranked, those of the ultimate branchlcts mostly obtuse,
those of some of the larger twigs acute or subulate, .\ments monoecious, both kinds ter-
minal, the staminate globose ; anthers opposite, 2 -4-cclled, the sacs globose, 2-vaIved.
Ovule-bearing anients ovoid or oblong, small, their scales ojjpositc, each bearing 2 (rarely
2-.S) erect ovules. Cones ovoid or oblong, mostly spreading or recurved, their scales
6-10, coriaceous, opposite, not peltate, dry, sjircading when mature. Seeds oblong, broadly
or narrowly winged or wingless. [Name ancient.]
.\biiul IS sii.cks, iiaivi.si)f N'orlli .\iuvric,i and eastern .Asia. H.sidis tin- follii« iiij;. anntlar
<KCiirs friim Idalm and Oritfini to .Alaska.
I. Thuja occidentalis L. Wliilc Cedar.
ArlM)r \'itac. ( FiK- i-9- )
riiujii iHiitiiiilalis I.. S)). I'l. ii«i2. 17,S,V
\ conical tree, reaching a height of 65° and a
trunk diameter of .s°, the old bark deciduous in
ragged strips. Scale-like leaves of the ultimate
branchlets nearly orbicular, obtuse, i"-iji"
broad, the two lateral rows keeled, the two other
rows fiat, causing the twigs to appear nmch
flattened ; leaves ofthe older twigs narrower and
longer, acute or acuminate; mature cones 4"-6"
long, their scales obtuse ; seeds broadly winged.
In wi't snil and alnnif the banks of streams, form
intt aliiiiisl inipcnetrablc fnrcsts iinrtlnvard. Ntw
llrunswiik to Janus' May and Manitnba, snulli to
Ni \v Jcrsiy. alinitj; the .\lU(tlu nits to Nnrtli Cam
lina and tn Illiiuiis and .Minmsnla. .\sciiuls to
.l.smi ft. ill till.' .Vdirnndacks. WihkI siift. britllc,
weak, cii irsc ifraiiud, litflil bidwn: wimkIiI pir cubic
foot 2(1 ll)s. M.iy June.
8. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach, Hist. W^. ii: .p.j. 1.S42.
Ivvergreen trees, similar to the Tliujas, with minute ojiposite apjiressed 4-ranked
scale-like leaves, or those of older twigs suhul.ite, ami small monoecious terminal amcnts.
Staminate amentsas in Thuja, but the filamer.ts bro.ider and shield-shajicd. 0\ulc-bearing
aments globose, their scales opp isite, pjlta,.e, each bearing 2-5 erect ovules. Cones glo-
bose, the scales thick, j)ellate, each bearing 25 erect seeds, dosed until mature, each with
a central iioint or knob. Src<ls winged, [(ireek, meaning a low cypress. |
.About 7 species, the followiUB of the eastern t'liiled States, 2 in western .Nuilli .\merica. }, or 4
Japanese.
riNK FAMILY. CONIl-llRS.
Soutlicni Wliitc Cedar.
59
Chamaecyparis thyoides ( L. ; I{.S. I'.
(Fijr. i.V).)
I IllllUlll
rS42.
( IlilllliU
IS iliyoiJis I,. S)i. I'l. ii>s, 175;.
yfiiiiis sfiliiiirnntui i^\y.\v\\. \\'\>\. \\k. II;
l/xirix Ihyi'tis It. SI'. I'rtl. Cm. N. V.
,Vil.
A forest tree, reaehinj; a ina.ximiiin hcij.;ht of
atioiit 9(1^ and a trunk dianicttrof 4'^ . Leaves of
the ultimate brauclilets ovate, acute, scarcely '."
wide, those of the hiteral rows keeled, those of the
vertical rows slightly convex, each with a minute
round discoid marking on the centre of the hack,
those of the older twigs narrower and lonjier, subu-
late ; cones about ,V' in diameter, blue, each of
their closely fittintf scales with a small central
point ', seeds narrowly winded.
Ill >w.imps. M.issacliusfU- tu iiortlurn New Jirsey.
MiUtli 111 I'liirida and Missis>i]ii)i. niii-Uy near tlu luast.
Wcii.d siil'l. wtak. dust >rraiiu(l. li^'lit bniwii; wiiglil
prr cubic t'lMii 2\
.\l>ril May
9. JUNIPERUS L. Sp. I'l. i.VvS. 17.S.V
Evergreen trees or shrubs with oi)])osite or verticillate, subulate or scale-like, sessile
leaves, commonly of 2 kinds, and dioecious or sometimes monoecious, small globose axil-
lary or terminal auients. Leaf-buds naked. Stauiiuate amcnts oblong or ovoid: anthers
2-6-celled, each sac 2-valve(L Ovule-bearing aments of a few opjiosite somewhat llesliy
scales, or these rarely verticillate in ,Vs, each be.iriiiga single erect ovule or rarely 2. Cones
globose, t)erry-like by the coalescence of the lleshy scales, containing 1-6 wingless bony
seeds. [Name Celtic]
.Abmit ,vi species, natives of llu- nurtlurn heuiispliirc. snmc nf tluiii extciidiiis; iiilo tnipic.U rc-
Hiiins. Iksiik'S the fnllciwiiiK. } or 5 ntllcrs occur in llu- western parts nf Nurtli .ViiKiic.i.
Leaves ,ill subulate. i)rlckly (iiiiiileil, verticillate; anieuts axillary.
.^mall erect tree <ir shrill); k ives slinder, iimstly str.iiRlit 1 /. loiiniiKiih.
I, •)«■ dejiressed slinib; leaves stouter. liMslly curv'ed .'. /, iimni.
Leaves of 2 kinds, scale like and subulate, luosily opposite; anuiits terminal
Tree; fruit on sli(;rt slraitflit br.iiiehes. ,V A / 'h •^i>ii,ui,i.
D^-pressed shrub; fruit oil short recurveil branches. 4. /. S^ihhui.
(or 4
I. Juniperus communis L. JmiipLr.
/iiiii/ii I Us Kiiiiiiiiiii/s I,. S]t. I'!. io|o. 175.V
A low tree or erect shrub, sometimes attaining a
height of 25° and a trunk diameter of m', usually
sMiallcr, the l)ranches sjire.iding or drooping, the
bark shreddy. Leaves ail subulate, rigid, spreading,
or some of the lower rellexed, mostly straight, prickly
pointed, verticillate in Vs. often with smaller ones fas-
cicled in their axils, 5"-io" long, less than 1" wide,
channeled and commonly whitened on the upper sur-
face; aments axillary; berry-like cones sessile or very
nearly so, dark blue, 3"-4" diameter.
On dry hills, Nova Scotia to llritisli Columbia, south to
New Jersey, retiusylvania. Michin.ui. western Nebraska
iiid in the Rocky Slotmtaiiis to New Mexico, .\scends
lo i|iKi ft. in I'enusylvauia .\lso in liurope and .\sia,
rile fruit is usid lor llavorin,«: tfiu. .\pril Mav, I'ruit
iipe Oct.
if*
i
6o
riNACKAE.
2. Juniperus nana Willd. Low JunipLr. (Fi^. 132.)
finiipii IIS Sihii i,(i lUilKsd. Aiikit. n. 27.'. r;!^;. ?
Jiiiiit<,iin iiiiiiii Willd. S]). IM. 4: ss(. iS*').
/iiiiif>, I IIS ,,<iiiiiiiiiiis var. alf>iiui (".aud. I'M. IIclv. 6-
A depressed rigid shrub, seldom over iS' high,
foriiiiuK circular jjatchcs often 10° in diameter.
Leaves similar to those of the preceding species,
but stouter, similarly channeled and often whitened
above, a])pressed-ascending, rather rigid, si)iuy
ti])ped, \"-(i" long, mostly incurved, densely
clothing the twigs, verticillate in .Vs ; anicnts axil-
lary: berry -like cones blue, 4"-5" in diameter.
Ill dry. (11KI1 |)lacts, I,.il>radnr td Itritisli Cnluiiibia,
suutli to Massachusttts, .Ni \v York. Micliiiraii and in the
Kinky Miiuntaiiis to Colorado and I'tali. .Also in
ICuidpi- and .\sia. The cliarai'tirislic growth in a de-
prtssid circular ))alcli jrivcs llic plant a vcrv dilTerciit
aspect from llic iruc Juniper. .Vjiril May.
Red Cedar. vSavin. (Tij^. i^;^.')
3. Juniperus Virginiana L
fiiiiifiiiiis rhxiiii'iiiii I,. .Sj). PI. lo^Q. 1755.
A tree, reaching a ma.\imum height of about
100° and a trunk diameter of 5°, conic when young,
but the branches spreading in age so that the out-
line becomes nearly cylindric. Leaves mostly
opposite, all those of young i)lants and commonly
some of those on the older twigs of older trees
subulate, spiny-tipped, :\"~^" long, those of the
mature foliage scale-like, acute or subacute, closely
appressed and imbricated, 4-ranked, causing the
twigs to appear (juadrangular ; aments terminal ;
berry-like cones light !)lue, glaucous, about 3" in
diameter, borne on straight peduncle-like branch-
lets of less than their owu length, l-aseeded.
Ill dry soil, Xcw HmiisHick to liriiisli Coliniiliia,
south to I'lorida. Tixas. iiorllicrii Mexico and .Arizona.
Also ill tin- West Indies. .Ascends lo 21. «i ft. in Vir-
Kinia. WikjiI soft, not stront;, straiuht Kraiiied. com-
pact, odorous, red, the sap-wood white; wei«:lit per
cubic foot .11 lbs.; used ill larsi;e i|naiitities in llu- manufacture of lead pencils
l''niit ripe Sept. -Oct.
4. Juniperus Sabina I,. vShrubl)y Red
Cedar. (Fig-. 134. )
Jiiiiif'i I lis Siihiihi I,. Sp. I'l. To,i((. I7.s.i.
/iiiiifiiiiis Stihiiiii var. f>i ih iniihriis I'ursli. I'l, .Am.
.Sept, 6)7. is,,.
.\ depressed, usually procumbent shrub, seldom
more than 4^ high. I.eaves similar to those of the
preceding species, those of young plants and the
older twigs of older plants salnilatc, spiny-tijipcil,
those of the itiature foliage scale-like, apjircsscd,
4-ranked, acute or acuminate ; aments terminal ;
berry-like cones light blue, somewhat glaucous,
4"-5" in diameter, borne on recurved pcduucle-
likc branchlets of less than their own length,
I -.(-seeded.
On banks, N'ova .Scotia to Itritisli Columbia, south to
Maine, nottliern New Vork, .Minnesota and Montana.
.Also ill luirope and .\sia, .April .Mav.
YF.W FAMILY.
6l
Kaiiiily 2. TAXACEAE Liiull. Nat. Syst. Kd. 2, 316. 1836.
Trees or .shnil)s, resiii-heariiiK except 7'axiis. Leaves evergreen or decid-
uous, linear, or in several exotic jjenera broad or sometimes fan-shaped, the
lK)llen-sacs and ovnles lK)rne in separate clusters or solitary. Perianth wantinjr.
Stamens nuich as in the I'inaceae. (Ovules with either one or two integuments;
when two, the outer (me fleshy, when only one, its (mter part fleshy. Fruit
drupe-like or rarely a cone.
.\l>i)iit s ffiiuni iiml 75 s)Kcks, nf wiiU- tfinjfr.ipliic (listril)iiticiii. luosl nuimrnus in tlic smitlifm
liciiiispliirc. Till' Mai<kii iiair Trie. f,/»Xi,'.< A//.</i,/, of China and J.ipaii, with fansha|)i(l leases,
is an inlerestiiiK meniher dT the jrrcnti). nciw innth phiiiud fur (irnainent.
I, TAXUS L. Sp. PI. 1040. 1753.
Everjjreeii trees or shrubs, with spirally arranged short-pctioled linear flat iiuicrotiatc
leaves, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked, aiid axillary and solitary, sessile or subsessilc
very small anients; staniinate anients consisting of a few scaly bracts and 5-S stamens, their
lilaments united to the middle ; anthers 4-6-celled. Ovules solitary, axillary, erect, sub-
tended by a fleshy, annular disk, which is bracted at the base. Fruit consisting of the fleshy
disk which becomes cup-shaped, red, and nearly encloses the bony seed. [Name ancient.]
.\boul (> sj)ecies. natives nf tlie north te'iipL-rate /one. Itesides the foUowinK. anotlier oecurs in
Florida, one in Me.xieo and one on the I'iici ■ Coast.
•1. .\ni.
1. Taxus minor (Michx.) Hritiuii. American Yew. Ground Hemlock.
'I'lixiis hiinala var. niiiinr Miehx. I'l. lior. Am.
2: 24,s. iSo.v
'/(i.rH.v t'(;;;.7(/(7;,v/,v Wind. Sp. I'l. 4: .'^.VV iN^i. , ,
Ta I IIS miiioi liritton. Mem. Torr. Club. 5: lo. ( ■))
1S<),,. V Ih
A low straggling shrub, seldom over 5°
high. Leaves dark green on both sides, nar-
rowly linear, mucronate at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, 6"-io" long, nearly i"
wide, persistent on the twigs in drying; the
staniinate anients globose, I'Mong, usually
numerous; ovules usually few; fruit -ed and
pulpy, resinous, obloag, nearly 3" high, the
top of the seed not covereil by the fleshy
integument.
In wooils, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south
to New Jersey, in the .MleRlieiiies to Virjfinia.
and to Minnesota aiul Iowa, .\seeiiils to 2,si«i
ft. in tlie .\dirondacks. .\i)ril May. Very ilif-
fereiil from the ICuropean Yew, /'. h,ui,it,i. in
habit, the latter heeoiiiiiiK a larjfe forest tree, as
xloes the Oregon Yew, /'. /'itri/n/in.
>utli to
ontana.
Cla.ss 2. ANGIOSPBRMAE.
Ovnles (macrosixjranges) enclo.sed in a cavity fthe ovary) formed by the
infolding and uniting of the margins of a modified rudimentary leaf (carpel),
or of .several such leaves joined together, in which the seeds are rijiened. The
I)ollen-grains ( microsix^res) on alighting nixm the sununit of the cari)el (stigma)
germinate, sending ont a |x)llen-tube which penetrates its tis.sues and reaching
an ovule enters the orifice of the latter (inicropyle), and its tip coming in
62
TVl'lIACHAK.
contact witli a ycriii-ccU in tlic cnil)ry(i-sac, fertilization is clTcctcd. In a few
cases the ])ollen-tnl)e enters the ovn'e at tlie chahi/.a, not at tlie niicroi)yle.
Tluri' .in- Iwii siil) tl;i-.Ms. lli^till^Juislu<l as fullows:
CntyUilmi I11U-; slttii inddKiiiiiiis. Sul) class i. .MuMniii \ l.i:iiciNi:s.
C'litykdniis l«ip; stiiii > witli rare txi'ti>tioiis i i xdntimii-
Siili lias
I>li.iiTVl,i;|i(i\i;.s.
Sub-class I. MoyoCOTYI.HDONIiS.
Knihryo of the seed with hut a sinjjle cotyledon and the first leaves of the
jjerniinatint; i)laiUlet alternate. Stem coni]>osed of a j^ronnd -mass of soft tissue
( ])areiicli>ina I in whicli Innidles of wood-cells are irretj;ularly imbedded: no
distinction into wood, pith and bark. Leaves usually jtarallel-veined, mostly
alternate and eiuire, conunonly sheathin,u; the stem at the base and often with
no distinction of blade and petiole. h'lowers mostl\' ,;-nierous or fi-mt.ous.
.MiiiiiuiilyliddiiiJiis )>laiils arc first (Ufiiiilcly kiuiwii in Triassic liiiic. Tlicy ccitistitulc bctwicn
iiiic-fi until and unc third <>( tlic living anKinspcnnuns llora. Tlic families arc Kruupcd in about u>
iirdcrs 1 -cc Intriiduction I.
1805/
Ivxmily i. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil. Kxpo.s. Kani. i: 60.
C.\T-T.\II, l'.\MIt.V.
Marsh or a([uatic jilants with creeiiinu; rootstocks, fibrous roots and >.jlabrou.s-
erect, terete stems. Leaves linear, flat, ensiform, striate, sheathing.; at the base.
I''lowers monoecious, densel.\' crowded in terminal s]>ikes, which are subtended
by spathaceous, usually fujj;acious bracts, and dixided at intervals by smaller
bracts, which are caducous, the staminate s])ikes ii])permost. Perianth of bris-
tles. Stamens 2-7, the fdaments connate. ()\-ary i. sti])itate, 1-2-celled. Ovules
anatro])nus. vSt\les as main- as the cells of the o\-ary. Minj^jled anionjif the
.stamens and jiistils are bristh" hairs, and amon,y; the ])istillate flowers many sterile
flowers with chuate U])s. Fruit nutlike. Ivndosperm copious.
The family comprises only the followin({ ^renns:
I. TYPHA L. Sp. I'l. 971.
Characters of the family. [ Name ancient.]
/.■>,v
.\l)out to species, widely dislribiilcd in temperate and tropical retfions. ISesiiles those here de-
scribed, an; ither occurs in California.
Spikes ilark brown or black, the pistillate and staminate nsn.illy eontijfuous, the former without
bnictlets; sti>rnias spatulate or rhomboid; pollen (grained i. '/'. /ti/i/'n/iu.
S])ikes litflil brown, the pistillate and staminate usu iHy distant, the former with bractlels; stigmas
linear; pollen in siniiile grains. j. /'. din,' iis/i/n.'iii.
I. Typha latifolia L.
tail. U'is-
'/j/>//c/ litiij'.'liii I,. Sp. IM. 971.
I?road-leaved Cat-
Stems stout, 4°-S° high. Leaves ^"-\2" broad;
spikes dark brown or black, the staminate and
pistillate portions usually conti.tcuous, each 3'-i2'
loiiK and often i' or more in diameter, the pistil-
late without bractlets ; stigmas rhomboid or spatu-
late ; pollen-grains in 4's ; fruit furrowed, bursting
in water ; seeds with a separable outer coat.
In marshes, tliroutflionl North .America except the
extreme north, .\scends to 1(100 ft. in the .Adirondacks
and to 2.>oo ft. in VirKinia. .Mso in Ivurope and .Asia.
JuTie July. l"ruit, .AtiK-Sept.
I
»Text contributed bv the late Rev. Thoma.S Moronc.
CAT-TAII, I'AMIKY. 63
2. Typha angustifolia I,. Narrow-lcavud
Cat-tail. ( \'"\ii. I J,:.)
'I'\t>lhi iiiii;iisli/\iliii I.. Sj). I'l. ij^l. 17,S,V
Stems slfiidcr, ,s°-ici^ Hik''- I.i'iivcs mostly nar-
rower tliaii those of the i)rece(linn sjjtcies, 2" 6''
wi<le; spikes h^ht hrowii, the staminate and pistil-
late portions usually distant, the two tojjctlier
sonu'times 15' lonj;, the pistillate, when mature,
2" S" ni diameter, and jirovided with hractlcts ;
stifjnias linear or linear-ol)lonj( ; pollen-brains sim-
ple; fruit not furrowed, not hurstinjjin water; outer
coat of the seed not separahle.
Alnnidaiit in marshes almn; tlu' Allaiitii- C'ci.isl fmrn
Niiv.i Si'iilia ti> I'loridii ami Culia. but also ociurrinjf
ratlur rarely inland. Alwi in Ivurupe and Asia. June -
July. I'luii, .\utf. Sept.
Kami]
V 2.
SPARGANIACEAE Aj^ardh, Tlicor. S>st. I'l. 13. 1S5.S.*
UlR-RKKK l'".\Mir.V.
Marsh or pi)iul ]>lants witli crcL-piiiK root.slocks and fibrous roots, L-rt-ct or
floatinjr simple or l)ranclie(l stt-ins, and linear alternate leaves, .sheathinj; at the
base. I'Mowers monoecious, den.sely crowded in jrlobose heads at the n])i)er part
of the stem and branches, the staminate heads n])i)ermost, sessile or ])e(luncle(l.
vSpathes linear, innnediately beneath or at a distance below the head, rerianth
of a few irrejj;ular chaffy .scales. Stamens commonly 5, their filaments di.stinct;
anthers oblonj;- or cuneate. Ovary sessile, mo.slly i -celled. Ovnles anatroivnis.
I'Vuit mostly i -celled, nntlike. Ivmbryo nearly straij^ht, in copious eiulosperm.
Tile family enni])rises niily the fulldwiiiK Kemis.
I. SPARGANIUM L. Sp. IM. 971. 1753.
Characters of the family. [(Ircck, referring to the ribbon-like leaves.]
.VbdUt lospeeies, of temperate ami enld rejfions. Ilesidestlie fiillowinjr. iiiiedeeurs in Califurnia.
I'rutl sessile.
I'ruil stalked.
IiiflDrescence hranoliiuK.
Inlliireseenee siinjile.
Slamiiiale heads ,| 'i,
Staminate liea<ls 1 2.
iiii Villi f>iini.
mull ihltiiiiiiii.
pistillate 2-6. ,s"-s" in diameter,
pistillate i ,v 2" .s" in <Iianieter,
I. Sparganium eurycarpum Ivii^elm.
spill i; till ill III iiii \iiii />iiiii I'^iiHelni. in .\. Cray.
-Man. ICd. 2. 4,^1. is,S').
Stemsstout, ,^ '-.S° hi>;h, branchinj,'. Leaves
linear, flat, slightly keeled beneath, the low-
est 3°-,s° lonj.;, the upper shorter ; staminate
heads numerous ; pistillate heads 24 on the
stem or branch, sessile or more commonlj-
peduncled, hard, compact and io''-i6" in di-
ameter when mature ; style i ; stij^nias 1-2 ;
nutlets sessile, 3"-3" lonj{, obtusely 4-5-
an^lcd, narrowed at thcbase, the top rounded,
flattened or depressed, abruptly tipped with
the style ; scales as lon^ or nearly as lon^ as
the fruit and as many as its anj;les, often with
2 or 3 other exterior ones, somewhat spatu-
late, the apex rounded, denticulate or eroded.
In marshes and ailing; streams, Newfciundland
In liritisli Colnniliia, suutlt to Virginia, Mis
snuri. ftali and California, .\scends to 2100 ft.
in Virttinia. May .\UK.
Text contributed by the late Rev. Thomas
MORONC.
1
64
SPAROAMACKAI'
2. Sparganium androcladum i Iui<;etin,
Moion^. Uranchinjj Hur-rcc<l. i 1m,h. i,v>.
.Sfiii) i;Luiiii>ii w «//>/( 1 var. ,iiii/i n, /,iihi ill liiiKilm in A.
('■ray, Mati. ICil. s. pi 1^(17
a/iiii i;iiiiiniii iiiiili :•• liiiliiiii Mi>roii){. Bull Tun. Clul). 15:
Stem slender, more or less liraiichiii),', lo'-j^ Iiik'''
ristillatc heads 3-7, sessile or the lowest i)c<hiiu'leil,
axillary or the ]>eflunclcs aii<l branches axillary; style
I ; stiKiiia I ( rarely 2 1 ; fruiliiiK heads 6" 12" in di-
ameter ; nutlets fusiform, 2" .^" lonj;, i'." thick,
usually even, often strongly contracted at the niidille,
tajwrin),' into the style ; scales obloni;, as loii); as the
luitlets or shorter, the exterior ones narrower ; stalk
of fruit 1" lonj,' or more.
In lioKscirslialliiw waltr. N'(iva.Si.iitia 1.. ( liitarinand Ilril-
isli Ciiliunbia. siiMtli til I'liirida anil I.nui^iana Juni- .\UK
Sparganium androcladum fliictuans Morotiu ISull Tnrr.
Clul). 15: 7S. l^s-<
Spill Xit'iiiii'i >.'«//>/(! var. tliiiliiii\ Ijimlm in .\ (iniy.
Man IM. 5. |>i. iS(i7. Siil .\/>iii '^,111 in 111 // 11 i/iiii< )'nL'>.
I'loatinit in (Iilj) watir with liinjf slendir sli-ms. and tliin kavvs 1" \'- ■" wiiU : inllurt-ii me
usually sjiariuKly branched; fruiting lieails 4"-()" in diameter. In cold |>iind>. New lirunswick tu
I'einisylvania.
3. Sparganium simplex Htids. Siniple-
steiiiincd Hur-retd. I Ki^. 1 40. )
spa I i;a II ill III si »i fill' X Huds. I'l. .\nKl. VA 2. 4111. I7S,H,
.Stem slender, i,'-^'-24' high, simple. Leaves more
or less triquetrous, 2"-4" wide; inflorescence io"-S'
long ; staminate heads 4-6; pistillate 2-6, sessile or the
lowest peduiicled ; fruiting heads 5"-S" in diameter ;
nutlets fusiform or narrowly ohlong, obtusely angled
at the apex, more or less contracted in the middle,
smaller than those of the prece<Hng species and more
tapering at the summit ; scales <lenticulate, about
one-half as long as the nutlets ; stigma linear, as long
as the style or shorter, rarely 2 ; stalk of fruit about
1'' long.
Borders of i>iinds and streams. N'ewfunndland t" llrilish
CoUunbia. south t<i I'ennsylvania. Montanaand California.
.\scendsto 2500 ft. in the Catskill Mountains. June -Aug.
Sparganium simplex anguatifolium 1 Michx. 1 Ivngelm.
Spdixaiiiiiiii tiiix'iis/i/'ii/iiiin Michx. I'l. Hor. .\m. 2: iS<). iSin.
KloatiiiK in deep water. Leaves very limK. '."-I'." wide, their slieallis ofien inflated at the
base; staminate and pistillate heads 1 4: fruiliiikt lieads ,5 "7" in
<Iiameter. In mountain lakes and slow streams. Newfoundland
to Orenon. south to New York and California.
4. Sparganium minimum HriLS. Small Hur-
rt-fd. ( I'ij;. 141.;
Sptiixiiiiiiiiu mi Ilium III l'"ries, Sum. Veg. 2: 560. iS4'i.
Floating, stems very slender, .4'-3° long. Leaves thin and
lax, ^'2 "-2';" wide ; inflorescence i' or more long; stami-
nate heads 1-2; pistillate, 1-3, sessile, axillary, supra-
axillary or the lowest on an axillary peduncle ; ripe fruit-
ing heads 2"-5" in diameter ; nutlets ovoid, slightly trian-
gular, tapering abruptly into the style, i "-2" long, twice
as long as the denticulate scales ; stigma oval, often oblique,
about as long as the style; stalk of the nutlet U"-':"
long, often apparently none.
In ponds and streams. New Hrunswiek to Manitoba and Ore-
gon, south to New Jersey. Miehiican anil I'tali. .\lso in north-
ern l';nro])e. Dwarf forms, Krowing out of water, sometimes
occur with stems 3' -6' high. June-.\uj{.
C.rav. Man
ruN-I)\VKi:i) lAMIKV.
65
at llii;
7" ill
■iiuiliuid
liin and
staiiii-
supra-
|e fruit-
triau-
twice
|bli(iuc,
1(1 Ore-
li north -
iKtiniL'S
Family 3. NAIADACEAE I.itidl. Nat. Syst. Hd. 2, 366. 1.S36.
IiiiiiKTScd a(Hialic i)lam> with >l(.-ii<kr, often l)rallcllill^^ k-afy stems, the
k-aves flat or filiform, and ])erfccl, monoecious or dioecious spicate axillary
or spadiceous flowers. I'erianth of 4 segments, or a hyaline envelope, or want-
iuK. Stamens 1-4 or occasionally more, distinct and hypoj^^ynous in the ])er-
feci flowers, solitar\- or coiniate in the sterile. Anthers extrorse, i-j-celled.
Ovaries i-(), niostlv distinct, 1 -celled, m(»sily i-ovuled. Carpels rarely dehi.s-
cent. .Seeds straiKlu or curved. ICndosiK-nn none.
AImhU 111 Kii'tri' ii'nl I'll ijHiifs iif wicU- )iiiiinii>liii' ilisliibuliiiii. iiiii>.i aluiinlaiil in trininnile
ii>;ii'n> 'I'lic- Mlclntll^ nuUd in tin- iK-i-riiiliciii.. iiuliiati llif I'rnitintf iiiriml
I'liiwiis pirfnt
rrriaiilli 111' i (li-.tiii,l ^innicnl- I. /'.'A/w.'t'c/n/;.
I'liiantli iiiiiu- ; tlnwi r~ nakid 2, A'ii/>/>iti
I'liiwirs iniiniii't'iiiii> nr ilim linn-.
I.iavis t iilitr
I.iavr-. 1 mrvfd, i' \' lunir. '," nr iv>s wiiU-. v /iiiiiiiilulliii.
i in.in> niiAnl. i ,s lun^. i" (" wiiU-. 4. /nvA;,;.
I.iiivis s|)iny I mtlu <1 nn tin- niart;iii-.
X.ti.is.
POTAMOGETON I,. Sp I'l. i.v..
^j). n. \2iK 1753.
Leaves alternate or the ii])])eriiii)sl opposite, often ot" 2 kinds, stilinierffcd and floating;,
the siil>nieri;cd mostly linear, tlie lloatinj; coriaceous, lanceolate, ovate or oval. .Spatlies
stipular, often liKiilate, free or connate with the hase of the leaf or petiole, enclosinj; the
yoiinji liuds anil nsually soon perisliinj; after exiianding. Pednncles axillary, usually
einerscd. IMowerssniall, spicate, ,i;reen or red. I'erianth-se).;inents .), sliort-clawed (I'ij.;. 154),
concave, valvatc. Stamens .(, inserted on the claws of the perianth-segments. Anthers
sessile. Ovaries 4, sessile, distinct, i-celled, i-nvnlcd, attenuated into a short erect or
recurved style, or with a sessile stijfina. I'riiit of 4 ovoid or suli^lobose drupelets, the peri-
carp usually thin and hard or s]>oiijiy. Seeds crustaccous, catiipylotropous, with an niici-
n.ite enil)ry<i thickened at the radicular end. [Creek, in allusion to the a<iuatic habitat.]
.Miiiut As will cUlimd spiciis, natives cil' tinipi ralr niiimi-i. Ik-siitis tile fnlliiwin^r. }, ntlurs
neciir ill the southein parts nf Nnrth Anierie.i
Stipnks a.villary and free frcnii the leaf.
With IliiatiiiK and siilniierned h aves.
Snliiiu rjjed leaves Uladeless.
.Nutlets more iir less pilteil. 1. /'. iiti/mis.
.\lltlets not pitted. 2. /'. (Xilnsidinis.
SllhiiierK>d leaves with .1 plopt r blade
SlibinerKi-d haves of j kinds, laneeolate and oval or oblonK.
t'ppeniiost broadly oval or elliptical, lowest lanceolate. .v P. iiiii/>/if'o/iii\:
t'ppennost laiiceoiate and pellucid, lowest obloiin and opa<ine.
). /'. /'Il/c/lil .
.SuhnierKid leaves all alike, capillary or liiiiar setaceous
I nerved or nerveless 25 /' f'irwr/.
Viiirveil 20. /< liili Ill/is.
Subnierjrcil leaves all alike, liiii ar
Nearly the same breailth throiiHhoiit, obtusely pointed, coarsely cellular reticulated
in tiic middle. .s. /'. XiilliiHii.
Uroader at base, acute, without cellular reticulation. 9. /'. Iii-Uioftlivllns.
Snbiuerned leaves all alike, lanceolate
tppfrniost leaves petioled. lowest sessile. 6. /'. iilf^iiiiis.
.Ml tile leaves petioled
l"li)aliii(r leaves larjte, broailly elliptic, rounded or subcordatc ,it b.ise.
11. I', i'liiimn'iis.
I'ioatintr Ivaves narrowly elliptical, laperintt at base. 7. /'. hnhliilfs.
■•'loatiiiK leaves mostly obovate or oblanceolate, tapcriuK at base.
S. /'. I'll vmii.
.Ml the leaves sessile or subs<ssile
I'rnit onlv 1 line hmtf. obscurely vkeeled. 10. /'. sf^nllniliii/oniiis.
li'ruit I '■ lines loiiK, distinctly ikcekd. 12. /'. //://.
With submerKeil leaves only.
Without propatfatiiiM: buds and without Rlaiiils.
Leaves with broad blades, mostly lanceol.ite or ovate, ni.iny nerved.
Leaves subsessile or short petioled. mostly acute or cuspidate
13. /'. IlKl-IIS.
Leaves semi smplexicaul. obtuse and cucullate at the apex. 14. /'. f'liiilitiii^iis.
Leaves meetiuB around the stem, very obtuse at the apex, not cucullate.
15. /'. />ir/':i/iii/iis.
Leaves with narrow bl.ides. linear or obloiuj linear, several nerveil.
Leaves obioiiK linear, 5 7 nerved, obtuse at the apex. if>. /'. .Ifis/idis.
Leaves narrowly lineai-. ; nerved, acute at the apex. 21. /'. foliiKnis.
Leaves with narrow' blades, capillary or s»taceous, i-nerved or nerveless.
17. /'. iiiii/'irroiilcs.
*Text contributed hy the late Rev. Tiiom.\.s Morosc.
5
I
r>fi
NAIADACHAi:.
Willi (ii'ip it!;iliiiK l>iiils (ir (jlaiuls. or tmlli
Willi lnwU, bill williniit ylaiiils
Lriivis ■.trnilaU-, \ - lurvril.
I.iiivis tiilirc, wilji \ piiiuiiial ;iiul iii.iny fim- lurvts.
Ci>iiimiinly with uliiinK. Iitil iin imil--.
sum- loiiK liratuliiinj frniii the Uiist-; Uavis lax. flat. ,5
iii-|ii(laU-,
Sinn- siinplv; leaves siriet, revcitute. t.siHTvcil, nctllliiiiate
With linlh liiiiW ami ulatid-
CilaiicU liirue and tlail-liueiit ; 1>U(N rare.
Clauds Miiall. I il'teii (lull: buds eoiiiiiinti
Leave- liiii ar, ,s 7 in rved.
I.eaM- linear, \ nerved,
I.eavi - lapillary. 1 nerved nr nerveless.
SlilMiU - .iilnale In the have- or jit lidles.
With li'tli llnatinn and -nlniier^ed haves.
Siiliiiier«ed 1)1 ilniu le-a-h>nM;a-thesi>ikes. elavate. nl'lell reenrved
.snliniermil iiediiiule- iiune. nr at inusl hardly a line luii>t
With -nliiiieiiied leaves ciiily,
Stiunia liroad and -e— ile
Style ainiareiil; -linnia eapitale.
I'niil uithdUt ketl- or nh-eiirely keiled.
I'rilil -irciiiuly •, keeled,
I.eaM - entire. ; 5 nerved,
I.eavt - iniiiiileiv serrulate, liiu Iv inanv nerved
IS.
Ml.
/•
1 1 1 \/'ii'i
:.•!/( lii, hilii(\
nervei
Jn.
. :
iliruptiv acute
llillii'.
1 iifihi.s.
22.
/■
i'/i/ii.\i/o/iiis.
-'.V
/•
l-'i ii sii.
fiii.ii// II \.
1^1 III impel 1 II \.
•d 2.,,
/'
i/i:ii ii/'ii/iiis.
Sfiii i/iiis.
,il
/•
II /i I'm mis.
.»-•
/•
t'lt lilllllllS.
/'
illltl'lllfi/lts.
I\'i'liliiii\ii.
I. Potamogeton natans I,
in lUiiiil"^' •""! Asia
2. Potamogeton Oakesianus Rohhins. Oakcs
Cimitiioii Moating PoiuUvccd. i Im<;. 142. )
/'•'liiiih'i;i loll ii<i/<iii.\ I. Sp. ri. iJf'. i7.S,v
Stems 2" I ' loiiK, simple or sparingly hraiiclicd.
IMoatini.; leaves tliie-k, the blade ovale, oval orcUip-
tie, 2' .(' !oiij{, r 2' wide, usii.iUy tijipcd with a
short abrupt ))oiiit, rouinled or sulicordate at the
base, many-nerved; suhinerj;ed leaves reduced to
phyllodes or hladeless petioles which commonly
perish early and are seldom seen at the fruiting
period; sti])ules sometimes 4' loni;, acute, 2 keeled;
peduncles as thick as the stem, 2' 4' lout;; spikes
cyliiidric, very dense, about 2' long; fruit turgid,
,// ,,^// i,„]^r, about i'4"tiiick, scarcely keeled,
narrowly obovoid, slightly curved on the face;
stvle broad and facial; nutlet hard, more or less
pitted or impressed on the si<les, 2~grooved on the
back; embryo forming an incomplete circle, the
apex jiointing toward the base.
In pi aids and slreains. thinnjrliHiit Norlli .\iiierica ex-
cept the extreme imrtli. extending intn
July .\iig.
Me.xiei
Also
iiltiiii, !•;,/. 'II ().i/:,
Ivd. 5, )-i,i. 1,-0;
Kulibins in .\. Crav. Man,
.Stems very slender, often much branched from
below. I'loating leaves elliptic, mostly ob-
tuse, rounded or slightly siibcordate at the
base, i'-2' long, 5"-9" wiile, 12- 20-nerved;
petioles i'-6' long; submerged leaves mere cap-
illary phyllodes, often persistent througli the
flowering season; peduncles i'-3' long, com-
monly much thicker than the stem, mostly soli-
tary; spikes cylindric, 'j'-i'long; stipules acute,
hardly keeled; fruit obovoid, about I '^'Mong, i"
thick, nearly straight on the face, 3-kceled, the
middle keel sharp; style apical or subapical; sides
of the nutlet not pitted, but sometimes slightly
impressed; embryo circle incomplete, the apex
pointing toward the base.
Ill still water, .\iitiei)sti to northerii IVnnsylva-
nia Knd New Jersey. .Suiiinier.
I'ONDWKI'D TAMILY.
67
3. Potamogeton amplifoljus Tuckcrm. I/irKc-lcavcd roiuhvcctl.
/'fi/ii»ii'i;i /nil ii»i/>/i/"/iii\'l'wktrm Am Jmini Sti.
I 1 1 I 6: J2S. i"*l^
Stfiiis IciiiK, simple or <icrasionally Itraiiclie'l.
I'Moatiii^ Ifavi'H oval or ovale, al)riipll y poiiiteil at
the apc\, rouiiilecl at tilt- hasi-, .>' 4' lon^, 1 '^ ' 2'
wide, liiaiiy-lier\U(l ; nvtioli'S 3' 5' Iniin ; sul)-
niiTKcd leavi's mostly petioled, lar^t-, tlic uppcr-
iiiost often elliptic or oval, ,a' '^)' lon^;, \' 2'<'
wide, the lowest lanceolate, often S' lon^, with
aliout 25 nerves, often wi'.li the sides of the blade
closed iind assuniinj^ a falcate sliajic ; stijiules
taperin^i to a loiii; sharp point, sometimes .('
lonn ; pcilunclcs thickened n])w,ir(l. 2' S' lonj^ ;
siiikeseylimlric, 1' 2' lon>^ ; fruit 2" ^'-''lon^;,
I '4 " thick, tiir^id, the ])ericarp hard, ohlicpiely
ohovoid, vkeelcd : face more or less anjjled ;
stvlc fuitiapical ; emliryo slij;htly incurved.
Ill lakes, ( liilariii tn Uriti-^h Cdhmihia sdnth in
L'lmuecliciU, KenHuky ami Niliraska July Sipl.
iMK. 144- '
4. Potamogeton pulcher 'riKktini
Spiittcd rondwLvil. I Fi.Lj. 145.)
I'oliniiDtiiliiii fiiiUiii Tuckiiiu Am {■■ium Sci.
Stems sim])le, terete, hlaik-spoltcd, \°-2'
lonjj. Floating; leaves usually massed at the
top on short lateral hranclies, alternate, ovate
or round-ovate, subcordate, 2' .('..' lonj;, v"
,^ '4 ' wiile, many-nerved ; peduncles about as
thick as the stem, 2' 4' lonj^, s])otled ; sub-
merjjed leaves of 2 kinds, the uppermost pellu-
cid, lanceolate, long-acuminate, undulate, y,'-'^'
long, 6"-iS" wide, tapering at the base into a
short jietiole, lu-20-nerved ; the lowest much
thicker, oi)a(|ne, spatulate, obloni; or ovate, on
petioles '4 '-4' long; stijudes obtuse or acumi-
nate, 2-carinate; fruit 2"~2'4 " 1'>"K. 1 ';" thick,
turgid, tapering into a stout apical style, the
back shar])ly ,vkeeled ; face angled near the
middle, with a sinus below ; end)ryo coiled.
In ijomls and ponls, Maine tn Ciiiirnia and .Mi--
siiuri. July.
5. Potamogeton Nuttallii Cham. i\: Soli
IhliiiiiKUil"" XiilliiHii Cham. iN: Sch. I.iiniaia. 2:
.'2('>. //. 'I. I'. -•■;. \^i~.
l\i',nii,<\iilon Cht\tiinii Tiu-kirm. .\m. Jniun.
,Sci. 45: ,is. is(5.
Stems slender, comjiressed, mostly siiuiile,
r' 6° long. I'Moating leaves o])posite, elli])tic,
sometimes obovate, obtuse at the apex, short-
petioled, i';'-,^'.' long, i,"-\2" wide, many-
nerved; submerged leaves linear, 2-rauked, 2'--'-
lon;,', i"-.V' wide, 5-nerved, the 2 outer nerves
nearly marginal, the space between the 2 inner
,md the midrib coarsely reticulated ; stipules
obtuse, hyaline, not keeled; peduncles I'-s'
long; spikes 'j'-i' long; fruit ronnd-obovoid
1 '4 "-2" long, I "-1 ,'2" thick, 3-keeled, the sides
tlat ami indistinctly impressed ; style short,
apical ; embryo coiled one and one thinl times.
In ponds and streams. Nova .Scotia to I'ennsyl-
vania and Snutli Carolina. June-.\uK.
Xtlttair.s I'()ll(l\VL-e-(l. I V'\)i. 146. )
68
NAIADACKAK
6. Potamogeton alpinus Halhis
X()rtlit.'rn I'oiuKvccd. ( Im.h. 147. )
/'o/,nHiii.'iioii <///>iiiiis ll.•llt)i^. MIm-. licit. I <. IN)).
I'iiliininiii I'lit iit/'is,iiis Si-linid.; Cliiim. .\(lii, 1"1.
lii r. \. iM.s.
riant ofa ruilily tinj^t;, stems simple or branch-
ed, somewliat compressed, i'loatiiijr leavess])a*.-
u late or ol)lanceolate,ol>t use, many-nerved, taper-
ing iiito i)etioles r 5' lonj; ; suhmert^cd leaves
semi-pellncid, the lowest sessile, the uppermost
petiiilcd, olilon>;-linear or linear-lanceolate, oh-
tusc or rarely acute, narrowed at the base, .,'-
12' loii.n, 2"-9" wide. 7 17-nerved; stipules
broad, faintly 2-cari:'ate, obtuse or rarely acute;
peduncles 2'-S' lon^ ; s])ikes l ' r N ' loni,' ; fruit
obovoid, lenticular, reddish, i '+" long, 1" thick,
vkeeled, the .iiiddlc keel sharp, the face arched,
lieaked by the short recurved style; apex of
the embryo pointinji directly to the basal end.
Ill piiiids. Niiva Scotia to Uiiti-li Coliuiiliia, Xtw
Jirst y and Caliliiriiia. .\lsn in i;uiii|>i . July AuK-
7. Potamogeton lonchites Tiickcnii. LoiiK-Icavcd Pondweed. ( I'i.i^- '4''^-)
J'<tmiiii\i;,it'ii flidtiiiis kntli. I'l. Ciriii. i: ■;2. 17^^'
/'ii/(imi\i;i/iiii /i>,i,/ii/i:\- Ttuktriii. .\iii. Jcini. Sci. : II. 1
6; 226. it<4.^.
Stem terete, much branched, },°-6° loni;. Floal-
inj; leaves rather thin, elliptic, pointed at both
end.^, 2'-()' lonjf, 6"-i4" wide, many-nerved, on
petioles 2'-S' in length; submer>;ed leaves pellucid,
4'-i3' long, 2"-i2" wide, rounded at the base or
tapering into a petiole i ' -4' long; stipules {'-4'
long, acuminate, acute or obtuse, strongly or
faintly 2-carinate ; peduncles thickening upward,
2'-,^' lon.'i; spikes cylindric. i' 2' long; fruit about
2" long, I "-I '1" thick, obli(|ucly obovoid, the face
nearly straight, the back ;,-kecled, the middle keel
rounded or often with a ])rojccting wing uinler th<
style, not impressed on the sides; embryo sliy;htl\
incurved, apex iiointing slightly inside of the base.
In (loiids .ukI sUiw streaiiis. New liniiiswick tn Wasli
intrlon. soulli In I'lnridii ami Califnniia. July Del
Potamogeton lonchites Noveboracensis Mcinnij;. Mi 111.
rioatiu;: leaves thicker, .V^.S'.-' IniiB, almut -■' \yidi-. Jo 2,
llie'iii)e.\ ; peduncles HuiiRlinics .4' ,s' and sjiikes.V lniiK. !.a.»
8. Potamogeton Faxoni Monmo;.
l''ax()ii's roiidwccd. ( FIk- i4y- '
l\il,iiiioi;i/,iii I'll voiii MorciiiM:. Mini. 'I'mr. Club. 3:
I'art 2. 22. i.sin.
Floating leaves numerous, mostly obovate or
oblanceolate, hlunt-pointt'd or obtuse at the
a]iex, narrowed at the base, often strikingly
li . those of /'. s/>ti//iii/(ir/oniiis, 2' ,','..' long,
f>"-l2" wide, l,v '7-lierved, on petioles 2'-6'
long; submerged leaves oblon;,-lanccolate, acute
or sometimes obtuse, ,,'-5' long, ' "-12" wide,
5 i.vnerved, often with an irregular areolation
on each side of the midrib, borne on petioles
a '2' in length ; i>edunclcs slightly thicker than
the stem, 2 '-5' long; spikes dense, 1' 2' long;
fruit not collected.
I.ittlc otter Crick and bake Cliamplaiti, I'crris-
burK, Veniiout.
•■••. Club, 3: rati 2, 20. iNi.
I'd, abri'ptly ))iiinli(l nr
111" central New York
lit use at
I'ONDWEEI) FAMILY.
69
• at
hil). 3:
,ate or
the
diiKly
loiiK.
2'-6'
, acute
wide,
jlatioti
etioles
:r tliaii
Ioiik;
I'crris-
9. Potamogeton Leterophyllus Sclutl).
hlllKs Stiiiil), Spiiil. I'l.
\'ari(iiis-lcavL'(l I'oiuhvced.
Pulilllhiiiiliill ll'li
I.il)S 21. 1771.
I\>liiiili'i;itiiii III lirof^livIlK^ var. iihi \ 1 in 11 \ Mn-
riHin. Ml 111. Tiirr CUil), 3: Tart 2. .'5 i>ii;
J'ii/iiiiii>i;i /nil ii( 1,1 iifthvlliis var. /oiii;i/t, i/im, h-
l<ilii\ Mormi^;, .Mini. Tmi. Liu''. 3: I'ail J. .'|
Stems sk-iider, coiniiresscd. iiiucli braiicli-
c'll, sDiiietiines \2' loii.u. l'"loalinn leavn
pointed at the apex, rounded or suhcordate
at tlic liase, 8" 4' loiii;, ("- 14" wide. 10 i.S-
uerved, oil petioles 1' 4' loiiii; sulmieri.;ed
leaves jiellueid, sessile, linear-lanceolate,
acuniinate or cuspidate, rather stilT, 1' 6i_'
lonn, i" .s"\vide, 3-9-ncrved, the uppermost
often petioled ; peduncles often thickened
upward, 1' 7' loni^, sometimes '.lustered,
stipules spreading, ohtuse, S" 12" lonj,';
spikes i)"-i'4' lont;; fruit roundish or
ol>Iiiiuely ohovoid, 1" I '2" h^u.is'. '.■" 1"
thick, indistinctly 3-keeled; style short, ob-
tuse, apical; apex of tlic embryo nearly touch-
injj; the base, pointing; slij;litly inside of it.
A viry v.iriiibli- si>icii-<. •nciiiiiun in ililTiriiit fcirm- llr
Ct]Pt till- I \tIr11W llollll AIs.i ill lUimpiv July Si|il,
Potamogeton hete jphyllus graminifolius . I'rii s 1 Muioiit;. Mini. Tun Chib. 3: I'iirt 2, j|
/'lit, iiiiiii;, /nil i: iiiiiiiiiiifi vi\r. ;,'.. 'i/iiii/nliiis I'rtes, Nnvit. VA. 2, Vi. 1^-'^
Subiiiirniil kavis drliiate, llaciid, linear. 2'-,=;' Iniin, 1" V wide. Willi tin type.
Potamogeton heterophyllus myriophyllus 1 KnliUins 1 MmniiK, Mini. Toir. Club. 3: Tart
I'li/iiiii, 11:1 /nil i; I, I III I III IIS v;ir. nn I ii'/i/n //ii\ Kiihbiiis in .\. C.r.iy. .Man. \\i\. -i. \^T- i"-'>7.
Stilus ilicliiitciiiiiiii>ly biaiicliiiii;. \ i ly Icily; -ubiiiiimil U avi ;. di lii-ati-. abniit 1' luiin ami 2"
wide, v^nerviil. liiie.ir "V llii- uppir cili!atui ulali . Ilciatiiii; liavi-^ illiplic or laiiciolate (iblipii);:
riMilsimU tiibirciu- Ma-^ailr,.r.i Us. KIukU I-laiul ami Luiiiiecticnl.
Potamogeton heterophyllus minimus .Mnniuif. .Mem. Torr. Club. 3: Tail 2. 2-,. isiiv
Still'.-- Iuum: ami aliiin-.t capillary, tin- iiiti rimili-* ^ |' Imm: ^iibiiii ryrd li avis driisily ilustireil
oil -liciit laliial liraiuliis. ' ' 1' li'ii.i;. si iic. ly ', " uidi. ai-iiiiiiiiali-. 1 mrvid; llnaliuK liavi- '..'-
I ' •' liiiijr. ?" 'i" « idc. lamrnlati-. nval m nv.ilc. usually clii~li n d .it llu- -iiiiiiiiil >•( tin- sliiii Massa-
cliusi tt> and N i w Ilampsliiir.
10. Potamogeton spathulaeformis < Kohlijnsi Moiihi.l;. Si)attilal(.-k'avc(l
■iiulinul .diiiu..l ,ill Niirtli .\iiiiiiia I .\
IN,,;.
?| isii;.
l'illl(l\V(.l.ll.
m
l.sl.
I'l'/iiiiini^i /nil i,>i,iiiiiii,iis var. I?) s/iii/Ziii/iii /'ni mis
Kiibbiiis ill .\. Cray, Man. l':d. .s. |S- 1S67.
/'n/iiii/ni;i /nil sfiii/lililiti I'nniiis .Miiiniisj, .Mini Tiirr,
Club, 3: Part 2. 2(1, i.Siiv
Stems many, branched, 2 ;, lonj;. l-loaliiii,'
leaves (ibov.ite or elliptic, alirujitly acute at the
ajiex, rather thin, 1;, 2,^-nerved, 1' 2)'i' loiij;,
6" 1^" wide, burne on slender jictioles ; sub-
merj^ed leaves pellucid, sp.'tiilate-oblnnj; or
linear-lanciolatc, J' 4' lon^, y i/' wiile, 5 i.v
ncrved, cuspidate or sjiinescent, sessile or sub-
setisile, often reduced to phyllodes with a very
narrow blade ami a lonj.; acuniinatic.n at the
base aini apex ; ])eduncles often thickenini.; up-
ward, 1' 2' loll;.;; stipules obtuse, faintly keeled,
the apex slii;hlly hooded ; spikes l.ir^e ; fruit
about 1" loni;, roundish or obli(|nely ovoid, oh-
scureh ;,-keeled, with a ci'rved or slightly
an).;led f.ice ; embryo with the apex jiointinj;
sliyhlly inside of the base.
Ill Myotic INiml, .Meilfoid, Mass. .Msciin lainipe.
Siininiir
7°
NAIADACHAE.
II. Potamogeton lUinoensis Moronj;.
Illinois Poiulwx'c-d. < Imk i,S-. )
Mciiiiiitr. Ciiu't. Hut
iX.liiii /lliiimiisis
1 SS( I.
Ciiz.
12. Potamogeton Zizii Kotli.
l\'/,iiih'i;i li'ii inii;ii.^/ili'liii\ llilvli. iS: I'li-sl, Kci>l
Hi. i>ji. Nut DC, 1^.'^.
/'ii/,!iiliii;i /nil /i-.ii Ucilh. Iviuilii I: 5,^1. \^2- .
Stilus slender, liraiicliiiij;. I'loaliii.n Icavus
illiptii-, I '2' 4' loiif,', 6" 12" wide, iiiaiiy-
iiervcd ; ]iftiok's mostly short ; sul)iiicrj;<-'d
leaves mostly laiieeolate or oblaiiceolate, thin,
acute or euspidate, 2'-(i' long, .^"15" wide,
7-17-iicrved ; stijuiles 6" iS" loii),j, olitiise,
2-keeleil ; peduncles thicker than the stem,
2'>'<i' lonj; ; spikes 1' 2'lon^;; iVuit ol)li<|uely
f)l)ovoid, I '4 " j' loiin;, about 1 " thick, the face
dorsally .vkeeled; style short. Iilimt, facial; a]iex
of the embryo ])ointing directly to tln' base.
Ill lakes anil stiiaiiis, (Jiulivctd Muiilaiia, soiilli to
l-'liirida anil Wyniiiiin;. "\lsiiiii l'airii))e July Ann.
Potamogc.on Zizii Methyensis 1 A I'.i 1111. 1 Moicnuf.
I'"l:l llh'^i /''ll :lll:;!is/ilt>lills V.IV. M(lll\, U.^n .\ lUll-
mtl, llritli n's Jiiiiin, lint. 29: 151. is.ii.
Middli leaves nan ci\\; iii>per U aves .iv.il ; sU|iilUs
Iniin; rniil small, .^b thy Lake. Uan.ida.
5:.s'
Stem stout, much branched above, inoatinj.^
leaves opposite, numerous, thick, 4'-.s'2' loiiK.
2''3'.' wide, many-nerved, oval or broadly ellip-
tic, short-pointed at the apc\, rounded, subcor-
date or narrowed at the base; petioles 1 ' .j' lonj;;
submerf^ed leaves numerous, 4' S' long, i' 2'
wide, i,v 19-nerved, acuminate or the ii]i]iermosl
acute, mostly taperiii); at the base into a short
broad Hat petiole, rarely reiluced to phyllodes;
stipules 2' y long, obtuse, strongly 2-carinate;
lieduncles 2'-4' long; sjiikes 1' 2' long; fruit
roundish or obovoid, i',"-2" long, 1" 1 'j"
thick, dorsally ,vkecled ; style short, blunt.
Ill pniiils. IHiiicpis til luu.iaiiil Miiiiu -nta. .\iisf.
Zi/'.s Pondwe-cd. ( I'is.
ri.i-
'-^>
liiiiini;;
13. Potamogeton lucens I,.
I'diulwee-tl. I l"i,u. 154. '
/'■■liiiiii'i;! Ion III, I IIS I. Sp \'\ i-"i 175;
Stem thick, branching belnw and often with
masses of short leafy branches at the summit.
Leaves all submerged, elliptic, lanceolate or the
u]i])ermost oval, shining, acute or acuminate and
cuspidate, or rouiuied at both ends and merely
mucronul.-ite, s, ssile or short-petiolcd, 2'^' ''^'
long, N" 20" wide, the tips often serrulate;
stipules I ' ,V long, 2-cariliate, sometimes very
broad; ])eduncles ,^'6' long; sjiikes 2'-2'j'
long, cxliiidric, very thick; fruit about 1'."
long and 1 '4 " thick, roundish, the face usually
with a slight inward curve at the b;ise ; ajiex
of the emliryo Pointing transversely inward.
Ill piiilils. Xiiva Seulia In IMnrida, «ist tu Califnr-
ilia and .Me.vicii. I.neal. .Mso in ICinupe Sepl (let.
Potamogeton lucens Connecticutensis Knlibiii-. in ,\. Cray. Man. V.i\. -,. |S^. isir
.Stems lleMiuii',: leaves aeumiiiate. Iruil laiiror than tli.it uf the type labniit j" Imii.; 1. distiiu'lly
.Vcarinate and with a facial style. .SaltoiislaH's I'miil. Cmiii . and Wl'iiti Plains, .\ N
;i]H'\
I'ONDWHED FAMILY. ?!
14. Potamogeton praelongus Wulf. \Vliitc-sti.inniL(l I'omhvccil. il-"\'j;. 133.)
/'iildiildiiihui ^iniihniifKs Willi, in Kniin. Ali'li. 3:
Stems white, llcxuous. Iliittencil, iiiucli
branched, KrowiiiK i" '1ft]) watir, foiiittiim;s S^
loll};. Leaves all sulmiorncd, oliloiij; orohloiiK-
lanccolate, seitii-aiiiplexiiaul, lirijjht j^rceii, 2'-
12'lonK, 'j'-i V wide, with .V 5 main nerves;
stipules while, scarious, obtuse and coninionly
closely embracing the stem ; ])cdmu'k'S ;,'-2()'
loiijj;, erect, straight, about as thick as the stem;
spikes \'-2' long, thick, cylindric ; fruit dark
j^reen, obli<iuely obovoid. 2" 2'," lonj;, i 'j"-
2" thick, the back much louuded, often with the
lipjier curve nearly as hii,'h as the >tyle ; the
middle keel sh.irp ; style short, obtuse, facial.
N'ov.i Scotia Ici Hiitisli Culiinibi.i, xnitli to New Jer-
sey, Miiiiusota mill Culinpiiiiii Als.i in ICuropc
l"niil> in June .mil July, iiiid ii>ii:illy \villi.li:i«-. ii.,
stems liiiu.itli tile water ii>,MMin ii>. tlie I'niit i.. st t.
15. Potamogeton perfoliatus L, Clasp-
iiio-kaveil roiulweed. i Im.i^. 15^. 1
l',<l,inh>i:,i,,n pii foliiilii^ I.. .S|i. I'l. 12(1 175;
vStems slender, much branched. Leaves all siib-
merjjed, orbicular or ovate, sometimes lanceolate,
usually obtuse and minutely serrulate at the .-ipex,
y cordate-perfoliatc at the base, 5' 15' loiij(. y" xi"
wide; peduncles 1 '4 ' long, usually erect or slightly
spreacling ; spikes s" 12" loiig, often llowcrinj;
and fruiting under water ; fruit oblii|nely obovoid,
I '4 "- 1 >2 " long, i"thick. obscurely ;,-carinate on
the back, the face slightly curvcil outwardly to-
wanl the top, the sides with a shallow indentation
which runs into the face; style nearly facial; em-
bryo slightly incurved <ir with its apex pointing
directly toward the base.
In iiiiiids and stiianis, Newlcmndlaiid lo liritisli
Cciluinbia, >outli to I'lorida and C.i'ibirnia ,\l>r. in
laiiope and .\sia July Sept
Potamogeton perfoliatus Richardsonii ,\ lUniuil, Ilrilteu's Jnuni. Hot 27: js i>^ii
iiliiii />; i/,i/i,ini<\Ar. 1,111,1. il.ilic Kiibliin-iii .\. C.i.iy. Man \'A 5. i>>s. !m.;, Nd Ulytt iN.f.
,ive> r ('■' loivi. i" s" wide at tile lirnuKiu-d aniplexic ml b:|..t , nl'leii cni\ inw; inward
aiiex. \\ .>viHrveil, I'ruit soiiuwh it fir.tfi r than that of tile typ; , abmit .'" Iimii: .md i',"
Like Cliatnplain to ( >re(fMn. south to Delaw.iie, NMiiaska ami California
16. Potamogeton Mysticus Minoiii;. Mystic-
I'oml I'oiKlwecil. I iMg, I 5-. I
l\,!,iiii ,;, 1,111 .\f\\li,iis Miiionj, Cnnlt Itnl (ii/. 5: =;■' i'-'"'.
Whole i)lant very slender and delicalc. stems irregu-
larly branching above, nearly filiform, terete, 1 .1 long.
Leaves all submirgcil, scattered, oblong linear, 1' i'-'
long, i" j" wide, 5 ;-nervcd, olituse and rarely v.ith
minute scrrnlatiotis near the apes, abnipllv narrowed at
the base and sessile or partly clasping: stipules obtuse,
about 6" long, hyaline and with many line nerves, mostly
dcciiluous, but sometimes persistent and closely sheathing
the stem ; spike.s few, capitate, ( fi-llowered, borne on
erect ])eilunclcs i'-2' long; immature fruit obovoid, less
than i" long, about '2" wide, obscurely ;, keeled on the
back, slightly beaked by the slender, recurved styU-
Mystic I'ouil, Meillipid, and Mi.ieiiunt I'.'iid, Naiitiiikit,
Mass. .\UK Sept.
p. '1,1111
I.e
at tile
thick
72 NAIADACEAE.
17. Potamogeton confervoides Rciclil). Al^ja-like Poiulwecd. ( Imj?. i.sS.V
ii,/,s Kciihl). K-, I'M. (kiiii. iS: llilv. 7;
NcilCluiiii.
Man. I'M 2,
/'ii/<i)ii<ii;i'/"ii h iiliniil, s A. Ciiay. Man. 457. i.^j.^^
/'ii/<i)ii'ii;</ii>i Tiitkii niiiiii Kiil)t)iiis; .\. Citav.
■l.U- 1^=;''.
Stems slender, terete, much hranched, the upper
lirauclies re])eate<lly forkinj,', 6'-iS' lonj,'. Leaves very
delicate, flat, setaceous, i '2 '2' lonj;, the broadest scarcely
'+'" wide, taperitiji to a lon,n hair-like point, 1-3-nerved
and often with a lew cross-veins, hri^ht ),'reen or yellow-
ish ; stijjules delicate, ohtuse, 2"-^" louj^; peduncles 2'-S'
lonj;, erect, sonic ''.at thickened upward ; s])ikes capitate,
3""4" lonjj; ; fruit rouudish-obovoi<l, i"-!';" louji ""<1
about as thick, the back sometimes a little annular or sin-
uate, ,;-kceled, the middle keel sharp, the face notched
near the base, the sides impressed with a shallow indenta-
tion which runs into the notch of the face; apex of the
embryo nearly touching the base a little to one side.
Ill cold iir iiKniiit.iiii iiiiiids. Maine and New Ilanipshiii tn
Ni u Jt-rsi-y and l\iiiisylvaiiia. .VIxi in Ivuihik-. .Vujf. Sept.
18. Potamogeton crispus L. Curled-k-avcd I'ondwecd. ( I*iJ,^ i.st;. )
r>iliiiihii;(l,>ii ii isf'Ks \.. Sp. V\. 1211. 1751.
Stems branching, compressed. Leaves 2-rauked,
liiicar-oblonjj or linear-oblauceolatei sessile or semi-
a-.nplexicaul, ol)tuse at the apex, serrulate, crisped,
/z'-A' long, },"--" wide, 3-7-nerved, the midrib
often compound and the outer nerves very near the
margin ; stipules small, scarious, obtuse, early ])er-
ishing ; peduncles r-2' long, frecjuently recurved
in fruit, sometimes very numerous; spikes about
]!•' long, appearing very bristly with the long-
beaked drupelets when in fruit ; fruit ovoid, about
l]i" long, i" or more wide, ,^-keeled on the back,
the middle keel with a small projecting tooth near
the base, the face slightly curved, the style facial
and ncarlv as long as the clrupelct ; embryo small,
its apex pointing directly toward its base. The
plant is nunnly propagated by peculiar winter buds.
In flesh, brackish or even salt water. Massachusetts
to I'eimsylvania and Virginia. .Mso in luirnpe. .\u(i.
19. Potamogeton zosteraefolius vSdiuiii. i;Ll-jj;mss I'oiiduccd. ( Imk- i '><>.)
J'ol,iiiii<i;,l,>ii ■..islriiu/iiliii^ Seluiiii. I\miiii. I'l. Satll. 50.
I Nil.
/'ii/(iiiiiii;i/iiii iiii>i/>rissiiK l''riis. Ncivil. I^d 2. ||- '^''^■
Not I,. I7,s,v
Stems much llattencd, sonictimes winged, widely
branching. Leaves linear, obtuse and mucronate or
short-pointed at the apex, 2'- 12' long, 1 "-2" wide, with
3 principal nerves and many line ones ; stipules scari-
ous, obtuse, finely nerviil, soon perishing; peduncles
i|j'-4' long; spikes cylindric, about '•' long, 12- i.s-
flowered ; fruit obovoid with a broad base, about 2"
long, I '4 " I '^''thick, 3-keeled)n theback, the h. al
keels rather obscure; face arclied, beaked with a
short recurved style ; embryo sliglitly incurved. The
plant is i)ro])agatcd l)y the terminal leaf-buds, which
sink to the bottom, and rest during the winter.
Ill slill nr niiiiiiiin water. Niw liniiiswicU to New Jer-
sey, wist tn ( MiK^m, .\lsii ill I'MUuiu- Jii)y .\iin.
■:p
•i.lcly
[le or
iilll
Iscaii-
Incles
I2-1.S-
lil 2"
■al
Itli a
Tlic
diicli
I'ONDWKEI) I'AMILV.
20. Potamogeton Hillii Moroii^. Hill's
l'oiiil\vt.t.-(l. I I'ijf. 161. )
/'otiiiii,'L;il<iii llillii .Moiiiiijr. Cdllll. Hoi. C.az. 6: 2()o. i.sSi.
Stems slij;hlly coiiipressed, slender, widely branch-
ing, i°-2° Ionj{. Leaves linear, acntc or cuspidate, or
often almost aristate, i'-2'+' loni;.
wide,
3-ncrved, tlio lateral nerves delicate and nearer the
margins than the midrib; stipules whitish, many-
nerved, obtuse, 3"-,s" lonj;; peduncles about '.' lon.u,
erect or slifihtly recurved, more or less clavate; spikes
capitate, 3 6-fruiled; fruit obliquely obovoid, obtuse
at the base, about 2" Iouk, i"-i '* " llnck, 3 cariu.ite
on the back, the middle keel sharp and more or less
undulate. Hat on the sides, face sliiihtly arched ; style
nearly facial, short; embryo coiled.
In pniids, iMslirn Niw Vmk lo MicliiKan Tlicre aru
tw.i riiiiiis (if tile -|nciis, tlu' OIK- 2 ulaiidulav at tile ba^i.-
Ill" tin- U;uf>. till' otlui «laiiillf^-i. July Sijil.
21. Potamogeton foliosus K:if.
lA'afy Poiulufcd. < Im^. iC'^- '
l\'l,niioi:,/n„ foliosKs Kaf. Mrd. Kc]). ill. 15:
.vS-1- iSoS. ■
I'l'liiiiiiii^i'liiii ftiii(( illi'i i(s I'tirsli. I'l. .\tu. Sipt.
121, JNI), Not l.ani. [7S,y.
.Stems flattened, much branched, i°-3
louj,'. Leaves i'-2' lonj;, ,'2"- i" wide,
acute, 3 -nerved, not j.;laudular at the base;
stipules white, hyaline, obtuse or some-
times acute, 6" -10" lonji; peduncles more
or less clavate, erect, about '2' long; spikes
about ^-flowered; fruit lenticular or nearly
orbicular, about 1" in diameter, 3-keeled
on the back, the middle keel winged, sin-
uate-dentate, often with projecting shoul-
ders or teeth at each end, the face strongly
angled or arched, shar]), often with a ])ro-
jecting tooth at the base; style apical.
In ponds and streams, Xew Hrunswiik to
liritisli Columbia, south to I'loriila. New
Mtxicoand California. July .\UK
Potamogeton foliosus Niagarensis iTuikciiii ) Movoiih. Mini. Torr. Club. 3; I'art 2. ,vy I'^o.v
/'I'/./iii.i:;, /.:ji .\ /,/^',/(, //jm 'l"iu-ki 1111, ,\iii Jouiii, Sci. ill,i7;,vst- '^lo,
l.aiHftr, Sti-iiis J ; loiii;. Uavi--. soiiu tiiiu-, nvc-r ,(' in kii(flli and 1" widt-. ;,-5iuivi-d; stipules
laimr and in'cisioiially aciili-; spikis ^ 12 llnwt-ud, N'iaK.ira l'"alK to .Miiliigaii and California,
22. Potamogeton obtusifolius Mcrt. iS:
Koch. lUmu-lcMvud I'liiuUvfcd. l'"i.u. \(^t,. )
l'ii/iii)l''i;i hui i;ii)if>iissii\ Walil, I-'l, .Siii-c, I; 10;. i~^2l.
Not I.. 17.^3.
l'i'/,iiilt>i;eliiii oMiisif'ilni-, .Milt, iV Kmli. iMilsili, I-'l.
I : ^.^.S. 1 12, V
Stems usually slender, coni|iresscd, widely
braiu'liing, especially above. Leaves linear, 2'-3'
long, ' • " 2" wide, obtuse, often mucronatc, usually
3-iierved w itli a broad midrib, soinelimes 3 7-nerved,
2-g!a;idiilar al the base, the glands large and trans-
luccnl; stipules white or scarious, many-nerved, ob-
tuse, (>" i/' long, often as long as or longer than the
internodcs; peduncles numerous, 1' i '.'long, slen-
der, erect; sjiikes 3" 4" long, ovoid, 3 S-llowered;
fruit obli(|nely obovoid, about i.^i" long and 1"
thick, 3-keeled ; style short, blunt, nearly facial.
Ill --till uaUr, (Jm bee to I'liinsylvania. wist to Min-
iii'sola and Wyoming ,\lsii in Ihuopi- July ,\iih;.
74
NAIADACEAH.
3:
23. Potamogeton Friesii Ruprtclit. Fries' I'oiuhvced. ( FiK. 164.)
/'iif<iiiii'i;i/iiii ,(>»i/<i,ssiis J. !•;. Siiiilh, I'JIkI lint
/>/. //V. i;,,4. N,,t I. i-s,
J'ii/(iiiiiii;i/iiii /iii.\i//iis v;ir. iiiii/ni I'rits, Niivil, IM. 2,
.(S. IS2S,
J',i/,ini(ii;</iiii /•■/;<i// kupriclit, liiiti. I'fl Kii>>. Riiclis,
4: 4,V I>t5
/'oliinii>L;i inn iiininr 'Shn;n\y.. Mini Turr. Clul), 3: I'art
2, -)i. is<i,v 'SiA I', f^iisil/iiswxx. iiKii'diM.^K. iS2,!.
Stems compressed, 2°-4° lonj;, bratichiiij,'. Leaves
I '/i'-2}4' loiiK. about 1 " wide, acute, obtuse or cus-
pidate at tlie apex, mostly 5-uervcd, rarely 7-nerved,
2-.!,daiidular at the base, the ^lauds siuall ; stijiulcs
white, hyaliue, finely nerved, obtuse or acute, 6"-
12" louj;; peduncles I'-i'i' lon.y;. often thicker
than the stem and sometimes tliickenin>; ujnvard;
spikes, when developed, interrupted; fruit (|uite sim-
ilar to that of /'. ftiisilliis, but with a recurved style,
usually with a shallow pit on the sides, and with the
apex of the embryo pointing toward the basal end.
Ill still water. New liniiiswii-k tn Xi-w Vrnk. west ti>
lirilisli CiiUiiuliia. Also in ICimipt'. I'lnpatratiiiM: IukIs
(iccasiiiiial. July Aii)>.
24. Potamogeton rutilus WoUV. Sleiuk-r I'oii.hvLcd.
/'.'/<;»/-.;■>■/,.// riihiiis Wnifir, ; k. \ S. Maiit. 3: v>-^ i>-'r.
vStems very slender, S' ..4' loiijr, compressed, sim-
ple or nearly so. Leaves i'-m;' lonj,', ,'4"-';"
wide, acute or acuminate, strict, nearly erect, 3-5-
nerved, revolute, the nerves prominent beneath,
often 2-),dandular at base and brif,'lit jrreen ; stipules
acute, 6" 10" lon.u, often louKcrthan theinteruodes
and hiding the bases of the leaves above, persistent,
becoming white and fibrous with age; Jicdundes
6"- i,S" long; spikes ;," 5" long, usually dense, but
sometimes iiiterru])ted ; fruit oblifjueiy obovoid,
about I" long and K" thick, obscurely keeled or
the back showing only 2 small grooves; a])ex of
the ilrupelet tapering into a short facial nearlv
straight recurved style ; embryo circle not com-
plete, the .apex jiointing a little inside of the base.
.\iiticoti and Jaiiu- Hay tn MieliiKaii anil Miiiiusuta
.\1>.> ni i;ui.p],i-. I'riiiiajjalinj.- lunls usually wanting.
25. Potamogeton Vaseyi Rohljjiis.
T. .rr.
\. Cray. .Man. ICd. 5,
>rcni.
3: r.ait 2. (I- I'^'M
Stems filiform, widely branching below, and with
many shortlateral blanches above, l'^ I 'i^long, the
enurscil fertile forms in sh.illow water, and the more
common sterile subiuergeil forms in water from 6°-
S' in depth. I'loating leaves on the fertile steins
only, coriaceous, in 1-4 opposite pairs, oval oblong
or obovale, ^"5" long, 2"-;/' wide, with 5-9
nerves deeply impressed beneath, tapering at the
base into petioles 3" -4" long; submerged leaves
capillary, 1' i',' long; stipules white, delicate,
many-nerved, acute or obtuse, 2" ;," long; pedim-
cles3"-6" long, thickening in fruit; spikes 2"-3"
long, 2-6-fruited ; fruit roundishobovoid, about i"
lougand nearly as thick, ;,-keeled, the middle keel
rounded, tipped with a straight or recurved style.
Ivistirii Massacluisttts to soiitlKiii ( )titario and Ohio.
The lilant is I'urnislieil willi pnipanative buds. July .\UK.
f.. )
Mi-m.
(1 with
ijT, the
iiiorL'
■oin 6°-
stems
ohU)iiK
itli 5-9
at the
leaves
.■Hi-ate,
lediiii-
-3"
)OUt l"
keel
style,
il Ohio.
.\UK.
I'ONDWRHI) lAMILY. 75
26. Potamogeton lateralis Moron-j. ()piK>site-k-;iVL-(l PoikKvclcI. ( Fi^'. 167.)
I'l'hiiHoiiilun hit, iiilis Miiiiiiin. Ci'ult Hut. C.az. 5:
51. iSNi.
Stems fililbrtn, imich hraiicheil. I'loatiny
leaves on sterile shoots only, coriaceous, elli])-
tic, ohtuse, 4"-,s" lonj;, 1" 2" wide, 57-
nerved, the nerves deeply impressed beneath,
usually in i ,^ opposite pairs wliicli stand at
right angles to the stem, on ])cti(iles ;,"-i<i"
long; submerged leaves linear, .icutc, 1' ^' long,
'+"-.'2" wiile, I -3-nerved, 2-glan(hilar at the
base, l)nt the glands small and dften obsolete;
stipules small, hj'aline, many-iierveil, obtuse,
deciduous ; peduncles and lloatiug leaves lateral,
with a ]>eculiar appearance, widely s))rcading
at maturity, sometimes recurved, thickening in
fruit, 4" 15" long; spikes cajiitate or often in-
terrupted, 3 4-fl()wered; fruit olili(|uelv obovoid,
about 1" long, lenticular, the back much curved
and 2-groovcd, the face arched and surmounted
!))• the nearly sessile stigma; curve of the em-
bryo oval, its apex nearly touching its base.
In lakes ,nul sluw streams, eastern .MassMcliusi IN ti
niit 111' the stem and on tlie upper br.inclus appeal lali in tlie si a~oii, as tin- plants arc iH-^inninu tu
decay. Jtdy .\UK
Miiliin.Mi. rriilifir'ius ..liiMit.- at tin
27. Potamogeton pusillus I,.
V ^
Small Pondwe'L-d. ( l-'is;. if^iS. 1
I'l'hliiloi;! Itin t^ll^il/lis I,. Sp- \'\. 1;
'ong.
Stems filiform, branching, (V-:
Leaves all sulmierged, linear, obtuse and mn-
croiiate or acute at the apex, 2-glandular at the
base, I '-3' long, about ,'2" wide, i 3-nerved,
the lateral nerves often obscure; stipules short,
hyaline, obtuse; peduncles usually 3" i)", or
rarely ;,' long: spikes 3 -lo-llowercd; fruit ob-
liiHiely illipsiii 1, alH)ut l" long and '."thick
curved and J-grooved on the back or sometimes
with 3 distinct keels, the face sliglitly arched,
beaked by a straight or recurved style; apex of
the embryo slightly incurved and pointing ob-
lii|iitl\ downward. I'ropagalive buds occur in
greater or less abundance.
Ill iioiids and slciw slriaiiis, New ISniiiswick to
Ilriti-ii CoUiiiihia, soutli to X'irniiiia, 'IV.v.'is and
California .\lso in ICuropc. July .\ujj
Potamogeton pusillus Panormitanus ' liiv. 1 .Momim. Mi 111 Tovr. Club, 3: I'art 2. |(i. 1S03.
/'■i/iiini'i;i inn /'ii/iiii iii/'/iiinii Hiv. .Sic. I'l. i.soo -.
rpperuiost haves subciiriaeeous. spalulate, opposite, divaricite, 35 nerved. )" .s" loiij;, ta))er-
iiitf into a broad petiole as loii({ as the blade. ( Ittawa. < liilario. .\lso in I^uropc,
Potamogeton pusillus polyphyllus Moroiijr Coull. Hot. Caz. 5: ,si
1.'
Stem 3' ,s' loiiir, divaricately braiuliiim I'lom tlie base and vt-rv leafy throu«lioiit ; leaves
v.ry oliliise. 3 iiirved. Plant not known to llow.r, but abiiiulaiitly provided with propan.itiii^; buds
wliicli all' thickened. Iiai<lemd and closely invested by imluic.ited Uavi ■.. liasteru Mass.icllUsells.
Potamogeton pusillus Sturrockii .\. lieiinett in Ilook. Stud. I'l b;d, ,?. 4,?,s, i.'^S4,
.\ rare form with delieite bright jrreen pellucid leaves, 1' 3' loiin, obtuse or often apieulate at
the apex, less than 1" wide, sometimes s nerved ; fruit much smaller than that of the type, sliort-
bi.'akeil. ICastern Massachusetts. .\lso in luirope.
76 NAIADACEAH.
28. Potamogeton gemmiparus (Roljhins) Moroii);. C;ii>illary I'oiuUvcLd.
Pi'/iitiii'i;, li'ii /^ii\illii.\\:\r. 1 ?i i;, iiiiii/'/iiii IIS Knl)-
1)111-- ill A. Ciiiiy, Man. I'M 5. 4N1, IM17.
/'o/,ll>l:ii;,/iill 1^,1111111/1,11 IIS Mdlolltf, Cnlllt lint.
Cl.lZ. 5: 51. IN-NI.
Stems filiform, terete, braiichiiij;, ,s'-4^
loiiji. Leaves c.i])illary, soinetitnes not as
wide as the stem, often with no perccptilile
midril), ta])erin>,' to the finest point, i'-^'
lonj;, 2-j,'laiidiilar at tlic base ; stipules '2' i'
long, acnte or ohtnsi-, mostly decidnons ;
spikes interrnpted, ;, (i-dowercd ; pednncles
filiform or sometimes slightly thiekeiicd,
h'-2' long; frnit seldom formed, similar to
that of /'. piisiHiis, except that it is (latter
and somewhat impressed on the sides.
Ill iiiPiiiN, eastern Massarliusi tts and KIkkK-
Islanil. It is eniiiinniily pru|ia^;.iti(l hv its almn
<laiit Inid-. tile ka\i< iiid >tiiii> are ill'ti 11 aliki
ill tliiekiu-s sci that the plant seems l(j ednsi-^t
of threads. .Xiijj Se])t.
29. Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. KafuKsiiuc s Pomlweo!!. ( Fi<.
1 70. >
.\lll. I:
J',<l,i III, li;,/,, II Inhiiiliis Miehx. 1"1. licir.
101. iSiiv Not •riiiiiU. \-,,i..
/','/, nil, ':;,■/, 'II i/i:, I si/:</iii.\ Rif. Mtil. U.v\). ill.i
5:.iM- !■-■'>.
Stems flattened or sotnelimes terete, nincli
branched, I'loaling leaves coriaceous, the
largest i' long by U' wide, oval or elliptic
and obtuse, or lanceolate-oblong and acute ;
petioles generally shorter, but sometimes
longer than the blades, filiform or dilated ;
submerged leaves setaceous, seldom over
'+ " wide, I '-3' long ; stipules obtuse or trun-
cate, ,',"-5" long, those of the floating leaves
free, those of the submerged leaves some-
times adiiate ; eniersed peduncles y~y"
long; suljinerged i)eduncles 2"-,V' long,
clavate, as long as the spikes ; eniersed spikes
,^"-5" long, occasionally interrupted; frnit
cochleate, rar.ly ;, -er }i" long, 3-keelcd,
the middle keel narrowly winged and usu-
ally with 7 or 8 knob-like teeth on the mat-
gin, the lateral keels sharj) or rounded;
embryo coiled 1 '2 times.
In still w.itir. .M liiit- tu I'lnrida. w^st In Nelir.iska and Texa-^. June Siiit.
Potamogeton diversifolius multidenticulatus M innij:, .M^in Tnrr. Club. 3: I'.irt 2, )S. i.Sciv
DillVrs liiini the typv in the iimiuniii'^ tei-tli of the trait, as m inv as 12 beiiiK SDiiutiiiKs fnwiid
on the middle kiel, and each lateral keil with 1. s mon-, the teeth ol'teii bristle like and sunietimes
2-i)rciiiKed. Cniineetient to eastern Pennsylvania and Delaware.
Potamogeton diversifolius trichophyllus Muioiih:, M.iii. Tnrr. Club 3: part 2. (g. 1S95.
riant alinnt (.' Iniiv;. wHlinnt floaliiiK: leaves, the sulitnerKed leaves as fine as (loss silk and
flllllely nerveliss. I.ake Maieia. New Jersey.
tiaasjaa^tiiM&Ui^tMtiatiia
iptic
aculc ;
■limes
iited ;
over
Iruii-
leavc-!
Ion;;,
l>ikcs
iVuit
elcd,
usu-
.1
niat-
iii(U"l ;
">.v
fn\Ill(l
lU aiiil
PONDWEEI) I'AMILY. 77
30. Potamogeton Spirillus Tucktiiii. Sinral roiidwcLd. * I'in- 171 .)
I'tiltiiii.xili'ii S/iiii//ti\ Tiu'kiriii Am Jmirti. Sii.
i II I 6: 22S. |S|S.
Stems cotiiprcsseil, braiu'lieil, 6' ;!()' loii^, the
l)ranclies often short and recurved. l"loatinj{ leaves
oval or elliptic, obtuse, the largest about 1 ' louf;
and ,'2' wide, with 5-t.i nerves deeply inijiressed
beneath, their petioles often i' lon^; ; submerged
leaves linear, 1 '.. "-2" lonj;, about '." wide, mostly
5-lK'rvcd ; stip\des of the upjier floating; leaves free ;
those of the submerj^ed leaves adnalc to the blaile
or petiole ; spikes above water ,V' 5" lon;<, contin-
uous, the lower mostly sessile, capitate and 1 ki-
fruited ; fruit cochleate, roundish, less than 1"
lonj;, Hal and deeply imiircsseil on the sides, 3-
keeled on the back, the middle keel win^^cd and
sometimes 4-5toothed; style deciduous; embryo
spiral, about I'i turns.
Ill pdiids anil ditclies, Nova Sccilia and Ontario to
Miumsdta, sdiith lo Virniiiin. Missouri and Nibraska.
Juiie-AuK.
31
rili-
Potamogeton filiformis lVr>.
form Poiuhvccil. < l'"i>;. 17-. '
/'"/iiiiioi;r/iiii /i/i/i>i mis IVrs, Syii. I: 15-'. I'^o^.
Stems from a runniuji; rootstock, slender, 3^-20"
long, fdiform above, stout and thick towards the
Imse. Leaves numerous. 2' 12' lon^r, V'-'j"
wide, I -nerved with a few cross veins ; sheaths
.about 1" long and the free part of the stipule N'
long, scarious on the edges ; (lowers on long, often
rccurve<l peduncles, 2-12 in each whorl, the whorls
'4' 1' apart ; fruit i"-t '." long, slightly less than
1" wide, the sides even, the back not keeled, the
face nearly straight or obtusely angled near the
top ; stigma nearly or ([uite sessile, remaining on
the fruit as a broad truncate projection.
Ill pdiiils aii<l lakis, AiUicDSli in wisUrii Xiw York
and Micliinan. .VuRiist.
Potamogeton filiformis Macounii Monniu; Maoniiii, Cat. Can. I'l. 4: ss. iss.s.
I.iavis r X l<i"^'. llir lai'tftsl ' " (ir nuiii- wide nbtusi-. slilT, willi a slrmin midrib and niiscd
<ir'sli;r|itly rivdlulv iiiainiiis; fniil raicly niDrv than i" Idtitt; pi-duiicUs mily S" m" Iniii;: plant
coiiiiiKiiily willi a imiipacl biisliy li,d>il. In brackisli or sail waUr lakes, prairie ritfinii of Canaila.
32. Potamogeton pectinatus L. Ftiitit.1-
k-axed Pmuhvccd. t I""iK. I7,'^-*
/':<lii»iiii;c/i>ii f'luliiiiiliis I,. Sp. I'l. 127. i7,s.V
Stems slender, much branched, 1°-},'^ long, the
branches repeatedly forking. Leaves setaceous,
attenuate to the apex, i-ncrved, i'-6' long, often
capillary and nerveless; stipules half free, yi'-i'
long, their sheaths scarious on the margins ; pe-
duncles filiform, 2' -1 2' long, the flowers in verti-
cils ; fruit obliquely obovoid, with a hard thick
shell, xyi"-^" long, i"-i)4." wide, without a mid-
dle keel, but with obscure lateral ridges on the
back, plump on the sides and curved or occasion-
ally a little angled on the face ; style straight or
recurved, facial ; embryo apex pointing almost
directly toward the basal end.
Ill fresh, brackish or salt water, C.ipc Urcloii I'l Brit-
isli Coliiinbia. soulli to I'lnrida. Texas and Caliioriiia.
.\lso in ICuropc. July-.VuK-
Hi)hl)iiis' I'oiiilwcL'd.
FiK.
78 NAIADACKAIv
33. Potamogeton interruptus Kitaitn-l. Iiilcrrupted I'oiulwfcd. (Fiji- 174. >
Pi>liiini>i;iiiiii iiilniiifitus Kit.iilnl in SiImiIUh. (llCst. I'l.
VA. 2. \iS. isi|.
l',il,iinoi;i It'll lliihrUtilin l!;il>. M.in. Unt, VA \. \2\ 1851.
Stems arisiti}^ from a rutiiiinx rootstock which often
springs from !i small tuhfr, i' -4^ h'liK- hraiicheil, the
branches spreailinj^ like a fan. I.i'aves linear, obtuse
or acute, ;,'-,s' lon>,', \" \\" wide, ,;-s-nerveil with
many transverse veins; narrow, i-nerveil leaves occnr
on some plants and these are acnmiiiate, nuich like
those of /'. pittinaliis : stipnles partially adnate to the
leaf-blade, the adnate part ' .'-1' Ion),;, sometimes with,
narrowly scarious margins, the free part shorter and
scarious, obtuse ; peduncles 1 '2' lon>{ ; spikes slij,'htly
interrupted ; frnit broadly and obliquely obovoid, ob-
tuse at the base, the largest 2" long and nearly as
broad, prominently keeled and with rounded lateral
ridj^es on the back, the face nearly or (|uite straight ;
style facial, erect.
In 1)ciiii1~:mi(1 -In am-. I'riiui l-Mwanl Nlanil tn tioitlurii
Indian;! and Miciiiuan ANo in ICiiniiH-. .\uuii-t-
34. Potamogeton Robbinsii Oakcs.
J'nltliiii'i;,
Stems stout, widely branchiti);, 2°-4''
lonj,;, from running rootstocks sometimes
I'loii^. Leaves linear, },'-•,' lonj,', 2"-},"
wide, acute, finely many-nerved, crowded
in 2 ranks, minutely serrulate, am-iculate
at the point of attachment with the stipule ;
stipules with the adnate portion and sheath-
inj,; base of the leaf about ';;' loiij^, the free
part '.'1' lonj^, acute, persistent, white,
membranous, mostly lacerate ; peduncles
1'-,^' long, the indorcsceiice fre(|uently
much branched and bearing from ,s-2 >
peduncles; spikes interru])ted, '>'-i'long,
flowering under water; fruit obov<)iil, about
2" broad and i'^" wide, ,3-kecled on the
back, the middle keel sharp, the lateral
ones rounded, the face arched, the sides
with a shallow de])ression which runs into
the face below the arch ; style subapical,
thick, slightly recurved ; apex of the em-
bryo iiointing a little inside the basal end.
In ponds and lakes. Ntw Ilrunswick li> (Irinon. south to Niw Jir-iy, I'lnnsylvania and
Michigan. Thu i)lant is freely iiropa^aUd by fratrnunts of Ihi- sUnis which throw out niotkls
from each joint, but this is the rarest of our species to form fruit. .Xn^.-Sipt.
h't'hhiiiui O.ikis, III
MaK.
2. RUPPIA I.. vSp. I'l.
/.1.V
Slender, widely branched aquatics with capillary steins, slender alternate i -nerved
leaves tapering to an acuminate apex, and with membranous sheaths. I'lowers on a capil-
lary, spadix-like peduncle, naked, consisting of 2 sessile anthers, each with 2 large sepa-
rate sacs attached by their backs to the peduncle, having between them several pistillate
flowers in 2 sets on opposite sides of the rachis, the whole cluster at first enclosed in the
sheathing base of the leaf. Stigmas sessile, peltate. Fruit a small, oblicjuely pointed drupe,
several in each cluster and pedicelled ; embryo oval, the cotyledonary end inflexed, and
both that and the hypocotyl immersed. [Name in honor of Heinrich licrnhard Rupp, a (ier-
man botanist.]
In the develi)i)ment of the plants the stauiinate flowers drop olT and the pedunole elongates,
bearing the pistillate flowers in 2 clusltrs at the end, but after fertilization it coils up and the fruit
is drawn below the surface of the water.
I'ONDWKKl) lAMII.Y.
Tliri'i' or four spt'i-iis. (icciirrititj in >;\H ami liraiki^li w.tli is all uvir tin- wnrM
an- tin iiiily iims kimwii Id mtiir in Nurtli Aimrica
Sluatli- i" i" IciiiK; <lniiK» aliiiut i" I'liiK i h'. iiim iliiihi
Sluallis' ' r ' liiiii; ilrii|H« r " 2" Imnj 1 h'. n, . iiliiil,ili\
79
Tin fipllii« iiivf
I. Ruppia maritima I,. Mari-
time Ru])i)ia. I 1m<;. 17^, i
l\iif'l>i,i 111,11 III iiiii I, S|), \'\ ij; 175V
Stems often whitish, 2 V' '""K. the
interiKxlcs irregular, iiakcrl, 1' V loiif,'-
I.e.ivcs r _^' long, '4" or less widt- ;
shcnthe) }," \" loiij,;, willi a short free
tij) ; pciUineles in fr\iit sometimes 1 '
lonj; ; ])eclicels 4 6 in a cluster, 'z' I'i'
loiiK' ; ilni])es with a dark hard shell,
ovoid, alioiil 1" lon^^, often ol)li(jue or
nibl)ons at the l>asc, i)ointed with the
loiij; style, liut varyiii),' innch in sha])e ;
forms with very short pedutu-les and jicd-
iccls, and with broad, strongly marked
sheaths occur.
Lciiiinuin ill liraikisli ur -ah w.itt i aloiiif
llu- Atlaiilii' anil I'luifif Cna»t-. nf N.>rtli
Ann rita ami in -alim- cli--trirts in tin in
l> riiM Wicli ly (li-lriliut<(l in llu < ild Wnrld
anil in Siaitli Ann rira. July Any
ami
ilk-ts
2. Ruppia occidentalis S. Wats.
Wcslcni Kiippia. ' I'i^. 177. i
A'»/>/>/.( .•,,/,/,«/.;/;> S. W.il- Vuw Am Ainl
25: I ;^. .S.'])l. iN|ci,
l\'iif'/'iiilii,iii/>i\ .Maciinn. C.it (.'an I'I 5 (7.'.
.Nnv. iSjii.
Stems stouter, 1' 2' loiij,', the liraiu'hiiij.;
fan-like. Leaves 3' S' lonj;, their larj^e
sheaths '2' I '.;' loiiji ; branches and leaves
often thickly clustered at the nodes, the
sheaths ovcrlajipinji each other ; drupes
larj{er, 1'." 2" loU),', ovoid or pyriform,
borne on pedicels about 1 ' loii^j, the pe-
duncles brijjht red when fresh and soine-
tinies nearly 2° in length.
In salim- puml-. Nebraska In llritisli d
himliia. Sumiiur.
ialcs,
fruit
3. ZANNICHELLIA I,. Sp. I'l. 1/19. 1753.
Stems, flowers and leaf-buds all at first enclosed in a hyaline envelope, correspouding to
the stipule in Potaiiioi^iiiHi. Staminate and pistillate (lowers in the same axil ; the stanii-
nate solitary, consisting of a single 2-celled anther, borne on a short pedicel-like filament ;
the pistillate 2-5. O.-ary fiask-shaped, tapering into a short style; .stigma broad, hyaline,
somewhat cup-iihaped, its margins angled or dentate. I'ruit a fiattish falcate nutlet, ribbed
or sometimes toothed on the back. Kmbryo bent and coiled at the cotyledonary end. [In
honor of J. H. Zanuiclielli, 1662-1729, Italian physician and botanist.]
Two ur three spicies uf very wide K<.()..{r,ipliic ilistrihutiun in freshwater pumls ami slreaius.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
1.25
m
,'50
m 1^
IIIIIU
116
IIM
Z2
2.0
1.8
14 i 1.6
V]
<^
/}.
A
/A
e-'V^
?
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
i
:V
I
8o
NAIADACEAE.
I. Zannichellia palustris h. Zan-
f nicliL'llia. ( Fig-. ijS. i
yaiiiiiilii lli,i /^iiliisli is I,. S]). I'l. </i<), I7i;,
SU-uis capillary, sparsely branclieil, the
rhizome creeping, the roots fihrous. Leaves
i'-3' long, ,V" or less wide, acute, thin, i-
nerved with a few delicate cross-veins ;
spathc-likc envelope separate frctn the leaves
and fruits at maturity ; fruits 2-6 in a cluster,
i''-2" long, sometimes sessile, sometimes
pedicelled, sometimes the whole cluster
pedunckd ; style persistent, straight or
curved, ',"-1" long; jdant flowering and
ripening its fruit under water.
In fresh (ir hrackisli ])(iii(ls, pmils nr <liiclK-s.
lUMrly tliiiHiKliciut Xortli AnK-rica, iscipt the
ixlrcim- north, aiul widilv (lislrib'ilcd in the
Old Wnrl.l. July .Stpt.
4. NAIAS L. Sp. PI.
lOI •
/.io-
.^'. 111(11 ilia.
leaves linear.
Jiiwilis.
(iiiiidohif^t'iisis.
i; I lie i//ii)iti.
Slender, branching aquatics, wholly submerged, with liljrous roots. Leaves opposite,
alternate or verticillate, sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary,
solitary, sessile or pedicelled. Sterile flower with a double perianth, the exterior one entire
or 4-horned at the apex, the interior one hyaline, adhering to the anther ; stamen sessile or
stalked, 1-4-celled, apiculate or 2-lol)cd at the summit. I'ertile flowers of a single ovary
which tapers into a short style ; stignuis 2-4, subulate. IVLaturc carpel solitary, sessile, cllip-
siod, its pericarp crustaceous. Seed conformed to the pericarp and embryo to the seed, the
raphe distinctly marked. [Greek, a water-nymph.]
.\binit ici species, iiccurriiiR in fresh w.iter all ovi-r tlU' w mid. The fullnu'iiiK are the only (lUes
known in North .\ineriea:
.Sheaths broadly rounded, tluir niartfins entire or uilli a few larye teeth.
Sheaths narrowly and obliquely muiuUd. eaeli uiaririu with ,=; M miiuile teeth;
Seeds sliinintf, with ,^o-,io rows of faint reticulations. 2,
.Seeds dull, with 16-20 rows of stronjrly marked relieulatious. i,.
Sheaths aurieulate; leaves delicately filiform. 4,
I. Naias marina !„. lyari;e Xaias.
< t'iR- 179- >
\tiiiis iiiariiiu I,. Sp PI. 101,5. I7,S,V
A'aici.s iiui/iir .Vll. Fl. I'ed. 2 : 221. i7.S,s.
Dioecious, stem stout, compressed, commonly armed
with teeth twice as long as their breadth. Leaves op-
posite or verticillate, 6"-j2" long, about 1" wide, with
6-10 spine-pointed teeth on each margin anil fre-
quently several along the back ; sheaths with rounded
lateral edges; fruit large, 2"-2,'i" long, the pericarp
as well as the seed rugosely reticulated, tipped with a
long persistent style and t, thread-like stigmas ; seed
not shining.
In lakes, Central New York to Florida, wes' to Califor-
nia. .Suinnier. .Vlso in liurope.
Naias marina gracihs MorouR. Coult. hot. Ciaz. 10: 2,s.s i8,^,s.
Interni>des 1' V lon(f. with a fewteelh on the upper part;
leaves scarcely ', " wide, with i,s 24 larRe teeth on the mar-
Kins and a few on the back ; sheaths with 2 or ,^ teeth on
each margin; seed seuljjturetl ,vith about 25 rows of nearly
square or irregularly oIjIouk reticulations. Central New York and Florida.
Naias marina recurvata Dudley, Cayujta Fl. io(. 18S6.
Uranehes and leaves recurved ; leaves ,V' '' Ihub;, narrow, with 2-4 larne teetli on each niarKii
and ninie on the back ; internodes short, naked, or witli i or 2 teeth ; sheaths i-toothed on ei<eli
side, Cayujra Marshes. N. Y.
PONDWERD FAMILY.
8l
2. Naias flexilis (Willd.j Rost. iS: Schmidt. vSleiuler Naias. ( Fijr. i8o. )
Caiiliiiia //( iv7/,i Wilkl. .M)li. .\kacl. Herlin. iis.
1803.
Naiasfle.vi/is Rust, & Schmidt. I'M. Sf<l.,HS.(. i,S24,
Stem slender, forking,'. Leaves linear, jiel-
■ lucid, acnminate or abruptly acute, yi'i'
lonjr, '/i"-i" wide, numerous and crowded
on the upper parts of the branches, with 25-30
minute teeth on each edge; sheaths obli()uely
rounded with 5-10 teeth on each margin ;
fruit ellipsoid with very thin pericarp, I "-2"
long, %"-'/' in diameter; style long, per-
sistent; stigmas short; seed smooth, shin-
ing, straw-colored, sculptured, though some-
times quite faintly, with ;iO--lo rows of nearly
S(iuarc or hexagonal reticulations which are
scarcely seen through the dark pericarp.
In ponds and streams throUKliout niarlv all
North .America, .\lsii in I'Uirnpe. SumnuV.
Naias flexlUs robusta M.mjiiK, Coult. Hot. Caz. 10 : 255. iS.S.s,
.Stem stout, fcw-kavcd, 3°-6'' Iouk: intciiKules
^^ \'>\\)i. ^lassachusctts tii Miehiffau and Texas.
I I 3. Naias Guadalupensis ( vSpreiig. )
Moronjr. Ciuadalonpe Xaia.s.
( Fig. I Si. J
i'linliiiia (,'/iiii/a/iipi'i/sis Sprenif. Syst i- 20
.Xiii'dx Giiadiiliiprii.u.s MurciuK. Mem. Torr. Chib,
3 : I'art 2, i'h\. iS,,^,
Stem nearly capillary, i°-2° long, widely
branched from the base. Leaves numerous,
6"~9" long, 54: "-'2" wide, acute, opposite or
in fascicles of 2-5, frequently recurved, with
sheaths and teeth like those of N. flexilis but
generally with 40-50 teeth on each margin of
the leaf; fruit about I " long ; pericarp dark and
strongly marked l)y 16-20 rows of hexagonal or
\ rectangular reticulations which arc transversely
\ oblong ; seed straw-colored, not shining.
I _ In ijoiids and lakes, Nebraska to Orefron and
I 'JV'x.is, east t
^ Jtdy-Sept.
Moroiig. Tliread-like Xaias
u
l"l(iri<la. .Mso in tropical .\merica.
Naias gracillima ( A. I?r. 1
liimelm
Xaias hnlica \i\r. gracilliiiiti .\. Hi.
\. (".ray, Atari. ICil. .s. fiSi. isi,;.
IVaias iiiacillinia Moronw', Mem. Tiirr. CUil) f
I'art 2, 61. 1S93, '
Dioecious, stem capillary, 6' 15' long, much
branched, the branches alternate. Leaves nu-
merous, opposite or often fascicled in 3's-5's or
more, setaceous, ','2' long, usually with about
20 minute teeth on each margin ; sheaths auri-
cled, with 6 or 7 teeth on each auricle, the teeth
standing upon setaceous divisions of the sheath ;
stigmas very short ; fruit oblong-cylindric, K"
long, '4 ■' in diameter, slightly curved inwardly
or straight, the pericarp straw-colored or pur-
plish, marked by about 25 rows of irregularly
oblong reticulations ; seed not shining.
In pimls and ponds, eastern Massachusetts tn
Delaware, I'eimsylvinia and Missouri. Jidy Sept.
(Fig. 182.)
I
82
NAIADACl'AK.
5. ZOSTERA I,. Sp. PI. 96S. 1753.
Marine plants with s'cndcr rootstocks and branchiiifr conipresseil stems. Leaves 2-
rankcd, sheathing at the base, the sheaths with inflcxed margins. Spadix linear, contained
in a spatlic. I'lowers monoecious, arranged alternately in 2 rows on tliespadix. Staniinatc
flower merely an anther attachc<l to the spadix near its apes., i-celled, opening irregularly
on the ventral side ; pollen thread-like. Pistillate llower fixeil on its back near the middle ;
ovary 1 ; style elongated ; stigmas 2, capillary ; mature carpels llask-.shaiicd, membra-
nous, rupturing irregularly, beaked by the persistent style ; seeds ribbed ; embryo ellipsoid.
[Greek, referring to the ril)bon-like leaves.]
.\bout '1 sju'cies of marine distribution. IksiiU-s tin roUowintf oiu' occurs in l"lori<la and one
on tlu- Pacific Coast.
I. Zostera .narina L. KL'l-g;rass. Gra.ss-wrack. 1 Kig. iS,3.)
/(is/rra )iiiiiiiia I.. .Sp. IM. 06S. i^.s.v
Leaves ribbon-like, obtuse at the apex, i°-
6° long, I "-4" wide, with ,^-7 principal
nerves. vSpadix i'-2>2' long ; flowers about
3" long, crowded, usually from 10-20 of each
kind on the spadix ; ovary somewhat vermi-
form ; at anthesis the stigmas are thrust
through the opening of the spathc and drop
off before the anthers of the same spadix
open ; the anthers at anthesis work themselves
out of the spatlie and discharge the glutinous
stringy pollen into the water; seeds cylindric,
strongly about 2o-ribl)ed, about t^" long
and 'i" in diameter, truncate at both ends,
the ribs showing very clearly on the pericarp.
In bays, strcanis and ditches alonn the .\l-
lantic Coast from (iricnland to I'loviila and on
tile Pacific from .\laska to California. .\ls<> on
the coasts of Ivuropc and Asia. .Sunnncr.
Family 4. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE Ajrardh, Thcor. Syst. PI. 44. 1858.*
Arrow-gk.vss r.\Mii,Y.
Mansh herl)s with rush-like leaves and small spicate or racemose perfect
flowers. Perianth 4-6-parted, its segments in two series, jjersistent or decidu-
ous. Stamens 3-6. Filaments very short or elongated. Anthers mostly
2-celled and extrorse. Carpels 3-6, j-2-ovuled, more or less. united until ma-
turity, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds anatropous. lunbryo straight.
I'our ^a iR-ra and about 10 species of wide gcograpliic distribution.
Leaves all basal; (lowers numerous on naked scapes, sjjicale or racetned. i. Tiii^linliin.
Stem leafy; (lowers few in a loose raceme. 2. Sihi-iichzciia.
I. TRIGLOCHIN I,. vSp. PI. 33S, 1753.
Marsh herbs with basal half-rounded ligulate leaves with membranous sheaths. Flowers
in terminal spikes or racemes on long naked scapes. Perianth-segments .^-6, concave, the 3
inner ones inserted higher up than the outer. Stamens ,^6 ; anthers 2-celled, sessile or
nearly so, inserted at the base of the perianth-segments and attached by their backs.
Ovaries 36, i-cclled, sometimes abortive; ovules solitary, basal, erect, anatropous. Style
short or none. Stigmas as many as the ovaries, plumose. IVuit of 3 -6 cylindraceous ob-
long or obovoid carpels, which are distinct or connate, coriaceous, costate, when ripe sepa-
rating from the base upward from a persistent central axis, their tips straight or recurved,
dehiscing by a ventral suture. Seeds erect, cylindraceous or ovoid-oblong, compressed or
angular. [Greek, in allusion to the three-pointed fruit of some species.]
.Miout o species, nativi-s of the teniiH'rate an<l subarctic /.ones of both liennspheres. Only the
following are known to <jccur in .North .Vmerica:
Carpels 3.
I'ruil linear or clavate, tapering to a subulate base. i. T. paliixli is.
Fruit nearly jrlobose. 2. 7". xli hihi.
Carpels 6 ; fruit oblong or ovoid, obtuse at the base. 3. /'. iiidi i/iiiia.
*Text contributed bv the late Ri;v. Thomas Morono,
S
^epa-
vctl,
:d or
Uk-
ARKOW-CRASS I'AM
I. Triglochin paliistris L. Marsli Arrow-
j;rass. ( Im.u,-. 1S4. 1
Trii;/iu'//iii /la/ii i/iis I.. Sp. I'l. ,v;S. i;,;.
Rootstock short, oblii|iie, with sUiulcr fugacious
stolons. I, caves linear, shorter than the sc,'i])us, 5'-
12' lonj^, taperiiij; to a sharp point ; ligulc very short ;
sca])es I or 2, slender, striate, S'-2o' high ; racemes
5'-l2' long ; pedicels capillary, in fruit erect-appresscd
and 2,'." ,Vj" long; perianth-segments 6, greenish-
yellow ; anthers 6. sessile ; pistil of , united carjH'ls,
.S-celled, ,s-ovnled ; stigmas sessile; fruit ,i"-i>2"
long, linear or clavatc ; ripe carpels separating from
the axis and hanging suspended from its apex, the
axis ,^-winged.
In bciffs. New Knniswiok tn Alaska. sciiiUi td New Y(irk.
hulianaand .Mnntana. .\lso in ICurdjje and Asia. July Sejit.
2. Triglochin striata
riljbed Arrow
R. eS: P. Threo-
rass. (^Fig. i''^5..i
'J'riiiliicliii! sh iaiii K. N: I'. I'M. Per. 3: 72. 1S112.
rrii;l,>(hiii li iaiiili\i Mielix. \'\. lior. \m. i: 2nS, 1S113.
Rootslocks upright or oblique. Scapes i or 2,
more or less angular, usually not over 10' high;
leaves slender, slightly flesh}-, nearly or quite as
long as the scapes, %"'\" wide; flowers very
small, light yellow or greenish, in spicate racemes;
pedicels ]i"-^" long, not elongating in fruit ; per-
ianth-segments ,^, stamens y, anthers oval, large;
pistil of 3 united carpels; fruit sub-globose or some-
what obovoid, about i" in diameter, appearing 3-
winged when dry by the contracting of the car-
pels; carpels coriaceous, rouiuled and vribbed on
the back; axis broa<llv 3-winged.
In saline inarslus. Maryl.ind tn I'inrida and Louisi-
ana. .\lsi) in tn)i)ieal .Vuieriea. June- Sept.
3. Triglochin maritima L. Seaside
An
ow
-grass, i JMg. 186.)
'I'l ii^lihliiii niiuiliiiia I,. Sp. I'l. 339. i^.S,?.
'I'riiilihliin eUttn Null. den. i: j;,';. iSiS.
'rriiilitihiii mill itiiiui var. liiila .\. dray. .Man. ICd.
2, .(37. 18,52. In j)art.
Rootstock without stolons, often subligiicous,
the caudex thick, mostly coverctl with the
sheaths of old leaves. Scape stout, nearly
terete, 6'-2'^ liigh; leaves half cylindric, usually
about i" wide; raceme elongated, often 16' or
more long; pedicels decurreiit, i"-i '.. " long,
slightly longer 'ii fruit ; perianth segiiients 6,
each subtending a large sessile anther; pistil of
6 united carpels ; fruit oblong or ovoid, 2'. ''-3"
long, I '.'"-2" thick, obtuse at the base, with 6
recurved points at the suinmit ; carpels 3-
angled, flat or slightly grooved on the back, or
the dorsal edges curving upward and winged,
separating at maturity from the hexagonal axis.
In salt marshes, alunt; the Allantie seidinanl I'nim I.abr.idor tn Ni \v J
marshes aemss llie eimliiieiit to .\laska and Calil'ornia. .Mso in luirope
•rsey,
and
anil ill I're
Asia. July
;li or ■valine
.Sejil.
1
84
SCIIEUCHZICRIACI'AR.
2. SCHEUCHZERIA L. Sp. PI. 33S. 1753.
Rush-like boj^ perennials with creeping rootstocks, ami erect leafy steins, the leaves
elongated, half-rounded below and flat above, striate, furnished with a pore at the apex and
a membranous ligulate sheath at the base. Flowers small, racemose. Perianth 6-partcd,
regularly 2-serial, persistent. Stamens 6, inserted at the liase of the perianth-segments;
filaments elongated; anthers linear, basifixed, extrorse. Ovaries 3 or rarc'y 4-6, distinct or
connate at the base, i-cellcd, each cell with i or 2 collateral ovules. Stigmas sessile, papil-
lose or slightly fimbriate. Carpels divergent, inllateil, coriaceous, •-2-see(le(l, follicle-like,
laterally dehiscent. .Seeds straight or slightly cur-ed, without endosperm. [Name in honor
of Joliann Jacob Schcuch/er, 1672-173;,, Swiss scientist.]
A niondtypic ri ini- (if tlic north teiiii)i-ratc ztmc.
I. Scheuchzeria palustris L.
Scheiicli/.cria. (Fij.^. 1S7. )
Silinic!iir<iij paliishis I,. Sp. I'l. ,^,^S. 175,1.
Leaves 4'-i6' long, the uppermost rci'.ccd to
bracts ; stems solitary or several, usually clothed
at the base with the remains of old leaves, 4'-io'
tall ; sheaths of the basal leaves often 4' long with
a ligulc I,' long; pedicels 3"-i()" long, spreading
in fruit; llowers white, few, in a lax raceme; per-
ianth-segments membranous, i-nerved, ij^" long,
the inner ones the narrower; follicles 2"-4'^ long,
slightly if at all united at the base ; seeds oval,
brown, 2 '2 "-3" long with a vcrv hard coat.
In biifrs. I.iibiadiir to IIudsDU ]!riy and Hritish Co-
lunibia, wiutli to Xi w Jirsey, IViuisylvani.i, Wisconsin
and California. .Mso in lUiropc and .-\sia. .Sununcr.
Family 5. ALISMACEAE DC. Fl. Franc. 3: 181. 1805.
W.vTicR-l'r.A NT.\ i.v I'.v M I r. V.
Aqttatic or marsh lierhs, mostly glabrous, with filjroiis roots, .scapose stems
and basal loiig-petioU'd sheathing leaves. Inflorescence racemose or paniculate.
Flowers regnlar, perfect, monoecious or dioecious, pcdicelled, the ])edicels ver-
ticillate aiul subtended !)y l)racts. Rece])tacle flat or convex. Sepals 3, per-
sistent. Petals 3, larger, deciduous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6 or
more ; anthers 2-celled, e.xtrorse or dehi.scing by lateral .slits. (~)varies numerotis
or rarely few, i-ce!led, usually with a .single ovtde in each cell. Carpels be-
coming achenes in fruit in our species. vSeeds uncinate-curved. Fmbryo horse-
shoe shaped. F^ndosperm none. I,atex-tubes are found in all the .species,
according to Micheli.
.\bout 13 jTcncra and 65 species, of wide "distribution in frcsli water :
Car|)els in a ritiR upon a small, flat receptacle.
Carjjels crowded in ni.iny series upon a larne convex receptacle.
I'lowers perfect, slaniinate or polygamous.
I'edicels not recurved ; calyx S])reading'.
I'edieels recurved in fruit ; calyx appresseil to tlie carpels.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious.
iwanips and streams,
I. . \lisiiiii.
/■'i liiihhionis.
Si7,l; ///(Ilia.
I. ALISMA L. Sp. PI. 342. 175;,.
Perennial or rarely annual herbs with erect or lloating leaves, the blades several-ribbed,
the ribs coiuiected by transverse veinlcts, or seemingly pinnately veined. Scapes short or
elongated. Inflorescence paniculate or uiid)ellatp-panicnlate. Flowers siiuill, numerous on
unequal 3-l)racteolate pedicels, the petals white or rose-tinted. Stamens 6 or 9, subperigy-
nous. Ovaries few or many, borne in one or several whorls on a small flat receptacle, ripen-
ing into flattened achenes which are 2-3-ribbcd on the curved back and 1-2-ribbed on the sides.
[(Vreek, said to be in reference to the occurrence of the typical species in saline situations.]
.Vbout 10 si)ecies, wide. ,■ distributed in ten\perate and tropical regions. Only the following are
known to occur in North ,\ineric.i.
Stamens (), stroiiKly compressed; flowers panicled.
Stamens 9, turKid; flowers umbellcd.
..■I , r/iiii/i7<;o.ai/i/af/ca.
.1. loirlliiiii.
WATER-PLANT A IN I'A M 1 1 A
I.
1
Alisma Plantago-aquatica I^.
Water Plantain. ( V'v^. iSS. )
Alisimi Plaiilns^o-ai/iia/icd I,. Sp. I'l. 3(2. i^Sv
Leaves ovate, acute at the apex, cordate,
rounded or narrowed at the base, the blades
3-10-ribbcd, or when floating somctiincs
lanceolate or even linear; petioles I'-io'
long; scapes occasionally 2 from the same
root, usually solitary, '2°-,i° high ; inllorcs-
cence a large loose panicle, 6'-!^' long;
pedicels verticillate in ,i's-io's, subtended by
3 striate acuminate bracts ; petals ',"-1"
long ; stylcsdeciduous, the base remaining as
a small point or short beak on tlie inner
curve of the achcne ; stigma small, terminal;
achenes obliquely obovate, nearly I'Mong,
arranged in a circle, forming an obtusely
triangular truncate head.
Ill shallow w.-itcr or iiiiid IhidiiRliciit Xoitli
Aiiicrica. .\lso in ICiiropt- and Asia. June Sept.
2. Alisma tenellum Mart. Dwarf Water Plantain. ( Ki'
. iSy. )
K. & S. .Sysl. 7:
.l/isiiiii Itiiiilinii .Man.;
1<«KI. i.S.V'. . ^
I'.t/iiiiinfiiiiis ficiryiihis ICiiRelm. in .\.
Cray, Man. V,A. 2, .\t,X. 1S56.
lulihiodoiiii 1,11, /Ill's lUtcheiiau, .\bli.
\at. Cifsell. liivineii, 2: i,><. iSdy.
Plant delicate, stoloniferous, i'-5'
high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, the blades acute at both
ends, 4"-i.s" long, i "-;," wide;
petioles longer or shorter than the
blades, narrowly dilated at the base;
scapes solitary, often surpassing the
leaves, commonly reclined; umbel
2-S-flowercd ; pedicels very unecjual,
often recurved in fruit ; bracts lanceo-
late, more or less connate at the base;
flowers white ; stamens 9 ; style much
shorter than the ovary ; ovaries nu-
merous ; achenes iu several whorls,
coriaceous, turgid, obovate, not 'i"
long, enclosed by the erect ])ersistent
sepals, the beak .short, .sharp.
Ill 11111(1. Miissachnsitts to wesUrii On-
tario and .■\Iiiiiusola, south to IHorida,
Missouri aiKl Texas. .\pril-.\iiK.
2. E.HINODORUS Ricli.; I'liKelni. in A. (iray, Man. 4<k,. i.S4,S.
Perennial or iiinual herbs with long-petioled, elliptic, ovate or lanceolate often cordate
or sagittate Ic.ves, 3-9-ribbed and mostly punctate with dots or lines. Scapes often longer
than the leaves ; inflorescence racemose or jianiculate, the flowers verticillate, each verticil
with 3 outer liracts and numerous inner bracteoles ; flowers perfect ; sepals -,, distinct, per-
sistent ; petals white, deciduous ; receptacle large, convex or globose ; stamens 12 v> ; ovaries
numerous; style obliquely apical, persistent; stigma simple; fruit achenes, more or less
compressed, coriaceous, ribbed and beaked, forming spinose heads. [Creek, in allusion to
the spinose heads of fruit.]
About 1 1 species, mostly natives of Aiiicrioa. Only llie followiiin are known in Xorth \incrica
vScapes rccliniiitr<.r prostrate: style shorter than the ovary; beak ot aclieiie short, i. /•; nuiiinns
hcapes erect ; style longer th.ui the ovary; beak of aeliene loiiR. 2 /•' ,o><ii/o/i'iis
86
ALISMACEAi;.
I. Echinodorus radicans i Xuii.. ) lvnj;clni
Similliii ill idilidtiis .Null. 'rr;nis. Am. I'liil. S<io.
I II. ) 5: i.su. iS.VV.i7-
lu liiiiihlni IIS iiii/i'iiiiis ICnuilui. ill .\. Ciinv,
Mail. I'M. J. i.^S. is^f,,
I.eavL'S coiiise, ovate, obtuse, cordate, 2'-
S' loiifj, I '2' -7 '2' wide, marked with short
peUiicid Hues, the nerves 5-9, eonnectcd by
netted cross-veins. I'ctioles soinetitnes 20'
long ; scapes creeping, 2°-4° long, slightly
scabrous, often rooting at the nodes ; verti-
cils distant ; bracts linear-lanceolate, acuin-
inate, dilated at the base ; pedicels 3-12, un-
equal, I '-2 '.. ' long, slender or filiform; sepals
persistent, much shorter than the heads ;
petals larger, obovate, about 3" long; sta-
mens about 30; style shorter than the ovary ;
acliencs numerous, about 2" long, 6-10-
ribbcd, witli 2 several oval glands on each
side and beaks about one fourth their length ;
fruiting heads 4" in diameter.
In swamps, Illinois to Xiirth Carolina and
I'Morida, wtsl Id Missoiu i and Texas. June July.
Creeping lUir-licad. ( I'ig. lyo. )
2. Echinodorus cordifolius ( L. ) (Vriseb
Uprioht Bur-head. ( Kig. uji.)
.Mlsiiia iitrtti/oliii I.. Sp. I'l. ,?|,',. i7,S.v-
/u liiiiotltinis rush II I Hi ICuk^Imi. in .\. Crav,
.Man. ICil. 2, .S.V'^. i~<,S').
I'.iliiiiiHiiiiiis iiiiiti/'iiliiis Ciristl). .Vbli. Kon.
('.(.■sell. Wiss. iKitl. 7: 2,57. 1.S57.
Leaves variable in form, often broadly
ovate, obtuse, cordate at the base, 6'-S' long
and wide, but in smaller plants sometimes
nearly lanceolate, acute at each end and but
I '-2' long; ]ietioles angular, striate, I'-io'
high; scapes i or more, erect, 5'-i6' tall;
flowers 3-() in the verticils ; pedicels Ji'-'A'
long, erect after flowering ; bracts linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, dilated at the base;
sepals shorter than tlic heads; petals 2"-t,"
long ; stamens often 12; styles longer than
the ovary ; fruiting heads very bur-like, 2"-
3" in diameter; achenes about 1/2" long,
narrowly obovate or falcate, fJ-S-ribbed; beak
apical, oblique, about one-half the length of
the aclienc.
In swamps and (litclus. Illiniiis to I'lcirida,
wist In Missouri and Texas. .Vlso in tropical
.Xnurica. Jnnt- July.
3. LOPHOTOCARPUS T. Diiraiul, Iiid. Gen. riian. (127. 1888.
[Lopnioc.\Krus Miquel, I'l. Arch. lud. i; I'art 2, 50. 1S70. Not Turcz. 1343.]
Perennial, hog or aquatic herbs with basal long-petioled sagittate or cordate leaves,
simple erect scapes bearing flowers in several verticils of 2-3 at the summit, the lower per-
fect, the upper staminate. Sepals 3, distinct, persistent, erect after flowering and enclosing
or enwrapping the fruit. Petals white, deciduous. Receptacle strongly convex. Stamens
9-15, hypogynous, inserted at the base of the receptaulc. Filaments flattened. Pistils
numerous ; ovule solitary, erect, auatropous ; style elongated, oblique, persistent. Achenes
winged or crested. Knibryo horseshoe-shaped. [Greek, signifying crested fruit.]
About 3 species, the folliiwiiiK: of eastern North .\imrica. the ipHkis of troi)ical .America.
J
WATI'R PLANTAIN I'AMILV.
87
I. Lophotocarpus calycinus ( I';ii.i,a.liii. ) J. V,. vSniitli. Lophotocarpus.
Silt; illii rill ciilvihht
Siiiv. 212. IS.S').
J.ii/^liiiiiarf>iis iii/\'i i/iitf
3;')i. iSSi.
I-iil>liiiliHiiifiHs cahciniis J. (
25. I'^ijt.
ICiijfihn.; Tiirr. linl. Mix, lidiiiid.
Mii'luli ill DC. Mniiiiir, I'liati.
Sniitli, Mini. Ti)ir. C'Ui1), 5:
/.1,V
Annual, leaves lloatiiiij or asccmliiig, entire, has-
tate or sagittate, the basal lol)es spreading, ovate,
acnte or acnniinatc, the apex acnte or obtuse, tlie
bl.idc varying from I'-S' long, sometimes 12' wide at
the base. Scape simple, weak and at length decum-
lient, mostly shorter than the leaves; verticils of
flowers 1-5; bracts membranous, orbicular or ovate
and obtuse, or those of staminate flowers lanceolate
and acute; fertile pedicels very thick, recurved in
fruit, equalling or longer than the slender sterile
ones; petals 3"~.(" long ; stamens hypogynous ; fila-
ments flattened, papillose, about as long as the an-
thers ; achcne obovate, \" long, narrowly winged on
the margins, tipped with a short horizontal triangular
beak.
Ill swain))S, Nt'W liniiiswick to ViiKinia and Louisiana,
across tile eoiitiiuiit to California, lluis occurriiii; luarlv
tlirouKliout the fiiilc<l Slates, iMiliauc woiKkrl'ully vari-
able ill form. July-.Sept.
4. SAGITTARIA I,. Sp. PL 993.
Perennial aquatic or bog herbs, mostly with tuber-bearing or nodose rootstocks, fibrous
roots, bisal long petioled nerved leaves, the nerves connected by numerous vcinlets,
and erect, decumbent or floating scapes, or the leaves reduced to bladeless phyllodia
(figs. 197, 20;,). I'lowers monoecious or dioecious, borne near the summits of the scapes
in verticils of ^'s, pcdicelled, the staminate usuallv uppermost. Verticils 3-bracted
Calyx of 3 persistent sepals, those of the pistillate flowers reflexed or spreading iu our
species. Petals 3, white, deciduous. Stamens usually numerous, inserted on the convex
receptacle; anthers 2-ceIled, dehiscent by lateral slits; staminate flowers sometimes with
imperfect ovaries. Pistillate flowers with numerous distinct ovaries, sometimes with imper-
fect stamens ; ovule solitary ; stigmas small, persistent. Achenes numerous, densely aggre-
gated in globose or subglobose heads, compressed. Seed erect, curved ; embryo horseshoe-
shaped. [Latin, referring to the arrow-shaped leaves of some species.]
About 2S species, natives of tciup;r,itc and tidi)ica1 legions, liesides the folh
others occur 111 the southern and wisteni parts of Xorlli .\iiicrica.
Fertile pedicels slender. asceiidiiiM-, not reflexed in fruit.
Leaf -blades sagittate,
Jiasal lobes one fourth to one half the lenjith of the blade.
Heak of the aehene more th;iii one-fourth its leiiffth,
lieak of the acheue erect,
I'ruitiuK iiediccls shorter than llie bnicts ; leaves broad,
I'ruitiiis,' pedicels loiii,n-r than the bracts ; leaves narrow
]!cak of the aehene horizontal orohliciue
lieak of the aehene less than oiU' fointli its length,
I'etioles rather short, curviujf : bracts loiiK ; bo^ species,
IVtioles elongated ; bracts short ; aquatic sjiecies,
liasal lobes two-thirds to threc-foniths the length of the blad--
Leaves entire, or rarely hastate or cordate.
Kilainents sleniler, taperiiiir upward ; leaves seciniiidlv pinnatelv veined
I'ilainents (flabrous : bracts connate,
I'ilanicnls cobwebby pubescent : bracts iiiostlv distinct
I'ilainents abrn|)lly dilated, pubescent : veins distinct to the base of the blade
l''ruitiiitf heads sessile or very nearlv so, ;, ,v ;/.>/(/,/
liotli staminate ami pistillate' llowers pcdicelled, ' '"'
Leaves reduced to terete nodose phyllodia. rarely blade beariii(f,
- •-,,,, 1". •*^. lot's.
Leaves ritrid, blades elliptic linear.
Leaves not ri^id ; blades lanceolate or lincar-oblonif
i'ertile pedicels stout, reflexed in fruit ; filainents dilated,
I'ilamenls pubescent ; leaf-blades ovate or ovale elliptic,
I'ilanients glabrous ; leaves linear lanceolate or rc<luced to phyllcxlia.
iwinu, some 10
1, .S", hDiffiroslra.
2, .V, JCii,i;il Dili II Ilia.
3, .V, lalifiilia.
.). .v. a I- if alia.
,s. S. iiiiieala.
f>. .V, loiiifilohj.
7. .S". a in bi fill a.
X. S. Itiiiiifolia.
1 1. S. ciisliita.
12, .S", ifiiiniiiiea.
i.'v S. phtly/ilnlla.
14. S. i 1(1) II I a la.
88
ALISMACIvAE.
I. Sagittaria longirostra (Michcli) J. O. vSmitli.
Iy()ii};-l)c;ikccl Arrow-heatU
..(iMR. 193.)
Saiii/tiiriii siii;i//iii;/ii/iii var. /oni^iin'i/ia Mi-
i-luli in DC. Moling. I'luin. 3 : (»). i^Si.
Sii 1:1 //ill ill /iiiil;ii ii.i/iii,j. {'.. Smitli, Mfiii. Turr.
Club, 5:26, iS(||.
Monoecious, j;l'i'>i'oiis, scapes erect, rather
stout, I ^'2°-,^° tall. Leaves broad, sagittate,
4'- 1 2' loui;, abruptly acute at the apex, the
basal lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute,
one-third to one-half the length of the blade ;
scape usually longer than the leaves, 6-
angled below ; bracts triangular-lanceolate,
acuminate, 7"-i5" long, longer than the
fertile pedicels; petals S"-i4" long; fila-
ments glabrous ; styles curved, twice as long
as the ovaries; achene obovate, about 2"
long, winged on both margins, the ventral
margin entire or undulate, the dorsal eroded,
its sides with a short crest, its beak stout,
erect or somewhat recurved.
Ill s\viiiiii)s and almip; ixmds. Xiw Jersey aiuV
Pennsylvania tn Alabama. July.Sipt.
2. Sagittaria Engelmanniana J. G. Smitli.
IviiRcliiKitni's Arrow-head. ( I'ig. 194.)
S(it;il/aiiii X'iin\il)ilis var. (?) sniiilis S. Wats, in .\. (iray,
Man. ICd. (>, 555. iSSq. Not IvnKcltn.
Sai;i//aii(! luifiiiiiiniiiiiniin J. C. Smith, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:
2,i. iSa).
Monoecious, glabrous, scape erect or ascending, slen-
der, ,S'-2C)' high. I,eaves narrow, i}4'-8' long, i''-^"
wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, the basal lobes nar-
rowly linear, acuminate, one-third to one-half the length | /^J
of the blade; scape striate, about as long as the leaves;
bracts lanceolate, acute, shorter than the slender fertile
pedicels, 4"-6" long; flowers 7"-i2" broad; filaments
glabrous ; style about twice as long as the ovaries ; achene /i
obovate, 2" long, winged on both margins and with \-}^y
lateral wing-like crests on each face, the beak short,
stout, erect, about Yz" long.
In shallow water, Jtassacliusilts to Di'laware, near llu
coast, ])r(il).il)ly extending further south. \\.\%. ,St])l.
3. Sagittaria latifolia WilUl. Broad-leaved Arrow-head. < I'ig. 195 )
Siii^i/Zaiiii lii/i/'oliii Wind. .S]). PI. 4 : 41KJ. i,S(i6.
SatiiZ/ciiia rtii iii/ii/is I'jiKelni. in .\, Cray, Man. 461. i8.(S.
Monoecious or sometimes dioecious, glabrous or nearly
so, scape stout or slender, 4'-4° tall, simple or branched.
Leaves exceeding variable in form and size, sometimes
linear-lanceolate and acuminate at the apex, sometimes
wider than long and obtuse ; basal lobes from ,'4 to 'i 'is
long as the blade ; bracts acute, acuminate or obtuse, the
upper ones sometimes united; flowers \'-i]i' wide;
filaments slender, glabrous; achene i"-2" long, broadly
winged on both margins, its sides even or i -ribbed, the
beak about one-third its length, horizontal or nearly so.
In shallow water, throughout North .\nierica, except the
extreme north, extendiuK to Mexico. Variable. July Sept.
Sagittaria latifoha pubescens (Muhl.)J. C. .Smith, Mem. I'orr.
Club, 5; 26. i,S94.
S<ii;i//iiiici fiiilii'Sifiis Mulil. Cat. S6. iSi v
Whole j)lant pubescent, varying from merely puberulent to-
densely hirsute. ( )ntario to New Jersey, I-'loritla and Alabama,
■;
1
WATHR PLANTAIN 1AM
4. Sagittaria arifolia Xiitt. Anini-lcavet
I'lirsli, I'l, Am. Sept.
Sii,Qi//aiia .u)i;i//,i,-/<i/ici var. iiiiii
.\9S- 1814?
Sa^n/f^na ,,n/,,//u XuU.; j, c sniilli. Ann, K.i. M,,
Dot. (.ard. 6:32. />/. /, iStj). '
Glalirous or nearly so, terrestrial or partially sub-
merged, scape weak, ascending, S'~2n' lonj,r. i.caves
sagittate, broad, acnte attheai)ex, about as long as the
scape, their margins slightly curved, their basal lobes
acute or acuminate, one-fourth to one-third the length
of the blade; petioles usually curving outwardly;
bracts lanceolate, acute, usually equalling or longer
than the fertile pedicels, often reflexcd ; filaments
glabrous; petals y^s" long; achene cuneate-obovate,
about I" long, winged on both margins, the sides
smooth, the beak short, erect.
guebcc to Jlinnisota and liritish Coluiubia. snulli to
MichiKan. woslcrn Kansas. Now Akxioo an.l Caliloniia.
Rcseiiil)hnK: in fobaRf llir luiioptan .V x„i;,//,„-/a/,„ I
out dislinguisliod from that spciiis by iis aclunis.
5. Sagittaria cuneata Shddoii. Floatiiicr Arrow-head. (Fig. 197.)
.Sirai/nir/,, ,i/i„;i/,7 SliiUIon. liull, Torr, Chib 20- 28^
Aquatic, submerged, rooting in sand, .scape very
slender, simple, terete, i°-2° long, bearing the
flowers at the surface of the water. Leaves long-
petioled, the blade floating, sagittate, linear-lanceo-
late, acuminate, 2'-^' long, the basal lobes acumin-
ate, about one- fourth its length ; phyllodia of two
kinds, one petiole-like and as long as the leaves,
the other lanceolate, and clustered at the base of
the plant; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2"-3"
long, much shorter than the slender fertile pedi-
cels ; flowers 6"-8" broad ; achene only Vj" long,
obovate-cuncate, its beak very short, erect.
Ill sliallou- water, MiniKsula to
liritisli Cnluiiibia. Aun. Si pi.
Wasliiiiirton and
6. Sagittaria longiloba Ivngeliii. I.oiig-
lolxxl Arrow-liL-ad. (Fig. 198.)
Saiii//,iiui longiloba ICiigebii. in Torr. Hot -\Kx-
Jiound, vSurv. 212. 1859.
Monoecious, glabrous, scape slender, simple or
rarely branched, i°-2° tall. Leaves long-pctioled,
the apex acute, the basal lobes linear-lanceolatej
acuminate, about three-fourths the length of the
blade ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, ,V'-4" long,
much shorter than the very slender fertile pedicels
which are longer than the sterile ones ; stamens
numerous, the filaments longer than the anthers ;
achene about i" long, quadrate-obovate, somewhat
broader above than below, winged on both mar-
gins, its beak exceedingly short.
In shallow water, Nebraska to Colorado, south to
lexasand Jlexico.
•I
T
90
AMSMAClvAK.
7. Sagittaria ambigua J. (i. Smith.
Kiinsas Sa^iltaria. ( Fij,^. 199.)
SiiKi'lI'Dia iiiiihixiKi J. ('.. Sniilli. Ann. Kcp, Md. Hot.
Ciiird. 6 : |S. f,/. ,- \Xi,\.
Monoecious, j^'lahrous, scape erect or ascciidiiiK,
simple or spariiiiily l)ranclie(l, 1" 2' liigli. Leaves
lanceolate, entire, lonv'-pctioled, acute or acumin-
ate at both ends, seeinin>,'ly pinnaiely veined, really
5~7-ncrved, s'-S' lonj;, C(|ualling or shorter than
the .sca])e ; hracts lanceolate, acuminate, ,t"-8"
lonf,^ much shorter than the slender frnitinjr pedi-
cels, connate at the base, papillose; stamens 20-
25; filaments glabrous, longer than the anthers;
acliene about i " lc)ng, oblong, curved, narrowly
winged on both margin.';, its sides smooth and even,
its beak short, obli(iue.
Ill iiimds, Kansas and tile Iiulian Terrilijiy.
8. Sagittaria lancifolia I,. I/mco-lL'avt.'d Saj^ittaria.
Sii,i;i//(i) III liuicifolia I,. Aiiioen. .Vcail. 5: |. k|. 17(111,
Sui;ill(iriii /,il,:ii/ii I'ursli, I''l. Am. Sept. ^117. i.si).
.Sin^-i/Ziiriii /,iiiii/',}/i,i t\iU(ila J. ('.. Siiiilli, jleiii. Torr.
Club, 5 : 25. 1S94.
iNIonoecious, glabrous, scape rigid, erect, stnut
or rather slender, striate, branched or simple,
longer than the leaves. Leaves lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolale, acute or acuminate at both ends,
firm, entire, the blades 5-9-nerved, S'-i 'j° long,
gradually narrowed into the long petioles, apjjar-
ently pinnately veined; (lowers numerous, 5"-i.j"
broad; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, usually not
united at the base, glabrous or nearly so, etiualling
or shorter than the fruiting jicdicels ; stamens
numerous; filaments cobwebby-pubescent, e(|ual-
ling or longer than the anthers ; aclieiie narrowly
obovate-cuneate, \"-\]'," long, winged on both
margins, its sides smooth, its beak tapering, oblique.
In swamps ami shallow water, Dilaw.ire, to I'lorida
and Texas, iu;ir tlie coast. Widely distriliiited in trup
ical .Vnierica.
9. Sagittaria rigida Piir.sh. Sessile-frtiitin>r Arrow-head. (Fig. 201.)
Siitiilliiria ritiiiin I'ursli, I'M. .\in. .Sept. ,^17. IM-).
.Sii!;i//<iii(> hi'lcrohhyllii riirsli, I'l. .Viii. .Sept. V)f). 1S14, Xot
.Schreb, iSii.
Monoecious, glabrous, scape simple, weak, curving,
ascending or decumbent, shorter than the leaves. Leaves
very variable, linear, lanceolate, elliptic or broadly ovate,
acute or obtuse at the apex, entire or with I or 2 short or
slender basal lobes; bracts ovate, obtuse, i"-\" long,
united at the base or sometimes distinct ; heads of fruit
sessile or very nearly so ; pedicels of the sterile flowers
>2'-i' long; filaments dilated, mostly longer than the
anthers, pubescent; achene narrowly obovate, 1,4' "-2"
long, winged on both margins, crested above, tipped with
a stout nearly erect beak of about one-fourth its length.
Ill swamps and shallow water, (Juebec to Minnesota, south to
New Jersey, Tennessee, Missouri and Nebraska. Petioles
rigid when Kiowiiig in running water. July-.Sept.
Hot.
Not
W.VrivR I'LANTAIN I'AMIIA'.
10. Sagittaria teres S. Wats. Slender Sajrittari
91
( I'i
ii- 202. )
S.,,^,/f,ir,:, tnrsS. Wills, i,i A. (Way, M.m. i;,l. (,. ,,^.
I ■'<(/ ).
.Monoecious, glabrous, soape slonder, erect, simple
ft' -IS' loiijr, bearing only i ;, verticils of llowers. Leaves
usually rc.luceil to eloiiKalc.l terete nodose phvllodia or
sonic „f them short and l.racl-like, one or two ..f tlic
longer ones occasionally bearing a linear blade- bracts
ovate, obtuse, about i>j" lon^, much .shorter than the
(iliforni fruitiiiK pedicels which are louKcr than the stcr-
lie ones; flowers 6"-,S" broad ; .stamens about 12 their
dilated nlaments pubescent, shorter than the anthers ■
achene broa.lly obovate, ," lo„^r, the ventral niarKin
wiiiKed, the dorsal 7 -1 l-crestcd, the sides bearing .several
vrenate crests, the beak short, erect.
Ill pciuls, ^tas>aclulsc■tts t,, South Can.liii 1. .\uk, .Sept.
II. Sagittaria cristata ICiijrelm
Sua ///ti* 1,1
.\ead. 4 :
Cre.sted Sagittaria. ( Kij^. 203. )
Ivu^relm.; .\rtliiir, I'ick-. Daviiipdrt
II istaht
.'"11. is^-j
Monoecious, scape slender, erect, i°-2>2° hij,'h, sim-
ple, bearing .( or 5 verticils of rtowers at or al)ovc the
surface of the water. Leaves long-petioled, spongy
and rigid, reduced to slender phvllodia or bearing
linear-lanceolate or elliptic blades 2'-4' long and
:,"-i2" wide ; bracts acute, 2" -4" long, much shortet
than the slender fertile pedicels; flowers ,S"-io"
broad; .stamens about 24; filaments dilalc.l, pubescent,
at least at the middle, longer than the anthers; achene
obli(iuely obovate, the dorsal margin with a broad
crenate wing, the ventral straight-winged, each side
bearing 2 crenate crests, the beak short, oblique.
m shallou- water, fiiwa and Minnesota. I'livll.xlia are
c,,niMi.,Mly .leveloped fn.iii the iioUfs of tlie 'rootstock.
12. Sagittaria graminea .Miciix. Orass-leaved Sagittaria. (Fig. 2
ig. 204.)
Sai^illai ia i^iaiuiiini Mielix. l.'l. Ji,,,-. Am.
2 : 191 ). iSij;
^ Monoecious or dioecious, glabrous, scape simple, erect,
4'-2° tall. Leaves long-petioled, the blades linear, lanceo-
late or elliptic, acute at both ends, 2' -6' long, %"-i," wide
.^5-iierved, the nerves distinct to the base, 'some 'of theni
occasionally reduced to llattened phvllodia ; bracts ovate,
acute, \yi"-i" long, much shorter than the slender or fili-'
form fruiting pedicels, connate to the middle or bevond ;
flowers 4''-6" broad; stamens about iS ; filaments dilated'
pubescent, longer than or equalling the anthers ; achene
obovate, ;<"-!" long, slightly wing-crested on the margins
-md nbbed on the sides, the beak very short.
i).k!,J7s!,;,Mrl'i'ui'"-T'''-'''i M^^'f'*""''''-*"'' '" •"""••'" '""'1 «o«ti.
.Iiilj Sept. ' ' ""'• '"■•'"'"• '''■"■'>■ '^"'^■^■" "'■•^" I'tirplish.
92
AMSMACEAi'.
13. Sagittaria platyphylla ( Ivngelin. ) J. C.. Smith.
(Fig. 205.)
Ovate- leaved vSagittaria.
Sa,i;i/laii(i i;i(j 111 i 11 rn var. f>lalvt'h\'ltii luinilni. in .'V.
(■.rav, Man. VA. ,s. .(04. 1S67.
Sot^iliaiin f>l,il\i>li\il>i J. C. .Sniilh. Aim. Kc]), Mo,
Hot. Card. 6 ; 55. ' />/. .'0. iSy|.
Monoecious, glabrous, scape erect, siniplo, rather
weak, mostly shorter than the leaves. Leaves
rij;i(l, the blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate-
elliptic, short-acuminate or acute at the apex,
rounded, jjjradnally narrowed or rarely cordate or
hastate at the base, seemingly pinnately veined,
2'-6' long; bracts broadly ovate, acute, connate at
the ba.sc, 2"-4" long; flowers S"-i4" broad ; fer-
tile pedicels stout, divergent in flower, reflexed in
fruit, ]2'~2'.' long; filaments dilated, pubescent,
rather longer than the anthers ; achene obliquely
obovatc, winged on both margins, the dorsal mar-
gin somewhat crested, the sides with a sharp wing-
like ridge.
fn swamps anil slialluw watir, Sdutlicni Missmiri to
Mississippi aiul 'IVxas. f'liyllddia, wIrii pivsciil.
iibldiiK ur iiblaiiciolati'. July Supt.
14. Sagittaria subulata ( L. ) Hiidieimti. vSubulate vSagittaria.
Alisniii si(hii!ii/a I,. ,Sp. V\. ,^4.v ir.S.v
Siigillu) in piisiilti Nutt, din. 2: 2i,v iM'^.
Stiffi/Zaria sn/iii/ti/ii Hiiclicnan. .\l)li. Nat. \'i r. liivnun,
2;49<i. 1S71.
jMonoecioiis or rarelj- dioecious, scape very slen-
der, a'-b' high, few-flowered, about equalling the
leaves. Leaves all reduced to rigid phyllodia or
sometimes bearing linear or linear-lanceolate
blades, I'-i 'j' long; bracts united to the apex or
becoming partly separated ; flowers 5"-S" broad ;
fertile pedicels reflexed and much longer than the
bracts in fruit ; stamens about S ; fdameuts about
equalling the anthers, dilated, glabrous; acheucs
rather less than i" long, obovatc, narrowly winged,
with 2 or ,^ crests on each side, the wings and crests
sometimes crenate ; beak short.
In tide water mud, sontliern New York and I'lnn
■sylvania to I'lorida ami .\lahama. Jiily-.Sfpt.
Sagittaria subulata gracillima (S. Wats. 1 J. C. Smith. Mini Ton. (Jluli, 5 : -">. iSoi
Sai;i//iii /'(. ii.'inis \;iv. [}) l; iti(i//iiiiii S. Wat-;, in .\. Cray, Man. IM. '>. .s^'). in.|ii.
Sul)inci(fi-il ; Iravis 2 '4' loiiMT. 1)1ailLli>s ur bcariii^f small ; lu rviil laiu'cnlatr Mailo, ' -2'
loiiR. .V -4" wide ; scape simple, iLiele ur compressed, about a^ loiiK as tin- liaves ; llowi rs IV u. .S"-
10" broad. ICastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island. I'lrliaps a distinct siiiiiis. f'rn.i not seen.
Family 6. VALLISNERIACEAE Diiiiiort. .\iial. I-afii. 54. i • -9.
T.\i'K-( "iKA.ss Family.
Submerged or floatifig aquatic herbs, the leaves various. I'lomrs regular,
mostly di<jecious, ajipeariug frotn an involucre or spatlie of 1-3 biactsor leaves.
Perianth 3-6-parted, the .segmetUs eiliier all pelaloid or the 3 outer ones small
and herbaceous, the tube adheretit to the ovary at its l)ase in ti.'o pistillate
flowers. vStamens 3-12, distinct or fiionadelphous. Anthers 2-cel1ed. Ovary
I -celled with 3 parietal i)lacentae or 6-9-celled. Styles 3-y, with entire or
2-cleft stigmas. Ovules anatrop:ius or orthotropous. I'ruit ripening tuuler
water, indehiscent. vSeeds mnnerous, without efulo,si)erm.
.\lHiut 14 Kcncra ami 40 spiciis of wide ilistribulion in warm ,ind tenipirati' regions. Itrsides
the following, another rcuus, //<i/ii/>/ii/i!. occurs on tlie coast of I'lorida.
Stem branched : leaves wliorRd or opposite. I. /'/li/d/iiii.
Acauleseent ; stolonilVrous ; leaves jjrass like, elontfated. 2. Vdllisnrrin.
Stem .stoloniferous ; leaves broad, rounded, cordate, pelioled. ,V Limiiohiidii.
TAPE-GRASS I'AMIIA'.
93
:<>(■>. )
I. PHILOTRIA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 175. 1818.
[Elodka Michx. I'l. Bor. Am. i: 20. iSo.v Not Elodcs Adans. 1763.]
[I'DORA Nutt. Gen. 2: 242. 1.S18.]
Stems submerged, eliiogatcd, branching, leafy. Leaves opposite or whorled, crowded,
i-nerved, pellucid, minutely serrulate or entire. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, arising
from an ovoid or tubular 2-cleft spatlie. Perianth 6-partcd, at least the 3 inner segments peta-
loid. Staminatc (lowers with 9 stamens, the anthers oblong, erect. Ovary i-celled with 3
parietal placentae. .Stigmas 3, nearly sessile, 2-Iobed. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded.
[Naiiie from the Greek, referring to the leaves, which are often whorled in threes.]
.\bi)iU S spi'ciis, inhabitants of frtsli water puuds and stn atus in tLinperalc and trojjical AinLrica.
I. Philotria Canadensis (Michx. ) Brittoii. Water-weed. Ditch-moss.
Water Tliyme. 1 Fig. 207. )
iSo^.
I III.
1^95
JCIi'dfii CiiiiiKlfiisis .Mii'lix. I'M. li(ir. Am. i : 'u.
.Iiiiii/iiii IS Canadensis riaiicli. .\iin. .Si-i. Nat.
7.S. I'"**').
Philnlrni Canaili-iisis HiittDii. .Sci(.-nct- i 1 1. 1 2 : 5.
Stems 4' -3° long, according to the depth of water.
Leaves linear or elliptic, acute or obtuse, serrulate or
entire, verticillate in 3's or 4's or the lower op])osite,
2"-7" long, %"-2" wide ; flowers axillary, white, the
staminate minute, sessile, breaking olT at the lime of
llowcring and rising to the surface where they shed
their pollen aroimd the pistillate ones ; pistillate
llowers expanding on the surface of the water which
they reach by means of the slender calyx-tube which
varies in length from 2'-i", their spathes 5"-7" long;
stigmas spreading, papillose or pubescent.
Nearly tliriiuitlKint Nurtli .\tnerica, except the extreme
north. Naturaiized in I-Unope. It has been maintained
that there ale four -North .Vmerioaii species. May -Aiijf,
2. VALLISNERIA L. Sp. PI. 1015. 175.3.
-•Vquatic dioecious submerged i)ercnnials, with long grass-like lloating leaves. Stam-
inatc flowers with a 2-3-parted spathc on a short s :ape, numerous, nearly sessile on a conic
receptacle; perianth 3-parted ; stamens generally 2 (1-3). Pistillate flowers on a very long
flexuous or spiral scape, with a tubular, 2-clcft, i-llowered spathc; pcriauth-tube .adnate to
the ovary, 3-lobed and with 3 small petals; ovary i-celled with 3 parietal placentae ; stigmas
3, nearly sessile, short, broad, 2-toothcd with a minute process just below each sintts ; ovules
numerous, borne all over the ovarv-wall, orthotropous. I'ruit elongated, cylindric, crowned
with the perianth. [Named for .Vntoiiio Vallisneri, 1661-1730, Italian naturalist.]
;\ moiuitvpie neiuis of wide distri1)utioii both p,
in the Old World and the New. r- ■ ■ •'A
I. Vallisneria spiralis L. Tape-
j^rass. l{el-j;rass. ( Im,!;-. 208. )
I'allisiiriia sfiii all's I,. Sp. I'l. 1013. 1753.
Plant rooting in the mud or sand, stolon-
iferous. Leaves thin, narrowly linear, 5-
ncrved, obtuse, sometimes serrate near the
apex, '2° -6° long, 2" 9" wide, the 2 marginal
nerves faint; the staminate bud separates from
the scape at the time of (lowering and ex-
pands upon the surface of the water; pistil-
late flowers upon a long thread-like scape,
the spathc '..'-1' long, enclosing a single
white flower ; ovary as long as the sjiatlie ;
after receiving the pollen from the staminate
(lowers the scape of the pistillate contracts
spirally ; ripe fruit 2' -7' long.
In (piiet waters, New Hniiiswiek to IMorida,
west to Minnesota. Iowa and Texas. The " wihl
cell ly'' of Cliesapeake Hay, and ;i favorite food
of the canvas-hack duek, .Any: Sept.
94
VAIJ.I.SNICKIACUAI';.
3. LIMNOBIUM I,. C. Richard, Mem. Inst. Paris, 32: 66. pi. S. iSii.
.V(liiatic, stoloiiiferous herbs, tlic luavcs fascick-d at the ikkIcs, jietioled, broad, cordate.
I'lowcrs inonot'cioiis, white, irisiii^ from sessile or stipitatc, 2-lcaved, iiieinl)ranous spathcs.
Perianth 6 parted, the seK'ncnls petaloid, tlic ,^ outer oblong-oval, the ;, inner oblong-linear.
Staininatc llowers 2-\ in a spallie, longpcdnncled, the stamens united in a column bearing
6-12 anthers at dillerent heights, sometimes producing only 9-12 staniinodia, the filaments
ti])pcd with abortive anthers. I'istillate llowers sessile or short-pednnclcd with 3-6 vesti-
gial .stamens; ovary 6-9-celled with as many central i)laccntae ; stigmas as many as the
cells, each 2-parted. I'ruit a many-seeded berry. [ Greek referring to the a(|uatic habitat.]
'I'lini- nr rmir spicics. u.itivcs nl' .\nierica.
I. Limnobium Spongia ( liosc. ) L. C. Rich-
ard. Frost's- bit. ( Fij?. 2119. )
Ifviii "Chillis Sf>iiiii;ia Huso. .\tni. Mus. I'aris, 9; ,vt''- f'l-
\ ill. I S( 1-.
I.iiiiiiiiliiiiii S/yiiiii;ia [,. C. Riclianl, Mcni, Inst. I'aris,
32 : 6(>. />/, S. iSi I.
JlydiiHliaris iitrdi/nliii Xult. Citii. 2; 2\\. iSiS.
LiiiiiKicluiris Sfii>iii;in I,. C. Kichanl ; Steud. Nuineiicl.
ICd. 2, I'art. 2, 4,s. i8.)i.
Blades of the leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, cor-
date or reniform, faintly 5-7-nerved and cross-veined,
purplish and .spongy beneath, io"-2' broad, on peti-
oles I'-io' in length. Stolons rooting and semling
up llowers and leaves at the nodes ; peduncles of the
stamiintte llowers ;^-4' long, those of the pistillate
llowers stouter, i'-2' long, nodding in fruit.
In shalliiw, sta^tnant water, I.ake Ontario, to I'lorida,
west to Illiniiis, Missouri and I.uuisiana. July-.Vusf.
Family 7. GRAMINEAE ,lii.s,s. Oen. 28. 1789.*
CiR.XSS I'.VMII.V.
Anmial or jicreniiial herbs, of various habit, rarely shrubs or trees. Culni.s
('stems) j^enerally hollow, but occasionally solid, the nodes closed. Leaves
sheathinj;-, the sheaths iisiiall\- sjilit to the base on the side ()p])osite the blade; a
.scarious or cartilasfinoiis rin^, naked or hairy, rarely wantin.!.:;, called the li^nle,
is borne at the orifice of the sheath. Inflorescence spicate, racemose or panicu-
late, consistino- of spikelets composed of two to many 2-ranked imbricated
bracts, called scales (<;Uniics), the two lowest in the complete spikelet alway.s
einpt>\ one or lioth of these sometimes wanting. One or more of the upi)er .scales,
except sometimes the terminal ones, contains in the axil a flower, which is tisnally
enclosed b>' a bract-like awnless ori;an called the jialel, jilaced ojijiosite the scale
and with its back toward the axis ( rachilla > of the sjiikelet, f^eiierally 2-kecled;
sometimes the jialel is ])resen; wilhoiil the flower, and vice \ersa. Mowers per-
fect or .staminate, sometimes monoecions or lioecious, subtended by 1-3 minute
hyaline scales called the lodicules. Stamens 1-6, usually ;,. Antliers 2-celled,
versatile. ()var.\' i -celled, i-o\ided. St>les 1-3, conimonh- 2 and lateral. vStij;iiias
hair>' or pliunose. I'ruil a secdlike t^rain ( car\'opsis t. Juidospcrm starchy.
.\biiut 55i>i> spicii"^, widely ilisUiliutiil lliroiinlumt the world, KruwiiiK in uattr and cm .ill kinds
III' soil, 'riiose yieldiiiu rciiiil umius are called iireals. TIk- siieciis are mure iiiinRrnus in trupieal
cciunlries, while thi' mitnher iil' iii(lividui\ls is iiuicli greater in temperate rcKions. ul'lui rnniiinn ex-
tended areas of turl'. Tlie time nf year iiuUd is that ni' ripening seed.
KEY TO THE TRIBES AND GENERA.
A. Spikelets 1 iir 2 llnwered, when 2 llnwereil tin- upper fertiU-, Inwer
enlated lieluw the seales or tlu' snbUiuliuK invnliure, and lint e.vleiidiiijf he
Spikelets not llatteiied lalerally.
]"li)weriii(i' seak- and palet liyaliiie; iiniie nf tlii' seales spiny.
Spikelets innniieeinus; staminate and ))i-lillate in llie same paiiiele
Spikelets peii'eet. or one staminati' ur nidimentary, mostly silky.
I'Moweriiin scale and palet nienibranmis; siemid scale spiny (in ours).
I'Miiwirinii; scali' and jialet euriaceinis nr eliartaciims; siiikelels niiislly
NdS. i,( and i |; scales ,( nr 4.
Spikelets flattened laterally, i -llnwered; scales 2.
*Thi9 familv has been elaborated with the assistance of Mr, Gi;o. V. N'ASil.
staminate; r
icliilla:
rti-
yniK
1 the How-
I
.M.WIH
.\i:
II
.\MlKi
I'll!
O.Sl
.\i;.
III
y.DVSIl
.\i:
Iflal
rims, iiivnliicrat
' 111
1\-
I'.WICI
.w.
\'
OKVZh:
\v..
I
GRASS I'AMII.Y.
95
I
I. Ti iftsaciiiii.
B. Si)ikiUts I -in:iiiy ll(iu( rill: r;K-liilla fri'iicnillv articulated above the two lowt-r scales I below
them 111 Niis, ,^2, 40, 48 and 5(1 and lieciuently extending beyond the Hower in 1 lluweied spike'n ts.
Culms lierbaceons.
Spikelets iiiidii pi-dieels in i)anicles, spike-like panicles or racemes, not in rows.
.Sjiikelets with but 1 perleet Mower, wliieli is terniiiial except ill t,- and i)an of 56.
I'.iiipty scales . I lexet'ptin .No. :?oi: palet i nerved. '\'l. l'il.\i..\i<ri)r..\i;.
_ ICiuply scales 2; palet 2 nerved. VII. Ac.KdSri l)i:.\i:.
Spikelets with 2 or more iierfect flowers (except that on - is staminate in Nos. 40 and
-151; upper llower ol'leii imperlecl.
I'lowiriiif,-- scales Kenerallv shorter tli.ui the eiiii)tv lower ones, usually with a bent
awn on the back. " VIII. .\vi:.\|-,.\i.;.
I'lowerinjjf scales neiierally lon^rer than the eiuptv lower ones, umiwned or with'a
straight awu from the a])ex. x. I"i;srrcE-;.\i;.
Spikelets in two rows. formiiiKa one siile<l spike or raceme. IX. Ciii.oriiik.m;.
Spikelets in two oiniosite rows, forming an eciuilaleral spike (nuilateral in .V(/'v/;(v)
, , , XI Hoi ;. :.\i;.
(.ulms «(]ody, at least at the base; tall reeds. XII. U.\Mi!U.si:.\i:.
Tribe I. Maydeae.
Eertile s])ikelets imbedded in the joints of the thick nicliis.
Tribe II. Andkoi-ocjoxeae.
Joints of the racliis not much thickened nor excavated for the reception of the siiikelets.
Spikelets alike, iierfeet. one sessile, one pedice''.i(l. 2. /'.riciiillnis.
Spikelets not alike, the sessile perfect, the pedieelled staminate. einptv or wanting.
Inlloreseence composed of spike like silkv racemes. " 4. Aiidiofiogon.
Innorescenee paniculate; spikelets silky.
I'edicelled spikelet wanting (in our siieeies). 5. Clirvso/ionoii.
I'edicelled sjiikelel present and usuallv staminate. 0. Suri^lninP.
Joints of the racliis ({really thickened and excavated for the reception of the spikelets.
3. Mtiiiisiiris.
Tribe III. Zoysieae.
Spikelets in a tenninal spike; second scale spiny. -. \ij:ia.
Tril)e I\'. Paxiceae.
Spikelets without a subtending involucre of bristles or valves.
Scales 3.
Spikelets all alike in close i -sided sjiikes.
Spikelets with a swollen riiij; like callus at the base. 10. Eriochhhi.
Spikelets without a callus. S. Pa\/>,ihii)i.
Spikelets of two kinds, one borne in loose linear panicles, the other solitarv on subterranean
pedunclis and inatnrin(r seed. y. 'AiiipUiairhoii.
Scales 4, rarely t, by snpprtssion of the lowest one.
Spikelets in 2's or Vs on one side of a loiifj .iiid slender flat or v^inKled racliis ; spikes disji-
late or aiiproximate in whorls. ^ n. Syii/liciisiiia.
Spikelet' sinjrle. pedieelled. ill panicles or raceiue-likc .sessile and panicled sjiikes; first
scale short, third empty or staniinate, fmirtli fertile. 12. I'aiiUKiii.
Spikelets subtended by an involucre consisting of:
1 many persistent bristles; spikelets in dense spikes, deciduous. i :;. [vojilionis.
2 spine beariiiK valves forming a bur enclosing: the spikelets and deciduous with them.
14. I'cildlllli.
Tribe V. Ouvzicae.
Spikelets iiioiioeei(Mis; tall acpiatic (trasses.
ristillale sjiikelets ovate, borne at the base of each branch of the panicle.
ristillate spikelets linear, borne on the upperbrauches of the panicle,
Spikelets not moiuiecious; grasses of swamps or wet (rrounds.
I.I. Ziroiiiii/^siw
10. yC/:ii)ii(i.
17. JloiihilniCiuiiriis
Tribe \'l. Piiai..\ki!)i:.\i;.
Third and fourth scales
small and <niiity or riuliuuiitary. not awiied: stamens ,v
empty, awned upon the back: stamens 2.
subtending slainiuate flowers with 3 stamens ; fertile llowirs with 2 stamen;
20
Tribe \'\l. Acro.stidic.m;.
ElowcriuK scale indurated at maturity, of firmer texture than the einptv scales
lopiii(; tile urain.
Kachilla not prolonged beyond the jialet,
I'lowirinn scale with a llirei- liranched awn; stamens iimstly 3. 21
l''lowiriii(f scale with a siiii)ile awn.
Eloweriii(r scale narrow; awn persistent.
Awn tortuous or twisted, stout: callus evident, 22. Sli/>ii.
\\\n straight, very slender; callus ininnte. 2,,. Mii/i/iii/ifiQia.
I'MoweriiiK scale broad; awn slender, straight, deciduous: callus obtuse.
23. (>r]':(>/^sis.
!• lowering scale awnless. 24. MiliKni.
Kachilla with a jiedicel like extension beyond the palet; stamens 2 20. Hiacliycljli iiin.
iS. riiahnis.
ii). . \iifli,i.i aiil/iHiii.
.S(i:'ii\/,ii/ci.
iiid closely enve-
. li I's/idii.
i
96
GRAMINEAE.
Kloworiiijf sciik- hyaliiu- or miniUranous at maturity; tiupty soaks coarser; Kraiii loose.
SliikeUts ill a (k'lise siiiki-like ijaiiick-. (Sonic species of No. 31 may be kiokcd for here. )
Spikekts ,V' or kss '.oiif;.
Spikeiets readily (kciduous at maturity.
ICmpty seaks not awiied. 29. Alof>iriii lis.
ICmpty scaks awiied. 32. J'i>lypi>i;i>ii.
Spikek-ts not (k'eiduous; empty ^calvs ])ersisteiit.
l''k)\veriiijf seak-s sli);litly e.\c cditiK Hie empty ones. 27. Ifcleochlna.
I'loweritiK seaks much sliortci .lian tile empty ones. zS. IVilciini.
37. Aniiiiiifiliila.
few species of No. 31.
Spikekt.i ,s"-fi" loiiK; tall seashore sirass^'s.
Spikeiets variously panicled; panicle imt spi'.- like, exceiit in ;
Seed loosely enclosed in the pericar]), whic'i ')])ciis readily at inatiirily.
ICnipty se;des ininntc; low arctic Kr:..^s. 30. IViif>/>siii.
limply scales not minute; no callus, i'wiis or hairs. 31. Sf>(>r<<'nihis.
Seed adherent to the pericarp.
I'a'et 1 nerveil; stamen 1; flower iilio-.ily stalked: scales not hairy. 34. Ciniiu.
I'alct 2 nerved, stamens 3; ;low^.■ not plainly stalked.
I'lowerint; ^cale lifid with a (klicr • awn on its hack; rachilla prolonged into a
sh irt l)rist!e. .TO- l;V;v(.
T'lowcvins: scale entire, rachilla not prolonged into a bristle.
Callus with a tuft of lon(j hairs at the base (exci-pt in species of Kciius ,36).
Rachilla extended beyond the palet. ,^('1. Cii/iniiii.vrn.s/is.
Kaehilla not extended beyonil the palet. 3S, Ciiltiiiinz'il/ii.
Callus naked, or with viry short hairs.
Ivinpty scales somewhat shorter than the flowering ones; arctic grass.
7,1,. y\irl(iifroslh.
ICnipty scales longer than the flowering ones; panicle open; spikeiets small.
^S- - \ii>oslis.
Tribe VIII. Avknk.vk.
Spikeiets deciduous; lower flower perfect, upper staminate. awiied; i)laiit velvety. 40. Ilolciis.
Spikeiets not deciduous; eni))ty scales persistent, flowering ones deciduous.
Spikeiets of 2 perfect flowers; rachilla not prolonged beyond the upper one. 41. Aira.
Spikeiets 2~inany flowered; rachilla prolonged beyond the iipi)er flower.
Awn of flowering scale upon the back, inserted below the teeth.
I'lowers all perfect, or the upper ones staminate or wanting,
Spikeiets less than 6" long; grain free, uiifurrowed.
l"lowering scale finely erose-dentate or 2-lol)ed. 42. Drstliaiiif^sia.
Flowering scale cleft or 2-toothed, with the teeth sometimes produced into
awns. 43. Trisr/iim.
Spikeiets over 6" long; grain furrowed, usually adlicreiit to the scales.
44. A:'rii(i.
I'liper flower perfect, lower staminate, its scale strongly awned. .),s. Ai 1 liiiiallicnnn.
Awn from between the lobes or teeth of the flowering scale, generally twisted.
46. Ihinlhonia.
Tri1)e IX. Ciii.oKiniCAK.
I'lowers perfect or some of them rudimentary.
I perfect flower in each spikelet; sometimes 2 in Xos. ,53 and 54.
Ni> emj)ty scales above the flower,
Spikeiets deci<luous.
K.ichis ])rodueed beyond the upper spikelet; spikeiets narrow. 4S. Sfiaiiiiia.
Kaeliis not so produced; spikeiets globose, sometimes j-flowered, 54, Jlcckiiianiiia.
Spikeiets not deciduous; empty scales iicrsistciit; low slender grasses.
Spikes 2-6, slender. digita{e, i'-2' long. .^7. Capiiola.
.Spikes many along a common axis. 2'-4' long. 52. Siliccloniiariliis.
One-several empty scales above the flower.
I.owcr empty scales 4; spike solitary, dense. 49. Ciiiiiftiilosiis.
I,owcr cin])ty scales 2.
Spikes in false whorlsor closely approximate; scales long awiied, .so. C/'/oris.
.Spikes reinote, or the lowest only approximate.
.Spikeiets '^c-.tl' rid or remote on filiform s])ikes. .si. I iviiiiiofioiiitn.
Spilulets crowded, ,sonietiiiies 2-flowered, 53. ISiuileloiia.
2-3 perfect flowers in each spikelet.
vSpikelets .ieiisely crowded; spikes usually digitate,
.Spil.cs with terminal spikeiets. " ,s,s. lileiisiiic.
,Spil;cs without terminal spikeiets, the rachis extending beyond them into a point.
,S<>. Dailylocti'iiiiim.
Spikeiets <listiiietly alternating; spikes remote. ,S"- f.i'f>li>(liloa.
Spikeiets dioecious, very unlike; spikes short; low prairie grass, 58. liiilhili.s.
Tribe X. Fkstuckar.
Rachilla with long hairs enveloping the flowering scale; tall acpiatic grass. 60. Pliragmiles.
Rachilla and flowering scales ii.iked or hairy, hairs inueli shorter than the scales.
Stigmas barbcUate; spikeiets in clusters of 3-6 in the axils of stilT s|iiuesccnt leaves,
59. Afiiiin
Stigrin
^y. ttiilitftni,
rinas plumose; spikeiets not in the axils of leaves; innoresccncc various.
Spikeiets of two forms, the fertile 1-3-flowered, surrounded by the sterile, consistfng of
nianv emi)tv pectinate scales, 76. L'yiiosiinis.
c,.,i..„i-..ts iill aii!:"
iveriiig scale 2-.vlootlie(l or pointed, usually 3 nerved; lateral nerves and callus
(an enlargement of the rachilla just below the flowering scale ) generally hairy.
Spikeiets with 3 liiaiiy fertile flowers. 61. Sii\i;liiii;ia.
Spikeiets i -3-nowcred ; flowering scales keeled; branches of the diffuse iiaiiicle
1(1110* :iii(l (*'ii.tll'ir»' l\n A'j'///i#'/////i
H
■■a
62. Krdfiildia.
GRASS FAMILY.
97
71. flcuroftosroi
I'lowering scale uf sonu- otliir strui'turt".
l-'Iowcriiiff scaUs i-viR-rvid, all with pcrfict flowers, or tlie iii)i)irmost with a
slainiinlu (lnwi-r only or I'liiptv.
I'aiiiilc braiiclR's spirally arraiiKVd.
raiiirk' br.inclu-s simple, in spiku-likc- ractims. 6). Diphu/nir
liraiiclics of tlR- paniclf nioslly affain divided.
Spikelels loosel- 2--4-nowered; oonieal racliilla arlieiilated.
,, ., , , , 64. ^f''illia.
Spikelets densely 2-70-nowertd; racliilla not artieulaled; \\y\\\c or
throat of sheath bearded. 6:5. /■:riii;r,'n//\-
I'riniary branches of the panicle distiehons, usually branched i'lRaiii at tlie base
Panicle spike-like or much contracted.
Second scale broader than the 2 flowerinK ones. 66. F.aloiiia
Second scale not broader than the v~ flowering ones. 67. Kocloia
Panicle dilTuse, with lonif slender branches. 6S. Oilahiosa
l"IoweriiiK- scales 3-inany-iierved, with 2 or more of the upper scales empty
appres.sed, convolute around each other.
Stamens ,t; upper sterile scales usiiallv club-shaped. fig. Mt'lica.
Slaineiis 1-2; sterile .scales not club-shaped. 70. Kmycaihii^
I'loweriiiK scales 5-many-nerved, each with a perfect flower, or the upper sometimes
abortive.
Keel of the palet wiiifrol or with a linear appendage.
Kee! of the palet not appeii(la>{e<l.
Scali'S more or less stronKlv compressed and keeled
ICiupty basal scales ,^-6; spikelets flat, 2-edged.
Ivinpty basal scales 2: si)ikelets flattened.
Panicle contracted; spikelets <lii)ecious.
Panicle open; spikelets perfect.
P'loweriiig scales herbaceous, awn-pointed; spikelets collected
ill one-sided clusters. -5. /huivlis.
Flowering- scales scarious-margined; racliis glabrous or with
Webby hairs.
Spikelets large, cordate. 74. /lr/:ci.
Spikelets mostly smaller, not cordate.
ICmpty scales projecting beyond tlie uppermost flower-
ing ones; arctic grass. 7S. Diipoiilia.
I'pperuiost scales exceeding the eiiiptv ones; flowering
scales 2-10, mostly Webby at base. 77. /',i<i.
Flowering scales membraiious; nichis hirsute with stilT hairs,
extended into a hairv appendage. So. (,'i<ipk,hli,>rnin.
Scales rounded on the back, at least below.
Stigmas placed at or ne.ir the a])ex of the ovary.
I'lowering scales with a bas.il ring of hairs, promineutlv 7nerved,
toothed at ape.x; water grass. 79. Sio'lodiloa.
I'lowering scales naked at the base:
Obtuse or sub.acute and searious at the apex, usually toothed.
Plainly ,s-7-nerve(l : styles present. ,Si. /'n'liiiii/iirid.
Obscurely ,=; nerved; 110 style or awns. ,^2. Piicciiitilia.
.Vcute. pointed orawned at ajiex: not webby. .S;. /■'rsliica.
Stigmas plainly arising below the apex of the ovarv; spikelets large,
usually drooping; scales mostly awiied. Xf. Jlroiiiu.s.
72.
7,S-
I iiiola.
/hsiuiili!.
Tribe XI. Hokdkak.
stigma i; spike unilateral; spikelets i-flowered, narrow.
Stigmas 2; spike symmetrical.
Spikelets solitary at the notches of the rachis.
I'lowering scales with their backs turned to the rachis.
I'lowering scales with their sides turned to the rachis.
Spikelets 1-2-llowered in slender articulate spikes.
Spikelets 2-many-llowered in stout inarticulate spikes.
Spikelets 2-6 at each joint of the rachis; scales mostly long-awned.
Spikelets i-flowered or with the rudiment of a second flower.
Spikelets 2-niaiiy- flowered.
ICmpty scah'S a little smaller than the flowering ones.
Ivmpty se;il s very small or none.
Tribe XII. Bamiusi^ak.
Tall canes with large flat spikelets in panicles or racemes.
S,s. XiiiiIks.
86. Loliiim.
87. f.rfi/iiriis.
88. .Ii; ro/iyion.
89. /fi>iilcii»t.
90. lCI\')iiiis.
91. Ifysln'x.
92. Aiiimlinaria.
I. TRIPSACUM L. Sy.st. Kd. lo, 2: 1261. 1759.
[DiGiT.VRiA Heist.; Adans. I'ain. PI. 2: 38. 1763.]
Tall pcrentiial grasses with thick rootstocks, rather broad flat leaves and monoecious
flowers. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, in terminal or axillary, solitary or clustered, elongated
spikes. vStaminate spikelets in 2's at cacli node of the axis, 2-flowcrcd, consisting of four
scales, the two outer coriaceous, the two in ler thinner, the palet hyaline; stamens 3. Pis-
tillate spikelets in excavations at the lower joints of the spike, i-flowered; stigmas exserted;
style slender. Grain partly enclosed in the excavations of the spikes, covered in front by the
horny exterior lower scale. [Name from the Greek, in allusion to the polished outer scales. J
.\bout ,1 species, natives of tropical and temperate .Vmerica. llesides the following, another'
occurs in the southern United .States.
98
ORAMIXKAK.
Gaina
'7<\V
A. Cray,
1. Tripsacum dactyloides I^.
Clrass. ( Fijr. 210. j
C'oi V ittu/iliu'ili's r,. S]). I'l. 1)72. 175V
Tii fisiu II III i/ii(/i/iiii/rx I.. S]). ri. ICd. '2, i,?;S.
V'l Ipsa, mil i/,i,n/iu'i/is var. iiiniitisliiilniiiii
.Man. 6i(). iSjS.
Kootstock yi'-i' thick, cultiis stout, erect, 4°-,S°
tall. Leaves smooth and glabrous, 1° or more
long, .'j'-i'j' wide, loiig-acuminate, truncate or
subcordate at the ba.sc ; spikes terminal and in the
upper a.xils, solitary or 2-3 together, 4'-9' long,
the lower spikelets pistillate, the upper staminate
and very numerous ; outer scales of the staminate
spikelets linear and obtuse, 4" long, about ]"
wide, faintly many-nerved ; exterior scale of the
pistillate spikelets horny, shining, closely appresscd
in fruit.
In swamps or alonp streams, CDnnccticut to I'lorida,
Texas and .Mcxicn. north to IIlitKiis, Missouri atui
Kansas. .Also in South .\MUTioa. Oni-ofour larKist
grasses, souRtimcs used for fodder. June-,Sept.
2. ERIANTHUS Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. i: 54. iSo;,.
Tall generally robust perennial grasses, with thick creeping rootstocks, long flat leaves
and perfect flowers in terminal ])anicles. .Spikelets generally with a ring of hairs at the
base, 2 at each node of the jointed rachis, one sessile, the other with a pedicel, generally
i-flowered. vScales 4, the two outer indurated, the inner hyaline, the fourth bearing a terminal
straight or con to ted awn ; palct small, hyaline ; stamens 3. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in
the scales. [Greek, referring to the woolly s])ikelets.]
About 17 species natives of the temperate and tropical rcKions of liotli lu niisplures. liesides
the following, two others occur in tlie Soullieiii .Stales.
•)"■" ^l'"'';'':, ,. r..alot^cc,i,oid.-s.
.Awn slrai(flit. '
I'iiiiielc lax: l.raiiclRs long: and si>rcadiiiK; basal hairs loiifrer than tin- cmter scale of the
„ ^I>'l<clet. ..,,,, , 2. E. s.urharohhs.
I'.amcle compact or strict: branclus short and <rect <.r appresscd: basal hairs cduallinir or
shorter than the outer scale of tlie spikekt i f.
( niter scale about 2; .■' Ioiim;. ,. /.;. ,„„,/,„,/„,,
Outer scale alxmt 4 long. ^ /C. />rrri/<„r/iis.
I. Erianthus alopecuroides ( I,. ) JvU. Spiral-awiiwl Ht'nrd-Knis.s. (I-i>r. 211.)
.\iiihopiii;oii :i/(i/iiriiniii/rs I,. S|). IM. io|=;. 17SV
Eiimilliiis iilnfiriiiroiiles ICll. Hot. S. C' iS: C.a! i • -,.">•
iSif). In part.
Culms stout, erect, 6°-io° tall; nodes naked or
barbed, the summit and the axis of the panicle
densely pubescent with appresscd long rigid silky
hairs Sheaths glabrous ; leaves usually glabrous,
6'-2° long, li'-i' wide, acuminate, iiarrowc<l and
sometimes hairy on the upper surface near the
base; panicle oblong, 7'-i2' long, 2'-,V wide,
branches spreading, 3'-=;' long, slender, loose, in-
tcrnodes about 2" long; outer scales of the spike-
let about 3" long, exceeding the pedicel and about
two-thirds a,s long as the basal hairs, lanceolate,
acuminate ; inner scales shorter, the awn 6" S"
long, scabrous, the portion included in the outer
scales tightly spiral, bent at point of exsertion, and
theuce loosely spiral.
In damp soil, North Carolina to Kentucky and Missouri, south to CicoiKia and Alabama. Com
parisoii with the original specimens of I.innaens proves that the name iiloprdi midis belongs to
this species. .Se|)l.
CRASS rAMII.Y.
99
2. Erianthus saccharoides Michx. Plume Cirass. ( Imji;. 21:
/■:> /1111//111.1 sati/mriiii/fs yiichs. V\. lior. Am. l:
Culms robust, erect, 5°~h>'' tall, barbed at
the nodes, thcsiiiniiiitaiid the axi:i of the pan-
icle densely pubescent with appresscd lonjj
rigid silky hairs. Sheatli'' glabrous or spar-
ingly hairy below, densely pubescent at the
throat with long more or less spreading
silky hairs ; leaves scabrous or a])pressed-
pubescent, 6' 2° long, V'-i' wide, long-
acuminnte, somewhat narrowed towards the
base; panicle lax, broadly oblong, s'-i.s'
long, 2'-4' wide, its branches spreading, 2'-
4' long, slender, internodes about 2" long;
outer scales of the spikelet about 2" long,
a little exceeding the pedicel and about one-
half as long as the basal hairs, lanceolate,
acuminate; inner scales shorter, the awn
10"- 12" long, straight, scabrous.
Ill iiiciisl saiKly soi
I"luri(laaii(l I.oiiisiiiiia.
isteru
Culia.
Virginia to
Aug. -Sept.
3. Erianthus compactus Xa.sli. Con-
tracted PI iiiin.'-j^rass. ( l"'ij^. 213.)
/■:iiini//iiis i(iiii/>,i,/iis Xasli. Hull. Torr. Club. 22:
4U). i8()5.
Culms erect, 4''-S° tall, stout, the nodes
barbed, the summit and axis of the panicle
densely i)ubcscent with appresscd long rigid
silky hairs. Sheaths glabrous, or pubescent at
the top ; leaves scabrous above, sparingly ap-
pressed-pubcscent beneath, 6'-2° long, 3"-6"
wide, long-acuminate, narrowed toward the
base: panicle narrowly oblong, 4'-6'long. about
1 '2' wide; branches erect, i'-2' long; spikelets
crowded: internodes about i" long; outerscales
of the spikelet about I'i" long, exceeding the
pedicels and about equalling the basal hairs,
lanceolate, acuminate; inner scales shorter, the
awn 5"-io" long, straight, scabrous.
Ill UKiisl soil. N'lw Jirsi y In Nnrlli Carolina and
Teniussii-. .\uk. Sept.
4. Erianthus brevibarbis Miolix. vSliort-
hearded Phiine-,u;ras.s. (Fin'. 214.)
lu iiiii/liiis /iri:t7)i7i /lis Mic]\\. I'M. I!or. .\iii. I: .s.'i. iSo.v
lu iiiiifliiis siiii/hiiiiiiiis Micli.\. sub s|). hni'ihaihis
Hack, in DC. Motion. I'liati. 6; i.^i. \i^^i).
Culms stout, erect, 4° 5° tall, nodes naked or
scantily barbed, the summit and axisof the panicle
smooth or scabrous. Sheaths glabrous; leaves
riiugh, 12'- iS' long, 3"-5" wide, acuminate ; jian-
icle linear- oblong, S'-io' in length, I'-i'i'wide,
branches erect, 2 '--5' long, internodes about 2'j"
long; outer scales of the spikelet about 4" long,
twice the length of the pedicel and equalling or
twice as long as the basal hairs, lanceolate, long-
acuminate; inner scales shorter; awng" -12" long,
straight, scabrous.
In moist soil. VirRiiiia (jiccordititf li> Walsoti ) to
North Carolina and I.ottisiaiia. .\tttuiiiii.
1
lOO CRAMINKAK.
3. MANISURIS I,. Mant. 2: 164. 1771.
[RoT'riiuKi.tiA I,, f. Dissert. Nova Gram. Gen. 23. 1779.]
Mostly tall perennials, witli runninfj rootstocks, narrow flat leaves and cylindrical jointed
spikes, terminal and from the iijiper axils. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the excavated
rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other with a pedicel .unl either staininate or cni])ty. Scales
of the perfect spikelet 4, the outermost thick and coriaceous, covering, t(i;,'ethcr with the
pedicel of the sterile spikelet, the excavation in the rachis ; second scale cliartaceous ; third
and fourth hyaline, the latter subtending a palet and perfect (lower. Sf.uneiis 3. >Styles
distinct. Grain free. [Greek, in allusion to the tail-like spikes.]
About 25 spii'ics. \vi<K-ly <lislri1)uU<l in tropical and Uinpi-rale countrii's.
I. Manisuris rugosa ( Xutt. ) Kuntze.
Wrinkled Manisuris. ( Kig. 215.)
Rollh,H-llin iii'^oid Nutt. Ci'n. \:\<\. I.SlS.
jranisiiris rii^osa Kunt/c, Kcv. Ci-n. I'l. 7S0. 1S91.
.T/'tiiii.siir/:: iiii;os(7 Cliafiiiaiii .Scribn. Mem. Torr.
Club, 5: 28. 1894.
vSmooth and glabrous, culms erect, 2°-4° tall,
compres.scd, much branched above, branches
spreading. Sheaths compressed; leaves Hat,
acuminate, 6'-2° long, \"-}," wide ; spikes par-
tially included in the sheath or more or less ex-
serted, \^i'~2)i' long; outermost scale of the
spikelets oblong-ovate to ovate, about 2" long,
strongly transversely rngose, the wrinkles con-
tinuous or interrupted.
In wet soil alouE tlic coast, Delaware to l''lorida,
west to Louisiana and Texas. June-.Sept.
4. ANDROPOGON L. Sp. PI. 1045.
^ /.-),>•
Perennial grasses with usually long narrow leaves, and terminal and axillary spikes,
Spikelets in pairs at each node of the jointed hairy rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other
with a pedicel and either staminate, empty or reduced to a single scale. Perfect spikelet
consisting of 4 scales, the outermost coriaceous, the second keeled and acute, the two inner
hyaline, the fourth more or less awned and subtending a palet and perfect flower. .Stamens
1-3. Grain free. [Greek, in allusion to the bearded rachis.]
.\bout 150 species, widely distributed in troi)ical and teinpirate rtRions.
some 12 others occur in the southern and WLStern parts of Xortli .America.
liesiJesthe following.
A. srn/'aiiiis.
lontf. 2. yl. (iix t/tii'iis.
.1. Ilallii.
A. fiircaliis.
Internodes of the rachis clavatc-thickencd:
.\ltenuale at base; spikes solitarj-, distant.
liroad at base; spikes in i)airs or digitate, occasionally panicled.
Hairs as long as the pedicel or longer.
vSpikes in pairs; outer scales of sessile spikelet about 2';
Spikes 2-5 together; outer scales of sessile spikelet about 4" fong.
■\.
Hairs less than one-half the length of the pedicel. ').
Internodes of the rachis not elavate-thickened, slender, more or less (lexuous.
Spikes protruding from the side of the inflated spatlie, never on long-exserted peduncles.
Branches of the culm short, distant, forming a loose elongated inflorescence.
„ , , , , $. A. i'iriiiiiiciis.
Branches of the culm elongated, forming at sumndt a compact bushy inflorescence.
„.,.,. 6. ./, i^litnwnihi.f.
hpikes terminal on finally long-exserted peduncles: spatlie narrow; upper sheaths elongated
and much inflated, imbricated; upper nodes deiiselv bearded. 7, . /. Klliollii.
Internodes of the rachis much thickened on the niargins.lhe intervening portion thin and translu-
cent; nodes of the culm not bearded. 8. A. Tofrcyanus.
GRASS FAMILY.
lOI
I. Andropogon scoparius Miclix. Ikoom HLard-j^rrass
Aiidnipo^dii Si,i/Hii iiiiii •S,\\i:\\\. V\. H(ir. \iii I
Culms from a creeping rootstock, smootli,
simple or much branched, 2°~4° tall. Sheaths
smooth or scabrous, sometimes ghiucous; leaves
6'-i2' long, i"-3" wide, acuminate, scabrous;
spikes I '-2' long, loo.se, solitary, on long-ex-
serted slender ])eduncles ; rachis slender, ilex-
nous, joints and pedicels ciliate with long
spreading hairs; outermost scale of sessile spike-
let about T," long, acuminate, scabrous ; awn
spiral, more or less bent at point of cxsertion,
S"-6" long, scabrous ; pedicellcd spikclet re-
duced to a single awn-pointed scale.
Ill dry siiiidy fiilds, Niw lirunswick to Mbiilii
south to I'londa, I.oiiisiann mul 'IVxas. \sceiids
to .yioo It. ill (k'oivia. .SpcciiiRus ditcrmiind as
.1. iiKii i/niiKK ChaiJiii., from Capi- May, N J ap-
pear to 1)L- rcfcrabk- to this species .Vug -Oct
Andropogon argyraeus Scluiltes. Silvery Beard-gra.ss. ( Fijr. 2.7.
)
Hot. S. C. X: Ca. i: 14s.
1S24.
.\ii(hiifiiii;iin aixni/riis ICU.
i>!ir- Not DC. i.'<l,^
.iinJn-pi>i;„ii aixvni'ciis ,Sclnilli-s, Maiit. 2: 4^0.
.hi</r,i/>(i:;(ii/ Jlrlz'isii ])fsv. Opusc. 67. iS.Vi.
Culms erect, smooth, 2°-4° tall, simple at base,
generally much branched above. Sheaths some-
what compressed, glabrous or pubescent; basal
leaves 6'-i°; upper 2'-,S' by i" wide, acuminate,
smooth to scabrous above, glabrous or pubescent
beneath; spikes in paii.s, 1 '-2' long, on more or
less exserted slender peduncles ; joints of the
rachis and pedicels pubescent with long silky white
spreading hairs ; outermost scale of sessile' spike-
let about 2yz" long, acuminate, scabrous ; awn
loosely spiral, 6"-9" long, scabrous; pedicellcd
spikelet reduced to a minute lanceolate acuminate
scabrous scale, which is early deciduous.
In dry sandy soil. Delaware to Missouri, south to
MoruU iiiul Texas. Cuhii k-avis shorter and broader
lliaii tliL' basiil ones. .Sept
Ai/i/roponoii I hill i
127, 1884.
Andropogon Hallii Hack.
Hack. .Sitz. Akad. Wiss.
Hair.s Bc'ard-gra.s.s
Wicii. 89:
Culms robust from a creeping rootstock, ;,°-6° tall,
simple at base, branched above, smooth, more or less
glaucous. Sheaths somewhat glaucous; leaves 1° or
less long, 3"-4" wide, smooth ; spikes '2-5 together,
2'-4' long, the lateral ones often included in the
spathes ; joints of rachis and pedicels pubescent with
spreading silky white or yellow hairs of about their
own length ; outermost scale of sessile spikclet about
^" louK, acuminate, glabrous at base, from sparingly
to copiously silky-i)ubescent toward the apex ; awn
2"-5" long, or sometimes wanting; pedicellcd spike-
let consisting of 4 scales, the outermost generally
larger than the corresponding scale of the sessile
spikelet and subtending a palet and three stamens.
Dry sandy soil. Kansas and .Molilalia to Mexico Aui? -
bept. *■'
y
I02 CRAMINKAK.
4. Andropogon furcatus Mulil. l-'orkctl
Heard -j^rass. (Fig. 219.)
Jiniiii/iniiaii t'in.tiliis Miilil.; Willd. Sp. I'l. 4: i)i(|.
1 Si 1(1.
.Iiii/rn/iiiifdii />r,i:iiiii(i/i.s sulivar. /'iiir,i/ii\ Hack, in
DC. Moll. I'liiiii. 5: _i|2. |NS(,,
Culms erect, stout, sinootli and Kl'''''rous, 3"-6°
tall, simple at base, branched above. %Slieatlis
smooth and >,dal)ious; leaves smooth or roufjh, 6'-
iS' louK, 2"-;" wide, acuminate ; spikes 2-5, in
pairs or approximate at tlie summit, 2'-^' lon>? ;
joints of rachis and pedicels ciliate with short
hairs ; outermost scale of sessile spikelet .V'~Y'
lon^,', twice the length of the rachis joints, scab-
rous ; awn 5"-7" Ion;.;, loosely spiral ; pedicelled
spikelet consisting of 4 scales.
Ill dryor iiioisl sdil, Maiiii' and Ontarid to Manitoba,
south to I'Morida. Kansas and 'IV.vas. .\ujr. .Scpl.
5. Andropogon Virginicus L,. Virginia Beard-gra,ss. (Fig. 220.)
.lii(/rii/}oi;,i)i l'in;i)niiis I,. .Sj). I'l. 1046. 175V
Ciiiiui liiUnilis Walt. I'l. Car. 5-/. I7S,S.
.Iii(tr<>/>(ii;(>ii ilissili/li'iiis Miehx. 1"1. Hor. .\iii. i:
57. i^'ov
.lii(/ni/>iii;(iii Vdniiiii/iis ICll. Hot. S. C. & (la, i:
i.(.s. 1S17.
Culms erect, smooth, 2°-4° tall, simple at
base, branching above. Sheaths smooth; leaves
6'-i° long, i"-y wide, long-acuminate, scali-
rous on the margins; branches of culm short,
forming a loose and elongated inllorescencc ;
spikes in pairs, occasionally 3 or 4, about i' long,
loose, protruding from the sides of the spathes;
rachis fle.xuous, slender, the joints and pe<li-
cels pubescent with long si)readiiig silky hairs;
lowest scale of sessile spikelet about I'i" long;
awn 4"-9" long, straight, scabrous; pedicelled
spikelet generally wanting, occasionally a rudi-
mentary scale present.
In dry or iiioint fitUls, Massachusetts to I'eiiiisyl
vaiiia and Illinois, soiitli to I'lorida and Texas.
.\lso in Cuba. AuK.-Sipl.
6. Andropogon glomeratus ( Walt. ) W. S. V. Bushy Beard-grass. ( Fig. 221.)
Ciiiiiii n/iiiiiirn/d Wall. I'M. Car. 59. I7SS.
Ainlrofiiiiioii iiiiurnii 1 mil .Michx. I'M. lior. .\in. I: s6.
iSo^i,
Aiiiliofxmoii i,^lniii,'i;iliis H. S. I'. I'ril. Cat. X. V. (\-.
isss.
Culms erect, i !2'°-3° tall, smooth, sim])le below,
much branched above, upper nodes of branches
barbed. Sheaths compressed, smooth to strongly
scabrous, glabrous or pubescent; leaves i"~2"
wide, scabrous, lougacutninate, the basal two-thirds
as long as or equalling the culm, those of the culm
6'-l8' long ; branches elongated, forming a com-
pact terminal inllorescence ; spikes in pairs, about
i' long, loose, protruding from the sides of the
scabrous spathes ; rachis (lexuous, the joints and
pedicels pubescent with long spreading silky hairs ;
outermost scale of sessile spikelet about i ' i" long ;
awn 6"-9" long, scabrous ; pedicelled spikelet
reduced to a single scale or wanting.
Damp soil, soutlurn New York to central IVnnsylva-
nia and IHorida. mostly near the coast. Sept. -Oct.
GRASS l-AMILY.
7. Andropogon Elliottii Clmpiii. Ivlliott's Hcard-Krass. (Imk- 222. )
.Uii/iii/>iiL:i'ii Elliollii Cliapin. I'l. S. Slates. .sSi.
l.S(«i.
Culms erect, i°-3° tall, sinootli, siiiii)le or
spariiijjly branched above, branches stron).;ly
beanled at the upper nodes. Sheaths j^labrous
or loosely villous, the lower narrow, the upper
elongated, inflated, imbricated; basal leaves
about one-half as lon>; as the culm, smooth,
■j"-! '2" wide, those of the culm fdiform or
narrowly linear, 2' 10' louf;, ]i"-\" wide;
in pairs, i'-2' lou};, loose, fnudly lonji-exserted
on fdiform pedimcles ; rachis slender, flcxuous,
its joints and the ])edicels pubescent with long
spreadiuK silky hairs; outermost scale of the
sessile sjjikelct I '^''-a" lonjj, scabrous on the
keel; awn 6"-9" lonj,', scabrous; p.iiicelled
spikclct a minute scale or wantinj^.
In dry or moist places, Pennsylvania to l-'lorida
and Texas. Auif -Sept.
8. Andropogon Torreyanus .Steiid. Toncy s Ikarcl-^rass. ( l*i^^ 223. )
%
;--?
221. )
i: ,sfi.
Y. h-.
Ainliii/tii^iiii i^/diii IIS 'I'ltn. Ann. I,ve. N. V. I: i.s.v
1S24. Not Muhl. 1(^17.
.\ii(lii>pi>i;i>ii 'I'lirifyaiiiis Steuil. Noniencl. lid. 2,
9,1. I.S4I-
. \ mi rof>os;i>ii Ja iiiisi i 'ti)X\ , Marey's Kep. ,vi2- I'^.S.I-
.tiii/i'ii/'iii;iiii siiii/iiiiiii'i/rsvM. 7'i'iiiyiiiiiis Hack.
in DC. MciiKijf. IMian. 6: 49.S. 1SS9.
Culms erect, i,'<°~,i'2'° tall, simple or
branched, jjlabrous, the nodes naked. Sheaths
smooth and n^'i'^rous, more or less k1''»ucous ;
leaves },'-'' lonj,;, 2"-^" wide, long-acuminate,
smooth and glabrous towards the base, scabrous
on margins and at the apex, glaucous ; spikes
I'-i V2'long in a terminal long-exscrted panicle
2'-\' long ; joints of the rachis with a thin
translucent median hue ; outermost scale of ses-
sile spikclct i>^"-2" long, about equalling the
terminal hairs of the rachis-joints, lanceolate,
acute, pubescent at base with long silky hairs;
awn 4"-8" lon.g. spiral, bent, scabrous; pedi-
celled spikeU't reduced to a single narrow scale.
In dry soil,
Autf.-.Sepl.
Kans.is to .\rizona and Meyico.
5. CHRYSOPOGON Trin. Fiiiid. A^rost. 1.S7. 1S20.
Generally tall grasses, ours psrennials, with long narrow Hat leaves and terminal pani-
cles. Spikelets in pairs or 3's, one sessile and perfect, the lateral pcdicelled, staminate,
empty, or reduced to the pedicel only. Perfect spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the two
outer indurated and shining, the inner hyaline, the fourth awued and subtending a palct and
perfect flower, or the palet sometime? wanting. Stamens ^. Styles distinct; stigmas plu-
mose. Grain free. [ Greek, referring to the golden-yellow hairs on the spikelets.]
About 20 species, in temperate and tropical countries.
I04
1. Chrysopogon avenaceus
CkAAUNEAi:.
I Miclix. I Ikii 'i.
Indian (irass. ( I""i^'. 224. )
ihiiiiiiii Mirlix. I'l. Hor. Am. !:>*<.
I Hi i\.
Sill 1; /ill III iiii/iiiis A. ('■ray, .Mail. 017. |S|S.
!:■! ihiii inn Cliapm. I"l. S, Stall's, 585.
.Si 11X^1 II III
INmp.
( ■//; I'v.i/),.;'
•9: 7.1
III (tvfihir
Itiiilli. Jduni. Mini, Sdf.
Culms frect, ,V^ ■'^^ tall, from creepiii).; root-
slDclcs, smooth, the nodus pubescent. Sheaths
smooth; lower leaves \° or more in kiiKlh,
2" S" \vi<lf. loii^j-acumiuate, scabrous; panicle
.\' 12' 1oii,l; ; branches 2'"4' lonj.;, slender, erect-
s|)rcadin,n; spikelels in pairs, or in ,Vs at the ends
of tliu branches, erect or somewhat spreadinj.j ;
first scale of sessile spike'.jt 3""-l" loUKi acute,
puliesceiit with lon>{ hairs; second scale j;lab-
rous ; awn 5"-io" lonj;, the colunin very little
if at all bent ; lateral spikelcts reduced to
plumose pedicels.
In ilry fiilds. (tularin in .Manitoba, soittli to
KliocU- Island. l'Iori<la ami .\rizoiia. I'aiik'k- brown-
ish yil low. Aun. -Sept.
Chrysopogon nutans 1 I.. 1 lu iilli
loiiKI. supijoiuil on a coliiniii ilisliiutly Ik til at
said to have been reciiillv I'ouiiil in Kiiiluikv,
listiii^juislird fidiii this species by its lonjfcr awn (12"-I.s"
ibonl Ur- middU', occurs in Tiiiiussic and is
6. SORGHUM I'crs. Svn. i: loi.
1 80s
Annual or ]urcnnial j^rasses with lonj; broad Hat leaves and terminal anii)lc panicles.
.Spikelcts in jiairs at uhe nodes, or in Vs at the ends of the branches, one sessile and perfect,
the lateral pedicelled, staminate or empty. Sessile spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the
outer indurated and shinini,', ol)scnrcly nerved, inner hyaline, the fourth awucd and sub-
tciuliug a small jialct and perfect (luwcr, or jtalet sometimes wanting. Stamens .5. Styles
distinct, (".rain free. [Xanic Indian.]
About l,^ species, of wide dislribulioii in tropical and wanii-tcuii)ciate retfions.
I. Sorghum Halepense (I,. ) IVrs. Johnson-o^rass
HolcKS Ifalipnisi.sl,. Sp. I'l. 10.17. i7,s,i.
Andiopoi;oii Ifuhpiiisi.-^ Urol. I'l. I.usit. i: N).
Sorglnnn llalipfiisc IVrs. Syii, i: 101, i!5o,=i.
iSo.|,
Culms erect, 3°-5° tall, simple or sonietinies
much branched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths
smooth; leaves 1° or more long, V'-'' w'de,
long-acuminate; panicle ojicn, from ,'2°-! 'j°
long, the generally wliorled branches spreading
and naked towards the base ; outer scales of ses-
sile spikelet i"-}/' long, ovate-lanceolate, usually
purplish, pubescent with long apprcssed hairs ;
awn when present 4"-8" long, more or less bent;
pedicelled spikelcts of 4 scales, the outer two
about 3" long, membranous, 7-9-nerved, their in-
rolled margins ciliatc, the inner two shorter and
narrower, hyaline, sometimes with staminate
flowers.
In fields and waste places, southern Pennsylvania
to Missouri, south to I'lorida and Texas. Widely dis-
tributed by cullivalion in tropical Aiiieiica. Native
of southern IJurope and .\sia, July Se])l.
CRASS IWMII.V.
105
7. NAZIA Ad.ins, l"ain. I'l. 2: ;,i. i;'",^
[Tkai.is Hall. Hisl. Stirii. Hclv. 2: 20;,. ivd.H.J
[I.Ai'i'AC.o Sclint). (kii. ,=55. iT^ol
All nniiiml Kruss, dilTusfly hrani-hed, witli (liit Icnves and i-flowcri'il deciduous spikelcts,
cither solitary or in rliistcrs of v ,S in a terminal spike. Scales of spikelct 2 or ;, the outer-
most small or waiilinj;, the second rij,'id and covered with hooked prickles, the third mem-
branous, suhtcndiiiji; a ))alet and perfect (lower. [Name unexplained. J
.\ Itliillnlyjiii' Ki lUls.
tini|irrali riKiuM- nl' Uu
iiiilivr (if ti(i|)iiiil and
old World.
1. lia/Aa racemosa i h. ) Ktiiitzc.
I'rickk'-Krass. t Vi^. J2f). )
Ceiiclinis riiiiiiiii.id I,. Sp. I'l. io(i). i7,s,v
/Mf>p(i!,'ii )iuiiiii>si7 Wind. sp. I'l. i: tS|. ' 1711S.
.Wr.iii iiuiiiiii^ii Kuiit/c. Ki \ . ('.111. ri. 7S1.
Culms 2'-i.(' tall, erect, iinple to diffusely
branched, smooth below, jniliescent above.
Sheaths smooth and j.;labrons ; leaves i '-},'
lon^r, I "-2" wide, acuniin.itc, rallur stroiijily
ciliate ; spike 1' .4' lonj;, sotnetiincs partially
included in the somewhat inflated upper
sheath; spikclets i-llowcrcd: first scale very
small, almost hyaline ; second scale coria-
ceous, \'i" lonj;, acute, 5-nerved, each nerve
armed with a row of hooked prickles ; third
scale 1" lon).j, keeled, shar])-pointed, 1-
ncrvcd, membranous, eiiclosinj; a palet of
like texture and a perfect tlower.
( »ccasi(iti.il ill l),ill;isl and waste ]i1,kxs abinil
tin- .\llaiitic siapnits. .Mnindaiil rmiii Ti xas to
Ari/iiiia and Mixitii. Native of liurope and
Asia. July Sept.
8. PASPALUM L. Sy.st. I'M. m, 2. S55. 1759.
Perennial j,nasses of various habit, with generally flat leaves and i-flowered spikelets
borne in 2 .( rows on i -sided spikes, which are sinj^le, in pairs, or pauicled. Spikelets oblonj^
to orbicular, flat on the inner surface, conve.K on the outer. Scales ,^, rarely 2 by the absence
of the outermost, the outer ones membranous, the inner one indurated and subteiidinj^ a
palet and perfect flower. Stamens 3. .Styles separate ; stigmas ])luniose. Grain ovoid or
oblonj{, free. [An ancient (ireek name for some gTiiss, used by Hippocrates.]
About i(Ki species, of wide distribution in tropiciil and temperate regions, most abundant in
America.
Spikelets secund. with the back of the llowerinK scale turned toward the racliis.
Kaeliis nieinbranous. dilatid. its wiii(,^s alniosl eiielosiiiK the spikelets at niaturity.
ICxtendinj!; beyiind the siiikelets, lonn-acuiiiinate; spikekls aboiU '■" loiin.
1. I'. Illlli I nllilllllll.
Not exli'iidiiiK beyond the spiki lets, acute; spikelets about i" loiij;.
2. /'. nil III hni II nil' Kill.
Kacliis not nieinbranous nor eiK'losiiii( the spiki lets at maturity.
Spikilit'^ nval or elliiilie. acute.
,S|)ikelets iflabrous or sciiiiewliat puliescint; spikes in jiairs or occasionally in .^s.
3. y. distiilniiii.
Spikelets villous on margins; s]>ikes j 12. 4. P. dihilnliiiii.
Spikelets from uv.il to (irbicular. very obtuse.
Spikes I, or soiiieliuies 2.011 the 1,5 slender i)C(luiicles exserted from the upper sheath;
spikelets 1" or less lont;.
Leaves and sheaths pubescent, the former generally loiin, narrow and erect; spikc-
lets about '," loiiff. ,S. P. siiiurinii.
Leaves .itid sheaths jrlabious or somewhat pubescent, the foniicr loiij{ aii<l broad,
lax. ciliate; spikclets about i" lontf. (\ I', tilidli/nliiiiii.
Leaves and shcallis glabrous, the fiirnier short and broad, ciliate on the marfjiiis;
spikelets about , " lonjf. 7. ]'. loiigipi'diiiHiihiliiiii.
Spikes 2 or mole on the sintfle stout peduncle.
Spikclets 1 14 " -I '•" loiifj; spikes t;eiierally spreadinjf. S. P. fiirzv.
Spikelets exeecding i'." in length; spikes generally erect.
<). P. J'/iii ii/i}iiiiiii.
Spikelets not strictly sccuiid, the back of the floweriiiK scale turned away from the racliis.
Spikelcts less than i" loiiff. ohloiij;. Ki. /'. ((iiii/ii issiiiil.
Spikelcts abdilt 2" loiijf, broadly lanceolate. 11. /'. paspalnidf.'!.
Io6 GRAMINRAE.
I. Paspalum mucronatum Muhl. Water I'aspahini.
(Vifi. 227.)
/'(i\/>(i/iiiii iiii(( I iiiiii/iiiii Muhl. Cut. .">. iSi 5.
(ill sill fliiilitiis IvU. Hot, S. C. iS: (V,\. i: 1119. 1S17.
I'tisfiiihiiii /liii/iiiis Kunth, Ui-v. ('.rain. ■.. 24, 1.S29.
Culms ascending, 6' -3° Ion},', from a lloating or
creeping base, branched. vSlicatlis very loose or in-
flated, sinootli or scabrous, glabrous or pubescent ;
leaves 3'-i2' long, '+'-1' wide, acuminate, scabrous ;
spikes 20-100, 'i'-Y long, allerr.ate or whorlcd,
slender; rachis flat, thin, cxceed'.ig the spikelets,
long-acuminate, scabrous, its margins nearly en-
closing the spikelets ; spikelets in two rows,
about '.. " long, elliptic, i)ubescent ; outer scales very
thin, 2-ucrvc(l, the first one usually a little the longer.
In water, Virffinia to soinlic-rn Illinois and .Missouri,
south to I'lorida and Texas .Also in tropical .America.
,Sei)t.
2. Paspalum membranaceum Walt. Walter's Paspalum. ( Imj^. 22S. )
/'i).\/>(i/iiin infiiihi iiiiiurii 1)1 ^Valt I"l. (Jar. 7,s. 17SS.
Not I.ani. 1791.
Paspalum W'alliriainiiii Scliiiltis, Mant. 2: i()(>. 1S2).
Culms erect or ascending, nuich branched,
smooth, creeping at the base. Sheaths a little in-
flaied, smooth; leaves i'.-'-^'.' long, i"-t,"
wide, flat, smooth, acute ; spikes 3-7, alternate,
about i' long, the lower ones usually included in
the upper sheath ; rachis not exceeding the spike-
lets, flat, thin, i"-iji" wide, acute, smooth,
many-nerved, its incurved margins partly enclos-
ing the spikoltls; spikelets about i " long, crowded
in 2 rows, oval, obtuse, smooth; outer scales 5-
nerved; third scale lenticular, slightly shorter
than the outer ones.
.Moist or wet grounds. New Jersey and Del.iware to
southern Oliio, .south to IHurida ind Texas. Sijit.
3. Paspalum distichum I„. Joint-grass.
(Fig. 2 2(J.)
I'as/iatinii itisticliKiii I,, .\uioen. ,\ca<l. 5: .V)i- IT.SQ.
Culms erect, 6'-2^ tall, extensively creeping at
base. Sheaths smooth, sometimes ciliatc on the
margins, or sparsely pubescent; leaves flat, ij.-'-
5' long, 1 "-2" wide, acuminate, smooth; spikes
I'-iYi' long, in pairs, or occasionally with a third,
exserted; rachis flat, '."-l" wide, smooth; spike-
lets i'4"-i '," long, elliptic, somewhat pubescent
or glabrous, acute, nearly sessile in 2 rows; outer
sc.iles 3-5-nerved, slightly exceeding the acute
third one which is sparingly bearded at the apex.
\'irKinia to Missouri and California, south to I'lor-
ida, Texas and .Mexico. .Mso in the West Indies, cen-
tral ami South .\nierica, .AuR.-.Sept.
spikes
third,
spikc-
)esceiit
outer
acute
apex.
I'liir-
'. ceil-
GRASS FAMIIA'.
4. Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Tall Paspaliun. ( Fij^. 230. )
J'lis/itilinn ilihiltilinii I'oir. in I.ani. Iviii'vcl. 5: ,is- 1^1)4.
J'lisftiilinii o-.'iilKiii Nii-s, Ajrrosl. liras. .|,v iS2i>.
Culms erect, 3°-6° tall, smooth and j^labrous.
.Sheaths compressed, smooth ami (glabrous ; leaves 1°
or more louj;, 2"-5" wide, long-acuminate, nither
scabrous on the margins, sometimes with a tuft of
hairs at tlie base; spikes 4-12, 2'-^' long, spreading,
alternate, ^x'-2' distant on the main axis; racliis of
the sjiikcs narrow, less than 1" wide, somewhat flexn-
ous, scabrous; s])ikelcts about I'j " long, in 3 or 4
rows, acute ; outer scales 5-nerved, the first villous on
the margins, the second glabrous or spsrsely pubescent,
the third nearly orbicular, minutely punctate-slriate.
107
111 moist Sdil. \'irKiiiia In IMorida. wt"-l In
Asi'i-nds til ii«Hi ft. in Ct-orKia. Aiitf. Sipt.
Tfxas.
5. Paspalum setaceum Miclix. Slender Paspalum. (1m!lC. 231.)
/'iis/'ii/niii s,-/it,ii())i Miclix. I'M. linr. .\iii. i: 4.5. iSiv
/'iisfxilinii f'Khrsiiiis Mulil. Cram. <)2. 1S17.
Culms mostly erect, i°-2° tall, slender, smooth.
Sheaths and leaves generally very pubescent, the
latter ,V-^' long, i "-3" wide, erect, acuminate; s])ikes
I '^'-,1 !i' long, more or less curved, generally solitary,
occasionally 2, on a long-exserted slender ])eduncle,
with usually i or 2 additional shorter ])eduncles from
the same upjier sheath ; sjtikelets about i(" long, in 2
narrow rows, broadly obovate, very obtuse; empty
scales ,^-ncrved, glabrous or iiubcscent; third scale ob-
ovate, shining.
Ill dry fields. .Massacliusclls to Illinois, suutli to I'lnrida
and 'IVxiis, .\scciulst(i 221H1 It. in \'irs{iiiia. .\iiir.-.Sci)l.
6. Paspalum ciliatifolium Miclix. Ciliate-leavcd Pa.spaluin. (Fi<r. 232.)
/'iis/>ii/iiiii c i/iti/i/o/imii .Miclix, I'M. lior. .\iii, i: 44,
1 .S i,v
J'<is/-,;!iiiii (f(is\/i/i]//iiiii lUl. Hot. ,S, C. N: Cia. i: 105.
1S17,
Cuhiis erect, i '_
tall, smooth. Sheaths
varying from glabrous to ])ubesccut ; leaves 4'-9'
long, i"-~" wide acuminate, ]nibescent or glabrous,
ciliate, the ujijier one usually broad and cordate at
base; spikes i or 2, occasionally 3, 2'-4' long;
licduncles 1-3, exserted from the upper sheath ;
racliis very narrow, slightly flcxuous and triangu-
lar, scabrous; siiikclets i"-i '4" long, in 2-4 rows,
crowded, oval, the first or convex scale sometimes
sjiaringly ])ubescent, the third scale with a distinct
dei)ression on the back near the base.
In (lr>- soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Kansas,
soutli to I'loiida and Texas. Jiiiu .\iit{.
r^^
io8
GRAJIINKAE.
7. Paspalum longipedunculatum Le Conte.
(1%. 233.)
Loiitf-stalked Pas]xiliiiii.
Piisf'tiliini dthilc Miclix. I'l. licir. Am. i: \\. iSi,??
Pasftiiliiiii Ii>nj4ipatiiiiri(hi/i(iii I.iCoiilo, Jiiiini IMiv^ oi-
2S4. 1^21).
J'aspaliiiH artiiiii iidii Solirad.; ScliuUis .Maiit 2 i-'>
1S24?
CuliiisrecliiiinRordcciiinheiit, i°-i 'j° long, smooth,
leafy at base. Sheaths j^jlabrous or ciliafe on the mar-
gins, pilose at the tliroat ; leaves i'-3'.MonK, 2" -t,"
wide, glabrous or a little pilose, acuminate, ciliate on
the margins and along the mid-nerve ; peduncles 1-2
from the upper sheath ; spikes 1-2, \'-2'z' long, more
or less curved ; rachis very narrow, more or less flexu-
ous; spikelets about ^4" long, nearly globular; outer
scales .^-nerved, tlie first one glabrous or sometimes
s]iarsely pubescent; third scale slightly exceeding the
outer ones.
_ Sandy s.iil, Xorth Carolina to I'liirida, Kentucky and
'IVnntssii-. Au^'-. -Sept.
8. Paspalum laeve Michx. Field Pas-
palum. (Kij;. 234.)
Pas/>,)linii htfvc Miclix. I"l. Itor. .\m. i: (.). iSo^.
Bright green, culms rather stout, erect orascend-
i"g. i°-3° tall, glabrous. Sheaths compressed,
glabrous or pubescent; leaves 3'-! 2' long, 2"-4"
wide, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent, scabrous
on the margins; spikes 2-6, i)i'-y long, more
or less spreading, alternate, about 1' apart on the
sin.gle stout peduncle, pilose in the axils ; spikelets
i,'4^"-i '2" long, oval to orbicular, close, crowded
in 2 rows, glabrous.
In moist fii-.ds, Khodc Island to Kintuckv and Mis-
souri, south to I'loriila .aiul Texas. Ascends' to i^ihj ft.
in North Carolina. .\un. Sept.
9. Paspalum Floridanum Mich.x. Florida Paspaliiiii. (FiJ,^235.)
l\isf>,this llondinnis Miclix. I'l. I!or. .\ni. I: \.\. iSo,;.
l\isfiiitiini iiiii, liisfti-niiniii I'luffKo. Monog. 172. i.Sio.
Culms stout, erect, 3"-6'' tall, from a creeping root-
stock, glabrous. .Sheaths glabrous, or the lower
pubescent, sometimes glaucous ; leaves 8'-i5' long,
3"^7" wide, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent; spikes
2-5 on the single stout peduncle, 2'-^' Ic.ig, erect or
ascending, bearded in the axils ; rachis about i" wide,
flat on the back, scabrous on the margins ; spikelets
I '2"-2" long, broadly oval, glabrous, sometimes
glaucous, crowded in 2 rows; outer scales 5-nerved ;
third scale striate.
Moist places. Delaware to Kentucky, south to I'Morida
and Texas. Sept.
GRASS I'AMILV.
109
10. Paspalum compressum (S\v.) Xees. Flat Paspahnn. (Fig. 236.)
J'aspahini h islarliyii iii I,aiii.T:il,I. luicvi-l 11-6
171)1 ? . ■ • / •
Milium L(iiii/>irssiiin Sn-. I'l. Iii,l. (>«■ r iSi
1 71)7.
Pdsfxjiiiiii filalvuiiilni, Vin\\\n \,m\\ ImicvcI «•
Piisf>(!liiiii oiiiipinsiii}! Xits. ill ."Miirt l'\ liras
2: 2,;. 1S29.
Stolons numerous, leafy, sonictiiues 2°
long. Culms 6'-2° tall, slender, compressed,
glabrous ; slicatlis loose ; leaves glabrous,
sometimes sparsely ciliatc, obtuse, those of
the culm 2' -4' long, 2" 3" wide, those of
the stolons about i' long, \"-2" wide;
spikes 2-5, I '-2' long, approximate at the
summit of the long and slender stalk ; s])ike-
Icts not crowded nor secund, about 1" long,
acute, the back of the flowering scale turned
oblong, away from the rachis.
Virginia to Florida luul west to I.ouisi.iiia
WkKIv distributed in tropical America. I'roba-
bly not native in tlie Tiiitcd States. .\Hg -.Sept
II
. Paspalum paspaloides (Michx.) vScribiier. Crab-gra.ss Paspalum.
(Fijr. 237. j
/)(:,■ i/diio f'ttspaloiiirs Jlichx. V\. lior. .\in. i:
46. iNi.v
J'ii.\/)ii/tim .irichnii.i iiuiKin Kunth, Rev. Gram.
P,is/>(j/iiii/ Elliollii S. Wats, in A. Cray, Man.
VA. 6. 629. 1S911.
P<isf>alii»i pas/xi/dii/r.sScrihu. Mem. Torr CUib
5: 29. iSy,,.
Cidnis i°~2'2° tall, erect, from an ex-
tensively creeping base, slender, glabrous.
Sheaths and leaves glabrous or pubescent, the
latter 2'-9' long, 3"-6" wide, obtuse ; spikes
I'^S^'j' long, in pairs, or sometimes with
an additional one, near the summit of the
1-2 slender stalks, which are long-exserted
from the upper sheath ; rachis flat, about ;i"
wide, scabrous on the margins, the inter-
nodes about equalling the spikelets in length ;
spikelcts about 2" long, broadly lanceolate,
acute, not crowded ; outer scales 5-uerved,
glabrous, the back of the third scale turned
away from the rachis.
^^ JFoist Ki-ound, Marvlaiul to Florida, west to
Icxas. July-.Vug.
9. AMPHICARPON Raf. Am. Mouth. Mag. 2: 175. i.SiS.
H rcct perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spikelcts of two kinds ; one kind I)orne iti
terminal panicles, deciduous without perfecting fruit ; the other solitary, terminating subter-
ranean peduncles, and maturing seed. Scales 3, membranous, the innermost subtending a
paletand a perfect flower ; the scales of the subterranean spikelets become indurated and
cuclo.se the gram. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, in allusion to the two kinds
ol spikelets.]
Species 2, iiih.abilinK: the southeastern fnited States, one of llieni restricted to Florida.
IIO
GRAMINKAK.
I. Amphicarpon Amphicarpon ( Pnrsln
Xa.sh. Amphicarpon. (Fij;. 2,^8.)
Milium <i)iif>lii(iirp,iii I'ursli, I'l. Am. Sinl I(j2 hi •
iSi.,.
MiliiiDi (iliiilKni Miilil. ('■ram. ;;. r.Si7.
Aiiipliiiiirpiiiii /'inxiiii Kiinlli, Kiv. (■■ram. 2S. rS2i)-,vs.
.\iiif>liiiiii /tiiii Aiiifiliiiiii fioii Nasli, Mum. T.irr Cltib
Culms erect, i2'~i.S' tall, slender, glabrous.
vSheatlis papillose-hirsute: ligiile jiilose ; leaves i'-6'
long, 2"-6" wide, erect, aciiiainate, hirsute and
filiate ; panicle linear, 4' 6' long, branches .v-4, erect,
hearing few spikelets ; sjjikelets about 2" long, ellip-
tic ; outer scales ,s-nerved, membranous, glabrous ;
subterranean spikelets ovoid in fruit, about 3" long,
acute, the scales all becoming much indurated.
In moist pine barrens. New Jcrscv to I'lorida mar the
coasl. .VuK.-Sfpl.
10.
iSii
ERIOCHLOA H.H.K. Nov. ('.en. i: 94.
[Hia.oi'i s Trin. I'nnd. .\grost. lo,:;. 1820.]
Perennial gnisscs with flat leaves, and short-pedicelled spikelets borne in secund s])ikes.
which form a terminal panicle. Spikelets with an annular callus at the ba.se and articulated
to the ])edicel. Scales 3, the two outer membranous, acute, the inner one shorter, indurated
and subtending a palct and a perfect llower. Stamens ;,. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumo.se,
('.rain free, [(ireek, signifying wool-grass.]
.Species about 5, in tropical and temperate countries.
I. Eriochloa punctata (L. ) \V. Hainilt.
Dotted Milk-t. ( Fij^. 239.)
Milium f>iiiii iiiliim I,, .\moeii. .\ead. 5: ,',()2. 1759.
/■'.riihliloa fiolvshii Inn H.H.K. Nov. ('.en. I:o,S. //. ,'/.
F.i ioililihi (iiiHilalti \V. Ilamilt. I'rodr. IM. Ind. Oec. s.
1825.
Culms erect or ascending, i°-3° tall, glabrous.
Sheaths glabrous or sometimes pubescent: ligulc a
fringe of short white hairs ; leaves 2'~i()' long, 2"-
3" wide, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent ; spikes
4-25, I '-2' long, sessile or nearly so ; rachis pubes-
cent ; spikelets about 2" long, ovate-lanccolatc,
acuminate ; outer scales pubescent with appressed
silky hairs, the first a little exceeding the second,
the third about i" long, rounded at the apex and
bearing a ))ubescent awn about ,'." long.
Kansas to Texas and Mexico. Wiilelv dislril)ute(l
in tropical .Vmeriea.
II. SYNTHERISMA Walt. Fl. Car. 76. ijss.
LI)i(;iT.\Ki.^ .Scop. PI. Carn. Kd. 2, i; 52. 1772. Not Heist. 1763.]
Annual grasses with Hat leaves, and spikelets borne in pairs or sometimes in ^s, in
.secund spikes which are digitate or approximate at the summit of the culm. Spikes often
purplish. Scales of the s])ikelet 4, sometimes 3 by the suppression of the lowest one ; the
fourth or innermost scale chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture and a perfect
ilower. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. [( ',reek, crop-making, in allusion to its abundance.]
About 2n species, wi<lely distril)iite<l in temperate iind troi)iea! retfions.
Kaehis flat, broadly wintfed; spikes narrowly linear.
Spikelets i ', "^i '," Iouk; second scale a'boul onedialf as loutr; first minute, rarely waiUintr.
C. •! 1 . 1 . M , ■ , . I. .S'. SllllilllilltlliS.
.■ipikelets about I long; second scale about as Ioiik; first scale waiiliuK-, rarely l)reseut.
„ 1 • , , .,.,,. 2. S. liiiitiiis.
Kaelns ^ angled, not wintfed; spikes Idifonn. ^. .y fiU/oi mis.
GRASS FAMILY. m
1. Syntherisma sanguinalis (I,.) Xash. Ur^e Crab-grass Finger-grass.
. (Fig. 240.)
I itniiiim SLiiisiuinnlt- I.. S]). I'l. S7. i-;;;
/fi'm'/drid .uii/i;iiiii(i/is Sviip. I'l. Car'ii ' I'd 1 i-r^
1772. ' "' ' ■^"'
Sviilhrii.iiiKi /i/vr, VIM- Wall. iq. Car -6 i-.ss
/Jisp,,/,,,,, s,n,,i;iti„„l,- I.ani. Tabl. I-iu'vcl. 'i: iV, 1-,,,
.Si7////,';/.v»/„ siiii,i;,ii,i„lis Xash, Hull'. Toir Club 22'
420. i,Si)5.
Culms erect or decuinljcnt, often looting at tlie
lower nodes, i°-,,° Iouk, smooth. Sheaths ^lah-
rous or piiljescent ; leaves 2' 6' loiifr, 2"^4" wide,
acuminate, j,'Ial>rous or more or less imhesceut ;'
spikes 3-10, narrowly linear, 2'^S' long, digitate
or in approximate whorls at tlie summit of tlie
culm; rachis flat, winged; spikelets i'^"-jU"
long, in pairs, one sessile or nearly so, acute,
lanceolate; first scale minute, rareiy wanting,'
second one-tliird to one-half as long as the spikel Jt!
In cultiv.itid i,y waste placis, llirou^rhoul Xnrtli
•AniorK-a, i;.vcept the extrtuu- nc.rtli. Naturalized IVdiu
I'.unipe. UKlelydistriliiitcdasawcfdiu all ailtivat.-d
retjKius. July-.\UK'.
2. Syntherisma linearis ( Krock. ) Xa.sh. Small Crah-gr.a.ss. (Fig. .41. )
J'lniiiiiin liiuaiY Krock. I'l. Sil. i- ()=; i-,s-
Syiilli,rism,i s,-i;ili„a Walt. I'l. Car. 76 'I'-SS
/)i,i,n/aiiii liKiiii/'ii^ii IVrs. Svu. i- .s^; i,So=
.Sviil/irnsnia ■;/„/„,! Schr.ui V]. Cerni. i: iVi, ,S,^,
'"■■^pii/ini/ ,ni//<i!;i///ii/ ]>C. l-\. CM i->^ iSx,
/'<'ii'i"ii/ !;/,i/i, 1111/ V,:im\. .\iru,sl !■ 2-'' i.sii
.\vi,lli,risii,„ li,i,:,ris Xash. Hull. Torr. Club' 22- j.,,
Culms erect or decumbent, ',°-2° long, smooth
and glalirous. Sheaths and leaves glabrous, the
latter I '^3' long, i"--2" wide, acuminate; spikes
2-4, 2' 4' long, narrowly linear, digit.ite or ap-
proximate at the summit of the culm ; rachis nat,
winged; spikelets about i" long, in pairs, some-
limes in .Vs, one of them sessile or nearly so, el-
liptic, acute ; first scale rarely present, second and
third as long as the fourth.
In cultivated KT,,uu<lsau<l waste places, X,.va Scotia
,, , v",' !■ ^'"''"■^'"■'. ^"»tli t" I'l"n.la and I.„uisi
ana. Xaturalizi. il fr.,ui I';ur(.])e. July .Sipt.
3. Syntherisma filiformis (I
PuiiiiKiii li/i/nriiir I„ ,Sp. I'l. ,S7. 175;.
/'tis/hiliiiii ii/i/,inii,'^\\. I'nidr. 22. r7,SS.
Siiil/irn'siiia :/'//, i.s,i W.alt. I''l. Car. 77. i-s.s.
/>tQi/irri<i lilihuiiiis .Muhl, Cram, i.^i, i,si7,
Sviillnrisma fi/i/oiiins Xash. Hull. T<.rr Club 22
■■'''as.
Xa.sh. SleiulLT I'iiigcr-gra.ss. (Fig. 242.)
42,1,
Culms erect, 1° 4° tall, slender, smooth. Sheaths
hirsute; leaves i' S' long, '," 2" wide, erect, smooth
or scabrous; spikes 2-5, filiform, I'-s' long, a] proxi-
mate at the summit of the culm, erect or ne:y ly so ;
rachis 3-:iiigle<I, very slender, not winged ; si)ikelets
"4 " -i" long, elli|)tic, imbesceuL, in pairs, occasionally
m 3's, one sessile or short-pedicelled; first scale rarely
present; second three-fourths as long ;is or equalling
the third, winch is equal in length to the fourth.
Drv sandv soil, .Massachusetts to MichiRaii, south to
I'liinda, Nebraska and Tc^as. July-.Scpt.
I 12
CRAMINEAE.
12. PANICUM L. Sp. PI. 55. 1753.
Annuals or perennials of various habit, foliajfe and inflorescence. Spikelets i-2now-
ered, when 2-llowerc(l the lower one staniinate only. Scales 4, the .^ lower nienibranous,
eni])ty, or the third with a staniinate flower, varying in the same species; the inner or fourth
scale chartaceons, shining, enclosing; a ])alct of similar texture and a jierfect flower. Awns
none, exce])! in Xos. I and 2. Stamens;,. Styles distinct. vStigmas ])lumose. (".rain free,
enclosed in the hardened fruitinj^ scale and palet. [Old I.atin name for some j^ra.ss, prob-
ably the cultivated Sorf^hum, referrin.t; to its panicle, taken from I'liny.]
About ,i<«) species, in tciuperalc; and tr(i|)ical riijidns. Tlu' Kcdyrapliic <lislribiilii)n of many of
our species is not well ascertiiined. The i>ld Ivntjlish name I'aiiii or J'diiiri; rii.s\. is often applied
to .'Uiy of tile species.
I'anicle obloni,'- to ovoiil; spike-like brandies sessile, more or less siireadini;; siiikelels in 2-,( rows,
secutul; lliinl scale, and sometimes tlie sccoiiil and first, awn pointed or .iwiied.
.Slieatlis sinoolli; culms 2'-.(" tall; t'ourtli scale ovate, abruptly ])ointcil. 1. /'. ( 1 m-i^ulli.
Slieatlis, at least llie lower ones, liirsule; eulms .(" -d^ tall; fourlli scale ovate-l.-inceolale,
acuminate. 2. /'. Il'ii//iri.
Panicle linear, spicate .it summit; branches appressed, sessile; third scale merely acute or acuminate.
.SpikeUts ovate, acute, about i'," loii«'. ,,. /'. <lii;il(ii inhii's.
,S])ikeUls oval or obovoid, obtuse, llli«id, .about 1'," lonj;. I- /'• chhisiiiii.
I'anicle ovoid or oblong-; primary brauclies spreadiiit; or ascendiii(>:, secondary Kcuerally ajipressed,
occasionally divaricate, beariiifi; numerous poiutid siiiki lets not exceeding 1 ' •" in leiiKtli.
Palet in the axil of the third scale conspicuous, enbUKcd, much exciediiiK the fourth scale;
spikelets open. ,=i. J'.liiiiiis.
Palet ill the axil of the third scale inconspicuous; spikelets closed.
Spikelets 1 '■" loUK, curved. 6. /'. rusliiilinii.
.SpikeUts less tluin i ',•" loiiK. slraiKbt or but sbulilly curve<l.
Culms stout; lateral panicles numerous; lijiule short, naked or sparsely sliort-ciliate.
.Sjiikelets about '," lonif, acute; secondary branches of lualiire panicle Kcnerally
appressed. " ~. /'. ii,i;ri>s/i</i/'iiriiii:
.Spikelets about I'j" long-, acuminate; secondary' branches of the mature panicle
srenerally s|)readiiiii or divaricate. S. /'. f/<iin;(i/iiiii.
Culms slender, simple, or occ.isionally with a sinple lateral iiauiele; spikelets about
i" loiijr, acuminate; liRule short, pilose. 9. /-". loiii;i/iilii(iii.
liranclies of the panicle single, in pairs or fascicle<l, simple or subdivided, naked below; spikelets
on slender pedicels,
nasal leaves, or those near the base, much shorter and broader than the upper culm leaves;
spikcU'ts tuitiid, obtuse or aciitish; panicle not over (/ in length, ffcnerally much smaller.
Culm leaves broad, cordate and claspiiiK iit base.
Spikelets less than i" loujj.
Leaves erect or ascending. 2'-!' lonp;; sheaths generally shorter than the inter-
nodes, 10, /'. sfiliiir)iHii>f>iiii.
Leaves widely spreading, ,^'8' long; sheaths longer than the iiiteniodcs,
II. /'. niiii'ihiiiftiiii.
Spikelets i" or more long,
.Sheaths smooth, glabrous or softly pubescent.
Nodes strongly barbed; sheaths and leaves generally softly pubescent; spike-
lets elliptic, "2"-2' ■" long, 12. J'. J'm frn'aiiinn.
Nodes, at least the upiier ones, naked; sheaths glabrous.
.Spikelets about i long, elliptic, i,v /'■ coiiinniliilin)!.
.Spikelets I 'j"-2" long, oval to obovoid; leaves generally ciliatc.
\\. I'. lUtllliHaifo)!.
Sheaths paiiillose-liispid, spikelets about i', " long; panicle generally much
included, sometimes long -exserted. i,=i. /'. liiuiilcsliiiK in.
Culm le.ives lanceolate, rounded, truncate or subcordiUe at base, sometimes narrowed.
.Spikelets i ' ."-2" long.
Panicle linear, loose; branches appressed. if). J\ Aiinlliofylirsiini.
I'anicle ovoid to oblong, compact; branches more or less spreading.
heaves spreading, ,V' 'V wide: spikelets obovoid. 17. /', SciihiifiiaiiKiii.
Leaves erect, less than 2" wide, longacuminate; spikelets elliptic,
l.s, ]'. lI'iliiKX hiiiiini.
Spikelets less than i ' •" long.
Culm leaves 1-4, erect; culms mostly simple, never profusely branched late in the
season.
Sheaths and leaves glabrous, iq. P. hoiraU:.
.Sheaths and leaves pubescent. 20. /'. hixilhn inn.
Culm leaves generally numerous, usually spreading; culms simple e.arly in the
season, later profuselv branched,
Spikelets about '■" long. 2r P. nilidiiiii.
.Spikelets aliout i" long.
Sheaths glabrous.
Nodes naked, or the lower sometimes sjiaringly barbed; spikelets about
i" long. 22. 1'. iiiclio/oiinitn.
Nodes barbed; spikelets about V," long. 2,v /'. btirbulaliim.
.Sheaths pubescent.
Primary panicle ,3' -6' long; s])ikelets fully i" long, primary culm leaves
4'-;' long. " ?(. /'. visiidiiiii.
Primary panicle Y or less long; spikelets hardly 1" long; ])riniary culm
leaves less than .).' long. 25, /', [mlicueiis.
Culm leaves long and very narrow, soinetimes involute.
Leaves elongated, crowded at base, half .is long as or e<iualling the culm; secondary
panicles borne on short basal branches, 2(i. /', itf/iaiit^niihiiii.
Leaves long and narrow, distributed along the culms, which are profusely branched
above late in the season. 27. /'. angiisli/oliiiiii.
GRASS l-AMILV.
113
Ilusiil liMves and llioso of 11k- culm tlu' saiiir, nciunilly ilimKatcd: spikrUts acute or acumi-
nate.
SpikcKts 2" louK or more.
Sheaths ulahmus,
I'anicle usually i' louy or more; branches spreadinj;; leaves 1" lotiK or more, flat.
2S, /'. -.■iix»lii»i-
ranicle i" Iouk or less; hrauches erect or appressed; leaves fi' 1 lonjr. involute on
the maruins. at least at the apex, thick, glaucous. 2c). /'. aiiuiruin.
Sheaths pajjillose pubescent. ,V>. /'. iniliiuiiini.
.Spikelets 1 ' ■" loUK or less.
Culms stout, finally decumbent ami much branched, with lateral panicles from all the
Upper sheaths.
Sheaths fflabrous. ,y. P. piiilifi-tnm.
Sheaths pubescent. ,^2. /'. cal'ilhirf.
Culms slender, erect or decumbent, branche<l only at base.
Spikelets i"-i !.•" lonK. (jenerally single on the ultimate divisions of the ]>anicle,
I'anicle narrow; branches erect, the lower ones about V lonjf; [ixils naked.
\},. I'.JIcxilc.
ranicle at len(;th dilTnse; branches .)'- S' Iouk: axils bearded.
,^.(. /', (iiilii)iiniile.
Spikelets less than i" lonn. in pairs.
Spikelets smooth, elliptic, .icutc. 3,s. P. im'/iiis.
.Sijikelets warty, obovoid, acutish. ^i. /'. ri'iriuosiim.
I'anicle linear; branches appressecl; sccinul scale of spikelet obtuse, Kihbous at base.
37- P- Q'if'I'iiiii.
I. Panicum Crus-galli 1,. Barnyard Grass. Cockspiir Gra.ss. (Fig. 243.)
in the
; about
II.
•I.
I leaves
ly culm
Lndary
I II III.
Imched
III III.
II
Panic inn I'liis-i'iilli I,. Sp. I'l. ,s<>. I75,V
Culms 2°-4° tall, often branching at base.
Sheaths smooth and glabrotis ; leaves 6'-2° long,
li'-\' wide, glabrous, smooth or scabrous ; jianiclc
composed of 5-15 sessile erect or ascending
branches, or tlic lower branches spreading or re-
flexcd; spikelets ovate, green or purple, densely
crowded in 24 rows on one side of the rachis;
second and third scales about I'i" long, scabrous
or liispid, the tliird scale more or less awned,
imply, the fourth ovate, abruptly pointed.
In cnltiv.ited ;ind waste places, throujjhout Xorth
.America except the extreme north. Widely distrib-
uted as a weed in all cultivated rejjions. Nalurali/ed
from ICnrope. Anif.-Ocl.
Panicum colonum I,., .1 southern species, related to
this, but with awnless scales, has been found in south-
eastern Virjrinia. too late for illustration here. (.See
.\ppendix. )
2. Panicum Walteri Pursh. vSalt-inarsh
Cockspur Gra.ss. ( Fig'. 244.)
J'.iiiii Kin hiilcllum Walt. I'l. Car. 72. 17SS. Not All.
I'liiiiiinn W'allii i V\Wr.\\. I'l. .\m. Sei)t. i:('i6. 1S14.
/'luiiiinii liisf^iiiiiiii .Mnhl. Cram. 107. 1S17.
Piiiiiiuin I'liisiinlli var. Iiisf>i\liiiii. Torr. I'l. N. Y. 2:
.|2.1. iSi.v
Culms },°-(i° tall, robust, smooth. Sheaths, at
least the lower ones, papillose-hispid ; leaves 1° or
more long, 'z'-l' wide, generally smooth beneath,
strongly scabrotis above ; panicle h'-i^' long, con-
sisting of 10-40 ascending or spreading branches;
spikelets ovate-lanceolate, densely crowded in 2-4
rows on one side of be scabrous and hispid rachis,
brownish purple; s md and third scales about
I, '2" long, scabro and hispid, tipped with up-
wardly barbed awns, sometimes 10-20 times their
length; fourth scale ovatc-lanceolatc, acuminate.
In marshes and ditches. princii);dly within the influ-
ence of salt water, OiUario to Khode Island, I'lorida
and I.ouisiifna. .\uK,-<>el,
8
114
GRAMINKAK.
Panicum digitarioides Carpenter. Narrow Panicum. ( Imr. 245. )
l\iiiiiiiiii (tiiiiialiiiii Torr. lti)st. Jdiini. Nut. Mist, i:
1,^7. i.svs. Not I'tesl, IS,^).
ruiiianii ilii^ilariiiiilrs CM\wn\.i.\-. Stiiul. Syii. I'l.
Civaiii. 75- iJ^.S.S-
I'll III,- II III Ciii/i.ui ClMliiii, I'M S. SliiUs. ,S7,v iS6o.
Nut Sliuel. i>55-
Cliibrous, ciihiis erect from ii loiiK iiii<l sto"t
crecpiiiLT rootstock, :,°-,s" I"". siti'l'lL', stout,
sinootli. vSheaths smooth ; leaves 4'-io' loiiK, t"-
S" wide, loiifj-acumiuatc ; panicle linear, 6' 12'
loiiK, its branches i'-:^'long, erect ; spikelets about
I 14" long, ovate, acute; first scale about one-half as
long as the spikclct, acute, .vncrved; second about
1" long, 5-nervod and a little exceeded by the
3-nerved third one; the fourth 3-nerved, slightly
shorter than the third.
Inwiitif, Dilauiin III I'lnrida and Tc-xa>.. July .\UK
4. Panicum obtusum II.15.K. Hliinl I'aniciiin. < Fig. 246.
raiiiiiiiii iihliisiiiii II.li.K. Nciv. (Uii. i; u.^. iM.i-
Glabrous, culms erect, i°-2° tall, simple or
branching at l)ase, smooth. Sheaths smooth ;
leaves 2,'j'-y' long, \"~i" wide, usually erect,
long-acuminate; panicle linear, 2' -(>' long; branches
^'-1/2' long, apprcssed ; spikelets about I'z"
long, crowded, oval or oliovoid, obtuse, turgid ;
first scale shorter than the rest, obtuse, 5-nerved;
second, third and fourth scales about ecjual, the
second and third 5-nerved, the fourth chartaceous.
Kansas t.i .\rizniKi, south to Texas and Mexii-<,,
July-Sept.
5. Panicum hians I'.ll, Capiiii; ranicuin.
( I'i;^-. 247. I
Piiiiiniiii (li:;tii,iiliiiii Miclix. f'l. I'.ov. -\iu. i: ,SO. iSo,-,.
Not I,. i7.>^.
Panicuiii iiu-!i,.tiiiiiii .Miclix. I'l. l!or. .\ni. i: ,so. 1803?
r.iiiiniiii hians VM. Bot. .S. C. & Ca. i: iiS. \^i-.
C.labrous, culms erect, i°-2';° tall, generally simple,
sometimes creeping at base, smooth. Ivcaves 3'-5' long,
,//_,/' .^vide, acuminate, generally erect; panicle 3'-S'
long; branches few, generally spreading, the longer ones
often drooping, the lower naked below the middle ; spike-
lets about \" long; fourth scale exceeded by the third
and its usually empty palet which is much enlarged,
generally forcing the spikelet wide open.
In tnoisl Krouiul, Norlli Carolina to .Missouri, south to
I'lorida and Texas. .\uu. Sept.
GRASS lAMII.V.
"5
6. Panicum rostratum Mulil. IWakcd I'iiniciiiii. i l-'i^. 2^i>. )
I'liiiidiiii ,111,1 pi Mii'lix. I'l. Ildv. Am. i: p. i""".!'
l',iiii,iiiu Ills/ 1 III II III Miilil. Cnmi. \2\. 1S17.
Culms erect from a crecpiuj,' scaly 1)raticlic'(l root-
stock, i'2°-5° tall, iiiucli branched, compresscil,
stout, snu)otli. vSlicaths compresscil, f;l"'>''0"s, or
tile lower ones pubescent ; leaves i'^ loUK or more,
2"-s" wide, aciimiuate ; lif;ule very short ; panicles
pyramidal, 6' -12' lonj,;; axisauil ascendinj.; branches
scabrous; spikelets I'j'' Ion),', crowded, lanceo-
late, acuuiiuate, curved, hju^cr than the scabrous
pedicels ; first scale less than one-half as lonj< as
the spikelet ; second scale about I '•'" lonj;, curved
at the apex, scabrous above' on the micMle nerxc;
third scale us\ially subtcnilinj; a small empty palct.
Mnisl sciil. Xl-vv Jersey tn Illinois iiiul Mi~-.nini.
SdiUli 111 I'lorida iiml 'l\\;is. July Srpt.
7. Panicum agrostidiforme I, am. As^ioslis liki.' I'anicmn. ' Imk. :!49. )
I'liiiiiiiiii iv^i iisliilihn nil I, am. T.ilil. I'lliiycl. I: 172.
i;i)i.
I'iiiii,iiiii iii;rii\liii,ti\ Trill. I'liill. .'i?. iS^t'i. Xot
Mulil. 1S17.
Culms erect, 1 '_- ' 3^ tall, much branched, com-
pressed, smooth. .Sheaths compressed, glabrous,
or sometimes hairy at the throat ; lifiule very short,
naked : leaves 1 ' lonij or more, 2"-.\" wide, acum-
inate ; i)auicles pyramidal, J^'-\2' long, terininatint;
the culm aiirl branches ; jirimary branches of the
panicle spreadinj^, secondary ,t;euerally apprcssed ;
spikelets .'4.'" long, acute, .straight ; first scale
Vnerved, acute ; second and third scales 5-nerved,
aliout twice as long as the first and longer than the
oval fourth scale, which is slightly stalked; small
paKt of third scale usually empty.
Wit liKniud. .M;iiiu In Minnesota, .■-outli to I'lurida
:iiiil '1\ .sa-. Jiil.N Sipl.
I
iSo.v
J So,,?
simple,
-5' lo"K'
pie .V-«'
hger ones
le ; spike-
Ithe third
|;nlarged,
SdUtll to
8. Panicum elongatum I'lu^li. I.ou
r,iin\iiiii liiiiii^ii/iiiii I'lirsli, I'l .\iii Sept. '»i. 1^1 |.
/1n/;'( /(/;/ f;;';(/.v/,i/i/(v Miihl. Cram. ii<i. 1.^17, !
Culms erect, 3"-S'^ tall, much branched, stout,
compressed, smooth. vShcaths smooth and glab-
rous, compressed ; leaves 1^ long or more, 2"-.\"
wide, acuminate, scabrous; panicles pyramidal,
terminating the culm and branches, 4^-12' long ;
j)rimarv branches spreading or ascending, the sec-
ondary usually divaricate ; spikelets about t '+ "
long, crowded, acuminate ; fust scale acute or
acuminate, one-third the length of the eepial and
acuminate second and third; fourth scale narrowly
elliptic, about one-half as long as the third and
raised on a delicate stalk about '4 " long.
Moist soil. New Jersey and IViiiisylv.inia to Kin-
tueky, Teimessee aiid North Canilina. July .Sejit.
I'atiiciiiii.
Vh
SO.)
Il6 CRAMINHAK.
g. Panicum longifolium Torr. Loii^^-lcavcd rauicuiu. ( Im^- ^51.)
I'aiiiiinii loiii;i/iiliinii 'I'dir. ]"1. V . S. i |i). I'^J).
Culms erect, i''-2° tall, slender, simple, or occa-
sionally witli a single lateral panicle, llattencd,
smooth and j^labrous. Sheaths smooth and glab-
rous ; leaves .S''-i2' lonj(, i"-2" wide, acuminate
into a lonjf, slender point, ri)U}(h, j^labrous ;
Hgule short, pilose; panicles .s'-y' lonj; ; primary
branches long and slender, spreadinjj, secondary
very short, appresscd, generally bearing 1-3 spike-
lets ; spikelcls \" long, acuminate; first scale acute
about one-half as long as the acuminate second
one ; third scale etjiudling the second, acuminate,
one-third longer than the elliptic obtuse fourth one.
This sciiiis tn be a wcll-niarkcd sijcciis. Tts slender
simple very iiUK'li flattened culms, the Inn); and nar-
row leaves, and the loiij; slender bninelus (if the pan-
iele bearing the spikelets almost racenidsily, abinid-
antly distiuKuish it fnini any others of this Kr<nip.
Mot,st soil, New Jersey and rcnnsylvania. AiiK.-Scpt.
10. Panicum sphaerocarpon ];il.
»
Roiind-fniitcd Paniciini.
Hot. s.
( Fij^. 252. )
C. .V C.a. I; 125.
J'aiiiciiiii sftlhiri ih'tii f<(iii V,\\.
iSe;.
Culms generally erect, simple or somewhat
branched at base, io'-2° tall, smooth, or the nodes
sometimes pubescent. Sheaths usually shorter
than the internodes, glabrous, the margins ciliate ;
leaves 2'-\' long, 2" -1" wide, acuminate, cordate-
clasping at base, scabrous above, smooth beneath,
the margins cartila.ginous and minutely serrulate,
ciliate towards the base; panicle ovoid, 2'-^,' long ;
spikelels less than \" long, nearly spherical or
somewhat longer than thick, obtuse, purple ;
first scale broadly ovate, obtuse; third and fourth
scales three to four times as long as the first, subor-
bicular, 7-uerved; fourth scale oval, obtuse, '4"
long; palet of third scale usually empty.
Dry soil, southern Ontario. Xew York and Mis-
souri, to I'loiida, Texas and Me.xico. July Sept.
II. Panicum microcarpon Miihl. Sniall-fniilfd ranicum
Pauicion »iiiiiHiirpnii Muhl. Cirani. iii. 1S17.
Culuis generally erect, 2°-3° tall, simple, smooth.
Sheaths smooth, glabrous, longer than the iuter-
nodes ; ligule none ; leaves s'-S' long, /-j'-l'wide,
long-acuminate, smooth, cordate-clasping and spar-
ingly ciliate at the base ; panicle s'-S' long, ovoid
to oblong in outline ; branches slender, ascending ;
spikelets %" long, obovoid to nearly spherical,
numerous ; first scale minute, second and third
about equal, 7-ncrved, puberulent, the fourth
white and shining; palct of third scale usually
empty.
Woods and aloupr thickets, southern New York to
Pennsylvania and Miehinan, south to ITorida, Louisi-
ana, Nebraska and Texas. July-.Sepl.
i
3
CRASS IWMIIA'.
12. Panicum Porterianum Xasli. I'„rtcrs I'anicuni
J\iiii, 11,11 lalifoliutii Wiilt. V\. Car. ;,^ i7>,s. x,,, i,.
I\inu,n„n-,,li,ri IN.ir. i„ r.;,n>. l^.oH. Sn,,,,l. 4: 2S2.
Paiii, 1(1,1 l„li/„ti,n„ var. uioll,- Vas.v. Cctilr. Nat ll,.,l)
3^U- i'^<i:?. Vol /•;;/,•//,■ S\v. I -ss
liinuun, I'oilni.n,,,,,, .\;,sl,, luui. Turr. Cliih 22- ,.,,
Culms erect, i" 2 > tall, siinpk' or soim-what diclio-
toinously branched above, the nodes densely barbed.
.Sheaths Keiierally softly imbesccnt ; leaves'ovatc to
broadly lanceolate, 2'-.,' l..n«, '.'-i '," wide, cordate-
clasping ,-it base, acute, usually softly pubescent ; pan-
icle included or somewhat cxsertcd ; branches spread-
ing or ascending, bearing few elliiitic short-pedicelled
appressed spikelets 2"-2 >," long ; first .scale one-third
to one-half as long as the pubescent and equal second
and third ones ; fourth .scale about as long as the third.
iMdnila ,111(1 Uxiis. Juiu-.\ii(r.
13. Panicum commutatum Scliulte.^. \-anal)lc Panicum. ( I'i.
117
' I'lK. 2,S4->
2.55-)
'Slim 'S\\\\\\. CiMin. 116.
I'aiiiiiiiii iirr:
I.aiii. 1797.
I\iiiiiinii (Kill III 1(1,1 1 inn Schultcs, M.iiit. 2: 2^2.
iSi;? Not
1824.
Culms erect, i°-2° tall, rather slender, glabrous,
or pulicscent especially at the nodes, simple, finally
dichotoniously branched above. Sheaths glabrous
or puberulent, generally ciliate; leaves 2'~Y long,
',i'-\' wide, sparingly ciliate at the base, acute,
glabrous or puberulent, those of the branches gen-
erally broader and more crowded than those of the
main stem ; panicle 2' 5' long, lax, the branches
siireadiug; spikelets 1"-! -4:" long, ellipsoid; first
scale about one-fourth as long as the spikelet, r-
iierved ; second and third scales equal, "-nerved,
pubescent ; fourth scale oval, obtuse, apiciilate,
about I" long; palet of third scale usually empty. '
In dry woods and thickets, New York to Kentucky,
soiilli to Morula and Texas. Juiie-.\ug-.
14. Panicum macrocarpon U- Coiite.
Larj,re-fniitecl Paniciiin. (V'l^. 256. )
Paiii.KiH iii.Kidcaipoii I,e Coiite; Torr. Cat. qi. kSiq.
Culms i°-3° tall, erect, simple or somewhat
branched above, smooth; the nodes, at least the
upper ones, naked. Sheaths smooth and glabrous,
ciliate; leaves y--' long, 9"-i>^' wide, cordate-
claspnig at base, acuminate, smooth and glabrous
or nearly so on both surfaces, ciliate ; ])anicle V-6'
long, generally long-exscrted, rarely included, its
branches more or less ascending ; .spikelets i '."-2"
long, turgid, oval to obovoid ; second and third
scales broadly oval, obtu.se, 9-nerved, pubescent,
the fourth oval, rather acute, i^" long.
The more simple euhns, Kla-rous sheaths, leaves and
nodes and the tnrpul spikelets readily distiiiKuish this
species from either /'. J'.,i,,n,ii,,(„^„r 1'. ,/,„„/,.v//-
niim. Moist places. \ eriiioiit to xVew York New
Jensey and Pennsylvania. JulyAuR.
Ii8
c.raminivm;.
15. Panicum clandestinum I,. Ilisjiid I'auiciiiii. i Imk- -'57.)
I'miiiiiiii ,l,iiuii\liinnii I„ Sp. I'l. fl^. I7,S.V
J'lDiiiiiin piidiiii iiliilioii Tiprr. I'M. l'. H. 141. iSj(.
Culms erei't or asceiidinf,', l'.'""-)" tall, rather
stout, sinipk' .it first, iiuicli Imiticlu'd liitrr ill the
si'asoii. Slit-atlis loii^^tr tliati the iiitcruotlfs, tiiuch
crowded t)ii the hraiichcs, paiiillosL'-hispid, especi-
ally the upjier ones; leaves 2' .S' long, 'i'-\\'
wide, conlate-clns])iiij; at hase, acuiuiiiate, siiiootli
and glabrous, the margins ciliate at liase ; primary
liaiiicU" somrlimcs lonj^-exserted; panicles of the
branches below included in the sheaths, rarely
slij^htly exserted; spikclets i"-i^" loii),', ellipsoid;
first scale about one-third as lonj; as the spikclet;
second and third oval, acutish, i)-nerved, the fourth
oval, obtuse, apiculate, whitish, shiniu).;.
"" In tliiikft'-. Ouibee in Micliinaii, snuth tn Cidinia,
Mi-sciiiri anil 'lVxa>, .|iiiii- July.
16. Panicum xanthophysum A. (iniy.
vSk-iuk-r Paiiiciini. ( 1'!'^. 2sS. 1
Pauiciim vaiilliiif'liv\inii .\, Cr:
23,?- i^.5.i-
.\mii. I.yc. N. V. 3:
Culms erect, i"-2° tall, simple. .Sheaths spar-
inj,'ly papillose-pubescent; lif^ule very .short; leaves
y-fi' loii)r, '('-'4' wide, rounded at base, loiiK-
acuminatc, erect, smooth and j^labn.us; panicle
loug-e.Nscrlcd, linear, i '.' 4' long, its branches ap-
pre.ssed ; spikclets few, about i;^" long, obovoid,
pubescent or glabrate; first scale about one-half as
long as the nearly ccjual obtuse second and third;
fourth scale indurated and shining, elliptic or oval.
Dry sdil. Maine and Ontario to Manitnba, south to
New Jfisiy and I'liinsylvania. I'laiil IIkIU k'ciii,
beeoniiiiK yellowish in drying. June .\uff.
17. Panicum Scribnerianum Xasli. vScribiier's Paiiiciiiu
I'diiii inn siii/ym iiiiii var. iiiiiinr .Seribn. Hull, fiiiv. Teiin.
7: -t.*^. i.Sti4. SkV /'■ Ki/ii/Zaii' vnT. »//////.v Muhl. 1S17.
Piiiiiitiin sii'pii rill III S. Wats, in \. Ciray, Man. Ivd. 6, 632.
iiSc)o. Not r.ain. 171)7.
raiiiciini fhiiu ijliii mil X. (irav. Man. 61 ',. 1S48. Not
ICll. 1.S17.
Pdiiiiinn Sci ihiiriiaiiinii Nash, lUiU. Torr. Club, 22:421.
Culms erect, 6'-2° tall, siniiile or late in the season
dichotoinously branched above, sparingly pubescent.
Sheaths strongly papillose-hispid, sometimes glabrate ;
leaves 2'-4' long, t,"-(>'' wide, rounded or truncate at
base, acuminate, more or less spreading, smooth above,
scabrous beneath ; panicles small, the primary one ex-
serted, ovoid, I'^'-y long, the secondary ones much
smaller and more or less included ; branches of the
primary jianicle spreading, S^-l^a' long, often
flexuous ; spikclets turgid, obovoid, about
long.
In dry or iiioisl soil, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota,
south l<i Virginia. Kansas and .\rizoiia. June .\U(f.
r.RASS I'AMIIA
i8. Panicum Wilcoxianum \as(.> . Wil-
cox's I'anituiii. I I'ij;. j^io. )
I'lniidim il'ili(i\ uiiiiim Vasiv, Hull. I' S. Dipt
Ajflii'. Iliit. I)iv. S: J2. iSSi,. '
Culms erect, (V-\n' t.ill, siiariiinly pubescent.
Slieatlis papillosc-pubesi'eut ; li^ule a riiij.; of hairs ;
leaves I I.' ^' lon>;, less than 2" wiile, lonfj-acuiil-
iiiate, stroufjly puliescent with '.oiij,' hairs; panicle
about I !.' loiiK, "hlonn toovo'.d, coini)ac-t ; branches
less than i' lonj,', spreacli'i^^orascinclinj,', lle.xuous ;
spikelets about 1 '+ " long, ellipsoid; first scale
about one-(iuarler as lon^ as the si)ikclet ; second
and third scales about equal, pubescent ; fourth
scale about as lonj( as the third, obtuse.
In ilry snil, .\i bni-k.i, July Auk.
"9
19. Panicum boreale Xasli. N'ortla-ni I'aniciiiii. ( l''i«. 261.)
I'uiiit mil liKiciilr Nasli. Hull. Tnir. Club. 22: .(.>r. i.Si^j.
Culms at first erect and simple, 1'' 2° tall, later
decumbent and somewhat branched, smooth and
j^labrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes,
usually smooth, ciliate ; li^nle short, ciliatc ; leaves
,^'5' loiifi, '+'-•>' wide, erect, truncate or rounded
at the si)ar.sely ciliate base, acuminate ; panicle 2'-
-l' lonK, ovoid, its branches i'-2' lonj.;, spreading or
ascending; spikelets \" long, about equalling the
pedicels, ellipsoid, somewhat pubescent ; first scale
ovate, obtusr, about one-third as long as the spike-
let ; second and third scales oblong-ovate, 7-ucrvcd,
pubescent, equalling the fourth, which is oval,
acute, and slightly more than ;V" long; palet of
tliird scale usually empty.
Moist soil. Xiwfoundland and Ontario to Nlw York,
Vcriimnt anil .Minnesota. Suininir.
20. Panicum laxiflorum Lain. Lax - flowered Patiicum. {V\\i,. 2^2.)
J'aiii( Hill Uixillorniii I.ain. liucyi'l. 4: 7|S.
1707
Culms erect, S'-i5' tall, simple, pubescent or glab-
rate. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, hirsute;
leaves 2 U'-5' long, 2" 5" wide, erect, generally nar-
rowed at base, long-acuminate, pube.scent orglabrate ;
panicle 2'~\' long, its axis and erect or spreading
branches sometimes hirsute ; spikelets about \" long,
ellipsoid or narrowly obovoid, strongly pubescent ;
first scale minute, i -nerved ; second and third about
equal, 9-ncrved, very pubescent, as long as the shining
obtuse minutely apiculate fourth one ; third scale
usually with an empty palet.
Moist soil, VirKinia to Kentucky, south \^^ I'lorida.
Also reported from niucli further north. It has been cf)n-
founded with the preceding species. June-.Vug.
I20
GRA.MINKAE.
21. I^anicum nitidum Lain. vShinins I'anicuin. ( Kig. 263.)
J'liiiii/iiii iii/idiiiii I,;im. l';iuvcl. 4: 7(>>. iro?.
Culms at first siiiipk', I2'-I.S' tall, later profusely
(lichotomously branched, 2°-3° long. Sheaths nlnh-
rous to pubescent ; ligule pilose ; leaves glabrous to
.sparingly hirsute, truncate or slightly rounded at base,
the primary ones i'-3' long, i';"~y wide. I'rect,
those of the branches '.'-1' long, i" wide or less;
primary panicle long-exserted, I '-2' long, ovoid,
those of the branches smaller and exceeded by the
leaves; spikelels about ^" long, obovoid, pubescent,
usually purple; first scale about one-third as long as
thespikelet, i-nervcd; second and third scales liroadly
oval or orbicular, 7-nerved, shining ; fourth scale
minutely apiculate, '^i" long.
CdinnKin in dry s.itidy soil, in llii' Ivaslcni ami Middle
.Slates, and pmbubly much more widely distributed.
June Auk.
22. Panicum dichotomum L. Forked Panicum. ( Kitif. 264. )
/'aiiiiinii i/ii/iii/iiiiiiiiii I,. Sp. I'l. .s.'i. 1755.
J'(iiii< Kill laiiiiilnsiiiii Miclix, I'l. liiir. .\ui. i: 50. iSiv
Smooth and glabrous, or the lower nodes barbed,
culms erect, '2°-2° tall, at fust simple, liter pro-
fusely dichotomously branched at about the middle.
Leaves light green, widely spreading, generally
much narrowed toward the base, the primary
ones distant, 2'-^' long, 2"--\" wide, those of
the branches 1' long or less, ^'2"-!" wide, somc-
titnes involute ; primary panicle usually long-
c.xserted, \'-2' long; branches lax, spreading,
bearing few spikelets ; secondary panicles smaller,
not exceeding the leaves, their branches with very
few spikelets; spikelets about i" long, ellijisoid,
glabrous.
In woodlauils and thickets, New York to Kentucky,
Missouri and southward. June-July.
Panicum barbulatum Micli.v.
I »,iiii
i\f,iii II III
I.Sov
ISarhc'd Paincnni. ( Im^. 265. )
bill hiihitinii Miclix. I'l. Ilor. \\\\. i: ,(9.
Culms at first simple, erect, 2°-^^° tall, later pro-
fusely ranched for their whole length, ,^°-4° long,
prostrate or leaning, the nodes strongly l)arbed.
Leaves smooth and glabrous, generally truncate or
rounded at the base, the primary ones .^^5' long,
about yi' wide, widely spreading, the lower ones
usually rcfiexcd, those of the branches ,'j'-2' long,
i"-2" wide ; primary panicle ,V-5' lo"Ki cxserted,
ovoid, its branches ascending, rigid ; secondary
panicles smaller, lax, not exceeding the leaves, tlie
branches bearing few spikelels; spikelets about
}i" long, ellipsoid, purple, glabrous; first scale
about one-third as long as the spikelet, acute.
Moist soil, Niw York to Tennessee, south to h'lorida
and Texas. June \\\k.
GRASS TAMILY.
121
24. Panicum viscidum Ivll. Vt.lvety Paiiicuni. (Fig. 266.)
■19-
/./. 7.
PaiiiiiiDi s.opdiiiiiii Mitlix. I'l. linr Am. I
N(il I,ani. !r'*7-
I'diiiiiini visciitiiiti lUl. lint. S. C. iS: (la. i:
/• ..'■ 'f^'7-
Culms erect, 2° 4° tall, simple or at length much
branched above, villous. Sheaths shorter than the
internodcs, villous; leaves j^cnerallv narrowed, some-
times roundcil or truncate at base, softly pubescent,
those of the culm 4'-7' long, 5 "S" wide, distant, those
of the branches i'-2i2' long, 2"-^" wide, crowded;
pritnary panicle ji,'-(i' long, ovoid, branches ascetuling;
secondary panicles much smaller, not CNcceding the
leaves ; spikelets ovoid to oval, about i '4 " long, pu-
bescent ; first scale broadly ovate, about one-fourth as
long as the s])ikelet ; second and third scales nearly
orbicular, 9-ncrved, pubescent, the fourth oval, apicu-
late, 1" long.
Mdist soil, New Jersi y tu Indiana and the Iiidi.ui Terri-
tory, south to I'lnrida and Texas. N(il viscid. June .VuK-
Panicum pubescens I.aiii. Hairy Paiiicmn. (Fig. 267.)
I'iiiii, mil f>ii/iistiii.s I.ain. iMieyel. 4: 74S. 1797.
/'iiiiitniii liiiiiiiiiiiiisiiiii ]\\\. licit. ,S. C. iS: <'ia. i: 12^
1817.
Culms at first erect and simple, later proinsely
branched ;ind leaning or ascending, glabrous or ])u-
bescent. .Sheaths hirsute to villous, often papillose ;
leaves rounded, truncate or often narrowed at the
base, pubescent or glabrate, generally more or less
spreading, those of the culm 2' ^ long, those of the
branches much shorter; primary panicles less than 3'
long, ovoid, their branches ascending; lateral pan-
icles much smaller, not exceeding the leaves ; spike-
lets hardly i " long, pubescent.
In ilrv soil. CdtUMion in the Hasli-ni and .Middle States,
its western and sdullieni riin.i;e iui(Uterniine<l. Jinie .Xug.
Panicum lanuginosum Ivll., luri' regarded as referable to
this species, may pnive tu be distinct.
.19.
<>"K.
fted,
llary
, the
ll)OUt
Rcalc
l)ri<la
26. Panicum depauperatum Miilil. Starved Paiiicuiu
/'(iiiiiinii s/iiilinii I'tirsli, I'l. .\ni. .Sept. (>i|. iSi). Xut
K. Hr. 1S12.
I\iiiiiiim difiiul'iiiiliim Mulil. {"•rani. 112. 1S17.
Paiiituiu in-.-nliiliiiii Torr. I'l. V. .S. i2|. iS2(.
Culms erect, l'^ tall or less, simi)lc or branched at
base. .Sheaths glabrous to hirsute ; leaves erect,
elongated, 'j" 2" wide, mostly crowded at base and
equalling or one-half as long as the culm, the upi)er
culm leaf often much exceeding the panicle ; primary
panicle generally much exsertcd from the upper
sheath, I'-j' long, usually linear, its branches mostly
erect ; secondary panicles on very short basal branches
and often concealed by tlic lower leaves ; spikelets
about I '2" long.
In <lry places, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, sontli to I'lorida
and Texas. June Sept.
(I'ig:. 26S.
122
27.
GRAMINKAK.
Panicum angustifolium 1\\\. Xarrow-leaved Paiiiciim. ( Im^. 269. )
a I\iiii,iiiii ini'^KSii/'oliiiiii V,\\. Hot. S. C. \.('.;i. I: I2<). iSi;.
I'liiii, Kill litiismigiiiiiiiiiii S, Wills, in A. Ciniy. Man. VA.
(1, (1;;, in part. \^^fy Neil Kunlli, .>i,s.
Ciiltns eroct, \°-2° tall, glabrous, at first simple,
later jirofusely braiu-hcd above. Sheaths glabrous or
the basal ones pubescent, those on the culm shorter
than the internodes, those on the branches crowded ;
leaves elongated, i "-3" wide, narrowed to the base,
firm, glabrous, those of the culm distant, those of the
branches shorter and crowded ; primary panicle lotig-
exserted, i' ;,' long, its branches ascending or erect ;
lateral panicles smaller, shorter than the leaves ;
spikclets few, about iV" long, elliptic to obovoid;
first scale one-fourth to one-third as long as the spike-
let; second and third oval, 9-nerved, pubescent; fourth
oval, minutely pubescent at the apex.
Dry soil. Xnrtli Camlina t<
ami Texas. Juiu \\\v..
Missouri, soutli to I'lorida
28. Panicum virgatum L.
I\x)iiiuiii riii^aiiiiii I., Sp. I'l. ,sv. 17.S.V
Tall Siiioolh Panicum. i l-'ig. 270.
Culms erect from a creeping rootstock, ,^'-,s'^ tall,
glabrous. ,Sheaths smooth and glabrous ; leaves elon-
gated, 1° or more long, ;," 6" wide, flat, loug-acumin-
ate, narrowed toward the base, glabrous, rough on
the margins ; panicle 6'-2o'' long, the lower branches
4'-lo'' long, more or less widely spreading or sometimes
nearly erect; spikelets ovate, acuminate, 2"-2,'4"
long; first scale acuminate, about one-half as long as
the spikelet, ,3-5-ncrved ; jecond scale generally
longer than the others, 5-7-nerved, the third similar
and usually subtending a palet and staminate flower;
fourth scale shining, shorter than the others.
Ill r.ioist or dry soil, Itaiiic and Ontario to MiniKSnta,
south to l"loriila. Kansas and 'IV.x.is. Xwf,. .Scjjt.
29. Panicum amarum V\\. Sca-l)cacli Paiiiciun. f Im^'. 271.)
r,iin\inii (1111,11 mil \\\\. Hot. S. C. >S: Ca. i: 121. i"^!;.
,Sniooth and glidirous, glaucous, culms arising from
long branching rootstocks, l°-,^° tall, decumbent.
Sheaths ovcrlajiping ; leaves 6'-i° long, 3" -6" wide,
long-acuminate, thick and leathery, involute on the
margins, at least toward the ai)ex, the uppermost leaf
generally exceeding the panicle ; panicle linear, less
than 1° long, its branches erect; spikelets 2'i"-3"
long; first, second and third .scales acuminate, the first
one-half to two-thirds as long as the spikelet, the third
somewhat longer than the second, usually with a jialct
and staminate llower, the fourtii elliptic, about i }i" long.
(Ill sea biaclics Conmcticut to I'lorida. .Sept. N'ov.
r.RASS FAMIIA'.
123
30. Panicum miliaceum I^. Milkt.
( l'i<r. 2-2. )
I'iiiiiiiiiii iiillitiiCK III I,. S]). I'l. ,ss. I7,s,v
Culms erect or (lccuml)ent, ratlier slout, i^ or more
tall, j^lahrous or hirsute. Sheaths papillose-hirsute ;
leaves 5'- 10' long, ' I'-i' wide, more or less pubes-
cent ; panicle rather dense, 4'-io' lonj;; branches erect
or ascendinjf ; sjiikelets 2"-2'i" lonjj;, acuminate; ,,^
first scale about two-thirds as lonij as thespikelet, acum- vV'i,
iiiate, 5-7-ncrveil ; second scale 2" 2 'i" lonjj, acum- •,!
inate, i.^-ncrvcd, somcw'iat cxceedinj^ the "-i.vnervcd \.l
acuminate third one, which subtcuils an empty palet; 'j
fourth scale shorter than the f.iird, becoming indu- /\
rated, obtuse.
Ill waste places. Maine In New Vnrk, \e\\ Jersey and
rennsylvania. .\clveiuive I'niiii tlie (lid World. July Sept.
31. Panicum proliferum Lam. vSprcadiiii; raiiiciiiii. ( Kig. 273.")
I'liiiiriiiii pniH/'iTinii I.ain. Ivncycl. 4: 747a. 1797.
I\tiiiciiiii i;i'iiiiiiliilii>n Mulil. Crrani. I2,v 1S17.
Culms at first erect, i°~2° tall, simple, later de-
cumbent and ji;cniculate, 4°-6° lout;, branched at all
the upper nodes. Sheaths loose, j^labrous, some-
what llattened; ligule ciliale ; leaves 6'-2° long,
2"- 10" wide, long-acuminate, scabrous on the mar-
gins and occasionally on the nerves; panicle pyra-
midal, 4' -I')' long, lower branches ^'-6' long, at
length widely spreading; spikclets i"-ij.'" long,
crowded, lanceolate, acute, glabrous, sometimes
pnrjilish; first scale about one-fourth as long as the
spikelet, enclosing its base; second and third scales
about e(|ual, acute, 5-7 nerved; fourth scale elliptic,
:\ / shining, somewhat sliorter than or equalling the
V,/ lliird.
-^ V// 111 wet soil. Maine to Pennsylvania and Nebraska,
siiiilh to I'lorida and Texas. July -Sept.
32. Panicum capillare L. Witch Cirass.
Tuiiil)lo-\veod. ( Fig. 274. )
J'ltiifi mil (ii/'i//i!ii' I,. .Sp. I'l. .s.'^. 17,S.^
Culms erect or decumbent, 1° 2'' tall, simple or some-
times sparingly branched. Sheiiths jjapillosc-hirsutc;
leaves 6' 1" long, ,V'-'*^" wide, more or less pubescent;
terminal panicle generally S' i.)' long, lower branches
at first included in the upper sheath, finally cxsertcd
and widely spreading, 6' 10' long ; lateral iianiclcs,
when jiresent, stnallcr ; spikelcts i" \W' long, acu-
minate ; first scale one-fourth to one-half as long as
the spikelet; second and third scales nearly ciiual,
very acute, the fi)urth '4" long.
Ill dry soil, eoiiniioii as a wiiil in eiiltivaled fields, Nnva
.Secilia til llritisli Cnliiiiibia, smitli In P'lorida. .Nev.ida and
Texas. July Sejit.
Panicum capillare Gatting^ri Nash.
I'liniiiiiii ,ii/>i//ii) r \-,{r. 1 i/vz/ii a/;c ('lalliiiKer, Teiiii. I'M. i((. iSS-. Niit /'. iiiiiiftishi Nees, r.sji).
Cnliiis iiiiiie slender than in llie type; terminal panicle rarely over h' Icinjf, the lateral ones very
nninerniis. Moist places. New Jersey to Teiiiiessee, Missouri and soulliward.
124
GRAMIXEAE.
33. Panicum flexile (Gattiiiser) Scril)ii
Wiry Panicum. ( Fij^. 275.)
l\tiii,i())i ,ii/>i//,i/r\nr. fli-xilr (;aUiiiKC'i-, TiMiii. I'l, nj,
1.^87.
Piinuinii Jli-rilr Scrilm. Hull. T(^rr. Club, 20: .\-;(,. iSij^,
Culms erect, 6'-iS' tall, slender, simple or
somewhat branched at base, bearded at the nodes.
Sheaths papillose-hirsute; leaves 4'-9' loiifj, ^"-t,"
wide, erect, lon},'-acumiiiate, more or less pubes-
cent; panicle 4'-9' loni;, narrowly ovoid to oblong
in outline, its branches ascending, the lower ones
2'-3 ",' long; spikelets i "3" long, much shorter than
tlie])edicels, acuminate; fir.st scale about one-fourth
a long as the spikclet ; second and third scales
about etiual, 5-7 nerved; fourth scale elliptic, some-
what shorter than the third.
In moist or dry soil, IVniisylvania to Tinncssce and
Missouri. Auk. < HI.
34. Panicum autumnale liosc. DilTusL- I'anicmii.
PiUiiciiiii iiiulniii Walt. I'l. Car. 7,;. i7S,s?
J'ctiiiiiii}! ,li:;T<;nis Mulit. Ciraiii. 120. 1817.'' Not
II.li.K. iSi.s.
J\iiiiiiiiii aiiliiiintalt- liosc: Spri-n^. Syst. i:',yo. , 1825.
Culms erect or decuudient, l°-2° tall, generally
much branched at the base, slender. Sheaths
shorter than the internodes, the upper glabrous,
the lower sometimes den-iely pubescent ; leaves
^Yi'-X' long, l"~3" wide, ascending, acuminate,
glabrous; panicle 5'~12' long, bearded in the axils,
the lower branches 4' 8' long, at first erect with
the lower portion included in the upper sheath,
finally exserted and widely spreading at maturitv ;
spikelets lanceolate, about 1 '2" loug, acuminate,
glabrous or pubescent, on capillary pedicels of
many times their length ; first scale minute ; sec-
ond and third equal, acute, glabrous or sometimes
villous, the fourth lanceolate, i%" long.
In(lry soil. Illinois to (Uortjia luid inorida. wisl
lo Minnesota, Kansas and .\rizoii.i, July .Sepl,
Panicum minus ( Mulil. ) Xa.sli. Wood Panicum
( Fi<r
( Fis. 277. )
rani, mil (af'ilhiif var. iiiiiior Mulil. ('.nun. i.rj.
ranicinii lafiilUiirswx. svlrnliiiiiiiTurr. V\. 1 1().
Not /'. .\rl:'(ilhiiiii I.aiii. 1797.
Pdiii, mil (/iff'iisniii I'ursli, I'l. .\ni. Sept. I: ()S.
Not .S\v. i7.^S.
/'iiiiii mil iiiiiiiis Nasli, lUill. Torr. Club, 22: 421.
1.817.
1,824.
1S14.
"■8<AS.
Culms erect, or occasionally decumbent, .S'^"
long, slender, somewhat branched at base. Sheaths
hirsute ; leaves 2'-4' long, i"-3" wide, erect, more
or less pubescent ; panicle 4'-9' long, its lower
l.>ranches 3'-4' long, spreading or ascending;
spikelets about ,V" long, elliptic, acute, smooth,
borne in jiairs at the extremities; of the ultimate
divisions of the panicle; first scale about one-thinl
as long as the equal ;icute second and third ones,
tlic fourth .somewhat shorter than the third.
Ill dry woods ami lliickits. New Uruiiswick to
C.iortfia. west to ?;issotiri. .\uK Sept.
GRASS FAMILY.
125
iSij.v
ami
36. Panicum verrucosum Muhl.
Panidiiu :ciiutosin)i Mulil. (iram. riv 1^*17-
raiiicuiii di))iU' \\\\. Dot. S. C. & (".a. i: 129. 1817
Dfsf. iSi«>.
Warty Panicum
Nut
(Fig. 278.)
Culms erect or decuiuhent, slender, jjeiierally much
branched at base. vSheaths j,dabrous, much shorter
than the intcniodcs; ligule short, ciliatc ; leaves 2'-7'
long, I "-4" wide, erect or ascending, glabrous, rough
on the margins; panicle 3'-i2' long, its lower
branches 2'-6' long, naked below, strict and ascend-
ing, or lax and spreading; spikelets about '4 " long,
elliptic, acutish, borne in pairs along the branches,
the first scale about one-quarter as long as the warty
second and third, the fourth scale apiculatc.
Moist siiil, Massachusetts to f'lorida, west to Louisiana,
mostly near till' coast. July Sipt.
37. Panicum gibbum Ivll. Gil)b()us Panictim. ( Fig. 279. ;
' I'll^r" I''' "I'll III .Ki/'/'niii ICll. Hill. S. C. iS: C.a. i: 116. 1S17.
Culms erect from a creeping base, 2'^-6° tall,
dichotomously branched below. Lower sheaths
denselj- hirsute, the u])per generally glabrous ; leaves
,^'-7' long, 2"-io" wide, usually spreading, more or
less pubescent ; panicle 3'-9' long, dense and con-
tracted ; branches '^'-i' long, erect; spikelets I's"-
2" long, elliptic, somewhat acute; first scale about one-
quarter as long as the spikelct ; second scale gibbous
at base, ii-nerved; third scale about equalling the
second, 7-iicrved, empty, the fourth one shorter than
the second.
Swiinips, \'ir^Hnia to Ti-nncssce, south to I'lorida and
Louisianii. .\N(i in Cuba. July-Sipt.
1S17.
lS2.).
i;-i.t.
1%S.
vii'k to
13. IXOPHORUS Schlecht. Litmaea, 31: 420. 1861-2.
[SlCTAKr.\ Heauv. Agrost. 11;,. i,Si2. Not .Vcli. 179.S.]
Mostly annual grasses with erect culms, flat leaves, the inflorescence in si)ike-like panicles.
Spikelets 1 -flowered, or rarely with a second slaminate flower, the basal bristles single or in
clusters below the articulation of the rai-hilla, and therefore persistent. Scales of the spike-
let 4, the three outer membranous, the third often subtending a palet and rarely a staminate
flower ; the inner or fourth scale chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture and a
perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated. Stigmas plumose. C.raiii free,
enclosed in the scales. [Greek, in reference to the viscid spikelets of some species.]
Species a))out 10, in temperate ami tropical legions. Tliose oeeuniiiK in oui ratine are iiitro
(luced from the t)Ul World.
llristles dowiuvardly barlied. 1. /. ■.■<r/i, i7/ii/iis.
liiislles upwaidly t)arbed.
Mature fo\irtli scale of si)ilielel oval in outline, very eonve.<i. almost In niisplierie, coarsely
transversely rugose. 2 /. t'/'"" ">•
Mature rourtli scale Kenerally elliptic in outline, only moderately convex, liiiely transversely
rugose or jiitted. striate.
Spikes l' -,V ■' louR, '.•' or less thick; siiikelels abmit 1" loiin, always mueli e.xceeded l)y
the jrreeii bristles. ,V /. vii litis.
Spikes 1' i|' lotin, ' :' -2' thick; spikeUts about i'," loii^, eciiialled or exceeded by the
usually i)urplisli bristles. 4. /. llaliiiis.
Nil.
126 GRAMINRAK.
I. Ixophorus verticillatus d,. 1 Xasli. I-oxtail-orass. 1 Imk- -^so. '
Piiiiiiinii -.rrlii illntuiii I.. Sl>. I'l. VA. i. ^^. 171,.'
Si-Uii ill ;irli(illit/a lUsiuv. AKinst. 51. iSi 1.
I'liiiiiuu-iiifiliis :;ili<ilhihi I'mUi. Mull 'I'on Club. 20:
U|(i. I.Sin.
/r»f>liiiiiis :;'i/i,i7/,i/ii^ S;\>h. Hull. 'run. Club. 22- 42.1.
CiiliiiB erector (leciiiiil)ciit, i'-2 tall, more or le.vs
l)raiiclieil. Slieatlis glabrous; leaves 2'H' long, ^4'
^i'wiile, scabrous above; spikes 2' ;/ long; spikelets
about I" long, c(|uallc(l or exceeded by tlie down-
wardly barbed bristles; first scale less tlian one-half as
long as the spikelet, i -nerved: second ami third .scales
5-7-nerved, e(|ualling the oval fourth one; palct nf
third scale empty.
.\biiut (Iwclliii^s aiul in waste places. Xdva .Scnlia .luci
Outaiicitii N\« Jersey and Keuluekv. X.Ltuiali/eil Inmi
I'lurniie. July Se])t.
2. Ixophorus glaucus, I,. I Nash. Vcllcw I'oxtail. PiKcoii-.ura.ss. (Fi.u. 2S1..
/'ii II /1 1111/ i; /(III I' II III I,. Sp. ri. sii. 175;.
Sctiiiid •;/iiii,ii lieauv. .\i;rn-,l. si. '\Si2.
Cliaiiiiii i\ipln\ i;l,iii,,i Kuut//. Rev. (ieu. I'l. 71:-.
Ixiiplun II-. ,i;l,iiini\ Xash, Hull. Tiirr. Club.' 22
Culms erect or sometimes decumbent, \"-.f tall,
more or less branched. Sheaths glabrous; leaves
2'-6'long, 2"-4" wide; spikes I ' -4' long; spikelets
•/+"-! 'j" long, oval, much shorter than the up-
war(ll\ barbed yellowish brown bristles; first scale
1-3-nervcd, somewhat shorter than the ,s-nerved
second one; third scale 5-ncrved, e<iualling the
fourth which is coarsely transversely rugose, very
convex, \'-shaped in cross-section, about twice as
long as the second; palct of third scale usually
empty.
[u waste iil.iee-. and eullivaled yiouuds. lluou.i;li-
out Nnrtli .\uKiiea e.\eepl the e\tiiiue unrth. ( I I'll 11 a
tninlileMiuU' uee(i, Xatufali/i il I'lcuu lunopi-. Julv
Sejit
Xasli. Crevii I"()xiail-.i;ra.ss. ( I'"ii;-. ^.sj. >
/'iiiii<iiiii :iii,li- I., ,S]). I'l. VA. -\ s;, 171,2.
Siliiiiii rii i(/i\ lieauv. A.uidsl. ii. i.s[j.
Cluiiiiii, I, i/>/us : iridic WwWt. Hull. '1'. in Club 20 uK.
l.\-«f:li,.i lis -.-iiidis Xasli, liiill.Tun. Club, ii \2\. iS,,,i.
Culms erect or .isi'cnding, 1 ,V'' tall, siniiilc
or branched. Sheaths glabrous; leaves,^' 10' long,
2" 6" wide, usually scabrous .above; spikes i'-4'
long; .spikelets about 1" long, elliptic, much shorter
than the green, or sometimes yellowish, upwardlv
barbed bristles; first scale less than one-half as long
as the s])ike!ct, l-;,->ierved; second and third scales
,S-nerved; fourth scale finely and faintly transversely
rugose, or pitted, striate, only moderately convex,
equalling or slightly exceeding the second; palet of
third scale usually emjity.
Ill waste places and cultivalid ^;rciuuds, Uik.ukIi
out Xiirtli .\liiericaexeei)l tile exlreiue iiiirtli aiul nriell
a troublesoiue we((l Xatiirali/eil Iniin ICnriipe. July
Sept.
GRAS.S KAMII.V.
4. Ixophorus Italicus 1 L, 1 X.isli. Italian
Piliiiiiiiii lliiliiKiii I.. S)! I'l. s'v 175,1.
Sflaria Ihiliai R. \- S. Sysl. 2: (uv 1S17.
Chaiiiafntpliis llaliiii Kmit/t-, Kcv. Ciii. I'l. -ia^. lUn.
fxoplionit llalitiis Nasli, liull. Turr. Chil>, 22: 125. i^i|,=;.
Culms erect, 2"-5° tall. Sheaths sinootli or scab-
rous; leaves 6'-i° or more in length, \'-\li' wide,
generally scabrous; sjiikes 4''-9' long, 'i'-i' thick,
usually very compound; s])ikelets about 1 '4 " long,
elliptic C(iualled, or excccdcil by tlic upwardly barbed
generally purplish bristles; first scale less than one-
half as long as the spikelet, 1-3-nerved; second and
third 5-7-nerved; fourth :xale etiualling or somewhat
exceeding the second, finely and faintly transverse-
rugose, or pitted, striate, only moderately convex;
palet of third scale minute or wanting.
Ill waste places, eseapi-d rmiii cultivatidll, Ouebee t'l
Miiiiiesdt.i, siiiitli to I'lorida and Texas. Natne of tlir
Old World. July Sept.
127
14. CENCHRUS L. Sp. I'l. 1049. 1753.
Annual or perennial grasses with usually Hat leaves. Inllorcscencc in spikes. Spikc-
Icts subtended by a spiny involucre which is deciduous with tlicin at nialurity. .Scales .(;
the first hyaline; the second and third membranous, the latter sometimes having a ]ialct
and staminate llower in its axil; the fourth ehartaceous, subtending a jjalet of similar struc-
ture which encloses a perfect llower. Stamens ,v Styles uniteil below. Stigmas phiinose.
Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Ancient Creek name for some grass, probably Millet. ]
.\bout 12 species, in tropical and tetnperati k jjious. licsi.ks tlie followiiiK. some ( i)tlieis
occur in the sontlu 111 pails of Noitli .\tiu rica
I. Cenchrus tribuloides L. lUir-j^rass.
Hcdgehog-gras.s. (I'i.U- -^A- )
C'ii(//i IIS /) t7ii(/iii(f,-s J,, sp. I'l. lo^o. 175;.
l'iit,liii(\ l'iiit>liiii,tiiiis \\a\\. 1"1. Car. 70. 178S.
Culms erect or decuii ' > nt from an annual root,
usu.iUy robust, .S'-j',, long, branching freely.
Sheaths usually very loose, compressed, smooth;
leaves 2'j' 5' long, 2" .\" wide, Hal or somewhat
coniplanate; spikes 1' 2'j' long, sometimes par-
tially included in the upper sheath; involucres
crowded on the scabrous raeliis, 2 (lowered, glo-
bose, pubescent except at the base, forming spiny
burs, the spines slout; spikelcts about ,^" long.
( 111 sandy shores .ui<l in wasli- places, Maine and On-
l.ivio to >iiiniesota, south to I'lorida, Colorado and
Texas. ,Soiiu liiiu s a noxious wei d. .\ppaieiitly lier-
iiniial ill till Sontlu 111 Stales. \\\\i. Si pt.
15. ZIZANIOPSIS Doell .V .Xm-Ikts. in .Marl. I'l. ISras. 2: Part 2, 12. 1871.
Tall aquatic monoecious grasses, with long flat lea\es and )>aniculate inflorescence.
Spikelets l nowercd, the slaminate borne at the top of the branches, the pistillate at the
base. Scales 2, nearly eipial, meinbranous, the outer one in the pistillate spikelets broad,
acute and bearing an au .Stamens 6. Styles united, driiiu nearly globose, the pericarp
readily separable. [Name in allusion to the reseinblance of this grass to Xiidniii. |
,\ iiioiiiilypie HI nils, of Unipeiale and troiiieal .\nierica.
CRAMINKAK.
I. Zizaniopsis miliacea (Miclix.) Doell
^t Asclu-rs. Zizaniopsis. ( Vifi. 285. )
y.i-.iiniii niiliiucn Mklix. I'l. lliir. Am. I: 74. 1805.
/iza)ii(if>sis iiiiliiiit:a Duill & Ascliirs. ; liaill. Hist. I'l.
12: 21^. iSy.v
Culms .i°-i5° tall from a loiij.; and creeping root-
stock, robust, glal)rous. Sheaths loose, glabrous;
ligulc y-~" long, thin-membranous; leaves 1°
longormorc, 'i'-l' wide, smooth, glabrous; panicle
dense, i°-i '.° long, narrow; branches erect ; stani-
inatespikelcts^" -4" long, tlie outer scale 5-nervcd,
the inner ,vnerve(l, both acute; pistillate spikelcts
about y long, the outer scale about eiiualling the
inner, bearing an awn i"-3" long, scabrous, 5-
nervcd; inner scale ,^-nerved, acute.
Swaini)S, (k'orKia to (lliio (iicconliiiK to KidikU),
south to I'loridii and Ttxas. June Jidy.
16. ZIZANIA I,. vSp. PI. 991. ( 1753. )
A tall aquatic monoecious grass with long flat leaves and an ample panicle. Spikelcts
i-flowcred, the pistillate borne on the upper branches of the panicle, the staminate on the
lower. Scales 2, mend)raiious, the outer somewhat longer, acute in the staminate, loiig-
awned in the pistillate spikelcts. Stamens 6. Styles nearly distinct. Grain linear, 5"-8'''
long. [I''rom an ancient Greek name for Parnel.]
.\ inotiotypic genus of North .Xnitrica and .\sia. // / //////
I. Zizania aquatica L. Wild Rice.
Indian Rice. Water Oats. Reed.
( Fi^. 2,S6. )
/hit Ilia lu/iiiiliiii I,. Sp. ri. <;kji. i75,V
Culms erect from an annual root, 3°-io^ tall,
smooth and glabrous. Shcatlis loose, glabrous ;
ligiile about '.^' long, thin-membranous; leaves
1° or more long, '4'^' '2' wide, more or less
roughened, especially above, glabrous ; panicle
l°-2° long, the upper branches erect, the lower
widely si)rcading ; staminate spikelcts 3" -6"
long, scales acute or awn-pointed, outer 5-
uerved, the inner ,v"»-'rved ; scales of the linear
pistillate spikelcts 4"-i2" long, the outer one
5-nerved, with an awn i'-2' long, the inner
narrower, 3-nerved, awn-pointcd.
In swamps. New Jirunswick to Manitoba, south
to Florida, I.ouisiana and Tfxas. June (Jet.
17. HOMALOCENCHRUS MieJ,^; Hall. Hi.st. Stirp. Helv. 2: 201. 1768.
[Li;i:rsi.\ Sw. Nov. Gen. &. Sp. 21. 17.SS. Not Hedw. 17.S2.]
Mi:ish grasses with flat narrow generally rough leaves, and ])aniculate inflorescence.
Spikdets i-flowcrcd, perfect, strongly flattened laterally, and usually more or less imbri-
cated. Scales 2, chartaceous, the outer one broad and strongly conduplicate, the inner
much narrower. Stamens 1-6. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid,
free. [Greek, in reference to the supposed resendilancc of these grasses to .Millet.]
About ,■; species, natives of tiinperate and tropical countries. Iksidis the foUowiuR:, 2 otlurs
occur in the soullicni I'nilcd Slates.
S))ikilits olilontf, llicir width kss than one-half their leiiRtli, somewhat ind)rieate(l,
Spikelcts I H"-l '3" loiiK; i)aniele-l)raMclies usi;ally rigid. i. If. I'hxiiiiius.
Spikelcts 2"-2'j" long; i)anielel)ranc!ies generally la.\. 2. If. <iiv:i>i(l<:s.
.Spikelcts oval, their width more than one-half their lengtli, much indirieated. },. II. Iiiiti, iiliii is.
r.RASS I' AMI I, V.
b68.
■nee.
Iihri-
liiicr
loid,
lliors
Ills.
'.V.
fits.
I. Homalocenchrus Virginicus ( W'illd. ) IJiit'Mii. Wliiic (iiass. i \'\<:i.
129
2S7. )
/.III. -.ill I'iixiiiiiii Willil. S]). I'l. i:.iJ5.
J.i/iiii/u I'iixiiiiic K- N: S. Sysl. 2: 2H\.
llKiiitiliuriii Inns I '11 l: iiii'i ii\ llritldii,
Acad. Sii. 9; i |. iss^.
1M7.
V.
Culms Kli'l'roiis. (Iccuiiiboiit, i°-3° loii),', iiuicli
hraiiched, slender, smooth. Slieatlis iisu.illy
shorter than the internodes; li^ulc short; leaves
2' -h' lon^, 1" S" wide, acute, usuallv narrowed
toward the hase, scabrous; terniinid panicle linally
lonu-exserted, .i' -S' loni;, its branches generally
s])rcadinj,', usually naked below the middle; lateral
panicles smaller and usually included; spikelets
1 '4 "-' 'i"'"U.U. about ' .'■ wide, oblonji, appresscd;
outer scale hispid on the keel and mars.;ins; inner
scale hispid on the keel; stamens i or 2.
Swanijis iir wit wikmN. Maine to < intario and Miniu-
sula, simtli li> inorida, Kau'-as ;uid TcNas. .\utj .Sipl.
2. Homalocenchrus oryzoides 1 I<. i Poll. Kkc Ciil-j;rass. ( Vvj;. 2S8.
riialiii h. iiif.niifis I,. Sp. PI. .SS. T.Si.
ll,iiii,il,Hrii,iini.siirv:ni,l,i Poll, llisl. i'l. I'alat. l:,S2. 1776.
/.Ill sill ,in-.i)i(/rs Sw. I'l. Ind. Occ. i: 1,52. I7')7.
Culms ).;labrous, decumbent, i"-.|.° long, much
branched, rather stout, smooth. Sheaths shorter
than the interno<les, very rough; ligulc very short;
leaves 3' -lo' long, 2"-5" wide, acute, narrowed to-
ward the base, scabrous ; terminal panicle 5 '-9' long,
finally long-exserted, its branches lax, naked at the
base, at first erect, later more or less widely spreading ;
lateral panicles generally included; spikelets 2"--2}i"
long, aliout J4 " wide, elliptic; scales pubescent, the
outer one his])id on the keel and on the margins; inner
scale much narrower, hispid on the keel; stamens 3;
anthers yellow.
In swamps and alonf{ streams, often furminu' dense
tangled m.isses. Nova .Scotia tu western Uutario, south to
I'lcirida. Kansas and Texas. .\lso in the teni])crate parts
1)1" ICnriipe and .\sia. .\u.i>:. -.Sept.
3. Homalocenchrus lenticularis (Miclix. )
vScrihii. Catch-fly (irass. ( Kit;-. 2S9. 1
/.I'l-rsiii /,'ii/iiii/iii is 'M\i:h\. 1"1. lior. .\m. i:,vi. i>^'iv
I/iiiiialihciulii IIS liiilii iiliii is 'Ai.-uhw. Mem. Turr. Club, 5;
Culms glabrous, erect, 2"-.}° tall, usually simple,
smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, scab-
rous; ligule very short; leaves 4'-! 2' long, 4"-lo"
wide, acute, more or less narrowed at the ba.sc, scab-
rous; panicle 4 ','-9' long, finally exserted, its branches
lax, naked below, at first erect, later spreading;
spikelets much indiricatcd, 2''-2ji" long, i"-iV"
wide, broadly oval; scales smooth or sparingly hispid-
scabrous, the outer one strongly 3-nerved, hispid on the
keel and margins, the inner much narrower, strongly
I -nerved, hispid on the keel ; stamens 2.
Wet unmnds, Virninia to Illinois and Missouri, south
to I'Morida and Texas. July-,Sept.
I30
C.kAMINI'Ai:.
i8. PHALARIS I,. Sp. PI. 54. 1753.
Annual or perinnial jirnsscs with (hit k-aves, the inlloresciiicc spikc-likf, capitate or a
narrow panicle. Spikclcts crowdcil, i-llowcrid. Scales 5, the first and second about e(|iial
in length, strongly compressed laterally, usually wing-kieled ; third and fourth scales niiu'h
smaller or reduced to mere rudiments ; fifth scale sutitending a palet similar to itself ami a
perfect flower. Stamens 3. .Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Cirain oblong, free,
smooth, enclosed in the scales. [(Ireek, alluding to the shining grain.]
.MidUl 111 speciis. tiinsUv nalivis ol' MHitlicrii PUuoiu-, lii^idis tin- fnlluwiuK, \ (itlRt> ini-iir in
the riiitid States.
Outer scales licit \\iin;e<l; iullousceiice a uarniw iiauicli'. i. /' ,ii iii/diiidKii.
{Juter scales litdailly winded; innciresceiici' a spiki' oi spike liki pMuiclc.
Spikelets ii.irniw: third and I'nurtli scali- iiituli n-dtu'id. liyid. subulate, liairy.
2. /'. C(i 1 11/ ill Id ml.
Spikelets brn.id: tliivd and rdiiMli sealcs tliiu UKiidiiimiHis. bm.idly laiu-edlate. Klabnms or
sparingly hairy. " ^i. /'. i'<ni,ii iciisis.
I. Phalaris arundinacea I,. Recti Caiiaiy-grass. ( I-'ig. 290.)
I'luihii is iiiKiidiiuiiiii I,. .S]i. \'\.
1 7.=i,v
Cllabroiis, culms erect, 2''-5° tall, simiile, smooth.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule \" s"
long, obtuse, membraiKnis ; leaves ^]i'~\o' long, 3"-
S" wide, acuminate, smooth or scabrous ; panicle 3'-
S' long, dense, its branches 'j'-i'j' long, erect or
sometimes slightly spreailing ; spikelets 2'2"",i"
long: outer scales scabrous, _^-ncrved; third and fourth
•scales less than one-half as long as the lifth, subulate,
rigi<l, liairy ; fifth scale abotit three-fourths as long as
the spikelct, chartaceous, pubescent with long ap-
pressed silky hairs, subtending a jialet of similar
texture and a perfect flower.
In moist or wet soil. Nova .Scotia to liritisli C'nluiubia.
south to New Jersey. Kiiitiuky. Kansas and .Nevada.
.■\lso ill ICurope and .\sia. July .\ui;. Thi' Rilibcui ^rass
or Tainted ^rass of cnUiviitinii. thr mi callid variety piilii,
has leaves variejjateil willi ^leeu and wliiti- stripes, is a
derivative ul' this species, and soinetiuKs e>e;i])es Irinii
Hardens.
2. Phalaris Caroliniana Wall. Carolina Caiiary-gra.ss. ( I'Mg. 291.)
I'lutliiris Oil :'/iiu\iiia Walt. 1"1. Car. 71. 17S8.
P/iiiluris inlcimedia Hose.; I'oir. in I„-iiii. I-jieyel.
Siippl. 1: ,^ou. i.siii.
I'lialtii is Aiiiii iiiiiiii V.W. lint. .S. C. iS: t'la. i: loi. 1*^17.
Culms l°-3,'2^ tall, erect or sometimes decuni-
bcnt at base, simple or somewhat branched, smooth
or roughish, glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter
than the internodes ; ligtile \"-J,'' long, roimded,
thin-membranous ; leaves 2'-6' long, 2"-,5" wide,
smooth or slightly scabrous ; spike-like panicle i'-
4' long, dense, its branches about /i' long, erect;
spikelets i)^'' long, the outer scales more or less
scabrous, 3-ncrved, wing-keeled ; third and fourth
scales less than one-half as long as the fifth, subu-
late, hairy; fifth scale about two-thirds as long as the
spikelet, acuminate, pubescent with long appressed
silky hairs.
Ill moist soil. South Carolina to Missouri and Cali-
fornia, south to I'lorida and Te.xas. Juiie-.Vug.
hcUIll-
liooth
liorler
fukcl,
jwiile,
lie 1'-
t'rcct ;
|r less
>urtli
Isu1>u-
lis the
lessed
Ciili-
C.RASS lAMILV
3. Phalaris Canariensis I,. Canary-
Krass. ( Im^. 21)2. )
J'/iii/iiiis Ciiinn itii\i< I,. Sp. I'l. 5(. I7,s,v
More or less roiij^lieiicil, culms 1''-.^° tiill,
erect, simple or hriiiicliid, j^lahrous. Slieatlis
shorter than the iiiternoiles; ligiile about 1"
lonj^, rounded; leaves 2' 12' lon.n, 2"-f>" wide.
stronj;ly scabrous; spikes ',' i 'j' long, ovoid or
ohlonj,'; spikelets ,V'-4" long; outer scales gla-
brous or sparingly pubescent ; third and fourth
scales about half the length of the fifth, broadly
lanceolate, thin-membraiKJUs, sparingly hairy;
iiflh scale about two-thirds as long as the spike-
let, acute, pubescent with api)rcssed silky hairs.
In wasti- iilaii-^. Xuva Siutia tn Onlariu. Vir-
niiiia anil Nibniska .\atniali/i(l fnini ICmopc.
( luttr seaks UMially marly uliiu- with Kmii viins.
Tile main is tin innimcui I'imkI uI' laiiary binls.
July \\iii.
19. ANTHOXANTHUM I,. Sp. I'l. 2S.
>753-
I'ragraut annual or ])crcnnial grasses, with Ihit leaves and spike-like panicles. Spike-
lets i-llowered. narrow, somewhat compressed. Scales 5 ; the two outer acute or produced
into a short awn, the first shorter than the second ; third and fourth scales much shorter,
2-lol)ed, awned on the back ; the fifth scale shorter than the others, obtuse. Stamens 2.
Styles distinct. Stigmas elongated, plumose, drain free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek,
referring to the yellow hue of the spikelets in some species.]
A Kiuus of ) or ,i spiciis, iiativts of luiropc.
I. Anthoxanthum odoratum L.
vSwect Venial-j;ra.ss. 1 I''ig. 293.)
.< iillii' xiiiillniiii ihIoi ii/iiiii I,. Sp. \'\ 2S. 175,^
Culms i°-2'' tall, erect, simple or branched,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the
ititernodes ; ligile 1" 2" long, acute, membra-
nous; leaves }i' -h' long, l"-,V wide, glabrous
or nearly so; spike-like panicles i' 2/3' long,
branches short, erect or ascending; spikelets 4"
long, crowded; outer scales acute, glabrous or
pubescent, the first i-nerved, half as long as the
second which is 3-ncrved ; the third and fourth
very hairy, the former with an awn nearly twice
its length inserted about the middle, the fourth
scale bearing near the base an awn more than
twice its length ; fifth scale about two-thirds as
long as the fourth, obtuse or rounded at the ape.v,
and bearing a fertile flower.
In fiiUls and tmadows tliroutfliout ni.irly the
wlioU- of Xorth .\imric,i. Very IniKraiil in drying.
Nalurali/.td from lCiiro])e. Juiif July.
20. SAVASTANA vSchratik, Baier. Fl. i: 100. 17S9.
[HliCKociii.oi; J. f.. C.mel. I'"l. Sib. 1: 101. 1747.]
.Aromatic i)crcnnial grasses, with flat leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets
,vflowere<l, the terminal llowcr perfect, the others stiuninate. Scales 5; the first and second
nearly equal, acute, glabrous; the third and fourth somewhat shorter, obtuse, entire, emar-
ginate, 2-toothed or 2-lobed, with or without an awn, enclosing a palet and stamens; fifth
scale often jiroduced into a short awn, cuclosiug a palet and perfect flower. Stamens in
the staminate dowers 3, ill the perfect 2. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Clrain free,
enclosed in the scales. [Name unexplained.]
About S species, natives of temperate and cold regions.
II'
'32
CRAMIMvAIv.
Tliiid iiiid rniiitli ••(■;iU s tii.t ;i\viu(l.
lillliU', lUllUS I _■ ' tail,
ICinsc tnimalc, iiilnis d' till! cir Uss.
Tliinl Mini I'niirtli scaU- :iuiiiil.
1. .V inlci ,i/ii.
2. S. f^illli lllol il.
},. S. iilf^iiiii.
I. Savastana odorata i I,, i Scrilm. Holy
(lias
SiMiLca (irass. < l-'i^'. -u4- '
Hull 11^ i'i/,ii,i/iis I,. Sp. I'l. liqS. 175V
IliiUhhUni luiii-iilis K, iS: S, Sysl. 1: ,SI,(, I><I7.
SiiviishiiHi odmahi Sfrihii. Mini. 'I'drr. Chil), 5: (|. iSi)(.
(ilal)r()iis, iniltiis i^ 2" tall, erect, siini>le, smooth.
Sheaths sinoolh ; lijjule \"--2" loiin ; lower leaves
eloiiKated, 4' S' loiiR, i" 3" \vi<le, scabrous, the iijiper
ones '.'-2'lonK; panicle 2'~\' lonj^, its branches 1'-
2' lon)4, u<\ially spreailin^;, nakeil helow ; spikclcls
ycUouish-hrown and jjurple, 2"-,^" lon^; first ami
second scales about e(|ual, glabrous; third and fourth
villous anil stronj,dy ciliate, entire, awn-pointed, the
fifth smaller than the others, villous at the ajiex.
Ni wrnunillaiKl In Ala-ika, south to New Jiv>-i y. Wiscim-
sin and C'lilmailn. Alsn in ucirlhini ICnropc and Asia.
June July. 'I'liis and citlur >ui 1 1 sciiUcd yras-^cs are
stn wn 111 fori' tin- iluncliis in niTrtlurn ICurdjif, wlii-nce
tin- naini- Ibilv Cirass. Also known as Vanilla drass.
2. Savastana pauciflora ( R. Hr. ) .Scribn.
Arctic II()1\' drass. ( Imk- -'^)^■ '
l/ici tu hliui ftaiiiiflimi K. lir. .App. I'any's \'ipy. Ji).;. isj).
.Sin'its/'iiKi />iiiii (//:'! (I Sciiliti. Mini. Tcirr, lint. Chili, 5: .i,=;,v
1>^'H.
Cilabrons, culms f/ hij^h or less, erect, simple, smooth.
Sheaths mostly at the base of the culm, ovcrlaj)])inf; ;
lifjule about Ji" loii^; leaves smooth, the basal ones
I '--2' lon^, }z" wide, involute at least when dry; culm
leaves '2' long or less, i" wide, flat; panicle less than i'
long, contracted ; spikelcts few, i '."-2" long; first and
second scales i ',"-2" long, smooth and glabrous; third
and fourth shorter, scabrous, erose-trnncatc, the fifth
shorter than the others, obtuse, villous at the apex.
Arctic .\nurica. Suiiinur
3. Savastana alpina ( S\v. ) .Scrihti. Alpine Holy Grass. ( Fig. 296. )
Ih'liiis i//>iiiiisS\\.: Wind, .Sp, PI, 4; g,^;. iSiif..
//ii'idi/i/dii alfn'mi V. .S: S. ,Syst. 2;,si.S. 1S17.
.SV; :iii/(iiiii (i//>iiiii .Strilin. Mem. Tcirr. L'lub, 5: ,i (. iSfiJ.
(Uabrous and smooth, culms 6'-i.S' tall, f^rcct,
simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodcs ;
lignle less than i" long; lower leaves elongated,
y -f>' long, about i" wide, the upper much .shorter,
-2' long, \"-2" wide; panicle
-lYi' long,
contracted, branches short, erect or ascending; oc-
casionally the panicle is larger with longer and
spreading branches; spikelets 2;i"-Vi!" long,
crowded; first and second scales glabrous, 2^2"-
},)'i" long ; third and fourth shorter, scabrous, cili-
ate on the margins, the former bearing an awn
about i"long, the latter with a more or less bent awn
about }," long ; fifth scale shorter than the others,
acute, usually awn-pointed, villous at the apex.
Ctreenland to .\laska, south to the \\\v,\\ iniiuutainsof
New I';nKland and New York. Also in northern ICunipe
and .\sia. July-.Vug.
lS(4.
r-rcct,
lotlcs ;
tated,
arter,
oc-
and
|lonn,
\, cili-
avvn
II awn
lUers,
|x.
luis of
CKASS I'AMII.V.
133
21. ARISTIDA I.. Sp. I'l. x:
r .-(.v
. I. ilidliilitllhl.
. I. t;iti(i/is.
. I. />iir/tiii,iSii'ii\.
A. laiiiilii.
. I. i'lii;inilhii.
(irassts v.ityiiiji j^rcatlv 11; lialiit ami iiillorcscfiii'i'. Leaves tiaridw, ofuii iiivolute-'-eta-
oeoiis, S|iikilets iiariuw, i-lhiuiieil. Scales },. narrow, tlu- two (Uitcr cariti.ite ; the third
ridded ancl convolute, hiarini; three .awns occasionally iiniled at the li;i>e, the lateral aw ns
rarely wantini; or rednctd to rndinients. I'alct 2-ncrved. Stamens 1, Styles distinct.
StiK'nas iilniuosc. (irain tree, lij,;htly enclosed in the ^.cale. [I.atin, from drishi, an awn.]
.Xhiiut iiKi s|iiiiiH, in tin warmer riKions of hotli lu iiiisplu n-^ 11^si(U^^ln IHlldwinK. some
ao otiurs (lecnr in tlu- sniulurii ami westi rii ))arts of Nipilli Am< rica. Tlu Ijiylish name iliiii-
a:i iiiil (,'i<i\\ is .a)>|>li< d to .ill the species.
Awns not arlicnlalid to tlu sialc nor iniitcil at the base.
I.atiral awn> n-nally in it, tint inon llian hall' as Imiu as llie hoti/mit.il or ti lUxid. central
oue, neiMl.iUv tinuli ..li.irlii or occ.i^inii.illv watninn.
Tliiril seale, e\eUi-i\e of awns, ;" Imin or less.
Central awn spiral at base, tirminal strai^;lit portion 2"-?'' lotlfr, I.
Central a\\ n not spival at base, termiti.il sU.ii«lit jiortion ,\' ■--" loinf, 2,
'I'liird scale, cxcliisiM of awns. |" lony or nmn .
CeiUral a«ti spir.il. Literal awns one (piarter to one hall' as lonn. v . I. /iiiMliiiilid,
CiiUral awn not spiral ..r rauly s... refU .\eil, literal awns Uss than om sixth as lipnit or
w.intinn. |. .1. I (iiiii'\i\\iiii,i.
I.ali ral awns iisnally ilivi ryini;. more than hall' as lonK .is tlu- horizontal or diverkrent central
one, uemrall> .ibniU cipiallinK it.
h'irst seah exceeilinj; the second.
Sheaths i^labnais .<;.
.Sheaths, at le.isl the lower ones, woolly. (1.
l''irst scale hair as loni; as the second or icpiallinu it
I'irst scale ,s nervi il, or occasionally 7 nervid at base.
I'irst scale i nerved, sometimes witli an obsenie iidditional nerve on each side.
Central awn r ' |' lon^; paiiicU- (' o' loii^, lax, lew llowered. s, .\. f>iii pii 1 ,,i.
Central awn i' lonu' or li ss.
Culms simple; panicle strict, (^i' .' h li.
Cnlms branched; panicle somew . it ..i\. not 1 hmu.
Awns articulated to the scale, more or less nnited at the base.
Column ol' the awns e.inspicneiis, ;" loiij; or more.
Column 111' tin- awns inconspicuous, Uss thim 1" hint;,
I. Aristida dichotoma Miclix. I'ovLfty
drass. I l''io'. J97. 1
Ai isliilii liiiholiniui Michx. 1"1. llor. Am. 1; |i, i.So^.
Aiisliita liiilioldiiiii val. ('iii,'i.\m'i .\. Cray, Man. \'.i\ o,
6.|i >. I S<)i I.
Cultns 6' 2° t.ill, erect, slender, dicliotonioiisly
branche<l, smooth or roughened. Sliealhs mneli
.shorter than the internodes, loose, smooth and glab-
rous; lij^nle very short, ciliale; leaves 1' 3' loni^', Uss
than 1" wide, involute, aeuminatc, usually scabrous;
spike-like racemes or panicles 2' ,s' lony, sleinlcr;
sjHkelets about ,," lonjj : outer scabs nearly C(|nal or
the lower somewhat shorter, us\tally awn-pointed ;
third scale shorter than the second, llie middle awn
horizontal, eoileil at base, the terminal straight por-
tion 2" ,;;" lonj;, the lateral aw us 1 " lotij; or less, erect.
Dry sandy soil, Maine to Ontario, Missouri and the In
<lian Territory, south to deorttia and Ti xas .\m:. .Sept.
2. Aristida gracilis V.W. Skiidcr Aristida.
( Imj^. jijS. )
Ai islitlii i;i,uih\ I'll. Hot. S. C. >S: ('.a. 1: i ).', 1S17.
.\i islhlii tiiiu His var, il</'(nif^,i,ihi X. Crav. Man, i;d,
.S, OiS, \Xu-.
Cilabrous and snn)oth throujjhout, culms 6' -2''
tall, erect, simple or branched. Sheaths shorter
than the internodes; ligulc very short ; leaves 1'
4' louf,', I " w ide or less, llat, or invidute when dry ;
panicle spike-like, ;,'-"' lon.i;, slender ; .sjiikelets
about T," lonK ; outer scales eipial. or the lower
somewhat shorter, awn-pointed ; third scale about
eiiuallinj; the second, j,;enerally mottled, middle
awn hori/.onlal, the terminal straight portion ;,"-
7" in length, the lateral awns i "-:■," long, erect.
Hry soil, Mas.saclnisetls to Illinois and Nebraska,
south to Florida and Ti xas. .\n.i{. Sept.
\
134 ORAMIMvMi;.
3. Aristida basiramea JCn.i-Lliii. iMM-kcd Aristida. ( iMi^. 299. )
.\ii\/i(lii /iiisi'itiiiiiii Iviijjilin. ; \'MSiy. Coult. lint. Ciaz. 9:
Glabiiius and smodUi, culms 6' iS' tall, erect,
sUmkUt, imicli brauclud. Slicatlis shorter than the
iiitcriKxles, loose; HkuIc very short, ciliatc; leaves 2'-
6' long, aliout 1" wide, involute-setaceous; spike-like
panicle ,V .=;' lotif^; llrst scale of spikelel half to Ihrec-
(|uartcrs as Icmjr as the second, which is 5" 7" in
lenylli, both awn-jxiinted; third scale shorter than the
second; middle awn 6" 9" lonj{, coiled at base, hori-
?'j il, lateral awns one-c|uarter to one-half as long,
erect or divernciit, somewhat spiral at the base.
Ill dry fulds, Illinois ii. M;iiiilol)a, snutli to \'irjfiniaaiid
Kansas. July Sept.
4. Aristida ramosissima Knjjcdiii. Hranched Aristida, (Imj;'. 300. )
An'slhta /(niiiisiisiiiKi l-;iiKelni.; A. Cirav. Man. i;d.5. 'uS.
1S67. ,/
Arislida riniiosiss/iiiii var. iniiiii islahi A. Clay. Man. I'M.
5, 6iS. i!S67.
Glabrous, culms 6'-2^ tall, erect, slender, branched,
smooth. Sheaths much .shorter than the interiiodes,
loose ; ligule very short ; leaves ijj'-^' long, i" wide
or less, (lat, attenuate into a long point, smooth
beneath, scabrous above ; spikelcts few, borne in loose
spikes from 2'~4' iu length ; first scale awn pointed ;
second scale 8"-io" in length, exceeding the first,
tenninated with an awn i" 3" long; third scale as
long as the second; nnddle awn about 1' long, hori-
zontal or rellexed and forndng a hook, the lateral
awns erect, \"-2" long, rarely wanting.
Ill drv
July-Sept.
.oil, Illinois tci KeiitiK-ky and .Missouri.
Aristida purpurascens Poir. I'iir])lisli Aristida. ( Imj;. 301. )
.\)i\/iil,i /HI) /^iiitiMiifi I'oir. ill I.aiii. ICucycl. SuppI,
i;4,S2. iSi.i.
Cilabrous and smooth, culms i'^-2'j' tall, erect,
simple or sparingly branched at the base. Sheaths
longer than the intcrnodes, crowded at the base of
the culm; ligule very short; leaves .j'-S' long,
about 1 " wide, flat, or beconnng involute in drying,
attenuate into a long point ; spike-like ])aiiicles
,S'-iS' long, strict, or sometimes nodding, its
liraiiches ajipressed ; outer scales of spikelet awn-
pointed, the lirst longer than the second ; the third
scale from two-thirds to three-ipiarters as long as
the first, ndddlc awn 9" 12" long, horizontal, the
lateral awns somewhat shorter, erect or divergent.
In dry Sdil, Massaeliusi tls In .Miiiiusota, simlli to
I'll irida,' Kansas and Ti .\iis Scalis purplish. Sept. Oct.
CRASS I-AMII.V.
135
6. Aristida lanata I'oir. Woolly Aristida
.liii/ii/,i liiiiiilii I'liii ill I,;iiii. ICiuvil. Suppl. i: l.S.V
iSm.
Arisliilii lining, I Miilil. <'ii;iiii. 171. 1S17.
Culms 2° -4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and tjlali-
rous. Sheaths loiij;er than tlu' internodes,
crowded at the base of tlie culm, woolly; 1'mile
very short, minutely ciliiile; leaves i*^ lonj; or
more, ahout 2" wide, attenuate into a ionji
slender point, smooth bciieatli, scabrous above;
panicle i°-2° long, strict, branches erect or occa-
sionally somewhat spreading ; outer scales of the
spikelet awn-ixiinted, tlic first 5" ;" lony, exceed-
ing the second; tliird scale slightly shorter than
the second, middle awti S" u" long, usually liori-
/ontal, the lateral awns abo\it two-tliirds as long,
erect or divergent.
( FiK. 302.1
Dry sandy snil, Delaware li
Auk. -Sept.
I'liirida, wist lo Texas.
ippl.
L-rcct,
i;allis
ise of
long,
ying,
lides
its
awn-
third
ng as
1, the
Incut.
Itli to
-Det.
7. Aristida oligantha Miciix. Kcw-flowered Aristida. ( Ki<r. 303.)
/ .tiis/itfa olitfiiitllia Miclix. V\. Hor. Am. i: 41. iSi)_v
Glabrous, culms i°-2^ tall, erect, slender, dichot-
omouslv branched, .smooth or rougliish. Sheaths
exceeding the internodes, loose ; ligule very short,
minutely ciliate ; leaves l'-6' long, ]z"-i" wide,
smooth, the larger ones attenuate into a long slen-
der point; s))ikelets few, borne in a lax spike-like
raceme or panicle ; first scale 5-uerved, occasion-
ally 7-nerved at base, acuminate or short-awncd,
equalling or somewhat shorter than the second,
which bears an awn 2"-4" long; third scale shorter
than the first, awns divergent or spreading, the
middle one i 'z'-2%' long, the lateral somewhat
shorter.
Dry soil. New Jersey and >[iirylaii(l to Nebraska,
soutli Id l.iiuisiana and T( \as. .\ug.-Sci)t.
8. Aristida purpiirea Xult. Purple Ari.stida. (Fig
Aiisliilii piii/>iiiia Nutt. Triiiis. Am. I'liil. Sue. ill.)
5: M.S. i^Vi ,17-
(ilabrons, culms S'-iS' tall, erect, slender, sim-
ple, .smooth or rough. Slieaths usually shorter
than the internodes, smootli or slightly scabrous;
ligule short, ciliate; leaves I'l' .\' long, 'j" wide,
involute, at least when dry, generally scabrous ;
spikelcts few in spike like racemes or i)anicles
which are 4'-.S' in length; first scale one-nerved or
sometimes witli an obscure .additional nerve on
each side; .sccoiul scale ""-9" long, about twice as
long as the first; tliird scale e<|iialliiig or a little
exceeding the first, awns divergent, the middle one
1 '-.^,2' long, the lateral ones a little shorter or
of the .same length.
Dry soil, Minnesota tn Idaho and IJritisli Coltimbia,
■eolith to Kansas. 'lV\as and .\ri/.oiia. I'laiil piirpk or
llllr|lli^ll. July Sept.
13^'
C.RAJIINI'AK
9. Aristida stricta Miclix. I'l'Lct Aiistida. ( I'ij;. 305. )
Aiis/id,i .\lii,la Miili\. I'l. I'mr. Am. i: (i. iNij.
Culms 2° -4° tall, irci't, simple, smooth anil glali-
rous. Sheaths shorter than the intornoiles. smooth,
j^lahrous or pulifsiont at the apex ; lij^'ule short ;
leaves mvoUitc-lilifonn, the liasal r' or more in
len,i;th, those of the culm S'-i2' long, or the u])pcr
shorter ; panicle s])ike-like, strict, or the top
sometimes noilding, 6' J" long, its branches erect :
outer scales of the spikclet a\vn-])()inte(l. the Inst
I-uerved or occasion.illy with an ohscnre additional
nerve on e.ich side, shorter than the second ;
third scale equ.illing the lirst or a little sho. ier; mid-
dle awn 5"-iii" long, liorizonta! when old, the
lateral ones shorter, erect or divergent.
Dry soil. \'irgini.i lacccinlinir to S. Wats
riorida. July Si pi.
•iitli I.
10. Aristida dispersa Triii. iS: Rtqir. lUisliy Aristida. ( I'ij.
;o6. )
.l)i\/i,/(i Am, I i, ,111,1 I,. .Viucieu. .\cad. 5: .vr,. I7.S'i?
. (' i si 1,1,1 l',!\,ii iil,il,i 'I'lirr. .\ini. I.yc-. N. V. i: i.i), \S-2\ ?
Aii\nd,i i//\/',ii,i Trin. iV Knpr. Mini. .\cad St.
I'ltirsli,
i//-./'iiu! Trin. iV Knpr.
I \' I . I 5 : I 21 (. 1 s 1 2.
• ilahrous. ctdnis 1° 2° tall, erect, slender,
branclied, sinootli, Sheaths shorter than the in-
tcrnodes , ligule short, ciliate ; leaves 2'-6' long,
i" wide or le.ss. Mat, attenuate into a long point,
smooth or scabrous; panicle 3' 7' long, at first
strict, the branches finally more or less spreading ;
lirst scale of spikelct i-nerved, or occasionally witli
an obscure addition.il nerve 011 each side, shorter
than the second scale; third sea leci|ualling or longer
than the second ; aw ns divergent, tlie middle one
.|" -8" long, tlie lateral ones shorter.
Dry siiil. Kansas In 'I'l \as
and Calirdiiiia. Any.. Si jil.
Mixicii. New Mi\icci
II. Aristida tuberculosa Niitl. .Si.a l>Lacli Aristida
I)
Aiisliitii /iihi I , itliixii Null. Ciin, I:.s7. '"'i''.
("ilabrous, culms 6' 2" tall, erect, dicliotomouslv
branched, smooth. She.itlis shorter than the iii-
ternodcs; ligule short, cili.ite; leaves ,s' i)' long,
about l" wide, attenuate into a lotig slender point,
smooth beneath, scabrous above; jiatiicle $' S' long,
branches slender, ascending; outer scales of tlie
spikelct about e(|ual, awned, the third scale
shorter; awns divergent or rellexed, more or less
coiled, united at base into a column },"(>" long
which is articulated to the scale.
.Sandy soil, ispicially mi sia luacliis, Massadiusitts
to Miiiiu sola, soutli to Cicirnia. .\lso in tin iiiti lior in
llliuuis. Wiscuiisin and MiiiiRsola. .\lin. Sept
I'l-.
CRASS I'AMILV
12. Aristida desmantha Trin. i\: Kii])!-.
Western Aristida. i l-'ii;-. ^oS. i
.liis/i(/,/ <l, siiiiiiilliii Trill, \ Riipr Mini. Aciid. St.
I'tU-rsli. I VI. I 5: h»i. \^\:i.
Culms l°-2" tall, (.'reit, luaiiclicd, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes,
smooth, glabrous or the Kiwer sometimes pubes-
cent ; lij^ule short; leaves 6' -12' lonj;, less than
1" wide, attenuate into a slender point, smooth
heueatli, scabrous above ; panicle about 6' lonj;,
tlie liranches slen<ler, asiendinj^ ; outer scales
of the spikelel about equal, tlu' third one
shorter ; awns spreailiiii; or rellexcd, somewhat
coiled, miited at base into a column less than
1" lon)4, which is articulated to the scale.
Ill dry soil, Kansas 1
Texas. AuK.-Sept.
i, tin- Indian Territnrv and
22. STIPA I,. Sp. IM, 7S. 1753.
(icnerally tall .yrasscs, the leaves usually coiuolute, rarely Hal, the iaflorescence panicu-
late. Spikelets lllowcrcd, narrow. Scales,^; the two outer narrow, acute or rarclj* bearinj.;
an awn, the third riyid, com ohite, with a hairy callus at the base, and bearin.i; a more or less
bent awn. which is spiral at the base, and articulated o the scale. I'alel j-ncrved. Stamens
3, rarely fewer. Styles short, distinct Stigmas plumose, drain narrow, free, tightly en-
closed in tlie scale. [Creek, in allusion to the tow-like plumes of .some species. ]
.\ minis iif abiiul ii«i s|n ciis. distributed tliroujthout tile temperate and Impiral /ntu>-. lii-idi ■-
Ihi- I'dildwiiitf, some 20 Dtlurs incur in the siiutlurii and western parts nf .N'mtii .\iiurica.
( lull r sc;des of the si)ikeUt 2" '1" Imij;:
(llitiisr iir blunt i>iiiiitiil. 2" ill U ii)itli.
.\ciite. .)" ii" in liuiitli.
.\\vii less than five liliii s tlie lin^tll nl' the siale.
.\uii iiicire than si \iii linn > tin- U u^jtli nf the seale.
Outiv se.ili?- of the --liiki li t 10" IciiiK nr iiiuir.
HaM- 111' paniele ii-.iially iiKlucliil ill tile upper sliiatli; tllird scale |'
eurlid.
raniele is'-i iteil In nil tin upper slu alli : tliiid seali- 7" I.'" InllH, bent.
I. .v. .tfiiii'iniii.
i. S. :ii iiliiiii.
\. S. iiri iKh III.
lllll^t; awn blender.
|. .V I iiiiiiilii.
=,. S. \/>iir/i,i.
1. Stipa Macounii .Scrilm,
Macoiin's Stipa. ( Imj;'. 309.
Slipii l\'ii Inn ilsmiii .\.
is^ii. Niil Link. iS^v
S/i/'ii Mill I'll nil .Seribn.;
,ii|ii. iSijii,
Cray, Man. IM. 2. j|ii
Maiiniii, Cat Cm I'l.
Culms glabrous, I " 2" tall, erect, simple, slen-
der, smooth or somewhat scabrous. Sheaths
shorter than the internodes; ligule about l"
loiiK. obtuse or truncate; leaves j' 5' long,
'.."1" wide, Hat, becoming involute-setaceous
ill drying, scabrous; Jiaiiicle 2' ,s' lon.g, con-
tracted, the branches 1' 2' hii.g, erect, naked
below ; spikelets borne at the ends of the
branches; outer scales about 2" long, obtuse or
bluiit-piiiuted, glabrous; third scale somewhat
shorter, ])ubesceiit with long appresseil silky
hairs, callus obtuse; awn 4"-5" long, contorted.
New Ilriiiiswiik liitlii Niirtliwi St Tirrilmy. M.iitli
In .Maine, New Ilampshiri, I.ake Supi rinr and
Miiulaiia. lulv.
CRAMINHAi;.
2. Stipa viridula Triii. C.ivlii Slipa.
a-'i^;. 310.;
.S7//>./ vi 1 1,1 Ilia Trill. Mi-iii. Aiacl. St. I'ilii-1>, 1 \'I. 1 2- vi
iS.V.,
.S///),/ sf>,ii/,;i llciiik. I'M. lior. Am. 2: j\y. \'<\,k .Nnl Tiiii.
Glabrous, ciilins i'.." ;,° tall, erect, simple,
smooth. Slieatlis shorter than the iiiteriioiles; liji;ule
i"-2" lon)4 ; leaves smooth or scahrous, tlie hasal
ones involutc-filiforin, one-third to one-half as long as
the eiiliii, those of the cnlni ,V 9' lonj;, broader; i)an-
ii'le spikc-likc, strict and erect, branches appressed ;
outer .scales of siiikclet ,V -4" loiijf, lon.i;-acumiiiate.
!j;labrous ; third scale shorter, more or less pubescent
with lon.i; appressed silky hairs, callus acute ; awn
'4 '-I '4 ' loll},', bent, loosely spiral at base.
Miniusr>ta to liritish Cnluiiibia. smith In Kansas. N\\v
Ml xico and Calil'diuia. July .\ii.it.
3. Stipa avenacea L. Black <)at-,ij;ra.ss. i l'"ijr. ;iii.t
Sfif^ii t>:cii(ii,;i I,. S|). ri. 7S. 175;.
S/ip,i l),iih,ihi Michx. I'l. linr, .\iu. i:,Vv 1"^",!-
Slifiii r/ixi'iii,,! IVrs. Syu. i :<)<). i.Scis.
S/ipii hiiol.ir rursli, I'l. Aiii. Si |)t. ;,;. iSi).
Culms j,dabrous, \°-2l-i° tall, erect or leaniuj.;, sim-
ple, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes ;
lijjule about 1" loiij;, obtuse; leaves involute-fili-
form, smooth beneath, scabrous above, the basal
one-third to one-half the length of the culm, those
of the culm 3' -5' long; panicle ,s' S' long, loose,
the branches lax, erect or finally sprc.-idiug, u.ikcd
below; outer scales of the spikelet 4" 5" long,
acute, glabrous; tliird scale a little shorter, scabrous
near the summit, black, pilose at base and with a
ring of short hairs at the top, otherwise smooth and
glabrous; callus hard, acute; awn i'2' -2':' long,
bent, loosely spiral below.
"ill dry wuiids. Kliode Island to I'Mnrida. mostly near
the coast. Also in western Oiitariii and Wiscniisiu.
May iune.
4. Stipa comata Trill, ^c Riipr. Western vStipa. ( I-'ij;. 312. )
,S///>,/ iiiiiuila Trill. iS: Kiipr. Mem. .\oail. .St. I'ltersb
I VI. 1 5: 7,v KS4-'.
C.labrous, culms 1^-2' tall, erect, simple,
smooth. Sheaths usually longer than the in-
ternodes, smooth or .scabrous, the uppermost
very long and inflated, enclosing the base of
theiianicle; ligule i"-2" long, obtuse ; leaves
smooth or somewhat scabrous, the basal invo-
lute-filiform, one-(iuartcr to one-half as long as
the culm, the culm leaves ,^'6' long, a little
broader than the basal ones, involute; panicle
6'-i>' long, loose, the branches 3'-5' in length,
erect-ascendiug, naked at b.isc ; outer scales of
the spikelet 9"-! 2" long, glabrous, acuminate
into an awn 2" 4" in length; third scale4" 6"
long, callus .icute; awn 4' .S' in length, slender,
curled, spiral and pubescent below.
( )ii prairies, Alberta to liritish Coluiiiliia. s.nitli to
Nibiiisk.i, .\cw Mexico and Caliriirtiia. June July.
I'U-rst).
iiiiplc,
lie iu-
inuost
use of
leaves
iuvo-
iiiK as
little
aiiicle
I'liK'tli.
■lies of
liiimte
-6"
L'luler,
liithto
J lily-
GRASS I'AMII.V.
5. Stipa spartea Trin. I'orciiiniic (irass.
Slipii s/>iirf(,i Trill. Mi 111 Aiad. St. IVtiisl) 1 \I. 1 I: n.>.
Culms ^lalirc'is, 2°-4° tall, erect, siiuiile, smooth.
.Sheaths longer thnii the iiitcriiodes, smooth or some-
what scabrous; li^ulc 1" 2" long, obtuse; leaves
smooth beneath, s'-.ibrous al)ove, the basal one-third
to one-half as long ar the culm, i" wide or less, usually
involute, those of t'le culm h'\2' long, about 2"
wide, generally Hat, attenuate into a long slender
point; panicle liiially long-exsertcd, 4'- 10' in length,
its branches ;,'-6' long erect, naked below; outer
scales of si)ikelet 12"-]S" long, acuminate into a long
slender point, glabrous; third scale 7''-] 2" long, callus
acute; awn 4'-S' long, stout, usually twice bent,
tightly spiral and jinbescent below, doubly spiral
about the middle.
On prairies, Manitoba In Iirili-,li Cnluiiibi.i. south tn lUiiinis and Kan
139
.as. JuiH- July.
23. ORYZOPSIS Michx. l-l. Hor. Am. i: 51. i.S<)3-
[Ur. veil NIC Trin. I'und. .\grost. kxj. iSiS.]
T'snally tufted grasses, with Hat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spike-
lets i-flowered, broad. Scales ;,; the two lower about cipial, obtuse or acuminate; the third
scale shorter or a little longer, broad, bearing a terminal awn which is early deciduous,
the callus at the base of the scale short and obtuse, or a mere scar. Stamens 3. Styles dis-
tinct. Stigmas plumose. Cirain oblong, free, tightly enclosed in the convolute scale.
[Clreek, in allusion to the su])])(psed resemblance of these grasses to rice.]
.\l)init 24 siiii-iis, (lislriUutid tliinuuli tiiupiiatc and subtiopical icniuns, rarely exteiuliiitr into
the Uiipios. Ik>i(les the l'i)lliiwiiin. Millie 7 dIIhis neeiir ill tile western parts iif Nutlll .\llleiiea.
'I'liiid scale of the spikelel nialiinu-^ or sparingly piit)e>eeiit with slinil appri ssed hairs,
,S])ikelel. exclusive (if awn. 1'," .2" hmg.
Awn less than 1" Imitj, iiuicli shniter tlian the scale ; outer scales 1 ' ■" 2" in length.
1. (I /mil til.
.\wii ,V'-4" loUK, niiiii than twice as hunt as the scale ; outer scales about 1 ', " in leiiKtli.
2. ('. mil 1 1111//111.
.Spikelet. exchlsivi' of awn, .i " I '"HH-
Culiiis iiearlv naked, leaves all crowded attheliase; panicle 2' i' loii.u. its blanches 1' in
length or less, erict. ,<. (>. ii.~/'irij'o/i,i.
Culms leafy to the top; iianide i>' 12' loiiK: branches 2' )' in leiinth, more or ie^s spreading.
4. ('. iiir/iiiii'iiiipit-
Third scale of the spikelet densely pubeseeiit with loll^t silky hairs. ,s. ('. 1 iis/u't/ii/ii.
I. Oryzopsis jiincea ( Midix. i 15..S.1'. Slender MomUain Rice. ( l-'ig;- 3'4v)
S/ipii /iiiiiiii Miclix. I'l. lior. .\iii. I; .=;).
< >ii:ii/)sis ( ii iiiiiti iisi'-i 'fitrr. I'l. N. V. 2
Oi \:of>-is Jiiihiii U.S. I'. I'rel. Cat. N.
V
(17. isS^,
Culms glabrous, (V 2° tall, erect, slender, .simple,
'smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, usually
crowded at the b.asc of the culm; ligule about i " long,
decurrent; leaves smooth or scabrous, erect, involute,
the basal about one-half the length of the culm, occa-
sionally eipinlling it, filiform, those of the culm I '-4'
long, the uppermost often very small or reduced to
the sheath only; panicle i'-2'.' long, the branches
'>'-!' in length, erect or ascending, the lower half
naked; spikclels i ',"-2" long, the outer scales about
e([ual, glabrous, whitish; third scale about the same
length or a little longer, ])ubescent with short ap-
prcsscd silky hairs, the awn less than i" long.
In ilry rocky places. (Juebic to Ihitish Coliiiiibia, south
to Massachusetts. I'liiiisyhaiiiaaiid Wisconsin. .May June.
i4<>
CKAMINICAH.
2. Oryzopsis micrantha i Trin. iS: Riipr. ) Tliiuh. Siuall-nowcrcd
Mouiilain Rice. ( Vn
,1
>5- '
(i III hill' iiiiiiiiiillia Trill i*i Kupr. Mini. Aciid. St.
I'llclsb. (\'I. I 5: 1(1. lS|2.
(Uyziiftsis iiiiriiiiilliii 'riuirli. riuc. I'liilii. Aiiiil. 1863:
Culms glabrous, i"-2J2° tall, erect, slfiider, sim-
ple, sniootli. Slieatlis shorter than the iiiteruoiles;
ligulc about ij" loiiK, truncate; leaves erect, scab-
rous, the basal one-half the length of the culm, less
than '." wide, usually more or less involute, the
culm leaves 2'-.S' long, ',"-\" broad, the larger
attenuate into a long slender ])oint; panicle ,i'-h'
long, the branches finally sjireading, the lower ones
1 '-2' long, naked for about two-thirds their length ;
spikulets \"-\]^" long, the outer scales about
e(|ual, acute, glabrous ; third scale shorter, glab-
rous, bearing an awn },"■ \" long.
Scmlli Diikutali
JuiU' July.
Xi bniska, Niw Mixicnaiid Aii/niM.
3. Oryzopsis asperifolia Miclix. Wliite-i^raincd Moiiiilaiii Rice. (I'i.t;-. 3if'. )
Orv:of>sis iisf^rii folia Mii'lix. I'l. r>i>r. Am. i: ,si. iSci^.
Crai/iiw iis/tii i/(i/iii '['viw. I'liifl. i; 17.). \S2\.
Culms glabrous, i()'-2()' tall, erect, simple, smooth
or scabrous. Sheaths i'-2' long, crowded at liase;
ligule very short, truncate ; leaves erect, scabrous, es-
pecially above, the basal ones elongated, often eipial-
lini;- or exceeding the culm, 2"-^" wide, attenuate
into a lo-.ig point, the I or 2 culm leaves much reduced,
less than ';:' long ; ])anicle 2'-^' long, contracted, the
branches 1 ' in length or less, erect ; spikelct, exclusive
of awn, ,>"-4" long; outer scales glabrous, usually
apiculate, the first somewhat shorter ; third scale
whitish, equalling the second or a little shorter, spar-
ingly pubescent, the awn 3'i"-.s" long.
Ill woiuls, Niiva Seiilia In liritisli Cdhiiiibia, south to
Ni w Ji rsi y, IViinsylvaiiia. .Miiiiusola and in tin Koeky
Moiiiilaiiis lo Niw SU-.\ico. May Juiii'
4. Oryzopsis melanocarpa Miilil. Hlack-
I'niilcd Moiiiilaiii Rice. ( I'i.t;'. .iij.)
<>i \ :ii/>M\ iiir/iiiii'iiii /ill ."\Iulil. Ciaili. 711. iSi;-.
I I III liiir I III, iiiiisii '['y'\\\. I'liill. I: 171. lSj|.
(rlabrons, culms i ' .°-,'\" tall, erect, simple, roughish.
Sheaths smooth or scabrous, the lower ones usually
longer, the upper slightly shorter than the internodes;
ligule very short; leaves 5'-i2' long, 2"-7" wide nar-
rowed toward the base, acuminate at apex into a long
slender point, scabrous es])ccially above ; panicle
branched or nearly simple, ;/-i2'long, its branches
2'-.)' long, spreading or ascending, the lower half
naked ; outer scales of the spikclet about equal,
,',"-4" in length, acute ; third scale shorter, acute, dark
colored, sparingly pubescent, the awn 8"-l2" long.
Koeky woods, \iriiioiit and Ontario t<i Miiuusota, south
to New Jersey. KeiUiieky , Hid Missouri. July .\us;.
lUack-
jvi.nliisli.
usually
Icrnoik's;
Tide uiir-
|() a louj;
panicle
l)rauclu.'S
Iver half
It ciiual,
|\U' (lark
lonj;.
Iitii. St mill
CRASS I'AMII.V. 141
5. Oryzopsis cuspidata ( Xiut. ) N'ascy. Silky ( My/opsis. 1 Imlt. ;ii8. )
.S/ipii iihiiihiiiiiiiii,! I'liv-li, I'l. Am. Sipl -JS. |S||. Not
I.. I7M.
10 iii<i<iiiii I iisf^idtilii Nmt. ('.Ill I: |ci. iSiS.
(h y:,>/>.\is nis/>itliilil lirlitll.; \'aMy, Spi lial Kcp, 1'. S.
i>i])t. Aniii'. (i.V 2V ISS;.
( >ii-.,i/>si.\ nil iiihi, 111,1(1 ii Vasi y. Ciiasscs S. W. I'art -',
/>/, UK |N|I.
CuItiis f^lalirdiis, i"-2" tall, crei-l, rij>i(l, simple-,
siiioolli. Sheaths usually shorter lliati the iiitcriiodes,
smooth or somewhat rouj-h; li^ule i" 3" long, acute;
leaves 6'-i2' long, less than 1" wide, involute, stifT,
smooth or somewhat scahrous; panicle 6'-i° long,
(lifTuse, generally partially included in the ujiper
sheath, its hrannhcs widely spreading and many times
forked, the ultimate divisions llcxiioiis; outer scales
of the spikelet 3"-4" in length, long-acumiuatc, ^
glalirons; third scale about one-half as long, acute,
densely pubescent with long silky erect hairs nearly
twice its own length, the awn 2" y long.
On prairirs, Albiilatn Wasliiiintim, soulli In Niliraska, \ii/i>iiM and Mixkn Miiy July.
24. MILIUM L. Si), ri. 61. 175;,.
Annual or perennial grasses, with Hat leaves and terminal lax panicles. Spikclets i-
flowered. Scales 3, obtuse, not awncd ; the outer about e(nial ; the third thin-membranous,
at length rigid, glabrous or jnibescent ; jialet scarcely shorter. Stamens 3. Styles short,
distinct. Stigmas iilumose. ('.rain ovoid or oblong, free, tightly enclosed in the rigid and
shining scale and palet. [Latin name for ;\Iillet.]
.Spi'cies 5 (ir (1. tliirdy in lUiiopc- and .\sia.
I. Milium effusum L. Tall Millet-
j^ra.ss. (V\)X.. 3H). )
Mi/iinii ift'iisiiii! 1,. .S]). PI. 111. I7,s,v
Glabrous throughout, culms 2°-6° tall, erect,
simple, smooth. Sheaths shorter than the in-
ternodes; ligule 1 '2" 3" long, truncate, erose-
denlate; leaves 3'-9' long, 3"-.S" wide, nar-
rowed toward the base, .acutuinatc, smooth or
scabrous ; panicle 3'-lo' in length, lax, its
branches 2'-3' long, slender, somewhat ilexu-
OU9, naked at base and dividing above the
middle, at length widely spreading ; spikelets
1 '+ " -I ':; " long ; outer scales ecpial, smooth or
scabrous, the third scale shorter, smooth, white.
Ill wdiids, Capi- liretiin Island and Ouibic Id
wcstirn Onlarii), siiutli tn Massacliusitl^ riiuisyl-
vaiiia and Mii'liijtan. .\lsii in iiortlRrii I .mpcaiid
.\sia. June-July.
25. MUHLENBERGIA Sdirel). (kn. 44. 17S9.
[Vasi;y.\ Tluirb. I'roc. Acad. I'hila. 1863 : 79. 1S63.I
^lostly perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inllorescence.
Rootstocks often scaly. Spikelets i-flowered, very rarely 2 flowered. Scales 3, very rarely
4 ; the outer ones empty, membranous or hyaline, acute and sometimes awned ; third
scale s-.s-nerved, subtending a palet and perfect flower, obtuse, acute, or very often pro-
duced into a capillary awn; palet 2-kee1ed. Stamens often 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas
plumose. Callus minute, drain narrow, free, tightly enclosed in the scale. [In honor of
Henry Muhlenberg, 1756-1817, North American botanist.]
About fio siiicics. chiifly natives of Aiuirica, a few .\sialic.
■ 1
142
(■.r.\:mi.\Kar.
raiiiiU- I'linUaclccl. iiainiu-, sjiiki liki-, Uu- slmrt bnmi-lus ranly si)UiiilinK'
l"l(HVtriii(( soalf iinl iiuiud hut sdiiu tiiius awii pdiiiti il.
Outer si-alis ikiI awiuil, abcml half as IcniKas the llnwcniiK scali-. ai'iitt-. i. J/, suhfli/, i ,i.
Oiili-i scali'S IdiiK ai'iiniiiiatc, awn imiulid or awiiiil.
( luUr soaks abniU ii|\ial in U until tn tlU' lldwitiiit; stale, sliai]) imitili'd. abnill I ' •"
I'liitf- ->. M. Mri i, ,111,1. '
Outer scalis ixtiidiuK tile llnwiriuK st-alc, jriiurallv twice its U•n^^tll. awnid, alxMit
2'." \in\K. 5. .1/, ,,,,,■„/. 's,i.
I''l<i\vi-riuK si'ale Imiu avvnid: awu usually twiec the leUKtli u( the seale, souu tiuies shutter.
( )utt r seales about i'i{ualliuK the lloui riiin scale.
basal hairs not umri than oiu lialT llii leiit;lh <>( the llnwerinn seale,
SpiUelets eciiisistiuit of .^ seales and i perl'eet fbiuer. ,(, .lA \r/:;i/ii,i.
Spikelets edUsistiuK 'il' | seales, thi third with a perfect flimer, the fciurth imply
and aw ued, 5. .'A <niihii;ii,i.
basal hairs as hint; as the llnwcriu«- scale. (i. JA cuiiialii.
( )nti r seales oue half to twn thirds as Innn as thi' llnweriuir seale. 7. .lA tciuiijhii ,1.
( Inter scales less than mu- (|Uarter the li iiytli nf thi' tli>werinn scale.
l.nwcr seale luiiuite, nftcn wautiuK; llnwi riiiK scale with an awn twice its leuj;th.
S. M. diffiiui.
I.ower scale about two thirds .is lotin as the second; llowerinn: scale with an awn four
times its leiit'th or more, 9, JA iiiuinsf^, 1 111,1.
I'lUiicle open, its brauehes loiin and spriadiiiK,
Culms I ' ■'-' tall or more; panicle diffuse; leaves cloii^;atcd, not riKid, 10, .lA iiipill,n i\.
Culms r tall or less; leaves 2' Iouk or less, ri};itl.
Secondary branches of the panicle single; basal leaves short, mimerous, stronijlv recurved.
ir. .}/. i; 1 ,1, i7//iii,i.
Secondary branches of the panicle fascicUd: basal leaves few, not recurved,
I-'. ,1A /illll<;,l/s.
1. Muhlenbergia sobolifera ( Miilil. i 'Priii. Rock Miililfnl)LT.ij;ia. ( Imj;. ;,2n. )
.[f;r,iilis siihiili/ii ,1 Miilil,; Willd, bjiiini, i),s. iSih,,
Miililnilh'ixht st>hiili/'cr,i Trin. fiiifl. i8y, IS24.
Glabrous, culms 2°-;,° tall, erect, slender, simple,
or sparingly branched above, smooth. Sheaths
smooth, those of the culm shorter than the inter-
nodes, those of the branches overlapping and
crowded; lij;iile very short, truncate; leaves roiiKli,
those of the culm 4' 6' lonjf, i 'j "-3" wide, those
of the branches 1 '-3' lonjr, about 1 " wide ; panicle
;,'-6' in length, slender, its branches '4 ' 1 ' long;
outer scales about ,'j" long, half to two-thirds the
length of the spikclct, eipial, or the lower some-
what shorter, acute, scabrous, especially on the
keel; third scale scabrous, oVjtuse, 3-nerved, the
middle nerve usually excurrent as a short point.
Koeky woods, Massaehusi tts to Minnesota, south to
\'irKiuia, Tennessee and the Indian Terrilorv. Sept
( )ct.
2. Muhlenbergia Mexicana ( I„ i Trin.
McadDw Miiiik'iil)erKia.
■ r"7-
( lM>
521.;
.\K'i'(tshs M,M(,iii,i I., M;int. 1: ,v
A'^fiL^lis fili/nniiis Willd, ICnum, (),s,
Miihl, iihri'^iit ,)A,i /<,;;/,/ Trin. rnill.
(ilabrous, culms 2
l.Nx).
iSi,. l,Sj(,
\° long, erect, or often prostrate,
much branched, smooth. Sheaths .shorter than the
internodes, excepting at the extremities of the
branches, where they are crowded and overlapping,
smooth or scabrous ; leaves scabrous, those of the
culm 4'-6' long, \"-^" wide, the branch leaves
smaller; panicle 2'-6' long, contracted, its branches
spike-like, I '-2' long, erect or appressed; spikelets
1 '•»" 1,'j" long; outer scales somewhat unequal, ex-
ceeding the llowering one, or slightly shorter, acumin-
ate or short-awned, scabrous especially on the keel ;
third scale acuminate, scabrous, particularly toward
the apex.
In swamjis and borders of fields. Xcw Uninswiek to
western Ontario, south to North Carolina, Tennessee and
the Iiulian Territory, .\tiK, .Sept,
CRASS FAMILY.
3. Muhlenbergia racemdsa ( Michx. ) li.S.P.
(Fig. ,^22.)
.Ixriis/i.s itiifiiioMi Miflix. I'l. llor. Am. i; 5,v lS<i>.V
Miililtiihii t;i(i i;/i'iiiii iihi 'I'rin. t'liill. uii. i^2|.
Miihlciihiiiiiii I, I,; III, 'Ml USA'. I'lil. Cat. N. V. (>■;. iSS.S.
Culms i°-3° tall, erect, usually iiiuoli branched,
smooth and glabrous. Sheath smooth, those of
the culm shorter than the internodcs, those of the
branches overlapping and often crowded; ligule
about }i" \ontf, erosc-truncate; leaves 2'-^' lon^,
i"-,i" wide, scabrous; ])aiiicle a'-.p^' in length,
usually dense and interrupted, the branches li'-
1' long, erect or apjircsscd, the siiikelcts much
crowded; outer scales of the spikelet acuminate,
2"-T," long, including the awn, smooth or sca-
brous, especially on the keel; third scale one-half
to two-thirds as lont;,' acuminate, the strongly
scabrous midrib excurreiit in a short point.
In wit places, N'cwfciundland to liritish Ci)lunibia,
south ti> Niw Jersey, Missouri and New Mexico.
Allg.-Se])l.
143
Marsh Muhlenbergia.
4. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. Wood Muhlenbergia. (Fig. 323.)
?,2i-)
hstrate,
liin the
l)f the
Ipping,
lof the
1 leaves
inches
likelcts
lal, ex-
iLumin-
keel ;
Itoward
lick to
»ee an<l
.•l.!,'M).\7/.v (//////vir Muld. (;rani. 6). KS17. Not Host,
J/ii/i/rii/hTL;ii! s]/:'ii/ic;i Torr. I'l. V. .S. i: ^y. 182).
iS,^.
Culms 1°-;,° tall, erect, branched, smooth or some-
what scabrous. Sheaths smooth or slightly scabrous,
those of the culm shorter than the internodes, those
of the branches overlapping and often crowded; ligule
about ^2" long, erose-truncatc; leaves 2'-'' long, 1"-
3" wide, rough; j)anicle 3'-7' in length, somewhat
lax, the branches i'-3' long, erect or ascending; outer
scales of the sjjikclet i'4'"-ij'2" long, awn-pointed,
scabrous; third scale equalling or somewhat exceed-
ing the outer ones, strongly scabrous, attenuate into a
slender awn 2-4 times its length.
In moist woods and along streams. New lirunswick to
Ontario an<l Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Temiessee
and the liidiiin Territory. Aug, Sept.
5. Muhlenbergia ambigua Torr. Minnesota
Muhlenl)ergia. (Fig. 324.)
.Miihliiihii fiiii (iiii/>iL;iii! Torr. Nicollet's Kip. i(>|. i>>l.v
Glabrous, culms 1" tall or lower, erect, branched,
smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule
about }'i" long, erose-truncate; leaves i'-,^' long,
I "-2" wide, scabrous; panicle i'-,,' long, rigid, its
branches I^'-i' long, dense, appressed; outer .scales of
the spikelet awn-pointed, unequal, the longer about
2" in length and exceeding the body of the third
scale which is scabrous, villous, and attenuate into an
awn 2-3 times its length; a fourth narrow awned scale
is nearly always present.
.MouK a lake shore in Minnesota.
i:
10
144
C.RAMINHAi;.
Muhlenbergia comata ( Tluirl). ) Ikiitli. Hairy Mnliknl)t.rK:ia.
/ i/vi .; ri'W(//f/ 'riuirli. rnn'. I'liilii. Aiail 1863:71
iS(.;.
.1fii/i/iii/>i I i;/ii ((iiiiii/i! iiiiilli : X'asiv. Cal. ('.iasM> I". H, 30.
ISS.S-
Culms 1° 2''^ tall, erirt, slcndir, sinocitli and jjlalirous.
Slicatlis shoittr tliati tin- iuteriuKlcs, siiiootli or slij^htly
scabrous; li),'uk' almut yi" louK. truncate, naked or mi-
nutely ciliate; leaves 2'.-'-,s' Ion),', l"-2" wide, erect,
liat, rou!,di; panick' (iflon tinned with purple, 2' .(' in
lenytli, dense, branches ';'~i '•' long, erect; outer scdes
of the spikelet ecjual, or the second a little the longer,
smooth, scabrous on the kiel ; third scale shorter,
smooth and glabrous, bearing an awn 23 times its length,
the basal liairs silky, erect, fully as long as the scale.
On
Sept.
piairn-
Kansas
CiiUiraild 111 Califiirnia. .\iiK.
7. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora ( Willd. 1 H.S.I'.
{ V'v^. :^2h. )
-li^rds/is li-iiiii/loiii Willil. Sp. I'l. i: VM- '7'i""-
Agroslis paiiii/loid Pursh. I'l. .\in. Sipt. i: 'i,v ''"^U-
Mulihnbeii;ia H'lZ/driinrii 'i'riu. fnifl. iSS. iS2|.
Muhli-iilwixia Iriiidfloia U.S. I', rrcl. Cat. X. \'. 67.
1888.
Glabrous, culms 2°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple or
sparingly branched, smooth. Sheaths usually shorter
than the intcrnodes; ligule short and truncate; leaves
s';'-"' long, l"-4" wide, narrowed toward the base,
acuminate, scabrous; panicle 5'-9' long, slender, its
branches i'-},'i' long, apprcssed; outer scales of the
spikelet unecjual, half to two-thirds the length of the
third one, awn-pointed, scabrous; third scale iU"~
\yi" long, scabrous, bearing an awn 24 times its
length.
In rocky woods. Massachusetts to southern Ontario and
JliniKsola, suulli to Alabama and Texas. .\UK- Sept.
Skiider Muhlenbergia.
8. Muhlenbergia diffusa Sclirel). Nimble
Will. Dropseed Grass. (Fig. 327.)
M^iililnihi i^i" (/i//'iisti Sclircb. liisclir. Cras. 2: I4,v />/. 5/.
.1772-9.
Glabrous, culms 1' 3° long, decumbent, or often
prostrate or creeping and ascending, very slender, dif-
fusely branched. Sheaths shorter than the internodes,
loose; ligule short, fringed: leaves ili'-^v'.. ' long,
i^"_2'/ wide, scabrous; panicle 2'-S' long, slender
somewhat lax, its branches i'-2' long, erect; outer
scales of the siiikelet minute, the lower one often
wanting; the third scale, exclusive of the awn, about
i" long, strongly scabrous, particularly upon the
nerves; the awn ',"-2" in length.
On <hy hills and in woods. Maine and snutlienrontario
to Miiniisota, smith to I'lorida, Kansas and Texas.
AuR. Sept.
f.KASS I'AMII.V.
'45
iiblc
)ftCll
r, dif-
(ult'S,
|1<>"K.
LMider
loutcr
I often
about
the
Intiinii
9. Muhlenbergia microsperma ( DC. t Triii
( Im.i;. 32S. )
Ti iiliddiloii i/ii(iiii/iii iiiii DC. L':il. Ilml M<iiisi>, lii.'
^^llllh iihiiXKi mil liisftii iihi 'I'rin. riiifl. \u\. i>3|.
.Miilili iilii iKiii </i/ii/i.\ Trill. Mini. Aiad. St. I'l lrr>l).
O'l.) 6: 2ij,s. I>|i.
Culms 6'-i i,° tall, trct-l, finally defuiulictit or
somewhat ])rostrate at base, sleiuU-r, (lifTiisely
branched. vSheaths usually shorter than the inter-
nodes, loose; lif^ule ';" loiij^, truncate, toothed;
leaves )i'-2y,' lonj^, i" wide or less, scabrous;
panicle 2' .^' in length, slender, open, the branches
i' lonjj or less, ascending; or erect; outer scales of
the spikelet unequal, obtuse or rounded at apex,
about one-third the lenjitli of the third scale,
wliich is i'4'"-i'.." lonj.; exclusive of the awn
anil strongly scabrous ; awn 6"-i2" in leiij^jth.
n <lry Miil, Kaiisiis In Califciruia, SdUtli to MixiiD.
10. Muhlenbergia capillaris 1 1.,am. ) Triii.
sfL-ik'd Miilik-iil)crKia.
Loiij^-awned 1 Iair-jj;rass.
.S/iY'ii iii^ilhi) is I.aiii. Tabl. Iju-yd. 1: i,s^
A/iiIiIchIhi oiii iii/>i7/tn is 'I'riu. Inifl. lyi.
1791.
1S24.
Glabrous, culms l,'i°-4° tall, erect, simple,
smooth or nearly so. Sheaths smooth, the lower
short and overlappinj;, the upper ones much
lon).;cr; lif;ule about 2" in length; leaves 6'- 1° long,
i"-2" wide, scabrous; panicle 7'-i° in length or
more, difTuse, the capillary branches 4'-8' long,
at length widely spreading; spikelets on long hair-
like pedicels which are davate-thickencd at the
apex; outer scales unecpial, acute or short-awned,
slightly scabrous; third scale, exclusive of the
awn, 2" long, about twice as long as the first
one, scabrous, the awn ^"-9" in length.
In (by sandy or nicky soil, SlassacliusLtts to New
Jirsty and Misscmri, south to l"l()ri<la and IV.xas.
I'anick usually li^l't imrpk'. .Sipl.
( )cl.
II. Muhlenbergia gracillima Ttnr. iMlifonii Muhlenbergia
.1fii/i/<ii/<iioi,i i^r.nilliiihi Tnrr. I'ac. K. K. Kipt. 4; i.S.S.
filabrous, culms .i'-i4' tall, from a slender creeping
rootstock, erect, sleiuler, simple, rigid. Sheaths
smooth; ligulc i"-2" long, entire and acuminate, or
variously cleft, with acuminate teeth; leaves 1'- 2' long,
involute-setaceous, smooth or somewhat scabrous,
rigid, the basal numerous, usually strongly recurved,
the 1-,^ culm leaves erect or ascending; panicle 2'-9'
in length, open, the branches finally widely spreading,
1'-;,' long, filiform; spikelets about as long as the fili-
form pedicels which are davatc-thickeiied at the apex;
outer scales unecpial, usually awn-pointed or short-
awned, slightly scabrous; third scale i%" i '•" long,
longer than the outer ones, sometimes twice as long,
scabrous; awn i"-2'' long.
On prairies, Kansas to Colorado, south to Texas and
New Mixico. .Sept. Oil.
14'''
C.RAMINI'Ai;,
12. Muhlenbergia pungens Tliurl).
riiiiric Miilikiihcr^ia. ( Imj;. ,\t,i. )
Mtlllli l/htri; /./ />/f Iti^tll \
I'liila 1863: 7> iSiiv
Tliurti I'lin'. Ai-.iil
Culms ()' 15' tall from a crcci)iiin root-
stock, erect from a ilccuinl)eitl l>ratichiiiK
liiisc, riniil, iiiimitely imlHsceiit. Sheaths
overlapping, crowded at the hase of the
culm, scabrous; lij,'ule a riuK of soft silky
hairs; leaves I'-j' lon(„', involute-setaceous,
ri;iid, scalirous; panicle _^ '6' in lennlli, open,
the l)ranclics 2'-2'2' louK, sinj^lc, distant,
much divided from near the base, the divi-
sions apparently fascicled; s])ikelets on long
pedicels, which are clavate-thickened at the
apex; outer scales, when mature, e(|ualliuj;
or often shorter than the body of the third
one, scabrous, especially on the keel; third
scale, when matnre, ^^" 1" lonj;, scab-
rous, the awn shorter than its bodv.
(Ill i)r,iiricv
1111(1 Ariziiiin.
Ncbfiisk.i ti
Autf. S<i)t.
llali. >.(iiitli loTt x;is
26. BRACHYELYTRUM Ikativ. A^rost. .v> iSu.
A tall j^rasi with Hal leaves and a narrow panicle. Spikelcts 1 -flowered, narrow, the
rachilla produced beyond the (lower and sometimes bearinj^ a niiuute scale at the summit.
Scales 3; the outer sni.ill and inconspicuous, the lower often wantinj;; the third much
loiijijcr, rij!id, 5-nerved, acuminate into a long awn; palct scarcely shorter, ri^iil, suleatc on
the back, 2 nerved Stamens 2. Styles short, distinct. Stij^mas plumose, elongated.
C.rain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale and palct. [Greek, in allusion to the minute outer
scales.]
.\ iii()ii(ityi)ic Kiiiiis of i;i^Uni .North .\iiifiica.
1. Brachyelytrum erectum (Schnl). ) BL-auv. Hrachyelytriiin. (lM^^,^;,2.)
A/ii/i/i ii/ii'i 1; ill rirdti .Sclircli. lit-scli. ('.las. 2: i,V). /'/.
y>. 1772 <|.
Ill iiiliyilyli iiiti i)i\linii Ikauv. .X^riisl. iii. 1M2.
Iliiuhyilyli 11)11 tirisliihnii K. ^t S. .Syst. 2: (l,v 1S17.
Jhiulivilvli inn III islaliiiii var. /\iii;ehiiiiiiiii .\. (".ray.
JIaii. V,i\. 5. 61 (. 1S117.
Culms i°-^° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth
or rough, pnbescent at and near the nodes.
Sheaths shorter than the intcrnodes, scabrous to-
ward the apex, more or less villous especially at
the throat; ligule about V" 'ofR. irregularly
truncate; leaves 2'-^' long, ,^"-9" wide, acuminate
at both ends, scabrous; panicle 2'-6' in length, slen-
der, branches i' ,^' long, erect orappressed; outer
scales of the spikclet unequal, the upper less than
one-third as long as the flowering scale, the lower
minute or wanting; third scale, exclusive of the
the awn, 4,'2'''-6" long, 5-nerved, scabrous, espec-
ially on the midncrvc, the awn erect, 9"- 12"
long; rachilla produced beyond the flower about
half the length of the third scale and lying in the
groove of the palet.
Moist places, Nywroiitullaiul to western ( )iilarii) and Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Tenn-
essee and Missouri. .Xscciids to 50110 It. in North Carolina. July-AuK-
C.KASS I'AMII.V.
•47
'rciin-
27. HELEOCHLOA Host, {>raiii. i: 2,v />/. .-'a .i". i«i)i.
ICuvi'Sis I.ittii. Tal)I. I'lncyct. 1: 166. 1791. Not Ait. i7.Hi>.]
riTfiiiiiiil tufted jjiiisses witli llat k-avcs ami spicate or |):iiiiiiilate inllort'Si-eiire. Spikf-
lets itlowiTt'd. Stales V tlif 2 oiitir empty, soiiiewliat mic(|iial, tiR'iiil)raii<ms, acute, cili-
atf-kceled; llu- lliird stale similar, a little lotintr; palct slitirter. liyalille, 2-nerved, Slaiilelis
3. .Styles distinct. Stij»mas ]iluiii()se. (Iraiii oMtiii^;, free, loosely enclosed in the scale,
(dreek, sinnilyin^; me,idow->;rass. ]
.\IhiiiI s s|ntii>i, iliii lly tiiitivis ol tilt- Mediterranean riKioii, one or two aNo widely distri-
l>tlti(l tliioiiuli iiiiildli lairiiiie and Asia.
I. Heleochloa schoenoides i I<. < Most. Ktisli Cat's tail (irass. ( I-'i^. ;^,^,"v •
I'lllt inn u/im iii'ii/i \ I„ S|). I'l 'ki. \jc,i,.
('/r/x'* siliniiiiiiiliw I.iin Ta1)l. Uneyl. I: \H'. /■/. /-'.
Jfi'lciuhlitii silii>i-iioi,li\ Most. Cram. I: :?.v />/.,". i.Sii.
(ilabrous. culins.i' is' tall, erect or sometimes ilc-
cumlK?nt at the base, hraiidied, siiiootli. Slitaths
about half the length of the interiiodes, the upper
loose, the one itnincdiatt ly below the spike in-
llated and usually partially enclosing; it; lijjulc a
rinf; of .short hairs; leaves 1 '-3' loiijj, 1" 2"wi<le,
fl.it, acuminate, smooth beneath, scabrous above ;
spikelcts I '4 " loi)|^, the empty scales acute, com-
pressed, ciliate-kenled, I nerved, the lower shorter
than the up])er- third scale e<iuallinn or longer
than till second, acute, compressed, ciliate-kceled,
otherwise glabrous, r-nerveil; palet shorter, obtuse.
In waste plaei —. smitliern Nt w York to Delaware.
Xatnrali/ed Irmn i;inn|ie July .\iin
28. PHLEUM \.. Sp. I'l. .stj. 1753.
.Annual or perennial gr.isses with llat leaves and spicate inflorescence. Spikelcts
illowered. .Scales v, the 2 outer empty, membranous, compressed, keclerl, the apex
obli<iuely truncate, the midnerve produced into an awn; the third scale much shorter,
brtiader, hyaline, truncate, denticulate at the summit; palet narrow, hyaline. Stamens ,^.
Styles distinct, somewhat clongiited. Stigmas plumose. Cirain ovoid, free, enclosed in the
scale and palet. [Name (".reek, taken from I'liny; originally applied to some very dilTercnt
plant. 1
.\bout 10 spieii s, inliabitin^ the liini)etate znnesof lioth lit niis|ilieres. Tile folluwiiiK only
are natives uT North .\imriea. The linnlish name ( 'iil'\/iiil i,'r<isi is aj>]>lieil to all the siueies.
.Spikes usually ( lonnaltil, eylindrie; awns It ss than one half the length of the outer scales; upper
sheath not iiitlatt (I. I. /'. />IiI/iiim .
.Spikes not eliitin.ili il. ovoid to olihiiiH and eylindrie; awns about oue half the leiij{th of the outer
scales; uppir sliiMtli iiiflateil. 1. J' nlpiiiKin.
I. Phleum pratense I,. Timothy. Herd's
(rrass. ( I•'iK^ ,^34- '
I'lllt iiiti fii ill, ii\c !.. Sp. I'l. ~t\. I7,s,v
Crlabrous and smooth or very nearly so throughout,
culms i°-4° tall, erect, simple. Sheaths usually ex-
ceeiling the intcrnodes, sometimes shorter, the upper
one long and not inflateil, or very slightly so; ligule
I "-2" long, rounded; leaves 3' 9' long, 2" ,^" wide,
smooth or scabrous; spike usually elongated, eylindrie,
I '2 '-7' in length, 2 '2 "-4" in diameter; outer scales of
the spikelet, exclusive of the awn, Vi" long, ciliat.e
on the keel, the awn less than half their length.
In fields and meadows nearly tliroUKhout North .\mer-
iea. .Mso in Ivurope atitl .\sia. Widely eultivatetl for hay.
The scales are sometimes niodilietl into small leaves.
Jnly-.VUM:.
Skrl\
I'
I i
I;
2. Phleum alpinum I,. MoiiiUaiii IMikuni. i Fij;. t,t,^. )
J'liliiini iilfiiiniiii I,. S]). ri. 51). 175,;.
(Ihibrous, culms 6'-i.S' tall, erect or soinctiincs de-
ciinibcnt :it the base, simple, smooth. Sheaths often
much shorter than the internodes, sometimes longer,
the upper one usually much inflated; ligule about
1" long, truncate; leaves smooth beneath, scabrous
above, the lower 2' ,V long, i" .|" wide; upper leaf
generally very short, less than l' long; spike short,
ovoid to oblong and cylindric, ,'2 '-2' in length, 3"-6"
in diameter; outer scales of the spikclct, exclusive of
the awn. 1 '_. " long, strongly ciliate on the keel, tlic
awn about <iiR-half their length.
I,abiii(l(ir 111 Alaska, siiuth to tile mouiitains of New
llampsliirr, Wrmonl, .Xrizima aiul Caliluniia. Also in
nnrtluTii ICuropi- ;ind .\sia and in I'alancmia. Suinim r.
29. ALOPECURUS L. Sp. PI. 60
I7.=i3-
.Annual or perennial gra.sses with erect or decumbent culms, usually flat leaves, and spi-
cate inllorescence. .Spikelets i-flowered, llattencd; scales .^, the 2 lower empty, acute, some-
tiiucs short-awned, more or less united below, compressed-keeled; keel ciliate or somewhat
winged; third scale truncate or obtuse, hyaline, vnerved, awned on the back, subtend-
ing a perfect llower and usually .-i palet; palet hyaline, acute, sometimes wanting. .Stamens
J. Styles distinct ornircly united at the base. Stigmas elongated, hairy. [Greek, signify-
ing I'ox-tail Grass, in allusion to the s])ikeB. |
.\l)iiut 2i> specit s, ])rincip.illy iiiitivi ■; of Uk- inirlh U iiipiratc zdiic. liisidis \.\\v f(ill(iwiii(f, some
4"otlRrs (neur in wislirn .N'cirUi .Ximrica.
Outer soaks <if tin.- spikiUt uiiiUil fur oni' lialf Ihiir Uiijjtli. sniiMilh to hispid cm the kiel.
I, .1. Ill; I ,:s/i.\:
Outer scales of the spikcUl uiiilcd for mif (|uarl<r tluir UhkHi nr Uss.lonK-ciliati' on tiu' keel.
.Scales 1" I ', " in UiiKtIi. 2- .1. ,i;iiii\ii/ii/ii.s:
Scales i" -X' in length.
.Spike I '.•'-2':' loii^;; oiitir scales Klahrnus or sparingly pul)escent mi llie lateral nerves.
,V • (• f>i iilriisis.
Si)ike I ' ■' Inntf or less; ciiiUr scale-, villous. .(. .1. iiZ/'uins.
I. Alopecurus agrestis I,. .Skiukr I'oxtail. ( l'i,u;. t,t,Ci.)
.lli>f>i\in IIS agicslis I,. .Sp. I'l. VA. 2, S9. 17(13.
Smooth or slightly scabrous, culms i"-2" tall, erect,
simple. .Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule
i" long, truncate ; leaves i'.'-;' long, i"-,^" wide,
scabrous, especially .iliove ; spike !'.'-.(' long, 2"-\"
tliick ; outer scales of the spikclct united at the base
for about half their length, narrowly wing-kccled,
2"-2,'j" long, the nerves smooth or scabrous, some-
times hispid Ijclow, especially on the keel; third scale
eijualling or slightly exceeding the outer ones, smooth
and glabrous, the awn inserted i. .'r the base, about
twice its length, bent.
In waste places and ballast, soutliern N'ew York and
New Jersey. .Vdventive from liiirope. Native also of
.\sia. July .\uif.
CRASS I'AMII.V.
'49
2. Alopecurus geniculatus I,, Marsli I'oxtail. ( l-'itf. 337. )
.Mo/'iiii I IIS i^riiii ii/ii/ii\ \, Sjp. I'l. iin. 17.S.V
.\liif>,iiii iis/iiliii'i ]. IC.Smitli, \'.nK\ I'.ut. /•/. //'■-■ i"^"5.
Ali'l^iiiii IIS III isliil:ilii\ Miilix. I'l. Itcir. Am. i; (,;. iSo;.
.\li>t<i-iiii IIS iii-iii, iiliilHs v;ir. ai i-.liihiiii< Tuir. i''l. I'. S.
1:97. if^at.
Glabrous or very iiuarly st), culms 6'-i.S' tall, crfct,
or Sfniietinics ilecuiubi'iil at tlio base, sini])U- or spar-
ingly brancht'd, snK.otli. Sheaths usually shorter
than the internodes, louse or soiuiwhat inllated ; lig-
ule i^'<" ;," long; leaves 1' 6' long, '2"- :;" wide, sca-
brous, es])ccially above; spikes 1' },' '\\\ lenglh, 2"-\"
thick; outer scales of the spikilet slightly united at the
base, I " I '+ " loll,!,', obtuse or subacute, smooth, gla-
brous except on the pubescent Literal nerves and
strongly ciliatc keel; tliird scale somewhat shorter,
obtuse, smooth and glabrous, the awn inserted at or
below the middle, e()ualling or exceeding it.
In wet soil, N'lwfnumllaiid lo liiiti-li C'uluinbia. south
to I'Moricla, 'riiuussec, .\rizoua ami Caliloinia. .\lso in
Jvuropi- and .\sia. July Sipl.
3. Alopecurus pratensis I,. Meadow Foxtail. ( V'vf,. 3,vS. )
Aliiftiiiini'i f^i 111, lists t,. Sp. ri. ()o. 17,S.>.
Nearly or (|uite glabrous, slender, culms 1^-2 '2^ tall,
erect, simple. Sheaths usually much shorter than the
internodes, loose or somewhat inllated; ligule about
'i" long, f-rose-truiicate; leaves i'j'-3,'j' long, 1"-
;," wide, scabrous, at least above; spikes i>3'-2'j' in
length, 4"-6" thick; outer scales of the spikelet unit-
ed at the base for about one-quarter their length, 2"-
}," long, acute, glabrous except the sparingly pubes-
cent lateral nerves and the strongly ciliate keel; third
scale slightly shorter, obtuse, smooth and glabrous,
the awn inserted about cpiarter vsay up the scale and
cxcee<ling it.
Ill imailous. Nova Scotia to soulliirii Ni \v York ami
Ohio. Naliiiali/t<l Iroiu Muropi'. Jum- July.
Alopecurus alpinus J. 1',. .Sniilli.
I'oxtail. I I''i,s;. .VW- '
Alpine
INo;.
.l/o/>,; III IIS ii//tiiiiis J. IC. Smith, luinl. Hot. />/. '/
Culms glabrous and smooth or nearly so. ,s' 2^ tall,
erect, sometimes decuml)cnt at the base, simide. Sheaths
generally shorter than the internodes, loose, often inflated;
ligule i"-2" long, rounded at the apex; leaves t'-7'
long, \"\V' wide, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous
above; spike i'.' in length or less, ,V f>" thick; outer
scales of the spikelet united only at the base, 2" long,
obtuse, villous and ciliate; third scale about e<|ualling the
outer ones, obtuse, glabrous except at the villous apex,
the awn inserted about one-third tlie way up, a little ex-
ceeding the scale.
Oreciilaiul and I.abr.ulor to .\laska.
.all)iiic I'iurope ami .\sia. Summer.
.Mso in arctic au<l
I50
r.RAMINIvAE.
30. PHIPPSIA U. Mr. Siippl. App. Parry's Voy. 275. 1X24.
A low amiuiil Uifteil Kiass, with Hut leaves ami spike-likepaiiiclcs. vSpikelets t-(loworc<l;
scales;,; the 2 outer cin])ty, luiiuite, the first often wantiiif;; the third scale thiii-mcinliraii-
ous, keeled. I'alct somcwlial shorter, 3-keek<l. .Stamen 1, rarely 2 or ;,. .Styles short,
distinct. .Sti^^nnas pliitnosc. ('.rain oblonj,', enclosed in the scale and palet, whicli readil\
split and allow it to drop out. [In honor of John Con.stantinc IMiipps, 1744-1792, Arctic
navigator. ]
.■\ inoiiiitypii- mnns nl' tin- .irctic ii'^inns.
I. Phippsia algida (.Solaiul. I K. l?r. Piiippsia. (l'iJ,^ 340. )
.(<,'/ <'.i//.v ii/i;i(/ii S<ilaii(Ur, in I'liipps' Voy. 2(io.
1810.
/'//i/>/'s/„ alaiila K. llr. Siippl. App. Parry's \'(iy.
275. 1.-^21.
.Smooth and glabrous throu,!,'liout, culms i'-5'
tall, erect, simple; lignlc '." lonjj; leaves i' in
length or less, %"-i" wide, obtuse; panicle
;+'-! '.' in length, contracted; branches '4 '-V
long, erect or apprcssed; spikelets ,'." ,V"
long; outer scales luinutc, unecpial, acutish,
the first often wanting; third scale broad, 1-
nerved, obtuse, or sub-truncate and somewhat
ero.se, the palct about two-thirds as long, broad,
2-keelcd, erose-trnncatc.
Aulii- nyicins of hnlli tlif ( )l<i WdiIcI and tin.
Niw Siiniiiur.
31. SPOROBOLUS R. ]5r. I'mdr. l-l. Nov. II. .11. i: 169. i.Sk,.
[Vii.i'.v Hcauv. .Vgrost. id. 1.S12.J
Perennial or r.ircly annual grasses, with Hat or convolute leaves and open or contracted
panicles. Siiikelets generally small, i-llowered, occasionally 2 .v'lowcred. .Scales in the
i-flowered spikelets 3, membranous; the 2 outer empty, the first somewhat shorter; the
third scale efpialling or longer than the empty ones; palet 2-nerved. Stamens 2 ;,. .Styles
very short, distinct. .Stigmas plumo.se. Crain free, and often early deciduous. [Creek,
referring to the deciduous grain.]
.Xbiiut .Sij spicics, in trupical ami tcmpvnili- nyidiis, vi rv iMniuiiiiis in .\imrica. litsidisthe
foUowiiiK, 4 111- s iitlu-rs niiiu' in tlir soiilliiMi anil wi -.ti iii I'liiti il Slates.
I'anicU' conlraolcd. spiki- like.
Spikckts nKiVc llian i '," in UiiHtli.
I'aniclc li'iniinal; upper slaallis ;' li)n« nr more.
Leaves Klabroiis or very marly so.
Third scale of llie spikilct .u-iimiiiate. nnitli lipumr llian tin xtoikI and usually
greatly CNieiiled by tlu- pall I. i. \.,i\/>,,.
Third >iaU- of the --pikili I aciitisli or olitn-e, somiwlial exin ditiy the sci-oml
ami I quallinu or a little shorter than the palet. 2. .S. /m/i; /yii/iii\.
Leaves, at least the lower, papillose hirsute. !,. .V. /ii7?,m<.\.
I'auieles terminal and lateral; sheaths 1 ',' Iomk or Uss. '1. .V ;;f iiiii,/l,ini\
.SpikeUts I '.." louR or less.
.Sheaths inllated, the uppvrmost usually enelosiuH: the li.ise ol' tin- panicle.
.,,.,, .">■ ■'^- infill Ills.
Sheaths not inllated; panule exsvrteil.
Ihanelus of the panicle not crowded; third scale aeinnittate.
Outer scales of the r-pikeUt obtuse or abruptly acult , less than half as lonn as the
third si-aU-: liuiiU- .about 1" lonj;, aciUisli. o, .s. hi,:i/,iliiis.
( luler seaUs ol' the s)iifcilrt acuminate and awn poiiUed. more than halt as Iouk as
the third scale; liiinle less llian 1," loim. iiysi tniniiiti-. -. S. t ii\/>i,titliis.
Ihanelus of the paniclv diiisi ly erowdiil. third scale acute.
Culms deciimbeiit iiml braneliid at the base, Ironi a sloiit horizontal rontstock-
lianiele short. S. S. rin;iiii,iis.
Culms I rect, simple, tufted; panicle usuallv eloiik'ated. ^). .S, liniiiin.
.
CRASS I'AMIIA'.
151
I'aiiiik' cipiii, till- Imimlii- iinm nr less spriadiiin. at kast at iiialiirily.
IVdiicls cinialliiiy nr ■.IkpiIc t than tin spikiUts; first si'ak- alumt lialf as hma as the siiiiiid.
liraiii'liis (if tin- [laiiiili- \iilicillatc.
Sl)iUtk'ts ',' 1(111^;. jitffii. I''. S. tni^i/Z/ci.
Spikr'.i Is 1 I," I ' " liiiij;, ])iillik-. IJ. .S. /nil, I IIS.
Iliaiuliis 111' the i)aiiii'U altrrnatt' nr sdiiii tiiius sub vt-rtiiillali.'.
Spikikls about 1" Iniit;; first scalr lamiolati-.
SlK-allis iiaki (1 (ir siiariiinly lilialf at the tlinial; i)aiiiik- usually ixscrtcd.
12. .S. iiiiiiii/ft.
Shiatlis (Iciistly pilusc at llu' thmat: basi- uf the paiiiok' jti 111 tally iiicUnkil.
1,;. .V , I i/'/iiiii/i IIS.
Spiktlits j" .' , " liiiin; first si-ali- subulate. i-[. .V Inliiuli ftis.
I'riliii Is at least twiee llie leii^rtll ol' tile sjiiki I'ts; first seak' abiillt eiilialllilK the seemiil.
Culms ereet, simple: b aves elminated.
Culms skiiikr, frcnii an annual root; (Hiter seales about half tlu- teuntli of the spikelet.
IS. .v. SI loliiiiis.
Culmsstout, fidtu a horizontal rootstock: outer seales slightly shorter than the s]>ikelet.
10. .V. iiiiii/>nssiis.
Culms <keumbent and bninehed below; leaves short. 17. .S'. iis/iri i/i'/iiis.
m
I. Sporobolus asper I Michx. ) K1111U1. Kouj-h Riish-j;niss. ( Imjj. 341. )
.li.'i(is/is cis/>ir,i Miehx. Fl. lior. .\m. i: 52. i.so.v
.S/>i)iti/<ii/iis (is/>ii Kuntli, ICnum. i: 210. i.s^j.
.S/'ni iihi/iis ififiii var. I)t ininiixiidii Vasev, Coutr.
r. S. Nat. Herb. 3: i«i. i;<i)2.
Culms 2° .s'' tall, erect, simple, smooth and
>,'lal)rous. Sheaths shorter than the ititernoiles;
lijfule a mere rinj;, less than %" loiii;. naked;
leaves 3'-i5' loii^, \"-i" wide at the base,
attenuate into a Ion)f slender involute tip,
smooth ami jilabrons beneath, scabrous above,
or somewhat hairy at the base; jianicle 2' 5' in
length, linear, strict, its branches i'--2' lon;r^ ap-
prcsseil; spikelets }."-.\" lonn, the onter scales
iinc(|ual, acute; third scale pubescent at the base,
much lonjjer than the second and ).;rcatly cx-
ceedcil by tln' lonj^'-acuniinate alinost awned
palet.
In dry soil. Delaware to Illinois, south to I'lorida
au<l Ti \as. .\nu Sijil.
idly
m<l
. the
V,
IK iis
oek;
2. Sporobolus longifolius i Torr. i Wood. Kdun-kavcd Rusli-Km.ss.
I I'i;;. ;i4-- '
.l^' I I'stis /<iiixi/'i>/iii 'I'lirr. b'l. W S. I: i)o. iSj).
Sftiiiiihuhis iis/>, / \'asey, Coutr. 1'. S. Nat. Hi rb. 3
,Si| l"^i)2. Not Ktmlh, i^\\.
S/>,";i/i,i/tis /,iiii;i/ii/iiis Wood, Class-book, 77s.
iSoi.
Cnlnis I'j" ,^'2' tall, erect, simple or occa-
sionall\ branched, snionlh and .glabrous.
Sheallis shorter than the internodcs; li.i-ulevcry
short, minutely ciliate; leaves .|'-l.S' lonj;, 1"
2" wi(K' at the base, attenuate into ,1 K>uk slen-
der involute tip, smoolii and j;labrous beniath,
scabrous and hairy at the base above ; panicle
more or less included in the ujjper sheath, _V-
10' in len,v;th, linear, strict, tile branches I'-a'
lonj,j, erect; spike' 's 2"-2 ' ." loii),'; outerscales
nne(|ual, acutish, jjlabrous, the lower shorter;
third scale ulabrous, acntisli or obtuse, exceed-
in>{ the second and e(|nallin^ or a little shorter
thhii the obtuse Jjalct.
In dry soil, Maine to I'l tinsylvania, Missouri ami
Kansas, south to I'lorid.i and Texas .\uk ,Si pt.
152
(•.ramini;ai:.
3. Sporobolus pilosus \ascy. Hairy Riislij,na.ss. i iMjr. -43.)
.S/i,'l,i/i,:/lls /ll/.iUls \'a>ty, Cnlllt. lint. ( '.az. l6; 2(1. 1S91.
Culms i"-i^' tall, erirt, rij,'iil, stout, suiootli and
Khilmms. vShuaths sliortir than the iiiternocles,
(•ro\v(U(l and ovcTlappinj,' at tlie liasc of tlic culm ;
li),'ulc very short, niiuutoly filiate ; leaves ;/ 6' loufj,
1" 2" wide at hast', cnct, rinid, attenuate into a slcn-
tler involute tip, the lower paijillose-hirsute on both
sides, the u])])er usually glabrous beneath, scabrous
above and somewhat hairy near the base ; paincle
2' ;,' in IcuKlh, included at the base, erect, strict,
its branches '2'-!' louj,', erect; spikelets 2'.."loujr,
the outer sci'.les unequal, ijl.ibnms, obtuse, the lower
shorter; third scale obtuse, glabrous, somewhat ex-
1/ \MV/// ? \\\ V / iTeding the second and ecjualling or a little longer
/ W// T \ v/ ''''"' ""= obtuse palet.
In dry Miil, Kansas ,uiil Mi>Miiiri. .Xiiy. ,St pt.
SlieatliL'd Kiisli-};ras
4. Sporobolus vaginaeflorus iTorr. ) Wood
I'i//<i :ii!;/niii//,'iii Torr.: A. Crav. Cram, ami Cvn. No. j.
■St-
S/'(iioli,iliis :;ii;niiif/liii IIS \\\nti\, Classboiik, 775. iSdi.
.Sfionilioliis iiiiiiin Vasey; .\. Cray. Man. I';il, (>, (i(ii. iS()ii.
Culms S'-iS' tall, erect, slender, smooth or scabrous.
Sheaths usually inflated, about half as long as the
internodes; ligule very short; leaves 1 " wide or less,
smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous and hairy
near the base above, attenuate into a slindcr invo-
lute ])oint, the lower elongated, the upper 1 ' ,V long,
setaceous ; j)aniclcs ^ '-2' i" length, the terminal one
exsertcd or sometimes partially include<l, strict, the
branches H' long or less, erect, the lateral ones en-
closed in the sheaths; spikelets i V"-2'4" loi\g. the
outer scales uneipial, acuminate, smooth, the lower one
shorter; third scale scabrous, especially toward the
apex, about as long as the second and e(jualling or
slightly exceeded by tile very acute palet.
In dry snil, New Vnrk In Illinois .ind .Missouri, south to
f.eorKia and Texas. .Aujf. -Sept.
5. Sporobolus neglectus \asli. Small Rush-^nass. (Kij^. 345. )
.Spoi,i/i,i/ii\ :iii;iii(i,-fl<u IIS \'asey; A. Cray, Man. lid. 6,
'il.S. I.Si|o. Not Wnnd. iSl,;.
.Sf>iiii,h,i/ii.s lift;/,; /us .Nasli, Hull. Torr. Chih, 22: 464. i.Sg.s.
Culms 6' 12' tall, erect from a usually decund)ent
base, slender, often ninch branched, smooth and
glabrous. .Sheaths about half as long as the inter-
nodes, inllated ; ligule very short ; leaves i" wide or
less at the base, smooth and glabrous bene.ith, sca-
brous anil hairy near the base above, attenuate into a
slender point, the lower elongated, the upper 1'-.^'
long, setaceous; ternunal i)ainclc I'-ili' \n length,
usually more or less included in the upper sheath,
strict; lateral panicles enclosed in the sheaths; spike-
lets about I '2 " long, the outer scales r.cutc, the lower
one slightly shorter; third scale a'.ute, glabrous, a
little longer than the second and about equalling
the acute l)alet.
Ill dry soil, .Massachusetts to Kentucky and Kansas.
.AuK .Sept.
i
GRASS I'AMILY.
153
6. Sporobolus brevifolius ( Xutl. i Scrihii.
( I'iK. 346- )
.\i;nislis hirfili>li,i N\iU. ('.iii. i: ||. isis,
.S/>iiiii/iii/ii.i i/i />iiii/>ii ii/iis Si'iilm. IliUI. Tiiir. Chili, 9: t'\\.
Ill part i^sj.
Sporoholiit hi i:'i/'(ilnis^i:y'\\n\. Mini. Tcur. Chili, 5; ,vi. i"-ii,S.
Sinootli and j^lalirous, cuhiis 6' is' tall, arising; from a
liori/.ontal rootstock, erect, sU'ikUt, lUcuiiilieiit ami
Ijrancliinjf at the liase. Sheaths iiuich shorter than the
internoiKs; li>fulc '4" '" lo"K. aeiitish ; haves '/z' 2'
long, invdlutesetaceous; panicle ':'-},' in lenifth, usu-
ally about I'.', linear, its liraiiches '4'-';' loiii;, erect
or appressi'd; spikelcts i,'4" I '.. " lonj;, tl;e outer scales
i.'ieciual, less than half as lonj,' as the third, obtuse or
abruptly acute, scabrous on the keel and at the .'ipex ;
third scale long-acuminate, sometimes cuspidate, .scabrous
towani the apex.
.\iilirus'i Island ;md Maim- t" Itriti'-li Ciplunibia. --Hiitli in
till' niciinilaiiis tn New .Mixico and Calif'iniia Suiiinii r
Sh()rt-k-a\X'd Rush-grass.
i;d, 6,
It. i^9.S-
imbent
ill and
inter-
,ide or
|h, sca-
into a
I'-.V
length,
jheatli,
spike-
liiwcr
rous, a
[lalling
kiiiisas.
7. Sporobolus cuspidatus (Torn) Wood.
I'rairie Rush-grass. (Kig. 347.)
/'///;/ , ii.\/>ii/,i/,i T(irr. ; Hook. 1"1. l!or. .\ni. 2: 23S. 1^40.
Sfiiini/tii/iii I iisf>i<tiiliis Wdod, I!(it. iS: I'l. .(S.s. 1870.
Spiiioholiis /)rr:'i/ii/iiis Scribii. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: ^()^
In part. i^^'M.
Smooth and glabrous, culms i°"2" tall, erect, sim-
ple or somewhat branched. Sheaths shorter than
the inlernodes ; ligule a mere ring. '4" long or less,
erose-truncate ; leaves i'-4' long, less than 1" \vi<lt;
at the base, erect, involute-setaceous, at least ^lien
dry; panicle I'l's' in length, slender, its branches
'4 '-I ' long, appressed; spikelets I ,'4 "~\ 'j " long, the
outer scales half to lhree-<iuarters as long, acuminate
or cuspidate, scabrous on the keel; third .scale lung-
acuminate and cuspidate, sparingly scabrous.
In dry soil, M.inildba tci tile Ndrtlnvcst Trrrilnry, siiutli
In .Missouri and Kansas. ,\iin Sept.
8. Sporobolus Virginicus ( L. 1 Kiiiilli. .Suashorc Rtisli -grass
.li:iii.s/is lin;iiiiiii I,, Sp, I'l. ().v 'r.s.v
.Sf>t>)iihii,'iis riii;iiii, lis Kuntli. Kev ('■ram. I: (17, IS^.S.
Culms fi' 2" tall, erector sometimes decumbent,
simple or branched at the base, smooth and glab-
rous. Sheaths numerous, short, overlapiung and
crowded at the lower part of the culm, smooth,
glabrous or sotuetimes pilose on the margins and
at the throat; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves
1' S' long, 2" wide or less at the base, distichous,
acuminate into a long point, involute on the mar-
gins and at the apex, smooth l)eneath, scabrous
above or sometimes sparingly hairy; panicle 1' y
long, 2" 5" thick, dense and sjiike like, usually
cxserted; spikelets 1" I '4 " long, the outer scales
about equal, acute, smooth and glabrous; third
scale smooth and glabrous, acute, slightly shorter
than the second ami about equalling the obtuse
palct.
On sandy sliiires. \'ir({tnia to IMcirida, west tci Texas
and Mexioii. .Msu in Cuba. .\UK Si])t.
•34
GRAMIXIvAK
9. Sporobolus Indicus (I,.) R. Hr. India Kusli-jrrass. Smut-grass.
( Fig. 349. )
.■l,i;iii.\n'.'i Intlidi I,. Sp. I'l. (i;. 17SV
Sf>«i(,h,)liis liidifiis K. lir. I'riidi. 'l>i. Nnv. IlciU. 1: 170.
lS|(i.
("Fla))rous an<l smooth tlirouKhout, culms i°-4°
fall, ircct, tufted, simple or raroly sparingly
l)raiiclieil. Sheaths fiw, louj,', shorter than the iu-
tcrnoflcs ; lijjule a ring of very short hairs ; k-avts
I "-,V wide, attenuate into a long slender ])oint, the
lower .S'-i° louj,', the upper shorter ; paniele 4'-l5'
ill length, usually elongated, narrow, s])ike-like ;
spikcUts '+"1" long, the outer scales une(|ual,
aliout half as long as the third, ohtuse, smooth and
glabrous, the lower one shorter and often erosc-
truucate ; third scale acute, somewhat exceeding
the ohtusc or acutish ])alet.
Ill lUf.iiliius ami waste places. X'irKiiiiii tii IMoriila,
wist to Arkansas and Califnniia. .Naluraliziil fnim
trcipuiil n^;i(llls; virv abmidaiil in Central and Snutli
.Viilericii. Julv Sei)t.
10. Sporobolus argutus < Xws ) Kiiiilli. Pointed Dmpsecd-grass. ( I-ig. ,v5o. )
I'll/,) tiixii/,1 Nt
Aurnst. llras. 2: ,;9.s. iXjq.
Kuiitli, ICiiuin. I: 215. iS,^^,
Culms 1° tall or less, erect, or somewhat decum-
bent at the base, simple or sometimes branched,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the
intcrnodes, their margins sometimes hirsute at the
top; ligulo a ring of short li.iirs; leaves i'-2' long,
i"~2" wi'lc at the base, acuminate, smooth and
glabrous bcne.ith, scabrous and often sparingly hairy
at tlie base above; panicle i'>'-3' in length, the
liranches Ji'-i' long, vcrticillate, at first aiipressed,
finally widely spreading; spikelets V" long; outer
scales smooth .iiid glabrous, the first rounded or
obtuse, one-quarter the length of the acute second
one; third scale about etiualling the second, acute.
^ Kansas, the Imliaii Territorv and Colorado, south to
I'exas and Mexico. .\lso in the West Indies lulv-
Seut. •' ■
11. Sporobolus junceus ( Miclix. ) Ktiiilh.
I'lirple Dropsfc'd-grass. Wire-grass.
' I'ij,^ ,\S I . )
.l,t;i,is/i\ /iiii,,;i .Miehx. I'M. linr. Am. I:.=i2. i.Si^.
.S,/!.)/.//!,///;.! //^«,, /M Kniltli, Kev. Ciiam. I : fiS. iS^^,
Glabrous and smooth throughout, culms i°-2° tall,
tufted, erect, .sleniler, simple. Sheaths shorter than
the iiiternodes ; ligule very short ; leaves filiform or
setaceous, the basal 6'-i" long, numerous, those of
the culm few, i' y long; panicle 3'-;' in length,
open, the branches vcrticillate, the lower i'-2' long
widely spreading; spikelets i,'4 "-!,'. ", jiuriile, the
outer scales very une(|nal, the first obtuse or acutish,
one-fourth to one-third the length of the acute second
one ; tliinl scale subacute or blunt, eipialliug the
second and the obtuse jialet.
Dry samly soil, \'irjfiiiia to I'loriila. west to Texas. Ke-
poite<l from .Minnesota and Wisconsin. .Xux.Sept.
C.RAS.S lAMILV.
'55
< I'lK- 35^- »
t!lll,
lliati
till or
|su of
till'
litisli,
t'coiul
tlic
12. Sporobolus airoides Torr. Hair-grass Dropsccd
.1i,'i\)s/is tihi'ii/i'. 'I'livr. Ann. I.yc. N. V. I: i,si. |S2(.
.'■i/tiim/tii/iis iiiiiiidis Tiirr. 1':il' K. K. Kiiit. 7; r;irl (, 21.
Culiiis l'j° 3° tall, ercit, siinplo, smooth and k'^"-
brous. Slieaths j^ciieraUy shorter tliaii the intcrnodes,
soiiietiiiics s])arsely filiate at the throat ; lij^ailc very
short ; leaves smooth beneath, scabrous above and
sometimes sparin^ily hairy near the base, 'j" I'j"
wide at the base, attenuate into a lonj^ slender involute
point, the basal about one-half as lonjjas the culm, the
upperculm leaves 2'-5'in lenj^'th; panicle s'-i.s' Ion;,',
usually cxserled, the branches alternate or the upper
verticillate,, at lenjjth widely spreadin;^, the lower 3'-
7' lonj^; spikelets '4 " i" lonj^, the scales acute, gla-
brous, the outer unecpial, the lower one about half as
lon^ as the up])er; third scale equallinj^ the second
and the palet.
I'riiiries. Nebraska tii Califnniiii. simtb In Texas .ind
Arizona. \\\\i. Sept.
13, Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray. Sand Droj ed. ( l'"ig. },•,},.)
. Ii;ri>s/is (ii/i/iiiii/ii! 'l'i>rT. .\iin. I,} N. V. i: i.si. 1.S24.
Sp'ini/m/i/s 1 1 T/>/tniifi IIS \. Ciray. >Ian. 571). 1S4S.
Culms i'2°-3,'4° tall, erect, simple or sometimes
branched at the base, smooth and ).;labrous. Sheaths
smooth, with a dense pilose rinjf at the summit, the
lower short, crowded and overlapjiini.;, the upper
much lonj^er, generally enclosing the base of the pan-
icle; lij^ule a rin>; of short hairs; leaves 3'-')' long,
i" 2" wide, flat, >;labrous beneath, scabrous above,
long-acuminate; panicle 6'-i()' in length, the base gen-
erally included in the upper sheath, rarely entirely
exserted, the branches .spreading or ascending, alter-
nate, the lower i 'a'-.',' loi;g; spikelets i"-i '4" long,
the scales acute, glabrous, tlie outer scabrous on the
keel, the lower one-third as long as the upper; third
scale soniew hat longer or shorter than the second.
In sandy soil, coast of New ICuKland. almiK all llie Creat
[,ikes, west tii Dakota, snutli in tile inleriiir tii Missouri,
'I'lxas and -Mexico. .\uii Oil
14. Sporobolus heterolepis .\. Gray. NorlliLTU Droitsccd. ' I'ig;. ,vS4.)
I'i7/,i IhhioUI'is \. Ciray, .\nn. I.yc. N. V. 3: 2.5,?. I'^.i.S.
Sf>i''i(ihi>liis liiliiiili-f'is .\. C.r.ay. Man. ,S7<'. l^l"^-
Culms 1° ;,° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths sometimes sjj.'iringly pilose at the summit, the
lower short, loose, and overlapping, the upper much
elongated and light to the culm; ligule a ring of short
hairs; leaves involute-setaceous, glabrous, the margins
and u])pcr part of the midrib very rough, the basal
about three-fourths the length of the culm, occasion-
ally ef|ualling it, those of tlie culm shorter; panicle
3'-i()' in length, its branches erect or ascending, al
tcrnatc or sub-verticillate, the lower I'l' .I'j' long;
spikelets 2"-2V" lu"K. the scales smooth and gla-
brous, the outer unequal, acuminate, the lower sub-
ulate, about half the length of the broad second one,
often awn-pointed; thinl scale obtuse or acute, shorter
than the second or occasionally equalling it.
In dry soil, (Jiieliec to .\ssiniboi.i, south to I'ennsylvania,
Illinois and .\rkansas. \\\\i. .Sept.
i.sr.
C.RAMlM'Ai:.
Sporobolus serotinus ( Torr. i A. Cray,
Latc-nowt-iiiii; I)ri>]>sec(l
■ It; I iif/iy .■iixit/iiii 'i'lirr. I'l. r.
SftiiiDhiiliis scidliiiK.'. A. ('.lav,
S. I. .SH.
Miiii. sr;
IS2|.
1S(,S.
C.liilirous Mild smooth or very nonrlv so, culms
h' IS' tall, from an iimnial root, eri'ct, sIoiuIlt,
siiii])lc. Slu'atlis short, confiiiud to the lowtr |)art
of till" culm; li,u;ulc less than '2" in Iciijilh, irrc-
Knlarly trum-atc; leaves '," wide or less, sli^jhtly
scahrous ahove, flat, the lia.sal one-third to half the
lenjith of the culm, those of the culm 2'-.\' louj;;
j)anicle ;,' q' in leiij,4li, the branches capillary,
erect or ascending, the lower \'-2',' lonn; spike-
lets ahout ?s" long, the outer scales sul)e<|ual, ob-
tuse, smooth or sometimes sparitijriy scabrous;
thinl scale twice the lcn,i;th of the outer oius,
acuminate.
In wet sandy >nil,
Jersey. .Selit Oct.
.Maine In .Michigan, sdulli to Xiw
16. Sporobolus compressus (Torr.) Kunlli.
( 1m^^, ;i56. )
Agios/ is fompirssa Torr. Cat. IM. X. Y. 91, isu).
Spiiroholus comf>irssus Kiiiilh, ICiiuin. 1:217. >Viv
Culms i°-2° tall, from a horizontal rootstock, stout,
simple, much compressed, smooth and j'li''>roiis.
Sheaths compressed, ov Tlappinjr, sometimes scabrous
at the summit; lij,nilc very short; leaves 5' 10' loiijr,
\" wide or less, folded, slijrhtly rough; panicle 4'-io'
in length, the branches erect or ascending, the lower
2'-3' long; spikclets about Ji" long; outer scales sub-
equal, obtuse or somewhat acute, smooth and gla-
brous; third scale obtuse and apiculate, strongly scab-
rous, slightly exceeding the outer ones.
In boKS, I.oiitr Island and in the pine barrens ol" New
Jersey. Sept. -Oct.
Klat-steiiiuiecl Dropsccd.
17. Sporobolus asperifolius ( Xcts iS:
Dropsecd. (Fig. 357,
Me-yeii ) Tlitirhtr. Rough-leaved
Trill. Mem. .Vcad. .St
Wats. Hot. Cal
/■///;/ asf>rii/iili<i Nccs cV Mevi 11
I'etersl). (VI. I 6: .j.s. 1,^40.
Spun 1/1,1/ IIS (ispri i/h'/iiis Thiirber; S. Wats Hot Cal 2-
2fx). i,S8o.
Culms 6' i,S' tall, erect from a decumbent and
branched base, smooth and glaI)rous. Sheaths short,
crowded and overlapping, the upper usually enclosing
the base of the panicle ; ligulc V" long, crose-trun-
cate; leaves numerous, i'-3/^' lo'>K. l"-i'." wide at
the base, acuminate, strict, often erect, flat, glabrous,
smooth beneath, very rough above ; panicle 3' 8' in
length, included at the base, rarely entirely e.xsertcd,
the capillary branches spreading or a.scending, the
lower 2'-4' long; spikclets occasionally 2-3-llowered,
H" long; outer scales subequal, acute, glabrous, spar-
ingly scabrous; third scale obtuse or acute, glabrous,
somewhat exceeding the second.
Dry soil, .Vssiniboia to Itritisli Columbia, south to Mis-
souri. Nebraska, Calil'oriii.i and .Mexict). Xwyr, Sept,
I!
GRASS CAMII.V.
'57
32. POLYPOGON Iksf. ri. Atl. 1: 66. i-ijS.
Mostly annual j,'r.i'-scs, with (lciniinl)i!t!t or rarely erect culms, flat leaves ami s])ike-like
patiidcs. Spikelcts i-llo\vereil; scales ;,; the 2 outer eiii))ty, each extemUil into an awu; third
scale smaller, j,'eiicrally hyaline. sh<)rt-a\vue<l from helow the a])e\. sulitcniliu),' a palet and
perfect llower; palct sliortcr than the si'.ile. Stamnis 1 ;,. Styles short, distinct. StiK'"!»s
plumose, drain free, cncloseil in the scale and palet. [< '.reek, in allusion to the many long
awns which rcsenihlc a heard.]
.\l)(iut 10 s|iii'i(s, uiilily (li-triliiili(l in ttniixnitr imil w.irni ridiims. rare in the tinpics,
I. Polypogon Monspeliensis (I,. 1 Dcsl". ]karcl-j;ra.ss. ( l-'ig. 35^.)
,\iii/>, , III ii\ .]f<iiis/>,/iiiisi\ I,, sp. ri. sci. i^.Sv
/',)/l/),.;.,/;; Mi'll sf>,l iill \i •. Dof. l-'l. .\tl. I: (.7
Culms 2'' tall or less, erect from a usually de-
cumbent base, smooth and fjlabrous. Sheaths
generally shorter than the intcrnoilcs, loose,
sonietinus slij;htly scabrous; lij,aile l}i"-^"
lonj.;: leaves i'^' 6' lon^, I'j"-,^" wide, sca-
brous, especially above; jianicle 1' (' in lenj^th,
dense and spike-like, the branches '.' in lenj;tli,
ascendinj.; ; spikdets crowded ; outer scales
about 1" long, obtuse, slightly bifid, sc.ibrous,
bearing a more or less bent awn 2"-;-," long;
thinl scale much shorter, erose-truncate, hya-
line, bearing a delicate awn about \" long,
inserted below the apex.
In wiistc plaii >. .\i w Ilanipsliirc to SduIIi C'ani-
lina, incistly near tile coast Wry ahiMidanl in
wt sti 111 .\iiitli .\ii\trica. rrniii liritisli Culuniliia to
.Mexico. .Natiir,ili/((1 rrimi I'Uinipc. Native also
of Asia. July Sipt,
y -:^/^T^
33. ARCTAGROSTIS Crisd). in lA'dcl). I-'l. Ross. 4: 434. 185:,.
.\ pereimial .grass with Hat leaves and contracted panicle. Spikclets l-flowered. Scales
y, the 2 outer empty, unei|ual, somewhat acute, membranous; the third scale exceeding
tlie second, subtending a palet and pirfect flower, obtuse: palet obtuse, 2nerved. Stamens
2 or 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas ))luinose. ('.rain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale
and jialet. Seed adherent to the pericar)). [Latin, signifying an a:ctic . /.v/vw/A-like grass.]
.\ iiiraiitypic minis nf [trclic anil subarctic iijiiuus
1. Arctagrostis latifolia 1 R. Hr. ) (iiiscl).
ArctaKi'ostis. < l'"ig. 3.S9. )
Co/f>"i/iiiiii hili/iiliinii K. I'.r, Suppl. .\pp. Tarry s
Voy. 2H6. iS2|.
ArcliiV!>i)slis liili/'i'liii tirisib. in l.iilil). l-'l. U'l^s. 4:
Culms 6' -2" tall, erect, or soniitinu'S decumbent
at the bast', simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths
shorter than the inlernodes; ligule 2" long, trun-
cate; leaves 1' 7' long, 1" |" wide, usually erect,
scabrous; panicle 1 I2' -S' long, narrow, its branches
li'~2' in length, ascending or erect; s])ikelets
I '^"-2" long; outer scales une(|ual, aculish, the
lower about two-thirds to three-fourths the length
of the upjier; third scale obtuse, exceeding the
second, hispi<l on the keel.
(Ireenlaiul to Hudson Hay ami .\laska. .\No in
arctic Ivurope and .\si,i. .Suiiiiiu r.
i5'H
GRAMINRAi;.
34. CINNA L. S]). IM. 5. i75,v
Tall Krasses with (lat leavfs and paiiicli'd s])ikfli'ls. Spiki-lvls i-dowiml. Scak'S y, the
2 (lutcr empty, ki'ikd, ai-iilt-; tin- third scalt' similar, hut usually short-awnrd ou the hack,
suhti-ndinj,' a pak't and a stalkid pirfcct lli>wtr; pakt a little shorter, i-iUTVed. Stamen I.
Styks short, distinct. Stijjmas plumose. (Vraiu narrow, free, enclosed in the scale and
palet. Seed adherent to the ])ericarp. [tireek, t.iken from I )ioseorides. |
I'dur kmiwn species, inlialiiliin; tin- tempi i:ite reuinn^ of i;urii|)e and .North .\nu riea. lUsides
tile following, anotlier neeurs in the western rtiiteil Stales.
I'aniele narrow at tn.itiirily. its filiform hranelus erect or drooping; spikekls j" 2' " limn: first
scale nmcli shorter than the .second. i. (' <ii 1111,1 .iniiiii.
Panicle open, its capillary liranehes flexuons and <lroii])inj;; spikelets 1'" Iouk: first scale about
2. ( '. hililKlia.
equalling the second,
I. Cinna arundinacea L.
Wood Rccd-Kfiis-s. ( I'ij;. 360, )
liiiiKi III II 11(1 hull III I,. Sp. ri. 5. I7,s,v
Culms 2°-,s° tall, erect, simple, smooth and
ylahrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the in-
ternoiles, overlapping; at the hase of the culm,
smooth or rouj^hish; li>;ule i"-2" lon^, trun-
cate; leaves 6'-!'^ loiiK', 2"-;" wide, scahrous;
])anicle 6'- 12' in length, usually contracted,
.sometimes purple, the fdiform branches erect or
droopinjj, the lower \'i'-^'z' lonj;; spikelets
2"-2'2" in lenj(tll, the scales acute, scabrous,
especially on the keel, the first i>ne shorter than
the second; third scale slij.;litly exceeded or
equalled by the second, usually hearing an awn
about .!+" louj.; from the 2- toothed apex.
In moist w Is and swanii)s. Ncwfoundlanil to
tile .Northwest Terrilorv, south to North Carolina,
l.ouisian.'i, Missouri and Texas, .\sceiids to 1700 ft.
ill Noi'lli Carolina. .\iiK.-Se|)t.
2. Cinna latifolia ( Trc-v. ) Griseb. Slender Wood Keed-j^ras.s. (Fijr. 361.)
. 1 1; IDS/ is liili/iiliii Treviran. in ('.<>ei)pert. Ik-schr. d.
Hot. (iart. lireslau, S2. i.>»,V'-
Ciiimi fiiiiiliilii Trill. Mem. .\ea(l. ,Sl. I'etersb. (VI. i
6: 2IS0. iS|i.
Cinna lalil^lia (iriseh. in I.cdel). l'"l. Koss. 4: 4^,s.
Culms 2°-\° tall, erect, usually slender, simi^le,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter tliau the
internod' s, sometimes slightly scahnms; ligule
l"-2" long; leaves 4'-i()' long, 2"-6" wide, scab-
rous; panicle 5'-lo' in length, open, the capillary
branches generally spreading, flexu<ms and often
drooping, the lower i^''2'-5' in length; spikelets
1)^" long; scales scahrous, the outer acute, strongly
hispid on the keel, the first about equalling the
•second; third scale usually exceeded by the second
and bearing a rough awn yi"-\" long from the 2-
toothed apex.
In damp woods, Xewfoundl.and to liritisli Cohiiii-
l)ia. south to New Jersey, in the .Mk'Klianies to North
Carolina, to Wisconsin, and in the Kocky Mountains
to Colorado and Clah. Also in northern ICiirope.
Ascends to 5000 ft. in the .Vdirond.ieks. .VuK.-.Sept.
GRASS FAMILY. 159
35. AGROSTIS I,. Sp. PI. r,. 1753.
[Triciiodii-.m Michx. Fl. H<>r. .Xiii. 1:41. 1.S03.]
Annual or perennial tuftt'd jjrassos with flat or hrislk'-likc leavi'S an<l paniculate inflorea-
cenco. Spikulfts 1 -flowered. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, membranous, keeled, acute ;
the third shorter, olituse, hyaline, Miinelimes hearing a dorsal awn, subtending a perfect
flower; palet shorter than the scale, sometimes minute or wanting. Stamens usually 3.
Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose, (irain free, enclosed in the scale. Seed adlierent
to the pericarp. [Name Greek, referring to the field habitat of many species.]
A Keiitis of abcpul nm s]Kiiis. widily distributed tliroUKbout the world, particularly numerous
in temperate regions, HesiiUs tile fdlluwiiiK siiiiie i,i others are found in western North Aineriea.
I'alet c inspicuous. at least one third as loiiK as the scale. i. .1, alha.
I'alet iiicoiispieuous, minute or wanting;.
llraiielies of tlie eoiitraeted i)anicle short, si)ikelet bearing to the base; third scale awnless.
?. -/. r.itiKi/d.
Hranches of the panicle slender, naked below, spikelet bearing from about the middle to the
ends.
Third scale awned.
Awn very finely fdiforni and tUxuous, at least twice the leuKth of the spikelet which
is '," iontj. ,(. .1. /■://i(i//iiiiiii.
Awn stouter, riifid, usually bent, less than twice the leiiRth of the spikelet.
Hranches of the i)aniele nenerally asceiuliiiK; spikelets 1" lotiK.
1. .,1, rniiiiiii.
Branches of the panicle usually spreading; spikelets i ;<"-! '• lontf.
5. .1. iiihia.
Third scale not awned. or very rarely beariuK a short awn.
Culms weak, usually decuinbetii and often prostrate at base; leaves lax; spikelets )i"
lonj;. 6. A. pereniitiHs.
Culms and leaves erect.
Hranches of the panicle caijillary, eloiisfaled. usually dividing above the middle,
the spikelets crowih (1 at the extremities.
.Spikelets ',"-1" lonjj; leaves short. 7. .1. Iiiniialis.
.S|)ikelels i'/' !'•" Iouk; leaves elongated. .'^. .1. iil/issiniii.
Hranches of the panicle not eloiijfated, dividiuK at or below the middle.
Spikelets about i" lon^t: a j;rass of low elevations. 9. ,1. in I mil (ilia.
Spikelets 1 \" \ ' ■" loan: a hiifh nKPUnlain Krass. 10. .1. .Xozuc-.liigliae.
I. Agrostis alba I.,. Red-top. Fiorin. Herd's-grass. (Fijj. 362.)
Agroslis alba I,. Sp. 1*1. 6,^. 175^.
.tgros/i.i yiilgaiis With. Hot. .Vrr. Hrit. I'l.
ICd. 3, 132. 1796.
Agritslis alha var. Z'li/gaiis Thurber in .\.
('■ray, Man, ICd. 6. 6.17. li^yo.
Culms 8'-2J^° tall, erect or decumbent
at the base, often st(doniferous, simple,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually
shorter than the intcrnodes, often crowded
at the base of the culm; ligule 4" long or
less; leaves 2' -S' long, i"-3" wide, sca-
brous; panicle i'-y' in length, contracted
or open, green or purplish, the branches
ascending or erect, the lower I '-3' long;
spikelets i"~i '4" long; outer scales about
equal, acute, smooth and glabrous, except
on the hispid or scabnms keel; third
scale shorter, obtuse or acute, the palet at
least one-third its length.
A most variable species occurrintr in fields
and meadows nearly throuirhout North .\nier-
ica, extensively cultivated for fo(l<Ur. Natu-
ralized from ICurope, ami perhaps also native
northward. We have been unable satisfac-
torily to separate .1. w/T'a/ica I,, from this.
July-Sept.
i6<)
c.ramin'Ivm:.
2. Agrostis exarata Trin. koiiKli-li^uid IWiit uni^s. i l"\^. \i>},.
I \'i 1 6. rait J, ur
//\ < ii/;<//i/ Trill. I'nill .'<•; i^.'i
//\ ii^/>,iifii/iii 'I'riii Mini Aiad. Si l'iUi>l>.
i^l.s
Ciihiis i'-;M;ill, irict, or smintiitus (Uiimiliiiit
at tile hiiM', silti])U-, siiioolli and >;l.iliri>iis. Slu-.illis
usually sliortir lliaii tlif ititirnodis, snuMitli or
rouuliisli; liniiU- i" ,?>i" loiij;, iiiori' or liss ili lur-
rint; Uavi'S I'-s' loiij,', i" (" wide, ^;iiurally i rii-t,
flat or invuliitf, si'alirous; paiiiilf routraitt d. -''2'
10' ill Iciintli, ofU'ii iiiUrrupU'd i>r .i;loiiitratr, llii-
l)nmclus I '2' ;' ill liiij^lli, cnit, sjjikiU Ihcariiij,'
to till' Imsi; s]'ikil<.ts rrowdtd, \" 1" loui;, tin-
ouUr scales sul)t(|ual, scabrous, ispi'cially on the
ki'il; tliird scale fruin less than one-half to Ihnc-
fourtlis the Unj^th of the second, ohtiise or sub-
acute; j)alc-t minute.
^Iaiiit<i1>a tci .\1a>ka. -oulli to WiMniwiu, Ni lirask;i,
Tixas anil Caliriitnia. Auk .Si pt.
3. Agrostis Elliottiana SilnilUs. Ivlliott's Ik'iit-Krass. ( I''io. -,64.
Mil. lid. S. C. \ C.a,
v//,v ,11 II, Iniiiiili
Not I'dir. i.si
1,!|-
V; WW -' /
YW'J/
|S[;. Not I'dir. i.sici.
.Ii;i,i\/i.\ /:7/i,'//i,ii/,i Si:hn\U>. Main. 2: j,,j, l,>^^.|,
Culms ,s' ll'tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth
and Kbibrous. vSIuatlis shorter thai •' ' •
- , acute; third scale about tliree-
(|uartersas lonj.;as the first, crosc-truiicate, acute or
2-toothe(l, bcaiin); a very finely filiform llc.xuous
barbcllate awn, 2 .j limes its length, inserted just
below the apex; palet short.
1 dry soil, South Carolina to Ki ntnekv and Mis
i, south to I'lorida and Te.xas. .May July.
In dry
souri
4. Agrostis canina I.,. Urowti Ik-nt-Krass. (I'ijj:. .^('15. )
.1,1; I ii.\/is tiiiiiiiii I., sp. ri. iij. i~=,,!,.
Culms i°-2° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule
}i"~l '2"long; leaves i'-.^' in length, 1" wide or less,
.scabrous; panicle 2'-y' in length, contracted in fruit,
the branches slender, naked below, ascending or
spreading in flower, the lower i'-2'i' lung; spikelets
l" long, oil ap])rcssed pedicels, the outer scales sub-
etpial, acute, stnnigly scabrous on the keel; third scale
about two-thirds the length of the first, obtuse, smooth
and glabrous, bearing a straight or somewhat bent
dorsal awn l"-2" long, inserted just above the middle;
palet tninute or none.
In meadows. .NewfouiidlaiKl to .Maska. soiilli to IViin-
sylvaiiia and Tennessee. Native northward; n.iliirali/.ed
froiu ICurope southward. A variable ."Species. July-Sept.
C.UASS lAMII.V.
5. Agrostis rubra ],. Kcd IViil k''.i>s.
. (i,';i'\//i /»/!<>/( /> 'Jliaiiiii I'l S Stall-*, SSI i"^«' N"t
All. .;^';,
.Iv iii\/i\ 1 11/11,1 \,ii .\ I'l, I iiiiiiii Sirilm , M.unim C'lil
Ciill I'l, ,s; Vii i^'i'
Still mill or \iiy I iMiK Ml. ,v;l;iliniii-, iiiliiis W -2" t:ill,
iriil or MiiiiiliiiU'. ilitiiiiilniil :il llic luisf, siiii|)lf,
Sluatlis umimIIv slmrUr lliiiii llic iiiUtiKMKN; li),'uli' 1"
IdIIH; U'MMs •' (' liilli;, '," I '." wiili'; |i;illiiU' _>'_.'
5' ill UiiKtli, <>lnii, llii- luaiiilii -. uciH r,il1\ widilv
s|irfM(liiij„' mill iiiiiii' nr li>.> IUmkhis, ran h iriil, llif
liiwir i' :!i_.' liiiii;; s|iiUrlits 1 '4 " 1'.." Imij,'. llii-
iiiilir mmU> aiiitf, scatiiiiii-. mi llif ktil; tliinl scali'
!<1iuiUt lliaii llif liisl. iiliUi-i-, luaiiii),; a u>iiall\ luiil
iliirsal awn 2" 1'/ Imij,;, iiiMTti'ct IkIkw llii' iiiiildli-,
Siltiiniils nf llu liiulu-t iiuiuiilaiiiH uf Nt« i;iinlaiiil,
Ni w Vnik ami Nmlli C'arnlina Tlir Ainriiiati pliiit
may In >|ii liliially iliiTin ill riniii tin i;iiiii]iraii .Suiiiim 1
161
I'i,!,'. .V>'>. )
I u-
Mis-
6. Agrostis perennans 1 Walt. 1 'riu-korni. Tliiiij;ras.s, ( l'\^. v;. 1
A» ( Ki iiiii'ihiiii- hi I, iiiiiim Walt I'l, Car 71, ir.S.s.
j^ . II I * '
■T-'
A'^i ,i\li\ I'l 1 1 iiihiiis 'riuki nil .\iii Jmini Sii 45: ||
Ciiliii?. 1 2'.. Imiji I'niiii a ilriniiiilKiil i>r |)ri»-
IraU' hast', wxak, skinltr. siinpU' or >]iariii;;l\-
liniiuliiil aliii\ i, Miiiintli ami j;lalii"(nis; liiiiilc 'I"
Iiiiil;; liavr^ j' h' loll;.;, l" j" wiili', la\. sial>roti>;
]i.Miicli- 1' ,s' ill Uiiyili. o|)iii, iliL- liraiuliiN i'-2'
Ion;,', wiiiily >]>iv.niinj,', tin.' liram-liK'ts ami i>(.'ili-
iils ilivcixinl; s])ikik-ts '^ " 1 " loiii;, llir otiU-r
sialis aiiiU', scaliroiis on the kiil; tliinl Malialionl
tlirii-iinartirs llu- k-iij;tli of llu- first, >iiiootli anil
j^laliioiis, not auiiuil; paUl small or waiitiiii;,
111 sliaiUil ilaiii]> )iku-is, (Jiuliic ami Ontario to Wis-
loiisin, siiiitli to South Carolina ami ■IVtiius-ii-, .\s
II lids to Mh«i It in .\oitli Camliiia. I'aiiiili usually
linlit Kifiii, siiiiutiiius i)uri)lisli. Julv Sipl.
7. Agrostis hyemalis (Wall. ) U.S. P. Kouj^h Ilair-oras
Cm iiiiiiifiiiu li\i>iiiili<\\A\\.. I'l, Car, -1,. \-^^.
.tiiioslis iiahiii Willil, Sp, I'l, i:,;7o, i7i>'^,
. li;ios/is liviiiialis U.Sl', I'liI, Cat, N.Y. (i,*--, l^'^'^.
Culms r 2' tall, i-rt-i-l, skiuK-r. siiii])k-, sinootli ami
glalirous. Slii-atlis ^;i,iKrall\ sliorlir lliaii llu- iiili-r-
lloik-s; li;^iik- \" 2" loiiv;; kavt-s 2'-^' lollK. 'j"-l 'j"
wiik-, usually iri-i'l, roii;,;liisli; paiiirk- (•>'-2° lo
ally ])iir]ilisli, llu- laiiillarv si'aluons bratu-l
in;,j, sonu-liiiu-s wiik-lx
llu- lower
ioii.i;, iisii-
lU'S asi-rnil-
spriailiii;^. or ol'li-ii lln>o]>ill^;.
. ,, -6' liiiij,', iliviiliii,u aliovt-tlu- iniililk-, llii-
ilivisions spikik-t-la-ariiu; at llu- t\lri-inilit-s; spikik-ls
V"-l" loii.u, llu- oiiH-r soak-s acuU-. si'alirous lowanl
llu- apt-x ami on llu,' ki-i.-l; tliinl scak- twD-lliinls tlu-
lengtli of till- first or e(|uallinj; it, ohtiisi-, ran-ly hoarinj;
a short awn; jiak-t usually very small.
In dry or luoisl soil lliiounlioiit lu-arly llu- who e of
North .\iiurica i-.\ci,'])t llu- i-xtriim- north, July Auk,
I
l62
(.RAMINI'Ai:.
8. Agrostis altissima ( Walt. ) Tuckerm. Tall Hent-j^rass. ( Fijjf. ,^6y.)
Coi iiiiiii/'ini' iillisiiiim Walt, I'M. Car. ~.\. 17SS,
Aiiioslis iillissiiiiii Tiii-kirm Am. Jnurii. Sci. 45: ).}.
.l,i,';v>.v//.v (•/.;/(; Trill. Mem. .Ai-ad. St. IVUrsb. (VI.)
Part 2, .it)4. iSj.i.
Culms 2°-4° tiitl, iToi't, siiiipU', smooth, usually
slilT. Slii-'iillis ovfrlajipiiij^, scabrous, the uj)])ur
ono ilongatid; lijjuk' 1 "-2" loiijij; Icavis olonjiatoil,
6' 1° in k'ii}.(tli, I'-l'." wide, seahrous; ])aniele
'' \)' loliK. I'"-' hranelies ascemlinj^ or erect, some-
what sealinms, tlie lower 2'-^' in lenj;th, s])ikelel-
l)earinj;f at the extremities; spikelets i '+'"-■'•"
long, the outer scales acute, scal)rous on the keel;
third scale shorter, obtuse, scabrous, occasion .ily
beariii}.{ a short awn; palet small or wantinji;.
Ill sandy swamps, New Jersey to I'Morida aii<l .\la-
bama. I'anicle usually iMirplish. Ausf-Oct.
9. Agrostis intermedia Scribii. Upland Bent-grass. (Fig. 370.)
Agivslis hilii media .Scribii. Hull. Teiiii. Agric. V.\\). Sta.
7: 7(). 1,^94.
Culms 1° ;," tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
vShealhs smooth, lliose at the base of the culm often
crow<lcd and overlapping; ligule i"-2" long; leaves
4'-9' long, I "-3" wide, scabrous; panick 4'-9' in
length, the branches 1 'j'-;/ long, ascending, dividing
at or below the middle, the divisions divergent, the
pedicels appressed; spikelets about i" long, the outer
scales acute or acuminate, scabrous on the keel; third
scale about three-fourths the length of the lirst, smooth;
palet snuill or wanting.
Ill dry soil, Xew York In Teiiiirsscc and Missnuri. Iii-
terme<liate in aspicl belween ,(. (iZ/isu'iiid ami .1. />ri,ii-
naiis. Auif-Cct.
r
10. Agrostis Novae-Angliae Tiicktnn.
New ICngland Ik'nl-gra.ss. (Fig. ,^171.)
.Ii; iii^t/s .\'r<:(;('-.l»i,'/''"' Tuckerm. Ilnviv's Ma^. 9.
H.i. Apiii, i^u.
. Ii;i ii.\/is (illissiiiiii var. hi \ ii Tuckirm. Am. Jouni. .Sci.
45: (|. Oclolicr, i,H(,v
Culms S' 15' tall, erect, sini|)le, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths longer than the interiuxk's, gener-
ally ii\crlai)piiig; ligule 1" long leaves I'-.V'i'
long, 1" wide or k'ss, erect, usually involute, scab-
rous; panick' ,i'i'-7' iu length, ojieii, tile branches
.sjircadiiig or ascinding, dividing at or below the
middle, t'"' divisions divergent, the jiedicels often
appressed; si)ikelets ii4"-ii," long, the outer
scales acute, strongly scabrous on the keel; third
scale somewhat shorter, obtuse.
Newloundlaud, south to llie lii^h iiiouiilaius of New
I'liiHlaiid, Ni w York and North Carolina.
CRASS I'AMII.V.
163
36. CALAMAGROSTIS Adaiis. Faiii. PI. 2: ;,i. 1763.
[l)i;vi;iXlA Clarion; lU-auv. AgiDst. 43. pi. 9. f. t), 10. 1S12.J
Cencrally iKTiunial j;raSM-s, of various Iiabit ,^ •111 Hat k-avfs and patiiciilatc iiitlori'SCfiice.
Spikfk'ts i-llo\vcT(.'il, tlif racliilla usually ])roloiij;cil beyond the flower and pubeseent.
SeaU'S }\ the 2 outer empty, earinate.. membranous; the third seale hyaline, shorter than
tlu" outer, obtuse, usually eo|)ioiisly lonjf-hairy at the base, or rarely the hairs se.inty or short,
and bearing; a straijiht, bent or twisted dorsal awn; i)alet shorter, 2-nerved. Stamens 3.
Styles short, distinel, Sti>,'mas plumose, drain free, enelosed in the scale. Seed adher-
ent to the ])eriearp. [Cireek, sijriiifyiiifj Reed-grass.]
.\ Reniis of iiliiiut i.V' siKcics, widely di-ilribiiteil tliniuKliimt temperate and inciiuitaiiioiis
rcKioiis. and i)arlieularly numerous in the AmUs, liisidis the fiillowitin, some joollKrs oceur in
tl.t western parts of North .America. The luiKlish name Siiuill-i nil is applied to any of the species.
Panicle open, the branches spreadint; or aseendiuK, usually lotiK an<l lax.
Spik<lets 1" loll)-: outer scales acute. T. ( '. Miuoiiiiiana.
Spikilcts i'"-2" lou>f; outir scales acute; awn sUiuler. 2. ('. (.'iiiiaiiiiisis.
SpiWi lets 2" ,V' lonj;; outer scales acumir.al.': awn stouter. ,v '• l-HiiK'-'-'iJii.
I'anicU 'larrow or contracted, the hranclies erect, at least in fruit, usually sluirt and strict.
Hasal hairs one-third tlii' li n^tli of the scale or less.
.\wn strongly twistcil, inscrlcil near the base of the scale: leaves lonjr. .\. i'. l'oili$i.
.\wn not twisted, bent, inserted just below the middle of the scale; leaves short.
,s. ( '. hi ci'hi-la.
Hasal hairs one-half the length of the scale or mori'.
Si)ikelets i ' ."-2" lonw;: prolonnation of the rachilla hairy its whole length.
I.i aves flat; hasal hairs ((l\^allin^t or snmewlial shorter than the scale, d. i '. con tin is.
Leaves involute in drying; basal hairs half as lon^t as tlu- scale, 7. ( '. iifi;/ir/ii.
Spikelets ,5" (" lonu; prolongation of the rachilla with a ternnnal tuft of hairs.
s. ( '. I iinii'u/rs.
I. Calamagrostis Macouniana Vn.sey,
Macditii's Rc't'd-jiirass. ( l-'i^- 372.)
DiViiixiii .I'liiiiiiiiiiiiKi Vasev. Coult. Hot. Cta/.. 10: my.
iss.s.
C'li/iiiiiiii; iiis/is .IfiUdii niiiiKi Vasey. Conlr, V . ,S. Nat.
Herb. 3: Si. i.sip.
Cidms 2°~y' tall, erect, simjile, snu)oth and glabnms.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes; lii^ule 1" long;
lia\i'S ,^'7' long, ;"-2'j" widi', erect, aeuminate,
scabrous; jiaiiicle <ii)en, 3' 4'.' in length, the branches
ascending, or sometimes erect, the lower 1' i ',' long,
nake<l at the basi'; spikelets I " long, the outer scales
acnti', scabrous, the first shorter than the second;
third scale e<|ualling the second, the awn a little ex-
ceeding it; basal hairs about as lonj.j as the seale.
Manitoba an<l .\ssiniboia. .Summer.
s of New
2. Calairagrostis Canadensis (Michx. 1 I'-caiiv
Aiiiinlii (iiiiiu/iiisis Michx. I'l. Uor. .\m. i: y,\. i^^w
C'(i/tiiiiii!;i US/IK i'(iiuii/r)iu'\ Heauv. .V^rost. i.s. i^^i-'.
Culms 2'^ ,s ' tall, erect, simple, smooth or sonieuhal
scabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internudes; ligule
1" 3" long; leaves 6'- 1 ' long <ir more, l"-4"wide,
rough; ])anicle 4'-'' in length, open, usually i)uii)lisii,
the branches spreading or ascending, the lower
1\<'-},' long, naki'd at t' e base; spikelets I'j"
2" long, tlu' outer scales ecpial or sube(pial, acute,
strongly scabrous; third scale e(|i',dling or slightly
shorter than the second, scabrous, the awn delicate
and icpialling the copious basal hairs which are about
as long as the scale or some of them shorter.
I swamps and wet soil, Ni-wfoiiiidlaud to .\1aska,
;h to North Carolina, New >U\ico ami California.
I'llilc (11 cunt ft ill till. A ,1i 1-1 iikT.i. be 1ii1\. V^otit
151iie-j()iiit (iias.s.
In
SoUtI
Souiii 10 .North Larouna, .New .^le\U'o ami Calili
Ascends to _si«io ft. in the .\din>n<hKks. July Sept.
164
C.RAMINl'Ai:.
Calamagrostis Langsdorfii (Link) Triii.
(Fi>r. ;i74.)
I,an<;s(l()rf' s Rocd-'iTass.
AiKiulii l.iiiii;^iliii I'li I, ink, liiiiim. i: -|. iN2I.
l'u/:ni/,i!^'i,n/i\ /AHii;M/i'i /it 'I'riu. I'liifl. ^^s. /'/. /. /'. if.
(,'iiliiis J^ 4° bill, I'li'ct, siiii])lc, siiKiolli iir roiij^liisli.
SlK:itlis ^liorUr llian Ilk- intiiiiiMks; liyiiK' i" ^"
loll),'; liMvi'j^ J' IJ' li>iiK. -" \" wiik', scaliroiis; ]);m-
iili' j' ()' in U'li.i^tli, till' Uniiu-lu's iisi-i'iidiii.y; or soiiii'-
tiiius init, till' louir i' 3' loiitj, iiaki-il at the base;
s]iiU(Uts 2" ;," l<>ii}i, tlu' outiT st-ak's aL-iniiiiiati',
■itroiiyly si-ahroiis; third s-ali' ccnialliiijr or sliorter
than thi' si'iond, scalirons, tlii' stout awn as lon.n as or
a Htlk' LXi'itdinji tlu' lopioiis liasal liairs which are
tisnallv somewhat shorter than tile seak'.
Neu rouiullaiid til Alaska, south in llie mountains of
Ni « laiyland and Ni'W Ndrk. and to Manitoba aiul Wash-
iiiKlnn. Also ill uorthirn laiiope and Asia. Snniiiier.
4. Calamagrostis Ported A. (hay. I'orUr's Rwd-Kiass. ( Fij,'. ;,75.)
i'ii/iiiii<ii;ni\t/s /'id /ill A. Crav, I'loe Am. .\iad. 6: 7c).
Ciihiis 2° 4° tall, erti-t, siiiipk', smooth am' i,dahrous.
Sheatlis shorter than tile internodes, slijihtly sealiroiis,
with a villous rinj;; at the summit; liyide 1" 2" lonj,';
leaves 6' 12' loiij;, 2"-.\" wide, rou.!,4h; paniele .('-S'
in len),4li, the hranehes ereet, the lower I'-i' limn;
spikelets 1" 2'j" lonjf, the outer scales ,str(>ii.i,dv sca-
brous, acute; thinl scale shorter than or e<|iialliiij,' the
.secimd, obtuse, scabrous, the lateral basal hairs about
one-third the leiij.,'-.h of the .scale, those at the back
short or wanlinj^; awn bent, about equalling; the scale,
the lower ])art twisted.
In dry woods, I'eimsylvania and soutlurn New York.
Au^r Sept.
5. Calamagrostis breviseta 1 A. ('.ray) Scrihii. I'ickL-riii.n's KLvd-.i'ia.ss.
i'(i!iiiiiiii;i,islis s\i:(iliiii var. hi 1 vis, hi .\. (irav, Miin.
,SS2. |S.|S.
l'iii,iiiuii;iiislis /'i, ii I ;iii;ii .\. Cniv, Man. V.A. 2, s|7.
i',i/iiiii(ii;iiis/is />i(-:i\,iii .Seribii. .Mem. 'I'on. Club. 5:
11. IS,,).
Culms |2'-|,S' tall, irect, rijjjid, simple, scabrous
below the iianicle. Sheaths sitioolli and jrlabrous,
the lowiT overlapping.;, the ujipei- one eli)njj;ated; li, -
nle \"-y lonj;; lea\es 1 '..' )' lonj,', 2" wiiU', erect,
smooth beneath, rou.nh abiive; ])anicle ,^'-4'..' in
lenjfth, the blanches asceiidinj^ or erect, the lower
r I 'j ' loiij;; s|)ikelets I '.."-2" knijj;, inir])le tin>;e(l,
tile outer scales acute, sc.ibrniis <ni the keel; third
scak' shorter than the second, obtuse, scabrous, the
basal hairs very short; awn bent, not twisted,
e(|iialliiij.; orslijflitly exceedin)f the scale.
In wet places. Cape lireton Island to New Ilatnp-
sliire ami .Massachusetts. Occurs in the al|)ine reifion
of the White .Mountains. ,\nK. Sei)t.
CRASS I'AMII.Y.
165
A/
6. Calamagrostis confinis ( Willd. > N'ult. Hojj; Rccd-s^rass. ( I'i^. ,177.)
.h iiii(/'i I •■iifiin\ W'iWd. luuilll. I: 127. lSi«j.
('<i.'ini/(ii; )<i\//'; ,niifii/i.\ Null, (■•ill. I; 17. IMS
(ii/iiiiitu; I ii.\/i.\ it'/iii.\/ii \';isiv, Ciiiitr. I'. S. Nat lli rh. 3: s.'.
IN I.'.
Culms ]'•"-}," ImU, trtit, siiii])li', siimolli or r<iii;,'li.
SluallisslKirltr lliMii tin- iiiUiinxlfs; li,L;iiU- alioiit 1" Ion;,';
liavis 3" wiik' cir liss, ruiij;)!, Il.it, or iuvoliiU' al tlu' a])i.x,
ttu- lia^al ol'liii oiu-liiilf to tuii-lhinls as lonj,' as llu' iiiliii,
llu' stiiii k-avi'S 2' 111' loll;;; jiailiiU' c-oiilrarli'cl, 2 ';'-'>' in
liiiKtli, tlu liramiirs 1' 2' loiiij, vn-il; spiki'k-ls 1 >," 2"
loii.i;, tlu' scak's sotiKwIiat M-aliidus, tin' ontir aiiili-; tliiril
M-ak- olilusi', tlu- liasal hails f(|iialli 11,1; it or tliri'f-l'oiirtlis
as loni;; awii niorc or k'ss lii-iit, fniiii a litlk' sliortiT to
sliijlitly loii^jir tlian tlu- scak-.
Ill liotrs. \'i-nii(mt. New York ami IViinsylvaiiia to Van
i-duvi-r Island, scmlli in tlu- Km-ky Mntiiitaiiis to Ni-w Mi-xicn.
Anvt Si |it. SlK-i'iiiu-iis c.r tliis ;rrass liavi- lii-i-ii it Irr-.iil to
( '. /.iip/':'iiii II ( l.itik 1 Trill.. 1ml wi- liavr bi-i-n niialik- to pnivi-
tlii- i)i-iiirri-iu-i- of that spi-ciis within our ana
7. Calamagrostis neglecta ( Ivlirh. ) ('.aurtn.
Narrow Rctd-Krii-^s. (l'"ij^. ;i7.s. )
.\i 11111(0 inxhilii V,\\r\\. liritr. 6: 1,57. !7()i.
I'li/dii/ii:; I "\/is iiri;/ii/ii CmtIw. I'M. Wi-tt. li'i). l7i/(.
Ciiliiiiiiii;)i".fi^ sli ido lii-auv. .\i;rost. 15. 1S12.
(ilalinms ami smoolli thninnliout, tulms I'j^ -'i°
tall, i-ri-i-t, sitiijik', sk-nili-r. Slu-atlis sliorti-r than the
iiitc-riio(k's; ligiik- '.. " knijj or k-ss, Iruiii-ati'; k-avi-s
narrow, invohiti.- in ilryiiij.;, the hasal one-third as lon;^
as the eulin, those of the eulin 2'-5' lon.i;, erect; pan-
iile I'ontiiU'teil, 2'..' 4' in leii,i;th, the hraiuhes 1' loiij;
or less, erect; sjiikelets 2" Ion;.;, the scak-s scalirons,
the outer acute; third scale obtuse, about Ihree-fonrlhs
as Ion;; as the second and nearly twice the kiij;th of
the basal hairs; awn bent, exceedin;; the scale,
Labrador and Ni-wrniiiidlanil to WasliitiKt'in. .Mso in
l-)iiidi»- Snniini-r.
bnuis
t irons,
li, -
■ii-ct,
in
lower
n,i;i'd,
third
the
isted,
lain))'
n-uiiiii
8. Calamagrostis cinnoides ( Mulil, i Scrilm.
(KiK. ,^179.)
Ai iniilii , iiinniili \ Miihl. Ctiaiii 1S7, 1S17,
i'd/iiDiiii; ii's/ii XiiHiiUiu iiii .Sti-nd Syli
Xiiltall's RL'etl-Kras,s.
is,s,s
Scrilm .Mem.
I'l. ('iiaiii uio.
Torr. Club, 5; \2.
< 'ii/iiiiiii!;ii>s/is I iiiiiniili
iSil.S.
Culms .;" .S° tall, erect, sini])k-, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths shorter than the iiiti modes, smooth
or roii;;h, the lower sotnetiiius s]iariii,i;l\ hirsiite, ,-iiid
rarely with a villous rin^ at tlu- siiinmit; li;;iile 1" 2"
lon^;: leaves .(' i'^ loiij; or more, 2" >," wide, attenuate
into a loiij; point, scabrous, occasionally spariu>;ly
hirsute; iiauicle ,','7' in li-ii.i;lh, contracted, the
branches i-rect, the lower :' 2' loiij;; spikelets ,\" 4"
loll;;; scales stronj;l\ scabrous, the outer about et|nal,
acniniiiate anil awn-iioiuted ; third scale shorter, obtuse,
the basal hairs one-half to two-thirds its len>;th; awn
stout, exceediiij; or ei|ualliii^; the .scale; prolongation of
the rachilla bearing; .1 ti-rminal tuft of hairs.
In iM-iist soil. New ll;mi]isliirr and M issacluisetts to IV-nnsylvauia, simtli to Creurnia.
to 2i«Hi It in rintisylviiiia. July \\\\i.
.Xscenils
1 66
r,RAMiNi:Ai;.
vSea Saud-reed. Sea Mat-weed.
37. AMMOPHILA Host. Gram. Austr. 4: 24. /»/. y/. 1809.
Tall jJiTt'iinial Rrasscs with Hat leaves, convolute above, ami dense spike-like panicles.
Spikelets l-flowered, tile rachilla proloiif^ed lieyond the flower and hairy. Scales 3, rijrid,
chartaceons, acute, keeled; the 2 outer eni])ty, the lower i-iier\ed, the upper 3-nerved;
third scale 5-ncrvcd, with a ring of short hairs at the hase, subtendinj^ a chartaceons 2-ncrve(i
palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas ])luniose. Cirain free,
loosely enclosed in the scale an<l palet. [dreek. signifying sand-loving, in allusion to the
habitat of these grasses.]
Two siKcies, tlic fdUowitiK widely dislrilmted aloiiK the fresli and saU water shores of the
northern licniisphere, the other ICurnpean.
I. Ammophila arenaria (L,. ) I<ink.
Marani. (Fig. 3.S0. )
Ariiii(/(i iiti'iKii id I.: Sp. !M. S2. 1753.
Ctil(i»iiii;) iislis ariiiiii ill Koth, I'l. Cicrni. i: ,q. 17SS.
Ainmopliihi m iiiidiiiada Most, t'trani. .\ustr. 4: 24. iSik).
AiiiniKpliilii (II ciKii ill Link. Ilort. Hcrol. i: 1115. 1S27.
Glabrous, culms 2°-4° t.ill, erect, rigid, .stout,
smooth, arising from a long horizontal branching root-
stock. Sheaths smooth, the lower short, crowded and
overlapi)ing, the ujiper longer; ligule a mere ring;
leaves 6'-i° long or more, rigid, attenuate into a long
.slender involute point, smooth beneath, scabrous
above; sjiike-like panicle dense, 4'- 12' in length,
6"-S" thick, its branches 1 ',' long or less, a])])ressed;
spikelets 5"-6" long, the scales scabrous, about e(|ual
in length, the thinl usually with the rudiment of an
awn just below the apex; basal hairs 1" 2" long.
In sands of the sea coast from Xcw linniswick to Vir
ginia, and inland a'.onsf the shores of the Criat Lakes.
.Vlso on the coasts of northern ICurope. .AuR. -Sept.
38. CALAMOVILFA Hack. True Gras.se.s, 113. i8yo.
Tall grasses with stout hori/ontal rootstocks, elongated leaves, which are involute at the
apex, and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets i-flowered, the rachilla not prolonged beyond
the flower. vScales 3, i-ncrve<l, acute, tlie 2 outer unetpial, empty; third .scale longer or shorter
than the second, with a ring of hairs at the ba.se; jxdet strongly 2-keeled. .Stamens 3.
.Styles distinct. .Stigmas j)limiose. Grain free. Seed adherent to the pericarp, [(^reek,
signifying a reed-like grass.]
Three known species, natives of the temperate and subtropical retcions of North .\nienca.
Rpikekts 2"-2'." lonjr, the basal hairs less than half the UiiKlli of the tliinl sc.ile. I. ('. /iifri/ii/is.
.Spikelets X'^4" lonsf, llu basal hairs more than half the length of Ihethinl scale. 2. C. Iinii^ijhlid.
I, Calamovilfa brevipilis (Turr.) Hack. .Short-haired Reed-grass.
(Fig. ,vHi.)
.ii tiinlit hii-7'if>ilis'\\nr. I'l. V . S. 1:05. '■'^2|-
CaliiiiKiKiiislis hii-vi/iilis \. Cray, J[an. ,si^2. i.Hj.S.
Calaiiioxilfa hiYi'i/>ilis Mack. True C.rasses, 113. 1.S90.
Glabrous and smooth or very nearlv so, culms 2°-4°
tall, erect, simple. Sheaths shorter than the inter-
nodes; ligide a ring of very .short hairs; leaves 6'-i 2'
long, I'j" wide or less, attenuate into a h)ng slender
involute ti]), smooth beneath, slightly scabrous
above; ])anicle o])en, 5'- 10' in length, the branches as-
cending, the lower 2'-4' long; spikelets 2"-2'.'" long;
.scales acute, scabrous toward the apex, the outer un-
e(pial, the first one-half as long as the second; third
scale exceeding the .second, pnbe.scenl on the lower
half of the keel; basal hairs one-third the length
of the scale; palet nearly ecpialling the scale, Jjubcs-
cent on the lower half of the keel.
In swamps, pine barrens of New Jersey. I.ocal. .\uk.-
.Sept.
CRASS I*AMII,Y.
167
2. Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack.
(Fiji. ,VS2.)
L'(i/iiiniii;)o.s/i.s li>iif;i/iiliii Ili.ok. l''l. Itor. .Am. 2.
241. 1S41).
Calnniitvilfii luiiiiifului Hack. Tnic ('.riisscs, 11 v V
Culms 2°-6° tall, t-rfct, siiii])lf, sl>)iil, siuootli
and {glabrous. Slivaths crowdfd aii<l ovfrla])-
piiiK, j^labrows or rarely jiilosi-; lijjule a rin>^ of
hairs about i"loiij{; kavts .S' -1^ lo'iK or more,
pauii-k' narrow, often 1° 1""K <"■ niore, pale,
the branehes erect or aseendin!.(, the lower 4'-
10' long; spikelets .i"-l" loTij;; scales acute,
smooth, the first shorter than the second; the
third a little lotij^er or slijjhtly shorter than the
second, and nearly twice the length of the
coj)i<)US basal hairs; palet slifjhtly shorter than
the thiril scale.
On sandy shores, western Ont.irin aii<l .Manitnlia
to tile Kiicky Mmnitains, south to Indiana, Kansas
and Colorado. July Se])!.
Long-leaved Reed-gras.s.
39. APERA Adans. Fat". PI. 2: 495. 1763.
Annual >jra,sses with narrow flat leaves, and aini)le oi)en or contracted panicles. Spikelets
I-flo\vered, small, the rachilla prolonjreil beyond the llower into a bristle. Scales 3; the
2 outer empty, unetinal, thin, membranous, keeled, acute; the third scale a little shorter,
inembraiKUis, bearinjj; a lonj; slender awn inserted just below the .shortly 2-toothed apex;
palet a little shorter than the scale. 2-keeled, 2-toothed. .Stamens ,^. Styles distinct, short.
Stijjinas plumose. Cirain narrow, free, included in the scale. Seed adherent to the pericarp.
[Creek, sij.{nifyiiig not mutilated, whole or entire; application imcerlain.]
Two species, natives of ICurope and western .\sia.
I. Apera Spica-venti (h.) Heauv. vSilky Hent-grass.
(Fig. :vs,v)
Windlestraw.
f
»
.■r-
112'
ller
l)US
las-
I'k;
nn-
]rd
ler
Itli
.\f>tii!S/^ii(i:iiili\W;\w\.\\i\its\.. 151. 1S11.
Culms \° 2" tall, erect, simple, slender, snnxith
and Klabrous. Sheaths usually longer than the
inlernodes, the upper one generally including
the base of the painde; ligule l" }," long;
leaves i'"7'long. 'j" 2" wide, scabrous; pan-
icle ,V -9' ill length, the branches erect or as-
cending, capillary, l 'j' ,V l"Ug; outer scales of
the spikelet 1" i'+" long, acute, smooth and
shining; third scale hairy or nearly smooth, bear-
ing a dorsal scabrous awn ,i"-4" long; rudiment
at the end of the rachilla less than \" long.
In waste places and on ballast, Maiiie tosonthern
New York and I'ennsylvania, Adventive from
ICurope, June July.
I
i6S
C.RAMINIlAi;.
40. HOLCUS L. Sp. I'l. 1047. 175;,.
AiiiiumI or |>i.riimiiil ,i,frassi's with 11:il U-.ivus and ..i)iki--liki- di" dju-ii pMiiicUs. S|)ikiUls
fUiiduoiis, 2-ll(>wi.'ii(l; lower llowtr piTtVct, upinr stiiiiiiiiati'. Si:iUs,i; llu- 2 lower fiiiply,
iiKiiibniiioiis, kc'tUil, tlif first i-iu-rvfil, the si'iond .viUTvud ami ol'liii short -aw ncd; flowi'r-
iii}f soaU'S ihartac-i-oiis, that of llu- ui)i)(.r tlowtr buariiiK a heiit awn. I'ak'l narrow, j-ki'tU-d.
vStaincns v Styles distiiu't. Stijinias plumose. Cirain ohloiiy. free, enelosed in the seale.
[("Freek, taken from I'liny. ]
.\l)iml Sspeeies. natives of the Old World.
Holcus lanatus J,.
Meadow S()ft-j;ra.s.s.
\'dvet-jj;rass.
O'ik'.
:vS4.
J/(il(iis litiiiiliis I,. S)). ri. I114.S. 17,S.?.
Softly and densely ])nl)escent, light K'""-*^'". I'uhns
I ' .°-;,° tall, erect, often decumhenl at the ha.se, sim-
])le. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; lij,nde
'.."-1" Ion,!,'; leaves i'-6' loiijf, 2"-6" wide; spike-
lets 2" l()n),^ the em])ty scales wliite-villous, the
iip])er awn-])ointe(l; lloweriiig scales i" lonjr,
•siiiootli, jtflahrous and shininj,', the lower sixir.selv
ciliate on the keel, .somewhat obtuse, the \i](])er 2-
toothed and bearing a hooked awn just l)elow the
apex.
In fields, meadows ,\nd waste jilaees, Xova .Scotia to
Ontario and Illinois, south to North Carolina and
Tennessee. Also on the I'acific Coast. Naturalized
from ICurope. June-Au(f.
41. AIRA I,. Sp. ri. 63.
i/O.i-
Mostly annua! grasses with narrow leaves ,ind contracted or ()])en ])anicles. Spikelets
snudl, 2-flowered, both flowers ])erfect. Scales 4; the 2 lower empty, tliin-mendnanou.s,
acute, snl)e(|ual, persistent; the flowering scales usually contiguous, hy.dine, niucronale or
2-toolhed, deciduous, bearing a delicite dorsal awn inserted below the middle; ])alel a little
•shorter than the scale, hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens ;,. Stigmas jdumose. Crain enclosed
in the scale and i)alet, and often adhering to them. [Creek name for Loliuni tiiiiKlrntiiin.]
l"oiir or five Species, natives of I'Uirope.
Panicle oi>en; flowerinn scales about l" 1o"k; plants ,s' 10' tall. i. A. miyofilnlltii.
Panicle ciiulracted; floweriuK scales about 1 '_" lon^; plants 2' |' tall. -2. .)./>;,;,, .m'.
I. Aira caryophyllea L. vSiheiy Hair-Kra.ss. (Fig. 385.)
.Iiiii (,n iiip/n/Zni I,. .Sp. PI. 66. 175^
Smooth and glabrous throughout, culms ,s'-'<>'
tall, erect from an annual root, simjile, slender.
Sheaths mostly basal; ligule 1 '<" long; leaves '<'-
2' long, involute-setace(nis; ])anicle 1' .)' in length,
open, the branches spreading or ascending, the
lower i' long or less; spikelets l"-l'+" long, the
empty scales acute; flowering scales verv acute,
2-toolhed, 1" long, bearing an awn 1 '_,"-2" long.
In fields and waste i)lacis. i.astern Massaclnisetts to
Virtfinia. .M^.i on Die I'acific I'oast. Local. Natural-
ized from Ivurope. Panicle silverv. sliininn. Mav-
Juiy.
CRASS I'AMII.V. l''^9
2. Aira praecox I,. Ivirly Hair-^'rass. ( l-'i^- .i^'^'- )
Ah ii fti III li'i I.. Sj). ri. (15, 175,1.
Glabrous iiiiil siiioolli l1in>ii,i;lii>iit. (•u1rii> 2' 4'
tall, I'ifi'l, from an annual root, siinplr. ri.u;iil.
Slu-allis ilolliinjj; \\\v wliok' lultn, tlu- iipiar oni-
ofti'n fnilosinj; llii' bast'ol' tlio panicle; lij;nk' almul
I ' ." lonj;; leaves 1 ' loii^ or less, involute-setaeeons;
])aniele eonlraeted, slriet. 'j' 1' in lenj,(tli; spike-
lets atxiul I '.. " lonn. tile eiii])ly seales aeute; tile
tloueriii],; seales aeuniinale. j-loollud. aliout I'j"
long, hearing an awn I '."2" long.
Ill dry fields, soutlu rii Ni w Jersey and I'eniisyl-
vaiiia til Virginia. Naluiali/id liniii ICtilnpe. .Mav
July.
42. DESCHAMPSIA Ik-auv. .A^rost. yi. />/. /.V.
/.
1.S12.
rereiinial grasses with Hat or involute leaves, and eontraeted oro])en paiiieles. Sl)ikelet,>i
2-no\vered, liotli flowers perl'eel, tile liairy raeliilla extended l)e\(>nd the flowers or rarely
lorniinated by a staniiiiale one. ,Siales 4 1 rarely more, the 2 lower empty, keele<l, acute,
inemhranous, shining, ])ersisteiit; the llowering scales of about the same texture, deciduous,
bearing a dorsal ,iw n, the ajiex toothed. I'alet narrow, 2-nervi<l. Stamens _^. .Styles distinct.
Stigmas i)lumose. Cirain oblong, free, eiiclo.sed in the scale. [In honor of j. C A. I.oiselenr-
Desloiigchamps, 1774-I.S419, I'retich physician and botanist.]
'Id
ider.
1 ,'_
igllb
the
, the
.■ute,
ong.
Ills to
lural-
>biv-
.\hi>ul 20 species, iiihahitiiiu; culil and temperate rejfiniis. a fiw uceiirrin^!: in the liijrli niolinlaiiis
of the tnii)ies. llesido the fnllnu inj;, sniue (1 others oeeiir ill llie western p.irl?. of North .\merica.
I'pper floweriiijr scale leacliiiit!: or ixti iidiiij; beyond the apex of llie iiiipty seales.
I'loweriiiK seales abi lilt 1'," loiiy. < rose tniiicati': leave-; flat. i. /> niisfii/nsti.
I'Mowerinn seales about j" loiiK, acute or obtuse; leaves involute. 2. P. Ilr i iinsii.
l'jiii)ty scales exlendiiiK much beyoiul the upper flowering scale. ,t,. P. nltopui fuii iii.
I. Deschampsia caespitosa (L. ) I?eauv. Tufted Hair-grass. (Kig. 3.S7.)
.\ii ii ,iirsf>i/i>sii I,. S]). I'l. ii.). i7,S,'v
PiM liiiiiif>si,i iiiiw/iiliisii lU'auv. Asirost. ifni. />/. iS. f. ;.
1S12.
Culms 2°~4° tall, erect, sim])le, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths tiiucb shorter than the iiiteriKHJes;
lignle 1"-;," long; leaves flat, i"-i'j" wide,
smooth beneath, strongly scabrous above, the basal
ones numerous, one-(iuarter to one-half as long as
the culm, those of the culm 2'-6' l<iii.g; j)anicle oiien,
y--'-)' in length, the branches widely spreadin.g or
ascending, often somewhat flexuous, naked at the
base, the lower 2'-5' long; s])ikelets 1 '4" 2" long;
flowering scales aliiuit I % " l<>n,g, erosc-truiicate at
the apex, the awns somewhat shorter or a little
longer, the upper scale reaching to or extending
beyond the api.es of the empty ones.
Newfoundland to .Maska, smitli to Xtw Jersey, Illi-
nois, Minnesota and in the Rocky Mnuiitains and
.Sierra Nevada to New Mexico iitid California, mostly in
wet soil. .\lso in Ivurope anil .\sia. July .Vtin.
170
c.kamini;.m:.
2. Deschampsia flexudsa (L.) Triti. Wavy Ilair-srass.
( h"\ii. p,SH. )
\c,i<l Sii. St.
Ail i7 fliwiKtsa I,. S|). I'l. 6,s. i;.si
/>is,/itiiu/tsi(i flixiiiisii Trill. Hull.
I'lttrsb. i:ri6. iK^..
(iliibroiis throuKlumt, miliiis i° -:•'." tall, t'rci-t,
■sUtiilcT, sitiipU', sinoolli. Sliuatlis iiuioli shorter
than the inleriKxles; lijrule \" loiij; or less;
leaves involute-setaceous, smooth beneath, seah-
rous above, the basal very nninerous, one-fifth
the length of the eiihn or less, those of the eulni
i' ;,' long; panicle o])en, 2' S' in length, the
branches ascending or erect, sometimes widely
sheading, naked at the base, flexuous, the lower
i'j'-5' long; spikelets ^^^"-I'z" long; (low-
ering scales about 2" long, acutely toothed at
the apex; awns bent and twisted, much ex-
ceeding the scale; ui)per scale reaching to or
extending beyond the apices of the empty ones.
In dry soil, Creenland and .Newfoundland to On-
tario and Michigan, soiitli to North Carolina and
Tennessee. .Xscendstii 5i(«) ft. in the .Xdiroiidacks.
.Mso in Ivurcipc. July .\ug.
3. Deschampsia atropurpurea (Wahl. ) vSclieek-
(Kig. 389.)
Aim nhti/>iii piiiiii Wahl. I"l. Lapp, x;. 1S12.
DisilKtiiipsia aliiipiii pii) ,\t Scheele, I'lorn. 27- s6-
Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so, cnhns
6'-iS' tall, erect, simple, rigid. Sheaths shorter
than the iiitenuxles; ligule i" long or less, trun-
cate; leaves i"-2" wide, erect, sometimes slightly
scabrous above, the basal 2 '':'-$' long, those of the
culm shorter; panicle contracted, usually purple or
purplish, i'-2' in length, the branches erect, or
sometimes ascending, the lower 'i'-i 'i' long;
spikelets 2'i" long; flowering scales about 1'+'
long, erose-truncate at the apex; awns bent and
much longer than the scales; upper scale much
exceeded by the very acute outer ones.
On al])ine summits of New York, New IJiiKland,
Montana, OrcKoii and WasliiuKton, north to Labrador
and .Vlaska. Also in ICuroiJc. July-.\tiK
Moimtain Hair-grass.
43. TRISETUM Pers. Syn. i:
1805.
Mo.stly perennial tufted gra.sses, with (lat leaves and spike-like or open panicles. Spike-
lets 2-4-llo\vered, the (lowers all perfect, or the up])ermost staniinate; rachilla glabrous or
pilose, exten<led beyond the (lowers. Scales 4-6, membranous, the 2 lower empty, unequal,
acute, persistent; flowering scales usually shorter than the empty ones, deciiluous, 2-toothed,
bearing a dorsal awn below the apex, or the lower one sometimes awnkss. I'alet narrow,
hyaline, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. C.raiii free, enclo.sed in
the scale. [Latin, referring to the three bristles (one awn and two sharp teeth 1 of the flow-
ering .scales in .some species.]
.Vbout.SD species, widely distributed in tcini)erate or luouiitaiiunis regions, liesidcs the fullu'v-
ing, about 8 others occur in the western parts of North .Vinerica.
IMowcriiiff scales all hoaring lon^r dorsal awns.
Panicle contracted, dense; (loweriiiK scales 2'." loiifc or less. i. /; si/hspicd/i/iii.
Panicle open, loose; flowering scales 2' 1" lonjf or more. 2. /■ flaz'i'siciis.
Lower (lowering .scale not bearing a long dorsal awn, arudinietit sometimes present.
3. T. I'oinsylvtiincuni.
CRASS I'AMII.V. 171
1. Trisetum subspicatum (L. j Ik'auv. Narrow False Oat. (Fi^. 390.)
ylirn siihs/>i,alii I,. Syst. \\k- I'M m, (>~.\. 17,S9.
A:in(t >iiiillis Miclix. 1"1. Hm Am, i: 72. iSo^.
Ti isiliiiii Mihspiiiilinn Itiiuiv. Aumst. iS(i, 1H12.
'I'lhrliiiii sii/ts/>i<(i/iiiii viii. iiii'//r .\. Crav. Man. IC<1. 2,
572. I«5fi.
Softly ]>iilK'si'»Mit or f;lal)rons, riilins 6' 2^ tall, iTect,
simple. Slii'atlis usually shortiT than the iiitcruo<k's,
liguli- 'j""i" Ioiik; Uavi's 1' .4' loii^, '," 2"wi(lL';
piiuiclc sjuki'-liki', I'-.s' in li-nj;tli, often iuterrui)te(l
below, its branelies 1 '.' or less lonj;, ereet; spikelets
2-3-fl<>were(l, the empty scales hispid on the keel,
shining, the second ahout !'•" long, the first shorter;
(lowering scales 2"-2'j" long, acuminate, scabrous,
each bearing a long bent and somewhat twisted awn.
In rocky places. I.abradortn Al.iska, south on the moun-
tains to North Carolina. New .Mexico and Calil'orni.i, Also
in ICurope and .\sia. .\\itf- Sept.
2. Trisetum flavescens (L.) R. & vS. Yellow F'alse Oal. ' Fij;. ,^91.)
Aivna flii-.'t'siYiis I.. .Sp. I'l. .'<<«). 175,3.
TiisiliiDi piiiliiisi- I'ers. ,Syn. 1:97. 1805.
Tihilinii Jhivcsiena K. iS: S. Syst. 2: 6(),v 1817.
Culms i'j°-2'i° tall, erect, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the interiiodes,
more or less pubescent; ligule '2 " long; leaves I ,' j'-
5' long, 1"-^" wide, scabrous, sometimes sparingly
hairy; ])aiiicle open, 2'-^' in length, the branches
ascending or erect, somewhat llexuous, naked be-
low, the lower I '-2' long; spikelets 3-4-llowered;
empty scales smooth and glabrous, the .second
acute, 2'j" long, the first about half as long, nar-
rower, acuminate; flowering scales 2^1"-}," long,
scabrous, bearing a long bent and twisted awn.
Introduced into Missouri and Kansas. Native of
ICuropc and .\sia. I'anicle yellow, turning dull brown.
July \\\f..
;;£■
bike-
kis or
mtaU
Ihcd,
rrow,
led in
Iflow-
llU»v-
3. Trisetum Pennsylvanicum (L. i Ikauv.
Marsh F'alse Oat. ( Fig. 392. )
.'.•■ciia Pniiisvliiinha I.. Sp. I'l. -i). ^~^},■
.\;vint />ii/ii.<;/ih Miclix. 1"1. Hor. .\m. 1:72 iSov
Triiiliiiii Pfn}is\l;'inii< inn Hiauv.; K. S: S. Syst. 2:658. 1S17.
'I'lisiliim paliisli I 'Vitrx. I'l. I'. ,S. i: I2f). 1S24.
Culms i°-3° tall, erect, simiile, slender and often
weak, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the
interiiodes, sometimes scabious; ligule '_•" long; leaves
I '-6' long, r'-,V' wi<le, rough; ])anicle 2'-S' in length,
yellowish, narrow, the branches ascending, the lower i'-2'
long; sj)ikelets 2-ttowered; outer scales smooth, shining,
sube(|ual, the second 2" -2'." long; (lowering scales
2" -2,!j" long, sciibrons, the lower not long-awned, but a
rudimentary awn sometimes j)reseiit, the upper with a
long bent and twisted awn.
In swamps and wet meadows. New York lo Illinois, south
to l'"lori(la and Louisiana. .\ ends Id ^ski ft. in Virginia.
I'anicle sometimes loose and i..)(l(liiiR. jinie-July.
17- CUAMINICAI';.
44. AVENA I.. S].. I'l. 7.;. i75,v
AiimiMl III- ]KriiMiiiiI j^iMssts, willi umimIIv (ImI liii\i> ;mil pMiiiiliil s|)il<ilit>, Siiikilits
2 iiiMiiy-lliiwirtd, (ir iMrilv i-llowtriil; lowir llowiis iKilril, llu' ii|)|Kr oltiii --tMiiiiiiMU- or
iiill)iiftit. Si:iUs ) many 1 ninly ,^i; llu' :? Iciwir tiiipl\ , soiiuuliiil iiiu(|iial. iininliniiious,
j)tr>istt III: llowiiiiij; siaUs ikciiluDiis, icmiiiUd on llu' tiMik, ainlc. niiutallx luiiriiij; a ilorsa!
awn. till- apix iil'iin j-liMitlitcl. I'alit iiarmu, j-ldntlud. Stainins ^. St\ K v> slinrl, <listiiu't.
Sli.ninas pluinoM'. t'.iaiii uliloni,'. iliiply I'linowiil, iiulostd in llu- scalr and pakl, Irii' or
soiiU'liims aiUurinl lo llif lalU r. [t)lil I.alin naiik' for llu- ( »at. |
Abiiiil 511 h|Hrii-i, widely di^UdmUd in liiii]>i rati n nioiis. iliicHy in llic 1 Mil WniUl. ( lats
(. \:rii(i Mi/ira I,. I SdUUlinus appears in waste plaees nr in fields where it has lieeii eultivaled.
p;inply seaUs nf the spiki let i>" in length cir less, slimier than llie lluwi rinu scales.
l"iiiwerintf se.dis with a riiiK nf slmrl hairs at the liase; awn nearlv as hni^; as llu- seale.
1, .(. ^1 1 ill 1,1
I'liiwerinif scales naked at the basi; awn imt over inie half as ImiK as the se.ile j. . I. Siinlliii.
ICinpty seales of llu- spikelel <>" ii " in length, eiulusint; the llnwerinK scales. v . /. uiliin.
I. Avena striata Miclix. I'urpU- Oat. ' Imj;-. ,v>,i. )
All 11,1 sli iiilii Mielix. I-'l. lliir .\in. l:7,v l>^i.v
Culms 1° 2^^ lall. ert-et, siiii|)k-, slender, siiioolli
and ,i,d,-il irons. Slieallis sliorU-r than tlu- iiiU-r-
iioiK-s, smooth or sljjrluly sealiroiis; liyiile '.."
Icmii or less; leaves i-reel, 1' fi'lonj;, \" ^"widi-,
snioolli lieiu-atli, usually sealirons ahove; paiiick'
2'..'-,s' in len,i;tli. lax. llu- liraiulu'S ereel or
asoelidiiij;, iiaki-d lielow, llu- lowt-r 1 ' 2 '_. ' loii).j;
spikeU-ts ;, 6-llowi-rid. llu- einpl\- seales snuiolli,
tile seeoiid ^" ^ 1," in len,i,4li, vnerved, llu- first
Iwo-lliirds to three-ipi.-irlers as loiijf, i-nerved;
lloweriiii; se.ili-s;," .|" loiij^r, with a riiij,'of slinrt
hairs al llu- base, strongly nervi-d. seahions;
awns as loni; as llu- seales or longer.
In wonds, New I'.rimsw iek In lirilish C'nhiinhia.
sinilli In iiiiithern reiinsylvania. Minnesnt.i and
Daknta. .\si-ends tn V""' fl. in the .Vdimndaeks.
Spikelels reddish pin))le. July .\iik-
2. Avena Smithii PortL-r. Smith's (Jat. ( I-'i.^:. ,^94.
.\V( iiii Siiiillni I'lirler: .\. Cray. Man. I-al. ,t, >\\,<. isi,-.
Afiliat Siiiilliii \'asiy. Hull. Tnrr. C'liil), 15: 2i>). i.s.s.s.
Culms 2'.. '-5° tall, ereel. simple, seahnms. Slu-alhs
shorter than llie inleniodi'S, very r(>iii;li; lijjiile 2"
loiin; leaves .('-S' loiiff, },"-(>" wide, scabrous; panicle
6'- 1 2' in k'lijfth, the braitehes finally spreading; .spiki--
kls 3-6-flo\vere(I ; eiiiply scales siiioolh. the second
3"-4" ill leii).;lh, ,s-iierveil. the first shorter, obscurely
Viu-rved; lloweritig scales ,s" lonj,'. naked at llie base.
stronj;ly nerved, scabrous, hearinif an awn onc-t'oiirlh
to one-half their leii.irlh.
Niirtliern Michigan and Isle Knyal. .Suiiinu-r.
( lilts
C.UASS I'A.MII.V. 17,^
3. Avena fatua K. Wild Oat. ( Vi^. y,^.)
1 r.^v
. I mill /ii/iia I.. S|), I'l, -Ml,
Culms 1" (" ImH, iriit, siinplc. ^Icpiil, smonlli .iiicl
j^'hilinms. Slu■:llll^< Miiiiulh, or siMliinii?, at tlii' siiuiinit,
Miiiiitituc'^ sjiiiriiiyly liirsiili-, tin- lowxr (il'tiii oviTla))-
jiiiiK; lin'ili' 1" J" '""«; •'■:'Vts,^' S'loiiK, I" i" vudt-;
]):iiiiiU' ci|nn, (' 1 1' in Uiintli. lUv lininclios iisitiidinjr;
spiki'kls J (-(l('\uii(l. (ltiHi|)in).;; iiiitir sialis '4 ' I ' ill
Ifiijitli, siiiiiotli. tiulcpNiii!,' tlu' (liiucriiii; scaU-s; (Idwir-
iiiK siaUs f)" <)" loii^;, with a riiii; (if stilT l>n>\Mi
liairs at the liasi, puhfMiiil with luiiy rij,>i(| hniwu
hairs, luariiij^ a Idii.i; ln-iit ami twistid awn.
In Ik Ills anil wasti- plaits, Ilakota ami Miniusnta;
hnmlaiil nn till' I'arilk- (.'nasi. .Nalnrali/^i il I'nmi iMirupi'
r .\sia. Jnl.v Sipl.
45. ARRHENATHERUM Ikaiiv. A,t;n)st. ,s,=;. />/.
//.
Tall ])i iiimial ,i;rassis, with Mat kavi-s ami I'untiailiil or uptii |)anirli's. Spikik-ts 2-llo\v-
trtil; lowi-r llowir staininati-. ii))pi.r )Rrl"iit; raihilla vxlonikil liiyoml tin.- llowtrs. Sialics ),
tlir 2 lowi-r iin|it\ , tliin-iminhranons. kitkil, wry aiiitf or au ii-])oiiitiil. um'i|iial. pirsislitit,
llowi'rin,!,' si-aks ri,L;iil. ,s-7-mrvi-ii, ik-i'iilni>ns, llii- first litarin,!; a lon,u hint ami tuislt-il ilorsal
awn, insirti'il lulow thi' miililk>, tin- siiomi iniawncil: pakt hyalim', j-kii-kd, Staimns ',.
Slyk's short, ilistimt. Sti,;;iMas plnniosi-. ('.rain ovoiil. Ifii-. [Cn-i-k, ri'l'frrin,!,' to thf awn
of the staininati.' stak, )
Six spii'iis, natives III' tin olil Wnrlil.
I. Arrhenatherum elatius 1 I,, i IScatu .
( ).''l-Hniss, I Im,o-. ,V)'i. >
Azviin i/ii/ii'i I,. ,Sp. I'l. 711. \-s.\.
All li, luillii I iim ,i:;iiti,,iiiii lii-^inv. .X.urnst. i.i.'. .\anu-
■mly. iSi2.
Ai ili,-inilh,i Hill ,l,iliiis I'.iain-,; M. \ K. Iiiiitsih. I'l. i:
,S|'.. 1S2,.
C.lalvrons, iiihns j (' tall, irei-t, simple. Lower
sh -aths lon,L;er than the inlernoiles, !i,i;nle \" lon,tj;
leaves2'..' i.-'liin.y, I " - (" \\ iile, si ahrons; paniile.)'-
12' in leii,utli, i-oiitraeteil. the hram-lns erii't, the lower
I ' -'' lon,i,f; einjpty seales rnuly naij^heiieil, the seeonil
.('' Ion,!.;, the first shorter; liowerin;,' seales ahont 4" loii.t;.
In Ik Ids and waste plaees, Maine anil ( Intariu to Ceor-
Kia and Tennessee. .Vlso iin the I'aeilie Coast. Natnrali/.ed
Iriiin Ivnrope, June .\nu.
f
46. DANTHONIA DC. Fl. France, 3:
I Si >,S .
Mostly perennial .s,Masses, with Hal or eonvolnte lea\es ami ooiitraeled or opiii panicles.
Spikelets ,; many-llowered, the llowers all |)erfeet, or the n|)])er staininale; raeliilla pid)es-
cent, extemlin,u heyoml the llowers. Scales ,i nian\ , the 2 lower em])t\-, keeled, acute, ,sul)-
e(|ual, ])ersistent, jreiierally extemlinj; lieyoml the ujipennost llowerin,ir one; llowerinjr scales
rounded 011 the hack, 2-toolhed, deciduous, the awii arisinj; t'roiu hetween the acute or awned
teeth, Hat and twisted at hase, hent; ])alet hyaline, 2-keeled near the niari^nns, ohlu.se or
2-toolheii. Stamens .^v Styles distinct. Sti,!,nnas ])hniiose. ('.rain free, enclosed in the scale.
[Name in honor of IClienne Danthoinc, a .Marseilles botanist of the last centtny. ]
.\ Renns of ahonl too si>ecies. wiiklv ilistrihuteil in warm and temperate reuimis i-liiiflv in
South .M'riea.
I'jnpty scales ' ■' Iuuh: or less; sheaths Hiahrous or smnetimes spariuKlv piihiscenl at the hase.
IVetli of the fliiwerinj;: sc.ile ahonl ' " lonif, acute; cidm leaves short; pimiele eontraeteil.
•I' 1 r 1 n • I. /'. \/)/<(//if.
leetli 111 the ni)werin.Lr scale 1 ' 1 ' ■" lonsf, awiieil; culm leaves elongated; panicle usually open.
,..,,,. 2. /A CDiiihicssa.
I'.nipty scales nuire than ■. Ioiir; sheaths usually villous. ,3. D. siiicca.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
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Photographic
Sciences
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174
GRAMIXKAE.
I.
Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Common Wild Oat-grass. (Fig. 397.)
.I:nia spiiala I,. Sp. PI. 80. 175,^.
Ihxiilhonia sfiicala lifiuiv.; R, S:'s. Syst. 2: (*ya. 1S17.
Culms \°-2]i° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-
brous, nearly terete. vSheaths shorter than the in-
ternodes, glabrous or often sparingly pubescent be-
low; ligule very short; leaves rough, \" wide or
less, usually involute, the lower 4'-6' long, the
upper \'-2' long; inflorescence racemose or pan
iculate, i'-2' in length, the pedicels and branches
erect or ascending; .spikelets g-S-flowered; empty
scales 4"-5" long, glabrous; flowering scales
broadly oblong, sparingly pubescent with appressed
silky hairs, the teeth about "i" long, acute or short-
pointed, the bent and widely spreading awn closely
twisted at the base, loo.sely .so above.
In dry soil, Newfoundland to Quebec and Dakota,
south to North Carolina and Louisiana. Ascends to
31XX) ft. in Virginia. July-.Sept.
2. Danthonia compressa Aii.stin. Flattened Wild Oat-gra.ss. (Fig. 398.)
Danlhonia compressa .Austin; Peck, Kept. Rep, N. Y.
State I'niv. 22: ,'54. 1S69.
Danthonia Allfiii .Vustin, Hull. Torr. Club, 3: 2r. 1872.
Culms I'j'-'-^" tall, erect, slender, simple, flattened,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths .shorter than the inter-
nodes; ligule pilose; leaves \" wide or less, rough, lax,
the basal from one-third to one-half the length of the
culm; lower culm leaves 6'-8' long, the upper 3'~6';
panicle open, 2]i'~^' in length, the lower branches
generally .spreading; spikelets 5-10-flowered; empt}'
scales 5''' -6" long, glabrous; flowering scales oblong,
with a ring of short hairs at base, pubescent with ap-
pressed silky hairs, the awn erect or somewhat bent,
.strongly twisted below, slightly .so above, the teeth
\"-i\i" long, acuminate, awned.
In woods, Maine and Vermont to North Carolina and
Tennessee. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. Jnlv-
Sept.
3. Danthonia sericea Nntt. Silky Wild Oat-gra.ss. ( Fig. 399. )
Ihiiillionia srn'rra Nutt. (icn. i: 71. 1S18.
Culms I '2°-;^° tall, simple, glabrous. Sheaths shorter
than the internodes, usually villous; ligule pilose;
leaves rough and more or less villous, i"-l Ij" wide,
the basal one-quarter to one-half the length of the
culm, usually flexuous, those of the culm i'-4' long,
erect; panicle 2,'^'-.}'.' in length, contracted, the
branches erect or ascending; spikelets 4-10-rtowered;
empty scales 7"-8" long, glalirous; flowering scales
oblong, strongly pubescent with long silky hairs, the
awn erect or somewhat bent, closely twisted below,
loosely so above, the teeth l"-l,'2" long, acuminate,
awned,
In dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey, south
to IHorida. JIay-July.
ii
CRASS FAMILY.
1/3
47. CAPRIOLA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 31. 1763.
[CvNODON Rich.; I'cis. vSyn. 1:85. if^"5-]
rcreniiial .tcrasses with sliorl fl.it k-aves and sjjicate iiiflurosfeiice, tlie sjiikcs diirilate.
J^])ikflels l-ilowfU'd, SL'Ciind. Scales;,; the 2 lower (.Mnpty, kcflcd; flowering scale broader,
liieiiiliranous, compressed; ])alet a little shorter than the scale, hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens
2,. Styles distinct. Sti;rnias short, ])lumose. C.rain free. [Name mediaeval I.atin fur the
wild K"'it, that feeds on this j^aass in waste rocky ])laces.]
]''()ur known si)eeies, of which three are Australian, the following widely distrihuted.
I. Capriola Dactylon ( L. ) Kuiitze.
Bernnicla-grass. Scutch -grass.
Dog's-tooth Grass. ( Fig. 400. )
J'<7)iirinii lhi(l\'loii I.. Sp. PI. 58, 17,^,^,
C'fiKu/iui IhKlyloii I'ers. Syn. i:S,t. 1X05.
Ctif>> iiihi Pdclvloii Kuntze. Rev. den. I'l. 764. 1S91.
Cidms 4'-i2' tall, erect, from long creepiti}^ and
hranchinfj .stolons, smooth and jj;labrous. Sheaths
glabrous or somewh;\t hairy, crowded at the bases
of the culms and along the .sUdons; ligule pilose;
leaves \'-2' long, i "-2" wide, flat, rigid, smooth
beneath, scabrous above; spikes 4-5, ^'i'-2' in
length, digitate; rachis flat; spikelets l" long; outer
scales his])id on the keel, narrow, the first shorter
than the second, about two-thirds as long as the
broad and strongly compressed third one.
In fields and waste i)laces, southern New York to
I'emisylvania and Teiniessee. south to I'lorida and
Te.xas, .\l)undanl in the Southern .States. CiUtivaled
for pasture. Naturalizi-d from ICurope. July Sept.
48. SPARTINA vSchreh. Gen. 43. 17S9.
I'erennial glabrous grasses, with long horizontal rootstocks, flat or inv(dute leaves, and an
inflorescence of one-sided sj)reading or erect alternate spikes. Si)ikelets i-flowered, narrow,
deciduous, borne in two rows on the rachis, articulated with the very short i)edicels below
the scales. Scales ,^; the 2 outer empty, keeled, very une(|ual; the third subtending a perfect
flower, keeled, e(iualling or shorter tlian the .second; palet often longer than its scale, 2-
ner%'ed. Stamens 3. Styles filiform, elongated. Stigmas filiform, ])a])illose or shortly
jdumose. Orain free, [dreek, referring to the covd-like leaves of some species.]
.Vhout 7 species, widely distrihuted in saline soil, a few in fresh-water marshes.
I'irst scale awn pointed, eciualliiiK the third; second long-awned
I'ir.st scale acute, shorter than the third, usually one half as Iouk.
Kirst scale stronjflv seahrous-liispid on the keel.
Leaves U' wide or more, flat.
Leaves ',' wide or less.
.Spikes ascendiTijf or erect; leaves narrow, involute; coast plant.
Spikes appressed; leaves usually flat at the base; western species
I'irst scale smooth on the keel or occasionally sli({lilly scabrous.
I. Spartina cynosuroides ( L. ) Willd.
Tall Marsh-gra.ss. ( Fig. 401. )
J)ail_ylis I viiosiimidis \,. Sp. I'l. 71. 175,^
Sparlhni iviiosiiniidcs Willd. Ivuum. So. iSw),
Culms 2°-6° tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths
long, overlai)])ing, those at the base of the culm
crowded; ligule a ring of hairs; leaves 1° long or more,
3"-7" wide, scabrous on the margins, bec<nning in-
volute ill drying, attenuate into a long slender tiji;
spikes 5-30, 2'-$' long, often on jiednncles '.'-l' in
length, ascending or erect; rachis rough on the mar-
gins; .spikelets much imbricated, (■)"-■;" hnig; outer
scales awn-pointed or awned, strongly hispid-scabrous
on the keel; third scale as long as the first, the sca-
brous midrib terminating just below the emarginate or
2-tootlied apex; palet sometimes exceeding the scale.
In swamps and streams of fresh or brackish water, Nova
Scotia to .Assinihciia. New Jersey and Te.xas. Sometimes
glaucous. Called also l'"resh water Cord grass. .Vug. Oct.
12
I. .S'. iviiosiiioiilrs.
2. .V. polvslticliva.
S. ftalins.
S. i^idiilis.
S si I ilia.
I
I
I 7^5
CRAMINI'Ai;.
2. Spartina polystachya ( Michx.) Ivll. Salt Rccd-^^rass. (Fij;. 402.)
'riiidiriinlia f^olyshulira Miclix.
in. lior. Am. i; 64..
Spmihui fiitlysliiiiivii V,\\. lint. S. C. & (ia. i: 95. 1S17.
Ciiliiis .)°-9° tall, uruct, slout, siinjilc, sinootli.
>Sln.-alhs ()vi'fla])})iiij,', lliosi' at the ha.so of the culm
cruwdc'il; linuk- a rinj.r of hairs; k-avfs 1° lonj.;' or inort',
'j'-i' wide, ilat, .scabrous at least on the margins, at-
tenuate into a lou},' slender tij); .sj)ikes 20-50, .-'scend-
in,t;, often long-peduncled, 2'-4' in lenj,'tli, the racliis
rouj^h on the niar>fins; ,s])ikelets nnicli imbricated, 4"-
5" lou).j, the outer scales acute, stroufjly scabrous-his-
pid on the keel, the first half the lenjith of the sec-
ond; third scale scabrous on the upper part of the
keel, obtuse, lonjfer than the first and exceeded by
the palet.
In salt and brackish marshes, Maine to New Jer.sey and
Florida. Called also Creek-thatch. Autf.-Oet.
3. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl.
1789.
vSalt-ineadow Grass. (Fig. 403.)
Dac/ylis />ii/t-iis Ait. Hort. Kcw. i: 104.
S/>ar/ii/i> pali'}is Muhl. Cirani. 55. 1817.
Sparliiia jiiiiii-a Ivll. Hot. S. C. ^t Ca. 1: 94. 1817.
Culms 1°-^° tall, erect, or decmnbent at base,
smooth. Lower sheaths overlapping and crowded;
ligule a rin,if of short hairs; leaves }i°-\° long, i"-2"
broad, involute, attenuate into a long tip, smooth
and glabrous beneath; .spikes 2~io, i'-2' long, usuallv
ascending, more or less peduncled, the racliis slightly
scabrous; spikelets },"-Y' long; outer scales acute,
scabrous-his])id on the keel, the first usually rather
less than one-half as long as the second; third scale
somewhat scabrous on the upper part of the keel,
eniarginate or 2-toothed at the apex, longer than the
first and exceeded by the palet.
On salt meadows, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to
I'lorida. west to Texas. This and finu iis (t'liardi. the
" lilack Cirass." furnish .most of the salt meadow hay of
the .\llantie coast. Ausr.-Oct.
Spartina gracilis Triii. Inland Cord-grass. (Fig. 404. )
Sf'arlhia ,s^i<uilis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. reter.sb. (VI. I 6:
no. 1840.
Culms i°-3° tall, erect, simple, .smooth. Sheatlus
()verla])ping, those at the base of the culm short and
crowded; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves 1° long or
less, I "-3" wide, (kit or involute, attenuate into a
long tij); spikes 4-S, i'-2' long, appressed, more or
less peduncled; spikelets 3"-4" long; outer .scales
acute, scabrous-his])id on the keel, the first half the
length of the second; third scale obtn.se, slightly
shorter than the second and about equalling the obtuse
lialel.
In .saline soil, .Assiniboia and liritish Columbia to
Nebraska and Nevada. Aug.- Sept.
C-.RASS I'AMILV.
177
5. Spartina stricta ( Ait. ) Roth. vSinooth Marsh-j^rass. (Fig. 405. )
PiUlvlis sh icia Ait. Hcirt. Kcw. i. ui\. 1789.
Spill liini slriila Kulli, Ciil. lint. 3: .j. iSiiTi.
Culms l°-3° tall, iTcft, siinple, smooth.
Slitatlis <)virla])i)iiijr, lliosi- at thu l).\se shorter
and looser, imu'h crowilcd; lij^fiilc a rinj^jof short
hairs; kiivi's },'-\2' lonj;. 2"-^" wide at the
baso, involute, at least when dry; spikes 3-5,
erect or nearly so, r-2'lonf;; spikelets 6"~S"
lonjj, loosely imhriealed; empty scales acute or
acutish, I -nerved, the first shorter than the
second, which exceeds or equals the third; palet
louf^er than the third scale.
Spartina stricta maritima ( Wall ) Scribn. Mem. Torr.
Club, 5: 45. iS(i(.
/)(/(7i7/.v I'lari/hiid Walt, I"I. Car. 77. 17S8.
Sptiilhia ^Idhiii Mulil. Ciram. ,s.|. 1817.
Cldmstaller,S()metiines<)° \\\^\\. and leaves liaiKer;
spikes iniirc munerous, usually appressed.
Spartina stricta alterniflora (I.ois.) .\. Cray, Man.
VA. 2. ,i,s2. 1S56.
Spill Una allrriii/ldia I.ois. I'l. Call. 2: 719. 1807.
Culms 4°-6° tall; sjjikes slender, appressed, 3' -5' Iiin(f. the spikelets barely nverlappintr.
Very variable. CuniiUdU, in some one of its forms, alontf the '.-oast from JIaine to I'Morida and
Texas. Also nn the coast of Iviuope. Our ])lant does iU)t appear to be satisfactorily identified with
llie ICuropean. .\nff.()et.
.16:
iths
and
K<>r
to a
or
ales
the
htly
tuse
a \.<y
49. CAMPULOSUS De.sv. Btill. vSoc. Pliilom. 2: 189. iSio.
[CTKMLM Tanzer, Deutsch. Akad. Muench. 1813: 2SS. //. /j. 1S14.]
Tall punfjfent-ta.sted gra.sses, with flat or convolute narrow leaves and a curved spicate in-
florescence. Sjiikelets borne ])ectinately in two rows on one side of the flat curbed rachis,
l-flowered. Lower 4 scales empty, the first very s!u)rt, hyaline; the .second, third, fourth
and fifth awned on the back, the latter subtendinj^ a i)erfect llower and palet, the uppermost
scales eni])ty. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. .Stigmas j)luniose. Grain oblong, free, loosely
enclosed in the scale. [('Ffeek, in allusion to the curved spike.]
.Seven known species, four of tlieni .\nurican, the ollieis in the eastern hemisphere.
1. Campulosus aromaticus (Walt.) Scribn. Toothache Grass. (Fig. 406. )
Ai\i;ili>ps ai(iiinili<ii Wall. I'l. Car. 249. 178S.
I'lniiinii AnitiiiiiiiKiii .SpreuK. .Syst. i: 274. 1825.
Onii/>ii/(isiis II 10 III a til- lis Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club,
5: .\s. 1894-
Culms 3°-4° tall, erect, sinijde, smooth or some-
what scabrous. Sheaths shorter than the inter-
nodes, rough; ligule i'' long, truncate; leaves
1' 6' long, \"-2" wide, flat or involute, .smooth;
spike terminal, .s<ditary, curved, 2'-4' long, the
rachis extended into a point; spikelets about 3"
long; second scale thick ami rigid, awn-pointed,
bearing just al)ove the middle a stout horizontal
or recurv'ed awn; third, fourth and fifth scales
membranous, scabrous, awned from below the
2-toothed aj)e.\, the fifth subtending a perfect
llower, the others empty.
In wet soil, especially in pine barrens, Virginia to
florida. July , Sept.
V;;i.
') ■
';
178
GRAMINEAE.
50. CHLORIS .S\v. Prodr. 25. 17.S8.
Mostly j)ercnnial grasses with (lat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes solitary,
few, or numerous and vcrticillate or approximate. vS])ikelets i -flowered, arranged in two
rows on one side of the racliis. Scales 4; the 2 lower empty, unctjual, keeled, acute; third
and fourth usually awned, the former subtending a perfect flower; palet folded and 2-keeled.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas ])luniose. ('.rain free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek,
greenish-yellow, referring to the color of the herbage.]
About forty siKcies. mostly natives of warm atiil tropical rtKions. Iksiiks tlu' followinsf some
ID others occur in thf southern ruited Slates.
I. Chloris verticillata Xutt. Prairie
Chloris. ( Fig. 407.)
I'lilon's -crliciUala Xutt. Trans. .Vm. I'lii!. ,Soc. (11.)
5: 150. kS,W-37.
Culms 6'-i8' tall, erect, or decumbent and root-
ing at the lower nodes, smooth, glabrous. Sheaths
shorter than the internodcs, smooth, or roughish at
the summit; lignle a ring of short hairs; leaves i '-3'
long, i"-2" wide, obtuse, often apiculate, scabrous;
spikes slender, usually spreading, 2'-\yi' long, in
one or two whorls, or the upper ones approximate;
spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about xYz" long,
the first scale about one-half the length of th ,- sec-
ond; the third \" long, obtuse, ciliate on the
nerves, especially on the lateral ones, bearing just
below the apex a scabrous awn about lyi" long;
fourth scale as long as or shorter than the third,
awned near the usually truncate apex.
On prairies. Kansas to Texas, Maj'-July.
51. GYMNOPOGON Beaiiv. Agrost. 41. pi. 9. f. 3. 1S12.
Perennial grasses with flat and usually short rigid leaves, and numerous slender alter-
uate spikes. Spikelets i-flowered, almost sessile, the rachilla extended and bearing a small
scale which is usually awned. Scales 3 or 4; the 2 lower empty, unequal, narrow, acute;
third broader, fertile, 3-nervcd, slightly 2-toothed at the apex, bearing an erect awn; the
fourth ampty, small, awned; palet 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Stylesdistinct. Stigmas plumose.
Grain linear, free, enclosed in the rigid scale. [Greek, naked-beard, referring to the pro-
longation of the rachilla.]
Six known species, all but one of them natives of .\merica.
Spikes bearing spikelets their whole length; awn longer than flowering scale. i. (!. a»ibiifuiis.
Spikes bearing spikelets above the middle; ,iwn shorter than flowering scale. 2. <!. hnvi/oliiis.
Gymnopogon ambiguus ( Michx. ) B.vS.P.
(Fig. 408.)
Broad-leaved G^'innopogon.
Am.
58.
Andidposfoit avihiiiuiis lliclix. I'l. Dor.
1S03.
(iyniiiopofioii racniiosus IJeauv. Agrost. 164. 1S12.
d'yniiiopogon aiiibii;ii!<s U.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69.
1888.
Culms i2'-i8' tall, erect, or decumbent at the
base, simple or sometimes sparingly branched,
smooth aiul glabrous. Sheaths short, glabrous,
excepting a \illous ring at the summit, crowded at
the base of the culm; ligule very short; leaves i'-
4' long, 2"-6" wide, lanceolate, acute, cordate at
the base, spreading, smooth or a little scabrous
above; spikes slender, spikelet-bearing throughout
their entire length, at first erect, the lower 4'-8'
long, at length widely spreading; spikelets, exclu-
sive of awns, 2"-2y2" long; first scale shorter than
the second; third scale exceeded by the second, the
callu:, at the base hairy, the awn 2"-^" long.
■" In drj- sandy soil, sotithern New Jersey to Missouri,
south to I'lorida ami Texas. Aug.-t)ct.
C.RASS I'AMIIA'
2. GymnopogOij brevifolius Triii.
Short-leaved (rNinnopogoii.
C7t'iiiiii>/>oi;oii /)ii:'i/'o/iii\- 'ivin. rnifl. 2.?H. 1S2}.
Culms i°-2° loiij;, from a decumbent base, simple,
slender, smooth and j,'labrous. Sheaths shorter
than the iiiternodes, sometimes crowded near the
middle of the culm; ligule very short; leaves \'-2'
long, I ""4" wide, usually sj)readin>;, lanceolate,
acute, cordate at the base; spikes very slender,
spikelet-bearing above the middle, the lower 4'-
6' long, at first erect, finally widely spreading;
spikelets, exclusive of the awns, 1^3" long; first
scale shorter than the second; third scale cciualling
or exceeded by the second, short-awned, sparingly
villous or glabrous, the callus hairy.
In dry soil, Xcw Jersey to l^'lotida, west to Missis-
sippi. .\u(f -'^ct.
52. SCHEDONNARDUS Stetid. vSyii. PI. Grain. 146. 1S55.
An annual grass with branching culms, narrow leaves and slender S])ikes arranged along
a common axis. Spikelels i-flowered, sessile and alternate on the racliis. vScales 3; the 2
lower empty, narrow, membrai'.ous, acuminate; the flowering scale longer, of similar texture;
palct narrow, shorter. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain linear, free,
enclosed in the rigid scale. [Hreck, in allusion to the resemblance of this grass to the
genus ^Vanfiis.l
A uionnlypic rcmus of cintnil North .\nicrica.
I. Schedonnardus paniculatus (Xiitt.)
Trelease. Schedomiardii.s. (Fig. 410. )
/.r/>/iirns/>tJiii(ii/i)/iisSiM. (".en. 1:81. 1S18.
.S< ///'lioiiiKirthis J'lidiiii.s Slc'ud. Svn. I'l. f.rinn. i (6.
Siliiiltiiiiiarilii.s f>aiii,iiliiliis Trck-asc, liranncr & Co-
villu. Rip. Ccol. Surv. Ark. 1888: Part .\. 236. 1.S91.
Culms 8'-iS' tall, erect, slender, rigid, branch-
ing at the base, scabrous. Sheaths crowded at the
base of the culm, compressed, smooth and gla-
brous; ligule I " long, truncate; leaves i'-2' long,
i" wide or less, fiat, usually erect; spikes numer-
ous, rigid, widely spreading, alternate, the lower
2'-4' long, the axis and branches triangular; spike-
lets i'4"~i/2" long, sessile and appresscd, alter-
nate; scales hispid on the keel, the second longer
than the first and exceeded by the acute third one.
Alanitoba and Assiuiboia, south to lUinois, Te.vas
and New Mexico. July .Sept.
53. BOUTELOUA Lag. Var. Cieiic. y Litter. 2: Part 4, 134. 1805.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and numerous spikelets in one-
sided spikes. >Spikclets i-2-flowercd, arranged in two rows on one side of a flat rachis, the
rachilla extended beyond the base of the flowers, bearing 1-3 awns and 1-3 rudimentary scales.
Two lower scales empty, acute, keeled; flowering scale broader, 3-tootlied, the teeth awn-
pointed or awncd; palet hyaline, entire or 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas
plumose. Cirain ol)long, free. [In honor of Claudius Houtelou, a Spanish botanist.]
.Mioiit 30 species, ])artieularly numerous in Mexico and in the southwestern I'nited States.
Spikes 1-4, erect or sijreadinjt; spikilets numerous, peetinately arranged.
Kaehiiia bearing the rudimentary scales and awns glabrous; second scale strongly pai)illose-
hispid on the keel. I. /■'. Iiirsiila.
Kachilla bearing the rudimentary scales and awns with a tul't of long hairs at the apex; second
scale seabro\is and sparingly loug-ciliate on the keel. 2. 11. oliKusfucliya.
Spikes numerous, spreading or reflexed: ^pikelets few or several, diverging from the raehis.
3. //. cintifieiiiiiila.
\
i8o
gramixi;ak.
I. Bouteloua hirsuta I^a^. Hairy Mesquite-grass. (Fig. 411.)
Hoiili-loim hiisnla I.atr. Var. Cit'iK'. y I.ilttr. 2: I'lirt 4,
1-1 1- 1^115.
Culms 6'-2o' tall, erect, simple or sometimes
s])ariiij;ly branched at tlie liase, smooth and gla-
brous. vShcatlis mostly at the l)asc of the culm,
the lower short and crowded, the ui)))cr longer; lig-
ulc a ring of short hairs; leaves 1 '-5' long, l"wide
or less, erect or ascending, Hat, scabrous, spar-
ingly pa])illose-liirsute near the base, especially on
the margins; spikes 1-4, '.-'-a' long, usually erect
or ascending, the racliis extending beyond the
s])ikelets into a conspicuous point; spikclets nu-
merous, 2>i"-3" long, pcctinatcly arranged; first
scale hyaline, shorter than the membranous second
one, which is strongly papillosediirsute on the
keel; thir<l scale jnibcscent, 3-cIefl tothe middle, the
nerves terminating in awns; rachilla without a tuft
of hairs under the rudimentary scales and awns.
In dry soil, especially on prairies, Illinois to Dakota, Texas and .\rizoiia. July Sept.
2. Bouteloua oligostachya ( Xutt. ) Torr. Grania-gras.s.
(Fig. 412. )
.t///rr(>/>ii<;(>i/ oliiriishiiiiyiis: Xutt. (k'U. i: 7S. iSl8.
lii'Klrliina o!i<^os/achva Torr.; .\. lirav, Man. Kd. 2, 5s v
KS56.
Culms 6'-i8' tall, erect, simple, smooth and gl;;
brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule a
ring of short hairs; leaves i'-4' long, i" wide or less,
involute, at least at the long slender tip, smooth or
scabrous; spikes i-,^, i'-2' long, often strongly curved,
the rachis terniitiating in a short inconspicuous point;
spikelets numerous, pcctinatcly arranged, about 3"
long; first scale hyaline, shorter than the membranous
second one, which is scabrous and sometimes long-
ciliate on the keel, and sometimes bears a few papillae;
third scale pubescent, .vclcft, the nerves terminating in
awns; rachilla with a tuft of long hairs under the rudi-
mentary scales and awns.
On prairies, Manitoba to .\lberta, south to Wisconsin,
Te.\as and Mexico. July-Sept.
Mes(iiiite-grass.
3. Bouteloua curtipendula (Miclix. ) Torr.
Racemed Bouteloua. (Fig. 413.)
C lilorisciirlifynidii'a Miclix. Kl. Uor. Am. 1: 59. 1S03.
JSoiilcloiia nnemosa I/,ig. Var. Cienc. y I.itter. 2: Part
4, 141. 1805.
llitK/rloKa ciniifirndiila'J^orr. Kniory's Rep. 153. 184S.
Jloiilrloiia CHI liftcinliila \m. aris/osa A Gray, Man.
m. 2, 553. 1856.
Culms i°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule
a ring of short hairs; leaves 2'-i2' long, 2" wide
or less, flat or involute, rough, especially above;
spikes numerous. -,"-8" long, widely spreading or
relieved; spikelets 4-12, divergent from the rachis,
3!i"~5" lo"K. scales scabrous, especially on the
keel, the first shorter than or equalling the
second; the third 3-tootlied, the nerves extended
into short awns; rachilla bearing at the summit a
snudl awned scale, or sometimes a larger 3-nerved
scale, the nerves extended into awns; anthers
Vermillion or cinnabar-red.
In dr>- soil, Ontario to Manitoba, south to New Jersey, Kentucky, Texas and Mexico. July-Sept.
GRASS I'AMILV.
I8l
54. BECKMANNIA Host, Gram. Austr. 3: 5. pi. 6. i,s,,5.
A tall erect ^rass with Hat leaves and erect spikes borne in a terminal ])aniclc. Spike-
lets i-2-flo\vere(l, j,'l(.h()Sc, compressed. Scales 3 or 4; the 2 lower empty, mem))ranous, sac-
rate, obtuse or abruptly acute; the lloweriuK scales narrow, thin membranous; palet hyaline,
2-keclod. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed iti
the scale and palet. [In honor of Johann Heckmann, 1739-181 1, teacher of Natural History
at St. Petersburg.]
.\ iiKiuotypic K-iiuis (if thf iiDrlli ttiiiiK rate /oiu-.
I. Beckmannia erucaeformis ( L. ) Host.
Heckmamiia. ( I''ig. 414, )
J'linlm is riiiiiir/oi mis ^,. .S]). I'l. 55. 175:5.
Jlcclciiiaiinia ci ii,;u-J'ti) nii^ llcjst, Cram, .\iistr. 3: s.
I Si 1-5.
Hfckiiiannia cnicarfoniiis var. inii/lma Scribii.;
Wats. iS: Cimlt. in .\. C.niy, Jtan. VA. 6, 62^. 189(1.
Glabrous, culms i'.^-3° tall, erect, simple,
smooth. Sheaths longer than the internodes,
loose; ligule 2"-4" long; leaves 3'-9' long, 2"-4"
wide, rough; panicle- 4'-i()' in length, simple or
compound, the spikes about j^' long; spikelets
i"-iji" long, i-2-flovvered, closely inil)ricated in
two rows on one side of the rachis; scales smooth,
the outer saccate, obtuse or abruptly acute; flower-
ing scales acute, the lower generally awn-pointed,
the upper rarely present.
In wot places, western Ontario to liritish Culunibia,
south to Iowa, Colorado and California. July-Sept.
1^1
#1
it I
55. ELEUSINE Gaertn. Friict. & vSem. i: 7. pi. t. 17SS.
Tufted annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes
digitate or close together at the summit of the culm. Spikelets several-flowered, sessile,
closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the rachis, which is not extended beyond them;
flowers perfect or the upper stamiuate. Scales compressed, keeled; the 2 lower empty; the
others subtending flowers, or the upper empty. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas' plu-
mose. Grain loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [I'rom the Greek name of the towu
where Ceres was worshipped.]
Species 6, natives of tlie old World. Besides the following, two olliers have been found in
ballast fillings about the eastern seajxirts.
I. Eleusine Indica (L.) Gaertn. Wire-
grass. Crab-srass. Yard-grass.
(I'i.i?- 415.)
(.'viiosui Hs hidiiiis I<. Sp. ri. ;3. 1753.
FJriisiiii- liuiica Gaertn. I'ruot. & Seni. i: S. 17S8.
Culms 6'-2° tall, tufted, erect, or decumbent at the
base, smooth and glabrous;. Sheaths loose, overlap-
ping and often short and crowded at the base of the
cuhn, glabrous or sometimes sparingly villous; ligule
very short; leaves 3'-! 2' long, i"-3" wide, smooth or
scabrous; spikes 2-10, i'-3' long, whorled or appro.\i-
mate at the summit of the culm or one or two some-
times distant; spikelets 3-6-flowered, l,'i"-2" long;
scales acute, minutely scabrous on the keel, the first
i-nerved, the second 3-7-nerved, the others 3-5-uervcd.
In fields, dooryanls and waste places all over N'ortli
America e.\ee|)t the extreme north. Naturalized from the
warmer regions of the Old World. June-Sept.
i.s;
CRAMINKAK.
56. DACTYLOCTENIUM WilUl. luuiiii. io?(j. i.So.j.
An annual grass wilh flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes in pairs or difjitatc,
Spikclets several- (lowered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the rachis
which is extended beyond them into a sharp point. Scales compressed, keeled, the 2 lower
and the uiJiiermost ones empty, the others subtending; flowers. vStamens t,. Styles distinct,
short. Stif^mas ])lumose. Grain free, ruj^ose, loosely enclosed in the scale, [(ireek, re-
ferring to the digitately sjireading spikes.]
.\ tniiudtyiiic tfcmis of tlic warnicr p.irts of llir f)l(l World.
1. Dactyloctenium Aegyptium ( L. ) W'illd. Iv^ryptian (irass. (Im<^. 416.)
C\iii>sii Ills .\ri;yf^li!is I,. .Sp. I'l. 72. i7,s,v
I'.li iisiiir .\i-i;v/ili(i IVrs. Syn. iiS;. iNi.i.
I'll, lylihliii ill III .\i'i;v/'/iiii mil Willd. I'liiuni. 1021). 1S119.
Culms 6'-2° long, usually decumbent and exten-
sively creejiing at the base. Sheaths loose, over-
lapping and often crowded, smooth and glabrous;
ligule very short; leaves 6' in length or less, i"-2i''
wide, smooth or rough, sometimes pubescent,
ciliate toward the base; spikes in pairs, or 3-5 and
digitate, li'-2' long; spikelets j-5-flowered; scales
compressed, scabrous on the keel, the second
awned, the flowering ones broader and pointed.
In waste places and cultivated sjround. SdUtlurii
New Viirk, f'cnnsylvania and Virjfinia to Illinois and
California, south to I'lorida and Mexico. Widely dis-
Iribuled in tropical .\nierica. Xatiualized from .\sia
(jr .Vfrica. July-Oel.
57. LEPTOCHLOA IJcaiiv. Agrost. 71. />/. /j. /. /. 1S12.
Usually tall annual grasses, with flat leaves and nntnerous spikes forming a simple pan-
icle. Spikelets usually 2-inany-flowered, flattened, alternating in two rows on one side of
the rachis. Scales 4-many; the 2 lower empty, keeled, shorter than the spikelct; the flower-
ing scales keeled, ^-nerved. I'alet 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose.
Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Cireek, in allusion to the slender spikes.]
.Vbout 12 species, natives of the warmer refiions of both lieinisplieres, besides the following,.
3 others occur in the southern t'nited Slates.
I. Leptochloa mucronata (Michx. )
Kimth. Northern Leptochloa.
(FiK-. 417.)
Kleiisiiw iiiiictniiata Miehx. Kl. Hor. .\ni, 1:65. iSo,v
J^cplihhloa iiimioiiala Kuntli, Gram. i:oi. 1S29 33.
Culms i°-3° tall, erect, branched, smooth and
glabrous. vSheatlis shorter than the internodes,
smooth and glabrous; ligule short, lacerate-toothed;
leaves 2'-S' long, l"-3" wide, scabrous; spikes
numerous, slender, rigid, spreading or ascending,
the lower 2'-6' long; spikelets usually 3-flowcred,
about i" long, the empty scales shorter than the
spikelet, acute, 1 -nerved, slightly scabrous on the
keel; flowering scales 2-toothcd at the apex,
ciliate on the nerves.
hi dry oi moist soil, \'irKinia to Illinois, Missomi
and California, soutli It) Xorth Carolina, I,(niisiana
and Mexico. .\lso in Cuba. July-Sept.
CRASS IWMILV.
•83
58. BULBILIS Rat". Am. MdiuIi. .MaK^ 4: 190. 1S19.
[HrcHi.oiv I'ji^ielni. Trans. St. Louis Acad, i: 432. pi. 1 /. /ii^s. i-i~. I'Ssg.]
A pcTenuial stoloiiifcrous monoecious or apparently dioecious ^rass with flat leaves and
spicate iiillorescence. Staniinate spikclets borne in two rows on one side of the rachis, the
spikes at tlie suimnit of the long and cxserted culms. Pistillate s])ikelets in spike-like
clusters of 2 or ;,, on very short culms, scarcely cxserted from tlic sheath. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct, loii}^. Stigmas elonj^'ated, short-plumose. Grain ovate, free, enclosed in the
scale. [Name a])parenlly from the supposed Ijulb-like hn^e of old plants.]
.\ moimtyliic Kfiuis (if ciiitral .N'oMh .\nKrica.
I. Bulbilis dactyloides ( Xiitt. ) Kal".
HulTalo (irass. ( I'i^- 4i''^- )
Si</rri(i(/,ii/i/iii(/,:\S\iit. Crii. 1:^15. iSiS.
HKililoi-thiitvloiihs ICiim'lni. Trans, St. I.oiiis Acad.
l; |,',2. \^\c).
/<ii//n7i.ufii(/i/iii(/i-sRn(.: Kuulzc, Kcv. Ccu. I'l. 76^.
Culms hearing staniinate flowers 4' -12' tall,
erect, slender, naked above, smootli and gla-
brous; those bearing pistillate (lowers '.'-3'
long, much exceeded by the leaves; ligulc a
ring of short hairs; leaves i" wide or less, more
or less jiapillosc-hirsnte, those of the staminate
culms I '-4' long, erect, those of the stolons and
pistillate culms 1' long or less, spreading; stam-
inate .spikes 2 or 3, api)roxiniate; spikelets 2"-
2^2" long, flattened, 2 -3 -flowered, the empty
scales i-nerved, the flowering 3- nerved; pistil-
late spikelets ovoid, the outer scales indurated.
On i)lains and prairiis, .^^il\nl■S(>la to Dakota,
soutli 111 ,\rkansas, Texas and Mexico, .V vahiabK'
fodder (;rass. Jmu- J\ily,
59. MUNROA Ton-. Pac. R. R. Rept. 4: 15S. 1856.
A low diffusely branched grass, with flat pungently pointed leaves crowded at the nodes
and the ends of the branches. Si)ikelets in clusters of 3-6, nearly sessile in the axils of the
floral leaves, 2-5-flowered, the flowers perfect. Two lower scales empty, lanceolate, acute,
i-nerved, hyaline; flowering scales larger, 3-nervcd; i or 2 empty scales sometimes present
above the flowering ones; palct hyaline. vStaniens 3, Styles distinct, elongated. Stigmas
barbellale or short-plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [In honor of
Gen. William Munro, Rnglish agrostologist.]
TliruL' known sjn cits, Ihi' followinjif of tlic plains of Xortli .Xnurica, the others South .\nicrican.
I. Munroa squarrosa (Niitt. ) Torr.
Munro's (ira.ss. (Fig. 419.)
C> y/i.\is si/iKDiiisa Nutt. ('.en. i: 41), iSiS.
.l/in/rdu s<jHiiirosii Torr. Tac, K. K, Kept, 4: i.iS.
Culms 2'-,S' long, tufted, erect, decumbent or
])rostrate, much branched, smooth or rough.
Sheaths short, crowded at the nodes and ends
of the branches, smooth, pilose at the base and
throat, sometimes ciliate on the margins; ligule
a ring of hairs; leaves i' longer less, ^"-i'
wide, rigid, spreading, scabrous, pungcntly-
pointed; spikclets 2-5-nowcred, the flowers per-
fect; empty scales i -nerved, shorter than the
flowering scales which are about 2^,'' long, 3-
toothed, the nerves excurrent as short points
or awns, tufts of hairs near the middb; palets
obtuse.
On dry plains, Soulli Dakota to .\lberta, south to
Nebraska, Texas and Arizona. .\ug, -Oct.
1 84
CRAMINIvAI-;.
60. PHRAGMITES Triii. I'und. Aj^iosl. 134. 1S20.
Tall perennial reed-likc f,'r,isscs, with bioiul tint leaves and ample i)anicles, Spikelets 3-
scveral-llowercd, the lirsl llower often staminate, the others iipil'ect; rachilla artii'tilatiil be-
tween tile llowerinj,' scales, l()n),'-])ilose. Two lower scales eni])ty, iniccinal, nienibranous,
lanceolate, acnte, shorter than the s])ikclet; the third scale enii)ty or snhlcndinj; a staminate
llower; lloweriiiK scales jflahrons, narrow, lonj,'-acnminatc, much excecdinj; the short ])alets.
Stamens 3. vStyles distinct, short. .Stij^'iiias plumose, ('.rain free, loosely enclosed in the
scale and jialet. [Creek, referrin;,' to its heil^^edikc growth alonir ditches |
Three known species, the lullciwinK of tlie tmilli leni
perale /line, iiui- ill .\>iiM, thi' thinl in .Sniilh .\iii( riea.
I. Phragmites Phragmites (h.) Kar.st.
Kc'cd. ( l'"ijr. 420 J
.liniiifii /'/n iti; mill i I,. Sp. I'l. Si. I7,s,v
J'/iiii!;iiii/<-x ifiiiniiiiiiis 'I'riu. I'uiul. .Xvcrnsl. i;;(. isjo.
J'/iiiii;iiii/i-s /'/ii,i!;iiii/r.'i Karst. lieiitseli. I'l. ;■,->!. ['^Sll ^^.
Culms ,s° -i,T° tall, erect, stout, from lonj,' horizontal
rootstoeks, smooth and ),'hd)rous. Sheaths overlap-
ping, loose; li^ule a ring of very short hairs; leaves
6'-i° long or more, '•,'-2' wide. Hat smooth, gla-
brous; jianicle 6'-i° long or more, ample; spikelets
crowded on the ascending branches; first scale 1-
iiervcd, half to two-thirds as long as the 3-iierved
second one; ilowcring scales 5"-6" long, 3-ncrved,
long-acuminate, ec|ualling the hairs of tlii' rachilla.
Ill swaiiii)s;iii<l \V(li)laces iie.irly thnuiKliuut tlie I'liited
.Stales. e.\teii(HiiK mirth to Nova .Scot in, JIaiiiloba ami Hrit-
isli Columbia. .Also in luiiope and Asia. Karely ripeii-
iilK seed. Aujf. Oct.
61. SIEGLINGIA Kenih. Syst. Vcr/.. I'll. l'.v(. 40. iSoo.
[Tkioih.x R. Br. I'rodr. l'"l. Nov. HoU. i: 1S2. i.Sio.]
rerennial grasses with narrow leaves and contracted or open panicles. Sjiikclets 2-
many-ilowcred, the flowers ])erfect or the ujiper staminate. Scales 5-many, rigid, 1-3-
iierverl; the 2 lower empty, sliorter than the spikelet, keeled; flowering scales rounded on
the back, at least at the base, the ajiex lobed or toothed, 3-nerved, the nerves pilose, and
usually excurrent as short jioints between the lobes or teeth; palet broad, 2-kceled. Stamens
3. Styles short, distinct. .Stigmas plumose, ('.rain free, enclosed in the scale and palet.
[Name in honor of Professor Siegling, German botanist.]
.\bout ,yi species, widely (listrilmtcd in teniperate iiifioiis; a few in tmiiical .\iiierica. Besides
tile following, some 20 others occur in the southern and western parts of North .Vmerica.
Iiiteniodes of the rachilla U'ss than oiic-<|lialler the leiiKlh of the (lowerins; scales.
Panicle open, the branches 4'- lo' loii^. l- •'''■ scslfiioidcs.
I'anicle spike-like, the branches 3' Ioiik or less.
Panicle ,'i'-i2' loiiK; spikelets numerous. 2. .V sliiclii.
Panicle i'-2' Ioiir; spikelets few. 3. .S'. (iirinnhmis.
Internodesof the racliilla one-half the leuRtli of the flowering scales. 4. S. piir/>iii(a.
I. Sieglingia seslerioides ( Michx. ) .ScrilMi. Tall Rud-top. (Kij;. 421.)
/'('(( srslciioidi-s Miclix. I'l. l!or. .\m. i:6.s. 1S03.
7'n'4i(/iii I iipifd ]. F. Jaci|. ICcIok. Cram. 2: 21. /</. /^>. 181.).
Sif!;/i/i,i:i(i sfs/crintdts Scribu. :\Ieiii. Torr. hot. Club, ,s:
48. '1S94.
Culms 2°-5° tall, erect, somewhat flattened, simple,
glabrous, often viscid above. Sheaths sometimes vil-
lous at the summit, the lower short, overlapping and
crowded, the upper longer, equalling or shorter than
the internodcs; ligulc a ring of very short hairs; leaves
4'-!° long or more, t,"-6" wide, flat, attenuate into a
long tip, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 6'-
18' long, the branches finally ascending or spreading,
the lower 4'-io' long, usually dividing above the mid-
dle; spikelets 4-S-flowercd, 3"-4" long, purple; joints
of the rachilla short; empty scales glabrous, obtuse,
generally slightly 2-toothed; flowering scales oval, the
nerves pilose, excurrent as short points.
Ill fields. New York to Kansas, south to P'lorida and
Texas. July-Sept.
I
ioides.
21.)
iSi).
:iui>, 5;
inplc,
les vil-
ng and
r than
leaves
into a
icle 6'-
ading,
le mid-
joints
ibtiise,
al, the
(la and
I
OR ASS I'AMIIA'.
Xarrow SieKHiij;ia.
' HiK.
i«5
422.)
2. Sieglingia stricta i XiiU. i Kmil/c.
H'iiidsoi ia sliiilii Null, 'riatis. Am. I'liil. Soo. ill.)
5: I 17- I'^Vi ,C-
Tnodia slriilii X'aMV, Spi c. i<t|)l. I'. S Dipt. AKiii-.
(ty. ,vs. i.^Sv
SiiX'/ii/i; Id .\/i i< /<! Kiiiitzc, Kcv. Ciii. I'l. 7"<i). |S(|i.
Cnlnis 1 'i°-4" tall, crei-t, a liulc coni|)resscd,
siinjdc, siniiotli and (glabrous. Slicatlis sliortir
than the intcrnodes; lignle a rinj; of short hairs;
leaves 6'-i° long or more, flat, loiig-acuminatc,
smooth beneath, scabrous above; spike-like pan-
icle 5'-i2' in Ungth, the liraiichcs aii]5ressi(l, the
lower l'-2' long; spikekts 4 m-llowend, 2"-^"
long, the joints of the rachilla very short; lower
scales usually aI)out two-thirds as long as the spike-
let, rarely extending beyond the flowering scales,
acute, glalirous; flowering scales ovate, the nerves
pilose for more than half their length, the middle
and often the lateral excnrrent as short ])oints.
Moist suil, Mississip])! to Kiuisas and Texas.
JulyOct.
3. Sieglingia decumbens (L.t KuiU/.l'. Hcalhcr-j^ra.ss. (Fig. 423.)
I'isliicii di\i( iiiliriis I,, Sj). I'l. 75. i7.S,v
Jiiiiiliii ilt\ iiDihciis Hcaiiv. A(;rosl. 76. kSi2.
Si<xliiii;ia drni iiihi'iis Kunl/c, Kcv. den. I'l. 7.S9.
1891.
Culms 6'-i8' tall, erect, often decumbent at the
base, sinijile, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths
shorter than the intcrnodes, villous at the summit;
ligide a ring of very short hairs; leaves smooth
beneath, usually scabrous above, ,'i"-i "i" wide,
the basal ^'-6' long, those of the cuhn 1 '-3'
long; panicle i'-2' long, contracted, the branches
1' long or less, erect; spikelcts ^-s-flowcred, 3"-5"
long, the joints of the rachilla very short; lower
scales equalling the spikelet, acute; flowering scales
broadl}' oval, ciliatc on the margins below, obtusely
3-toothcd, with two tufts of hair on the callus.
Intrudnccd itiln Xcwfouiullaiid
and Asia. Suiinncr.
ICunipe
4. Sieglingia purpurea ( Walt. ) Ktuitze. Sand-grass.
Alio ftiii/iiirr't Wall. l'"I. Car. 78. 178S.
'/'rniisf'is [tin l>iiii'a \. Ciray, ^lan. 589. T.S4S.
Sieglingia purpurea Kunt/e, Kev. C.cn. PI. 7.S9. 1S91.
Culms i°-3° tall, erect, prostrate or decumbent,
smooth and glabrous or the nodes pubescent. Sheaths
shorter than the intcrnodes, rough; ligule a ring of
short ha'rs; leaves 'i'-z'j' h)ng, i" wide or less,
rigid, scabrous, sometimes sparsely ciliate; panicle
i'-3' in length, the branches rigid, finally widely
spreading, the lower )i'-\]i' long; spikelets 2-5-
flowercd, 2', "-4" long, the joints of the rachilla
half as long as the flowering scale; lower scales gla-
brous; flowering scales oblong, 2-lobed at the apex,
the lobes erosc-truncate, the nerves strongly ciliate,
the middle one excurrent as a short j)oint; palets
long-ciliatc on the upper part of the keel.
In sand, especially on sea beaches, JIaine to Texas,
and along tlie llreat i.akcs. ,\lso from Nebraska to New
Mexico. Plant acid. .Xug.-.Sept.
;5^
\%
1 86
GRxVMINKAK.
62. REDFIELDIA Vasey. Ikill. Torr. Club, 14: 133. 1887.
A tall perennial ^r^»s, with lonjr narrow leaves and an ample ])anicle. Spikelcts 1-3-
flowered, the (lowers all perfect. Empty scales 2, ahoiit equal, shorter than the spikelet,
r-nerved; flowering scales membranous, .vnerved, with a rin),' of hairs at the liase. I'alct 2-
nerved, shorter than the scale. Stamens 3. .Styles long, distinct. Stigmas short, plumose.
Grain oblong, free. [In honor of John H. Rcdficld, 1815-1895, American naturalist.
A inonotypicKcnusiif the western I'liitcd Stales.
I. Redfieldia flexuosa (Thurb. ) Va,sej\
Kedfieldia. ( Fig. 425. )
<,'/<i/>//fp//iinii)i [1] /!r viinsKiii Tliurb. I'ri)c. .\cad-
riiila. 1863: 78. iS6,i.
Rcdl'uidin /I.Aiiosa \'ast'v. Hull. Turr. Club, 14:
Culms I 'j'^-4° tall, erect from a long horizon-
tal rootstock, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths smooth, the lower short and overlap-
ping, often crowded, the upper much longer;
ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves \°-2° long,
I "-2" wide, involute; panicle ample and diffuse,
S'-22' in length, the branches finally widely
spreading, llexuous, the lower 3'-8' long; spike-
lets about 3" long, i~3-flowered, the empty
scales acute, glabrous; flowering scales with a
ring of hairs at the base, minutely scabrous,
twice the length of the empty ones, acute, the
middle nerve usually excurrent as a short point.
On i)rairics, Xcbiaska and AVyouiiuH; to C(iloradi>
and the hulian Territury. Ausr.-Sept.
63. DIPLACHNE Heaiiv. Agrost. So. //. /6. J. g. t8i2.
Tufted grasses, with narrow flat leave:- and long slender spikes arranged in an open pan-
icle, or rarely only one terminal spike. Spikelets several-flowered, narrow, sessile or
shortly pedicclled, erect. Two lower scaUs empty, membranous, keeled, acute, unequal;
flowering scales 1-3-ncrved, 2-tootlieG and inucronatc or short-awned between the teeth.
I'alet hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. vStigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely
enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, referring to the 2 toothed flowering scales.]
Alxmt 15 species, natives of the warmer reKioiis of both lteniisi)lieres. besides the followiuK
species, about 6 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.
I. Diplachne fascicularis (Lain.
CKig. 426.)
Pisliuafasiiciilaiis I.ain. Tabl. Encycl. i: iSt).
i7')i-
J)i/>laclnic/ascinilaii.s lieauv. Agrost. 160. 1S12.
Culms i°~2l4° tall, erect, ascending, orroot-
ing at the lower nodes, simple or branched,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than
the internodes, loose, smooth or rough, the
ujiper one longer and enclosing the base of
the panicle; ligule \"-2" long; leaves 3'-i2'
long, i"-3" wide, slightly scabrous; panicle
4'- 12' in length, often exceeded by the upper
leaf, the branches erect or ascending, the
lower 2'-5'' long; spikelets 5-10-flowered,
3"-5''' loi'Ki shorl-pedicclled, erect; lower
scales glabrous, rough on the keel; flow-
ering .scales scabrous, ciliate ou the margins
toward the base, 3-iierved.
In brackish marshes, Rhode Island to I'lorida
and Texas. .Mso from .^^issouri and Nebraska
to Mexico, and in the West Indies. .\UK- <<et.
Beauv. vSalt-iiieack)\v Diplachne.
GRASS FAMILY.
187
64. MOLINIA Schrank, Baier. Fl. i: 100. 1789.
A perennial tufted grass, with narrow Hat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelcts
i-4-flowcred. Two lower scales empty, somewhat obtuse or acute, unequal, shorter than the
spikelet; flowering scales membranous, rounded on the back, ,^-nerved; palets scarcely shorter
than the scales, obtuse, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short. Stigmas short, plumose. Grain
oblong, free, enclose<l in the scale and palet. [Name in honor of Joh. Ignaz Molina, Chilian
missionary and naturalist.]
A monotypic Kcnus of ICurope iiiul .\sia.
Molinia coerulea (h.) Moench.
(Fig. 427. )
Molinia.
Aira cociiili:a !<. Sp. IM. 6,v I7,S.V
Molinia coerulea Mcjcnch, Mcth. 1S3.
1794-
Culms i°-3>2° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths overlapping and confined to the lower part of the
culm, smooth and glabrous; ligule a ring of very short
hairs; leaves 4'-i° long or more, i"-^" wide, erect, acu-
minate, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above; panicle
3''-io' in length, green or puqde, the branches usually
erect, i'-4' long; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 2j^"-4" long;
empty scales acute, une(iual; flowering scales about 2"
long, 3-nervcd, obtuse.
.Sparingly iiitrotlucid on ballast and in waste places in New
York. -Vdventive from lCun)i)e, .\ujf.-Sept.
65. ERAGROSTIS Beaiiv. Agrost. 70. pi. //. /".
//.
181:
-Vnnual or perennial grasses, rarely dioecious, from a few inches to several feet in height,
the spikelcts in contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-many-flowered, more or less flat-
tened. Two lower scales empty, unequal, shorter than the flowering ones, keeled, i-ner\'ed,
or the .second 3-nerved; flowering scales membranous, keeled, 3-nerved; palets shorter than
the scales, prominently 2-nprved or 2- keeled, usually persisting on the rachilln after the fruit-
ing scale has fallen. vStamens 2or 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free,
loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek etymology doubtful, perhaps signifying a
low grass, or Low-grass, an occasional English name.]
.\ Kemis of about 100 si)ecies, widely distributed IhrouRliout all warm and temperate countries,
liesides the followinj;:, some 15 olliers oeeiir in the southern and western parts of North .\iuerica.
■Culms often <lee>nnl)ent at the base and >fenerally much branched, i '.'^ tall or less.
Spikelets 2-,s-flowered, i" I'j" lontr.
Culms branched oidy at the very base; pedicels and branches of tlie panicle louff and
capillary. i. /;, t\tf>itlari.s.
Culms branched above the base; pedicels and branches of the panicle short.
2. A'. J'rankii.
.Spikelets .s-niany-flowered, I'/'-S" long.
Spikelets V," wide or less.
Flowering scales thin, usually britflit purplish, the lateral nerves fa^iil or wantiiiR:;
spikelets about '." wide. 3. E. pilosa.
Flowerinjj scales firm, usually dull purple or (jreeii, the lateral nerves very i)rominent;
lide
wide
s])ikelets .about "4" wide
Spikelets i" wide or more.
Lower flowering scales about
Lower (lowerinjf scales i"-i '4
•Culms erect or ascending, simple, riffid, i
,Si)ikelets not clustered.
liranclies of the open panicle widely spreadiuB, at least when old
.Spikelets closely sessile.
4. A". I'm sliii.
," Iouk; spikelets 1'
lon({; spikelets i \ '
.."-4" tall.
.Spikelets more ci less pedicelled.
Ki ngrostis.
major.
s.u'lisfiiia.
Pedicels lon^, cotnnionly at least the leiiKtli of the spikelets. y. A', pir/iiiaci'a.
Pedicels commonly much shorter than the spikelets.
Leaves eloiiKated; branches of the panicle loiiK and slender; spikelets scattered,
()2,s flowered.
rtjraiia.
Leaves not elongated; branches of the panicle short and stout, rigid, spikelcts
crowded, ,s-i 2-llowered.
rlipiilicillata.
Uranches of the elonifated panicle erect or ascendiuff, capillary, .somewhat (le.xuous,
Spikelets clustered on the very short erect or ascending branches.
Culms extensively creeping; flowers dioecious.
1 1. A'. Irii lioiii:
scrum,
ij. A.
13. A. liy/^iioitlci
iitto
5 ■.■»
i88
gramini;ae.
I. Eragrostis capillaris (L. ) Nees. Capillary Eragrostis. (Fig. 428.)
Poa I a fill Id I is I,. Sj). I'l. fiS. 175^.
/'(-,/ hiniis ICll. llipt. S. C. iS^ (■.;(. I: 156. 1S17.
/iiiti^iDslis capilliiris Xois, AKrost. Itras. 505.
1S29.
Culms 8'-i8' tall, erect, slender, s])iirinj,'ly
branched at the base, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths short, overlapping and crowded at the base
of the culm, glalirous or sparingly hairy, the upper
enclosing the base of the panicle; ligule a ring of
very short hairs; leaves 3'-lo' long, l"-2" wide,
long-acuminate, smooth beneath, scabrous above
and sparingly hirsute near the base; panicle diffuse,
4'-i5' in length, the branches capillary, spreading
or ascending, i>^'-5' long; spikclets ovate, 2-4-
ilowcred, little (lattened, i"-!^" long; empty
scales about eriual, acute; (lowering scales acute,
the lower ;'+ " long, the lateral nerves obscure.
In dry places, Rhode Island to New York and Mis-
souri, soiuh to Cieortfia and Texas. .\\i(f. Sept.
2. Eragrostis Frankii Steiid. Frank'.s Era-
grostis. (Fig. 429.)
Kragi'ostis Fuiiikii Steud. Syn. PI. Cram. 27,?. i^^.S.S.
Urne^roslis ciyllii-om>iiit Nees; Steud. Svn. I'l. Cram. 27V
KS5.S.
Glabrous, culms 6'-i5' tall, tufted, erect, or often
decumbent at the ba.se, branched, smooth. Sheaths
loose, shorter than the internodcs; ligule a ring of
hairs; leaves 2'-^' long, i"-2" wide, smooth beneath,
scabrous above; panicle 2'-6' in length, open, the
branches ascending, the lower \'-i]i' long; spikclets
ovate, 3-5-flowered, i"~il2" long; empty scales acute,
the first shorter than the second; flowering scales
acute, the lower i^" long, the lateral nerves obscure.
In moist i)laces, southeastern New York and northern
New Jersey to Minnesota, south to Mississippi, Louisiana
and Kansas. Sept. -Oct.
3. Eragrostis pilosa (L. ) Beauv. Tufted Eragrostis. (Fig. 430.)
Poa pilosa I,. Sp. IM. f)8. I7,S,V
Pdii Oinilhiitiiia SpreiiR. Mant. I'M. Hal. t,x 1S07?
luagroslis pilosa Heauv. .\(j;rost. 162. 1S12.
Culms e'-iS' tall, tufted, erect, slemler, branched,
smooth and glabrous. vSl.eaths shorter than the in-
ternodcs, smooth, sometimes pilose at the throat; lig-
ule a ring of short hairs; leaves i'-5' long, i" wide
or less, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle
2'-6' in length, the branches at first erect, finally
widely spreading, I'-ili' long, often hairy in the
axils; spikclets 5-12-flowered, i^^"-3" long, about
li" wide; lower scales acute, the first one-half as long
as the .second; flowering scales acute, the lower ^4"
long, thin, usually purplish, the lateral nerves faint
or wanting.
Waste places or cultivated ({round, southern New \\n«-
land to Illinois and Kansas, soutli to I'lorida and Texas
Naturalized from ICurope. .VuK-Sept.
;hccl,
in-
vide
iiicle
lally
the
l)OUt
long
'a
fiiint
IvtlKT
CRASS PAMIIA'.
4. Eragrostis Purshii vSchrad. Pursh's Ivragroslis. ( Imj^. 431.
189
PiKi Caidliiiiaiiii Sprtnjf. Mant. I'M. Hal. 3,?.
/■:rai; iii.s/i.s J'lirsliii Sdirad, l.iniiafa, 12: .(51.
JCiiii;) Kslis Cii ml ill ill III! Scribn. Mem. Torr.
iS-,S.
Club, 5: 49.
Culms 6'-iS' tall, tufted, usually decumbent at the
base and much branched, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes, smooth
and glabrous; ligulc a ring of short hairs; leaves iji'-
y/i' long, i" wide or less, smooth beneath, rough
above; panicle open, 3'-S' long, the branches spread-
ing, i'-2j^' long, naked in the axils; spikelets 5-15-
flowcred, dull purple or green, ij'^"-4'" long, about
j{" wide; empty scales acute, the lower about two-
thirds as long as the up])er, scabrous on the keel;
flowering scales acute, firm, the lower ones ^4'" long,
the lateral nerves prominent.
In dry ])lacis, appanntly thiouKliout tlie rnili-d Stales,
e.\teiidinK inli) Ontario. .\ufr Sept.
5. Eragrostis Eragrostis ( I,. ) Karst. Low Ivragrostis. ( Kij.-;. 432.)
/'('I/ ICriifiioslis I,. S]). I'l. 6.S. 1753.
JCi III,' I iisiis /loijctiiifrs W^^imv. Asriisl. 162. 1S12.
/Ciiii; 1 Ds/is iiiiiinr 1U)S\.. I'l. Austr. i: i,^,s. 1.S27.
JCrai^roslis Kraf;ri>slis Karst. Deutsoh. l''l. ^Sy. i,S8o-83.
Culms seldom over 15' tall, tufted, usually decum-
bent and much branched, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes, smooth,
sometimes a little pubescent, sparingly pilose at the
throat; ligulc a ring of short hairs; leaves i'-2'<'
long, y^"-2" wide, smooth beneath, rough above
and somewhat pilose near the base; panicle 2'-4'j' in
length, the branches spreading or ascending, li'-\ 'A'
long; spikelets S-i8-flowercd, z''-^" long, about i"
wide; empty scales acute, the first two-thirds as long
as the second; flowering scales obtuse, }\" long, the
lateral nerves prominent.
In w.istc ])Iiices or cultivated Kmund, Ontario Id New
ICnuland, New York and Pennsylvania. Locally natural-
ized from ICurope. July-Sept.
6. Eragrostis major Host. Stroiig-.scented I*;ragro.stis. ( Fig. 433. )
Erniiioslis iiinjur Host. Cram, .\ustr. 4: 14. />/. -7.
JiiiiQios/is- /loiii-oii/cs var. imgas/Oi/iyii.A. Cray, Man.
Ivd. 5, 6,v. i^'T-
Ciilms 6'-2° tall, erect, or decumbent at the base,
usually l)ranched, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths
shorter than the internodes, smooth, sparingly
pilose at the throat; ligule a ring of short hairs ;
leaves a'-;' long, \"-2," wide, flat, smooth be-
neath, scabrous above; i)anicle 2'-6' in length, the
branches spreading or ascending, i'-2' long; spike-
lets 8-;^5-flowered, 1%"-'^" long, about I C" wide,
very flat; empty scales acute, the first slightly
shorter than the second; flowering scales obtuse,
\"-\):,," long, the lateral nerves prominent.
In waste and cultivated places nearly throuKliout
the I'nited States, ami in Ontario. Naturalized from
IJurope. I'npleasantly scented, handsome. .\uk. Sept.
■si-
190
GRAMINEAK.
7. Eragrostis sessilispica Buckley. Prairie I^rajj^rostis. (Fig. 434.)
JCiiii^ioslis scssilisf'ita Hiickky. I'roc. .\cail. I'liihi. 1862:
97. 1S62.
Iliplachnc rit^ulii \'iisev, C.iassi-s S. \V., rart 2. hi. 11.
1891.
Culms .S'-3'2° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths short, crowded at the base of the
culm, smooth, pilose at the summit; ligulc a ring of
short hairs; leaves 2'-6' long, ■'+"-i>2'" wide, rough
above, glabrous or sparingly pilose beneath; pnnicle
iS'-i6' in length, the branches stout, rigid, widely
diverging; spikelets scattered, closely sessile, ap-
pressed, 5-12-nowered, 4"-;" long, empty scales
about equal in length, acute; flowering, scales very
acute, about 2" long, the lateral nerves very prominent.
I'niirics, Kansas lu 'IVxas. .VuK-Stpl.
8. Eragrostis curtipedicellata Buckley.
Short-stalked Kragrostis. (Fig. 435.)
ICraf^ioslis iiiiiifiedittilala lUickluy, I'roc. .\ca(l. Phila.
1862: 9;. 1,S62.
Culms 6'-3° tall, erect, rigid, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths overlapping, smooth, pilose at the
summit; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves 2'-8' long,
I "-2" wide, .smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle
4'-i2' in length, the branches widely spreading, lyi'-
4I2' long; spikelets 5-12-flowered, i '2'"-^" long, on
pedicels of less than their own length; scales acute, the
empty ones somewhat unequal, the flowering ones
about %" long, scabrous on the niidnerve, their lateral
nerves prominent.
Prairies. Kansas to Texas. .\uK.-,St.'pl.
9. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Steiid. Ptirple F>agrt)sti.s. (Fig. 436.)
Poa pftliinui-a Michx. I'l. Hor. .\ni. i:6<> iSo,-;.
J'^ laiiiiKsl i s pi-iii iiiitca SU'ud. ,Syn. I'l. ("Trani, 272, iSj.s.
/Ciiiiints/is ftfcliiiatri} var. spfclahilis .\. C.rav, Man.
Ivd. 5, 6:52. 1867,
Culms i°-2'2° tall, erect or ascending, rigid,
simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths overlapping,
smooth, glabrous or villous, the upper cue often
enclosing the base of the panicle; ligule a ring of
hairs; leaves 5'-i2' long, 2"-4" wide, smooth be-
neath, scabrous above and sparingly villous at the
base; panicle 6'-24' in length, purple or purplish,
the branches .^'-lo' long, strongly bearded in the
axils, widely spreading or the lower often reflexed;
spikelets 5-15-flowcred, i 'i"-4" long, on pedicels
of at least theirown length; scales acute, the empty
ones about equal, the flowering ones about J/^"
long, their lateral nerves very prominent.
In dry soil, Massachusetts to Illinois and South
Dakota, south to Florida and Tc.vas. .Xug. -.Sept.
GRASS FAMILY.
lyl
10. Eragrostis refracta (Miihl. ) vScri1)n. Meadow ICragrostis
Pihi irfiiHtii ^^lllll. (■•1:1111. \\u. \^\~.
IC rai; iii.il i s fa HI /^cst li s't\\\\. IJiiU.AtMd. Sci. St. rcU-rsl)
i:'7ci. 1S,V).
JCraiii'K.^lis irfi lU/n Sciibii.
1S9.).
Mini. 'INpir. Cliil). 5: .19.
Culms i°-3° tiiil, erect, slender, simple, siiiooth
and fjlahrous. Sheaths overlappiiij^, smooth and
i^lahrous; Hj^nle a rinj; of short hairs; leaves ,s' 12'
lonj,^ l"-?." vvidf, smooth licneatii, rough ahove,
and villou.s toward the base; iiauiclc S' 2u' lon^;
branches slender, .;'-io' loiij;, at length widely
spreading, the axils often bearded; spikclets 6 25-
llowerod, 2'4"-(>" long, on ix'dicels shorter than
themselves; empty scales acute, the first somevihat
shorter than the second; flowering scales very
acute, ,34''-:" long, the lateral nerves prominent.
Ill niciisl soil, Delaware and Maiylaiul to I'lorida,
west to Texas. Xu^. Sept.
II. Eragrostis trichodes 1 Xutt. > Xash. Hair-like Hrat^ro.stis. ( Fij^. 43S.)
J'mr /iii/it),/,-i Xutt. Trans. Am. I'liil. Sue. ill.) 5: t^ft.
/udi; 'lis/ IS li'iiiiis .\. (iray, Man. Ivd. 2. s")- i~^5<J.
Xdt Sleuil. is^,, nor J'mi /riiiiis ICll. 1S17.
J-:iiii;riislis /I i, liodi-s Xash. liull. Torr. Club, 22: .(65.
I .■■95-
Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-
brous. Slieaths overlapping, smooth, pilose at the
throat; lignlc a ring of very short hairs; leaves
6'- 28' long, I "-2" wide, smooth beneath, slightly
scabrous above, attenuate into a long slender
tip; panicle 9'-26' in length, narrow and elong-
ated, the branches erect or ascending, capillary,
subdividing, somewhat llcxuous, ,,'-"' long; lower
axils sometimes bearded; spikclets usually pale,
,v-lo-flowered, iyi"-^)^" long; lower scales very
acute, about e(|ual; flowering scales acute, the lower
ones I '4" I '3" long, their lateral nerves manifest.
In dry sandy soil. Ohio and Illinois to X'ebraska,
-.ontli lo Temies-.t-e and Texas. .AuK.-Sept.
li
Man.
South
12. Eragrostis secundiflora Presl. Clus-
tered Kragro.sti.s. ( 1m<^. 4;,9. )
\in. I'hil. Sue. 1 Il.'l 5: 1 (6.
Poa hilciiiifi/ii Xutt. Trail
183,^-^7. Xol Lain. 1701.
/■^nii^roslis sriiiinli/loni I'lesl, Kel. Ilaenk. i:
Jl) iiiiioslis o.vylrpis Torr. Marey's Keiiort. 21x1
h. l~^,Vl.
Smooth and glabrous, culms 6'-^° tall, erect, simple.
Sheaths shorter than the iiiternodes; ligule a ring of
hairs; leaves 2'- 12' long, i""2" wide; panicle i/^'-6'
in length, the branches Ji'-^^i' long, erect or asceml-
ing; spikclets crowded or clustered, sessile or nearly so,
strongly fl.'itteiied, .S 4()-llowered, 3"~io" long, 1"-
2^2" wide; lower scales acute, about eijual; flowering
scales iJi^'-iV " long, acute, usually purple-bordered,
the lateral nerves prominent.
In dry soil, Kansas and Missouri, south lo Texas and
Louisiana. .\UK.-.Sepl.
13
192 (iRAMINEAE.
13. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) H.S.P. Creeping Eragrostis. (Fig. 440,)
I'lHi liyfiiioiilfs I.iiiii. Tabl. ICncycl. i:
lK,s, ' 1791.
ICri!i;r(hslis ir/ildiis Xcos, Agrost. liras.
,-,14. 1829.
F.niuidslis /iyf>ii«/i/rs H.S.I'. I'ril. Cat.
N. V, I'nj. iSSS.
Culms i'-/S' long, extensively
creeping, b.rmched, smooth and gla-
brous, tlic branihes erect or ascend-
in^,, i'-6' high. .Sheaths shorter
tlian the internodes, villous at the
i'.ummit; ligale a ring of short hairs;
Ip'ivcs 2' long or less, 'a"-!" wide,
ilat, smooth l)eneath, rough above;
si)ik(jlets dioecious, io-35-flowered,
2"-.S" long; lower scales unequal, the
first one-half to two-thirds as long as
tlie .second; flowering scales about
I '4" long, the lateral nerves promi-
nent; scales of the pistillate flowers
more acute than those of the stami-
nate.
On siuuly or frravilly shores, Vcr-
inonl and Ontario to Oregon, south to
I'lorida and Mtxico. .Mso in tliu West
Indits. .\nK--Sti)t.
66. EATONIA Raf. Joiirn. Pliy.s. 89: 104. iSig.
Tufted perennial grasses, with Hat or involute leaves and usually contracted panicles.
Spikelets 2 -3-flowered; the rachilla extended beyond the (lowers. Two lower scales emptj',
shorter than the sjjikelet, the first linear, acute, 1 -nerved, the second much broader,
3-iierved, obtuse or rounded at the apex, or sometimes acute, the margins scarious; flowering
scales narrower, generally obtuse. I'alet narrow, 2-uerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct,
short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [In honor of
Amos Eaton, 1776-1842, American botanist.]
.\ t^emis of 4 or ,s spcciis. confined to North .America.
Knipty scales iincinial, the first shortir and abont one si.vth as wide as the second.
.Second scale obovati\ often almost tiiineate. i. /-". ohiiisa/n.
Second scale oblanci-ohite, obtuse or abruptly acute. 2. A", /'riiii.sy/riiiiiia.
Empty scales eiinal, tin- first not less than one-third as wide as the second. 3. A', nilida.
I. Eatonia obtusata (Michx.j A.
Gray. lUunt-scaled Ivitonia.
(Fig. 441. )
Aim oblHsala Michx. I'l. lior. .\\\\. 1: 62.
i8(M.
Kalonia obtii.sala .\. Orav, Man. Iv<l. 2. ,s,s>!.
1836.
Culms i°-2/<2° tall, erect, simple, often
stout, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter
than the internodes, usually more or less
rough, sometimes pubescent; ligule y2"-i"
long; leaves I'-g' long, \"-.\'' wide, scab-
rous; panicle 2'-6' in length, dense and
generally spikelike, strict, the branches i^i'
long or less, erect; spikelets crowded,
i/4'"-i.J^" long; empty scales unequal, often
purplish, the first narrow, shorter than and
about one-sixth as wide as the obtuse or
almost truncate second one; flowering scales
narrow, obtuse, }i"-i" long.
In dry soil, Massachusetts and Ontario to
Assiniboia, Florida and Arizona. June-Aug.
I
GRASS FAMILY.
2. Eatonia Pennsylvanica (DC.) A. Gray
(Fig. 442.)
Korleria Pninsyhani,;, DC. Cat. H..rt. M,.t,si.
117. I, Sr-^.
Ju>/o,ii„ J\in,syl-ruiii,u A. Cray, Man. VA. 2, ssS
Usually },'I:il)rons, culms 1°-^" tall, erect
simple, slender, smooth. Sheaths shorter thaii
the interiiodes; ligulc ;V long; leaves 2 ■;'-;'
long, I"-," wide, rough; panicle .V-;"' i'„
length, contracted, often nodding, "lax, its
branches i'-2;,'' long; spikelels i%"-ii^"
long, usually numerous, somewhat crowded
and appre.sscd to the branches; empty scales
unequal, the first narrow, shorter than and
about one-sixth as broad as the obtuse or ab-
ruptly acute second one, which is smooth, or
somewhat rough on the keel; fiowering scales
narrow, acute, i '4" long.
Ttrit'i ■'l!'r'7''"V'-'' '"■ '"1"'^' ^"''' ^■"^- "nmswick to
193
Pennsylvania Ivatonia.
Eatonia Pennsylvanica major T(.rr. A
Culms talk-r; I.aiiiclc longer iuul
ently marly that of tin- typical form.
dray. JIau. I'^l. 2, 558. KS56.
ucMc c-,mipuun<l; leaves lonjriT and" broader.
KaiiRc- appar-
3. Eatonia nitida (SpreiiK^ ) Xash. vSlen-
der Ivitonia. (Fig. 443.;
. \ira iiilida Spr-njr. I'l. Hal. >rant. i: .^2. i.'^,,;.
''■"iS.S*"" ''"'"''^'' '^'■'^^■-''■' •-■"""■ 'iot- <-az. II: 116.
J-M/onia ni/ul,, Xasli, liull, Torr. Cluh, 22: 5,1. 1S95.
Glabrous, culms i°-2° tall, erect, very slender
smooth. Sheaths shorter than the internodes'
Kenerally pubescent; ligule ■+'" long; leaves ,','-3'
long, I " wide or less, often pubescent, the upper-
most very short; panicle 2'-6' in length, lax, the
branches spreading at nowering time, afterwards
erect, i'-2,^' long; spikelets not crowded, i'<"
long; empty scales smooth, the first about one-
third as wide as and ecptalling the .second, which
IS obtu.se or almost truncate, often apiculate ■
flowering scales narrow, ,"-i .4:// io„g_ obtuse or
acutish, smooth.
In dry woods, southern New York and New Tersev
to Georgia and .\labania. Mnv-June. '■^'-^'' i^^^'-V
67. KOELERIA Pens. Svn. i: 97. ,805
^^^^i^%::^^':^^^::^•^^^ °^ t*^*^^^--^ '^^^^^^ -"^ mostly spike.
scale and palet. ClAoS^rc^:^SwiJE^^=; ^^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^e
for„^I";:*„^ir/;Nrrthlmerica^"'^'='P''''^ distribution. The following, which may contain two
'I
194
gramini;ae.
I. Koeleria cristata ( L. i I'crs.
( Vxii. 444. )
Koeleria.
.Ill ii n i\\/ii/ii I,. Sp, ri. i\\. 175.1-
A'lii/i-riit I) i.\/(i/ii Wrs. Syii. 1:117. i^d.s.
/\,>i/i-i id iiiliild Null. Cell, i: 74. iSiS.
A'lii/,/ III ri i\/(i/(i var. ,i,' /'!/(■ /7/.> A. Cray, .Mini. 591.
1S4S
Culms i°-2i2° mil, erect, simple, rigid smooth,
ofieii pubescent just below the panicle. vSheaths
often shorter tliau the intcniodcs, smooth or .sca-
brous, sometimes hirsute; lijj;ule 'i'' louj.;; leaves
i'-i2' loii};, 'a"-i,'2'' wide, erect, flat or invo-
lute, smooth or r()U}j;li, often more or less hirsute;
panicle i'-7' in length, pale ,grceu, usually con-
tracted or spike-like, the branches cre<'t or rarely
ascending, 1' long or less; spikelets 2"5-no\vercd,
2" -3" long, the scales rough, acute, the eiir^ty ones
uiieijual; llowcring scales i i2"-2" long, shining.
Ill (by sauily soil, I'sp.cially on iiraiiics, Ontario to
liritisli Coluiiiliia, soutli to IViiusylvauia, Ni'braska,
Tixas ami Calilornia. Also in I'airope and .\sia. Very
vaiiabk'. July Si])!.
68. CATABROSA Ik-anv. Asro.st. 97. />/. /<j. /. .S\ 1812.
A perennial grass, with soft Hat leaves and an open panicle. Spikelets usually 2-now-
ered. Two lower scales empty, thiii-membranous, much shorter than the (lowering ones, un-
equal, rounded or obtuse at the apex; flowering scales membranous, erosc-truncate. I'alet
barclv shorter than the scale. Stamens 3. .Styles distinct. Stigmas ]iluinose. [Greek, in
allusion to the crose top of the llowering scales.]
,\ iuoiioly|)ic irinus of arctic and mouiitaiiious
regions 111' llu- uorllu-rii iKiuisiilKiv.
I. Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beaiiv.
Water Whorl-grass. ( Fig. 445. )
.III (I iii/iiaiha \,. .Sp. ri. U\. 17.S.V
Calahiosa iii/iiti/it,i Ikauv. Ayrosl. 157. 1S12.
Sinootli and glabrous, culms ^'-2° tall, erect, from
a creeping base, bright green, flaccid. Sheaths
usually overlapping, loose; ligule 1 '^'''-2^2" long;
leaves i'j'-,s' long, i"-3" wide, flat, obtuse; pan-
icle I'-S' ill length, open, the branches whorled,
spreading or ascending, very slender, '^'-2' long;
spikelets 1)4"-^^" longi the empty scales rounded
or obtuse, the first about half as long as the second,
which is crenulate on the margins; flowering scales
l"-i '4 " long, 3-nerved, erose-truncate at the apex.
In water or wet soil, I.abradoraiul UikIh c to Alaska,
soiitli to Xtbraska, Colorado and Itali. ,\lso in ICuro])^
and Asia. .SuniiiRr.
69. MELICA L. Sp. PI. 60. 1753.
Perennial grasses, with usually soft flat leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spike-
lets l-several-flowered, often secuiul, the rachilla extended beyond the flowers and usually
bearing 2-3 empty club-shaped or hooded .scales, convolute around each other. Two lower
scales empty, luembranous, 3-5-nervcd; flowering scales larger, rounded on the back, 7-13-
nerved, sometimes bearing an awn, the margins more or less scarious; palets broad, shorter
than the .scales, two-keeled. Stamens three. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Ciraiu
free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name used by Theophrastus for Sorghum; said to be
in allusion to the sweet culms of some species.]
.\bout .^o sptcics, inliabitiiiK temperate rcKious. iksides the following, some i,s others occur
in the Roclvy Mountains and on the I'.icilic Coast.
.Second scale iiuicli shorter than the 3 -,s-nowL-red spikelets.
Spikelets few; braiiclics of tlic panicle spreading or asceiidiiiR, l. .If. diffusa.
Spikelets usually numerous; branches of the panicle erect. 2. .^^. /iiirvi/lora.
Second scale nearly equalliny; tlie 2 -flowered spikelet. 3. iM, miilica.
i
r
CRASS I'AMII.V.
195
I. Melica diffusa Pursh. Tall Mclic-jrrass
-N'cl I,.
1:
;. isi|,
-Man. m
Jlfi'//,\i <il/isuin<i Walt. I'l. Car
Afrii <i (lif/iisu I'lirsli, I'l. .\iii. Sii)t.
Mi-lii-,1 iiiii/ioi var. ili//'ic,i \ i;rav
Culms I i,°-4° tall, erect, .simple, smooth and
Klabrous. Sheaths shorter than the iiiterno.lcs,
the lower often overlapping; li^nle \"2" hjng;
leaves 4' 7' loiifr, 2" .j" wi,le, rou«h; pan-
icle 6','-S>j' in Icnjrth, open, the branches
spreading or ascendinj,', the lower i ','--;/ Iouk;
spikelets usually numerons, about .^-flowered,
4K"-.'5.'i" loUK, noddinj,', on slender, more or
less flexuous i)ul)esceiit pe<liccls; empty basal
scales very I)road, obtuse or acutish, the first
shorter than the second, which is Kenerally
much exceeded by the spikelet; flowering scales
3'-i"-4i," lonj,', acute or obtuse, scabrous.
IVnnsylvania I,, Miss,„n-i, soutli to Virginia,
Kentucky and Texas. Jlay June.
2. Melica parviflora (Porter) Scribii.
a-ijr. 446.
Small Melic-grass. ( Fi.u^. 447. )
^r,h\a mii/iui var. />arviflora IN.rtcr; I'ortcr S:
C(Jtdlcr, I'M. Cole. i.t(j. 1S74.
^^l■ln■a Pm/rri Scribn. Proc. Acad. I'hila i88>;- 11
/>/■ I. J. 17, iS. i,S,S5. '■ "■
.^filica pari'ijlora Scribn. Jleni. Turr. Clul) <;■ so
i,Sy4. ' •'■ '^'■
Culms iM°-2;.° tall, erect, simple, smooth
and glabrous. Sheaths short, overlapping,
more or less rough; ligule i" long; leaves
5'-9' long, i"~2" wide, rough; panicle ^'-T
in length, contracted, the branches erect, the
lower i'-2' long; spikelets few, 4-5-nowered,
5"-(>y2" long, nodding, on somewhat flexuous
strongly pubescent pedicels; lower scales ob-
tuse or acutish, the first shorter than the second,
which is much exceeded by the .spikelet; flower-
ing scales 3 ■^"-4" long, acutish, scabrous.
Prairies, Kansas and Colorado to Arizona and
U'xas.
3. Melica mutica Walt. Narrow
Melic-gras.s. (Fig. 448.;
Mi'h'aj 11111/ ira Walt. I'l, Car. 7S i-SS
Ah-lira iini/ica var. ,i;hihra A. Crav, Man. I'd s
62f). 1867. " •■.-!•
Culms 1° -3° tall, erect, usually slender, sim-
ple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths often over-
lapping, rough; ligule \"~2" long; leaves
rough, 4'-9' long, i"-^" wide, panicle 3','^
loYi' in length, narrow, the branches spreading
or ascending, i'-2' long; spikelets about 2-now-
ered, i^4."~
3'4"-4',''/ long, nodding, on more or less
flexuous pubescent pedicels; empty scales very
broad, acutish to obtuse, the first shorter than
the second, which is nearly as long as the spike-
let or sometimes equals it; flowering scales 3"-
4" long, generally very obtuse, scabrous.
In rich soil I'ennsylvania to Wisconsin, south to
I'lorulaand Texas. June-July.
n)6
C.RAMINKAK.
Ainerioaii Korycarpus.
IP
70. KORYCARPUS Zca. Act. Matrit. 1806.
( DiAUiNA Raf. Joiirii. Hot. 2: ificj. i.Sci).]
[DiAKRiiliNA lU-auv. A^rost. i [2. 1S12.]
lircct j^Tiisses, with loiii; Hat k'avts and narrow paiiiculati' or raceinosL- iiillorcsccncL'.
Spiki'lets3-5-n<)weri'(l, the rachilla icailily disarticulating; liutwocn the llowers. Ippcr scales
eini)ty, convolute. Two lower scales eni])ty, the first narrow, .^-nerved, acute, the second
broader, ,s-nervcd; flowering scales broader than the lower ones, iicuininate or niucninatc,
rounded on the back, finally coriaceous and shininji, ,V"crved. I'alct 2-kecled. vStaniens 2,
rarely i. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose, drain beaked, free. [Cireek, in allu-
sion to the beaked .t,'rain.]
'I'wci kiuiwu spuits, tlif r.illiiwiiiH: Niirtli Ainiricau, llic ntlK-r JapiUiese.
I. Korycarpus diandrus (Miclix.) Kiiiit/e
( I'iK. 449. )
I'l'sliica (iiainlia Miclix. I'l. lior. .\ni. \:(<-. f>l. lo. iSii^
A'i>ri'(V/(/>».s (?/-«/;(////(?(<7(.( Zea, Act. Matril. iSiifi.
Diiiirhciia .iniciinuni Ucauv. Ajfnist. i.|2. />/. .•■;. /'. //.
1S12.
I\'(ir\iai/'iis (iitiiidnis Kunt/c, Kiv. C.cii. IM. 772, iScji.
Culms I '2°-4° tall, erect, simple, very rougli below the
panicle. Sheaths overlappiuf^, confined to the lower
part of the culm, smooth or a little rough at the summit, (/
sometimes pubescent; ligule very short; leaves S'-i.)' VK
long, 5"-9" wide, long-acuminate at the apex, usually \J
scabrous; panicle often re<luced to a raceme, 2'-7'2' in
length, the branches erect, i'-2' long; spikelets ,^-5-
llowercd, 6"-S" long, the lower scales unequal, the lirst
shorter than the second, which is much exceeded by the
spikelet; flowering scales somewhat abruptly acuminate;
palets shorter than the scales and exceeded by the
beaked grain.
In rich wixmIs. Ohio to Kansas, simlh to (k-oi>{ia, Ti iiiU'S-
sec and the liulian Tirriloiy. .XuK-.-Sipl.
71. PLEUROPOGON K. Br. App. Parry's Voy. 2S9. 1S24.
Erect grasses with Hat leaves and racemose innorescence. Spikelets 5-14-llowered;
flowers perfect, or the upper staniinate. Two lower scales empty, unequal, thin-membran-
ous, i-nerved, or the second imperfectly v'lerveil; flowering scjiles longer, menil)raiious,
7-ncrved, the middle nerve excurrent as a short point or awn. I'alet scarcely shorter than
the scale, 2-keelcd, the keels winged or appendaged. Stamens 3. Styles short. Stigmas
plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, side-beard, from the append-
ages to the palets.]
Three known species, the liiUowiiiK arctic, the others Califuniian,
I. Pleuropogon Sabinii R. Br. Sabine'. s
rifuropoj^on. ( iMg. 450.)
P/i'iirn/ios^oii Sa/iii/ii R. lir. App. I'arrv's \'ov. 2S9.
1S24. '■
Smooth, culms 6' or less tall, erect, simple,
glabrous. Sheaths one or two; ligule i" long;
leaves W~i' long, erect, glabrous; raceme i'~2'
in length; spikelets 3-6, 5-S-flowered, about 5"
long, on spreading or reflexed pedicels i" or
less in length; lower scales smooth, the first
acute, shorter than the obtuse second; flowering
scales oblong, 2"-2j2'''' long, erose-truncate at
the scarious summit, scabrous, the midnerve
sometimes excurrent as a short point; palet
slightly shorter than the scale, truncate and
somewhat 2-toothed at the apex, bearing an awn-
like appendage on each keel near the middle.
Arctic regions of both the Old World and the
New. Suninicr.
GRASS 1'A:\III,Y.
ly?
72. UNIOLA I,. Sp. PI. 71. 1753.
ICrcct and often tall ^jrasses with Hat or convolute leaves and paiiiculate iiillorcscoiice.
Spikulets ,v inany-llowerud, Hat, 2-edKed, tlie llowers perfect, or the upper statninate!
Scales tlattened, keeled, sometimes wiiiK'ed, rinid, usually acute; tlie lower ;,-6 emi)ty, un-
e(|ual; tlic lloweriuj; scales many-nerved, the uppermost scales often smaller and empty;
palets rigid, 2-keeled. Stamens i ,v Styles distinct. StiKUias plumose. Crain com-
pressed, free, loosely cnclo.sed in the scale and palet. [Name diminutive of units, one of no
obvious application.]
riiiull'si'iu-s "''''*' "•■"'"■^ "'' •\""'''^'''- liisi.ks tlK- rullouiiiK, 2 „tlRrs occur in the s,,iuluaslcrn
.SpikiUls alxml ',' in Unjflh; panicle spike like. , /• /„ , „
.SpikiU-lseNciidiiiK ' ' in Unjftli: i)iuiicli(H)in.
I|anicle lax. llir hnmclus pcndnliMis: spikelcts cm IdUk' capillarv pcdiccN 2 r l,ili/'.ih\i
1 amcle slnct, the hranclics creel, ri(.id; spikcUls on short stout pedicels. ,;. / '. />,iiiinihitii.
1. Uniola laxa (I,. ) li.S.P. vSlciulcr Si)ike-Kni.s.s. ( l'i<,r. ^5,. ,
J fiihKs 1,1x11 S I,. ,Sp. I'l. |o|S. \-^\.
rnii'la ^1, id/is Miclix. l"l. I!or. .Vm. i: 71.
iSo^,
/ 'iiiiila laxa l{..S.r. I'rel. Cat. X. V. («;. i.sss.
Smooth and glabrous, cidms i,'j°-4°
tall, erect, .simple, .slender. Sheaths
shorter than the internodes; ligule very
short; leaves ,s'-i5' long, i"~7," wide,
usually erect. Hat, attenuate into a long
tip, smooth or slijrhtly rough ; pan-
icle spike-like, 4'- 12' in length, erect,
strict, or nodding at the summit, the
branches erect, i'-2' long; spikelcts
short-.stalked or nearly sessile, 3-6-
Howered, about 3" long; lower scales
much shorter than the (lowering ones,
which are i>^"-2" long, acuminate,
spreading in fruit; jialet arched, about
two-thirds as long as the scale; stamen i.
Sandy soil. I.ont; Island to Pcinisvlvania
and Kentucky, south to I'lorida and'lVxas.
mostly near the coast. Ascends to yoo ft. in
North Carolina. AuR.-.Sept.
2. Uniola latifolia Michx. Broad-
leaved Spike-grass. (Fig. 452.)
I'liiola lalifolia :^^iellx. I'l. I!or. .\ni.
iSo.j.
i: 70.
Culms 2°-5° tall, erect, simple, smooth
and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the in-
ternodes; ligule Yi" long, lacerate-toothed;
leaves 4'-9' long, %'-\' wide, flat, narrowed
into a somewhat rounded, often ciliate base,
acuminate at the ape ., smooth, excepting on
the margins; panicle lax, 5'i'-io' in length,
its branches filiform and pendulous, the
lower 2'-5' long; spikelets many-flowered,
oblong to ovate, 3/'- 04^' long, on long cap-
illary pendulous pedicels; lower scales much
smaller than the (lowering ones, which are
4'i"-(>" long, ciliate-hispid on the winged
keel; stamen 1.
In moist places, I'cunsvlvania to Illinois and
Kansas, south to Florida and Texas, .\scends
to 2u()o ft. in North Carolina. .\ug.-Sept.
I
• ~ -
1}
198
(VRAMINHAIC.
3. Uniola paniculata I,. Sua Oats. {V'va- t53- '
I 'iii"lii /hiiiii iiliilii I,. Sp. IM. 71. 1755.
(ilal)toiis tliorouKlioiit, culms v'-'*'" tall,
t'rcct, simple, siiiootli. Sheaths ofti-u longer
than the intciiKulcs; limile a riuj,' of hairs
uliout 'i" loii^;; k-aves 1' loiij.'; or inuri', ahoiit
V wide, involute when dry, attenuate into a
louK slender lij); panicle 1/ i" in Icnj^th or
more, the branches erect or ascending, strict,
rij,Md, the lower _■ '.'' 5' loiijf; spikelets many-
flowered, short-piclicellid, ovate to oval when
mature, 'j'-i' lon>{; lower scales much shorter
than the flowerinj,' ones, which are 4"-5''
lonj: and scabrous on the keels; stamens ;,.
Ill sands dl' llii- seaeoast. VirKinia lo I'lurida
aii<l west to Texas, Also in the West Indiis and
Sniitli Aniirica. .Spikelets persistent into tile
winter. Oct. -Nov.
73. DISTICHLIS Raf. Joiirn. Phys. 89: 104. 1S19.
Dioecious j^rasscs, with rij^id culms creepinj,' or decumhent at the base, (lat or convo-
lute leaves and spike-like paniculate inflorescence. vS])ikelcts flattened, more numerous on
the staminate plants than on the pistillate, 6-16-flowered; rachilla continuous in the stain-
in ate spikelets, articulated in the pistillate. Two lower scales ein])ty, narrow, keeled, acute,
shorter than the floweriiijf ones; flowerinj; scales broader, many-nerved, acute, rigid; palcts
2-kecled. vStaniens 3. Styles thickened at the base, rather long, distinct. Stigmas
ioiig-plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and^palct. [Greek, signifying two-ranked,
probably 111 reference to the spikelets.]
I'our known species, natives of America, inhabiting tlie sea coast or alkaline soil; one of then
is also fouiul in Australia.
1. Distichlis spicata (ly.) Greeiif. Marsh Spike-gras.s. (Fig. 454.)
f'niola sfticala I,. Sp. I'l, 71. 175,5.
Dis/ic/ilis niariliiiia Raf. Jourii. I'liys. 89: 104. 1S19.
t'liid/i! s/iiclci Torr. Ann. I.yc. X. V. i: i.s.s. i><24.
J)is/itlilis spuiiia C'lieene, liiill. Cal. .\cad. 2: 415.
1SH7.
DtslKlihs spirald var. s/rii/a Scribn. Mem. Torr.
Club, 5: ,51. 18194.
Glabrous throughout, culms 3'-2° tall, erect
from a horizontal rootstock, or often decumbent at
the base. Sheaths overlapping and often crowded;
ligule a ring of very short hairs; leaves J2'~6' long,
I "-2" wide, flat or involute; panicle dense and
spike-like,
3,''_
in length, the branches i'
long or less, erect; sjiikelets 6-i6-flowcred, 4"-9"
long, pale green; empty scales acute, the first 1-3-
nerved, two-thirds as long as the 3-5-nervcd
second one; flowering scales i.Ji"-2!^" long,
acute or acuminate.
On .salt meadows along the .\tlantic coast from
Maine to I'lorida, in saline soil tlirouKliimt the inte-
rior, and on the Pacific coast north to Uritish Columbia.
The main figrnre is tliat of the staminate plant. June-
Aug.
C.KASS I'AMIJ.Y.
74. BRIZA I,. Sp. PI. 70.
199
1 753-
::;■"=■ tS^ ;;;r-t, Sx •;;';=,» -:r "■■'^-. --- :- - -
Al.,ml ,2 s,„.ncs, n.tiv.snf Uh. DM WnrM .„,1 U,,,,,.,,,,.. Sn„ll, .\,n.uc-,.
i H:
I. Briza media I,.
guakc'-grass. Qii:ikinj4 Crass. (Kijr. 435.
/>'/ /-(/ niiiliii I,. S]). I'l.
'7.U
vSuioolli and j,'lal)roii9, culms 6'-2° tall, erect,
from a perennial root, simple. Slicatlis shorter
tlian the internodes; lijruie y^f lonj; or less,
truncate; leaves i'-;/ lon^, i"-2'," wide; pan-
icle i','-,s' in length, the capillary branches
spreading or ascending, i'-2;r long; spikelcts
i"-2\i" lonf,', orbicular to deltoid-ovate, 5-12-
flowered; scales scarious-inarKined, the h.wcr
ones about i" lonj,'; lloweriuK scales i"-
I •■-'" long, broader than the lower ones, widely
spreadinjj.
In fields iiTul waste places, Ontario to Massachu-
setts and Kli,„lc Island. Natur.ilized from luironc
June July.
N.'itivc also of .\sia.
2. Briza minor I,. Les.ser Quaking
Gras.s. (Fig. 456.)
Iliiza minor \,. .Sp. I>1. 70.
I75,V
.Smooth and glabrous, culms 4'-i5' tall, erect
from an annual root, simple. Sheaths shorter
than the internodes; li^ule i"-^" long, acute-
leaves I '-5' long, i"-4" wide, sometimes sca-
brous; panicle 2SS' in length, open, the capil-
lary branches spreading or ascending, i'-2;4'
long; .spikelets 3-6-nowercd, i"-\]i" long,
about 2" broad, truncate at the base; scales
scarious-margined, the lower ones about \"
long; flowering scales much broader and deeply
saccate, about V " long.
In ballast and waste places about Camden N I •
comnion in California, and widely distributed in
tropical .Vnicnca. Adventive or naturalized from
iMirope. JuiK-luly.
200
GRAMINKAK.
75. DACTYLIS I.. vSp. PI
I/50-
A Uill perennial i^^niHS, with flat leaves anil paniculate inflorescence. Spikelcts 3-5-flow-
cred, sliort-pedicelled, in dense capitate clusters, the flowers perfect or the upper statninate.
Two lower scales empty, thin-nicinbrauous, keeled, une(|ual, niucronate; flowerinj.^ scales
larger than the cni])ty ones, rigid, ,s-nervcd, keeled, the midncrve extended into a point or
short awn; pakts shorter than the scales, 2-kceled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas
])luinose. drain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name used by I'liny fi,r some grass
with fingcr-likc spikes].
.■\ inimotypic giiuis of Ivurope .ind Asia.
I. Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard
(Irnss, ( Kiij:. 457 "^
Paciylis ^loiiit'idla I,. ,Sp. I'l. 71. 1753.
Culms 2°-4° tall, tufted, erect, simi)le, smooth
and glabrous. .Sheaths shorter than the inter-
nodes, smooth or rough; ligule i"-2" long;
leaves 3'-9' long, i"-^" wide, flat, scabrous;
j)anicle ^'-S' in length, the branches spreading
or ascending in flower, erect in fruit, the lower
l'-2'j' long, spikelet-bearing from above or be-
low the middle; spikelcts in dense capitate clus-
ters, 3-5-flowered; lower scales T-3-nervcd, the
first shorter than the second; flowering scales
2"_3" long, rough, pointed or short-awned,
ciliatc on the keel.
In fitUls and waste places, Xcw Brunswick to
Manitoba, south to South Carolina and Kansr.s.
Xatinali/.i.-d from ICuropc and cultivated for fodder.
June July.
76. CYNOSURUS L. .Sp. PI. 72. 1753.
Annual or perennial tufted grasses, with flat leaves and dense spike-like inflorescence.
Spikelcts of two kinds, in small clusters; lower spikelcts of the clusters consisting of nar-
row empty scales, with a continuous rachilla, the terminal spikelcts of 2-4 broader scales,
with an articulated nichilla and subtending perfect flowers. Two lower scales in the fertile
spikelcts empty, i-ncrved, the flowering scales broader, i-3-nervc<l, pointed or short-awned;
upper scales narrower, usually empty. Scales of the sterile spikelcts ])cctinatc, spreading,
all empty, linear-subulate, i -nerved. Stamens 3. .Styles distinct, short. Stigmas loosely
plumose. Grain finally adiicrcnl to the palet. [Greek, signif3iug dog's tail, referring to
the spike.] ,.
About 3 sijccies, natives of the Old World.
I. Cynosurus cristatus L. I)o;^',s-tail
Gras.s. (Fig. 45S.;
Cynosiini.s CI isldliis I,. ,Sp, I'l. 72. 1753.
Culms i°-2>2° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth
and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the iuternodes;
ligule ]i" long, truncate; leaves I'i's' long, '."-2"
wide, smooth, glabrous; spike-like panicle 2'-4' in
length, 2'i"-(i" wide, long-cxserted; spikelets ar-
ranged in clusters, the terminal fertile, the lower
larger and sterile; scales of the former about i '<"
long, pointed or short-awned, the scales of the sterile
spikelets ver^^ narrow, pointed, strongly scabrous on
the keel.
In fields and waste places, (Juebcc and Ontario to south-
ern New York and Nt w Jersey. .Vdvintive from ICurope.
JUIR-.\UK.
ORA.SS FAMILY.
20I
/'. II II II III!.
/'. Cliiipmaniiiiia.
(>. P. iilpiiia.
P. lava.
P. abbieviala.
P. ecu i si a.
iii-iitoiiili.s.
ii I III! I II.
Iiiiiiiti is.
77. POA L. Sp. PI. 67. 1753.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and contracted or open pan-
icles. S]iikelets 2-6- flowered, compressed, the rachilla usually j^labrous; (lowers perfect, or
rarely dioecious. Scales membranous, keeled; the 2 lower empty, l-vnerved; the llower-
inj,' scides lon^^er than the empty ones, generally with a tuft of cobwebby hairs at the base, 5-
nervcMl, the marginal nerves usually pubescent, often also the dorsal one; palets a little shorter
than ihe scales, 2-nerved or 2-kecled. Stamens ,v Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose.
Grain free, or sometimes adherent to the palet. [Name Greek, for grass or herbage.]
A ({ciuis of about iiK) spc-.-ics, widely distributed in all temperate and cold regions. Tlie ICnp;-
lisli name Mrai(o:,-!;i ,iss is often applied to must of the species. I!csi<les llie followinj^ some
50 others occur in the western i)arts of Xorth .\merie;i.
I,ow annual or biennial ({rasses, the culms 12' tall or less.
I'loweriuK scales distinctly ,s iiirved. not webby at tile base.
I'loweriuK scales ,^-iKrved, or obscurely 5 nerve<l, webby at the b.ise.
I'erennials, mostly willi tall culms 1 Nos, 4-7 low).
Grasses of far norllurn or \\\s\\ mountain rejfious, generally low.
Leaves short; p.micle branches short, ({eiierally widely si)readinK,
Leaves loujfer, jfnidually narrowed to llie apex,
Spikelets less tlian ,5" lonjf,
Hranelns of the i)anicle erect, smooth slender, lax.
I'lowerintf scales glabrous or slinhti ■ pubescent.
I'lowerinn scales stron«^ly pubesceni a 1 over,
lirauclies wi<iely spreading:, flexuous, smooth.
IhauclKS of the panicle rouftli. erect or ascending.
Lower lloweritiK scale i"-!'," lonjf.
Lower llowerinjc seali- ■2" lonff.
Spikelets exceeding V' 'n leuKth.
Grasses not exclusively of far northern or liiffh nnnnitain regions; culms generally tall.
Culms strongly llattent-d. t,. /', toiii/nissii.
Culms terete or but slifflilly flallened,
ranicle lax; brandies lonj;:, slender, naked half their leujfth, usually widely spreading.
Hasal leaves nuicli shorter than tlie culm.
I'ediccls commonly shorter than the spikelets,
I'Mowering scales obscurely nerved; spikelets I '.^''-a" loiiK. i_v P. Jhizui.
I'Mowering scales prominently nerved.
Lateral nerves silky pubescent,
Spikelets 2" -2'- ' loiin: flowering scales not pubescent between the
nerves; ligule truncate, S, /', fmili-iisis.
Spikelets ,^" -.)" long: nowering scales minutely pubescent below
between the nerves; ligule acute, 9, /', psiiu/npi ii/iiisis.
Lateral nerves naked; spikelets i'.-" long, 10, /', liivialis.
Pedicels commonly e(|ualliiig or much exceeding the spikelets,
I'Mowiriiig scabs roiiiuled or refuse at the apex:
Not webbed at the base, pubescent below. 15. /'. aiiliiihiialis.
Webbed at the base, glabrous, \\. P. lifbilis.
I'loweriug scales obtuse or acute, webbed at the base,
I'lowering scales about I S " long, often ])ubesciiit between the nerves
toward the base, l(), /', syli'csltis.
I'loweriug sc.des 1 ' -"-a" long, glabrous between the nerves:
( )bscnre!y nerved, very acute, midnerve pubescent toward the base.
17. P. iilsodi-s.
riainly nerved; ner\-es pilose, i.H, I'. W'olfii.
Hasal leaves about iqualling the culm; culm leaves short. 19. /', hi ii'i folia.
ranicle contracted; llu' brauclies short, erect or ascending, mostly spikelet-bearing
nearly to the base; western species,
Idowering scales erose-tnnicate, very pubescent below between the silky pubescent
nervi'S, 20, /', iii iilii.
I'Mowering scales acutish. nearly or ([uite glabrous. 21. /'. Hinkliyiiiia.
I. Poa annua !<. Annual Meadow (iras.s.
I„()\v vSpear-j^rass. (.Fijij. 459. )
Poa annua \,. Sp. I'l. (i^. 175,?.
Culms 2'-l° tall, from an annual root, erect or
decumbent at the base, somewhat flattened, smooth.
Sheaths loose, usually overlapping; ligule about
\" long; leaves '^'-4' long, 'i"-!'.'" wide,
smooth; panicle 'i'-4' in length, open, branches
spreading, ,'4 '-I '2' long, naked at the base; spike-
lets 3-5-flowered, 0^"-2,'-2" long; lower scales
smooth, the first narrow, actitc, i -nerved, about
two thirds as long as the broad and obtuse 3-
iicrved second one; flowering scales t'+"-'''i"
long, distinctly 5-nervcd, the nerves pilose below.
In waste and cultivated places nearly throughout
North .\nicrica. Naturalized from ICufope. Native
also of ,\sia, >[av Oct,
202
GRAMINHAK.
2. Poa Chapmaniana vScribn. Chapman's Spear-grass. (Fig. 460.)
Poi! nis/,!/ti Cliiipni
Wall. 17SS.
/'iKi Clidpinaniaiia Sciilm. Dull. Torr
1894.
Kl. S. St.-itcs. ,s62. 1S60. Not
Club, 21: ,sS.
Culms 3'~6' tall, erect from an anuual root,
sim])le, rigid, smooth and glabrous. vSlieatlis
tight, mostly at the base of the culm; ligule >2"
long, truncate; leaves 'i'-i'long, yi" wide or less,
smooth; j)anicle i'-2' in length, the branches
usually erect, sometimes spreading or ascending,
V long or less, naked at the base; spikelcts 3-7-
flowercd, iy^"--\}2" long; lower scales about
equal, 3-nerved, acute; (lowering scales webbed at
the base, obtuse, 3-M:rved. sometimes with two ad-
ditional obscure nerves, the prominent ones some-
times pilose for three-fourths their length.
In dry soil. Kentucky and Tennessee to Florida and
.Mabania. .\))ril-May.
3. Poa compressa L. Wire-grass. Flat-steiinned Meadow-grass. Kiiglish
Blue-grass. (Fig. 461.) py
Poa i:oi)//>>r.ua I,. Sp. I'l. 6y. 1753.
Pale bluish-green, glabrous, culms 6'-2° tall, decum-
bent at the base, from long horizontal rootstocks, smooth,
much flattened. Sheaths loose, flattened, shorter than
the internodes; ligule '/i" long; leaves i'-4' long, about
l" wide, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle usu-
allj' contracted, the branches erect or ascending, i'
long or less, spikclet-bearing nearly to the base; spike-
lets 3-9-flowered, I', "-3" long; lower scales acute, 3-
nerved; flowering scales i"-ij4^''' long, obscurely 3-
nervcd, the nerves sparingly pubescent toward the
base.
Waste places and cultivated ffrounds and woods almost
throusjliout North .\rncrica. .\scends to 2100 ft. in Virprinia.
Naturalized from ICurojie, Native also of .Vsia. Varies from
weak and slender to (juite stilT. June-.Vuif.
4. Poa abbreviata R. Br. Low Spear-
gra.ss. (Fig. 462.)
Poa ahltirviala R. Hr. Dot. .\pp. Parry's Voy. 2.S7. 1S24.
Culms 6' tall or less, erect, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths and leaves crowded at the base
of the culm; ligule */i" long; leaves j^'-i' long,
^'2" wide; panicle contracted, ji'-i' long, branches
very short and erect; spikelets 3-5-nowered, iYz"
long; lower scales acute, smooth and glabrous;
flowering scales about i^i" long, obtuse, strongly
pubescent all over, the intermediate nerves very
obscure.
-Vretic .\inerica from Greenland and Labrador to the
Pacific. .Summer.
GRASS FAMILY.
5. Poa laxa Ilaenke. Wavy Meadow-grass. Mountain SiK'ar-sras.s.
(Fig. 463. )
Poa In.Vii IliiLiiki'. in Jinisfk, lU'cib. Kiiscnm'b. iiS.
1 791.
Smooth and jrlabroiis, culms 1" tall or less, erect,
simple. Sheaths often overlappini,^ lij,'ulc about
\" lon.i,r; leaves i'-;/ lon>r, \i"-i" wide, acumi-
nate; panicle \'-t,' in length, the branches usually
erect, sometimes ascen(lin,^^ i ' long or less; spike-
lets 3 ^-flowered, 2'^-2!," long; lower scales usu-
ally 3-nerved, acute, glabrous, rough on the keel
203
at its apex; lowering scales 1
long, ob-
tuse, .vnerved, or sometimes with an additional
pair of olxscure nerves, the midncrve jnlose on the
lower half, rough above, the lateral ones pilose for
one-third their length.
^ C.rocnl.iiul to Alaska, sciiilli to the inouulaiiis of Xcw
IJuKland. to .Manitoba and in tlic Kockv :Mountains to
Ciilurado. .\lso in JCtiropc and .Asia. .Siiniincr.
4
1
i
6. Poa alpina I^. Alpine Spear-gra.ss.
CFig. 464. )
J'i'ii iilphia I,. Sp. ri. (17. 175;,.
Smooth and glabrous, culms 4'-iS' tall, erect,
simple. .Sheaths siiorter than the internodcs; ligule
I" long, truncate; leaves i'-3' long, \"-2" wide,
abruptly acute; panicle i'-3'in length, the branches
generally widely .spreading, i' long or less; spikelets
3-S-tlowered, 2%"-^" long; lower scales broad, gla-
brous, rough on the keel, acute; flowering scales
about 2" long, obtuse, pilose for half their length,
l)ubescent bctweeu the nerves toward the base.
I/.jbra.lor to .Alaska, south to (JnelKC, Lake .Superior
and 111 tile Rocky .Mountains to Coloradt), .Also in iMirone
and .\sia. .Suninicr.
7. Poa cenisia All, Arctic Spear-,t;Ta.,s.s. ( Fig. 465. )
I
Poa Cfiiisia All. .And. I'l, IVd. 40. 178^.
Smooth and glabrous, culms 4'- 15' tall, erect, slen-
der, simple. Sheaths shorter than the internodcs; lig-
ule i" long or less, truncate; leaves i' -4' long, '."-i''
wide; panicle 1^-4' in length, open, the branches gen-
erally widely .spreading and more or less flexnou-sf i'
212' long; spikelets 3-,5-flowered, 2}'."^T,y," long;
lower scales acute or acuminate, i -3-ncrvcd; flowering
scales about 2" long, faintly 5-nervcd, the nerves short-
pilose on the lower half, minutely pubescent between
the nerves, .somewhat webbed at the base.
(Irei'iilatul and Labrador to Alaska. Also in ICuronc
S'lniiner.
204
GRAMINKAE.
8. Poa pratensis L,. Kentucky Blue-Krass. June Grass. (Fig. 466.)
Pea />ni/fiisis I,. Sp. I'l. 67. 175^.
Piiii f>ialriisis viir. iiiii;iisli/'<>l ia Kiintli
I'juini. i: 353.
Glabrous, culms i°-4° tall, from long running
rootstocks, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths often
longer than the iiUernodes; ligule '4 " long or less,
truncate; leaves smooth or rough, '3 "-3" wide,
those of the culm 2'--6' in length, the basal much
longer; ])anicle 2j<'-S' in length, usually pyram-
idal, the branches spreading or ascending, some-
times flexuous, I '-3' long, divided and spikelet-
bearing above the middle; sijikelets 3-5-flo\vered,
2"-2l2" long, e.Kceeding their pedicels; scales
acute, the lower unequal, glabrous, rough on
the keel, the lower i-ncrvcd, the upper 3-nerved;
flowering scales i]i" long, wec)bed at the base, 5-
nervcd, the marginal nerves and midiierve silky-
pubescent below, the intermediate ones naked.
In meadows, fitUls and wnods, alnmsl tlirinijrlunit North America. '\Vi(kly cultivated for liay
and pasture, .Vlso in ICiirope and .\sia. In North .Xmcrica probably indigcnousonly in the nortlicni
and mountainous regions. Variable. June- .Xur.
9. Poa pseudopratensis vScribn. & Ryd.
Prairie Meadow-grass. (Fig. 467. )
Culms i°-2!2° tall, erect, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes,
smooth or slightly rough; ligule 2" long, acute,
decurrcnt; leaves i"-^ ' wide, smooth beneath, a
little rough above and on the margins, those of
the culm I'-Vi'long, the basal 6'-io' in length;
panicle 2'-$' long, open, the branches spreading
or ascending, i'-2' long; spikelcts 3-5-flowercd,
3"-4" long, exceeding their pedicels; lower scales
nearly equal, acute, ^-nerved ; flowering scales
acutish, about lyi" h)ng, rough above, 5-nerved,
pubescent between the nerves below, the marginal
nerves and midnerve silky-pubescent about half
their length.
Manitoba and .\ssiiiiboia to Nebraska and Colorado.
10. Poa trivialis I.,. Roughish Meadow-grass. (Fig. 46S.)
J'lin Iriz'ialis I,. Sp. I'l. 67. I7,S,3.
Culms i°-3° tall, usually more or less decundjent
at the base, simple, smooth or slightly scabrous.
Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, rough;
ligule 2"~j," long, acutish; leaves 2''-7' in length,
1 "-2" wide, generally very rough; panicle 4'-6' long,
open, the branches usually spreading or ascending,
i''-2'long; sjiikelets 2- or sometimes 3-flowered, ij^'"
long, exceeding their pedicels; scales acute, the empty
basal ones rough on the keel, the lower i-ncrved,
shorter than the3-nerved upper; flowering scales \"~
iVi" long, webbed at the base, 5-ncrved, the mid-
nerve silky-pubescent below, the lateral nerves
naked, the intermediate ones prominent.
In meadows and waste places. New Brunswick to-
Michigan and Vir(finia. Naturalized from I'Uirope.
]une-Aug.
.
GRASS FAMIIvY.
205
I
empty
icrved,
es i"-
inid-
nerves
.•ick to
vurope.
II. Poa glauca Valil. Glaucous Spear-grass.
Poa i^laiKii \'ahl, 1"1. Dan. />/. </'/■ '79'J-
/'('(/ tiusia J. Iv Sinilh, ICiiK Hiit. />/. /~/v.
( Fig. 469. )
180;
Culms 6'-2° tall, erect, simple. ri),'i(l, glabrous,
somewhat glaucous. Sheaths overlajjpiug, confined
to the lower half of the culm; ligulc \" long; leaves
I'-a' long, \" wide or less, smooth lieiieath, scabrous
above; panicle i'-3' in length, open, the branches
erect or ascending, 'i'-i^' long; spikelets 2-4-
flowered, 2}i"-y long; empty basal .scales acute,
3-ncrved, glabrous, rough on the upper part of the
keel; flowering scales i '^"-i V" lo"Ki obtuse or acut-
ish, rough, not webbed at the base, the lower half of
the midnervc and marginal nerves silky-pubescent,
the intermediate nerves obscure and occasionally
sparingly pubescent at tlie base.
White Mdunlains (if Nlw Hatnpsliiru. Also in ICiinipe.
Sunniur.
12. Poa nemoralis L. Wood Meadow-grass.
Northern Spear-grass. (Fig. 470. )
Poa noiiiiialis I,. Sp. I'l. 69. 175,^
Piiii Kifsi'd var. sli iilinr \. Gray, Man. Ivd. 5. 629. 1867.
Culms 5'-2° tall, erect, simple, slender, sometimes
rigid, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter
than the internodes; lignle ji"-!'" long, truncate;
leaves i'-4' long, i" wide or less, erect, smooth or
rough; panicle 2'-$' in length, open, the branches
erect or ascending, rarely spreading, I '~2' long; spike-
lets 2-,s-flowcred, I '2"-2 '2''' long; lower scales acute
or acunnnate, i-;,-ncrved; flowering scales obtuse or
acute, I "-I '+ " long, faintly 5-ncrvcd, somewhat wcbby
at base, the midncrve and the marginal nerves silky-
pubescent on the lower half.
.Aiitii'dsti Island Ici Hiilish Columbia, south to M.iine,
MiiuKsola. South Dakota, and in Iht- Rocky .Mountains
to Colorado. .Mso in ICurope and .\sia. Summer.
13. Poa flava L. I'';dse Ked-toj). lunvl Meadow-grass. (Mg. 471.)
Poii Jhi:;i I,. Si>. ri. (is. \-=,
Poa si'id/i'iiii Ivlirli. lititr. 6:
1791.
Culms I'l'^-.s" tall, erect, simple or rarely
branched, smooth, glabrous. Sheaths usually
shorter than the internodes, smooth and gla-
brous; lignle i"-2" long; leaves 2'-6' long,
l"-2'" wide, smooth or rough; panicle 'I'-i;,'
in length, open, the branches spreading or as-
cending, 2'-5' long, divided and spikcleldiear-
ing above the middle; spikelets 3-5-flowercd,
i^4'"-2" long, exceeding their j)edicels; lower
scales acute, glabrou, , rough above on the
keel, the lower usually i-ncrved, the upper
3-uerved; flowering scales obtuse, somewhat
webby at the ba.se, i"-i'2" long, silky-pubes-
ceut on the lower half of the marginal nerves
and the midnerve, the intermediate nerves ob-
scure or wanting.
In swt'inipy places, Nova Scotia and New lirunswick to Vancouver Island, south to New Jersey,
Illinois and Nebraska. Also in ICurope aud .\sia. July-Au(f.
2o6
GRAMINHAE.
14. Poa debilis Torr. Weak Spurir-grass. ( Vi^. 472. )
/'iKi diiu'lis'Wirr. I'M. N. V. 2: 159, iS.4,5.
Ciiltus \''-2<i~' tall, erect, slender, simple, somewhat
flattened, smooth and j^jlahrous. Sheaths compressed,
much shorter than the iutcrnodes; HkuIc }i'^-l'^ long;
leaves i'-4>>' long, 1" wide or less, erect, smooth he-
neath, rough above ; panicle 2'-6' in length, open,
often nodding at the to]), the branches erect or ascend-
ing, sometimes spreading, 1 >»'-;/ long; spikelets 2-4-
ilowered, 1/2 "-3" long, their pedicels longer; empty
scales unequal, acute, the first i -nerved, shorter than
the 3-nerved second one; flowering scales I'i" long,
obtuse, sj)aringly webbed at the base, 5-iicrved, the
nerves naked.
In wiinils. Nova Scdlia and N'tw r.riinswiok to O'''ario
and Minnesota, snulli to Klnule Island, I't-nnsylvania and
Wisconsin. Juiu-.\uu.
Poa autumnalis Miihl. Flcxiious Spear-.ura.ss. ( Fij;. 473. )
Piia oii/i/mita/i's :Muhl.; ICU. Hot. S. C. iS: (".a. i: ISQ. 1S17.
Poa Jliwiiosa yXwM. Cram. 14^. 1S17. Not J. Iv Smith.
iSo,^.
Culms 1°-,^° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and
glabrous. vSheaths usually much shorter than the iu-
tcrnodes; ligulc I2" long; leaves i" wide or less,
smooth beneath, rough above, those of the culm I ''2'-
6' long, the basal much longer; panicle ,','-9' in
length, the branches long and slender, spikelet-bcaring
at the extremities, 2^-5' long; spikelets 3 5-(1owcre(l,
2'>"-3" long; empty basal .scales acute, the first
I -nerved, narrow, shorter than the broad 3-nervcd
second; flowering scales rounded or retuse at the
apex, ij2''-2" long, not webbed at the base, pid)es-
cent on the lower part, 5-nervcd, the midnerve silkv-
pubesceut for three-fourths its length.
Ill woods. Xcw Jersey and Pennsylvania to KeiUuekv,
south to I'Morida and Te.xas. MarchMav.
16. Poa sylvestris A. Cray. vSylvau Spcar-o;ras.s.
^ I'll,! svlvcsl) i\ A. Cray, Man. 59*).
!i*'ig- 474-)
18.(8.
Culms 1° 3" tall, erect, slender, simple, slightly
flattened, smooth, glabrous. Sheaths shorter than
the internodes; lignle yi" long or less; leaves smooth
beneath, rough above, i"-3''' wide, those of the
culm i>i'-6' in length, the basal much longer; pan-
icle 3' -7' in length, the branches spreading or ascend-
ing, 1 'j-3' long, spikclct-bcaring at the extremities;
spikelets 2 4-flowered, i"~2" long; empty basal scales
acute, the lower i-nerved, the upper longer and 3-
ncrved; flowering scales about 1 '4''' long, webbed at
the base, obtuse, often pubescent below, 5-nervcd, the
midnerve pubescent nearly its entire length and the
marginal nerves below the middle.
In thickets and meadows. New York to Wisconsin,
south to North Carolina. Louisiana and Kansas,
liranches of tile panicle .sometimes reflexed when old.
June-July.
GRASS FAMILY.
Oray. (irove Meaclow-grass.
Poa ahodrs A. Cray, JIan. Ivd. 2, ^(,2. 18,56.
17. Poa alsodes A.
207
'Fig- 475-)
Culms 8 -2-,° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth
and Klabro.,s. Sheaths usually longer than the inter-
nodcs; hfTule y." Iomk; leaves usuallv rough i"-2"
wide, those of the culm 2'-8' in length, the basal
longer; panicle 3 .,'-8' in length, the l,ranches spread-
ing or ascending, , ..'-3' long, spikelet-bearing at the
ends; spikelcts 2-3-(lowcrcd, about 2%" long- scales
very acute, the empty l«sal ones une.jual, the lower
i-nerved, the upper 3-nervcd; flowering scales about
2 long, webbed at the base, the midnerve pubescent
near the base, the marginal nerves naked, the inter-
mediate ones very faint.
M«^jj;;fJtSfrcA;;;^L/:-}^.-
18. Poa Wolfii Scribn. Wolfs Spear-gra.ss.
(Fig. 476. )
I'oa Wolfii scri1,n. Hull. Torr. Club, 21: 228. 1894.
Culms 2°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths siiorter than the internodes; ligi.lc
■." long; leaves i" wide or less, smooth beneath
rough above, tho.se of the culm 2'-^' in length, the
basal much longer; panicle 3'-6' in length, lav its
branches erect or a.scendiug, llexuous, i ■,"-2'<' long-
spikelets 2-4-nowcred, 2!,'^^3- long; scales' acute,'
the lower unequal, 3-nerved. glabrous, rough on the
keel, the first shorter than the second; (lowering scales
about 2" long, copiously webbed at the base, ,s-uerved
the marginal and midnerves silkv-pubescentVor more
than half their lengtli, the intermediate nerves promi-
nent, naked.
Illinois, Tennessee and Kansas.
19. Poa brevifolia Mul.l. Slu.rt- leaved Spear- ,^n-a.s,s.
/'"(/ brevifolia Muhl. Cram. 13,^. 1S17,
Culms i°-3- tall, erect or spreading, slen.ler
smooth, glabrous. Sheaths often shorter than the
internodes; lig„le %"-iU" long; leaves smooth
beneath, rough above. i"-2" wide, abruptly acute
those of the culm .,'-4' long, the uppermost
sometimes almost wanting; basal leaves usually
equalling or nearly as long as the culm; panicle
2;4'-5' 111 length, open, the branches ascending
widely spreading or often reflexed. ly^'-i' long'
spikelet-bearing at the ends; spikelets 3-6-flow'
ered, 2 H' "-3;^// long; empty l)asal scales unequal
acute, glabrous, the lower i -nerved, the upper v
nerved; flowering scales slightlv nebbed at the
base, 2"-2 -<" long, obtuse, 5-nerv. the keel and
marginal nerves sparingly pubc^ ,,t, the inter-,
mediate nerves prominent, naked.
'I*V 477. )
Te!;;..^;^^^' ^Swm^:' ^"'^^^ "" '"--^--It.. minoi
south to North Carolina and
14
2o8
GRAMINKAE.
20. Poa arida Va«ey. Prairie Spear-grass. (Fig. 478.)
J'oa aiidina Nutt. ; S. Wats. Hot. Kind's Ivxp. 58s. \^-\.
Trill. iS/).
Poa atida Viisey, Coiilr. V . S. Nat. Herb, i: 270. 1893.
Not
Culms i°-2° tall, erect, rigid, simple, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheatlis usually overlapping, smooth or some-
what roughish; ligule \" -2" long, acute; leaves smooth
beneath, rough above, ^z'-i" wide, flat or folded, pun-
gently pointed, those of the culm )i'-\' long, erect, the
basal leaves 3'~6' long; panicle contracted, 2^-5' in
length, the branches erect, spikelet-bearing nearly to the
base, I '2' long or less; spikelets 4-7-flowered, 2>2"-3^^"
long; lower scales nearly equal, acute, 3-nerved; flower-
ing scales I '^"-2'' long, erosc-truncate at apex, strongly
silky-pubescent on the nerves for half their length, the
lower part very pubescent between the nerves; interme-
diate nerves very obscure.
On prairies. Kansas to I'tali. north to British Aiiitrica.
July-Scpt.
21. Poa Buckleyana Nash. Buckley's Spear-grass. (Fig. 479.)
Poa Icnui folia liucklcv, Troc. Acad. I'hila. 1862: 96. 1862.
Not .V.Kicli. 1851.
Poa llucklcyaiia Nash, hull. Toir. Club, 22: 465. 1895.
Culms 6'-2° tall, erect, rigid, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the iuternodes; ligule
2"-3" long, acute; leaves \'-\' long, about \" wide,
erect, flat, or becoming involute, smooth or rough;
panicle i''-4'' in length, contracted, the branches erect,
xyi' long or less, spikelet bearing iie.irly to the base;
spikelets 2-5-flowered, 2'"-3" long; scales acute, the
lower nearly equal, scabrous on the keel; flowering
scales about 2" long, obtuse or acutish, sparingly
pubescent on the nerves below, sometimes slightly
hispid toward the base between the nerves.
Kansas to California, north to British America. July-
Aug.
22. Poa glumaris Trill. lyarge-flowered vSpear-grass. (Fig. 480.)
Poa glumaris Triii. Mem. ,Vcad. St. Petersb. (VI.) 1: 379.
1S31.
Smooth and glabrous, culms 6'-3° tall, erect or as-
surgent, simple. Sheaths loose, usually shorter than
the iuternodes; ligule yi" long, truncate; leaves
4'-io' long, i"-4'" wide; panicle 4'-io'' in length, the
branches erect or ascending, i'-2' long; spikelets 3-5-
flowered, 4'''-6''' long; lower scales about equal, acute,
slighty scabrous on the keel, the first 1-3-ucrved, the
second 3-uerved, rarely 5-nerved; flowering scales 3"-
4" long, usually acutish, scabrous, 5-7-nerved, pubes-
cent at base and on the lower part of the midnerve and
lateral nerves, not webbed.
Anticosti Island and Nova Scotia to Quebec and Alaska.
Summer.
(iRASS I'AMIIA'. 209
78. DUPONTIA R. Hr. Parry's Voy. App. 290. 1824.
I,o\v ),'rassfs, with flat k-avt's and fjcncrally narrow panicles. Spikelets 2-4-fl()\vure'(l, the
flowers all ])erfec't. Two lower scales eniptv, exleiidinj; l)eyon(l the flowerinj; scales, mem-
branous; flowering scales entire, nlenll)ranou^, with a tuft of hairs at the base. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Name in honor of J. I). Dujjont, I'rench botani.st. J
Two arctic species, both circuinboreal.
I. Dupontia Fisheri R. l^r. Fisher's
Dupotitia. (Fig. 4<Si.)
Dufioulia /■'isliiii K. lir. Tarry 's \'<iy. .App. 2r)i.
1S24.
Smooth and glabrous, culms 5'- 12' tall, erect,
simple. Sheaths <>verlapi)inj;; ligule i" long or
less; leaves i'-6' long, i"-2" wide, flat; panicle
usually contracted, I'/i'-ifi' long, the branches
less than i '.'' long, erect, or sometimes ascend-
ing; spikelets few, about 2-nowcred, .^"-4" long;
empty basal scales thin, generally acute, the first
l-nerved, .somewhat shorter than the second,
which is usually 3-nerved, the lateral nerves
often vanishing at about the middle; (lowering
scales 2}4"-T," long, l-iierved or obscurely
3-nerved; basal hairs about '." long.
Arctic reffinus of norlhoastern .America,
arctic ICuropc and .\sia. Sunuuei.
.Mso in
79. SCOLOCHLOA Link, Hurt. Berol. i: 136. 1827.
Tall atpiatic or marsli grasses, with flat leaves and ample panicles. Spikelets 2-4-flow-
ered, the flowers perfect. Two lower scales empty, tliin-membranous, 3-5-nerved; flowering
scales rigid, with a tuft of hairs at the base, rounded on the back, 5-7-nerved, some of the
nerves usually excurrenl as short points; palets about equalling the scales, 2-nerved. Stamens
3. .Styles very short. .Stigmas plumose, tirain hairy at the ape.x. [Greek, referring tt) the
rickle-likc projecting nerves of the flowering .scales.]
Species 2, in the north temperate zones of both continents.
or as-
than
leaves
h, the
s 3-5-
icute,
d, the
s 3"-
lubes-
eand
Llaska.
I. Scolochloa festucacea (Willd.)
Ivink. Fescue Scolochloa.
(Fig. 482.)
.■\i iiiiilti/i'sliuacra Willd. Knuni. i: 126. 1809.
Sfoloililiia feshuiitcd I.ink, Hort. Berol. i: 137.
1S2;.
l!i a('hct>horii»i fisliicacciim A. dray, .\im, Bot.
•Soc. Can. i: 57. 1861.
Culms 3°-5'' tall, erect, smooth and glabrous.
.Sheaths often overlapping; ligule i"-2" long;
leaves 7'-i° long or more, 2"-^" wide, flat, sca-
brous on the margins; panicle S'-ia' in length,
usually open, the branches ascending, naked at
the base, the lower 3'-4'' long; spikelets 3"-4"
long; empty basal scales acute, the first shorter
than the second; flowering scales scabrous,
7-nerved.
!*' Iowa and Nebraska, nortli to Manitoba and As-
siniboia. July-Aug.
2IO
GRAMINRAR.
80. GRAPHEPHORUM Desv. lUiU. vSoc. IMiilom. 2: 189
iSiu.
SlciKkT erii't srassos, with llat leaves and a usually contracted noddiiiK panicle. Spike-
lets 2-4-tl<)\vered, llatlened, the rachilla hirsute anil exleiidiiiK hcyond the flowers. Two
lower scales empty, somewhat shorter than the flowering scales, thin-memhrauous, acute,
keeled; floweriuK scales menihraiions, obscurely nerved, entire, sometimes short-awned just
l)eh)w the apex. Stamens 3. vStyles distinct. .Stigmas jiluniose. Craiu j?lahrous. [(ireek,
])encil-l)earinK, referring to the tuft of hairs at the end of the rachilla.]
Two known species, natives of nnrtliern Noitli .\niericii
Id this tfenus by anthors.
Other Mexican grasses .ire referred
I. Graphephorum melicoideum (Michx. ) Heauv
( Kig. 4S:,. )
(iraphephoruni.
Aixj 1)1,1 itoiilcs Mielix. 1"1. licir. .\ni. i: 62. i8o.v
(I'latihiplionim incliioidciini Heauv. Aftrnsl. id).
/)/. /i. /. S. 181 2.
Dii/yoiilia CooUyi A. Cray. Man. lul. 2. 556. iS,i2.
iniifiliif>liiinim niilicoitlcs van major A. (iray,
.\nn. Hot. Soc. Can. i: 57. 1S61.
Culms i°-2'j° tall, erect, simple, rough just
below the panicle. Sheaths usually shorter
than the internodes, smooth, or the lower often
villous; ligule \" long or less, truncate; leaves
,i^'_g' loiijr^ \"~2" wide, long acuminate,
rough; panicle 2'-6' in length, the top usually
nodding, the branches erect, i'-2' long; spike-
lets 2-4-nowered, lYi'-'s" long; scales scabrous
on the keel, the empty ones unequal, the first
i-nerved or obsciu-ely 3-uerved, .shorter than the
j-nerved second; flowering .scales 3-5-nerved,
acute.
In wet soil, .Vntioosti Island to Ontario, south to
Maine and MicliiRan. .\UR. -Sept.
81. PANICULARIA Fabr. iMUim. Hort. Hdinst. 373. 1763.
[Ol.vcKKiA R. Hr. I'rodr. I'l. Nov. lloll. i: 179. iSio.]
.Mostly perennial grasses, often tall, with flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spike-
lets few-mauy-flowered, terete or .somewhat flattened. Two lower scales empty, obtuse or
acute, 1-3-nerved; flowering scales membranous, rounded on the back, 5-9-nerved, the
nerves disappearing in the hyaline apex. I'alets scarcely shorter than the scales, rarely
longer, 2-keeled. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain smooth, en-
closed in the scale and palet, free, or when dry slightly adhering to the latter. [I,atin,
referring to the panicled spikelets.]
About 16 species, widely distributed in Xorlli .\nierica, a few in ICunipe and Asia,
Spikelets ovate or obloiijj, 4" long or less.
FloweriuK scales very broad, obscurely or at least not sharply nerved.
Panicle open, the branches ascending or spreadinsj, often droopinKf.
Spikelets 3-5-flowered: lowest flowering scale about i" long.
Spikelets 3-12-nowered; lowest flowering scale about i'-" long.
I'auicle contracted, tlie branches erect.
IHowering scales narrow, sharply and distinctly 7-uerved,
Panicle elongated, its branches erect or apprcssed.
Panicle not elongated, open, its branches spreading or drooping, rarely erect.
.Scales about 1" long, obtuse or rounded at the .i))ex.
Spikelets i ' ■" long or less; branches of the p.uucle often drooping,
,> P. nervala.
Spikelets 2"~V' long; branches of the panicle ascending or spreading.
6. P. Americana.
Scales I 'i"-! ' •" long, truncate and denticulate at the apex. 7. /'. pallida.
Spikelets linear, 6" long or more. .
I'Uowering scales i Ij"-,^" long, obtuse, longer than the obtuse palet. 8. P. flialans.
flowering scales about .4" long, acute, nuieh shorter than the long-acuminate palet.
9. P. acuiijlora.
I.
p.
la.ia.
2.
p.
Caiiadi
lists
.5-
p.
obliisa.
4. p. I'hiiigala.
CRASS FAMILY. 211
I. Panicularia laxa Scrihii. Northern Manna-srass. ( Kis. 4f<4. >
Paiiii iiliii i<i III \<i Si'tilin. Hull. 'I'oir. Cliil), 21: ,^7. iSfj).
(.hrriia lava ScrilHi.; Kidf. iS: Kami, I'l. Ml. Disirt.
I.S(P. iMtjJ.
Culms 2°-.(° tall, (.Tfc't, siiniik', siiiootli or slightly
scabrous. Shaaths ()viTla])])iuj(, rouKli ; liK"l>.'
'."-1" loiin; Ifuvfs S'-i5' Un\^^, 2" 4" wiik', very
rounh; panii'le 7'~9' in length, llie hraiicliL's si)ri'ail-
iuK or asi'i'udinj,', tin.- lowi'V y-f>' loiijj;; sjiikekts t,-
5-llo\Vfre(l, al)out 2" lonj{; iiiipty scak'S uuiqual,
soarious, acute, i-nerved, llie first one-half to two-
tliinls the leuj.^h of the second; fioweriiiK scales
broad, about 1" loiijj, twice the length of the second
scale, obtuse, obscurely "-nerved.
Ill water or wet soil, Maine to I'eiuisylvania. Aujr.
Panicularia Canadensis (Miclix. ) Ktint/e.
(I'iK. 4S5.)
Rattk-siiakc (irass.
Ill i:ii Otiiiiiti'iisis Mielix. I'l. U(ir. .\ni. I: 71. I'^n.^.
iilvifiiii t\iiiii(/iiiu's'\'v\i\. Mem. .\e.ul. ,St. IVtersb. i \'I.)
i: ,V)<). 1 8,^1.
I'aiiicKlaiia C'liiiadiiisis Kunt/e. Rev. (Ven. I'l. 78,5. 1S91.
Culms 2°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth or slightly
scabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, those
at the base of the culm overlapping; lignle i" long,
truncate; leaves 6'-i° long or more, 2"~.\" wide,
rough; panicle ,S'..'-io' in length, the branches
spreading, ascending or often drooping, 2'2'-5' long;
s])ikelets ,5-12-flowered, 2'." 4" long, (lattened, tur-
gid; emi)ty scales mie(|ual, acute, l-nervcd; fiower-
ing scales, broad, l'>"-2" long, obtu.se or acutish,
obscurely "-nerved.
In swamps and marslies, Newfoundland and New
lirunswick to Ontario and Minnes<ita, south to New Jer-
sey, Ohio and Kansas. The handsomest species of the
jcenus. Ascends to 5iKX)fl. in the .Xdirondacks. July -Aug.
\la.
\iiaiia.
I".
mora.
3. Panicularia obtusa (Muhl.) Kunt/.e. Bhiiit Manna-sras.s. (W^. 4.sr). )
P(Hi (ili/iisa Mulil. Cram. 147. 1S17.
(I'lyciria a/i/iisa Trin. Jlcm. .\ead. ,Sl. I'etersb. iVI.i i:
y/). 1831.
Panic ii/an'a ohiiisa Kuntze, Rev. Cen. I'l. 78,v iSoi.
Culms i°-3° t;dl, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths .sometimes rough, .strongly striate, the lower
overlapping; lignle verj- .short; leaves 6'-i5' long, 2"-
4" vvide, usually stiff, erect or a.scending, smooth be-
neath, more or le.ss scabrous above; panicle ,^'-S' in
length, contracted, den.se, the branches erect; spikelets
3-7-flowered, 2"-'^" long; empty .scales acute, scari-
oiis, l-nerved; flowering scales about 1J2" long, broad,
obtiJ.se, obscurely 7-iierved.
In swamps, New lirunswiek to New York and central
Penu.sylvania, south to Delaware and Maryland, Ascends
to 231x5 ft. in the Catskill Mountains, July-Aug,
212
r.RAMINKAK.
4. Panicularia elong^ta (Torr. ) Kunt/c.
lyoiij; Maiuui-grass. ( Ki^j. 487. )
I'lui iii>iif;<U,t Torr. I'M, I'. S. 1: 11.'. iH2(.
(i'/i'(i> id il,iiit;ala Trill. Hull. Aciul. Sci. St. I'iU'r»b. 1:
i'>.H. iHVi.
J'liiii, lila'i ia iliiiifiitlit Kuiitzi', Ki'V. i>n. I'l. yS.v iSyi.
Culms 2°-,^° tall, frt'i't, siiiii)k', sU'iiilcr, .sniootli
and },'lal)r(ius. Slu'atlis ofti'ii sliDrler than the iii-
toriKxk'.s; Hj^uIl' '4'" long; leases lax, 6'- 12' long,
iyi"-i" witle, long-ai'inniiiate, snuxith heneatli,
rough above; panicle elongated, contracted, nar
row, usually nodding .-it the sninnut, 6'-l2' in
length, the branches erect or appressed, l'-2'2'
long; spikelels 3-4-llo\vered, I '."-2" long; empty
scales une(iual, acute, l-nerved; flowering scales
narrow, al)out i" long, obtuse or acutish, distinctly
7-nerved.
Ill wet woods, Xiwfouiullaiid to (Jueluc and Miiiiie-
sota, south to North Carolina and keiilucky. Ascends
to .)o(«) ft. in the Adirondaeks. AuK.-Scpt.
5. Panicularia nervata ( Willd. ) Kutitze. Nerved Manna-gra.s.s. (Fij;. 48S.)
Piia iiii Villa Willd. Sp. I'l. I: .v'^o. 179S,
(ilvtiiia nil vain Trin. Mem. Acad. St. I'etersb. (VI.)
\: }h% 18,31.
Panicularia nervala Kuntzc, Rev. Cien. I'l. 7.S3. i8yi.
Culms i°-3° tall, erect, slender, simple, .smooth
and glabrous. Sheaths often shorter than the in-
ternodes, usually more or less rough; ligule y'z"
long, truncate; leaves 6'-i2' long, 2"-$" wide,
acute, .smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 3'-.S' in
length, open, the branches fi'iiform, .spreading, as-
cending or often drooping, rarely erect, 2'-5' long;
spikelets 3-7-flowered, i"-i K" long; empty scales
obtuse, i-nerved; flowering scales about '4" long,
obtuse or rounded, with 7 sharp distinct nerves and
evident furrows between.
Ill wet places, Newfoundland to liritisli Columbia,
south to Florida and Mexico. Ascends to 4000 ft. in
Virginia. Panicle often purple. June-Sept.
6. Panicularia Americana (Torr.) MacM. Reed Meado\v-Kras.s. Tall
Maiina-gra.ss. (Fig. 489. )
J'oa aqualica var, Auicricana Torr. l''l. V . ,S. i: 108.
1S24.
Glvcii ia f^raiuiix S. W.its. in A. Cray, Man. lid. 6,
(56;. 1890.
Panicularia Ainiricana MacMillan, Met. Minn. 81.
1892.
Culms 3°-5° tall, erect, .stout, simple, smooth
and gl.abrous. Sheaths loose, smooth, or some-
times rough; ligule \"-2" long, trunctite; leaves
7'-i° long or more, 3"-8" wide, usually smooth
beneath, rough above; panicle H'-is' in length,
its branches spreading, ascending or rarely erect,
4'-8' long; spikelets 4-7-flowered, 2"-3" long;
empty scales acute, i -nerved; flowering scales about
\" long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, sharply
and distinctly 7-nerved, the furrows between the
nerves evident.
In wet soil, New Brunswick to Alaska, south to Ten-
nessee, Nebraska, Colorado and Nevada. Ascends to
2100 ft. in Pennsylvania. ]une-Aug.
:
CRASS 1\\MII<Y.
213
7. Panicularia pallida (Torr. 1 Kiint/o. I'alc Manna-Krass. ( Im>,'. 4i/>.)
U'iiiduii III />(t//i(t(i Torr. Cat. N. V, <)i. i^m.
<;iviiiia f>(illida'U\\\. Hull. Aciul. Soi. St IMtrsl), i:
(.S. I.S,v..
J'liiiuiiliii ill f>t!llid,i Kmil/c, Klv. (iin. I'l. -■A\. iSi^i.
I'alu Kft'*-'". I'liliiis 1" ,^° loiiK, :issiirj,'i'iit, siiiipli',
sinootli and glabrous. Slii'atlis lonsc, sliorli-r than
till.' iiitiTiKxk's; lijjiik' 2"-}," Ikiik. uciiU'; leavt-s
2'-6' Idiiff, \" 2" widi', sinootli iK'noatli, rouj^li
ahovi'i jiiiiiiclL- I'..' 7' in luiijjtli, tlii' liraiu'lius
spread' iij;, ast'i'iidiiij.{ or rari'l_v iTi'Ot, ofti'ii llexu-
«)iis, .'-2' Iouk; s])ikc'k'ts .(-S-llowiTi'd, 2'."-;>'2"
I'/Hg; elii])tj' scales iiiu-<iiial, tilt- first l-iitTvcd, ol)-
tusc, shorter than the ^-nerved and tniiu'ate see-
ond; lloweriiifj scales l,V"-i|i'" 1""K. truiuate
and denticulate at the apex, sliaqily and distinctly
7-iierved, with plain furrows between the nerves.
In slinllow water, New Hruiiswick to Ontario, south
to Virginia. Tennessee and Indiana. Asecnds to 2ihjo
ft. in I'eiinsylvania. July .\Uff.
t
8. Panicularia fluitans (L.) Kunt/.c. Floating Maniia-gra.ss. (Fig. 491.)
I'isliKii fliiilaiisl.. Sp. ri. 7,s. 175,?.
(ilviii ill lliiiliins R. llr. I'lodr. 1"1. Nov. IloU. i: I7<> iSio.
I'anitulaiiii Jluilaiii Kuntze, Rev. C.eii. I'l. 782. i8<)i.
Culms 2'^-5° long, flattened, erect or decuiiil)etit,
usually stout, simple, smooth and Klahrous, often root-
ilij^ from the lower nodes. Sheaths loose, fjenerally
overlappinj;, .smooth or rough; ligule 2"-}," long;
leaves 5'-i° long or more, 2"-6" wide, scabrous,
often floating; panicle g'-iyz° long, the branches, at
least the lower ones, at first appre.ssed, later ascend-
ing, and T,'-6' long; spikelets linear, 7-13-flowered,
4"-i2" long; empty scales une(iual, l-nerved, the
lower acute or obtuse, the upper obtuse or truncate;
flowering scales l}i"-y long, oblong, obtuse or
truncate, more or less scabrous, .sharply 7-nerved.
In wet i)laces or in water, Newfoundland to Hritish
CdUinibia. south to New Jersey, Ketitueky, Iowa and
California. Also in Ivurope. Ju'ly-.Sept.
100th
-g. Panicularia acutiBora (Torr. ) Kunt/.e.
Sharp-scaled Manna-grass. (Fig. 492.)
Glycfi ia mii/ifloiu 'ti)rr. I'l. I'. ,S. i: io(. 1S24.
Panicularia acutijloia Kuntze, Rev. Cien. I'l. 782. 1.891.
Culms !°-2° tall, flattened, erect from a decumbent
base, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose,
generally a little exceeding the internodes, smooth
and glabrous; ligule 2" long, ti'uncate; leaves 3'-6'
long, 2"-T," wide, smooth beneath, rough above ;
panicle 6'-i2' in length, the branches erect or ap-
pressed, 2'-4' long; .spikelets linear, 5-12-nowered, i'-
I.V' long; empty scales acute, smooth; flowering
scales about 4" long, lanceolate, acute, scabrous, ex-
ceeded by the long-acuminate palets.
In wet places, Maine to southern New York, Ohio and
Tennessee. I.ocal. June-Aug.
•14
GRAMINEAE.
82. PUCCINELLIA Pari. V\. Ital. i: 366. 1S4S.
I. y. manlhiia.
,V /'. nii-diilr.'
4. P. iDli^KShllll.
IVreiuiial fjrasscs, with flat or involuti,' luavos and contracted or open panicles, f^pike-
lels 3- several-flowered. Lower scales einjjty, ohtiise or acute, unetiual; flowerin.t; scales ob-
tuse or acute, rounded on the hack, 5-nerved, the nerves very obscure or almost wanting.
I'alet about eeiualliiij; the scale. Stamens ,^. Styles wautinjj. Stij^nias .sessile, simply plu-
mose, (irain compressed, usually adlierinjj; to the palet. [Name in honor of ]!ene<letto
ruccinelli, Italian botanist.]
-VbdUt I I species, in all liin)Kiate roifioiis.
I'anicle i)]h-u. its branches spreading or ascending, rarily erect.
I.Dwer fldwerintf scale." i'"-2" lonjj; plant sldluiiifenius.
I.owcr flowerinK scales i ', " lontf <ir less; plants iml stoloniferous.
Second empty scale less than half tlic lenj;lli of tlie lldwering scales, broad, obtuse or
truncate; spikelets cn)\vdi<l. 2. I', (iisltiiis.
Seconil emiity ;-e.iK nioK- than half the length of the flowerinff scales, narrow, obtuse or
acuti; spikelets nil crowded.
I'anicle contraeteil, its branches erect, rarely ascending: northern s])eeies.
I. Puccinellia maritima ( lliuls. >
Pari. (loosc-f^ra.ss. Sea Spi-ar-
grass. (Fig. 493.)
/'()<7 Dim iliiiia Iluds. I'l. .\ns:l. ,vS. 17()2.
(•'/fiiiici iiidii'/ima M. & K. Deutsch. VI. i:
[^^X. I.'<23.
J'lKiiniiliiJ ma I ilium I'.irl. I'l. Ital. i: 370, iSjS.
Stoloniferous, smooth, j.;lal)rons, culms
6'-2° tall, erect, or decuud)ent at the base,
simple. Sheaths usually exccedinjr the in-
ternodes; ligule 'j"-i" lonjj; leaves 'i'-.s'
long, l" wide or less, flat to involute; pan-
icle 2'-6' in len).;th., open, the branches ,is-
cendinji, or rarely erect, i'-2' lonii;; s])ikelets
3-i()-flowered, 3"-6" long; empty scales un-
ecjual, the flrst usually l-uerved, the second
.•^ -nerved; flowering scales
broiid, obtuse or tr\mcate.
long.
In salt marshes and on sea '>eaclu'H. Xova
,Seolia to Khode Island. .Also (,ii the I'aciCie
coast, and on the coasts of Ivurope and .Vsia.
uly .\>1K
2. Puccinellia distans ( L. ) Pari. vSpreadiii}; Muadow-grass. ( Fisj;. 494.
I'liii dislniis I.. Mant. ,?2. I7'i7.
lilvtriid ilisliiiis Wahl. V\. V\^s.
Pin\iiirllia dislmis I'arl. I'l. Ital
h. l,S2o.
1:367. 1S4S.
Culms l°-2° tall, erect, or sometimes de-
cumbent at the base, tufted, smooth anil gla-
brous. She.iths often shorter than the inter-
nodes, smooth an<l gl.abrous; ligule '."-1"
long; leaves '^'-6' long, i" 2" wide, flat or
foldeil, usually stift" and erect, smooth be-
neath; panicle 2'-7' in length, open, rarely
contracted, the branches s])readiug or ascend-
ing, whorled, the lower l'-4'..' long, some-
times reflexed; spikelets crowded, ,v6-flow-
ered, l>i"-2ji" long; eui])ty scales obtuse
or acute, i-nerved, the second exceeding the
first ami less than half the length of the ob-
scurely nerved an<l obtuse flowering scales,
which are '<"~i" long.
On salt meadows, sea beaches and in waste
places. Nova .Scotia to New Jersi y. I'robably
natiuali/ed from blurope. July .\uj{.
215
;ncler M
(k-
(la-
lUr-
i"
it or
1h-
m-ly
tu<l-
DUIU-
low-
)Uise
llic
ob-
alc'S,
lilSll-
GRASS FAMILY.
3. Puccinellia airoides ( Xutt. ) Wats. & Coult.
(I'iK- 495. >
Paa iliidhhs Nutt. C.i-tl. I: txS. iSiS.
I'mtiiiilai ill (fis/diis (i/'niutrs Si.-ri'lm. .Mum. Torr. CUiI>,
5: St- if<(M.
/'iic< 11/1//111 iiiiouli's Wats, iS: Cimlt. in .\. Cirav, Man.
VA. 6, 668. i8(j().
Culms i°~4° tall, erect, siin]-,".^', smooth and ^\-a-
broiis. Slieatlis usually lonj^cr than tlit internodes;
lij,aile 1" louj;; leaves 2'- 6' lmij(, i 'j" wide or less,
flat or involute, usually eieet, smooth beneath,
rouj^li above; jianicle o])en, its branches slender,
spreadiuf^ or ascendinj.?, rarely erect, the lower
2'-i'j' loll),' and often reflexed; spikelets scattered,
1-7-llowered, 1 'i"-.^" lonj;; empty scales uiie(|ual,
the first acute, i~nerved, the second obtuse or
acute, ;,-nerved, more than half the leiifjth of the
obtuse llowerinj.( scales, which are l"-i'+'" loiij;.
In saline soil, Manitrilia to the Nortl west Territory,
WasliiiiKton. Colorado an<l Nevada. J.ily-.\UK.
4. Puccinellia angustata ( R. \^\■.) Xa.sh.
Arctic Meadow-grass. (Fig. 496.)
J'lHi lUii^ii.'.ldla K. Dr. .X])]). I'arry's Voy. 2S7. iS2|.
Paiih iiltii id (iu!;n.s/ii/i! .Scrilm. Mem. Torr. Club,
5: .SI- iSiM-
I'liii iiii'llia mill ilniiit var. iiiiiior S. Wats, in A
Cray, M.aii. Iv;'.. 6, 66S. i.V-v
J'liiiiuiiHd i!iii;iis/ii/ii Niish, Hull. Toir. Club. 22:
,SI2. I8(),S.
vSmooth ami }i;labrous, culms 4'-! 2' tall, erect,
simple. Sheaths usually overlai)pinf;; lij,'ule l"
lonjj;; leaves 'i'-2'i' loiij^, i" wide or less; pan-
icle i'-2' in leiij^th, contracted, the branches
short and erect or appressed; spikelets 2-7-llow-
ered, ,^"-4" lonj^; empty scales obtuse or rounded
at the apex, the lir.sl i -nerved, the second ;,-
nerved; tlowering scales 1 '+ "-i '2" long, usually
purjdisli, rounded at the ape.\.
Ciricnland and Iliulsoti Hay to Alask.i. south to
.Maim . .\lso in I'airope and .\sia. Suiiimer.
83. FESTUCA h. Sp. PI. 73. 1753.
Mostlv tufted perennial grasses, with flat or convolute le.ives and ])aiiiculate inflores-
cence. Spikelets 2 -several-llowered. Two lower scales empty, more or less unecinal, acute,
kei'led; flowering scales membranous, narrow, rouuiled on the back, 5-nerved, usually acute,
and generally awned at the apex. I'alet scarcely shorter than the scale. Stamens i-,v
Styles very sliort, distiiut. Stigmas plumose, ('.rain glabrous, elongated, often adherent to
the scale or ])alet. [I.alin, stalk or straw.]
.\ j;einis of about sn spi liis. widely distribiiti<l, particularly numerous in tciniierale regions.
Hesides tlie follow in>;, some 15 otluis occur in the western i)arts of North .\iiierica.
Leaves 1" with- or less.
.\nnuals; llowcrinn sciks awned.
I'irst scab' more than half as lontr as the stcoml; awn short. i.
first scidi' Uss than haU" .is Iouk as llie second; awn loUK. 2.
Perennials; llowirinn scab s shoil awiu-d or bristle pointed,
liasal leaves filiform or setaceous. "," wide.
Culms fiiim a lootstock or with stolons. ^
Culms densely tufted, 110 rootstocks. 4.
basal leaves Mat, about 1" wide, becotniiiK: involute in dryiiiK- S.
Leaves 2" wide or more, Hal.
I'loweriiiK scales iina\MU<l or short .iwuid.
I'loweriuH scales 2' •" s,' ■" lonn; spikelets 5 in fliiwered. 6, /■". clnlior.
l■'lowerin^!; scales 2" lonjforless; spikelets^ (> llowired.
.Spikelets very broail; branelies ol' the panicle spikelet beariiiK from the middle or
below; How erin^ scales obtuse. ~. I'. Slim lii.
Spikelets lanceolate; branelies elimRated; spikelets at ciuls; scalesaeute, S. /•', iiiiliiiis.
I'loweriiiK scales lonjf-awiii d, 9. /■'. i;i,i;iiii/t(i.
/•'. ihlit/liiia.
/■'. M VII IKS.
/■', I llhiii.
/■'. oi'iiiii.
/•'. Sctll>l<ll(l.
%
^i-
2l6
GRAMINKAE.
I. Festuca octoflora Walt. Slender Fescue-srass. (Fig. 497.)
I'fsliiid ih/(i/!i>)ii Walt. 1*1. Ciir. Si. 17S8.
Ffsliittj liiicUa Wind. Ivmiiii. i: ii,v 1S09.
Ciiliiis 4'-iS' tall, erect, from an annual root,
.slender, riffid, siinjile, smooth and glahrou.s. Slieaths
usually shorter than the internodes; lignle very
short; leaves i 'j'-^' long, involute, hristle-forin;
raceme or simple panicle often one-sided, I'-d' in
length, contracted, its branches erect, or rarely as-
cending; spikelets 6-i3-flo\vered, 3"-5" long; empty
scales acute, smooth, the first 1 -nerved, more than
half the length of the ,v>icrved second one; flowering
scales, exclusive of awns, \\z"-2yi" long, usually
very scabrous, acuminate into an awn nearly as long
as the body or shorter, or .sometimes awnless;
stamens 2.
Dry sandy soil, (Juebcc to liritish Cnluinbia, south to
I'lorida, Texas atul California. Leaves snnietiines pube.s-
cent. Jinie-.\UK.
2. Festuca Myuros L.
Fi'sluca Afiii/ds I,. Sp. I'l. 74. 175;.
Rat's-tail Fe.sciie-grass. ( I^'ig. 49S. )
Smooth, glabrous, culms i°-2° tall, erect from an
annual root, slender, .simple. .Sheaths often shorter
than the inlernodes, the ujjper .sometimes enclosing
the base of the panicle; ligule '2" long, truncate;
lea' es 2'-5' long, subulate, involute, erect; panicle
usually one-sided, 4'-! 2' in length, contracted, some-
times curved, its branches appressed; spikelets ,^-6-
flowered; empty scales very une(|ual, acute, smooth,
the first 1 -nerved, less than half as long as the ;,-nerved
secoiul one; flowering scales, exclusive of the awns,
2"-y long, narrow, scabrous, acuminate into an awn
much longer than the body; .stamen i.
In waste jjlaccs and fields, ea.storn Massacluisutts to Xew
Jersey ruid I'lorida. .Vlso on the Pacific coast. Natural-
ised from ICurope. June-July.
3. Festuca rubra L, Red Fesciie-gras.s. (Fig. 499. )
/■'is/ II III riihiii L, .Sp. I'l. -.\. I75,v
Cnlms \'j°-2'2° tall, from running rootstocks, erect,
simple, smooth and glabnnis. Sheaths usually shorter
than the internodes; ligule very short, truncate; basal
leaves involute-tiliform, y b' long; culm leaves
shorter, erect, flat or involute in drying, minutely pu-
bescent above; panicle 2'-$' in length, sometimes red,
open at flowering time, contracted in fruit; spikelets
,^-i()-flowere(l, y'-d" long; lower scales acute, tni-
eipial, the first 1 -nerved, shorter than the 3-nerve(l
second; flowering .scales about 3" long, obscurely 5-
nerved, .sometimes scabrous, bearing awns of less
than their own length.
Labrador to .Maska, south, especially on the nionntains,
to Tennessee and Colorado. .Vlso in liurope and Asia.
.Summer.
.
GRASS FAMILY.
Sheep'H Fescue-grass.
217
(Fig. 500. )
1882
4. Festuca ovina L
J'csliica iiz'iiKi I,. Si>. I'l. 7,i. i7,S,i-
Stnooth, frlabroiis, calms 6'-i4.' tall, erect, tufted,
slender, rigii', simple; mo rootstocks. Sheaths usually
crowded at the Ik;: e of the culm; lif^ule auriculate,
short; leaves liliforiu or setaceous, those of the cultn
few, I'-y louj^, erect, the hasal ones numerous; pan-
icle i^'i'-3' long, often one-sided, narrow, its hranches
short, usually erect or appressed; spikelets ,^-5-
flowered; empty scales unequal, acute, the first 1-
nerved, the second .-^-nerved; flowering scales i '2"-2"
long, smooth, acute, usually short -awned.
In fields and waste places, I.ahradiir to Ilritish Colum-
bia, south to New Jersey. Colimido and California. \'ari-
able. l'r()bal)ly indigenous northward, but mostly natu-
ralized from luirope. Native also of .\si.i. The subarctic
and Rocky Mountain var. hitZ'i/olin S. Watson, may be a
distinct species. June-July.
Tin- so called var. :'i:'i/>iin!. a state of this grass with the
sc.ik s wholly or partly transformed inti> small leaves, is
found on tlie mountains of New ICuKland and in arctic
-\meric.i.
Festuca ovina duriuscula (I,.) Mack. Monog. l'*est. ICurop. .Sy
/'"«/;/("(? i/in iiisi n/ii I,. ,Sp, I'l. 74. I7,S.?.
Culms taller and stouter, the panicle usually more open and the flowering scales about ,?" long.
Newfoundland to the Kocky Mountains, south to Virginia .and Colorado. Naturalized from I';ur()])e.
5. Festuca scabrella Torr. Rotigh Fes-
ciiL'-gra.ss. (Fig. 501.)
I'll si ma sctihrclla Torr.; Hook. V\. Hor. .\m. 2: 252.
/./. Jjs. 1S40.
Culms i°-3'' tall, erect, simple, usually rough,
below the panicle. Sheaths overlapping, smooth;
ligule a ring of very short hairs; leaves rough, i"
wide or less, those of the culm i'-^' long, erect, the
basal flat, much longer and readily deciduous fnmi
the sheaths, involute in drying; panicle ,^'-4' in
length, open, its branches ascending or the lower
widely sjireading; spikelets 3-5-tlowered, about 4"
long; empty .scales scarious, luiequal, snuwtli, the
first i-nerved. the second longer, 3-nerved; flower-
ing scales about 3" long, scabrous, often bearing a
short awn l" long or less.
Labrador ami (Juebec to Manitoba ami liritish Co-
lumbia, south to California. Summer.
6. Festuca elatior L. Tall or Meadow
l''e.scue-grass. ( Fig. 502. )
J'esliitu elatior I,. ,Sp, I'l. 7,5. I7,s,v
/■'rsliua />ia/i list's Ilnds, I'M. .\ngl. ,(7. I7()2,
J-'ishua tialitii var. f'lalt-iisis X. Crav, Man. Ivd. % 6^4.
1S67.
Ctdms 2° -5° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths shorter tlian the interiuxles; ligule
very short; leaves 4'-l,s' long, 2"-4" wide, flat,
snuKith beneath, more or less rough above; panicle
4'- 14' in length, often nodding at the top, simple to
very compound, the branches ascending or erect, 2'-
•S' long; spikelets 5 -9-flowered, 4'j"-6"long; empty
.scales acute, the first i ,vnerved, the second 3-3-
nerved; flowering scales acute or sUort-pointed, smooth
and glabrous, 2]i"-t," long, indistinctly 5-iierved.
In fields and waste places, Nova .Scotia to OiUario,
south to North Carolina, Tennessee and Kansas. Natur-
alized from ICur(>i)e and cultivated for hay. Variable.
July-Aiig.
n.
2l8 GRAMINHAK.
7. Festuca Shortii Kunth. Short's Fescue-grass. (Fig. 503.)
/u's/ina S/im/ii Kut\ih; Wood, Class-book, 794. 1861.
I'csliica iiiihiiis var. finliish isW'imd, Hot. 6t I'l. 399. 1873.
Culms 2° 4° tall, orect, simple, smooth and ),Ma-
brous. .Sheaths much sliorter than the iuteruodes;
ligule very short; leaves s'-lo' lonjf, i"-}," wide, flat,
smooth beneath, rough above; panicle ,V-7' i" length,
open, the branches spreading or ascending, rarely
erect, spikelet-bearing from tile middle or below, the
lower I'i'-.^.!'' long; spikelets broadly obovate, when
mature, 3-6 flowered, 2's"-3" long; empty scales
acute, uneciual, scabrous on the nerves, the first i-
,^-nerved, the second 3-nerved; flowering scales about
2" long, smooth, obtuse or acutish, faintly nerved.
Ii. woods and thickets, I'cnnsylvania l.iccordinpr to
I'ortir) an<l Illinois to Kansas, south to Mississi])])! and
Texas. Jiily-AuK.
8. Festuca nutans Willd. Nodding Fescue-grass
Fi's/iica iiK/iiiis \\"\\\iX. ICiiuni. i: 116. 1S09.
Culms 2°-;,° tall, erect, simple, slender, glabrous
or sometimes iiubescent. .Sheatlis niudi shorter
than the internodes, glabrous or pubescent; ligule
very .short; nodes black; leaves 4'-! 2' long, 2"-^"
wide, ratlier dark green, flat, smooth beneath,
rough above; panicle 4'-9' in length, its branches
at first erect, the lower 2 ','-5' long, finally sjiread-
ing and nodding, spikelet-bearing only at the ends;
spikelets lanceolate, 3-5-nowered, 2'j"-;," long;
empty scales acute, scabrous 011 the keel, the
the first i-nerved, shorter than the 3-nerved second;
flowering scales about 2" long, smooth, acute, very
faintly nerved.
Ill rocky woods. Xova Scotia to Ontario and Ne
braska, south to l"lori(la and Texas. Ascends to 2,^00
ft. in Virginia Juik-.\uk.
9. Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill. Great Fescue-
grass. ( Fig. 505.)
/iionnis iiit;oiiliiis I,. S]). I'l. 77. i7,s,-5,
I-'csliiiii ,i;ii;(iii/<a \"ill. Mist. I'l. Danpii. 2: iio. 17,^7.
Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths usually overlajiping; ligule 1" long; leaves 5'-
1° long or more, bright green, 2"-6" wide, flat, rough;
panicle 7'-! 2' in length, loose, narrow, the branches
erect or ascemling, the lower 2'-4' long; s])ikelets ,^-7-
flowered; empty scales acuminate, smooth and glabrous,
the first l-,^-nerve«l, .shorter than the ^^-5-iierved second;
flowering scales, exclusive of awns, about 3" long,
faintly 5-uerved, slightly scabrous, mimilely 2-toothed
at the apex, bearing an awn 6"-S" long.
In waste places, Jlainc tosoutliern New York. Advcntive
from I':uro))e. July-.-\u(!f.
CRASS I'AMIIA'.
219
84. BROMUS L. Sp. PI. 76. 1753.
Annual or perLMiiiial f,'rassi.'s, with flat leaves anil terminal panicles, the pedicels thick-
ened at the sunnnit. Sheaths sometimes not split. Sjjikelets fe\v~niany-flo\vered. Two
lower scales empty, une(|ual, acute; tlowerinjj scales rounded on the back, or sometimes
compressed-keeled, s^y-uerved, the apex usually 2-toothed, generally hearing an awn just
below the summit; ])alet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens usually 3. vSligmas ses-
sile, plumose, inserted below a hairy cushion-like a])pendage at the top of the ovary. Grain
adherent to the palet. [Greek name for a kind of oats.]
.Vbout ((I species, must luiinerous in the tiorlli temperate zdhc, Hesides the followintf, some 14
others occur in the wesli-ni parts of North .\nierica.
Lower empty scale iiierved, the upper ^nerved.
Tall i)ereunials. 2°-4" hi|{li.
Sheallis Klabnms or softly pubescent, the hiwer s(/nictimes sparingly hirsute.
Leaves 2" -d" wide: culms stoutisli; branches of the panicle more or less spreading or
droopiuif. 1. /.'. lilhiliis.
Leaves less than 2" wide; culms slender; branches of the panicle erect.
2. /)'. firc/iis.
Sheaths slronnly retrorse hirsute. ,5. /'. aspcr.
Low annuals, i^'-a" hi(;h; spikeUls droopitiK.
Spikelets numerous, on sletuler recurved unilateral pedicels; flowerinpr scales 4"-/)" lonjr.
4. /I. Ii'ilitrinii,
Spikelets few, the jiedicels iKit unilateral; flowering scales 6" -S" lonjf. ,s. /I. sifiill.t.
Lower empty scale vnerved, the upixr ,s 9-iierved 1 vuerved in No. 61.
Flowerintr scales rounded on the back, at least below.
I'lowerin^r scales awni<l.
IMoweriuK scales pubescent.
Pubescence dense, consistinjr of loUK silky hairs.
SccoikI enii)ly scale vuerved; llowerinn scales ,s"-6" long. 6. //. Poiloi.
Second empty scale ,s 7-nerved; flowering scales about 4" long.
7. //. Kahiiii
Pubescence of short appressed soft hairs, not dense. 8. IS. Iioideaicus.
I'lowering scales glabrous or nnn\itely rt)Ughened.
.\wns straight.
Nerves of the turgid flowering scales ol)scure; palet about eiiualling the scale,
which is V'4" long. ii. />'. scyii / 1 11 11 s .
Nerves of tlie flowering scale pniminent; palet considerably shorter than the
scale, which is4"-,s" long. 10. /{. rarei)ii>siis.
.\wns strongly bent near the base, divergent. 11.
I'lowering scales not awricd. nearly as broad as long. 12.
I'low.ring scales compressed keeled.
I'lowering scales puhescetU; awn 2" 5' long. 1 ',.
b'towering scales niimitelv roughened; awn less llian 1" long, or none
/)'. Sij II III- 1 Its IIS.
II. hii-.iir/oniiis.
11. hi eviaiisliiliis.
It. iiiiioloidcs.
1. Bromus ciliatus L. Fringed lironie-i^ra.ss. Wood Chess. ( Ki^;. 506.
Ibrous.
l-cs 5'-
ough;
inches
.V7-
[brous,
;cond ;
long,
l)othed
K'Utive
Hiiniiiis piiixiiiis L. Sp. PI. 76. 1753 ?
Ilidiiiiis liliiiliis L. Sp. PI. -<i. I7,s,v
Culms 2° 4° tall, erect, sim])le, glabrous or
pubescent. Sheaths often shorter than the
internodes, smooth or rough, often softly
pubescent, or the lower sometimes sparingly
hirsute; ligule very short; leaves 4'- 1 2' lon,g,
2"-6" wide, smooth beneath, scabrous and
often pubescent above; jianicle open, 4'-i()'
in length, its branches lax, widely spread-
ing or often clrooping; .spikelets .s-io-dow-
ered, i' long or less; empty .scales very acute,
glabrous, rough on the keel, the lirst 1-
nerved, the second longer, .^-nerved; flower-
ing scales 4"-6" long, obtuse or acute, 5-7-
nerved, appressed-puhescent on the margins
or over the entire surface; awn 2''~J^" long.
In woods and thickets, Newfoundl.nid to
Manitoba and liritisli Columbia, south to P'lorida
and Texas, X'ariable. The form known as var,
(iiniiiiiis [ II. fill hcstr IIS Mulil. ) with the flower-
mg scales pubescent all over, may be distinct,
July-.\ug,
220 GRAMINEAE.
2. Bromus erectus Hiuls. I'pright Brome-grass. (Fig. 507.)
/lioiinis rmtiis Iluds. I'l. AiikI. 39. 17(12.
Culms 2° ,^° tall, cre'i-t, siiiiple, .sU'iider, smooth aiul
glabrous. Slicaths shorter than tlii.' iiitcriiodL's, smooth
and glabrous, or slightly jnibescunt; ligule ^2" long,
erose-trnncate; leaves sparingly pubescent, ]"-2"'
wide, those of the culm 4'-S' long, the basal about
1° long, very narrow; ]xMiicle ^'-7' in length, the
branches erect or ascending, the lower i'-^' long;
spikelets '^'-i '2' l""g> sometimes purplish, 5-10-
flowcred; empty scales acuminate, the first l-uer\ed,
the .second longer, 3-uerved; flowering .scales 5"-6"
long, acuminate, very rough-])ubescent, 5-nerved, the
interme<liate nerves faint; awn 2"--^" long.
In waste places about New York. Adveiitive from
Ivurope. JuIy-.Vug.
3. Bromus asper Mitrr. Hairy Brome-
gras.s. (Fig. 508.)
/iromiis as/)/'!- 'Slnrr. I'mdr. .Stirj). C.oelt. 42. 1770.
Culms 2°-6° tall, erect, simple, rough. .Sheaths
shorter than the internodes, strongly retrorse-hirsute,
especially the lower; ligule iji" long; leaves ,S'~i°
long or more, 3"-6" wide, rough or often hirsute;
panicle 6'-i2' in length, open, the branches usually
drooping; .spikelets 5- lo-flowered I'-iS' long; emjjty
.scales acute, scabrous on the nerves, the fir.st i -nerved,
thesecoiul longer, 3-nerved; flowering scales about 6"
long, acute, hi.spid near the margins and on the lower
part of the keel; awn 3"-4" long.
In waste places. New Urunswick to Michigan and Ken-
tucky. Naturalized from ICurope. July-.\usf.
Bromus tectorum L. Downy Bronie-grass. (Fig. 509.)
Ilromus Icclortim I,. Sp. I'l. 77. 1755.
Culms 6'~2° tall, erect from an annual root, simple,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually longer than
the internodes, at least the lower ones softly pubes-
cent; ligule \"-2" long; leaves l'-4' long, \"-2"
wide, softly p. bescent; panicle 2'-6' in length, open,
the branches .slender and drooping, somewhat one-
sided; .spikelets numerous, ^-S-flowered, on capillary
recunx'd slender pedicels; empty .scales acuminate,
usually rough or hirsute, the fir.st i -nerved, the .sec-
ond longer, ,^-nerved; flowering scales 4"-6" long,
acuminate, "-nerved, usually rough or hirsute; awn
6"-S" long.
In fields and waste places, Rhode Island to Ontario,
south to Maryland and Ohio. Naturalized from Kurope.
Sometimes a troublesome weed. May-July.
GRASS fa:mii<y.
221
5. Bromus sterilis I^. Barren Brome-grass. (Fig. 510.
liroiiius slcn'/is I,. Sp. I'l. 7". 175,V
Culms i°-2" tall, erect, simple, smooth and ^Va-
brous. Slieaths usually shorter than the internodes,
smooth or rou>{h, the lower sometimes pubescent;
lifjule I'Mong; leaves 3 '-9' long, l"-,s" wide, us-
ually more or less pubescent; panicle 5'-io' in
length, the branches ascending or often widely
spreading, not one-sided, stiff; spikelets few, 5-10-
flowered, spreading or pendulous; empty scales
acuminate, glabrous, tlie first l-uerved, the second
longer, ,^-nerved; fiowering scales 6"-S" long, acu-
minate, 7-uerved, scabrous on the nerves, the awn
7"~i2" long.
In waste places and ballast, eastern Massachusetts to
I'ennsylvatnaaiul ( )liiii. Locally naturalized oradven-
tive from i'lurope. Native also of Asia. June July.
i
I
m
6. Bromus Porteri (Coulter) Xa.-^h. Porter's Che.s.s. (Fig. 511.)
Itniiiiiis k'alinii var. Pot Icii Coulter, Man. Hot. Rockv
Mt. Ketjioii, 425. i»S5.
liioitiua I'oileri Nasli, Hull. Torr. Club, 22:512. 1895.
Culms l^'2°-3° tall, erect, simi)le, pubesc nt below
the nodes. Sheaths shorter tliau the internodes,
glabrous or sometimes softly pubescent; ligule ,','"
long, truncate; leaves i"-^" wide, rougli, tliose of
the culm 4'-9' long, the basal narrow and about
one-half of the length of the culm; panicle 3'-6' in
length, its branches drooping and flexuous, at lea.st
when olil, the nodes of the axis pubescent; spikelets
5-10-flowered, 9"-i5" long, on slender fle.Kuous
pedicels; empty scales pubescent, the first narrower
th;m the second, both 3-nerved; flowering .scales
5"-6" long, obtuse, 5-7-uerved, densely pubescent
with long silky hairs; awn i"-2" long.
In dry soil, South Dakot.i to Montana, south to
\Mstern Nebraska, New Mexico and .Vrizona. Julv-
.\ UK.
hmple,
than
knd)e.s-
'-2"
I open,
one-
pillary
liuate,
|e sec-
long,
awn
litario,
lurope.
7. Bromus Kalmii A. Gray. Kalm's
Ches.s. (Fig. 512.)
flioniiis fiKigaiis I,. S]). I'l. 76. i/.S,??
Jlioii/iis Kiilniii A. (iray, Man. 600. 1S48.
Cidms l,'>°-^° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, more or
less pubescent; ligule very short; leaves 2,'i''-7' long,
i"-4" wide, sparingly ])ube.scent; panicle 2'-6' in
length, open, its branches usually flexuous; spikelets
6-io-flowered, 6"-l2" long, on slender flexuous pedi-
cels; empty .scales pubescent, the first luirrow, acute,
3-nerved, the second longer, broad, obtuse or mucro-
nate, 5-7-uerved ; flowering scales about 4" long, 7-9-
nerved, densely silky pubescent, the awn l"-i,'2" in
length.
!• woods aiul thickets, yuebec to Manitoba, south to
Ma--achuselts, I'einisylvania, Illinois and Iowa. July-
AUR.
222 graminivm;.
8. Bromus hordeaceus L. Soft Chess. (, Kig. 513.)
Hiiiiinis liiirJiitcfiis I<, S]). IM. 77. 1753.
Hioniiis mollis I,. Sp. I'l. ICd. 2. 112. 1762,
Culms H'-^° tall, cri'ct, often slender, usu.illy i)uljcs-
eent below the ])aniele. Slie.'itlis shorter than the in-
ternodes, mostly pulieseent; lijfule ', " long; leaves
I '-7' lonj^, i"-;>" wide, jjubeseent; [)aiiiele j^eiierally
eontracled, its bninclies erect or aseendinjj, \'-2' lonj;;
sjiikelets api)ressed-pnbeseenl, on short pedieels;
eni])tv scales acute, the first .■^-nerved, the second
longer, 5-7-iierved; flowering scales broad, obtuse,
;,'j"-4'," long, 7-9-nerved, bearing an awn ^"-4" in
length between the obtuse or acute teeth.
Ill fields iuul waste places. New York U> Virginia.
I.neally advenlive from Ivunipe. July-.VutJ.
9. Bromus secalinus L. Cheat. Chess. (Fig. 514. )
/Ironiiis srcaliiiiis I,. Sp. I'l. 76. i7.S,v
Cidms i"-^° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths usually shorter than the iuternodes, generally
glabrous; ligule '.'" long, erose; leaves 2'-^' long, 1"-
3" wide, smooth or rough, sometimes liairy; panicle 2'-
8' in length, open, its branches a.scending or drooping;
spikelets turgid, glabrous, erect or somewhat jiendulous,
6-lo-nowere(l; empty scales scabrous toward the apex,
the first 3-nerved, acute, the second longer and broader,
7-nerved, obtuse; flowering .scales .V-4" 1<>"K. l)roi>'l.
turgid, obtuse, rough toward the apex, the nerves ob-
scure awnless, or bearing a .straight awn 4" long or less
lietween the obtuse short teeth; palct about eiiualling
the scale.
In fields and waste places almost throURhoul leniperale
Xnrtli .\nieriea, often a perniciiius weed in grain I'leUls.
Naturalized from ICunipe. Native also of Asia. June .\ug.
10. Bromus racemosus L.
m
upright Chess. Smooth Hrome-grass.
(Fig. 515.)
Hidiniis raifiiin.siis I,. Sp. I'l. ICd. 2. il). 1762.
Culms i°-3° tall, erect, sini])le, .smooth and gla-
brous, or s])aringly pubescent below the panicle.
Sheaths shorter than the iuternodes, glabrous or
pubescent; ligule i"long; leaves I'-g'long, '2"-^"
wide, pubescent; panicle I'-io' in length, the
bnindu's erect or ascending, the lower sometimes
2'i' long; .sj)ikelets erect, 5-ii-flowered; empty
scales acute, the first 3-nerved, the second longer
and broader, s-g-nerved; flowering scales broad,
3'j"-4'i" long, obtuse, .smooth and .shining, the
nerves prominent; awn .straight, ,^"-4" in length;
palet considerably shorter than the .scale.
In fields and waste places all over the eastern United
Stales and liritisli .\iiieriea; also on the Pacific Coast.
Naturalized from ICurope. Native also of .Asia. June-
Aug.
GRA.SS KAMILY.
223
II. Bromus squarrosus L.
Broiiie. ( Kij:;. 516. )
Corn
nronius sqiiaiKtsii.i I,. Kp. I'l. 76. 175,^
Ciiliiis ,S'-i.S' tall, erect, s'-'.ple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the inteniodes,
softly pubescent; ligule ji" lonjj; leaves I'-.s'
long, I "-2" wide, softly pubescent; panicle 2''-6'
in length, open, the branches ascending or
drooping, often flexuous; spikelcts nodding, 6-
l2-flowered, on slender pedicels; empty scales
obtuse or acutish, the first 5-nerved, the second
longer, 7-9-nerved; flowering .scales 4^^ "-sli"
long, obtuse, shining, minutely scabrous; awn
inserted below the apex, about as long as the
scale, bent at the base and divergent.
In biilliist and waste places about the eastern sea
ports. I'liRilive i)r advenlive from liurope. July-
Auk.
12. Bromus brizaeformis Fiscli. & Mey. Qiiakegrass Bronie. (Kig. 517.)
liioitiHi hri~nrfoi mis I'isoli X: Mey, Iiul. Sein. Hurt.
I'elnip, 3: 30. if<.l6.
Culms .S'-2° tall, erect, simple, often slender,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the
intcrnodes, the lower pubescent with soft villous
hairs; ligule i" long, erose-truncate; leaves i'-7'
long, i"-.V wide, pubescent; panicle ij^'-H' in
length, open, the branches ascending or often
drooping, flexuous; spikelets few, ],i'-i' long,
laterally much compressed; empty scales very ob-
tuse, often purplish, glabrous or minutely pubes-
cent, the first 3~5-nerved, the second larger, 5-9-
nerved; flowering scales 3"-4''' long, very broad,
obtuse, 9nerved, shining, glabrous or sometimes
minutely pubescent, unawncd.
Sparingly introduced into Pennsylvania: also from
Montana to California. Native of northern Ivurope and
.Vsia. Jiily-.\iiK.
13. Bromus breviaristatus (Hook.) Hiickl. Short-awiietl Chess. (Fig. 518.)
Crrolihliliia hrri'ian'slahi Hook. l''l. Hor. .\m. 2: 2ss.
iS)o,
/li oiiiiis hir:'itji isldlKs \',\\i:\;.\. I'roc. .\ead. I'liila. 1862; 9S.
1S62.
Culms i°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth or rough,
sometimes pubescent below the panicle. Sheaths pu-
bescent, at least the lower ones, which are often over-
lapping; ligule i" long, truncate; leaves 6'-i° long or
more, i"-W wide, rough and often pubescent; pan-
icle 4'- 1, 5' in length, its branches erect or ascending,
the lower 2'-6' long; spikelets s-io-flowered; empty
scales acute, pubescent, the first 3-5-nerved, the sec-
ond longer, 5-9-nerved; flowering scales compressed,
keeled, 6"--" long, acute, 7-9-nerved, appressed-
pubescent; awn 2"-2," long.
In dry soil, Maiiitob" to Ilritish Columbia, south to
Nebraska, .\rizona and California. July-.Xug.
15
I
H,
f
?
224
GRAMINEAR.
14. Bromus unioloides (Willd.) H.H.K. Schrader's Bronie-grass.
.Southern Chess. (Kijj^. 519-)
J'ls/iitd ««/«/«/(/« Wind. Hort. Ilcnil. i: ?. pi. f.
Bxuiiiis uniiiloides II. U.K. Nov. C.un. i: 151.
1815.
JlroHitis Sc/iradcii Kuiitli, Ivnuni. 1:416. 1H33.
Cuhns 6''-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the in-
ternodes, the lower often overlapping, smooth
or rounh, and glabrous or frequently pubes-
cent; ligule i"-2" long; leaves 3'- 13' long, i"-
4" wide, usually rough, at least above; panicle
2'-io' in length, the branches erect or ascend-
ing, or the lower branches of the larger panicles
widely spreading; spikclets much con ',)resR':d,
6-ioflowered; empty .scales acute, the first 3-5-
nerve<l, the second longer, 5-9-ncrved; flower-
ing scales 6"~S"' long, very acute, minutely
scabrous, bearing an awn less than i" long or
awnless.
Kansas (?) to the Indian Territory, Texas .'intl
Mexico. Widely distributed in South Ainevica.
May- July.
85. NARDUS L. Sp. PI. 53- i753.
A low perennial tufted grass, with setaceous rigid leaves and a terminal one-sided slender
spike. Spikelets i-flowered, narrow, sessile and single in each notch of the rachis. Scales
2, the lower empty, adnate to the rachis, or almost wanting, the upper flower-bearing, nar-
row, with involute and hyaline margins; palct narrow, 2-ncrved. Stamens 3. Style elon-
gated, undivided. Stigma elongated, short-papillose. Grain linear, glabrous, enclosed in
the scale, usually free. [Name Greek, of uncertain application.]
A niotiotypic genus of the Old World.
I. Nardus stricta I,. Wirebent. Mat-grass. Nard. (Fig. 520.)
A'uitiifs s/ru/<i I,. Sp. PI. 53. 17S3.
Culms 5'-i5' tall, erect, simple, rigid,
roughish. Sheaths usually at the base of the
culm; ligule yi" long, rounded; leaves seta-
ceous, stiff, rough, the i or 2 culm leaves
about i' long, erect, the basal ones numer-
ous, 2'-5' long; spike I'-y in length, strict;
spikelets i-flowered, 3"-4" long, arranged
alternately in 2 rows on one side of the erect
slender rachis, often purplish; lower scale
empty, very short, adnate to the rachis,
sometimes almost wanting; flowering scale
3'''-4''' long, scabrous, long-acuminate or
short-awned.
Introduced into Newfoundland and at Am-
herst, Mass. Adventive from ICiirope. July-
Aug.
GRASS FAMILY.
225
151-
86. LOLIUM L. Sp. PI. 83. 1753.
Annual or perennial j;rasse.s, with flat leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets several-
flowered, solitary, sessile and alternate in the notches of the usually continuous rachis, com-
pressed, the edge of the spikelet (backs of the scales) turned toward the rachis. Scales
rigid; lower scale empty in the lateral spikelets, and the 2 lower empty in the terminal;
flowering scales rounded on the liack, 5-7-nervcd; palcts 2-keclcd. Stamens 3. Styles dis-
tinct, very short. Stigmas 2, plumose, drain adherent to the palet. [Latin name for Darnel.]
About f> spocifs, niitivt-s of the Old World.
IviuiUy sciili- sliortir tlian tlu- spikilit. i. /../</■ it iim:
Kiiijuy scak- I'liuallintf orixlcMdinn 1h yiind IhL- llowtrinsf scales. 2. /.. liniitlcnlion.
1. Lolium perenne f<. Ray-gra.s.s.
Rye-Kra.ss. (Fig. 521.)
Loliiim feieniiv ],. Sp. 1*1. K3. 1753.
Smooth and glabrous, culms b'-2K° tall,
erect, simple. Sheaths shorter than the iii-
ternodes; ligule very short; leaves 2'-5'long,
I "-2" wide; spike 3 '-8' in length; spikelets
5-lo-llowered, 4"-6" long, the empty scale
shorter than the .-^pikelet, strongly nerved;
flowering scales 'i"-}," long, obscurely
nerved, acumiuF.te or awned, the awn some-
times nearly as long as the body of the scale.
In waste places and cultivated grounds almost
tlln)ll^cllout tlif nortluTU I'niUcl Slates and
southern liritisli AuKrica. Naturalizid from
ICufDpe. Native also of Asia. ICrnmcously
called Darnel, this name lielnnKinK to the ful-
lowinjf species. July~.\UK.
2. Lolium temulentum \^. Darnel.
Ivray. (Fig. 522.)
I.olium Icmuhiitiim I,. Sp. I'l. 83. 1753,
Glabrous, culms i°-\° tall, erect, simple, smooth.
Sheaths overlapping; ligule \" long or less; 'ca.co
4'--io' in length, \"-2," wide, smooth beneath,
rough above; spike 4'-! 2' in length; spikelets 4-8-
flowercd, S^'-g" long, the strongly nerved empty
scale equalling or extending beyond the obscurely
nerved flowering scales, which are awned or awn-
less.
In waste places and cultivated Krounds, locally natur-
alized or adventive from Kuropc, New Hrunswick to
MicliiKan and C.eorKia. Abinidant on the Pacific Coast.
Locally a troublesome weed. June-Aug.
87. LEPTURUS R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. HoU. i: 207. 1810.
Usually low annual grasses, with narrow leaves and strict or curved elongated slender
spikes. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, sessile and single in alternate notches of the jointed rachis.
Empty scales 2, rarely i, narrow, rigid, acute, 5-nerved; flowering scales much shorter, hya-
line, keeled, one side turned to the rachis. Palets hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. or fewer.
Styles short, distinct. Stigmas 2, plumose. Grain narrow, glabrous, free, eu.:losed in the
scale. [Greek, referring to the narrow spikes.]
Species 5 or 6, natives of the Old World.
226
GRAMINKAI
I. Lepturus filiformis (Roth) Tiin.
vSlciuler lliinl^rass. ( I'iK- 5-3.'
Rotlbotllia filijoi »iis Kulli, Caliil. i; 21.
■ r97'
J.ff>lutus Jilil'iinnis Triti. I'utid, Asrost. 12.V
1 82(1.
Culms ,^'-12' loiiK, clL'cuiiil)eiit, imii'li
branched, smooth .iikI jjlahrous. Sheaths
loose, shorter than the internodes; lij;ulc '."
lonfj, auriculate; leaves li' -2' \q\\\^, \" wide
or less, usually involute, smooth hcueath,
rouj^h above; s]iikes i'-6' in length, slender,
strict or curved; spikelets 2"-2,'2" long;
empty scales acute; (lowering scales about
i;V" long, I -nerved.
Ill wasti' plai'is. SDUtlii'tn reinisylvania to
VirKiiiia. lU'ar or alon^ the coast. Advciitivc
from luirope. .Summer.
88. AGROPYRON J. Oaertn. Nov. Coinin. Pctrop. 14: Part i, 539. 1770.
Annual or perennial gras.ses, with Hat or involute leaves and terminal spikes, Spikelets
,^-many-llowered, sessile, single and alternate at each notch of the usually continuous rachis,
the side of the spikelet turned toward the rachis. Two lower scales empty; llowcring scales
rigid, rounded on the back, 5-7-nerved, usually acute or awned at the apex; palets 2-kceled,
the keels often ciliate. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain
pubescent at the ajiex, usually adherent to the palet. [Greek, referring to the growth of
these grasses in wheat fields.]
About ,^2 speciis. in all linipirale ridions. Iksidrs the followint;, some ,s others occur in the
western parts of North .\nurica.
I'lanls with ruiniinff rootstocks.
I'Mowcrinn scales jilahidus.
I'loweriuK scales villous.
IMants without runniiiK molstocks.
I'loweriuK scale lerminatiuK in an awn shorter than its body.
,Si)ikis sliort and broad; empty scales l)roa<l. ,s 7iierved.
.Spikes long and skiider; emjity scales narrow. v.S-nerveil.
I'lowerinp: scale terminating in an awn longer than its body,
.1. iffirns.
A. ilaiv.sliuhyiim.
.{. I'iohKi'inii.
A. Ifiifi mil.
A. mil ill II III.
Agropyron repens (L.) Heativ. Coiich-
gra.ss. Quitch-grass. (Fig. 524.)
'/'li/iiiuii irfiiiis b. ,Sp. I'l. 86. 175,^
.Igivpj'ioii rrpfiis lieauv. .\Krost. 14C.
181 2.
Culms i°--4° tall, from a long jointed running root-
stock. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes,
smooth and glabrous; ligule very short; leaves 3'-r2'
long, l"-5" wide, smooth beneath, rough above;
spike 2'-8' in length, strict; spikelets 3-7-llowered;
empty scales strongly 5-7-nerved, usually acute or
awn-pointed, sometimes obtuse; flowering scales
smooth and glabrous, acute or short-awncd at the
apex.
In fields and waste places, almost throughout North
.\merica excei)l the extreme north. Naturalized fnmi
I'Uiropc and of'cii a troublesome weed. Very variable.
Native also of .Asia. July-Sept.
Agropyron repens glaucum (I)esf. ) Scribn. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 57. 1894.
Tiiticinii '.rliiiicinii Desf. Tabl. Hot. Mus. 16. 1804.
Agropvriiiii ifliiiKiiiii K. & S. Syst. 2: 752. 1817.
Larger and stouter, pale Rreen or glaucous; spikelets ,s-i5 -flowered, the empty scales long-
acuminate. Minnesota and Manitoba to .Maska, south to Missouri, Texas and .Vrizona. Reported
from New IviiKland. Probably a distinct species.
CRASS FAMILY.
227
2. Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook, i Vasty
I l*iK. .S25.)
'J'liliiiiiii Kfiiiis \iir. ilii\\\l(i(lniiiii II . I'M lliir Am 1
2,S1. I><t"-
At;>iif>yi 11)11 ilii.syshttln mil \'iiMV. Spir. Kilil. I. S. Iit'iit.
' XKX'xv. 6v |,s. iHS).
(•Inucous, cultiis 1° .^" tall, erect, from loiijf rutiiiiiiK
rootstocks, simple, smooth uiul >{la1irous; sheaths
sliortcr than the iiiteriiodcs; ligulc very short; leaves
2'-9' long, 1"-,^" wide, Hat, or l)ccomiii>; involute ill
drying, smooth heneatli, rounh above; spike a'j'-;' in
length; sjiikelets 4-S-(l()wered; empty scales 3-5-nerved,
lanceolate, acuminate or short-awned, .^"-4>^" long;
llowcring scales broadly lanceolate, 5-ncrvcd, 4|^"-6"
long, acute or short-awned, densely villous.
Hudson Hiiy to thi' Niirtlnvist 'IVrritnry and WydiniiiK
and til the sliDris iif I.akis llurmi and Su)Kri(ir. Sunnnir.
3. Agropyron violaceum (Hornein.) Va.sey.
( Kip. 52O. )
Xorthcrn Wheat -gra."*
I'tirplish \Vheat-jjra.ss.
Trilinnn •■inUuiiitii Honuni. l-'l. Dan. />/. .'"//. iS^a.
Aiiiiipyi mil :'iit!ii,<'iiiii Vasrv, S|)«(.'. Kipt. V. S. Dipt Auric.
Culms 6' -2° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes; ligulc very
short; leaves 2' -6' long, 1" 3" wide, tlat or involute,
rough or sometimes smooth beneath; spike i'-4' in
length, occasionally longer, 2"-^," broad; spikelets 36-
flowcred; empty scales broad, usually purplish, scarious
on the margins, ,s-7-nerved, 4"~6" long, acute or acum-
inate, sometimes awn-pointed, rarely long-awned; (low-
ering .scales often purplish, 5-7-nerved, scarious on the
margins, 4"-6" long, acuminate or short-awned, the awn
rarely as long fis the body.
(Jiicl)ic to western Ontario anil lirilisli Coliniiliia. soiilli lo
the mountains of New lui^land, Niw York and IVinisylv.mia,
an<l ill till' Kocky .Mountains to Colorado. .Vsccnds to,s.Si«ift-
in the White Mountains. Also in northern ICurope and Asia.
Summer.
4. Agropyron tenerum \'asey. Slender Wheat-grass
Ai; I <>/>]■ nnii Irini iim Vasev,
25«. ' |S,S5.
Coult. Hot. C.az. 10:
Cilabnms, culms 2°-3° tall, erect, simple, often
slender, smooth. .Sheaths usually shorter than
the internodes, glabrous; ligule very short;
leaves 3'-io' long, \"-2" wide, tlat or involute,
rough; spike y-'' in length, usually narrow
and slender; spikelets 3~5-(lowered; empty
scales ^"-d" long, acuminate or short-awned,
3-5-nerved, scarious on the margins; flowering
scales 5"-6" long, 5-nerved, awn-pointed or
short-awnc(', scarious on the margins, often
rough toward thi' apex.
In dry soil, Manitoba and Minnesota to Hritisli
Columbia, south to Neliraska, Colora<lo and Cali-
fornia. Rei)orted from the Northeast Territory.
July-Ang.
i
228
GRAMINRAE.
5. Agropyron caninum (L.) R. f.- S. Awnecl Wheat-grass. Fibrous-rooted
Wheat-grass. (Fig. 528. )
Tiiticuni iaiiiiiu>ii I,. Sp. I'l. S6. 1753.
Atii'ofijriiin ciiiiiiiHiii R. & S. Syst. 2: 756. 1817.
A);>opynim uitiUilciale C.issidy, Hull. Culo. AkHc.
Ivxp. Sta. 12:63. '**9f-
Culms i°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths usually shorter than the inter-
nodes, smooth, the lower sometimes pubescent;
ligule short; leaves i'-<)' long, x"-'}," wide, smooth
beneath, rough above; spike 3'-8' in length,
sometimes one-sided, often nodding at tlie top;
spikelets 3-6- flowered; empty scales 4^2 "-6" long;
3-S-nerved, acuminate, awu-pointcd or bearing ^^
awn i"-3" long; flowering scales 4"-5" long, usu-
ally scabrous toward the apex, acuminate into an
awn sometimes twice their own length.
New lininswick to Rritisli Columbia, south to North
Carolina. TomiLsscf and Colorado. ,\lso in lUirope
and .\sia. Nativt- northward; southward locally natu-
ralized from Kurope. July-Aug.
89. HORDEUM L. Sp. PI. 84. 1753.
Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal cylindric spikes. Spikelets
i-flowered, usually in 3's at each joint of the racliis, the lateral generally short-stalked and
imperfect; rachilla produced beyond the flower, the lower empty scales often reduced to
awns and forming an apparent involucre around the spikelets. Kmpty scales rigid; flower-
ing scales rounded on the back, ,s-iierved at the apex, awned; palet scarcely shorter than the
scale, 2-kecled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Grain usually adhcretit to the
scale, hairy at the summit. [Latin name for Barley.]
About 16 species, widely distributed in both hemispheres,
I'lowerinff scales, exclusive of awns, ,V'-4" long.
.\wn of the llowerint; scale 'j' Iouk or less.
All the empty scales of each chister bristlc-liko. i. //. nodosum.
l''our of the empty scales of each cluster dilated above the base. 2. //. pusillitm.
Awn of the floweritiff scale i' Iouk or more. 3. If.jitbalum.
Flowering scales, exclusive of awns, about 6" long-. 4. //. muiinum.
I. Hordeum noddsum L. Meadow Barley. (Fig. 529.)
Hordeum nodosum I,. Sp. I'l. ICd. 2. 126. 1762.
Ilordiiini p> alcnse \\\\(\f.. I'l. .AiikI. I'M. 2, ,s6. 1762.
Culms 6'-2° tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent,
simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter
than the internodes; ligule '+'" 'oiK. truncate;
leaves I "i '-,5' long, i "-3" wide, flat, rough; spike
1 '-3 ,'2 'ill length; spikelets usually in 3's, tlic central
one containing a palct and perfect flower, the lateral
enclosing a staminate or rudimentary flower, or a
palet only; empty scales of each cluster awn-like;
flowering scale of the central spikclet 3" 4" long
exclusive of the awn, which is 3"-6" long, the cor-
responding scale in the lateral spikelets much
smaller and short-stalked.
In meadows and w.iste places, Itidiana to Minnesota,
British Columbi.i and .Maska, soutl; to Texas and
California. Also in Ivurope and Asia. June-July.
GRA.SS FAMILY.
229
■2. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Little Bar-
ley. (Fig. 530.)
iroidiitm piisilhtiii Xult. Cell, i: 87. 1818,
Culms 4'-i5' tall, erect, or decuinbent at the
base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, usually
shorter than the intcrno<lcs, smooth and glabrous,
the upper often enclosing the base of the spike;
ligule very short; leaves yi'-?,' long, '."-a" wide,
erect, smooth l)eneath, rough abovi , spike i'-3'
in length; spikelets usually in 3's, the central one
containing a palet anl perfect flovvei , the lateral
imperfect; scales awnc(\ the empty ones scabrous,
those of the central spikelet and the lower ones of
the lateral spikelets dilated above the t)asc; flower-
ing scale smooth, that of the central spikelet 3"
4" long, short-awned, the corresponding scale in
the lateral spikelets smaller and very short-stalked.
Ill dry soil, OiUarii) to British Colunihia, south to
Nibriiskii, .\rkaiisas, Texas and California; also spar-
iiiKly introduced along the coast from Virjfinia to I'lor-
idii. June-July.
Hordeum jubatum L. vScjuirrel-tail (>ra.s.s. (Fig. 531.)
Ilmdiiiiti juhaliiiii L. Sp I'l. 85. 175^.
Culms ir)'-2''2° tall, erect, simple, usually
slender, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths usually
shorter than theinteriKKles, generally loose, smooth
and glabrous; ligule U" long or less; leaves i'-5'
long, i"-2" wide, erect, rough; spike2'-4'in length;
spikelets usually in 3's, the central one containing
a palet and perfect flower, the lateral imperfect;
empty scales ctmsisting of slender rough awns i'-
2'^' long;- flowering scale of the central spikelet
3"-4" long, scabrous at the apex, bearing a slender
rough awn i'-2;^'long; the corresponding .scale in
the lateral spikelets short-awned, about 3" long in-
cluding its pedicel, sometimes reduced toa rudiment.
Ill dry soil. Ontario to .\laska. south to Kansas,
Colorado and California. Naturalized in the east from
I.aUr.'ulor and (Jiiebec to New Jersey and I'eiiiisylvania.
July AuB-
4. Hordeum murinum L. Wall
Ilordfiiiii mill iiiiiiH I,. Sp. I'l. S5. 1753.
Culms 6'-2° tall, erect, or decumbent at the ba.se,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths loose, shorter than
the intcrnodes on the long culms, overlapping on the
short ones, the uppermost often inflated and enclosing
the base of the spike; ligule very short; leaves i'-6'
long, l""3" wide, rough; spikes 2'-)' in length;
spikelets usually in 3's; scales awned, the empty ones
awn-like, scabrous, those of the central spikelet
broader and ciliale on the margins, bearing awns 9"-
12" long, those of the lateral spikelets similar, with
the exception of the second scale, which is not ciliate;
flowering scales scabrous at the apex, bearing an awn
about i' long, those of the lateral spikelets about 6"
long, the corresponding .scale in the central spikelet
somewhat smaller.
On liailast and spariiiRly 'n waste places, southern New
York and New Jersey. .\lso from .Arizona to California.
Adveiitive or naturalized from Ivurojje. June July.
Harley. ( Fig. 532.)
230
GRAMINEAE.
90. ELYMUS I,. Sp. PI. 83. 1753.
Tall grasses, with usually flat leaves and dense terminal spikes. Spikclets 2-sevcral-
floweri'd, (rarely i-tlowcrcd) sessile, usually in iiairs, occasionally in .^'s or more, in alter-
nate notches of the continuous or jointed rachis, the eni])ty scales forming an apj)arent invo-
hicre to the cluster. Two lower scales empty, narrow, acute or awned, entire or rarely cleft;
flowering scales shorter, rouiule<l on the hack, ,s-nerved, usually hearing an awn. I'alet a
little shorter than tlie scale, 2-kcclcd. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas
plumose, (irain s])ar.sely hairy at the summit, adherent to the palet. [Greek, to roll up,
referring to the involute ])alet.]
,\l)<ml ,V' sptciis, natives i)f tiiiipi rati' riijiinis. liisidis the f<plliiwin({, some 10 others occur in
the western parts of North .\iiuriea.
JoiiUs of the raehis tardily separatiiiK at maturity; awns aseendiiin or none.
I'lowerinn scali s eoiispieuously awneil 1 rar( ly awnless in No. 2).
Spikelets divergent from the nieliis of the hroad spike.
Ivmiity scales ;iwl sha))ed: spikes sUiider.
lCmi)t;' scales not awl shaped; spikes stout.
l!n i)ty scales lanceolate, ,s 7 nerved; awn short; spike erect.
Ivmi>ty scales narrowly lanceolate. ,i ,s nerved;
sji.ke usually noddinjf.
Sl)ikelets ai)presse<l to tile rachis of the narrow spike.
lCm])ty scales narrowly lanceolate, aetnninate or awn-pointed. |. /'. i;/(iiii ii\.
ICmpty scales awl shaped, bearing awns etinallinK or ixeeediiiK their length.
5. /■.'. A/iiiHiiiiii.
I'loweriuK scales unawned or awnpoiiUed.
I'MoweriuK scales ^'ahroiis. (1. /■.". ii>iitli)isiiliis.
I'loweriuK scales villous. 7. A', ariiiiii ins.
Joints of the rachis early separatintf; awns widely diverKing. .'^. A'. i/viiKu'dis.
I. Elymus striatus Willd. Sletider Wild
Rye. (Imk. •,t,t,.)
1.
Sll KtlKS.
2. /■.'. I 'irt;iiiii'ii.\-.
awn aliout the lenjith of ilie scale;
!,. A'. ( aiuuli-nsis.
lilymiis sll iitliis Willd. Hp. I'l. i; 470. 1707'
Hlvmiis sll iiiliis var. •.illnsiis .\. (Iray, Man. <^hi,^.
1S4S.
Culms 2° 3° tall, erect, sleiulcr, simple, smooth, gla-
brous. Sheaths usually .shorter than the internodes,
glabrous or hirsute; ligule very short; leaves ,s'-9'
long, 2" -5" wide, smooth or slightly rough heneath,
pullesceiit above; spike 2%' ^'2' in length, broad,
slender, dense; s])ikelets divergent from the rachis, i-,v
flowered; empty scales awl-shaped, 9"- 12" long, in-
cluding the slender rough awn, l-.vuerved, the nerves,
and often the whole scale, rough, his])i(l or hirsute;
flowering scales about 3" long, smooth, scabrous or
hispid, bearing a slender rougli awn .S"-i,s" in length.
In woods and on hanks, Maine and ( )iitario to Tennessee
and Kansas. Spike often no '.diuK- Jmu- July.
2. Elymus Virginicus I,
Klyiiius I'irtiiiiuiis I.. Sp. I'l. Sp 175^.
/■'iliiitis rii.i;iiii(iis var. siihmiilii lis llook. I'l. l!or. .Am.
2: 2,s.s. iS.jii.
Culms 2° ;," tall, erect, simple, smooth aiul gla-
brous. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes,
often overlapping on the lower part of the culm,
smooth, sometimes pubescent, the uppermost often
inflated and enclosing the peduncle and the base of
the spike; ligule very short; leaves 5'-i.l' long,
2"-8" wide, rough; spike 2' 7' in length, broad,
stout, upright; siiikclets divergent from the rachis,
2-,vflowcrcd; empty scales thick and rigid, lanceo-
late, S" 12" long, including the short awn, ,s 7-
nerved; flowering scales t," 4" long, smooth, rarely
sparingly scabrous, bearing a rough awn 2"-9" in
length, or rarely awnless.
In moist soil, especially aloUK streams. Nova Scotia
ami New Hrunswick to Manitoba, south to p'lorida and
Texas. .Xscendstozmioft. in Nortli Carolina. July-AuK.
rerrell-Krass. \'ir^Miiia Wild Rye. ( Fij;. ,S34.)
ORASS l-AMILY.
\^I
3. Elymus Canadensis I,. Nodding Wild Rye. (I-ip. 535.)
/■:/\iiiiis Oniititnish I.. Sp. I'l. Sv I7,S,V
I'.lyniiis i;li)iiii/iiliiis Willd. ICtiiini. i: i.^i. iS(X).
/\/inii(s Ciiiiailiiisi.s var. .;'/if/(<//(i//H.v Torr. IM. l'. S. i:
i,?7- i82»-
Culms 2,'-2°-5° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-
brous. vSlieatlis usually overiappinji;; ligule very
short; leaves 4'-i° long or more, 2"-i()" wide,
rough, sometimes glaucous; spike 4' -1 2' in length,
broad, stout, often nodding, its peduncle much ex-
sertcd; spikelets divergent from the rachis, 3-5-
llowered; empty scales narrowly lanceolate or awl-
shaped, rigid, 3-5-uerved, S"-i6" long, including the
long slender rough awns; flowering .scales 4"-7" long,
nearly smootli to liirsnte, bearing a slender scabrous
straight or divergent awn \o"-2$" in length.
On rivtr banks. Nova .Scotia and New Hrunswick to .\1"
bcrta, sotltli to (k'ornia, Texas and Niw Mexico, .\scinds
to 2100 ft. in Virginia. July .\u(f.
4. Elymus glaucus Hiickl. vSmooth Wild Rye. (Fig. 5,^6.)
J\l\'ini(s i'Jaiitiis Kuckl. I'roc. .\cad. I'hila. 1862:99. 1S62.
/•'Iviiiiis Aiiim'raiiiis V. M: S.; Macoun, Cat. Can. I'l. 4:
245. 188.H.
I'.lviHii^ Sibil hiis var. .Iiiii 1 imiiiis Wats. & Coult. in A.
tiray, Man. I'Ul. 6, 6;,(. iSi)<).
Culms 2° -5° tall, erect, sim]>le, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths often shorter than the internodes, usually
glabrous, rarely pubescent; ligule i" long or less;
leaves 4'-: 2' long, 2" 8" wide, smooth beneath,
sometimes rough above; spike ,;'-.S' in length, nar-
row, slender; spikelets apprcssed to the rachis, 3-6-
llowered; empty scales narrowly lanceolate, 4"-6"
long, acuminate or awn-pointed, rigid, 3-3-nerved;
flowering scales smooth or slightly rough, 5"-6" long,
bearing a slender straight rough awn 6" 9" in length.
In moist soil, Ontario to liritisli Columbia, south to
Michigan, Arizona and California. June- .AuR.
5. Elymus Macounii \a.sey. Macoun'.s Wild
Rye. (I'ig. 3,^7.)
/i/liiiiis .Tfii<(>iiiiii \'iisvy. Hull. Torr. Club, 13; lui. IN%.
Cidms t°-3° tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule very .short,
truncate; leaves 2' 6' long, i'"-2'<" wide, rough, es-
pecially above; spike 2'-5' in length, narrow, slender,
often somewhat flexuous; spikelets appresscd to the
rachis, single at each node, or the lower sometimes in
pairs, 1 3 flowered; empty scales (occasionally 3) awl-
shaped, 3-nerved, rough, 3"-4" long, bearing a slender
straight rough awn, 3"-5" in length; flowering scales
3/4 "-S" long, rough toward the apex, bearing a slender
straight awn 3"-5" long.
I'rairits. Manitoba and Assiiuboia. .south to Nebraska and
New Mexico. July.XuK.
232 GRAMINKAE.
6. Elymus condensatus Presl. Smooth Lyme-grass. (Fig. 538.)
/■llymiis loiiiloisdliis I'rcsl, Rtli(i. Ilacnk. i: 265. 1S30.
Culms 2°-io° tall, erect, simple, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, the upper ones
shorter than the internodes; ligule z"-^" long, trun-
cate; leaves 6'-i° long or more, ^"-iz" wide, sca-
brous, at least above; spike 4'-i5' in length, usually
stout, strict, often interrupted below, sometimes com-
pound at the base; spikclets 3-6-flowered, 2-several at
each iKxle of the rachis; empty scales awl-shaped,
4'2"-6" long, i-nerved, usually rough; flowering
scales 4"-5" long, generally awn-pointed, usually
rough, sometimes smooth.
In wet saliiK.' situations, .Vlberta to British Columbia,
soutli to northwestern Nebraska, .-Vrizona and California.
July-.'Vug.
7. Elymus arenarius L,. Downy Lyiiie-
gras.s. Sea Lynie-gra.ss. (Fig. 539.)
JC/yiiiiis iiiiiKi) Ills I,. .Sp. I'l. 8,v 1753.
Culms i',!°-H° tall, erect, simple, usually softly pu-
bescent at the summit. Sheaths smooth and glabrous,
often glaucous, those at the base overlapping, the
upper shorter than the internodes; ligule very short;
leaves 3'- 1 ° long or more, i'i"-5" wide, flat, or
becoming involute, smooth beneath, rough above;
spike 3'-lo' in length, usually strict; spikelets 3-6-
flowercd, frequently glaucous; empty scales .S"-i4"
l""Si 3-5-ierved, acuminate, more or less villous;
flowering scales 8"-io" long, acute or awu-poiuted,
5-7-nerved, usually very villous.
On shores, C.recnland and Labrador to tlie Northwest
Territory and Alaska, soutli to Maine. Lake Superior and
Washinijfton. Also in Uurope and .\sia. Summer.
S. Elymus elymoides (Raf. ) Swezey. Loiig-l)ristled Wild Rye. ( Fig. 540.)
Sihinimi liyiHKiiiis K.if. Jourti. I'liys. 89: lo^ 1819.
Klyniiis Sildiiiiiii Seliulles, Mant. 2:.)26. i82(.
JC/yiniis i/i inoiiiis S\\i./.vy, Neb, I'l, I'l, 1,5. 1891,
Culms 6'-2° tall, erect, simple, smooth, glabrou.s.
Sheaths smooth or rough, sometimes hirsute, usu-
ally overlapping, the upper one often inflated and
enclosing the base of the spike; ligule short;
leaves 2'-"' long, ',"-2" wide, often stiff and
erect, usually rough, sometimes hirsute, flat or
involute; spike 2'-6' in length; spikelets 1-5-flow-
ered; empty scales entire or divided, often to the
base, the divisions awl-shaped and liearing long
unecpial slender awns, i'-t,}:' in length; flowering
scales 3" -5" long, 5-ncrved, scabrous, at least to-
ward the apex, bearing a long slender divergent
awn i'~3,'j' in length, the apex of the scale some-
times 2-t()othed, the teeth often produced into short
awns; joints of the rachis separating at uiaturity.
In dry .soil. South Dakota to Oregon, south to Kansas, Texas, .Vrizona and California, Jnly-Aug.
GRASS FAMILY.
233
91. HYSTRIX Moench, Meth. 294. 1794.
[AsPRF.i.i.A Willd. Enum. 132. 1809. Not Schreb. 1789.]
[GvMNOSTicin.M Sclircl). nesclir. Gras. 2: 127. //. 77. 1810.]
Usually tall grasses, with flat leav<.'S and terminal spikes. Spikelets 2-scvcral-flowered,
in pairs, rarely in 3's, at each node o( the rachis. Hnipty scales wanting, or sometimes ap-
pearing as mere rudiments; flowering scales narrow, convolute, rigid, rounded on the bfick,
5-nerved above, terminating in an awn; palet scarcely shorter than the scale, 2-keeled.
Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, adhering to the
palet when dry. [Greek name of the Porcupine, referring to the long awns.]
I'our known species, llie follDwing iind a Cali-
fornian one occurring in North Aniertea.
I. Hystrix Hystrix (I^.) Millsp.
Hottle-brii.sh Gra.ss. (Fig. 541. )
Klymiis llyslri y I.. Sp. I'l. Ivl. 2. 124. 1762.
Aspiella Jtysli i.y Willd. ICnuni. 1,^2. i.Sik).
(iyninosliciiiiin l/yshi.v .Schreb. Itesclir. Gras. 2:
127. />/. ^-. i8io.
Hyslrix Ilystrir Millsp, I'l. W. Va. 474. 1S92.
Culms 2°-4° tall, erect, simple, smooth and
glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter than the in-
ternodes; ligule very short; leaves 4,'i'-9' long,
3"-6" wide, smooth beneath, rough above;
spike 3'-7' in length, spikelets at length widely
spreading, 4"-6" long, exclusive of the awns;
empty scales awn-like, usually present in the
lowest spikclet; flowering scales 4"-6" long,
acuminate into an awn about 1' in length.
In rocky woods, New lirutiswick lo Ontario,
south to (leorpfia, Illinois and MimiesoUi, .\scends
to 2l(«i ft. in Virffinia, Spikikts very easily de-
tached, even when youuK- June July.
92. ARUNDINARIA Michx. Fl. Hor. Am. 1: 73. 1803.
Arborescent or shrubby gr.isses, with simple or branched culms and flat short-pctioled
leaves which are articulated with the sheath. Spikelets borne in panicles or racemes,
2-many-flowcred, large, compressed. limpty scales i or 2, the first sometimes wanting;
flowering scales longer, not keeled, many nerved; palets scarcely shorter than the scales,
prominently 2-keeled. l.odicules 3. Stamens 3. Styles 2 or 3. Stigmas plumose. Grain
furrowed, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [From Antiido, the Latin name of the Reed.]
About 24 species, natives of .\sia and .Vnierica. Two are found in the .southern United States.
I. Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Miihl.
Scutch Cane. Small Cane. (Fig. 542.)
A III lido lei/a Walt. FI. Car, 81. 1788.
Aiiiiiiliiiai ill licia SIulil, (Irani, igi, 1.S17,
Ai iiiidiiitii ia luacrospeima var, ■'ft iilici'sa
Munro, Trans, I.inn. ,Soc. 26: 15. 1.
Culms 3°-i5° tall, erect, shrubby, branch-
ing at the summit, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths longer than the internodes, smooth or
rough, ciliate on the margins; ligule bristly;
leaves lanceolate, 3'j'-S' long, 4"-i2" wide,
flat, more or less pubescent beneath, glabrous
above; racemes terminal, or on short leafless
culms; spikelets 7-10-flowered, I'-i,'^' long, on
pedicels I ' in length or less, which are some-
times pubescent; empty scales unequal, the first
usually very small, sometimes wanting; flower-
ing scales 6"-io" h)ng, acute or acuminate,
smooth, scabrous or pubescent.
In swamps and moist soil, Maryland to Indiana
and .Missouri, Florida and Texas. May-July,
¥:.
If
i
234 CVl'IvRACHAK.
Family S. CYPERACEAE J. St. Hil. ICxpos. Faiii. i: 62. 1805.
Skix'.i; I'amii.v.
Grass-like or rush-like herbs. Steins (culms) slender, solid (raicly hollow ),
trianjj^ular, ([uadranj^ular, terete or flattened. Roots fibrous ( many s])ecies jkt-
ennial by lon^ rootstocks). Leaves narrow, with closed sheaths. Klowers per-
fect or im])erfect. arranjjjed in s])ikelets, one ( rarely 2 ) in the axil of each scale
(glume, bract), the spikelets solitary or clustered, 1 -many-flowered. Scales 2-
ranked or spirally imbricated, persistent or deciduous, rerianth hyixigymms,
comjiosed of bristles, or interior scales, rarely caly.\-like, or entirely wanting.
Stamens 1-,^, rarely more. Filaments slender or filiform. Anthers 2-celled.
Ovary i -celled, sessile or stipitate. Ovule i, anatro]K)Us, erect. .Style 2-,^-
cleft or rarely simple or minutely 2-to()thed. Kruit a lenticular plano-convex
I or trigonous achene. ICndosperm mealy. Fmbryo minute.
ll .\l)(>ut f)5 Ki'iKT;i and jion) spicks, i)f viry wide (iiofmiphic distritmtioii. Tlu' datts K'veii Ik'-
1 low itidif.itu thr tiiiiL- <if ))crtVi-tiiiK fruit.
Flowers of tlii- spikikls all. or ;it liasl one of llieiii, perfect: spikelets all similar.
.Scales of the s])ikelets 2 ranked.
Perianth none; spikelets in solitary or nnibelled terminal heads.
Spikelets with 2 several perfect flowers; scaUs several to nu.'Uerons, i. l'vf>i>iis.
,:i .Spikelets with hut i perfict flower; scaks 2 4. 2. Kvlliiiiid.
1. I'eriantli of ()() bristles; inflorescence axillary. .\. I>i<li<liiii»i.
\ Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated all around.
!, Spikelets with several to many perfect flowers.
llase of the style swollen, persistent as a tnbercle on the achene.
Leaves reduced to basal sheaths; bristles usually jiresent; spikelet solitary.
4. Kli-i>iliin is.
Culm leafy; bristles none; spikelets i-nunierous.
Spikelets capitate, involucrate. 5. DUhromtita.
.Sl)ikekts umbellate or cymose.
•Spikelets in terminai and a.\illary compound cynus; most of the style per-
sisten'.. <i. I'silinni va.
Spikelets in a terminal umbel, base of style persistent. 7. Sltiiophyllus.
llase of the style enlarged or narrow, deciduous.
■; i-'lowers with no broad sepals nor interior perianth-scales.
Style swollen at the base; bristles none. 8. I'imlnislvlh.
.Style not swollen at the base; bristles usually present.
' .Spikelets solitary-many; bristles 1-6, rarely none. 9. Siir/'KS.
'\. Spikelets solitary or few; bristles (> many, .soft, smooth, very lonjt, slender.
;•' much e.xserted. 10. h'.iioplioi inu.
'', Klowers with a perianth of ,? stalked sepals or of 1 or 2 interior hyaline scales.
I'erianth of ,5 broad .stalked sepals, usually alternating with as many bristles.
s II. I'liiiiiiti.
I'erianth of i or 2 hyaline scales i sepals?): bristles none.
i; I'erianth of a single minute posterior scale. 12. llriniiiiiplia.
I'erianth of 2 scales, convolute arounil the ovary. i.v l.ifioiai phu.
:T Spikelets I .(-flowered, some of the flowers imperfect.
,' Style, or its base, persistent as a tubercle on the achene. 14. /^vndinspoin.
.Style wholly deciduous. I.S- Cliidiiini.
l-'lowers all monoecious or dioecious, usually borne in separate small si)ikelets.
■' .\chene not enclosed in a utricle ( perigynium 1.
'" .Si)ikekts clustered or solitary, not in a termin.il spike; achene bony. 16. Si/i'i i<i.
' .Spikelets formintr a terminal s])ike: arctic Kciiera.
'" .Scales 2 flowered, anilroirynous. 17. Illvna.
.'.', Scales i-flowered. monoecious. iS. A'n/iir.siii.
} .\chene eiiclosid in a utricle I periKynium ).
I .-Vxis of the pistillate flower conspicuous, subulate. (,ften exserted beyoiul the periKynium.
i K). I 'lit ill ill.
'? Axis of the pistillate flower rudimentary or none, not exserted. 20. Oiri.i ■
\
I. CYPERUS h. Sp. PI. 44. i7,s,v
.' Annual or perennial sedj^es. Culms in our s|)ecies .simple, tiianj;ular, leafy near the
base, and witii i or more leaves at tlic sutnmit, forming an involucre to the simple or coni-
; pound, umbellate or capitate inllorescence. Rays of tlie umbel .sheailied at the base.
' u.snally very unequal, one or more of the heads or spikes commonly sessile. Spikelets flat
.!(■ or subtcretc, composed of few or many scales, the scales falling away from the wingless or
J. winged racliis as they mature (nos. 1-19), or persistent and the spikelets falling away
? from the axis of the head or spike with the scales attached (nos. 20-32). Scales concave,
,| conduplicate or keeled, 2-ranked, all flower-bearing or the lower ones empty. Flowers pcr-
i' feet. Perianth none. Stamens i-v Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous from the summit of the
f lenticular or 3-angled achene. [Ancient Hreek name for these sedges. ]
j; _ .\l)out 650 species, of wide distribution in troi)ical ami temperati- reifions. Ilesides the foUow-
f iuK, some 40 others occur in the southern fnited .States. The ICiiKlish names (,'(i/iiifia/e awl .Surd
\ Jiiisli are sometimes applied to all the species.
SHDGI' FAMILY.
235
pikekts flat.
I. (". flaiesiiiis.
C. diuHi/i IIS.
C. I i-.iilaris.
C. Xiillallii.
C. lllilllHllDllllS.
6. C. flaviioniii.s
C. iiiJliA IIS.
8.
9-
111.
II.
12. 6 .
13. C.
M. C.
lOlllfllYSSIIS.
Siliu einil:ii.
fisfiiiiiiz'ixfliis.
Ill iiiiiinaliis.
/'lISi lis.
I las fill II.
ilniliiliis.
I i>/iiii(/ii\.
llallii.
rsiiilciiliis
I.S.
K).
iiyllin
lliilii.
I hi:
StyU' 2 i-lift; iichenc Unticular, not vii 'r1<.'<1 ; scalis falling from the racliis;
Ai'hfiu' oTK' half as lonn a.s tlii' scaic; iiinhil nearly or (luitc sini|>U'.
Spikilits yellow: suiurticial cells of the acheiie ohlony;.
Spikelets Krein or brown; superficial cells of the achene (piaclrate.
Scales obtuse or obtusisli, appressed.
Scales uieiiiliranous. dull; style much exserted.
Scales subcoriaceous. shininn; style scarcely exserted.
Scales acute, somewhat spreadiiiK at maturity.
.\cheue narrowly obovate; spikelets '•' i'.' loiiK.
Achene linear oIjIoiik: spikelets ,V'^'( " long.
Achene nearly as loiid as the scale; umbel sometimes much compound.
Style .vcleft; achene ,ianKle<l.
Scales falling away from the persistent rachis of the flattened spikelets
Winvts of the rachis, if present, permanently adnate to it.
Scales tipped with recurved awns; low annual, I'-O' tall.
Scales acute or obtuse, not awned.
WiiiKs of the rachis none or very narmw.
Stamens ,5; spikelets linear-oblom;, ("12" lonur; scales acute
.\nmial; culms smooth, 2'-io' lonn.
Perennial; culms roujth, i°-2'j" tall.
Stamen 1; sjiikelets ovate, 2"~4" lomr.
Tall ])erennial; achene linear; scales acutish.
I,ow annual; achene oblong; scale-tips recurved.
Winijs of the rachis distinct.
I.ow annual, adventive from ICurope; scales brown.
Tall indijfenous perennials ( no. 1,^ sometimes annual ? I
Lower leaves reduced to pointed sheaths.
Leaves all elongated-linear.
Scales mucronate, red<lisli brown orurecn.
Scales acute or obtuse, not inucroiiate.
Scales wholly or |)artly ))urple brown; achene linear
Scales tightly appressed.
Tips of the scales free.
Scales straw-colored; achene obovoid.
WiuRS of the rachis sepanitimf from it as interior scales; annuals
Spikes loose; s])ikelets V' 10" loiiR.
Spikes dense, cylindric; sjiikelets i'."-2'-" lon(;.
Spikelets falling away from the axis of the spikes, the lower pair of scales commonly persistent.
Annuals; spikelets elongated, nearly terete.
Sciiles imbricated; achene obovoid.
Scales thin, dull brown; spikelets very slender. 20.
Scales riffid, yellow-brown; spikelets st(mt. 21.
Scales distant; achene linearoblouK. 22.
I'ereiinial by hard, tuber like bas.il conns: spikelets more or less naltene<l.
.\chene narrowly linear (iblonjf, ,^4 times as lonjf as thick.
Spikelets Hat, several inany-llowered. 2y
Spikelets subterete. few-flowered.
Spikelets ()" 12" loiiK, loosely s])icate: lower reflexed.
Spikelets 1 ' " ()" loiii;, densely capitate or spicate.
S))ikelels all reflexed; culms nmnh.
Si)ikelets s])readinK or only the lower ledexed; culms smooth.
Meads obloufi or cylindric.
Spikelets ,V' 5" Ioum;, the lower reflexed.
Sjiikelets i ',"-2" Iouk, the lower spreading.
Heads (jlobose.
.\chene oblong or obovoid. about twice as lon(f as thick.
Kachis windless or very narrowly winded.
Scales pale ^reen, nunibraiious, dull.
Scales chestnut brown, firm, shinii;;!;.
Kachis winjfs membranous, broad.
Scales firm, not ai)presse<l; spikelets loosely cajiitate.
Scales thill, closely appressed; spikelets densely capitate.
I. Cyperus flavescens I„. Yellow
Cyperus. riM^. 54.V '
Cvfir) IIS flii:'isiiiis I,. Sp. I'l. 46. I7.s,t.
Annual, culms very slender, tufted, leafy below,
3'-r2' tall, mostly longer than the leaves. Leaves
\"-l}'i" wide, smooth, the longer usually exceed
ing the inllorcscence; clusters terminal and sessile
or on 1-4 short rays; spikelets in ,Vs-6's, linear,
subacute, yellow, jnaiiy-llowered, Hat, 4"-i)" long,
vYi"-!" broad; scales ovate, obtuse, l-tierved, ap-
pressed, twice as long as the orbicular-ohovatc
black obtuse lenticular shining achene; stamens y,
style deeply 2-clcft, its branches slightly exserted;
snj)erficial cells of the achene oblong.
In marshy jfround, Maine to Michikraii. IMorida and
Mexico, Also in the Old World. Aug. -Oct.
C. sftriii'Siis.
i '. /(TD r.
/\ii,i;i/iiniiiiii.
C. siriiiiisiis
24.
('
ir/incliis.
2.S. C, ii-lidf'railiis.
IS smooth.
26.
27.
2S.
< '.
I.iiiuasli ieiisis
t i/iiiih ii lis.
o:iihiris.
29.
,V'-
/it ii II Inn's.
Ilniiiililoiii.
,^'-
,^2-
liiiivi.
I'lliiiniliis.
236 CYPHRACEAK.
2. Cyperus diandrus Torr. Low Cypcrus.
(Fi>r. 544O
Ci/>t'i IIS iliainlriis Turr. Cat. IM. N. Y. <>>. 1819.
L'ypi I IIS dianili IIS cliiiif;iiliis lirilloii, Hull. Torr. Club,
19; 226. 1892.
Aniiunt, culms tufted, slciulcr, 2'-i5' tall. Leaves
iibout 1" wide, those of the involucre usually 3,
the longer much exceeding the spikelets; clusters
sessile and terminal, or at the ends of 1-3 rays;
spikelets ■\"-')" long, linear-ohlong, acute, flat,
many-flowered; scales ovate, green, brown, or
with brown margins, obtuse, i-nervcd, appressed,
membranous, dull; stamens 2 or 3; style 2-cleft,
Lis branches much exserted; achene lenticidar,
oblong, subacute, gray, not shining, one-half as
long as the scale, its superficial cells quadrate,
about as long as wide.
In marshy ])lac'ts New Uruiiswick to Miiniosola,
south to South Carolina and Kiitis.is. Aujr.-Oct.
The var. floii^nliis is only a form with Ihukit spike-
lets. found in soiitlieni New York and N'ew Jersey.
3. Cyperus rivularis Kunth. vSliiiiiiijr
Cyperu.s. (Fig. 545.)
Cyperus riz'ti/ai is Kunth. Knuni. 2: 6. 18.57.
Cyperus diandrus var. (?) laslaneus Torr. Ann. I,ye.
N. Y. 3; 252. 18,56. 'SoX. C. ciutaneHs\\"\\\i\. 1798.
Similar to the preceding species, culms slender,
tufted, 4'-i,'i' tall. I'mbel usually simple; spikelets
linear or linear-oblong, acntish, 4"-io" long; scales
green or dark brown or with brown margins,
appressed, firm, subcoriaceons, shining, obtuse;
stamens mostly 3; style 2-cleft, scarcely exserted;
achene oblong or oblong-obovate, lenticular, some-
what pointed, dull, its superficial cells quadrate.
In wet soil, especially alon(r .streams and ponds,
Elaine to southern Ontario and Michitfan, south to
Virginia and Missouri. Aug.-Uct.
rh
Cyperus Nuttallii KcUly. Xuttall's Cyperus. (Fig. 546.)
t'tperiis Xu/liillii I'Mdv; Sprung. Neue ICnld. I: 240.
' 1.H20.
Annual, culms slender, tufted, 4'-i8' tall, equal-
ling or often longer than the leaves. Leaves of the
involucre 3-5, spreading, the larger often 5' long;
umbel simple or slightly compound, 3-7-rayed;
spikelets rather loosely clustered, linear, very acute,
flat, spreading, Jz'-i'/i' long, i"-i;-i" wide; scales
yellowish-brown with a green keel, oblong, acute,
rather loosely spreading at maturity; stamens 2;
style 2-cleft, its branches somewhat exserted; achene
lenticular, narrowly obovate, obtuse or truncate,
dull, light brown, one-third to one-half as long as-
the scale, its superficial cells quadrate.
Salt marshes, Maine to Mississippi. Aug. -Oct.
SEDGK FAMILY.
5. Cyperus microdontus Torr. Coast Cyperus. (Fig. 547.)
typii IIS micnutonliis T<irr. Ann. I,yc. N. Y. 3: 255.
.Annual, similar to the preceding species, culms
very slender, tufted, sometimes 21/ high, usually
lower. Leaves about i" wide, those of the invo-
lucre much elongated; umbel commonly simple,
.sessile, capitate, or i-6-rayed; spikelels linear,
acute, .^"-9" long, less than \" wide, yellowish-
brown; scales ovate, acute, thin, appressed when
young, spreading at maturity; stamens 2; style 2-
dcft, its br.niches much exserted; achene lenticular,
linear-oblong, short-pointed, light brown, one-half
as long as the scale, its superficial cells quadrate.
In wtt soil, on or mar the coast, Virninia to
I'Morida and Texas. Aii(f. (Jet.
237
i
no 0(.
6. Cyperus flavicomus Miclix. Elegant Cyperus. (Fig. 548. )
I'vfyei us tiai'icomiis Michx. l'"l. lior. \\\\. 1: 2;. 1803.
Annual, culms stout or slender, i°-3° tall, leafy
below. Leaves smooth, or rough-margined, 2"-t,"
wide, those of the involucre 3-S, the longer ones
much exceeding the inflorescence; imibels few-
sevcral-raycd, often compound; primary rays yi'-
2;i' long; spikelcts numerous, usually densely clus-
tered, linear, acute, 4"-io" long, \"-i'/i" wide,
flat, many-flowered, spreading; scales oblong, ob-
tuse, thin, dull, yellowish-brown, scarious-niar-
gined, faintly 3-nervcd; stamens 3; style 2cleft,
little exserted; achenes obovate, lenticular, black,
mucronate, not shining, nearly as long as the
scales and often persistent on the rachis after these
have fallen away.
In wet or moist .sandy soil, Virginia to l-'lorida and
Louisiana. AutJ-Oct.
7. Cyperus inflexus Muhl. Awned Cyperus. (Fig. 549. )
Cvpri IIS inflexus Mulil. Cram. 16. 1817.
Cyperus aiislaliis Hocckl. I.innaea. 35: 51K), in part. 1868.
Not Rottl). 1773.
Annual, culms slender or almost filiform, tufted, 1'-
6' tall, about equalled by the leaves. Leaves 1" wide
orless, those of the involucre 2-3, exceeding the umbel;
umbel sessile, capitate, or 1-3-rayed; spikelets linear-
oblong, 6-io-flowered, 2"-3" long; scales light brown,
lanceolate, rather firm, strongly several-nerved, taper-
ing into a long, recurved awn, falling from the rachis
at maturity; stamen i; style 3-clcft; rachis narrowly
winged, the wings persistent; achene 3-angled, brown,
dull, narrowly obovoid or oblong, obtuse, mucronulate.
In wet, sandy .soil, Vcvniont to llie Northwest Territory
and Orepon, south to Florida, Texas, California and
Mexico. I'ragrant in lirying. Jiily-vSept.
238 CYl'l'RACKAK.
8. Cyperus compressus I<. Flat Cyiierus. ( Fig. ,s5o. )
i'X/'ii IIS tiiinp>rssii\ I„ Sp. I'l. 46. I7,s,<.
Annual, tufted, culms slender, erect or reclining,
smooth, 3'- 10' long. Leaves liglit green, about i"
wide, those of the involucre 2-,^, the longer exceeding
the spikelets; umbel capitate or with 2-3 short rays;
spikelets narrowly lanceolate, acute, 4" -10" long,
I '2'" 2" wide, very flat, many- flowered ; scales
light green with a yellow band on each side, ovate,
acuminate, firm, keeled, several-nerved, falling away
from the narrowly-winged rachis at maturity; stamens
3; style .3-cleft; achene sluiiply ,vai'gled, obovoid, ob-
tu'ic, dull, brown, about one-third as long as the
scale.
Cyperus Schweinitzii Torr.
In fields, Maryland to I'lorid.i, wist to Missouri and
Tixas. Also in tropical America and in llic warmer
parts of .\sia and Africa. Auif. Oct.
8ch\veitiit/.'s Cy])eni,s. (Kig. 551.)
i'yftniis S</i:i'iini/:ii Torr. .Ann. I.vc. X. Y. 3: 27(1.
18,^6,
Perennial by the thickened cormlike bases of the
culms, tufted, culms rather slender, rough, at least
above, l°-2^i° tall, about equalled by- the light
green leaves. Leaves i"-2ji" wide, ronghinar-
gined, those of the involucre 3-7, erect, the longer
exceeding the inflorescence; umbel simple, 3-9-
raycd, the rays erect, sometimes 4' long; spikelets
flat, in rather loose t)void spikes, which are sessile
and at the ends of the rays, linear-oblong, 6-12-
flowered, 4"-8" long; scales convex, light green,
ovate, acute or acuminate, 9-13-nerved, falling
away from the rachis at maturity; stamens 3; style
3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, oblong, brown,
acute at each end, nearly as long as the scale, its
superficial cells quadrate.
In sandy soil, especially alonir lakes ,ind streams,
western New York and southern Ontario to the Nortli-
west Territory, Minnesota and Kansas. .\UK. Oct.
10. Cyperus pseudovegetus .Steitd. Marsh Cyperus. (Fig. 552.)
(']/>fi lis /).\iii<t(>r<\i;</iiK S\.e\u\. .Syn. I'l. Cyp. 24. 1855.
i'vfiii us idlcaiatiis Nees; ,S. Wats, in .V. tlray, Man. Ivd.
6, 570. 1S90.
Perennial by thickened tuber-like joints of the
rootstocks, culm rather stout, i°-4° high, often
equalled by the leaves. Leaves iyi"-2" wide,
smooth, nodulose, the mid vein prominent; leaves of
the involucre 4-6, spreading, the longer much ex-
ceeding the inflorescence; umbel several-rayed, com-
pound, the primary rays often 4' long; spikelets
ovate, flat, many-flowcrcd, light green, densely capi-
tate, 2"-3" long; scales keeled, conduplicate, i-
nerved, curved, acute, longer than the linear
3-angled slightly stalked achene ; stamen i ; style
3-cleft.
In marshes, Delaware to Florida, west to Kansas and
Texas. July Sept.
SEDCIv FAMILY.
239
^
II. Cyperus ac<imin^tus Torr. & Hook.
Short-pointed Cyperus. (Kifj. 553. )
Cvf>eiu.s aiinnhialiis Torr. it }I(«ik. Ann. I.yc. X. Y. 3:
'435. iH?6.
Annual, culms very slender, tufted, 3'-i5' tall,
longer than or equalling the leaves. Leaves light
green, usually less than i" wide, those of the invo-
lucre much elongated; umbel i -4-rayed, simple; rays
short; spikelets flat, ovate-oblong, obtuse, 2"-^"
long, many-flowered, densely capitate; scales oblong,
pale green, 3-nerved, coarsely cellular, coniluplicate,
with a short sharp more or less recurved tip; stamen
1; style 3-clcft; achene sharply 3-anglcd, gray, ob-
long, narrowed at each end, alxjut one-half as long
as the scale.
In moist soil, Illinois to I,()uisi,ina, west to ^Kansas,
Oregon, Texas and California. July-Oct.
12. Cyperus fuscus L. Brown Cyperus. (Fig. 554.)
Cypi'riix/ii.scHs I,. .Sp. I'l. 46.
7Si-
Annual, culms slender, tufted, d'-is' high, longer
than or equalled by the leaves. Leaves rather dark
green, abou\ i" wide, those of the involucre 4-6,
the longer umch exceeding the inflorescence; um-
bel several-rayed, somewhat compound, the rays
short; spikelets linear, 2"~~" long, less than I "
wide, many-flowered, acute; scales ovate, subacute,
becoming dark brown or remaining greenish on
the keel, faintly about 3-nerved on the back, sepa-
rating from the narrowly winged rachis as they
mature; stamens 2 or 3; style 3-cleft; achene sharply
3-angled, oblong, pointed at each end, nearly as
long as the scale.
Revere Reach, Mass., and New London, Conn. Ad-
ventive or fugitive from ICurope. Also in ballast about
the eastern seaports. July-Sept.
13. Cyperus Haspan 1,.
Cyperus Ilaspan L. Sp. PI. 45. 1753.
Perennial by short rootstocks (sometimes an-
nual ?), roots fibrous, culms slender, weak, tufted,
i°-3° high. Lower leaves reduced to membran-
ous acuminate sheaths, those of the involucre
about 2, usually less than i" wide, commonly little
exceeding or shorter than the inflorescence; umbel
several-rayed, simple or compound, the longer
rays i'-2' long; spikelets few, capitate, linear,
acute, many-flowered, 3"-6" long, about ^^"
wide; scales oblong or oblong-lanceolate, reddish-
brown, acute, niucronulate, keeled, 3-nerved;
rachis narrowly winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft,
scarcely cxserted; achene 3-angled, broadly ob-
ovoid, obtuse, nearly white, very much shorter
than the scale.
Ill swamps, Virginia to Florida and Texas, lly
near the coast. Also in tropical America and lU ilie
warmer parts of Furope, Asia and Australia. Julj--
ijtpt.
16
Sheathed Cyperus. (Fig. 555.)
240
CYI'IvRACEAE.
14. Cyperus dentHtus Torr. Toothed Cyi^erus. ( FIk. 556. )
CyPii IIS ilnihihis'Wiu. I'l. V . S. i:6i. 1824.
Perennial liy s.caly rootslocks which sonietutieH
bear small tuhers, culms rather stiff, .S'-2<i' tall,
longer than or equalled by the leaves. Leaves
keeled, I "-2" wiile, those of the involucre 3-4,
one or two of tlii'm usually cxccedinj; the inflores-
cence; umbel several-rayi'(l, somewhat comiiound;
longer rays 1'-,^' lonj^'; spikelcts linear, viry ilat,
manyllowcred, mostly blunt, $"10" loiif,', nearly
2" wide; scales light reddish-brown, ovnte-lancco-
late, thin, keeled, 5 -7-nerved, nmcronate, separa-
ting; from the rachis when mature, their tips
spreading, causing the spikelet to appear toothed;
stamens 3; style 3-cleft, the branches exserted;
acliene 3-angled, obtuse, mucroiiiitc, light brown,
much shorter than the scale.
Ill siincly swamps and cm rivir shores, Maine to
northern New York, sontli to West X'irKinia and South
Carolina. Scales often inodifiKl int<p tufts of small
leaves. .XUK.-Oel.
15. Cyperus rotundus L. Nut-grass. ( Imr. 557.)
Cvperiis rohiiiiliis I,. Sp. PI. .\s. I7,S,?.
Cypn IIS llydia Mielix. I'l. l!or. .\ni. i: 27. iS<>,v
Perennial by scaly tuber-bearing rootstocks,
culm rather stout, b'-2o' high, usually longer than
the leaves. Leaves i ,'<'-3' wide, those of the invo-
lucre 3-5, the longer equalling or exceeding the in-
florescence; umbel compound or nearly simple, 3-
.S-rayed, the longer rays 2'-j[',i' long; spikelets
linear, closely clustered, few in each cluster, acute,
4"-io" long, i'''-i'2" wide; scales dark purple-
brown or with green nmrgins and centre, ovate,
acute, closely appressed when mature, about 3-
nerved on the keel; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, its
branches exserted; achene 3-anglcd, about one-half
as long as the scal;\
In fields, Virginia to I'lorida, west to Kansas and
Texas. Adventive in or about ballast deposits at the
eastern seaports. .•Mso in tropical America, and widely
distributed in tlie Old World. July-Sept.
16. Cyperus Hallii Britten. Hall's
Cyperus. (I<ig. 55S. )
Cyfifiiis Hallii Britton, hull. Torr.
"1886.
Club, 13: 211
Perennial by scaly rootstocks, culm rather stout,
2°-3° tall, about equalled by the leaves. liasal
leaves 2"-3" wide; involucral leaves 3-6, the longer
very much exceeding the inflorescence; umbel
compound, its longer rays 3'-4' long, the raylets
sometimes i' long; spikelets numerous, loosely
clustered, linear, 7-15-flowcrcd, S^'-.S" long, i"-
I j^" wide; involucels setaceous; scales ovate, acute,
strongly 7-9-nerved, dark reddish-brown or with
lighter margins, their tips not appressed; stamens
3; style 3-cleft, its branches much exserted; acliene
linear-oblong, 3-augled, about one-half as long as
the scale.
Kansas and the Indian Territory to Texas. July-
Sept.
SHDC.R I'AMII.Y.
24 1
l-Krass
17. Cyperus esculentus I,. Yellow
Cvfx'iHS fsilllniliis I,. S|). I'l. IS. irs.S
(\pnii<i f<liv»iiili>ili\ >Jiilit. ("ffaiii i\. I'^iT-
I'croiininl l»y scaly hori/oiitiil tiilier-lH'iiriiin root-
stocks, culm usually stout, 1" i'/j" tall, coninioMly
shorter than the leaves. Leaves liKht K'''^'^'"> 2" -t"
wide, the niidveiu i)rotiiineut; those of the in-
volucre T, ft, the Ioniser much cxceediuf; the in-
florescence; utnhcl .( -Ki-raycd, often compound;
8i)ikclets numerous in loose spikes, straw-color or
ycUowish-lirown, flat, spreading. f)"-i2" lon^j.
I ' ." wiilc, nmny-tlowered; scales ovate-ohlon^;, sub-
acute, 3-5- nerved; rachis narrowly winded; stamens
3; style 3-cleft; achcnc ohovoid, ohtuse, ^-anfjlcd.
Ill moist fiilcN, New lininsMiik to Mitiiusnt,!, smith
to I'Moiida and Texas. Also "ii tin- racifK' Coast from
California to Alaska, in tropiral Antrrica, and widtly
distribiiti il in tliiOld World. .Sotmtimcs a trouble
sonic- weed. AiiK.-l)et.
Cyperus esculentus angustispic&tus lirittoii. Hull. Torr.
Clllll, 13: -Ml. |SS(,,
Spikckts vt ry slender, i" wide or less. Massacliuselts to South Carolina and Missouri.
18.
]«ly-
Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Rtd-rooted CypL-nis. (I-'ig. 560. )
lyfimis I'l villi III In -.IIS Mulil. Ciraiii. 20. 1817.
Annual, culms tufted, stout or slender, 3'-2° tall.
Leaves i.,'i"-4" wide, rouj;h-mar>;ined, the lower
longer than or equallinfj tlie culm, those of the in-
volucre 37, some of them 3-5 times as long as the
inflorescence; umbel mostly compound, several-
rayed; spikclets linear, subacute, 3"- 10" long, less
than i" wide, compressed, many-dowered, clus-
tered in oblong, nearly or (|uite sessile spikes;
scales bright chestnut l)rown, oblong-lanceolate,
mucrouulatc, apprcssed, separating from the rachis
at maturity, the membranous wings of the rachis
separating as a pair of hyaline interior scales; sta-
mens 3; style 3-cleft; achcnc sharply 3-anglcd, ob-
long, pointed at both ends, pale, one-half as long
as the scale.
In wet soil, especially al<m|{ streams, soutlierii On
tario to Massaolniselts and I'lorida, west to Missouri,
Kansas. Texas and California. .\UK--<'ct.
Cyperus erythrorhizos van piimilus ICi:>;t 'tii, is a low form, not worthy of varietal rank.
19. Cyperus Halei Torr. Hale's Cyperus.
( iMg. 561.)
Cyprriis Halfi Torr ; Hrittoii, Bull. Torr. Club. 13:
213. I.SSf).
Annual, culm stout, 2°- 3° tall, about equalled
by the leaves. Leaves 3"-4" wide, very rough-
margined, those of the involucre 5-8, much elong-
ated; umlx:l comp<mnd, several-rayed; spikes cy-
lindric, sessile or very nearly so, exceedingly dense,
Iz'-i' long; spikeleis very r'.nmerous, linear, i ,'•"-
lYi" long, ,'-2" wide, spreading; scales brown,
keeled, indistinctly 5-nerved, oblong, mucrouu-
latc, separating from the rachis at maturity, the
wings of the rachis separating as a pair of hyaline
scales, as in the preceding species; stamens 3;
style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, minute.
In swamps, southern Missouri to Tennessee, Louisi-
ana and Florida. July-Sept.
I
242
CYPKRACEAE.
20. Cyp rus speciosus Vahl. Michaux's Cyperus. (Fig. 562.)
Cyperus speciosus Viilil, ICnum. 2; 364. 1806.
Cyperus .tfii/iauiianiis Scliultes, ^Miiiil. 2:
12,^ 1824.
Annual, culms stout or slender, usually
tufted, 5'-2° tall, reddish toward the
base. Leaves rough-margined, i^'."-2>2"
wide, shorter than or equalling the culm,
the midvein prominent; leaves of the in-
volucre much exceeding the umbel; um-
bel compound or nearly simple, .^-7-rayed,
the primary rays J'-5'4' long; involucels
narrow; spikelets subtercte, very nar-
rowly linear, loosely or densely clustered,
4"-i2" long, less than 1" thick, 10-30-
flowcred, falling away from the axis at
maturity; scales dull brown, thin, op-
pressed, densely imbricated, ovate, ob-
tuse, faintly 3-5-nerved on the back;
rachis-wings broad, clasping the achene,
persistent; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, slight-
ly exserted; achene pale, 3-angled, about
one-half as long as the scale, its super-
ficial cells nearly quadrate.
In marshes,
July-Si-pt.
Rhode Island to Ohio and Minnesota, south to I'lorida, Texas and California.
Cyperus speci6sus ferruginescens (Rocckl.) Uritton, Mom. Torr. Club, 5; 61. 1894.
Cypci Hs/iTi Kgiitcsccits ISoickl. I.iiinaca, 36: 396 1869-70.
Scales spreadiuK or slightly ri'cur\od, reddish. Missouri to Texas and New Mexico.
Cyperus speciosus parvus (lioeckl.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 214. 1886.
Cyperus parvus Boeckl. I.iniiaea, 36: 39;. 1S69-70.
Culm I '-3' high; umbel very simple, trenerally of but a single cluster of short spikelets. Mis-
souri to New Mexico.
21. Cyperus ferox Vahl. Coarse Cyperus. (Fig. 563.)
Cyperus fcrox Vahl, ICnum. 2: 357. 1S06.
Ann lal, closely related to the preced-
ing species, but with smooth-margined,
shorter tnd broader leaves, those of the
involucre sometimes but little exceeding
the inflorescence. Unibel simple or some-
what compound, often compact, the rays
mostly short; spikelets linear, subterete,
io-20-flowered, V-\2" long, about 1"
thick, falling away from the axis at
maturity; scales ovate-oblong, appressed,
imbricated, obtuse, rather firm, green and
7-9 nerved on the back, yellowish on the
sides; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; rachis
broadly winged; achene 3-angled, nar-
rowly obovoid, obtuse.
In wet soil, Missouri to California and
widely distributed in tropical America.
.^UR.-Oct.
SEDGE FAMILY. 243
22. Cyperus Engelmanni Steucl. Kngelmann's Cy]ienis. (Fig. 564. )
Cyf>t'i im Kiiiiilmainii Stcud. Syii. IM. Cy]). 47. 185,5. '
Annual, culms slender, 6'-2^° tall. I<eavcs
elongated, i."-'s" wide, flaccid, rouj{liish on the
margins, those of the involucre 4-6, the longer
exceeding the umbel; umljcl often compound, the
ravlets very short; spikelets often densely crowded,
very narrowly linear, subterete, 6"-i2" long,
5-15-flowered ; racliis narrowly winged ; scales
greenish-brown, oblong, obtuse, thin, faintly 3-5-
nerved on the back, distant, the successive ones
on each side of the spikelet separated by a space
of about one-half their length; stamens 3; style
3-cleft; achene linear-obloug, 3-angled, two-thirds
as long as the scale.
In wit soil, Massacliusttts to soutlicrn Ontario and
Wisconsin, south to New Jersey and Missouri. Aug.-
Oct.
23. Cyperus strigosus L,. Straw-colored CyiKni.s. (l''ig. 565.)
Mis-
Cyf>criis sli iL;ouis I,. Sp. I'l. 47. I7,S,V
Perennial by basal tuber-like corms, culm
rather stout, i°-3° tall, Leaves somewhat
rough-margined, 2"-3" wide, the longer
ones of the involucre much exceeding the
umbel; umbel scveral-r.iycd, compound or
nearly simple, some of the primary rays
often 4'-6' long, their sheaths terminating in
2 bristles; involucels setaceous; heads ob-
long or ovoid; spikelets Hat, linear, 4"-9"
long, i" wide or less, y-i.s-llowered, sepa-
rating from the axis at maturity; scales
straw-colored, oblong-lanceolate, subacute,
strongly several-nerved, appressed or at
length somewhat spreading; stamens 3;
style 3-cleft; achene linear-oblong, 3-angled,
acute, about one-third as long as the scale.
In moist nuiidows, swaniiis or alouK strtiinis,
Maine and Ontario to Miiinisota, scmlh to IMor-
ida and Texas, .Vur. Oct.
.\inonjf the miinerous forms of lliis species
the following may tie defined as varieties:
Cyperus strigdsus capit&tus Iloeckl, I.innaea, 36: 347. i,S6i)-7o.
I'tnbel simple or nearly so; spikelets 4"- 7" lontr, densely capitate in subRlobose heads. KauRe
of the type.
Cyperus strigosus compositus liritton, Hull. Toir, Club, 13: 212. iS,^,
I'nibel very compound; heads cylindric; spikelets ,i" -6" long, 4 -(> (lowered. .Southern New
York and I'ennsylvania to Alabama.
Cyperus strigosus robustior Kuntli, Ivnuni. a:8,s, 1S37,
Umbel compound; spikelets !<"-i2" loiiff, 10-2,5 flowered, KauRe of tlie type.
244
CYPKRACKAE.
24. Cyperus refractus luigelm. Reflexed Cyperus. (Fig. 566.)
cypcnts icfiachis IviiKclm. ; Hocckl. I.iiiiiaiii. 36: 369.
1 869-70.
rercnnial by tuber-like conns, ciibu stout,
smooth, i°-3° tall. I^caves lyi"-^" wide, rou^li-
iiiargined, cloiifjated; umbel 6-13-raycd, usually
compound, the longer rays sometimes 8' long,
their sheaths terminating in i or 2 short teeth; in-
volucels setaceous; raylets filiform; spikelets very
narrowly linear, loosely spicate, acute, flattish,
^''-la" long, li" thick, 3-6-tlowered, the upper
spreading, the lower reflexed; scales yellowish-
green, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, closely appressed,
9-11-nervcd, thin; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, its
branches, much exserted; achcne narrowly linear,
obtuse, apiculate, about 5 times as long as thick,
and one-half as long as the scale.
In dry fielils, Xtw Jersey to North Carolina and
Missouri. jHly-Se])t.
25. Cyperus retrofractus (L,. ) Torn Rough Cyperus. (Fig. 567.)
Siii/'iix I til of rat I IIS I,. Sp. I'l. 50. I7,S.3.
Cyperus rttrtfracliis tort.; .\. dray, Man. 519.
184S.
Perennial by tubcr-likc corms, culm slender,
rough-puberulent, at least above, mostly longer than
the puberulent leaves, i°-3° tall. Leaves \y2"-2%"
wide, those of the involucre 4-7, the longer not
greatly exceeding the umbel, sometimes shorte;-; um-
bel simple; rays very slender, nearly erect, or spread-
ing, 2'-(>' long, their sheaths 2-toothed; heads ob-
long or obovoid; spikelets linear-subulate, 3"-6"
long, about Yz" thick, i-2-flowered, all soon strongly
reflexed, separating from the axis at maturity; flow-
ering scales lanceolate, acute, the upper one subu-
late, all strongly several-nerved; stamens 3; style
3-cleft; achcne linear, 3-angled, obtuse, apiculate,
two-thirds as long as the scale.
In dry, sandy soil, soutliirn Xew Jersey to Klorida,
west to Kentucky, .Arkansas and Texas. July -.Sept.
26. Cyperus Lancastriensis Porter
Lancaster Cyperus. (Fig. 568.)
.\. Gray, Man. V.i\. 5,
Cvfin IIS /.tiiicas/n'fiisis Porter;
,S55- kS67.
Perennial by ovoid or oblong corms, culm slender,
smooth, mostly longer than the leaves, i°-2;4° tall.
Leaves 2"-3'' wide, those of the involucre 4-7, tlie
longer much exceeding the inflorescence; umbel
simple, 5-9-rayed, the longer rays 2'-4' long, their
sheaths nearly truncate; heads oval, obtuse, ;i'-i'
long; spikelets densely clustered, 4"-^" long, linear,
subteretc, 2-4-llowcred, the lower reflexed, the mid-
dle ones spreading, all separating from the axis at
maturity; scales green, strongly .several-nerved, the
flowering ones lanceolate, subacute; stamens 3;
style 3-cleft; achene linear, obtuse, apiculate, 2-3
times as long as thick, two-thirds as long as the
scale.
Ill dry fields, New Jersey and I'eiiiisylvaiiia to Vir-
Kinia and .'Vlal)atiia. July-Sept.
SEDGE FAMILY.
245
.^
Vir-
27. Cyperus cylindricus ( Ell. ) Britton. Pine-barren Cyperus. (Fig. 569. )
Marisiriis tyliiiitriiiis ICU. Hot. S. C. & (la. i: 74. 1816.
Cvf>fi-iis cvlindriiiis Hrittiiti, Hull. Torr. Club, 6: T,-if).
' 1879-
Cvftrnis Tiuii'vi Hrittou, Hull. Torr. Club, 13: 215.
' 18.%.
Perennial by small hard cornis, culms slender,
smooth, usually tufted, 4'- 18' tall, longer than the
leaves. Leaves smooth, i"-!^"'!" wide, the longer
ones of the involucre much exceeding the umbel;
umbel simple, several-rayed, the rays short, or the
longer \'-2yi' long, the sheaths 2-toot!ied; heads
very dense, cylindric, .U'-'i' long, 2"-Y' in di-
ameter; .spikelets i>i"-2" long, flattish, 1-2-flow-
ered, spreading or the lower reflexcd; scales green,
oblong; rachis winged; stamens 3; style ,^-cleft;
achene linear-oblong, 3-angled, apiculate, slightly
more than one-half as long as the scale.
In sandy pine barrens and 011 the sua shore, .si)utliern
New York to Florida, west to Texas, mostly near the
■coast. July-Scpt.
28. Cyperus ovularis ( Michx. ) Torr. Glolx).se Cypenis. ( Kij;. 570. )
Kyllim^ia urii/ai is Miclix. }''l. l!or .\ni. i: 2(). i8n^.
Ci'/'iriis t):'ii/(iiis Tiirr. Ann. I,yc. X. Y. 3: 278. 18^6.
Perennial by hard tuber-like corms, stem usually
strict, smooth, S'-2}4° tall, longer than the leaves.
Leaves smooth, 2"-3" wide, the longer ones of the
involucre much exceeding the umbel; umbel simple,
few-rayed, the rays rarely more than i'l' long;
sheath of the rays truncate or slightly toothed; heads
globose or sometimes a little longer than thick, 4"-
7" in diameter, very dense, the spikelets radiating
in all directions; spikelets 2"-3'2'' long, usually 3-
flowered, separating from the axis and leaving a scar
at maturity; rachis winged; scales ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, green, strongly sev-
eral-nerved; stamens 3; style 3-clefl; achene linear-
oblong, 3angled, 2-3 times as long as thick.
In dry fields and on hills, southern New York to I'lor-
ida, west to Illinois, Kansas and Texas. July-Sept.
29. Cyperus Bliculmis Valil. Slender Cyperus. (.Fig. 571.)
lypfiiisji/iiii/inis Yuhl, ICiuini 2: ,^2S. 1806.
Perennial by hard oblong corms, culm smootli,
slender or almost filiform, ascending or reclined,
6'-i.S' long, usually longer than the rough-mar-
gined leaves. Leaves i"-2" wide, keeled, those
of the involucre, or some of them, much exceeding
the inlloresccnce; spikelets densely clustered in
1-7 globose heads, linear, acute, s-ii-llowered, sub-
terete or compressed, 2)4"-6" long, i" wide or
less, tardily falling away from the axis at n;aturity;
rachis wingless; scales ovate, acute or obtuse, j)alc
green, strongly 7- 11 -nerved, appressed; stamens 3;
style 3-cleft; achene oblong or obovoid, 3-angled,
obtuse, apiculate, dull gray, two-thirds as long as
the scale, about twice as long as thick.
Ill dry fields and on hills. Kliode Island to Ontario
and MitnttsotH, south to I'lorida, Kansas, Texas and
northern Mexico. June Aug.
246
CYPKRACEAK.
• I'ouKhton's Cyperus. (Fig. 572.)
llniiiililiiiii Torr. Ann. I,yc. N. Y. 3; 277.
Cyperus Houghtoni Torr.
Cvfx'i iix
I'crennial by tuber-like conns, culms very
slender, siiiootli, erect, i°-2° tall. Leaves shorter
tliau the culm, i" wide or less, smooth, those of
involucre 3-5, the lon>;cr much exceeding the um-
bel; umbel simple, i-.s-rayed, the rays mostly
short, their sheaths 2-toothed; spikelets loosely
capitate, linear, compressed, acute, 4"-S" lonjj,
.ibout i" wide, 1 1 -is-flowered, falling away from
the axis when mature; scales chestnut brown, firm,
somewhat spreading, shining, oblong, obtuse,
truncate or apiculate, strongly about ii-uerved;
rachis very narrowly winged; stamens 3; style
3-cleft; achene broadly oblong, less then twice as
long as thick, 3-angled, brown, apiculate, nearly
as long as the scale.
In s.indy soil, Massachusetts to Minnesota, Kansas
and Ori'Koti. July-.\iitf.
31. Cyperus Grayi Torr. Gray's
Cyperus. ( Fig. 573. )
Cypnus (7; (J 1/ Torr. Ann. I.yc. N. Y. 3: z68, 1836.
I'erennial by thick hard oblong or ovoid corms,
culms tufted, ascending or reclined, stiff, smooth,
very slender, 6'-2o' long. Leaves shorter than
the culm, bright green, i" wide or less, those of
the involucre 4-8, the longer somewhat exceeding
the umbel; uml)cl 4-10-rayed, simple, the longer
rays 3'-4' long; sheaths of the rays truncate or
nearly so; spikelets 2 ',"-5'" long, loosely capitate,
compressed, linear, rigid, spreading; scales green,
ovate, obtuse or subacute, strongly T3-i5-nerved,
rather widely spreading when old; joints of the
rachis broadly winged; stamens 3; style 3-clcft;
achene oblong or oblong-obovoid, obtuse, apicu-
late, about two-thirds as long as the scale.
In sands of tlic sea shore and in j>inc barnns. Massa-
chuscUs to I'lorida. July-Sept.
32. Cyperus echinatus (Ell.) Wood. Baldwin's Cyperus.
Mai isius rdiinalHs V.W. Hot. ,S. C. & C.a. I:
/ /. 1816.
Cypri IIS J{ti/(f:fiiiii'Vi>rr. .\tni. I.yc. X. Y. 3; 270. 1836.
Cyperus fi/iiiui/iis Wood, Class-book, 734. 1S63.
Perennial by tuber-like corms, culm slender,
smooth, erect, mostly longer than the leaves.
Leaves pale green, i '2"-2" wide, those of the in-
volucre ,S-io, the longer usually much exceeding
the umbel; umbel .simple, 6-13-raycd; the rays fili-
form, their sheaths short, mucronate; spikelets 2"-
3" long, linear, flat, densely or loosely capitate in
globose heads; scales thin, pale green, apprcsscd,
ovate-lanceolate, acute, 9-13-nerved, with narrow
scarious margins; joints of the rachis broadly
winged; riamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong-
obovoid obtuse, one-half as long as the scale, about
twice as long as thick.
In drj- soil, sonittinies a weed in cultivated fields.
North Carolina to I'lorida, west to Slissouri and Texas.
July Aug.
(Fig. 574-)
75. />/.
SKDGH FAMILY.
247
2. KYLLINGA Rottb. Doscr. & Ic. 12. pi. /. /. ,?, y. 1773.
Annual or perennial sedges, with slender triangular culms, leafy below, and with 2 or
more leaves at the summit rorming an involucre to the strictly sessile, simple or compound
dense head of spikelets. Spilcelcts numerous, compressed, falling away from the axis of
the head at maturity, consisting of only .^ or 4 scales, the i or 2 lower ones small aiul empty,
the middle one fertile, the upper empty or staminate. Joints of the rachis wingless or nar-
rowly winged. Scales 2-rankcd, keeled. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-clcft,
deciduous from the summit of the achene. Achene lenticular or 3-angled. [In honor of
Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist of the seventeenth century.]
About 2(1 spiciis. natives of tropical and Icnipvrate ri'sions. litsidi-s the followiuK, 2 others
occur in tlu' soutluni I'liitiil States, ,
I. Kyllinga putnila Miclix. Low
KylliiiRa. ( Kig. 575.)
A'vllhii^ia piiniila Miclix. I'l. I!<ir. Am. i: 28.
I.So,?.'
Annual, culms densely tufted, fdiform,
erector reclined, 2'-i5' long, mostly longer
than the leaves. Leaves light green, rough-
ish on the margins, usually less than i"
wide, those of the involucre 3-5, elongated,
spreading or reflcxed; head oblong or ovoid-
oblong, 3"-4" long, simple or commonly
with I or 2 smaller ones at the base; spike-
lets about I'i" long, flat, i -flowered, the 2
empty lower scales more or less persiscnt on
the rachis after the fall of the rest of the
spikelct; scales ovate, acuminate or acute,
thin, about 7 nerved; stamens 2; style 2-cleft;
achene lenticular, obtuse.
Ill moist or wet soil, Virniiii.-i to I'lorida, west
to Illinois, Missouri, Texas and Mexico, .\ug.-
Sept.
3. DULiCHIUM I,. C. Richard; Pers. vSyn. i: 65. 1805.
A tall perennial .sedge, with terete hollow jointed culms, leafy to the top, the lower
leaves reduced to sheaths. Spikes axillary, peduncled, simple or compound. Spikelets
2-ranked, flat, linear, falling away from the axis at maturity (?) many-flowered. Scales
2-rankcd, carinatc, conduplicate, decurrent on the joint below. Flowers perfect. Perianth
of 6-9 retror.sely barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft at the summit, persistent as a
beak on the summit of the achene. Achene linear-oblong. [Name said to be from Dulci-
chimuiii, a Latin name for some sedge.]
A iiionotypic genus of eastern North America,
I. Dulichium arundinaceum (L.)
Britton. Dulichium. (Kig. 576. )
Cvpfrii\ a> iniiiiiuuriis I„ .Sp, PI. 44, I7,s,v
I'vpetiis sfxilliacnis I„ Syst, ICd, 12, 2: 7,VS I7''7-
liiiliiliiiiin sfiatlKKiiim I'ers, Syii, i:6,s. i.So.s,
DuliiliiiiDi tiniinliiiatciini Hrilton, Hull. Torr,
Club, 21: 2(), 1894.
Culm stout, i°-3° tall, erect. Leaves num-
erous, flat, I '-3' long, 2'''-4" wide, spreading
or ascending, the lower sheaths bladeless,
brown toward their summits. Spikes shorter
than or the uppermost exceeding the leaves; pe-
duncles 2"- 1 2" long; spikelets narrowly linear,
spreading, 6"-i2" long, about i" wide, 6-12-
flowercd; scales lanceolate, acuminate, strongly
several-nerved, appressed, brownish ; bristles of
the perianth rigid, longer than the achene;
style long-exsertcd, persistent.
In wet places, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Min-
nesota, south to Florida and Texas, .VuK. Oct,
: I
i
248
CVI'KRACEAK.
Mr
iJi '
4. ELEOCHARIS R. Ur. Proclr. Kl. Nov. Holl. i: 224. 18 10.
Annual or perennial sedges. Cuhns simple, triangular, quailranj^ular, terete, flattened or
grooved, the leaves reduced to shcntlis or the lowest very rarely blade-bearing. Spikelcts
solitary, terminal, erect, several-many-flowercd, not subtended by an involucre. Scales con-
cave, spirally imbricated all around, rcrianth of 1-12 bristles, usually retrorscly barbed,
wanting in some species. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-cleft and achcne lenticular or biconvex, or
3-cleft and achene ,vangled, but .sometimes with very obtuse angles and appearing turgid.
Base of the style persistent on the summit of the achene, forming a terminal tubercle,
[(ireek, referring to the growth of most of the species in marshy ground.]
Abiiiit iiK> spt'cics. widtly distributed. Hcsides llie fiiUowinn, sonic 1,5 otlicrs occur in tlic
southern and western parts of North .\nierieii.
Spikelet scarcely or not at all thicker than the euhn.
Culm stout; spikelet niiiny-flowereil.
Culm ten te, nodose. I.
Culm <|ua(lriiii;iular, eoiUinuous. 2.
Culm slender, triauBular, eontimious; spikelet few flowered, sul)ulate. 3.
Spikelet manifestly thicker than the culm.
.Style mostly 2-cleft; achene lenlicukir .ir biconvex.
I'pper sheath scarious, hyaline; plants perennial by slender roolstocks.
/•.". iiilii sliililil.
/■.'. Ill II I III a.
JC. A'ob/iiiisii.
.Scales pale Rreen or nearly while; achene ', " long. .(.
.Scales dark reddish-brown; achene '_•" lonjf. 5.
Upper sheath tnmcale, o1>li(|tie or toothed, not scarious.
.Vnmial, with fibrous roots.
.-Vchene jet black.
Culms I'-V tall; achene '," long; bristles 2 4. 6.
Culms, V-10' tall; achene '•" long; bristles 5-8. 7.
Achene pale brown.
,S])ikelet ovoid or oblong; tubercle deltoid, acute. 8.
Spikelet oblongcylindric; tubercle broad, low. 9.
Perennial by horizoiUal rootstocks. 10.
Style 3-cleft; achene .wangled or turgid.
.Vcliene reticulated or cancellate.
Spikelet compressed; culm filiform. 11.
.Spikelet terete; culm slender.
•Vchene transversely cancellate; bristles none. 12.
Achene reticulated; bristles present, stout.
Tubercle conic, smaller than the achene. i.v
Tubercle ca|)-!ike, as large as or larger than the achene. i (.
.\chcne smooth or papillose.
.\chene smooth, white; culms capillary.
.\clielU' papillose or smooth, brown, black or yellow.
Tubercle depressed or short-conic.
.\cliene smooth.
Tubercle flat, covering the top of the black achene. if).
Tubercle ovoid-conic, acute, contracted at the ba.sc, 17.
Achene papillose.
,\chene vribbed on the angles.
Achene obtuse-angled, not ribbed.
Culm rdiform; scales obtuse. 19.
Culm flat; scales acute. 20.
Tubercle subulate or narrowly pyramidal.
Culms filiform, wiry, densely tufted, 4' -10' long. 21.
Culms llatlened, slender, i"-2° long. 22.
/■•'. oiliirahi.
/•,', olivacea.
/•". Ill infill I piiira,
JC. capilalti.
!•'.. orala.
E. liiii^eliiiaiiiii.
E. paiiisli is.
E.
/■;.
/■;.
miiiilaris.
n'olfii.
iDililis.
Iiibti iiilosa.
15. JC. miiiiiiarpa.
JC. iiir/iiiicnirpa.
JC. albiila.
18. JC. Iiiiostala.
JC. tcniii.'!.
JC. aiumiiiata.
JC. inlti'iiirJia.
JC. ro.slillala.
I. Eleocharis interstincta ( Vahl) R. ^:S. Knotted Spike-riish. (Fig. 577.)
Si iipii.t iiilnsliiulii.'! Vahl, ICnnm. 2: 251. 1806.
Sciipiis (•ifiii.u-/i>i(ii:\- IvU. Il()t. S. C. & (ia. i: 79, 1S16.
JCIroiliiii IS iiilci sliiicla K. iS: .S. ,Syst. 2: 148. 1817.
JClfoiliiiiis lU/iitsf/oii/cs Torr. .\nu I.yc. 3; 296. 18,^6.
Perennial by stout root.stooks, culms terete, hol-
low, nodose, papillose, 1 '2°-3° tall, the sterile ones
sharp-pointed. Sheaths oblique, membranous,
brown or green, the lower sometimes bearing short
blades; spikelet terete, cylindric, tnany-flowered,
subacute, I'-iyi' long, 2" in diameter, not thicker
than the culm; scales ovate, orbicular or obovate,
obtuse or the upper acute, narrowly scarious-mar-
gined, faintly many-nerved, persistent; bristles
about 6, rigid, retrorsely barbed, as 'ong as the body
of the achene or shorter; stamens 3; style 3-cleft,
e-xserted; achene obovoid, brown, shining, with
minute transverse ridges, conve.x on one side, very
obtusely angled on the other, 2 or 3 times as long
as the conic acute black broad-based tubercle.
In water, Massachusetts to Michigan, the West I"dies and Mexico. July-Sept.
SEDGK I'AMIIA'.
249
2. Eleocharis mutskta ( h.) R. & S. QuadraiiKular Spike-rush
n
Ilor. Am.
1: ,VJ.
ISI-.
.S<ii/>iis mii/ii/i/\ I,. Am. Ai-ad. ,s: ,V»I.
S(i>/>iis i/iuidi ani;iiliiliis Micli.x. l'"l
1.S.1V
JUfiiihiiris iiiiath(iiii;iiliila R. iS: S. Syst. 2: i.s.s
/■:/<■(>( /i a I IS niiildia K. iV S. Sysl. 3: i,s,s. ibi;.
Perennial by stout rootstocks, culms sharply 4-
an^lcd, stout, not nodose, papillose, 2"-4° tall.
Sheaths puri)lish-brown or urecn, membranous,
sometimes l)carinj; short blades; spikelet terete,
acute, cylindric, 1 '-2' long, 2" in diameter, many-
dowered, about as thick as the culm; scales coria-
ceous, broadly ovate orobovate, obtuse or the upper
subacute, scarious-marjjined and sometimes with a
narrow brown band within the margins, faintly
many-nerved, persistent; ))ristles about 6, rigid, re-
trorscly barbed, about as long as the achenc; s.a-
tiiens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, biconvex or
slightly angled on the back, minutely cancellate,
about twice as long as the conic acute tulicrcle,
which is truncate or contracted at the base.
In ixinds, streams and swami)S, nortlit-'m New Jersey to AlichiKan,
Texas .ind Guatemala. .\ls() in the West Ind' 'S and .South .\mcrica.
soutli tu Alabama
July Sept.
Missouri,
Robbins'
3. E ocharis Robbinsii Onkes.
vSpike-riLsh. (Fig. 579.)
ICliOiliai is Ni>hbiiisU Oakcs, Hovey's Mag 7: 17S. 1841.
Perennial by slender rootstocks, culms slender, 3-
angled, continuous, 6'-2° long, sometimes producing
numerous filiform flaccid sterile branches from the base.
Sheaths appressed, obliquely truncate; spikelet subulate,
few-Howercd, not thicker than the culm, 6"-io" long,
i" in diameter; scales lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse or subacute, strongly concave, faintly several-
nerved, persistently clasping the rachis, narrowly scari-
ous-margined; style 3-cleft; bristles 6, equalling the
achene and tubercle, retrorsely barbed; achiMie obovoid,
liglit brown, biconvex or very obtusely angled on the
back, somewhat longer than the conic-subulate flattened
tubercle, which has a raised ring around its base.
In shallow water. Xcw llruiiswick to Michiifaii, soutli to
Florida. .\UK.-Sei)t.
4. Eleocharis ochreata (Xees) Sleiid. Pale Spike-rush
Jilfoi;ciiiis ocltiraliis Nees in Mart. I'l. liras. 2: Tart i,
102. 1842.
Ktcocharis ochieala Steud. ,Syn. I'l. Cyp. 79. 1S55.
Perennial by very slender rootstocks, culms very
slender, or fdiform, erect, pale green, 3-angled, 2'-io'
tall. Upper sheath with a white, hyaline, scarious
limb; .spikelet oblong or ovoid, subacute, 2-3 times as
thick as the culm, about 2" long, \]i" in diameter,
several-flowered ; scales pale green, obloug-lanceolatc,
obtuse or the upper acute, thin, hvaline with a faint
midvein; style 2-cleft; 1- ties al>out 6, slender, re-
trorsely barbed, somewhat longer than the achene;
achene %" long, lenticular, obovatc, smooth, brown,
2-4 times as long as the conic aoute tubercle, which
is often constricted at the liase.
In wet soil, southern VirRinia to Vlorida and Missis-
sippi. Also ill Wyominir and Montana and in tropical
America. Aug. -Sept.
(Fig. 580.
f
25©
CYI'ERAClvAE.
5. Eleocharis olivacea Torr. IJriKlit green Spike-rush. (Fig. 5S1.)
J-lUiuhiii is I'lixarra Torr. Ami. I,je. N. Y. 3: jl<«j. 1836.
Perciininl by running rootstocks, often tufled and
matted, culms very skMider, l)rinlit ureen, erect or re-
clining', llattcnen, 1' 4''lonK. I'pper sheath with a
white hyaline limb; spikelet ovoid, acute or obtuse,
much thicker than the culm, several-many-llowercd,
about 2" Ionj{, 1" in diameter; scales ovate, thin,
acute, reddish-brown, with a ),'recn midvein and nar-
row, scarimis margins; stamens 3; style 2-cleft; bris-
tles 6-S, slender, retrorsely barbed, lon(.;er than the
achene and tubercle; achene obovoid, similar to th.'it
of the preceding species but twice as large, 3-4 times
the length of the coiuc acute tul)ercle.
In wit Sdil. Maine to soulliiTn OiUario anil I'cnnsylva-
nia. snutli to South Carolina, mostly near the coast.
.VuK.-Sipl.
6. Eleocharis atropurpurea ( Ret/. ) Ktmth. Purple
rttsh. (Fig. 582.)
Sdipus al>of>infiiiifiis Retz, Obs. 5; 14. 17S9.
Eleocharis atropurpurea Kutith, ICnutii. 2: 151.
is.^r-
Annual, roots fibrous, culms tufted, very slender,
i'-3|i'high. Upper sheath i -toothed; spikelet ovoid,
many-flowered, subacute. i'.'"-2" long, \" in diam-
eter or less; scales minute, ovate-oblong, obtuse or
the upper acute, persistent, purple-brown with green
midvein and very narrow scarious margins; stamens
3 or 3; style 2-3-clcft; bristles 2-4, fragile, white,
minutely downwardly hispid, about as long as the
achene; achene jet black, shining, '4" long, smooth,
lenticular; tubercle conic, minute, depressed but
rather acute, constricted at the base.
In moist soil, Nebraska anil eastern Colorailo to Central
America, east to I'lorida; widely distributed in tropical
America. July-Sept.
7. Eleocharis capitata (L.) R. Br. Capitate Spike-rush. (Fig. 583.)
Siiipus ia/)i/aiti.i I,. Sp. PI. .(S. 1753.
Eleocharis capitata R. Hr. Prodr. I'l. Nov. Holl. l: 225.
1810.
Annual, roots fibrous, culms densely tufled, nearly
terete, almost filiform, rather stiff, 2'-io' tall. Upper
sheath i-t<K)thed; spikelet ovoid, obtuse, much thicker
than the ciUm, i !^"-2>4" long, i"-i, "4" thick, many-
flowered; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, firm, pale or
dark brown with a greenish midvein, narrowly scari-
ous-margined, persistent; stamens mostly 2; style 2-
cleft; bristles 5-8, slender, downwardly hispid, as
long as the achene; achene obovate, jet black,
smooth, shining, nearly ^^^'long; tubercle depressed,
apiculate, constricted at the base, very much shorter
than the achene.
In moist soil, Maryland to Florida, west to Indiana and
Texas. Widely distributed in tropical regions. July-Sept.
SEDGE FAMILY.
251
8. Eleocharis ovata (Roth) R. & S. Ovoid Spike-rush. (Fijj. 584.)
Si h fins itziiliis Kotli, Catal. Hot. l: ,s.
/■'.lidiliiii h nvala R. M: S. Sysl. J: i,S2.
1H17.
1 : 225.
Annual, roots fibrous, culms tufted, slender or
filiform, rather deep k''^'-'". nearly terete, mostly
erect, 2'-i6' tall. Upper sheath i-toothed; spike-
let ovoid or oblong, obtuse, many-llowcred, 2"-$"
lon^t, i"-i/i"in diameter; scales thin, oblong-or-
bicular, very obtuse, brown with a green niidvein
and scarious margins; bristles 6-.S (sometimes fewer
or wanting), deciduous, usually longer than the
achcnc; stamens 2 or 3; style j~3-cleft; aclienc pale
brown, shining, lenticular, obovate-oblong, smooth,
'2" long or more; tubercle deltoid, acute, com-
pressed, scarcely constricted at the base, about
one-fourth as long as the achene and narrower.
In wit soil. New llninswick to Ontario and Hritish
Columbia, south to I'loriila, Ori'Kon, Nebraska and
Texas. Also in Ivurope. Variable. July-Sept.
9. Eleocharis Engelmanni Steiul. lingehnana's Spike-rush. (Fig. 585.)
/■;/('()i //((/ /f JCiiQ'f/iiiaiDii Steud. Syn. I'l. Cyp. 79. 1855.
JCIfi'iliai h (>:'ii/ii var. /uiffr/maiiiii llrilton, journ. N.
V. Micros. Soc. 5: 103. 18S9.
Annual, similar to the preceding species, but
culms commonly taller, sometimes iS' high. Up-
per sheath obliquely truncate or i-toothed; spike-
let oblong-cylindric or ovoid-cylindric, obtuse or
subacute, 2"-8" long, i"-i^^" in diameter, many-
flowered; scales pale brown with a green mid vein
and narrow scarious margins, ovate, obtuse, de-
ciduous; style 2-clcft; bristles about 6, not longer
than the achene; achene broadly obovatc, brown,
smooth, lenticular; tubercle broad, low, covering
the top of the achene, less than one-fourth its
length.
In wet soil. Ma.ssacluisetts to soulherti New Jersey,
west to Indiana, .\rkansas, Texas and California.
July Sept.
Creeping Spike-rush
10. Eleocharis palustris (L,. ) R. & S.
Scirpiis paliislris I,. Sp. I'l. 47. 1753.
li/i'iH/iaiis paliisli is R. & S. Syst. J: 151. 1817.
JCIfntiiiJi is />a/iis/i is var. Z'ii,rfiis Hailey; Ilritton, Journ.
N. Y. Micrtis. .Soc. S: 104. ' i.s,S<).
Perennial by horizontal rootstocks, culms stout,
terete or somewhat compressed, striate, i°-5° tall.
Basal sheaths brown, rarely liearing a short blade, the
upper one obliquely truncate; spikelet ovoid-cylin-
dric, 3"-i2" long, i^'i"-2" in diameter, many-flow-
ered, thicker than the culm; scales ovate-oblong or
ovate-lanceolate, purplish-brown with scarious mar-
gin and a green niidvein, or pale green all over; bris-
tles usually 4, slender, retrorsely barbed, longer thau
the achene and tubercle, sometimes wanting; sta-
mens 2-3; style 2-3-clefl; achene lenticular, smooth,
yellow, over ^'i" long; tubercle conic-triangular,
constricted at the base, flattened, one-fourth to one-
half as long as the achene.
In ponds, swamps and marshes. I,abrador to Itritish Columbia, south to Florida, Texas niul
California. Also in Kurope and Asia. Aug.-Sept.
Xk"
,
252 cyi'i;raci;ak.
Eleocharis paluRtris glaucescens ( Willd. l A. dr^iy, Man. M 5. ,s.S'< i^"');.
Stiifiin i;/ti III rums Willil. ICtuiin. 71. 1X09.
Culms Mlitidcr 01 lumly lilifiirtii, S' is' tall: sjiikclft ipMomk. 2" s" tmnf: aclictic sinallir;
tuln'Ulf iiiirniwii In wt I niiadows ami mai--lu-, ran^tl■ m ally of tin- lyl>i' in Nurtli Amitira.
l'rrlial)s a distinct s))i cii'S.
'riif sii ralli-d varii'ty itlliii is a fcirni witllnut litislUs.
Eleocharis paliistris Watsoni Clarki . Ilrituns Jnurn. licit 25: 2fi8. 1SS7.
r.li'iuliiin\ U'<i hi I II i Wixh. Ann. Nat. Hist, ill.) 5: in. iS.SJ.
Cnlnis stcint. (.' k/ tall: spike ovnid; sialrsdaik pnrpli Unmii. I,al)ra<l(ir and I'lini'i' lulward
Island t<i llnilson Hay
11. Eleocharis acicularis (L. ) K. iS: .S. Xucdle Spike-rush. ( KiK- b>^l-)
Si ii fins luii iiliii is I, Sp. I'l. (S. 175,?.
J'.lini Inn is iitii iilai is H. iV S. Syst. 2: 154. 1S17.
I'ercnnial by filiform stolons or rootstocks,
cnlins tufted, fini-ly filiform or setaceous,
obscurely .i-an^led and jjrooytd, weak, erect
or reeliniujr, 2'-S' lon^. Sheaths truncate;
spikelet compressed, narrowly ovate or lin-
ear oMonj.;. acute, broader than the culm, 3
Ki-llowcred, I '2"-.^" long, |^" wide; scales
ohlonji, obtuse or the upjjer subacute, thin,
pale H''ceii, usually with a narrow brown
band on each side of the midvein, deciduous,
many of them commonly sterile; bristles },-
4, fraj^'ile, fugacious, shorter than the achcne;
stamens y, style .vdeft; achetie obovoid-
oblonj;, pale, obscurely ^-angled with a rib
on each an>;1c and 6-9 lower intermediate
ribs connected by fine ridjjes; tubercle conic,
acute, one-fourth as loiij^ as the acliene.
In wet soil, thronxliont North America, ex-
cept tlie extreme north. .Also in ICurcijie and
Asia. Sometimes entirely sterile. July-Sei)t.
12. Eleocharis Wolfii A. (iray.
Spike-ni.sh. (I-'ig. 5X8.)
Wolf'.^
Siirpiis H'olfii .\. Ciray, I'roc. .\n\. Acad. lO: 77. 1S71.
l-llnnliaiis Wolfii A. dray; hritton, Journ. N. Y.
Micros. Soc. 5: 105. IS,S<;.'
Perennial by short rootstocks, culms very slen-
der, erect, flattened and 2-cdged, 8'-i8' tall. I'pper
sheath oblitjue, scarious, hyaline-tipped; spikelet
oblong or ovoid-oblong, terete, acute, thicker than
the culm, 2"-3" long, nearly \" in diameter;
scales ovate, obtuse or the upper acute, thin, pale
green with purplish-brown bands, tardily decidu-
ous; bristles none (or perhaps early deciduous);
style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, obscurely .vangled,
longitudinally 9-ribbed, the ribs transversely con-
nected by minute ridges; tubercle depressed-conic,
much shorter than the achene.
In wet meadows, Illinois and Iowa. June-Atiff.
SKOOI-; lAMII.Y.
1.S17.
13. Eleocharis tortilis ( Link ) vSchultt-s.
Scirf>ifi III) lilis I.iiik, Jalirli. 3: 78. 1S21).
lUioiliai IK /ill /ill's Scliiiltis, Miinl. 2: ()2. 182).
Twisted vSpike-rush
Antnial, roots fibrous, cuIiiih tufted, filiform, sliiirjily
.^-angled, pale Kfcen, erect or rccliniiiff, twistiu),' when
old, i°-i'j° louK- Sheaths ohlicjuely truncate, i-
toothed, ■pikelet ovoid or ohlouK, subacute, scveral-
llowcred, 2" 3" lon^. about 1" thick, much thicker
than the culm; scales firm, pale, ovate, mostly obtuse;
bristles 4-6, ri;{id, retrorsely barbed, about c(|uallin}{
the achene and tubercle; stamens t,; style 3-cleft;
achenc obovoid, obscurely ^-an^led, strongly reticu-
lated, longitudinally about iS-ribbed; tubercle cap-like
or conic, truncate at the base, one-fourth to one-half
as long as the achenc.
Ill wet soil, Delaware to iHorida and Texas, near tlic
CKiist. July-Sept.
Eleocharis tuberculdsa (Michx.) R. & S.
' t'ig- 590. )
Large-tubercled vSpike-rush.
SiirpiisliibnrtiliKsiis Michx. I'l. Hor. Am. i:
iCIeockatis /uherculosa R. iS: S. Syst. 2: i,s2.
1817.
Annual, culms tufted, slightly conijiressed, very
slender, rather stiff, striate, liright green, S'-2° tall.
I'pper sheath obliquely truncate or i-toothed; spike-
let ovoid, obtuse or subacute, many-llowere<l, ;,"-6"
long, nearly 2" in diameter; scales broadly ovale, ob-
tuse, pale greenish-brown with a darker midvein,
broadly scarious-niargincd, firm, tardily deciduous;
bristles 6, rigid, downwardly or rarely upwardly
barbed, about as long as the achene and tubercle;
stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, pale, trigon-
ous, strongly reticulated, longitudinally about iS-
ribbed; tubercle cap-like or conic, nearly or quite as
large as the achene.
In wet soil, Miissaclnisetts to I'lorida and Texas, near
the coast. Jnly-Scpl.
15. Eleocharis microcarpa Torr. vSmall-fruitud vSpike-rush. (Fig. 591.)
IJiihliai is iiiiiioiiii pa Torr. .\nn. I,vc. X. Y. 3: ^12.
I'.liocliai is Torifvaiin Hoeckl. I.iiniaea, 36: .(.(o. 1S70.
Annual, culms finely filiform, densely tufted, some-
what 4-sided, erect or reclining, often proliferous by
developing secondary culms in the axils of the spike-
let, sometimes rooting at the summit, 2'-.S' long.
Upper sheath obliquely truncate; spikelet oblong,
subacute, terete or nearly so, much thicker than the
culm, many-flowered, \yz"-2yz" long; scales ovale,
acute, brownish-red with a green midvein and lighter
margins, early deciduous except the lowest which is
commonly larger than the others, persistent and
bract-like; bristles 3-6, slender, shorter than or
equalling the achenc; stamens 3; style 3-eleft; achene
white, 3-angled, obovoid, smooth, minute; tubercle
conic-pyramidal, much shorter than the achene.
In wet sandy soil, southern New Jersey to I'lorida and Texas, mostly near the coast. Also in
Cuba. June-Aug.
254 CYriCRACF.AK.
16. Eleocharis melanocikrpa Torr. Black fruited Spike-rush. ( Fi>;. «ii>j. )
I'.lfiii hill is Dii/iDiiiia) /lit '['nrr Aim I.yiv N, Y. 3: ,^ii. iSj6.
I'crcniiial by short rootstocks, ciiliii!) tlattened, strinte,
tufted, slender, erect, wiry, lo'-io' lull. Upper sheath
truncate, 1 -toothed; spikelet ohlonn or cyliiidric-i>l)long,
obtuse, 3"-6" louK, i'j"-2" in diameter, niany-(lo\v-
ercd, thicker than the cuhn; scales ovate, obtuse, brown,
with a lij;htrr inidvein and scarious niar^rins; bristles t, -
4, fragile, downwardly hispid, eiiuallin^ or longer than
the achcne, fugacious or ])crhaps sometimes wantinj;;
stamens ;,; style j-clcft; achene .van^;led, obpyramidul,
black, smooth, its su|)erllcial cells nearly quadrate; tu-
bercle depressed, covering the summit of the achene,
light l>rown, pointed in the middle.
In wtt sandv soil, rastirn MassachUMtfs ami Klmdc
Island to I'loritia, mar the coast. .\lso in nortlurti Indiana.
July Stpl.
17. Eleocharis albida Torn White Spike-rush. ( Vi^. 593. )
/■:ieiHiiarh alhida Torr. Ann. I.yc. N. Y. 3: 304. 18.56.
Annual, r<H)ts fdirous, culms very slender, tufted,
nearly terete, striate, erect, 4'-8' tall. I'ppcr sheath
very oblique and toothed on one side; spikelet ovoid-
jjlobose or oblong, obtuse, 2"-\" long, i,'."-2" in
diameter, many-ilowered, thicker than the culm;
scales pale green or nearly white, rather firm, ovate,
obtuse, deciduous; bristles about 6, downwardly
barbed, persistent, as long as the achene; stamens 3;
style 3-clcft; achene broadly obovoid, nearly black
when ripe, 3-angled, smooth; tulx;rclc ovoid-conic,
contracted or truncate at the base, alxjut one-fourth
as long as the achene.
In wet soil, Maryland to Florida, Texas and eastern
Mexico, near llu- coast. Junc-Auff.
18. Eleocharis tricostata Torr. Three-ribbed Spike-rush. (Fig. 594. )
ICIioiiiaris triioxlata Torr. .Vnn. I.yc. X. Y. 3: 310. 1836.
Perennial by short rootstocks, culms very slender,
erect, compressed, striate, i°-2° tall. Upper sheath
obliquely truncate, toothed on one side; spikelet ob-
long, becoming oblong-cyliudric, obtuse, many-flow-
ered, 5"-9" long, i"-\%" in diameter; scales ovate,
thin, deciduous, obtuse, brown with a green midvein
and scarious margins; bristles none; stamens 3; style
3-cleft; achene obovoid, 3-angled, brown, dull, papil-
lose, strongly ribbed on each of its angles; tubercle
conic, acute, light brown, constricted at the base,
minute, very much shorter than the achene.
In wet soil, soutlieni New York to l-'lorida. July-Scpt.
1836.
-Sept.
SIUMII- lA.MII.V.
-'55
ig. Eleocharis tenuis ( Willd. 1 ScluilU-s.
ti lS,«).
SlfiidcT Spikc-rusli. ( V'\^. s<X5- )
Siii fills liiiiiis Willd. I'.iiiiiii. I 7(1
EIiihIiiIi i\ liiiiii\ Si'hiiltf-. Maul J
|Sj|.
rerciiniiil liy rootstocks, iiiliiis iiiftcd, tilifdrin.
mostly iTfct, i-aii^;Uil with concave sides, S' 16' tall.
rp])cr slicatli ()ldii|iiely truncate, lootlicil on one
side; sjiikelet narrowly obloiiK. nioslly acute, niaiiy-
tlowered, thicker than the culm, 3" ,s" l')n>;, about
l" in di.'inicter; scales thin, ohovatc or nvate-olilonn,
()l)t\ise, the tnidvein greenish, the niiirnins scarious;
bristles 2-.\, shorter than the aclicnc, fu>,'acious or
wnntinj,'; achene ot)ovc)id, obtusely .vanxled, yellow-
ish-brown, papillose; slainens y, style .vcleft; tubercle
conic, short, acute.
In wet soil, Cape lirtldU Island In Ontario and Mani
tuba, south 111 I'liirida and 'rcxas. 'I'lif ailii nis an- inore
or less persisiitit (in the railiis of the spikilct after llu
lall of the scales May July.
20. Eleocharis acuminata ( Mulil. 1 Xecs.
Flat-sltiiiiiied Spike-rush.
Si i I pus III 11 mi 11(1/ in Mnhl. Cirani. 27. 1.S17.
ICIiocliai isiDinfiirssii Sulliv. .\in. Jcmrn. Sci. 43: ,50. iSjj.
/■:/roi/iiii is IK iiiiiiiiit/ii Nees, I.iniiaea. 9: 2().). i^^5■
Perennial by stout rootstocks, similar to the pre-
cedinj.; s])ecies but stouter, culms llaltened, striate,
slender but rather stilT, tufted, .S' 2° tall, fppcr
sheath truncate, sometimes slightly i-toothed; spike-
let ovoid or oblong, obtuse, thicker than the culm,
nmny-flowercd, ;,"-6" long; scales oblong or ovate-
lanceolate, acute or the lower obtusish, jiurple-browii
with a greenish midvein and hyaline white margins,
deciduous; bristles i-,s, sliorter than or equalling the
achene, fugacious, or wanting; stamens 3; style 3-ckft,
exserted; achene obovoid. very obtusely 3-angleil,
light yellowish brown, pai)illose, much longer than
the depressed-conic acute tubercle.
In wet soil, .\iiticiisti to .Manitoba, south to deorgia,
Louisiana and Missmni. .Xchiius persistent on the
rachis as in A', /(■iiiiis. June .Vuk
21. Eleocharis intermedia ( Miihl. ) .SchultLS. Matted Spike-rush. (KiK-597.)
Si ir/>iis iii/i'iiiitifiiis Muhl. Cirani. 31 1M7.
/Clim till lis iiiliiiiiiilia Scluiltcs, Mant. 2: iji.
lS2.(.
Annual, roots fibrous, culms fdiform, densely
tufted, dilTusely reclining or ascending, usually
matted, grooved, 4'-l2' long. rp])er sheath ob-
li((Uely truncate, toothed on one side ; spikclet
ovoid-oblong, acute, 8- 20- flowered, thicker than
the culm; scales oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or the
upper subacute, light purple-brown with a green
midvein, tardily deciduous or the lower one ])cr-
sistent; bristles persistent, downwardly barbed,
longer than the achene and tubercle; stamens 3;
style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, obovoid, liglit brown,
finely reticulated; tubercle conic-subulate, very
acute, slightly constricted at the base, one-fourth
to one-half as long as the achene.
In niiirshes, Ontario to Minnesota, south to New
Jersey, Ohio, Illiiiuis and Iowa. July .Sept.
17
256
CVri-KACIlAI'.
22. Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Hcakcd vSpikc-rush. (Fi^. 598. )
Siiipiis iiislilltiliis'Vi^rr. Ann. I.yi-. N. V. 3: 31S. 1S36.
l-'hiHlhtih n)s/r//ti/ii Torr. l'"I. N. V. 2; ,vi7- i^\.V
Perennial by a short e.iiulcx, culms slender,
wiry, the fertile erect or ascendinj;, the sterile
reclininfj and rooting at the summit, grooved,
i°-5° long. I'pper sheatli truncate; spikelet
oblonji, narrowed at both ends, thicker than
the culm, 10 2n-flowered, .^"-6" lonj^, about
l" in diameter; scales ovate, obtuse or the
upper acute, j;r<.en w ith a somewhat darker mid-
vein, their margins slightly scarious; bristles
4-S, retrorsely barbed, longer than the acheiic and
tubercle; stamens 3; style .vcleft; achenc oblong-
obovoid, obtusely .^-angled, its surface finely re-
ticulated; tubercle conic-subulate, alK)ut one-half
as long as the achene ' r shorter, capping its sum-
mit, partly or entirely falling away at maturity.
In niarslusand wit intiulows. Viriiioiit ami wistirn
New York to Urilisli Columbia, south to l'"lorida.
Tixas. Mexico and California. .Mso in Cuba. Auft
Sipl.
5. DICHROMENA Michx. V\. lior. Am. i: ;,;. 180;,.
T.cafy-steniiucd sedges, ])ercnuial by rootstocks, the spikeU-ls crowded in a terminal head
involucralc by the upper leaves, which are often white at the base. Spikelets roni])ressed,
several -many-llowered. Scales spirally inil)ricated all around, several of them with imper-
fect flowers, or empty. I'erianth none. vStaiueus ,v Style 2-clefl, its branches subulate.
Achene lenticular, transversely rugose, crowned with the l)road ])ersistcnt base of the style
(tubercle), [lireek, alluding to the two-colored iuvolucral leaves.]
.Mxint 8 species, natives of .America, llesides the following, another occurs in the southwest
cm I'nited Stales.
Leaves of the involucre linear; tubercle truncate at llie t)ase. 1. /'. tulorulii.
Leaves of the involucre lanceolate, lonn acuminate; ttibercle 'lecurrenl on the e(l)fis of the aclieti' .
2. Ih latijiilin.
I. Dichromena colorata ( I,.) A. S. Hitchcock
(t'lK- 599-^
Schocinis roloruliis I,. ,S]). I'l. .(3. I75,V
nicliiiiiiiiiiii liiiiiHi/^lidln Micli.x. h'l. I!or. .\m.
i:;,7. iHo.i.
Didiiioiiinn in/niii/d A. S. Ilitclic. .Xtui. Kep.
Mo. Hot. Card. 4: 141. iSii,i.
Glabrous, culm slender, erect, rather
sharply triangular, 1° 2° tall. Leaves dis-
tant, narrowly linear, about i" wide, much
shorter than the culm, those of the involucre
4-6, reflcxed when mature, yellowish white
at the base; head globose, 6"- 10" in diame-
ter; spikelets narrowly oblong, acute; scales
nietnbranons, lanceolate, nearly white, j-
ncrvcd, subacute at the apex; achene ob-
ovate, brown, i)apillose or wrinkled trans-
versely, nearly truncate at the summit, com-
sscd, covered by the tubercle which is not
decurrcnt on its edges.
In moist sandy soil, pine liarrens of New
Jersey to I'Morida and Texas. .Mso mi trojjical
.\merica. Junc-Sept.
Xarrow-lcaved Dichroiiiciia.
Iir
SKDC.I- I'AMII.V. 257
2. Dichromena latifolia Haldw. Hroad-k-aved Dichronicna. (Fig. 600. 1
nil liiiiiiii ml liili/'iili:i Itiildw.
C.a. 1: 911. 1.H16.
i;U. Ii.it. S. L'.vS:
Similar to the i)rec ii'ii>{ species l)iit tlie
culm stouter, ohtusely triangular or nearly
terete, the leaves lanceolate or linear-lance-
olate, taperiiiK gradually to a long-acumi-
nate apex from a Ijroad base, 1)2" V wide,
sometimes overto])])iiig the culm, but the
lowest much shorter, those of the involucre
7-10, strongly relieved wlien old. Head
globose, (y"-v)" in diameter; spikelets ob-
long, subacute; scales ovate-lanceolate,
nearly white, rather obtuse; achenc nearly
orbicular in outline, pale brown, faintly
wrinkled transversely aiul longitudinally,
so as to appear reticulated; tubercle dccur-
rent on the margins of the achcue.
In wit iiim liMiri ii>, \'ir(,'i"i:i In IMnriila and
Texas. Jiuie Aujf.
6. PSILOCARYA Torr. Ann. Lye. X. V. 3: .^s.j. iS;/..
Annual sedges, with Hl)rous roots, slender leafy stems and ovoid or oblong, many-flow-
ere<l terete spikelets in terminal and axillary, mostly compound umbels, the rays and raylets
bracted at tlic base. S .lies of the spikelets s])irally imbricated all around, all fertile,
deciduous. I'lowers perfect. Tor.- .th none. Stamens i or 2. Style 2-cleft, enlarged at
the base. Achenc lenticular or biconvex, smooth or transversely wrinkled, capped by the
persistent base of the style (tubercle), or nearly the whole style ])ersistent as a beak.
[Greek, referring to the absence of perianth-bristles.]
.Vbipiil 10 s|Hciis, natives cif tinii>eratf .iiul tropical .Vnurica. litsides the fullnwinK. .inuthcr
iiccurs in tin- soiillKastirM I'uited iiiales.
.\ctiene strmiKly wriiikkd. uuuli lunger lliau the subaeule tuberele. i. /'. iiilnis
.\elieiie suiciotli or but little wrinkled: tubercle subulate. 2. I', mii poidis.
I. Psilocarya nitens ( Vahl i Wood. Shott-beakcd Hald-nish. (Imr. 6oi.)
Sth/'its in'U'iis N'alil, ICnuni. 2; i'"2. l'i<).
/'m7(i<iI) \ii r/ir>iilii'^f<i'> oiilis 'I'Drr. .\nii. I,vc. N. Y.
l\h\'Hilii>sf>tii It iiiltiis \. Crav, Man. I'M. ,s. ,s'i'^.
if<()7.
/'\i7i>,iii I'll iiili IIS WiMul, l!(it. iV IM. V'l i"''7o.
(".labrous, cidins tufted, slightlj- angled, 3'-
15' tall. Leaves narrow ly linear, about i " wide,
smooth, sometimes overtopping the culm,
sheathing at the base, the inidvcin prominent;
umbels mostly loose; s])ikelcts ovoid, 'i" y
long, rather less than i" in diameter; scales
brown, broadly ovate, thin, i-nerve<l, obtuse,
acute or apiculate; achenc lenticular, nearly
orbicular, light brown, strongly w rinkled trans-
versely; tubercle shorter than the achene, sub-
acute, 2-lobed at the base.
In wet soil. I.iiUK Island, N. Y.. and Delaware to
IHorida and '1\ xas, near the coast. July Oct.
25'*^ CVI'I'RACI'AI-;.
2. Pstlocarya scirpoides Torr. IvOii<!;-l)cakod Hald-nisli. ( Kitj. 602. )
I'silocaivii siii ftuhti-sTinr. Aim. I.vf. N. V 3: ^60.
isy,.
Kliviiiliosfinia siiipoiitrs A. C.iav. Mem. ICd s. ,S'>S.
isi,;.
^ Similar to the preceding species and perhaps
not specifically distinct. I'nihels counnoiily
more minieroiis; spikclcts oblong or ovoid-ob-
long; acliene nearly orl)icvilar in outline, bicon-
vex, not as Hat as that of /'. iii/rns, dark brown,
faintly transversely wrinkled or smooth, some-
times longitudinally striate, slightly contracted
at the base into a short stipe; tubercle subulate,
as long as or sometimes longer than the achene,
its base decurrenl on the edges.
Ill wet sdil, lastern .MiissachusiUs anil Rhode
Island. July Sept.
7. STENOPHYLLUS Raf. Neog. 4. 1825.
Mostly annual sedges, with slender erect culms, leafy liclow, the leaves narrowly linear
or filiform, with ciliate or ])id)escent sheaths. vSpikelets und)ellate, capitate or solitary, sub-
tended by a I several-leaved involucre, Iheir scales sj)irally imbricated all around, mostly
deciduous. Flowers iterfecl. Perianth none. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2-,vcIefl, glabrous,
its base much swollen and persistent as a tubercle on the achene as in IChodiaris. .■\chcne
3-anglcd, turgiil or lenticular. [Cireek, referring to the narrow leaves.]
.\ Kciius (if siinie 20 spiciis. natives (if If in pirate and w.iriii reKimis. Itisides llii' f(ill(iwiii|jf,
,S (illicrs occur in llie ?oullurn rniteo .St.itis.
nf
I. Stenophyllus capillaris ( L. ) Hrittoii.
(Fig. 603.)
Si ii/>iis i;i/>///tn ii ].. Sp. I'l. {<). 175,!.
J'hiihi islylis iiifiilliiiis .\. C.rav, M.in. ,SV'.
i8(S.
Sl< iiiif>li\lhtuiif>illiii is I'liitlon, Hull. Torr. Club.
21:30. 1S(>|.
.Annual, roots fibrous, culms filiform,
densely tufted, erect, grooved, smooth, 2'-io'
tall. Leaves filiform, roughish, much shorter
tlian the culm, their sheaths more or less
pubescent with long iiairs; involucral leaves
13, setaceous, shorter than, or one of them
exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets nar-
rowly oblong, somewhat 4-sidcd, 2'2"-4"
long, less than 1" thick, several in a termi-
nal simple or sometimes compound umbel,
or in depauperate forms .solitary; scales ob-
long, obtuse or einarginalc, j)uberulent, dark
brown with a green keel; stamens 2; style ,v
clcft; achene yellow-brown, narrowed at the
base, very obtuse or truncate at the summit,
%" long, 3-anglcd, transversely wrinkled;
tubercle minute, depressed.
In dry or moist soil, lliroUKlioiit North .Viiicr-
ica cxci pi tile c.\triiiU' tioitli. .\lso in trojiii-'al
.Aineric.i. July Si])!.
Hair-like .Steiii)i)liyllii-
V''i
si;i)c.i-: lAMii.v.
?59
,/
8. FIMBRISTYLIS Valil, luuiin. 2: 2S.S. i8or..
Annual or perennial sedj^es. Culms leafy lielow. Si)iki'Iels unilicllate or capitate,
terete, several toniany-llowcred, subten(li<l by a l-niany-lcaveil involucre, their scales spirally
imbricated all around, mostly deciduous, all fertile. I'eriaiitli none. Stamens i ,v Style
2-3-cleft, pubescent or j^labrous, its base much cnlarj.;e<l, fallinj.; away from the summit of
the achcne at maturity. Achene lenticular, biconvex, or .vanRled, reticulated, canccllatc, or
lon).;itudinally ribbed or striate in our sjiecies. [(Ireek, in allusion to the fringed style of
some sijecics.]
.\ I.irifc KcHus, tlie species widely distributed in teni|)erate iiud tropical reuions
following, somr i ollurs occur in the soutlurii and western parts of North Anicricii.
Style acUft; adienc UiUicular or biconvex
Culms S' X^ tall; spik'Uts unibiUatc; style mostly pubescent,
rereiniial; Uavcs involute.
Scales coriacei^us. shiiiintf. (flabrous. i. /
Scales iiKnibraiious, dull. pulKiulent. 2. /
.\inuial; roots fd)rous. leaves flat.
Culms i'-(' tall, very slender: spiktlets capitate
Style ,vckft: acluni' vaiinUil.
besides tlie
style glabrous belou'.
1. Fimbristylis spadicea ( L. ) Valil. SlifT lMiii])rislyHs
/■'. ipaitiiiii.
I'. Kislaniii.
I', hi I ii.
i: Willi ii.
/■'. iiiiliniiiiiili'i.
Fi^. ()04. )
S(ii/iiis.\/>iitliififs I,. Sp. I'l. ,si. lysi-
I'iiiihi islyli'i s/ttidiita Vahl, ICmnn. a: 294.
iSi/).
Perennial by a thickened base, glabrous,
culms stiff, slender, vanjilcd, wiry, i°-.'^'^ tall,
usually lon}{er tlian the stronf;ly involute rij^id
leaves. Leaves about i" wide when unrolled,
their sheaths dark brown; leaves of the involu-
cre yf>, erect, the longer sometimes exceciliii).;
the usually compound umbel; umbel several-
rayed, the rays nearly erect, 2'-6' lonjj; cen-
tral spikelets of the umbels and umbcllets ses-
sile, the others pedicclled; spikelets ovoid or
ovoid-cylindric, acute, 2,'^ "-6" lonj;, about l"
in diameter; scales oval, obovatc, or orbicular,
obtuse or subacute, coriaceous, glabrous, shin-
ing, dark brown with a green midvcin; stamens
2; style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, obovate,
brown, reticulated.
In marshes and shallow water, VirKinia to IMor
ida, near the coast. Widely distiibuted in troi>ical
.America. Jiily-.Sept.
2. Fimbristylis castanea ( Michx. ) Valil. Marsh iMiiibristylis. (Kig. 605. )
.S". /»/>/(\((/.v/ff;;/'«.vMichx. I'l. Ilor. .\m. l.\\. iSo.y
/■'iiiihi islylis nishiniti Vahl, l')mim. 3: 292. 1806
I'iiiihi isivlis sftintiitd var. nisldiira A. tlray, Man.
Ivd. 5. .StXj. 1807.
Perennial by a thick base, culms slender, 3-
anglcd, S' 2° tall, usuidly exceeding the leaves.
Leaves involute, less than i" wide when un-
rolled, their sheaths green and more or less
pubescent; leaves of the involucre 2-4, short;
umbel simple or compound, the rays Ij'-i'
long; central spikelets sessile; spikelets oblong,
obtuse or subacute, 3" 5" long, 1" i'.." in
diameter; scales thin, t)rown with a lighter
midvein, broadly oblong or nearly orbicular,
dull, pubcrulent, obtuse or mucronate; stamens
2-3; style j-deft; achene obovatfe or oblong,
biconvex, pale brown, longitudinally striate
and reticulateil.
On salt meadows, soullieni New York to I'lorida
and I.ouisi.ina. .Also in wet soil in the interior
from Micln'(;an an<l Illinois to Kansas and Texas,
and in tropical America. July Sept.
26o
cvri'RACivAi:,
3. Fimbristylis laxa Vahl
Weak Fiinbristvlis.
( Fig. 606. )
lSu6,
l.yc.
N. V. 3:
I'iinlii islylis lii \a Viilil. I^miiii. 2: 292.
J-'hiihi islylis /laliluiiiiaiKi Tun. Aim.
Annual, root.s filjioiis, culms slender, flattened,
striate, densely tufted, erect or ascending, 2'-l,s'
loii).j, usually longer than the leaves. Leaves flat,
ahout '." wide, glabrous or sparingly ciliate, pale
green aiul a]>pearing glaucous, those of the invt)lu-
cre 35, one of them often exceeding the umbel;
umbel simple or slightly compound, the central
spikelet sessile; s])ikelets ovoid or ovoid-oblong,
3 "-6" long, about i" in diameter; scalesovatc, thin,
pale greenish-, .own, subacute or nuicronulatc; sta-
men l; style 2-clefl, pubescent; achcne biconvex,
obovoid, light brown, longitudiiuilly riblied, the ribs
tuberclcd and connected by very fine cross-lines.
In niuisl soil, southern I'cinisylvania to I'lorida,
wisl til lUindis, Misscmri atul Texas .Msn in triipicai
.\iniricii. July Sipl.
X'alil'.s l'"iinl)ristylis.
M
' I'iK-
4. Fimbristylis Vahlii ( Lam. 1 Link.
Siiipiit I'lihlii I.iini. Tabl. I'juycl. i: i.^f). 1791.
Finil'i islylis Wililii I, ink, Ilort. lieml. I: 2.S7.
1^27.
i-'iinhi islylis coiii;csl(i Torr. .\ini. I,yc. N. V. 3; ,^t.s
lS;,(i.
Annual, culms very slender, densely tufted,
compres.sed, striate, erect or ascending, :'-4'
high, longer than or e(|ualling the leaves.
Leaves setaceous or almost filiform, rough,
those of the involucre ,-5-,^, erect, much exceed-
ing the simple capitate cluster of 3-S spikelets;
spikelcts oblong-cylindric, obtuse, 2"-i" long,
about yi" thick, many-llowcred; scales lanceo-
late, pale greenish-brown, acuminate; stamen
i; style 2-clcft, glabrous below; acheue minute,
biconvex, yellowish-white, cancellate by longi-
tudinal and transverse ridges.
Ill moist soil, Missouri to Texas, east to North
Carolina and I'lorida. .Mso in liallast about the
eastern seaports. July Oct.
Fimbristylis autumnalis ( L. ) R. ^: vS. vSkndtr KimlHistylis. ( Fig. 608. )
S, n ftiis aiiliiiiiintlis I,. Maul. 2: 180. 1771.
I'inihi islylis (iiiliimiiiilis K. iS: S. Syst. 2:97.
1S17.
.\nnual, roots fibrous, culms very slender, densely
tufted, flat, roughish on the edges or smooth, erect,
ascending or spreading, y !,=;' long, usually much
exceeding the leaves. Leaves narrowly linear, flat,
,'2"-i" wide, long-acuminate, glabrous, those of
the involucre 2-3, usually all shorter than the um-
bel; umbel compound ordecoinponnd, the jirimary
rays ,'4 '-!'>' long, the secondary filiform; spike-
lets liuear-oblong, acute, 2"-5" long, yi" thick
or less, several-many flowered; scales ovate-lanceo-
late, subacute, strongly niucronate, grecnish-broven,
the tnidvcin ]iromiiient; stamens 1-,^; style .vci ;
achcne obovoid, nearly white, 3-angled with a ridge
on each angle, very finely reticulated and some-
limes roughened.
In moist soil. Maine to Mielii(faii. sontli to IMoridii
and I.ouisiaii.i. .Mso in tropical .Xinerica. June Sept.
..
SI' DC. I', I'AMILV.
261
9. SCIRPUS L. Sp. PI. 47. 1753.
Annual or percniiial very small or very lar^e sedj^cs, with leafy I'ulnis or the leaves re-
duced to basal sheaths. Spikelets terete or somewhat llatteucd, .solitar)-, ea])itate, s])icate or
umbellate, subtended by a 1 several-leaved involucre or the involucre wanting in some
species. Scales spirally imbricated all around, usually all fertile, the 1 -,^ lower sometimes
empty. I'lowers perfect. I'crianth of 16, slender or rifjid, short or elon.i;ated, barbed,
pubescent or smooth bristles, or none in some species. Stamens 2-,v Style 2 vdcft, not
swollen at the base, wholly deciduous from the acliene, or its base persistent as a subulate
tip. Acliene triangular, lenticular or planti-convex. [Latin name of the Hulrush, said to
be from sirs, the Celtic word for rushes,]
.XtxiUi 2i«i sjKiiis i)f very widi- ^'I'^rapliic (listributiou
occur in the southern and wtsUrii parts ni Niirlh America.
llisidis the rullowinjf. smne (> Dtliers
'/
608. )
SpikeUt solitary, liruiinal. braillt s?, i,r sulUindid by a single brail or short leaf.
No invipliicr.il bract.
Culms r 2' liiKh; achem- siiioolli; plant of saline soil. i. .S'. iniiiiii.
Culms V III' liiK'i; acheiic nliiiilaltd; plant of fresh water iiiarslic'; 2, S. f>iiii, illnnis.
Invohural brad present, erect,
liract shorter than or but little exciediiiK the spikelit; |)lanls not aiiualic.
Culm terete; leaf of upper shtath subulate; bristles sinoolli. 3, S. i(ii\pili'siis.
Culms IriaiiKUlar; leaf of upper shiatli linear; bristli s upwardly barbed,
Leaves sliorter than the lulm; scales ;ieute. |. .S', i'liiilnni.
Leaves about as lotiK as the luliii; scales cuspidate. ,s, .S'. plunifuliiis.
liraet at least twice as hiiiK as the spikelet; plant a<iuatic, (1. .S', siihhi iiiiiialis.
Spikelets normally luiire than 1, usually several or nunierous. often appearing lateral; iuvolucral
bract only 1,
Spikelets few, 112, appearing lateral.
Cultiis not sharply .vannled; acliene )>lailo convex; annuals,
.V^liene stroiitfly transversely ruuose. 7 ,V llallii.
.\eliene snuxitli or very slightly roiijfliened
Uristles downwardly barbed, aboui e<|uallinK the acliene. S, .S' ilrhilis.
Ilrislles ininute or wanting, 9. .S". Sniilhii.
Culms sharply .vaiiKled; plants perennial by lootstneks.
.\elune piano conve.x; bristlts shorter than or eiiuallinn the acliene,
.Spikelets acute, liiueli overtop))e<l by the slender iuvolucral leaf; scales awned.
10, .S'. .tmrn'i units.
scales inueronulate.
Spikelets oiituse; iuvolucral leaf slmrt, stout;
II. .f, O/iini.
I(. S
l,S, .V
Till ini.
)iiiii roiitj/iis.
I i/iiiiin'citx.
Iiiiiisli is.
17
.S', ( ll/i/Dlllil Its.
S. I ii/iis.
iS. S. i(iiiif>fslris.
.\eheue vaiitfled, ridded on the back.
Uristles longer than the acliene; iuvolucral leaf erect,
bristles as Iouk as the acliene; iuvolucral leaf abruptly bent,
Spikelets several or numerous, uinbelled; tall sidles
Culm shariily triangular, ei|ualled by the long leaves.
Culm terete; leaves ridilcid to sheaths,
bristles downwardly b.irbed; acliene gray, abruptly mucidiiate,
bristles short plumose IhIow; acliene nearly white, narrowed above.
\h.
Spikelets several, spicate,
Spikelets several, capitate or umbellate, large; iiivolucr il leaves 2 or more.
Acliene lenticular or piano convex; spikelets eajjita!
Capitate cluster simple; acliene obovati' oblong, i)ale brown.
Capitate cluster often eoinpouiid; acliene orbicular obovate. dark brown.
It). .S". nihiishis.
.\clieiie sharply .vangled; spikelets iitnbellate, 20, S. //inid/i/is.
Spikelets viry nuinerous in compound umbels or utnbelled lieails, small; involueral leaves sev-
eral; tail sedges.
Uristles downwanlly barbed; spikelets in uinbelled heads.
Spikelets ovoid or oblong, I ' "2! •" long.
bristles ((lualling or slightly i.xeeediiig the acliene; leaves ),'' 8" wide.
Style velelt; aeheiie ,i angled; bristles (>
Spikelets 3 S in each luiid bristles barbed throughout; scales obtuse.
m. S. ,vi7.-(//;< «.v.
Spikelets 8 20 in each head; bristks not barbed below; scales acute.
22. .S'. ii/roTiiriis.
Style 2 cleft; .'icheiie plano-convex; bristles (.
Hristlis (lexiioiis, twice as long as theaehene; leaves 2" ,V' wide
.Spikelets eylindric, X' s" long,
Uristles smooth or slightly pubescent; iitiibel mostly decoinjiound,
Uristles shorter than or seareily exceeding the scales,
Uristles about as long as the aclnne; scales subacute,
Uristles inueh longer than the .ichelie; scales niucronate,
Uristles much exserled beyond the se.iles when mature.
21-
.V
mi( 1 ii(ii> />I4S.
24-
.V,
polvfilivlliis.
2.S-
.S',
JVikii.
26, .v. (fimriiii/iis.
27, .S', linraliis.
28, ,S'. i vf>ii iiiiis.
262 CVri'RACl'Ai:.
I. Scirpus n^nus .Sprenj;. Dwarf Chil)-nish. ( l^'ig. 609. )
S(iipiis nanus Sinenp. I'lin l: (. iSi^.
I'.lfiitlia) ispvginata Tiirr. Ann. I,yi"- N. V. 3: 31,^. iS.^h.
Annual, roots fibrous, culms filiform, flattened,
grooved, tufted, erect or ascending, i'-2' liiglu
l)earing a scarious bladeless sheath near the base.
Spikclct solitary, terminal, ovoid-oblong, rather
acute, 3 S- flowered, {"-iK" long, not subtended
by a bract; scales ovate or lanceolate, pale green,
the lower obtuse, the upper subacute; bristles about
6, downwardly barbed, longer than the achcne;
stamens,^; style ,vcleft; achene oblong, j-angled,
pale, pointed at each end, smooth.
Muddy places in salt marslus. Cape lircton Island
to l'"lori<la anil Texas, and about sail springs in New
York and Jticliijran. Also on the Pacific Coast of
North Anierieaand on the coasts of Ivnrope. July-Sept.
2. Scirpus pauciflorus Lij^htf. Few flowered Club-rush. (Fig. 610. )
St'iipiis />ani 1//01 i/s I.inhtf. l'"l. Scot. 1078. 1777-
f'ifoiliai is f>iiiiii/toi US I, ink, Hort. lierol. l: 2S4. 1S27.
Perennial by filiform rootstocks, culms very slender,
little tufted, 3-angled, grooved, leafless, ,^'-10' tall, the
upper sheath truncate. Spikclet terminal, solitary, not
subtended by an involucral bract, oblong, compressed,
4-10-flowered, 2"-3" long, nearly 1" wide; scales
brown with lighter margins and midvein, lanceolate,
acuminate; bri.stles 2-6, hispid, as long as the achene or
longer; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid-oblong,
gray, rather abruptly beaked, its surface finely re-
ticulated.
In wet .soil, .\nticosli and Ontario to western New York,
Minnesota and Hritish Columbia, south in the Rocky Moun-
tains to Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada. .\lso in
northern Ivuopc. July- Oct.
I '^
3. Scirpus caespitosus L. Tufted Club-rush. (Fig. 6ii.)
Sen fins cacspilosus I,. ,Sp. I'l. 48. 1753.
Perennial, culms smooth, terete, densely tuftecU
light green, erect or ascending, almost filiform, wiry,
4'-l5' long. Hasal .sheaths numerous, jiienibran-
ous, imbricated, acuminate, the upper one bearing a
short very narrow blade; spikelet solitary, terminal,
few-flowered, ovoid-oblong, about 2" l')ng, sub-
tended by a subulate involucral leaf of about
its own length; scales yellowish-brown, ovate,
obtuse or subacute, <leciduous; bri.stles 6, smooth,
longer than the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft;
achene oblong, smooth, 3-angled, brown, acute.
In boRS and on moist rocks, Greenland to Alaska,
south to the mountains of New I'^njrland, the .Adiron-
dacks, western New York. Illinois, Minnesota and
Hritish Columbia, in the Koeky Mountains to Colorado,
and on the liinher summits of the southern AUeghe-
nies. .\lso in Ivurope and .Asia. June-.-VuK-
SI'DCI': I'AMII.V. 2f\%
4. Scirpus Clintoni A. (Iray. ClinUin's Cluh-rush. > Imj^. ru2. )
Sfi>/>ii\ I'liiilmii A. Ciniv, Am. Jmiiii. Sci ill i38:?i|fi
iS().(,
Perennial, culms luflcd, triaii>;ular, very skiiilcr,
erect, 4'-l,S' tall, rouKliisli on the angles, l.ower
sheaths iiii1)rieate(l, oiu^or more of them liejirin^ short
snl)ulate blades, tile upper one hearinjj a Hat, narrowly
linear blade shorter than the enlm; spikelel solitary,
terminal, ovoid, few-flowered, I '2" -2" lonji, sub-
teiideil by a subulate involtiiTal braet of less than its
own lenjjth or somewhat lonj^er; scales ovate, ])ale
brown, acute; bristles 3-6, liliform, upwardly b.-irbed,
as loii)^ as the acliene or lonj^er; style ,^-cleft; acheiie
oblonj{, brown, sliarjily ^-anj^led, smooth, obtuse.
In (lr>- fields ,ind lliickets. New liruiiswiek In wtstirn
New York and Miehitfan, soutli tn North Carolina. I.ocal.
June Auk-
5. Scirpus planifolius Mtihl. Wood Cliib-rush. (Fij?. 613. )
Siiif>iispl<t)ii/oliiis'S\\\\\\. Gram. X2. iSr;.
Perennial, culms trianj^ular, slender, tnfte<l, rather
weak, rouKliish on the an>,des, 6'-i5' tall. I.ower
sheaths bearinjf short subulate blades, the upper with
.1 flat narrowly linear rou}^h-margined leaf about as
loiij^ as the culm; spikelel solitary, terminal, ovoid-
oblonjf, acute, several-llowered, subtended bj- a .short
involucral bract; scales ovate-lanceolate, yellowish-
brown with a green midvein, which is extended be-
yond the acute apex into a sharp cusp; bristles 46,
U])wardly barbed, about e<iuallinjj; the achene; stamens
y, style .vdeft, i)ubi'sceiit ; aclienc oblong, 3-angled;
smooth, light brown, rather obtuse.
In woods and thickets. Khode Island to Delaware,
western New York and Missouri. May-July.
6. Scirpus subterminalis Torr. Water Club-ni.sh.
Sell />i/\ sii/>/friiiina/i\ Tnrr. V\. I'. S. 1:47. 1S24.
Perennial (?), aqnatic, culms slender, terete, nodu-
lose, l°-3^'i° long. Leaves slender, channeled, 6'-2"
long, '.^"--V" wide; spikelet solitary, terminal, ob-
long-cylindric, narrowed at each end, .several-flow-
ered, y -5'' long, subtended by a subulate erect invo-
lucral leaf 'i'-i' long, thus ap])earing lateral; scales
ovate-lanceolate, acute, membninous, light brown
with a green midvein; bristles about 6, downwardly
barbed, as long as the achene or shorter; stamens 3;
.style 3-clefl to about the middle; achene obovoid, y
angled, dark brown, smooth, rather more than 1"
long, obtuse, abruptly beaked by the slender base of
the style.
In ponds and streams or .sometimes on their borders.
New ilrunswick to the Northwest Territory and Wash-
ington, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Miehiiran.
The so called variety lei irshis is an emersed form with
erect culms and shorter spikelets. July \\ifC.
ImK- 614.)
,
264
cvri;k.\i.i;.\i':.
Scirp
It .r
S-i'i
us Hallii A. Gray. Hall's Cluh-rusli. (Kij,'. r)i5. )
Stiif<ii\ Iliillii \. ('.my, Jfiiii. VA. 2. Add. iH6v
Si ii pus siipiiiii\ viir. Jldllii .\. C.niv, Miiii. lid. 5, s''>J.
1867.
Annual, iiihns very sIcikUt, Miir'otli, luftcil, oh-
tiisflv triangular, iriit, striate, ,s'-i2' tail. l.owiT
slu-atlis(il)li(|ui', and acuniinatt' or uituTouate on one
side, till' upper one euinnionly l)earinjj a filiforui
lilade '.''"a 'i' loufj; spikelets eapitate in elusler.s of
17, o1)lonj.;-eylindrii', obtuse, many-flowered, 3"-
6" long, aljout 1" thick, appearinj.; lateral by the
extension of ) lie .solitary involucral leaf wliieli is
1' 4' lonj;; scales ovate-lanceolate, ligl't j.;reenisli
Ijrowu, acuminate, keeled, cuspitlate by the ex-
current ti]) of tile miclvein; bristles wanting;
stamens mostly 2; acheiie obovate-orbicular or
slightly broader than high, black, ])lano-convex,
mucroiuilate .strongly wrinkled transversely, about
]^" in diameter.
In wcl
slieallis
.Mil:
sidiiallv
husetts to I'Miirida, wist to Illinois. Colnradci
iuhtctid Ci flower with very Iniij; styles, Jul-
Texas and Mexico,
Se))l.
'I'he lowest
8. Scirpus debilis Piirsh
Si h pus tlibilis I'nrsli. I'l. .\ni. Sept. ,s,s.
Annual, smooth, culms slender, terete or nearly
.so, tufted, erect or a.scending, 6' -2° high. Sheaths
ol)li(|uely truncate, the up])er one rarely l)earing a
.short .subulate blade; spikelets capitate in clusters
of I 12, ovoid-oblong, subacute, many-tlowered,
appearing h'.teral, the solitarj- involucral leaf nar-
rowly linear, I'i'-^' long, erect or divergent;
scales light yellowish-brown with a green midvein,
broadly ovate, obtuse or acute; bristles 4-6,
downwardly barbeil, .souiewhi't une(|ual and about
as long as the achene; stamens 2-,^; style 2-cleft or
rarely ,vcleft; achene plaiU)-convex, broadly ob-
ovate or orbicidar, smooth or slightly roughened,
(lark brown, shining, obtuse, uiucronulate.
Weak-Stalked Club-rush
iSi(.
In wet soil, Maine tn
Alabama and Nebraska.
^tinlH■s<>ta, south ti
Jidy Sept.
C.eorKiii,
9. Scirpus Smithii A, Gray. Smith's
Club-rush. (Fig. 617. )
S, I'rpits Smilliii \. Cray, Man, VA- .5, 56.?. 1867.
Annual, similar to the preceding species, but the
culms usually lower and more slender or nearly fili-
form, 3'- 12' tall, the sheaths obliijue and acumi-
nate or the upper one bearing a subulate blade.
Spikelets 14, in an ajjparently lateral cluster,
ovoid, acute, i"-%," long, the involucral leaf very
narrow, elongated, erect; scales oblong, obtuse,
mucronulate, pale brown with a narrow, green mid-
vein; bristles usually wanting, .sometinu>s 1-3, and
very much .shorter than the achene; .style 2-eleft;
achene plaiu)-convex, obovate or orbicular, brown,
rather dull, smooth or minutely roughened, obtuse,
mucronulate.
In wet muddy i)laces, Vermojit t.) Minnesota, south
to Delaware, Pennsylvania and Miehijfan. Perhaps
only a form of the preceding. Jnly-Sept.
siMJCi' i\:mii,v.
265
Chair-maker's Rusli.
ith't
10. Scirpus Amenc£knus IVrs. Three-square.
( I'iK. 618.) ^ _
Sihf>ii\ .hiif) I'liiiiii^ IVrs Syii. i:tiS. iSo.s.
.S'( ///)»> f>iiiii;tiis \'alit. Ijiiiiii, i j.s.S. I'^ii').
IVriiiiiial liy lolij; rootsloi-ks, tuliiis sharply tri-
angular with I'oiuMvi- sidi'S or iiiii' i)f the sides
nearly Hat, erect, stiff, 1" 4" tall. Leaves 1-3,
narri)\vly linear, keeled, shorter than the enlni;
spikilets ohloiijr-ovoiil, aenle, .(" 5" loiij;, capitate
in flusters of 1 7, apj)earinH as if lateral; involueral
leal' stilitary, slender, I'j' 4' lonj;; scales broadly
ovate, hrown, often eniarj.jinate or sharjjly 2-cleft
at the apex, the niidviin extended into a sulndate
awn sonietiines i" lonj;, the margins scarious,
ciliolate or j;lal>rous; bristles 2-6, downwardly
barbed, shorter than or e(|nallinjr the acliene;
stamens ^; style usually 2-cleft; achene obovate,
])lano-convex, smooth, dark brown, mucronate.
In frcsli water and brackish swamps tliroUKlioiil
North Aim ric.i. Also in Chile. June .Sept.
Scirpus Americanus longispicatus lirilton, Trans. N. Y. .Xcad. Sci. 11: 7S. 1,^92.
SpikeKts linear eylimlric, 5" 1 j" louj!; bristles as lonj; as the broadly obovate achene.
shore of bake Dntario; Colorado and New Mexico.
South
12. Scirpus Torreyi Ohiey.
litilnish. ( Kig. 620. )
II. Scirpus dlneyi A. Gray. Ohiey's
Htilnish. ( Kig. 619. )
S< ii ftiis OliKvi A. C.rav, Host. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 2^8.
Similar to the preceeding species, perennial by lonfj
stout rootstocks, culms stout, shaqtly 3-angled with
concave sides, 2°--° tall. Ianivcs 1-,^, i'-,s' long,
or sheaths .sometimes leafless; spikelets capitate in
dense clusters of 5-12, oblong or ovoid-oblong, ob-
tuse, 2 '.'"4" long, the s(ditary involueral leaf short,
stout, erect, .' 2 '~ i '+' ' long ; scales oval or orbicular,
dark brown with a green midvein, emargin;»te or inu-
croiiulate, glabrous; bri.stles usually 6, slightly shorter
than or e(|ualling the achene, downwardly barbed;
stamens 2-3; style 2-cleft; achene obovate, jilano-
convex, brown, mucronate.
In salt marshes. Klmde Island tn I'lorida, Texas,
Mexico and California, exlendinjf north alonjf the Pacific
Coast to Oregon. .\lso in .Arkansas. June-Sept.
lorrev s
St ii fills Tun i\i Ohiey, I'roc. Providence I'rank. Soc.
I: 32. 1S47.
Perennial by short or slender rootstocks, culms
sharjily 3-angled, rather slender, nodulose, 2°-4°
tall. Leaves narrowly linear, elongated, nodulose,
light green, sometimes overtoi)])ing the culm;
spikelets 1-4, in an a])])arently lateral ca])itate clus-
ter, oblong, narrowed at each end, 5" -S" long;
involueral le.-if 2'-6' long, erect; .scales ovate
or lanceolate, shining, che.stnut-brown, glabrous,
obtuse or the upper acute, mucronulate; bristles
aI)ont 6, downwardly barbed, longer tlian the
achene; stamens y, style ,v^"left; achene obovoid,
smooth, shining, light brown, ^-.ingled, one of its
sides broader and flatter than the others.
In swamps, Vermont to Rhode !:.land and IVi'iisyl-
una, west to Minnesota and Manitoba. Jidy-Sept!
J.
366
111
I?
cvi'i;r.\ci;ai:.
13. Scirpus mucronatus I,. ]Ut^ lUilrusli.
( I*'i^. 621. I
S(i>/iif, iiiiit Kuiti/ns I,. Sp, I'l, ,sii, t~.\\-
IVri'iiiiiiil, I'ulliis stout, soiiifwlial tiifttMl, sharply
;i-aii>;U'(l, siiioolli, 1° -t," tall. S])iki'k'ts ^ \2 in a
i-apitati' I'luslir, iihlDiij;, ohtuso, inaiiy-lloworftl,
4" 9" loiij^, ratlar more than 1" in diaint'tiT, snh-
ti-nded hy the solitary linear al)rn])tly si)reailinK '"-
viilui'ral leaf; scales hroaillx' ovate, olilnse, lijchi
l>ro\\n with a narrow j^reeti niiilvein, nnieroiiate;
bristles 6, stout, rijjid, downwanlly liarhed, as lonn
as the aelieue; stamens,^; style 3-eleft; aehene oti-
ovoid, smooth, shining, dark hrowu, ,;-au){led, two
of the sides narrower and more eonvex than the
third.
In a swam)) in Delaware inunty, I'einisylvania
I'mliahlv adveiitive or fujcitive fmiu iMirope. Widely
dislrihu'led in the Old World. July Sept.
14. Scirpus cylindricus ( Torr. ) Urittoii. Caiil)y".s Htilrusli. ( Imj;. 622. )
.S'</;/)//.v mniiliiiiiis var. 1 vliiidi n lis Tiirr. .\un.
I,ve. N. Y. 3: T,iS- iS,l6.
Siiif>iis l,'t>li>lifis Cliapni. I'l. S. States, 5211. iSim.
.Siii/iiis Ciiii/ili .\. ('.ray, .\in. Journ. Sei. dl.i 38:
2Sc|. 1H64."
S< II pii.ui/iitdiii US l^riliim, Trans. N. Y. .\cad. Sei.
II: 70. iStyi.
IVrennial hy stout rootstoeks, eulm stout,
shaqdy ^-an^led above, 3°-6° hinh, the linear
nodulose keeled and ehanneled dark ^rt'C"
leaves nearly or (|uite as lonjj;. Involueral leaf
solitary, 4'-io' long, erect; spikelets in an a))i)a-
rently lateral simple or compound uinhel, drooj)-
iiig, ohlong-cylindric, acutish, 6"-lo" long;
primary rays of the uinhel 1 '-4' long, braeted
by I or more subulate-linear leaves; scales ovate
or ovato-lanccolate, pale brown with searious
margins, acute, mucronulate; bristles 6, .stout,
rigid, about as long a.s the achene, serrate; sta-
mens 3; styles-cleft; achene obovoid, ,^-angled,
light brown, smooth, abiuptly subulate-pointed.
In ponds iind swamps, Maryland to Florida and Louisiana, iiiostly near the coast. July-Sept.
Scirpus lacustris L. Great Hiilru.sh. Mat-rush. ( iMg. 623. )
Siir/>tis/(i(iis/ris I,. Sp. I'l. 4.>>. ij.s,^.
Scii pus :ii/i(/iis Yalil, Ivmini. 2: 26S. iSofi.
rerennial by stout rootstoeks, culm stout, terete,
smooth, erect, t,° -g° tall, sometimes nearly i' in di-
ameter, sheathed below, the up])er .sheath occa.sion-
ally extended into a short leaf. Involueral leaf soli-
tary, erect, shorter than the umbel, appearing as if
continuing the culm; umbel compound, appearing
lateral, its primary rays slender, sprea<ling, i'-4'
long, bracts Hnear-laiice<date, .searious; spikelets ob-
long-conic, becoming oblong-cylindric, sessile or .some
of them pedunded, in capitate clusters of 1-5, obtuse
or acute, 2!i"->S" long, 1 'j"-2" in diameter; scales
ovate or oblong, with a rather strong midvein which
is sometimes excurrent into a short tip; bri.stles 4-6,
downwardly barbed, equalling or longer than the
achene ; stamens 3 ; stjde 2-eleft; achene plano-con-
^\ vex, obovate, gray, abruptly mucronate, dull.
In ponds and swamps, throughout North America. Also in the Old World. June-Sept
Si;i)C.M I'AMII.V.
.'67
i6. Scirpus Californicus i C. A. Mcytr
I I'in. <^^-\. )
/.t\l)ii\f>,'i iniitii ('iilifi'i nil mil C A. Mivir. Mi 111
Ac-iul. St. IVUrsl). iV.) I: Jni. />/. j. iS(i.
Stiif>ii\ Tiiliiin KlliUli, Ivliuni. 2: iMi. iSi7.
.Siii/)iiK I'lili/oi iii( i(\ Iliittciii, 'I'laiis. N. Y AiMil. Sii.
ii;;'). iSKyi.
I'lTi'iiiiial, similar l<i llu' iiu-ii'diiij,' -.jiicivs, \.\\v
leavi's riMliiiHil to lia^al sluallis. liivuliiiTal leal
viTv sliort, .sloiitly suluilati', imiliil ('(itiipouiKl;
spikt'U'ts y 5" loiiK. acuU', jh'iIuikKmI nr siniii.' of
tlu'iii sessile; scales hrowii, ovate, awn-])(iiiitiil liy
tile exeiirrenl iiiiilveiii; liristles sliorter tliaii or
e(|ualliii); tile aelieiie, sliiin-])limiiisc below; sta-
mens 2 y, style 2-eleft; aelieiie oliovate, ])laiiu-i'oii-
vex, nearly white, narrowed ahove into a sliort
point, contracted at the l);ise, its snrfaee (inely eil-
lular-rt'lienlated.
In swamps. I'Mnrida to I.nuisian.i, New Mexicoand
California, and widely distritiutiil in tropiial Anurici.
Niil certainly known within imrarca. June Ann.
) Hrittoii, California lliilrtisli.
17. Scirpus rufus ( Iltids. ) Schrad. Red Chihrush. ( iMg. 625.
Si /ill, II IIS Ill/IIS Muds. I'l. .\nul. I'A. 1. l,'5. 177^-
.Si ir/>iis iii/iis .Schrad. V\. C.erni. 1: i.U- tX^d.
I'ereniiial by slender rootstocks, culms t\ifled,
smooth, slencler, erect, somewhat compressed, t,'--
i.t' tall. I.eavi's half-terete, sm<'<)th, shorter than
the culm, channeled, '_•' 3' lonj.;, less than l'
wide, the lowest reduced to i>ladeless sheaths;
s])ikelets red-hrown, few-llowered, narrowly ovoid-
ohlonjr, subacute, about y loiij;. erect in a termi-
nal 2-rankeil sjiike '.' 1' lonj;; involucral leaf soli-
tary, erect, narrowly linear, eiiuallinfi; or lon>.;er
than the spike; scales lanceolate, acute, i-nerveil;
bristles ;,-6, upwardly barbeil, shorter than the
achene, <leciduons; stamens 3; style 2-ck'ft; achene
oblonj;, ])ointed at both ends, light brown, plano-
convex or slightly angled in front, i ' j" 2" long.
In niarslies, New hrunswick and < )uet>ectotlie Nurtli-
west Territory. Also in northern Ivuropc. Summer.
18. Scirpus campestris HrittDii. Prairie Hulni.sh
rereiinial by slender rootstocks, culm slender,
smooth, shar])ly triangular, i°-2° tall. Leaves
usually ])ale green, snu>otli, shorter than or over-
topjiing the culm, i"-2" wide, those of the in\-o-
lucre 2 or ;,, the longer much exceeding the inllor-
e.seiiice; spikelets ,^ 10 in a dense terminal sim])le
head, oblong-cylindric, mostly acute, .S"-i2" long,
2'i"-.\" in diameter; scales ovate, membranous,
puberiilent or glabrous, pale brown, 2-toothed at
the apex, the miilvein excnrrent into an ascending
or spreading awn ;d)out 1" long; bristles 1-^, much
shorter than the achene or none; style 2-eleft
(.sometimes vedeft?); achene lenticular, obovate or
oblong-ovate, mucronulate, yellow-brown, its sur-
face strongly cellular-retieidiited.
On wet prairies and plains, Manitoba and Minnesota
to Nebraska, Kans.ns and Mexico, west to Nevada.
May-Aiig.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY. 14SB0
(716) 872-4S03
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19. Scirpus robustus Pursh. Salt Marsh Bulrush. (Fig. 627.)
Siir^K.s I iihiisliis rursli. I'l. Am, .Sept. 56. 1S14.
S<i'/>ns villi i/iiiiiis v:ir. iiituiDstacliyiis Michx. I'M.
lior. .\iii. i: ,^2. iNi.v Not .S'. iiiiu'iiis/iiiliiiis Lain.
Pcienuial by larj^e rootstocks, culm stout, stilT,
.sharply ;i-aiigled with flat sides, smooth, 2°-^°
tall. Leaves ctiualliiij^ or overtoppinj.; the culm,
dark green, smooth, 2^2"-^" wide, the midvciii
prominent; involucr'd leaves 2-4, elongated, erect,
similar to those of ihc culm, often i' long; spike-
lets ovoid-ohlong, obtusa or subacute, .stout, IS"-! 2"
long, 4"-5" in diameter, 6-20 together in a dense
often compound terminal cluster; scales ovate,
brown, pubcrnlent, thiu, lacerate or 2-toothcd at
the apex, the niidvein cxcurrent into an, at length,
reflexed awn l^2'"-2 '2" long; bristles 1-6, fragile,
shorter than the achenc or none; stamens 3; style
,Vcleft; achene compressed, very flat on the face,
convex or with low ridge on the back, obovate-
orbicular, dark brown, shining, i,'X"long.
In salt marshes, Xova .Scotia to Texas. July-Ocl.
20. Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray. River Hulrush. ( Fig. 628. )
Scir/i/is 111(11 iliiiiiis var. IlKviiililis Torr. .\nn. I,vc. X.
Y.3::,24. isy.,
Siiif>iisj!i(vnililis.\. Ciray, Man. .527. i.sjg.
Perennial by large rootstocks, culm stout, sinootli,
sharply triangular with nearlj- flat sides, j°-6° tall.
Leaves ^"-^" wide, smooth, equalling or overtopping
the culm, attenuate to a very long tip, the niidvein
prominent; those of the involucre ,^-5, erect or spread-
ing, some of them s'-io' long; spikelets in a terminal
umbel, solitary, or 2-3 together at the ends of its long
spreading or drooping rays, or the central spikelets
sessile, oblong-cylindric, acute, .S"-i2" long, about
3,'2'' in diameter; scales ovate, scarious, pubcrnlent,
the midvein cxcurrent into a curved awn i'2'"-2"
long; bristles 6, rigid, downwardly barbed, about as
long as the achene; style 3-cleft; achene sharply
3-angled, obovoid, rather dull, short-iiointed, 2" long.
In shallow water aloiis lakes and slriams, (Juibrc to
Minnesota, New Jersey, Illinois and Kansas. June -.Sept.
21. Scirpus sylvaticus L. Wood Huhush. (Fig. 62e_).)
Siirfiiis sylvii/i( ii}i \,. ,Sp. I'l. ,si. i^.S.V
Perennial by long rootstocks, culm triangular,
stout, smooth, 4°-6° tall, often overtopped by the
upper leaves. Leaves flat, ,s"-S" wide, rough on
the margins, more or less rngulose, the midvein
prominent, those of the involucre ,s-S, the larger
similar to those of the culm and often 1° long or
more; umbel terminal, very large, soinctinics S'
broad, aliout ^ times compound, the spikelets ovoid
or ovoid-oblong, mostly acute, \'i"-2]2" long,
borne in capitate clusters of 2-8 at the ends of the
raylets; bractlets of the involucels small, scarious.
linear or lanceolate; scales ovatc-oblong, obtuse,
brown with a green centre; bristles 6, downwardly
barbed, slightly exceeding the achene; stamens 3;
style 3-cleft; achene oblong, 3-angled, obtuse,
nearly white, mucronulatc, not shining.
In s\vami)s, Massachusetts to North Carolina. .\lso
in Unrope. June-.\un.
SKDGK FAMILY.
269
22. Scirpus atrovirens Muhl.
Siir/ii/.s alio-'iicns Miilil. Cniin. l.'^. 1S17.
Perennial by slender roolstocks, culms triangu-
lar, rather slender, leafy, 2°-4° high. Leaves
elongated, nodulose, rough on the margins, dark
green, ,^"-6" wide, one or two of them usually ex-
ceeding the inflorescence; umbel 1-2-conipound or
simple; spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, denselvcaj)i-
tate in 6's-2o's at the ends of the rays or raylets;
involucels short; scales greenish-brown, oblong,
acute, the niidvcin excurrent; bristles usually 6,
downwardly barbed above, naked below, about as
long as the achene; stamens y, style 3-cleft; aclicne
oblong-obovoid, 3-angled, pale brown, dull.
In swamps, Xciva Scotia to Manitoba, south to (Geor-
gia and Louisiana. June .Viif;.
Scirpus atrovirens palUdus lirillon, Trans. X. Y. .\cad.
Sci. 9: 14. 1SS9.
Whole plant pale Rrccn; scales awned; spikelets ol)-
loUK-cyliudric, very numerous in the capitate clusters.
Slinnesuta to the XmlMwest Territory and Colorado.
Dark green Hulni.sli
23. Scirpus microcarpus Prcsl. Sniall-
fruited Bulrush. (Fig. 631.)
Siiipiis iiiirrotni/>tix Presl, Kel. Haenk. i: 19,5. 1S2S,
Srirfiiis sv!:'aliciis var. dii;yiiiis Hocckl, I.iuuaea, 36:
727. i,S7o.
Perennial, the culms .•5°-,^° tall, often stout,
overtopped by the rough-margined leaves. Longer
leaves of the involucre usually exceeding the inflor-
escence; spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, I'/i"-!"
long, 3-25 together in capitate clusters at the ends
of the usually .spreading ra}lcts; scales brown with
a green midvcin, blunt or subacute; bristles 4,
barbed downwardly nearly or (piitc to the base,
somewhat longer than the achene; stamens 2; style
2-cleft; achene oblong-obovate, nearly white, plano-
convex or with a low ridge on the back, pointed.
In swauips and wet woods, Xova Scotia to (jucbcc
and .-\laska. sotitli to Xcw HauipsMirc, nc.rthcni Xcw
York, Minnesota, Nevada and California. July-.Scpt.
24. Scirpus polyphyllus Valil
Si i rf>iis f>olyf>liyll IIS \i\\\\, pjiuni. 2: 274. iScio.
Perennial by slender rootstocks, culms slender,
sharply triangular, i|4°-4° tall, very leafy, the
leaves 2"-3" wide, exactly 3-ranked, inconspicu-
ously nodulose, rough-margined, the upper rarely
overtopping the culm; leaves of the involucre 3-6,
the longer commonly somewhat exceeding the in-
florescence; umliel more or less compound; spike-
lets ovoid, about lYz" long, capitate in 3's-io's at
the ends of the raylets; scales ovate, bright brown,
mostly obtu.se, mucronulate; bristles 6, flexuous or
twice bent, downwardly barbed above the middle,
twice as long as the achene; stamens 3; style 3-
cleft; achene ot)ovoid, 3-angled with a broad face
and narrower sides, short-pointed, dull.
In swamps, wet woods and meadows, Massachusetts
to Miiniesota. south to Alabama and .\rkansas. .Some
of the .scales of the spikelets occisioually dc vdop itUo
linear leaves. July-Sept.
Leafv Bulrush.
70
CVPHRACI'lAI';.
25. Scirpus Peckii liritton. Pock's Hul-
rush. (Fig. 633. j
St h fills I'likii liriltoii, Trans. X. V. Acail. Sci. 11: S2.
1S92.
Perennial by rootstocks, culms slender, trian-
gular, i'4°-i'A° lall, leafy. Leaves eloufjated,
2"-5" wide, rough-margined, the upper overtop-
j)ing the culm, tliose of the involucre 3-5, the
longer of thcni exceeding the inflorescence; umbel
i-2-conipound, large; spikelets cylindric, obtusish,
.i"-,s" louR. iu capitate clusters of 2-10 at the ends
of the raylets or some of them distinctly pedun-
cled; scales dark brown, keeled, mucronate, falling
early; bristles 4-6, downwardly barbed from be-
low the middle to the summit, longer than the
achcne; style 3-cleft; achene 3-anglcd, '4" long,
oblong, narrowed at each end, slender-beaked.
In swanijis, Connecticut and New Viirk. July Sept.
26. Scirpus divaricatus V.W. Spreading lUilni.sh. (Fig. 634.)
Siirpii^ ili-.uii idling ICll. Dot. S. C. & C.a, i:NS. />/. _'.
./: ,/. 1S16.
Perennial (?). Roots fd)rous, cidms obtusely
triangular, smooth, rather slender, 2}i°-4° tall.
Leaves 2"-4" wide, rough-margined, the upper
and those of the involucre not exceeding the in-
lloresccnce; umbel decompound, the primary rays
very slender, sometimes 6' long, widely spreading
or drooping; raylets filiform; involucels setaceous;
spikelets mostly solitary at the ends of the raylets,
sessile or pedunclcd, linear-oblong obtuse, 3"-6"
long, '2" thick; scales ovate, greenish-brown, sub-
acute or obtuse, with a prominent midvein and
scarious margins; bristles 6, flcxuous, longer than
the acheiie, somewhat pubescent, not barbed,
shorter than the scales; stamens 3; style 3-cleft;
achene sharply 3-angled, oblong, narrowed at both
ends, apiculate, nearly white, not shining.
In
parti;
swiunps
illy (levi
Kentucky to Missotui,
lop iiUo tufts of leaves.
south to I-"li
June Awii.
riilii
spikelets sonietiiues
Scirpus lineatus Miclix. Rt-ddish Bulrush. (Kig. 635.)
St II pus /iiiiii/tis Miclix. I'M. Hor. \\v. 1.^,2. 1S03.
Perennial by stout rootstocks, culms rather
slender, triangular, erect, 1°-^° high, leafy, the
upper leaves and those of the involucre not exceed-
ing the inflorescence. lA'aves 2"-4" wide, light
green, flat, rough-margined; umbels terminal and
commonly also axillary, decompound, the rays
very slender, becoming peudulous; spikelets mostly
solitary at the ends of the slender raylets, oblong,
obtuse, 3"-,s" long, about 1" in diameter; scales
ovate or oblong, reddish-brown with a green mid-
vein, their tips slightly spreading; bristles 6,
weak, smooth, entangled, much longer than the
achene, ecpudling the scales or slightly protruded
beyond them at maturity; stamens 3; style 3-cleft;
achene oblong or oblong-obovoid, pale brown, nar-
rowed at both ends, 3-angled, short-beaked.
\ In swiunps and wet meadows, Ontario to I'leorgia,
west tu Oregon and Texas. June-.Sept.
im
vSEOOE I'AMILY.
271
28. Scirpus cyperinus ( L. ) Kunth. Wool-grass. ( Kig. 636. )
JCiiof>h('iii»i cypii ilium I,. Sp. I'l. Ivtl. 2, 77. 1762.
S.ii pus i\pciiiiiis Kuiith. luiiim. 2: 170. I><,V-
ScirpHS I'.t ioplionim var. ivpfi inns A. (".ray. Man. liil.
2. SOI. 1S56.
Perennial by stout rootstocks, culms stout or slen-
der, smooth, obtusely trianj^ular or neatly terete,
stiff, leafy, 2°-6° t? 11. Leaves elongated, a'-'-j" wide,
rough-margined, the upper often overtopping the
culm, those of the involucre 3-6, the longer much ex-
ceeding the inllorescence; umbel terminal, com-
pound, the rays at length somewhat drooping; spike-
lets ovoid-oblong, obtuse, I '2'''-2'2" long, in capitate
clusters of 3-15 at the ends of the raylets; scales ovate
or lanceolate, acute or subni-utc; bristles6, entangled,
smooth, much longer than the achcne, much exserted
beyond the scales and grayish-brown at maturity;
stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, oblong,
slender-beaked, nearly white.
In swamps. Newfoundland to Ontario. Virginia and
Kentucky. AuR.-Scpt.
Scirpus cyperinus Eriophorum ( Miclix. ) Uritton, Trans. N. Y. .\cad. Sci. 11; 82.
Sciipiis JCriopiioi inn Michx. I'l. lior. .\in. l: 33. 1803.
El ioplim mil cv pi' I ill II III var. /at inn Wats. M: Coull. in .\. Cray, Man. I'.d. 6. ,>S2. i.Scjo.
.Spikck'ts mostly pedunckd. KauRc of the type, but exlendinj; to Florida and Louisiana.
10. ERIOPHORUM h. Sp. PI. 52. 1753.
Bog sedges, perennial by rootstocks, the culms erect, triangular or nearly terete, the
leaves linear, or i or 2 of the upper ones reduced to bladelcss sheaths. Spikelets terminal,
solitary, capitate or umbelled, subtended by a i -several-leaved involucre, or naked. Scales
spirally imbricated, usually all fertile. Klowers perfect. Periauth of 6 or numerous filiform
smooth soft bristles, which are white or brown, straight or crisped, and exserted much
beyond the scales at maturity. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-clcft. Achene 3-angled, oblong, ellip-
soid or obovoid. [Clreek, signifying wool-bearing, referring to the soft bristles.]
.\bout 10 species, in tlie northern heTuispliere. Hesides the following, one occurs in .Maska.
Spikelel solitary; involucral leaf short or none.
liristles only 6, while, crisped, very long. i. /■,'. ii/piiiinii.
Rristles numerous, .slraijjhl or sliKhtly crisped,
liristles briglit while.
Culm with 2 inflateil bladeless slieallis; achene obovoid, obtuse. 1. /•-'. -affinaliim.
Only the upper sheath bladeless, or all blade-beariutf; achene lincir-oblong, acute.
I.Sy2.
A'. Silituilizeri.
IC. iiisscolinii.
liristles reddish brown.
Si)ikclcts several, umbellate or capitate; involucre i-(-kave(l.
.\chene ol)ovoi<l, obtuse; spikelets umbellate. 5. E. polyslachyon.
.\eliene linear oblong, acute; spikelets eai)itale or some of them i>edunck'd.
Leaves clianueleil; bristles 4 6 times as long as the scale, briglit white. 6. JC. gracile.
Leaves flat; bristles 3 limes as hmg as the scale, brown ( rarely white). 7. A". I'iiginitinii.
I. Eriophorum alpinum L. Alpine Cotton-grass. (Fig. (')37. )
I'.i ioplioiinn nlpiiiinii I.. Sp. I'l. 53. 1753.
Perennial by short rootstocks, sending up numer-
ous filiform triangular roughish culms, 6'-io' high.
Leaves subulate, 3" 10" long, triangular, chan-
neled, borne very near the base of the culm, the
lower sheaths often scarious an<l bladeless; spikelet
solitary, terminal, small, erect; involucral bract sub-
ulate, mostly shorter than the spikelet, sometimes
wanting; young spikelet ovoid-oblong, subacute;
scales oblong lanceolate, yellowish-brown, firm, ob-
tuse or subacute, the midvein slender; bristles 6,
white, crisped, 4-7 times as long as the scale; achene
narrowly obo void-oblong, brown, apiculate, dull.
Ill bogs sind on high inonntains, Newfoundland to
Hudson Uay anil the Nortliwesl Territory, south to Ver-
nuiTit, northern New York and Minnesota. .Vlso iti
ICurope and .Asia. Sumnur.
272 CVPHUACIvVIC.
2. Eriophorum vaginatum L. Slicathcd Cotton-jj^rass. ( I'U^. C-,t,s. )
'"■I ' /'nii/'/ioniiii rai; iiia/inii i„ S]i. l'\. =,j, 175;,,
Ciihiis tufted, stiir, obtusely triaiii,'ular, smooth,
slender, S'-if/ tall, leafless, except at the base,
bearing two distant inflated sheaths, the upper one
usually aliove the middle. lA-avcs stiff, fdifonn,
triangular, channi'led, slijrhtl y rough, shorter than
or sometimes overtopping the culm; involucral
leaf wanting; spikelet solitary, ovoid, erect; scales
ovatedanccolate or the lowest lanceolate, .icund-
n.'ite, purple-brown, thin; bristles numerous, white,
straight, glossy, 4-5 times as long as the scale; an-
thers linear; achene obovoid, obtuse, brown, dull,
nnnutelx- apiculate.
In buys, Xi \vriiini(11.-ni(l to .Maska, south to Mas-
SMclinsttls. rmiisyhiuiia and Miniusola. Also in
nnrllurn lCiU(i])e .md .\sia. Jimc -Auk.
3. Eriophorum Scheuchzeri Hoppj. ScIieiicli/.er'.sCDttoii-Krass. ( Kij;-. 639. )
/Criiip//,iniii: Si //i!ii //:ri ! Uit\i\ii\ TasclKiil). 1800: m).
I .^c « 1.
J-'.i ii'pln>niiii ,iipiliihii» Host, ("iram. .\ust. i: \><. />/. ,•,'''.
1.S01.
Similar to the preceding species hut the sheaths all
bladediearing or only the upper one bladeless, culms
slender, smooth, nearly terete, i()'-2o' tall. Leaves
filiform, channeled, usually nmch shorter than tlie
culm; spikelet solitary, ternnnal, erect; involucre
none; .scales ovatedanccolate, long-acununatc, pur-
ple-brown, mendirauous; bri.stles numerous, white
or slightly yellowish, weak, nearly straight, 4-5,
times as long as the scale; "anthers cordate-ovate;"
achene narrowly ol)long, acute, brown, dnll, subu-
late-beaked.
In bdjfs. Newi'ciundlaiid and Labrador to Mauituba.
Alaska iiid Orcifiui. .\lsii in Iviniipt-. .Sunnner.
4. Eriophorum russeolum Fries. Rii.ssft Cotton- j,n-as>. ( Fijj. 640.
ICi idplioniiii iiissiii/inii I'rirs, Xnvit. Maiit. 3: 67. 1S42.
Culms solitary or little tufted, triangular, erect,
smooth, S'-i8' tall, much longer than the leaves.
Upper sheath inflated, bladeless, mucronate, rarely
with a short subulate blade, usually borne below the
nnddle of the culm; leaves fdifor triangular-chan-
neled, mucronate, i'-4'long; spikelet solitary, erect;
involucre none; scales ovate-lanceolate acunnnate,
thin, purplish-brown with nearly ..liitc margins;
bristles numerous, bright rcddishdjrown, 3-5 times
as long as the scaie; achene oblong, narrowed at each
end, apiculate.
.Scarcely dilTers from the precediuR si)ecies except in
tile color of the bristles and the shorter pointed achene.
In hogs, Newfoundland to (Quebec. Juue-Aug.
Hi,
m
SKDC.Iv I-'AMILY.
273
5. Eriophorum polystachyon L. Tall Coaon-grass. (Fi^. 641.)
/■'.I iiifihtii mil /^iilvslitiiiviiii I„ S]). I'l. 52. I75.i-
/\i iiif'liiii mil liUifoliiiiii II()|))R', TiiSflRiib, 180O: in;, ismi.
Culm stiff, smooth, obtusely triangular aliove,
nearly terete below, 1 'i'';," tall, all tlie sheaths blade-
bearing. Leaves flat, roughish-margined, i 'j" 4"
wiile, ta]H-ring to a triangular ehanncled rigid point,
the upper shorter than or rarely overtopping the
culm, tliose of the involucre 2-4, the longer commonly
C(|ualling or exceeding the inllorescence; s])ikelcts
,^ 12, ovoid, or ()l)long, clrooping, in a terminal simple
or more or less compound umbel; rays filiform, smooth
or rough; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
purple-green or brown; bristles numerous, bright
white, about i' long, 4-5 limes as long as the scale;
achenc obovoid, obtuse, light brown.
Ill Ifo^rs. XcwTciiiiKlland U> Alaska, snutli to Xcw Jersey,
C.idiK'ia and .Ncbra'-ka. Alsu in ICurdjiL- and .\sia. June-
Ma.
6. Eriophorum gracile Kijcli.
.Slender C<)ttoii-L;rass.
; I, hill Kdcli; Kdtli
/■'.I iiifthorii III
I N K I.
i'.riiifiliKi inn / 1 ii/ii, li 11 in Ibi|i])i-. Tascluiib. 1800:
iStM.
Culm slender, obtusely triangular, rough on the
.ingles, 1^-2° tall, the sheaths all blade-bearing.
Leaves narrowly linear, i" wide or less, triangular-
channeled, rough-margined, the upjier not overtop-
ping the culm; involucral leaf commonly only 1,
stiff, erect; s])ikelcts _v<'^. capitate or subumbellate,
the longer peduncled ones droopin.g; scales ovale or
oblong, oblusc or suliacute, greenish brown, the mid-
vein rather strong, often with a weaker nerve on
each side; bristles numerous, bright white, ^^,"--12"
long, 4 6 times as long as the scale; achenc linear-
oblong, acute, pointed.
Ill bojT'^, -W ufduiidlaiid In Iliidsoii liay ,i;iil .Vlaska,
sdUlli Id New Jersey, I'eiiiisyUauia and Missduri, .\Kd
ill l-Uirope and .\sia. June .Sept.
7. Eriophorum Virginicum I^. Virj,ntiia
Cottoii-j^rass. ( l-'i.t;-. 643. )
l-'.iii>f'liiii Hill I 11 i;iiiii mil ^,. Sp. I'l. ,s,;. 17.S.V
Culm stilT, rather slender, obtusely triangular
above, terete below, smooth, i'i°-.\° tall, rather
leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, flat, i"-2'2" wide,
rough-margined, .somewhat channeled toward the
apex, the u])i)er often overtopping the culm, those
of the involucre 2-4, spreading or dellexcd, 2'-6'
long, 1 or 2 of them much longer than the spikelcts;
spikelcts several or numerous in a dense terminal
capitate cluster usually broader than high, erect or
the outer ones spreading; scales ovate, acute, brown
with a green centre, about s-uerved; bristles numer-
ous, dingy brown, about ,^ times as long as the scale;
achene linear-oblong, acute, apiculate, light brown.
Ill biiRs. Newfoundland to Manitt)ba, south to l'li)ri<la
and Ncbrask.i, June-Sept.
Eriophorum Virginicum album .V. Cray, Man. I'M. ,s, 566
llristles whit... Northern New York,
18O7,
T
274
CYPERACKAH.
II. FUIRENA Rottb. Descr. cS: Ic. 70. />/. iq. f.
^111-
Perennial sedj;es, with leafy triangular culms (in a southern species the leaves reduced
to inflated sheaths), and many-flowered terete spikelets in terminal and axillary clusters, or
rarely solitary. vScales spirally imbricated all around, awned, the i or 2 lower commonly
empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 3 ovate oblon>{ or cordate-ovate, stalked, often awned
sepals, usually alternating with as many downwardly barbed bristles. Stamens 3. vStylc 3-
cleft, not swollen at the base, deciduous. Achene stalked or nearly sessile, sharply 3-angled,
acute or mucronate, smooth. (In honor of Cicorg I'uiren, 15.S1-162S, Danish physician.)
About 20 sj)Lciis, natives of warm tL'nipc rale and tnipical re(fii)ns. lie sides tin- following. ■ or
2 others occur in the soulhtrii fnitcd Slates.
Sepals awned from the ape.x or awtilcss.
Sepals awned on the buck below the apex.
/•". si/Ktitriisa.
/'". simplf.v.
I. Fuirena squarrosa Miclix.
vSquarrose Fuiretia, ( Fig. 644. )
I'liimia sijiitirrosa Mich.v. Fl. lior. .\in. i: 37.
1803.
J'liiiTiiii .11/ II (I riosa \",\v. piimila Torr. 1"1. ('. S.
I- 68. 1824.
Rootstock short, stout, sometimes tuber-
bearing; culms tufted, glabrous or nearly
so, 2'-2° tall. Leaves flat, nearly or quite
glabrous or the lower sheaths pubescent;
spikelets sessile and i-io together in ter-
minal and usually also lateral capitate
clusters, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, acute or
obtuse, 3"-6" long, about 2>^" in dia-
meter; scales ovate or oblong, brown,
pubescent, mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, tipped
with a stout spreading or recurved awn of
nearly their ow'i length; sepals oblong,
long-stalked, usually narrowed at both
ends, tapering into a slender terminal
downwardly barbed or sometimes smooth
awn; bristles mostly longer than the
achene, sometimes as long as the sepals.
Ill wel meadows and marslics, llassachusells
lo I'loridiiaiul Louisiana, neiirllie coasl. .Mso
in Michigan and Nebraska. July -Scpl.
Fuirena squarrosa hispida i V,\\. 1 Chapiii. I'l. S. States, 514. i8(ki.
I'liiiriiti /iis/>i(/,i V.n. Hot. S. C. iV C.a. i: S7i). 1821.
Sheallis and leaves hirsute: sei):ils ovale, cordate al the b.isc or abruptly narrowed into the
stalk, awiilcss or verv short ,i\viie(l at llie apex; bristles usually shorter than or etiualliiiK the
achene; plant usually lallcr. New York lo I'lorida, west lo Alabama and Texas, Perhaps a dis-
linct si>ecies.
2. Fuirena simplex Vahl. Western
Fuirena. 'Fig. 645.)
Fuirena siiii{>li-A Vahl, ICiiuni. 2: ,584. 1806.
Fiiirciiii .S(/iiairiisa var. tiri's/ii/a/d Torr. .Ann.
I,yc, N, V, 3. 291. 1836,
Similar to the preceding species, root-
stock short, thick; culms slender, ^'-2° tall,
glabrous. Leaves flat, glabrous or ciliate;
scales tipped with a spreading or reflexed
awn; sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse and usually
notched at the apex, obtuse, truncate or sub-
cordate at the base, longer or shorter than
their stalks, awned on the back from below
the apex, the awn varying in length, smooth
or downwardly barbed; bristles retrorsely
hispid, equalling or exceeding the sessile or
short-stalked achene.
In moist soil, Kansas to Texas .iiid Mexico.
June Sept.
SElJGIv I'AMILV.
275
12. HEMICARPHA Xees ^S: Arn. ICdiiib. New Phil. Joiini. 17: 263. 1.S34.
I<o\v tufted mostly atimial sedges, with erect or spreading;, almost filiform culms and
leaves, and terete small terminal capitate or solitary spikclets subtended hy a 1-3-lcaved in-
volucre. Scales spirally imbricated all around, deciduous, all suhtendiu}; ])erfect llowers.
Perianth of a single hyaline sepal (hnict?) between the (lower and the racliis of the spike-
let; bristles none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-cleft, deciduous, not swollen at the base, .\chene
oblong, turgid or lenticular. CC.reck, in alhision to the single sepal.)
Abiiut 3 spicii'S, natives of tfiupcrate and trnpical ri^rions. Hcsides the rdllnwinn. lUlotlicr
occurs ill the soulluvcsttrii I'liittil .States. The- fjeiius dilTirs fniiii Scii /'ii-\. with wliicli it is uiiilid
l)y SdiiU' aullKits. m.iinly in llu' prisenci' of Uie ptriaiilh scak.
I. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl)
Hrittoti. Ileiuicarjiha. ; Fig. 646. )
Si i) /ills nil, 11111//111S Vahl. ICiiuiii. 2: 254. iSiifi.
Ilciiiiini flia iiihsqiiiiii osit Necs, ill Xlalt. I'M. liras.
2: Part I, h\. iS)2.
Ilciiiicai film iiiidttiillnt liritlon, bull. Torr. Club,
15: 104. ilSS.'i.
Annual, glabrous, culms densely tufted, com-
pressed, grooved, diffuse or ascending, j'-5'
long, mostly longer than the setaceous smooth
leaves. Spikelets ovoid, many-flowered, ob-
tuse, about 1" long, capitate in 2's-.}'s or soli-
tary; involucral leaves or one of them usually
much exceeding the spikelets; scales brown,
obovate, with a short blunt spreading or re-
curved point; sepal inconspicuous; stamen i;
acliene obovate-oblong, obtuse, mucronulatc,
little compressed, light brown, its surface min-
utely cellular-reticulated.
In moist, sandy soil. Kliode Island In IViiiisylvu
nia, Florida, Texas and Mi:.\ico. July-Sept.
Hemicarpha micrantha aristulata Covillc. Hull.
Torr. Club. 21: 36. 1.S94,
Scales pale. LUiiLatc-obovate, tapering into scpiar-
rose awns about their own leiiKtli- Kansas to Te.xas.
13. LIPOCARPHA R
I<ow annual sedges, with slend
ered spikelets in a terminal head,
spirally inibricated all around, all
ciduous. I'lower.s perfect. Perian
flower; bristles none. Stamens i
Achene plano-convex or 3-angled.
.-Vbout 7 specii s. widily distribute
Hr. App. Tiickey I'*xp. Congo, 459. 18 18.
er tufted culms leafy at the base, and terete many-ilow-
subtended by a i-several-Ieavcd involucre. Scales firm,
fertile or several of the lower ones empty, at length de-
tli of two small sepals (bracts?) one on each side of the
-2. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous, its base not swollen.
(Greek, alluding to the thick sepals in some species.)
d in warm and tropical regions.
^^iH I- Lipocarpha maculata ( Michx. ) Torr.
American L,ipocarplia. (Fig. 647. )
Hor.
Am. I: 29.
3: 2.S8.
Kylliiigiii iiiaiiilalii Michx. V\
iSo.v
f.ipmai plia iiiitciildia Torr. .\iin. I.vc. N. V
Annual, glabrous, roots fibrous, culms tufted,
grooved, compressed, smooth, longer tlniu the
narrowdy linear somewhat channeled leaves, 3'-
10' tall. Leaves of the involucre 2-4, the larger
\'-S' long; spikelets ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 2)4" -
3" long, i" in diameter, 2-6 together in a termi-
nal capitate cluster; scales rhombic or lanceo-
late, acute at the ajiex, curved, the sides nearly
white, or flecked with reddish-brown spots, the
midvein green; exterior sepal convolute around
the achene, nerved, hyaline; stamen i; achene
oblong, yellowish, contracted at the base.
In wel or moist soil, eastern Virginia to Florida.
.Msoiiear l'hiladeli)liia. where it is probably adveu-
tive. July-.Sept.
cvri;R.\CH.\K.
14. RYNCHOSPORA Valil, Ivmiin. 2: 22.). 1806.
Leafy scdjjcs, luoslly pcrLMiiiial by rootstocks, with erect ;,->'ingle(l or terete luliiis, nar-
row flat or involute leaves, ami ovoid oblong or fusiform, variously clustered spikelets.
Scales thin, i-nerved, imbricated all around, usually nnicronale by the cxcnrrcnt niidvcin,
the lower empty, fppcr Mowers imperfect, the lower perfect, rcriaiitli of 1-20 (mostly 6)
upwardly or downwardly barbc<l or scabrous bristles, wantinj,' in some species (no. 2). Sta-
mens commonly 3. Style j-cleft, 2-tootlied or rarely entire. Achcne lenticular or swollen,
not van^led, smooth or transversely wrinkled, cippcd by the pcrsi.stent l)ase of the style
(tubercle), or in some species by the whole style. | t'.reek, referring to the beak-like tubercle. |
.Vbnut 2.»i Species, iil' wide jticinraphic dislrilnUidn, ninst idnnulanl in warm rc.j;ii'ns. besides
till' riiUciwinn. siinu- -■; ollu rs uccnr in the SDiitlurn I'nited States.
Style entire or i-tuntlKil, persistent as a Innvr i'.\--iiled subulate beak.
,Styk lUiply 2 cleft, only its base persistent as a tube icle.
HrislUs minute or wanlinj;.
lirislles plmniise.
lirislles downwardly barbed or nircly sinootli,
.Scales wldtc or nearly so; bristles i)-i,S.
.Scales brown; bristles o.
I.iaves rdil'orni; aclienc oblon^r.
Leaves narrowly liniar. flat: acluiie obovale,
liristles ecpiallin^r the acliene; tnliercle one liiill' as lonn
hristles reach iiiK or exceeeUiiK the end ol' the tubercle, u I
,Si>ikelels few-several in numerous r.illier loo^e clus
Spikelets very nunierons in j »i very ditise jflobos'
Rristles \ipw:n(lly barbed.
Spikelets very nninerous in 2-6 very dense globose luads.
Spikelets few-several in rather loose clusters.
Achene smooth.
Leaves setaceous; achene obovate' shining.
Leaves narrowly linear. Hat; acheni- broadly oval. dull.
Achene transversely wrinkled.
Spikelets ovoid, in erect cyniose clusters; achene lonu'i'
Leaves flat; spikelets nearly or ipiile stssile.
Leaves involute; spikelets distinctly pedicelled.
Spikelets spindle-shaped, in droopinjr panicles; aclune
1. A', idi iiiciilalti.
2. A', pitlliilii.
3. A', oligautha.
4. A', alba.
5. A", cafiilhuca.
or less. 6. A'. Knit skci nil .
uch is as lonffastlu- achene.
ters. 7. I\. iilitniii tiUi.
heads, s. A', axillaris.
S. A', a villa I IS.
<i. I\. fiisca.
10. I\. ^j^iai ilnila.
r than the bristles.
1 1. A', niiiiisa.
13. A'. I'l)} I rvaiia.
shorter than the bristles.
1,5. A', iiic I /laii.'ia.
I. Rynchospora corniculata (Lam. ) A. C.ray. Honied Rush. ( Fit;. 648. )
Sriiofiiti.': ton/iiiilaliis l,;un.'l':i)A. ICncjcl. i: 137. 1791.
A'lniiiltii.^/tDra loriiiiiihila \. (Vray. .\'in. Lye. X. V. 3:
Culm obtusely triatigidar, stout or rather slender,
smooth, 3°-7° tall. Leaves flat, broadly linear,
6'-iS'long, ,''/'-S" wide, rough-margined; umbels
terminal ami axillary, sometimes 1° broad, usuallj'
compound; spikelets spindle-shaped, 4"-6" long
in llower, capitate at the ends of the rays and ray-
lets; primary rays slender, sometimes 6' long;
scales lanceolate, thin, acute, light brown; bristles
about 6, subulate or filiform, rigid, upwardly
scabrous, shorter than, ecjualling or exceed-
ing the achene; style subulate, entire or min-
utely 2toothed at the apex, 2-4 times longer
than the achene, upwardly scabrous, yi'-i' long,
persistent and much exserted l)cyond the scales
when mature; achene obovate, Hat on both sides,
2" long, dark brown, smooth, its surface minutely
cellular- reticulated.
In swamps. Delaware to I'lorida. west to Ohio. Mis-
souri and Texas. July-Sept.
Rhynchospora comiculata macrostachya (Torr. ) Uritton, Trans. X. V. .\ead. .Sci. 11: S4. i,Sg2.
A'liyinliosfiora ii/ai ro.t/adn'a Torr. .\mi. Lye. X. V. 3: 20^). 1835.
Hristles about twice as louR as the achene. RatiKe of the type, hut exteiidiiiK north to Massa-
chusetts and Rhode Island.
SEnr.I' FAMILY.
277
I'alc Ikakc'd-nish. ( I'ii^. ^149.)
Massii-
2. Rynchospora pallida M. A. Ciirli~
h'ln ii(/i<i.\/tiiiii /tdl/hhi M. A. Curtis, Am. Jnurii. Sci, 1 II, 1
7: (IK). i,^t<),
Root.stofks slender, ciilins sliar])ly triaiimilar, 1 •<"-
2'i° tall. Leaves ^"-i" wide, llaltisli, nearly
smooth, the lowest reduced to niaiiy-ncrvcd lanceo-
late acunnnate scales; spikclets numerous, spindlc-
sliapeil, narrow, 2"-.^" long, aj,'j;ref;ated in a com-
j)onnd convex terminal head, or occasionally also in
a liliforni-slalkcd cluster from the u])pcr axil; npjier-
most leaves subulate, little exccedinj; the spikclets;
scales pale Krecnish brown, lanceolate, acuminate;
bristles minute and early deciduous, or wanting;
style 2-cIeft; achcne lenticular, obovatc-oblonj,;,
smooth, brown, somewhat shining, '2" long, tipped
by a short tubercle.
In pini' barren bcijjs. Nt\v Jirsiy tn NUrlli Carulin.-i,
3. Rynchospora oligantha A. C.ray. Few-flowered IJeaked-ni.sh. (Kig. 650. )
l\'livinh(>s flora oli^aiiHiii .\. Ovav. \n\\. I,yc, X, V, 3:
312, i.'^.is.
Rootstocks short, culms tufted, almost thread-like,
leafy only toward the base, 6'- 16' tall. Leaves fdi-
form, resembling and shorter than the culm or some-
times etiualling it; spikclets 1-4, terminal, narrowly
oblong, acute, ,^"-4" long, sessile or peduncled, sub-
tended by I or 2 filiform bracts; scales ovate, pale
brown, acute, cuspidate; bristles usually 6, densely
plumose below the middle, upwardly scabrous above,
e(|ualling or shorter than the achene; style 2-cleft;
acbene obovoid-oblong, obtuse, turgid-lenticular,
pale brown, dull, transversely wrinkled; tubercle
with a flat depressed border and a flattened conic
acute central projection about one fifth as loug as
achene.
Ill wit sandy soil, Dilawart- to I'lorida and Texas,
luar tlR- coast, JuiK- .\ufr-
4. Rynchospora alba ( I<. ) Vahl. White Beaked-rush. (Fij^. 651
S(lii<iiiiis athiis L, Sp, I'l, .)4.
A'tiu/idsfinni ullhi Vahl, ICmiiii,
2; 2.i(>, iSciii,
Tale green, rootstocks short, culms slender or
almost filiform, glabrous, 6' 20' tall. Leaves bris-
tle-like, '+'"-,'2" wide, shorter than the culm, the
lower very short; spikclets several or numerous, in
1-4 dense corymbose terminal and axillary clusters,
narrowly oblong, acute at both ends, 2"-t," long;
scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, white, acute; bris-
tles 9-15, downwardly barbed, slender, about as
long as the achene and tubercle: style 2-cleft;
achene obovate-oblong, smooth, pale brown, lentic-
ular; tubercle triangular-subulate, flat, one-half as
long as the achene.
In boifs. N'ewfouiullaiid to .Maska, south to l-Morida'
Kentucky. Minnesota and OrcRoii, .\lso in iiorthcrii
ICurope and Asia, June-Ann:,
278
5-
CYI'RRACEAK.
Rynchospora capillacea Torr. Cajnllary Hfakcd-rush. ( Fijj. (152. )
l\'ln iiiliiis/^iini infiilliuiii Torr. Cunip. 11. iH2().
Culms filiforin, tufted, j^laljrous, 6'-2o' tall.
Leaves filiform, less than ,'4" wide, much shorter
than the euliti, the lower very short; spikelcts few,
in 1-3 terminal and axillary loose clusters, oblonR,
acute at both ends, 2"-}," Ion),'; scales ovate ohloiijj,
chestnut-brown, keeled, mucronatc; bristles 6, sKii-
(Icr, downwardly barbed, about efiualliiiK t)r becom-
ing; longer than the achene and tubercle; aclieue
narrowly oblonj;. short-stalked, light brown, mi-
nutely wrinkled, lenticular; style 2-cleft; tubercle
comjiressed, triangular-subulate, dark brown, about
one-half as long as the achene.
In boKs, Viriuonl and Ontario ti) Minmsota, south
Id Ni w Jirscy, Pennsylvania and MicliiKan. Jidy .\un.
Rynchospora capillacea laeviseta IC. J. Hill, Am. Nat.
liristlis snuMilh Ndrlhtrii Indiana and Michijran.
1;
6. Rynchospora Knieskernii Carey. Knie.s-
keni's Beaked-rush. ( V\<^. 653. )
Rhynilioapoia A'iiitsi/iiiii]Cnri.y. .\m. Jonrn. Sci. (II.)
4: 25. 1S47.
Culms slender, tufted, smooth, S'-i8' tall. Leaves
narrowly linear, flat, about '2" wide, much shorter
than the culm; spikelets numerous, in several distant
compact clusters, oblong, acute, about i" long;
scales chestnut-brown, ovate; bristles 6, downwardly
barbed, equalling the achene; achene obovate, lenticu-
lar, brown, minutely wrinkled; style 2-cleft; tubercle
triangular-subulate, pale, one-half as long as the
achene or less and slightly' dccurrent on its edges.
Pine barrens, New Jersey to Virjfinia. July .\ng.
7. Rynchospora glomerata (1^. ) Vahl.
Chistered lieaked-rush. ( Fig. 654. )
Sc/iorinis ff/oinria/ii.': I,. Sp. I'l. 4.4. I75,V
J^ymliDsfiiii a i;toniei ijla \ahl, Ivnuni. 2: 2,^4. 1806.
Rootstocks slender, culms smooth, triangular,
slender or rather stout, I "-3° high. Leaves
flat, \"~2" wide, rough-margined, shorter than
the culm; spikelets several or numerous, in .^-7
corymbose-capitate axillary rather loose clusters,
oblong, narrowed at both ends, 1^2 "-2" long;
scales lanceolate, rich dark brown; bristles 6,
downwardly barbed, longer than or equalling the
achene and tubercle; achene obovate, lenticular,
smooth, dark brown; tubercle subulate, about
as long as the achene.
In moist soil, Maine to Ontario and Michigan,
south to Florida and Texas. July-Se])t.
Rynchospora glomerata paniculata (.X.'Gray) Cliapni. I'l. .S. .Slates, 528. i860.
Rhynchosfxira fianinilala .\. (iray, Ann. I.yc. N. V. 3: 211. 1.8,1,5.
Culm stouter, sometimes 4'; " tall; leaves usually wider; spikelets very mimerous in compound
clusters. Maryland to Florida and Louisiana.
Rynchospora glomerata minor Ilritton. Trans. X. V. .\cad. ,Sei. ii:i)o. 1892.
Culms very slender, 5-10' tall; leaves 'j" wide or less; clusters 2 or ,5, small, with 3-10 spike-
lets. Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
Rynchospora glomerata discutiens Clarke; Rritton, Trans. N. V. .Vead. Sei. 11: 89. 1,892.
Bristles smooth, or barbed at the apex only New Jersey to North Carolina.
SlvDUH 1-AMII,V.
279
8. Rynchospora axillaris (Lam.) IJrit-
tuii. Cajntate Heaked-rush. (Fis. 655. )
Stiweiiiis axillaris I.iiiii. Ta1)l. Ivtuycl. i: j 57. 171JI.
Kli\iitii(isf>iiia iiftlialaiillKi A. Cniv, Ann. I.vc. \.
\'. 3: I-IS. l.S,^,,,
m, Hull Tnrr. Clul),
A'liyiii/iosfiiira a villa lis l!rilt(
iS: 1(4. iSSK.
Culms stout, j-atiKled, 2° -4° tall. Leaves
flat, keeled, i" i'<" wide; spikelets spindle-
shaped, 2|i'" 3" lony, exceediuj^ly numerous,
in several short-peduncled axillary and terminal
very dense rIoIjosc heads sometimes 10" in di-
ameter; scales dark brown, nvate-ohlouK, acute;
bristles usually 6, longer than or etiualling the
achenc and tubercle, downwardly or upwardly
barbed; achene broadly obovate, brown, smooth,
lenticular; tubercle subulate, about as long as
the achcue, somewhat decurrent on its edges.
Ill s\vaiui)S, I.oiitr Island tn I'Morida and I.ouisi
ana, near the cmist. July-Sept.
Rynchospora axillaris microcephala Hritton, Tran
Heads only 4" 5" in diaiiuter: spikelets 1'
New Jersey to I'liirida and I.iiuisi.iria.
lonn; aeliene one-half as larjte as that of the type.
9. Rynchospora fusca (L.) R. tS:S. Brown
]5eaked-riish. (Fig. 656. )
SiliiKUKs/nsdis I,. .S|). I'l. ICd. 2, 1664. 176,^.
l\'li\ii(liospiiia fiisia R. S: S. Syst. 2; .SS. 1.817.
Rootstocks short, culms slender, 3-angled, smooth,
tufted, 6'-i.S' tall. Leaves .setaceous, channeled,
scarcely '2" wide, much shorter than the culm;
spikelets spindle-shaped, acute, about 2',i" long,
several, or rather numerous, in t-4 loose clusters;
scales oblong-lanceolate, brown, shining, concave;
bristles 6, upwardly barbed, often unequal, the longer
ones usually exceeding the achenc and tubercle;
achene narrowly obovate, turgid-lenticular, smooth,
shining; tubercle triangular-subulate, nearly as long
as the achene, its margins serrulate or nearly smooth.
In bojis, New lirunswick to Delaware, west aloupr the
.St. I.Hwrence and Creat Lakes to lliclii(fan. Also in
ICurope. July-AuK.
10. Rynchospora gracilenta A. Gray.
Slender Beaked-ru.sli. (Fig. 657. )
Rhyiitlios/ioia gracilciila A. Ciray,
ii6. 1835.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3:
Culms very slender or filiform, smooth, obtusely
triangular, i°-2° tall. Leaves flat or becoming invo-
lute in drying, rather le.ss than \" wide, elongated
but shorter than the culm; spikelets narrowly ovoid,
acute, 2" long, few, in 1-4 loose clusters, the lower
clusters borue on fdiform stalks; scales ovate, brown,
mucronatc; bristles 6, upwardly barbed, equalling the
achene and tubercle; achene broadly oval or nearly
orbicular, dark brown, lenticular, dull, smooth; tu-
bercle narrowly subulate, flat, widened at the base,
pale, about as long as the achcue.
In pine barren swamps. New Jersey to Florida and
Texas, near the coast. June-AuK-
28o
CYrKRACKAi;.
II. Rynchospora cymosa I'.U. (irass-like Heaked-iush. ( Imj>;. 658.)
I\ii\ lulufifxiiii niiiiisii ICll. Hot. S. C. iS: (f:i. i: ,sS. iSi6.
Silit'i'iiiis ( viiiiisKs Miilil. Cfraiii. '^. 1^17-
Li^lil Kfccii, culms tufted, sharply ^-anjjlod,
smooth, i"-2° tall. Leaves Hat, iiarrnwly linear,
Kiass-like, 1 '."-2" wide or the basal ones l)roader,
the uppermost sometimes ovcrtoppini^j the culm;
spikelcts ovoidohlouL;, acnle, 1 'i" lonjf, sessile or
nearly so, capitate in 2's 7's on the ultimate
branches of the axillary and terminal clusters;
bracts setaceous; scales dark brown, broadly ovate
or suhorbicular; bristles 6, u])wardly barbed,
shorter than the acheiie; achene broadlj- obovate
or oblong, lenticular, transversely wrinkled; style
2-cleft; tubercle conic, one-fourth to one-third as
lonj; as the achene.
In moist soil, New Jersey to Ki ntueky and Missouri,
south to I'Moriilii and Texas. .Mso in Cuba. June .Autf.
12. Rynchospora Torreyana A.
(■ray. Torrty's IJeakcd-rusli.
(\'\g. 659.)
Jx'liviii'liitsfiiini '/'hi ji Villi II .\. Cirav, .\nn. l.ve.
N. V. 3: 19;. it;;,5.
Culms terete or obscurely ,^-anKled, smooth,
slender, i'2°-,^° tall. Leaves involute, the
lower I \i"'-2" wide at the base and elong-
ated, the upper bristle-like, distant; spike-
lets ovoii', I '2'" louf,'. peduncled, numerous,
in 1-4 loose distant clusters; scales brown,
ovate, mu.'ronate; bristles 6, upwardlj-
barbed, shorter than the obloujjj-obovate
trans\crsely wrinkled lenticular achene;
style i -cleft; tubercle Hat, conic, one-fourth
to one-tiiird as long as the achene.
In wit pine barrens. New Jersiy in Snulli
Carnliua. July-.Ausr.
13. Rynchospora inexpansa
(Miclix.) Vahl. XoddiiiK' Ik-aked-
iiii' I piiiisii.\ .Mii'lix. I''l, l!nr, .\iu. i: ,5,s,
Iviiutn. 2: 2^2.
Si iliiillll
I\ll\ III llnsfiOlil i III- \ fill II. \, I \';\\\\
Rootstocks slender, culms tufted, smooth,
slender, j-anj^led, 2°-},° tall. Leaves smooth,
i" wide or less, flat, the lower elongated,
the up])er bristle-like, remote; s])ikelets
.spindle-shaped, acute at both ends, about ;,"
long, numerous, in i-.) narrow finally droop-
ing panicles; scales brown, lanceolate, acumi-
nate; bristles 6, upwardly hisi)id, very slen-
der, about twice as long as the achene;
achene narrowly oblong, transversely wrin-
kled; style 2 cleft; tubercle flat, triangular-
subulate, one-half as long as the achene.
Moist siiil, X'irxiuia to Louisiana, June .Aug.
SKDf.K I'AMILV.
281
15. CLADIUM P. Hr. Civ. & Xat. Hist. Jam. 114. 1756.
I'ercmiial leafy sedj^'cs, similar to the A'viic/iospDras, the sjiikelcls oblouji or fusiform,
fe\v-ll()\vereil, variously clustered. Scales imbricated all around, the lower empty, the mid-
dle oues mostly subtending imperfect (lowers, the upper usually fertile. Teriantli none.
Stamens 2 or sometimes ,^. .Style 2-,vcleft, deciduous from the summit of the achenc, its
branches sometimes 2-;^-parted. Achene ovoid or jflobose, smooth or longitudinally strii'.c.
Tubercle none. [(Ircek, referring to the branched indoresccnce of some species.]
.\bi)Ul ,',n species, natives nf Irnpic.il and temperate rej;i(ins. liesides the foUiiwinif, amitlier (ic-
ciiis ill tlie simllieni liiited .States and one in Calil'iiniia.
I. Cladium mariscoides ( Muhl. ) Torr.
Twijij-rusli. (Kijr. f>6i.)
Siliociiiis iii,7ii.\iiii,lrs Muiil. (".rani. 4. 1^17.
Cliitiiiiiii iii(iiis(iiii/i:\'['inr. .\nii. I.yc. N, V. 3: \-2. \S\f\
Culm slender, erect, rather still", obscurely 3-anglcd,
smooth, I '3°-3° tall. I.cavesabout 1" wide, concave,
with a long compressed tip, nearly smooth; umbels
2 or 3, compound, the r or 2 axillary, slender stalked;
spikelets oblong, narrowed at both ends, acute, 2 W"
long, capitate in 3's-io's on the raylets; scales chest-
nut-brown, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, the mid-
vein .slightly excurrent; upper scale subtending a
perfect flower with 2 stamens and a filiform 3-cleft
style, the next lower one with 2 stamens and an ab-
ortive ovary; achene ovoid, acute, finely longitudi-
nally striate, about 1" long.
Ill iiiarslies, Xova .Scotia In Ontario and Minnesota,
south to I'Miirida and Iowa. July-Sept.
16. SCLERIA Hcrjr, Koiij;!. Acad. Sv. Haiull. 26: 142. />/. /,.-,-. 1765.
Leafy sedges, mostly perennial by rootstocks, the spikelets small, clustered in terminal,
or terminal and axillary fascicles, or sometimes iutcrruptedlj' spicatc. I'lowers monoecious,
the staminate and pistillate spikelets separated or borne in the same clusters. l"ertile spike-
lets 1 -dowered. Staminate spikelets many-flowered. Scales imbricated all around, the
1-3 lower and sometimes also the upper ones of the fertile spikelets cmptv. rerianth none.
Style 3-cleft, slender or sometimes swollen at the base, deciduous. Ovary supported on a
disk (liy]iogyniuni), or this wunliug. vStaineiis 1-3. Achene globose orovoid, obtuse, crus-
taceous or bony, white in our s])ecics. [Greek, in allusion to the hard fruit.]
.Mxjut iiHi species, natives (it tmpieal and temperate reniniis. Hesides the rcillouiiisf. some .j
others occur in tin- soutlKTii I'liiled Slates.
ui)poite(l on a liy])oKyiiiiim.
.Spikelets in terminal, or leniiinal and lateral clusters; aelieii
.\elielie smootli.
llypogyiiium siipportillK S or >> ^iiiall lubereles under tile .leliene.
Ilypoityiiium covered with a rouuli white enist.
.\cheiie reticulated or irregularly riiK"se.
Culms erect or ascending; aelieiie reticulated; leaves i"-i 'j" wi<le
Culms spreading; achene irrtKUlarly rugose; leaves 2"-4" wide.
.\elielle papillose.
.Spikelets interruptedly Khmierale sjiicate
1. .v. oli^diillin.
2. .V. /ni;/i)iiiiiti/(i.
I, /i, ii/iiris.
'/'ill niiiiiii.
/Xllll i//llKl.
ziili, illala.
; no liylionyuiiiiu. ii,
I. Scleria oligantha Miclix. I'Vw- flowered
Xut-rush. ( l-'ig;. 662. )
.Si/i'n'(! ii/ii;,nt//iii Mielix. I'l, lior. .\ni. 2: 167. iSo,;.
Rootstocks thick, hard, clustered. Culms slender,
erect, sharply 3-aiiglcd, nearly smooth, i'2°-2'j°
tall, the angles somewhat winged. Leaves smooth or
slightly rough at the apex, 2" -3" wide, the lower
short, acute, the upjier elongated; clusters terminal,
u.sually also i or 2 axillary, and filiform-stalked;
bracts slightly ciliate or glabrous; achene ovoid, ob-
tuse but sometimes pointed, bright white, smooth,
shining; hypogynium a narrow obtusely trian.gular
border supporting S or 9 small tubercles under the
achene.
In moist soil. \'it|;iiiia to I'Morida and Texas, near the
coast. June .\un.
282
CYPKRACEAE.
Scleria triglomerata Michx. Tall \ut-rush. ( Fig. 663. )
Sdi'iid /i igltniiirala Miclix. I'l. lior. Am. 2: i68. 1X03.
Rootstocks hard, short, clustered, culms y
angled, slender or rather stout, erect or ascending,
rough or nearly smooth on the angles, i^4°-3°tall.
Leaves flat, smooth or slightly rough-margined,
glabrous or nearly so, i>^"-2'<" wide, the lower
short, acute, the upper tapering to a long tip, rarely
exceeding the culm; flower-clusters terminal, and
usually also i or 2 smaller ones from the axils;
bracts glabrous or slightly ciliate; achene ovoid or
ovoid globose, obtuse but somewhat pointed, bony,
obscurely ;i-angled, smooth, bright white, shining,
about i" high, supported on a low obtusely trian-
gular, papillose-crustaceous hypogynium.
In iiRiidows and tliickcls, Vermont to Wisconsin,
south to I'Morida and Tcxiis, July-Scpt.
Scleria triglomerata minor Uritton.
Siirrio /r/n/nn/rni/a var. i;riui7i.\ Hriltiin, Ann N. Y.
Acad. Sci. 3: 2,^0. 1S85. Not .S". ,i;ia,ilis V,\\. 1824.
Culms very slender, l°-2'^ Urns;; flower clnsturs smaller; achene ovoid, subacute, onehalf as
large as that of the type. Southern New Jersey.
3. Scleria reticularis Michx. Reticulated
Nut-riish. (Fig. 664.)
Scln ia rcliiulai is Michx. l'"l. Hor. .\m. 2: 167. 1803.
Rootstocks small, culms very slender, erect, y
atigled, i°-2yz° tall. I^caves narrowly linear, smooth,
glabrous or nearly so, l"-!]/!" wide, not overtopping
the culm; spikelets in a terminal cluster and 1-3 re-
mote short-stalked axillary rather loose ones; bracts
glabrous; achene globose, crustaceous, dull white
when mature, reticulated by longitudinal and trans-
verse ridges, /^" in diameter, glabrous; hypogynium
3-lobed, its lobes appressed to the base of the achene.
In mi)ist meadows, eastern Massachnsclls tu I'lorida.
west to Missouri. Also in Cuba. July-Sept.
Scleria reticularis pubescens liritton. .\nn. X. V. .\cad. ,Sci.
3; 232. 1885.
Reticulations on the achene pubescent; Literal clusters
usually lonjfer stalked. New Jersey to Florida and Cuba.
Scleria reticularis obsciira liritton, .\nn. X. Y. .Vcad. Sci. 3: 2,^2. i88,s.
Reticulations very obscure, the top of the acliene almost smooth. Rhode Islan<l to Xortli Carolina.
4. Scleria Torreyana Walp. Torrey'.s Niit-rush. (Fig. 665. )
Sc/rrici '/'iirinana Wal]). .\ini. 3: 6q6. i8,s2-S3.
Scleria la.xa Torr. .\nn. I,yc. X. Y. 3: ^76. 18^6. Xot
R. lir. 1810.
Culms weak but rather thick, spreading or dif-
fuse, 3-angled, nearly or quite smooth, i°-2'.° long.
Leaves linear, nearly flat, smooth, glabrous, i>2"-4"
wide, not exceeding the culm; spikelets in a loose
terminal cluster, and 1-3 filiform-stalked smaller ax-
illary ones; bracts glabrous; achene globose, some-
what pointed, nearly i" in diameter, irregularly ru-
gose with low ridges some-vhat spirally arranged, the
ridges usually pubescent, and connected by shorter
longitudinal ones, the surface thus indistinctly reticu-
lated; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes appressed to
the base of the achene.
In moist soil, southern New Jersey to I'lorida, Texas
and Mexico. .Mso in Ci ha. I'orms of this species witli
oliscurely reticulate aclii nes and narrow leaves are with
dinicnlly separated fr.mi the preceding. June -Aug.
sed(;e family. 283
5. Scleria paucifldra Mtihl. Papillose Xut-rush. ( Fig. 666. )
Sc/ii ia paiiiijhiiii Miilil.; Willd. .Sp. IM. 4: ,v^. 1S05.
Rootstocks thick, hard, clustered, cuhns slender,
rather slifT, erect, usually tufted, glabrous or
sparingly pubescent, 3-angled, 9'-2° tall. Leaves
very narrowly linear, erect, less than i" wide, the
lower short, the upper elongated and often over-
topping the culm, their sheaths often densely pu-
berulent; spikelets in a small terminal cluster and
sometimes also in i or 2 axillary short-stalked
ones; bracts ciliate or glabrous; achene oblong or
globular, '/z" in diameter or rather more, crusta-
ceous, papillose, the lower papillae elongated and
reflexcd; hypogynium a narrow obtusely triangu-
lar border supporting 6 very small tubercles some-
what approximate in pairs.
In dry soil. New Hampshire to Ohio and Missouri,
south to riorida and Texas. .Mso in Cuba. June-.Sept.
6. Scleria verticillata Muhl. Low Ntit-rush. (Fig. 667.)
Silriia I'L-rliiillaht .Muhl.; Wilhl. Sp. I'l. 4: 317.
i.So,5.
Ilvfioponitit Z'l-i iiiilliiliiDi Nees, I.innaea. 9: V)?.
Annual ( ?) roots fibrous, culms very slender
or filiform, 3-angled, smooth or nearly so, erect,
4'-2° tall. Liaves very narrowly linear, )i"-
%'' wide, erect, shorter than the culm, the
lower very .short; sheaths sometimes pubescent;
spikelets in several separ.ited clusters, the in-
florescence simple or sparingly branched;
bracts bristle-like; scales glabrous; achene glo-
bose, Yi" in diameter, crustaceous, usually
tipped with the base of the style, marked by
sharp distinct transverse ridges, or somewhat
reticulated by additional longitudinal ridges ;
hypogynium none.
In moist mciidows, eastern Mnssaclui.setts to ()n-
larid and Mioliittan, south to I"lorida, Texas anil
Xtexico, an<l in the West Itiilies. I'lant, especially
the roots, fragrant in dryinjf. July Sept.
17. ELYNA vSchrad. Fl. (ierm. i: 155. 1806.
Low tufted arctic and mountain sedges, with erect slender mostly Icallcss culms, the
narrowly linear leaves clustered at the base, and small 2-nowcred spikelets in a narrow ter-
minal cylindric spike. Scales of the spikelet y, or 4, distinct, usually only one of them
flower-bearing; the staminate flower of 3 stamens, the pistillate of a single pistil. Bristles
or perianth wanting. Style slender, 3-cleft, not jointed to the oblong ovary. Achene
obtusely 3-angle(l, sessile. [Greek, signifying covering, perhaps in allusion to the overlap-
ping scales.]
iMMir or five species, the followiuK oeeuninK iti the arctic anil alpine regions of tlie northern
hemisphere, the otliers in the mouiUains of ICurope and Asia.
284 cvi'];uaci:aI':.
I. Elyna Bellardi ( All. ) C. Koch. Arctic Ivlyiia. (Imk. 66S.)
('(//■(I //< //iinfi .\\\. l'\. \\i\. 2: :t\\. pi. i/j. /. j. 17S5,
Kiihi rsiii Ml ii piiiii WilUl. Sp. I'l. 4: .'05. 1S115
/■'.lyiiii s/)iiii!ii Sclinid. V\. Ciiriii. i: i.ss. iSiHi.
I'.lyno I'nilaidi C Kocli, I,iiiii:ii-';i. 2i:()i0. iS-)S.
Densely tufted, culms very slender 4'-iS' tall,
loiii.;er tliaii the very narrow leaves. Old sheaths
fibrillosc, hrowii; margins of the leaves more or
less revolutc; spike subtended by a short bract, or
bractless, densely (lowered or sometimes inter-
rupted below, 8"- 15" long, i'2'"-2" in diam-
eter; achenes rather less than 1" long, '2" thick,
appressed.
In arctic America from Crccnland to lU-rinH: Sea,
siiulh in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. .\lso in
Ivniopc and .\sia. .Summer.
i8. KOBRESIA Wilkl. vSp. PI. 4: J03. 18(15.
Slender arctic and mountain sed)j;es, with erect culms leafy below, and few-several-
flowered s]ikclets clustered in a terminal s])ike. Scales of the spikelets i-llowered, the
lower usually pistillate, and the upper staminate. Stamens 3. I'crianth-bnstles or peri-
gynium w.inting. Ovary oblong, narrowed into a short style; st' ;mas ;",, linear. Achene
obtusely 3-an}iied, sessile. [N'aine in honor of Von Kobres, a naturalist of Augsl)urg.]
Three or four sjiccii.
the others llinialayan.
tile I'ollouinR widely distributed in .arctic aiul inouutiiiM(iUS rcjiions.
I. Kobresia bipartita (All.) Uritlmi.
Arctic Kobresia. ( I'lo'. fi'ig. )
Ca>r.\ bif'iiliUi \\\. V\. I'ed. 2: 26,=;. /'/. S,,. /. ,-. 17S5.
h'obii'sin iiin'iiiiii Willd. Sp. I'l. 4: 206. iSos.
Kohrrsia hipiiiiila liritton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 101.
1.S94,
Culms solitary or tufted, smooth or very nearly
so, 4' -12' tall. Leaves al)out '2" wide, infolded at
least in drying, usually shorter than the culm, the
old sheaths becoming fibrillose; spike i' long or
less, composed of several or numerous linear ap-
pressed or ascending spikelets; scales somewhat
serrulate on the keel, rather more than Jj" long;
mature achenes slightly longer than the scales.
Circcnlaiul to tlu' Cana<li.iu Rocky Mountains, .\lso
in ICuropc and .\sia. Sunmur,
19. UNCINIA Pens. Syn. 2; 534. 1S07.
Culms erect, leafy, or the leaves all basal. vSpike simple, erect, terminal, the scales im-
bricated, I -flowered, the lower pistillate, the upper staminate. Scales ovate or oblong, con-
cave, not keeled, obtuse or the lower acute. Stamens 3, rarely 1 or 2. Pistil enclosed in a
utricle (pcrigyniuni), borne at the base of a slender a.vis, which is usually cxserted beyond
the orifice of the perigynium, at least in fruit, and sometimes hooked. Stigmas mostly 3.
Achene 3-angled. [Latin, referring to the hooked projecting axis of the southern species.]
.\bout 30 species, all but the following: natives of the southern licniispliere. Our species dif-
fers from C'rtrci only in the eloiiKation of the subulate axis within the perigynium; those of the
southern hemisphere are very dilTerent in habit.
SRDGI-; FAMILY.
2.s=;
I. Uncinia microglochin ( Wahl. j Spren^. Xorthcrii I
Cm I I mi, I iH'loi iiiii Wiilil. Knny^l. Aiail. Iliindl. ( II. i
24: 140. lSn,V
Ciiirx i>lii;aiilliit Wit'tW. 111. 17). />/. vS'v. i.sii;.
I'lK/iiiii iiii( I, !•;■/, i< //ill SpriuH-. Syst. 3: ,"<.^ip. isjf).
reroiiniMl by short stolons, culiiis very slcmler,
weak, 4'-i2' loiif;. I.ciivcs '," i" widu, iiuK-li
shorter than the ciiliii; s])ike .)"-.S" loiij(, usually
pistillate for more than one-half its length; ; caks
o1)lonj;-!aiu'eolate, i -nerved, deciduous; perigyiiia
very narrowly lanceolate, 3"-4" lonj^, less than
^2" thick, slroiij,'ly rcflexcd in fruit; achene ob-
lonj{, obtusely ^-anjjled, niu'-h shorter than the
perigyniuni; axis of the pistillate flower bristle-
like, long-exserted beyond the orifice of the peri-
gyninni.
Crci-iiliind li> Janus Uay and l!riti>.li (Julunihia. Alxi
ill till' arctic and iiiciiinlaiiKius parts of I'Uiropc and
Asia aiKl at the Strait cil' MaKcUan. I'laiit uitli tlic
asjicct of I'diix f>itii(i/Uiia. Suiiinicr.
(.70. )
20. CAREX L. Sp. P
/,1,V
frrass-like sedges, jierennial by rootstocks. Culms mostly 3 angled. Leaves 3-ranked,
the upper elongated or very short fbracts 1 and subtending the spikes of flowers, or wanting.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in the axilsof bracts Cscales). Spikes either wholly
pistillate, wholly staminate, or bearing both staminate and pistillate (lowers Omdrogyiious).
I'erianth none Staminate flowers of 3 stamens, the filaments filiform. I'istillate flowers
of a single pistil wilh a style and 2 or y, stigmas, borne on a very short axis in the axil of a
sac-like bractlet or second bract called the perigynium (utricle 1, which completely encloses
the achene. Achene .v.ingled, lenticular or jilano-convcx.
Avast Kcinis, nf ninic (li.iii iik«) ^peeiis. wiiUly distrilnitid, inosl abiiiidanl in the li-mi)iialc
ziiiRS. Iksidcs tlic I'lillowiui;^ alxjul all t(|iial minifin incur ill tlu wisUrii and s.iiillKiii parts nf
Ndilli .\iiK'rica. Siu'ciuuiis can only 1)c satisliK'turily dcUMiiiiiu-il when marly or i|uitc niatiuc.
Till- K'lius is divided ititu the tud ^-uli^ciura. lU'c.XKi'.x ( iios. 11 \2\ and \'|(;ni,.\ 1 110s. 1 4 ^ -",s 1.
I. Staminate flowers numerous, in one or more terminal spikes, which are sometimes pistillate at
the base or summit ; or the spike solitary and the staminate flowers uppermost or basal, rarely dioe-
cious ; stigmas mostly 3 and the achene 3-an&Ied or swollen 1 stigmas 2 and the achene lenticular
or compressed in nos. 12 16; 49 59; 67 721; pistillate spikes stalked or sessile, the lower commonly
stalked. Nos. i -142. EUCAREX.
A, 1'i;ri(;vm.\ mo.sti.v i.()\c.-im;.\ki;ii, 1 ' " m" i.dnc, m ri;N im'i..\ti;i). riii: iikak rsr.\i,i,\
AS i.oNc. .\s Till-; iioiiv oH i.c)\(',i;r isiioki mi;.\ki:i) in mik. 11 16, ,^4 .\ M > 3,"; ) ; I'ISTii.i,.\tk si'iKi;s
MdSTIA I,.\l<(',r: I SM.M.I, IN NDS. I. 1 3 .\N1) 14 1, (ll.olll ISI'., (l\01ll. 11 111. (INC, OK CVI.INIIRIC. XciS. I-3,S.
lai I'liiiiViiia iiiriiihi aihtiis i>i fmf^riv. N(is. i 31.
1. Spike scililary, Icw-flDwcicd, staniinalf above; perijryiiia strongly leflexed. subulate. I'.MCI
ii.iir.m;. I. C. fiiiiiiilloi ii.
2. Sl)ikes norinally several, the stainiuale iip])eiiucist; if solitary, stainiuate at the base. 1 See n<i,
30. I Nos. 2 ,^1.
v'" Perigynia ovoid, conic with a narrowed base, or subulate, tapering into the beak. Nos. 2-28.
t 'I'eetli of the perigynium beak slender, short or none; not stilT nor awued. Nos. 2 24.
I Teeth of the periKyniniii beak lanceolate or subulate. Nos. 2 10. I.ri'i i.in.vk.
I'istillate s])ikes ovoid orKlobose, lew inauy flowered.
I'erigynia subulate, relU .\ed wlieii luaturt-. 2. ( '. Co/Ziiisii.
I'erigynia conic or ovoid, not rellexed.
I'lants yellow or yellowish; periitynia little inflated.
Leaves i"-2" wide; staniiinile spikes sessile. 3.
Leaves 2" -6" wide; staminate spike luostly stalked. 4.
Plants Kreeii; perigynia imich inflated; staiuinate s])ike stalked.
Leaves 2" -3" wide; heads loosely flowered. ,s.
Leaves 3" 3" wide; heads kIoIxisc, dense. (1.
I'istillate spikes oblonpf or cyliiulrie. densely uiany-nowered.
Pistillate spikes obloUK; achene longer than thick.
PeriKynia stroiijjly several-nerved, shining; le.ives 1" 2" wide. 7.
Perigynia many nerved, dull; leaves 2" 5" wide. S.
Pistillate spikes cyliiulrie; achene not longer than thick.
Perigynia yelliiwish, taperiuK into a beak twice as long as the body. <).
PeriKynia greenish-brown, abruptly narrowed into a beak 2-3 times as loin; as the body.
III. C. sranilis.
ti/>(i</(i.
/iilli<i(liil,i.
iiiliniiisirn.s.
Asa-drnvi.
I.oiiisiiiiiim.
Iiipiiliiia.
i'. liif>iiliftiiiiiis.
286
CYI'ERACEAE.
iX Tiitli "f llif iH'riKytiiuin lu'ak short or almost wantiiiK (loiitf in no. 171 nos. 11-24
Spikes small, i' long or less, oblons or subjf lobosc ; stigmas often 2.
.Spikes Kreen or (jreenisli yellow.
Leaves involute; perigynia ovoid; pistillate spikes few several flowered. 1 1
Leaves flat; ijerigyiiia oblonif-elliptic; pistillate spikes many flowered. 12
Spikes dark brown or purple; aretie speeies.
Leaves flat.
I'erinynia little inflalecl papery.
IkuV of i)eri(!ryniuui nearly or (|uite entire. i,?.
licak of i)eriKynium sbirply and minutely 2-tootlieil 14.
I'eriKyuiii mneli inflated, very fragile. i,i.
Leaves involute wl'.en dry. 16.
Spikes large, i'-(V long, e>lindric o. oblo.ig cylindrie; stigmas ,^.
Seales aeute. acumin;'.te or snu)oth-awiied, or the lower slightly roughened
I'erigynia aseending or spre.Mling, not reflexeil.
Spikes narrowly eylindi .c. \'~(>' long, ,V' -4" thiek.
Leaves 2" 6" wide; eulni stout.
Leaves i" 2'.-'' wide; culm sletuler.
Spikes eylin<lrie or oblong cylindrie, r-2' long, 6" thick.
Seales smooth-awned. 19.
.Scales acute, acuminate or the U))per obtuse. 20.
Perig>'nia, at least the lower ones, reflexed when mature.
Spikes all clustered at the snuMuit or the lower i or 2 separated; perigynia all reflexed
when old. 21. ('. le/rorsa.
.Spikes scattered; only the lower perigynia reflexed. 22. (.'. Ifarlii.
Scales tapering into rough awns, or subulate and scabrous.
Spikes cylindrie, about 6" thick; ])erigynia ta|)ering into the beak. 23. C. liiiida.
Spikes narrowly cylindrie, ,V'-t" thick; perigynia al)ruptly narrowed into the beak.
24. (". Ihiileyi.
tt Teeth of the perigynium-beak stilT; setaceous or awned.
Vrsilaki.xe.
C. oli gospel ma.
( '. A'licana.
in ilia lis.
sa valilis.
iiii'iiihiaiii'pacla.
aiiihusla.
C. iiliiiiilala.
C. iiwiiilc.
C. Tiickt'iiitani.
C. bulla la.
Nos. 25-28.
Spikes al' erect or ascending.
.Spikes, at least the lower ones, slender-stalked and drooping.
Pistillate si)ikes oblong cylindrie, W -7' long; ])erigynia ascending.
Pistillate S])ikes narrowly cylindrie, i'-2'..' long; perigynia reflexed.
Teeth of the beak erect or little spreading. :
Teeth of the be:ik recurved-spreading.
Psi;r!)()Cvi'KR.\i;.
2,5. C. Sihut'inilzii.
26. ('. Iivsliicina.
■. C
2S.
, Psciidii-cvpeiiis.
C. coiiiosa.
^^ Perigynia obovoid, very abruptly contracted into the beak; spikes exceedingly dense. X4
31. Sm'.\RR(>S.\K.
Scales linear-subulate, longer than the perigynia. 2Q. C. I'raiikii.
Scales lanceolate, about one-half as long as the perigynia.
.Spikes i-.s, subglobose or oval, slaminate below; achene linear-oblong. 31
.Spikes 2-6, oblong cyliiulrie, usually stamiuiite at both ends; achene ovoid. ,v
29-
( '. .s</i/ariosa.
C'. lypliiiioidc:
(b) PiTigvnia linn. Iiard t>r Italliiiy. Nos. ,12-?,S. I'.m.I'Dos.mc.
Leaves bright green, not glaucous; teeth of the perigynium-beak slender, conspicuous.
.Scales lanceolate, acute or acuminate; leaves glabrous. 32. C. Ii icliciiai pa.
.Scales ovate-lanceolate, rough-awned; leaves often pubescent. ,^3. C arislala.
Leaves pale green, glaucous: teeth of tlie perigynium-beak short.
Pistillate spikes alxiul 4" thiek; teeth of the perigynium-beak manifest. 34. C. lipaiia.
I'istillate spikes about 2" thiek; teeth of the perigynium-beak minute. Ti$. ('. aiiili/i)iiiiis.
B. Pi;ri(;v.\i.\ sh(irt-hi:aki;i) dr ni:.\Ki.i;.ss, i.rrri.i-; or .not at .\i,i. ini-i.atki), '-" -2'/'
I.OXO, THE UKAK COMMU.VI.V not MORI-; TEIAN OMC-HAI.K .\S l.OSf. AS rlli; lioDV ( I.ONC-HKAKICI)
I.\ NOS. 4,'^, S2, .'<,^, 96); MMKKS SMAl.I., AM) OllI.ONd OR CI.OHOSK; OR KLONCATKI), I.INKAR OR
N.\RRO\VI.V CVI.INDRIC. XoS. ,56142.
(a) Spil'i's -' ttr iiion: llir slaiiiiiialr <iiir al:cai's KppiTiiiosI, .wiiu'liiiu's pailly pislillalr. (No. 140
may be looked for here). Nos. ,-?6-i,^2.
la Pistillate spike or sjjikes many flowered, mostly 1' long or more lor shorter in nos. .J4, 4S, 5,5-,s,S,
61, 6v6,s, 73, 7,S, 76, .S5. ,S()-92), linear, narrowly cylindrie or oblong. Nos. 36-1)2.
* Perigynia with a straight short beak (long-beaked in no. 43 ; nearly beakless in no, 36), firm or leathery
in lexture ; pistillate spikes erect (or nodding in no 37); stigmas 3. Nos. ,16-43.
I'ppermost spike stamiuate from the base to about the middle. .Shorti.xn.m;. 36. C. Sliorliana.
I'pper one (U' more si)ikes entirely stamiuate. or occasionally ])istillate at the base.
Perigynia papillose; beak very short, nearly <ir<iuite entire. AnoM.vi.ai:. 37. (". siahiala.
Perigynia pubescent (sometimes glabrous in no. 391, the beak sharply 2 to >thed. Hirtai:.
.Stamiuate spike or spikes sessile or nearly so. 3IS. C'. frslila.
.Stamiuate spike or s))ikes distinctly stalked.
Leaves glabrous; native species.
Leaves flat or their m.irgins slightly revolutc.
.Scale. i only half as long as the perigynia; southern coa.st speeies.
39. ('. Il'allri iaiia.
Scales e(iualliug or but slightly shorter than the perigynia; northern speeies.
Leaves 2"-3'j" wide; perig>iiia i '." thick, the nerves prominent,
40. C. Ifoiigliloiiii.
Leaves 1" 2" wide; perigynia 1" thick, the nerves obscured by the dense
pubescence, 41. ('. laiuiiiiiKisa.
Leaves strongly involute, i" wide or less. 42. (". filifoi mis.
Leaves or their sheaths pubescent; introduced species; beak long, 43. ( '. Iiirla.
Sl'IDOK FAMILY.
287
^■^ Perigynia beakleas or very short-beaked (ace no 36), and with orifices nearly or quite entire, thin
in texture, not Inflated, closely investing the achene ; pistillate spikes erect or
drooping, often brown or purple; stigmas often 1. Ni>s. 117--
I ristillati spikes itlcI or soiiuwliiit spriiiilinjf 1 (ln)ii])iii(; wliiii inalnti- in im. (51. Nos, 11 -iS.
Tirniiiinl spiki- slamiiiali' bilow. pistil'.iilt- atxive Manly all staininali' iti no
A IK. VIA K.
Sialis sliiirlcr lliaii nr icniallinn the piriKyiiiii; arctic and alpine species.
( Irilicc of llie perijfyniiiin niiiuitely 2 toiitlied; scales iilrtiise or aculisli.
471;
tt-
stiBinas
,V
iilpiiKi.
ill! alijiii nils.
slyloMi.
Pa ir vail a.
/use a.
5.V; sti|{iiias 2,
4y. C. sliicla
. //ajiftiii.
. .\'f/ira.i/\c'ii.'iis.
Pistillate spikes 2" ,s" l"ii|r. erect. (). (
rislillale si)ikes .|" u' lontr. ilroupiiin when olil. 4^. (
Orifice (if the p riK.Nniuin entire: scales acute or awiied.
rcrijfyniiiin ovate, the style usually prolrudinK, 4'). I
reriKytiium ohovate, the style not iirolrudiuff. 47. (
Scales tuanifeslly longer than the periKynia; l)o>f si)ecies 4S. C
Tenninal spike staniinate IhrouKhinit 1 occasionally pistillate at the ' ^p in no.
rarely 3 in No. 55. Ki(,il>.\l'..
I.ower sheaths hecoiniiiK very hbrillose; tufted l)o^f species.
!..nver sheaths not at all fihriUose, or sliyhtly so.
Scales shorter than or c<iuallinK the i)eriKynia 1 or lon^fer in no. .Soi.
Culms I '-2' /^ tall; scales acute or acuminate.
I'islillate spikes linear cylindric. ,so. (
I'istillate spikes ohlonKcylindrie. 51. (
Culms S'-.\° tall; scales obtuse or the lower acute.
.Scales Kri'i'"-
Leaves 2 " ^" '.vide; pistillate spikes 2"-?" thick; perigynia nerveless.
52. ( '. (K/iia/i/is.
Leaves i" wide; pistillate spikes i"-2" thick; pcrijjynia faintly few nerved.
,i,i. C Ifiilii iilan's.
Scales purple or lirown.
Scales shorter than the perigynia; marsh and meadow species.
,S.j. C. (iiiiidriiiK'ii.
Scales e<iuallinK or lonurer than the perigynia; arctic and alpine species.
55. ( '. /lifii'ioi'ii.
Culms only \' --' tall; arctic species. 56. C. siihsfiallianii.
Scales distinctly longer than the perigynia; northern salt marsh species.
liasal leaves i" wide or less; scales little longer than the perigynia. 57. ( . sa/i'iin.
liasal leaves 1" ,1" wide; scales much longer than the perigynia. ,sS. ( '. 1 iis/iiita/a.
I [ ristillate spikes drooping, mostly on slender or filiform stalks (erect in tujs. (16 and 71. I Xos. ,Si) 72
Cuhus slender; pistillate spikes ','-2'j' long; stigmas j, (2 in no. 591.
I'istiUate spikes linear; scales shoiter than the perigynia. I'r.\.sin.\i;.
I'erigynia twisted toward the lop; scales purple-brown. 59. C- lorla.
Terigynia straight; scales green. 60. C. fiiasiim.
ristillate spikes oblong, globose or cylindric; scales e<iualling the perigynia or longer.
Uraels manifestly sheathing; arctic sjjccies. l'"i;KKri'.lM:AK. 61. C. iiiisain/ia.
liraets sheatliless: scales mostly dark. Pi;\1)II.inar.
I'istiUate si)ikes narrowly cylindric; southern coast sjjecics. (>.'. (". lillci alii.
Pistillate spikes oblong or globose; northern s])ecies.
Scales not longer tlian the perigynia.
Pistillate spikes 3"-6" l<mg, few flowered; scales obtuse, oy
Pistillate spikes s "- 10" long, several flowered; scalesaculc.
64.
Scales distinctly longer than the i)erigynia.
Perigynia oval or suborbicular. t),s.
Perigynia ellipticlanceolatc. 66.
■Culms tall, usually stout; pistillate si)ikes i' 4' long; seal
stigmas 2 ( or ^ in nos. 70 and 71 ). Ckyi'Iolari'.xi;.
Perigynia smooth.
Scales purple-brown; arctic species.
Scales green; plants not arctic.
Perigynia nerveless or faintly nerved, much shorter than the scales.
Perigynia nearly orbicular, biconvex. 6S. (. iiiai ilinia.
Perigynia obovoid. obtuse. 69. (.'. tiiiiila.
Perigynia oblong or ellii)tic, acute. 70. (. i;yiiainiia.
Perigynia strongly several nerved, about tqualling the scales. 71. ( '. n/a, roi-n/ra.
Perigynia granular or pai)illose. 72. ( '. i;/iii'iii.
:(::(;:!: Pcr.;gynia tapering to a distinct beak inearly or quite beakless in nos 73 77), membranous in
texture ifirm in no. 88), inflated or loosely investing the achene; pistillate spikes
mostly drooping, often narrowly linear. Nos. 7,5-92.
f Terminal spike staminale below, pistillate above; beak of the perigytiium short or none. Nos.
7,?-^i-
+ Spikes all erect or nearly so. \'ikk.sci:ntks.
rerigNiiinm densely pubescent.
I'istiUate spikes oblong cylindric. 4" 10" long; perigynia oval or ovoid, few nerved.
7,V '■ t'lif.iffii.s.
Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric, 6" -18" Imig; perigynia oblong, strongly several nerved.
7.^. C'. caslellaht.
J'l rigynium nearly glabrous, at least when mature.
Spikes ■2':" -T,'i" thick; perigynia imbricated, flattened; to]) of the achene not bent.
75. ( •. Iiin-p.i.
Spikes 2 tliick; perigynia not imbricated, swollen; lop of the achene bent, or lipped with a
l)enl style. 76. C. Caioliiiiaiia.
J9
C". rai iftiira.
C. liiiid.sa.
Maiii'llaiiiia.
/Xnfniill fill.
8 limes .is long as tlie perigynia;
67. C '. 1 1 \/>/ii(iii fia.
288
cvi'eraci:ak.
1 f I'istilliili- ^i)ikis (IriMii)iiin m s|iri.:i(liiin uricl nr litlk' si)ri-iuliiiu in no. -<■), Ckacilmmai:
riiinyiiiii i" 2" loiift. slinliUy swolUii; s|iiki.s limar (ir liiuar lylindric.
riiiiit Klii'>i'iii'^; IxTiKViiia cilitiisr. ' 77. C. x r,iii7/i)nii.
Sluatlis puliisritit: piritiytiia |)niiiU'(l at Imtli nids,
I'liicynia 1" loiij;; si)ikts i iftt nr soiiU'wliat s])ri'a(liiiu. 7S. ( '. ursliviilis.
I'lriKynia _•" limn; sjiiki-s drcicipiiin, at Irast when old. -i). i '. ,1 1 iA/im.
I'crinyiiia ->" 2' " limi,;, iiiaiiiftsll_\ swdllcn: s])ikt-s obliirjt iir nliloiiK I'yliiidric.
I'lriKytiia faititly few tiirvid; sraks ovalt-. aiuti- 1 r short awiu'd. S(j. C. I'm iiiumi.
IVrijiyiiia stnmiily 111 my iiiiviil, muKs laiaiiilati-, iDtijf awiiid. Si, ( '. />ii:i.\ii.
tt Tirniinal spiki- ititiniy staiiiitiati, i)r soimtiiius pistillali at till- base. Xo^. S2 92. (Si'LIKi. ijcp. ;
IViinyiiia iiianifistly liiak'.d, luTvrd (ir lurvcUss; pislillati' spikrs dKiniiiiiK. at least when old.
lleak (if the periny liiiin eylindrie or siiliiilate, I -2 limes as Ioiik as the body. Svi.\ xticm;.
reri^ynia broadly oval, stiKJoth, spreading. 'S2. (.'. loiii;ii iK\lii.\.
I'erinyiiia narrowly eonie, tnlierenhite hispid, appressed. S^ (', Assiiiihuiiu'iisis.
lieak of the periKyniuni not more than one half as lontf as llie body.
Leaves pnbeseent. l-'l.i;.Nri.i:s. S.(. i'. ia.sliiin\i.
Leaves (ilabrous.
I'istiUate spikes narrowly oblonj;. 2" d" lon^;; peritfyniuin 1" long; arclie and alpine
species. C.\i'll.i..\Ki:.s. 85. ('.(<//>///</ //.v.
I'istiUate spikes linear, 1' ,V loiiii; pei .f,..riiim 2" ;" limn:. I)i;iill.i:s.
IVrijiynia nieinbrainms. fi'W nerved: pistillate spikes slender.
Leaves 2' •" ,s" wide; scales two-thirds as Icmjf as the peritiynia.
S(i. ( '. (11 1 laid.
Leaves i" 2'." wide; scales one half as loiiK^ as the periKyiiia.
" S7. ( '. I-'IIIIIS.
I'eriifvnia coriaceous, stroiiKlv iiianv nerved: pistillate s])ikes thicker,
.SS. (■. uhlilii.
l'erif;ynia beakless or iiiiiiulely beaked, finely many striate: spikes erect or nearly so. (■Risi:.\i:.
I.eaves slightly or not at ail k1'1"<-'<>ii^-
I'eritiviiia little lonner or shorter than tin- scales.
I'istiUate spikes dense, usnaHy many flowered; leaves 2" ,;" wide. spreailiiiK:. soft.
^9. ( '. i;i isiii.
I'istiUate spikes loosely several (lowered : leaves i" 2" wide, mostly erect and ri^id.
i)< ). ( '. 1; III /ill ilii ilii.
I'lrijrynia 2 ? times lonjrer than the scales. yl. ( '. ttnianpciiiia.
I'lanl very nhmcoiis all over. 92. ( '. i^laiidnlrii.
2. I'istiUate spikes small, few-inany-flowered, mostly ,V' 12" lontt (sometimes longer in iios. lo^r
K14, lib). Nos. 9,^-1.^2, (See also nos, 4.), .)8, ,s,^-,S5, fti, '>,V<^'5i ''^. 7,3. 7,i. 80, 84, 85 and 89-92. 1
* Perigynia glabrous. Nos. 9,^-120. (See no. 12.V I
t I'istiUate sjiikcs many flowered, ','-1' lon)f, nsnally dense. Nos, 9,V99
I'istiUate spikes scattered, distant, long stalked or the 2 iipjjcr ones close together and nearly ses-
sile. ('.H.\Nrl..\KI-.S.
Hracls elongated, mostly overtoiipinK the sjiikcs; periKyiiia strongly inany-nerved,
9,V ( '. fii iiiiiilini.\.
Hraclsshort, rarely overtoppiii); the spikes: perinynia obscurely few nerved. 94. ( '. c'rn:, ri.
I'istiUate spikes close together and nearly sessile at the summit of the culm, or tlie lowest dislaul
and stalked,
lieak of the i)eriKyuinm stout. 2 toothed: i)lants (flabrous. ICxtkns.m:.
Leaves strongly invohile; perijfyiiia brown, the beak shorter than the body.
95. ( '. (' \l(IISll.
Leaves flat, t"-2'." wide; perigynia yellow when mature, 2" ,V' long, the beak about as
limj; as the body. 96. t. lln:'(i.
Leaves flat, i" wide or less; perigynia dark Kreeii, 1" IcmR, the beak one-half as long as the
body. 97. ( '. viiidiihi.
lleak of the pcrigyniuni short, entire or none; leaves, or their sheaths, more or less pubescent
r.\i.i.i;scKNTi;s.
rerigynia faintly few-nerved, beakless. 98. (.". /•(illrsifiis.
Perigynia strongly niany-ner\ed, eylindrie beaked. iK). C. ahhiri'iala.
M I'istiUate spikes few-several flowered, often loose. Nos. 100-120; 1,56-1,^8.
X Scales of the spike normal, not elongated and leaf-like. Nos. 100-120.
■> Leaves i" iS" wide; bracts leafy, usually large. Nos. no 119.
O Terigynia green (yellow or pur])le in no. 116). Nos. iKfiir.
I'erigynia finely many-striate. Oi.ic.()C.\ki'.\t:.
Sheaths glabrous.
I'erigynia narrowed at both ends, beakless.
Perigyuia w ith a short entire beak.
Sheaths pubescent.
I'erigynia with few or many, mostly strong nerves. L.\.\ii i.dR.vi;.
Plants not at all glaucous, or very slightly so.
lieak of the perigynium straight, slender.
Culms slender, spreading; pistillate spikes 2 or ,^, .stalked, spreading.
10,?. (". alloraiilis.
Culms stout, erect; pistillate spikes 1 or 2. erect. 104. C. polyiiim plui
Ikak of the perigynium bent, short or none.
Leaves mostly narrow, i"-6" wide.
Scales, at least the upper, obtuse,
Hracts elongated; spikes loosely flowered; culms slender. 105. C. Iclanica.
Hraclsshort; spikes densely flowered; culms stout. 106. C. Afeailii.
i<«i. C. Ill nil id til.
101. C. oliiiinarpa.
102. C. IlihlniHkiiiiiii.
SI'DOI' FAMILY.
389
Si-.ili". actili'. i-iisj)i(l;itr, lu'iiiniiiiiti', or luviiid.
I'ltiKviiia iihtustly ,\ antrU'd.
I'lnnynia "Ixivciid, i'," 1 ' " Iini);.
I'lri^'ytiia obliiii;;, i\arro\v, ahmil j" ImiK-
I'l liirynia sliari)ly ,vaiii^U<l.
Spiki-^ <li(i()|)iii(; (ir s))iiii(litiK; Uavi- 1" j" uidr,
Spiki'S I net; Umvc-^ i" <i ' wiilc.
I.iavi's l>riia<l, ii" rs" wide,
lirai-ts k'afy, lliv iippiv usually iivirluppiiiH: tin- >pikrs.
lirai'ls iini-itly u-diui-d to pnr)>U- kafliss ilKallis.
I'liMits dislimlly nlaiui>us.
I'islillati- spikis driHipinn dii liair liki- stalks,
rislillatr si)ikis (.-ri (.-t.
liasal Uavis niiiili lutincr than tin ''Ini.
Hasal liavis slidilcr than tin- lultii or e(|uallitiK; it.
I.iavts (}" 12" widf.
I.cavfs i"-2' wide.
Scales i cute; perijfynia yellow, purple or iiiottleil.
Scales nbtuse, or the loweraeule; njryiiia pali green.
107. (~. 1,1 \ ifliiiii.
I0.S. ( '. sl\li'/li\ II.
or widir in tln' variilv
IlK). (
III
1 IJ.
ii.V
111-
n.S.
II'.
1 17
iliiiiliilis.
I III nil II II.
. AH'iirsiiin.
. f'liiiiliiiiiiii ii .
. Ill vii iihiiis.
. /^/VillKl III I'll
. f>!til\/>hyNii.
C. />ll III': I'll.
( '. /iriifii.
00 I'erijrynia wliiti'. yellow or becoming lnown. Hudlokks.
I'eriKynia beakless. ii.s. c.iinrni.
I'eriKyiiia with a short cylindric beak; arctic species. mi. ('. 'iin/nr.
J j Leaves and culms almost capillary; bracts reduced to bla<U less sheaths. Dkht.x r.\i;.
120. ( '. si/i/ii/iii.
; \ Scales of the spikes leaf-like, elou^tated. I'livi.i.osr.xcilv.M;.
Lower scales 1" wide or Uss, not conci-.ilinjf the periirynia.
Ilody of the iieriKynium oblong: beak flattened. i,(6. (". H'lZ/u^inKii.
Hody of the periKynium tflobose; beak subulate. i>,j. C. Jaiiiesii.
Lower scales \"-2" wfde, concealing the i)eri(;ynia. i,^S. C, iliii i/'ulia.
'!=* Perigynia more or less pubescent (becoming glabrous in no. 123)- Xos. 121 i;j.
Culm leaves present, often short; bracts mainly reduced ti> bladeli ss pnrjjlish shiaths. I'Dlirs
cii,.\ i'.m;.
Staminate spike short stalked or sessile.
I'crijrynia about twice as loug as the scales. 121. ( '. iniiiiiiiiii.
I'eriKynia not lontfer than the scales. ij2. ( '. Uiilnii ilsoiii .
Staminate spike loiiK-stalked, comuionly with souu- pistillate flnwcis at its base.
12,^. ( '. ^iiliniiiihilii .
Leaves all Itasal; bracts short or loiijf. not sheathiiifr.
Neither the culm nor the leaves ))ubescent; periKynia rounded. Mi)\r.\N\i:.
Plant not stoloniferous. 121. C. f'liiiii'llalii.
Plants stoloniferous, the stolons sometimes short.
Culms, or some of tliini, longer than the leaves.
Scales smooth or very nearly so.
Staminate spike consi)icuons. .V 9" louff.
Staminate spike stout, '.■" -i'.-" thick.
Plant dark ni'een; staminate spike very prominent; periKynia broadly-
oval. 12,S. C /'illllSl/zilllli ,1.
Plant litjlit K'een; staminate spike shorter; periifynia obloUK-
I2(). C. :'iiiiii.
Staminate spike very slender, not over '"thick. 127. ( '. Xii:\ii-.lii,!;/iiii-.
Staminate spike inconspicuous, rarely over 2" lonR (Imiger in the variety. |
12S. c'. ilfllc.va.
Scales, at least the lower. rouKli-awiied. 129. C. prat'cox.
Culms, or most of tlutn, much shorter than the leaves.
Scales littlit }{reen with purple margins; perijrynia oblonjr. I.V'. C. iiii;>iiiiiarj^iiiii/ir.
Scales Kreen with liKliter scarious margins; peritfynia oval. 131. ( '. iiiii/tr//ii/ii.
Plant pubescent all over; jJcriKyuia sharply .vaugled. TRl(jri;TR.\i,. 132. ('. f^iihrsit'iis.
(b) S{>ilcf soli/ary {evii'pl ill iiiK \:[it}. soiiir/iiins liini'iiniix. Nos. I.VVM^.
Leaves i'-2' wide, thick, spreading. Piivst)L'i;i'H.\i,,\i:. 1,^3. ( '. /'nisnt.
Leaves '," -X' wide.
Staminate and pistillate spikes on dilTcreiit culms. Scirpi.n.m;.
Leaves longer than the culm; perigynia obovoid; simtherii species. 134. C picla.
Leaves shorter than the culm; perigynia oval; northern species. 13,5. C. scirpoidea.
Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same sjjike.
Scales of the spike leaf-like, elongated. Piivi,i.().sr.\ciiv.\i:.
I<ower scales i" wide or less, not enclosing the perigynia.
liody of the perigynium oblong, its beak flattened.
Hody of tile perigynium globose, its beak subulate.
Lower scales i"-2'.-" wide, enclosing the perigynia.
Sciles of the spike short, normal.
Leaves '.■ -i" wide; arctic and western species. Rii'KSTrks.
Spike solitary, androgynous; perigynium-bcak stout, limg. 1,^9. (". 1 iipesli is.
Spikes 2-^, the staminate uppermost; perigynium beak short. 140. C. .iiipiiia.
Leaves H" wide or less.
Perigynia obtuse, beakless; swamp species. Li:i'TOCI5PIIAI,ae,
141. ('. Itplalea.
Perigynia obovoid-oval, beaked; prairie species. I'imkomae.
142. (". fili folia.
136.
C. U'illitnioz'ii.
1,^7. C. Jaiiicsii.
1,58. C. duiifolia.
390
CYi'i:RAei;.\i:.
II. Staminate flowers few, at the summits or bases of the always sessile spikes, or sometimes
forming whole spikes, or variously intermixed with the pistillate ; stigmas always 2 ; achene lenti-
cular, compressed, ellipsoid or plano-convex. Nos. 143 205. VIGNEA.
I. Staminai I. I i.(>\vi;k.s w I 111. SI .M.Miis III iiii; sriKi:s Nns. in 17).
lai SpUc suliltii V. /(•! iiiiiial. iiiiis/h />iii:t II. />/(iii/i ii/'/i'ii itinr, ifii/.s. Sio. if, 1 I'l. DmnjAi-..
I'lriKytiiii lurvtkss, m t'aiiilly fiw lurvicl.
IVrin.vniii with a shorl lUiiiiy iiitiiv litak. 1 (,v C. m/iiliihi.
IVriKyiiia biiikliss. till- iiiirK'f j-ti"itlu<l. i((. ( '. iiuiiliiiii.
ri-rJKyiiiii stniiijtly si'viriil lurvid mi tlu oiilii faii.-.
Iti-ak of till iiLiijfyiiiuiii very sluirt. 1 l,S. ( '. A'ci/.i.vv/ti vn/if.
Ikak skiulir, roiiKli. alioiil iiall' as lontf as llu- Imily nf tin- pt liKytiinni, 1 \(y C. riilh.
lb' SpU(S m:'iiiiI III iihiii), liii.sh'iiil. \r/iii Ill/lit III \iiiiiiiiiiiis finiiitlitl. Nos. 1,(7 151.
'^ Spikes densely aggr gated into a globose or ovoid head, often appearing like a solitary terminal spike.
Scalis civati- <ii iivati- laiKXiilati', aL-iiti- (ir aciiiiiiiiatc. iidl awiiiil. 1mii;i in \i;.
IVriKyiiia stidiiKly maiiy-turvid. 1(7. C. ilim il'H lii'.n.
I'lrlRyiiia faintly siviral iiirvid.
Culms ami kavi'S usually fiiivcd. soaks slKirlir than the |)<rij;yiiia. i.tJ<. ( '. iiu in ru.
Culms iiKistly straiKlit. I'ri'ct; scaks ciiu.illinn llu' pii'iiryiiia. 1(9. C s/i'iinfiliylUi.
Kcaks laiucdlale, awiK-d. (ir Iniijjai'uminati-. .\ki;\.\ui.\i;.
Scak-s 2 -\ tiuus loiinir tliaii tin.' i)triH:yiiia; wfStL-ni siiei-irs. i.sn. ( '. Ihiiii^ldiii.
Scaks abnut t(|ualliiitj llir i)iripfyiiia; iiitniihu'i.-(l sca-i-iiast spcoii-s. 151. C ai rinii in.
^^ Clusters of spikes looser, often compound or the spikes distinctly separated (more or less
aggregated in nos. 170-1731. N(is. 152 17.V
t Spikis yclkiwisli or liinwii at iiiaturity, oflcii in ciiitipoiiiKl (ir paiiiekd ilustcrs. Nns. 15.' 1(15
I'criKyiiia stroUKly siviral iitrrvttl. cspicially cm llio uttter faci-. Nos. 152 154. Vij.I'I.nai;.
Ikak of llif periKyuiiim sliorli 1 than llu- body. 153. C. loiijiiiii fn.
Ikak of till- ]iinKynium ciiualliiiK or longer than tin- body.
Spikes iidwdi-d in an oblonsf iluslir; btak 1 2 kii^'lis of llit- body. 153. C. slipiihi.
Spikts ill a lai'tji' braiicliinR cliisltr; buak ,v 1 kiiKtlis of tin.' body. 154. C Ci iis-cni :>i.
I'triffynia mryikss or faintly lurvcd. Nos. is.s I'l.?. Ml l.Tlll.oK.vi;.
Spikes very iiiiiiicrous in a blanched decompouiul cluster, small. i.S.S- C. ilrcKiii/iiisi/ii.
Spikes several or many in an obloiiK or narrow, simple or somewhat compound cluster.
Leaves 1" wide or less.
Ikak of the perisjyniuni shorter than the body; wesleni species. i_s6. C. ii/iii lii/n.
Ikak as Ioiik as the body; iioithern marsh species. 157. ('. /ri r/iiisi ii/ti.
Leaves 1" ,V wide
Scales acuminate, cuspidate or awned.
I'eritjyiiia I '"-2'" kmtj.
TeriKynia ovate or ovate lanceolate, the beak about as loiin as the body.
l.S*^. ( '. i//()/)i ■("/(/<■./.
I'eripynia broadly ovate or orbicular, the beak about one lliird as loiij; as the
body. i.Sy. C. ,i;i,i:'iifii.
I'eriKyuia i ' •" lon^j or less.
I.eavesas I011K as the culm or loiiKcr. ido. C z'/i/piiinit/i'ii.
Leaves shorter than the culm.
I'eriKyiiia ovale-elliiitic. the base narrowed. idi. C. \ iiiilliniiii pn.
I'erijryuia lanceolate, the ba.se truncate. 162. (". sr/tuin.
.Scales bUiiil, scarious ti])ped. Id.j. C. Sin iurllii.
tt Spikes (JTceii or greenish when mature. aKK'iKaled or .sei)aiated. in simple clusters. Nos. 164-
17.V Ml iii,i;mii;i<c.ian.\i;.
I'eriKynia ellipsoid, nearly terete: spikes 1-5 flowered, widely sejiaraled. or the upiier close toKelher.
\(i\. C. Iiiiiila.
I'eriKyiiia lauceiilale, ovate or roundish, coinpiessed or ]>lano conve.x; spikes several-nianyllowered.
Spikes separated or the upper close toKether; periKyuia mostly radiating, or renexed.
Leaves '/' 1 ' •" wide.
Ikak of the periRyiiium one -third to oiiehalf as lou(f as the body; native woodland
species.
I'eriKyuia ovate-lanceolate. i"-i'" lonn.
I'eriKynia slellalely radiating. ift,";. ('. losfit.
I'eriKynia rellexed when mature. ififi. (". relm/lfxn.
I'eriKynia narrowly lanceolate, 1'." 2" loun- i(i~- C. '/'tveii.sis.
lieak of the periKyniiim more than half as Ioiik as the body; introduced fiekl species.
\(i'.<. C. iiniihala.
Leaves 2'3"-4'." wide. 169. C. xpnrgmiioidcx.
Spikes all aKffrelfated or the lower se])arated; peri({ynia spreadiiiK or ascendinB.
I^eaves tliin, la.x, 2"-4" wide; iieriKvnia about 2" lon({. 170. C. ifpluilnidia.
Leaves stilTer, '■"-2" wide.
Peripyiiia 1" lonp or less, nerveless or faintly few-nerved.
Leaves i"-2" wide; peri({yiiia ovate. 171. C. Ct'plialophnin.
Leaves '.•"-!" wide; perigynia orbicular ovate; southern. 172. C. Leayeiiwoitliii.
I'erigyiiia I '■" loiiR, stroiiKb' nerved (except in var. Xiilaprnsis).
173. C. Afti/i/rnhfrrii.
Sl'DC.I' I'AMH.V.
291
2. SiwuNAii; ii(i\\p;Ks \\KiiM'^i.\ MiN(,i i.ii Willi Mil; risi ii.i.A 1 1; in Tin, sriKi.s or
UIIASKINAI.I.V I(jKM1\(, WlluM, SI'IKI.S. i Sci llii-. ||; 1)1., I
I't ritjy'iiii liuli.iUly s|)rlil(lill^; or ullixid.
I'ciiKyiiia irci't nr apiiris^-iil.
I'l ri^'vtii.i wiiiKlf-s, tin- iiiiii r fan- Hat.
l'< rinytiia winjfid, tlu' iiiiur face r(ituav(
171. ( '. sh-rilis.
1S7. ( '. hi ,iiiiiii(/fs.
ii)(i. ( ". si, til III.
3. SiAMiNA 11; il.ci\vi;us Ai Mil: u\si:s(ii iiii: s|'Iki:s. Nhs. 174 jus.
'fli I'll iKVU'ii -lillii'iil ii iiii'i.Ki 'I'l/ ' i"'-i- Nos. 17.) 1S7. ICl.dSCA I'Ai:.
I'iri({ynia railiaUly spu ailitiy. cn u IIcxkI win 11 nld.
I'ctinynia (li>tiiKlly lurvid (in lintli laii;-, \\w liiak ronnli.
i'trinyiiia laiK-icilati'; liiak iiion- than lialf as Iouh as tlu- Imdy. 171. ( '. sli'iili^.
I'ciinyiiia iivatc; biak almnl (inc lliird as Inns; as tlii' liudy, a!ii\i|>l 175. ( '. Alliiiilim .
IViJHynia faintly mrvtil on tlunulir laic, mrvtli ss ur luaily soiiti tin innir: licaU sniiiiilliisli.
17(1. ( '. iiilii ii'i .
I'triKyiiia asciMidiiiK. apprcsscd (ir sinmwliat spnadinj; win n idd. lint ia<liatini{.
I'triKynia nvali', nval. nljlonn or i lliptii-
Hiat'ts slioit, si-ali- like or iioiii . tlu- lowi st in'casimially Iniijjcr than its siiikc.
Spikis distiiKtly si jvaratKl or tin- uppir closi- tnj-i llni'
Ikads silvity niiiii nr nraily wliitL-. 177. C. niiiiMiiis.
Ikads lirnwn ni' liiownish,
Spikis iiu llnwi n d. 2" ;," loiitr: piriKynia liss than 1" Ions;, tin- lirak inanirest.
17>. ('. hi iiiniiMriis.
Spikis diiisi-, many-llowind; piiinynia about 1" lonn, tlu- liiak vii\ short.
I7(>. ( '. \iii rix'i'iii.
Spiki-s diiisi ly ihistin-d at tin- top of tin- iiilni. or tin louir sipaiati-d
Spikis ^;rcin or uniiiish brown.
S))iki-s si-vrral in an ovoiil i-lnstir: pirinynia ov.iti-, muKli luakiil.
iSo. C". tiiilii.
Spikis only 2 ); piri^fytiia i-lliptir, biakliss. iSi. (.'. IiiiiiHIkIii.
Si)ikcs dark brown: antii- spii-iis.
Cnlnis slindir, siilT, itii't.
I.iavisinvnluti'; siiilrs about iiiualliiiM; tlu- piritjynia. 182. ( '. J/i-Umiiislfs
I.iavis Hat; scales shoitir than tin- iirriKynia. iS^. C. Iimi'f>i>iii.
Culms wi-ak. spn.-!,(linj; or rii-liuinj;. iSj. ('. :;/,in;i\,i.
liracls bristli- form, iiiucli iloiinati-d, much ixccidiiiK the 2 .| obloiiK nerved peri(;yuia.
IS,S. ('. Il isflCI Dill.
TcriKynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate.
ivrisyi'ia nerveless; spikes otilont; or subRlobose. iWi, ('. />i';t iimin.
Terinyuia stroiidly several nerved; spikes narrowly oblong; cylindric. 1S7. ( '. /n oiiioiitiw
(bi I'fi'ii;yiiia:,i/liniiiiriii:iiiihio,iiliiiiiri;inii!:,iiii;. Nos. 1.SS-20.S. (I\'.\l.i;s.
18S. ('. f>iiili'iisis.
iSo. C '. xri iiii/iiit.
IVri^ynia '..".nceolate or ovati- latu'eolati-, 2 ,s times as loiiK as wide.
Tiip of the culm iinddiiiK; arctic and northwestern species.
Culms strictly erect, mostly stilT.
I'lrijrynia nerveless, broadly winifed; northwesteru species.
I'eritiyui'i several nerved on both faces.
I'erinynia broadly wiiiKcd; stamiuate flowers intermixed with the pistillate.
njo. t". siiciiht.
I'criffvuia narrowly wiiiKcd; staniinate flowers all basal.
Spikes '..'-i' loun; periKynia about 4" lon^f. 191. C. Musi 111,1; 11 >i/iii.si.<.
Spikes 2" S" lon^;; peri^tyuia ?";•," loiiK.
Spikes obloUK or oval; periKyuia asccudiuu or erect.
Spikes urei'U-brown. blunt. 192. C. /r/hii/niih's.
Spikes brifflit brown, pointed; periKyuia lauceolalc. iiy. C sio/mria.
Spikes rather dark brown, blunt; perinyuia ovate-lanceolate.
194. ('. Iffiiiriiiii.
Spikes snbulobose; periKyuia spreading:, at least when old. 195. ( '. 1 lislalflla .
rcriifynia ovate, not more than twice as Iouk as wide (lont^er in some forms of no, igs. 1
Perigynia narrowly wiiiKed above; heads n'eiiiisli brown. 196. ( '. iidiisla.
Perifrynia broadly wiuu-uiarKiued.
PeriKViiia spreadiuK or ascendinif.
Spikes silvery Kreen. 197. C foeiiea.
Spikes yellowish brown orKieeuish. 198. ('. sliamiiiea.
rcriptynia erect or apprcsscd.
Heads silvery irneii or nearly white; sea-beach species. 199. ( '. siliira.
Heads browu-drcen ; meadow or marsh species. 200. ( '. Icncia.
Peritfynia orbicular, very l)roadly os'atc or somewhat obovate, sometimes wider than loiiK;.
Heads tfreen-brown.
Pcrigynia spreading or ascending; achene sessile. 201, ( ', J'isluiact'a.
Perigyuia erect, 2"-2'-" broad; achene short-stalked. 202. ( '. alula.
Heads silvery green, yellowish or whitish.
Perigyniinn-wing firm; achene sessile. 20,^. C. alholiilfscciis.
Perigyiiium-wing niembrauons; achene stalked. 204. ( ', lliikiullij.
I'erigynia narrowly linear lanceolate, tapering into a subulate beak 2-^ limes as long as the body.
CYri;ROii)i:AK. 2o,s. ('. ^yckiunephala.
iii'i^'
CVIM'RACIvAi:.
1. Caiex pauciflora IJ>,Muf. I'lw llowcivil
(ill, I /'.III, /'//■'III l,i>{liU\ I'l Siiil. sit />/. 'i. 1777.
Cilaliious, iiiliiis iTi'cl <ir iisMnxiiit, viiy sU'inliT,
y 2° lii^li- Ia'mvi's vuiv iiiirrow, sluirU'r lliaii llii'
I'ulm, till' lowi-st r(.'(lurf<l to lootlicd slicaths; sjiikr
solitary, aiiilronyiious, tlir staminatr ami ])istillati'
llowris lai'li J 5, tlu' staiiiiiiati' ii])|)i'niiost; pi-ri-
Kyiiiuiii K^i^*-'". narrow, scani'ly iiillati'd, ;," ("
loiij;, al)oiil '." ill (liamt'tcr, si'vcral-ticrvicl, taiitr-
iiiK from bi'low the iiiiddk' into a slender or almost
sul)ulali' tjfak, stroiij,rly rolU'xi'd and readily de-
lai'liable when mature, 2 ,■>, times Ioniser than tlic
(leeiduoiis laiiieolate or ovate siale; stij^mas t,.
In l>ni;s, N(\vliMiii(ll:iii(l to Alaska, sdntli hi Mass.!-
iliusfUs. I'lnti-iylvaiiia, Mieliinaii anil Wa'-liiiiKtuii.
Juiu- Aii«.
Carex Collinsii N'lilt.
I'l. liui. Am. 2: 17
Collill;
Nut
(I'iK. 67:!.)
Sii. 10: 27,i. 1826.
I'liiit siihiiliilii Miilix.
('■nul. 17111.
Ciiii) I'lilliiisii Nlitt. Cieii. 2: 2115. iSiS.
C'aiix .l/ii/Kiii X ii Dewey, Am. Joiini.
Not Seliweiii. iS2(.
Cilahroiis, eiilms very slender, ereet or reeliuinfj, 6'-2°
lonj;. Leaves narrow, the broadest ahout 2'." wide, the
uppermost not exeeedinjj the eulni; staminate spike ter-
minal, stalked; i)istillale spikes 2-4, distant, 2-H-n<)were<l,
short-stalked, or the stalk of the lowest sometimes I '..'
lc)iij{; liraets similar to the upper leaves, elonj^ated; peri-
Kynium light ),;reen, scarcely inflated, subulate, •,"~y"
long, tapi'ring from below the middle into an almo,st tili-
fonn beak, faintly many-nerved, strongly reflexed when
mature, about 3 times as long as the hyaline laneeolate-
aeuminate persistent scale, its teeth reflexed at maturity;
>tiginas ;,.
In hdjts, Kliiule Island to eastern IViinsylvania. sciutli In
South Carolina and C.eorjfia. Ascends to 2(k;o It. in I'einisyl
vania. .\ttrtl)ute(l to Canada by Micliatix. June Auff.
Carex abacta Uailey. Vdlowisli Sedge. ( Fig. 67,^. )
I (lie I iiislKiln Miclix. I'l. Hnr. Am. 2; 17,?.
Stokes, 17S7,
C'aiiv \ iiiillii>f>li\sii Dewev, .\m. Journ. ,Sei. 14: 35,^ /■ i,",
i.V. i!<2S. Not Walil. l^'tT,.
( ti ir I .}fit/iii II \ id 11(1 i^ixjckl. I.innaea, 40: 3,^6. 1S77. Xut
( '. Mit/idii 1 // Schwein. i,S2-j.
('iiir' (i/iiii/a liiiley, Hull. Tnrr. Club, 20:427. 189,5.
("ilabrous, whole plant yellowish, culm erector slightly
assurgent at the base, rather stiff, slender, i°-2° high.
Leaves narrow, the broadest about 2" wide, the upi)er-
niost often exceeding the culm; stannnate spike termi-
nal, closely se.s,sile; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, .several-flow-
ered, the upper sessile or very nearly so and closely
approximated, the lowest, when present, remote and
borne on a stalk '.'-2' long; bracts similar to the leaves,
usually erect and overtop])iiig the culm; perigynia slen-
der, narrow, scarcely inflated, erect or spreading, taper-
ing into a subulate 2-toothcd beak, $"-7" long, less
than l" thick at the base, rather strongly many-nerved,
about twice as long as the lanceolate or ovate, acute or
acuminate scale; stigmas ,^.
In bogs and wet meadows, N'ewfoundlaiul to Xew IIami)sliire, New York and Pennsylvania,
west to Mieliinan. .Ascends to ,=;c)i«) ft, in New Hampshire. Also in Jai)an. July-Sept.
■X Not
1;:
vSIvDCI' I'AMIIA'.
893
\V
Not
N.)t
4. Carex foUiculata r,. I.uiin Sidnc ( Im^;. 674. 1
( III It /olliiiiliil-i I,. Sp. \'\ ')-^. \-s.V
Claim Ills, lin'it kh^i'II or yi'llowisli, I'uliii sloiil or -.li'ii-
<kr, rriit or rfiliiiitij^, I 'j"-,V' lolij^. I,t:i\is liniaii and
tloiijiatiil, somitiims ovtrlo])))iii;; llii- luliii, often '.'
wicif; staniinati- s])iki- stalki'd or nearly sessile; pistillate
-.pikes 2 \. usually ilistnnt, all exee])l the uppermost slen-
iler-slalked, several-niany-tlowered, tile lower often nod-
din.i; on a stalk 2' y Ioiik; liraels eomiiionly overtop])in)f
the spikes; peri),'\ Ilia ovoid, somewhat intlatecj, aseelldiii)^
or spreadiiij,', j^reeii. rather ])romiiieiitly many-veineil,
6" S" loii)^, I " or a irille more in diameter near the liase,
taperiiij; from below the middle into a slender 2-toolhed
heak, one-third to one-half longer than theawned broadly
searious-mar^'iiied persistent seale; teeth of the peri-
Kyiiiiim iiearl\ ereit; slij,'nias ,v
In swamps and wel woods, New fuiiiicUaiKl U< Maryland,
■west to MiiliiKaii and West N'irKiiiia May Sept.
5. Carex intumescens Riul^fc
Bladder vSedRe. ( Fi^,^ f>75. )
KiidKe, Trans. I, inn. Soe. 7: i>7.
( iiif I iii/iiiiirs(rii\
/>/. V. /■ .,: i«i>.|.
Crl.ihrons, eiiliiis slender, eomiiionly tufted, erect
or sli>,ditly nelined, i '2° ^° hifjli. Leaves elou-
Kated, dark K''i'^'"i shorter than or .soinetiiiiesc<)unl-
liiijf the eulni, roii>,diisli, I'l"-?," wide; braets simi-
lar, overtoppinjf the eulm; slaniiiiate spike narrow,
mostly lon^-stalked; pistillate spikes 2 (l-,'^) ses-
sile or very short-stalked, j^lobose or ovoid; peri-
),'yiiia 1 -,v>, spreading or the upper erect, 6"-u>"
long, much inflated, about y in diameter above
the base, niany-iierved, tapering from below the
middle into a siihula'.' ,! loothed beak, the teeth
somewhat spreading at matunty; scales narrowly
lanceolate, acuminate or aristate, about one-half as
long as the perigynia; stigmas ^,,
III swamps, boKS and wet woods, Newfoundlaiul to
MaiiildUa, south I" I'lorida and I.niiisiatia. May Oct.
Carex intumescens Femaldi Itaitey. hull. Tnrr. Club. 20: (is. iSq;^.
IVriifynia narrower, 1 ,s in each spike, all erect or sliKhllv spreadiiiK- Maine to New York.
6. Carex Asa-GrayiHaiky. dray's vSedjife.
Can I iiiliniii'Sii'iis \:\x. nlnhiilai is A. Ciray, ,\iiii. I.yc.
N. V. 3: 236. i,S,?4. Not ('. !,-/i</iH/(/r/,v r,. 17.S,?.
Ciiivi (iiiiyi Carey. Am. Journ. Sci, (II, 1 4: 22. 1.S47,
Not C. (I'liivaiia Dewey, i,'^,^!.
Cm It Am-Gi iiyi liailey, Hull.Torr. Club, 20; 427, lS<),v
Caret .Ixa-d'iati liisfiiliihi Hailev, Hull, Torr Club,
20: .(27. iSg,,,
Glabrous, culms stout, erect or slightly assur-
gent at the base, 2°-,^° tall. Leaves elongateil.
dark green, y'-A'i" wide, the upper comnionly
overtoj)piiig the culm; bracts similar to the upper
le.ives, usually much overtojipiiig the culm; stami-
nale sjiike mostly long-stalked; pistillate spikes i or
2, globo.se, deii.se, about I ' in diameter; perigynia
10-30, ovoid, glabrous or pubescent, much inflated,
many-nerved, about 4" in diameter above the base,
tapering to a sharp 2-tootlied beak; scales ovate or
lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, .scarious, about
■one-third as long as the perigynia; .stigmas 3.
Ill swamps and wet meadows, Vermont to Michigan,
^outli to tieortfia and Missouri. June-Sept.
( Fig. 676.
CYFERACIvAK.
7. Carex Louisianicc' Haii - . Louisiana
Sedge. (Fig. 677. )
('r/^(i /Itilei Cari-y; Cliiipiii. I'l. S. St.iles. •,\i,. iStm
Not Ikwty. iS|6.
('. /.iiiiisiiiiihd Haili'v, liull. Torr. Club, 20: pS, i8<),v
Ciilins slender, erect, smooth or very nearly so, i''-2"
tall. I.eives l"-2" wide, ronj^liisli, the upper oyer-
yn to])pitij{ the spikes; braets similar to the npper leaves,
ron^h; pistillate s])ikes 1-;, ohlonj;, abont 1' lonjj;, S"
Id" thiek, erect, the lower slender-stalked, the upper
nearly sessile; staminate spike solitary, lonjj;-stalked;
perigvii.i ovoid, much inflate<l, smooth, stronj^ly sev-
eral-nerved, shining when mature, ,s"-6" lon.tf, about
>3'\:*' / / ^ Vin// 'V 2'." in diameter at the rounded base, ta])ering gradu-
'^f\/il./ J^ \ fI'M ,=3 ''"•''' '"^" *'""' '""K 2-toothed beak, the small teeth
slightlv spreading; scales oblong-lanceolate, acmni-
nate, about one-half as long as the perigynia; stigmas ,^.
Swanips, Missouri to Texas and Florida, Jina- .\un,
8. Carex lupulina Miilil. Ho]) Sedge. ( Fig. 678. 1
Cm (•\ <iii;anl<'a Riuljfi'. Trans, I.inn, Soc, 7; <i<i, />/. /■',
./', J. ' iSo.|, ?
Cai I \ iKfiiilitui Mulil,; Sclik, Kicds;. 2:,S1../, '-',>' ''^'<'-
Caii'\ liiftiiliiKi var, picdiniiuhiUt ]>ewey in Wood,
Hot. »S: I'lor, ,^,76, 1S70,
Cdabrous, cidms stout, erect or reclining, i°-4°
tall. Leaves elongated, nodulf)se, 2'2"-6" wide,
the upper ones and the similar bracts much over-
topping the ctdni; staminate spike solitary or rarely
several, nearly ,sessile or slen<ler-peduncled, rather
stcmt; pistillate spikes 2 ,s, ilensely many-flowered,
sessile or the lower slender-stalked, oblong, l,':-'-
2/^2' long, often i' in diameter; perigynia ascending
or spreading, often short-stalked, much inflated,
many-nerved, 6"-9" long, about ' ','" in diameter
just above the ba.se, tapering from much below the
middle into a subulate 2-toothe(l beak; aehene longer
than thick; .scales lanceolate, acuminate tir aristate,
one-third as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In swamps and ditches, Hudson Hay to western
Ontario. Morida and Texas. Jnne-.\UK,
Carex lupulina Bella-villa (I)ewi yi Haiky. .Mem. Torr, Club, i: 12, i.^Sc),
Cai(\ Itflhiiillii Dewey, .\ni. Jouni. Sci, I II, ) 41: 229, iS6(j,
Culm slender: pistillate spikes remote, slender-stalkfd, sonietiuies staminate at tliv -^ununit,
the periffynia widely spreadiiiR at maturity, the staminate spike sometimes branched .and with 1 01
2 perigynia at its base. Ivaslern Xew York to southern Ontario.
A hybrid with ('. rehnrsa is described by I'rofessor Dudley ( Cayutfa I'l, iiq, i.'^.Soi,
9. Carex lupuliformis Sartwell. Hop-like
vSedge. (Fig. 679.)
Oiicx hipiilhui var. ftnlyshicliya Seliw. N: Ton, .\nn.
I,ye, I: ,^,^7, 1.S25, Not C. f'lilvslachra Sw.
i'lirev /ii/iii/iyhi mis Suriw.; Dewey, .\tn, Joiirn, Sci, ill,:
9: 29, i8,so,
C.labrous, culm stout, erect, i '2°~3° tall. Leaves and
bracts .similar to tlio.se of the preceding s])ecies, much
elongated; staminate spike .solitary, stalked or nearly
sessile, .sometimes 4' long; pistillate spikes y fi, stalked
or the upper sessile, den.selj* many-flowered, 2'-t,' long,
6"-io" in diameter, often staminate at the top; peri-
gynia yellowi.sh, at first appressed, later ascending, ses-
sile, much inflated, .several-nerved, 5" -S" long, about
2" in diameter above the base, tapering from below the
middle to a subulate 2-toothed beak; uchene as long as
thick, its angles mamillate; scales lanceolate, awned,.
shorter than or ecpialling the perigynia.
Sw.mips, Rhode Island to Del. and Minnesota. June .■\uk.
Si;i)OE I'AMILY.
295
10. Carex grandis Hailey. Lar^e Sedj^c
Our V ,1; if; a II /i a Dewey, Am. Jourii. Sci. ii: ifq. iS.'ti.
Not kiiclRe. 1S04.
Cm ci ,i;iaiii/ix Haiky. Mem. Ton. L'lul). I; 1,?. iSSi).
Glabrous, culin.s .slender, ereet or reeliiiiii).;, 2°-3°
liij^li. Leaves rather dark ^reeii, eloiijjated, 4"-6"
wide, the upperiiii>st soinetiiiies surpassiii)f the
culm; bracts similar to the leaves, iiim'h overtop-
ping the culm; stamiuate spike sessile or ])e<hm-
cled, .sometimes bearinji jierigynia at its l)ase; pis-
tillate spikes 3-5, all stalked or the upper sessile,
cylindric, i'-^' long, sometimes staminate at the
summit; i)erigynia much swollen at the base, and
alH)ut 2" in iliameter, 5" -6" long, many-nerved,
spreading at maturity, 3-4 times as long as the sca-
rious lanceolate acuminate or aristate scale, abruptly
contracted into a sub-dale 2-toolhe<l beak 2 3 times
as long ;is the infl.-ited , ortion; stigmas v
In swamps, Delaware In Keiitmky and Missouri,
south to l'"lori<la, Louisiana and Texas, June-.Xiijf.
II. Carex oligosperma Michx. Kew-scakd Sedge. 1 Hig. 6S1. 1
( nil) ii/i!;iis/jfi lilt! .^lich.x. I'M. lior. .\tn. 2: 17.). iSo^.
(ilabrous, cidms very .slender, erect, rather .stiff,
I ',"--T,° tall. Leaves al)(nit i 'i," wide, not exceed-
ing the cidm, involute when old; bracts similar,
overtopping the culm; ?'.aminatt spikestalked, nar-
rowly linear; pistillate spikes i or 2, globose or ob-
l"'iK. 5" -10" long, sessile or the lower short-
stalkeil, few-.several -flowered, the upper some-
times reduced to i or 2 perigynia and with a
staminate summit; perigynia ovoid, erect, in-
flated, strongly few-nerved, yellowish green, 2"-
2'i'" long, about i '4'" in diameter, tapering from
the middle into a miniitely 2-toothe(l beak; scales
acute or mucronate, shorter than the perigynia;
stigmas t,.
In bo^s, Labrador to the Northwest Territory, south
to Massacluisetts, I'ennsylvania and Jlichijfan. June-
Sipt. Ascends to 4rx)o It. in the .\dirondacks.
12. Carex Raeana Hoitt.
Clin t iiii'/iiiiis var. diiini Haiky, Mem. Torr. Club,
l: 37. 1889. Not ('. tiiiiid Nutt. 181S.
Ctucv piilla .\. Cray, Man. lid. 5.(102. 1S67. Not
Ciooden. 1797.
('<;/> I A'tiiiiiiii Hoott; Richards. .\rct. I'.xp. 2: ^44.
1851.
Cnlni stouter than that of ( '. milidiis, very
rough above, 1,'^°-^" tall. Leaves i"- 1 '," wide,
flat, shorter than the culm, nodulose, somewhat
scabrous on the margins, the lower bracts narrower,
about e(|ualling the culm; staminate .spikes 1-4,
sleiuler-stalked; pi.stillatc spikes 1-3, erect, cylin-
dric or oblong, 6"-l2" long, sessile or the lower
short-stalked; perigynia oblong-elliptic, yellowish-
green, few-nerved, acute, narroweil into a rather
conspicuous 2-toothed beak; .scales lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, yellowish or brown-margined,
slightly .shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2 or 3.
On lake and river shores, nortlurn Maine to Lab-
rador. Summer.
( Fig. 6S2.)
296
CYPERACEAE.
13. Carex miliaris Michx, Northeastern vSedgc. (Fig. 6S3.)
Ciim iiii/iaris Michx. V\. Hor. Am. 2: 174. i8o,v
Ciiii'A iiiiliiii is var. inai"- Hailey, Jtctii. Tnrr. Club,
i: .^f). 18S9. ?
tflahroii.s, culm very slender, erect, rougliish
above, i°-2° tall. Leaves flat, about ;" wide,
elongated, nodulose, the upper about equalling the
culm; bracts similar to the leaves, often overtop-
ping the culm; staminate spike.s i or 2, stalked,
narrowly linear; pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong or
linear-oblong, many-ll.iwered, 4"-!' long, the up-
per sessile, the lowest, when three, stalked; peri-
gynia inflated, ovoid, faintly few-nerved, i"-
lyi" long, dark brown or brown-tipped, tapering
into a short, nearly entire beak, slightly longer
than the ovate or ovate-lanceolate, wholly or
j)artly brown, obtuse or acute scale; .stigmas 2.
liorders of lakes and streams, Labrador and northern
(juebec. KoiK)rtcd from northern Minnesota. .Summer.
14. Carex saxatilis L. Rus.set Sedge.
(Fig. 684.)
Caie.v sa.valilis I,. vSp. I'l. 976. 175,^.
Canx piilln Gooden. Trans. I.inn. Soc. 3: 78.
1797
Glabrous, culms erect, slender, 3'-! 2' tall.
Leaves flat, i"-i W" broad, the upper not overtop-
ping the culm; bracts short; staminate spike soli-
tary, short-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-4, all stalked
or the upper nearly or tpiite sessile, oblong, densely
many-flowered; perigynia dark purple-brown, as-
cending, ovoid, slightly inflated, nerveless or very
faintly few-nerved, tipped with a short minutely 2-
loothed beak; scales oblong, subacute, greenisli
purple, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas
usuallv 2,
Greenland to James Itiiy and .Maska.
Europe and Asia. Summer.
Also in arctic
15. Carex membranopacta Bailey. Fragile Sedge. (Fig. 6X5.)
(■(;;<■ I iiiiii/yac/a K. Hr. in Ross' Voy. .Vpp. e.Kliii.
1819. Xot Kroek. 1814.
Cait'A iiiiiiihraiiacea Hook. Parry's 2d Voy. App. 4<j6.
1S25. Not Moppe.
Caie.v memhianofyada Hailev. Hull. Torr. Club, 20:
428. iSy.v
Similar to C. saxalilis but .stouter and taller,
6'-i8'' high. Leaves flat, not exceeding the culm,
lyi" wide; bracts short, the lower commonly
longer than its spike, the upper subulate; .staminate
spikes 1-3, .short -.stalked ; pi.stillate .spikes 1-3 1 coni-
nioidy 21, .sessile or the lower short-peduncled,
narrowly oblong, obtuse, den.sely many-flowered,
about l' long and 4" in diameter; perigynia spread-
ing, brown-purple, ovoid, fragile, much inflated,
about \%" long, tipped witli a short nearly entire
beak, little nerved, about as long as the ovate-ob-
long greenish-purple or white-margined scales.
Greenland, thruuKh arctic America to Kamptclmtka.
Summer.
SEDGE FAMILY.
297
Blackened vSedge. (Kij^. 686."'
16. Carex ambusta Hoott.
Cdi I- \ aiiihiislit lioolt. 111. 64. />/. lyj. 1H58.
Siiiiil.if to C. sa.vatilis, culms slender, erect, S'-
iS' tiill, nearly or quite smooth. Leaves nearly or
quite smooth, elongated, mostly le.ss than i " wide,
involute in drying, nearly erect, shorter than the
culm; bracts similar to the upper leaves, sometimes
e(|ualling or overtopping the culm; staminate spike
.solitary, stalked; ])istillate spikes I or 2, oblong,
erect, ol)tu.se, den.sely many-flowered, slender-
stalked or the upper nearly sessile, 6"-()" long,
about 3 '2" in diameter; perigynia oblong-lanceo-
late, I '2" long, rather more than 'j'' wide, spread-
ing or a.scending, biconvex, smooth, firm, not at all
inflated, dull, faintly few-nerved at the base, green
below, dark brown at the summit, tapering into a
short minutely 2-toothed beak; .scales lanceolate,
dark brown, as long as the perigynia; .stigmas 2.
Labrador, lirilish Columbia to Alaska. .Summer.
17. Carex utriculata Boott. Bottle Sedge. { Kig. 687. )
C'aicx ulriculata Boott; Hook. I'l. lior. .\ni. 2: 221.
1840.
Caiiw ulriciilala var. ;«/««;• lioott, loc. cit. 1840.
C.labrous, culms stout, erect, 2°-4° tall. Leaves
elongated, nodulose, the upper mostly exceeding
the culm, 2"-i>" wide, the midvein prominent;
bracts overtopping the culm ; staminate spikes 2-4,
linear, stalked, the lower occasionally pistillate at
the top and usually subtended hy a very slender
bract; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, nearly erect, cylin-
dric, densely many-flowered or sometimes looser
near the base, I'-b' long, the lower short-stalked,
the upper .sessile, sometimes staminate at the sum-
mit; perigynia spreading when old, ovoid, light
green, somewhat inflated, few-nerved, 2"-2_!-'2"
long, narrowed into a sharp 2-toothed beak; scales
lanceolate, the lower awned and slightly longer
than the perigynia, the upper acute; stigmas 3.
Marshes, .Vnticosti to British Columbia, Delaware,
Ohio, Minnesota, Nevada aiul California. June- Sept.
18. Carex monile Tiickenn. Necklace Sedge. (Fig. 688.)
Cixicv ;;/(i;(/7c Tuckerm. Lmini. Metli. 2u. 1845.
Cmex Olncyi Boott, 111. 15. />/. 42. 1858.
Glabrous, culm slender, erect or reclining, l'A°~i°
tall. Leaves elongated, rather light green, i'/2"-2}4"
wide, sometimes exceeding the culm, little or not at
all nodulose; bracts similar, often overtopping the
culm; staminate spikes 1-4, usually 2 or 3, slender-
.stalked, connnonly subtended b\- short bracts; pistil-
late spikes 1-3, erect-spreading, cylindric, i'-,^' long,
about 4" in diameter, many-flowered, rather loose at
maturity, the upper .sessile, the lower one, when 3,
.slender-stalked and usually remote; perigynia yellow-
ish green, ascending or spreading, ovoid, inflated,
about 2}<" long, rather .strongly S-io-nerved, tapering
into a shaq) 2-toothed beak; .scales lanceolate, acumi-
nate or awned, shorter than the perigynia; .stigmas 3.
In marshes and wet meadows, Nova Scotia to British
Columbia, south to New Jersey, Missouri, in the Rocky
Mountains to Colorado, and to (California. June Auif.
2y.S
CVI'KRACI-AH.
Carex monile monstrosa HaiUy, Mini. Tun Cluli. i: 4(1. i>S'*(). A lurm willi llu- Urtiiin:il -iiike
tllori- (ir liss i>istillaU-. Hk- i)istiriiiU- spikis very small and loosily fldWiucl. usually nn very IdiiK
stalks, found scvt ral years ani" alouti tlii- Concord Kivcr, Mass., has not since been collected.
ig. Carex Tuckermani Dewey. Tuck-
eriiiaii's Sedge. (Fig. 689.)
(', 7"«<Xr;'w/(7H/ Dewey, Am. Jouni. Sci.49:48. iS4,s.
CilMbrous, culm very sIcikUt, usually nmj^hisli
above, erect or rei'liuinjf, 2° 3'.° loii.^. Leaves
and bracts imicli elongated, coniiuonly iiiuch
<ivert()p])in}f the culm, t !z"-2':" wide, some-
times sparingly nodulose; .staminate spikes 2 or
;,; pistillate spikes .stout, cylindric, i'-2' long,
about '2' in diameter; the u]>per sessile or nearly
so, the lower stalked and usuall\- spreading;
]>erigynia very much infl'ited, yellowish-green,
ovoid, prominently l'ew-liervc<i, ascemling,
abruptly contracted into a subulate 2-toothed
beak; scales lanceolate, smooth-awned, about
half as long as the porigynia; stigmas _-^.
In bojtsatid meadows. New Itrimswick to Ontario.
>.'cw Jersey, MichiKan and Minnesota. June .\llu.
20. Carex bullata Schk. Hmioii Sedge.
(Fig. (190. )
Cm I' \ hiilhilii Schk. Kiedfr. Nachtr. S,s. /'. iMi. iNxi.
(ilabrons, cidnis very slender, erect, i°-2 'i° high, rougli-
isli above. Leaves and bracts very narrow and elongated,
rather .stiff, commonly overtoj>j)ing the culm, rarelx more
than 2" wide, rough-margined, sparinglv nodulose; .stamin-
ate spikes mostly 2, long stalke<l; pistillate spikes l-,^, usually
2, hght green, varying from almost sessile to long-stalked
and .spreading, many-flowered, oblong or oblong-cyliudric,
I'-l '^' long, 4'2"-6" in diameter; perigynia much inflated,
ovoid, 2'i"-3" 1""K. spreading when mature, tapering into
a subulate rough 2-toothed beak, shining, strongly nerved,
2-3 times longer than the lanceolate acinninate or acute
scale, or the uppermost scales (.oluse; stigmas 3.
In swamps. Massachusetts to Xorth Carolina. Jnne-.\u(i;.
21. Carex retrorsa vSchweiii. Retror.se Sedge
(Mii> iili'iirsii Schwein,
1S24.
(ilabrons, culm .stout, erect, smooth or slightly
rough above, 1°-,^'.° tall. Leaves elongated,
thin, rough-margined, sparingly nodulose, 2 ■>"
,Vj" wide, the ujipcr commonly exceeding the
culm, the bracts similar, usually much overtop-
ping the culm; staminate spikes 1-3, short-
stalked; pistillate s})ikes 3-6, a.scending or
spreading, all close togetl'.er at the summit ami
sessile or very nearly .so or the lowest distant
and stalked, cylindric, densely many-flowered,
i'-2' long, about ,'2' in diameter; perigynia
ovoid, membrantms, strongly few-nerved, vel-
lowisli green, about 3" long, rellexed at ma-
turity, tapering into a subulate 2-toothed beak;
scales lanceolate, acute, smwith, one-third to
one-half as long as the per'.jynia; .stigmas 3.
In swamps and wet meadows, Nova .Scotia to Manitoba, sonth to Massachusetts, I'ennsylvania,
Michii^an and Minnesota. .Mso in Oretfon 1 accordiuR to llailey). .XuR.-Sept.
(Fig. 691.)
.\nn. I,vc. N. V. i:
SKrK.K I'AMII.V.
299
22. Carex Hartii Dewey. Hart Wright's
Sedge. (Fig. 692. )
I'arrt Ilailii Dtwiy. .\m. Journ. Si'i. 1 11. I 41: 226. 1S66,
Cilabrous, culms sIcikKt, nearly siiiootli i '/j°-2,'-.'° loiijj.
Leaves eloiij^ateil, r()iijj;li on the nuir}j;ins and lower side of
the inidvein, 2"-^" wide, the upper and the similar bracts
much overtoppinj; the culm; staminate spikes i or 2, the
lower sometimes pistillate at the base, borne on a stalk
M' \' long; pistillate spikes 2-4, scattered, rather loosely 1
many-dowered, the up])er sessile, the lower slender-
stalke<l, i'-2'loiijf, at)out '.' thick, all end or ascending;
perigynia inflated, ovoid-conic, spreading or the lower
slightly reflexed, prominently few-nerveil, about 3" long^
gradually tapering into the long 2-toothed beak, 2-3 times as
long as the lanceolate acute or acuminate scale; stigmas;,.
In niarslus. Ontario and Niw York to Michigan. .Vpija
reiitly intirKrades willi the ])r(ce(linn species. June Auk;.
23. Carex lurida Walil. Sallow Sedge.
(Fig. 693. )
I', liiiida Wahl. KoukI. Acad. Ilandl. ill. 124: \^\. iSo;.
6'(/'vi IciiliUtiUila .Mulil.; Willd. Sp. I'l. 4: 2Wj. ' 1S05.
Cilabrous, culm slender, erect, smooth or slightly
scabrous above, I !2°-,^° tall. Leaves elongated, rough,
rarely more than 2" wide, the u])per and the similar
brads usually mucli overtop])ing the culm; staminate
spike usually solitary, sliort-stalked, elongated; pistil-
late s])ikes, i~4, cylindric, den.sely many-flowered, l'-
2' long, about ]Y in iliameter, the upper sessile, the
lower peduncled and spreading or drooping; peri-
gynia inflated, ovoid, ta])ering into a long subulate
beak, a.scending or the lower spreading, 4" long, thin,
yellowish green, rather conspicuously nerved, longer
tlian the rough-awned scale; stigmas 3.
Ill swamps and wet meadows, Nova Scotia to Minne-
sota, riorida and Te.\as. June-Oct.
(". If)i/aciihtla (illiiii- lioott, is a hybrid with C. hifiiiliini.
Carex lurida flaccida liailiy. Mem. Torr. Club, i: ;_v 1889.
Pistillate spikes ' ' 1' loiiK, blown, all sessile or very nearly so, clustered at llie suininil, rather
more loosely (lowered. Xortliern New York to North Carolina and Tennessee.
Carex lurida parvula 1 I'aine 1 llailey, Hull. Torr. Club, 20: 418. i.sg.v
C'tiii\liiihuiihTl(i\"AX.ptii:'iila I'aine. Cat. I'l. Oneida, lo.s. 1865.
Culm ()'-i8' hinh; pistillate sjiikes only I or 2. scarcely more than '.-' Ioiik, globose or oblong,
sessile or very nearly so; i)eri(j:ynia t," lontf. New Hampshire to I'ennsylvaiiia and Iowa.
Carex lurida exundans liailey.
Culms liiiiRand spreading; pistillate spikes i |j'-2!j' lonif, on very lonj- stalks; scales subulate,
llu' lower ol'ten much longer than the perigyiiia. Occasional with the typical form.
24. Carex Baileyi IJrittoii. Hailey'.s Sedge, f^ -r— -- - ..^
( Fig. 694. )
Cair\ Inihitiihild \;\x. giuiilis KinM, \\\. (.):\. iSixi. Not
C. fiiacilis, R. lir. 1810.
Carex llaiUyi Hrittoii, IhiU. Torr. Club, 22: 3211. i8c),s
(ilabrous, culms erect or reclining, very slender, mi-
nutely scabrous above, 1" 2° long. Leaves roughish,
elongated, i,'i"-2" wide, the upper and the similar
bracts exceeding the culm; staminate spike solitary,
short-peduncled; pi.stillate spikes 1-3, narrowly cylin-
<lric, very densely many-flowered, all erect or ascend-
ing, 9"-2' long, about 4" in diiuneter, the upper ses-
sile, the lower more or less stalked; perigj'nia inflated,
ovoid, 2, '2 "-3" long, a.scending, abruptly contracted
into the subulate 2-toothed beak, prominently .several-
nerv'ed, the lower about e(|ualling, the upper longerthan
the linear-subulate ciliate-scabrous scale; stigmas 3.
Huffs, Vermimt to Yirginia and Tennessee. June-.\ug.
J^
vT' Ti> r' \''-'-',Vi - "r i^T ™
300
CVPERACEAi;.
Carex Schweinitzii Dewey. vSchweitiit/.'s vSedji;e. ( Fig. 695. )
< "(;;vr .SV//r.77' ;///:// I)c-wty; Scliwciii. Ami. I.yc. N.
V. i: 71. iS2.(.
(ilabrous, light j^rfuii, culm urect, roiigliish
alK)vc, l°-2,'/2° tall. Leaves elongated, 2 '."-4"
wiile, the basal ones anil the similar bracts com-
monly f)vertoi)piii).j tlie culm, those of the culm
mostly shorter; staniinate spike solitary or some-
times 2, often pistillate at the base or in the mid-
dle; pistillate spikes ;,-5, ascending, linear-cylin-
dric, not very densely flinvered, I '
long.
about 4" thick, the upper usually sessile, the lower
stalked; perigynia thin, somewhat inflateil, ovoid-
conic or ol)long, tapering into the snl)ulale, 2-
toothed beak, about 2 '2" long and i" in diameter,
ascending, rather prondnently few-nerved, equal-
ling or the upper longer than the lanceolate or
linear, usually eiliate-scabrous scale; .stigmas ,v
In swamps and bogs. Massaclnisetts to (liilarii),
.Michigan, New Jersey and Missouri. June .\usj.
Carex hystricina Mnlil. Porcupine Sedge. (Fig. 696.)
t'c/v r //r.s7;7V/«(7 Muhl.; Willil. ,Sp. I'l, 4: 2S2. 1S05.
(ilabrous, light green, culms slender, erect or reclining,
somewhat rough above, i°-2° tall. Leaves elongated,
minutely scabrous, i '2" -2'2" wide, the upper and the
similar bracts overtopping the culm ; staniinate spike slen-
der-stalked, .sometimes pistillate at the summit; pistil-
late .spikes 14, oblong-cylindric, densely many-flowered,
'i'-l 'j' long, about 4''" in diameter, the U])per .sessile
or nearly so, the lower slender-stalked and drooping;
perigynia a.scending, somewhat inflated, ovoid-conic,
2 'i"-,^" long, strongly many-nerved, tapering into the
subulate 2-toothed beak, eiinalling or the upper longer
than the narrow rough scales; stigmas ;■,.
In swani))S aiul low meadows, Nova Scotia to the North-
west Territory, south to C.eorKia and Nebraska. Juiu-.Aug.
Carex hystricina Diidleyi liaiUv. Mem. Torr. Club, i: S4.
1889.'
Culms often reclining. 2°-,^° Ioiir; leaves 2'„."-4" wide;
staniinate spike lonRstalked: pistillate spikes l'i'-2,'o'
lonK, 5" in diameter, filiform stalked. >[aine to Connecticut,
western New York, Pennsylvania and Michigan.
27. Carex Pseudo-Cyperus L. Cyperti.s-like Sedge. ( Fig. 697. )
( <7/(i I'sfiido-iyprnis I,. Hp. I'l. 97.'^. i/.S.V
('Flabrous, culms rather stout, rough on the sharp
angles, at least above, 2°-^° high. Leaves elon-
gated, rough on the margins, nodulose, 2 ',"-5"
wide, the upper and the similar bracts overtopping
the culm; .staniinate spike .short -stalked; pistillate
.spikes 2-5, linear-cylindric, densely many-flowered,
all slender-stalked and spreading or droo])ing, l'-
2>i' long, y'-Y' ill diameter, the stalk of the low-
est one sometimes 2' long; perigynia light green,
slightly inflated, conic, prominently many-ribbed,
somewhat flattened, at length reflexed, tapering
into a short 2-toothed beak, the .short teeth slightly
spreading; scales linear with a broad base, eiliate-
scabrous, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In bogs. Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Maine, New York,
and Michigan. .Vlso in Ivurope and Asia. June-Aug.
r
SEDGE FAMILY.
301
28. Carex comosa Boott. Bristly Sed^e.
( Fig. 698. )
Cm I I itDiKisti ItiMitt, Trans. I.iiin. Soc, 20: 117. is.^f,.
Cdiiv /'scm/ii i'\/>i Ills var. tiniinsii W. liiiott, in S.
Wats. liol. Cal. 2: 252. iSS<i.
Siiniliirtdtlie prccedinj^ species, ruliiis i-oiiniionly
stouter, the leaves sometimes ,'i' wide. Staiiiinate
spike short-stalked, sometimes pistillate at the
siimiiiil; ])i.stillate spikes 2-6, usually 3-5, stalked
or the ui)permost nearly sessile, all S])readiiig or
droopiuj^, .stouter and bristly, about 'i' in <lianieter;
perigyni.i more slender, little inflated, stronjjly re-
fle.xed when mature, taperinj{ into a slender, prom-
inently 2-toothed beak, the teeth subulate and
recurved-spreadinj;; scales mostly shorter than
the ])erigynia, very rough; stigmas 3.
In swamps and alouf; tlu' biirdirs of ponds, .Miva
Scotia to sontlurn Ontario .uul Wasliinjtton, smnli to
Ciiiri^ia, Louisiana and California. May Oct.
Carex Frankii Kuiith. Frank'.s Sedge, v^ Fig. 699. )
C'dii ) Fiiiiikii Kuntli. Ivnuin. 2: .jijS. i,S^-.
(.'iinx s/ciio/cfiis Torr. .Ann. ],yc. N. V. 3: 42(j. 1836.
Not I.ess. iS;5i.
Cilabrous, much tufted, cidms stout, smooth,
erect, very leafy, i°-2;i° tall. Leaves elongated,
rougliisli, 2}i"-Y' wi<le, the up])er ones and the
similar bracts coimnonly overtopping the culm;
.slamiiiate spike stalkeil, sometimes pistillate at the
summit; pistillate spikes 3-6, exceedingly den.se,
cylindric, erect, yi'-iyi' long, .about 4" in diam-
eter, the up])er nearly or tpiite sessile, the lower
slender-stalked; iierigynia green, slightly inflated,
about 1" in diameter, few-nerved, obovoid with a
ilepressed summit from which ari.ses the subulate
2-toothed beak; scales linear-subulate, longer than
the ])erigyiiia; stigmas 3.
In swamps and wet meadows, eastern I'ennsylvania
to eastern Virjiinia and (ieorKia, west to Illinois, Mis-
soini, Louisiana and Texas. Jiine-.Scpt.
30. Carex squarrosa L,.
Ciii'iv Xi/iiarrosii L. .Sp. I'l. 97 ^. I7,S,V
(llabrous, culms slender, erect or reclining, rough
above on the angles, 2°-},° tall. Leaves elongated,
rarely more than 2" wide, rough-margined, the
bracts similar and somewhat overtopping the culm;
spikes 1-3, erect, stalked, ol)lf)ng or globose, ex-
ceedingly den.se, rarely over i' long, 6"-io" in
diameter, the upper one club-.shaped, staminate at
the base or sometimes for one-l.alf its length or
more; perigynia yellowish green, becoming tawny,
•spreading or the lowest reflexed, somewhat inflated
but firm, obovoid, i"-i ]''/' indiameter, few-nerved,
abruptly narrowed into the subulate minutely 2-
toothed beak, twice as long as the scarious lanceo-
late a. Miinate or awn-tipped scale; acliene linear-
oblonj. .ipering into the stout style; stigmas 3.
In uamps arnX bojfs, Cotuieetieut to Indiana. Michi-
tfan and Nebraska, south to Cieorgia, Louisiana and
.\rkaiisiis. June-Sept.
Siiuarrose Sedge
302 CVl'KRACEAK.
31. Carex typhinoides Scluveiii. Cat-tail Sc-dKt;. (I'lK- 7'*i->
Caicx lyftliiiioidis Sclnviiii. Ann. I,yc. i: »V>. iSj(
Ciiiix s(/iiai iD.ut viir. lyf'liinoiiirs Dfwcy. Am. Jmirn.
Sci. 11: ,\\h. i.S2().
Siiiiiliir to tlif pri'i'filinj.; sjiecics, tml (larkur
{{iVL-n, tilt.' lo;ivi.-s nmi'li broiider, ofti'ii 4"-5" wiilc,
thu similar bracts iinicli ()verl<)])i)injj; tlii' culm;
spikes 2-6, cylindric, vi-ry dciisi.-, \'-l^^' long, 4"-
7" in (lianittcr, often staminate at both ends, the
terminal one eommonly tajierinj^ to a conic sum-
mit; basal slaminate flowers imicli less numerous
than in ( ". S(/uanvsn ; perigynia dull straw-color,
obovoid, ascending or the lowest spreading or re-
flexed, inflated, abruptly contracted into the sleniler
2-toothed beak, which ist)ften uj)wardly bent; scales
oblong-lanceolate, obt\isish; acliene ovoid-elliptic,
sharply 3-angled with concave sides, ti])ped with
the subulate straight style.
Ill swamps, (juebec to N'irKinia. Louisiana .uul Mis-
souri. July-Autr.
32. Carex trichocarpa Muhl. Hairy-fruited vSedge. (Fijj. 702.)
Cairx liitliocaipa .Muhl.: Willd. ,Sp. I'l. 4: 31)2. 1.S05.
Caifv liicliociX) [>a var. inihrihis A. Ciray. Man. VA. 5.
507. 1S67.
CaifA laiX'idiiiiia Dewey. .\m. Jouru. Hci. 24:47. i^,S7.
Culm usually stout and tall, smooth below, very
rough above. Leaves elongated, glabrous, rough-
margined, 2"-3" wide, the upper ones and the similar
bracts commonly overtopjiing the culm; .staminate
.spikes 2-6, long-stalked; pistillate .spikes cylindric,
densely flowered except at the ba.se, i'-4' long, 5"-.S"
in diameter, the upper sessile or nearly so and erect,
the lower sleiuler-stalked and sometime.s spreading or
drooping; perigynia ovoid-conic, pubescent or gla-
brous, ])rominently many-ribbed, 4"-5" long, i"-i '."
in diameter, tapering gra<luany into the stout con-
spicuously 2-toothed beak, the teeth somewhat spreaii-
ing; scale hyaline, acute or acuminate, one-half as long
as the perigynia or longer; .stigmas 3.
In marshes and wet meadows, Quebec to Michigan,
south to GenrKia, Missouri and Kaus.is. Juue-.\ujc.
Carex aristata R. Hr. Awiied Sedj?e. fFig. 703.)
<ri7/vi (7//,'.7(7/(j R. l!r. I'rauk. Journ. 751. i.Ss^.
Cam- Itichocaipa var. aiislalti liailev, Coult. Hot.
(~.az. 10: 294. i.S.s.s.
Culms stout erect, smooth or roughish above,
sharp-angled, 2° -5° tall. Leaves elongated, 2%"-
5" wide, more or less scabrous, often pubescent
beneath and on the sheaths; bracts similar, the
lower often overtopping the culm; staminate s])ikes
as in the ])receding species; j)istillate .s])ikes 3-5,
remote, cylindric, sessile or the lower short-stalked,
loosely flowered at the base, dense above, i'-4'
long, sometimes tS" in diameter; perigynia ascenil-
ing, conic, glabrous, conspicuou.sly many-ribbed,
4"-6" long, gradually tapering into tlie conspicu-
(uisly 2-toothed beak, the teeth divergent; .scales
oblong-lanceolate, rough-awiied, thin-margined,
one-half to two-thirds as long as the perigynia.
In botfs, Ontario to the Northwest Territory, New-
York, %Iiehit;an, I'tali and Oteifon. June-Autf.
I
SI'DGI' I'AMII.V.
303
Hot.
34. Carex riparia Curtis. Rivcr-1):mk Sedjj^e
('lire I /i/hiii'ii Curtis, I'l. I.otkI. 4: /•/. 0,1. 1S21,
Cilahrous, pale jjri'eii, cuhiis stout i)r ratluT slentler,
smooth, or somewhat rou^h ahovc, erect, 2"-v'2 ' tall.
Leaves elongated, sometimes nodulose, slightly sca-
brous, somewhat glaucous, ^"-6" wide, about equal-
ling the culm; lower bract similar to the leaves, the
iipjier mostly narrower and shorter; stamiuate spikes
1 5; pistillate spikes 2-g, cylindric, i '•'-!' long, al)out
4" in diameter, the upper erect, sessile or nearly so,
the lower more or less stalked and sometimes spread-
ing or drooping; perigynia narrowly ovoid, firm,
scarcely inflated, ascending, tapering gradually into a
short 2- toothed beak, the teeth divergent; scales
lanceolate or oblanceolatc, long-aristate or acute, the
lower longer, the upper eipialling or shorter than the
perigynia; stigmas 3.
In swanii)S. Ncwfimndl.iiid to James' Hay and Maiiituba.
siiulli l(j l"l()ri(tii, l.iiiiisi.ina, Texas and Idalm. Also in
ICnropc. May Ann.
Carex acutiformis Mhrli.
( I'i>r
vSwauip Se(l,y;L-. ( I'ij.
7"5- '
i\i) /■ I iK ii/ijoiiii/s IClirli. liiitr. 4: 1,^ irSi).
C'tiirt /iii/ii'/ii.iii CfCMidcn. Trans. I. inn. Sue. 2: 202.
Culms stout, erect, sharp-angled, 2°-^° tall,
smooth below, often rough above. Leaves 2'->"-
6" wide, Hat, pale green, i-qualling or sometimes
exceeding the culm; lower bracts similar to the
leaves, the upper short and narrow; staminate
spikes 1-3, stalked; pistillate spikes ,^-5, nar-
rowly linear-cylindric, 1 '■'-,V long, 2"-2,', "thick,
the ni)i)cr sessile or nearly so and erect, the others
slender-stalked, spreading or drooping; perigynia
ovoid, iji'^ hmg, not inflated, strongly many-
nerved, tajjcring into a very short and minutely
2-toothed beak; scales awn-tipped, longer than the
perigynia or the upper equalling them; stigmas 3.
In swamps and wet nicaddws
sells. X.iturali/ed I'nmi ICukiik-.
eastern Jlassaelni-
Junc .\u>r.
36. Carex Shortiana Dewey. Short's .Sedj^e
Caiiw Slioi liiDia Dewey, .\ni. Journ. Sci. 30:(«i, i,s;ii.
Glabrous, culms rather slender, erect, rough
above, i"-3° tall, usually ovcrto])ped by the upper
leaves. Leaves elongated, roughisli, 2"-2'."
wide; bracts short, narrow, rarely nnich exceed-
ing the spikes; spikes 3-7, linear-cylindric, densely
many-llowcred, |i'-lj^' long, lyi"-!" in diam-
eter, erect, the lower stalked, the uppermost
staminate below for about one-half its length; j^^i\ \
perigynia dark brown at maturity, compressed, 2- J^ J X
edged, orbicular or obovate, nerveless, slightly (
wrinkled, abruptly and minutely beaked, equal- jj
ling or shorter than the scales, which are hyaline,
scarious-margined, ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute or obtuse and persistent; orifice of the peri-
gynium entire or very nearly so; stigmas 3.
In moist meadows and thickets, Pennsylvania to
Virginia and Teuiiissee, west to Illinois, Missouri
and the Indian Territ<iry. May-July.
20
( Vi\r. 706. )
304
cvpi;kaci:ai'
37. Carex scabrata Sduveiii. RoukIi Sedge. 0"'K- 7'>7- '
(iiiii siithiahi Scluvtili. Ann. I,vr. N. V. i: (V).
l.H2|.
('ila!)r<)ii8, culms slcn<kT, erect or recIiiiiiiK,
rouj^li above, leafy, 1° ,^° loiij;. Leaves roiij;li,
much elongated, 2|j"-7" wide, the bracts sim-
ilar but narrower and usually exceeding the
cnlm; slaminatc spike short-stalked; iiislillate
spikes 3-6, erect, the upper short-stalked, the
lower sometimes spreading or drooping, all
liuear-cylindric, densely many-llowered, i'-2'
long, 2,'i'''-4" in diameter; perigynia greenish-
brown, ovoid, somewhat inllated, strongly
nerved, ])a])illosc, tipped with a short rough
nnnutely 2-tootlied or entire beak; scales lanceo-
late, acute or short-awned, prominently 1 -nerved,
shorter than the perigynia; stigmas _v
III moist woods and thickets. New Ilainpsliirc
anil Ontarid Id Micliijtaii, Simlh Carolina and Tin-
iRssie. Asciiuls Id |ji«> It. in ViVHinia. May AuK-
38. Carex vestita Wilkl. Velvet Sedge.
(I'ig. 708.)
Oufv zrs/i/a Willd. Hp. IM. 4: 26,5 iSo.s-
Culms strict and slender, erect or reclining, iJ<°-2,'/<°
tall, rough .above. Leaves distant, i^y'-i'i" wide,
not overtopping the culm; bracts similar, t.Hit nar-
rower, short, rough-ciliate on the margins; staminatc
spike solitary, rarely 2, almost sessile; pistillate spikes
1-5, oblong, 5"-io" long, 3"-4" in diameter, erect,
comnioidy staminate at the summit, sessile or the
lower very short-stalked; perigynia ovoid, ascending
or the lower spreading, densely putescent, less than
i" in diameter, prominently few-ribbed, tapering
gradually into a short conic 2-tootlicd whitish beak,
slightly shorter than or equalling the ovate acute
membranous scales; stigmas 3.
In sandy woods, Massiichiisclls to castiin New York
and Pennsylvania, south to (k-or^'ia. Jmu- July.
39. Carex Walteriana Bailey.
Walter". s Sed,ge. (,I'*ig. 709.)
in. lior. Am. 2; 174. 1S03,
Not
lam sirhtia Miclix.
Cilib. 1792.
I'lliii ll'<t//i-r/aiui liidky, Hull. Torr, Club, 20: 420. iSg.V
('airv ll'iillri iiiiia var. brci'is Hailey, Hull. Torr. Club, 20:
429. I.SflV
Culms slender, strict, erect, usually rough .above,
i°-2,'2° tall. Leaves narrow and elongated, smooth
or roughish, !"-2" wide, nodulose, not overtoppin;.;
the culm; lowest bract similar, very long, the upper
smaller and often almost fdiform; staminate spikes
2-5, long-stalked; pislill.ate spikes I or 2, when 2 the
lower remote from the upper, sessile or very short-
stalked, oblong-cylindric, erect, I'-iyi' long, about
4" in diameter, rather loosely many-llowered; peri-
gynia ovoid, purple-brown, many-nerved, slightly in-
flated, ascending, glabrous, or partly or wholly pubes-
cent, lyi" in diameter, tapering into a short 2-toothed
c US' beak, the teeth short; scales ovate, acute, short-aristate
\( V~-^ 1 ^Ai lily % or obtuse, membranous, one-half the length of the
V Vu*^ » perigynia; stigmas 3.
In pine-barren bogs, southern New Jersey to I'lorida, near the coast. May-July.
SICDOIC I'AMII.Y.
305
Not
40. Carex Houghtdnii Torr. Houghton's
( 11 1 1- 1 I liUii: lildii i i '\'i>\r. Ann. I.yr. N. V.3; (i,^. iS((i.
Culms ratlicr stout, roujjh above, erect, 1° 2'i"
tall, exceeding the leaves. Leaves and lowest
bract 2"-T,'i" wide, rough, their margins more or
less revolutc; upper bracts much shorter; stanii-
natc spikes i-,^, stalked, sometimes pistillate at the
liase; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, oblong-cvlindric, J.' •
1 1,' long, 3"-4" in diameter, erect, rather loosely
several -niaiiy-llowered, the upper sessile, tlie lower
stalked; perigynia broadly ovoid, I'j" in diam-
eter, light green, ascending, densely pubescent,
prominently many-ribbed, narrowed into a short
conspicuously 2-tootlied beak; scales lanceolate,
short-awned, hyaline-margined, strongly i-nerved,
somewhat shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In Siiiiilyor mcky soil, Nova .Scotia to tin- Northwest
Tirritory. south to Maine, Ontario, Michi^tlUl and Miii
ncsota. June Sept.
Carex lanuginosa Michx
Scdjjf. ( \<\\r. 710. )
wv
Plant
Missouri
pak- ; leaves
uid Kansas.
Woolly Sedj^e. (Fig. 711.)
Ciiirx luiiiigiiii'sti Miclix. V\. l!or. .\ni. 2: 175. i.So^.
Carer Jili/iiniiis \M. latifolia Hoeekl. I.innaea, 41: "309.
1870.
Care r fill foriiiis \-A.\. laitiii^innsa li.S.l'. I'rel. Cat. N. Y.
r)3. ■ i,S8S.
Culm slender, but usually rather stouter than that
of C. fili/oniii.'.. sharp-angled and rough above.
Leaves and lower bracts elongated, flat, not involute,
\"-2" wide, more or less nodulose, sometimes over-
topping the culm; staminate spikes 1-3, long-stalked,
sometimes pistillate at the base; pistillate spikes 1-3
usually distant, sessile or the lower slender-stalked,
cylindric, 9"-i,S" long, 2^2"-'}!' in diameter; peri-
gynia like those of C. fill form is; but rather broader;
scales acuminate or aristate.
In swamps anil wet nie.ulows. Nova Scotia to Hritisli
lNiluiiil)ia, south to .Vew Jersey, reinisylvania, Kansas,
New Mexico and California. June-.VuK-
Carex lanuginosa Kansana Itrittou.
' wide, viry rouK'i; perigynia '.■" in diameter, the ribs conspieuous.
42. Carex filiformis L
Carc.v filiform is I,. Sp. I'l. 076. 1753.
Culms very slender, erect or reclining, rather
stiff, smooth, obtusely angled, 2°-3° long. Leaves
very narrow, involute, about \" wide, rough on the
inrolled margins, not overtopping the culm; lower
bract similar, often eciualling the culm; upper bracts
filiform; staminate spikes 1-3, commonly 2, stalked;
pistillate spikes 1-3, cylindric, 9"- 15'' long, about
3" in diameter, erect, sessile or the lower distant
and short-pedtincled; perigynia green, ascending,
oval, densely pubescent, faintly nerved, about i"
in diameter, tapering into a short 2-toothcd beak ;
scales ovate, membranous, sometimes purplish,
acute or short-awned, shorter than or equalling
the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In wet meadows and swamps, Newfoiuulland to
British Columbia, south to New Jersey, IVnnsylvaiiia,
MicliiKan and Minnesota. .\seeTuls to 21x10 ft. in the
Adirondacks. \\i.k\ in ICuvope. June-AuR.
Slender Sedge. (Fig. 712.)
3<j6
c vi'i;k.\ci; \i:.
Carex hirta I,, lliiiiy Sl(1ko
I'iK. 71.V )
I'l M75 KM-
( iirr I ////A; I, S|i
Root^loik-i iNlcii'.ivfly crcrpiiiK, i-ultiis rather
sliMickT, trci'l, iK'iirly stiioolh, 6' 2" tall. Leaves (lat,
I)ul)esi'ent, I'specially <>ii llif sheaths, rouKh, iH"-
2'," wide, the hasal ones uiuch eloti^ateil, often cx-
icediTiH the ciilin, the iipjirr ami the similar liracts
shorter; staininate sjiikes 2 or ,v stalked; pistillate
spikes J or T,. remote, erect, ohloii^feyliiidrie, 9" iS"
lon}{, ahout ,V' 111 diameter, rather loosely many-
llowcred; ])eri>,'yiiia ovoid-ohloiij;, tjrecii, aseenditijf,
densely piiliesociit, 1" in di.imeter, 2" loni;, few-
rililied. tapcrini; into a stout jirominently ---toothed
he.ik; teeth often .is lonj.; as the hrak; sealcs nietn-
hranous. laneeolate, aristate, .■^-nerved, somewhat
shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In lielils and waste plaeev
N( w Vciik and I'einisylvaiiia,
friim I'Uimpi', Jiitic Sipt.
Massaeliusills In t asUrii
Natuiidi.'Kl 111 advintivi'
Cdtii ii//>iiiii ,Sw.: I.ilj. .'^v. I'lora, Ivd. ;
L'(iri\ ;■(////// SeliU. Kiedyr. n7. iSoi,
(FiK. 714- )
Culms slender, erect, ron;.;h above, le.ify only
below the middle, h' -2 tall. Leaves ronghish,
y^"..\\," wide, shorter than or rarely eiinalliiiij
the culm; spikes 2-4 (commonly 3), clustered at
the summit, the terminal 1 or 2 stamin;itc below,
oblonfi or jjlobose, 2" 5" lonK, sessile or the
lower pedunclcd; peri^ynia ov.il, orbicular or
obovoid, lij^ht jireen, about i" Iouk. tipped with
a very short and minutely J-toothed be.ak, nerve-
less or with a few very faint nerves, ecpiallinjj; or
sli>;litly shorter than the ovate black or purple-
brown obtuse or acutish scales; stigmas 3.
In icicky |)1 111.S, Onibec In James' Hay iind .\tlia
basca, wotein (Intarin and I^U- koyaU', Lake Supei-
icir, Sdutli in tin- Kocky Miinnlains In L'nlnrailn. .\lsn
in ICurnpc. .Summer.
45. Carex atratiformis Brittou. Black SedK't-'. ' I'lR. 7LS-
( iiii'i ii:;il,i Kuduv, 'I' vans. I.itni. .Sue, 7: i/j. /'/. •/. iSo.(.
Nnl Itnrm. 176.S.
Cm i-.t ahiilii var. iK'alu l!oott, 111. 114. 1.S62.
( HIT \ alidli/iiriiiis lirittnn, Hull. Tnrr. Club, 22: 222. 1895.
(Mabrous, culms slender, erect, sharp-angled, rough
.above, S'-2° tall, usually leafy only below. Leaves
smooth or roughish, \''-2" wide, rarely over 6' long,
much shorter than the culm; spikes 2-5, dense, ob-
long or oblong-cylindric, 4''-i2" long, about 2'<" in
iliametcr, the terminal one usually staminate at the
base and sessile, or nearly so, the others slender
stalked, drooping when mature; lower bracts Jj'-i'a'
long, very narrow, the upper ones subulate; perigynia
flattened, ovate or nearly orbicular, puucticulate, as-
cending, about i" long, tipped with a very short,
2-toolhcd beak; scales black or reddish-brown, ob-
long, obtuse or subacute, slightly narrower than the
l)erigynia and about equalling them; stigmas 3.
Newfoundland to the mountains of New ICngland, west
to the Northwest Territory. Sunnuer.
I to).
siinciv I'AMii.v. .^"7
46. Carex stylosa C. A. Mevir. X'aiiiKi'i'-*! >^<-''1k*-'- ' •'"iR. 7i^>-'
niv. Sav. I: 22:
A. Mivii, Mt 111. Ai
,cl, St I'lUr-h
Ciiliii« slcncUr, cri'ct, 1' 1 '.. ' tiiU, toukIi and
Icadcsh iibovf. 1,1'avcs 1 'j" wiilc, sliortrr than <>r
sonaliniL'H t'(|ii;illin^' llic cnlni; staininalc spike
siilil.irv, iU':irly si'ssili', ofl.ii i)istill;ilc for olii'-lialf
il-; U'li^jtli or inorf; pistill itr sjiikL'S 2 or ;, oblonj;-
c\ limlrii', iTiTl, .(" 6" loii^;, about I'j" in iliatn-
I'ttT, the lowest slendcr-slalkiMl ami sulitcinkcl hy
a linear-suiailalc hract; pcrixynia ovate, sli;,'lilly
indatcd, hrowii, niitiiltelv n''"""'alc all over, less
than 1" Ion;,', nerveless and licakless, the crifiie
entire and dosed hy the usually protrudiii,!,' slvle;
seales hlack with white veins, ol)tusish, shorter
than the pcrij^iynia; stigmas t,.
I.ahrailiii ami dn i iilaiid to Ala-ka. Sumiiu r.
47. Carex Parryana I)L\vi.y.
( III ( i
Parry's vScdKc.
I'm lyiiiiii Diwtv.
(IMK. 7'7- '
Am. Jduni. Sei. 27;
;.t9-
(ilahroiis, culms very slender, smooth, erect, stifT,
S'-2()' tall, lealless iihovc. Leaves ahout 1" wide,
much shorter than the culm, their niar^jins some-
what involute; spikes i .\, dense, erect, linear-cyl-
iiulric, ,s" 12" lout:, i'." in diameter, the ui)i)er
sessile and stamiiiate helow or thronjjhout, the low-
est stalked and suUteudcd hy an almost filiform
hract; periKynia plaiio-ct)nvex, ohovate, i)ale, less
than i'' loiij,', minutely papillose, faintly few-
nerved, very iniuutely beaked, the orilice entire;
scales ovate, acute or mucronulatc, dark brown
with lij,'liter margins, about as long as the peri-
gyiiia; stigmas 3.
Iluilsiiii l!ay to I lie Niiitliwesl 'rtrritdry, south in the
Riickv Mouutiiiiis to Colorado. Suiiiiner.
Carex fusca All.
Rrowii vSedgc
(iMR. 71S.J
west
I'm ri fiisiti All. I'l. I'ltl. 2: 2(»j. i^.'^.s.
( 'iiii-\ /III vhdiiiiiii Walil. KoiikI Vet. Ac.'ul. Ilamll. ill.)
24: 16,5. lSo,v
Glabrous, culms slender, stiff, erect, sharp-angled,
rough above, 1°-,^° tall. Leaves rough, erect, i"-2"
wide, shorter than or sometimes C(|ualling or exceed-
ing the culm; spikes 2-.J, oblong or cylindric, erect, all
sessile and close together or the lowest sotiictiines
distant and very short-stalked, 4"-iS" long, about
4" in diameter when mature, the tcriiiinal one stam-
iiiate at the base or rarely throughout; pcrigynia el-
liptic or somewhat obovale, flat, ascending, i " long,
very light green, faintly few-nerved, beakless, the
ape:f minutely 2-toothcd; scales ovate, awn-tipped,
black or dark brown with a green niidvein, longer
than the perigynia; stigmas ,v
In bogs, XewloiindlaiKl to Alaska, south to CieorRi.i,
Kentucky, riali and California. Also in Huropc. May-
Jiilv.
3o8
CYI'IvRACI'AK.
49. Carex stricta I.ain. Tussock vSed^e. (Fig. 719. )
I'lir, \ \liitlii I.aiii. I'jicycl. 3: 3S7. 17S9.
Glabrous, ratlRT dark green, ciilins slender, slilT, erect,
usually in dense oluuips, sharply .wangled, rough above,
i%° -4° tall. Leaves long, rarely overtopping the culm,
very rough on the nuirgins, i"-2" wide, their sheaths
becoming prominently fdjrillose; lower bract similar,
sometimes ecpialling the culm; slaminate spikes solitary
or sometimes 2, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-s, linear-cyl-
indric, often stamiuate at the top, very densely dowered,
or loose at the base, yi'-2' long, about 2" thick, erect
or somewhat spreading, all sessile or the lower stalked;
perigynia ovate-elliptic, ascending, acute, faintly few-
nerved, i" long or less, minutely beaked, the orifice en-
tire or nearly so; scales brown-puri)le with green margins
and midvein, oblong or lanceolate, appressed; stigmas 2.
In swatni)S, Newfoundland to Ontario, soutli to (H-orsjia
and Texas. Ilybridi/is with C. fili/i<niiis. July Se))!.
Carex stricta angustata (Itoolt) li.iiUy in .\. t'-ray, Man. JCd. (>. 6011. i8<in.
Caie t tt)li;iisltila lioott; Hook. I'M. l!or. .\ni, 2. 2\^. iS|o. ?
I'istiliale spikis lon^r^r, j' 4' lonif. erci-l; st-aUs lanciolate. acute, oflL'ii louKii 111. in llu' peri-
Kynia. Kanjfi- api)annlly nearly llial of llic typi-.
Carex stricta xerocarpa (,S. II. Wriulili lirilloii. Hull. 'I'orr. Club. 22: 222. 1895.
Carer .iiiiitaifiii S. II. Wrinlil. .\ni. Jonni Sci. ( II. 1 42: \t,-\. iW)6.
I'islillatc spikis almost filiform, about i" in dianutcr, erect. Xi'W York to Illinois.
50. Carex Haydeni Dewey. Ilaytlen's Sedge. (Fig. 720.)
CtJrtiti/ifi/d Carev in .\. (tiav. Man. 5(7. I.'^tS. Not
lioott, iSjo.
C. Jfayti'iii Dewev. .\ni. Joiini. 1 II. ) 18; mv 1S5.).
<;'. s/i'icl,i var. ihrnrij liailey, Hot. C.az. 13: S.s. iSS.^'!,
Clabrous, similar to C. strida but smaller, culm
slender, rough above, seblom over 2° high. Leaves
i"~j'." wide, rough-margined, shorter than or some-
times a little overtopping the culm, their sheaths
slightly or not at all fibrillose; lower bract foliaceous,
.about e(|ualling the culm; pistillate spikes linear-cy-
lindric, b"~i$" long, about 2" in diameter, erect or
somewhat spreading, all sessile or nearly so, some-
times with a few staminate llowers at the summit;
perigynia orbicular, olituse, about '." broad, faintly
2-4-nerved, minutely beaked, the orifice entire;
scales lani-eolate, p\irplish, sjireading, very acute,
about twice as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.
Swamps. Nt w lininsw iek to Kh ide Island and .Nebraska.
51. Carex Nebraskensis Dewey. Nebraska vSedge.
Liirr I
loj.
(Fig. 721. )
Dewey. .\m. Jonni. .Sci. i II. I 18:
iS,S|.
( ■labrous, ci litis rather stout, erect, sharp-angled,
smooth, or rough above, r -2!2^ tall. Leaves pale
green, i'2"-2,'2" wide, rough-margined, not ex-
ceeding the culm, their sheaths more or less nodu-
lose; lower bract foliaceous, sometimes e(|ualliiig
the culm, the upper much shorter and narrower;
staminate s])ikes commonly 2, stalked; pistillate
spikes 24, dense, oblong-cylindric, erect, 9"-i5"
long, aliout ;/' in diameter, sessile or the lower
shorlstiilked; ])erigynia ascending, elli])tic or
somewhat obovate, prominently several-ribbed
when mature, short-beaked, the beak 2-loot'hcd;
scales ovate or lanceolate, acute or mucronate,
brown with .a green midvein or green all over, the
upper shorter than the i)erigyiiia; stigmas 2.
Nebraska lo ( Irejron ,iiiil New .Mexico, May Ann.
SEDGl'; FAMILY.
>^09
Auk
52. Carex aquatilis Wahl. Water Sedge. (Kig. 722.;
Cairx (Uiiiiililis W.ilil. Koiij;!- \'it. Acail. Ilaiull. (II.) 24:
165. Ifvi.v
Cilabrous, glaucous and pale green, cuhns rather
stout, erect, sharp-angled aliove, smooth or nearly so,
2°-4'' tall. Leaves elongated, sometimes e(|iialling
the culm, 2"-3 '2'" wide, theirsheaths nodulose; bracts
similar to 'he leaves, the lower much overtopping the
culm; staminate spikes 1-3, .stalked; pistillate spikes
narrowly linear-cyliiulric, often staminate at the sum-
mit, erect or slightly spreading, ]'-2)i' long, 2"-3"in
diameter, sessile and dense, or the lower narrowed
and loosely flowered at the base and short-stalked;
perigynia elliptic, green, nerveless, minutely beaked,
the orifice entire; scales oblong, shorter than or etiual-
ling the perigynia and much narrower; stigmas 2.
In swamps and aloiijj striatns, N'c wfoundlatul lo.Vlaska.
S(Hith to Massacliusilts. IVnnsylvania. (Ihio. .Miiimsola
and H'^ilisli Colinnbia. .\lso 'n ICuropt-. June Aui;
.•\ liybrid between this species and (". ,v7;;( Vims discribid by rrolVssor I,. H. liailiy.
53. Carex lenticularis Michx. Lenticular vSwlge. (Fig. 723.)
I'lii i-x hnliciilai is Michx. I'l. lior. Am. 2: 172. 1805.
t'llabrous, ])ale green, culms very .slender, erect,
sharp-angled, sliglitly rough above, l°-2^ tall.
Leaves elongattii, rarely over i" wide, shorter
than or rarely overtopping the culm, slightly
rough-margined, their sheaths not fdirillose; lower
1)1. ict:; .similar to the leaves, usually much ovcrtop-
j)ing the spikes; staminate s])ikes solitary or rarely
2, sessile or short-stalked, often ])istillate above;
pistillate spikes 2-5, clustered at the suininit or
the lower distant, sessile or the lower short-stalked,
erect, lincar-cylindric, 4" 1' long, i'2"-2" in di-
ameter; perigynia ovale or elliptic, acute, minutely
granulate, faintly few-nerved, appresscd, tipped
with a minute entire beak; scales green, appressed,
shorter than the ])erigynia: stigmas 2.
On sliiiri's, I.abradnr t.i llu- Noitliuisl Tfrritory.
sciMlli til Maiiir. Wiiiioiit, Ontario .mil Minnesita. .\s.
iiiiils til (51H1 It. in llie White :\Iounlaiiis. JmR-.Vng.
54. Carex Goodenovii J. (lay. (iDodeiiotigli's .Sedge. (Fig. 724.")
Ciiirx iiu:shili>sii Ciooden. Tians. I, inn. Sue. 2: ms. /'/.
..'/. 1701. -Not I,. 17.SV
< '. (I'oiiiti'iioi'ii ]. Cay. .\nn.Sci. Nat. 1 II. ) 11: mi. li^.V).
On II :-ii/!;iiit.s IC. I'liis, Maiit. 3: 15,1. iXp.
Ctiiiv liiiiihi var. sli i, li/oi }iii\ li.iiliy, Uvilli ti's
Jonrn. Itiil. 28: 17J. iSiio.
Glabrous, culms stiff, erect, sharp-angled, smooth
or sometimes rough above, r'-2" tall. Leaves
elongated, smooth or nearly so, glaucous, 1" .'"
wide, not exceeding the culm, their sheaths not
fibrillosc; lower bracts usually loliaceous, some-
times ei|ualling the culm; staminate spike sessile
or stalked; pistillate spikes 2-.), all sessile or nearly
so, erect, densely niany-dowered, narrowly cylin-
dric, 2"-2'j" in diameter, ,=;" 12" huig; i)crigynia
flattened, broadly oval or ovati', faintly few-nerveil,
green, a])pressed, less than 1" long, minutely
beaked, the orifice nearly entire; scales purple-
brown to black with a green midvcin, very obtuse,
slnirter than the perigynia; stigmas 2.
Ill wi t KMinnils. N< wl'nuudlaml tu Massacluisi tl^ ami I'l iiiisyhaiiia. Juiu' Autt.
3IO CVPKRACIvAI-;.
55. Carex Bigelovii Ti)rr. liii^elow 's Sl-(I,u;c',
( I'i-.
Si'liwciii,
7-\v )
Aim I.vtv -N. V. I;
( III I \ /ii\'r/i':'ii 'I'lirr,
()7. i,S2.i.
Ciller lix/i<rlu>ri,i Drcj, Ki'V. Crit, C;iv. \\. 1841.
Coil- 1 z'iili;iii is viir, livprrhniYii licicitt. III. 167. 1867.
Ciliibrous aiul smooth Ihrou.nhoiil or very nearly
so, culms sliMrp-aiii^lccl, erect, S'-iS' tall. Leaves
I 'j""2'" vviile, not excceiliiit; tlie '.".ilm, the lower
bracts similar, hut shorter; sheaths slijrhtly or not
ril)rillosc; staininate spike stalked, sometimes ])is-
tillatc at the base, pistiUatc spikes 2-4, linear-
cyliudric, loosely flowered at the base, dense above,
6"- 12" lonL;, i'i"-2" thick, the iipjier sessile,
the lower often slender-stalked; peri^ynia oval,
asccndinj;, about l" long, very faintly nerved,
scarcely beaked, the orifice entire: scales purple-
brown with a narrow green midvein and often
with green margins, obtuse or the lower acute,
equalling or a little exceeding the pcrigynia;
stigmas 2, rarely ,^.
Circcnland and I.aliradur to the liiKhcr iiioumains iil' nurtlicrn New ICnKlaiul and New Vurk.
Also in baniipi'. Sinnnur.
56. Carex subspathacea W'oniisk.
HopjMier's Scd.ujc. ' l'"!,:;'. 726.)
Caiixsiihs/iiilliiura Wnraisk. I'l. Han. ij: |. /■/. /i,V'.
iSiS.
Oiiiv iri>f>/>ii,-ii HoiiU; Iludk. Fl. Hor. Am. 2: 2i(). />/.
...V. \H'<-
tilabrons, culm stiff, smooth, i' 7' tall. Leaves
rigid, smooth, about \" wide, often overtopping
the culm; lower bracts foliaceons; staminate spike
solitary, stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, erect, sessile
or very short-stalked, 3"-6" long, about lYi" in
diameter; perigynia oval or ovoid, very short
beaked, pale green, faintly few-nerved, about 1"
long; scales ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute,
shorter than or er[ualling the pcrigynia; stigmas 2.
Ctvei nlaiid to Huilxm liav. .Siiinnur.
57. Carex salina W'alil. Salt-marsh Sc(lj;v. ( Ki^
^^>=;r=T
i\iii\ .\ti/iii<i Walil. Kungl. Vet. .\cad. II.-uull. ill. I
24: 165. 1803.
Glabrous, culm slender, smooth, erect, fi'-iS'
tall. Leaves very narrowly linear, '^"-1" wide,
sometimes overtopjiing the culm, the lower bract
similar; staininate spikes i or 2, stalked; pistillate
spikes 1-3, slender-stalked or the upper sessile,
erect, loosely few-several-llowered, 'j'-i' long,
i'j"-2" thick; perigynia ovate-elliptic, pale,
faintly few-nerved, ascending, r,'4" long, tapering
into a very short entire beak; scales ovate, brown
with a green midvein, acute or cuspidate, some-
what longer than the perigynia; stigmas 2.
In salt iiiarslics, (".reeiilaml In Ilmlsnn l!ay. .Msci in
arctic I';urti])e. Hninnur.
si:i)i;i': family.
ii I
ill.)
58. Carex cuspidata Walil. Cuspidalc vSe(lj>;e
Ciifi iiiipii/ti/,/ \V:ilil. Kiiiinl. Vet. AciKT lliitidl, ill.)
24: 1()|. iSc.;.
Cm II Sii/iiiii var. iiis/<iiliitii Wiilil. 1"1. I.aiip. ;\ik
I S 1 2.
(rlabrous, culms rather stout, smooth or ronj;li
above, erect, i"-2'." tall. Basal leaves often
eciualliu}; the culm, 1 '2" }," wide, snioolli, their
sheaths more or less iioilulose; leaves of the culm
shorter, similar to the lower hracts, which usiuilly
overtop the spikes; stamiuate spikes 1-5, stalked;
pistillate s])ikes 2 |, narrowlvcylindric, oflcti stami-
uate at the sutmuit, erect, the upper often sessile,
the lower .stalked; peri.^ynia clliiitir, ■^reen, 2-4-
ncrved, with a very short entire heak; scales
lanceolate, pale, acuminate or al>rui)tly contracleil
into a serrate awn, much longer than the perigjnia;
stigmas 2.
Ill iiiarslus. I.aliradnr to IIk- coast of Massacluisi-tts.
Also in luirope. Suiiiiiicr.
FiK
:2s. )
Carex torta IJooll. Twisted Sedw.
v
( V\'y. 729. I
( iin:t /(ii/ii lioott; Tuckcrm. Ivtiuiii. Metli. 11. is^,
C.lahrous, rather light green, culm very slender,
erect or reclining, smooth or slightly scabrous
above, i '2°-^° long. Leaves about 2" wide, the
basal shorter than or e(|ualling the culm, those
of the culm very short; sheaths not librillose;
lower bract commonly foliaceous; staminate
.spikes 1-3, stalked; pistillate spikes ,^-5, all but
the upper spreading or drooping, linear, i'-,^'
long, about 2" in diameter, sometimes com-
pound, often loosely flowered toward the base;
perigyuia oblong or narrowly ovate, green, nerve-
less, narrowed and more or less twisted above,
i"-rj'2" long; scales ovate, obtuse or subacute,
purple-brown with a green midvein, shorter and
mostly narrower tb in the jierigynia; stigmas 2.
Ill iiiarslu's and wet tliickits, Maine and Veniioiit
to Norlli Carolina and Mi'-souri. .\sci nils to 2(h«) ft.
ill \'iri;iiiia. June July.
60. Carex prasina Walil. Droopiii.o: .Scd.nL-. (.l-ij;. 730. )
( III II /iiiiiiiii! Walil. K(lll^;l. \'it. .\iad. Ilaiidl. ' II. 1 24:
nil. iNi^.
I'liiii iiii/iiiiiti Mulil.; Wind. Sp. I'l. 4: 290. i.So.s.
Glabrous, rather light green, culm slender, smooth
or nearly so, reclining, sharply fvaugled, i''-2'2"
long. Leaves shorter than or eijualling the culm,
flaccid, roughisli, 1 '."-2'.." wide; lower bract simi-
lar, commonly overtopping the spikes; staminate
spike solitary, short-stalked, often pistillate at the
summit; pistillate sjiikcs 2 or ^, narrowly liiie.ir-cylin-
dric, drooping, the lower liliform-stalked, the u])per
sometimes nearly sessile, l' 2',' long, 2" in diam-
eter, rather loosely many-llowered; perigyuia light
green, lanceolate, very obscurely nerve<l, tapering
into a slender minutely 2-toothed beak; .scales ovate,
acute, acuminate, or sliort-awned, pale green, shorter
than the jierigynia; stigmas 3.
In meadows ;iii<l moist thickets, \'eriiioiil and Ontario
to New Jirsi V and I'miisylvaiiia, soiilli in the .Mltnlia
nies to CeoiKia. .\scciids to |2iki ft, in Nir^inia. Mav
Jnl.v.
312
CYl'RRACKAE.
6i. Carex misandra R. Ik. vShort-leavecl Sedge. ( Fip. 731.)
Caiyv inisiuidia K. Hr. .Suppl. I'iirrv's Vov. cclxxxiii.
1824,
(ilabrous and sinootli, culms very slender, erect,
i'-i5' tall. Leaves i"-i'i'' wide, clustered at the
base, usually much shorter than the culm, seldom
over 2,',' long; bracts narrowly linear, sheathing, not
overtopping the spikes; teniiinal spike often partially
pistillate at base or sunnnit, slender-stalked; ])is-
tillate spikes i or 2, filiform-stalked, 3"-"" long,
about 2" thick, rather few-flowered, drooping; peri-
gynia narrowly lanceolate, acuminate at the apex,
narrowed at the base, i 'i'' long, ascending, dark
brown, denticulate above; scales oval, obtuse, purple-
black with narrow white margins, somewhat shorter
than the perigynia; stigmas 2 or 3.
ThrouKlioul arctic .\nierica, extending south in the
Kocky >l(>untaiiis to the liiKlier summits of CoUirailo.
Also in arctic Ivuropc and .\sia. Sumniir.
62. Carex littoralis vSchweiii.
( I'is. 73?
.^
Harratt's .Sedge.
C(i)ii lilloiiilis .Schwcin. Aim. I.yc. X. V. i: 711. 1S24.
Ciini liarialtii .Schwiiti. iS: Ton. .\nn. I.yc. N. Y. i:
361. 1.S25.
Cilabrous, pale green and .somewhat glaucous,
culms erect, slender, stnooth, i°-2° tall, leailess
above. Leaves \]^."-^" wide, smooth, usually
much shorter than the culm, the lower sheaths
fibrillose; bracts not sheathing, the lower usually
short and narrow, sometimes elongated and over-
topping the culm; staminate spikes 1-3, usually
rather long-stalkod; pistillate s])ikes 2-4, drooping
or the upper ascending, slender-stalked, lincar-
cylindric, '^'-2' long, 3" in diameter, mostly
staminate at the summit; perigynia oblong, green,
faintly few-i;erved, i"~i,'2" long, tipped with a
minute entire beak; scales l)rown-purple with
lighter margins, obtuse, equalling or shorter than
the perigynia; stigmas 3.
Ill piiii-biincii swamps, castirii I.cnitf Poland iiiul
Nl'w Jersey 1(1 Nortli Camliua. M.iy July
63. Carex rariflora J. !■;. Siuilh. I. oosc-tlowered Alpine Sedge. < Kig. 733.)
C'l/MM III) i/l>iia J. ]•;. Smitli, ICiikI. Hot, />/. .'=iirj. iSi ;.
Cilabrous, culms very slender, rather stiff, erect,
.('-12' tail, smooth, or roughish above. Leaves 1"
wide or less, shorter than the culm, the lower very
short; bracts subulate, jnirple at the ba.se; staminate
sjnke solitarv, long-stalked, sometimes with a few
liistillatc (lowers at the base; pistillate spikes I or 2,
narrowly oblong, few-llowercd 3" 6" long, 2" in di-
ameter, nodding on filiform stalks; perigynia pale,
oblong, .acute at each end, I '.'' long, 'j" wide, mi-
nutely beaked, few-nerved, the orifice entire; scales
ov.il, purple-brown with a greenish midvein, obtuse
or mucronate, cfiualling or a little longer than the
perigynia; stigmas 3.
Ill uil plarcs, Ciiii uland anil I.-ibradur tu lluds.iti liay,
siiulli to Mt. Kalaliilin, .Maim-, ami In iinrllurn Miiiiie-
siila. .Msn ill luiKipc and .\si;i Siimiiu-r.
I
I
64. Carex
i
limosa L.
(Fig- 734-)
vSUDGIv FAMILY.
Mud vSedge.
313
Oiiri tinii'sii I,. Si>. I'l. 977. 175,?.
Glalirous, rather light green, culms slender,
rough above, erect, K)'-2° tall. Leaves i" wide or
lo.ss, shorter than the culm, the niidvein ])n)uii-
nent, the margins somewhat involute in drying;
liracts linear-filiforni, the lower 'j'-i'-' long;
staniinate spike .solitary, long-stalked; pistillate
spikes I or 2, filiform-stalked and drooping, oh-
long, ,s"-io" long, ahout 3" thick; perigynia pale,
oval, narrowed at both ends, iji" long, ascending,
tipped with a minute entire beak, several-nerved,
about as long as the oval green or jjurplish-brown
cuspidate or acute scale; stigmas 3.
Ill biipfs, I,iibra<l(ir III the' Nortlnvrst Territory, sciutli
til Maine, New Jersey. Ohio. .Miiinesdla and I.'.alin.
Ascends Id .(0(k^ ft, in llie While .Miuiiitains. Alsii in
liurope. Sunnner.
65. Carex Magellanica lyani. Mai^ellau .Sedjije. (FiR. 735.)
Ciiiii M(i^r//<iiiitii I.ani. Ivncycl. 3: ,^S,s. 1789.
till r I //;/!,'»(/ .Sniilli; Iloppe. Carie. 72. 1826.
C.labrous, culms slender, smooth or nearly so,
erect or reclining, 6'-2° tall. Leaves flat, i"-2"
wide, somewhat rough on the margins, commonly
shorter than the culm, the lower bract similar and
usually overtopping the spikes; staniinate spike
solitary, or rarely 2, often partially pistillate; pis-
tillate spikes 1-3, oblong, filiform-stalked and
drooping, 4"-,S" long, about 3" in diameter; peri-
gynia biconvex, oval, pale, minutely grauulate-pa-
liillosc, oval or suborbicular, few-nerved, i"-i'2"
long, tipped with a very minute beak, the orifice
entire; .scales lanceolate, long-acuminate or awiied,
dark green or purplish-brown, 1^2-2 times as long
as the perigynia; stigmas 3.
Ill bdfjs, Ni'wI'iiuiullMiid and I.abrador to Maiiilol>a,
south to .Maine, I'eiiiisylvaiiia and Mieliijjaii. .Mso in
tlie riiita .Mountains, I'tah, in liiirope, and in soiitli-
eiii .South .Viuerica. .\sceiids to ((xkiH, in the .Vdiroii-
(lai'ks .Siiiiiiiier.
I.onj^-awned Arctic Scd^e. (Fig.
66. Carex podocarpa R. Hr,
('til <■ ) />ii,/i>(tn /h} K. lir. I'laiik. Joiuii. .Xpp. }'.i\
lS2,<.
Glabrous, culms very slender, erect or reclining,
rough aliovc, 10' 2" long. I, eaves a little rough
oil the inargiiis, i'."-2" wide, shorter than the
culm, the lowest reduced to short sheaths; lower
bract similar to the ujipcr leaves, the iipjier iiiucli
shorter and narrower; staminatc siiikes i or 2,
stalked; pistillate svikes 2 -.|, cyliiidric, dense,
maiiy-llowered, 'I'-i^i' long, 3" in diameter,
stalked or sessile, the lower often nodding; jieri-
gyiiia elliptic-lanceolate, Hat, about 2''" long,
acute at both ends, apjiresscd, faintly nerved, the
orifice entire; scales purple bl.ick, ovate, aciiniiiiate,
longer than the jierigynia, the niidvein produced
into a subulate awn 2"-6" long; stigmas 2 or 3,
.\relie .\iiieiiea. Closely related to < '. (ilin/iistii
.Selik, .SiiiliMler.
314
cvi'i-;kaci;ai;.
C:\V. 46. iSil
I.nuci" than the tvin-, -iiUlnm civcr I t;ill; pi-tillalc spikc-^ aliuut j,
liMij;; scilis (ixiitu-lat'K'iolalc. avulc-, liUU- l.ini;<r than tin- pcniiyiiia.
68. Carex maritima Miilkr. Seaside Sl-(1,hv
C. niaiiliiiui MulUr, I'l. Dan. 4: 12:11. /i/. ,-(;,■. 1777.
Glabrous, lii^lit grueu, culms slender, or rather
stout, erect, sharply .vanj^led, smootli, or ri>nj,'hish
above, i°-2'.° tall. Leaves %"-}," wide, rou.nliish
on the margins and niidvein, rarely overtopping
the culm, the lower bracts similar; slaiuinale spikes
T -3, .slender-stalked, often ])istillatc at the base;
pistillate spikes 2- t, cylindric, often staminate at
the summit, densely many-flowered, 1'-;/ long,
4"-6" thick, drooping on fdiform stalks; perigynia
oval or nearly orbicular, ascending, pale, biconvex,
rather less than i"long, nerveless or with a few
faint nerves, tipped with a very short and nearly
or ([uite entire beak; scales ascending, green, lin-
ear-subulate, ciliate-scabrous, ,^-8 limes as long as
the pcrigyiiia; stigmas 2.
In salt meadows, Neul'oundlanil and Labrador to
Ma.ssachusctts. Also in ICurope. June Au^t.
67. Carex cryptocarpa C. A. .Nkytr.
Hidden-fruited Sed^f. (Fix;. 737. 1
(V;;vi <i vfihxai fill C. A. Mcyiv, Mini. .\cad St
retersbi I: 22I1. />/. //. 182,=; ,ii.
Cilabrous, culm stout, erect, sharply v;i".ule<l.
rough above, i\.°-.V' tall. Leaves smooth, 2"-^"
wide, the basal shorter than or C(|ualling the culm,
the upper ones and the lower bract shorter; slanii-
uate s])ikes 2-4, stalked; pistillate sjiikes 2 5, all
filiform-stalked and drooping, densely llowcred, i'
_y long, x''-.\" in diameter; perigyuia oldong or
oval, green, faintly several-nerved, 1 '." long,
tijipcd with a very sliort entire beak; scales purple-
brown, ascending, lanceolate, acuminate, 2 or ,^
times longer than the perigyuia; stigmas 2.
.\rctic .\tiurica 110111 ('.rienlaiid to .\lask.i. .SiiiniiRr.
Carex cryptocarpa variegata 1 Driicn Uritton. Mem.
'I'orr. Club. 5: 70 "iSo).
(■,//<■! lili/'i-iidiild var. rill III;, i/ii Drejcr, Kcv. Cnt.
ovoid or short oblong, n" i)"
Kaiij;i' of till- species.
69.
l-'riii^ed
Carex crinita Lam.
Sed^e. I I'lK. 7.i9- '
(V;;v'i (7 ;'///AM,ain. I'^ncyel. 3: io.V 1780.
Glabrous, culms stout, vangled, rough or very
nearly smooth, erect or somewhat recurving, 2°-
5° tall. Leaves Hat, rough-margined, ,'/'~5" wide,
the upper sometimes overtopping the culm, the
lowest very short and sheathing; .staminate spikes
1 or 2, stalked, often pistillate at the base or in
the middle; pistillate spikes 3 -,s, narrowly cylin-
dric, densely many-llowercd, i' .\%' long, 3"-l"
in <liameter, all stalked, drooping and commonly
secund; perigyuia oliovoid. obtuse, about i" long
and nearly as thick, nerveless, abruptly tipped by
the very short entire beak; scales green, subulate,
ciliate-scabrous, spreading, 2-6 times as long as
the perigyuia; stigmas 2.
In swamps and wet woods, Nova Scotiaand (Ontario to I'lorida ami Texas. June Anv;
A hybrid with ('. Imla, occurring in New Ilanii)sliire, is described by I'mf. L. II. liailey.
SHDC.K lAMII.V.
3'5
Maiiu to Miiitluin New NDrk.
very
. 2°-
viile,
11, tlic
likes
(ir ill
vliii-
"-.)"
iioiily
R'll liy
iihile,
II ({ as
Carex crinita minor llddtl 111. is, 1S5S.
Culms slindii-, 111' :?ii'tall: li-.msi'." j'."\vi(li; iiislillaU- >))iki.'S 1' i ' ' l(iii«;, j" tliii-k
iiij; (ir slijilitly (Ir(i(ii)iiin: i)iri«yni:i liUU- iimn- lli:m ' " in (liaiiiiUr
70. Carex gynandra Scli\vt.iii. Xoddiii.i; Scd^v
( '(III- 1 •; iiKiihli ti Sell wt ill, Ann. I. ye. N. ^■. i 7'>. iSj(,
Cm II 1 1 iiiilii \iw. i;yihiiiilitt Seliweiii. iV Tmr. Ann.
I, ye. N. V. i; .'/lo. iS.'.s.
Similar to tlie preceding; siieeics, eiilins stout,
2°-.\° tall. Leaves 3" h" wide, j^laliious or tlieir
slicatlis often finely ]nibescciit; jiistillale sjiikes
l''-4' loiiK, narrowly eyliiidrie, stalked, droo)iiii;^;
perijjyiii,! oblonj; or ellijitic, faintly few-nerved or
nerveless, eoinpresscd, not at all or slif^litly in-
flated, I 'j"-2" long, and about one-half as broad,
tapering; },Tadually to an aeute entire oriliee; scales
subulate, rou),'li, asccndin.i;, 2 .| times as loiij;asllie
jierigytiia; stigmas 2, rarely 3.
Ill swaiiiiis, Niiv.-i Scotia 1 iiccdnliii)^' to Maciniiii in
iinitlu 111 .N\w Yiirk, I'lorida and I.utiisi.iiia. A^ccnds
l05iKK.lt. ill .N'lw llaiiip-lnn'. Juiic ■\\\v:.
Carex gynandra Porteri (iliicyi liiitloii.
t\ii>: /'■///■//( tlniv. Car. lim .\iii 12. i'*"!.
SiiialUr. bearing the saiiu iilaticiii ti
lliat iiiiihn dm
.Maim .
tlu
71-
^luiu —
Carex macrokolea Stciul. S(mtln.in
Cilaiicoiis St<lj;e'. 1 I'it;-. 741. )
(ill It mill I iiio/cii SUx\i\. Syii. I'l. Cyp. 22,1. iS.s.s.
•iiriiiii.ui]',\\ But. S. C. ^>: da, 2: 55,s. lS2|.
t III I- 1
-Miihl. ixi
Not
72.
Clll !■ I
Glabrous, li.t^Iit .i;rceii and jLjlaucous, culms stout,
erect, slij^htly rou^di on the angles above, 2 "-4° tall.
Leaves flat or in dryiiij.; somewhat involute, roiij^h,
I '2'' .i" wide, often equallin.u the culm, tapering to a
very long narrow tip, the lower bracts similar, shorter;
staininate spikes i or 2, short-stalked, often pistillate
at the suniiiiit; pistillate spikes 2-S, cylindric, dense,
I '-2' long, erect, sessile or the lower stalked; peri-
gyiiia dark brown, broadly ovoid, .vaiigleil, i 'A" long,
usually several-nerved, abniptlv contracted into a
sharp lieak about one-fourth as long as the body; scales
oblong, scarious-margined, rough-awncd, as long as
the pcrigynia or longer; stigmas 2 or 3.
Ill swamps, Missciiui to I'loridaand Te.\as, Jiiiii .\iij{.
Carex glauca Snip. ( ilaticmis Scdoe. (.I'"ig. 742.)
;!aiiiii Sciip. I'l. Cam. \'A. 2. 2: 22,v 177-
(Uabrous, jiale green and glaucous, culms slender,
erect, smooth or roughish above, i°-2^ tall, the
rootslocks long and stout. Leaves shorter than or
ei(Ualling the culm, smooth or nearly so, about 2"
wide; lower bract similar to the leaves, but nar-
rower; staininate spikes mostly 2. stalked; iiistillate
spikes 2 or y, ascending or at length drooping,
slender-stalked, linear-cylindric, 1' 2' long, },"
thick, denselv many-flowered, coniinonly staininate
at the summit; perigyiiia brown, ellipsoid, faintly
few-nerved, or nerveless, minutely granulate or
pajiillose, nearly 1" long, minutely beaked, the
orifice entire; .scales ovate or lanceolate, brown
with a green midvein, acute or obtusish, about as
long as the jierigynia; stigmas 2.
Ill imailows, N'civa Scotia and ( Intario, Adveiitive
iKiiii ICiiriii)c. JiiiK- .\ii^;.
cyim'Raci;ae.
73. Carex virescens Mulil. Downy Green
Sed^e. ( FiR. 743. )
('iiii \ :'ii,:\((iis Miilil.; U'ilUl. S|> I'l. 4: 251, iSn,.
Ciiltiis very sleiulcr, erect or somewliiit recliiiinj^,
roiij,'li above, O'-i.S' tall. Leaves lifjlit Krecii, pubes-
cent, especially on the sheaths; spikes 2 -5, verv short-
stalked, erect or nearly so, obloiij^-cylitulric, densely
many- (lowered, .("-lo" lonj,', about 1 'j" in diameter,
the terminal one staminate below; pcrij^ynia ;,-si(led,
broadly oval or ovoid, rather less than i" lonj;, as-
cending;, densely pubescent, few-nerved, ^''C'-'"' beak-
less, the orifice entire; scales oblong-ovate, cuspidate
by the excurrent niidvein, scarions-marf^ined, slij^htly
shorter than the )ieri>;ynia; stigmas v
111 dry will ids and tliiikits, Maine anil (liitario to Miehi-
Itaii, south to Norlli Cainliiia and Missmiri. AsclihIs to
2i««il't. ill 1'i.niisylvania. June July.
74. Carex costellata Britton. Ril)l)ed ,So(lj;e. (I'ij;. 744.)
( i//rr (D.tAzA; Scliwcin Ann. I,yc. X Y. i:>>7. iSj|.
Not rrcsl. 1S19.
Ciiirr -riicscnis var. cus/it/ii Dewiy. Am. Jniirn Sci.
9: 260, 1825.
('. loslelhila Hrittou. liull. Torr. Club. 22: .'2(. iSq.s.
Similar to the preceding species, but taller ami
more spreading; culms slender, i°-2j.'° long.
Leaves i,'i"-2" wide, pubescent, especially on
the sheaths, shorter than the culm, the upper one
aiul the similar lower bract sometimes overtop-
ping the spikes; spikes 2-s, narrowly cylindric,
many-flowered, rather loose, Ji'-i'i' long, i'>"
in diameter, erect or slightly spreading, the termi-
nal one staminate below, the lower one conunonly
filiform-stalked; perigynia oblong, densely pu-
bescent, narrowed at each end. strongly several-
ribbed, i" long, rather more than }4" thick,
beakless, the orifice entire; scales ovate, .scarious-
jnargined, acuminate or cuspidate, shorter than
the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In wnnds. Maim- and Ontario to North Carolina, wliirc it aset-iids to |n «i ft. Jiinc-.\iiK.
Carex triceps Michx. Hirsute Sedge. ( Fig. 745.)
(iirr I /n'(r/>s Michx. I'l. l!oi. Am. 2: 170. 1S03.
(\ii I- f /lii.ui/ti Willd. S\i. 1*1. 4: 2,S2. 1805.
(tiii-i liiiffts var. Iih^^iilii liaikv. Mem. Torr. Club, I:
Light green, culms slender, rough above, erect
or reclining, 6'-3^° long. Leaves \"~2" wide,
pubescent, at least on the sheaths, shorter than the
culm, the lower bract similar; spikes 2-5, oblong
or oblongcylindric, dense, erect, sessile or very
nearly so, 3''-S" long, 2'i"-3'." in diameter,
usually clustered at the summit, the terminal one
staminate at the base; perigynia oval or obovoid,
llattened, not inflated, green or greenish-brown,
few-nerved, imbricated, usually pubescent when
voung, when mature ,';"-i'" long, beakless, the
orifice minutely notched or entire; scales ovate,
scarioiis-margined, cuspidate orshort-awned, rather
shorter than the perigynia; achene elliptic-obovoid,
its summit not bent; stigmas 3.
Wdiids, fiildsand swamps, Massachusetts tosoutliern Ontario and MicliiBau, south to I'lorida
xas. .Ascends to jjiKifi. in Viitrinia. Ajiril .\um:-
In
and 'I'e
vSi;d(;iv i'amii.v.
317
76. Carex Caroliniana Scluvtin. Carolina
Oil: I <'(/((i//«/(/»r; Si'liwc in. Anil. I,yc.i:()7, isj|.
' ..in Siiiillmi I'urtii: Oliuy, fiir. Ilor. Am. 2, iiiinic
(iiilv. 1S71. Not 'riiuscli. isi|.
( '. hi'ii-ps var. Siinlliii UaiUy, liut. Caz. 13: !<S. 188S.
Culms very sli'iulcr, erect, roiij^li above, l°-2y2°
tall. Leaves \"-i}i" wide, rather dark green,
glabrous exeept on the sheaths, the upper and the
similar hut narrower bracts usually much overto])-
ping the spikes; spikes 2-.1, oblong, dense, sessile
or nearly so, 4''-6" long, 2" in diameter; erect,
clustered at the summit, the upper one staininate at
the base; perigynia subglobose orobovoid, swollen,
not imbricated, about '>" in diameter, nerveless
or faintly nerved, brown, bcakless, glabrous at least
when mature, the orifice entire; scales brown, o\atc,
mucronate; achene pyriforni, bent at the summit
or tii)])ed with the bent style.
Ill nicaildws. New Jersey and I'ennsylvania to Nnilh Carolina and .\rkansas. May-July.
77. Carex gracillima Sduveii). Graceful Sed^e. (Fig. 747. j
( ■<//(' I t;iii( i/Ziiiiii .Scliwiin. Ann. I,yc. N. V. i:6<i. 1824.
('(iiii iiiiu illiiiia var. hiiiiiilis llailey, Mem. Torr.
Clnl). i: 71. i^Sy.
Cilabroiis, culms slender, erect or sjjreading,
ronghish above, i°-3" long. Leaves dark green,
I ^^"-3" wide, shorter than the culm, the basal
ones wider than the upper; lower bract foliaceous,
sometimes overtopping the spikes; spikes 35, nar-
rowly cyliiidric, usually densely IJowered except at
the base, I'-i'j' long, about 2'' thick or some-
times much smaller, filiform-stalked and drooping,
the nppcr one partly or wholly staminate; peri-
gynia ovoid-oblong, obtuse, slightly swollen, few-
nerved, glabrous, i" long; scales thin, ovate-ob-
long, very obtuse or the lower cuspidate, pale,
scarious-margined, one-half as long as the peri-
gynia; stigmas 3.
In moist w(>(jds .and meadows, Vova .Scotia to Mani-
toba, North Carolina, Ohio and Miehipfan. May-July.
rioftssor liailiy has described a hybrid with <". Iiir.sii/ti, occurriiiif at I'liillipstown, N. V.
Carex Sullivantii liootl, is a hybrid of this species with C. fiuhrsiriis.
78. Carex aestivalis M. A. Curtis.
Caiix cii-sliz'iilis M. .\. Curtis; A. (Irav, .\iii. Journ. Sci.
42: 28. iS.|...
Cnlins very slender or filiform, erect or nearly so,
smooth, or roughish near the summit, i°-2° tall.
Leaves Hat, i"-i'i" wide, elongated but usually
shorter than the culm, their sheaths usually pubes-
cent, the blades sometimes slightly so; lower bracts
similar to the leaves but narrower; spikes 3-5, nar-
rowly linear, erect or somewhat spreading, I '-2'
long, about i]i" thick, loosely niany-dowered or
the upper ones dense, the terminal one staminate at
the base or also at the summit; perigynia oblong,
pointed at both ends, 3-sidcd, glabrous, few-nerved,
i" long, 1 2" thick, bcakless, the orifice entire;
scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, or the lower cuspidate
or short-awned, green, thin, one-half as long as the
perigynia or more; stigmas 3.
In mountain woods, Massachusetts and northern
New York to Ccoitfia. June .\ lit;.
.Suniiuer vSedge. (Fig. 748.)
31'^
CVl'I'KACl'Al';.
79. Carex oxylepis Ton. i\: Hook. ,Sliar])-sc;ilc(l ScdKc. ' l'"i>;. 749. )
Oiiri III r/c/i/i Tnir. N: llndk, Ann. I.vc N. \'. 3: |.«).
Culms slender, sinoolli, cruet, 1 2 Uill. I,e;ivcs
IImI, i'i"-3" wide, pulit'sceiit, especially on the
sheallis, sliortir than or cciuallinn the culm, the
lower liracl similar Init narrower; s))ikcs 4 or 5,
linear cylindric, t' 2' lonj;, about 2" in ilianuter,
rather ilcnsely niany-llowercd, Uliforin-slalkeil and
at maturity sjireadinji or drooping, the terminal
one staiuinate at the hase or sometimes wholly
staminate; perij.;ynia ohlou^, sliari)ly ^-anijled,
]K)ilited at liolli ends, slii^jhtly swollen, 2" lonj.;,
less than 1" thick, >everal-nerved, the orifne en-
tire; scales ovate-lanceolate with broad white scar-
ious niarjjitis, short-awiicil, about one-third shorter
than the ])erigynia, the awn scabrous; stij;m;is ,v
Sipiitlu rn Missouri to Tiiiuissic autl South C.ivulina,
sciulli to Tix.is iuul I'loridii. April M;iy.
80.
IS2(.
Carex formosa I)c\vc\
Cii't.i /Diii/nsti Diuiy, Am. Jouin. ,Sci. 8: i|S,
Culms slender, smooth, erect, i°~2|2° tall. Leaves
eially on the sheaths, the basal
wide, often a
HaiidsoiiiL' Se(l.i;c. ( l'"iK. 7.S<J. )
Hat, pubescent, especial
-3" wide, often as lonj; as the culm; lower bract
2-3 wuie, oueu as louj; as iiie eiuiu; lower oiaei
similar to the shorter culm-leaves; spikes 3-5, oblonj;-
cylindric, dense, ,'.;'-l '4 ' loii},', nearly 3" in diameter,
fdiforiii-stalked, spreading or droopiuj;, the lower
i;.i *. *!._ .,4 :..,.*- ..4 4i... 1 -. ..,...;
it the base; peri-
swollen, faintly
thick, tipped with a very
distant, the upper one statniiuite
<,'ynia ovoid, glabrous, riscendinj.;,
few-uerved, 2" lonj;, l'
short and slightly notched beak: scales lanceolate or
ovate, green, with scarious margins, acute, cuspidate
or the lower short-awncd, shorter than the perigynia
or the lower eriualling them; stigmas 3
In di,
til suutl
ry woods and tliiekit Massacluisitts and X'lTnionl
rieniOiitarici, New ^ . ; k and Michigan. June July.
'arex Davisii Schwtin. i\: Torr.
/
l)a\'is' .Scdof.
( IMK.
rr. .\nn.
7.SI-)
I.vc. N. V.
(.'aii\ Ihiiiiii Schwi'in.
},2h. iS2,s.
Ciiri'.v Toiityiiiiii Diwiy, Am Jonvn. Sci. lO; (7. iSaf).
Similar to the jireceding species, culms stouter,
^yi°-?i° t'dl. Leaves I 'j '' 3'' wide. Hat, pubescent,
especi.'dly on the sheaths, the basal ones often as
long as the culm; lower bract foliaceons, commonly
overtopping the spikes; spikes 3-5, clustered near
the summit or the lower one distant, dense, ','-
\' i' long, 3" in diameter, all fdiform-stalkedandat
length spreadingor drooping, the terminal one st.im-
inatc at the bjise; pcrigyina ovoid, much swollen,
glabrous, strongly .several-nerved, 2"-2'j" long,
rather more than 1" thick, tipped with a very
short but conspicuously 2-toollied beak; scales lan-
ceolate or oval, long-awned, spreading, ecpialling
or longer than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In moist tliicki ts and meadows. Massaihusclls to
New Sork atul .Mintiesdta, south toCicornia, Kentucky
and the Indian Territory. May July.
SI'DC.I'; I'AMII.V.
319
82. Carex longirostris Torr. I.oiiK-ln-akcd SciIk^^^
Clint /oiii;iiiis/n't Tiiir. : Siliwiiii. Ami. I.vo. N V. i
71. |S2(.
(llalirous, li^lit Kreen, culms very slender, rounh-
ish aliovo, erect or recliiiiiif,', lo' 3° loiifj. Leaves
ilat, slijjlilly scabrous, 1" i '." wide, usuallj' not cx-
ceedinj; the culm, the bracts similar, shorter, some-
times ovcrtopiJinj; the spikes; stamiuate spikes 13,
slender-stalki'd, rarely pistillate at the base; pistillate
sjjikes 2-.), oblonn-eyliiidric, U)oscIy llowered, '.'2'
loiij;, y .\" iu diameter, all lilirorm-stalked and nod-
ding or the upjier one nearly sessile; periKynia broadly
oval, spreading, smooth, slijihtly inflated, pale,
strongly 1 -nerved 011 each side, the body about 1"
long, contracted into a very slender beak of nearly
twice its length; scales lanceolate, spreading, long-
acuminate, scarious-margined, 3"- 1" long; stigmas 3.
On banks and in nioisl Uiickels. New lirunswiik to
Ontario and tin- N'lirtluvest Territiiry, soutli to Massailui
setts. I'lnnsylvania, MicliiKanand Ni bra^ka. Junr Sept.
I'liKi li'in;ii ii\li is iiiiiii'i lidiitt, siini^. to bi- but a dwarf form
if llie sptcii s.
83. Carex Assiniboinensis W. Uoott.
A.s.siiiiljoia vSedjjje. (Kig. 753.)
Call \ .huiii/iiiiiiriisi.\ W. liooll, Coult. liot. Ca/ 9: 91.
Glabrous and nearly smooth, culms fdiforni, re-
clining, 2"-2'j° long, longer than the leaves.
Leaves and bracts 1" or less wide, the lower re-
duced to short purplish sheaths; staniinate spike
long-stalked; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, distant, loosely
fevv-llowered, 7"-i5" long, drooping on fdiforni
stalks; the (lowers alternate; jierigynia very nar-
rowly conic, apjircssed, obtusely 3-angled, subulate-
beaked, above 3" long and i " thick above the base,
densely tubcrculate-hisjiid, narrowed into a short
stalk; scales lanceolate, scarious-margined, awne<l,
about the length of the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In wet
Sinnnii T.
111. Moillurn Minnesota and Manitoba.
84. Carex castanea Wahl. ChLslmil .SccIkc. ( I-'ig. 754. )
I'lirrt iiishiiiia Wahl. Kon^l. \'il .\cad. Handl. (II.i
24: |,S5. 1S03.
Cai r \ /let ill's Rud.ni , Trans. I.iini, .Sue. 7: o.'^. />/. /•'.
180.,.
Culms slender or fdiform, nearly erect, rough
above, 1^-3" tall. Leaves 1 i;"-2'." wide, pubes-
cent, shorter than the culm; bracts lincar-fdiforni,
'z'-lji' long; staininatc spike stalked; j)islillate
si)ikes 14, oblong or oblong-cylindric, rather
loosely (lowered, H'-i' long, about 3" thick,
drooping on filiform .stalks, sometimes close to-
gether at the summit; perigynia glabrous, pale
brown, ascending, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3-
anglcd, few-nerved, tapering gradually into a 2-
toothed beak one-half as long as the body, scales
thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or cuspidate,
lacerate or entire, rather shorter than the perigynia;
stigmas 3.
In dry thickets and on l)atiUs, Newfiiundlan<l '.o
Conneclieiit. west to Minnesota. June Jtily.
320
cvi-i:uAci;.\i:.
85. Carex capillaris I,. Ilair-likc S(.<lgc.
< I'iK- 755- I
Ciim ,iif>illiii is I. Sp. I'l. <)77. I7,s.(.
Ciliilirous, culms sleiuliT or filifonii, siiiuotli or
rciuKlii-.li iilidvi', irirt, 2'-i4' liill. I.oavi'S '/'{"
wide, iiuK'li slioiUr lliaii the culm, Hat or sotni'wliat
iuvohUc ill ilryiu^, roiij,'liisli; lower hr.u't similar, tlic
uj)i>er iiiucli narrower, alt sliealliiiin; s]>ikes all lili-
form-stalked, the terminal one st.imiuatc; ])istillatc
spikes 1-3, narrowly ohlonj,;, 2" (t" lonj^, 1" tliick,
nodding, 2 -l2llowercd; perinyni.i oMon^, vanj^lcil,
lijjlit ^(rreli, almost nerveless, about l" loii^, rather
less than ,'.■" thick, the slender beak aliont one-third
ns lonj; as the body; scales oval, scarious-niar>;int(l,
shorter than the perinynia; stij,'mns 3.
C.reinland U> .Maska. Maine, llic While Mimntains,
niirtliirn New York. Michi^tm, and in the Koeky Mmni-
tains til Ciiliiradii and rtiili. Al^n in l';iiiii)ie and .\^.ia.
86. Carex arctata lioott.
ScdKf. (I'i-;-.
Caifx iiiildio llodtli lIiKik. I'l. Hor. .\m. 2; 22-.
Clahrous, culms slender, erect or rcdiniuj;,
Drooping W'nod
75^'.)
r»(n.
loug, roughish above. Leaves flat, rou^hish-mar-
gined, much shorter than the culm, the basal cues
,^"-5" ^vide; staminate spike solitary, short-stalked;
pistillate spikes 2-5, linear, i ' ,^' long, I'j" thick,
loosely many-llowered, erect, ascending, or at length
drooping and filiform-stalked, the lower one usually
remote; perigynia oblong, or thickest below the mid-
dle, rather strongly few-iurved, u;irroweil at each
end, about 2" long, less than i" thick, 3-anglcd,
tapering into a short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate,
cuspidate or short-awned, about one-third shorter
than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In dry wmids and tliiekets, New linniswiek tn Miiuu-
siita, soulli til IVmisylvaiiia and Mieliijfan. May June.
Carex Knieskemi Diwey, is prnlmlily a hybrid witli i'. ,\ishiiii-ii or ( '. /oniinsa.
Carex arctata Faxoni Hniley. Ccmlt lint. Caz. 13: S;. isHS
Spikes nearly erect. 2 | nf tluin ilustc reil near tlu- Mimniit. usually slioiter, the staminate one
very sluiit; peri(fynia 2"-2' " Iimik. (Juibec to New llainpsliire. Minnesuta and Michigan.
87. Carex tenuis Rticl.i;e. vSk-iulcr-.stnlked Scdse. (Kig. 757.)
('(im Initds Knd^re. Trans. I.inn. Soc. 7: 07. />/. v. 1804.
I'ltnx ilchilis lioott, \\\. f>l. J~.\ I.Siki. Not Miellx. 1803.
('. (/c/ii/i.s var. /iVd/^w/ liaiky, Mein.Turr. Club, i:,?). 18S9.
Culms slender, rough above, erect or commonly re-
clining, 4'-3° long. Loaves shorter than the culm or
equalling it, light green, i,' 2 "-2;^" wide; lower bracts
similar to the euliii-leavcs, sometimes overtopping the
.spikes; staminate spike short-stalked; pistillate spikes
2-5, linear, l'-^' long, iji" thick, fdiform-stalked
and spreading or drooping; perigynia spindle shaped,
glabrous or puberulent, faintly few-nerved, obtusely
3-angled, 3" long, less than 1" thick, tapering into a
short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate or oblong, acute,
cuspidate or obtuse, scarious-margined, one-half as
long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In Wddds. Xewfouiidland to JlieliiRan, VirKinia, the
niounlaiiis of North Carolina and Kentucky. May-.-VuR.
A liyl)ri<l with C'. i'/irsti'iis occurs at Kevere, Mass.
Carex tenuis interjecta (Hailey) lirittou.
Ciiriw (iihilisxM. iiilir/,,hi liailey. Hull. Torr. Club, 20- .(iS. 1893.
Pistillate spikes very slender, often compound at the base, erect or nearly so, filiform stalked,
very loosely flowered, the perigynia alternate, only about 2" lonsf. New York and Pennsylvania.
si: IK '.I'. lAMlI.V.
3^'
spikes
talked
ipcd,
lusely
into a
acute,
alf as
thL-
-Aug.
Miiss.
lalkecU
atiia.
IlaiKir (III
Cart'X tt'nuiH vrcctior llnltnii.
(itirt ili-hilh var \/ii,/ii>i llaili y. Mi iii Tcin. Cliil). i. ,t|. |SA). Ncit r". \/iir/i,ii iKwcv. I'^i'i.
Miisib- lalUr ami stcpiili i lliaii I lie tvpi . ail<l in it ; liiivrs almiil j" wide; pi-itillatr -ipikr^ in it
• It but ^li \ -pii .ulim; , iHiiwviiia -■' '' ImiK. cuu third Iniim r tliaii tlir HcaUs, Wliiti Mimiitaiiis,
88. Carex oblita Stciid. Dark Kivt'i Sl(1kc
('ill, I I'l'lilii Sliiiil Svii I'l. Cv)). ■i\\. i\s,s.
( ',11, I i;/,ifi:,i IliMitt. 111. >i,;. i'mkp,
(■(//(■I :'iiiii\/ii \i\x. iiiiiiiii I'.iiii'kl. I.iiiiiaca, 41; .'55. \^-u.
Cilaliroiis, fuliiis slfihlir, iTt'i't or rci-liiiiiiK, sharply
.Vaii^li'ii, siiionth or vt-ry iioarly so, i"-^ loiij,'.
lA'avi-s 2" j'_. " wiilc, slicirtcr than tin- cnlni, sli;,'htly
ri)iij,'h; lowfr hrai't similar to tlii- i-iilin-lcavcs Imt nar-
rower, sonittiini.'S nviTtopliiii^ the spikes; slatninalc
spike scilitary, liliforin stalked, sometimes partially
liistillatc; |)istillate spikes v 5. narrowly eylindrie, i'
■!'-■' lon)^. ahonl j'i" tliiek, loosely llowered, sleliilcr-
stalkeil, the iip])er mostly elosc toj;ether and spreading
or aseendilij;, the lower distant, droopint-; ])erij;yiiia
dark ^reeii, ^-an^led, ^;lal]roiis, V' loiiK, less tli.in i"
thiek, aseetidinj;, rather strongly m.iny-nerved, taper-
'm\i into a short 2-toothcd heak; scales ohtnse, ahont
one-third the Icn^tli of the i)erij;ynia; stigmas y
111 I'li^!-^. I'l iilial \i w N'mk and I'l UMsylvania to Ni \v Jirsi y and Noilli Camlina.
Carex grisea Walil. (iniy .Sed^i^'. (V'v^. 759.)
Cm I I i;>i\,ii \V;dd. Kniiyl. Vil. Acad.
24; 15 |. lS(,,v
(ilahrous, cultns rather stout, creet or somewhat
spreading, smooth or nearly so throughout, !°-2,'-2''
lonjf. Leaves liK'it f^reen and sometimes sliKhlly
j^'lancoiis. Hat, 2"-.Vj" wide, the hasal shorter than
or e(|ualling the culm; bracts similar to the leaves,
spreading, much overtoppinj,' the spikes; stamiuate
spikes solitary, sessile; pistillate spikes 3-5, dense,
ohlou)^, several-many-llowereil, 4'"-i2"lon}^, about
2" thick, the upper usually sessile and close to-
>,'ether, the lower slender-stalked anil distant; peri-
),'ynia ol)lon<,', 2'-" lonj;, 1" thick, nearly terete or
irregularly angled by overlapping, subacute but
beakless, finely tnany-striatc, longer or the lower
e(|ualling or shorter than the ovate scarious-mar-
gined cuspidate or awned scales; stigmas 3.
In wuiidsand tliickits, Maine to Ontario and Miinie-
sota. si)\illi ti) North Carolina and Kansas. May-July.
90. Carex amphibola Steiul. Xarrow-leaved Sedge. (Fig. 760.)
Ciiifi aiiiphihoht .Sliud. Syn. I'l. Cyp. 2,^|. 1S5S.
Cii I I'x i; n si-a var mi,!; iis/i/'o/iti lioott. 111. ,^. 1S5.S.
On I I i; 1 isi'u var. l ?) 1 ii;ii/ii HaiUv. Mini. Torr. Club, i:
,S'). "1889.
Olabrous, culms very .slender, slightl -cabrous
above, erect, or spreading, i°-2° long. Leaves i"-
2" wide, mostly erect and somewhat rigid, the basal
shorter than the culm; bracts similar to the upper
leaves, erect, not over 1" wide, overtopi)iiig the
spikes; staminatc spike solitary, short; pistillate
spikes 2-4, erect, yi'-i' long, less than 2" thick,
loosely several-lloworeil, the upper sessile, the lower
on long filiform stalks; jierigynia oblong or obovoid,
firm, pointed but beakless, jangled, niany-striate,
more or less 2-ranked, 2" long, about i" thick,
longer than or the lower equalling the ovate scarious-
margined awned spreading scales; stigmas 3.
In dry soil, Xcw Jcrscv and I'lnnsylvania to Ohio and
Missouri, sontli to I'lorida and Te.\as. April-June.
322
cvri'RACi'Ai:.
Carex flaccosperma Dcwx-y. Tliin-truitcd .Sedge. (Fig. 7()i.)
('ill I I 1,1 I illi'iii \:\r. I ? I iiiiiliiii Tnrr. Ann. I.yt' N. V.
3: |t (. is.V- Ndt C. miilini K. Hi. i'^j.?.
(iiiii /lii,<i>sf>ii iiiii Ikwiy. .\in. Jniiiii. Sfi. (II. I 2:
2.|,S. ■ \^\u.
Similar to Cairx qiisi'ii iiiul ( '. j^/aiiiotfid ■
slij.;hlly j^laiu'ons, nitlicr deep ,i;ret;li, lulnis erect,
r' 2' tall. Leaves thin and flat, tlic l>asal ones
3" 6" wide, shorter than or e(iuallinj{ tlie enhn;
the bracts leafy, ninch overtoppiii).^ the spikes;
staininale spike sessile or nearly so; pistilhUe
spikes 2-.). olilcing, erect, the lower slender-stalked;
])eiinynia ohlonj;, ^-anjjled, striate-nervcd, sub-
acute, 2'>" long; scales broadly ovate, KfC^". "ot
at all or very slightly scarious-inarginiil, acute,
cuspidate or the u])per obtuse, 2-,^ times shorter
than the pcrigynia; stigmas 3.
Soutlurti Missimri to Texas, lasl in North C'aroliiia
ami I'lnriila. Juik- July.
92. Carex glaucodea Tticktini. (ilaiiccs-
cciil Sedge. ( I-'ig. y()2. i
Cm I- 1 1,^1 isra var. initliin Carev in A. Crav, Man. ,=iS2.
1S4S. ■ Not c". miilini K lir. iSs^.
Care.x glaiuinictt Ttickeriii. ; Oliity, I'roc. .\in. .Vcad. 7:
Similar in habit to C\xirxsiisea, but pale and very
glaucous all over, culms smooth, erect or spreading,
6'-i8' long. Leaves 2"-4" wide, the basal shorter
than or ccpialliiig the culm; bracts foliaceous, over-
to])piug the spikes; staminate sjjike sessile; ])istillatc
spikes ,v 5> erect, densely several-many llowcred, the
lower slender-stalked; perigynia oblong, many-striate,
l>2"-2" long, sub-acute, bcakless, mostly nearly
twice as long as the ovate scarious-margiued acute
cuspidate or slinrt-awncd scales; stigmas 3.
Ill (ipi'U fields and nuadows, Massachusttls In I'lunsyl-
vania, Illinnis, Virginia and .\rkansas. .May July.
93. Carex granularis MiiliL Meadow Sedge. ( I-'ig. 763.)
('ill I I l;i,iiiiiI(Ii is Midd : Willd. Sp. I'l. 4; 279. iSn.s.
( ' i; I iiiiii/iii l.\ ik/iI Diwiy; Wnnds Class book, 7I13. lS<»).
(ilabrous, light green and slightly glaucous, ^lulins
slender, erect or spreading, smooth or nearly so, 6' -
2'.° long. Leaves Hat, roughish or smooth, i^2"-3"
wide, the basal shorter than the culm; bracts similar
to the cultnleavcs and usually much exceeding the
spikes; staminate spike solitary, sessile or short-
stalked; pistillate spikes 3 ,s, distant or the upper
two contiguous, erect or slightly s|)reading, narrowly
oblong or cyliudric, 'j'-i '4 ' long, 2" thick, densely
many-llowered, slender-stalkecl or the u])i)er sessile
pcrigviua ovoid, brown, somewhat swollen, strongly
many-ncrvcd, ascending, about 1" long, tipped with
a short, usually entire, bent or nearly straight beak;
scales ovate, thin, acute or cuspidate, shorter than or
somi.'times eijualling the perigynia; stigmas 3,
In innisl nuadcm-i. New linuiswick toOiUario ami
Maritdba, snutli tn I'lorida au<l Louisiana. May July,
Carex granularis Shriveri llrittnii.
C'arci ll<il,,iiia Oliiey, Car. Itor. .\ui. u. 1S71. Nnl ('. Ihilri. Dtwiy. iS(ii
Hasal Kavis hriiader. 2' •" s" widi , ulaucuus; pcrisivuia ahmil one hall tin- si/i- of the type . the
iilnie CDiispiciimis pniiil sli^flilly bent, riiinsylvaiiia fi> Wisconsin and \'iii;iiiia.
Sl-DC.K FAMILY.
323
21^
,iii<l
94. Carex Crawei Dewey. Ciawe s
vScdRO. ( I'iji. 764. )
Can I Ciduri Uiwry. Am. Jcmrii Sri. I 1 1. I 2: 2l'i.
Ciiiri lieh'ioilailivii Totr. Am Jnuiii. Sci. (ll.i 2:
l.S.(().
(ilal)roiis, culms low, stiff, erect, ,V-i,s' tall.
I, caves rather stilT, llat, i" 2" wiilc, erector nearly so,
shorter than the culm, the hracts similar, rarely over-
topping the spikes; staminate spikes i 3, long-stalked;
pistillate spikes 14, distant, cylindric, erect, 'j'-i'
loMK, 2" }," thick, densely many llowered, stalked or
the upi)er sessile, the lowest often home near the base
of the culm; pcriHynia ovoid, ascending, nerved, us-
ually minutely resinous dotted, i"-i ,'2" long, taper-
ing into a very slior* entire beak; scales obovate or
oval, thin, acute or cuspidate, shorter than the jieri-
gynia; stigmas .v
III imiist iiuadiiws .iiid mi liaiiks. (Jm hic t" Miiiiiluba,
south tn riiiiisvlv.iiii;i iiml Ti niu'^-ii f. M.iy July
95
Carex extensa (Vo(j(kii. I.oiij^-liractcd
Scdi^e. ( I'ij?. 765. )
('nil I It /nisti ('.iKidiii. Trans. I.inn. S(ir 2: 175. I7()(
Cilabrous, bright green, culms stilT, erect, u/~2°
tall. Leaves i"-2" wide, strongly involute, erect,
shorter tlian tlie culm, the lower bract similar, much
exceeding the spikes, the upper shorter, sometimes
dellexed; staniinate spike sessile, rarely pistillate at
the base; pistillate spikes 1-3, erect, sessile and close
together or the lowest short-stalked and distant, ob-
long, densely many-llowered, 5"-S" long, about 3"
thick; ])erigyuia ovoid or ovoid-oblong, brown, 1^2"
long, narrowed at the base, slightly swollen, strongly
many-riblied, tapering into a short stout 2-toothed
beak; scilcs ovate, acute, brown with ;i greenish
mid vein, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
lidicUrs (if s:ilt miiuldws, Cmuy Island, N. Y., and
mar NorlolU. \ a. Naturalizid frum ICumiie. JuiR-.\uK.
96. Carex flava I,. VlIIow Stds*-'
Cm I \ lliiva I,. Sp. I'l. 1)75. I7.s,v
Coil t llif.a var. siinminis Hailiv. Mini, 'rmi Club, i
JO. "iS8(,.
(ilabrous yellow-green, culms very slender but still
and erect, smooth or nearly so, i"-2" tall. Leaves
1" 2,'." wide, llat, the radical shorter than or some-
times exceeding the culm, the lower bract ehmgated,
spreading or ascending; staminate s)iikc solitary,
stalked or sessile; ])istillate s])ikes 1 .}. oblong or ghi-
bose-oblong, erect, sessile and close together or the
lower one distant and short-stalked, densely llowered,
3"-6" long, about x," thick; perigynia narrowly ovoid,
yellow, and spreading or dellexed when mature, 2" -
3" long, strongly sevend-nervcd, the subulate 2-
toothed beak about as long as the body; scales lanceo-
late or oval, acute or subacute, shorter and narrower
than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
Ill swamps and wi t tiuadiiws.NiwfniiiiiHaml tntlic Nnrtliwcsl Tinitciry. smitli In Klmdi- Nlaiiil,
Niwjirscy, I'liiiisyKaiii 1. ( Hiinand Mntitan.i .\ls(i in ICufdiii'. July S'pt.
Carex Oederi lilnli , I'numl by the late I 0. Martiiidalc at Atco, N J. uu'inrdiiiK Id I'lul" liailt y I,
is a waif Irniii I'liirnpc. ntluiwiM- not known Irom .Viiuriia.
<HiK. -C^-].)
324 CVrivRACI-AI'.
97. Carex viridula Michx. Orccii Scdyje.
I'diex riiii/ii/ii lliclix. I'l. Hor, Am. 2: 171). iSnv
Cairv /lava var, rirnlii/ti Ilaikv, Mem. Torr. Club, i: ,ii.
iSSrj."
Cllabrous, brif;lit Krceii, culms slender, sniootli, erect,
4'-i5' tall, often exceeded by the erect narrow basal
leaves. Leaves i" or less wide, the bracts similar us-
ually strictly erect and much overtopping the spikes;
staniinate spike sessile, sometimes pistillate at the top;
])istillate s))ikes 2-5, all dose together and sessile or the
lower distant and short-stalked, oblong-cylindric or ob-
long, 2"-6" long, 2" or less in diameter; perigynia
ovoid-oblong, i " or less long, strongly few-nerved, nar-
rowed at the base, tapering into a 2-toothed beak about
one-half as long as the body; scales ovate, shorter than
the perigynia and abo\it as wide; stigmas 3.
In buns and on wil rocks. Nowfouudland to Iludsdn Hay
and llic NortliwLSl Ttrritory, south In Maine, IVniisylvania,
Minniscita. Itah and Wasliinntnn. Summer.
Carex fiilva Codden., a species of this trinui), war. fnuml many years aRn at Tcwkslmiy. Mass,,
evidently a waif finm Ivurojie, and is repoitcd fnini Ncwroundland.
Carex distans I,., a related species, has been collected on ballast at I'liila<li Ipliia.
98. Carex pallescens I„. Pnk- Sedge. ( Fij;. 76,s. )
Caicv f>alli'si,iis I,. Sp, I'l, 077, i75.v
Light green, culms slender, erect, rough above,
4'- 20' tall. Leaves flat, i"-!'," wide, pubescent at
least on the sheaths, shorter than the culm; lower
bract similar to the culm-leaves, erect or nearly so
and exceeding the spikes; staminate spikes solitary,
stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, erect or some-
what speading, slender stalked or the upper one ses-
sile, densely many-flowered, ■i"-')" long, 2"-
2';." in diameter usually clustered; pirigynia short-
oblong, pale, 1'' long, '2" thick, obtuse, thin, faintly
few-nerved, beakless, the orifice entire; scales ovate,
membranous, cuspidate or short -awned, etiualling or
the upper shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In fields iMid meadows, Nova .Scotia to wisleni On
tario. south to Kliodt' Isl.ind, I'l iinsylvaiiia, Illinois and
AVisconsin. .Vscinds to ;S'"i ft in Vinnoiil. .\lso in
Jvuropc. May July.
Carex abbreviata Prescott. Torrcy's Scilgf. (I'ig;. 7'>y. 1
('i;(.i /"ii/ ;v;)' Tuckirm. ICiiiim Mitli. 2>. 1>H ^^ot
('. 7(i( (vj'i/Mi; Scliwcin is.>|
Oiiri- ahh'irviii/a I'nscott; lioott. Trans I.inn Soc.
20; 141. i8('>.
I'ale green, culms slender, rather stiff, erect, 10'-
20' tall, finely ciliatc-i)ubescctit. Leaves about 1"
wide, erect, elongated but shorter than the culm,
finely and usually densely pubescent; lower bract
}i' 2' long, s))reading or .ascending, pubescent;
staminate spike solitary, short-stalked; pistillate
spikes 1 },, short oblong, dense, .V' 3" long, about
,\" thick, sessile or the lower one short stalked,
erect, clustered; perigynia broadly oblong or ob-
ovoid, glabrous, abotit l" long and more than ,'2"
thick, strongly many-nerveil, obtuse, abruptly
ti|)ped by a short cylindric beak, scales cuspi-
date, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
Ill dry soil, N'l w Voik to llic .N'mtliwest 'I'erritorv.
south in tin Korky Mountains to Colorado. Jiiiii- July.
N.pt
Sm-.
si;i)C".i-; I'AMiiA'.
lOo. Carex conoidea Sclik. Field Sedge.
(I'ig. 770.)
Caifx coitoiilia Sclik. Kii(ls;r. N'aclilr. 67. /'. I'S. iS,i(,.
Glnbroup, culms slender, ratlicr stifT, erect, 8'-iS'
tall. Leaves i"-\'/i" wide, the basal soinetiiiies
eciualliiig the culm; lower bracts similar to the culm-
leaves, sometimes overtopping the sj)ikes; staniiiiate
spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes i-.^, distant, erect,
oblong or oblong-cylindric, 5"-i2" long, 2'i" thick,
not densely flowered, the upper nearly sessile, the
lower slender-stalked; ]K'rigynla oblong, obtusely y
angleil, narrowed to each end, acute, lincly nia ly-
striate, beakless, i"-\'.i' long, about ,'<" thick, tlie
orifice entire; scales broadly ovate, scnrious margined,
abruptly contracted into a rough awn, the lower
longer than the jierigynia, the upper shorter than or
equalling them; stigmas 3.
In niiadiiws. Xova .Scotia to Ontario, soutli to Rliodc
Island, New Jersey, (lliioand Illinois May June.
loi. Carex oligocarpa vSchk. Few fruited Sedge.
325
(Fig. 771.)
Naelitr. 5s. / /->
till I- \- itlii;i'ciii pa .Sclik. Riedg
iSoli.
(ilabrous, culms very slender or almost filiform,
spreading or reclining, roughish, S'-iS' long.
Leaves about I " wide, spreading, soft, the basal
shorter than or e(jualling the cuhn, the bracts simi-
lar, usually exceeding the spikes; staminate spike
solitary, long-stalked or nearly .sessile; pistillate
spikes 2-4, erect or nearly so, ilistant, loosely few-
flowered, .j'^-S" long, less than 2" thick, erect, the
lower filiform-stalked, the ujiper sessile; perigynia
oblong, firm, pale, finely nianystriate, ascending,
\"-\%" long, abruptly narrowed into a short
straight or oblique entire beak; scales oviite, tipped
with a rough spreading awn, longer than or equal-
ling tl'.e perigynia; stigmas .^.
In dry woods anil lliickels. Vi rtuont and Ontario to
MicliiH;an, south to New Jersey, West Virjtinia, Ken-
tucky and Missomi. May Jidy,
102. Carex Hitchcockiana Dewev. Hitclicoek's vSedgi
Ciiir\ IfililicitLkhina Dewev, .\ni. lourn. .Sei 10:27).
1S26.
Culms slender, erect, somewhat rough, i°-2°tall.
Leaves i N "-^" wide, the basal mostly shorter than
the culm, the upper and similar bracts much over-
top))ing the spikes, their sheaths i)id)esccnt, their
blades somewhat so; staminate spike stalked or
nearly sessile; ])istillatc spikes 2-4, loosely few-
flowered, erect, rather distant, stalked or the upper
sessile; perigynia ovoid, obtusely ,^-angIed, finely
many-striate, .iscending, I, '2" long, nearly i"
thick, tip{ied with a short stout obliipie entire
beak; scales ovate or ovate- lanceolate, searious-
margined, rough-awneil, longer than or e(|ualling
the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In woods and tliiekets. Vertiioiit and Ontario to
Michigan, south to New Jersey. West \'irKinia, Ken-
lucky and Mi>>onii May July.
326
C\ TKRACICAK.
Carex altocaulis (Dluxv) HritUni
( I-i
«• 77.V >
\lii. Jiitiiii. Sti.
SliL-athed Sl-iIj^c.
Ciiii\ :(ii;i)iii/ii var. (itlomiilis Iiiwiy
( II ) 41: 2?;. iSiiii.
Cdici .SiilliK n.sis H;iiliy, Mem. Turr. Club, i: 7. iS8i|.
(llabroiis, liKlit green l)Ut not glaucous, culms very
slender, weak, spreading; or recliiiiiij;, i°-2"' \on\i.
Leaves i '." 2" wiilc, shorter than il'e culm, the up-
l>er ones and the bracts usually very slnrt; staminate
spike loiin-stalked; ])istillatc spikes 2 or ,^, distant,
slcndcr-stalkcd, ascending, sprcachng or -ccurvcd, less
than i' lon>;, loosely several-flowere 1, their stalks
partly enclosed hy the long sheaths; ptrigynia ob-
long, Vii'igled, narrowed at the base, f. intly few-
nerved 2" long, nearly 1" Miick, tipped wit 1 a l)cak
about one-fourth the length of the body, the orifK-e
2-tootlied, oblique; scales oval or ovate- lanceolate,
acute or the ui)per obtuse, shorter than or the lower
equalling the i)erigynia; stigmas 3,
In swamp^i, Oui lui- and Xirimmt to Ontario. New Viirk
and Mitniisdta. .SinunK-r.
104. Carex polymorpha Miihl. Varial)le Sedj^c. ( Fij.;;.
Cariw pulvimu film Miilil. l',ratn. .\vj- 1S17.
Cilabrous, rather dark green, culms stiff, strictly
erect, smooth or nearly so, i°-2" tall. Leaves flat,
1^2 "-2" wide, nearly erect, the basal sometimes as
long as the culm, the others much shorter; bracts
usually little longer than the pistillate spike; stam-
inate spikes I or 2, long-stalked; pistillate s]iikes
commonly solitary, sometimes 2, erect, short-stalked
or sessile, densely niany-flowercd or sometimes looser
at the base, I'-i '»' long and 4" thick, occasionally
staminate at the summit; perigynia ovoid-oblong,
obscurely 3-angled, fully 2" long and l" in diameter,
the beak more than one-half as long as the body, the
orifice oblique; scales red-brown, obtuse or the lower
acute, somewhat shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In swamps iir wet miadows, Massacliusetts to niprllKrn
New Jersey, south to North Carolina. I.oeal. Ascends
June .\uir.
Carex tetanica Schk. Wood s Scdji^e. ( Tij^. 77.=^.)
Cini\ liitiiiiiii Selik. kiedvtr. .Naelitr. (vS, fis^s. /oo, jo-.
iSo(>.
Cain liliDiiiii \Ar. ll'nnilii liaiU v. Mem. Torr. Club,
1:53. I ■"<■"*')■
Light green and glabrous, culms slender, erect
or nearly so, rough above, i''-2'^ tall. Leaves Hat,
\"~2" wide, the basal about C(|ualling the cidm;
bracts narrow, elongated, sometimes overtopping
the spikes; staminate spike stalke<l, the stalk
sometimes 3' long; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, erect,
distant, narrowed at the base, loosely or compactly
soverul-many-rtowercd, 1' long or less, or the lower
fdiform-stalkcd and drooping; perigynia oblong,
green, prominently many-nerved, about 1 '2 "long,
le.ss than i" thick, oblique, the summit curved
outwardly and tapering to an entire orifice, beak-
less; scales ovale-dblong, obtuse or the lower niu-
cronate, shorter than the perigynia or the lower
equalling them; stigmas 3.
In meadows mil wet wooils. Ontario to Manitoba,
North Carolina and i,i>uisiana. June July.
SHIX".!'; 1AM n,Y.
327
106. Carex Meadii Dewey. Mead's SedKC ( I'ijr. 776. )
I'liiii Miiiilii Diwiy. Am. Jimiti. Sii. ^\. 'f> 1^)2.
Carrvlilmiitii var. Miiidii liaikv. I'lin-. Am. .\i':ul. 22:
lis. I.S'^O.
Ciii I- V ti /, !'iiii v.ir. ('lit /ill I'lirtir. \'\in\ .\cii<l. I'liila.
1887: ;(). 1.HS7.
I'aiiv liliiiiiiii vai. liiiilni I'oitri, I'ror .\ia<l. I'liila
1887; 76. 1SS7.
Similar to the preccdiiij.; species, ciilin stouter,
very roufjli above, I2'-1.S' tall. Hasal leaves usually
shorter than the euhii; bracts short, not c)\crtopi)inK
the spikes; staniinate spike long-stalked; pistillate
spikes 1-3, sometimes staniinate at the summit, occa-
sionally compound at the base, obloiif^-cylindric,
densely flowered, ,'j'-i' loii},', about 3" in diameter,
erect, stalked or the np])cr one sessile; pcrij;ynia
broadly obloii}f, prominently inany-nerved, green,
l^i" long, about i" in diameter, tip])ed with a mi-
nute slightly l)cnt beak; scales ovate, green with
purple-brown margins, acale, mucronaleor the upper
obtuse, the upper short, the lower sometimes exceed-
ing the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In s\vaiii))s a!'.(l wil iiu allows. Kliode Isl.ind to IVnnsyhania and (icorKia, s est to Michigan,
.\ssiiiil>oia. N'il)iaska and .\tkaiisas. Thi- lowist si)ike is sonutinus boriunn a very long; stalk
arising from tile a.vil of one of the basal liavis. May July.
Carex laxiflora I.,aiii. Loose -flowered Sedge. (I'lg. 777-)
( iiiiv laxijioia I.aiii. ICncycl. 3: ,^y2. 1781^.
C'dabrous, rather pale green, culms erect or reclin-
ing, slender, roughish above, 6'-2° long. I<eaves
1 'i" ,^" wide, soft, the basal mostly shorter than the
culm, the liracts similar to the culm-leaves sometimes
overtopping the spikes; stanunate spike usually
stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, linear-cylindric,
loosely several-many-flowered, |2'-i'h)ng, i^'2"-2"
thick, all slender-stalked and spreading or drooping
or the upper one erect anil sessile; perigynia ascend-
ing, obovoid, more or less oblique, i,'+"-i '2" l^mg,
rather more than ,'.'' thick, narrowed at the base,
strongly many-nerved, tapering into a short stout
outwardly bent entire beak; scales ovate with broad
white .scarious margins, acute, cuspidate or awned,
! shorter than or exceeding the perigynia; stigmas ,v
I \ y\ In meadcms and lliickits, Maine and Ontario to Miii-
/ !'/ msola, south to I'lorida, .Alabama .iiid llie Indian Terri-
tory. .\seeiids to si««i ft. ill X'irjfinia. .May July.
Carex laxiflora blanda (Iiewey 1 lie •' 111. ^7. iS.ss.
Call 1 hliiiiitii Hiwiy. .\m. Joiini. ,Sii. 10: 15. iSj(>.
Care\ la\ illora var. stiiiiliiln Cany in .\ ('.ray. Man IM. j, 52|. iSsii.
Pistillate spikes cyliiulrii-. iiio>lly lUii^tlv lli>wi nd, thi iii)i)ir sissili- or marly so, ereel, con
IIkuous to the usually sessile slaiiiiiiate one, the lower skiider -talked. KaiiKe of the type. I'l r
ha])- ilisliiK't.
Carex laxiflora varians I'.aiUy. Mem. Torr. t.'liil). i:^.'. iSSi|.
Stouter and taller than the pnei diiin; leaves 2' "V" wide: pistillate spikes sonutimes 1'.'
lontf and 2' •" thick, dense, often eoiniupiiiid at the base, the upper sessile or short stalked and eon
tinnous to the si-sile staniinate one. the lowi r loiin stalked. .\i \v Hampshire to southern New
York and .Missouri. Ratine nndeteiniimil
Carex laxiflora patulifolia 1 Dewey) Can y in .\. Cray. Man. ICd. 2. 524. iS.sf).
C'ait'i iiii(r/<s \-,\\. />ii/ii/i/'ii/iii Dewey, Wood's l!ot. |2,V l^l.i
Cdaueousoi pale uneii; basal leaves 2' ■" ( ' " wide; staniinate spike nsuallv stalked; pistillate
spike r lonn or more, loosily llowend, -e;itlered; peri({yiiia ohluiitj or ellii)Soid, the beak nearly
straiKlit. llalif.ix. Nova .Scoiia (aeeordiiiK to Maeouii), Massachusetts to MicliiKan, south to Vir
ginia and 'IVniiessee.
Carex laxiflora divaricata Itailey, Mem. Torr. Club, i: (3. iS,<<<j.
I'erinvnia larger than in the other forms, contracted into a stipe one half as long as llii' body.
Washiiinton, D. C.
Iknt
779-)
CYri'RACI'AH.
io8 Carex styloflexa lUickkv.
Cm ii slylii/li t ii liiukliy, Am. Jimrii. Sii. 45: 17). iS(3.
Cilti-X /il ) If/oi II v;ir. ilvinllr \ ii liiHiU, 111. ,^7. iS.S'S.
Glahroiis.t-ulmsleaiiiiij,', slender, smooth, i'^-2° tall.
I.t-aves iij" ,V \vi<le, Hat, slioitir llian the culm;
hracts short, rarely exccfdiiij; the spikes; slaiiiiuate
spike solitary, usuall}- loiijj;-stalke(l but sometimes
nearly sessile; pistillate spikes i-.), distant, loosely
few several-flowered, less than S" lonj.;, the lower
droopinj; on liliform stalks; ]ierij.;ynia oblong, trian-
gular, many-nerved, about 2'' long, i" thick, some-
what obli([ue, tapering gradually to both ends and
thus slender-beaked; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
scarious-margined, acute, cuspidate or sliort-awned,
shorter than the perigyiiia; stigmas 3.
In Wdnds and thickets, snutlurn Xcw York and Penn-
sylvania In I'lnrida. I.nuisiana anil 'lV.\as. May -July.
109. Carex digitalis WilUl. Slciuk-r Wood vSedge. ( Kit;.
Ciiiix lii^i/iilis Wind. S|). I'l. 4: .m>. i.Si.s.
("ilabrous, bright green, not at all glaucous, culms
slender or ahuost liliform, nearly or quite smooth, us-
ually reclining, 4'- iS' long. Leaves Hat, i"-2" wide,
the basal sometimes exceeding the culm, the upper
ones and the l)racts similar but shorter, the latter com-
monly overtopping the spikes; stainiuate spike
stalked; pistillate sjjikes 2-4, linear, loosely alter-
nately flowered, '-'-i' long, the upper one sessile or
nearly so, the others fdiform-stalked and widely
spreading or drooping; perigynia oblong, sharply
triangular, many-nerved, brown when ripe, narrowed
at both ends, i" long, more than ><" thick, the very
short beak slightly oblique; scales lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, scarious-margined, acute, acuminate or
short-awned, shorter than or the lower about ecpial-
ling the perigynia; stigmas y.
In woods and tliiekits, Maine and sciullu-iii Oiitariii to Minnesota.
Ascends to ,v«io ft. in \'irninia. May July.
Carex digitalis copulata ItaiU y. .Mem. Torr. Clu1i, i: )?. iS,^i|.
Larger in every way. enlms somelinus 2" loiiK. reclining; leavis 2' ' .)" wide: pistillate si)ikes
shorter ami denser: perigyni.i larfrer. Michigan and sontliern Ontario.
110. Carex Careyana Torr. Carey's vSedji;t;. (Fij^. 780.)
t,... 1 _ "\'">.^ / .-^.^ Ctinx CiiiryaiKi 'Waw. Dewev, .\in. Jouni. ,Sei 30;
Glabrous, bright green, culms slender, erect
or somewliat reclining, smooth or nearly so, i°-
2" tall. liasal leaves flat, },"-(i" wide, much
shorter than the culm; bracts linear-lanceolate
with very long sheaths, the blades i'-3' long;
staminate spike usually l.irge, long-stalked;
pistillate spikes 1-3 (commonly 2), erect, loosely
few-several-llowered, less than i' long, the
ujjper sessile or short-stalked, the lower on a
long fdiform stalk; perigynia ovoid-oblong,
very sharply .vangled, many-nerved, fully 2"
long and over \" thick, brown, the short beak
slightly oblique, entire; scales ovate with white
hyaline margins, cuspidate or awned, shorter
than the perigynia; stigmas ,^.
In wcmkIs, New linnland (aeeordiuK to liailey);
New Niirk to Mieliiuan and N'irtfinia. .May June.
mill tn I'lorida and Texas.
I,;
Sr.DGE I-AMIIvY.
329
2
7
III. Carex Albursina Slieldon. While Hear vSudgc.
i\li lA hi.x ifliiiii viir. hili/oliii HcmiII, 111. -,s. iSs'^. Nut
C. Iali/"ii" M"iiu-li,
Cariv .ilhiirshui SlicUloii. liiiU. 'l\<x\. Clul). 20: 2^|.
C'llabrous, rather dcf]) j;reeii, culms stout, nearly
smooth, flattened, usually spreadinj;, .S'-2° long.
Basal leaves lanceolate or ohlong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, shorter than the cuhn, Ji'-i'/i' wide; bracts
similar to tlic narrower culm-leaves, the upper over-
topping the spikes; staminate s])ikes sessile or nearly
so; pistillate s])ikcs 2-4, distant and narrowly linear,
stalked or the upper sessile and close together, ,'.'
I '4 ' long, very loosely flowered; perigynia ohovoid,
oV)tusely 3-angled, strongly many-nerved, 2" long,
1" thick, tipped with a very short bent entire beak;
scales ovate-oblong, scarious-margiued, obtuse or the
lower acute, shorter than the ]>erigynia; stigmas 3.
In woods, MassMchusctls to Xtw Y(irk. Oliinand Min-
nesota, south to Virtfinia aii<l MiiiiiHan. Asci'uds to
2.10(1 ft. in Virjrinia. Juni' Auf;. 'I'he siKiifu' name is
(FiR. 7S1. )
.. ft-
ill allusion to Wliitf lUar Lake
The
Minn.
112. Carex plantaginea I.aiii. Plantain-
leaved Sedge. (l''ijr. 782. )
Carer filaiilai^iina I.ani. Ivncycl. 3: ,192. I7>;9.
Glabrous, rather dark green, culms slender, erect
or reclining, 6'-2° long. Leaves '^'-i' wide, shorter
than or cciualling the culm, persistent through the
winter and until the new culms develop in the fol-
lowing spring; bracts short, usually with p\irple or
purplish clasping sheaths; .staminate spike long-
stalked, purple; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, erect, all
slender-stalked, 1' or less long, loosely flowered, the
stalks of the upper ones enclosed in the sheaths;
perigynia oblong, outwardly curved, many-nerved,
1 '2" long, about i" thick, longer than or ecpialling
the ovate cuspidate scales; stigmas ,^.
Ill woods, New lininswick and Oiuario to Manitoba,
eolith to X'iiyiiiia and Wisconsin. Ascriuls to 2ii»i ft, in
Virginia. May July.
113. Carex laxiculmis Schwe
( 'i(;<' 1 7i; 1 /( H/w/.iScliwtiii. .\iin. I.yc. X. V. i: 70.
('ilii'v I c/i iH ltr:-() Dewiy. Wood's Hot. \2\. l!<.\S-
Glabrous, blue-green and glaucous, culms filiform,
smooth or very nearly so, ascending or diffuse, 6'-2°
long. liasal leaves elongated, 3"-5" wide, often
longer than the culms; bracts similar to the narrower
culm-leaves, usually short; staminate spike long-
stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, loosely few
flowered, t," d" long, about 2" thick, drooping <
long hair-like stalks or the upper short-stalked and
erect; perigynia ovoid-oblong, sharply 3-angled,
inany-nerved, about i" long and rather more than
li" thick, narrowed at both ends, scarcely beaked,
longer than the ovate green cuspidate or short-awned
scales; stigmas 3.
In woods and thickets, soutlurn Ontario to Micliiifan.
south to Rhode Islainl and XMrginia. Ascends to ,si>i«) ft.
in Virtfinia. May -June.
in. Spreadini; Sedg;e
I.-<2|.
( l-\g. 7S;,. )
33^
cvri'RACi'Ai;.
114. Carex ptychocarpa Slc-ud. TliickLl
ScdKi-. ( I'ig. 7S4.)
Card f>l\ilioiai fiti Sti'iid. Svii. I'l. Cyp. 2,^(. is.si.
Glabrous, pale grci'ii and j^latu'ous, culms ort'Ct,
very slciulcr, smooth, only 2' -6' tall. Leaves flat,
the basal 2" 4" wide, much lonijcr than the eulm;
bracts foliaccous, usually ovcrtopijinj^ the spikes;
staniinate spike small, sessile; |)istillale spikes 2 or
T,, sessile and close lojjether at the summit or the
lower one slender-stalked and nearly basal, all
erect, loosely few-flowered, 4"-8" long; perigynia
ol)long, pale, ^-angled, rather strongly many-
nerved, i" long, rather more than N" thick,
pointed at both ends, minutely straight-beaked,
the orifice entire; scales ovate, thin, obtuse, about
one-half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In moist wiicids and thickits. Massaihusitts and New
Jirsiy to I'liirida and I.iiuisiana. Juiu-Sepl.
115. Carex platyphylla Carey. Hroad-leavtd vSedj^c. {V'\K- 7S.S. )
i'aiiv /'/till /(ii; 1 111(1 Miilix. I'l. Hnr. Am. 2: 17V
iNd^. Not I,.nii. I7S<).
OiiiA pliilvplnllii Cartv, .\ni. Jotnii Sci. (II. I 4: 2V
1847.
Glabrous, pale green and glaucous, culms slen-
der, spreading or reclining, 4' -15' long. I^eavcs
flat and broad, .Jz'-i' wide, shorter than the culm;
bracts linear-lanceolate with long clasping sheaths,
l"-2>2" wide, not overtopping the spikes, usually
less than 2' long; staminate spike stalked; pistil-
late spikes 2-4, distant, erect, all slender-stalked
or the upper one nearly sessile, loosely several-
flowered, 5"-H)" long, their stalks commonly en-
closed in the sheaths, perigynia oblong, 3-angled,
many-nerved, slightly bent at the narrowed sum-
mit, i"-i,'.>" long, rather more than la" thick,
equalling or somewhat longer than the ovate-ob-
long acute cuspidate or short-awned scales;
stigmas 3.
In wiHidsand thickets. (Jiiiboo and Ontario to Miilii^an. sdutli tn Virginia ami IlliiKiis. .\st\ nds
to 2,si«>fl. in Virsfinia. May June.
116. Carex panicea I^.
(irass-likc Sedge. Caniatioii-gra.s.s. ( I'ig. J'^''. )
C'liiir /xiiiiiYd I,. .S]). ri. ()77. i7,si.
Glabrous, pale bluish green and glaucous, culms
slender, smooth, erect, stiff, i''^" tall. Leaves flat,
l"-2" wide, the basal ones shorter than or ecjualling
the culm, those of the culm and the bracts much shorter
and narrower; staminate spikes i or 2, stalked; pistil-
late spikes 2 or 3, distant, fdiform-stalked or the upi>er
ue.'irly sessile, erect, i' or less long, about 2/4" thick,
rather loosely scveral-many-llowered, the upper some-
times staminate at the summit; perigynia oval, about
I '2" long and nearly 1" in diameter, slightly swollen
and obscurely 3-augled, yellow, puri)le or mottled,
faintly few-nerved, tipped with a very short entire
somewhat oblique beak; scales ovate, acute, purple or
pur])lc-margiticd, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
Ill lieldsaiKl meadows, .Nova .Seiitiii to Maine and Kliode
Island Naluralixed from ICntope. Jinie July.
vSlUJGK FAMILY.
331
117. Carex livida (Wahl.) Willd.
K(lll^^l. \'t I, Aiail.
Livid Seil^e. (FiK- 787. )
<",iii I //indsii var. livida Walil.
llaiiiU. ( 11. I 24: 162. iS(i^.
Ciini /iric/,i Willd. Sp. IM.'4: 2.S5
l.Sn.S.
Cilabrous, pale green and very glaucous, culms
slender, strictly erect, smooth, i°-i'j°tall. Leaves
I "-2" wide, the basal shorter than or sometimes
about equalling the culm, involute in drying; bracts
narrow, usually short; staniinate si)ike solitary,
short-stalked; pistillate spikes 1 .^, 5''- 12" long,
about 2'' thick, erect and clustered at the summit
of the culm, narrowly cylindric, densely several-
flowered or looser at the base, the third, when pres-
ent, distant or sometimes nearly basal, stalked;
perigynia oblong, very pale, nearly 2" long, less
than I ' thick, finely nerved, straight, beakless,
narrowed to an entire orifice; scales ovate, obtuse
or the lower subacute, rather shorter than the
perigynia; stigmas 3.
In bii^s. I.iihnuldr and Hudson liay to .Maskn. south
to Connecticut, the i)inc lianinsof Xcw Jersey, central
New York and MieliiKan. .Mso in luiropi-. Summer.
118.
Carex aurea Xiitt. (ioldeii-frtiitwl Sedge. (Fig. 7S,s.)
CiimaiDid Null. Cien. 2: 205, i.S|,s.
Glabrous, light green, culms very slender, erect or
reclining, 2'-i5'l()ng. Leaves Hat, i"-i '."wide, the
basal etjualling or exceeding the culm; bracts similar
to the culm-leaves, connnonly much overtopping tlie
spikes; terminal spike short-stalked, staniinate or an-
drogynous; ])istillate si)ikcs 2-4, oblong or linear-ob-
long, erect and clustered near the summit or the lower
one distant, filiform-stalked, loosely or compactly
few -flowered, 2"-io" long, about i/i" thick; perigy-
nia obovoid or subglobose, white or nearly white when
young, becoming fleshy, yellow or brown and about
I "in diameter when mature, many-nerved, beakless,
the orifice entire; scales ovate, membranous acute,
blunt, cuspidate or short-awned, shorter than or the
lower exceeding the perigynia; stigmas mostly 2.
Ill wet meadows, springs and on wet roeks. New
foundlaiid to the Nortliwesl Territory and llritisli Co
liimhia, soulli to Massacliusetts, I'ennsylvania, Mielii
nan, rtali and Wasliinntim. Summer.
119. Carex bicolor All. I'aiti-colored
Sedge. (Fig. 7S9. )
< (KV I /i/rnA'/- All. I'l. I'ed 2:2(17. 17SS.
Similar to the preceding species, but somewhat
glaucous; culms slender, erect, 2'-iS' tall. Hasal
leaves 1" 2" wide, shorter than or e(|ualling the
culm; spikes 2-4, mostly clustered at the summit
of the culm, dense, the terminal one partially stani-
inate; perigynia oblong, white, compressed, few-
ncr%'cd, less than 1" long, not fleshy at maturity,
abruptly tip])ed with a very short entire nearly
cylindric beak; scales brown-purple with white
midvein and margins, oval, obtuse or acute, shorter
than the perigynia.
(".reenlaiul and Labrador (aeeordinn tn
ill ICiirope. .Summer.
llootl). Also
332
CYrHRACI'Ai:.
120. Carex setifolia i Dewey) liriltoii.
HristlL'-k-:i\e(l Scdjfe. (Imk- 79"-)
lifolixt iHwt V, Aim. Juiiiii, Sii ii: (Hi
Ilook. I'M, I!ui Am 2: 22(.. /'/. -Vi
( ill I- \ iillhi viir
( III I- 1 (/i/// ;;(i/ Ildiitl
is,|,,.
('ilal)rotis, ]).ilej,'rt'Cii, iiiliiis tiliforin, siiioolli, weak,
4' i.S' 1""K- I.L'avfS lilifortii, shorter than the cuhii,
less than '4 " wide; l)racls reduced ti> liladeless,
sliraths 2"-5" lonj;; staniinate spikes solitary, ses-
sile or very nearly so, 3"-4" lonn; pistillate spikes
2-4, erect, slender-stalked, a"-.)" long, rather less
than 1" thick, loosely few-flowered, the npper com-
monly ()vert<ip]iing the staniin:ite, the lower one
sotnetiniis distant; perigynia oblong, ]iointcd at
hotli ends, 3-angled, i" long, Yi" or less thick,
polished and nearly hlack when tnatnre, very faintly
few-nerved, tapering into a short entire lieak; scales
ovate, obtuse or the lower acute, thin, hyaline,
shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In dry san<ly or rocky snjl, prifirrinK linicstiinc rocks, New llruiiswick to tlu Nnrthwcsl 'Per
rilory, soiitli to I'cnnsylvaTiia, Kentucky and Nebraska. May July.
121. Carex concinna R. 15r. Low Nortli-
em Sedge. ( V'\\r. -gi. i
Care.xcitiii iiiiiii K. lir. I'rank. Jouru. 703. iS2,(.
Culms filiform, smooth, 2' 6' tall. Leaves about
i" wide, flat, pale green, much shorter than the
culm; bracts reduced to green bladeless sheaths or
the lower one with an erect subulate blade y ~i>"
long; staniinate spike solitary, sessile; pistillate
spikes 1-3, sessile aiul clustered or the lower one
somewhat distant and short-stalked, erect, 2"-4"
long, about l" thick, compactly few-flowered; peri-
gynia oblong-ovoid, 3-anglcd, pubescent, short-
beaked, few-nerved, about twice as long as the ovale
obtuse or subacute green or purplish scales; stigmas 3.
Ill rocky jilaces, (.Quebec and Uiilario to Itritisli Colum-
bia. .Summer.
122. Carex Ri;.hards6ni R.Br. Richardson s .Sedge. (Fig. 792.)
('<ni \ l\iiii<ii (Isoiii K. Ilr. I'rankl. Jourii. 751. 1823.
Culms slender, rough, erect, 4' -12'' tall. Leaves
flat, about i" wide, the basal shorter than or some-
times eciualling the culms, those of the culm very
short; bracts bladeless, sheathing, J4 '-i' long, usually
brown-purple with a white hyaline acute summit;
staniinate spike solitary, short-stalked; pistillate
.spikes I or 2, erect, narrowly cyliiulric, short-stalked,
4"-9" long, compactly several-flowered, close to-
gether, their stalks partly or wholly enclosed in the
sheaths; perigynia obovoid, pubescent, about i"long,
minutely beaked; scales mostly longer than the peri-
gynia, ovate, obtuse or subacute, purple, conspicu-
ously white-u'.argined; stigmas 3.
Ill <lry soil, Ontario to the Xortliwest Territory and
British Columbia, simtli to western New York, Illinois
Michigran and South Dakota. Summer.
SlvDClv FAMILY.
I<(>ng-stalki.'(l Sc(1k«-'.
.^33
' ^'iK- 793- '
123. Carex pedunculata Muhl.
r<ii, I />i,/iiii, ii/ii/ii Mulil . Willd Sli. IM. 4: J.'j. iSii.s.
Dcnsily matted, rather brij^lil j^rocn. culms very
slender, rounliish above, dilTiise or reclininj^, \' m'
long. Leaves flat, i"-ijj" wide, the basal com-
monly longer than the culms; shciths green, the
ujiper alnidsl bladelcss, the lower with >.hort leaf-like
blades; staminale s])ike loiig-stalkcd, usually with
some iiistillate llowcrs at its base; pistillate spikes 2-
''. ,5"-''" l""g. few-llowL-red, lilifr)rmstalkicl ami
spreading or drooping, scattered, connnonly borne
at every node, some of them ap])earing basal; peri-
gyiiia ol)ovoid, sharply .^-angled, pubcrulcut or be-
coming glabrous, 2" long, pale green, nerveless,
narrowed below into a stipe, tipped with a minute
and somewhat oblitpie entire beak; scales green or
purplish, ovate, abruptly cuspidate or the lower sub-
ulateawned, cciualling or the lower considerably
exceeding the ])crigynia; stigmas ,^.
In (by woiids. Anticusti In M;Miil(i1);i, mhiIU tci \'iijiiiiia, I'lnn^ylvaiiia and Minnesota. May July.
124. Carex pedicellata 1 Dcwcy) Hrittoti. Fibroits-rootcd Sedge. ( l-'ig. 794. )
(itirv riiii'i! Dtwey. .\in. Journ Sci. Ji: loj. isji,. Not
Muhl 1N15.
( ■ riirid var. /trc/iii/Zii/ii I)i\u y. Am. Jcmni, ,Sei. 11: 162. I.'^jf).
I \i I ry com III nil is llaiKy. Mem Turr. Clld). I: 41. ls8o.
('iiirx fiiiliiilldhi lirillc'in, M( ni Ton Club, 5: 87. kSi>|.
Light green, not stolouifcrous, librous-rooted, culms
slender, roughish above, erect or reclining, O'-Jo' long.
Leaves 1 " 2" wide, shorter than the culms; lower bract
narrowly linear or subulate, '4 '2' long; staminate spike
short-stalked, 4"-i2" long; pistillate spikes 2-4, short-
oblong, few llowered, sessile and usually .separated, or
the lowest short-stalked; perigynia oval or oblong,
rather less than 1" long and a little more than ,'2" i"
diameter, pale, pubescent, slightly i -ribbed on each
side, tip])ed with a subulate 2-toothed beak one-fourth
the length of the body; scales green, ovate, acute, about
ecpialling the perigynia; stignuis 3.
In dry soil. Nova .Scotia to Mimiisiita. Cicirtfi.i. Ohio d
.Michijfan. .Vscinds to 571"! ft. in \'irn:inia. May July.
Carex pedicellata Wheeleri i liailiy 1 lirilldu, Mini. Torr. Club. 5: ss iSij).
('(;/<■ I t Ilium II Ill's var. Il'/n i/<i i Uailiy, Mem. Ton. Club. I: .41. iSSc)
l.'sually lower than the spiciis.iml tlu' leaves luuili sliortir than the culm : stamiii.iti- spike otdy
2"-,V' liin^;; ]>istiUate spikis closer tonether. Nova Scotia to Couneeticul aii<l Micliinan.
125. Carex Pennsylvanica Lam. Pennsylvania Sedge. ( I*"ig. 795.)
till i:v Pi iiiisyl:iiiiicii I,am. I'Micyel. 3: ,^8S. I7S().
Dark or dull green, stoloniferous, culms slender, erect,
smooth or roughish, 6'- i.s' tall. Leaves '2" -i ]i" wide,
the basal shorter than or somcliines exceeding the culm,
the old sheaths persistent and fdjrillose; lower bract sub-
ulate or scale-like, rarely over \i' long; staminate s])ike
sessile or very short-stalked, '/i'-\' long; pistillate
spikes 1-3, short-oblong, fcw-llowered, sessile, contigu-
ous or the lower somewhat distant; perigynia broadly
oval, about i" long and more than '2" in diatneter, pu-
bescent, I -ribbed on each si<le, narrowed at the ba.sc,
tipped with a 2-toothcd beak about one-fourth the length
of the body; scales ovate, purplish, acute or cuspidate,
cquaiiingor a little igcr than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In dry soil, New iswick to Manitoba and the Nurtli-
west TeirHory. south to North Carolina. Tennessee and Kan-
sas. Ascends to 5(01 ft. in North Carolina. May June.
?>M
CVI'l'UACI'.M'
126. Carex varia Miilil.
IviiiiiKHis' Sf(l);f.
\Vm1i1
I I'iK. 7'/'- )
Knll^;l Vrl A. Mil II..IKII
,11, > :;til,l Mulil
I II. 1 i4 IS'). iHnv
. /Oiiiiiini^ii Iliwiy. 'rmi. Ami. I.yr. N. \'. 3
. :;ii III \;n ,ii/iini/,i liaih v. Mini. 'rmrClul),
(11
:: |l.
lh(l'
i-<s<,
katlicr liri^lit Krii'ii, sloloiiifcrous, cuhiis liliforitl,
rrci'l or soiiicwli.it sprcailiiij.', roiijjliish aliovo, i'.' |S'
loiij.;. I.favi's eloiii'atfd, '.. " i^" wide, nearly al-
ways shorter than th . -iilnis; lower lirait si-ale-likeor
snhiilale. rarely I'lonj,'; staiiiiiiate spike 2"-.}" long,
sessile, sotnelinics scarcely ovcrtopiiiiiK the upper pis-
lilliite one, luil usually rather ])roniiiieiit; pistillate
spikes 2 I, mostly close tnj^^elher, 2"~y loiij;, few-
tlowcred; perijjynia ohlonn. pnl>csccnt, about 1" loii>;
'•" thick, ii."riowe<l at the hasp, tipped will) a subu-
late miinilely 2-tootlied be.ik cominonly one-half the
Iciij^lh of the body; scales ovate, jjreen or purplish-
brown, acute, about as long as theperinynia; stigmas 3.
Ill dry soil. Nova Scotia to wcsltrii Ontario .iiid Maui
tuba, >cnitli to (",ior({ia mid 'I't xa'-. May July
127. Carex Novae-Angliae Schwciii.
New Kiij;laii(l Seilj^c. ( Imj^. -ij-. 1
C. ..V(>:'ij(-.(H,i,'//i(c,Scliwciii. Ann. I.yc. N. V. i; 67. iSj.(.
Rather dark K'fceii, stoloniferous, culms fiiliform,
erect or reeliniu),', .('-.S' long. I.e.ivesi about ,'."
wide, soft, elongated, often exceeding the culms;
staminate spike short-stalked, very narrow or almost
filiform, 3" .S" long; pistillate spikes 1-4, distant,
subglobose, fcw-tlowercd, sessile or the lower short-
stalked; lower bract filiform, sliort or sometimes
overtoj)ping the spikes; perigynia narrowly oliovoid
or oblong, i" long, '." thick, pubescent, tip])ed by
a subulate 2-toothcd beak about one-fourth the length
of the body; f'.'ales ovate, greenish-brown, acute or
cuspidate; stigmas 2 or 3.
Ill wet sli.idiil iilaccs, Niw Hniiiswick to Maine. Massa-
cliiisctls and iiiirtliirii New Sink. Suiiinui.
128. Carex deflexa Honiein. Northern SL<l>;;e.
(',ii,\ ,l(lliv,i Iliiniini. I'laiilcl. VA. .\. i:'i.V"* i"*-'
< inci i////< I ./ var /^ii;/;* ; Itailiv. Mem. Turr Club. I:
.|a. is,s,,.
Ciiirv /Will llipwe; Pick, Ann. kip. N. V. Slate Mas,
N.it. Hist. .(7: Ml. \Xt};.
Aspect of smaller forms of the preceding species;
culms filiform, erect or spreading, r-12' long, shorter
than or exceeding the narrow bright green leaves.
Uracts subidate or very narrowly linear, !•' 2' long;
staminate spike sessile, i"-,^" long, sometimes oh-
licpte, inconspicuous; pistillate spikes 1-4, 2"-4''
long, oblong, few-flowered, the upjier sessile, the
lower slender-stalked and somewhat separated, com-
monly also I or 2 nearly basal filiform-stalked spikes
from the lowest sheaths; perigynia oblong, inuch
narrowed at the base, pubescent, i" or less long,
tipped with a flat 2-toothed beak about one-fourth
the length of the body; scales ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late, green, acute or cuspidate; stigmas 3 or 2.
Ill olHii placis. Nova Siotia to Ontario, Maine, Verinonl and reiinsylvania, inostly at liin'i
allitiules. .Snniiner. I'aiii I'ukii llnwe 1 C. iill>ii,iiis Willil.. an (ilder name 1 may l)e ilistinet.
Carex deflexa Farwellii lirittoii.
Oirex tl)]/l(iti var. mrdia llailey, Mem. Tovr. Cliib, i. \\. i8.H<^. Not ( '. in, din K. l!r. 182,5.
Densely tnflid: culms stilT, erect, i>' i,s' tall, commonly mueli loiiKer than the leaves; slam-
( Fig;. 7.JS. )
si;i)c.i': i'AMir<v.
.135
iuiiU -iiiki- I ijiispiiiiniis, i" s ' liiinf, Hcssilc uy slnut >l,ilktil, pistilL
1(H\( T sliiidii >l;ilki il ;mil siihic tiili il by a fnliiii i iiu'- lirail « liiili ci
i;yiii;i 1 ' I' " luinf Nuitlutii MirliiKMii In llritir.li CiiUiiiilii:i ami
MiiiiiUiiiiis til Ciilniiulii I'l iliaps a (li-.tiiut spiiiis.
Ill s
>i
kt
.. ..
• ii
\. -'
.ilttn
Ml
llu-
llrll
1
>\t
rti.
P^
th.
I'lilii
nil
( )ll
V.
111
wmll
1 111
llif
K
,.k>
-I"
the
lag. Carex praecox Jacq. Wrnal
On I- 1 /'iiiiiin Jari| l''l. Au-itr. 5: .',(. />/. //^k 177^.
I )ark Kfi*'". sloloiiiffroiis, culms very sK'nder, erect
or rtvliiiinn, siiiootli, ,^'-12' loiiK. Leaves '/i" 1 '2"
wide, almost always much shorter tliaii the culm;
lowrr hract subulate, '4'-!' loiij,'; stamiiiati' spiki'
scs>.ile or very short-stalked, usually tar^,'e and cou-
spiiiious; pistillate spikes I ,^, all close toj^a-ther at
the summit, oblou^, se\ •• .l-(lo\< ired, 3" -6" loii},',
about 2 '2" ill <liameter, •■essilc or the lower short-
stalked, sometimes ])istillatc at the summit; pcri-
Kyiiia ubloujjor obovoid, sharply .vannlcd, pubescent,
brown, about 1" long; tippcil with a very tiiiiiute
beak; scales ovate, ])urplebr()wn with a lighter mid-
veiii, acute, cuspidate or the lower rough-awued,
about eiiualliiig the perigyiiia; stigmas 3.
I';astiiii Miissacluis( Its to New Yiii k. Naturalized fmiii
Ijiropi- N.itivr alsd (if Asia, May Jiiiif
.Sc-(1kc. ' I'iK. 7«)9- '
131. Care
130. Carex nigro-marginata Schwein.
Black -cd^fd vSedKc ( l'"ijj;. 800. >
C. ;j/X' 1 »/r//i,'///r//i( Scliwciii. Ann. I.yc, N. ^'. t.iis. i,s.>|.
Hright green, strongly stoloniferous, culms fili-
form, erect or spreading, 2'-,S' long. Leaves i"~2"
wide, very much longer than the culms, rather stiff,
often 12' or more long; bracts very short and subu-
late or wanting; staminate spike sessile, inconspicu-
ous, 2"-;/' long, purple; pistillate spikes i -,^, lew-
flowered, sessile at the base of the staminate, about
y long; perigynia oblong, narrowed at the base into
a short sti])e, jjubescent or nearly glabrous, i"-i 'j"
long, about 'i" thick, i-rihbed on each side, tipjied
with a cylindrtc-subulate 2-toothed beak one-third to
oiic-halfas long the body; scales ovate, acute or cuspi-
date, green with purple margins or variegated, rather
longer than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
Dry soil, Ni« York to North Carciliiia, .May July.
X umbellata .Sclik. Umbel-like >Scdgc. (l-'\K- Soi. )
Ciiii > i( ml'iUiilii Sclik. Kii-d^r. Naililr. 7.S. /! 171. iSnO.
I'lDi \ iiiiihillii/n var. riiiiui iKwev. .Xni. jniirii. Sci. 11 :
.;i7. />/. /'. /. /,'. iS-">.
Rather light green, closely tufted and matted, sto-
loniferous, culms filiform, very nearly smooth, i' 6'
long, irect or reclining. Leaves fi''-! '/i" wide, usu-
ally much exceeding the culm, sometimes 1° long,
the old sheaths fibrillose; staminate spike solitary,
terminal, '.' or less long, commonly conspicuous;
pistillate spikes 1-3, all filiform-stalked from the basal
sheaths or 1 or 2 of them sessile or very nearly so at
the ba.sc of the staminate, ovoid-ohlong, several-llow-
ered, 2" 4" long; perigynia oval, finely pubescent,
pale, obtusely 3-angled, the bodj- rather less than 1"
long, tipped with a subulate 2-toothed beak of nearly
its length; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or short-
awned, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3.
Dry soil, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, New-
Jersey, the Indian Territory aiul OrcRon. May July.
.1.^
C THRACl-Ai;.
Carex pubescens M ilil
riil)fsceiil Sudse. i I'ix;. 802.)
I'liiit f>iil>,\iiii^ M11I1I , Willil Sp 1'!.4. ?si. lAis.
I'uhisreiil all ovit, liriylil Kiet'ii. stoloiiifcrDUS,
inliiis slcndir, usually rccliniiij;, i^-:;' loiijj.
Leaves Hat, soft, cloujfatcil, shorter or louder than
ciiliti, 2" ,i'j" wide; lower hracts i'-^' loiij;, oc-
casionally ovcrtoppiiij; the spikes; stamiiiate spiUc
sessile or nearly so. sometimes with pistillate
flowers at its base; pistillate spikes 2 .\, ohlonj;-
cylindric. rather loosely several many-llowcred.
crcit, i" 10" lonj;, 2"-2'<" thick, the upper ses-
sile, tiie lower somewhat sc])arate<l and short-
stalke<l; ]ieriuynia sharply ; aufjlcd, ohovoid, nar-
rowed to a sti])c-like hase, densely puhesceut, and,
inchidiux the suhulatc strai),;ht minutely j-toothed
lieak, about 2" long; scales ovale, scariousinar-
gined, rou.yh-awncd or cuspidate, about as lout; as
the perifrynia; sti>;mas ,v
III \v Isaiid tliiikil'^. Nova Scutia tn Nmt!. !);iki>t:i
Ni u Jer-i V, Kentucky and Missnuii. June Auu
133. Carex Fraseri Audi
I'"r;iser's Sedj;e.
( I-'ig. So;,.
<■.;/( r /■'/(/>(■// Andr. Hilt. Kep. fil.o^o. i^-ii.
i'ltiiv /'i ini I III iia Sim^, Hot. Majf. />/. ij'/i. i>ii.
Glabrous, culms smooth, slender, reclininj;, in'-
iS' long. liasal leaves S'- 16' lonj.;, 1 '-j' wide, per-
fectly Hat, Hrni, spreading, finely many-nerved with
no midvein, obtuse or subacute at the apex, tluir
margins usually fmely crumplcil in drying; culm
leaves reduced to clasping basal sheaths; spike soli-
tary, bractless, terminal, androgynous, |4'-i' long,
staminatc above, pistillate below, the pistillate por-
tion den.se, alwut '_■' in diameter in fruit; pcrigynia
ovoid, pale green, diverging, thin and somewhat
swollen, faintly many nerved, fully 2" long and
rather juore than i" in diameter, tipped with a
short nearly truncate beak; scales ovate, obtuse,
much shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In rich woods, southwestern Vii|;ini.i. West Xirginia,
eastern Tennessee, and Knrtli Carolina, .\scends to
.|(««i ft. in North ijarolina. Locally abinidant. Our
largest liaviil speiiis May July.
134.' Carex picta Steiid. IJoott'.s Scd^e. ( Ki^. 804. )
Jouni Nat
Ciiiii HotilliiiiKi Iknth.; Hontt, Host.
\/tJf7 Mist. 5:112. iS|,s. Not II. iS: A. it<4i.
i;Jf/_ Ciii I />i</ii Steiul. ,Syii. I'l Cyj). iS). i8.^,s.
-V/TiV Dioecious, foliage glabrous, light green, culm
/U'J*/~ / / slender, smooth, erect or reclining, 6'-i2' long
'/.^?7 /// usually much shorter than the leaves. Leave;
i^ \j I !lat, I '2"-3" wide; spike solitary and terminal 01
es
or
rarely with a small accessory one near its base,
erect, densely many-llowcred, the staniinate
about I ' long, the pistillate cylindric but narroweil
at the base, l'-2)^' long, 3"-4" thick, subtcmleil
by a short purple sheatli; perigynia obovoid,
strongly many-nerved, pubescent at least toward
the obtuse summit, about i,'^" long, narrowed at
the base; scales purple, usually with green mar-
gins and midvein, shining, obovate, acute or cus-
pidate, longer and wider than the periygnia.
In w Is, Indiana to .Mahania and Louisiana.
Local Suinnur.
si:i)C,i: i-.\Mii,v.
,v^7
N.it
135. Carex scirpoidea Miclix. Scirpus-
Cii'i I ^ii I /'I'iiiiti Miclix. l'"l. liiir. Am i 171. i*^is
Dioecious, foliar' (glabrous, rallicr tiiijjlit ).;rfcii,
ruliiis iTCCt, slender 1)Ut stitV, 6'-i,S' tall, sli(,;lilly
r(iiif;li. Leaves '<" \" wide, nearly erect, usually
imieli shorter than the culm; spike solitary or rarely
with an additional and very snudl one near its base,
lincar-cylindric, densely niany-llowered, .S"-i5"
lon.u. I '.''-2" in diameter, sublendeil by a short or
-oinetitnes subulate bnict; jierij^ynia oval, few-
nerved, densely pubescent, l" loan, '." thick, nar-
rowed at the base, tipped with a very short l)eak;
scales ovate-oval, dark piirjile with a narrow ^reen
mi<lvein, acute, about as lontr as the periKynia;
stigmas 3.
Ill lucky soil, ('.nciilaiid tu Akiska. -.uiiUi tu llir liiyhi 1
tiiiiuiitaiiis of New ICiiKlatid, I.akc Huron. I'tali and L'ali-
loriiia. Also in iiurtlurii luirDpc and Asia. Suiiiiiicr.
Willdeiiow's Scd
136. Carex Willdenovii Schk.
jc. ( Fij;. 806. )
'/■;
(III It li'illitiiii'-.ii Sclik. kiidjrr. Naclitr. 33. 1'.
l.Sili.
Cilabrous and pale j;recn, culms very short, erect,
1' 4' liiKh. Leaves much clonjiated, nearly erect,
rather sti IT, 1" i '." wide, often I'loiif,', very much
overtoppinj; the spikes, lowest reduced to blade-
less sheaths; spikes 1 5, androfjyiious, staminate
above, pistillate below or sonietinies completely
stamii.ate, about ,'2' lonj{, appearinjj nearly basal,
one or more of them on filiform stalks ,,' -7' lonj;,
the stalks of the others much shorter; body of the
])eri>,'yiiium oblonj,', smooth, i"-i J^" lon^;, rather
less than 1" thick, narrowed into a llattencd 2-
edgcil roujjh beak of about its own length; scales
lanceolate, acute, acuminate or awned, finely sev-
eral-nerved, the lower I or 2 commonly bract-like,
foliaccous and often overtoppin;; the staminate
portion of the s))ike; sti^^nias 3.
IdOliiii, Michigan and Maiiiluba. -.oulh tu I'lurida,
iiHiaiia.
Ill dry wouds and thickets. .Massachusetts
Kentucky and Texas, .\pril July.
137. Car^x Jamesii Schwciti. James' .Sedge. (Fig. 807. )
Cm II /(/;;/(■»// .Scliwein. .\nii. I.yc. N V. i: i>7. i^^-'l-
Ciiiii Slnidiiii Kuiitli, liiiuin. i: .(Sv i-^,>7.
vSimilar to the preceding sjiecies, but the leaves
rather narrower, soft, sjireading or ascending, very
much surpassing the spikes, the lowest mere
clasping sheaths. Spikes androgynous, one or
more of them filiform-stalked, the terminal stami-
nate portion very .slender, the pistillate flowers
only 1-4 and slightly separated; body of the pcri-
gynium subglobose, i" in diameter, contracted at
the base, abruptly tipped by a subulate rough
beak of more than its own length; lower scales
bract-like, foliaceous, commonly much ovcrtop-
jiing the staminate portion of the spike, the upper
shorter and sometimes not exceeding the pcrigynia;
stigmas 3.
In dry woods and thickets, southern Ontario and
New York to Indiana and Michiif^an, south to West
Virginia and Missouri. .\pril-May.
338
CVI'EKACIvAF.
138. Carex durifolia nailcy. Hack's SlcIkc • Imk- X"S. 1
('iiiii /A/,/// ItiMitl: Iliiiik, l''l. liiii Am. l. Ji" />/. -■";.
iS)ii. Not C Jliukdiiii Drwry. is,ii>
On, > i/iii i/,i/i,i liailiy, Hull Tmr Cliil>, 20. (js. is,,;
(Ualirous, culms scarcely i' liij-li. Leaves as-
cending or spreadiiifj, 6' 12' Ion),', 1 !^"~j" wide,
very much overloppiu); the spikes; spikes i t„
nearly has.d, androjjyuous, 1 or 2 of Ihem very
slender-stalked, the staininate llowers few, terini-
nal, inconspicuous, the pistillate 26, suhtended by
leafy hract-like elongated scales which nearly en-
close the indoresccnce; pcrigynia oval, smooth,
jjradually tajierinj; into a stout suhulate heak
nearly or {|uile as louf; as the body, which is about
I li" lonjj and i" thick; stigmas 3.
Ill wiMicls and tliickits. Ontario to Manitoba. >oiitli to
Massacliusttts. New York. Ohio and Michigan. .\lso
ill Colorado 1 accordiiitt to liailiy). May Juiii'
139-
Rock Sc(l)j;c.
Sci. 29;
Carex rupestris All.
( I'ig. .H09. )
1 I iifiish is .\11. IM. IVd. 2: 2<)(. /)/. ./-'. /.
I />i iimiiii'iitliiiihi Dcwiv. .\iii. Journ.
2.S1. IS,V'.
Culms rather stout, obtusely v-'U'rIc'i erect, 1 '-
6' tall. Leaves '>"i" wide, involute in drj-ing,
often curved, shorter th.in or exceeding the culm;
bract subulate, erect, shorter than the terminal soli-
tary androgynous spike or wanting; spike 6" 12"
long, the pistillate flowers few, basal; perigynia
erect, smooth, obovoid or ellijitic, lirm, faintly few-
nerved, about 2" long, the beak stout, cylindric,
about one-half as long as the body; scales purple-
brown, ovate, obtuse or subacute, wider and longer
than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
I.abrailor and (■riiiilaiid to llrilisli C'nlutiibia, south
in tin Kocky .Moiiiitaiiir- to Colorado. .Mso ill iiortliirii
iMiroiK- aiKi .\sia. Suiiiiiiir.
140. Carex supina Wilhl. Weak Arctic SeilKe. ( Fig. Hio. i
(\n,\ »»/)/«./ Wilhl ; Walil, Koiij;!. \it. .Xcad. Ilaiidl.
I II. I 24: 15S. iSo;.
C.Iabrous, densely tufted, culms slender or nearly
liliforni but erect, sharply .vangled, 4' 10' tall.
Leaves about '." wide, rough-margined. Hat, shorter
than the culm, erect or reclining; lower bnict short,
subulate; staminate spike .solitary, sessile or very
nearly so, ,V 6'' long; pistillate spikes i-,v sessile
near the summit of the culm, subglobosc or oblong,
few-flowered, 2"-3" long, the ujiper one sometimes
consisting of only 1-3 llowers; perigynia ovoid,
smooth, hard, nerveless, about i" long, less than '."
thick, .vangled, tipped with a vf^y short beak; scales
ovate, brown-purple or lighter-margined, obtuse or
subacute, ei|ualling or rather longer than the peri-
gynia; stigmas 3.
Northern Minnesota (aecordinif to Hailey 1 and Mani
toba tu arctic America and (Ireetiland. .Mso in iiortliern
Ivurope and .\sia. Snmiiier.
SI'DC.IC I'AMILY. 339
141. Carex leptalea Wahl. Hristle-stalkud vSedKc. ( Imj^. Sii.i
(',ii< I /,/i/,i/,;i Walil KdUKl. \\t. Acad. Ilaiidl. ill.)
24: 1.5c I. I>".v
(III (I ftiilyli iiliiiitlis Willd.; Walil. liu-. cil. as syiici-
iiyiii i^ii.v
I.ij^ht j;recii and kIo'toi's, culms filiform, smooth,
i-rei't or spreading, 6'-iS' loiijj;. Leaves not over
'4 "wide, mostly shorter than the culm; spike soli-
tary, terminal, androgynous, narrowly linear, 2"
7" \o\\\i, rather less than 1" thick, staniinate
above, pistillate below; peri^fyiiia few, linerii-oli-
lonj;, lij;lit green, many-nerved, narrowed at the
base, obtuse and bcaklessat the summit, about \yi"
long and slightly more than '2" thick; scales
membranous, the upper obtuse and shorter than
the perigynia, the lower acute, the lowest some-
times attenuateil into a subulate awn nearly as
long as the spike; stigmas 2-3.
In linKS and swanijis. Ni wlnundlaiid to Uritisli Co-
liitnbia, soulli In I'lorida, I.nuisiaiia. Tcx.is. Cnloradci
and (Mijjdn. .\scinds td l.^xi ft. in Nnrtli Carolina.
Jiiiii Ann
142. Carex filifolia Xutl. Thread-kavL'd ,St'(l,i;;<-'. il-'i};. S12. 1
i\iii\ lili/'iiliii Nutt. Ccn. 2: .'n). iSiS.
1 )t'nsely tufted, pale green and glabrous, culms very
slender, smooth, erect, 3' 14' tall, C(|ualling or longer
than the leaves. Leaves filiform, rather stilT, about
'+ " wide, their sheaths persistent and ultimately
fil)rillose; spike solitary, erect, bractlcss, staminate
above, pistillate below, 3""i,s" long, the i)istillale
l)art about 2" in diameter; perigynia obovoid-oval,
triangular, fcwnerved or nearly nerveless, rough or
somewhat pubescent at the summit, i"li)ng, rather
more than '." thick, abruptly tijjped by a short cyl-
iudric hyaline entire beak; scales broadly oval, con-
cave with wide scarious margins, obtuse orcuspiilate,
about as long as the perigynia but much broader;
stigmas 3.
In <hy Soil, Manitoba t<i llritisli Cohnnbia, snv .li to
Ntbraska. Colorado and California. May July.
143. Carex capitata I.,. Capitate Sedj;;L'.
( l-'i^. Si 3. )
I'iii I \ ,iif>iliil,i I,. .S]). ri lid. J, 1,^711. 171>,V
Culms very slender or filiform, stiff, strietly erect,
2'- iS' tall, smooth or very nearly so. Leaves filiform,
involute, erect, shorter than the culm; spike solitary,
terminal, ovoid, bractlcs.s, 2"~\" high, about 2" in
diameter, staminate above, pistillate Ik-Iow; perigynia
oblong-elliptic, ascending or nearly erect, light brown,
nerveless or very faintly few nerved, 1" long, '."
thick, tipped with a nearly entire dark brown beak
about one-fourth as long as the bo<1y; scales broadly
ovate, membranous, brown, obtuse or acute, shorter
and rather broader than the perigynia; .stigmas 2.
(■r('enlan<l and Labrador to the Northwisl Territory and
on the liiKlier suininits of the While Mountains of New
Hampshire. .\lso in I-liiroiir. Suninier.
340
CVPKRACHAli.
144. Carex nardina FriL-^. Nard vScilge.
(Fig. Si 4. I
Ciiii I iiiiiiliiiii I'ric^. Maul, 2: 5i. !>■,(',)•
Culms filiform, smooth, creel, 2' ,s' I'lH, very
(Iciisclv tufted. Leaves filiform, erect, al)oul as long
as tlie culms; spike solitary, terminal, erect, ovoid-
otilouK, i" -('>" K'l'K. less than 2" in dianicter, hracl-
less, staminatc above, pistillate lielow; periyynia oh-
lonjj-elliptic, yellowish brown, nerveless, nearly erect,
narrowed at both ends, nearly 2" lon^, slightly over
'_." wide, somewhat hispid above, beaklcss, the ori-
fice 2toothed; scales ovate, brown, thin, acute or
cuspidate or the upper obtuse, rather longer than the
perigynia; stigmas 2.
I.aliiailiir :iii(l Illlilsnti Hay to l!iiti--li Cuhitiilii.i
nu r.
Siiiii-
145. Carex Redowskyana C. A. Meyer. Redow^kys Sed^e. ( I'i.i;. Si 5.)
Caiix Kidouxiiaiiii L'. A. Meyer, M^iii Acail. .St IMii^l).
I)iv, Sav. I: 2f>7. />/. /. iSa.s ,ti.
Ciiri'.f i;jiiii,i,i/( i Wiirnisk.; Drejer. Ki v. Cril Car. it> iS(i.
Culms very slender, stiff, erect, 3'-)S' tall. Leaves al-
most bristle-form, erect, shorter than or eipialling the
culm; spike solitary, oblong, terminal, erect, 2"-.S''
long, staminatc above, pistillate below, the pistillate
part 2"-3" thick, or sometimes wholly staniinate or pis-
tillate; perigynia ovoidcllipsoid, slipitatc, dark brown,
l"-i'j" long, spreading or rcllexed when mature,
strongly several-nerved, little compressed, rough above,
narrowed into a very short 2-toothcd beak; scales ovate,
light brown spreading, acute or cuspidate, shorter than
or equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2.
In bon'i, I.al)ra<liir id tlic Northwest Ternl(iry, soiitli to
Vcrmuiil, IViinsylvaiiia laccnrdiiin to li.iiky i, Michij-aii and
in till- Kocky Mountains to Colorado. .\lso in lUiropi- aiul
-Asia. Siiiiiiiui
146. Carex exilis Dewey. Coast .Sedjjje. (FMi?. 8if). )
I III' I i-\ili\ Dcwcy. .\tii Joiini. Sci. 14:, 551. iS2,s.
Culms very slender or filiform, stilf, strictly erect,
nearly or (|uitc smooth, iii'-2^' tall. Leaves involute-
filiform, eciualling or usually shorter than the culm ;
spike solitary, terminal, erect, bractlcss, ^"-iS"
long, staminatc below and pistillate above or .soine-
tiines staniinate above and pistillate below, occa-
sionally <iuitc dioecious, very rarely with a small
auxiliary spike at its base; perigynia ovoid-ellij)-
soid, somewhat impressed at the base, brown, about
lyi" long, rather strongly several-nerved on the
outer face, faintly few- nerved on the inner, spread-
ing or refle.xed at maturity, narrowed into a slender
rough 2-toothed beak about one-half as long as the
bo<ly; scales ovate, acute, C(|ualliug or shorter than
the perigynia; stigmas 2.
In biiRS, Newfoundland and Labrador to soullurti
New Jersey, mostly near the coast. Reported I'roiu
Minnesota. May July
147. Carex chordorhiza I,, t'. CrLcpiiii;
341
( 'ill r t rliiiiiliii liizti I,, r.
Rootstocks slfiidcr, I'lccpiiiji, culms slender, erect
tir nearly so, S'-i8' tall. Leaves 1" i'_." wide,
shorter than the eulni, somewhat involute in drying;;,
straif^lit, the lower ones of the culm reduced to short
sheaths; spikes 2 -4, ajrgrej^ated into a terminal ovoid
or ohloii^' head4''-6" loiifj; staminate flowers termi-
nal; i)crijiynia ellipsoid, slightly more than i " lonjf
and nearly 1" wide, flat on the inner side, convex on
the outer, stronj^ly niany-nervcd, abruptly tipped by
a short entire beak; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, ccjualliujj the peri,i;fyniaor alittk-
lonjjer; stigmas 2.
In bciK'- and shallow water,
and llu Niiillnvist 'I'crriturv . s
uortliirn I'cmisylvania, llliiini
riipe. Siitiitmr.
Anlicusti to Hudson Hay
iiith 111 Maim-. New York,
- and Idwa. Al^o in \\\\
Carex incurva Liohtf.
Curved Sc(lt;;L'.
I iiu III ;;i I,i«htl'. I'l. Scnl
v||. />/. -If. /. 1777-
Densely tufted, culms rather stifT, smooth, often
curved, i'-6' lonj?. Leaves less than \" wide,
shorter than or equalling; the culm, usually curved;
spikes 2-5, sessile and aj^jgregatcd into an ovoid or
globose dense head $"-'^" in diameter, appearing
like a solitary spike; staminate flowers few, borne
at the tops of the spikes; ])erij,;ynia ovate, slightly
swollen, compressed, 1'.''' long, i" wide, con-
tracted at the base and narrowed above into a short
conic entire beak, faintly sevcral-many-nerved,
scales ovate, brown or brownish, acute or subacute,
mend)ranous, shorter than the peritfynia; stigmas 2.
(■ireciilaiiil and Iliidson Hay li
siiulh ill the Kdcky .\roiiiitaiiis to
luirniK- and Asia. .Suiiiiiu 1.
lirilisli ColuinUia,
Colorado, Also in
149. Carex stenophylla Wahl. Iiivo-
hite-leaved Sedge. ( Fig. 8iy. )
Ciiii i sliiioplivlla Walil. Koiinl, Wt, Acad.
( II. I 24: 142.' 1803.
Haiidl.
Densely tufted and strongly stoloniferous, pale
green, culms smooth, stiff, erect, 3'-^' high.
Leaves involute, about ]i'' wide, shorter than or
C(|uallitig the culm; inflorescence much as in the
preceding species; perigynia ovate or ovate oval,
about 1" long, faintly several-nerved, flat on the
inner face, low-convex on the outer, gradually
narrowed into a short entire beak; scales ovate,
brownish, mend)ranou8, acute or acuminate, about
ecjualling the perigynia; stigmas 2.
Ill dry soil, Manil.iba to liritisli Columbia, south to
Iowa, Nebraska and Ci-lorado. Also in ICuropc and
Asia. June-.VuH,
342
CYrKRACICAi:.
150. Carex Douglasii Uoott. I)()nj;la>' Scd^t^. (l'"ijr. ^2<>. 1
(fill I Jhiiit;lasii UcKilt: Monk I'i. lim Am. 2:
-•//. lS)n.
N
151. Carex arenaria I,
Sand-star. ( I'it;
I.inlit Kf'-'fii, rootstock extensively crcepiiij;, culins
slender, erect, smooth or nearly so, .\'-\2' tail.
Leaves 1 " wide or less, soiiiewliat involute in drying,
sometimes lon(.;er than the culm, tapering to a lont;
point; spikes narrowly ohlonjj, acute, 4" -6" lon>;.
several or numerous in a d(Misc terminal ohlonj; nr
ovoiil cluster \' -2' long; staminate (lowers terminal
or variously di-ilrihutcd, whole si)ikes occasionally
staminate or tlu- plants even dioecious; perigyni.t
ovate lancocilate. alxiut 1'." long, faintly seviM.M
nerved, on both sides, narrowcil at the hasc, the
slender tapering beak more than one-half as long as
the body; scales pale greenish brown, lanccol.ite,
scarious, smooth-awned, 2 4 times longer than the
perigynia and completely concealing them; stigmas _>.
In ilry soil, Maiiilnlia to Nebraska and New Mexicu.
\vi si (ii lliiti'-h C'iiliiinbi:i and Caliri)ini.i. June Ally.
.Sand Se'd^o.
S21. )
(iiii I iiii 11,11 ill I,. S]). ri. ii7,v i75,v
Rootstock extensively creeping, culms erect, slen-
der, slightly scabrous above, 4'-i,s' high. Leaves i"
or less wide, very loTig-pointcd, shorter than the culm;
lower bract subulate, sometimes 1 '.' long; spikes ob-
long, ,^"-5" long, aggregated into a terminal ovoid
cluster 1' 2' long, the terminal commonly staminate,
the middle ones staminate at the top, the lower usu-
ally wholly pistillate; perigynia lanceolate, i '.. "-2"
long, strongly sevcral-ncrve<l on both sides, the (lat
strongly 2-toothed beak nearly as long as the body
and dccurrent on its smnmit; scales lanceolate, light
brown, long-acuminate or awned. about e(|ualling the
perigynia; stigmas 2.
On sea beadles near Nurfulk, X'irKinia. Adventivi- c.r
naturalize<l fniin i;uriii)e. June July.
y'jr^'
152. Carex conjiincta Hoott. Soft Fox Sed^je. ( Fig;. S2J. )
I'dn.i tit//>iiiti Carev. in .\, C.rav. .Man. SM-
Not I,. I75,v
Ciii (■ > <iiii/ini, /it Hiiott. 111. 122. iShj.
I s ).S.
Light green, culms smooth or roughish above,
sharply wangled when fresh, flat when pressed,
soft, erect, i^'i' ,^" tall. I<eaves shorter than tr
sometimes e(|ualling the culm, soft, flat, rougli-
margined, 2'."-,v''" wide; bracts small ami
bristle-like or wanting; spikes several or numer-
ous, in a terminal elongated sometimes branched
cluster, or the lower separated, the staminate
flowers few, terniinal; perigynia ovate-lanceolate
or lanceolate, pale, I'/i" long, thickene<l at the
base, strongly several-nerved, tapering into a
rough'sh 2-tootlied beak shorter than the body;
scales oblong-lanccolatc, cuspidate or short awned,
about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.
In nidist meadows and thickets. New Jersey I aeeord-
iuKto Bailey), sciutheastern I'emisylvaina to KeiUueky.
Illinois and Minnesota. June Auk
SKDC.K lAMII.V.
343
153. Carex stipata Miilil.
I till I slifiiilii Mulil : Wind S)) I'l. 4 j^V i^",i-
Culms sinootli. ratlier weak, erect or nearly so,
sli«r])ly 3-aiij;l<.(l bcfori' dryitij;, I'-^'i" tall. Leaves
fliit, 2 "-4" wide, shorter than the culm, the upper
ones >oinetiiiies overtopping the s])ikes; bracts short,
liristle-form or wantiu).;; spikes numerous, yellowish
brown, crowded into a terminal ohlong cluster 1 '2'-
.)' loiix, the lowest sometimes branched, the stanii-
nate flowers few, always terminal; perigynia lanceo-
late, strongly several-nerved, 2" 2'." long, about i"
wi<le at the base, gradually tapering into a rough
(laltened 2toothe(l beak 1 2 times as long as the
IkmIv, giving the clusters a peculiarly bristly aspect;
scales ovate or lance jlate, thin, hyaline, acuminate,
shorter than the perig.,nia; stigmas 2.
Ill s\vaiiii>saiul wit iiii ii(lii«>, NcwfimiKllanil t(i< Hilariu
aii<l ISrilish Cultiiiibia, snutli In I'lnriilii. Ttiiiii ssie, Mis-
-•iiuri. New Mixiio ami Lalifniiiia. .\--ciii(ls lo (>i»i It.
in \'i!niiiia. Ma\ Inly
:\\vl-t'niit(.(l Sc'cIkc. ' iMg. SJ3. )
Wp^
154. Ca-ex Crus-Corvi Sluilllw. Kavcii's-foot SedRc. ( I'i^;;. S24. )
I'liiix t'iii\ (<>/:/ Slililthv.. Kiin/c. Kiidn Siipiil. i^s.
/./.,,_■. I. Si).
Ciiiit /{iilii Diwiy. .\iii. Jmirn. .Sii. ill, i2:2.|.^. iSji).
Tale green and glaucous, culms stout, 3-angled,
rough above, erect, 2°-.}° tall. I.eaves Hat, 2,'i"-
()" wide, rough-margined, sometimes ecjualling the
culm, usually shorter; spikes yellowish brown,
stamiuate above, very numerous in a large com-
])ound branching terminal cluster -\'-\2' long, 1'
y thick; perigynia elongated-lanceolate, strongly
several-nerved, about 4" long, with a sliort hard
base and a subulate rough 2-toothed beak ^ or 4
limes as long as the body; scales ovate or lanceo-
late, thin, very nuich shorter than the perigynia;
stignuis 2.
Ill swamps, liuliaiia to snullurn Minnesota, smith to
l'luri<la. I.dtii-iiaiia an<l Texas, May July.
155. Carex decomposita Mtihl.
paiiicled Setlj?*.'. (l''ij,^ ^2>,.
(ill I 1 i/ii,iiu/>ii.u'/(i Mulil. Ciraiii
Lar^o-
JO.l.
Dark green, culms .smooth, very obtusely angled
or terete below, rather stout, erect, i '.°-3° tall.
Leaves 2"-4" wide, rough, ratlier stiflf, longer than
the culm, e(|uitant at the base; spikes ytUowi.sh
brown, stamiuate above, small and very numerous
in a terminal decompound cluster 2'-5' long, the
lower branches ascending and 1 '-2' long; bracts
subulate, ciliate or wanting; perigynia short-ob-
ivatc, less than 1" long, hard, somewhat shin-
ing, faintly few-nerved, abruptly tipped with a
very sliort slightly 2-tooihed beak; scales ovate,
scarious-margined, about c(|i;alling the perigynia;
stigmas 2.
Ill swamps. New York to oliio and Michigan, south
to IMiirida and I.cniisiana, May .\n|{.
:
1,
344
CVI'IvRACI.Ai;.
4% 156. Carex marcida liooii. CUi>li.rc(l Vk-
hi
SlhI^i.'. I l-'i^ij. S2(). )
f'i/;»i »/,/;,/./.( IliMitt, Hunk I'l. ll.ii. Am J -MJ />/, -■/,•.
IS,,,.
I<i^;lit jjreeii, culms slfiulcr, sharply viU'Klf"!.
roiiKli, at least al)ove, 1 '-i ' tall. I.i'aves 1" wide or
less, imuli shorter than the etiliii; bracts short, subu-
late from a broader base, or wauling; spikes several,
stamiiiate at the sutinnit or some of tlietn wholly
slamiiiate, clustered iu a termitial obloiif; or obloiiH-
cvliiiilric he.ul about 1 '.' lou)^, the lower ones some-
times compound; perii^yiiia ovate, dark brown, about
l" louK, faintly nerved, taperinj^ into a Hat serrate
beak shorter than the body; scales ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, brown- h, membranous, acute or cuspi-
date, about ci|uallinj; the perij,'ynia; stijjmas 2.
Ill ilry siiil, Manitiibii tn liritish C<iUinil)i.i, snutli lo
Nebraska. Kansas. N'l \v Mivico and Nevada. June Sept.
LiJU
157. Carex teretiuscula Coodcii. Lester raiiickd .SccIkc
Caiii /(■/(■//» vr »/,/ CiiMidiii. Trails. I.iini. Sin'. 2; iii,;.
/)/. /7. 17.M
Kather liKht k'"'^'-'". culms slender, erect or re-
cliiiin}(, very rouj.!ll, at least above, r^-2;'2 " loii),,'.
I,eavcs mostly less than i" wide, shorter than or
sotnetimes ciiualling the culm; bracts very small or
none; sDikcs several or numerous, stamiiiate above,
in a narrowly oblong compact or interrupted ter-
minal cluster i'~2' long; perigynia ovate-oval,
stnooth, dark brown, hard, shining, few-nerved on
the outer side, the boily slightly more than '."
long, truncate or rounded at the base, short-stalked,
tapering into a flat conic beak about its own length;
scales thin, ovate, brownish, acute or shortawncd,
about etpialling the perigynia; stigmas 2.
In swamps and wrl meadows. Nova Sinlia In Mud
son l!ay and liritish Columbia. Kliodi- Island, IVnnsyl
vaiiia and Nebraska. Also in luimpe. May July.
Carex teretiuscula prairea 1 Dewiy 1 lirittnn.
I'll), ) fiiiiiidj 1)1 wiy, Wood's Classbnnk. ,S7S. is.ss.
Ciiict liit'liiisiiilii VAX i.iiiiosii linott. 111. M.S. I^'i7
Cluster of spikes compoiiiid. br.iiulit'd. tile lop
Cnliimbia. sniitli to M.issailiusitls. I'liiiisylvaiiia. Kiiitiuky and Or.non.
158. Carex alopecoidea TtickL-riu. Foxtai'. Sedge. ( Fijj. 8jS. >
Ctiii > iV'/i//(i/r</)//(.'(( var. mil 1 iiiiii Dewey, .\m. Jotini.
Sei.43:(>2 iS4i. Not C". ;;/<( 1 /«/<? Senp. 1772.
(■(//(• r (/A'/iiYii/i/crt TiK'kerm ICiiuin. Metli. i.S. iH|,i.
Light green, cidnis stout but soft, sharply .^-
angled, erect or reclining, 2"-x' long, roughish
above. Leaves flat, 1 '2 "-3" wide, shorter than or
equalling the culm; bracts almost filiform, com-
monly short; spikes several or numerous in a com-
pact or somewhat interrupted cluster i'-2' long,
rarely also a separated cluster subtended by a leaf-
like bract; stamiiiate flowers terminal; perigynia
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, short-stipitate, l>^"-2"
long, pale brown, faintly few-ncrvcd on the outer
side, the tapering rough 2-toothed beak nearly as
long as the body; scales ovate or oval, light brown,
cuspidate or short-awned, about as long as the
perigynia; stigmas 2.
In meadows. New ^■ork and Pennsylvania to Miclli-
Kan anil Manitoba (according; to Maeoun 1. Local.
-Not C. i,iiiiii\,i Selik.
milliniilv llnddiiiif.
iSn(>.
Oiitaric
tti Itrilisli
F.'
Sl'DC.l'; I'AMII.V.
345
.1(1
iimi Sii. I 1 1 I 8 \y
2
3
liiilisli
Carex alopecoidea sparsispicata luwcy. Am J
SpiUi-- (listimtly m |iiiiiiU(l. Sniilliiiisti in MicliiK.iii
159. Carex gravida liaik) . Iliav y SciIkv.
call I t;iii:iilii liiiiUy. Mitti. Tun. Clul). 15. inN).
C<i)iii;>ii:ii/(i vat. hi li/'uliii liailiy. Iiu'. I'it. d, iSSij
I.ifilit K"^'". tiilms sleiiilcr, l.'^"-.^" tall, sharply
V'liiKlfd, ircH-t, rouj;li al)ove. Leaves flat, i,!^"^"
wide, sprciiiliiij,' or asceiitlitiK, eciualliiij; or shorter
than the itiliii; hracts tiliforiti, u^'vlly very short;
spikes several, in an oblonj,; or ovoid ohloiij^ dense
heavy head i' i 'j' Ion),;, pale, sul));lobose, tliestanii-
iiatc flowers terminal; perijjynia Hat, sj)rea<linj{,
hroadly ovate or snhorhieular, \%"-2" lon^, at least
I " wide, ronnded at the hase, sessile or short-stalked,
iiarri>wed into a j-toothcdheak ahont one-third as long
as the Ixxly, several-nerved on the outer faee or nerve-
less; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, cuspidate orshort-
awned, ahout as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.
lUiiiiii^ til Scnilli Dakota ami Nthraska. May July
160. Carex vulpinoidea Miclix. l-'ox .SedKc*. < I'lR.
(iixi :ii//>iiii>iifin yiW\\\. I'l. lliir.
1S|1..
^"4>/;w^
S,V). )
\m. 2: i(Bi, i.'vij.
Culms slender, stiff, sharply 3-angled, rough
above, i°-3° tall. Leaves i"-2'2" wide, elon-
gated, often exceeding the culm; bracts bristle-like,
short or sometimes 2'-3' l<»ng; spikes ovoid-oblong,
densely flowered, 2"-4" long, very numerous in a
compactor somewhat intcrru])ted duster, I'^'s'
long, the lower ones sometimes compound, stanii-
nate flowers terminal; perigynia ovate or the body
broader than long, less than 1" long, rather more
than '2" wide, greenish brown, flat, several-nerved
on the outer face, nerveless or 1-3 nerved on the
inner, ascending or s])reading, tipped with a lanceo-
late 2-toothed beak about half as long as the body;
scales lanceolate, acuminate or awned, about as
long as the perigynia, but narrower; stigmas 2.
Ill swamps and wit miaduws, New lirunswick to
Manitdha, siiulli to I'lorida, Louisiana. Nebraska and
'IVxas. .Xscemls to J5110 It. in \'irninia. Jinu--.\uK.
161. Carex xanthocarpa Hickiiell. VcUow-fniited vSecljjt;. ( Imk. "^.^i. )
Call I I iiii/Zinicii />(! Iticknill. Hull. Torr. Club, 20: 12.
Culms rather stout, rough above, r^-.s" tall,
much longer than the leaves. Leaves i '2" ,3"
wide; head oblong or ovoid, usually dense, ^4 ' 2'/
long; spikes numerous, ovoid, many-flowered,
short; staminate flowers terminal; bracts mostly
short and incons])icuous; perigynia bright yellow,
j)Iano-convex. ovate-elliptic, about 1 '2" long, with
a narrowed or cuneatc base and a short minutely
2-toothed beak, nerveles.s, or obscurely few-nerved
on the outer face; scales acuminate, short-awnc<l.
In fields, Massachusetts to New York and Ohio.
June .AuK-
Carex xanthocarpa annectens liicknell, Hull. Turr. Club,
23: 22. 1896.
Lower and slender; leaves l"-2" wide; head not over
I '_•' Iour; bracts usually lunnerous and liinifer than the
Xlobiise spikes; perigynia ovate or suborbicular. Abun-
dant in the vicinitv of New York.
CVl'l'RACEAR.
162. Carex setacea Diwty. Hristly-
spikt'd Si-d^jf. I l'■i>,^ S32. )
('till I •■r/ihiii lii\M>. Am Jmnti Sri g: »ii l">is
Cm, I Mii/ui.'i Sirlw., lloiitt. 111 3: I}-,. i^i<}.
Culms I '. ' 4" tall, crcft, rniij,;!! aliove. I.pavfS
1 2 l"iiK, 1"-,^" wide, sliorlcr than the culm:
head iiarmwly ohlonj;, I ' . '-2 '.• ' louj;. ;," .s"thii'k.
soinftimt'shrauclicdat the liase; hrai'ts hristlc-like,
louder than the spikes or shorter: spikes ovoid or
ovoid-oliloiij;, 2 '.. " 4" lou^;, usually close to^^ethcr;
peri^ynia lanceolate or ovritelauieohite, t.iperini;
from a more or less truncate base to a narrow rou^li
2 toothed heak, few-nerved, 1 '4 " ' '-■" '""K-
ilisliilmtii
irk ami Ma-.saihusi lis
111 Juiit Auk
I'liiliahlv III wiili I
163. Carex Sartwellii IVwiv,
C'lir, 1 .Sill/:, (l/ii Dewiy, Am Juiitn. Sii. 43 i,,.. i>|.'
Culms slender, slid, erect, roii)j;h ahove, van^led
l°-3° tall. Leaves 1" 2" wide, mostly shorter
than the culm, lonK-atlenuale at the apex; bracts
setaceous, usually very small, or i or 2 of the lower
sometimes elonj^ated; spikes ovoid or ohloii),;, 2"
4" long, usually densely a^jgrenated in a narrow
cluster I '2' louj,;, or the lower somewhat se|)aratcd;
staniinate (lowers terminal or whole spikes oc-
casionally staniiuate; perijjynia elliptic- lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, about 1 " louj; and rather more
than '." wide, ascending, strongly several-nerved
on both faces, taperiuj; into a short 2-toothed
beak; scales ovate, obtuse or subacute, pale brown,
scarious-marjj;ined, about e(|uallinf,; the perif,'vnia;
stigmas 2.
In sw.iiiips, (intariii to liritish Columhia, s,uitli tci
ceiilial New York. Illinois, .Michigan, .Vikaii-.a- ami
rtah. May-July.
164.
S;iii\vdl"s Sl-(1^;c
Carex tenella Schk. Sotl-ka\c.i
.Scd^e. ( l•■iK^ ■'i,^.4- '
(ill, I /,ii,//ii .Sclik. Kiidnr. 23. /. i,</. iNn.
Li^ht green, rootstocks very slender, culms al-
most filiform, rough, commonly reclining, 6'-2"
long. lyCaves soft, about '2" wide, spreading,
shorter than or sometimes equalling the culm;
spikes very small, only i 5-llowered, distant or the
upper close together, the staniinate Hower or flow-
ers uppermost; perigynia ovoid-ellipsoid, nearly
terete, hard, finely many-nerved, about 1 " long and
rather more than yi" thick, tipped with a very
minute entire beak; scales ovate, hyaline, acute,
shorter than or the lower equalling the jierigynia;
stigmas 2.
Ill bo({s. Newfoundland to liritish Columhia. soulli
to New Jersey, I'eniisylvania, Michigan, Colorado and
California. .\lso in liurope. June-July.
u-i .^-"^ ^ ^<5^.-» \\^yj/j \.aiiioriii!i. .aiso in jwiitijie. jiiiie-jiiiy.
Carex Eleocharis liailey. Mem. Torr. Club, 1:6, a very slender erect species, with 2 or 3 small
brown 1-3-noweTed spikes ag|fregale<l in a lerniinal head i ' •" -2" loutf, ovoid sliRlilly swollen niar-
Rinless plano-convex short beaked ])eriKynia, collected by I'rof. >Iae»un on the Saskatchewan
Plains, probably occurs within the northwestern limits of our area.
SKDC.I-; lAMII.V,
347
■<^
165. Carex rosea Solik. .Sullato Si-ilm.-.
< r//, J /iM(i(Silik Kirilitf N'.ulilt. 15 / /,-■/ i-M<>
Katlier Ijri^lit urccn, culiiis vi-ry sk'iider or liliforin,
orcct or rcclitiiiifj. roiivjli almvc, i"-2'." long. Leaves
lint, soft, sprfiidiiin, 1" or less wide, slmrter tliaii the
culm; lower linut tilifonn or liristlf-likc, 'j'-2,''i'
lon^; spikes | S, suIihIoIiosi', 2" ,^"iii diainetcr, ,s i.S-
tlowered, the 2 or ;, upper close to^etlu'r, the others
<liataiit; stainiiiatc llowers few, leriuilial; peri(,;ytii,i
ovate-laiueolate, flat, hright K^eeii, stellalel y diver^iii);,
nerveless, sliiiiiiij;, 1" I'j" loii>{, rather more than >i"
wide, tajicrin^ into a stout j-toothed heak aliout one-
fourth the len),;tli of the hody; scales fivalcoMoiij^,
white, hyaline, half as lounas the peri^jnia; sti>,'uias 1.
In wimkN and tliicki l^. N> w I'liiiiidlatid In ()ntariii and
.Mauitiiha. siputh to North CaruHna. Nilira-ka and Mis
siiuri. Asiinds tip j.siNi ft. in \iri;iiiia May July.
Carex rosea radiata Diwiy, Am Jimrn. Sri. lo; 2-U. iSjtj.
Cuhn> rdirmiii, siPicailiiiK, Icavr^ alMHit ' ■" wide; spikis only 2 ii flcpwcred, scalti rid ; iPiriKvnia
asn ndiiiu. laiuiiplaU-. alionl ' " wiilc. Unlariip tip Mas^ailinsitl?., Norlli Carulina and Ktnluiky.
166. Carex retroflexa Miilil. ktflfxed Sc(l>;c. (Imk- i^.V). '
I, Hi I i,tiiill,\ii Mnld.; Wind. Sp, I'l. 4: 2,VS. i^io.s
( '. /.'»,; vai. /(7;ip//< I K Torr. Ann. I,yc. 3: ,i!^i). iSii>
Culms very slender, erect, rather stiff, 8'-iS' tall,
smooth or rouxhish ahove. Leaves about '2" in
width, mostly shorter than the culm; lower bract
bristle-form, sometimes 2' lonj;, usually shorter;
spikes .(IS, subfjlobose, 4-9-llowercd, the upper all
close to);ether, tlie lowei 2 or 3 separated; stami-
uatc llowers terminal ()r rarely variously intermixed
with the pistillate; i)crij{ynia obloufj-lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, radiatinjj; or reflexcd at maturity,
about I ij" long and a little more than '." wide,
smooth, green-brown, compressed, but not as Hat
as those of the preceding species, somewhat corky-
thickened at the base, tapering n]pwardly into a 2-
toothed beak about one-third the length of the
bod\ ; scales ovate, hyaline, about half as long as
the perigynia; stigmas 2.
I (Int.iriii, Miiliinan, I'loridii. and Texas. May July.
In w Is and lliickels. Masi'acliusilts tii
167. Carex Texensis (Torr. ) Haiky.
Ciiii 1 iiisiii var. 'itXiHiis Turr. ; liaiUv. Mini Turr.
Clnl). I: 57- "SSij.
i'itiiv Ti iiiisis Ilailcy, Mini. Tnrr. Club, 5:97. iSy|.
Similar to the preceding species, culms \cry
slender, erect, smooth, h'-iS'tall. Leaves spreai'-
ing or ascending, soft, about '2" wide, shorter than
the culm; lower bract commonly filiform, some-
times elongated; spikes 4-7, 4-10-llowered, all close
together in a narrow head J2'- i,fi' long, or the
lower ones separated; perigynia narrowly lanceo-
late, green, nerveless, smooth, radiating or widely
spreading, i'2"-2" long, ,'^" wide, the tapering
beak about one-half as long as the body; scales
lanceolate or ovate, hyaline, acute or acuminate,
less than one-half as long as the perigynia; stig-
mas 2,
Sontliern Illinois (according to Hailey 1; Ahd)aniatip
Texas. April-May.
( FiK. 8.^7.
34«
CVI'HRALl'Ai:.
i68. Carex muricata I,. lA'-^'t.'r I'ricklx
Sc(lj;c. I I-'iyr. ,S_vS. I
('•III I iniii iitilii I., Si> I'l ci7| I7,s.i,
lirij^lit K"f ". I'lil"!'* slctiiU-r, ert-i-l or rci'liiiiiin.
roii^jliisli, :il K'iisl ahovf, l ' .''. ' \im\i. I.cavis l"
I '.. " Nvidi', sliDitor lliiin llic iiilm, tracts vuiy sliort
and sul)iilatc; sjiiUes 5 10, .( Ki-llowfrcd, all I'liis-
tcred into an old<)ii>; head, or the lower 1 or j
soiiifutiat distant; iJiriuyida ovalf or ovati'l.iiU'C'"-
latu. j" loni;, 1" wide, smootli, sliinini;, ncrveli-ss,
as( iMnliiif^ uluMi viinni;. s])rtMdin>{ or radiatinj;
ulu'ii inatiiri', not ri'dexfd, ta])frinj; into a rounli-
t*dj{cd 2-tootlicd lieak as loiijj as tlie body; scales
ovati" or ovatf-ol)lon>;, jjri'on or tirownisli, aeutc,
soinewliat shorter than tlic iicri^ynia; sli^jnias 2.
Ill imaddws anil iiclils, i a-tt rii .M.i~-arliii-.i tlr. ti^
-niillurii N'lw \ nik, ( )lii(i and \'iri!iiiia \.iliiiali/i d
liiiiii IviiriiiH- JiitU' Aiiu
169. Carex sparganioides Mtilil. Hiirivcd ,Si.(lj,a'. ^ Im^. >>,;<)• '
("■<(;<! ^piiixi"iii'i,/,\ Miilil , Wind Sl> I'l 4: .'57.
Rather dark green with nearly white sheaths,
cnhns stont or slender, rough, sharply ;,-angled, j
,V^ tall. Leaves hroad and (lat, 2};" .\'-" wide,
shorter than or sometimes overtopping the culm,
the lower very short; spikes 612, ohlong or snli-
glohose, 2}i"-.\'' ill diameter, several manythnv-
cred, the upper aggregated, the lower 2-t com-
monly separated, sometimes componml and suh
tended by bristle-like bracts; perigytiia (lat, ovate,
I'i" long, 1" wide, sjireading or radiating, i ale,
narrowly wing-margined, rounded at the base, usu-
ally few- nerved on the outer face, the rough 2-
toothed beak one-fourth to one-third the length of
the body; scales ovate, hyaline, acute or cuspidate,
about one half as long as the jicrigynia; stigmas 2.
In woods and thickets. Massacliusitts to < )iitari<i.iiid
Micliiffaii, SdUtli to Virginia, Ki nlucky and Missouri.
Ascends to 2110 ft. in VirRiiiia. ]uiie-AuK.
Carex cephaloidea Dewey. Thiii-leuvcil Scduc
(tiiri iiniii<ii/ii\nr.<i/'/iii/<ii(/i<i Dewiy
Sci. II; .^(iS. i.-<26.
( iiK-f ii/>/iii/iinli-(> Dewiy, kip. I'l. Mass. 202 is(i>
Similar to the preceding species, culms slender
or rather stout, erect but not stiff, rough above, 2°
T,° tall. Leaves flat, 2"-4" wide, thin and lax,
somewhat shorter than the culm; bracts bristle-
form, usually short, sometinies wanting; spikes 4 -
.S, subglobosc, aggregated but couimonly distinct,
in an oblong cluster 9"-i5" long, the staminatc
flowers terminal; perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late, greenish brown, nearly 2" long, 1" wide, as-
cending, nerveless or faintly few-nerved, tapering
into a rough 2-toothcd beak one-fourth to one-third
as long as the bo<ly; scales ovate, white, niembrau-
ous with a green midvein, short-cuspidate or awued,
about one-half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2.
In dry fields and on hills, Massachusctt.s to Pennsyl-
vania. Illinois. Michigan and Wyoming. Slay-July.
SHIX.I'; 1 AMII.Y.
171. Carex cephalbphora Mulil. (>val
headed Sednc. ( I'Ir. '^4'' '
I'.ini ,,f>/i,i/, '/■//■", I MuM. \\i\h\ S\< I'l 4 J.'.. i*<",S.
I'ali" Kfi'^'". '■"'•">* slemliT, ori'i't, rmiuli aliovf, in'-
2 till). I.eavi's 1" 2" wicli, soiiiftiiius ()viTto|pi)itin
tlic ciiltii, tisuiilly sluirter; l)rarts nf llio lowi-r siiikcs
s)iort, lirisllc-foriii; »iiiki'H few, »ut)nl<>l>osc, ilciiscly
I'histcri'il ill a tfriniiial short-oliloii)^ Iii'ail4"-H" loiiv;,
till- slaininatr IIowits terminal; jicrinynia liroadly
ovati', 1" loll),' iir 1C-.S, paU-, iicrvi'Uss nr vcrv faintly
ffW-iifrvc'il, tipjii'd with a j-lodtlii'il l)eak aliout oiii'-
foiirtli liu' leiiKtli "f tlic ''"tly; scales ovate, thin,
lounlicurpidatc or awiied, cMHialliiij; or a little
shorter than the jierinyiiia; stij,;iiias 2.
In drv fiiliN ind mi liilN. Maim and ( Ititarii) tn Mani
Inha. so'iitli 111 I'liiiida. MisMiiiii and Ti va-*. Asiindstu
2Si«i It ill \ii^;iiiia May July.
Carex Leavenworthii Ikwcv
,U'>
lA'avciiwortli'^ Sedjfc
////// Dcwiv, Am
( FiK. «42. )
mil, S< i. Ill I 2
( .;/( I /.I iiri'ii:
-•l'". I><l"
(dill iiftliiiliif'liiii ii var. iiiii: ii\h/i'/iii lliiiitt. 111. 12V
|S<'i2.
Similar to the preceding species hut smaller, culms
very slender or almost filiform, erect, rouj,'hisli, 6' 15'
tall. I,eavcs iiinch narrower, ^'i" 1'." wide, mostly
shorter than the culm; hracts of the lower spikes
short, hristle-form or waiitiii),'; spikes 4-7, densely
crowded ill an oMonji head 4"-.S" loiij;, similar to
thai of r. (/■/>/i(i/o/>/ioi(i hut usually smaller, the lower
sometimes compound, the staminate (lowers terminal;
peri^vnia orbicular-ovate, rather less than 1" lonj^
and about as wide, tipjied with a very short 2-toothed
beak; scales ovate, acute or cuspidate, shorter and
narrower than the perijfynia; stigmas 2.
Ill iiuadiiws, Missouri tn r.iiuisiatia. .\rkaiisa- and
!"( xas May June.
Muhlenberg '.s Sedge
(Hig. 84;,.)
173. Carex Muhlenbergii Sehk.
I'lini .Ifii/i/i-ti/iiij^ii Si-hk Kiidnr. N'ailitr. i:
i.s<i6.
Li^ht green, culms slender but stiff and erect,
sharply .^-aiiKled, rou>(h, at least above, i°-2'-2° tall.
I.eaves i"-2" wide, usually shorter than the culm,
somewhat involute in drying; hracts bristle-form,
usually short; spikes 4-10, ovoid or subglobosc, dis-
tinct hut close together in an oblong head 9"-i5"
long, the staminate flowers terminal; pcrigynium
broadly ovalc-oval, 1 '»" long, i" wide, strongly
nerved on both faces, asc "•tiding, tipped with a short
2-toothed heak; scales hyaline with a green iiiidveiu,
ovate- lanceolate, rough-cuspidate or short-awned,
narrower and mostly longer than the pcrigynia;
stij^nias 2.
Ill dry fields and on hills, Massaeliusetts to Ontario
and Minnesota, south to l-'lorida and Texas. May-July.
Carex Muhlenbergii Xalapensis (Kuntli.) lirittoii. .Mem. Torr. LMub, 5: S6. 1894:
Cairv .\'n/a/>i>isis Kuntli, Ivnnni. 2: ,^80. 1.^57.
C'uir.r Mn/ilrnbirj^ii \M. iiiii z is ]iooU, III. 124. 1862.
Perijfynia nearly or (|uite nerveless; leaves broader and longer. Southern New York to Mis-
souri, Texas and Mexico.
.VSO
CVI'HRACEAK.
Carex sterilis Willd. I.ittlf l'rickl> .Sc(1k<--. i iMjr. ,S44. )
t"i//vi \/<;77/i Willil Sp. I'l 4: 2.kS. iHi).s,
( '. iiliiiiiilii var. mil liisliiiliys lliiirkl. I.iiniai'a, 39: 135. i'*;^.
tan I sliiilis vai iiiii; iis/ii/<i Ilailiv, Hull Turr. Cliili, JO:
l'(iii\ \/(777/a var. (■ I m7iv('/ liailoy, liii'. oil. (J). >^}.\-
Culms slender, stitT, erect or rarely spreading;, S'-i.S'
tall, ron>{li, at least ahovc. Leaves '." 1 " wide, shorter
than the ciiliti; brads very short or sotiieliincs hristle-
forni; spikes _;-5, sul)j,;lol)Ose or short-olilolijj, coiitimi-
ous or separated, ahout xji" thick; stainiiiatc flowers
basal, usually numerous at the bottom of llie upper
spike, or whole spikes occasionally staininate, or plants
rarely (juitc ihoeoious; i)eri)j;yuia pale, lanceolate, com-
prised, spreadiiij; or rctlexed when old, 1 '2" lonj;, ,'2"
wide, several-nerved on both faces, tliickencd at the
base, tajicring into a sharp-edjjed 2-loothed rouj{h beak
more than one-half .is lonj; as the l)ody; scales ovale,
hyaline, shorter than the i)eri).;ynia; sti);inas 2.
Ill niui^l soil, Ncwl'iiumllaiiil t<. Itritisli Colmiiliia, soutli to IMnrida, I.imjsiaiiii. C >l«)ra(l(i ami
California. .Vsciinls to .(k.. II. in \ir(;iiiia XarialiU May July.
Carex sterilis cephalantha Ilaiky. Hull Turr Club. 20 |.>5 is.iv
I'liit I i;//iii,i.'ii var. iiftlialinillni Ilaiky. Mini Tiirr. Club, i; ,s>. I'^^'i
Stiiiilir, suiiu liiiii s 2 tall. .Spikis ( ■> i.„i,ii^riinus oi m (laiiiti il : llnwrr-^ iiion iiiiiiirniiis, jxii
«yiiia rather larger, spiki > \iry l)ri-.tly Kaiini iii.irly til, it ul' tin- s])iiit >, iitrliaps iiuitly a --tiiiit rmiii
175. Carex Atlantica Uailty. I-;ast(.ni vSedj;*-'. i I'i^- •'^4,S- •
Ctii: I sti lliiliilii var •lui/iiui Cliapiii l-'l S Stall >. s<t
iM«i Ncit (■ ,olll',-)l,l kiiill,
Cii>i\ .Mhiiiliiii liailiy. bull 'I'urr. Club. 20: |2,t, i^).V
Similar to lar^e forms of the precedinj; species but
stouter, culms very rou).;l> above, i°-2^'2" tall. Leaves
i"-l '." wide, stirt', flat or in drying; somewhat invo-
lute, the upper sometimes overtopping the spikes;
spikes .) 7, siireadiii);, subulobosc or short-cylindric,
nearly 3" in diameter, several many-flowered, the
staininate flowers numerous at the base of the terminal
one, or this rarely entirely staminate; perij^ynia broadly
ovate, llat, shar])-marj.;incil, i" \}i" lonj.;, i" wide,
cordate or rounded at the base, strongly scvcral-
ncrvcd on the outer fa -e, few-nerved on the inner,
sprcailin>{ or rcflexed at maturity, abruptly tipped
with a stout, rou^;h 2-toothed licak about one-third as
lonj; as the body; scales shorter than the pcrij.;ynia.
Ill swaiuii-. Niwriiiiiiillancl ti ' riila Jiine July
Carex intv ^r Haiky. Inland Scil^v. '
I'lin I iiiliii,ii Itaiky. Hull Turr. Club. 20: |2ii. iS)?
Similar to I '. slrrilis, culms very slender, wiry,
rather stiff, erect, i"' 2" tall. Leaves only about
'." wide, shorter than tlic culm; bract of tlic lower
sjiike very short; spikes 2 .(, nearly globular,
somewhat separated, several-flowered, 2" in dia-
meter, the terminal one staminate at the base;
peri>{yiiia ovale or ovate-lanceolale, 1" or less
loiifj, about 'j" wide, faintly few-nerved on the
outer P:ce, nearly nerveless on the inner tiiickened.
rounded or subcordate at the base, sprcadiiif- or rc-
flexed wh old, taperinj; into a nearly smooth
2-toothed beak one-third to one-half as lonj; as the
body; scales ovale, acute or olitiisish, shorter than
the perinynia; stigmas 2.
Wet soil, Maine to Miiiiiisula, I'luriila ami Kansas
I )i Hers from C.s/rit/i\ in its slioitir, shorter beaked
ami weaker iiirved periKViiia. .May July.
SI'DGi: lAMII.V
.^51
iiiid
Carex interior capillacea U.iiU y, lUill. Tun Chit). 20: 4j(i. i^i;
1,1 :ivi saliiiiit ', ' u iiK-; )n iiyyni;i ovaU-, ondaic, strongly iKrvi<l. .M:iss;k1iw.lU> to IV nn-ylvani;i
177. Carex canescens I,. Silvtry SliIk*-'.
(Imk. S47. )
I till I liiiKMrii^ I,. S]). I'l. C171 175.;.
\';\\v j^rctti :mil soiiK-\\ liat .i;l:iiii(>\is. t'iiliii> sU'inUr,
cTc'i't, niii.nliisll alioyr, lo' jij^ tall. I.iavi'S Hat,
'.'" 1" \vi(U-, sliortir than tlici'iilin; bracts vrry short
or iioiii', or till' loWLSt (Ki'.isionally hristk'-fortii an
lonj^ir lli.iii its s])ikf; si)iki's .) y, short -ohloiij^ or suli-
jflobose, Sfssili', (k-lisfly iiiaiiy-llowitx-d, 2 '2"-,=;"
loiijr, alioiit 2" in iliaini'tiT, soatti-rvcl or tin- upiK-r
I'losc toiiiihir; staniinati' llowiTs hasal; pcrijifyni;
oyal or oyati--oval, silviry ).;ri'en or nearly whito,
laiiilly riw-ni'r\t.'(l, asicndiiiji, hlnnt-eilj;i(l, ratlier
less than 1" lonjf, ahont '.." wiile, rouj^li above,
tipped with a minnte entire beak; seales hy.iline,
ovate, acute or obtuse, sli;;hlly shorter than or .is loni;
as the peri^ynia; slij-inas j,
111 s\vaiiii>s an<l Units, Newroiiiidlaiid to llrilish L'oUnii
Ilia, snutli to \"irttiiiia, MicliiKau, Colorado and lliej;""- i:
.\seends lo (jini It. in \irj;iiiia. .\lso in luirotie and
.\sia. May July. l-
178. Carex brunnescens ( IVrs. ) Poii
( iiii\ iiiilti vai. hi 11 11 III •., I'll s I'lrs. Syn. 2
.S4S, »
iiiiiiMriis
III niiiitst
lirowiiish .S(.-(l};(.'. ( l"i^
yn. 2: ,s,;y. 1.S07.
ar .ilf^iinlii Walil, I'l. I.app. 2^2, iSr2.
IS I'nir. in I,ain. I'jieyel. Siippl. 3; jSd. i->i ;
Katlier dark ),>reen, not ,i;laiu'ous, eumis slender, still,
eriit, rouj,jliisli above, .S' iS' tall. Leaves 1" wide or
less, sliorlii than the euliii; lower bniet brislle-forni
and lonj,;er than its spike, or short, or none; spikes 4 s.
subj^lobose or short -obloiij.;, few-llowereil, rarely over
2 '•" loiifj, seatteretl, ortlie upper close ti)j,{etlier; st.itni-
nate llowers basal; pirinyiiia asceiidiiiLj or spreailinj;,
lirow 11, smaller than those of the preceding; s|>ei'ies, less
than 1" lonj.;. lipped with a inanitVsl iK.ik about one-
fourth as lonj.; as the body; stales ovate, ineinbranoiis,
brownish, about e(|ualliu,i; the pcri^ynia; stigmas 2.
In wit plaei'-. mostly at liiuli allitmUs. Labrador to
r.iitisji L'olnniliia, Ni w Vo'k and New I'ai^land. on iln-
sontlu rii AlliKlunies, and ,lu koeUy Muinilains .Msoiii
I'lnrope. .\s.'iii(ls t.i 'Kioo ft. in Nnrtli Carolina. .Sniniiu r
Cr.rex brunnescens gracilior livitton.
I'liii \ iiiiiisii IIS \A\-. -.■iili;iiih llailey. Hot. t;a/. 13:^1.. i^ss. Not C. rii/i;iii i\ Vr\r-. rs|j
Culms nearly lililonii, weak, often spreailinn; spikes | '^ lloweied; luriKynia spreadinij, loutji 1-
liiaked. K,in^:e of type, mo>tl\ at lowel altiUKlis IN vliaps a di-tiiu't s])eeies.
179. Carex Norvegica Willd. Xor\v;i\
vSe'dKV, ( I'iK, 849. )
(\iii I Xoi :i\i;iiii Willd.; .Selik. kiiilni. .v' isoi.
Ilriyht j;reen, culms slender but stilT and erect,
slightly scabrous above, fi' 16' tall. I.e.ives 1 " w ide
or less, shorter than the culm; brads \ery slum or
wanlinj;; si)ikes 3 h, brown, oblon)^ or subj,;lobose,
scatUred or rather close toother, densely niaiiy-
llowered, 3" ()" lonjf, about 2" in liiaineler; staini-
iiate llowers basal, very innnennis at the bolloni of
the upjier spike; ])eri>{ynia ascemliiiK. about 1"
lon^, elliptic, bluiit-idjfed, narrowed at both ends,
brownish, liiiely many-nerved, tipped with .1 vtry
Oiort roui{h beak; scab's ovate or o\al. brown, ob-
tuse, rather shorter than the iierijjynia; stinnias 2.
.Moiilf salt meadows, Maine to .\ntieosti. kepoileil
I'oni Miiniesnta. Also in ICi-rojie. .Suiiiiini
352 CVPI'RACI'Ai:.
i8o, Carex arcta Hooit. Xnrtlicrn Cliistcrcil Scilj^^t-. (.^"i^^ 850. )
Ciiii 1 .(/(/cvir <M viir. /i.i/i v/(7(7/r</ lluiilt; Kiiliards. Aict
I\xi>. 2: ,(l(. I--.S1. Neil C. /'iily-iliiiliui Sw. iS.^.
Oiii i ,11,1,1 lliMilt. 111. 155. /)/, /v,-. i^'T-
Kiillar li),'lil ^;ti(.ii Imt iKil j{laiu'(i\is, tiiliiis sltii-
iliT, usiiiiUy slrii'tly i-ruit, 1^-2'..- lall, rimjili abiivi-,
Imij^fcr llian or soim'liiia-s iivi'rlii])]K(l hy llic k'avt-s
wliirli arc tlal anil al)i)iit i" wiik'. I.owit liiacl
liri-lk'-l'onn and l<>n),^r llian its spike, or sliort, or
waiilinj.;; s|)ikis oliloiij.;, inaiiy-llnwiTiMl, y .\"
Iciiiji, alxpiil 2'_. " in ilianuliT, all aj;^;rt.'j;aU'il into a
ti-nninal oxoiil chisti.'r alionl l' \'n\)^, the staniinati'
llowcrs liasal; jjerij^ynia pak', ovatu, niany-ncrveil,
mostly si)reailinj{, tajxrinjj into a rouxli liiak aliont
one-liall as lonj{ as tlu'luxly; siak-s nu-nil)rano\is,
))ale lirown, nsnally acute, shorter than the ])eri-
gyiiia; stijjinas 2.
In s\vani)i- .111(1 wet wimkIs, '\Iaint' and New lirnns
wiek 111 Maiiiliilia. Mimusiita and I'.ritisli Culutnliia.
June July.
i8i. Carex tenuiHora Walil. S])ars(.--flo\VLrod ScdKe.
S51.)
C,n, I I, iiin>l<,i,i Walil, Koiml. Wt
24: 117. is,.;.
.\ia.l. llandl. > II. 1
I.i>,'U ^'reeii, enhns very slendir or lilil'cirin, ereil or
reeliniu}.;, ronjj;h aliove, S' 2 lon.i.;. Leaves '.."wide
or rather more, Hat, usually nuuh shorter than the
I'ulni; sjiikes only 2 .(, elustered at the sunnn.t, snli-
gloliose, t'ew-llowered, ahout 2'." in diamiter. Iiraet-
less or the lowest with 1 short hraet; perijiyuia pale,
elliptie. very ohseurely few-nerved, narrowed at hoth
inds, 1" I'.," loli.i;, more than '." wiile, narrowed
.11 liiilli ends, heakless, spreaclin,!;; staminate (lowers
liasal; seales ne.irly whili', hyaline, acute or olitusi'-h,
aliout e(|U.dlinK the ]ierijiynia; stiymas 2.
Ill 1mih>. New riiiiu-u iek til Man ill ilia. --ihuIi to Maine.
\'eniuiiH, n iitral Ni u York ami Mi< liit;:iii. I.ncal. .\Nii
in lliiruiH. Siimnui.
182. Carex Heleonastes Ivhrh.
Iliiilson
("inv I /f,/,;iii,i.\/is IClirli.; I,, f. .Supiil. |r|. 17M.
Culms sleuikr, stitT, ereet, very rouKh .iliove, 6' ■
iS' hinh. Leaves ri^id, erect, hecominjr involutt',
less than 1" wide, shorter than the euliu; liracts
very short or none; sjiikes .^-,S, suhgloliose, several-
flowi'red, hrown, about 2'i'' in diameter, clustered
at thesunnuit, tliestainiuale llowers basal; i)eri)j;ynia
broadly ov.ite or ovate-elliptic, blunt-edf^ed, faintly
several-nerved, about l" lonjj;, more than }i" wicie,
tipped with u short sharp beak; scales ovate, brown
with broad hyaline mar).;ins, about as lon^ as the
jierifiynia; stiK"""' 2.
Hudsiiii H.iy to Manitoba and the Canadian Rocky
Mciunlains, Also in luimpe. Summer.
SEDCK FAMILY.
.vi.i
183. Carex lagopina Walil. Arctic Hare's-
foot Sedge. (FiR- ''^53- '
Ciiii r /(/(,■ "/'""' Walil. KciiiKl. Vit. Aiml. ilaiuU. II 1
24; 14=;. iSo!.
Culms roiiuli, slilf, trfct. 6' ii"/ t.iU. I.ia\is Hal,
not invdluti', 1 " (ir less wide, shorter than tile iiihii,
liracts very short or wanliii.i;; s]>ikes ^ 6, oUloiii;,
■ lark lirowu, narroweil .it the liase, ,\"-.\" lonj;,
I >," 2" tliiek, densely iiiaiiy-llowered, eluslereil at
the sdimiiit or tlu- lower soiiieuliat se])arated, the
st.iiniiiate flowers hasal; iierij^yiiia elliiitie or obo-
\ate, rather less than 1" lon;^, firni, several-nerved,
narrowed at the base, rather alirii]itly ti]i])ed hy the
hiak; scales ovate, lirow n, hyaliiu-niarj^ined, aeiite,
slmrter than the perigynia; stij^inas 2.
I.aliradi.r and (inenlaiiil In Ala-ka, soiilli in the
Riiiky Mountains to I'tali. Also in nortlii.rn hhirope
and .Via. Snniiiu r.
184. Carex glareosa Walil.
Weak Clustered vSeilge. ( Fig. 854. )
( III, \ i_r/, ,,-,,, s„ Walil. Kcin«l. \\t. .\oad. Ilandl. i II. i
24: I Id. iSo.^
Closely resembles the preeeilinj.; species, but has
weak s])readinj; or reilininj.; culms 2'-iS' lonj;.
Leaves narrower, Hal, about '_." wide; spiki'S 2
or ,3, oblonj; or subglobose, several-llowered, 2"-.("
lonj,', about I, "2" in iliatneter, brown, subtended by
very small scale-like brads, the staminate flowers
basal; perijjynia oblonj,'-oval, strongly several-
nerved, less than i" loii^r, about 'j" wide,
short beaked; scales ovate, acute or oblnsish, rich
brown, about as lou).; as the peritjynia; stijjmas 2.
("iieinland and Hudson Hay to da-pc, (Jucbic, west
tlirnukdi arctic .\nurica to .\laska. .Mso in ncirtlurii
ICiuoiif an<l .\sia. Suninur.
Carex glareosa ursina 1 Dewevi haiU v, C.ucx Cat. •,.
iSSl.'
( ■<;/( 1 iti^iiiii Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 27: 2(0. i^.Vi.
Lower (Unsely tufted; sjiikcs smaller. I'crliaiis a
mere lonii of tlie -ixcies. .\rctic America.
(V -
lute,
acts
■ral-
lered
fvnia
iiitly
vine,
•own
the
locky
185. Carex trisperma Dewey, Three-
fruited Sedge. ' l'"i.H. '^55. J
On, 1 liispiiiiiii Dewey, .\in. Jiairn. Sci. 9: ('i.v i^j.s.
Ilri)j;ht K''ei"i I'ulms lilil'onn, weak, usually redin-
iiiK or s])readiu.i.;, very slij^htly roUf^hened, i^-a'j"
lonj^. Leaves llaceid, flat, about 'j" wiile, shorter
than the ciihiis; spikes 2 or ',, only 2 4-flowered,
widelv separated, the lowest subtended by a bristle-
lorm bract 'j' ,i' lonj.(; perig\nia cbloiif;, asccndinj;,
j^reen, 1 'i"-2" lonj;, rather more than '2" wide,
very finely many-nerved, narrowed at both ends and
tijiped with a very short nearly entire beak; scales
ovate or ovate-lauceolate, hyaline with a jjreei; mid-
vein, acute, somewhat shorter than the perigynia;
stigmas 2.
In swamps ami wet woods, Xi wfouiidlaiul to Mani-
toh.i. snntli to Maryland. Ohio, MicliiKaii and i accord
inn to Webber 1 to Nebraska. Ascends to 25i«j It. in
VerinoiU. June .\uk.
354
CVPHRACKAi;.
i86. Carex Deweyana Scluvcin. I)c\vc>'.s
Si.'dK<-'. ( Fi^-. s^h. )
Cdiii /'(',. ,11///!' Sclnviin Ann. I.yc. N. V. \.u>. iSj}.
I';ilu >{iviii, iiilnis hk'iiikT, sprciulint;. iiiMtly or
((uiU' sniooll;, 1-2' '""K- I.i-avfs 1" I'j" wiik',
ll:il. Mill, slioiUT than llic I'ultii; lirai-ls lirislk'-forni,
lUi' lowir i-(ininu)iily i'km)j;aUMl; ^pikfs yii. iililoiii;
or suli,i;k)1)osc. few-floweu'il, about 2 '2" in iliani-
olcr, Mssili-, (lislini-tly M.>|)araU'il or tllf upper ones
v,^ oonlij.;uous; .--laniinaU- llowi-rs liasal; ])i-ri>;\ tiia lan-
,^ I'l'olalc or o\ atu-lanoc-olalc, thin, niMvi'ks^, 2"- 2 '.. "
loMj;, rallK'r k'ss than 1" \vi(k', the inner I'ai'e flat,
the taijerinj; roii^h strongly 2-toothe(l heak at k'asl
one-hah" as k)ng as the hody; seak's nearly wliite,
hyahne witli a ureen niidvein, inspiilate or aente,
e(|iialHnij; tile ]ieri>;ynia, or sliorter; slixnia> 2.
Ill dry woods. NuvaSeotiii to Matiitnha and iim-hhii,
smith til Ciiiitieetieut. IVtiiisylvaiiia, Miehi^.m, Ni w
Mixieu and Ilali. May July.
187. Carex bromoides Schk. Hroiuc-like vScdKc. C1m>;. S57. )
('. A/ (■;//. i/i/^ v Selik. Kiidnr. Naelitr. .>^. /". /-6. i.Sod.
llrinht K''-''-'". I'ulins slender, ereit or reeliiiinj;,
roufihish above, 1^-2' loiij{. Leaves 1" wide or
k'SS, Hat, soft, e(|ualliii,i; or shorter tlian the eiilin;
bracts subulate or ljristk.--l'onn, the lowest eoin-
nionly elonjfated, soinetiiiiesovertop|)iii).; the spikes;
s])ikes .V7. iwirrowly oblon,i;-eyliiidrie, .j'^-.S" loiiir,
about \}i" Ihiek, ereel or asieiiding, mostly el(>.-.e
toi^ether, loosely scveral-iiiany-llowered. the stain-
irate flowers either basal, basal and lerniinal, or
forniinj.; whole spikes, the jilaiil oeeasionally (|uite
tlioeeious; perigyiiia liiieardanoeolate, firin, pale,
strongly several-iierved, 2"-2'j" loll).;, '>" wide,
the inner I'aee flat, the ta])eriiiji rouj.;li 2-tootlud
beak at least onedialf as Ion,!.; as the body; seales ob-
loiig-laiu'eolate, j^reeii, aeiite or aeuniinate, shorter
than the iierii^ynia; slitjinas 2.
Ill buns and swaiiips. Nii\a .Senlia in (inl.iiiii and
Mielli^fall. •-oiitli tu I-liirid.i and Louisiana,
188. Carex pratensis DrLJer.
iiiu- .\un. ^ ► '• .v\ X
NorlliLTii Me-a<l<)\v Scil.ox'. ( 1'"!.^;. S5.S. 1
l'<ii< I f'lultiiMs Divjir. Ke\- Urit, Car 2| i^|i
I.i.yht yreen, ciilnis slender, ereet when yoiiiii.;,
the suiniiiit later noddinji, nearly smooth, i'
I 'j° tall. Leaves about 1" wide, shorter than
the eulm, but the U])per sometimes o\erto])piiin
the s|>ikes; lower braet bristledorm, usually
short; s])ikes ,v'>. oblonvj or eliib-shajied, se|).i-
ralid or the iip])er eoutij;iioiis, sil\ eiydnnwii and
shilling, X." ,s" loiijr, about 2'.." in diameter,
several How ereil, the staminale (lowers basal;
perigyniii laiueolate, thin, ])ale, lurxelesson the
inner faee, tew-nerved on the outer, 2'j"loii.i;,
nearly 1" wide, w inji-niar).;ineil, laperiiin into a
beak nearly as 1 i; as the body; siales iiiein-
branous, laiiee'olate, aeiite or aeuniinate, about
as lou); as the perijjynia; stigmas 2.
Labrador in wesUrii ( Hitarin, Mieliitcaii. Miitiitnba
and .Ma-ka. -niitli ill the Kneky .Mniiiilailis In Cnl
iiiadn. Smiinier
SKDGl': I'AMIKV.
355
189. Carex xerantica IJaikx-. White-scaled Scd.t^c
Cm I i 1 ( I III///,
1X1 iJ.
I'.aiU
L'lilllt. I!i>l. >',:t/. 17; LSI.
Siiuilar lo tlu- prti'icliiij; s|>c'iit_> l)iil llii' inliiis
;iri' slmit, >lilT, .itul slriilly iruil, tviii u luii iii.itiiif.
Iamvcs ;il)iml 1" \vi(k', iiivuhiU- in drviiiji, sluirUr
tliiin tlif I'liliii; si)iki.s ;i!«ml 5, (iMim;^, (U-iim1\-
iniiny-fl<>\viri.'il, clnsi.' tojjilliur (ir tlu' louiT vlij^litly
M']):iniU(l, .("-6" Idiiji, mIiouI 2" in ili^inictir, llio
Minninalo flowiTs hiisiil; iRiij^yniii laiu'iDlaU'. p:iU-,
2'<" IdiiK, '" wiik', nirvikss, i-(inspiiii(>usl\' winj;-
iM;iri;im.iI. tlio iniu-r fiKe ciiiu'iivi-, tlie nuij^h Imjut-
iujLj liuak alxmt as lonji as tin- Ixiily; siaUs silvt-ry
wliitt', laiK'colatf, aonU- <<r aiinninati-, t(|nallinj; nr
a trifle longer tlian llu- ]i(rij4:ynia; sli.niiias j.
WiMtrn Maiiitdlia and adjaeint Noitliut '■t Tiiii-
ti.iy. May J>dy.
190. Carex siccata Dewey.
Drx-spiked Sed^e. Hillside Sedj^e. ( I'l^- f^f'o. )
t ,111 X .\i,<aUi Diwiy, Am. Jninii Sci. 10: 27s. iS2«>.
K(Hitsl(]»ks lonjf and stont, culms sk'nder, eteit,
naigli alH>\e, l' 2 tall. Leaves ereet, ahont i"
wide, till' upper scinietiiues ()vert(i])pinjf the i-ulin,
the lower slinrt; hraels short or the lowest liristk-
Idrni and elouj^ated; s))ikes 36, ohloni; or snbjjlo-
hose, 2'j" 4" lonn, hrowuish or brown, elnstered
or inori' or less separated, the statniiiate flowers
liasal or variously situated or whok- spikes slanii-
nale; perii^yuia ovate-lanceolate, Ann, alioiit 2'j"
long and nearly i" wide, win).;-niarf;ineil, slronj^ly
several-nervid on both sides, the inner face, eon-
cave by the iueurveil niar!.;ins, the taperinj; rough
bi.ik nearlv as long as the body; scales ovale-lan-
ceolati' nii-nibranuus, acute or acuniinalc, about
e(|ualling the perigyiiia; stigmas 2.
In dry fu Ids and nn hills, ()ntariii and Manitoba to
I'liitisli e'ohnnbia. soutli t" Khodi- Island. New York.
Michigan. .Vri/iitia and California. M;iy July.
191. Carex Muskingumensis Scliweiii. Miiskinguiii Scdg;e. (Fi^. >>f'i.)
l',}ii\ ^/n^Ulll;nlll(■ll^l\ .Silnvtin. .\iui. I.vi-. N. V. i: (>6.
( III, I .;( /(A; .Sdiwiin. iS: Tovv. .\ini. I.yc. N. V. I: \\J. iS2,s.
Culm stout, slid", erect, very rough above, 2'^-^" tall.
Leaves flat, loiig-])ointe(l, i'."-2'." wide, shorter than
the fertile culms, those of sterile culms crowded near the
summit; bracts very short and scale-like; spikes 612, ob-
long-cylindric, ilensely many-flowered, 6" 12" long,
about 2'j"iii diameter, erect, close together, jiale brown,
narrowed and staniinate at the base; perigynia narrowly
lanceolate, ascending, about 4" long and rather less than
}i" wide, strongly scveral-tiervcd, very Hat, narrowed to
both ends, scarious-margiued, rough-ciliatc, the tapering
2-toothed beak at least as long as the l)0(ly; scales
lanceolate, aenininate, one-third to one-half as long as
the jierigynia; stigmas 2.
In niiii-t wiMiil- and thicket^, nhin t., Micliit^.in. Maiiitolia
and .Mi-- iiuri Jiuii- .\\\K-
:t
i
lA.
:i3('
CVriCRACICAK.
igj. Carex tribuloides Wahl.
liliim Hrooiii Sl<1.l;x-. i Imj;. sf^2. t
,•</,./,/,., W.ihl. K.mihI \'rt Ac-iul. lliindl. <II.
cnrt /(/'■,•</,./,/,., W.ilil. K.mihI, Wl Ac-iul. lliindl. <II.|J4.
115. INi;.
( 'i;)c I /ifj,'.!/.'.//.'/./.-! Si'lik. Kii-il«i. N,u-liti. :•• f. ;,--. i--i/..
} \C. It iluil.'id(^\-.\\. hii l',il,i \\a\\\.-\ . Mem 'I'oir. dull, I 55. i^^'i.
'/ Hiiylit gri'tii, ciiliii^ Usually slmit, iTcil, muylii^li
aliovc, S' •, tall. I.i'.ivts 11. it. 1" '," wiik', sIkivUt
lliau ur Uk- u|ii)(.-iiii(i>t nvi rloppiut; tlu milni; loxwr
liiait lirislUronii, soimaiim-s ul(iiij;ali'(l; spikes 6-2m, uti-
liiiit; or suiiutitiKs lii])-sliaiHil, liluul, <lfiisfl\- ilustiTi'd nf
sdtiii'linK's si])aiaU'il, ;," d" Ikiii;, .iIkmU J'j" lliii'k;
statiiiiiato llowi'is hasal; ]ii'rij;ynia laiU'i'ulaU-, lliiii,
j^ivi'iiisli liiDwii, tlat, asi-fiiilitij; (ir iTc'i't, 2" 2'."lim);,
'.. " l" wiilo, scvctal-iK.rvt.1l nil laili fai'c-, willi a sharply
j-tcKitliiil, rnuiili \ving-tnarij;iiiu(l IhmU; si-aU's laiU'OnlaU',
uliilisli, ai'iUr, al"nil half as loni; llu- pi-rii;ynia; slij;nias 2.
Ill im aclows, Niw DiuTiswick In Mauitnha. I'Mnriila and
.\ii/.ina. AsiMids to j.vm It. ill X'irniiiia. July Stpl.
Carex tribuloides Bebbii UaiUy, .^Uttl. Torr. Chih. i: 55 i^--i.
Mom- ~K iidrr, s]>ikts I'lvvir, sm.dUr aliout ,' Iniiiu;, iiptiiinouly hrai-tU-s, mostly chisli-ix-d in a
ikiiM- Iliad 1' loiij;: jn-rinyiiia htoadir ami -Il.Ui 1. Kaiim- of tlu tyiu-.
Carex tribuloides moniliformis 1 Tutki rut. ' Urittou.
^'ill ix s,o[^iii iii \,\\. >ii:>iii7ifoiiiiii'['\ic\nt\u. I'hititti. Mrtli. 17. i^i;.
<"i/;v I /;//'»/.i/i/,> var. t,,/ii</<i liailiy. I'rocv .\iu
Sliitdi r. till- I'liliii titmli vNi'ii'diiii; tin- U avi-
J' •" (" loti^;. tin lac'his siiuu what /iK/a;.;. M.niii
Dakota.
.\i'ad. 22 lis, is>,,
; spikes .lil or all Inil the p.iiiiirtiiost sijiaratcd.
and Niw I'.tuiisu ilk to Niu York, wist to \orth
193. Carex scoparia Sclik. Poiiiud HnMiiii
<'i;; I- .iii'/>i7;7i7 Sclik. Kiiil)ii. -NailUi. .'■■. r /-■;. iSm.
<'i/(t' 1" .\ro/>(;r/i/ var. iiiiiun Itoott. 111. 110. />/.,/"/. isoj.
Ctiliiis sk'tidcr, iroct, roujj;hisli aliovc. '■"-2'j^ tall,
l.iavi's liss than I 'j" wide; lower hrai-t hristle-forin or
w.iiitiiio; spikes 3-10, ohloitu, narrowed at holh eiiils,
liri).;ht lirowii, ;"-S" loiij;. 2" ,;" in iliaiiieler, densely
inatty-nowered, usually a^.i^rej^ated into an ovoi<l hcail
S"-l.S" lonj;; staniinalc llowcrs basal; perij,'vnia laneeo-
late. ascending or ercet, 2" 3" lotij;, rather less than 1"
wide, n.irrowly winiLj-niaryiiied, several-nerved on liotli
faces, ta{)eriiiy inlo the ciliatc 2-toollicd lieak: scales
thin, lirowii, acuinin.ite or cus])idale, shorter lli;iii the
])erinynia; slij^tnas 2.
Ill moist si>il. Nova Scotia to Maiiitolia. I'lorida and (Jol
orad
■in
Fi
\scciids to (1200 ft. ill North L'atoliiia July .Si]it.
/ 194. Carex leporina I,.
.MM.
(',11 1 1 iif^.iiiiii I.. S|). ri. 07; ir.s.v
Culms slender, creel, rou).;liish aliove, 1 1'. tall.
Leaves about l" wide, llat, shorter tli;iii the ciilni;
bracts very shoit aiiil scale-like or waiitin.:;; spikes
47, oblong, blunt at the suiniiiil, narrowed ami slain-
inate .at the base. .)''-'>" loii.i;, about y thick, dark
brown, sliinim;, clustcreil but distinct, in a lerininal
oblong In.-ad alxnit i' long; perigynia ascending or aji-
pres.sed, ovale- lanceolate, 2" long, nearly 1" wide,
r.ither narrowly wiiig-inargincd, scvcral-nerved on
both faces, the rough taiiering 2toollicd hcak nearly
as long as the body; scales lanceolate, brown, iiieiii-
branoiis, acute, narrower .and .shorter than the peri-
gynia; stigmas 2.
I'.astirii Mass.acliii~clls .\dvrtitiv c fioiu lanoiie. N.i-
\' ill ihi- Rocky Moiiiu.iin- June .\iii;.
:«
SEIK;!'. lAMIIA'.
357
Carex cristatella Hrilloii.
Ann. l.vc. N. Y. i: uit. i
Civslcd Scd
t;.n.
i-u'ui;
1 sUiUl-
l.irk
nniiKil
t'.r.i].-
widc,
nearly
inrin-
c- N.i-
I I i\/ii/ir IiiiiU\ , I'll
•\Tn
O"'! iliilill,! Sl'llWlill
Not Clairv. 1^11,
('i//v I li ihiitiiiilis \;\\\
Aiiid. 22: 1 (S. i^Mi,
Culms sIlmuKt or rallRT slont, i '.. 2'.. tall
stilf, crei't, rou^liisli ahiivf, lonj^i-r than tlie Kavcs
Leaves i^"-2" wide; lower bracts liristle-fonu, /l:j?\' /'
I4' ' -I '.' loti).j; liead^ (>-! s. Kl>i'"»>e "•' suliyloliosc, J^r'
2" 3" ill (lianietcr, all densely a.i;i,'rei;ati-il into an
ulilonj.; head 1' Ion).; <ir more or tlu- lower slightly
separated; staininate Mowers liasal; perijjynia lan-
ceolate or ovate lanceolate, spreading ornscendinjj,
s()uarrose when mature, Kreen or ).;reenish brown,
I ';"-2" long, less than i" wide, narrowly winj;-
niar;,;iiicd, several-nerved on both faces, la]icrin,n
into a ciliale 2-to()llieil beak; scales lanceolate,
nearly white, nuicli shorter than the i)erij;ynia;
stigmas 2.
In nuiidow- and thickets. New lirunswick to Mani
lolia, south to Massachusetts. I'einisylvania, Illinois and
Nebraska, .\seetids to 210.. It in \'irninia. July Sept.
196. Carex adtista IJooU. Ufowiicd Sedov
( .;/, I ilJll-lil lloott. H.
( V\)r. ,sr,6. )
I'l. Itnr. .\tn. 2: ?15. is(,i
Culms stotit, stilt", erect, entirely smooth, I'.^-
j'j " tall, growing in dense tufts. Leaves about i"
wide, long-pointed, shorter than the culm; bracts
subulate, ta]ieriiig from a broad nerved base, the
lower I or 2 usually elongateil, nearly erect, often
exceeding the spikes; sjiikes 512, subgloliose or
short-oval, several-llowered; ilensely clustered and
apjiarently coulluent, or slightly separated. bri.ght
greenish brown; staininate llowers b.isal; perigyiiia
broadly ovate, firm, very narrowly wing-margineil
or wingless, rough above, plano-convex, 2"-2'."
long, i"-iV" wiile, tapering into a 2-toothed
be.ik, scveral-nervcil on the outer face, nerveless
on the inner, ascending; scales lanceolate, acute or
cusi)idale, about ei|ualling the perigynia; stigmas 2.
In div soil. New llruuswiek to the Xortliwe-l 'i'erri-
loiv. New York and Miehijr.m
Carex foenea Willd. Ihiy Scdj^c.
197
(\ii I I r'oiiirn Willd. I'jiuni. u>~. i^>"i.
('</'/ I" (//!,' I'V'"/'/'' Tuekeiiii. ; Wood. Class book, -5;. jsi,,.
Rather light green, culm slender, smooth, erect or llu>
summit nodding, i" .>'•" tall. Leaves Hat, soft, i" 2"
wi<le, shorter than the culm; brads very short or wanting,
or the lowest occasionally m.inifcsl; s])ikes .) in, subglo-
bose or short-oblong, narrowed at the base, 2 ' > " -3" in tli-
anieter, silvery green, all separated on a sometimes zigzag
rachis or the upper contiguous; stamiiiatc llowers basal;
])erigynia ovate, thin, about !'•" long and nearly 1"
wide, broadly winginaigined, strongly several-nerved on
both faces, tapering into a short rough 2-tootlied beak;
scales hyaline, lanceolate, acuminate, about e(|Ualling the
I)erigyuia; stigmas 2.
Ill (hy woods, ortiii on tucks. New lirunswick to ritin-yl
vania, Slinne-ota and Uiilish Columhia. June July.
Carex foenea perplcxa U.dli \ Mem Torr. Club, i: :'7. iss,).
(.'ulnis stouter. spikt-~ coiiiinouly aifRreuated all'' laiRer. U
of tile euliu iiict or lu-.irly so; periKynia thicker
eontnieled at the
Maine ami \'iT"i.;inia to Miuue-
base, the >uuiiuil
Ola.
I
.158
CVI'l-KAfliAI';.
io8. Carex straminea W'illd. Stiiuv Stil^f. i I'iK- ■*<''>«•)
_^-^-.r-«. ('.;/< I >/;.///////.(/ Willil.. Silik KiiilKr. .|ci, /.,,■/. l^ir.
Culms vtTv sk'iidcr, roujjliisli al)i>vi', I'-i'z" loiijj, tin-
lop coiiitiionly iioddiu.u <>r rcciirx til. I.i'uvfs i " wide or
less, IoiiK-))oiiited, sliorur than tlieciiltn; liracts short or
the lowiT hristlc-form and exceeding its spike; s])ikes v
S, suh^lohose or sli),'htly ohovoid, 2" 2 '.. " thick, yellow-
ish brow II or greenish, se]iiirated on the eoininonly zij^/aji
rai'his, or contifjuous; staniinatc flowers l)asal; i)erif;ynia
sprcaditi); or asccndinj;, ovate, hrown, about 1'." lonj;,
rather more tlinii 'j" wide, stronj^ly several-nerved on
the outer face, fewer-ucrveil on the inner, wiuK-inar);incd,
the taperinjj rouj^h 2-toothed beak about as loii^ as tlic
body; scales lanceolate, acute, about e(|uallinj; the peri-
Hynia, but narrower; slinmas 2.
In (by liilds. Niw lirunswick to Maiiilnba. I'liinsylvaiiia.
Michigan, and probably fartlitr MHilh. Jiuu July.
Carex straminea mirabilis 1 Dcwtvi TucUenii. iMiuni. Mitli.
i.s. |.><|';,.
('till I iiiii(t/n7i\ Dewiy, Am. Jmnn. Sci. 30: d.^. !■-(('
barker, culm sUnilcr. 2 ,s \"\\K. Uavis 1" 2' ■" wide; spikes larttcr, ,V' 4" thick, ratliir
>;rciucr; pcrinynia ^•prt•albn^^, narnnvcr. Iminir than the scales. Kannc of tlic type, extending
south to Nortli Carolina and .Missuni. Perhaps better regarded as a distinct ^ipecies.
199. Carex silicea Oliicy. St-a beach vSt-dj^c.
Ciii I V si/iiKi ( llney. I'roc. .\m. Acad. 7: ,•■,')•■,. !■-'."-.
C. si III III i III tj var. iih'iiili/'iii nil's Tuckerni l!nuin. >btli. 17
i><.l,?. Not ( '. M'o/'iiiiii var. iiii'iii/i/'ni iiii\ Tiickcvm. iSi;.
Ciiii \ I'm iiiii var. siihiilniiiini .\. Ciray. Man. \\i\. 5. 5S1. i.so^
Not C. iii/iii/o.ui Turc/. i^',^7.
Culms slender, rather sti(T, erect but the summit re- 1
curved or nodding, rouj{hish above, 1° 2)2^ tall. Leaves
i" wide or rather less, involute in drying, shorter than
the culm; bracts always very short; spikes 5-S, ovoid-conic
or f.'oid-oblonj;, silvery -green, nearly white or becomin).;
brownish, erect, conspicuously contracteil and staminate
at the base, 4"-6" long, about 2'," thick, all separated
or the uppermost close together; jierigynia ovate-oval,
short-beaked, finely nerved on both faces, wing-mar-
gined, ajipresscd, about 2" long, more than 1" wide,
longer and broader than the lanceolate scales; stigmas 2.
In -aiicls of the ■^la coast, Nuva .Scotia to Ni w Jc rsi v. June .\UK.
200. Carex tenera Dewey. Marsh Straw Sed^e. ( I'i^. Sjo. )
(iiii I Ilium 1)1 wcy. .\ni, Journ. Sci, 8:117. ./.v. i>2|,
( '. sli iiiiiiiii ii var, ii/^iilu liixitt. 111. 120 //, , i''',-; ■ iso.',
C. sliiiuiiiiiii var. Irinni ll;iilcy, Hot, ("..iz, io: ,;si. i,s,s^.
Culm very slender, erect or the summit nodding,
rougliish above i'^ 2"^ liigl'- Leaves shorter than the
culm, usually less than i" wide, tapering to a very
long point; bracts usually short or wanting, some-
times bristle-form; spikes 4-6, oval, obtuse, densely
maiiy-llowercd, separated or the upper contiguous,
greenish-brown, 4" 5" long, staminate and commonly
much contracted at the base; perigynia ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, ascending, appressed, strongly several-
nerved on both faces, wing-niargiiied, the tajiering
rough beak more than half as long as the body; scales
lanceolate, about as long as the jierigynia, but much
narrower; stigmas 2.
In wit soil, coinnioii aloiii; brackish marshes, Maine
anil Untario to Virtrinia .anil Louisiana, May-Juuc,
Carex tenera invisa 1 \V. lluutt > Hrillon.
Cat I V slnniiiiiiii var. hr.isii W. lioolt. CouU. l.ol. (la/. 9: So. tSSi.
•Spikes sinalUr. sub(flobiisi or slinrlobliit' iwil nmre than ,V' tl ick. tlu- lower one usually snb-
ti iiilcil by a filiform bract '.•' 3'.' lon^;. Maine to I)ila\\arc,
tlic
si;i)r,i-: iamii.y.
,vsy
Sii. II
201. Carex festucacea Willd
Cini /( >/;/,iMV( Willd. Sj) I'l. 4: 21.'. iniS.
( ii) , I \l)ii»iiiiiii var liiiiii'i Iiiwiy. Am. Imuii
l.S.s. isjd.
(". sliiiniiiint swi. Ii\lii,iu,ii Tiuk. ICii Milli. !■<. iS(v
Culms .sk'iiiler or rather stout, nearly or (|uilc
siiKioth, sliir, strictly crLct, \'' -X"' tall. Leaves rather
slilf, erect, 1" 2" wiile, shorter tliaii tlie culm; spikes
,^-^>. Kreeu-hrown oliloiij; or nearly j^lohular, chistereil
at tlie summit hut not at all conlhieut, 2" 4" in diam-
eter, the lower one sometimes s\il)teuded hy a short
fdiform bract; ])CriKynia orbicular or very broadly
ovate, broadly winj^-marjjined, about I'j" in diam-
eter, little if at all longer than wide, spreading or as-
cemliii)^, several-nerved on both faces, the rou^^hisli
beak about one-third the leii^jth of the boily; scales
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtusish, ,ibout
as loni^ as and narrower than the perijiyuia; stii;mas 2.
Ill dry i>r moist --nil, Ni u l!nin>wiik lo .Miniu-nta,
Miutli to I'luriil.i aii<l Kansa'' Ma\ July.
202. Carex alata Torr. ni(>a(l-\viiiK«-d Scdjjc.
l'i«:. ^:i.)
n:
)
(.ail
('in,
siib-
I ii/ii/ii Torr. Ann. I.yc. X. V 3: ,v>'|- ^^M'-
I sli iiiiiiiiiii var. iilii'lii Itailiy, Carex Cat. 1SS4.
Culms stiir, rather stout, strictly erect, rouKhi.sh
above, r^-.Vi"^ t.dl. Leaves ^rass-like, but somewhat
ik ^iSr~ ,1 V,\ I rin'd, \" -2" wide, shorter than the culm, spikes ob-
^S^ I Al lonj.; or oblonjj-conic, green-brown, very densely
many-llowered, ."(".S" louji, 4" 5" thick, usually con-
spicuously staminate and contracted at the base,
pointed or obtuse at the sumnut, all distinct but
usually little se])aratcd, bractlcss, or the lower one
subtended by a short Idiform bract; perijjynia orbicu-
lar or obovate-orbicular, very broadly winged, 2" -2 '2"
ill diameter, faintly few-nerve<l or almost nerveless,
erect and appressed, or somewhat curved upward, the
short beak not more than one-lourth as long as the
body; scales lanceolate, acundnate, scarcely over '4''
wide, a little shorter than the perigyiiia; stigmas 2;
achcne distinctly stipitate.
Ill iiii)i>l --iiil, .Mas'.acluisitts to inorida, UKislly near the coast. May Jiine.
203. Carex albolutescens Sduvciii. C.recnish-white vSedjjfe.
Ciiii I (///i(i//(/r .M(».v Scliweiii. Ann. I.yc. N. V. i:iVi. iS2|. ,-
Ciiii I sliiiniima \i\x. /m iini Torr. Ann. I.yc. N. V. 3: vi,^-
iS,V>. Not ('. fociuit Willd. i.Soi).
("1//. I iilhdlnliSifiis var. iiniiiilntii IJaiky, bull. Torr.
Cliil), 20: 422. 189,?.
Similar to the preceding species, but usually lower,
culms I'- 2" tall, stout, strictly erect, rough above.
Leaves i" 2" wide, shorter than the culm; br.icts fili-
form or wanting, the lower one sometimes exceeding
its spike; spikes j;-S, oblong, usually narrowed at
both ends, standnate below, silvery green when young
but becoming brownish, 4"-6" long, mostly less than
3" thick, clustered, but distinct, the lowest sometimes
separated, and very rarely stalked; )ierigynia broailly
ovate, not twice as long as wiile, broadly winged,
strongly nerved on both faces, appressed, about 2"
long, the ro\ighish beak about one-third as long as the
body; scales lanceolate, acuminate, about as long as the
perigynia, but much narrower; achene nearly or i|uite
sessile; stigmas 2.
Ii. wcl !.(iil. mo'-l abuiidaiit aloTiR '^all nuadows, Inil also occuirir.K iiilaiul, New Iiniii>wick to
eastciii I'l iiiisvh.iiii . .'uid I'lorida. Mav liilv.
iFiK- '^r^-
.^6o
cvi'i;k.\ci;a1';
204. Carex Bicknellii Itiitinti. ItickiK-H'
Sell
I'i.U.
/>/
!>').>, Not ( '. ( ;ii,-. (7 IH-wiy iSji.
Culms loosi'ly tuftiMt, j' 1,1, liij;li, iTuit or tlii'
tdji iiu lincil, i()iii;li aliiivi-, iiiiuli longer tli.iu llii-
Icavi's. I.eavi's mostly nearly basal, (>' u' loiij^,
I'," 2'.." wiili-; bracts usually very sliorl, spikes
,^-7, <)\(iicl, subuloliosf, or somewliat obovoiil, ("
fi" loiii;, ilosf toj^ftlicr or the lowi-r sf|)arate(l, sil-
very j^rceii or Ipiiduiiui; vfllowisli, staminalc at
till' li.isc; ])i'ri)4yiiiM very liroailly ovate, thin, sev-
cral-lierveil oil the outer face, 2" \" \ou^, the
hroail memliraiious winx 'i" wiile, the roujih _>-
toothed beak one-fourth to one-half as lonu as the
boily; acheui- stalkcil.
In dry siiil. soutlu-in Ni w Vrnk in Miinusnt;! mid
Missiiiiri. June July.
205. Carex sychnocephala Can y. Dense I,oiij,r-l)oaktil Si.(lj;v. (I-'lj;. S75. )
C '. sviliihi,! f>liiilii Carey. .\iii. Jniini Sei. 1 1 1. 1 4; j|. 1^17.
Cuhns erect, rather stout, i|uite smooth, ,,' iS'
hifjh. Leaves about 1" wide, shorter than the
culm; lower liracts similar to the leaves, much
cloii);ated, 3' 12' loiij;, about 1" wide at the base,
nearly erect; spikes 4 10, j,'reen-brow 11, oblonj.;,
densely tnaiiy-llouercd, staminate at the base, a.y-
j{re>;aled and conlhieiit into an oblong or ovoid
head i' or less lonj;; perif;ynia narrowly linear-
lanceolate 2'i" ;," Ion),', about '2" wide at the
base, ta])erinjf into a suliulale rouKh J toothed
l)cak 23 times as lonu as the slijjhtly marj^dned and
few-nerved body: scales linear-lanceolate, luiin-
acnminate, hyaline, shorter and rather narrower
than the ])eriyynia; stij;nias 2.
Ill tiuadiiws and thicket-, Ontario and cciitial New
York tn Mauitol.a, Miiimsulii and llrili^li Cnluiiiliia.
July Ann.
1-aiiiily 9. ARACEAE .Wck. Act. Acail. Tlicod. I'alat. 2: ^Uz. 1770.'^
AKIM I'AMII.V.
llerh.s with ha.s.al l()ii>(-])cli()lc(l siiiijUe or c(iiii])()iiii(l leases, ami s])atliace<)tts
itifloreseence, the spatlie eiiclosiiio- or siihleiiiliiit; a sjiadix. Koolstook liilierDiis
or a eoriu, in our species iiiostl\' with an acrid or ]nm.i,|;ent sap. .Spadix \ery
densel>- tlowered, the staminate tlowers al)o\e, the pistillate helow, or the jilants
wholly dioeciotis, or with perfect llowers in .some species. Perianth waiitiiii;. or
of 4-6 scale-like sej;iiionts. vStaiiiens 4-10 in our sjiecies; lilameiils ver\- short;
anthers 2-celled, commoniv with a thick tnnicate c()nnecti\e, the sacs o])enin.s;
by dorsal i)ores or slits. ( )var_y i -several-celled; o\iiles i-se\eral in each cell;
style short or wanting;; sli}.;;ma terminal, mostl\' mimite and sessile. I'"rtiit a
l)err\' or utricle. vSeeds \arions. luidosperm copiotis, sparse or none.
Almut 105 tfe'iiera and .ii«i sjiecies. iimslly of trupical riKi"Us, a few in tin- temperate znius.
I'lowers without a periaiilli.
I'ldwers iiiDnoeciniis dV iliijccicius, bnnie at tin- basL- nf t lie s] 1,11 ii.\. i. . 1/ iMirinn.
I'Miiwers nioiinecious. eoveriiin the « luile spadix. j. I'rllniuli ,1.
l''Iiiwers perfect. 3. Oil/a.
I'lowers with a perianth.
.Spadix eiU'ldsed in a shell like fli >liy siiatlie. .|. .SptiZ/iiriini.
Spadix naked, leiininatintf the scape. 5. (hoiilniiii.
.Spadix naked, borne at the base of a leaf like spalhe u. . \, m ii\.
*Text contributed bv the late Ri;\-. Tiidm.vs MukMNc.
1&
T
ARtM I-AMir.V.
361
I. ARISAEMA Marl. Mora, 14; 45.;. is;,i.
I'lTiiiiiial licrlis with acriil iciriiis, sii;i])lc scale's ami 1 to t, sliMi<lfr-ix?lic)l(cl divideil
k-avts imfoldiii^ with thf llowcrs. Spailix iiu'liidcd or exsurtiTl, hcarilij,' the llowurs near its
liasu. Spathr coiivulutc, ojn'ii or nintrailcd at tlif tliroat. I'Mowers (liofiious or iiionoi-
cioiis, without any poriaiitli, the staniiiiatc of | almo'^t si'ssilt- 2 .(-cclli'd ant'iKTS which open
hy coiilhiciit slits at the a]>cx, the ]iistillate witli all ovoid or >;lohosc i-i-i!!'' I ovary contain-
ing I or many orthotropoiis ovuli's; style very short or none, tipped with a pcllatc-capitatc
sti.i;nia. I'rnit a ^lolxise red herry, the clusters usually larj^e and cons])icuous when ripe.
Sicils with copious eiidos])crni and an a\ial etnhryo. |Circek,iii reference to the red-
hlotclicd leaves of some species.]
.\t)iillt .'io species, innslly nalivis of iciiipciiitc and ~utitMipical .\>ia llesidi-. the foUnwiiiij,
anullier oceurs in the lununlaius of NciUli C.iinliuii.
.Spallu liooded, open at llle tliniat, cMclosint! tin- --padix J . . I. /( //>//! //iiiii
Sp.illu' cnnvolutc: sinuinit nf the spadix cx-crud. .'. .1. />i iicii/iiini.
I. Arisaema triphyllum ( I,. 1 Torr. Jack-in-llR-i)iil|iil. Indian Tnriiii)
(1m;j;. 876. ) '. ,.
.li mil /I i/>/n//iiiii h. Sp. IM. (165, I7,s.i.
.li isdiiiiii ii/ioi ti/ii'ify UUimv. kuinphia, 1:07. i>,i,S.
Ai isiicina lri/>liylliiiii Torr. p'l. N. V. J: 2,V) iS.|,i.
Leaves I or 2, nearly erect, in' -3^ hijih, usually
exccedinj; the scape, vfoliolate, the sej;nients ovate,
entire, or sometimes lohcd, acute rounded or nar-
rowed at the base, ,^'7' lonj^, I'j'-.i'j' wide,
sessile or very short-stalked; flowers commonly
<lioecions, yellow, home on the hasal part of the
spadix; spadix 2'-,^' lonj;, its naked summit blunt,
colored; spathe j^reen, and jiurple-striped, curving;
in a broad llaji over the lo]> of the spadix, acumi-
nate; fdaments very short and thick; ovaries
crowiled; ovules 5 or 6; berries smooth, shining,
about ,s" ill diameter, formini; a dense ovoid heail
l'-.'/ loiiK-
III iiioi-^t woods and thicket-.. Nova Sculia to I'lurida,
wist to Ontario. Miiuusnta, Kaiir^as and I.nnisiaiia.
\>ciiids to ,v««i ft. ill North Carolina .\pril .|iiiie.
I'riiit ripe June July The acrid Imlb madi' edible by
lioiliiiy.
2. Arisaema Dracontium ( L. ) Sclinit. (iicl-ii Drairon.
( FiR. S77. )
Diai'iiii-niol.
Aiiiiii lliiit'tiili II III I,, sp. ri. ()»';. i7.i.v
.1 li.uii'iiiti III lUoiiliiiiii Scholi. ^Ielct. I: 17. iS.i:!
Conns clustered. Leaves usually solitary, S'-4''
loll),', pedately ilivided into 5-1" segments, much
longer than the scape; segments obovate or obloiij,',
;■,' 10' lonj;, ij" _)' wide, aliruptly acute at the apex,
narrowed to a sessile or nearly sessile base, entire or
the lateral ones soiiiewhat lobed; scape sheathed by
iiiembranous scales at the base; sjiathe j.5rceiiisli or
whitish, narrowly convolute, acuminate, i'-2' long,
eiiwraiipiujf the spadix, the u])per part of which tapers
into a slender appenilaj;c exsertcd I '-7' beyond its
ajiex; iiilloresccnce of the staiuinatc plant nearly as
louj; as the tubular part of the spathe; in the monoe-
cious plant the pistillate flowers arc borne on the lower
part of the spadix; ovary turbinate, with 6-8 bottle-
shaped ovules ; stigmas depressed ; berries reddish-
orange in large ovoid heads.
Mostly ill wet woods and alnni; streams, but soiiutiiiKS
ill dry soil. Maine to Ontario and Minnesota, south to
l-'lnrida. Kaii>as and Tixa>. May-Jiiiie.
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WEBSTER, NY. 14580
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AKACHAE.
2. PELTANDRA Rat". Joiini. Phys. 89: 10;,. 1S19.
liofj herbs, with entire sagittate acute or acuniinale leaves, the long petioles sheathiii},'
the shorter scape at the base. Spalhc elongated, convolute, or expanded above, riowers
monoecious, covering the whole spadix. Terianlli none. .Slaniinate flowers uppermost,
consisting at first of irregularly 4-si(lcd oblong flat-topped shields, from the edges of which
appear 6-10 imbedded anthers opining by apical pores, the shields xdlimatelj- shrivelling
and leaving the linear-oblong anthers nearly free. Ovaries ovoid, surrounded at base by 4
or 5 white fleshy scale-like stamiiiodia, i -celled; ovules solitary or few, amphitrojious; style
erect, short, thick, tijiped with a small stigma. P'ruit a green or red berry, i-.vseeded, when
ripe forming large globose heails at the extremity of the linallv recurved scape, and enclosed
in the persistent leathery base of the spathe. Seeds surrounded by a tenacious jelly; en<lo-
spcrm none, [dreek, referring to the shield-shaped slaniinate disks.]
Tile genus cmisists of tlie two folliiwiiin species:
Spatlu- narrow, convolute its whole kiinlli. «:reen.
.Spathe with a whitish dilated suniniit.
r, /'. I'ii'i; iiiicd.
2. I'. .saf;illiu'/i>liii.
I. Peltandra Virginica (L.) Kiiiith. Cireen Arrow-artiin. (Fig. S7S.)
.Ii/iiii I 'iixiJiiiinn I,, .Sp, I'l. ()6(). I7,S,V
IMIiindia uuilulala Raf. Journ. IMiys. 89: 10;,. iSi<).
rdUiiutia I'lixiiiiiii Kunlli. ICiiuiii. 3: ),v 1S41.
Leaves bright .green, somewhat hastate-sagit-
tate, 4'-,i<'' long, 3'-S' wiile, acute or acuminate
at the apex, firm, strongly veined. Root a tuft
of thick fibres; scape nearly as long as the leaves,
recurving ..nd immersing the fruiting spadix at
maturity; spathe green, 4'-S' Ions, long-conic,
closely investing the spadix throughout, the
strongly involute margins undulate; spadix
shorter than the spathe, the pistillate flowers
covering about one-fourth of its length, the rest
occupied by staminate flowers; ovaries globose-
ovoid; style nearly ,'2'' long; stigma a little
thicker than the style; berries green when ripe.
Ill swiinips, or sliallow water, Maine ami Dn-
tario to :\Iiclii!{an. soutli to IHorida and Louisiana.
May June.
2. Peltandra sagittaefolia (Michx.) Morong
(Fig. S79.)
Ciiilii •iiiv illiii-fhliii .Miclix. I'l. liof. .\m. 2: i'^;.
ISO,?.
rrll<xiuli,i iillhi Kill'. Niw I'l. N. A. i: sS. iS^i.
Xaillliosoniii Siii;illiu-f'oIiii Cliapiu. I'l. S. Slates,
441. iSfxi. Not .Siliott.
Pillantira sagiUailolid Moroiifr, Mem. Torr. Club,
5: I02. i^i94.
Leaves sagittate, sometimes wider than those
of the preceiling sjiecies, acuminate or acute,
the basal lobes diverging, obtuse or subacute;
petioles 8'-2()' long, e(|nalling or 'onger than
the scape; sjiathe 3'-4' long, with a whitish ex-
p.iniled acuminate apex; spadix scarcely more
than one-half as long as the spathe, the stami-
nate flowers borne on its upper half; ovaries
ovoid ; style scan ely any ; stigma broad,
depressed, lobed; ripe berries red.
In uiiirslies and siiritiKs, soutlurn Virginia lae-
cordiiiK to dray I to I'lorida. May July,
While Arrow-arttni.
ARUM FAMILY. 363
3. CALLA L. Sp. PI. c/.s. 1753.
A IxiK licrl) with skndcr acrid rootstocks, broarlly ovate or nearly orbicular cordate
leaves, and a large white persiiitent spathc. vSpathc ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, acuminate,
open. Spadix eylindric, much shorter than the .spathc, densely covered with llowers.
Flowers perfect or the very uppermost staminate; ])criaiith none. Stamens about 6; lila-
ments linear, longer than the anthers; anther-sacs divaricate, o])ening by slits. Ovary
ovoid, i~celled: style very short; stigma small, flat, circular. Ovules 6-9, anatropous.
Herries obconic, depressed. Seeds hard, smooth, oblong, striate toward the micropylc and
pitted at the other end. I'jidosperm cojiious. [An ancient name, taken from Pliny.]
.\ ni(>iiolyi)ic (fctuis of tin- c(i(iU-r purtions uf
llu- unrtli teiiiperale zone.
I. Calla palustris L. Water Anini.
( Fis. SSo. )
Ciillii />(i/iis/n'.s I,. Sp. I'l. <)!'>•'. l~r•^■
Petioles 4'-S' long, spreading or ascending.
Blades thick, entire, I'z'^A' wide, cuspidate or
abruptly acute at the apex, deeply cordate at
the base; scape as long as the ])etioles, sheathed
at the base; rootstocks covered with sheathing
scales and with fd)rous roots at the nodes;
spathe i'~2i,' long and about i' wide, with an
abruptly acuminate involute apex; spadi.x
about i' long; berries red, distinct, few-seeded,
forming a large head when mature.
In bnfrs, Xov.i .Sciitia to MiiiiK-si)ta, south to Vir
(linia, Wisconsin and Iowa. .Vlso in luiropc and
.\sia. May Junu. iMiiit ripe July.Vusir.
4. SPATHYEMA Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5
[Symi'i.ocakits Salisb.; Nutt. Gen. 1: 105.
.S5
i8kS.]
A fetid herb, with large ovate cordate leaves, thick straight rootstocks and a short erect
partly underground scai)e. Spathe swollen, shell-like, thick, pointed, completely enclosing
the spadix. Spadix globose or oblong, short-stalked, entirely covered bv the perfect flowers.
Perianth of 4 hooded sepals. Filaments slightly dilated; anthers 2-cc'lled, short, extrorse,
opeinng longitudinally. Ovary nearly buried in the tissue of the spadix, i-celled with a soli-
tary suspended anatropous ovule. Style pyramidal, 4-sided, thick, elongated; stigma minute,
licrries immersed in the spongy axis of the spadix, becoming adnatc to the succulent peri-
anth in ripening, i -.seeded, forming large heads. Seeds large. Embryo large, flesh v; endo-
sperm none. [Greek, referring to the spathe.]
.\ monotypic getuis of tastern Xorlli .\nierica and nortlicastern Asia.
I. Spathyema foetida ( L. ) Ral". vSkiink Cabl)aKe. ( ^'ii,^ SSi.)
/>! iHiiiiliiiiii forlitlKiii I., Sp. IM. (/)7. 175;,.
Spallivriini /o,ii\l,i Kal'. Med. Kip. 1 II. 1 5: ,^,s2. iSaS
S\ iiiftloiOi fiis /iHiithis .Nutt. (k'U. I: i(j6, iSlS.
Leaves numerous, in large crowns, 1°-^° long, often
1° wide, strongly nerved, abruptly acute at the apex,
thin, entire, their petioles deeply channeled. Koot-
stock thick, descending, terminating in whorls of
fleshy fibers; spathc ])reccding the leaves, erect, 3'-6'
high, i'-3' in diameter at the base, convolute, firm;
purple-brown to greenish yellow, often mottled, its
short scape usually subterranean, .spadix about i' in
diameter in flower, greatly enlarging and sometimes
6' in diameter in fruit; mature seeds 4"-6" long.
In swamps and wet soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario ami
Minnesota, south to Florida and Iowa. Feb.-.\pril,
I'niit ripj .\ug. Sept.
564
AKACKAi:.
5. ORONTIUM L. Sp. PI. 324. 1753.
A(|uatic liert).>;, with thick rootstocks Imried in llif imid, obloiif^'-elliptic nerved leaves
without a (hstincl niidvein, and slender terete scapes terminated hv a cylindric spadix.
Spathe enclosing the spadix when very younj.;, soon parting and remaining as a sheathing
bract at its base, or falling away. Mowers perfect, bright yellow, covering the whole
spadix. Sepals (-6, scale-like, imbricated upon the ovary (lower flowers commonly with 6,
upper with 4). vStamens as many as the sepals; fdaments linear, wider than the anthers,
abruptly narrowed above; anthers small, with two diverging sacs opening by obli(|ue slits.
Ovary partly imbedded in the axis of tlie spadix, de])ressed, obtusely angled, l-celled; ovule
solitary, half-anatropous; stigma sessile. I'rnit a green utricle. Ivndosperm none; embryo
long-stalked. [Ancient name of some water ])lant, said to be from the Syrian river
Orontes.]
A munolypic k'i'ius of laslcrn Nurth Ainirica,
1. Orontium aquaticum I^. Goldcn-clul).
( Fig. SS2. )
(>roiiliii)n (iijiinliiini! I,, Sp. I'l. ,524. 175,1-
Leaves ascending or floating, depending on the depth
of water, deep dull green aljove, pale beneath, the blade
,S'-I2' long, 2'-5' wide, entire, acute or ciisjiidate at the
apex, narrowed at the base into a ])etiole 4'-2o' long.
>Scape 6'-24' long, flattened near the spadix; spadix i'-2'
long, ^"-A" '" diameter, fre<|neiitly attenuate at the
summit, mucli thickened in fruit; spathe bract-like, 2'-4'
long, 2-keeled on the back; usually falling away early;
utricle depressed, roughened on top with 9 or 10 tubercles.
In swamps an<l ponds, Massaclmsutls to c<-nlral I'lnii-
^ylvania, sciutli In I'hirida and I,iiui>>iana, niustly near tlii'
eiiasl. .Vscends In Jcon It. un llu; I'ncdiici jjlaleau nf IViinsyl-
vania. .\pril ^^ay.
6. ACORUS I,. Sp. ri. 324. 1753.
Ivrect herbs, with very long horizontal branched rootstocks, sword-shaped leaves, and ;,-
angled scapes keeled on the back and channeled in front, and a seemingly lateral cylindric
spadix, the scape appearing as if extending long beyond it, but this upper part is in reality
a spathe. Flowers perfect, densely covering tlie whole spadix. Perianth of 6 membranous
concave .sepals. Stamens 6; lilaments flattened, nnich longer than the anthers; anthers reni-
form or sagittate, 2-celled, the cells conlluent at maturity. Ovary oblong, ;, -4-celled with
2-.S anatropons ovules in each cell; stigma sessile, depressed-capitate. I'Vuit a 2-3-celled
gelatinous berry, few-seeded, blndosperm copious. [Name ancient.]
Two known siiecies, tlie I'nllnwinK widely ilislribiUed in the nnvtli liniperate /one, tlie olliir
Japanese,
I. Acorus Calamus L. Sweet Flag.
Calaimis-roDt. (Fig. S,S3. )
.\iiii Its Caltiiinis I., vSp. ri, ,;j). 175.V
Leaves linear, erect, 2°-6'' tall and i' wide or less,
sharp-pointed and sharp edged, with a ridged mid-
vein running their whole length, 2-ranked, closely
sheathing each other and the scape below. vSpathe
a leaf-like extension of the scape projecting S'-,^/
beyond the spadix; spadix spike-like, 2'-^^' long,
about ',2' in diameter, compactly covered with
minute greenish-yellow flowers.
In swamps and ahiUB streams. Nova Scotia to On-
tario and Minnesota, south to I.otiisiana and Kansas,
.\lso in ICiirope and .Vsia, In our territory fruit is
rarely, if ever, formed. The hard ovary is usually
found to he imperfect, with 2 or t, abortive cells and
ovules. The plant is jiropaitaled by its large rootstocks,
wliieli furnish the druK Calamus. Interior of stalk
sweet. May July,
DrCKWEEl) l-AMILV.
365
I'aniily 10. LEMNACEAE niiniort. Fl. I!d-,r. 147. 1827/'=
I)rcK\vi;i:i> 1'amii.v.
Minute iiLTcnnial floating aciuatic i)lants, witliotit leaves or witli only very
rudinienlarv ones. The plant l)o(l\' consists of a (iisc-shajied elon^^ated or irreg-
ular thallus, which is looselx' cellular, densely chl()ro])hyllous and sometimes
hears one or more rootlets. The vegetative growth is by lateral hranching, the
branches being but slighth' connected by slender stall.,-, and .soon separating.
In the autunni these disconnected branches fall to the bottom of the ditch or
jjond, but rise and again increase in si/e in the spring. The inflorescence con-
si.sts of one or more naked monoecious flowers borne on a slight lateral promi-
nence on the edge or U])]ier surface of the ])lant. ICach flower connnonl\' con-
sists of but a single stamen or a single flask-sha])ed ])istil. The anther is ])ro-
\-i(le(l with two to four pollen-sacs, containing spherical niiiuitel\' barbellate
grains. The jiistil is gradually narrowed to the funnel-shajied scar-like stigmatic
apex, and produces 1-6 erect or in\erted ovules. The fruit is a i-^-seeded utricle.
Till- I'iiinily Odiiiprist's Uu' siiiiilUst iif tlio noucrintr pliiiits ;iim1 (.'(iiitaiiis ; ^it-iuni, all (if wliioli
lire aiivtsuiiUil ill Nditli .Xiiu-iica, and about 20 sptcics of wide dislributiiiii.
Tlialliis proniiiRiUly nerved; wiUi a nuinbiancins spallii- and a cluster (if several nidtlets; ovules 2
TlialUis sli;ilitly nerved; with a nieinbranous spatlie and a siuifle rootlet; ovtili
'riiallus nerveless; without spatlie or rootlets; ovule 1.
I. Sf>ii(Hiiia.
1 (I. 2. I.iiiiiia.
},. M'olffui.
I. SPIRODELA Schleid. Linnaea, 13: 391. iS.v;.
Thallus disc-shaped, 7-i2-nerve(l. The hiteral branches subteiuled by a single bipartite
basilar rudinientar}' leaf. Tlie thinlv-capped rootlets as well as tlie nerves are provided
with a single bundle of vascular tissue. The ovary produces two anatropous ovules. I'ruit
unknown. [Oreek, in allusion to the cluster of rootlets."
Two species, the followiiijr. and .S'. i>lii;iirliizii, a native
of --outhern .-\sia, .\ustralia and the I'iji Islands.
I. Spirodela polyrhiza { L. 1 Schleid.
(ireater Duckweed. (Fig. SS4. i
l.t niim fii<lrrlii:a I,. ,Sp. I'l. ()"o. 17.XV
Sfiiind, /ii f>oI\ilii:ii Schleid. IJiniaea, 13: ;io2.
IS, ',9.
Thallus nmiid-obovate, 2"-^" lon>(, thick, flat and
dark green above, slightly convex and pur])le bencilb,
palinately 5-11-nerved. ICach thallus bears a central
cluster of from 5-1 1 elongated rootlets. Rootcaj)
pointed.
Ill rivers, ixnids, ])oolsaiid shallow lakes, Xova Scotia
to liritish L'ohiiiiliia, south to .South Carolina, Texas,
iioitlierii .Mexicoaud Nevada Widely distriliuti-d in the
( )1(1 World and in tropical .\iiicriea. Seldom collected in
flower,
2, LEMNA L. Sp. PI.
Thallus disc-shaped, usually j)rovided with a central nerve and w ith or without two or
four Literal nerves. Kach thallus produces a single rootlet, which is devoid of vascular tis-
sue and is coninionly provided with a thin blunt or pointed rootcap. The ovary contains
from one to si.\ orthotropous aiiiphitropous or anatropous ovules. Pruit ovoid, more or less
ribbed. Endosperm in one or three layers. [Greek, in allusion to the growth of these
small plants in swamps.]
Seven species, in teiii])erate and tropical rcKions. liesides the foUowiiiK species, Lemiia An-
i;iilfiiiis is a native of Lower lUtinta and J.i iitiia f>itiin\i>shi/a has been found in .Xsia, .\frica and
South .\inerica.
(.Ivule I, ampliitriipous or orthotropous; endnspenn in three layers.
Thalli of two kinds, ovule ainiiliitropous.
Thalli all alike,
Thallus without lateral nerves; ovule orthotropous.
Thallus witli lateral nerves; ovule orthotropous.
Thallus with lateral nerves: ovule ani])hitropous.
Ovules 2-f), anatropous; endosperm in one layer.
1. /.. Irisiilca.
2. /., I\il(ii7'iana.
^. /., pii/>iisi//a.
4. /,. ii/iiior.
5, /-. fiihha.
I
*Te.\t contributed by Mr. Ehmcnii V. Suki.dox.
366
I.IvM.NACI'AIv.
Lemna trisulca 1,.
Iv\-k'avc(l Duckwceci. Star Duckwfcd.
(Fig. ,SS5. )
l.ciiiiia h isiiliii I,. Sp. I'l. 970. 17S.V
Tliallus lanceolate, siibiiicrjTed and devoid of stoniata in
the ])riniary aciuatic form, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 6"-9"
long, floating and provided with stoniata in the later tlowcr-
ing stage. The later and more common form is narrowed at
the base to a slender stipe, thin, denticnlatc, with or without
rootlets, and slightly .^-nerved. vSeveral individuals often
remain connected, so as to form a chain-like scries. Root-
cap pointe<l; fruit symmetrical; seed deeply i2-i,s-ribbed.
Ill (litclK'S. ^.priiiijrs, iKiiuls. shallow lakrs and sliiiii;hs, Nova
Scnti.i Id tlu- I'acitic Ooi-iiii, smith to New Jiiscy and New Mex
ici). .Also ill IvuriipL-, .\sia. .M'ric.-i and Australia. July-.VuKiist.
2. Lemna Valdiviana Pliilip]ii
wcL'd. ( iMg. ,S,S6. )
\'al(livia Diick-
I.emmi Wildiinana V\\\\\\t\>\. I.innata. 33: 2V). 1S64.
Tliallus oblong-elliptical, r'-i'i" long, thin, subfalcatc
and shortly stalked at the base, provided with numerous
stoniata, e.xcept on the borders, nerveless; rootcap short and
blunt; spathe renifonn; fruit ovoid-oblong, unsynimetrical;
seed prominently ao-ribbed.
Ill pools and rivers, soutluTii New York and New Jersey and
southward, west to Califuriiia. Arizona and New Me.xico. .\!si)
ill South America. June July.
3. Lemna perpusilla Torr. Mimitc Dtickwood.
( Fig. SSy. )
J.rnnia f^i I /^iiM'/la 'I'mv. I'l. N. V. 2: 2(5, iS)v
Tliallus small, 1"- i '■" long, obovate, often ])ur])li.sl. tinged
beneath, unsynimetrical and abruptly uairowcil to a very short
stalk, provided throughout with numerous stoniata, more or
less 3-nerved; rootcap pointed; fruit ovoid; seed 40-60-ribbed.
Ill ponds, rivers, springs and lakes. New York and New Jersey to
Minnesota, Ni!iniska aiul Jlissouri. Jiiiie-Julv.
4. Lemna minor L. Ia-s.-^ct Duckweed. (Fig. SS.S. )
I.oniia iiihioi I,. Sp. I'l. 070. 1753,
Tliallus obovate or subcircular, i "-3" long, thickish, rarely
reddish or purplish tinged, short-stalked when young, pro-
vided throughout with .stomata, obscurely 3-nerved, very rarelv
4-5-nervcd. Rootcap obtuse or subtrnncate. l^'ruit symmelri-
cal, subturbinate. Seed with a prominent protruding hilum,
deeply and nncciually 12-15-ribbed.
In ponds, lakes and slajfuaul waters, tlirouKliout North America
below .sS^"" N. lal. .Vlso ill Phirope, .\sia. Africa and .Yustralia.
Suininer.
DrCKWI'M) I-AM[I,V.
5. Lemna gibba L. (',i,,;).)iis Duckweed.
(Fix;. HScj.)
l.t')iiii(i ,i;ihha I,. S]). I'l, '1711. 175,^.
Tliallus slij,'litly unsyiiuiietrical, obovate or slioit-oliovalc,
I '," 3" loiij,', tliickisli or more or less stron};ly ).;ibl)ous he-
iicalh, short-stalked wlieii youiii,', soon separating, provided
with stomata which are sparse beneath, obscurelv 3 5-iierved;
rootcap mostly short-pointed, rarely long-pointed or obtuse;
fruit symmetrical; seed thick, deeply and uiiefjually rili1)ed.
In jjondsaiiil rivt'rs, Xi'braska, Texas, Ari/ona ami Calil'dniiii.
Also m Mexico, lundpe, Asia, Africa and Australia. June Jul>.
3. WOLFFIA Horkcl; Sclilcid. I.innac:
■•"^.V).
13: ."r'ii)-
Tliallus small, glolwsc, ovoid-oblong, suljcyliiulric or irregular, rootless, nerveles> and
leafless. The vegetative growth is from a cleft near one end of the plant, the branch being
mostly sessile and soon detached. Tlie ovary contains cue orthotro])ous ovule. I" ruit spher-
ical or short ovate, smooth. Ivndosperni in a single layer. [Name in honor of Nath. Matlh.
V. Wolff, i724-i7,S4, Polish physician and naturalist.]
niostlv
.\ genus (if
Mexican siiecie^
I2_specus, mostly in tropical and sublnipie.il renions. The rollouin.tr and Uvi
//'. liiiiiiiltilii and ]!'. L;ltiili\il,i. comprise all the knuwii X.iiUi .VnKrican l'niiii~.
I. Wolffia Columbiana K.irsl. Colunihi:!
Wolflla. ( V'vr. ,S()(). I
ll'dl/ha i'oliiiiihiiiiiit Karst, I!ot. TiUers. I: in:,. \iCi=, (>-.
Thalhis sphefical or subelliiisoidal ' ■"--^' /' long, with
a limited nundjcr of stomata 1 i to 61, loosely cellular and
clear green tlironghout, not dotted nor gibbous.
ITiiatiiig as minute alija-like grains just beneath the sur-
face of llie water in sta),Miant ponds, pools and shallow lakes,
( )ntario to Connecticut .and Xew Jersey, west to Minnesota
and Missouri, south to Louisiana. Also in Mexico an<l .Soutli
.\meriea. Juni' \\\\y.
2. Wolffia Brasiliensis Wedd. P.ra/.il
W'oliTia. ( I'"ig'. Sy I. )
irn/f/iii /,'l,lsi/l,■ll.u.^<\\\■^\l^. Ann. ,Sci. Xat. 1 111. 1 12: 170. iSj(|.
Tliallus oblong, smaller than the last, '+"-';" long,
llattish, densely cellular, with numerous stomata and
dark green above, gibbous, more loosely cellular, with
fewer stomata and paler beneath; brown-dotted through-
out with miiuite ])igment cells.
I'loatiuK on the surface ol" stannant waters, Ontario, Con-
necticut to Xew Jersey, west to Minnesota and Mi>soini,
' til to Louisiana. .Also ill lira/il. Jnue July.
■'i ll:L^^:/^:,>..
I'aiiiily II. MAYACACEAE Walj). Ann. ;,: 662. 1S53.
I\I.\V.\C.\ I'AMII.V.
vSlciidcr Imuicliiug; aiiuatic nioss-likt- ht-rlis, with linear sessile i-iierved entire
soft leaves, notched at tiie ai)ex. Flowers .solitary, j)eduncled, while, jierfect,
and regular, the peduncles Imicted at the l)ase. Perianth i)^'rsistent, consisting
of 3 lancclate green herbaceous sepals and 3 ohovate white spreading petals.
.Stamens 3, hypogynous, alternate with the petals; filaments filiform; anthers
24
3r,s
MAVACACHAi:.
()1)lonjif, soiiiLwhal 4-'^i(li.'il. 2-CL-lk'cl. Ovary suiK'rior, sessik', i-cvllal witli ,^
]>arit'lal jilaocntac; ovuk-s several or luniR-roiis, ortliotrojious; slvlu filiforin;
stigmas terminal, entire >ir with ;, short lohes. Ca])siile i -celled, ;,-valve(l.
Seeds ovoid or j;lol)ose, the testa reticulated; enil)r>() at the apex of tile mealy
entlos]K-rm.
The f.-imily cini-iists nf ihv I'nllowiiis ^;^■lUls:
I. MAYACA Anbl. PI. Ouiaii.
i:
1:42. •/,.
Cliaracters of the family. [.Xljoriginal name of these plants in Guiana.]
.Miiiut 7 spii'iis .111.' kiidwii, all iiativts of warm
and tinjiiial Aimrica. Oiilv Uk- fulldwinu "ccurs in
the I'nitfd .Sl.ites.
I. Mayaca Aubleti Michx. Mayaca.
(Fig. S92. )
Jfil\-(!i(i .\iihliii Mii'lix. 1"1. liiir. .\ni. :: 36. iSo.i.
JfiDiUi! J/ii/uni 1 // SchdU iN: l-jull. Melet. i: 2|. iS.p.
Stems tufted, 3'-i5' long, usually httle
branched. Leaves densely clothing the stem and
widely speading, linear-lanceolate, transhicent,
2" -3" long, about '\" wide; peduncles i"-b"
long, very slender, recurved in fruit; (lowers 3"-
4" broad, a.Killarj-, but borne near the ends of
branches, lateral, rarely more than one on each
branch; cajjsule oblong-oval, about as long as the
sepals, tipped until dehiscence by the subulate
style.
Ill fre^h water ivxjlsaiul streams, simtheastern Vir-
Kiiiiii lo I'liiridii and 'I'exas. May July.
Fcunilv 12.
?ss.
IS36.
XYRIDACEAii: Lindl. Xat. Syst. Ivl. 2,
Via.i.owKVKi) Gk.vss 1'amii.v.
Perennial or aiintial tufted herbs with basal narrow eniiitant commonl\-
2-ranked lea\-es, and erect simple leafless scai)es, I'lowers ])erfect, mostly \el-
low, nearly or (piite regidar, .solitar\- and sessile in the axils of coriaceous iml)ri-
cated bracts ( .scales ), forming terminal o\-oid globose or cylindric heads. Sepals
3, the two lateral ones small, keeled, persistent, the other one larger, membran-
ous (wanting in the South American genus .\bolhoda). Coix>lla inferior, with
a narrow tube and 3 spreading lobes. Stamens 3, in.serted on the corolla, tisually
alteniatin.g with as many jiUmiose or bearded staminodia. ( )\-ary sessile, i -celled
or incompletely 3-celled; oxiiles numerous or few, on 3 ])arietal ])lacentae, ortho-
tropous; style terminal (unappendaged in AV/vV, in .Iholboda aiij)endaged at the
ba.se), 3-branched above; stigmas apical. Fruit an oblong 3-valved capsule.
Seed-coat longitudinally striate. Fjnbryo iqiical. luidosperm mealy or some-
what fleshy.
Two (reiiera, .\'r/7,v I,, and AhDlbodtx M. N: 1!.. comprising some 60 species, nmslly nf tropical
(listribuliuii in both the did Wnrld and the New.
I. XYRIS L. vSp. PI. 42. 1753.
Characters of the family a.s given above. [Greek name for some plant with 2-edged
leaves.]
Iksidcs the fdlldwinn species there are some 9 others in the
Lateral sepals wingless, the keel fringed with shoil hairs. 1
Lateral sepals winsed, tlie keel fimbriate or lacerate.
•Scapes nut bulbous thickened at the base; leaves flat or but slightly twisted.
Lateral sepals about as long as the bracts, their keels lacerate.
Head oblong, I '."-3" long; northern. 2
Head oval or ovoid, 3"-8" long: soutliern.
Keel of lateral sepals lacerate to below the middle. 3. X. communis.
Keel of lacerate sepals lacerate only above the middle. 4. A'. Carol in iana.
Lateral sepals longer tlian the bracts, their keels long-finibriate. ,s. .\'.Jiiiil»iala.
Scapes consijicuously bulbous-thickened at the base; leaves spirally twisted. 6. A', lorla.
.outhern I'nited States.
X. /It \ nosd.
X. »i on I ana.
vHLLow i;vi;d grass i'amii.v. 3^9
I. Xyris flexuosa Muhl. Sleiukr Vellow-cved C.rass. (Fij,rS93)
Xyris tU'xiiosti JIulil. Cat. 5. iSi-;.
vScapes slender, straif,'lil or soinetiiiies slijjlilly
twisted, 4'-i.S' tall, 2-edj,'fd above, bulbous-thickened
at the base. Leaves narrowly linear, flat or beconiinj,'
twisted when old, i'-6' long, ;^"-i <," wide; head glo-
bose, or short-oblong, obtuse, ,^"-4" high; bracts
broadly oval or slightly obovatc, entire or somewhat
lacerate at the apex; lateral sepals linear, about as long
as the bracts, curved, finely fringed with short hairs
on the wingless keel; expanded flowers 3"-4" broad.
In swaniiis and boss. Ataiiie to Miiiii(.si)tii, miulli tci
(.n.rKia ;inil Texas. July Stpt.
Xyris montana H. Rit-.s. Northern
VellDw-c-yed (iras.s. (Fig. S94. )
//rill, Kill var. /}ii.u'//a A. Cray
-Not .\', piisilhi R. Hr, i.Sio. "
.\jr/.v
' I M'l;
.\J7 /.( iiionlana H. ki
.^rau. ICd.
Hull. Torr. Club, 19: 3S.
i. ,S4S.
1S92.
Scapes very sleiuler, straight or slightly twisted,
2edgcd above, 2'-i2' tall, not bulbous-thickened at
the base. Leaves narrowly linear, i'-6'long, ji"-i"
wide, not at all twisted or but very slightly so; head
oblong or ovoid, subacute, i,'<"-3" long; bracts oval
or obovatc, rounded and finely lacerate at the apex;
lateral sepals linear, irregularly serrate-fiuibriate on
the winged keel above the middle, about as long as
the bracts.
In bciKS, Nova Sccilia Ici Ontario .inil ^ticliiifan, south
to the I'ocono :\rountaiiis of I'cnnsvlvania and to Xcw
Jermy. Our only sptcics occurring on nioutUains. Tulv-
Au(f. •"
3- Xyris communis Kuntli. Soutlierii Vdlow-eyed Grass. (Fig. 895.)
Xvri
.V coiiniiiiiiis
Kuntli, ICiunn. 4: 12. iS) 5.
Xyris ililforiiiis Cliapni. I'M. .S. .States,
500. 1S60.
Scapes slender, slightly twisted, 2-edged above,
I -edged below, not thickened at the base, 6'- 18'
tall. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, flat, 5'-io'
long, i"-4" wide; head ovoid, or subglobose, blunt
or subacute, about ;;.' long; scales ovate or oval,
mostly entire; lateral sepals lanceolate, the winged
keel fimbriate from the apex to below the middle;
corolla-lobes obovate, 2"-^" long.
In bogs, JFaryland to I'lorida and Louisiana. Widely
distributed in tropical .\nierica. June .\ug.
370 xvrii).\ci:ai:.
4. Xyris Caroliniana Walt. Can )lina VcUow-cycd Crass. ( I-i.i;. S9'). )
.\'i //.^ Ciiioliiiiiiiiii W.ilt. I'l C;ir i'»). I7^s.
.\\i is liif^iuai Miilix. I"l, llni. Am. I; 2.;. isn,-,,
.\i /;> i-!ald C'liiiiiiii, IM. ,S, Sliiti-s, 501. iSiJo.
Si'HiK's iiKisUv sk'iuk'r, slraiKlit or somewhat
twisted, 2 imIkiiI above, I '-2 tall, in it tliickciicd at
the base. Leaves linear or liiiear-laiiceolatc, llat,
4' 15' long, 1" 5" wide, head globose, ovoid or
broadly oval, blunt, 4"-.S" long; scales oval or
slightly obovate, entire or somewhat lacerate; lat-
eral sepals linear, about as long as the bracts, the
narrowlv winged keel lacerate or iucised-serrate
onlv above the middle.
Ill swamps and bog^, .Massachuselts to I'ennsytvania,
IMoiida and Louisiana, mostly n.av tile coast. Voun«
states of llii> iilant may lie nii-lakcn lor .\. inoiilaihi.
June .\uu.
5. Xyris fimbriata I'",n. ImIuolmI Yellow-
eyed (ii'a^.s. ( V\^. Si)7. )
Xyris fiiiihiiala I'll. bol. S. C. ^; t'.a, i: .^2. -i'>.
Scapes rather stout, roughish, straight or some-
what twisted, strongly 2-cdged above, 2"-.i^ high.
Leaves llat, one-hall" as long as the scapes or more,
_:i"-6"wide; head oblong-cylindric, i,'-i'longor
sometimes globose-ovoid and about >^ ' in diameter;
scales obovate, their margins entire or the apex
lacerate; lateral scjjals longer than the bracts, e\-
sertcd, long-fringed on the winged keel above the
middle.
In wet pine barrens. soiillK-rn New .lersey to I'lorida
and Mississippi, mostly near tlie eoa^t. Jidy .Sipl.
6. Xyris torta J. 1',. Siiiit
Twisted Yellow-eyed Grass. ( l''ig'. Sy."^.)
.\l 77.1 /,.//./ J. ]■',. .Smith in Kee-.' Cyel. iSio.
Scapes stout, much spirally twisted, i-cdged be-
low, or 2edged at the summit, smooth or very
nearly so, the base conspicuously bulbous-thick-
ened and with the sheathing leaves sometimes i'
in diameter. Leaves narrowly linear from a broad
shining nearly black base, rigid, rather shorter
than the scapes, .spirally twisted i very markedly so
when old); head oblong or oblong-cylindric, acute
or subacute, 'j' i' long; bracts oblong-obovate,
7 minutely laceratc-serrulatc at the ape.x or eniire;
lateral sepals linear, exsertcd, the winged keel
fringed with rather short processes above the
middle.
In (Irvpine barrens, souUieru New Jersey to I'lurid.i,
west lo'Texas, luoslly ne.ii tile coast. e.xteiuliiiK north
to .\rkansas (according Ui Watson and Coulter '. May-
-Xuij.
■
ririAVORT I'AMII.V.
371
I'aiiiilv i;v ERIOCAULACEAE Lindl. \\-. Killed. 122. 1S47.
I'lri.WDUT I'amii.s'.
I'pii.i; <ir a(|ii;ilii.- lierhs, jifi\niiial (iv ])v-rliaiis soiiiclinics annual, with t'lbnnis
ni<)~-ll\ knotted or >i)on<;\ roots, luttfd j,;rass-likc hasal l(.a\-<js, and monoecious
( androi,r\ nous I o(.vasionall\' dioecious \cr\' small llowcrs, in terminal solitar\'
heads, on lon,tj slender scapes. Head ot" tlowers inxolucrate liv bracts, each
flower home in the a.xil of a scarious .scale. Perianth of 2 series of se;;nients or
rarel,*- of one series. Stamens in the staminate flowers as man\ or twice as
many as the se]ials. Ovary :!-,vcelled. ()\-ules 2 or t,. l'"ruil a 2-;,-celled,
2-,vseeded capsule. locidicidall\' dehiscent. Seeds i)endidous, orthotropoits;
endosiK-rm farinaceous.
six KiiUTii iiiid al)iiiil U" spirits. wiiU ly dir-liibiUid in wwriii iiiid Uoiiital Uffidii--, ii lew i\-
t( tiding into tlii.- UiiiiKtiiti- /(iius. Tin- taiiiiiy is must at)Uiid;iiUly rnnisinti'd in .Soiitli .\tni riiM.
rnianlli nf j --iriis uf sinnu nts; -(p.-ds and i>it;il-^ .' i>r ,v •^taniiiis di-linct: anthers j i-illi-d.
St.inuii-- luicc a- many as tlu' inner liriianUi seununls iiutalsl. i. /.'i I'md i{/oii.
Stann ns a- m.iny a- tin innir jn riaiitli -(linuiils. -'. I>ii/;il],t.
I'nianlli -ini]iU'. dl' ; scijiiunls ' sepals i; stamens ;. mnnadilplnms belnw; antlurs i <-(lled.
;. I.iit hiiiHitKlnii.
I. ERIOCAULON I,. Sp. I'l. S7.
/.s,v
Acaiik'scunt or very short stciiniicd herbs, the scapes erect, or when iiniiKrsed delicate,
anmilar, with a lonj^ shcatliiiij; bract at llie l)ase. Leaves mostly short, spreadiii;,', aciiiiiiiiate,
l).uallcliicrve(l. Head of flowers woolly, wliilc, lead-colored or nearly black. Staminate
flowers: Outer periaiith-sej,'inents 2 or ,v distinct or sometimes connate, the inner united be-
low into a tube, alternate with the outer ones, each with a minute sjiol or uland near its mid-
dle or ajiex; stamens mostly | 6, one o])|)(isite each ])eriatUh-sc).;ment, the filaments of those
iipjiositc the inner sej;mciits the lonj^er; jiistil small, rudimentary or none. I'istillatc flowers:
( Inter perianth-seijnicnts as in tlie staminate flowers, the iiuier indistinct, n.irrow; stamens
w.'intinx: ovary sessile or stalked; style columnar or filiform, stigmas 2 or ,^ filifortn. I'ruil
a thin-walled capsule. .Seeds oval, covered with mintitc processes. Itlreek, in allusion to
the wool at the base uf the scape in some species.]
.\l)iput 1 ici s]n ciis. (if viry wide iteoiirapliie distriliutinn in tmpieal and warm n ^;ii>ns. besides
tlie I'lilluwinK. ,; iillurs neeur in tlie Sdnlliern Inited States, and ^ in Mevien.
I.eaf bh'dis as Inn^r as tlie slieatlis, eoar-tly ; s I'l-nestrate nerved: si-apis 7 anj;led: In, ids 2" \' in
diame er. 1. /■'. <i/</iiiiL;ii/iiif.
I. eat blades slmrlir than llie ^heaths, fbu ly ii jo-leneslrate nerved: scapes in i^ani^led, heads
i" (>" n diameter. j. /■'.., mil fii<'ssi(lil.
Leaf bla les nuu'h Iminer than the --lieath-. Ilnely Im 511 nerved; scapes in il-an(;led: heads .|" S"
in diameter. ;. /•;. ilrniiitiiiliirr.
1. )
I. Eriocaulon septangulare With.
With, licit. .\rr. rail. I'l.
I'.l iihlllllilll ,Sr /t/tliti; lllill
177(1.
.\'a.siii\//iiii III /ii ii/ii/ii lliids. I'l. .\n^l. ICil. .'. (15. 177s.
/Ci iih<ni!i>ii III Ii, iiliilKiii .Mnnms;, linll. Tnrr. Clnh. iS:
,vs,v is,,i.
Stem a mere crown. I.eaf-blades pellucid. ,1-*''-
feiKstrate-ncrved, /i'-.i' lonjr, usually iis Ioujl; as
the sheaths; scapes weak, twisted, about 7an,i.;Ieil,
smootli, I'-S' tall, or when submersed sometimes
4'"-iri'' long; itivolucral bracts glabrous, or the
innermost bearded at the apex, oblong, usually
shorter than the flowers; marginal flowers usually
staminate; scales of the receptacle spatulatc or ob-
ov.ite, abrnpllj- piiintcd, brown above, vvhite-wooUv;
staminate flowers about 1 3* "high; pistillate flowers
scarcely more than half as large; perianth-segments
of both kinds of flowers white-bearded.
vSeveii-anj.
led Pijiewort. ( I'"ii;'. '^'iM.
In still water 1
and Minnesiila,
western I-Uirnpe.
i\- on shdiis. Xewl'iiiiiidland tci Out.irio
-oulli to I'Icirida and Texas, .\lsii in
Julv-Oet.
Text contributed bv the late Rev. Tuomas Mokonh
: I'RIOCAri.ACI'AI'.
2. Eriocaulon compressum I/mi. l-laUciKil ripLUori.
/■.'l iili illl/'ill (I'lllfil (WSIIIII I, Mill
17"-').
( Imj;-. (/jo. )
ICiuyil 3 .
/■;; /.
2:
hitiilmi L,'ii<i/>//ii/<i</i'.\ Mit'lix. I'l. Ilni.
11)5- t^'lV
Am.
I,c:i fill Allies 6 2<i-fciR'SlraU'-tKTvecl, usually
shorter than the sheaths and tapcrinj^ to a
Idiij,' sharp point, rinid, or when submersed
thin and i)elluciil. Stem a mere crown;
seajjes 6'-,^° tall; smooth, llatteiud when
dry. I II- 1 2-a Hilled: iuvoliiiMal brat-ts rounded,
obtuse, searious, shining, smooth, imbric.ited
in 3 or 4 series; heads i"-6" in dianietei,
rre(iueiitly dioecious; receptacle ^liibrous;
dowers I 'i""2" high, otherwise similar to
those of the precediii^^ S])ecies.
In >lill sliallow water, sdutlurii New Jersey tn
I'lnrida and Tln.is. .\ Is. i in Cuba. .\l llnwi liny
tiiiu tlu' slyk-^ and stiyluas .ire liuu'li ix-iitL-d,
^taiidiiinabiive tile heads liki' ]ir(ijieliliK llnead>.
Jlav I let.
3. Eriocaulon decangulare I,. Tcii-;i
ipcwort. ( I'ii^
jCi ioiuiiioii (fiiiiiij^ ii/iii < I,, .sj). ri.
ir.Vv
Stems sliort and thick, i'-2'lon<^. Leaf blades
finely many-nerved, taperinj.; to a blunt point,
6'-2o' long, 2" -S" wide, usually much longer
than the sheaths; scapes stout, rigid, glabrous,
lo-14-angled, 1°-;,^ tall; heads .|"-.S" in diam-
eter; involucral bracts ovate, often eroded,
denticulate at the ajjex and pubescent below,
imbricated in 4 or,s series; receptacle puliesceiit
with many-celled hairs; liowers 2" high, densely
woolly at the base; scales longer than the
flowers, acute, whitc-bcardcd; as are the spatu-
latc perianth-segments.
In swamps, sniillKru N'lw Jersey and I'eiiii^yl-
vania to I'lnrida and Texas. .Msu in Cuba. June
Oct.
2. DUPATYA Veil. Fl. Fluni. 35. 1S25.
[I'.\i;i'.\i.ANTiius iSIart. Nov. Act. Lcoj). 17: Part i, 10. i\V']
rerennial or rarely annual herbs, our species with the habit of /■'iio(itii/i»i. Stems very
short. Leaves awl-shaped, tufted. Scapes slender, several-angled, erect, twisted in growth,
sheathed at the base by a long acute bract. I'lowers androgynous, in globular or hemi-
spheric heads, each in the a.xil of a scale or the scales sometimes obsolete. Involucral
bracts imbricated in 3 or 4 scries. Perianth of 2 .series, each of 2 or 3 segments in the stami-
nate flowers, the outer segments distinct, the inner connate; stamens 2 o;- 3, inserted on the
inner perianth and opposite its lobes. Pistillate flowers with the outer segments distinct,
the inner often connate al)ove the 2-cclled, 2-3-ovuled ovary; style cleft into 2 or 3 entire or
2-cleft stigmas. Pruit a 2-3-celled, 2-3-seeded capsule, loculicidally dehiscent. [Name in
honor of Diipaty.']
About 21, s species, mostly natives of tropical .\iiierica. Only the folliiwiuH: is known in llic
t'nited .States.
)
Am.
uallv
to a
eised
rnwu;
whrll
idcd.
catfcl
k-Ilt,
)rous;
ai- to
Sl-Vln
,
■iriiiy
rilM'.WORT I'AMII.V.
373
I. Dupatya flavidula ( Miclix. ) Kinit/.L-. I)u])alya. rpiir. ')i>^. )
i'.i iihiiiilnH lla^'idiilniii I'l. Hoi. Am. i; lOi.. i.Sii,^,
J\iif>alaiilhiis itaridiitiis Kuiilli, linuiii. 3; 5.^2. i~|i
lhif<:il\ii thti-idiihi Kmilzc. Ki-v. (iiii. I'l. 7.(1. i.sc^i.
Leaves 3-,s-m.rvLil, 1 ' 2' loiiK. awl-shaiiL'd, woolly
at the base, {{labroiis or S])aiiiij;ly j)iil)tsfciit above.
vScapes iiuiiieroiis, ^-aiij^lcil, pubescent, 4' 12' lii.uli;
sluatlis loii)4er than the leaves, slij^htly inflated
above, pubcseeiit; involucral bracts straw-colored,
glabrous, obtuse, oval, shining, somewhat pubes-
cent at the base; rccejitaelcs glabrous or slightly
pubi'scciit; scales very thin, scarious-white, linear,
slightly pubescent, about as long as the (lowers;
llowers about 1 '4 " high; perianth (i-parted; outer
perianth of the staniinate llowers stalked, woolly,
the inner a canipanulate tube with _^ stamens; ])is-
tillate llowers with both sets of perianth-segments
distinct, the inner nuich narrower than the outer;
style 3-parted; stigmas ;,.
Ill ninist piiU' barrens, sciullurii Virginia to I''li>ii(l,i.
JIaivli July.
3. LACHNOCAULON KuiUli, luimii. 3: 4,;;. i,S4i.
Tufted herljs with the hal)it of I'.riocauhni. the leaves linear. ,Scape several-angled,
sheathed at tlie base by an entire bract about as long as the leaves; heads globose. Rece])-
tacle pilose. I'lowers androgynous. Perianth of 3 segments. .Staniinate llowers with 3
stamens united below into a thickened lube which is coalcsccnt with a bod)-, variously re-
garded as a corolla or as a rudimentary pistil, bearing at its ajiex 3 fimbriate or entire loberi
alternate with the filaments; anthers i-celled, minute. Pistillate flowers with a sessile 3-
cellcd, 3-ovule(l ovary surrounded by copious woolly hairs at the base; styles united below ,
spreading above into 3 divisions which are 2-))arted, there being thus 6 stigmas, [(ireek,
referring to the woolly scapes of some species.]
I'uur kiuiwii ^.pecies, natives ol' the suutlieni liiiti-d .Stiiles.
I. Lachnocaulon anceps (Walt.) Moron^-. Hairy PipLWorl. ( Im.^'. 903.)
/•li ioiaiiliiii niicif>.< \\'i\\\.. PI. Car. 83. 17SS.
I. II I Inn nil 1(1 on Milium \ 11 Kuiitli, ICnum. 3; \'t-.
IS41.
/.Ill lii/i'iiui/ii/i iiiiiifis Moroiii;, hull. Tnvr. Club,
18: 36U. iSiji.
Leaves glabrous or sparingly inibescent,
i'-3' long, tapering to an obtuse callous
point. vScapes slender, 2'-2o' tall, 2-4-
angled, clothed with long soft appressed u]>-
wardly pointed hairs; sheaths e(|ualling or
shorter than the leaves; heads globose, i"-
3" in diameter; involucral bracts ovate or
oblong, shorter than the llowers, usually
lirowii; llowers about i" high; scales brown,
spatulate, surrounded at the base by the yel-
lowish silky hairs of the receptacle and
wliite-hearded at the apex; perianth of the
stamiuate flowers short-stalked, pubescent at
the base, woolly and fimbriate at the summit;
segments of the pistillate perianth white,
glabrous, oljtuse; ovary densely villous
around the base; seeds strongly ribbed.
In moist pine barrens, ViiKitiia to Plorida. The white pistillate llowers mingled with the Iirown
stamiuate ones itnpail a mi.\ed gray and dark appearance to the heads. Jlureli June.
.v4
r.RoMi'.i.iAci-Ai';
l>;miily 14. BROMELIACEAE j. St. Mil. ICxpos. l-am. i: 122. 1S05.
riM:-Ai'i'Li-: 1'amii.v.
Mpilihytic herbs (some tropical species terrestrial), mostly scurfy, with
elongated entire or spimtlose-serrate lea\es. l-'lowers spiked, paiiicled, or soli-
tary, regular and perfect, usuall\' coiisjticuoiisly bracled. Perianth of ,; thin
distinct or somewhat united sepals, and ,^ clawed distinct or united petals.
Stamens G, usu.alh' inserted on the base of the corolla. Ovar>- inferior or
superior, ,^-celled: o\ules numerous in each cell, anatropous; style short or
elon.«;;Ued: stij;nias ,^. Capsule ^-^-Na'xed in our species. vSeeds numerous, the
testa membranous. I'imbrxo small, situated at the base of the co|)ious endosperm.
Aliiiiil VS yt tu r;i and if »> siji-ciis. all nalivi s of lidpical and sul>liii|iiua'. Aimrii-a.
I. TILLANDSIA I,. Sp. I'l. jsr,. 1753.
Kpipliytif plants of various habit, with iiarniw entire leaves and white, yellow or pnrjile
llowcrs. Sepals distinct and separate or very nearly so. Tetals distinct. vStaniens hypi\i.;y-
tiou> or the three inner ones inserted on the bases of llie jietals; Idanients filiforni; anthers
linear or linear- oblonj^. Ovary sn])eri(>r; style subnl.ite; stijiin;is short. Capsule scpticidally
vvalved. .Seeds erect, narrow, supported on a lonj; funiculus which splits up into fine threads.
[Dedicated to Elias Tillaiuls, Swedish (?) botanist of the seventeeiUh century. ]
About 350 species, natives of w.irui aril trnpieal Ann ilea. lie^iile>. the rulliiwiiit;' souk' ii cilhers
I eeur in the southern I'nited Stales,
I. Tillandsia usneoides L. Lon^
Moss, h'lorida Moss. 1 Fi.u:. 904.)
A'< iiia/iiiia iisiiinii/i v I,. .S]>. I'l. jS-,
ri./ii luhiii llSIU'ititllS I,. Sp. I'l. IM.
-111.
1762
.S'cnis very slender, thread-like, llexuous,
llan!.;inn clustered in festoons from the branches
of trees, .V"-^-'"^ lo'i.i.;. ,U''ay and, like the filiform
leaves, dc isely silvery-scurfy all over. Leaves
scattered, I ' ;/ long, scarcely '.;" thick, their
bases sonnivhat dilated; flowers sessile and
solitar', or r.arily 2 to)j;ether in the axils of the
leaves; sepals about }," long, pale green; petals
yellow, tlic blade about 2" long; stamens about
as long as tlic calyx; capsule linear, 9"- 1,5"
long, at length splitting into ,^ linear valves.
l%astein \'irj;ini.i to I'lorida. ui-t to Ti x;i> .md
^h xito. Wry widely distriliuled in troiiieal
-\nierie,i.
I-aniih- 15. COMMELINACEAE Rciclicnl). Cousp. 57. 1S2S.
SpnniKwiiK'r 1'amii.n".
Perennial or annual leaf\- herbs with re.t;tilar or irreg;ular i)erfect and often
showv' flowers in cymes, conunonly subtended b\' s])athe-like or leafy bracts.
PeriaiUh of 2 series; a calyx of mostly ,^ per.sisteiU .sepals, and a corolla of
mostly 3 membranous and deciduous or fujj;acious petals. vStamens mo.-^tlv 6,
h\ poir\nous, rarely fewer, all similar and perfect or 2 or 3 of them different
from the others and sterile: fdaments filiform or somewhat flattened; anthers
2-celled, mostlx' lon<;itudinall\' dehiscent. ()\-ary superior, .sessile or ver_\-
uearlv .so, 2-3-celle(l; oxtiles 1 or .several in each cell, anatro])ous or half ana-
tropous; st\le simple; stigmas terminal, entire or ob.scureh' 2-,vlobed. vSeeds
solitary or several in each cell of the capsule. Capsule 2-3-celled, locidicidally
2-3-valved. lunbrvo small. l'".ndosperm copious.
.\bout 25 sfeneraand ,i,so species, mostly natives of tropical reninns. a few in the letn))erate /ones.
I'lrfect stannii-i ,^, rarely 2; petaU une<|ual: bracts spathe-like. i. Cuiiniii /iiiii.
I'erfeet st.iniens ii. rarely ,S' petals all alike; braels le.ify. 2. 'I'l luU stiiii/in .
SriDF.RW ORT FAMILY.
375
I. COMMELINA L. Sp. PI. 40. 175;,.
I'^rect :isctMi(liii,u or procumbent, soiiiewliat succulent, braucliiiif; herbs, with short-peti"
<ikil or sessile leaves, and irregular mostly blue flowers in sessile cymes subtended by
spathe-like bracts. vSep.ils somewhat une(|ual, the larger ones sometimes slightly united.
I'clals blue, UMe(|ual, 2 of them larger than the third. Perfect stamens 3, rarely 2, one of
them incurved and its anther commonly larger. Sterile stamens usually 3, smaller, their
anthers various. I'ilaments all glabrous. Cajxule ^-celled. Seeds i or 2 in each cavity,
the testa rirni, rongheiitd, smooth or reticulated. [Dedicated to Kaspar Commelin, 1667-
17;,!, Dutcii botanifl/l
Aliciit 05 species < 1 widc' dislriliuliiin in warm and teinpcraU- nsfii'iis. liesidi >; tlu- I'ciUciwiiijf,
'^(inu- ; .illu-rs nocur in th( soutlurn riiili c! .St.ites,
\'i iitral cavities nf thi- ii\.iry 2ci\u1i(l. tlu- dorsal lovulcd.
Capsule vcelU'd, connnni'.'v 5 seediil.
Ureipitiji, glabrnns ur ntarly sci; margins >>( tin- spatlu- nut united. i. <
.Stout, irect, tile slieallis iH-ardid; niarfjins of the '-pallie vuiitiil. 2. ('
Capsid'. 2-celUil. |-seeded. 3. C
.All i cavities of the ovary only i-o\iik(l.
Cavities of tlu- cap'.tde all (Uliisci lit. \. (
Iiorsal ea\ity of the c.nisiilc iiidilii'.eiiU. 5. (
I. Commelina nudiflora L. Creep-
iiiji^ I)a_\-fli)\vcT. I I''i.n'. 905. J
C'xniiit Una iiiiilillnia I., Sp. I'l. ;i. 175.1.
( \iinni(ii na iniiniiuiiis Walt. I'l. Car. (js. 17SS.
.\ot I.. 1755.
I'lin/iiii liiii! iii;i\n ill Kuiitli. luiiiin, 4: ;~>. i^l.i.
iiKililliir,!.
hi I III la.
iiinninniis.
I I 11 la.
I 'ii" ill it a.
Glabrous or very nearly so throughout,
stems procumbent or creeping, rooting at
the nodes, i' 2',° long. Leaves lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, 1' 3' long, 4''-S" wide,
acute or acuminate at the apex, their sheaths
sometimes eiliate; sp.ithc acute or acumi-
nate. S"-i2" long, pednncled, the 2 bracts
not united by their margins; flowers few in
each spathe, 3"-6'' broad; ventral cell.? of
the ovary 2-ovuled, the dorsal i-ovulcd;
ea])snlc commonly 5-scedcd 1 2 seeds in each
of the ventral cells, 1 in the ilorsalj; st hIs
oblong, reticulated, about 1" long.
AloUK streinis and in waste pl.iei s, New Jii-
S( y to Indiana .iiul Missouri, south lo I'lorida,
TiNas and tlirouyli tropical .\iiuriia to I'ara-
(.'uav. Widelv dislribulid ill .\sia and .Mrica.
July (Kt.
2. Commelina hirtella \'ahl. Ikanlcd Dav-nowcr.
(Fig. 9116.)
I"l. l!or. .\in.
Com nil Una liiin^ii'nliii Miclix.
iSo^. Xol Lain. I7c)i.
('iiiiihicliiiii liiiltila \'alil. ICiuiin. 2: lOO. iSoo.
i'l'iiiiiiiiiiia I n\la .\. Ciifiv. Man. Ivl. 2. )S(i.
Not I.. 1751.
1 ><s6.
Stem stoul, erect or ascending, 2"~.\° high.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, roughish, 4'-7'
long, i' I',' wide, their sheaths '.'1' long,
fringed with rather stilf and long brownish hairs
and sometimes ])ubescent; spathes sessile or short-
peduncled, often clustereil at the summit.^ of the
stem and branches, the 2 bracts acute, united by
their margins, rather strongly cross-veined; ven-
tral cells of the ovary 2-ovuled, the other i-
ovuled; capsule 5seeded; seeds ellipsoid, brown,
somewhat more than i" long, smooth, minutely
I)ubernleut.
Ill moist soil, soutlurn New Jersey lo Missouri,
south to I'lorida and Teva'.. .\iijr. Del.
37^'
COMMHI<INACE.\i:.
3. Commelina communis L
Asiatic Day-fltnvcr. ( Fij;'. 907.)
i'<iiiiiiii li inr (I 'III lit mi /■i I,. Sp. I'l. .(n. 175,1.
Coiiniiiiiiia ll'ilhlciii>-,ii Kuiitli. ICiniiii. 4:,
IN.-
f'rlabrous or nearly so, stems asceiuliiig or de-
cuinl)eiit, rather slender, sonieliuies rooting at tlie
nodes, i°-3° long. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, 3'-5' long, I'-i '2' wide, acnniinate at
the apex, narrowed or rounded at-thc base, smooth;
sheath white-mctnbranous with green veins, some-
times ciliate, S"-i2" long; spathus few, pedunclcd,
their 2 bracts acute or acuminate, nearly i' long,
glabrous or sometimes pubescent, distinct; flowers
deep blue, ,'<' or more broad; ventral cells of the
ovary 2-ovulecl, the dorsal i-ovuled; capsule 2-
cellcd, each cell 2-seeded; seeds compressed, dark
brown, roughened.
.SdiitluTU Niw York and eastern l'ctinsylvaiii:i.
.\(lvi iili\c (ir naUnali/i-d frnin .\sia. July Ucl.
4. Commelina erecta I,. vSkiidLr Day-
flower. cKij^. 908.)
C'lHiniiiiiiia I iri/ii I,. Sp. I'l. 11. 175,;.
Somewhat pubescent or glal)rous, stems com-
monly tufted, erect or ascending, i°-2° tall, the
roots somewhat thickened. Leaves linearlanceo-
l;ite, ^'-5' long, ^"-i' wide, acuminate at the apex,
narrowed at the base; sheaths 'z'-i' long, often
pubescent; spathes peduiicled or sessile, the 2
bracts more or less pubescent, acute or acuminate,
distinct, [o"-2o" long; (lowers >2'or more broad;
ovary 3-celled, each cell r-ovuled; cajisule pa])ery,
all its cells dehiscent, each iseeded; seeds ash-
colored, nearly or (piile smooth, pu' -:riiicnt.
In niiiist soil, snutlurii rennsylv.iiiia ( aeoiinlin^r tci
Watson I. soiilli to l''lorida, Texas and in tropical
America, .\iiii.-l )cl.
5. Commelina Virginica I^. X'ii-^rjiiia Day-flower. ( Fig. 909. )
Oniiiiuii iiit l'iii;/iiuii I,. Sp. ri. Va\. 2, 61. iyi)2.
Similar to the preceding species, somewhat pu-
bescent or glabrous, stems (litTiiselj'brancheil, rather
stouter, I J2°-o" high. I<eaves lanceolate or linear-
lauceolatc, 3'-5' long, ,s"-i2" wide, acuminate at
the apex; sheaths iuflated, often pubescent, the
orifice sometimes fringed; spathes several, usually
peduncled, the 2 bracts acute or acuminate, .S"-i2"
long, distinct; llowers 1' broad or less, showy; cap-
sule 3-celled, each cell i-secded, the dorsal one in-
dehiscent and roughened.
In moist soil, soulluiii New York to Illinois and
Michigan, south to I'lovida. Nebraska, Tixas and
lluouyli tropical .\nierica to Paraguay. Jniu- SL-pl.
.SPIDKRWORT FAMILY.
377
a
I
2. TRADESCANTIA L. Sp. PI. 2S8. 175;,.
rercimial, somewhat imicilagiiious herbs, with simple or branched stems, mostly nar-
row and elongated leaves, and sliowy regnlar flowers in terminal or ternn lal and axillary
umbels subtended by Itaf-like or scarious bracts. Sepals 3, distinct, herbaceous. Petals
3, obovate, ovate <ir orbicular, sessile. Stamens 6, all alike and fertile, or those opposite the
l)etals shorter; lilaments bearded or glabrous. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Capsule
3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, 3-12-seeded. [In honor of John 'fradescant, gardener to
Charles I, died i63S.i
.\bo\il 35 spioiis. natives of tropical ami Uini)crato .Vmirioa. Iksidis llii' I'dllciwiiiK. some 6
others (icc'ur in tin- southern fnited States,
tnibel iir umbels sessile, subtiiulid by lotijf leaf-like liracls.
l'ml)els solilaiy -ir 2 |; stem straiKlH: leaves narrow.
.Sliui ulabnius nr uutvly pubescent. S' 2' .'" tall.
Sepals (ililiiiifj-laneedlate, .|"ki" IdtiK; llowers i' 2' biciad. i. '/'. I 'iixiiiitiini.
•Sepals laiR'eiilate. 3" |" IniiK; fliiwers less lliau 1' broad. 2. '/'. iiitoiliniii.
Whole plant Ujutr villous; ue.irly or (iiiite acauUscLiiL 3. '/'. /n 1 riKiii/i's.
I'mlKls3 •-, ;ixillary and terminal; stem mostly (lexuous; leaves b oad. |. 7'. f>ili'Sti.
fuihel ]ie(lunele(l, sid)ten(le(l by small searions bracts; leaves narrow. 5. /-. iiku\i.
I. Tradescantia Virginiana I,. Spiderwort. (rij;. 910.)
V'l tidixciin/iii I'inihiiiiiiii I,. Sj). I'l. 2S,s. 1753.
Cdabrous or slightly pubescent, succulent,
glaucous or green, stems stout, .S'-3° tall.
Leaves more or less channeled, or in sonic
forms nearly flat, linear or linear-lanceolate,
long-acuminate, often more than 1° long, 4"-i'
wide; bracts foliaccous, commonly rather wider
and shorter than the leaves; umbels solitary
and terminal or rarely 2-4, loosely sevcral-
many -flowered; pedicels glabrous or ])ubcscent,
slender; flowers blue or purplish, rarely white,
I '-2' broad, very showy; sepals oblong or ob-
long-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, glabrous or
pubescent, 4"-in" long, much longer than the
capsule.
In rich soil, mostly in woods and lliiekets, soulli
eni New York lo Ohio and .South D.ikota, south to
X'iri^iniii, Kentucky and .\rkansas. .\sceiid> to 4000
ft. in Virniuia; Nariable, piihiii)s incliuks several
species; >Iay .\u^;.
Tradescantia Virginiana occidentalis liriliou.
Leaves narrowly linear. 2" 3" wide; flowers eouiiuouly smallei. Wisconsin to Mis>oiiii. Texas
and New Mexico. May be a distinct si)ecies.
2. Tradescantia montana Sluitthv.
Mountain Spiderwort. ( V\^^. <ji i. )
'I'nidrsifJiilid iiitDihiiiii vSluiltlw. in Iiislriii. I'l.
KuKil.
Creen and glabrous or somewhat pubescent,
stems slender, simple or sparingly branched,
i°-2° tall. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late, 4'-io' long, 2"-6" wide, mostly distant,
their sheaths enlarged; bracts similar to the
leaves but shorter; umbels mostly solitary and
terminal, sessile in the bracts, rather densely
flowered; pedicels an<l calyx glabrous or pubes-
cent; flowers less than 1' broad; sepals lanceo-
late, acute, about 3" long.
In woods and thickets, moiuit.iins of southwest-
ern X'irKiuia to Kentucky and Cieorgia. June .\UK.
37'^ COM M I'll, ix.\ci:.\E.
3. Tradescantia brevicaulis Rat". vSliort-stL'iiiiiK'd vSpickiwrnl. 1 I'i^. 91 j. }
Ti ihli-Sitiiilid hi i':'i,iii(/is Kill'. All. Jimni. isn- iS^2.
Tiiuii Miiii/iii I'ii 1; "'iK' v;ir. rvV/c.w/ S. Wats, in A.
Ciiay, Man. Ivd. 6. .s.Vi. t^')i<.
\"illous with long spreading hairs, stems only i'-
6' high, the plant often appearing nearlj- acaulcs-
ccnt; leaves mostly basal, 6'-l2' long, 4" S" wide,
grass-like, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, at
least at the base, glabrous or villous toward the
apex; bracts similar to the leaves, but usually more
elongated; umbel 4-i2llo\vcred, sessile in the
bracts, tl'.e pedicels slender, 1' 2' long, villous; se-
pals oblong; corolla about i' broad, blue or
rose-purple.
Ill dvv -^nil. MliiKii';
May.
KelUiU'ky and Missdiivi. .\pril
4. Tradescantia pilosa IaIiiu. Ziir/a.n Spidcrwort. (Fiji. 913.)
Ti iitlisiiiiilia III \ KKSii Kai'. .\tl. .Jntirn. iS".
More or less pubcnilent or short ])ilo.sc, stem
stout, i'^-,i° high, commonly llcxuous, often
branched. Leaves broadly lanceolate, acuminate
at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, f)'-T5'
long, ','-2' wide, dark .green above, paler beneath;
bracts usuallj' narrower and shorter than the leaves;
umbels 3-.S, terminal and axillary or on short axil-
lary branches, densely many-llowercd; ])edicels
aiul calyx pubescent and more or less glandular,
rarely nearly glabrous; corolla lilac-blue, y"-i5"
broad.
Scuuhcrii Pennsylvania to Illinciis and Missdiiri,
^mitli t(p I'londa. lildimis later llian T. I 'I'l i;i)ii,niii,
wlure tlic twdocciir In^riilu-r. June Aii.u.
5. Tradescantia rosea Wiit. Roseate
v'^pidcrwort. (Im.s;'. 914. )
'I'l lilt, ^iiiiifia losiii \'<nl. I'l. Xonv. Jard. Cels.
.7. IS,,,.
//.
Cdabrous, stem very slender, erect, mostly
quite simple, 6'-i2' tall. Leaves very narrowly
linear, grass-like, nearly erect, channeled, 4'-;'
long, i" I';." wide, clasping at the base; bracts
very short and scarious; umbel terminal, lon,g-
pedunclcd, few-llowercd, subtended liy small
pointed bracts; pedicels slender, short; sepals
lanceolate, acute, 2"-V' long, shorter than the
petals; corolla rose-color, 6"~S" broad; fila-
ments hairy; style sleiuler, long-exsertcd.
In iby wiKids. Maryland to Missiinri,
I'll irida and Ti'.\as. .April .\uk.
iciUtll 111
I'ICKERRI.-\\"i:i:i) I'AMII.V.
,v9
5'J-
I S29.
I-aiiiily 16. PONTEDERIACEAE Dunioil. Anal. I^mi.
rn.'Ki:Ki;i.-\vi;i:i) Familn .
Perennial a(iuatif or l)().ii; ])lanls, the lea\-cs petioled, witli lliick l)la(ks, or
lonjr and j;rass-likf. Mowers perfect, more or less irrej^nlar, solitar.v or spiked,
suhtendeci by leaf-like si)allies. Perianth free from llie ovary, corolla-like, f>-
])arted. vStamens t, or 6, inserted on the tube or the base of tlie perianth: fila-
ments filiform, dilated at ihe base or thickened at tlie middle: anthers 2-celled,
linear-oblong or rarel>' o\-ate. ()var>- .^-celled with axile i)lacentae, or i-celled
with .-, parietal placentae: st\Ie filiform or c(ilnmnar: stigma terniin;il, entire or
minntel>- toothed: o\-nles anatroixms, nnnierous, sometimes only i of them jier-
i'ecling. Frnit a many-seeded capsule, or a i-cclled, i-secded utricle, luido-
s])erni of the seed copious, mealy: embryo central, cylindric.
Al)(iut 5 jfcncra iind 25 spi-oiis, iiihahitiiiK Ircsli waUr in tin- uiuiii aiicl ttiii]Kr,itf iv(;i<iii> 'if
.\iiKiica, .\sia and Al'iica,
I'ldwirs 2 lippi-d, staiiutis 6: fruil a i-siidcd utrick-. i. I'milriliiia.
I■lllu■(.■l^- iiKular; staiiuii^ ;,; fruit a inaiiy-serdcd capsuU-. 2. I Itifi anilii 1 a.
I. PONTEDERIA I,. Sp. PI. sss. 1753.
I.eavL's thick with many parallel vcin.s, the petioles long, sheathing, arising from a hori-
zontal rootstock. Stem erect, i -leaved, with several sheathing hract-like leaves at tlu- base.
I'lDWers blue, e])hemeral, numerous, spiked, the spike (or spadix) peduncled and subtended
by a thin bract-like S])alhc. rcrianth 2-lipped, the upper lip of 3 ovate lobes, the midille
lobe longest, the lower lip of 3 linear-oblong spreading lobes. Stamens 6, borne at uneipuii
distances upon the perianth-tube, 3 of them opposite the lower lip, the others opimsite the
upper lip; anthers oljlong, suljversatile, introrse. Ovary .^celled, 2 of the cells abortive and
empty. I''rnit a i-scedcd utricle, enclosed in the thickened tubcrcnlate-ribbed base of the
I)erianth. [In honor of Giulio I'ontedera, 16SS-1757, professor of botany in I'adua.]
.Seven or i-iKlH si)ceits, iialivis nl' .Xnii-rica.
I. Pontederia cordata \.. Pickerel-weed. ( l''i.n. 915. )
I'lnilidiiia toidiila I,. ,S|i. I'l. 2^^. 17,sv
Stem rather stout, 1^-4- tall. Leaves ovate,
cordate-sagittate, 4'-S' long, I'-W wide at the
base, the ajiex and basal lobes obtuse; basal lobes
often with long narrow stipule-like appendages on
the sheathing petiole; spadix and inflorescence
glandular-pubescent; perianth about .)" long, it
and tlie filaments, anthers, and style bright blue,
its tube curved, slightly longer than the lobes,
middle lobe of the upper lip with 2 yellow spots at
the biise within; ovary oblong, tapering into the
slender style: stigma minutely 3-6-toothed.
liordcrs 111' pnnd> and streams, Nova .Scotia In Miii-
lusotii, siiu'ili to l'"liiri<la and Texas. .M'ter llmviiinH
IIk- 1o)hs and upper jiarl of the perianlli tulie willui
.ihove, while the persistent base hardens around the
Iruit. The flowers are triniorphous. June (let.
Pontederia cordata lancifolia 1 Mnlil. 1 .Morom;, .Mem.
Ton. Club, 5; io,s. iSi)|.
Pi'iilidiiiii hiinifiilia Miihl. Cat. \\. IM,;.
J'oiiliilii ill iiiiiliilii var. din; tis/i/'n/iti Ton. I'l. N \'
S. i: 34,1 iS2|,
Leaves lanceolate, nmnded or narmwed at tin- basi .
2'- 10' louK. X' ^" wide. Ontario to .\ew Jersey. Ciiliaand 'I'lxas.
2. HETERANTHERA R. .V P. Pro<lr. I'i. Per. y). i7>)4.
[ScHoi.l.iCR.v Schreb. (ien. 7S,s. 1789. Xol Roth. 17S.S.]
Herbs with creeping, ascending or lloating stems, the leaves petiolcd, with cordate, ovate,
oval or renifonn blaiies, or grass-like. .Spatlies illowered or scveral-llowercd. I'lowers
small, white, blue or yellow. Lol)es of the i)eriantli nearly or (piite etpial. hnear. Stamens
3, etpial or nneciUHl, inserted on the throat of the perianth. Ovary fusiform, entirely or in-
completely 3-celled by the intrusion of the placentae: ovules numerous; stigma 3-lobed.
L'ruit an ovoid many-seeded capsule, enclosed in the withered perianth-tube. .Seeds ovoid,
many-ribbed, [(^.reek, referring to the une(|nal anthers of some s])ccies.]
.Xboutij species, 2 in tropical .\fiica. the others .Vnuiiean: only the following in the fiiiled .State.-..
*Text contributed bv the late Kcv. TnoM.vs Mordnc.
.VSO
PONTEDERIACEAK.
I.fiiVLS iiiDslly rfiiifonii, soimtimi-s coidiiU- ovate.
1,1'iivcs iivatc- or oval, sonictinus sliKlitly vordalt.
Leaves li. ^'ar, jirass-like, floatiiiK.
//. !<■ Ill fur 1)1 is.
U. liiimsa.
II. diihia.
1. Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. Mud
Plantain. (Fig. 916. )
Ildnaiillnrci rciii/oi mis R. iV I'. \'\. I'L-r. i: jj. 179S.
I.t'l^laiitliiis iciiifoi mis Miclix. I'M. lior. Am. i: J5. iSo;;,
Stems creeping in the nuid, rooting at the nooes. I.,eaves
cordate or rcniforni, rarely cordate-ovate a 1 acute, the
blades 6"~i5" long, S"-i6" wide; petioles sheathing, i'-4'
long; spathe 2-5-flo\vered; tube of [he perianth straight or
slightlj- curved, slender, about 4" long, its lobes shorter;
flowers white or pale blue; anthers basifi\ed, the 2 upper
oval, the other on a longer filament and linear.
Ill 11111(1 or shallow water, Coiuiectieut to New Jersey, Illinois
and Kansas, south to Louisiana, and in South and Central
.\iiierica.
2. Heteranthera limosa (S\v. ) Willd.
Smaller Mud Plantain. (Fig. 917.)
I'liiilidi I ill liiiiosii Sw. I'rodr, s~- \~^^.
Ilclemiillii ra liniosii Willd. Xeue .Sclirift. des, Nat.
I"r. Herlin. 3: .\}f). iSoi.
l.t-plaiillnis ovalis'S\K\\y.. V\. lior. .\iii. I:2,S. iSo.^.
Stems connnonly much branched from the base,
6'-i5'lrng. Leaves numerous, oval or ovate, ob-
tuse at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the
base, i' long or less; petioles 2'-^' long; spathes
i-flowered, often on peduncles \' long or more;
flowers white or blue, usually lar,ger than those of
the preceding species; filaments etiual or nearly
so; anthers linear, often sagittate.
In mud or shallow water, ViiKinia to Kentucky and
Missouri, south to I'lorida, Louisiana and tliroughout
tropical .\iiieriea.
3. Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) Mac>[. Water vStar-gra.ss, (Fig. 91S.)
Coiniiiiliiia iliihia Jacii. Obs. Hot. 3: 9. />/. iv. 176S.
/.(■/>/(iii///iis i;i(iiiiiiii us yiichx. I'l. lior. .\iii. i: 2,s. 1^03.
Jii Ici iiiilliira fiiaiiiiiii-a Valil. ICiium. 2: 4,s. 1S06.
StIiiiHi III i; I aiiiiiii-a \. (iray, Man. ,sii. 1848.
Ifiliiiiii/lKia i/ii/iiii MacM. Met. Minn. i.-^S. 1892.
Aquatic, stem .slender, forked, often rooting at the
nodes, 2°~3° long. Leaves linear, flat, elongated, acut-
ish, finely parallel-nerved, their sheaths thin, furnished
at the top with small acute stipule-like appendages;
flowers light yellow, the perianth-segments narrow;
stamens nearly equal; tube of the perianth l"-i,!j'" long;
.spathe i-2flowered; filaments dilated below; anthers
linear, 2" long, sagittate; style shorter than the stamens;
stigma several-lobed; capsule l-ccUcd with 3 parietal
placentae, many-seeded.
'r still water, Ontario to Oregon, south to I'lorida and
Mexico. Also in Cuba. Occasionally occurs in a small
form on muddy shores. July-Oct.
RT'SH FAMIIA'.
381
Family 17. JUNCACEAE Vent. Tabl. 2: 150. 1799.*
KiSIl I".\M1I.\'.
Perennial or .sometimes amuial, grass-like, usually tufted herbs, commonly
j,fro\vin}j; in moist jilaces. Inflorescence usually compound or decompound, pani-
culate, coryniI)ose, or umhellnid, rarely reduced to a sinj^le flower, hearing its
flowers singl_\-, or loosely clustered, f)r aggregated into spikes or heads. FUnvcrs
small, regular, with or without bractlets (]>rophylIa). Perianth 6-])arted, the
parts glumaceous. Stamens 3 or 6, rarely 4 or 5, the anthers ailnate, introrse,
2-celled, dehiscing by a slit. Pistil snjK-rior, tvicari)ous, i -celled or ^-celled,
with ,s-many ascending anatropous ovules, and t, fdiform stigmas. Fruit a locu-
licidal capsule. Seeds 3-tnany, small, cylindric to subglobose, with loo.se or
close .seed-coat, with or without caruncular or tail-like appendages.
Kfvi'ii liiiiiTa :iii<l about 21*) spt-rit-s, widely dislrilulcd.
I.caf sluiillis iipiii; ca])suk- i- or ,ia''"i'd, many sc-fdi-d; plaeentaL- parietal or axial. i /minis.
I.taf sheaths dosi-d; capsuli- 1 celled, vseedeii. its i)laceiita basal. 2. /iiiuohlis.
I. JUNCUS I.. Sp. PI. :,25 (I7.S3)-
rsiially pereiitiiiil plants, principally of swatnp habitat, with j{labr<nis Iicrbage, stems
leaf-bearing or scapose, Icaf-slicatlis witli free margins, and leaf blades terete, gladiate, grass-
li1;e, or channeled. Inflorescence Jjanicnlate or corymbose, often unilateral, sometimes con-
gested, bearing its (lowers either singly and with 2 bractlets 1 proj)hylla 1, or in heads and with-
out bractlets, but each in the axil of a bract; bractle' - almost always entire; stamens 6 to y,
ovary l -celled or by the intrusion of the ])lacentae ^-celled, the placentae correspondingly
parietal or axial; seeds several-many, usually distinctly reticidated or ribbed, often tailed.
.\!iolit l,so species, most alnnidaiit in the ni.rtli temperate zone'. The species bloom in sunnner.
[Latin, from /;m/i,'i/. t<i bind, in allusion to the use of lluse jilants for withes.]
A. Lowest leaf of the inflorescence terete, not conspicuously channeled, erect, appearing like a con-
tii-'iation of the stem, the inflorescence therefore appearing lateral; stem leaves none.
1. I'lowers bracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the inflorescence. ClcsriM.
rerianth-parts Kreen, or in asre straw colored.
rerianlh-i)arts ec|uallinK or exeiedin(j the capsule, all acute.
.Stamens 5; leaf of the inlloreseence nnu'li shorter than the stem.
Capsule without a distinct .apical ])iipilla.
Capsule with a distinct ajjical papilla.
Stamens!); leaf of inlloreseence about eciiiallinj; the stem, or longer,
rerianlh-parts reachins"- only the middle of the caps\ile, iinier obtuse,
I'eri.inlh parts with a chestnut brown stripe down either side of the midrib
2. I'lowers not bracteolate, inserted in heads cju the branches of the inflorescence. Tll.\l..\ssici.
I'erianlli parts pale lirown: seed t.iilless. o. /. Ritrinrritiiiiii.
I'erianlh parts tireen, or in at!"e straw-colored; sei-d tailed, 7. /. murilimus.
B. Lowest leaf of the inflorescence not appearing like a continuation of the stem, or if so, con-
spicuously channeled along the upper side, the inflorescence usually appearing terminal.
|. I,i:.\K iii..\i>i'; rK.\.\svKKSi;i.v i'i,.\TrKNi;i) ( iNSiouriU) with its 1 i..\r sikk.vci; iacinc. tiii-;
sti;m I, OR Ti;KKri': .wn cn.\.\xKi.i;i). .sot i'Rovn)]:i) with sici't.x.
■.•: I'lowers bracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the innoreseence, sometimes clustered or
eonmsted, but never in true luads. I'oiol'iivr.i.l.
.\nnual; inlloreseence, exclusive of its leaves, more than one -third the height of the plant.
S. /. hiifoiiiiis.
Perennial; inflorescence, exeludinR leaves, not one third the lieiKht of the i)lant.
l.eafblade Hat, but sometimes involute in dryinsf.
Inlloreseence i vflowered; leaves with fimbriate auricles, .1. /. Iiifuhis.
Inflorescence, except in depauperate specimens, several inanyllowered; leaves with
entire auricles.
Cauline leaves i or 2, rarely wantinn; perianth-parts obtuse. 10, /. Ctraidi.
Cauline leaves none: perianth parts .leute or acuminate,
Inlloreseence usually much exceeded by its lowest leaf; flowers seldcmi plainly
seeund; perianth i ',"-2," Iouk. usually e.xeeediiiK the capsule; capsule ob
ovoid, broadly rounded at the apex, the placentae intruded half way to the
axis. II. /. Irituis.
Inflorescence rarely exceeded by its lowest leaf; flowers plainly seeund on the
branches; perianth i',"-2" lonji, e<|uallin({ the capsule; caiisule oblonK,
Vsided, truncate at the apex; placentae meeliiiK in the axis, 12, /. srcii mills.
Leaf blade terete, channeled alonj; the upper side.
Lowest leaf of inflorescence not four lengths of the panicle; capsule oblong to obovoid,
.Seed tailed, ',?•./• I't'K'l-
Seed not tailed.
Perianth 1 '4 "i '•" long, plainly exceeded by the capsule. 14. /. O'liriiri.
Perianth l ',"-2" long, not exceeded by the capsule, tS- ./■ dhlii>ti>»iiis.
Lowest leaf of the inflorescence rarely less than four times as long as the panicle;
capsule globose-ovoid. 16. ./. siiaceiis.
*Text contributed by Mr. l'Ki:ni;RiCK V. Covii.i.}':.
I. /. rffiisiis.
I . cmii^loiuiiahis.
I . filifi'iiiih.
.(. /. i^yiinuHiirpus.
5. /. liallii IIS.
3^2
JlNCACl.AI':
17. /, ma It; ilia til s.
i"<. /. /inii; ii/i/i\.
1.) /. irprii^.
iiiii.iiiw, ri<i)VM)i;i'
■'.'■'A- I'liiwcrs licit lirai'ti iil;iU', in Inii' Iliads on liram-lu> <<( llu- iiillipiv>ittn.'r. CiHamini 1 1 ii.ii
Sli'tii iTic't; iai)siiU' (itilonn in ulinvdid, ulitusc at tlic n\n \
SlaiiR'tis ,<. witli nil luciwii anlll^•l^; tapMiU- imt iiuiiniii.iU-
Staiiiiiis 6, H itli yiUciw aiitlur^; lapMili iiiiu-ronalc
Slim iiTii)iiiK, lloatiiin. "i' asiiiidini;; caiiMiU Milmlali
2. I,i;.\i-iii,.\i)i, N<ii- TK.wsvi.nsia ^ 1 i.ati'iakii, icim.miim,\ II. mil,
Willi si;i'T.\.
;i: l.ial'-bladf usually cliaiiiukd aluiiy tin- uppir sidi ; m pta u-'Ually iiupi iriil. iiul i-\Uiiially ivi
dent; iutliiiisi-iiiii' (if 1 | luads: iilaiil-- nf antii- d" alpilK- launi'. Al.l'lM.
licidy iif tile sii-d ' ■" ill li-unlh or iikhc,
I.i'af-sluatli licit aurii'Ulati-. -". / 1 .i.^laiini\.
I.iafsliiatli auiii'ulati'. 2\. J. sly/iiiis.
licidy cif the Slid less than '." in li ukUi
I.dwrst liaf cif inlldrisi-iiii'c fciliosi-. iTicI: i-apsnlf diiply rrtUM at apt-x. 22. /. fiii;/iiiiii.\.
l.ciwisl liaf cif inniirisri-uii- uunihiaiiciu;!. spicadiiin; laiisuli- cihtusi' and imicicniatc at the
api-.\. j;,. /. /I i[i/it>iii\.
■';•'■'>■ l.iaf Made iicil I'liauiii-U-d aUni); tin- npprr sidi- uxi'i-pt in /. h 11 1 this 11 a), tlii' si'pta piilVct • cv-
fipt ill /. f<iilviif>tnitiis\, and usually ixtirnally ividi-nl; iiilliirtsi-iui'L'. I'xivpt in dipaupiT-
ati- spiTinuns, cif siviial tn many lii-ads; iilanls ucit iif ari-tii- alpiiii- raiinv. Si.i'l.Mi.
I Stainiiis ii, OIK- oppii-.iti' lai-li ])iiiaiitli-pait
Ik-ads iicliK'i'd to one. or raiily two llouiis, 3|. /. prtihai pus
Iliads J many llciwincl.
p;pidiriiiis not muuluni cl.
Plants with two kinds of liavrs. oiu- iiormal. tlu- othii l.i^al, Milmu i>iil, and capillaiy.
I'lant low. U-.S than m' liiuh. -'.^ ./• I'littfi^iis.
riant tall, nioix' than 10' hiyli. 2U, /. mititai is.
Plants without siibnuisiil i-aiiiUary liavo.
Capsuli- oliloui;. lillii T alnuptly aiMiminali- or lilnntly ai-nti-
liraiii'liis widily >pnaclin.u; ciiisuU' sliariily ai'iili . tape rintv into a cimspiouous
point. _'7. /. ai liciilaliis.
Piiaiulir?. Usually strii'l: i-ap--uU' liroadly ariiti-. or ohlusi . with a sliort point.
2S. /. I\'iiliai lisoiiiaiiiis.
Capsule -nliiilali
Leaf liladi- eieil: inner ])eriaillh-part> loiijier than the outer. 2ci. /. inntuMis
' Leaf lilailes ahriiptly clivei^'enl flciiii the -tciu. outer iieriantli pari- loHKi'i" than llie
iiiiiei. \n, I . 'J'ltri ,■] i.
p^liidermis of the leaver rou.uheiled with ininnti lulieviiis. ^!. / I'arsai iriisi\.
i i Stamens ,i. nolle opposite llu- imn 1 iieiiaiilh |iail>.
C'apsuU- less than tliiee fciurth> as Iouk as tlu- peviantli. ,^2. /. t'l ai /lu iii piis.
Capsule more than tliiee fourths a> loiiu a-- tlu- ))i riaiUli.
Capsule tapi riiijx evenly into a iircuniiunl Milmlati lu-aU
I.eaf lilade xeitieally llatleiied and with iiK-onipl'-te M-pl,i. only rarely eciiiipres--ed aiicl with
eomplete septa. ,Vv ./. p'ltld'/'thiius.
I.eaf hlade terete iir marly '•o. the si-pta eonipU-le.
riipi-rniost eaulim- leaf with a well-developed lilade. 5|. /. s, i 1 puitli^.
riiiienuost eauliue leaf with a nidiuientary lilaili rarely exeeedinu i' in length.
.VS. / iih'L;a, I pliatiis.
Capsuli- obtuse to aente at the ajiix. sciinetiilu-s miU'iouali-, but not ]irciloui;ed into a beaU.
Sc-ed ' ." i" Iciiin.
reriaiith about 1" loUH. Uie fruitint;- head not nioie than 2" liich. ,',11. /. tinii /naptiatti^.
Perianth 1 ' " 2" loufr. or if slmrter. the fruitiuyhead 2" hiKli or nicin-. '■,;. /. l\iiitii/iitus.
Si-cd ! ''-'." '""U-
I'eriautli ami mature eajisule 1" 3" liiii(f.
I'eriaiitli 1 ', " 2" loiiji. or if less llu- whole iilaiit not jo' liii;h. ;^. /. ai iniiiihiliis.
I'eriautli 1" 1'," lout;, the whole plant nion- than Jo' hii;h. .^o. /. inluisliis.
rerianlh and lualure eapsules 2" ,;" loui;. (o. /. liill'iisissiiiiiis.
I. Juncus effusus L. Coinnion Rusli. lino Rush. Soft Rusli. i Im.i;. 919. )
Inn, IIS ,1)11 ^11 \ I,. Si>. I'l. ,;2'i. 17.^,5.
Plant i>^°-4° hixli, densely tuftcil, creit. Root-
stock stout, hrancliinj;. proliferous; stem .soft.
merely striate beiiiatli the iiillurcscence; basal Icaf-
blades reduced to filiform nidimeiits; iiillorescciice
many-llowercd, \'-Y liigli, in one form coti^-ested
into a still smaller compact cluster; lowest bract .>f
tile inlloresceiice 2'-ii/lon,!.;, iiiucli shorter than the
stem; perianth i"-i'2" louj;, its parts green, lan-
ceolate, acuminate; stamens ;,, the anthers sliorter
than the filaments; capsule ohovoid, 3-celled, iiiuti-
cous, regularly dehiscent; seed \"~U" iu length.
obli(|uely oblong, reticulate in about 16 longitudi-
nal rows, the reticulations smooth ami two or three
times broader than long.
In swamps and nioisl places, nearly thrcuinhciul
North .\nierica, exeejil the arid and hinh noitheru pcir-
ticiii>. .\>cends to .v»Hi ft. in \'ir(finia. Also in l-lurope
and .\si,i.
■^iK A
•llllt.\
Rool-
11 Sllfl.
;il IcaC-
■sceiu'c
;fsteil
IVM-X of
;l;ui Ihe
11, laii-
Kirler
imiti-
LMlglll.
igitiiili-
>r three
KrSH FAMILY.
2. Juncus conglomeratiis L. Glomerate Rush. (Fiir.
/innns lOugloninalKX I,. Sp. I'l. ,126. 175^.
/Kill IIS /.ri'iiii Mara. I'l. Neu-Vurpdin. (si. 1V19.
I'lant i°-2'/i° llv.h, densely tufted, erect. Root-
stock .stout, with proliferous branches; stem dis-
tinctly ribbed just beneath the inlloresceiicc; Icaf-
bladcs wanting or reduced to niiiuite filiform rudi-
ments; iiillorescence congested, seldom more than
10" high; lowest bract of the inlloresceiicc 2'-6'
long, much shorter than the stem; perianth 1 '4 "-2"
long, its parts green, lanceolate, acuminate; stamens
3, about two-thirds as long as the perianth; anthers
shorter than the filaments; capsule nearly as long
as the perianth, obovoid, obtuse or retuse at apex,
tipped with the base of the style; seed !, "-'4'" in
length, obliquely oblong, acute or abruptly apiculate
at both ends, reticulate in about 16 longitudinal rows,
the reticulations smooth and two or three times
broader than long.
In llif spliaKiuiiii bogs cif N\\vf()iiii(llaii(I. Ki-siiublinjr in
willi ciiiigcsUil ititlDriscince. Also in ticirllieni Ivurujie and .\
383
ippi.-
sia.
iiaiici.' s)KciiiK'M^ of /. r/Hisiis
921.;
Juncus filiformis L. Thread Rush. (Fij?.
/iimiis fili/iii mis I,. Sp. I'l. ,^2b. i7,Sv
Perennial, steins 4'-25'tall, erect, about ';" in dia-
nielcr, arising from a creeping rootstock; basal leaves
reduced to bladeless sheaths; involucral leaf usually
longer than the stem; inllorescence rarely with more
than 20 flowers or more than i' high, commonly with
less than 8 flowers and less than 10" high; perianth
I '4"-! '4" lo'ig. it^ parts nearly ccjual, green with
hyaline margins, narrowly lanceolate, acute, or the
inner obtuse; stamens 6, about half as long as the
perianth; anthers shorter than the filaments, style
very short; capsule obovoid, green, barely pointed,
about three-fourths as long as the perianth, 3-celled;
seed obliquely oblong, about ^4" long, ])oiiited at
either end, with an irregularly wrinkled coat, seldom
developing reticulations.
Labrador to Hritish Coluinbia. south to the iiioutitniiis
of I'ciiiisylvaiiia, to Michigan, anil in tlu- Kocky .Mouii-
laiiis to rtah and Colorado. .\lso in luiropu and .\>ia.
4. Juncus gymnocarpus Coville. Pennsylvania Rtish.
/uncus Siiiilliii I'jijfilin. Trans. St. I.ouis .\cad. 2; .))|.
iS6t). Not Kunlli, 1.S41.
f. i;viiiiuiiiiipiisCi>\'\\W, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: kjd. iS()|.
.Stems erect, i°-2'>° high, about i" thick, arising
at intervals from a creeping jjroliferous rootstock
about I '2" in diameter; basal leaves reduced to blade-
less clasping sheaths; panicle commonly 7"-i5"high,
spreading, its subtending leaf usually 4'-io' long;
perianth i" in length or a little less, its parts with a
green midrib, equal, lanceolate, the outer acute, the
inner obtuse; stamens 6, nearly as long as the peri-
anth, the anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule
almost twice as long as the perianth, broadly ovoid,
conspicuously mucronate, brown and shining, barely
dehiscent, 3-celled; seed obliciuely obovoid or oblong,
somewhat misshapen by compression in the capsule,
about ' /' long, none with perfect markings seen.
In swamps, inouiitaius of .Schuylkill and I.fbanoii
counties, I'ciinsylvaiiia.
25
Fitr.
jrNCACI'AI-
( I'iR.
5. Juncus Balticus Willd. Baltic Kiisli.
( FiK. yj.v )
/Hiiiii\ Halliiiis Willd. IliTlin Miitr. 3: 2ijS. 1809.
SU'ius erect, S'-v' I'lgli, ^'2"-! V" thick, arisiii},'
at iiitiTvals from a stout crcepinj^rootstDck i''-i '2"
thick; hiisal leaves reduced to liladeless sheaths;
panicle CDUiiuouly l' 2ji' hijjh; ])erianth i 'i"-2'4'"
lonj;, its parts lanceolate, acute, or the inner some-
times obtuse, nearly efjual, Iirown with a green mid-
rihand hyaline margins; style 'j"i" long; stigmas
a little shorter; stamens 6, about two-thirds the
length of the jierianth; anthers about '4 '' in length,
mucli longer than the filaments; capsule about as
long as the ])erianth, pale to dark brown, narrowly
ovoid, conspicuously mucronate, 3-celled; seeds
usually with a loose coat, nearly Yz" long, oblong
to narrowly obovoid, oblirpie, about 40-striate.
On slKiris. l.alMailiir to Alaska, soutlurn Niw Vnik.
^>t~fh£l^^^^^P^-~^ ^W" ^ \ niiii) anil Nibraska: I'ar suiitli in tlu- western niouii
— •'<-0"'~ '.' > lain-. Also in ICiiroin- and .\sia. \'arial>le.
6. Juncus Roemerianus Schtclc. RocniLi's Rush.
/iiii(iisA'iiiiniiit!iii/sSL\u.Lh\ I.iiniaia, 22: ,^.)S. iSj,).
Stems 20' 4° tall, erect, arising singly from a
tough scaly horizontal rootstock 2]2"-~$" thick;
inner sheaths bearing erect blades of about the
same length as the stem; inflorescence j'^'-f)'
high, difTusely spreading, its leaf .(' 10' long;
heads 2 6-flowered; perianth pale brown, i"-i'4"
long, the parts linear-oblong, the outer acuminate,
the inner shorter and bluntly acute; flowers imper-
fectly dioecious; stamens 6, on fertile ])lants re-
duced to sterile stannuodia; capsule brown, about
as long as the perianth, narrowly obovoid, obtuse
or truncate, mucronate, _^-celled; placenta very
thick and spongy, about one-third as broad as the
valve; seed dark brown, '4"-\s" long, obovoid,
abruptly apiculate, indistinctly rctictdate or dis-
tinctly 20-26-ribbed and the intervening spaces im-
perfectly cross-lined.
In brackish niarslus. New Jersey to Texas. I.unt;
confuse'', by .\nierie.'Ui authors with the I'olUiwint; siiteitr
7. Juncus maritimus Lam. vSta Rtish. ( V'\^.
/innii'. iiiiii i/iiuiii l.Ani. i',ncyi:\. 3:
Stems 20' 40' high, i "-2" thick, erect from a stout
horizontal rootstcjck. Outer basal leaves reduced to
bladelcss sheaths, the innermost foliose, with a long
terete stout blade about equalling the stem; leaf of the
inflorescence erect, sometimes i'' long, sometimes
barely exceeding the jianicle; panicle 3'-S' high, its
branches stilT, erect; heads 2-6-flowered; perianth
ij'i"-i '4" long, its parts green, lanceolate, with hya-
line margins, the outer acuminate, the inner a little
shorter; flowers perfect; stamens 6, two-thirds as long
as the|)erianth; fdaments about as long as the anthers;
capsule I 'j"-i '4 " long, narrowly ovoid, acute, mu-
cronate, brown al)ove, 3-eelled, with thin placentae;
-seed brown, about >4" long, the liody narrowly and
I 1 » v/ \ 2 U !#^ 1/ obliquely oblong, about is" in length, 20-30-ribbed,
! W \ "^ ^<:f^ -r-*\r^- indistinctly reticulate, tailed at either end.
■^ !l vv ^^ ^^i?? Aa^LV// Coney Island, New York. Coninion on tlie coasts of
tlu- eastern lieniispliere.
9^5- )
264.
1 78.1.
KtSH I'AMII.V.
Toail Rush.
385
(KiK. 9^f->-)
'^
8. Juncus bufonius I,.
/nil, ii\ hii/'oiiiiis I„ S]). I'l. ,^j8. I7,S,v
I'laiit lirancliiiifj from tlif 1)asc, annual, tTtct, scl-
iloni cxccfdiiiK i^' in licijjlit, tlie stems in lar^'i' jjlants
with I or 2 leaves holow the inllorescenre; leaf-lilade
flat, '4 "- 'i" wide, in low plants often imich narrower
and fdifiirni-iiivolutc; iiidorcscence alxint one-half as
hij^li as the plant, with hlade-hcarin^ leaves at the
lower nodes; flowers inserted sinj,'ly on its branches,
in one form fasciculate; perianth-parts 2" 3'," louj^,
lanceolate, acuminate, e(|ual; stamens usually 6,
sometimes 3, seldom half as lonj^ as the perianth;
anthers shorter than the fdaments; capsule about two-
thirds as lf)nj; as the perianth; narrowly oblong, ob-
tuse, mucronate, vcellcd; seed broadly oblong, with
straight tips, ,'o" '+" 1""K> minutely reticulate in
30 -40 longitudinal rows, the areolae broader than long.
A cosniii])(ilitiin ^|)l■ci^ s, ncciininjf tliroUKlmut North
Anierica.ixcipt tliccxlrcinc luirlli, and fii'<|\iiiiting<lri(:(l-
uj) piidis, biirdirs (if streams an ' iHiulsicU s in clayey soil.
9. Juncus trifidus L. Ili^dilaiid Rtish. ( I'i;.
Iiiiliiis hifuliis I,. Si). I'l. ,v-''i. ir.Sv
Densely tufted, 4'-i2'high; stems closely set on a
stout rootstock, erect, about V" thick; basal leaves
reduced to almost bladeless sheaths, the uppermost
with a rudimentary blade and fimbriate auricles; stem
leaf I, inserted near the inflorescence, with a narrower
slender. Hat or involute blade; inlloresccnce a cluster
of 1-3 flowers, the lowest subtending bract similar to
the stem leaf, the succeeding one much smaller or
wanting; perianth dark brown, i'4"-iV" long; sta-
mens 6; anthers about as long as the fdaments; capsule
eciualling the perianth, coriaceous, 3-celled, obovoid
with a conspicuously mucronate-aristate top; seeds
few, narrowly obovoid, acute at the base, irregularly
angled, minutely striate both longitudinally and trans-
versely.
Ciicinlaiul aii<l I.abratliir, south nil llu- hiylur ninun-
taiiis ijf New luiKlaud and New Vurk tn Sam's I'oinl.
N. V. .Mso in Udrtlieni lUinipe and .\sia.
927,
10. Juncus Gerardi I/)is
Jiiiitii.s (it riiiiii I,(jis. Jdurn. ilc Hot. 2: 2S4. \^t*).
Tufted, S'-2S'' high, with creeping rootstocks.
Hasal leaves with rather loosely clasping auriculate
sheaths, the long bla<les flat, or when dry involute; 1
or 2 eauline leaves usually present, similar to the
basal; inflorescence paniculate, sometimes exceeded
by its lowest bract; panicle erect, strict or slightly
spreading; perianth i"-\li" long, its parts oblong,
obtuse, with green midrib and broad dark brown
margins, straw-colored in age; stamens 6, barely ex-
ceeded by the perianth; anthers much longer than
the filaments; capsule one-fourth to one-half longer
than the perianth, obovoid, mucronate, dark brown,
shining, 3-celled; seed dark brown, obovate, acute at
base, broadly obtuse and often depressed at the sum-
mit, marked by 12-16 conspicuous ribs, the interven-
ing spaces cross-lined.
On salt nuadows, Ciulf of .St. Lawrence to Klorida: rare
in western New York and the vicinity of the Cireat I.aki s.
Occurs also on the northwest cnast. and in ICumijc.
Hlack-i^rass. (Fig-. 928. )
3Hr>
II. Juncus tenuis Willd.
jrNCACI'AI'.
Slender Rii.-^li. Yard Kii>li. ( Fii;. 921^)
/iiiu II \ /iiniii \\'\\\i\. Sp. I'l. 2:2i\ 171/).
Tufted, fS'-.V)' liiKli; basal leaves with tilailcs '4'"-
\" \vi<k-. soitietiiiit's iuvoliiti' in ilr\iiij;, abi)Ut half
tliL'licinht of thi; stiMii; stem leaves none; inllorescoiice
usually much excecilcil hy its lowest K-af, 4' high or
less, the flowers rarely secund; jieriaulli i'4"-2'."
limj;, its jiarts lanceolate, acuminate, exceeding the
cajisule, widely divcr^^cnt, touchinj^ the capsule for
about half their Ictij-th; stamens 6, about half as luiij^
as the iierianth; anthers shorter than the filaments;
capsule oblouK 'o obovoid, rounded at the top, imper-
fectly 3-celled; seed \"~X" lf>"K' narrowly oblong
to obovoid, wi'li oblifjuc ends, reticulated in about 16
rows, the areolae tvvo or three times broader than lonj;.
In dry 111 liinist snil, e-pii-ially nii i):itli>, aliiiiisl tlUMinjli.
mil Nmlli A'lurica, now iiiiKialiiig In all parts (if llie wmUl.
\';iriabU'.
12. Juncus secundus Ikauv. Seciind Rush
/iiiiiiis.\iciiiii/ii':]hM\v. piiii. I'jii'ycl. Sup. 3: Hi ' l^-i;
/mil IK liiiiiis var. sriiiiiiliis Ijiniliii. Tran>. St. I.oiii^
.Acad. 2: ),i'>. iMii,.
Tufted, 6'-i6' hi;.jlr, leaves usually less than one-
third the height of the i)lant; inflorescence Ioii);er
than its lowest leaf or only slightly exceeded by it,
io"-4' Mgh, the flowers secuml on the usually some-
what iii'.'urved branches; perianth-parts i'4"-i^4"
long, 'ifiuallinK or barely exceeding the capsule ami
appressed to it for about two-thirds their length, often
reddish above; stamens 6, about one-half as long as
the perianth; capsule narrowly ovoid, 3-sided above
the middle with straight sides and a truncate apex,
completely 3-cclled, the placentae meeting in the axis;
seed \"-\" long, narrowly oblong to ovoid, obliquely
tipped, with 12-16 longitudinal rows of areolae two or
three times broader than long.
Ill dry soil, New Jersey and I'lniisylvaiiia to Noilli Caro-
lina. Occasional in llic iiiiildle Missis>ip|)i X'alky.
13-
Juncus Vaseyi Ivnojc-lin. \';isl->'> Rush.
/mil IIS I'liuii luiijelin. Trans
i.sry'i.
Steins erect, tufted, 1^-2%
(Fig. y:,i. )
. St. I.ouis .Vead. 2
hh.
high.
in diameter
or less; basal leaves with minutely auriculate sheaths,
the uppermost bearing a terete channeled blade half
to three-fourths as long as the stem; stem leaves none;
inflorescence l-;' in height or less, 4-4o-flowercd, the
lowest bract usually not exceeding the inflorescence;
perianth l,'>"-2" long, the parts subulate-lanceolate,
with hyaline margins, the inner slightly shorter;
stamens 6, about two-thirds as long as the perianth;
anthers shorter than the filaments; style almost want-
ing; stigmas short; ca])sule slightly exceeding the
perianth, narrowly oblong, obtuse or truncate, with a
short tip, 3-celled; seed long-tailed, with a linear-ob-
long oblique hotly about li" long, 20-24-ribbed, the
intervening spaces with faint transverse jiiarkings.
M.iiiK- and Ontario to Mieliip;aii. Illinois and Iowa.
KISII I'AMILY.
14. Juncus Greenei Oako vV Tiickcrin. ('.rtcin.'
JuHt II \ 1,1,, II, I ( );ikis iV TiKkiiiii. Am. j, Sc-i. 45: \-. i^n.
Stems iTfct, ilcnscly tiifteil, S'-a'," I'iglii I'iiS'il
leavfs with sleiiiU'r terete chaiiiiekMl blades one-half or
rarely two-thirds the length "f the stem; stem leaves
none, or a siii^de one hclnv the iiifloresoence; panicle
l(/'-2o'' liiKh, ratlier compai't, somewhat uml)elloid,
miicli exceedrd by its lowest bract; i)criantli 1 \"-\ '."
\i>nn, its parts stiff, lanceolate, sharply acute, with
brownish red strijjes and apex, the inner shorter; sta-
mens 6, lialf to two-thirds as lonj; as the perianth; an-
thers about as lonj,' as the lllaments; style and stij^'uias
very short; capsule one-fourth to <ine-lialf longer than
the perianth, ovate-lauciiplate in outline, truncate at the
summit, ;,-celled; seed obliquely oblonj^r, !" 1^" lonj;,
slightly reticulated in about 20-24 rows, the areolae
nearly s(|uare.
ir lllr iii:i-.l; Miiiiijiaii.
■vs?
Riisli. ( IM),^ i>3J. J
New Ilniii-^wick In New Jev^iy, ti
\Visi(]n~iii, Minni scita and (inlaiin.
■ Iff
Juncus dichotomus h'.U.
/nil, II
Forked Rii>h. ( FiJ,^ y;,^. )
liihiiloiinis VAX. licit. S. (J. iV (la. i: ,|u6. iSi;.
Closely tufted, 1^-3'' hinh; leaves all basal cx-
ce]il those of the inflorescence; sheaths usuallv red-
dish, the blades terete, channeled along the upper
side, about one-half the height of the stem; inflor-
escence paniculate, subsecund, i|i'-3"4' high, usu-
ally exceeded by its lowest bract; perianth about
2'' long, its parts subulate-lanceolate, gieen when
young, straw-colored when old; stamens 6, about
one-half as long as the perianth, the anthers shorter
than the fdanients; capsule slightly shorter than
the perianth, oblong, obtuse, mucronate, i-celled,
the placentae intruded half way to the center; seed
oblong, dark brown, obliquely apiculate, less than
'+ " lung, reticulate in about 14 longitudinal rows,
the smooth areolae about as long as broad.
dry "^oil, Maine to I'lorid.i and Texas, ncai the
In
oast.
Ro.slk. Awl-leavL'd Rush
1/
16. Juncus setaceus
Inn, IIS s,l,u, lis Kostk. MdiiciK. June. i,^. />/. 1. f. j. i.sm.
Dei'sely tufted from stout branching rootstocks.
Stems terete, spreading and recurved above, i '3^-3°
long; leaves all basal except those of the inflores-
cence, the uppermost sheath usually bearing a long
terete blade similar to the stem, but channeled; the
other sheaths with filiform blades less than '2' in
length; iuvolucral leaf appearing like a continua-
tion of the stem, 4'-i^ long; inflorescence a])pcaring
lateral, 2' long or less; perianth i"-2;^" long, its
parts lanceolate, acuminate, rigid, widely divergent in
fruit; stamens 6; anthers usually longer tlian the fila-
ments; capsule globose, shining, mucronate, i-celled,
with intruded placentae, barely dehiscent; seed sub-
globose, '+"-1," long, reticulate in about 12 longi-
tudinal rows, the areolae large.
In luarslies, Delaware tn I'lorida and Texas, near the
coast, extending uortli in tlie Mississippi Valley to >Iis-
(Fis. 0.1-I-;
3SS
jrXCACI'AI'.
Juncus marginatus Rostk. (irass-lcaved Rush. ( Ki>,^ 9;i5.)
Jinuiis iiituxinciliis K(»tk. Muiidk. Juiic. ,iS./>/ .'./',
Jiiiniis ii/<i)!;iiin/ns var. f>iiiiriiaf>ihilns liiifCfliii.
St. I.Duis Acad. 2; (55. iMiii.
Ttaii.s.
Stems erect, tuflcil, 6'-^o' liin'i from branching
rootstocks, somewhat bulbous at the base, compressed,
2-4-leave(l. I.eaf-sheaths auriculatc: blades ^2"-!, 2"
broad, 2-4 conspicuous veins in addition to the mid-
rib; inllorescenre 4' liiKli or less, the panicle com-
posed of 2-21) turbinate to subsphcrical 5-io-tlo\vcred
heads; perianth i '+"-'?+" long, the outer parts ovate,
acute, the inner slightly longer, obovate, obtuse, ,ith
hyaline margins; stamei". 3, nearly as long as the peri-
anth; anthers ovate, reddish brown when dry, much
shorter than the fdaments; ca])sule e(iualling the peri-
anth, obovoid, truncate or retuse, almost ,^-celled, the
placentae deeply intruded; seed oblong, \"-%" long,
pointed at either end, 12 i6-ribbed.
C.rassy places, Maine to Ontario, IHorida and Nebraska.
Juncus marginatus aristulatus iMiclix.'l Covillc, I'roc. Hiol. Soc. Wash. 8: 123. iJ^fj.i
/mil IIS ID is/ii!iiliis Micli.x. I'l. Hor. Am. i' ii)2. i.'^o^.
/iiiuiis null i;i Hill IIS var. hifliuiis WoikI. Classbook. ICd. 2, 725. l.'^6I.
Taller, sometimes 3'.- liiijli; leaf blades i" 2' ■" broad; lieads usually 20 ii»i. mostly 2 .s-llow
ered. New York to I'Morida and Mexico, mostly near tl'.e coast: Jlississip])! Valley to Michigan.
Juncus marginatus setosus Coville. I'roe liiol. Soc. Wash. 8: 124, i.Si)^.
Inner perianth-parts ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate: seeds smaller. Kans.is to Jlexico.
18. Juncus longistylis Torr. Lony^-styletl
Rush. ( ?'is. 936- )
/iniiiis Imi^i; is/y/is Torr. liot. Mex. Hound. 22.V iS,S().
Stems erect, loosely tufted, S' ,vi' high, r.-ither still",
slender, compressed, 1 3-leaved, the leaves mostly below
the middle. I^eaf blades *♦"-!, 'j" wide, acute, striate,
the midrib well defined; inflorescence 2' high or less,
usually of 2-10 irregular 3-S-flowercd head.s, or reduced
to a single larger one; ])erianth 2,'i"-3" long, the parts
equal, brown, lanceolate, acuminate, with hyaline mar-
gins; stamens 6, half to two-thirds as long as the peri-
anth, the yellow linear anthers longer than the filaments ;
style about U" long; stigmas i"-i,'i" long; cajisule
shorter than the perianth, oblong, brown, angled above,
obtuse or depressed at the summit, mucronate, 3-cclled;
seed oblong, white-tipped, about ,'+ " long, 14 2o-ribbc(l.
Western Nebraska and the Rocky Mountain region.
19. Juncus repens Michx. Creeping Rush. (Fig. (.)t,'j. )
/iiiiiiis refinis Michx. I'l. Hor. .\m. i: 101. iNi;,.
Perennial by prostrate rooting branches; stems tufted,
compressed, ascending, floating or ;)rostrate, 2'-2o' long.
Leaves with compressed sheaths 10" in length, auricu-
latc. the blades i'-3,'2' long, '2"-!" broad, filiform-acu-
minate; inflorescence of i-S heads, one or more lieads
often occurring also at the lower nodes; heads 5-10-
flowcred; flowers 3"-s" long, the outermost slightly
recurved; perianth-parts subulate-lanceolate, the outer
keeled, about one-third shorter than the inner; stamens
3, half to one third the length of the perianth; filaments
longer than the yellow anthers; capsule subulate, beak-
less, about as long as the outer perianth-parts, 3-celled,
the valves membranous, breaking away from the axis in
dehiscence; seed oblong, acute at either end, \"-\"
long, finely reticulate in 2,5-40 longitudinal rows.
In swamps and streams. Delaware to I'lorida. Cuba and
Texa:^, and in I.owe! Calilornia.
'
Kl'SH I'.AMILV.
20. Juncus castaneus vSniith. Cliestmit Rush
(Fig. 938.)
JuHdis iiishiiu'iis Siiiilli, I'M. lirit. i: ,5^,5. i8i«j.
Stems erect, 4''-2o' Iiigli, terete, leafless, or with a
single leaf, arising singly from a slender rootstock.
liasal leaves 35, the outer sheaths short, loose, the
inner clasping, sometimes 4' long, not auriculate,
their blades tapering from an involute-tubular base to
a slender channeled acutish apex; inllorescence strict,
usually exceeded by its lowest l)ract, the other bracts
memljranous and mostly equalling the flowers; heads
1-3, 3-l2-llo\vered; pedicels |2"-i,!4" long; perianth
brown or l)lack, 2"-3'.''' long, its parts lanceolate,
acute; stamens nearly as long as the jierianth; anthers
about Iz" long; capsule brown, paler toward the base,
I '22 times as long as the perianth, narrowlj' oblong,
tapering to an acute summit, imperfectlj' 3celled;
seed i}i"-2" long, contracted into long slender tails,
the body about H" long.
Xewfouiullaiid tn .\liihka, south iilim^f llu- Kcicky Mountains h
3«9
Clii.stcred Alpine Rush.
Colorado. In Ivuropf and Asia.
22. Jv
[uncus
/iiiu IIS hii^tinnis I,. Sp. I'l
21, Juncus stygius L. Moor Rush. (Fig. 939.)
/iiiitiis slygius r,. Sy.st. Nat. VA. 10, 2: 9S7. 175c).
/. s/\xiiis var. .\iiiri icniins Huch. in luiKler, liot. Jalirb. 12:
Rootstock none, stems 3'-!° high, single, or few
together, erect, 1-3-leaved below, leafless above; leaf-
sheaths s"-u/' long, clasping, nerved, auriculate;
blades erect or nearly so, io"-4' long, slightly com-
pressed, channeled on the upper side, tapering to a
blunt point; inflorescence of i-4lieads; heads 1-4-flow-
ered; lowest biact usually exceeding the flowers; peri-
anth 1 '< "-2', "long, pale, its parts lauceolate,3-nerved,
equal, with membranous margins, obtuse or acute;
stamens half as long as the perianth or more; anthers
oblong, shorter than the filaments; capsule 3"-4"
long, pale browu, spindle-shaped, acute, mucronate,
3-celled below, few-seeded; seed spindle-shaped, i^^"-
I 'i" long, with a loose coat, the bo<ly about yi" long,
narrowed into thick tails.
Xcwfouiullaiul to Maiuf. nortliirii Nfw York, .Miclii)r:iii
and MiiHR'sota; also in Hrilisli Columbia and ICuropt-.
biglumis L. Two-flowered Rtt.sh. (Fig. 940. )
^2^■ i7,s,v
.stems I'-S' high, loosely tufted on a branched root-
stock, erect, nearly terete. Leaves i-s, all basal, the
outermost sheath usually 4" long or less, the inner-
most sometimes much longer, inconspicuously or not
at all auriculate, the blades nearly terete; inflores-
cence a capitate cluster of 1-4 flowers, its lowest
bract erect, foliose, green with browu membranous
margins below; perianth i,'j"-i '4 " long, dark brown,
its parts membranous, oblong, obtuse, nearly equal;
stamens equalling the perianth; anthers linear-oblong;
capsule longer than the perianth, cylindric-oblong,
3-sidcd, retuse at the summit, with 3 kucled
.shoulders, purplish black, or with purple-mar-
gined valves, imperfectly 3-celled; seed '/i"--\" long,
fusiform, the body narrowed into short stout tails.
liatfin Hay to Alaska and llritisli Columbia. .\lso in
ICurope and Asia.
3VO
jrNCACEAE.
23. Juncus triglumis L. Three-flowered Rusli. (Fig. 941.)
/iniiiis tiifilidiiis I,. Hp. I'!. ,128, i75,v
Stems ^'-'' liigli, loosely tufted on a branched root-
stock, erect, terete. Leaves 1-5, all basal, with sheaths
clasping and conspicuously auriculate, the blades sub-
terete, blunt, 3* " in diameter, usually less than half
the height of the plant; inflorescence a capitate clus-
ter of 1-5 (usually 3) flowers, the lowest 2 or 3 bracts
nearly equal, divergent, about as long as the flowers,
usually brown, obtuse and membranous; perianth
I ji"-2" long, its parts oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; sta-
mens nearly as long as the perianth; anthers linear,
short; capsule about equalling the perianth, oblong,
obtuse, mucronatc, 3-anglcd, imperfectly 3-celled; seed
about i" loug, its body oblong, r.bruptly contracted
into long slender tails.
r,:ibriuliir and Ncwrinuullaiul to Alaska, soiitli in tlie
Kofky Mimnlains to Coloradci, .Msu in Munipe and Asia.
24. Juncus pelocarpus Iv. Meyer. Urowiiisli-fniited Rush. (Fig. 942. )
/iiiu Ks ptiihiirpiis v.. Miyer, ,Syn. l,u/. 30. 1S23.
Rootstock slender; stems 3'-2o' high, 1-5-leavcd;
basal leaves 2-4, with loose auriculate sheaths, mostly
with slender terete blades seldom exceeding 5' in
length; stem leaves 1-3, similar to the basal; inflores-
cence 4' in height or less; secondary panicles rarely
])roduccd from the axils of the upper leaves; panicle
loose, with distant heads of i or sonielimcs 2
flowers; perianth ■-^"-1^2" long, the ])arts linear-
oblong, green to reddish-green, obtuse or the inner
sometimes acute, the outer usually the shorter,
all of them frequently modified into rudimentary
leaves; stamens 6, about two-thirds as long as the
perianth; anthers slightly exceeding the filaments;
style commonly ':;'" and stigmas i" long; capsule
.subulate-linear, its slender beak exceeding the jieri-
anth, i-cellcd; seed oblong to obovoid, '"-'4'' long,
reticulate in about 24 rows, the areolae smooth.
NfwfiiuncUancl in Ni-w Jersey and ^tinnesdla.
Juncus pelocarpus subtihs 1 H. Skycri ICngclin. Trans. .St. I.duis .Vcad. 2: ),si). iS')6.
/iiiii :is s/(h/i/is ]•;. JkyiT, Syn. I.ii/.. 31. 1S23.
Mucli snialkr, dipicsscd, i -few -fluwcRd. Xnrtla-rn Maim- and adjacent Canaibi.
25. Juncus bulbosus L. Hiilhou.s Rush. (Fig. 943.)
/iii/iiis hiilhiisiis I,. .Sp. I'l. 327. 17,^3.
Tufted, 2'-8' high; stems erect, or procumbent and
rooting at the joints, usually bulbous. Leaves of two
kinds, the basal mostly submersed, fdiform, the canl-
ine stouter, all with auriculate sheaths 10" long or less.
the septa of the blades inconspicuous; panicle of i-io
heads; heads top-shaped to hemispheric, .4-15-flowered,
some of the flowers often transformed into tufts of small
leaves; perianth i ' /'-I'l'Mong, its parts ncarh- e(jual,
linear-lanceolate, obtuse, brown, or with a green mid-
rib; stamens 3, shorter than the perianth; anthers a
little shorter than the fdaments; capsule narrowly f)b-
long, obtuse, mucronate, slightly exceeding the peri-
anth, brown above, i-celled; seed narrowly oblong,
about '4" lo'ig. acute at base, obtuse and apiculate
above, 25-30-ribbed.
I.,ibra(l(ir and Newfoundland. Connnon in ICnrope.
RfSH FAMILY.
391
26. Juncus militaris Bigel. Bayonet Rusli.
fun, IIS iililihiiis IliKil. 1*1. Host. I{il. 2. 1,^9. 1824,
vStenis 2o'-4° high, erect, stout, i li"-:-,'' tliick below,
arising from a stout rootstock. Leaves of two kinds,
the submersed borne in dense fascicles on the root-
stock and developing fdiform, nodose blades some-
times 20' long; basal leaves reduced to loose bladeless
sheaths, sometimes 10' long; stem leaves i or 2, the
lower with a long stout terete blade i"-2" thick at
the base, the upper, when present, reduced to a blade-
less sheath; inllorcscence 3'-6' high, its bracts with
obsolete blades; heads top-shaped to semiglobose, 6-
i2-flowercd; perianth i'2'"-i;V" lo"Ki 'ts parts nar-
rowly linear-subulate, the inner longer than the outer;
stamens 6, nearly as long: anthers slightly exceeding
the filaments; capsule ovoid, acuminate, beaked, i-
celled, few-seeded, about equalling jjerianth; seed
obnvoid, about '+ " long, reticulated in about 24 rows.
Slialliiw Inar^riMS of hikis. ponds or streams, Nova
St'niia t.i iiortlKrn Ntw Vcirk and Maryland.
(fJR- 944- )
27.
Jointed Rush.
I
On
1,10
Juncus articulatus L.
(Fig. 945. j
Jiniiiis iir/ii iiltiliis I,. Sp. I'l. ,;27. 175.?.
Rootstock branching; stems erect or ascending, S'-
2" high, tufted, somewhat compressed, 2-4-leaved;
basal blade-bearing leaves only r or 2, usually dying
early; stem leaves with rather loose sheaths and con-
spicuouslv septate blades; inflorescence rarely exceed-
ing 4' in height, its branches spreading; heads hemi-
S])heric to top-shaped, 6- 12- (lowered; perianth i"-i '2"
long, the parts nearly ecjual, lanceolate, acuminate,
reddish brown with a green midrib or green through-
out; stamens 6, one-half to three-fourths as long as the
perianth; anthers shorter than the fdaments; capsule
longer than the perianth, brown, ,va"gled, sharply
acute, tapering into a conspicuous tip, i-celled; seed
oblong-obovoid, about '+ " lo'i.cT. reticulate in about
16-20 rows, the areolae finely cross-lined.
.alinidor til Massaoliusttts, New York, Michigan and lirilisli Cohinibia. Also in I'airope and .\sia.
liallasl ground about I'liiladelpliia and C'atiukn a form occurs with obtuse ptriantli-parts and
ully acute capsuUs. appaiiiilly iiUrodiiced.
28. Juncus Richardsonianus Schult
/. A'i(/i(ir,/.Ki<iiiiiiiii.< .Scliult. in K. iS: ,S. Sy.st. 7: 201. 1S21).
J II lu IIS ,i//>iiiiis van i>isi<;iiis I'rics; Ivntielni. Trans. St.
I.oiiis Acad. 2: ),iS. i^U).
Stems erect, 6'-2o' high in loose tufts, from creeping
rootstocks, i-2-lcaved; stem leaf or leaves usually borne
below the middle; panicle 2'2''-'^' high, sparse, its
branches strict or slightly spreading; heads 3-12-flow-
ered; perianth i"-\}^" long, the inner parts shorter
than the outer, obtuse, usually purplish toward the
apex, the three outer ])aler, obtuse, mucronate or acute;
stamens 6, half to two-thirds as long as the perianth;
anthers much shorter than the filaments; capsule ovoid-
oblong, slightly exceeding the perianth, straw-color or
brown, bruailly acute or obtuse, with a short tip; seed
about '4" i" length, narrowly obovoid to oblong,
apiculate, acute or acuminate at the base, lightly reti-
culate in about 20 rows, the areolae finely cross-lined.
Nova Scotia to liritish Columbia, south to IVnnsylvania,
Nebraska and Washington.
Richardson ',s Rn.^li
3y2
jrNCACKAK.
29.
Juncus nodosus L. Knotted Rush. { Fii^. 947. )
/lllllllS IKldo.SIIS I,. Sj). I'l. ICll. 2, 41')'). 17111,
Stems 6'-2=' high, erect, arising singly fromtulicr-
like thickenings of a sleniler, nearly scaleless root-
stock; stem leaves 24, and like tin- basal ones
with long erect blades, the upper overtopping the
inflorescence; panicle shorter than its lowest bract,
seldom exceeding 2 '4', hearing 1-30 heads; heads
spherical, several-many- flowered, 3'i"-6" in di-
ameter; perianth ii;"-i-'4" long, its parts lanceo-
late-subulate, usually reddish brown above, the
inner longer than tl"> outer; stamens 6, about one-
half as long as tnc perianth; anthers equalling the
filaments; capsule lanceolate-subulate, 3-sided, i-
ccllcd, exceeding the perianth; seed oblong, acute
below, apicidate above, rarely more than \" long,
reticulate in 20-30 rows, the areolae finely cross-
lined.
Nova Scotia to Virginia, N'tbraskaaiul lirilish Cciluin
bi;i. Also in Nevada.
30. Juncus Torreyi Covillc Torre;
/lllllllS '/'()/ ;(;i/ Coville, Hull. Torr. Club, 22: 303. 1895.
/. iiiiiiiisiisviXT. )iu\i;(iiif>/i<i/iis 'I'ltrr. V\. S. V. 2: 326. 1S43.
/lllllllS iiiii;iur/>/iti/iis Wood, Hot. V,<\. 2. 72). \S(ji. Not
/. iiifi;ii(f/>/iii/iis M. A. Curtis, i!>3,s.
Stems S'-4o' high; rootstock slender, with tuberi-
form thickenings at intervals of a few centimeters,
each supporting a single stem; stem stout, 1-4-leaved;
blade stout, terete, ,s"-i' thick, abruj)tly divergent
from the stem; inflorescence congested, consisting of
l~2i) heads, exceeded by its lowest bract; heads ,s"-'S"
in diameter; perianth 2"-2'i" long, its parts subulate,
the outer longer than the inner; stamens 6, about
half as long as the perianth; capsule subulate, 3-sided,
i-cellcd, its beak }i"-}^" long, exceeding the peri-
auth and holiling the valves together throughout de-
hiscence; seed l"-}i" in length, oblong, acute at
both ends, reticulate iu about 20 longitudinal rows, the
areolae finely cross-lined.
Wi'stcni New York to Texas and the Pacific Coast.
Juncus Caesariensis Coville. Xew Jersey Rush. (Fig. 949.)
5: i.>ri.
.\ca(l.
1894.
2; 478.
/. Oirsiii iriisis CovilU', Mi'in. Torr. CUib,
/mil IIS iisprr ImikcIiu. Trans. ,St. I.ouis
|S6,S. Not Sau/.c, 1S64.
vStems 2o'-4o' high, stout, erect, i.U" i" thickness,
slightly roughened; basal leaves few, the uppermost,
like the cauline, with inconspicuously articidate
sheaths and long erect terete roughened blades; inflor-
escence I '-4' high, with spreading branches, its low-
est bract with a small blade sometimes lyi' long;
heads 2 5-flowered; perianth 2"-2'j" long, the parts
lanceolate-acuminate, stiff, green, striate, the inner
longer than the outer; stamens 6, about half as long
as the perianth; filaments about equalling the an-
thers; style and stigmas long; capsule lanceolate-ob-
long, 3-sided, mucrouate-acuminate, incompletely
3-celled; seed tailed at both ends, altogether about i"
long, the body about i" long, closely striate, almost
devoid of transverse lines.
Sandy swamps of soutlirni New Jtisiy.
RrSH I-AMILV.
393
32. Juncus brachycarpus luigelin. Short-f
/iiiiiiis hiailiyc.li fins ICiiKcliii. Tnitis. St. I.ouis Acad. 2:
167. iSfjS.
Rootstocks bearing 1-6 stems; stems erect, S'-,^6'
high, terete, i-4-leave(l; blades terete, i" thick or
less, seldom exceediiig 6' in length, the upper much
shorter; inflorescence sometimes 4' high and with 20
spherical heads, or smaller and even reduced to a
single head; {xirianth i ^'2"-2" long, its parts subulate,
the inner about three-fourths as long as the outer;
stamens 3, about half as long as the perianth; capsule
one-half to two-thirds as long as the perianth, oblong,
acute, mucronate, i-celled, dehiscent through the tip;
seed oblong, acute at both ends, about I" long, reticu-
late in about iS longitudinal rows, the areolae smooth
and nearly square.
SiiUtlicrii Ontario, llinnijfli tlic Mississii)])! Valley to
< )klali(Hiia. Tixas and Mississipi)!: also from North Caro
lina 1(1 Maryland.
33. Juncus polycephalus Michx. Many-headed Rush.
/mil ii.\ /to/fti'/'/iti/ns llicli.x. Fl. Hor. Am. 1: i<)2. l8o,v
/tiiiiii.i S(irf>oiiirs vav. />«/fic/>/ia/iis HngfUn. Trans.
,Sl. I.ouis Acad. 2: ./)S. i.sds.
finiiiis JuigiiiinDiiii liucli. Krit. Verz. June. U-. iSSo.
Stem stout, about 3° high, compressed, 2-4-
leaved. Leaves 20' in length or less, the upper
shorter; blades vertically flattened, 1^2 "-4" broad,
the septa incomplete, or the blades rarely narrower,
merely compressed, and with complete septa; in-
florescence 3,'/2'-i2' high, its leaves with nearly
obsolete lilades; heads globose, 3,'2"-5" in diam-
eter; perianth lj4"-2" long, its parts subulate;
stamens 3, one-half to three-fourths as long as the
perianth; anthers shorter than the filaments; cap-
sule subulate, i -celled, exceeding the perianth,
the valves remaining united bj- the slender beak,
their margins finally involute; seed narrowly ob-
long, about V" lo'iK. acute at each end, with
nearly straight tips, reticulate in about 12 rows,
the areolae smooth.
In swamps. Virginia? to Vlorida and Texas.
34. Juncus scirpoides Lam. vScirpus-like Rush.
/nil, IIS Siii f>oidt's I.ani. ICncycl. Mctli. Hot. 3: 207. 1781).
/mil IIS St ii/inidrs var. iiinci ush'nioii IvUKolni. Trans. St.
I.ouis .\cad. 2: \(y-. iS()8.
Stems S'-j5° high, erect, terete, in clusters from
short, horizontal rootstocks. vStem leaves 13; blades
terete, i" thick or less, usually less than 4' long, the
septa perfect; basal leaves similar, but with longer
blades; inflorescence strict or slightly spreading,
sometimes 6' in length; heads 2-30, either simple,
globose, 3"-4" in diameter in flower, and 4" S'j" in
fruit, or lobed, and of slightly greater diameter; peri-
anth i,'4"-i,U'" loiKi its parts subulate, the inner
somewhat shorter; stamens etiualling the inner peri-
anth-parts, the short anthers exserted at the mouth of
the perianth; capsule subulate, i -celled, its long beak
exceeding the perianth; seed oblong, abruptly apicu-
late at either end, !, "-'+'" long, reticulate in
longitudinal rows, the areolae smooth.
Niw York to Florida and Louisiana
14-20
394
JUNCACEAK.
Carolina Rusli.
A. Curtis, 11(1
35. Juncus megacephalus M. A, Curtis
fiiiitiis i)iif;(Ht'f>liiiliis M
l: 1,^2. '1S35.
/iiiii'iis Si ii />iiidrs var. idiiiuiliis ICiiKiliii
Acad. 2: 46S. 1S6S.
Stems
I. Jduni. Nat. Hiht.
'I'laiis. Si r.ouis
1^-3° hiKli, tufted from a branching root-
stock, stout, 2-3-lcaveil. Leaves with auriclcd sheatlis,
the blades of the basal S' long or less, those of the
stem with successively shorter blades, the uppermost
rarely 10" in length; inflorescence 6' high or less, its
lowest leaf almost bladeless, the others scarious; pan-
icle of 1-40 heads; heads spherical, .\"~b" in diameter;
perianth i,'-"-! '4" 'o'lKi ■'*' parts subulate, the outer
longer than the inner; stamens ,^, half to two-thirds
the length of the inner periauth-parts; anthers in-
cluded, shorter than the fdanients; capside subulate,
beaked, e(|ualling the perianth, vsided, i-celleil; seed
oblong, !/'-'4 " h"iKi acute at either end, reticulate in
12 14 rows, the areolae smooth.
Virginia? Xortli Carolina to Klurida.
36. Juncus brachycephalus (Iviii^clin. ) Huch. SiiKill-hfade;! Ritsli. (Fi.u;. 1)54. »
,filuih(s liucli. in ICinrlir, lint. Jalirb. 12:
Trans.
/it Hi US /'rt7i//]\
26S. 189(1.'
/nil, US Oiinit/iiisis var. Itnuhrctpliiihis ICiiKilni.
St. I.ouis Acad. 2: 474. i.'>ii.s.
Stems l°-2l2° high, tufted from a branching root-
stock, erect or occasionally reclining and rooting at
the nodes, 2-4-leaved; leaves all with well developed
blades, the lower commonly 4'-^' long; inflorescence
commonly 2'i'-6' high, with spreading branches, its
lowest bract foliose; heads top-shaped, 2-,s-fiowercd;
perianth i"-i'+" long, its parts green, or reddish
brown above, with hyaline margins, lanceolate, ol)tuse
or sometimes acute, the outer shorter thau the inner;
stamens 3; antliers much shorter than tiie filaments;
capsule reddish brown, about one-half longer than the
perianth, ovoid-oblong, acute to obtuse, tipped, ,^-sided,
i-celled; seed '("-':;" long, with narrowly oblong
body, short-tailed at either end, 20-30 ribbed, somewhat
cross-barred, the intervening spaces finely cross-lined.
New Viirk 1(1 IViiMsylvauia, Illinois and Wiscdiisiii.
Canada Rush
37. Juncus Canadensis J. (iay
9,S5-)
/. Ciiinuit list's ]. (iay; I.aliarpe, MniKin. Jonc. 131. i><25.
/iiiiiiis Ciiiiatlciisis /oiii;i((iiic/ii/its I^njfclni. Trans. St.
I.iinis .\cad. 2: 474. i.S(),S.
Stems 1--4' high, erect, stout, 2-4-lcaved, few in a
tuft, from a branched rootstock. 15asal leaves usually
decayed at flowering-time; stem leaves with large loose
auriculate sheaths commonly 2 '-4' long, and a stout
erect blade usually 4'- 10' long; panicle 3'- 10' in
height, the branches moderately spreading; heads
usually crowded, top-shaped to hemispheric or sub-
spheric, ,=;-4o-flowered; periantli iJ;"-2" long, the
parts narrowly lanceolate, acute, the inner longer
than the outer; stamens 3, one-half to two-thirds as
long as tlie perianth, anthers much shorter than the
filaments; capsule lanceolate, acute, nmcronatc, 3-
sided, i-celled, reddish-brown, cxcce<ling the perianth
by ,'2" jr less; seed '2" to nearly 1" long, tailed at
cither end, the body with a smooth shining coat,
about 40-striate.
New llniiiswick to Minncsiita, (leorKia and Louisiana.
RUSH I'AMILY.
,v;5
Juncus Canadensis subcaudatus liiisclin. Traii>. Si. I,uui-< Acad. 2; 474. 1S6S.
Sti-ms i,s'-,?u' IiikIi. sk-iuk-r, ftv<iin.-nlly wi-ak aiKl ivcliiiiiiu : luad^ feu. >caUcruiI; >eccl with
Vfly sliorl tails. Kluxk' Islaiul to IV-iinsylvaiiia and (iiciijjia.
Juncus Canadensis brevicaudatus IviijfLltii. Trans. St. I.iiiiis Acad. 2: 4/). i>66.
/inn IIS C'liiiiu/iitsis var. nhiiLloliis ICn«:clni. Trans. SI. I.uuis Acad. 2: 474. isi,,s.
Stems erect, .S'-;,o' tall. skMKkr, okisely tul'ted; panick' contracted: heads ^o-llowered; seed
V"-J" in kiiKlh. h)ng.lailed. Nova Scotia to Minnesota and New Jersey.
38. Juncus acuminatus Miclix. Shari)-fruiteil Rush. ( Fio;. 956)
/iiiuiis lu II mi mil IIS Micli.x. I'l. lior. Am. i- I(|2.
180;,.
riant io'-3° high; rootstock short and incon-
spicuous. Stems few or several in a tuft, erect,
1 -3-leaved ; blades of the lower leaves 4'-8' long,
)z"-\" thick, the upper shorter; inflorescence
2'-6' high, and with 5-50 heads, rarely larger,
or reduced even to a single head, its branches
usually spreading; heads top-shaped, hemi-
spheric or subspheric, j-ao-flowered; perianth
i/+"-i'4" long, its parts lanceolate-subulate,
nearly eiiual; stamens 3, about one-half as long
as the perianth; anthers shorter than the fila-
ments; capsule ovatt-lanceolatc, broadly acute,
mucronatc, i-celled, e(|ualling the ])crianth,
light brown at maturity, the valves separating
through the apex; seed oblong, about '4 " in
length, tipped at cither end, reticulate in 16-20
longitudinal rows, the areolae transverselv
many-lined.
^^,line to southern Ontario and Jlinnesota. south
to Ceortfia and .\k'.\ico. .\1m) on the norlliwest
coast. Heads often proliferous.
Juncus acuminatus debilis lA. Crayi I'lngvlm. Tians. St. I.oiiis .\cad. 2: \u\,. 1S6S,
/iiiuiis di'hilis A. dray, Man. 5(]6, iS.(.^.
Smaller, densely tufted. io'-2o' hi)ih, the stems ofti-n weak and i)rocumbent; perianth
1 I ', ' Iour; ca])snk- linear-oblong, i>btuse. about one tliird longer than tlie perianlli, sliort
New Jersey to .Soutli Carolina.
shorter,
lipped.
39. Juncus robustus ( luiojdin. ) Coxillc. Sloui Ru.sh, (Ki^
95/
Jiiiiiii^ a, niiiiiiiiliis \;\\. lohiis/us ICiiKclm. Tnins.
,Sl. I.oiiis .\cad. 2: 40,?. |S6S.
Plant about 3° high. Stems single or few in
a tuft, stout, nearly terete, commonly i'.."-2"
thick below, 1-2-leavcd; blades erect, terete, con-
spicuously many-septate, }>'-2° long, i"-iV"
thick, usually reaching or exceeding the infiorcs-
cence; inllorescence4'-i<)' high, with moderately
spreading branches and innumerable (com-
monly 300-5011) heads, the blade of its lowest leaf
sometimes half as long as the inflorescence; heads
2-io-nowered; perianth i"-lj+" long, its parts
nearly C(iual, lanceolate-subulate; stamens 3, ouc-
half to two-thirds as long as the perianth; capsule
efjualling or one-third exceeding the perianth,
straw-colored at maturity, narrowly to broadly
' ''long, obtuse with a short tip, 3-sided when
. I -celled, the valves separate and invclute
. icr dehiscence; seed nearly as in /. iiciiiiiinalus.
Southern Illinois lo soutlieastern Kansas, Okla-
homa, Louisiana and Texas.
1
3'/'
JUNCAClvAIC.
40. Juncus diffusissimus Huckk-y. DitTusc Kusli. ( Imj;. 95.S. )
/mil IIS ililjf'iisisiniiiis litK-khv, I'rm-. Atad. I'IijIm 1862:
1). 1S62.
rlaiil I" 2' liiKli. Sttiiis few ill a tuft, from a
short-briinched iiuoiispicuous rootstock, erect, slen-
der, terete or slightly compressed, 2-4-lcavcd; blades
4' S' long, ,'."-'+" thick; inlloresceiice dilfiiscly
branched, widely spreading, 4' -S' high and broad,
its lowest bract with a blade either obsolete or some-
litiics nearly as long as the paincle; heads 3-12-llow-
crcd; perianth i '+ " i '4 " long, its parts subulate,
equal; stamens half to two-thirds as long as the
perianth; anthers shorter than the fdameuts; cap-
sule narrowly linear-lanceolate in outline. 2"~2:'4 "
long, acute to obtuse at the apex, with a short tip,
3-sidcd, light brown, i-cellcd; seed oblong to ob-
ovoid, ■"-/!(." long, acute at the base, abruptly
tipped, reticidate in about 16 rows, finely cross-lined.
Sciiilhcasti in Kansas tii Mississippi and 'IVxas.
2. JUNCOIDES Adaus. 1-aiii. PI. 2:47. >7^V
LI,tv.ri..\ DC. I'l. I'r. 3: i.sS. iSo.s.]
I'erennial plants, with herbage either glabrous or s|)ariMgly webbed, stems leaf-bearing,
Icaf-sheaths with united margins, and Uaf-bladcs grass-like. Intlorescence uinbelloid, pan-
iculate, or corymbose, often congested; llowers always bracteolate, the bractlets usually
lacerate or denticulate; stamens 6 in our species; ovarv i-cclled, its ,^ ovules with basal in-
sertion; seeds ,^, indistinctly reticulate, sometimes carunculatc at base or apex, but not
distinctly tailed. [Greek, meaning like /««f«.v. ]
-Mxiiil 40 speciis, widely <listribiitcil. nuislly fluwerinK in spring.
Infloresciiice unibellniil. i or 2 llnui rs on eacli nl' it-, liiaiiclus. 1. /. fiilnsiiiii.
InflorcscciKf tlRnrcliciUy i>aniculalt-. tlu- llowirs ol'tiu croucU-d in si>ikilikc ilustirs.
( )uti T pcrianlli-pails ^liortiv than Ihf iiinir; iiilrodiuiil species. 2. /. iiiiiit'iiisinii.
I'lriaiUli parts icnial or nearly so: native s)Hcies.
I'lowcrs I ? tomtlur. on the hranclu-s ol' an open panicle. ;. /. fxii -.'iflm inn.
l'"lowirs crowded into one or more lliiek ^jiikesor spikt- like cluster'^.
Innori-eeiiee noddins;. |. /. sf>i,iilinii.
Inflore-ict nee ereil or spreading, or it> individual branches ranly noddiiiMT.
Infloreset nee of 1 i spike-like or capil.ite llower clusters, or the leaf blades .sliarp
pointed.
Inllorescenee crowded into a sini;le cluster; leaves Hat, usually with a blunt
apex. .S. ./. iii:-ii/t\
Inflorescenee in I | clu-ters; leaves narrowed above, involute channeled. ape\
very sharp. li. /. /iipii/nn rii in.
Infloreseenee of 212 spike like or capitate clusters; leaf blades with blunt points.
7. /. iiiiiipis/rr.
I. Juncoides pilosum (I.,. ) Kiiiit/e-. Hairy Wood-nisli.
hi III IIS f'iliisiis I.. S)). I'l. Vo. i7,=;,i.
/.ii-.nlii fii/iisii Wind. lunini. I'l. ^o^. iStni.
/ii iiii'iifis pilosum Kuut/.e, Kev. I'.en. I'l. 7.'5. l~"oi.
Tufted, often somewhat stolonifcrous. Stems erect,
2-4-leaved, ,'2°-i° high; leaf-blades i,';"-4" \vide,
flat, slightly webbed, especially when young, acumin-
ate into a blunt almost glaiul-like point; stetii leaves
with similar but successively shorter blades; inllores-
cenee an umbelloid llower-chister, with a bract 5" 12"
high, the filiform pedicels etpial or nearly so, 1-
flowered or sometimes 2- flowered; perianth r '4"-i,'2"
long, its parts triangular-ovate, acinninale, brown
with hyaline margins, about twice as long as the
toothed bractlets; cajjsnle about one-fourth excee<ling
the perianth, its valves ovate, acuminate; seed about
\'' long, its body about 1" in length, provided at the
summit with a conspicuous hooked caruncle.
New lirunswick to .\laska. south to New York, .Mich-
ipan ami OreKon. and in the .\UeKhauies to North Caro-
lina. .\lso in ICnrope and .\sia.
<l''i«:- 959-)
RISII I'AMILV.
2. Juncoides nemorosum (Poll. ) Kiintzc.
fiiiiciis iiiiiiiiiosiis I'dU. Hi^t. ri. Till. I:,?,S2. 1776.
/idUdii/t's ii(iit(ii,is/ni/ Kiiiilzi-, Kcv. (".I'll. I'l. 72(, iSqi.
Iviiosely tufted or soiiiewliat stoloniferous. Stcuis
slender, 1= 2'." hifjli, i 6-leaved below tlie iiiflor-
escciice; Icaf-hlades l,'i"~3" wide, ciliatc, flat, ta-
periii); to a slender sharp ti]); inllorcscencc difTusely
jianiculate or corymbose, llie few lower l)racts foli-
ose, anil the lowermost branch often inserted 4' be-
low the next or more; llowers in clusters of ^-S, the
bractlets ovate, entire or spariuKly denticulate
aliove, about one-third as lonj; as the perianth;
perianth about 1 '4 " in length, its parts from red-
dish brown with pale margins to dirty white
throughout, ovate-lanceolate, acute, the outer about
one-fifth shorter than the inner; capsule ovoid,
acuminate, barely ecpialling the perianth; seed
oblitpiely ovoid about V' long.
A I-;iinppi.;iii sjn'cit-s, iiaUirali/i<l at Kivcrdalc, .N. \'.
3. Juncoides parviflorum (I';iir]i. ) Coville.
( KiJ,^ ./.I.)
vSinall-nowLTcd W'ood-nish.
4. Juncoides spicatum ( I,.
Jidiiiis \pii(i/iis I,. Sp. ri. ;,,vi. 175.,.
Iiiiiitiidti sf>i,,i/iiiii Kunt/i', Kiv. (Un. I'l. 7.',=;. iSi)i.
/.»;/(/(/ a/)/,(//i; I)C. l''l. l''r. 3: 161. iSo.s.
Closely tufted, without rootstocks. Stems erect, 4'-
16' high, distantly 1-3-leaved, tapering to a filiform
summit; leaf-blades |^ "-!'." l)road, often involute,
especially above, tapering to a sharp apev, sparingly
webby, especially at the base; inflorescence a nodding,
spike-like, often interrupted panicle, commonly >i'-
i' in length, usually exceeded by its lowest iuvolute-
foliose bract; bractlets ovate-lanceolate, acundnate,
equalling the perianth, sparingly lacerate; perianth
/kiuiis f>,ir:'i/liiriisV,\w\\. lU-itr. 6: 1 ^c). 1791.
/.iir.iild fiiii :ifl(ira iK-sv. Jouni. <lc lUit. i: 1)4. iSoS.
./. t"""-''.t!"i II"' Ciivilk-. Ciiiitr. .Nat. Herl). 4: 209. KSrj^.
Stems single or few in a tuft, stoloniferous, erect
io'-,V)' high, 2-5-leaved; leaves glabrous, their
blades ijz" -5" wide, tapering to a sharp or blunt
ajjex; inflorescence a nodding decompound pan-
icle, commonly i,!j'-4' liigli, its lowest bract
foliose, seldom more than one-fourth the length of
tlic panicle; flowers borne singly, or sometimes 2
or 3 together, on tlic branches of the inflorescence,
on sleniler pedicels; bractlets ovate, entire or
rarely somewhat lacerate, perianth 34'"-] ,'4" in
length, its parts ovate, acuminate, slightly exceeded
by the green to brown ovoid capsule; seed nar-
rowly oblong, ;.'i"~-'^" in length, attached to its
placenta by slender implexed fibers.
I.abmilcir to lirilisli Cnhmibia, New Haiiipsliire, New
Vcirk ami MiiiiiL-sola; in tlie UKiuiilains lo .\ri/ona and
Califiirnia. .M.so in ICurope and .\si.i.
Kuiit/.e. vSpiked Wood-rusli. ( Fi^. 962.)
brown, with hyaline margins,
J4 long, Its parts
lanceolate, aristatc-acuminate; capsule broadly ovoid,
bluntly acute, about two-thirds as long as the peri-
anth; seed narrowly and obliquely obovoid, about
I);" long.
Labrador to .Alaska, nunuitains of New luiglaiid, Colo-
radiiand Cilifnniia. .Mso in ICiircipe :iiiil ."v^ia.
3VS
jrNCACFvMv.
Juncoides nivale ( Lai;>l. ) Covilli.-. Arctic W'odd-niNli. (Fi^;. 96^)
l.ii-.Khi iiiiiifit^lii'. viir, )ii:\i//.\ I.iu-sl. Kouk'.. \\l Ak;iil.
Ilalllll. X\\- l>32.
/ini,,>iitrs II ivii I, Ci'vWV-. Ml-iii. Tun. Clul), 5:1"^. iS,,).
I.ir:iil,i tiii.'idi lilytt, Niiijr. I'l. I: 2ii'i I>')1.
Stems turteil, 2'-4' Iiit,'l>. erect, i or a-Ieaved.
Leaves with sheaths j,'lal)r(ms at the moutli, their
l>hules I "-2" broad, selilom exceediii}^ i '.' iti leii.ijtii,
\ery niimitcly roughened 011 the l)ack, at least to-
ward the apex, tlat and taperiii),' to a usually blunt
and callous tip; inllorcsccnccan erect oblong to ovate,
spike-like cluster, '.' in height or less, excee<liiig its
lowest setnifoliaccDUS bract; bractlet and i)erianlli
dark purple, the fonner ovate and sparingly lacerate
at the hyaline apex; perianth-parts ^4 "-i " in length,
narrowly oblong, more or less broadly acute at the
paler apex, sometimes denticulate above; capsule
subspheric, obtuse or broadly acute, exceeding the
perianth; seed narrowly oblong, about '2" long.
lliillin liay to Ala-^ka. Also in luetic am! iiliiinc
Imuci])!- and Asia.
6. Juncoides hyperboreum (R. r?r. ) Slieldoii.
( Im.li:. i)f'>4. )
l.ii~iilii Inpt-ihoica K. lir. Suii))!. .Vp]). I'arryV \'oy.
[iiiKKiict livfifrhomnii ,Sln-ldoii. lUdl. ('.to!. Siiiv.
.Miini. 9: ("v,. i><94.
Steins tufted, commonly 4'-'^' high, erect, 12-
leaved above the base. Leaves with sheaths spar-
ingly ciliate at the mouth, the blades erect, 'j"-i ' z"
wide at the base, commonly 2'; '-7' long, usiudly
involute in age, not roughened on the back, taper-
ing into a very sharp point; inflorescence erect, ex-
ceeding its lowest foliose bract, consisting of a single
oblong cluster l-z' in length or less, or its one or
two lower divisions on peduncles ji'-^'A' long;
bracts and bractlets membranous, fimbriate; peri-
anth-parts brown, paler above, about i'^" long,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, or slightly
lacerate at the apex; capsule about three-fourths as
long as the perianth, ovoid, obtuse; seed rather
narrowly oblong, about -;" long.
Arctic .\nicrica, Labrador and tlic hiiilur mountains
Xortlit-ni Wond-ni^li,
)f Ni
I-ni;
1»-
'/)5.)
iiul .\sia
Juncoides campestre ( L. ) Kunlzf. Coiniiioii Wood-rush. (Fig.
/iniiiis Kiiiififsliis L. Sp. PI. 32c). 175,1.
l.iiziila iainfii'slris DC. I'l. l"r. 3: 161. 1N.J5.
Iiiiui'idcs iiiiiifii-strr KutU/t-. Kuv. t".cil. I'l. 722. IN)I,
Stems densely tufted, erect, 4'-2o' high, 2-4-lcaved.
Leaf-blades Hat, l"-3>i" broad, tapering at the apex
to a blunt almost gland-like point, sparingly webbed
when young; inflorescence umbelloid; lower bracts
foliose, the lowest often exceeiliug the inflorescence,
Hs several branches straight, unequal, each bearing an
obloug to shorlcylindric dense spike; floral bracts
ovate, acuminate; bractlets similar but smaller, fimbri-
ate at the apex; perianth i "-!,'•" long, browu, its
parts lanceolate-ovate, acuminate; capsule obovoid or
broadly oblong; seeil with an oblong bod)' about I2"
in length, supported on a narrower white loosely
cellular, strophiole like base about one-half as long.
Ill woodlands, almost tlirouKhout the I'liited States aiul
liritisli AniLTica. Also in Ivuropc and Asia. Variable.
OiiL- of our earlii.-st flowering plants.
H
ihncii-i'i,()Wi;r i-.\mii,v.
:•>')')
I';iiiiil\ IS. MELANTHACEAE K. I!r. I'nxlr. i: 272, iSio.
Ill NCII-l l.iiWl.k 1''amii.v.
lA-:ir>-sU'iiiiiic-il lieil)N ( >(>iiiL' exotic >;i-nfr;i sc;iin>->c ), with mot-lock-, of
rart-h with litilli>, tlic k-a\<.'s broad or j;ras>-likf, parfllcl-vciiiLil, tlic \t.-iirs otlu-u
idiuK-ctcd !)>■ traii>\(.'rs(.' \ciiikt-. l''lo\vt.-r> pcrtVct, ])oI\ jiaiiioits, or diofcioii-,
rcj^ular, racemose, patiiclcd or soliiarv . IVri iiitli of '' separate or nearly separ-
ate, usually persistent sejjnieiits. Stniiieiis 6, horiie on the ba.ses ot' the per-
ianth-segments. Anthers small, 2-celled, oliloni.; or ovate, or contluentl>-
i-celleil and cordate or renil'orni, inostl>' \ersatile and exlrorseh' dehiscent 1 in-
trorse in Tofidiiitt and .l/uiiutn. ()\-ary 3-eelled, superior or rarel\' ])artly in-
ferior; oxides few or niiineroiis in each ca\il\ , anatroiMHis or am])hitropon-.
Stvles 3, distinct, or more or less vniiled. Hriiit a capsule willi septicidal
deluscence ( loculicidal in .Uuiiiin and I 'iiihiria ). Seeds connuonh' tailed or
a]ipendaj.(ed. ICiubrxo small, in usuallx' copious endosperm.
AImhU .;" tjiiui.i iiiiil 1 |i) ^|)l rirs. widi-ly ili>tiil)uti(l.
1''l.iu( r> iiiiiiiciipii> in liitiiiiial lUi'l riu'iiiKs or paiiifli-.
Aiului— cilildiiy iir ci\aU-, .' I'clUcl.
\iitlnts iiitrinMly (Uliisi'iiU
C;i|)Mili >L'i)tii'iiliil. lln\Mi>- iiivoliKTiiti liy ,? br.Hllil-.
C':il)siili- liKulitidal; llowi is ii(>t iiiMiUui.iti ,
Aiillii IS ixtmrM-ly (U-liiM-cnt.
I'lciwc I- iKifi ll.
I.(:ivi> liiisiil, (i1)I:iiK-tMilaU-: si r(l> iiiiiiunius
.Stiiii viiy lual'y; U-.ivis liiual : siids IVw.
I'ldwirs (tiu< villus; sUiii Uafy.
Aiitlu IS i-i)i(l,iu- iir rinil'nini. cdiilliuntly [ I'llUil.
rUiiits Klulimtis
I'lriaiilli siyiiu iits iidl j;l:iiiil Ik iiiin^;.
I'liAMTs pirlVrt; piriaiitli si-vrnuuls uhtuM-. 6.
I'luuiTs iicilyuiinicius; piriantli si-yiiuiits ai'iiiniiiati-. 7.
I'l rianlli mkhuiiIs lnariiiK 1 'M j i;laii(ls, m a spul. !-.
Slim anil inllnusciiui- piiliisiinl.
rrvianlh si^;ininls rlawtd. I'lir fmni tlii' nvary.
IViiantli siuininls mil clawiil. adnalc lo tin- li ist- nl' tin dvar;
l-liiwi IS solitary. UTininal nr niJiiusiti- Uic' leaves, (lrini])ini;.
.1 '',11)1,1.
X, I ,if>li\ Hiiiii.
Clhiiihuin iitiii.
< 111 .'sfifl 111,1 .
Slrii.iulhiinn.
/Vii,uli-iiiis.
i|. Mrhjiilliiiiiii .
10. I ri ,11 1 II III .
W.I 'rii/,11 1,1.
I. TOFIELDIA Huds. Fl. Antrl. Ed. 2. i
.1/ ■
i:
rs.
rcremiial IktIis, witli short erccl or horizoiilal rootstocks, fibrous roots, sleiiiler oreit
stems lealk'ss above or nearly so, linear somewhat 2-rankc(l anil (.'(luitant leaves chislcreil at
the base, and small perfect while or !.;rcen (lowers in a terminal raceme. IVilicels bracled at
the base, solitary or clustered. I'lowers usually iiivolucrate by ,^ scarious somewhat united
l)ractlel;3 below the calyx, reriauth-se^nieiits obloiij.; or obovale, subecjuid, persistent, j;laiid-
k'ss. Stamens 6; filaments filiform; anthers ovale, sometimes cordate, introrse. Ovary ses-
sile, .globed at the summit; styles 3, short, recurved. Cajjsuk' 3-lobed, vhcaked, se])ticid-
ally dehiscent to tlic base, many-seeded. Seeds tailed or appendagcd in most sjjecies.
[Dedicated to Tofield, an Ivnglish correspondent of Hudson.]
.\bnnt 15 speeiis, natives of tlie iiortli temperate /oiu-. i iir _' in the .Xncles of SmUli .\meriea,
llrsides tile rollowiiiK aiiotlier oeeurs in the sciiitlieaslern .Stati s anil two in nnilliwislern .\iiieriea.
Stem ffliibroiis; seeds unappeiula«ed. 1. 7'. f^,il iisli i.<.
Stem \iseid-pillieseeiit ; seeds apiKiidaned.
L'ai)siile (iblimn, ,i ' liiK'i; perianth seKiiieiils tliin. 2. 7'. i;/li/iiiii.\,i.
C'apsiiU civniil, I I " 2" Iiitli; periantli-senmeiits rijfid in I'mit.
I. Tofieldia palustris Htids. Scottish
Asphodel. (I'i^. y^if>. '
I'l'fiihii,! /iLiliishi., Huds, fl. Angl. ICd. 2, 157. 177s.
Glabrous, stem slender, scape-like, leafiess or bearing
a few leaves near the base, a'-io' tall. I,caves tufted,
'2' 4' long, '2"-2" wide; raceme oblong or subglobose in
flower, dense, elongating to an inch or less in fruit, the
lower fiowers first expanding; jiedicels usually solitary,
minutely iiivolucrate, '.-"-i" long in fruit; fiowers
greenish white, i" broad; perianth-segnients obovate.
ol)tuse, much shorter than the oblong-globose minutely
beaked c.ipsnle; seeds oblong, iinappeiulaged.
('■reenlaiul and Labrador to .\laska, soulli to Onebee. the
shores of I.ake Superior, anil llie Canadian Koeky .Moun-
tains. .\lso in luirope and .\sia. .Summer.
26
Mi;i,ANTii.\ci:.\i;.
ViN. ( iliuiiioiis Tiitkliliii. ( Imk. '(''7. )
.\'iii //ill iiiiii i;/ii/iii'i\iiiii Miilix. I'l. 11(11. Am I,
/\>/i)/i/iii i;/ii/iiliiui I'lt-i. Syii I: (mii
1>^M,V
SU'iil visci(l-pul)csi'ciit with Mack jjliiiuls, 6'
ill' tnll, l)L'Hriiin .' ( leaves near tlle l)ase. Ilasal
U'aves tufted, 2'--' Iniij;, 1" t," wiilc; raciMiii'
uIjIihi)^ and ^'-i' I '.•' li'ii); in llnwcr, longer in
fruit, tile U))]H'r lldwers first cNpaiidiiij;; ])cdii'fl>
i-(iiiiiiiiiiily ilustcrod in V*- ' I's 4's), asii'iidiii;;,
visiidpuliescciU, tn'coiuiiin 2"-6" Imi}^ in fruit;
iiivohicral bracts niimitc, united nearly or (|uitc
to tlifir ai)iccs, !)orne just hi-neatli tlic llowcr;
llowcrs ,^" .)" Iiroatl; perianth --ej^iuentsolildn).',
iiuistly olitiisc, nuiiiliranons; capsule oMoiii;,
alidiit ;■," hijjh, !'_•" in diameter, thiu-walled,
twice as loiiK as tlie iierianth, the beaks '.. "
lon^ or less; seeds tailed at each end.
-. Ill liciKs. Ncwi'diiiiillimiltd Alaska, Miutli to Maiiu .
v1 ( iliin. Miiliiwaii. Wyniiiiiiir ,in(l ( ireumi, and in llu
* sipiitlu 111 .MlrulKiiii— . May June.
3. Tofieldia racemosa t Walt. ) li.S,!'. X'isrid 'I'dlkhlia. 1 I'i,t,^ (/..s. i
.J/i 11I11I//1/11U 1 iiii iiiiiMi III Wall. I'l. Car. i.v,. 17-s
.\iii llnciii III ftiihiiii MicliN. I'l. Il'ir. .\iii. i: jmi.
IN.;,
Tiifi</i/i<i /m/ii-iiriis I'ers. ,Syii. I: ,;i|i.i. iSn.s,
7':'/ii/,/ia riuiii/nsii W.S.V. I'rel. Cat. X. V. ,=;,s. iSSS.
."similar to the precediii),; species but rather
stouter and taller, stem 1 3 hif^h, the glutin-
ous pubescence rouj.;her. Leaves very narrowly
linear, 6'-i.S' lonj,', i 'j"-,^" wide; raceme 1'
4' long in flower, often loose, somewhat longer
ill fruit, the up])erniost tlowcrs tirst expanding;
pedicels mostly clustered in ,Vs, ascending, 2"-
y long in fruit; involucral bractlets about Ji"
long, united to above the middle, borne just be-
neath the flower; periaiilh-segincnts narrowly
obovate, obtuse, rigid; capsule ovoid, i',''long,
little longer than the calyx, its beaks Jj" long;
seeds tailed at each end.
In swamps, snutliern New Jersey to I'lorida and
.Mabnnia. This and the Iwn preei-diiij; species are
alsii klinwn as I-'alse Asijluxlii. JiiiU' Sept.
2. ABAMA Adans. I'aiii. I'l. 2: 47. 1763.
[N.\RTincciUM Juss. (ieii. 47. 17S9.]
Perennial herbs, with creeping or horizontal rootstocks, fibrous roots, erect simple
steins and linear grass-like basal leaves, those of the stem short and distant. I'lowers small,
greenish-yellow, perfect, borne in a terminal raceme. Pedicels bracted at base and usually
bearing a small bractlet. Perianth segments persistent, linear or linear lanceolate, obscurely
;,-5-nerved, glandless. Stamens 6; filaments subulate, woolly; anthers linear-oblong, erect,
introrse. Ovary sessile; style very short or none; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Capsule oblon.g,
loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded, the linear seeds tailed at each end. [(Vreek, signify-
ing without step, the plants reputed to cause lameness in cattle.]
I'oiir known species, natives of the northern lieniisphere. Hesidts the following, another
occurs in norlliwestern Anieriea,
lUNCII ll.iiWl'.k lAMII.V,
401
I. Abama Americana Kci. 1 Mipimi);.
Aniiricaii Ho^-axiilmdil. ( 1m>;. (jfu). i
All I ///I I mill .liiir I iiiiiiiiiii Kir. Ilul. Maif. />/. /•ii'-i. i^i-'.
Xii nil, I ill III ii\.\i/'i'i.i;iiiii viir. .lull I iKiiiiiiii A. t'iriiy, Mini.
,\l',i)iiii .lull III iiini Miiiuini, Ml 111. 'I'lOi, L'liili. 5: h'»).
1><||.
Ciliilirous, slL'iils wiry, still", iTcct, in' is'tiill. I'.,iv.il
leaves y fS' loiin, 1" wiilc or less, tiialy 7 ij-iierveil;
lower stem leaves ,'j'-2' ImiK. "'e upper imicli siualler;
raciiiie i' 2' loii)|, ilriise; ]iiTlimth-si'^tm-iits iiMrrowly
linear, 2" ■," loii',', slif^lUly exi'i'i (.liiii; the stiiinciis;
lilaiiiLiils wliilf «<ii)ll>; peiliitls astcililinj.;, '," ("
hiii^,' in frui' , capsule aliout ,s" lonj,', 1 " in diauieler at
the nii'idle, ereet, nearly twiee as Ihhk as the periaiith-
sejiuieiits, ta])eriuf; toa sutiulate beak; seeds, incliiiliu;^
tile appcn(la).;es, ;,'' t" l'i"«.
In iiiiu- liiirrcii swaiuii--. -■ontluiii Niw Jirsiv. Jiuu -
S.i.l.
3. XEROPHYLLUM Mirlix. I'l. lior. Am. i: 210. i.s,,;,.
Tall ]icreiiiii.il licrlw, with tliiek sliorl wnoily inotstoeks. siui])Ie erect leafy stems, the
leaves narrowly linear, ri)U>,'hniarj,'iiic(l. the u|iper ones shorter than the lower. l'U)wers
very numerous, niedinin-si/eil, white, in a lar}.;e dense terminal raceme, the lower ones lirst
expaiidinj;. rerianth w itherinj;-persistciil, its sej^mciits oliloiij.; or ovate, .s-7-nerved, spread-
ing, ^landless. .Stamens 6, rather shorter than the perianth segments; rdameiits suhulatc,
t;Ial)roiis; anthers olilon^;. Ovary .sessile, VKf""^'^''' styles ;,, Uliforin, relle\e<l or recurved,
stijjmatic aloii^ the inner side; ovules only 2-4 in each cell. Capsule ovoid, 3-Krooved, loe-
ulicidally iind soiiietinies also septicidally dehiscent. Seeds 5, ol)loii).j, not at all .'ippcnd.ined,
or only miiuUeh' s<i. |(ireek, sij,'iiifyiiij,' a ilry leaf. ]
Tlilcc >]»ai<s. Ilu roll.>uiiiK ol' tile sciiitlu ;isiii n I'liiU il States, tile nllicrs iil' wi-lcrii .\liurica.
I. Xerophyllum asphodeloides ( I,. )
Xiitl. Tttrkcv -lie;inl. < l'"i<4. 1)7". »
'7'i--
.\in. i: 211.
lS|S.
5' tall, deiisel)-
lliliiiiiiis as/>li,Hl(li<i,U-s I.. Sp. I'l. Ivd. 3. (.s
.\, I, '/•/n//iiiii sr///h/iiiiii M\i.U\ I'l. I!or.
iNi;.
.\ii,i/>/n//iiiii ,isphiHl,-h<iili s Null. ('.in. I: 2\
,Stein stout, hecotniii),' stiff,
leafy helow and at the base, sparselj- leafy above.
Leaves very narrowly linear, slij;htly dilated at the
base, the lower 6'-iS' lonj;, \" wide or less, except
at the broader base, the upper successively shorter
and narrower; llowcriii!.; raceme 3' 6' lonj.;, 2' t,'
in diameter, its summit conic; llowerini; pedicels
spre.idinj,', filiform, i/'-iS" Iodk, in fruit erect;
perianlli-scj;meiits ovate-oblonjj, obtuse, about 3'-
lon).j: styles rather lontjer than the ovary; ca])sulc
ellipsoid, obtuse, 2" loiiK. \"-\'i" in diameter;
seeds mostly 2 in each cell.
In dry pine barrens, soutliern Xew Jersey to eastern
'reiinessee anil ('Kni(";ia. May July. Ascends to ,S'>x>
11. in Nniili Ciivnliiia.
4. HELONIAS L. vSp. PI. m-
'753-
.\ perennial j^labrous bog herb, with a stout rootstock, thick fibrous roots, basal ob-
lanceolatc persistent leaves and rather large perfect purple flowers, raccmeil at the summit
of an erect hollow bracted scape, rerianth-scgments spreading, spatulate, persistent.
.Stamens 6, hypogynous, longer than the perianth-segments; filaments filiform; anthers ovate.
Ovary ovoid, 3-grooved, 3-celled, slightly 3-lobed, many-ovuled; styles 3, stigmatic along
the inner side, deciduous. Capsule obovoid, deeply 3-lobed, the lobes divergent, ventrally
dehiscent above. Seeds numerous, linear, white-appendaged at each end. [Name from the
("■reek, in allusion to its growth in swatnps.]
.V iiionntyi)ie tfenus of eastern North .\nierica.
Mia.ANTHACI-AI':.
I. Helonias buUata L. Swamp I'ink.
(I'i'A- >;7i. )
ll.loiii.is />ii!l,thi I,. .Sl>. I'l. ;,|J. r:,;;.
Leaves several or luiincrous, dark jjrucn, tliiii,
clustired at the base of the scape, 6' i.s' long.
';.'-2' wide, ]ioiiitcd or hliiiit, finely parallel-
nervi'd. Si"'.]it' stout, bracted below, the bracts
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, iMenil)ranous;
raceme dense, I'-^'louj; in flower, becoming
.\'-~' long in fruit: pcriantli-seginents about ;,"
long, equalling or rather longer than the stout
pedicels; capsules about ,^" long, the valves
papery; seeds i '_. "-2" long.
In bdij-, nurlliirn Niw Jtvsiy, smillurM Xiw
York anil lasUrn rinn>ylvania 1 ' tn \'irKiMia.
I.dcal. Tlu- scapi- .-ntniliini- ln.iU'- a liw U-.isr^
at il^ lia^f, Ai>rilMay.
5. CHAMAELIRIUM WiUd. Ma.i;. Xal. V\. licrl. 2: is. i.SoS.
An erect glabrous slightly llesliy herb, with a bitter tuberous rootstoi k. Hasal leaves
spatulate, those of the stem lanceolate. I'lowers small, white, dioecious, in a long narrow
liractless spike-like raceme, rerianth of (1 linear-spatulate 1 -nerved segments. Slamiiuite
(lowers with 6 stamens, the fdanieiits fdiforni, the anthers subglobose, 2-celled; pistillate
llowers with a vcelled oblong ovary, 3 short styles, stiginatic along the inner side, and 'isu-
ally with 6 staminodia. Capsule oblong, slightly ,;-lobed, loculicidally vvalved. Seeds (i-
12 in each cavity, broadlv winged at both ends, narrowly winged on the sides. |(ireek,
signifying a low lily.]
.\ niniiiilyiiii ^;i nil- i.r iM>tsiM .Noitli .\nuvic.i.
I. Chamaelirium liiteum 1 L. ) A.
Cira>'. Hla/iiiK-^tar. ( l-'ig. 1)72. )
I'll iili II HI lull inn I.. Sji. I'l i"!! 175,
( Ihiiiiiit II I ill III i'li I I'l I II III II II III Wind. .Man Nat, I'r.
Ikli, 2: m, iSiS
i'liiiiiiiit III iinii liiliinii .\. Cray. Man. ,sii;, is|^.
Stamiuate plant i'2°-2'2 tall, the pistillate
often taller, sometimes 4° high and more leafy.
Hasal leaves 2'-S' long, '_.'i ',' wide, mostly
obtuse, tapering into a long petiole; stem leaves
lanceol.ite, the or ui)per linear, acute or ac-um-
inate, sessile or the lower short-, Htioled; stam-
inale raceme or nodding finally t eel, .V 9' long,
the pedicels spre.'iding, 1" ,;" long; ]nstillaie
raceme erect; flowers nearly ;," broad; capsule
oblong or somewhat obovoid, .\'' 7" long.
2" ;," in diameter.
In iiiiiist iniaildws aiu' lliiiktt-. .Mas>ailiusitl> tn
sdiilhrni 1 intario ami Mirliinan. soiilli tn l^'luvida
and ,\rkansa>. Called alsn Devils bit, riiiconi lout
and I)nMi|iiii;; Slarwoil, May July,
6. CHROSPERMA Rat. N\(.g. v 1S25.
[.V.MiANTiliiM A. Cray, Ann. I.yc. N. V. 4: 121. iS.',7.]
\n erect glabrous herb, with an ovoid-oblong coated bulb, and numerous long blunt
I ,-isal leaves, a few short ones on the stem, blowers perfect, white, in a den.>c leiniinal
- u-eiiie. the lower ones first expanding. I'erianth of 6 distinct glandless persistent obtuse
segments. Stamens inserted on the bases <if the sepals; anthers small, reniform. Ov.irv
ovoid, vlobed, ,^ celleil. Capsule vcelled. dehiscent aliove the middle, the cavities 1-2-
st .;ded, its ,^ .'■vergcut lobes tijipeil with the subulate styles. Seeds ovoid, redilish brown.
[Greek, refer- ng to the c(dored seeils. |
.\ niniiiiiypic ifiiui - nl i;!sti,rn Noitli ,\Murii,i
lUNcn ih)wi:r family.
I. Chrosperma muscaetoxicum (Walt.) Kum/.c. Fly-jioisc
)11. <I
403
'iK- 973- )
A/i I (I II I hi II III iiiiisliIi 1,1 i ii Hill W'nll. I'l. Car. I2,s.
Aiiiiinilliiuiii iiliistiii Ik \ ii'inii A. <'.r:iv, Ann. I.vc.
N. V. 4: \22. iS^-.
Climspii iiiit iiiiisiiir/ii I i, Hill Kiiii/i-, Kiv. (kh.
I'l. 7(18. iSl)!.
I'lill) i':.'-2' long, really i' in ilianiett-r.
Stem i,'j"-4'" tall. li.isal leaves 2" 15" wide,
shorter than the stem, the upper few anil dis-
tant, hract-like; raceme at first ovoid-conic, he-
cominj.; cylhidric, j'-.s' lonj^; pedicels a.scend-
inj,'. 4" 10" lon^'; hractlets ovate, l"-2"lonf;;
sepals ovate-oblon.i;, obtuse, 2" ,V' lonj;; fila-
ments filiform, about e(|Uallin).; the sc])als;
capsule 2"-3" in diameter aliove tlie iiiidillo.
scarcely as lonj;; seeds about I, '2" loufj.
In dry sandy wcKids. I.im^; Inland .and la-lirr
I'lnnsylvania til Idorida. 'I'lnncssi c and .Arkan'.i--.
.X^ciniK til .|i»iii It. in \"irninia and In jhhj It. in
I'l nn-ylvania. May Jldy.
7. STENANTHIUM Kunth, Ivimiii. 4: iSg. 1S42.
Ivrcct .vilabrous bidbmis lu-rlis, with kaly slem.s and small white nr },M-eenisli, ])lllv.^'am^us
flowers in an ami)le terminal jianicle. Leaves narrowly linear, keeled. I'erianth-sejjments
narrowly lanceidate, acuminate, ),danilless, spreadiuj.,'. ])crsislenl, .aduatc to tin. base of the
ovary. Stamens shorter than the lierianth-se.umcnls, iuserted 011 their bases; antliers Muall,
cordate or renifiirni. Ovary nvoid. Capside iivciid-obliin,i;, ,vlobed, fin.illv dehiscent to the
base, the lobes with short slij;htly diverxeut beaks. Seeds about 4 in each cavitv, oblimj;.
an.irleil. somewhat (lattened. [Creek, iu allusiun tu the narniw ]ieriantli-se,i,Miieiits. ]
The sjiiuis ciini|iri-i s ,,nly tin tun Inllnwin^ -pieii...:
J.i.iM'. .•" >," wide; cipsulr nllixiii.
I.eavt s ;' 111" wide: cip^nle i n 1 1.
1 . .S'. i; I II III! Ill Hill.
2. .S. I Dhiishnii.
I. Stenanthium gramineum 1 Ker) Morono
(irass-leiued Slcnanthimii.
lliloiiiiis !; 1,1 mill,,! Ker, lint. May. />/. i^./(/.
l^l;.
I'l lull Hill iiiit;H\lif'iiliiiiii I'nrsli, I'l, .\iii. ,Sii)t.
J)-'. |S||.
Sliiiiiiilliiiiiii iiiixHsli/'i'/iHiii Kunlli, Ivnmn. 4;
Slriiaiilln'iiiii i;i lUiiiiiiH III MnrniiK, Mem. Tnrr.
Clidi, 5: I 111. is,||.
Stem slender, ;,^ .('" tall. Leaves ,L;rass-
like, some of them often I ' Ion}; or more,
2" ;/' wide, the up|)er, reduced to stn.dl
linear lanceolate br.acts subtendin.i; the
brain'hes of ihe jianicle; panicle open, sim-
])le or somewhat coniiHimid, 1" 2" long, its
brandies nearly filiform, often fiexnous,
sjireadiii).; or drooiiiiijr; bracts 'a"-!'' long,
ecpialling or longer than the pedicels; flowers
4"-6" broad; i)erianth-segnients linear lau-
A /"fy-7. ceolate; capsule ovoid-oblong, with a to])-
\ / y .■^ shapi'il base, ;i"-4" long, refiexed.
In dry soil. Virjrinia and Kentucky tn I'lnrida
and .\labaiua, chieny in the iniunUains .\>
lends tn («iiKi 11. iii Nnrtli Carolina. I'ruit
aiiiiarently siarcc. \\\\i Sept.
404
MRI.ANTHACI'AE.
2. Stenanthium robustum S. Wats.
vStoiU Stcnantliiiim. [I'v^. f'75. i
S/fihiii/liiidii I'lhiisliiiu S. \Val>. I'mc. Am.
Acini. 14: J7.'^. l^-').
Stotii sldiit, ;,^-5^ ImII. usually very liMly.
LcavLS ol'lcn 1° lonjj or nioiv, tile lower 4"-
K)" wick-, till' up]K'r re(liice<l to bracts; pan-
icle ilciiscr than that of the jirecedinn specio,
comuiouly lnu}.;er, usually conipouml, ils
branches spreadinj; or aM'eiiilintf; (lowers
greenish or white, 6"-.S" broad; capsule
ovoid-; iblonji', 4"-6" long, erect, longer than
its pedicel, the very short beaks recurved-
spreading.
In niipi.-l -nil. xnitlurn IVnii-ylvani;i and < )liio
to .S.iulh Cariiliiia aiul '1\ nne-sie. Jn'.y Sipl.
8. ZYGADENUS Miclix. V\. Hor. Am. i:
I. So:
I. /. t;liil'ii I iiiiKs.
?. /.. I /il; lilts.
(dalirous erect jierennial herbs, I'roni Imlbs or rootslocks, with leafy stems. Leaves
n.irrow ly linear. I'lowers jjerfect or jiolyganious, greenish, yellow ish or white, in a terminal
panicle or raceme. Perianth withering-])ersistent, its se.uments lanceolate or ovate, separate
or united below, sometimes adnate to the lower part of the ovary, bearing 1 or 2 gland> or a
sjjot just above the narrowed base. Stamens free from the i)erianth segments and about
e(|ualling them in length; anthers cordate or reniform. Capsule 3-lobed, _^-celled, the cavi-
ties not diverging, dehiscent to the base. Seeds several or numerous in each cavity, oblonj;
or linear, angled, [(ircek, referring to the two glands of some species. ]
.\biiiil In species, natives nf Nortli .\niirica and .Me.xien, i in .Siliiria.
Plant with a tliick niolstipck; Kknuls nf tin- i)erianth seijinents -2, nrbicular.
rlants l>\illinMs: n'and niily i, snuutinies r.iiiU nr a nuie s|,nt.
('•land (listinelly nlicnrdaU ; periantli s(|;nunt> \" 5' Inin;
Ciland not nlionrdate: ))eriaiUli-stHnienls _>" (" Inni;.
Ciland with a pnnrly deliiied nr irrejtidar niarjtin; ]Hriaiilli free frnni the nv.iry; western
s|)eei(. ■>,
I.e.ives ,V' ^" wide: flnu er- innstly perfect. ;,. X. .\itl/iillii.
Leaves:'" ;' wide; MnH I'rs pnlyKaninns. |. /. :;-iiriiii.siri.
tiland a uu re yellow spnt; perianth adnate to tlie ovary; ea.-lern cn.isl species.
,i. y. lriiiiiiitllioiifr\,
I. Zygadenus glaberrimus Mielix.
Larj^t-nowcre'il Zyo;a(k-mis. (Kit;. 976. )
/yiiailiinis i;Iii'hi 1 iiiiiis Miclix. I'l. linr. .\ni. I;
214. i.Siv
Rather dark green, slightly glaucous, stem
stout, 2°-4^ tall, from a thick rootstock. Leaves
y'-ft'' wide, long-acuminate, channelled, often
l^ h>ng or more, the upper gradually smaller,
appressed, passing into the short ovate bracts of
the panicle; panicle 6'-i2' long, its branches
rather stout, stiff, ascending; ])anicle 6' 12'
long, its branches rather stout, stilT, ascending;
pedicels stout, longer than the bractlets; llowers
white, mostly perfect, I'-i'.' broail, perianth-
segments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, nar-
rowed into a short claw, bearing 2 orbicidar
glands; styles subulate; cajisule narrowly ovoid,
shorter than the perianth.
In swamps, \'irKinia to I'lorida, mar the ciM--t.
July Sept.
HlXCH-l'I.OWI-R FAMILY.
4t>5
2. Zygadenus elegans Pursh. Glaucous Zyt^adeiius. ( Fi
/^lX'(;r/('»;M w/f;i,'(/y;\ I'ursli, I'M. Am. Si-])l. 2|i. 1S14.
. lAc/i/ //////»»/ .i,'/i/«(»;// Null. (".111. I: 2\2. iSiS,
/\i;atli-iiiis i^laiii IIS Null. Joiini. .\c ul. I'liila. 7, ,V>.
I'laiit very glaucous, bv.lb (noid, about i'
lonj;, its coats iiicnibrauous Stem slender,
6'-:-,° tall; leaves 2"--" wide, keeled, the lower
.I'-I2' lonj^f, tile upper imicli shorter; bracts
lanceolate, rather lartje, .i;reeii or purplish; in-
florescence a simple raceme or a large panicle,
sometimes i^ long, o])en, its branches slender,
ascending; flowers greenish, ,S"-i()" broad; ])er-
ianth-s"gments oval or ob()\ate, obtuse, united
below at;d aduate to the base of the ovarv, bear-
ing a single large obcordate gland just above the
sl'.iirt claw; capsule ol)long, nearly i' long, ex-
cee<ling the ])erianlh.
In nmisl pliioes. New lirun^wick to Alaska, smuli
111 X'trniunl. New York. Missouri, .ind in the Rocky
.MnUMlains to New Mc.\ici). June-.Xut;. .\scen(I>
lilack Hills.
3. Zygadenus Nuttallii ( A. C.ray )
S. Wats. Nuttall's Zvti;atlL-nus.
(Fig. 97«.)^
.\. Cray. .\nn. I.yc N \' 4:
\Val>. I'riio. .\m. .\o:uI. 14:
Amiaiilhiinn Xiilhillii
I2,i. i^^r-
X\[i;ii(/iiiii.\ .\ii/t,!//ii S.
27<). 1S7CI.
Light green, scarcely glaucous, stem i°-2^ high.
Bulb large, coated; leaves ;, '-S" wide, shorter
than the stein, strongly conduplicate, the upi)er
very short; inflorescence iaceino.se or paniculate
bracts membranous, scarious, shorter than the
slender pedicels; flowers mostly perfect, about 6"
broad; perianth-segments oval or ovate, obtuse,
free from the ovary, thin, .short-clawed, bearing a
roundish spot-like gland; capsule .\" -ii" long.
On
June.
iirairii's, Kansas and Cnlorailo In Texas Mav-
/Vi
Zygadenus venenosus S. Wats. Poi
sonous Zygadfiuis. (Fig. 979.)
.S. Wats. I'roc. Am. Acad
aii(iiii\ :rii(/ii
-.). lS-i(.
'4:
I 'ale green, stem .slender, 6'-2'' tall, from a small
coated bulb. Leaves conduplicate, roughish, 2"
3" wide, shorter than the stem, the upper small fi<
and distant; inflorescence a simple or somewhat
branched raceme, 2' 4' long in flower, elongating
in fruit, the slender jjedicels longer than the scar-
ions lanceolate bracts; flowers yellow or yellowish,
polygamous, about 4" wide; ])erianth-segments
ovate or elliptic, obtuse or acutish, short-clawed,
free from the ovary, bearing a roundish gland
with an irregular margin; fruiting pedicels erect;
capsule longer than the periantii.
.Snutli Dakota and Montana to Hrilish Columbia,
somh to Nebraska. Ctali and California. May Jmic
Mi
4
4(16
Mi:i,ANTn.\ci:.\i';
5. Zygadenus leimanthoides (A. (in
ly ) vS. Wats. I*iii(.-l)arreii Zygadc-mis.
( Fi^. tjSo. )
.\)iiiii iilliiiiiii /(iiiiiDillioiilis A. Cniy, Ann. I.yc.
N. W 4: 125. i'<.i7.
/\X (III I litis Iciiiiiiiilliniili s S. Wilts. I'riic. .Am.
Acad. 14: 2S<i. l•"^7l^
Stum slfiukT, i^^ -4° liij^li, fnuii a narrowly
ovoid fibrous-coalfd bullj, its bast- shealhcd
by short leaves which soon become fibrous.
I,eaves 2"-4" wide, jfreeii on boll\ sides,
often i^ loiifj, blnnl, or the npper acuminate
and nnich shorter; ])anicle 4'-i2' lonj^, its
branches densely many-flowered, spreading;
i\r a.scendinj^; bracllets much shorter than
the slender ])edicels; flowers mostly ])ert'ect,
white or greenish, alxnit 4" broad; perianth-
segments oblong, obtuse sessile, not clawed,
adnale to the very base of' the ovary, bearing
a basal yellowisli spot; cajisnle ovoid, -i"
high, nnich longer than the perianth.
In swamps or wet soil, especially in i)ine bar-
ri lis, SDUllievn New Jersey tn Ceoinia. .\sceii(l-
tn pKioft. in North Carolina. July Xwa
9. MELANTHIUM L. Sp. I'l. ;,,vj. 175;,.
Tall leafy herbs, perennial )iy thick rootstocks, the stem, at least its up])er part, and llu-
inlloresceiice, pubescent. Leaves oval, oblauceolale or linear, sheathing or the upper sliealh-
less. I'lowers greenish, white or cream -colored, ilarker in withering, monoecious or poU -
ganunis, slender pe(licelle<l in a large terminal jianicle. Perianth of 6 S))rea<ling separate
persistent clawed segments, free from the ovary. Stamens shorter than the segments and
adnate to them; anthers cordate or reniform, their sacs confluent. Ovary ovoid; .styles 3,
subulate, spreading. Ca])sule 3-lobeil, .vcellecl, the cavities several-seeded, ti])peil by the
styles. Seeds very flat and broadh' wingeil, si'vi'ral in each cavilx'. [(heek, signif\ing
black flower.]
The jjeiuis eominises only the rnlldwin^; spiiics:
Periaiithse^jnients with 2 trlaiuls at tile base nf tin- blade.
Wade of the peviaiilli seKiueiits oliKiii^'. entire; leaves linear. 1 M. i'ii i;iii ii mil.
r.lade III' the ]Hriaiitli seniiuiils
marly (irbieiilar, lliiihllale: lea\es iiblanci
I'eriaiitli se^rmeiit- iilil.iiicenlate. ^;laiulli.ss; leaves oval.
• late
.'. M. lali/'uliinii.
\. .1/. parz'illin mil.
I. Melanthium Virginicum 1.,.
flower. ( Fig. i>Si. )
lUiiicli-
Mtlanlliiinn I'i 1 i;iiiiiiiiii I,. Sp. I'l. ;i'i- 17.^. i-
Stems rather stout, 2'i°-5= high- Leaves
linear, acuminate, often i" long, 4" -12" wide,
the lower sheathing, the tipper smaller, .sessile,
the ujipermost very sni.iii; panicle 6'-i.S' long,
tisually dense, its branches ascending; ])edicels
much longer than the ovate-oblong bracts;
flowers 6"- 10" broad, greenish yellow, turning
brown; perianth-segments obtuse, the blade ob-
long, Hal, entire, sometimes obcordate, at least
twice as long as the claw, hearing 2 dark glands
at its base; capsule 5"--"" long, the persistent
styles erect, l"-l'2"long; .seeds .S-ki in each
cavity, 2"-;," long.
In meadows, wet woods and marshes. Kliode
Inland to .New York and Miiim sola, snutli to l''liir
ida ,-iii<i 'I'l .vai-. Jniii- \\\v..
r.rNCii 1'I.()\vi:k iamii.v.
2. Melanthium latifolium Desr. CrisiK-d l{tiiich-fl()\v(.r
Ml liiiilliiiiDi livhiiilinii Wall. I'l. Car. 1^5. I7>S?
Ml Uuilliiiiiii liililitliiiiii I)i-si. ill I.aiii. Iviicvt-l. 4:
-".> 1797-
Stfin sloiit or slt'iKler, 2^-4° tall. leaves dIi-
laiuL'olatf, acute, 6"-2' wide, tla- lower elas])-
inj,', the iipjier ses.sile and imiih smaller; ]>aii-
iele usually 1° long or more, its braiiclies
asiending or spreadiiijj; flowers 6"-.S" broad,
greenish white, turning darker; blade of the
])eriantli-segments orbicular or ovate, undulate
and crisped, longer than the claw or about
equalling it, bearing 2 glands at the base; caj)-
sule 6"-S" long, its cavities 4 -S seeded; seeds
rather larger than those of the preceding
sjiecies; (hnvers fragrant.
407
111 dry wonds and mi liills,
'-vhaiiiaand Snulli Cartjliiia,
.Xcirlli Carolina. I'l'dicels V
CnlllUCtUllt to I'lllll-
.Vscetids til 2c«K) ft. ill
' >>" long. Jiily-.ViiK.
Melanthium latifolium longipedicellatum .\. liniwii,
Hull. 'l'(irr. LMul), 23: 152. i,Si/.,
I.<i\VL-i Uavis 6" - 10" wide, and ui)l)er pidii'ds
I :" liiiiK. West Virginia.
3. Melanthium parviflorum ( Michx. )
.S. Wat.s. Small -fldutred Melan-
lliiiini. (Ki.t?. yS^. )
I '1 iii/niii/ /hij rif/iii iiiii Micli.x. I'l. liur. .\iii. 2:
2,SO. I Si n.
Miidiilliiinii fill 'itlm mil S. Wats. I'nic. .\iii. .\cad.
14; .76. |S-,).
Stem slender, 2° 5- tall. I. ower leaves broadl}'
oval or oblanceolatc, acute, 4'-.S' long, \-z'-\'
wide, with narrow .sheathing bases, the upper
narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate; panicle
i°-2^ long, loose and o])en, its very slender
branches divergent or a.scending; pedicels fili-
form, much longer than the bracts, somewhat
longer than the perianth-segments; flowers 4"-
6" broail, greenish; perianth-segments oblance-
olatc, glandless, short-clawed or sessile; cajisule
,S"-6" long, the cavities 4-6-seeded; seeds 3" 4"
long.
Ill dry wcKids, iiiounlaiiis of Viifjinia tii
Caiuliiia. June .\iiu'.
.South
10. VERATRUM L. Sp. I'l. 1044.
/.■"J-
Tall ])erenuial herbs, with thick short poisouiuis rootstocks, the le.-ives mostly broad,
clasping, strongly veined and plaited, the stem and inflorescence ])ubescent. IHowers green-
ish or yellowish or purjile, rather large, polygamous or moi..)eci(nis, on short stout pedicels
in large terminal panicles. I'eriantli-segments 6, glandle.ss or nearly so, not clawed, adnate
to the base of the ovary. Stamens opposite the periantll-segineiits and free from them,
short, mostly curved, .\nthers cordate, their sacs confluent. Ovary ovoid; styles;^, persi.st-
ent. Ca])sule globed, ^-celled, the cavities several-seeded. Seeds very flat, broadly winged.
[.Vncient name of the Hellebore.]
.Miout ill species, natives of iiiirtli leiupir.ili' zmie. lUsiiUs the fi)llii\viiiu: aimtlur occurs in
the sdutlierii Iiiitiil .States and 2 on the I'acilk' coast
I'ldwers yellowish jfreen; perianth seKiiunts puhesceiit. ciliate.
l"liiwers purple; periantliscjtment'^ ulahnnis or nearly so.
1. / '. •iridr.
2. /'. W'oodii
4oS
MI'LANTUAd'AI;,
I. Veratrum viride Ait.
Aniericaii White HL-lichoiL-. Indian Poke.
i KiK. yS4. )
I'd nil nil! z'iiiiliX'W. Hurl. Ktw. 3: )23. iT^w.
nunu'rous librous-flesliy roots,
tall, very leafy; leaves acute,
oval or elliplie, 6' -12' loiijr, 3'-
l'-2' thick, willi
Stem slout, 2^~S"
the lower hroailly
6' wide, shorl-peti-
oleil or ses.sile, slieatliinj;, the u])per successively
narrower, those of the iiilloresceuce small; panicle
S' -2° long, densely many-flowered, its lower
branches spreading or somewhat drooping; pedi-
cels l"-y long, mostl)- shorter than the bracts;
(lowers yellowish green, S"-I2" broad; perianth-
segments oblong or oblanceolate, ciliate-serrnlate,
twice as long as the stamens; ovary glabrous; cap-
sule Iii"~l2" long, 4"- 6" thick, many-seeded;
seed 4"-5" long.
Ill swami)s and wet wmxls, (Quebec to .\laska, south
to Ceorgia, Tennessee, Miiiiiesola ami Hritish (Jcihiiu
bia. Ascends to -)(«« ft. in tlie Adirondacks. M.iv-
July.
2. Veratrum Woodii R()l)I)ins. Wood'.s
False HellclKire. ( Fig-. ()S5. )
ill Wdiid, Classbook,
I 'fill /III III ll'(
lul. (1, 557.
(iifii Kobliins
iS.s.S.
Rootstock short, erect. vSteni slender, 2°-5°
tall; leaves mostly basal, oblong or oblanceolate,
often 1° long, 2'-4' wide, narrowed into
sheathing jjetioles about as long as the blade;
upper leaves small and linear-lanceolate; panicle
oi)en, i°-2° long, its branches ascending; pedi-
cels shorter than the perianth, about as long as the
bracts; flowers 6"-H" broad, jnn-ple; perianth-
segments oblanceolate, obtuse, nearly or quite
glabrous, entire, little longer than the .stamens;
ovary p\ibescent when young, becoming gla-
brous; capsule 6"-S" long, few-seeded.
In <Iry wniids and on liills. southern Indiana to
Missouri. June July.
II. UVULARIA L. Sp. I'l. 304. 1753.
ICrect forked herbs, perennial by rootstocks. Stem leafy above, scale-bearing below, the
leaves alternate, sessile or jierfoliate. I'"lowers large, solitary at the ends of the branches or
rarelv 2 together, peduncled, drooping, rerianth bell-shai)ed or narrower; se.giiients dis-
tinct, <leciduous, each bearing a nectary at the base. Stamens 6, free, or adiiate to the very
bases of the perianth-segments; filaments fdifonn; anthers linear, the sacs longitudinally
dehiscent. t)vary ^-lobed, ,^-celled, short-stalked or sessile; styles united to about the mid-
dle, stigmatic along the inner side above; ovules several in each cell. Capsule ovoid or ob-
ovoid, wangled or ;,-winged, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds glol)ose, i-,^ in each cavity.
[Name Latin, from uvii/a, a palate, in allusion to the hanging llowers.]
I'ive or six species, natives of eastern Nortli .\inerica.
Capsule obtusely 3 angled, truncate or rounded; leaves perfoliate
(ilabrous, Klaucous; perianth segments papillose within.
Leaves pu1)escent beneath; perianth segments smooth.
Capsule acutely ^antfled or ,^ wiiiKed. acute at each end: leaves sessile.
Leaves thill. sliKhtlv rough niaiKined, narrowed at both ends. 3. I', sfssi/i/n/iii.
Leaves linn, manifestly roughtiiargined, soiuetiines sul)coidate. |. / '. /iiifii'iii/ii.
I'. pt-if,<li,il,i.
I '. ifi ainlitlji ii.
lU'NCII-I'I.OWI-R I AMII.V.
4'>9
I. Uvularia perfoliata L. IVrfoliatc
I 'iiiliii ill /ti I lolitilii I.. S]). I'l. \i\\. I7,s,i.
(ilabrous ;iii(l j^lmu'DUs or pulo j^reuii. SU'ins 6'
2ii' Iuk''. sIcikUt, forki-d ubovo tlic midillu, iisiuilly
with I ^ k'avL'S liflow tliv fork; le.ivfs oval, ohlonj^
or o\ati.'-laiU'L'olali-, lU'Uti' at llif ajiex, rouii(li'<l or
soiiu-liiiii.-s narrowfil at llu- base, smooth-niarj^iiKMl,
2' 5' loii^j; wlu'ii inaturi', small at (lowcTinj^ liiiic;
flowers III" 16'' loiiK, ])ali.' villow; ])f(luiKli' hccoin-
iiiii '2' 1' li>iiK ill fruit; periaiitli-segtiifiits >;ranu-
lar-]>a])illosi' within, soilietinies but slifjlitly so; sta-
iiiflis sliorttr than the styles or e(|ualliiig tlieiii, the
eoniu-etivi' sharp-tipjiecl; eajisule obovoiil, truneate, ^
thicker than loiij^, 4" -5" loii};, obtusely ^-aiif^led,
with concave sides ;inil grooved anj^les, its lobes
dehiscent above.
Ill iiiciisl wiiiids and lliiekets, Uuebee anil (tnlario to
l''liiri(la and Mississippi. .Asoends to ,;.=;■»> ft. in \'ir
yiiiia. I'Uiwers rragranl. May-June.
Ikllwort.
Fig. 9sr,. )
2. Uvularia grandiflora J. \\. Smith.
Lart^c-llowcrcd Hclhvort. ( Fi,n. (jSj, )
triihii in ,i;i(nii!il!i'iii J. IC. Sinitli. V.s.. Hot. 1:9'). />/.
i/. I.So_| 5.
Stems rather stouter than that of the ])recediii,i;
.sjiecies, naked or with i or 2 leaves below the fork,
Leaves perfidiate, oblong, oval or ovale, pubescent
beneath, at least when younj.;, glabrous above, be-
coming 2'-,=;' long; flowers leiuon-yellow, I'-i 'j'
long; perianth-segments sUKioth on both sides or
very slightly granular within; stamens exceeding
the styles, the connective blunt; ca])sule obtusely
,Vii"glcd, truncate, 4" -5" long, the lobes dehiscent
above.
Ill rich Woods. (Jiie1nctii Miiiiiesiita. Moulh to C.ecir-
\i\a. TeiilRssee and Iowa. April June.
3. Uvularia sessilifolia L.
rnilariii srssi/i/it/i,i I,. Sj). I'l. ,v>.S. I7,=i.v
(hikcsia si'ssili/'olia ,S. Wats. rnic. Am. .U'ad. 14; 269.
1S7,,.
(dabrous, stem .slender, naked or bearing r or 2
leaves below the fork. Leaves oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, jyi'y long when mature, thin, sessile,
acute at each end, roughish-margineil, jiale or
glaucous beneath; flowers greenish yellow, S" i-;"
long; perianth-segments smooth; styles exceeding
stamens; anthers blunt; peduncle 'j'-i' long in
fruit; capsule sharply 3-angled, narrowed at both
ends, short-stipitate, about 1' long, 6"-.S" thick.
In moist woods and thickets. New lirunswick and
Ontario to Minnesota, south to tieorsfia and Arkansas.
May June.
Uvularia sessilifolia nitida 1 Rritton 1 MoroiiK. Mem.
Torr. Club. 5: 111. 1894.
()aifu'<! srxsi/i/d/in var. (?) iiiliiin Itritton, Trans. N.
Y. Acad. Sei. 9: it,. 1880.
Leaves smaller. hriKht jtreen on both sides: flowers
linlil yellow; capsule scarcely stipitale. I'iiie barrens
of New '1 rsey. I'eiiiaps referable to the following
species.
Se.ssilc-k'avcd Ik-lhvorl. ( Kiir. t)SS.
4IO
:\ii;i,.\NTH.\ci':.\i-:.
Uvularia puberula Michx.
Ik'lhvort. ( Fi^. >>><')• )
.Mountain
I-'aniily K).
I ':iiliii ill fmhci nil] Midix. I"l. Ili)r. Am. i: igti. if'ov
Oiiiisi'ii fiii/ii'i ii/ii .S. Wats. I'lor. .\m. .Xcad. 14: 269. 1S79.
Stum nitliLr stout, spariiijj;ly nmjjli-ptiln'sofiit with
slidil hairs, at h'ast on thf forks. Leaves ohlonj^, oval
or ovate; roiij^h-iiiarjiiiied, firiii and i 'j' -,^' lonj^ when
ni.'itnre. sessile, acute at tile apex, obtuse, suheonlate
or sonietiuies iiarroweil at the base, shiniiij;, jfreeti on
Ixith sides, the midvein sometimes pubescent; flower.s^
lij;ht yellow, about 1' lonj;; styles exceedinff the
stamens; capsule sharply .^-anjfled, acute at both ends,
sessile or very nearly so on the short Jiednncle, 10"
12" lonj;.
In tnniuUain woods, \'ir^iiiiii and Wist X'irjjinia to
Siiulli C'anilina. Ascends tn S'"' K- '" N'irffiniii. May
June.
.J2. I 763.
LILIACEAE .\(lans. 1-ani. IM.
IjiA' 1'amii.v.
Scapuse or k-afv-steniniL'd herbs from Ijiilh.s or conns, or r.irely witli root-
stocks or a \voo{l>- caudex (./i,'(N-( ), tlic leaves \arioiis. Mowers solitary or
clustered, reotilar, niosth' perfect. Perianth parted int(j 6 distinct or nearly dis-
tinct segments, or these more or le.ss imited into a tiil)e, inferior or partly
siijierior ( . Ui iris ). Stamens 6. h\pog\iious or l)()rne on the jierianth or at the
l)ases of its segments: anthers 2-celled, moslh' intror.se, sometimes extror.se.
Ovary 3-celled: ovules few or nnnierotis in eachcavit>', anatroi«)iis or amphitro-
]ioiis: st\les iniited: stigma ^-lobed or capitate. Fruit a loculicidal capsule
(sejiticidal in (.'n/oi/ioiiiis), or in .l,i;<i:'i .sometimes flesh\- and indehisceiit.
Jseeds various, winged or wingless. lMnl)ryo in copious endos])erm.
Ahiinl I25(;encra and i V"' s])i cits, widely distiiliuUil.
••!; rianls liulbous, cir witli ront.-tdck';, nr libniusncshy mcts.
( Ivary smurior, lUil adnalc to llic periantli.
kodis libmus lU-sliy; sc,ii)e tall; flowers orange or yellow.
I.nw lU sliy lierl) with a sliiirt nnitslnck; flowers white.
I'l.-inls with ImDw or conns.
I'lowers iMnlielled,
rcrianth ii parted.
( idiir characteristically onion like: ovulis i or 2 in each cavity.
( idiir not onion like; ovules several in each cavity.
I'eriaMth runncU'nrni. the tulie aboiU as loiisr a< the lobes.
I'hiwer- solitary, rncenied, corynibed or panicled.
.\ntliers not intmrse.
I'erianlh-seKinents all alike or nearly so; capsule loculicidal.
.\nthers ver'^atili-; tall herbs.
Anthers not virsalile; low herbs.
Stem leafy; flower'- leafy-bractcd.
Leaves oidy -'. ap|)earin>; basal; flowers bractU'-';.
< HUer seKnients narrower tlian the inner; capsule >(. ptici<lal.
.Outliers iiitrorse.
I'erianth of 6 sei>arati- sinments.
I'ilanunts liliform.
l-'ilamenls flattened.
I'erianth vtlobosi-, oblonK or urn shaped.
()\aryhalf infcri(pr; roots fdiions; flowers racemed.
•;=•';■ Stem a woody caude.x; leaves ri^'id, mostly liearinj; marjrinal fibres.
/fi'iiiirniallis.
I. cm Hi rill II III.
. Ml i mil.
.\olllOSit>l\iltUl .
. liiiiiKs/rf^liiii III .
/.Hi Kill.
Fi i/i//iii ill.
Ji I villi on ill III.
Cillih hurl lis.
Oimiiiii.siii.
Oi iiilliiii;iiliiiii.
^fll.^|•lll i.
All-Iris.
I ill I a.
I. HEMEROCALLIS L. Sp. I'l.
I7.S4-
Tall jjlabrous lierbs, with llbnnis fleshy roots, basal linear leaves and lar>;e mostly oraiij,je
or yellow flowers clustereil at the ends of leafless scaj)es. rerianth funnelform, its lobes ob-
loiifj or spatulate, much longer than the eylindric tid)e. Stamens 6, inserted at tlie summit
ol" the perianth-tube, shorter than the lobes, declined; filaments filiform; anthers linear-
oblong, the sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary oblong, 3-celled; ovtdes inimerous in each cav-
ity ; style slender, decline<l, tipped with a sv'dl capitate stij;ma. Cajisnle oblonfj; or ovoid,
thick-walled, ^-angled, transversely wrinkled, loculicidally 3-valved. [dreek, signifying
beautiful for a ilay. ]
.•\bont ,s sptcies, natives of ICniope and .\'-ia.
1,1 1. V I'AMII.V.
411
I);iv I.ilv.
I. Hemerocallis fiilva U
( Fi^. 990. )
//iin,iiic,t//i.-i/ii/fct I„ S|). IM, ]-.<\. .'. I'lj. 1762.
Sca]H-s ,^°-6' liij(li, stout, iiidsIIv loiijjer
tliau lliu liMves. Iamvi-s 4" 6" wide, I'lian-
liflfil, tiipfriii.t; to an ainite tip; M'a])e l)L'ariiii;
sfvt-ral short hraits above; llowers 6-i,s,
slioil-iifdii'i'lu'd, tawny oranjjc, ]ianii:lfil, 4'-
5' lonj;, opiMiinj!; for a ilay; lubo ol the peri-
anth I'-i'.' lonj;, tile lobes ohlonj^. siinie-
wliat spreading, netted-veiiied; the three
outer nearly Hal, aeutish; the ;, inner undu-
late and blunt.
Ill iiieailiius anil alonn :-tuiMiiN. New Unni-
wiek and ()ntariii Ici Virginia and Tennessee.
I'Seaped frnni euUivatiim. Native oC ICiilnpi-
and Asia. June .Vnu.
Hemerocallis flava I,., tin- Nillmv Day I.ily,
willi liritilU yillnw llnwers, lluir lubes )>ar;Ul(l-
veiiied, is oeeasinnally found near old Kardun.i.
2. LEUCOCRINUM Xutl.; A. Cray, Ann. Lye. X. V. 4: 110. i.S;,;.
.\ low aeauleseenl rather llesliy herb, from a short rootstoek, the roots Ihiek, llbidu>.
Outer leaves iiienibranoiis, aeute, short; inner leaves linear, elongated, the innermost re-
duced to liraets. I'lowers larj^e, white, mnbellale from the subterranean axils. I'edieels lili-
forni. I'eriauth with a very narrow tube and a salverform limb, persistent, the 6 line,ir-ob-
\in\\i lobes >]ireadiui.;, nerved, shorter than the tube. Stamens borne near the to]) of the
])erianth-tnbe. shorter than the lobes; fdaments filiform; anthers linear, their saes introrsely
dehiseeiit. Ovary ovoid. ;,-eelled; style rdifonn
sliniiia small. Capsule oval or obovoid, ^-an^kMl,
sessile, obtuse, loeulieidal. Seeds several in eaeh
eavitN , .luj^led. jCireek. meauinj.( white lily.]
.\ inoiiiilypie ninn-- (if iioilliwistirn .North .\iinrica
I. Leucocrinum montanum Xutt.
Leiicocrimun. 1 Fii;-. ((91. 1'
J.I Kicui iinnii iiiiiii/diiuiii Niitt.: .A. Civav. .\nii. l.ve.
N. V. 4: 110. iS;^.
Root-tibres very thiek, nnnierous. Inner leaves
j'-io' long, i"y wide; flowers 3 S; pedicels ','
2' loll).;; jierianth-limb about ',' bro.ad, the lobes
ai'iile; ])eriaiitli-tube 1' 2' lonir, less than 1" in di-
ameter; lilaments ;/' 4" loiij^; anthers eoile<l, at
least when dry; capsule y—\" lonijf, erect, leath-
ery; .seeds .|-6 in each cavity, black.
In sandy soil. .Smitli Dakota and western Nebraska
to Calironiiii. .Vseeiids to 5500 I't. in the lilaek Hills.
.\pril June.
3. ALLIUM L. Sp.
294.
1/00-
lUilbous herbs, characteristically oiloroiis (alliaceous), the bulbs solitary, or clustered on
short roolstocks. Leaves narrowly linear, or rarely lance<date or oblong, sheathino;, basal, or
sometimes also on the stem. Stem ( usually a scape I simple, erect. Idowers white, jiurple,
pink or green, in a terminal simple umbel, subtended by 2 or 3 membranous separate or
united bracts. I'edieels slender, not jointed, reriauth per.sislent, the 6 segments separate,
or iiniled by their very ba.ses. Stamens in.serted on the bases of the perianth-segments; tila-
ments filiform or dilated, sometimes toothed; anther-sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary ses-
sile or nearly so, completeh' or incompletely 3-cellcil; style filiform, jointeil, usually deci(iu-
ous; stigmas small; ovules 1-6 in each cavity. Capsule loeulieidal. [ I, atin for garlic]
.Miout 27,1 species of wide distribution. Besides the f<illowiii.t;. some 40 others ocnr. i!i tlie
western I'liitiil .Stales.
412
i,ii.iAci;.\i-;
. I. Ii iiiHiiini.
\. .Si IhHIIiipl ilslllll.
I. II I II nil III.
I.fiivis nlilcm;; laiU't iilatc. ali-i 111 at llciuiiiiiy tiiiii'.
I.ra\( •- lim ai. im -i in at llciwi lini; tiiiU',
llulliriial~ iiu nilptatinii--. nui lilirnii?- rrli(iilat<(l.
1 mill 1 ia])ilaU ; ptiliri !■- "-ImiU r tliaii tlu llnuir-i.
IiiiIh 1 liiii-c; pt (licil> illiuli liiiii;! 1 tliati tlu llnui r
Mnuiriiij; iinibil iioilditii;.
I'Miiuivin^; luiiln-l iin't.
I.i.ivis Mat 111 I'lianmli i1. all in ally lia'-al, |. .1. \lilliiliiiii.
I,ia\is Itviti, hnlliiu', MVital mi tlu- stilli; llciuils nl'U'ii niil;u\il by litlll)lrt~.
5. .(. -.iiiiitlr.
lililli cnat^ lililniis iitiilllalnl.
Cap-Ilk' lint in -ti(l.
I'liiui 1- iiiii'-tly ri -plariil liy Imllilils; si-api' i j tall. 6. ./. ( iiiimli iisr.
I'loui r- i.mly n jilaiiil l>y ImlUkts.
Si'api- 1 J tall; pnliccls ^" i _>" loiiK; pi i ialilli si yiiinits thin.-
7. .1. iiiiiliihili .
Si'api 1' s' tall; pi iliii I- 1" (." lulls;; l>ili:iiitli siyiiuiit- 1 iKiil i" fl'tlit.
-i. .1. Xiilhillii.
C;ip-uU- v;il\i- uitli .'-Inn', •.■ii-t-. u. .1. 1 liiniliiliiiii.
I. Allium tricoccum Ait. Wild lAek. i Imi;-. iji^j. i
All iiiiii li inHi mil .\it. Hurt. Kfw. I; |2-. i^Sq.
lUillis iivoid, I'liLsti'ivil, 1' 2' liixb, si-atiil uii
\\ slidit rout-lock, tln.-iv I'oats filiiotis-ivtii'iilati'il.
I.L-avi'.- oliloii.t;-Iaiici.'ol;iti.- or i-Uiptii-, appuariiij^
early in tlu- -prinj;, lint witlirniij;; and disappear-
ing lii'lori.' lloui'rinj.j liiiiL-, 6' 12' lonj^-, j'-2'
uidi', narrowid at liotli ends, lM]n-iiiii; into a
lon.i,' ]n-tioK'; si'a])c .(' 15'tiill; lirai'ls of thr nni-
lii-l nsnally 2. at first I'lU'losiiii,' tlic llowirs,
iiK'nibranoiis, ai'tnninati', di'iidtioiis; mnbi'l
inany-tlowcivd, orfcl; pi-dii-i'ls sU'iidcr, Ijoi-om-
inj.; rij.;id, 6" 10" lont;; no\vi.'rs « liitf; jiLrianth-
si-j.;inunls ulilunn, obtnsf, 2" ;," lontr; rdanu-nts
laiu'oolalc-snbiilati', about :is lonj; as tlu- jieri-
aiith; oynk- 1 in i-aili layity of tlu- oyar\ ; oa])-
snlt- ik-oply ,;-lolK'd, abmil 3" broad, i'_."-2"
lii.i;li, its y.-iht-s not i-ri-sti-d; st-cds ,!.,dobosi-,
blai-k, sinootli.
Ill rirli woods, N'lw l!iiiiis\vii-k to :\Iiiiiusiil.\.
siuitli tn Norlli Carolina .mil 'riiiiiissii . ( il'tiii
tirows ill laiu'i- bills. .\sniiils to |5i«i ft. ill Noitli
Carolina. Jtiiu- July.
2. Allium Schoenoprasum L. Chives. Ciiivt- (i;. lie. (Fij.;. 993.)
Alii II III Sihiu iii'pi asuiii I.. Sp. I'l. v". ir.\v fi"
r.iilbs narrowly i-,yoid, rlusli.-ri-d, i' liiij;li or
It-ss, tlicir nu-iiibranoits i-oats not lihrons-n-ticii-
latfd. Scapu ratlit-r stout, H'-2° lii!.;li, bi-arinn
bulow the middle 1 or 2 elongated linear terete
hollow leayesabont 'j'" in diameter, or the leaves
all basal; liracts of tlie ninbel 2, broadly ovate,
veiny; nmbel iiiany-nowered, capitate, the pedi-
cels 1" 3" long; flowers rose-color, longer than
the pedicels; perianth -segments 4"-6" long,
lanceolate, acninimite; stamens iiinch shorter
than the perianth; fil.'inients subulate, half-
terete; ovules 2 ill each cavity of the ovary;
capsule obtusely 3-lobed, about half as long as
the perianth.
Ill moist or wet soil, New Ilniiiswick to .Maska,
siiiith t(i Miiine. iKirlliern New York. Michigan.
Wyomiiisr and Wasliinjfton. Al-n in 1-airope and
Asia. Jniie July.
MI.V lAMII.V.
3. Allium cernuum Roth. Noddiii;^ Wild ( )iii(jn. i Im^.
.1 .iiiiiiinii Knlli: Kotin. Au'li. l: I'art i, |.i. 171,^.
l'.iill)s \isiiiill\ I'lu^Uruil <pii a slidi'l iiMilsldi'k, luir-
iciuly (iMiiil, uilli a Imij; lU'ck, 1' 2',' lii),'li, tlii'
coals iiiit rihnnis-nliciilaUil. Sca]ii-sUMiili.'r, slij^'litlv
riilj^'iil, r' j'liij;li; li-avi-sliiicar, I'liaiiiieU ilof iR'arlv
llal, i" 2" uidf, iiKislly shdiU'i- than tin- scape,
lihinlish, iiiiilicl iiiaiiN -tlciwcicil, iiiMldiii),' in flower,
sul)lcii(lcil liy 2 sliiirl (k'cidudiis hracls; jicdiccls I'di-
forni, S" 15" lonn; flowers white, rose or ]nir])le;
Iperiaiitli-seginents uvate-oblonj;, aciili- or ohliisisli,
2" \" loiij,'; stamens lon.y;er than tlie periantli; tila-
nunts marly liliforni; o\ules 2 in each cavity of
tile ovary; capsule ^lolied, rather shorter than the
]ierianth, eacli vaht- hearing; j short pnu'esses near
the snniniil.
( >ii lianks and liillsides, Niw N'urk to Minnesota and
llritish L'ohnnliia, South Carolina. Soutli l>aUota, an<l in
till Rocky Mountains to New Me\;ie<i. \'arialili-. As.
cends 1(1 |,><, n, iu .Notth Carolina. Jidy .\UK-
■^l^
rrairie Wild
I'iR- 9'/-'- >
4. Allium stellatum Ker.
( )iiicni. I Im^-. i)i)~,. I
.l//iinii \/, //ii/inii Ker, Hot. Ma«. /'/. /,-,-A. 1M(.
I'ullis solitary or several lojifether, narrowly
ovoid, i' 2' lonj;, their coats nieinhranous. Scajie
slender, S'-i.S' tall, somewhat ridded above; leaves
inear, ■•^"-\'_^" wide, nearly ll.it; uinhel several-
many-llowired, erect, sulitended bv 2 lanceolate or
o\ate acuminate bracts; pedicels liliform, 6" lo"
lonj<; flowers rose-color; periantli-si'j,'nients oyate-
oblonj,', acute, 2"-y lon.tf, equalling or rather
shorter than the stamens; fll.anienls tllit'orm, sli.t,ditlv
widened at the base; capsule shorter than the peri-
anth, ,vl<>bed, about 6-seeiled, each valve bearinj.; 2
erect processes or crests below the ajjcx.
Ill roeky banks. Illinois and Minnesota to Missouri
and Kansas. July .VuK.
5. Allium vineale I,. Wild (bailie. Kidd C.arlic. Crow C.aiiic,
.\IIiiiiii liiualc I,. S]). I'l. -'iio. i^.s.^
I'lUlb ovoid, r hi^h or less, its coats nunibran-
ons. Stem l'^-,^'^ tall, bearinj.; 2-\ narrowly linear
terete hollow somewhat channeled leaves below the
middle at flowering time, the early basal leaves
similar, numerous, 4' lo'long; brads of the umbel
2, lauceol.ite, acuminate, deciduous; umbel few
mauy-llowered, erect, the flowers often wlndly or
in part rejilaced by small oyoid bulblets which are
tipped with a long cajiillary apjiendage; pedicels
;,"-l2" long, lilifonn, the lower spreading or
ilrooping; flowers green or purple, about 2" long;
lierianth-segments oyate lanceidate, stamens in-
cluded or slightly exserted ; tilanients flattened,
bro.id, the ,^ interior ones bearing a tooth on each
side just below the anther; ea])Siile globed, shorter
than the perianth.
Ill fields and meadows. Connecticut to Ohio. Missouri
and Virginia. Naturalized from luimpe. .\ tnaible
some weed in the Mi<ldle .States, infesting pastures,
and taintiiiK the (layor of sprinjr butter. June Julv.
414
i.ii.iaci.ap:
6. Allium Canadense I,. Meadow
(larlii-. ( Imv;. <)i>7. )
Atliiiiii ('iniiuliii\, I,, S|i. I'l, II
175.)
Mull) iivdiil, siililMiv, u-.iiiilly li--s tli.m l' liiyh,
llic cniUT i-();it> lilircius-ii'tii'iiliitrcl, SimJ)!- ItnU-,
S' 2 I, ill; U'Mvi's l);is;il ill" iKMil\ -.ii. iiMrmwh' lin-
ear, II.il 111- llaltish ahdVf, slivjlilly iniuis Ihih-mIIi,
i" i'.." wide, ii-ually sliiirti.-r than tin- -^iMpt';
lirait> 111 llif iiiiibil J or ^, wliito. ImKullv uvat •,
acmiiinaU'; (lowiT-i iis\iall\- or ofUii rfplacuii t)y
o\oi:l liiilhU'ls; pi'dii'i'ls, «lu-ii iiu'si'iil, aboul '_.'
loiijr; tlowiTs i)iiik or uliiU', tin- iicriaiitli--<e;<liuiil-.
ohloiijf-laiU'colaU', aiiite. alioiit a> Ion;; .i-- llii-
^taiiU'ii-.; lilaliU'iUs uiiloiicd al tin.- Iia>r, iioiu> of
lluiii lootlu-il; i-a]iMik' valvi'S lint i'ri'>liMl.
Ill iiioi-.l iiuailci« ~ ami lliirk< 1-, Maim !■> Miniii-.i)ta
xiiilli 1(1 I'lorida, Louisiana and Aikaii-as, A-ciiid- t.i
?5i»'l't. ill \'irKiiiia. May JuiH'
7. Allium mutabile Miclix. Wild
( )llii>n. I l'"i,:^, c;(;S. )
.[llniiii itniliihilr Miclix. I'l I'mr, Am. i; Mi.s. i^"v
lUillis ovoid, siditary or st-vural loj^illu'r, 1'
lii),(h or less, tliidr coats proniiiu'iuly lilinms-
rclii'ulati-d. SiMjii.' tiTitc, i 1- tall ; Iraws
basal, I'liaiimdi-d. 1" i" widi-, sliortir than the
sCiil)i'; lirai'ts of tlir uinliid .? or ;,, lonji-acunii-
natc; nnibi-d iM\-it, niany-llowurt-d, ran ly luilldi't-
la'aring; ])tMliixds lilil'orni, S"-i2" lon.y; llowcrs
jiink, rosf or white. 2'," 4" ioii.t;; ]icriMiith-
sef^tneiils laneeolate or nvale-Ianceolate, aente,
afutliinate, or ohtusish, thin. lon.ijer than the
staniflis; lllaiiieiits sonu'wliat widened below;
eapsnle rather shorter than the perianth, its
v.dves not iTesteil.
Ill niiiist soil. Niirtli Carolina to Nehr.iska, simtli
to l'"l(iri(la and Texas, .\pril Juiu,
8. Allium Nuttallii S. Wats. \nllair>
Willi Onion. ( Kitj. ^ijij. )
Alliiiiil Xiill'illii S. Wats. I'roe. .\iii. .\ead. 14: 227. i^-u.
I'lulbs usually solitary, ovoid, 'j ' I ' hij.jli, their eoals
fibrous-retieulated. Culm slender, terete or iie.irlyso,
4'-,S' tall; leaves basal, ','""l" wide, shorter than the
scai)e or sonieliines e(|Uallinf; it; braets of the uinliel
3 or 2, ovate or ovale-laneeidale, aeute or aeuminale;
umbel several-flowered; no bulblets seen; pedicels
slender, 4"-6" lonj;; (lowers rose or while, about 3"
lon,i(; ])eriant!i-segments ovate, acute or acuminate,
firm, becoming; rigid in fruit; stamens shorter than the
perianth; capsule shorter than the perianth, its valves
not crested.
(Ill jirairies. Nebraska and Colni.idii to 'IVxiis and .Ari-
zona. .\pril-Juiie.
-^^-^
hi
I.II.V 1 AMII.V
9. Allium reticulatum Dmi. I'imsci's
Willi < lllinll. ( \'"\'^. Mi.(). )
Alliiiiii iilii iiliiliiiii Null. I'l.i'-ii'^ Cat Nairn- mil
Alliutii 1 1 III iiliiliiiii Iidu, M( 111 ^\llll So, 6 \i.
IH.Vi \1,
Similar In tlif |)ivix'iliii),' spei'ies, the liulli lallur
larj,'(.r, its coiil-i proiiiiiR'Htly rilirous-ritiiiil.itfil.
S(Mi)i- i' 111' tall, sIciicltT ; leaves usually k'ss lliau
1" wide; lir,'iitB <if the several-floweriil uiiiliel
tniistly 2, aiuiuiuate; ]ie<licels slender, V' '1" l"";,':
flowers white or pink, 2'j"-3" I'Hik: perianth-
sediments lon^'er than the stamens, thin; e;i])sule
shorter than the jicriantli, each of its valves liearinj;
2 short crests just lielow the summit,
Assinilicii.i and Smith Dakni.i 1,, N, u >[c vice, ami
Ari/iiiia. May Jidy
4. NOTHOSCORDUM Kiimli, I'.miiu. 4: 457. is.(,v
.SeM|)Ose herl)S, similar to the ouiinis. Imt without iilliai eous odor, with metnhranoiis-
<-o,ilrd hulhs, narrowly linear hasal leavis and small ycUoW or vcllowish-yreeu (lowers in an
ercet terminal simple i-hraetcd uinl)cl. Terianth ')partcd to the hase, withcriui^'-jier'-i^tent,
its scj^'inenls 1 -nerved, Stamens <>, inserte<l on the li.ases of the ]ieri,inth-se);ments; lila-
tnenls liliform t)r suhulate; anther-- -s iulrorsoly dehiscent. < tvary sessile, 3-1'elled; ovules
several in each cavity; style liliforv .j inted near the base, Imt commonly persistent; stij.;m.i
small, ca])itatc. Capsule j-lohed, locidicidal. .Seeds angled or llattish, hlack. [Greek,
si.unifyinj; false (,'Hflic,]
lUiuv iiit; in llu -.miuIk in I uilcl .^^1,111 - aiicl Mrxici), > i,r 'i in tnijiicil and
.\1iimU io spiciis, tin r
Soulli ,\iiurii',i, 1 CIniu -r
1. Nothoscordum bivalve . L. 1 I!iiu<iii.
\'ell<i\v I'alsL- (larlic. 'V'vj^. kku.)
( >i iii//iiii;,i/iiiii hi:;il:, I,. Sp. I'l, .v'l. I7,f,v
.{lliiiiii ,'i iiilhii,K'il"i'li'^ Wall, I'l. Car. 121. 17s,-;.
Alliiiiii stiialuiii Jac(i. Coll. Suppl. .il. 1711''.
.\i>llh>s,<<i iliini Ml iaiiiiii Kuiilli. Ivunui. 4: -|.><i. l"-).'!.
Hull) ylohose, less than i' in diameter, its
coats memliranous. Leaves '•"-2'2" wide.
Ilat, hluut or acutish, shorter than the scape
or ccpiallini; it; hracts of the umhel lanceolate,
acuminate, menihianous, persistent; imihel 6-
12-tlowered; pedicels liliform, usually nnei|ual,
lieconiini,' rather riyid and 1' 2' Ion;,' in fruit:
tlowers 5"-'i" loiit;: iicrianth-seynients thin,
ohlonglanceolate, acute. Ionj;er than the sta-
mens; capsule oliovoid or somewhat depressed,
obtusely .vlohed, 2"-;" hij,di, the style as loiijj;
or slightly longer.
In saiidv <i>il. \'il"yiiiia In 'IV uiu— ^1 < ,iiul \i
lir,i-|.:,i. -,111111 1,1 I'Inrida, Ti\,i-. and Mexico, A>-
ciiiiK Ic, i,v«, It in ( ',iiiri;ia Mauli July.
5. ANDROSTEPHIUM Torr. I'.ut. Mcx. Ilotiiul. Surv. 2i,s. lS^q.
Scajiose herbs from a small mend>r.inous-coated conn. Leaves basal, narrowly linear.
iMowers r.ither large, blue, in a terminal erect sever.il-bracted umbel, rerianth funnelform,
withering-persistent, the tube about as long as the ') oblong lobes. Stamens 6. inserted on
the throat of the perianth; lilaments dilated, united to the middle or above into an erect
crown-like'tube with toothed lobes alternating with the linear-oblong anthers. ( )vary ses-
sile, .^celled; ovules several in each cavity; style liliform; stigma v.i^rooved. Capside mein-
br.inous, 3-an.gled, loculicidal. Seeds few, large, oval, black. [Creek, referring to the crown.]
'rwo"s|)(,cies, natives of the siiutliwestern Inited States.
MUACKAE.
I. Androstephium coeruleum (Sclieclo)
Greene. Aiulro.stephiuin. (l'"ij^. 1002. )
Milla toiiiiliii Kilu(.k'. I.iiiiiiiia, 25; 2(ki. 1S52.
And) iis/c/'liiiiin :'iiiliiiiiiiii Tnrr. liol. Mix. liniind. Surv.
2i(). i^i.S'i.
.Iii(/i iis/ip/iiiiiii idii kIciiiii CirLiiK-, rittiinia. 2: ,^7. iS(K).
Conn subglobose, less than 1' in diameter. Scape
2'-,S' tall, simple; leaves i"-2" w'uXe, half terete,
equallinji the scape, or sometimes longer; l)racts()f the
umbel 2"4, scarious, lanceolate, acuminate, persistent,
shorter than the pedicels; umbel 2-7-tlowcred; pedi-
cels rather stout, '4''-r'.' long; perianth io"-i4"
long, the lobes about as long as the tube; filament-
tube about 5" long, its lobes exceeding the anthers;
style about as long as the filamciit-tube; capsule 4"-
6" high; seeds nearly 3" long, very thin, narrowly
winged.
I'niiriis. Kansas to Texas. Marcli .\pril.
6. LILIUM L. Sp. PI. 302. 1753.
Tall bulbous herbs, with simple leafy stems, and large erect or drooping showy
flowers. I*erianth funnelform or campanulate, diciduous, of 6 separate .spreading or re-
curved segments, each \,i'li a nectar-bearing groove at its base within. Stamens 6, m<>stly
shorter than the periaiUl. aypogynous, slightly attached to the segments; filaments filiform
or subulate; anthers linear, versatile, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3-celled;
ovules numerous; style long, somewhat club-shaped above; stigma globed. Capsule oblong
or obovoid, loculici<lally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, flat, horizontal, packed in 2 rows in
each cavity. [Latin, from the Greek tiame of the Lily, said to be from the Celtic //, white.]
.Vbout 4,s spicies, nativtsnf llu- Udrtli tciupiralL- zmu-. licsiiks tin- InllDwinK, sonic ^ iilliers
occur in wcsleni NurUi .Amtiica.
I'Mowir iir Ibiwirs erect; piriaiUli si)>nunls nairciwcd inlci Umn claws.
I'lriantli sinuu nt^ UKirly aiulc.
I.iavcs lancciilati . ni arly all vi rticillati-.
I.iavis nannwlv liiuar, lu arly all allcitiatc.
I'ciiaiUli scKiiHtits iiiiij.; acniniiiatc; kavo all altiniale. aiipnsM-d.
I'luwcrs (lnMi])iTij; nr siinadiiiK; inriantli sij;inints nut clawed.
I.iavcs cir mnsl of lluin vcrlioillaU-. tluir axils not bulliifcnjiis; native
I,ea\is finely iciu^;lieni(l on the veins henealli
I'eri.mtli Munients recurved nr r-preailinn. 4.
I'eriantli sennients nut recurved, nuiuntain vpeeies.
Leaves perl'eitly sniimth; perianth seKUU nts ricurved.
Leaves lanceolate; stem ,V 10' tall; flowers 1-40.
Leaves (iblaneeiilate; stem 3' 3' tall; flowers i-v
Leaves all alternate, erowdeil. the upi)er axils b\ilb bearing; escaped fri>ui gardens
s. /, . //;,•; i nil III.
I. Lilium Philadelphicum 1,. Red
Lily. Wood Lily. Philadelpliia
Lil\'. ' l'"i,y;. k^j.v )
I.iliinii I'hihidil l^liiiiiiii L .Sp. I'l. ICd. 2. |.^,s. 17*12.
Hull) 1 ' in diameter or less, composed of nar-
row jointed llesiiy scales. Stem I -3" tall, with
a few distant scales l)elow, leafy above; leaves
lanceolate, acute at both eiuls or the lower some-
times obtuse, I '-4' long, '•"-'" wide, all vcrti-
cill.itc in 3's-S's, or a few ui them alternate, thin,
the margins finely roughened; (lowers i ,s, erect,
2'j' 4' high; perianth re<ldish orange, its seg-
ments spalulale, somewhat spicading, acute or
obtusish, the blade N '-l ' wide, rather gradually
iiarrowc<l into the claw, purple spotted below;
capsule obovoid-oval, i '4 ' -2 ' high; seeds 3"-4"
long, narrowly winged.
Ill (Irv u Clods and thieket--. Maine to Ontario,
south to \drlh Carolina ami We-t V'iiniiiia .V'-
ceiiils to jiKjoft. ill Virginia. June July.
A. riiihi<iiif>liiiiiiii.
I., iiiilhiiliiliiiii.
I.. ( \i/rs/iii,i.
-peeler
/,. ( (iiidi/iiisr.
I., liiiivi.
/.. siif'iihiiiii.
I.. I III Dliiiiiiiiinii.
m
.-M^
I.II.V I'AMILV.
417
2. Lilium umbellatum Ptirsh. Western
Red Lily. ( I''ij;. hk)^. )
/.i/iiini 1/ III/ 1 II II III Null. I'm
iS,;,.
/.i/iiiiii Hiiihilliiliiiii I'lirsli.
.. Ciit. Witliciul lUM'ripliiiii.
I'l. Am Sept. 2:!i). iM |.
Hull) similar to that of the preceding species, the
stem usually more slender, l°-2° tall. Leaves linear,
hUiut or the upper acute, asccndiuji, or sometimes
appressed, I'-.s' loii^, i"-2'j" wile, all alternate or
the uppermost verticillate, their m irj^ins finely rough-
ened; (lowers 1-3, erect, 2'-^' 'ii}{h; pcrianth-sc)^-
ments red, orange or yellow, narrowed into the claw,
acute, s])otled below, the claw shoiter than the blade;
capsule oblon.u, ^'--l' lonj^, about S" thick; seeds like
those of A. /'/li/adrlphiiitiit.
Ill (Irv sdil, Oliiii til Miiiiusotiiaiid tin- XiMtliwist Ti r
ritnry,
iiiuN t(
until 111 MisMiiin. AtkMiiSi
)i«»i ft. ill tin- liluck Hills
and Ciiliiradi
Jniu- July.
As
AlaliMiua.
/>l-W^
4. Lilium Canadense L. Wild Yellow
l.iliuiu iaiiiniiiiic I.. Sp. I'l, in;. 17^;.
Bulbs subglobosc, l'-2' in diameter, borne 011
a stout rootstock, comiwsed of numerous thick
white scales. Stem 2^ 5 tall, slender or stout;
leaves lanceolate or oblouj.f-laiuc(ilatc, verticil-
late in 4's-io's or some of them alternate, acu-
minate, 2'-!)' lonjr, 3"-i.s" wide, finely rouj!h-
encd on the marijins and on the veins bciu'ath;
flowers I ifi, noddiiij.; on lony peduncles; pedun-
cles sometimes beariiij^ a small leaf-like bract;
pcriauth-scj.;ments 2' 3' Iouk, yellow or red,
usually thickly siiotted below, recurved or
8i)readinj;, not clawed; capsule oblong, erect,
I 'j' 2' long.
In swamps, imailnws and fu Ids. Nnva Scntia tii
I Mitariii and Miniusnta, sniitli In (ii niniii, .\l;il)ama
aiul Missniiri. .\scriiils In Nnhi It. in Nnrtli Cam.
liiia. Kill llnwirtd I'nniis ailli sli^rlltly spnadiiin
p'Viaiitli si'^iiiriils iisrmlilc tlif rnjlnwiiin spci-iis,
and liiinis with --tiniinly ricurvid stgnunts, /.,
siifiii hum. June July.
3. Lilium Catesbaei Walt. .Southern
Red I,il\'. ( l-'ij;. 1005. i
l.iliinii ( (//('.v/ii/iv Wall. l-'l. Car. I2,i. 17;*.'^.
Bulb Yi'-\' high, composed of narrow leaf-bear-
ing scales, their leaves narrowly linear, 2'-:^' long,
often falling away before the plant (lowers. Stem
slender, i°-2°high; stem leaves all alternate, nar-
rowly linear or linear lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate, erect or appressed, i '-3' long, I "-3'^ wide;
flower (always?! solitary, erect; perianth-segments
scarlet with a yellow purple-spotted base and a
slender claw, .spreading or somewhat recurved, 3'-
.S' long, 'i'-i' wide, long-acnminate, wavy-mar-
gined; capsule i' high or less; seeds 2"-3" long.
Ill mnist pine barieiis, Nortli Ciirnliiia tn l"lorida and
Kiiinited from Kentucky anil Missouri.
I.II.IACI'AI'.
5
Lilium Grayi vS. Wals.
I.ilv. ( I'"i>j. Km:
Asa dray's
)
l.iii
(,'i,:i/ S- W.it-. I'l^io, Am. .\c.i<\. 14:
RoolslDik l)i'arinj; siiiiiU siil)j;lol)ose biillis witll
lliick ovate slmU-s. Stem slcnik-r, 2°-^° IiIkIi;
k'iivcs oliloiij; -lanceolate, acute or acuiiiinate at the
a])ex, narrowed at the base. 2'-4' Ion;,', ,'2' i' wiile,
verticill.'ile in ,Vs-.^'s or the lowest cointnonly
smaller anil sialtcrcd, .all tlnely roiii;hcneil on the
veiTis honcatli; ilowers i-\, lon^;-])eilnncle<l, sjtread-
i'ljj; or slij^hlly ilroopin)^, 2'-,'/ lonj,', red or tin,i;eil
with yellow at the liasc; periiintli-sc^;inents olilon^;-
s|ialulale, not ol.iwed, acnte, spotted; capsule fi.n-
shajjcd, ali.)Ul i '.' lii.i;li.
l'iak< cif I lUcr. X'irnini.i, ami
t.iiii summits in North Carolina.
>n llu liinliir innuu-
Jiily .Vii.i;.
6. Lilium superbum I,
/ iliinii sii^i I luini I.. S|i I'l l-.il. -' \\\ \
Turk's-ca]i I.ilv. ( Im.^'. nviS.)
Hnlhs j-lohose, l'-2' in dianietcr. home on
short rootstoiks, their scales white, thick, ovate.
Stem stout or slender, V' !^ hi^;li; leaves lan-
ceolate or liTiearlanceolate, smooth on l);)tll
sides, acuminate at hoth enits, 2' -t,' loni;, '4 '-
I '.. ' wide, verlicillatc in ^'s-S's or tlie upper al-
ternate, the veinlets not prominently anastomo-
sing; Ilowers oran>;e, oranye-yillow or rarely
red, ^ Yk or rarely solitarx, noddinj.;, loM}.;-l)e-
dnnclcd, forming, when numerous, a l.irgc i)an-
icle; perianth-segments 2 'a'-.)' long, lanceolate,
acuminate, jiurplesjiotted, at length usually
strongly recurved iVoni liilow the middli'; c.ip-
snle obovoid. i 'z'-i' high.
"^ In nu adnw- and m.ir-lu-, M.iiin In < liu.ii ii. .nul
MiuncMila. soiuli to Nnrlli Camliua and 'I'l mu ~^n-
Ascinds t.' 5'»"i It. in Virjiiuia. July .\iit;
Lilium Carolinianum Miclix.
I-ilw ' I'"ig. Ii lOi;. I
Carolina
l.iliinii (ill •i/nii'iii'iiii/ 'S\'\i.-\\\. \'\. Iliir. .\m. i: 1117. I^n,;
/.iliiiiii sii fill I'll I'l var. (.11 "liiiiiiiiiiiii Lliapm. I'l. S.
States, .)S|. imhi.
l!ull)s lioriie on short roolslocks, globose, l'-.!'in
diameter, composed of u\imerons Meshy scales. Stem
2 ^ high, slender; leaves oblai.ceolate or obovate,
sniootli, verticillate or the ujipcr and lower alternate,
acute, obtuse or short-acnminate at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, the veinlets prominently anasto-
mosing; Mowers i--,, orange-red, ,^'-l' long, long-
]ieduncled, nodding; ])eri.intli-segments lanceolate,
acumiM.ite, i)nrple-s])iitted below, strongly arched
backward with their li]is sometimes connivent.
In dr>
■ml- to
id-. \'iiuiiiia til I'liiriil.i and l,ipiii>iana. .\s
It in \nv;iiu,i. .\iin.
II.V FAMILY. 419
8. Lilium tigrinum Aiulr. Tii;er Lily.
I I'"i^'. ic III. )
I.Hiinii li'^i iiiiini Amir. Dot. Ktji. 9; irral.i. iSch).
I'.uUi soliliiry, nlnliose, ahoul 1 '.' in <liaiiiLtfr,
loinp iseil of iiuincrous olil<)iij,'-laiu (.olale, ap-
l)rcssetl scales. Stem slout, purpU- or iiearlv
black, wliiteiiiibt'sceiil almvc, 2°-,s' tall, Icnfy
nearly to the base; leaves lanceolate, all alter-
nate, ylabrons or slightly pubescent, 4' 6' long,
,s"-l<i" wide, the ui<per bearin.tj blackish bnlb-
lets, ()l\; or \ scales, in tlieir a.\ils, which soni -
times etnit roots while altacluil to the ])lant;
llowcrs 5-J,T, oran,i;c-rc(l, nod'lin^i;, ^'-i'-' lont;;
perianth-sc.i.;inenls lanceolate, papillose, re-
curved, purple-spotled.
ICscapid from ^Mrdt 11--. MaiiK' and Massachusetts.
Nalivi.' of China and Jajian. Suninn 1.
7. FRITILLARIA 1,. Sp. PI. So;. 175;.
liu'bous herljs with simple leafy stems, ,ind rather lari^e nodding .solitary or raccmecl
leafy-bracted llowers. Perianth mostly rampanulalc, deciduous, of 6 separate and nearly
equal oblong or ovate se.iiinenls, each with a nectar-pit or spot at the base. Stamens 6, hy-
poi;ynons; filaments filiform or somewhat (lattencd; anthers linear or oldong. Ovary
uearlv or quite sessile, vcellcd; ovules numerous in each cavity; style slender or filiform,
;,-lobed or .;-cleft, the lobes stiguiatic along the inner side. Capsule obovoid or globo.se, 6-
• luglcd, locidicidally <lehisceul. Seeds numerous, (lat, obov.ite or suborbicular, in.irgined or
winged. [ I.atin, (ro\\\ fri/1/lns, .-i dice-box nr chess-bo,ar(l, in allusion to the form or to the
checkered markings of the jicriaulli in some species
.\bnut ,vi spcciis. natives of tile uoith lenipeiate
/one. Kesidcs die followiiii;. about i j other- oeeiir ill
we-ttrn Nortli .\iiieriea.
I. Fritillaria atropurpurea Nult.
I'rilillaiia. i Imli. loi i . \
riiriilc
J': ilill,ti ill iili iif^iii pii I lit .Null. Jouni. .\e.id. I'liil.i. "
SI- i^.U-
Hull) '.' in diameter or less. .Stem (/ i,=i' high,
slender, lealle.ss liclow; leaves linear, alternate, ses-
sile, l,'^'-,,'.'' long, 1 'j"-2" wide or less; llowers
1-6, purple or purplish green and mottled; peri-
anth-segments narrowly oblong, obtusish, 6"-iii"
long; ])ednnclcs '.' i' long; stamens one-half to
two-thirds as long as the perianth; style ;-clcft to
alioiit the middle, the lobes linear; capsule erect,
acutely angled, 5" 6" high.
X.irtli Hakotat.
June Jiilv.
Netiraska. Wyoming and Cilil'i
8. ERYTHRONIUM L. Sp. 11. ;,o5. 1
/.i,i-
I,ow herbs, tVom deep menibraiious-coated conns, sometimes ])ropagated by olTslioots,
the stem simple, bearing a pair of broad or narrow unc(|nal leaves, usually lielow the middle,
the leaves thus appearing basal. I'lowers large, nodding, braellcss, solitary, or several in
some western species. M.inv plants arc llowcrless and l-leavcd, these leaves often wider and
longer ])elioled than those of the stem. I'erianlh-segments separ.itc, lanceol.ite, oblong or
oblanceolatc, deciduous, with nectariferous groove, and sometimes 2 short processes at the
420
l.ILIACKAIv
base. .Stamens 6, liyijogynous, sliortcr than the periaiitli; anthers linear oldonjj, not vi'rsa-
tilc. Ovary sessili', V-'elled; ovules numerous or several in each cavity; stvlo filiform or
thickened ahove, ^-lohcd or vcleft. Ca])sule ohovoid or obloiij;, somewhat ^-angled, locu-
licidal. Seeds compressed, or somewhat angled and swollen. [Circek, in allusion to the red
flowers of some species.]
.M)(>ut 12 spi-cifs. all hut <ini- North .Vnicrifan. The species arc crmncDUslv called Ihti^'s U>o/li
f 'iolrl.
Steu' with 111! nlTshiiv)l; lliiwers \ii" 2' lonji.
OlTsliiiiits prnduccd at llu- base nf the corni; iicriaiitli-setrmetits recurved.
I'linvers yellciw; slij^nias Very slmrt. i.
I'lowers while, blue or ))ur|)le: slitrnias 1" 1 ' ■" loiisf, recurved. 2.
N'd olTslKxits, prippaKatiuK by basal cornis; periauth-sesfiuents not ricurvcd.
/■.'. . tiiirii,(Hiiiiii.
I'., a I It ill II III.
Stem with a fleshy olTsliool below the leavi'^; flowers rose, about '.' loujr.
\. 1'.. nit'Siicliiti I'll III.
-\. /•-'. ftl llf<llllllllS.
Erythronium Americanum Kcr.
Ker. Hot. Mag-
^fed. Kej).
Heck, Hot.
Yellow Adder' s-toiigiie. (Fig. 1012.)
I'.i \llii oiiiinii Aiiiii iiiiiiuin
pi. iiif. 1 Je. 1S0.S.
Ill villi oiiiiiiii niii;i(sl,iliiiii Kaf
(n.l5:.?5.). 20 ]l. ],s,.S.
JCivllii Kiiiiiiii hiiiilialiiiii Hiifcl
N. iV Mid. States, 365. iSjj.
Conn ovoid, 6"-lo" liiKli, producinj:; off-
shoots from its base. Stem ,'i°-i° lonjj;
leaves oblong or oblong laticeolate, 3'-!^'
long, ,'''-2' wide, acute or short-acuminate
at the apex, Hat, usually mottled with
brown, hut sometimes green all over, nar-
rowed into clasping petioles; peduncle
about as long as the leaves, rarely bearing a
bract ; flower yellow, or rarely purplish
tinged; perianth-segments oblong, K)"-2'
long, 3"-4'" wide, recurved, dotted within,
the 3 inner auriclcd at the base; style club-
shaped, with 3 very short stigmatic ridges;
capsule obovoid, contracted into a short
stipe, 6"-io" high; seeds curved, rounded
on the back, about i;^" long, pointed at
both ends.
In luoisl woods and thickets, Nova Scotia ti
and .\rkansas. .\soends to 5,si«i ft. in VirKJnia
I'lorida.
2. Erythronium albidum Xiitt.
White Adder '.s-toiigue.
(l-'ig. loi.v)
l-'.i villi iiiiiiiiii iilhidiiiii Xutl. Cicn. I: 22,^ I'^iS.
Similar to the preceding species, the plant
])ropagating by olTshoots from the base of the
conn, the leaves mottled or green all over,
sometimes rather narrower. I'lower white,
blue or imrple; j)erianth-scgments oblong,
recurved, none of them auricled at the base;
style somewhat thickened upward; stigmas
linear, finally recurving, 1" 1'." long;
capsule obovoid or oblong, 3" y" high.
In moist woods and thickets. Ontario to Min
iiesota. south to Oeortria, Tetiiiessee and Texas.
Not coniniou eastward. .March May.
}
•iTSil-
■111 or
locu-
e reil
-huilli
nil 1)1.
1 I'll 1)1 .
)l\.
)I2.)
I.II.V I'AMII.Y.
421
3. Erythronium mesachoreum
Kiicrr. Midland Adder' s-
toiigue. ( Fig. 1014.)
JO \ III) oiiiiDii Dii'iiiilini ,-iiiii Kiiirr. MiiU.iiuI
CiiUiKL' MoiiUily, i: S. l>i)l.
Conn ovoiil, 10" high or less, not de-
veloping olTslioots, the new conns formed
at or witliin the biise of the old one.
I'.aves narrowly ublonj,' or linear-ohlong,
not mottled, 4'-i()' long, %'-i' wide,
some vhat folded; flower lavender tinted,
I '-2' iing; perianth-segments not re-
curved, iomctiiiies a little spreading; style
slender; stigmas recurved; capsule ob-
ovoid, larger than that of E. nlhidum,
;2'-i,'2'high.
On |)rairies, Iiiwa to Missouri, Nebraska
ami Kansas. Hldiiins bil'dre /•.'. nlhiiliiiii
wlieii till' two (jrow in iiroxiuiity. Tlir How
iritiK plants are said to ai)ptar hifoic tin
1 Uavcd llowLrkss oms.
Erythronium propullans A.
CxraN'. Minnesota Adder's-
tonj;iie. ( Kig. 10 15.)
/■'. )Vl Id 11)1111 ))i pi of^iilhiiis
2<>s. /)/. 7/. 1S71,
A. Crav. Am. Nat,
Corm ovoid, 10" high or less, not develop-
ing oflfslioots. Stem ascending, 6'-S' long,
hearing a fleshy curved offshoot i'-2' long
from a slit near the base of the petiole-
sheath; leaves oblong, acute, 2'-4' l')ng,
slightly mottled or green; flower rose or
pink, about '.' long, borne on a filiform
peduncle shorter than the leaves, perianth-
segments with a yellow base, apiiareiuly not
recurved, none of them aurieled; stigmas
mere ridges.
In ric-li woods. Miniu'sola. Also in soulhirn
Ontario (aocordiiiK to Maeoun 1. M.iy.
9. CALOCHORTUS I'lush, V\. Am. vSqit. 240. 1814.
Uranched c)r simple herbs, with coated conns, narrowly linear leaves and lar.ije showy
pcdunclcd llowers, erect in the following species, reriauth segments seiiarale, spreading or
conniveiit, yellow, blue, purple, white or variegated; the ^^ outer sepal-like, narrow; the 3
inner petaloid, gland-bearing, and barbed or spotted within, sometimes with a nectar-pit
near the base. Stamens 6, hypogynous; fdanients short, subulate; anthers erect, linear or
oblong. Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous; style very short or none; stigmas;,, recurved.
Capsule oblong or linear, 3-angled, mostly septicidal, the valves sometimes 2-cleft. Sce<ls
tlat. [tireek, signifying beautiful herb.]
.\l)oiit ,^5 si)icits, n itivts of wisUrii XoiUi .Xiiurica and Mexico.
Anthers obtuse; uland of inner perianth-seKnieuls orl)ieular oidv.d. 1. C. Xiilliillii.
.\iitliers acute; Kl.-ind tr.insverse, curved or renil"orin. 2. C. < iiiiiiii.uuii.
4:::: I.lI.IACI'Al'.
I. Calochortus Nuttallii 'P. iS: (■. NiiliaH's Mariposa I.ily. i Fi^'. i"i(^'. )
I'l llUhli III illlht N\lU. ('.Ill, I: JJJ.
Ciihu-lh'iiiis XiilliiHii '\'. \. ^'•. \'m
2: I .>|, 1^^5.
l^-i -
U. K
Ki ]).
2. Calochortus Gunnisoni S. Wab
Gumusiiii's Mariposa ]J\\.
( Fi;
C'lio, ii,n nis
( I mini
ii'i;
,>iii S. Wills. i;.il. Kiiiv
stem sleiukr, often simple, h'-i5' lii,i;h.
Leaves usually less than i" wide, involulc,
at least when dry, luiiic of the axils liuUi-
Ijeariu),; in any spccimei' icon; ])eduni'k'S i'
4' long; outer ])eri;intli-segments lanceolate
or oblong-Ianccolate, scarious-margined, aeu-
niinate; inner perianth-segments similar to
those of the preceding species, lilac, yellow-
ish below the middle, purple-lined and.
lianded, the gland transverse, oljlong, curve<l
or reniform, pubescent; anthers acute: cap-
sule narrowly oblong, narrowed at both ends,
about I '4 ' long.
Sniilli ll.iknta and Ni-liraskii t'l Ari/niia ;iiiil
New Mixicii. June July.
Conn ovoid-oblong, (i"-io" high. .'Sleni
slender, few-leaved, branched or sometimes
simple, ,";' 15' tall; leaves l' ,^' long, l"-
j'j " wiilc, the lowest commonly bearing a
Inilb in its axil; peduncles 2' '/ long; outer
perianth-segments lanceolate or ovate-lance-
olate, green with lighter margins, acute or
acuminate, shorter than the inner, some-
times with a dark or hairy sjiot within; inner
perianth-segments broadly obovate-cuiicatc,
i' I'i' long, io"-ij'' wide, white, lilac or
vellowish, with a yellow base and a purple
or jmrplish spot, the gland orbicular or oval
and more or less pubescent; filaments .V -l"
long, about e(|ualling the oblong obtuse
sagittate anthers; capsule about i'.' long,
y -.\" thick, acuminate, the valves (>blic|uely
cross-linei!.
•South Ii:ikiit;i I.
Juiu .liily.
.\'il)i.iska .iiul L'alifiinii.i.
ID. QUAMASIA Rat". Am. Month. Mag;. 2: 2(15. i.Si.s.
[C.\Ai.\ssi\ I.indl. Hot. Reg. />/. 1 /S(<. i8;,2.]
Scapose herbs, with membranous-coated edible liulbs, linear bas.al leaves, and rather
large, blue, purple or white bracted llowcrs in a terminal raceme. Perianth of h separate
equal spreading i)ersislent ,1-7-nerved segments. l'e<liceis jointed at the base of the flower.
Stamens inserted at the liases of the perianth-segments; filaments filiform; anthers oblong
or line.'ir-oblong, versatile, introrsc. Ovary ,vcelled, sessile; ovules numerous in each cav-
ity; style filiform, its l)ase persistent; stigma ;,-lobed. Capsule oval, 3-angled, loculicidal.
Seeds black, shining. [I'rom ([uamash, the Indian name.]
.\biiut 1 specie-, u.ilives nf Noitli .\inerica.
I.ir.V I'AMII.V.
4^.-^
1. Quamasia hyacinthina i Kaf. j liiiUoii. Wild Hyacinth. ( Imj;. ii>iS. )
l.ciiii'li ys Intii iiilliiihi Kill". I'l. 'I'l 11. 3: 51. i^v-
Sti/lii l-'xisfii A. Ciiiy. M;iii. IM. -'. |^<_|. i'<5»i.
( iiiihissiii I'lcfii I i '\\>\\. l';n'. Is. I\. Rep. 4: I 17.
liulli ovoid, I'-l'j' loiin, its oilier coal
usually nearly black. Scape sk-iider, i°-2"
tall, sonietinics l)eariiij; i or 2 short linear
scarious leaves; liasal leaves narrowly linear,
acuminate, shorter than the scape, I'j"-
4" wiile; raceme ojjen, i' S' lon^ in (lower,
lon^;cr in fruit; llowers several or many;
]ie(licels filiforin, 6" 10" lon^. about as
lonji as the bracts and the perianth-seg-
ments; bracts lonj^-acuminate; pcriaiitli-
scuinelits narrowly oblonjj, ;, 5-nerved, blue
or nearly while, lontjer than the stamens;
capsule about (" high, 5" 6" thick, the
valves transversely veined.
In nu;iilci«s anil aldiii; --trcani-^. I'cniisylva
nia'.ii .Miniicsiitii, .\lnhaina and 'I'lx.i''. .\sci ml-
til 2ri«i II. in X'ir^diiia. .Xpril May.
II. ORNITHOGALUM I,. Sp. PI. 306. 1
/.1.V
Scapose herbs, with coated bulbs, narrow basal llcshy leaves, and larj^e white or yellow-
flowers in a terniinnl bractcd corymb or raceme. rerianlhseKnicntse(|ual or nearly so, sepa-
rate, white, or .sometimes j;rcen without, ])crsislenl, faintly several-nerved. .St.imcns hypo-
(.(ynous; fdaments lliittencd, often broad; anthers versatile, inlrorse. ( ivary vcelled, sessile;
ovules several or numerous in each cavity; style short or cohiinnar, 3-sided; stij.(in.i cajjitate.
,3-lobed or ,^-ridj;ed. Capsule subj.jIol)ose, ,^-sided or ;,-lobed, loculicidal. .Seeds lilack.
[(".reek, signifying bird's milk, said to be in allusion to the egg-white cidor of the (lowers
in some species. |
.\liiiiU 7.S s|)iciis, n:ili\is of ICnrupe, .Vsia and .Afiic.i.
I'luwir- ciiryMilnisi . inil; |n(liccls Ininr. sk-ndii.
I'Mnwirs raci niosc, ihimpini;; pcdici N very slinrt, stmit.
1. (I. i( niluiltilii III.
2. ( '. ll/l/llllS.
I. Ornithogalum umbellatum I,.
vSiar-ot-lklhlcliL-iii. (Fi.n. imij. )
>h iiilli'\i;<itiiiii HiiihiHahnii I.. Sj). I'l. ^07. i7,Vi
Tufted, bidbs ovoid, 'j'-i'.' long, the
coats membranous. .Scape slender. .^'-12'
high; leaves narrowly linear, 1" 2^." wide,
dark green with a light niidvein, blunt,
eiiualling or longer than the .scapes; flowers
corymbose, opening in sunshine; bracts nieni-
branous, line lanceolate, mostly shorter
than the ])edicels; jjcdicels etect or asc d-
ing, the lower 1' 3' long; periauth-segnu nts
oblong-lanceolate, acute, white above, green
with white nuirgins beneath, 6"-io" long,
about twice as long as the stamens; lilainenls
soniewhal (laltened, not toothed.
Ill fuldsanil nic.nlnws, Massacliusilts In I\ 1111-
sylvaniii and \iiviiiia. I.iicaUy very abundant.
.NaUuali/i d I'lniii luiinpc. .May Jiiiic.
4^4
MMACKATC.
2. Ornithogalum nutans L. Droop-
ing .SUir-( )!'- Ik-lhlcliciii.
( Kig. i()2o.)
(>i iii/iii'i;iiiiiiii iiiiiiiiii \, Sp, ri. v'""- 173, i-
Hull) ovoid, i'~2' lonj,'. Sca])e stout, i '-2°
high; leaves usually equalling the scape or
longer, blunt, 2" -<\" wide; flowers several or
numerous, racemose, nodding; raceme 3'-S'
long, loose; pedicels stout, 2"-6'' long;
bracts lanceolate, long-acuminate, much
longer than the pedicels, often as long as the
(lowers; i)erianth-segnients thin, oblong-lan-
ceolate, about i' long and 4" wide, nearly
twice as long as the stamens; filaments broad.
Hat, 2-toothed at the apex.
Ivsca|K(l frnni jrarditis in i astirn and snuthcrn
I'lnnsylvania. Native (if Ivuniiic. April -May.
Till- bulbs 111' tbisaiid (itluT spcciis liavi- forceii-
turiis past been a pnrtinn uf tin- I'.Mid nf Italv.
llu- I.ivant, and iitlur ])ansiif tlu' Old Wnrld."
12. MUSCARI Mill. (;;ir(l. Diet. I'd.
759-
I.ow bulbous scapose herbs, with basal linear fleshy leaves, and nodding bracteil race-
mose flowers, deep blue (rarely whitci in the following species. Hulbs membranous-coated.
I'eriaiith globose, urn-shaped, or oblong, with 6 teeth or short lobes, tardily deciduous.
>Stainens 6, inserted on the perianth-tube, included; anthers ovate, versatile, introrse. Ovary
3-celled, sessile; ovules 2 in each cavity; style short; stigma vlobed. Capsule vsidcd or 3-
wingcd, usually 6-seeded, loculicidal. Seeds black, angled. [From the niusk-like odor of
the flowers of some species. ]
.\boiit 40 species, natives of liunipe, .\sia and .Africa.
Perianth iilobose, 1" i'" in dianuter; leaves erect, 1. .1/. hoh vi'iilr^.
I'erianth iibl(in>r, urn shaped, 2" 3" Ioiik; leaves recurved. 2. ^^. Kuriiio.siiiii.
I. Muscari botryoides ( L. i Mill. CrapL-IIyacinth. (Fig. 1021. )
Jfyachilliiis hull yoidis b. ,Sp. I'l. ,51s. 1751.
Miisdiii Itolivoiili's Jlill. C.anl. Did. VA. .s. no. 1.
1 7()S.
Hull) i' high or less. .Scape .4'-io' high;
leaves about as long as the scape, erect or
nearly so, l"~4" wide, channeled, l)hint or
acutish; raceme oblong-cylindric, i' I'/z' long,
dense, or becoming longer and looser in fruit;
pedicels shorter than the faintly odorous flowers;
bracts very short; perianth globose, 1" i,'^" in
diameter, 6-toothed, the teeth white, recurved;
valve of the capsule obovatc.
In meadows and thickets and abiUK rnadsides,
escaped fnini ijaiilens. Massachusetts t(i()lii() and
\irKiiiia. Naturalized oradventive from southern
ICurope. Native also of .\sia. .\pril June.
LILY TAMILY
2. Muscari racemosum ( L. ) Mill.
vStarcli CirapL'- Hyacinth.
(I-'i^. I022. )
//liii rii///iis I II, I III lis II. I I,. Sl>. ri. ,11~<. I75.1.
Jfiisiiii i iciiiiiinsiiiii Mill r.iird. Dii-l VA. H, im. 2.
176S,
Similarto the preceding species. Leaves i"-
2" wide, recurved or spreading, channelled
above; raceme oblong or ovoiii, many-flowered,
dense, i'-2'j' long; pedicels shorter than the
starchy-scented (lowers or sometimes e<iualling
them, slender, much longer than the bracts;
perianth oblong, nrn-shapcd, constricted at the
throat, 2"-3" long, with 6 deltoid recurved
white teeth; capndc-valves suborbicular, retuse.
Ivsoapcd from Mrar<Uns, soutlurn New York to
IVinisylvatiia an<l Maryland. Native of soutlioni
Lurcipe. .Vpril May.
13. ALETRIS h. Sp. ri. 319. 1753.
Scapose perennial bitter fibrous-rooted herbs, with basal spreading lanceolate leaves, and
small white or yellow bractcd perfect flowers in a terminal spike-like raceme. Perianth ob-
long or canipanulate, roughened without, 6-lobed, its lower part adnate to the ovary.
vStamens 6, inserted on the perianth at the bases of the lobes, included; filaments short; an-
thers introrse. Ovary j-cclled; ovules numerous, anatropous; style subulate, or short, 3-
cleft above; stigmas minutely 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, enclosed by the persistent perianth,
3-cclled, many-seeded, loculicidal. vSecds oblong, ribbed. Embryo small. Kndosperui
fleshv. [Cireek, signifying to grind corn, apparently in allusion to the rough, mealy
flowers.]
.Mmiit S s]K-cies, natives of eastern Ni>rtli .\nierica anil eastern .\sia.
I'enantli white, obliiiiti.
I'eriantli yellow, bell sliai)ed.
1. A./iiiiiiiisa.
2. .1. aiirfii.
I. Aletris farinosa L. Stai-gra.ss. Colic-mot. ( Fij^. 1(123.)
.1/1/1 i.^/'dl III, is,l I., .Sj). I'l. ,^11), I7,S,^.
Roots iiuinerous, tough, scape i '.^-3° tall,
slender, terete, striate, bearing several or nu-
merous small distant bract-like leaves. liasal
leaves several, lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the
base, spreading, pale yellowish green, 2'-6'
loi'K. .^"-"1" wide; raceme 4'-! 2' long in
flower, or longer in fruit, dense, erect, pedi-
cels i" long or less; bracts subulate, longer
than the pedicels sometimes 2 to each flower;
perianth tubular-oblong, w hite, or the oblong
lobes yellowish, 3"-4" long, about i'."
thick; style subulate; capsule ovoid, about
2" long, loctdiciilal above, each of its 3
valves tipped with a subulate portion of the
style.
In dry. inn^tly handy Miil. Maine t<i Ontario
and Mitniehota. houlli to l"lorida and Teiimsiee.
.\saiids to .t.=;i»i ft. in \'irt>inia. Yellow flowered
fovnis of this or a distinct siieiies oeein in the
.Sontluin Sl.ites May Jidy.
I.II.IACI'AK.
2. Aletris aurea Wall,
root. I V\ii. u
Vl11i>\v CtiliL-
-■4- '
.!/,///>
■ I Walt I'l. Car. i-'i.
I'.isal leaves sliorler lliaii tliose of llie pruiiil-
iiij; species, i 'j'-.;' loiij;, ;,"-S" wide, aiuiiii-
liate, iiarmwed into slmil ]ietii)U'S. Siapc i'
2';° tall, beariiii,' a fi'W siil)nl;ite lirai't-like
leaves; raceme .S'-2° loiit^, tiMially loose; jicdi-
i-els i" long or less, sliorlor lliaii the liraits;
jieriaiitli licll-slia])ed or ovoid-globose, liriglit
vellow, 2" ;," loiiK, I'." 2" in diaiiietcr, its
/ lobes oval; stvle short; caiisiilc oxoid, aboiil as
hmt,' as the perianth.
Scuitliirn New Jersey aei-orchnu to Cray .mil to
Rn^-l)y I ; Virninia to I'lorida and Texas. Jinie -Ausj.
14. YUCCA I,. Sp. Tl. 319- '7.rv
Large plants, with a short sometimes suliterranean caiidex, or tall woody and leafy stem,
or bracted scape, the leaves linear or lanceolate, usually rigid and shar]) jxiinted, bearing
long marginal thread-like fil)res in onr species. I'lowers large, bracted, nodding in a ter-
minal raceme or panicle. I'erianth canipaiinlatc. or nc.irly globular, white in our species,
of 6 ovate, or ovate-lanceolate separate or slightly united segments. Stamens hypogynons,
r'.iorter than the perianth; lilamcnls thickened above, often papilhise; anthers small, versa-
tile. Ovary .sessile, .vcclled; or imperfectly d-celled; ovules numerous; style colnnmar,
short, with ;, stiginatic lobes. I'ruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule, or lleshv. or spongy
and indehisccnt. Seeds numerous, tlaltcned. horizontal. IThe Ilaytien name.]
.\l)olU I') -pecies, n.ui\t~ nf N(,rlli anil lV ntr.il .Xincrica.
]''riiit (Ujiliy, iniUliisccMt, (Irnnpiiij^^
I'ruit an erect cap'^nlc.
I.cavis j" 5' wiik-; se.'iln- >!iiivt. luaviiiK a Iniiu lacciiie.
Leavt". ii>" j' wide: st'apt- _> 1.. hi.nh. Ik ariuK a larm p inii
I. Yucca baccata T<nr. S]>a'.'.is]i
Hay()tn.'l. I Fi^. i"-\S. )
]'i<tL<i />(iii<i/,i Torr. lliil. Mix. Ilninul. Surv. 221.
Caudex very short, or sometimes 2°-.S° tall,
covered with the rellc.xed dead leaves. Leaves
i'j°-,i° lo"K, i' 2' wide with a much wider
base, acuminate, with a stout brown point,
concave, the marginal fibres 2'-,s' Imig; pan-
icle pedunclcd ; pedicels stout, S"-2 /' long;
flowers 4'-,s' broad; perianth-segments 2';.'-
?,'/2' long, 8"-i2" wide; style slender, as long
as the ovary, or shorter; fruit oval, dark pur-
ple, fleshy, indehisccnt, edible, drooping 2'-
3' long, I ''2 '-2' in diameter, with a 6-grooved
bcakof one-half its length or less; seeds 3" .S"
long, i"-i '.'' thick.
Western Kansas ( ? 1 s.iullurn Colorado to Texas.
California and Mexico, .\pril June. I'ruit ripe
Sept. Oct.
I. )■. /mi,, I/, I.
MI,V I'AMII.V,
427
2. Yucca glauca Xiiti. I!e;ir-j;rass.
}'ii(,,i iiii^ ii^ti/i'/i,i riif.li. I'l Am Sipt -'2; [•<[ \
Ciiudcx very sliort, tlif k-aves all basal, nar-
rowly linear, smooth, very stilT, sliarp-poiiitod,
r'-;,^ loi'Ki -"5" wi<U', with a broader basn,
con.-ave, at least whfu dry, tin- tiiarKiital libres
rihforiii, usually ininierous; scajn- sliort; (lowers
I'j -^' broad, racemose or in a little-branched
])anicle i -4^ loiiK; perianth-segments ovate, 1 '
I '..' lonfi'. style short; stigmas shorter than the
ovary; ])edieels stout, erect and i'~i '.' lonj^ in
I'ruit; capsule oblouK. 2' ;,' I011.U, nb)ut 1' thick,
6-sided; seeds very Hat, aliout '.. ' broad.
Ill ilrv ■iiiil, Iiiwa and Si>lilli l).iki>l:it,i Wyipiiiiiiu
siiiiUi 111 Missdiiri. Texas anil Ari/mia May Juiii
Yucca filamentosa I,.
I I'i"-. K07
Adam's N\e(llc'.
)
i'liiiii f!/iiiiii-ii/:'<ii I.. Sp ri ,;i') 175.V
Caudcx very short, or sometimes 1 ' hi.uh. Leaves
lanceolate, narrowed above the broad base, acumi-
nate and sharp-pointed, Hat, rouj^hish, i^^'i" loii^,
tj" 2' wide; scajic 2'^-I()' IiIkIi; jiaiiicle lar).;e, its
branches diveri;enl t-r ascending', the lower often 1'
loii>; or more; llowers nuinerous; ])erianlh-sef;nietits
l'j'-2i^' long, ovate; sti.i;nias slender, but shorter
than the ovary; jiedicels rarely more than 'j' long;
capsule oblong, I '. '-2' long, about lu" thick.
Ill -aiulv -■lil. Mavvland In I'lnrida, 'riiiiussic and
bcplii-i. 111:1 Miuli rilltivatid inr nniaiiu lit. ICscapcd
Iruiii KaiiU 11- 111 ~ciiitlHlii I'l. iilisyh aiiia, M.iy July.
1S.21J.
l-;miiK -'!.. CONVALLARIACEAE Link. Ihiiul).. i: iS]
I,ll.\ -111 -rill.-\" Vl.l.l.\ I'AMII.N.
Scaiiose iir ie-at"\ -sleiiiniL-d lierhs, with simple or hraiK-licd rooisldcks, never
willi liiillis (ir eiiriiis. IHowers sulitary, raeeiiiose, panicled nr iiiiilielled, re,i;idar
and iierkel. lAa\es liroad, ]iaralkl-veined and sometimes with eross-veinlets,
alternate, vertieillale or basal, or in . Is/^nrirt; //s Mid its allies reduced to .seales
liearint; filiform or tlatleiied liranelilets in their axils. IVrianlh interior 4-6-
]>arled with sci)arato sesmenls, or ohloiii;, eviindrieor tnn->ha]ied and (i-Ii)ln.'d
or 'i-toolhed. Stamens '>, hypoiiynoiis or home on the ]ierianth; anthers in-
irorsely, exlrorseh or laterall\ dehiseent. < )vary 2-;vCelle(l. siqierior; ovnles
analropons or amphitro]ioii-.: style slender or .short; stif,nna nio.stly ;,-lohed.
l'*rnil ;i lleshy lierry. Seeds lew or nnmerotis. iMiihryo small. luidosperm copious.
.\t)out 2,i iTiiura and 2\s species. wiiUly (li-^liilmU d
Leaves reduced lu scales. Ual' like Inaiielikts lililniiii
Leaves broad; sU 111- >iiiipU m miuu wlial 'iraiulu d.
Leavis aluriiali' nr b.isal.
Leaves liasal: llnwers imibelUil nr s,ilit:uy
I.eavis alliiualr snlil.iry in llnwerU -> platil- nl iin, p.
Periaiitli-eHiiu lit- --fpariiU',
I'lnwers r.iciiiud. Uliibelled. paiiicled ni >nlilal\ . Uriuiual
I'lowns raceined nr iianided.
I'eriaiitli si^uu Mis (1.
I'lViaiitli >ei;iiuiits |.
I'lnwii- iiuilnlii d nr -nlitary.
I'lnwei- snlit.iry nr Iwn tnnetlui. axillary
I'eriaulli eyliudric or nblnii«. d-innilu il
I.e.ive-i marly basal; llnwers racetiud; periaiilli n Ini.tlud.
( '/iii/iiiiiii.
,^. I 'ii!;/ii/(r.
4. I iii/'o/iinii .
5. />i'^/>'ii niir
('. Sfr<-/>/('/>iis.
S. ( iiiii'iilliii ill.
42S
CONVAI.I.ARIACI'AI'
I.tavis 111 1 111 -' wliiirls liiltiw till' llnwil 111 lliitti IS.
I,iii\i--iii .'xvlinils; tldui rs iiiiiIk lUll.
I.iiivisiii I wlmil, llomr- ■.nlitiu V.
1 1 llliinii.
I. ASPARAGUS I,. S].. IM. ,v,v 1753.
Stftn Ml first simple, llcsliy, sraly, at leii^^tli imicli branched; tin- liniiii'hk'ts rilitoriii ami
mostly clustert'il in tlic axils nf llic scales in the Ibllowinj,' species, llattcned and linear,
laiu'eulate or o\ate in some others. I'lowcrs small, solitary, imibelled or racemcd. I'eri-
anth-sennicnts alike, separate or sli>,'htly united at the base. Stamens inserted at the liases
of the )ieri.intli-sejiineiits; filaments mostly filiform; anthers ovate or ohlonj;, inlrorse.
Ovary sessile, ',-i'ellcd; ovules 2 in each cavity; style slender, short; stigmas ;. short, re-
curved, licrrv jjlohose. Seeds few, rounded.
[Ancient (Ircek name]
Aliniil 111 1 •.incii'^, 1i:ilivi- iii tlu ( lid Wiulil.
I. Asparagus officinalis I,. Asii;irajj;tis.
( I'ij.. i"-^s. )
Jsf^ai iii;iis itffii iihili--' \,. Sp. I'l. U.i. ir.i.^-
Rootstock much branched. Voiing stems succu-
lent, edible, stout, later branchiiij,', and beeomitii;
3°-7° tall, the tiliform branchlcts ;,"-9" lon^, less
than '4" thick, mostly cKistered in the axils of
minute scales. I-'lowers mostly solitary at the
nodes, j;reen, droopint,' on filiform jointed jiednii-
clcs; perianth campanulate, about ,i" hmj,', the
sej,'nients linear, obtuse; stamens shorter than the
perianth; berry red, about 4" in iliameter.
ICscaped fniiii cuUivalii)ii ,iiid iiiiluralizi d, tsiiecially
alniiK salt niarslus, Niw liniiiswick to \'iiniiii:i, and
Imaily ill waste places in tlu- iiilclidr. .\;iti\-c nf
luini]K'. May Jiiiic, nr lluwcriiin alsn in tin- aiitiiiiiii.
2. CLINTONIA Kaf. Jmirn. I'ys. 89: ku
Somewhat pubescent scapose herbs, with slender rootslocks, erect simple scapes, and few
broad jieliolcd slieathin}^ basal leaves, the bractlcss llowers umbellcd at tlie summit of the
scape in our species. reriaiith-seKments distinct, equal or nearly so, erect-spreading. Sta-
mens 6, inserted at the bases of the pcriaiith-.sc,i;nients; filaments filiform; anthers oblong,
laterally dehiscent. ( )vary 2-,vCclled; ovules j several in each c.ivily; style stout or sleiuler;
stigma obscurely 2-;vh)bed. Herry globose or oval. [Name in honor of I)e Witt Clinton,
1769-1.S2.S, American natur:'list, Ciovernor of the Slate of New York. |
Six species, the I'ullnuiiig il' laslerii N'mtli .\iiu-rica. 2 nf ue--ti-rii .NUrtli .Viiurica, 2 .\siatie.
l"Uiwers Kreeliisii yelldw, driHi])jiif!:, s" m" Imij.': berry blue. i. ( '. I«>i('iilis,
liir.H. I'-.s" IiiIIk; birry black.
I S 1 9.
l-'linvers uliite, not dr
I. Clintonia borealis i Ail
( '. HlllhillllUllil.
Kaf. Velliiw Clintonia. (Fig. 1029.)
IhaiiUini hiti((ili\ .\it. Ilurl. Kew. I: ).s(. 1 7'<ii.
C'/iii/oiili7 /iiii,,i/i\ Kal. All. Jcilini. 1211. lS;2.
Scape o'-Ts' liigh, pubescent above or nearly
glabrous. Leaves 2-5, usually ,^, oval, oblong or
obovale, thin, sliorter than Ihe scape, 1 'j'-.i'^'
wide, ciliate, short-acuminate or cuspidate; um-
bel j;-6-llowered; flowers drooping, greenish
yellow, S"-ii/' long; pedicels 3" 15" long, slen-
der, pubescent, erect or ascending in fruit; peri-
anlli-segmenls obtuse or aculish; stamens about
as long as the perianth; ovary 2 celled; ovules
numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity, style slen-
der, somewhat thickened above, about eijualliug
the stamens; berry oval, tilue, several-seeded,
about (" in diameter.
Ill iiiiiisl wiiiids and tliickils. New rimiidlaiid to
Oiilaiio and .Miiitu-.s<ita. si mill In .Nnilli Camliiia and
Wisconsin, .\seeiids to |so<i ft. in X'irniiiia. .\
(lowi-r is occasionally lionu- on tin- scape In-low tlu-
iiiiibil, and rarely a small leaf. May June.
I.II.V 111' Tltl' \.\I,I,i;V lAMII.V.
429
Clintonia umbellulata > Mirhs
Tiirr. Wliitc Cliiitoiiiii. ' I'i);. ii>v>. 1
l>i,ii,uiiii iniiliflhiliil:! Miiliv I'l Ho!, Am.
I'liiiliitii:! I ihiilii Kiif Jiiiirii. riiys 89; luj.
|Nli(.
('. iniihrlliilii Tnii. I'l N V. 3 ••/n \^\\.
SiMpu more or k'ss puliesccnt, X'-iS'
lii^li, Hutnutiini's ln'iiriii^ a small leaf.
Leaves 2-5, ohloiin, oMaiii'Colatc or olxi-
vatc, shorter tliaii the scape or niiiallitij^
it, aeiite or riispiilate, ciliale on the mar-
gins and soinetiiiies also on the iilidvciii
liriieath, l'.'-4' wide; timhcl several-
niaiiy-llovvcrcd; pedicels ascending or
erect, sleinlcr, pillpescelit. at first short,
liccominn '.' I'j' l(>n>; in frnit; (lowers
while, odorous, often imrplish dotted,
4" s" loMj,'; ])erianth-soj(nicnts obtnsish;
ovary 2 celled; ovules 2 in each cavity;
style slender; lierry ^loliose, hlack, aliout
T^" in diameter, fcw-sccded.
In wimkI!,, Niw NdiU and Ni w Jersey ti>
(iiiirKia and T< tnu -sn . Asiiiiils to ((n»i ft.
in \"irninia. .May Jane
3. VAGNERA .\(laiis. I'aiii. PI. 2; 496. ijf.;,.
[,S.Mii,.\ci.N.\ Hesf .Xiiu. Mus. Paris, 9; 51. 1S07.]
Rootstocks sleiiiler, or short and thick. Stem sim])le, scnly helow. leafy above, the
leaves alternate, short-])etioled or sessile ovate, lanceolate or ohlonj,'. Inlloresccnce a ter-
minal raceme or jpanicle. I'iowers white or greenish white, sni.ill. I'erianth of 6 separate
s|)riadint; c(|Ual segments. St.iniens (1, iiiserte<l at the bases of the perianlh-seymcnts; fda-
ments fdiform or slixhlly ll.ittcned; anthers ovale, iiilrorse. Ovary vccUed, sessile, sub-
j^lobo.sc; ovules 2 in each cavity; style short or slemler, columnar; stij^ma VKrooved or y
lobcd. Hcrry ^lobidar. Seeds usually i m' 2, subylobose. [N.imed in honor of Warier. ]
.Vliiiut Ji --picii -. nativcMpf Nnrlli .\nurica. Ccnlial .Xnicriia and .\>ia. l>i-.i<U> tin- I'lillowinj;.
iini III two iillu rs (nciir in llu- \vi sii rn I nili d Stati >.
I'luwcrs nnini'Min-.. jianiiUil
I'bi\\ii> l\ u -i v>ral, lairlMiisi.
I'l.uU In' !>' Iiiuli: lia\i- niiinitciu^.
I'laiil .'■ is' IiIkIi: 1< a\i - J |.
I. Vagnera racemdsa 1 L. 1 ^I(l^()llJ.,^
i'tur.iilliii ill iiiiriiiosii I.. .S|>. I'l. ;i.s. T.^.;
Siiiiliuiiui iiiK-iiiiisii Desf. .\nn. Sins. I'.iris, 9: ^i.
IN 17.
I'iii;ii(iii I III iiiii'\ii MiiicinK, Mcin. Turr. CUili. 5;
M.). |Si||-
Kootstock rather thick, llcshy. .Stem some-
what angled, slender or stout, erect or ascend-
ing, leafy, finely pubescent above, or nearly
glabrous, sometimes /ig/ag, 1 ,v high. I.eavts
oblong lanceolate or oval, sessile or the lower
short-petioled, ,V-6' long, 1' ,V wide, acunii-
iiate, finely pnlicscent beneath and sometiiius
also above, their margins minutely ciliate;
panicle densely many-llowered, i' .(' long,
peduncled; pedicels shorter than the (lowers,
or e(|ualling them; (lowers about 2" broad;
I)crianth segments oblong, e(iualling the
ovary; berry red, aromatic, speckled with pur-
ple, 2"-}," in diameter.
In nuiist wimmK and tliiikils, N'ova .Siotia U>
liritisli L'uluinliia. siaitli to C.coK'ia, .MisMHiii and
.\ri/iiiia. .Vsccnds ti> JS<"i ft. in \'irv;inia. .Mav
July.
Vagnera amplexicaiilis 1 Niitt 1 (Imiu-. nf w.sUrn Nnrtli .\iiurica, distiiitfuislud I'nnii lliis by
it- cla'-Jiin^; leaves and loiijii style, ni.iy (pciiir in wcsUrn Nebraska.
Wild S|iikc-iianl
/'. liliYI)lii\il.
/'. slelhila.
r. IrifoliiX.
1031. )
43'
CONVAI.I.AKIACEAK
2. Vagnera ste ita ( L. i Mormio;. Starllnwcivd Snloiiion'^ Seal.
I iM.i;'. 1032. )
('<')i:(tll<iiiii sl<il>ihi \,. S\) I'l ?i'i 175V
Siiiildiiini \lil/iilii lusi'. Aim. Mii~. l':iii-., 9: 53,
IS 17.
I'iti;iiiia slilliiUi .M.iioii;;, Mi 111, 'rmi . C'hil). 5:
114. I.Sj).
Roolstoi'k stout, llcsliy. Stem lallier
stout, crt'Ct, },;la1)rous, .S'-2i)' tall, straij^lit
or somewhat /ig/aj;, leafy. I.cavi's olilouj;-
latueolato or lanteolato, sessile and some-
what claspinj,;, minutely ])ul)esccnt beneath,
2',s' lonf{, 'j'-i^i' wide, acute, aciimiiiatc,
or hlunl at the apex, flat or somewhat con-
cave: raceme sessile or short jiedundei', l'-
2' lonjj, several flowered; pedicels \"-\"
lonjr, usually shorter than the (lowers; peri-
anth-sejimcnts oblonj;, obtuse, lonj^er than
the stamens; style alKUit as long as the
ovary; berry ,i;recn with 6 black stripes or
black, 3" 5" in cliametcr.
In niiiisl soil. Ncwfoumlland to liritisli Co-
hiinbia, smith to Niw Jcvm y. \irHinia, Ken
tiu'ky. KanMi-.aii(l Cilifmnia. .Msniii iinitlurti
I'iiitopi May Jinu.
1 n lati d |>laiil with loiisiiictinii-^ly foliK d Uavi -.
I'acitic (.'na>l. niiiv be
Unifolium liliaceum Cn 1 m , I'iitdnia. :
and Icintrer iniliecls. of wcslirn Nuttli .Vnurica, riipiii tin lilaik Ilill^ to tli
<li>liiK't from this >iiicits.
3. Vagnera trifolia ( I,, i Mnroiio;.
'rhrcc-k-a\L'<l Solomon's Seal.
(Fi^'. 10;,;,. )
I'linollai ill lii/iiliii I.. .S)). I'l ;ii. 175,;
.Siiiihu iiiii Irifoliii Disl'. .\nii. Mu>. I'ari-, 9;
,S2. 1^17.
riii;/iirti tri/nliii Murnii^;. Mi 111 '\\>\x Cliih, 5
114. iSfjj.
Glabrous, rootstock slender. Stem slen-
der, erect, 2' -15' hixh, 2 i-leaved f usually
vleavcdi; leaves oval, oblong or oblong-
l.mceolate, sessile, sheathing, 2'-5' long,
'j'-2' wiile, acute or acuuiinate at the apex,
narrowed at the base; raceme few-flowcrcd,
])ednncled, i'-2' long; perianth-segments
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, flually
somewhat rcflexed, longer than the sta-
mens; style about as long as the ovary;
lierry dark red, 2'.. " ,^" in diameter.
Ill biij;s and Wit unnd-., New Imitidland to
I'.iiti-h (.'iihnnbi.i. >-iniUi to (.'ninM ctiriu. .W u
JiiMV. I'l iin-yl\ aiiia and Mulligan. .\l>n in
iiiiitluiii .\sia. .May Jiim .
4. UNIFOLIUM A<l;ms. I'"ain. IM. 2: 54. i ;(.;,.
[M.vi.wTiiiCMr.M Wigg. Trim. I'l. Hols. 14. i7'^o. ]
l.ow herbs, with slender rootstocks, erect simple few-leaveil stems, jictioled or sessile
leaves and small white flowers in a terminal raceme, the pedicels commonly 2 ;, together.
Perianth of .) scp.iratc s)iieading segments. Stamens |, inserted at the bases of the seg-
ments; filaments liliform; anthers introrsc. Ovary sessile, globose, 2ccllcd; ovules 2 in
each cavitv ; slxle about as long as the ov.iry, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. lierry globular, 1 2 seeded.
I Many plants bear ,i\\\ a solitary long-pctioled leaf, arising from the rootstock, whence the
I.atin name. ]
'I'wn kiiiiwii species, the fnllin\iiin "I easU rii Nnitli .\liu rica, the nllur iil' lairnpe, .\-ia and
noitliwest .\merica.
ijr.voi-Tiii; V.M.I, i:v i-amii.v. 431
I. Unifolium Canadense 1 Dcst". » ('.ri.eiic. l-'alsc Lil\ ot-llK-valkv .
T\V()-k-a\i.-(l Solomon's Seal. (Vi'^. 1034.)
M'u'diit/iiiiiniii I'ljiiiiiliiiM
"III
iKi-f. Aim. Mil-..
Ciiiiiuli iisi\ .\. CfImv,
Hull. T.iir. Club,
Talis, 9; 54. l^"7.
Siiii/iti hill hi/'ii/iii var.
Man. VA. .'. .|ri7. inv>.
/ nii'liiiiii Ciiiiiitli ii';r (■.rttiK
15:2-7. is».
("ilahrou.s or ]uibcscent. SIlmii slender,
froct, often /.\)^/aii,, i -^-Icived (usually 2-
leaved), 2'--' hij^h; leaves ovate or ovatc-
lanceolatc, i'-,,' lonjj, acute, acuminate, or
lilunt and cuspidate at the apex, cordate at
the base with a narrow or closed sinus, ses-
sile, short-petioled, or tile lowest sometimes
with a petiole '.' louj;; solitary leaves of the
stemless plants on petioles i'-4' lonj;; ra-
ceme rather dense, many-llowered, i'-2'
lon^;; jiedicels mostly lonjjfer than the llnw-
ers; perianth-sej.;mcnts oblon;.;, obtuse, he-
coininj; rellexed, about i " lon.i;, rather lonj.;er
than the stamens; berry i)ale red, speckled,
about 2" in rliameter.
In moist wiKiils and tliickits, Newfuundlatid
tiillu Nnrtliwist Tirritnry, sniiili to Nortli C'.ir
iilina. Iowa and South Haknta. .\seends tn 5cjci(i
11. in \'irj;inia. May July.
5. DISPORUM vSalisli. Trans, llort. vSoc. i: 331. 1S12.
[I'Kos.\KTi:s Don, \\\n. Nat. Hist, 4: ;,4'- i'^4"]
More or less pubescent herbs with sleiuler rootstocks, branchinfj; stems, scaly below,
leafy above, and alternate somewhat iue(|uilateral sessile or claspin.!.; leaves, the (lowers ter-
minal, drooping, whitish or greenish yellow, solitary or few in simjile umbels. Perianth
of 6 narrow eipial separat" deciduous sejj;ments. Stamens 6, hypoj;ynous; filaments fdii orm
or somewhat llattencd, lonjj;er than the anthers; anthers oblonj;, or linear, extrorse. Ovary
3-cellcd; ovules 2 or sometimes several in each cavity; style slender; stii,;ma _^-cleft or en-
tire. Herry ovoid or oval, obtuse. [Cireck, referriiij; to the 2 ovules in each cavity of the
ovary, in most species.]
.\l)iiut 15 species. iiati\is of .N'cirth .\nurica and .\sia. liesiiks tile fciUnwini;. some 5 nllurs
neeur in western Nnitli .\nieriea
.Stamens shorter Uiaii the perLinth; fruit smocith. 2-6 seeded. i. /'. /iiiim; iiiuMi in.
Slaineiis as ImiK as the iieriautli: Irnit roughened, 4-is seeded. 2. /'. Ii iiiliy,iii piiiii.
I. Disporurr lanuginosum ( Michx.) Nichols, llaiiy Disjiornni. ( Imj;. 1035. )
S/i r/>/<i/>iis /iiinii; i/inMii Miilix. I'l. hur. .\m. i;
201. iSii^^.
/'I I'Mir/is /iiiiiii;iiii'ui liDii, Trans I, inn. .See
18: 5,^2. I>il.
Di\fi(iiiiin /iiiiiii;iih'\iiiii Nichols. Diet. (lard.
I: .(S.s, i,sS|.
Finely ami rather densely pubescent,
1 '•'2^-2 ' hinh. Leaves ovate lanceolate,
or obloiif^danccolate, 2' ('.' loni.;, i' 2'
wiilc, loiiK-acuniinatc at the ajiex, rounded
at the base, 7 -i,s-ner\ed; (lowers solitarx- or
2 .^ tojjether, ureeuisli, (/'-tj" loiij^; jiedi-
cels fdiform, about l' lonj,;; perianth nar-
rowly camjiaiiulatc, its se.nmeiits linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat spre.idiiij;,
(glabrous, one-third to one-half lonj^er than
the stamens; ovary oblong; style slender,
longer than the stamens or ecpialliug them,
,Vcle''t; berry o\aI, red, Jiulpv, 2-()-secde<l,
5 "-7" long,
III woods, Ontario to western N'< « York,
('■eoinia and Teiinessie. .Aseindsln |c«hi II. in
\'iin;inia. .May June.
432 C(»Nv.\i,i,.\Ri.\(.i;.\i':.
2. Disporum trachycarpum (S. Wats. ) B. iS: IT.
k()iij;li fniitLHl Disporuni.
I'losti lies I Id ill Villi pit S. Wilts, liiil. KiiiK'^
ICx]). .vt|. lS<ri.
/>n/'oi mil /iiir/ni'iii />iiiii 11. iV II. ('.in. IM. 3:
S,;.>. iss.(.
riilifnilLMit, at least wlii'U youii),', 1° 2°
hi^h. 1,1'avos ovate, oval or ol)loii)^Iaiiceo-
latc, I'.'-.Vj' loiij{, i'-2'.' wide, acute or
sliorl-acuiuinalc at the apex, rounded or
sutn'ordate at tile liasc, 5 ll-uerved; flowers
solitary or 2 ;, to);etller, yellowish-white,
4" 7" Ioiih; ])eilicels '..'-i' loii),'; perianth
narrowly canipanulate, its sc.nnients nar-
rowly ohlonn or ohlauceolate, acute, little
spreading, about e(|uallin.i; the stamens,
ovary <lepressed-Klol>ose; style slender,
about ciiuallinK the stamens, globed; berry
rouj;hened, deprcssed-j^lobosc or somewhat
obovoid, ■i"~5" in diameter, apjxircntly
leathery rather than pulpy, 4-iS-sceded.
Manitiih;! and the Norlliwist 'rirritovy ti>
ScMitli llaknla, Nebraska, \Vasliinntcpn aiulAri-
ziiiia May .\\ln.
6. STREPTOPUS Michx. I'l. Hor. Am. i: joo. iSo.v
liranehinn herbs, with stout or slender rootstocks, thin .sessile or cl,is|)iiij; alternate
many-nerved le.ives, the flowers solitriry or 2 tojjttlicr, extra-axillary, slender-pednnded,
greenish or purplish, small, noddin;,'. Peduncles bjiit or twisted at about the middle,
rerianth somewhat canipanulate, its 6 se])arate sejiiuents recurved or spreadiii).;, clecidiious,
the outer flat, the inner keeled. Stamens'), liypo.i,'yiious; filaments short, llattencd; anthers
saj^ittatc, extrorse. Ovary vcelled; ovules numerous in 2 rows in each cavity; style slender,
3-cleft, 3-lobed or entire. Herry ;;lobose or oval, retl, many-seeded. [Greek, twisted-stalk,
in reference to the bent or twisted i)eduncles.]
.\I)i)Ut ,s species, natives nl ilu north leiiiper.ite /mu . Uisides tin fullowiiin. aimtlier occurs
on the I'acil'ic Coast.
Leave- glaucous belli atli, elas|iin^;; Mowers umiiisli white.
Leaves nreel. mi botl: sides, sessiji; (lowers ])iii|ile or ruse.
1. .S". iiiiil'li 1 ilotins.
2. S. lltM lis.
Streptopus amplexifolius 1 I.,, i
DC. Cla.spiiio-k'avcd Twi^led-
.stalk. I iMi^. 10:^7. I
-'-•> / ■
I'raiui
I ':,.lin ill iiiii/ili- 1 ih'liii I,. S|). I'l. ,v
Slirpliiftici iiiii/ili< i/,'lii(^ DC. I'l.
171. 1S05.
Rootstock short, stout, liori/ontal, covered
with thick fibrous roots. I'lant i 't' v
lii),'h; stem ).;labroiis, usually brancliinf{ be-
low the middle, leaves 2' ,s' Ioii.l;, I '-2' wide,
acuminate at the a])cx, cordate-clasping; at
the base, j;lab,-ous, j;laui'ous beiieiitli; pe-
duncles 1' 2' loii)4, I 2-llowered: flowers
greenish white, .(" h" lonj;; perianth-seg-
nients narrowly lanceolate, ai iiniin.ile; an-
thers subulate-pointed; sti.L;nia siiiiiile, ob-
tuse or truncate; berry oval, ,s"-S" long.
Ill iiioist wiM.ils. I.abiailcir tu .\la--ka, snnili in
Nnrlli Carolina. Dliin, .Mieliiuaii and .\i w Me\
ieo .\sieiids to .(i»iii It. in tin- .ViliioinlaeUs.
M:iv illlv.
I,II,V Ol- Till', V.\I.I.i;V lAMII.V.
4:>3
i
7/
2. Streptopus roseus Miclix. .Ses-
sik--li.'avL'(l Twisted-stalk.
I l''it^. 103S. )
S/i,/>/,i/iiis i,iu-/i\ Mifli\. I'l, n.ir. Am. i: y<l.
Plant r"-2'2" lii^l'. froiii a short stoul
riwtslock. c'overcil with lihrous roots.
Branches sparingly pnljt'scenl; leaves 2'-
4,'j'long, acuminate at tlie apex, sessile,
rounileil, or sli).;titly clasiiin;.; al the hase,
).{reen on both siiles, tlieir niarj.;ins linely
ciliate; ])e(hincles '<'-i' lonj;, usually pu-
bescent, i-flowercil, rarely 2-flowere(l;
flowers purine or rose, 4'' 6" long; peri-
anthsegineuts lanceolate, acuminate; an-
thers 2-liorne(l; style > cleft, the sprcadinj^
branches stiKtu.itic alonjj the iimer side;
berry j^lobosc or oval, 5"-6" in diameter.
Ill moist wcidd^., Labrador to .\laskii. <~.eor-
Kia, Micldjfaii and (Iriycm. A'icetids tu ^i^kj It.
in \'irniiiia. May July.
7. POLYGON ATUM Adatis. Fam. PI. 2: 54. 176;,.
(ibdirous or pubescent herbs, with thick, hori/.ontal jointed and scarred rootstocks,
simple archill).; or erect stems, scaly below, leafy above, the leaves ovate or lanceolate, ses-
sile and alternate in our species (opposite or verticillatc in some exotic ones). l"lowers
greenish or pinkish, axillary, droopini;, pednucled, solitary or 2 -loin an umbel, the pedi-
cels jointed at the base of the llower. reri.mth tubular or oblonj^-cvliiulric or somewhat
expanded above the base, 6-lobed, the short lobes not spreadim;. Stamens 6, included;
filaments .idiiatc to the perianth for half their leii,i;th or more; anthers sa.uiltate, iiitrorse.
Ovary .^-celleil; ovules 2 6 in e.icli caxity; style slender; stij^ma small, capitate or slij^hlly
,;-lobed. I'erry globular, pulliy, dark blue or nearly black, with a bloom, in our species.
[Creek, in allusion to the jointed rootstocks).
.\liiiiil -'■' ^iKciis. natives cif the iiortli ..miHratc /one.
^IKciis. native'
I.( avcs i)ii1n scciit biiuatli: lilaiiuiils filirorm. nmtjliemd.
riaul |j:l.d)rims tliiiiiinlii>iit; lilaiiuuts ^iiiiiotli, someuliat llattnied.
1. r. hif},>iiiiii.
2. P. com til II liU II in.
I. Polygonatum biflorum (\\';ili. 1 I'll. Hairx Sulomoii'-, Seal. ( I'jo. 1039.
') aU'.j' I'.ll .\ .-'/ ( ■.'/;,-,///,;/7,; /'///,'/,; W.ilt. I'l. Car. u'.\ 178-*.
/'.ihXi'ii.i/iiiii l<il'.,'i inn 1:11. H,,l, S C. iV ('.a.
i: ,?<j,^ 1S17.
Stem slender, glabrous, often /i.ii/ai;
above, S'-v hiHh. Leaves lanceolate,
oval nr ovale, 2'"4' long, 'j' j' \vi<le,
.iciitc or aciiiiiiiiate at the apex, uairoweil
111 sninrlimes obtuse al llu' base, inibes-
teiit cspeiially on the veins and |)ale be-
neath, glabrous above, the U])per coiii-
iiiouly narriiui'r than the lower; pediiiu'les
i--4llowereil (often 2-llowered 1, gl.ibrous;
perianth |"<i" loui;, about t ' _. " thick,
likinients filiform, adli.ile to the perianth
lor abiMit thrce-fi>urths its length, |i,ipil-
lose-rougheued; berry '," |" in di.iiiieler.
Ill w.inil^ Mv\ tliieket-. .\ew r.iiiii>wick to
( intaiiii and Mieliii^.ui. -niilli tu I'lorid.i and
\\( -t \'ii«iuia .\]iiil July.
4M
C()Nv.\i,i,.\ri.\ci;ai..
vSii-.ooili Si>l()tiii>ir> St.-;il.
2. Polygonatum commutatum i R. iS: vS. » ])iclr.
( I'ij;-. i"4<). )
Ci'ir.iillii) ill ciiiiniiiiliilci K. \ S. .S\>1. 7: 11171.
iS,,,..
/'•i/lX'itiKi/iiiii iiiiiiiiiii/(i/ii)ii I liili. : ( ittii N: I liiti .
<'.;irteii/.. 3; J23. i>vs.
Poi\ :;:>iitilliiii liiiiitiili mil I)iiti.: (Illci iS: I)iiti.
C'tartin/. 3: 222. i>,',s
Glabrous tliroiijjliout. stem sUmt <ir skii-
(Icr, i°-,S' liij^li. Leaves lanceolate, oval or
ovale, I 'j'-6' loll),'. ,i'-4' wiile, rallicr darker
green above than beneath, acute, aciniiinate
or blunt at the apex, uarroweil, rounded or
sotneuhat claspiiiij at the base, the upper
often narrower than the lower; jieduncles i~
S-flowercd, j;labrous; perianth 6" 10" lon^;,
I I." 2" thick; (ilanicnts somewhat llat-
tened, smooth, adnate to the perianth for
half its leiiffth or more; berry 4"-6" in
diameter.
In moist wiiiiils and alclIl^f streams, r.inly in
dry siiil, Khc'de Island to < liilario and .Manilolia,
south to ('.cniKia, Louisiana. Itah and New
Mexico. Varialile in si/e and in leaf I'lirm.
May July
8. CONVALLARIA L. Sp. I'l. 314. 175;,.
A low glabrous herb, with hori/.ontal rootstoeks, very numerous fdirous roots, and 2 or
sometimes 3 erect broad leaves, narrowed into sheathiui, jietiolcs, the lower i)art of the stem
be.iriuK several sheathing scales. I'lowers while, racemed, fragrant, nocif-ing. Uaceme
l-sidcd. rerianth globose-campanulate. h lobed, deciduous, the short lobes recurved.
Stamens 6, iiuluded; filaments short, .idnate to the lower part of the perianth; anthers ob-
long, introrse. Ovary .^-celleil; ovules several in each cavity; style slemler, vyroovcd;
stigma small, capitate, slightly ,^-lobed. I'.erry globose, pulpy. [I<atiii from Coiliallis,
valley, and the Creek for lily.]
.•\ monotypic genus of I'Uinipi-, Asia and llie liiglu r Alli glu iiies.
I. Convallaria majalis I,. Lil\ -of-ilR-vallcy. (l-'io. i<«4i.)
Ci'ir.-idliiria iiin/,i/i\ I., Sp. I'l. -,1 (. 17^.;.
Stem 4'-y' high. Leaves oblong, or oval,
ajipcariiig nearly liasal, acute at both ends.
,S'-I2' long, i' 2'.' wide; basal .scales large,
i'-|' long, one of them subtending an erect
angled scape sliorti'r than the leaves; r.iceme
1' .I'j'long, loosely several-llowered; ])edi-
cels filiform, recurved, ,;"-')" long, exceed-
ing or somelitiies shorter than the lanceolate
bracts; perianth ,>"-)" long, its lobes 1"
long or less; lll.iments shorter than the an-
thers; berry about ;," in diameter.
111! tlu- liiKln ■■ niiiuntain* of \'ivKinia, North
Carolina ami S .utli (Jaioliua. Ci'tumou in eld-
livatiiiii. M.iy June.
^ \\\
I.II.V ol Till'; V.\IJ.i;v lAAIILV.
4:^5
9. MEDEOLA L. S]). I'l. :,y). 175,,.
A sleiuler erect uiiliraiu-lieil herb, loosely proviiled with deiidiious wool. Rootslock
tliiek, white, tuber-like, with somewhat the oilor and taste of ciuuiiibirs, the slender tibrous
roots numerous. Leaves of tloweritiK plants in 2 whorls; lower whorl of ,s-(i oblon.u-lanee-
olate or obovate leaves; upper whorl of :■,-•, ovale or oval leaves, subtendiiij,'. like an invo-
lucre, the sessile umbel of small greenish yellow declined nowcrs. Perianth of 6 separate
ctiual obloiiK recurved seKnients. Stamens 6. hypoKynous; rdameuts slender, smooth,
loiif'cr than the oblong; extrorse anthers, the sacs laterally dehiscent. ( )vary ;v*'cllcd; ovules
several in each cavity; styles ;„ recurved, stigmatic along the inner side. licrry globose,
pulpy. [Name from .W,;/i;i, a sorceress, referring to the snpi)osed healing properties.]
A iiiniKilypic mnu^ nl' la-urii North .\imric.i.
I. Medeola Virginiana L. Indian Ciiciinilifr-iont. ' I'ijj;. 11^2.")
.1/, t/iti/ti i'ii i^iiiiiiiia I.. Sp. I'l. v;ii. ir.s.i.
Rootstock lU>hv, 1' ;/ long. .Stem 1
2'j' tall, bearing the lower whorl of le.ives
above the mi<lclle, or in llowerlcss ])lants at
the summit; leaves of the lower whorl ses-
sile. 2 '.. '.s' long, r 2' wide, acnminate.il the
apex, narniwi-d ,it the base, ;v.S lurvcd .ind
reticulate-veined; leaves of Ihc ui)])er whorl
I '2' long. '.. ' 1 ' wide. short-])etiolcd or ses-
sile; uudiel 2 i)-llowered; pedicels fdiforui,
1' linig or less, dicliucd in flower, erect or
ascen<ling in fruit; perianth-segments 3" 5''
long, obtuse; berry dark p'arplc, .\"-'" in
diameter.
In millet wi.nil- ,\w\ tliickil-, Nnva Sctia tn
Oinarin ,iiid Minn. -.ntM. <'>\\\\\ U> I'lmidii and
Tennessee. .V-ctnd- In -'n.> 11. in X'iruiai.i.
M.iy .plMc.
10. TRILLIUM L. .Sp. ]>1. 3,vj.
i/.i,i-
(".labro\is erect \inbranched herbs, with short scarred rootstocks and j; leaves whorled at
the sumndt of the stem, subtending the sessile or peilunclcd solit.iry bractless llowcr. Soli-
tarv loug-petioled leaves are sometimes borne on the rootslock. reriantli of 2 distinct
series of segments, the outer ;, 1 sepals) green, persi^lent, the inner ;, fpetals) white, pink,
j)urple or sometimes greenish, <leciduous or withering. vStamens 6, hypogynous; fdanients
short; anthers linear, mostly inlrorse. Ovary sessile, ;,-6-augled or lobed, 3 celled; ovules
several or numerous in each cavity; styles 3, stigniatic .along the inner side. Herry globose
or ovoid, mauv-sceded. Seeds horizontal. | I.atiii, in allusion to the vparted flowers and
the 3 leaves.]
Alxpiit 3P -iiicie^. nalivfi nf North .\nierica and .\sia. Besides the foUowinsr. some 7 others
occur in tlu' -.oulhrrn ancl western parts of North .Vnierici. Tin- sptciesare known as '/'//) <i--/,(i:'i if
\/L;/ih/i,ii/f' and l',ii lliixnt . I'liyllody, /. .-.. the reversion of petals or sipaW to leaves, is occasional
in iIk ifitnis, anil the floral parts are soineliuies in |'s insleail of ;s.
1. r.
u/,'
Mowi-r sessiU .
I.t.ivcs si -silt-; -ipals not nlU xeil.
Leaves pitioled; sepaU vefU \ed.
Idower pedinuled.
Leaves ov.d or ovati-. obtuse or olil\isisli, T f lonj;.
Leaves broadly ovate or rliouibic. aciuninate. a' -' loan.
I.iaves sessili-, or nar-ciwed at llie base and short petioU-d.
Petals oliov.Ue or obi. nUT(plate. ]'■' _•'■' long.
I'etals nv.Ue or lanceolate, ' ' I'.' loan.
I'lihuule 1',' (■ lonvf, erect or (lecliui-d; petals spreading. .=;. '/'.einhnii.
P( ilinule I ', ' IoUk: or less, recurved beneath the leaves; petals recurved.
(1, '/'. 11/ II II II III.
Leaves ilistiuctly petinkd. olituse la nnuiiU d at the base. 7. /'. 11 inhiUiliim.
I', n; iirtiilinii.
|. /'. i;! ,!iii/i/'i>rinii.
e<)N\'Ai,i,.\Ri.\ci;Ai;.
I. Trillium sessile I,. St-'ssik-flowciLd
\V;ikL'-n)l)in. ( l'"ig. 104,1. »
I'l illiinii sf^sil,- I,. Sp. ri. .V|(>. 175.V
Stem 4'-i2' lull. I,favts Dwito, oval or nearly
orbicular, sessile, acute or obtuse aud cus{)iilale at
the apex, I'j' (>' loii^. often Motclied; (lower ses-
sile, erect; sepals lanceolate, acute or obtuse,
spreadiu;;, 'i' 2' loii;4. petals lanceolate, acnte or
obtuse, soniewliat lonj,'er than tlie sejials, ercct-
speadinj,', i>urple or j^rcen; anthers ;," 7" loiij,',
lonj^er than lilanicnt, the connective prolonged
beyond the sacs; berry j^lobose, ()-anj;led, about
I2' in diameter.
In tuiiist WdcuKand tliiikits, I'l unsylvMuia to Oliin
.ind Miniiesdtii. sumh to I'lorida, ^iissis^i])l)i :mii1
.\rkansas. I'luwtrs pleasatitly odorcnis. April May.
2. Trillium recurvatum Heck, riairie
Wakc-rohiii. ( I'ijj. 1044.)
TiiUiiiiti 1 1', III -.ii I Hill lieck. Am. Jniirn. .Sci. ii;
17s. 1S26.
Stem 6'"i.S' tall. Leaves ovate, oval or ob-
long, i;2'-4'long, acnte at the apex, narrowed
into petioles ,^"9" long, sometimes blotched;
flower sessile, erect; sepals lanceolate, acumi-
nate, 6"-i,s" long, rellexed between the peti-
oles; petals spatulatc or oblong, nearly erect,
clawed, acnte or acuminate, ccjualling the se-
pals or somewhat longer; anthers 4" -7" long,
nuich longer than the fdaments, the connective
prolonged beyond the sacs; berry ovoid, 6-
winged above, about 9" long.
Ill woods and tliicktts, Ohio to Minnesota. Mis
sissippi and .Vrkansas. .Xpril-Junc.
3. Trillium nivale Riddell. ICarly
\Vake-n)l)iii. 1 l-'ig. 1045. )
Tiilliiiiii iii:;i/f KidiUll, Svii. I'l. W. States. 9,3.
Stem 2'-6' high. Leaves ovate, oval or
nearly orbicular, i'-2' long, obtuse at the apex,
rounded or narrowed at the base, petioled; pet-
ioles, 2"-6"long: llowers ])cduncled; i)ednncle
34'- 1' long, erect, bent, or recnrve<l liencath the
leaves; sc])als narrowly oblong or oblong-lance-
olate, obtuse, '/2'-i' long; petals white, obiong
or ov.d, obtuse, longer than the sepals, ercct-
sprcading; anthers about as long as the fda-
ments, the connective not prolonged beyond
the sacs; styles slender; berry globose, ;,-l"l>cd,
abont ;<' in iliameter.
Ill woods ,Mid lliickils, I'liinsyh aula to ( )liin and
Miumsot.i, south to KintMckv ami Iowa. March
Mav.
mik.
i,ii,v <)!■ Tiii;-v.\i,i,i;v i-.\Mii,v.
4. Trillium grandiflorum (Mithx. ) Salisl). LiirKc-tlowcixd
( Fig. 1046. )
Tiilliiiiii ili.Diihniih inn var. i,'ntiidijh>iinii Miclix. I'l.
lii.r. Am. l: .•i''>. i^".;- , ,,
riUUittu fiuiiidifloiiiitt Salisl). Tar. I.oml. I:/'/. /. i«",-,.
Steins usually stout. 8'-iS' IukIi. Leaves broadly
rlioinl)ic-ovate or rlioinbic-oval, 2".' 6' lonK, acumin-
ate at the apex, narrowed to the sessile or nearly ses-
sile liasc; peiluncle creel or sotncwliat inelitied, I'j'-
V loii>;; sepals lanceolate or <)t)lonj,'-lanccolate, acu-
minate but sometimes bUmtish, \'-2' lonj;, spreading;
petals erect-spreading, oblaneeolate; obovate or rarely
ovatc-obloiiK, obtuse or cuspidate, strongly veined,
white or pink, thin, longer than the sepals; anthers
about ]'z' long, longer than the fdaments; styles
slender, \"-.\"\q\\%, ascending or erect; berry globose,
black, slightly 6 lobed, 8" 12" in diameter.
Ill Hoiids, Ouibec 1(1 Ontario and Miiiiusnta, soulli to
Tloiida and "Missouri, .\scciuls to sckni It. 111 \ iiKiiiia.
Jlav Juiie. , .. , , ,
\ iiioiislmu'i form, with two long pctioUd leave.-, was
Cdllectud by Dr. I'itclu r in Micliijraii.
437
\Vakc-ri)l)iii.
5. Trillium erectum L. Ill-scented
\\ ke-rolnii. (Fig. 1047. j
Ti illiiiiii CI lilt I,. Sp. ri. ,v|i>. T.^i.v
Stem .stout, S'-i6' high. Leaves very broadly
rhombic, 3'-?' long, often as wide or wider, sessile,
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base; pe-
duncle I '4 '-4' long, erect, inclined or declined be-
neath the leaves; sepals lanceolate, acuininatc,
spreading, >^'-l>^' long; petals lanceolate or ovate,
acute or acutish, spreading, equalling the sepals or
a little longer, dark purple, pink, greenish or
white; anthers longer than the filaments; styles
short, spreading or recurved; berry ovoid some-
what 6~U)bed, reddish, 8" 12" long.
In woods, Xova Scotia to JaiiKS Hay and :\Ianito1)a,
south to North Carolina, Teiiiussii' and Missouri. .\s-
v-eiids to .V"*! ft. ill Virginia, .\lsoin Japan. I'lowers
uiipUasaiitly scented, .\pril Juiu-.
6. Trillium cernuum I.. NoiUliiiK
Wake-robin. ( Fij^. 1048. )
Ti illiinii ici niiiiin I.. .Sp. I'l. ,^.V). 'T.'i.v
Stem usually slender, 8'-2o' high. Leaves simi-
lar to those of the preceding species, broadly
rhombic, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the
base, sessile, or with the petioles i"-2" long; pe-
duncle yi'-iW loi'K. recurved beneath the leaves,
the liower drooping: sepals lanceolate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, acutriinale, 6" -12'' long; petals white or
pink, ovate-ianceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rolled
backward, wavy-margined, eiiu.ill ig the sepals, or
a little longer; anthers about as long as the sub-
ulate filaments; styles rather stout, recurved; berry
ovoid, red-pur])le, pendulous, S" 10" lor.g.
In rich woods. Nova Sc.itia to Ontario and Minne-
sota south to ('.e()iM;ia and Mis.soiiii. .Sonutinies con-
founded with forius of the piicediiiK. .\pnl Jntie.
CONVAI.I.ARIAClvM'.
7. Trillium undulatum Willd. I'aimtd
Wakc-rohiu. 1 Imi;. 1041). )
'/'lilliiiiii II iiihi!iili( III WilM. Niiic Scliiit'l. Cicsill. Nat.
I'l. I'll iliii, 3 |.>.'. IN. I.
I'l illiiiiii ii villi ihiiipii III 'SWx.-Xw. I'l. lint. .\iii. I: 2li>. i.Nij.
Stem ustially slciidur, .S' 2 ' IiIkIi^ Leaves ovate,
,V -^' loii.i.;, 2' 5' wiiU', ])etiolfil, loiiK-ai'iiininalc at the
apex, olituse or louiKkd at the l)ase; petioles 2"-in"
Iciiih: llowcrs pe(hiiicleil, erect or soiiiewhal iiielined,
l'-2'j' loll).;; sepals laiiecolate, aciuiiiiiate, cj" 15"
loilK, sprcadiiij,'; jietals ovate or ovate laiiecolate, aeu-
miil.ile or acute, white with purple veins or stripes,
thin, loiij^er than the sepals; widely spreadiii;,', wavv-
lliarntiied; anthers about C(|ualliii},' the lilanieiits; styles
slender; l)eny ovoid, obtuse, l)liintly vaiiijlcd, bright
red, shiniii).;, d" -10" in diameter.
Ill wcHpiK. Niiva Sec ilia tn I liit.irin and Wisemisiii. Miiilli
111 ( ;i(ir>;ia and Mi-sniiii. .\-eeiid> In .si«i.i ft, ill \'iit;iilia.
IMay .jiiiu-.
I'ainilv 2 I.
I7()(;.
lA-axcs
SMILACEAE W'lU. Tal.l. 2: 1.^6.
.SmII,.\.\ I'.VMM.V.
MiistK' viiKs, witli woody or liL-rhacoous. id'toii jtrickly steins.
alttTiiate. iK-ttol-veiiied. usually iniiRlalc or liiKolate. SL-veral-iKixed. iK'tiok-d.
IV-iIoIl' slie-atliiiii;. hcariii.u; a jiair of slciidcr teiidril-Iiki.- .i]>pL-iidaj;L'S ( stiptik's ? ).
pLrsistciil. the- Made falliii).^ awa.v. l-'lowx-rs sinall, inostlx i^rceii. dioecious, in
axillarv iinihels. Periaiitli-se^t^nieiits 6. Stamens niostl>- 6. distinct; fdaineiits
lii^tilate: anthers hasilixed. :;-celled. iiUrorse. ( )var.\' ,^-celled, the ca\-ities o])-
posite tile iiuier ])eri:inth-se,!.;;nKnts; ovides i or 2 in eacji c.i\-it\'. orthotropotis.
■ •■ ' •'■ '■■' ' ' ■ sli!L,nnas i-,v l'"rnit a ,^'lol)ose l)err\- coii-
endosperni horn\ , copious; enil)ry() sinall.
sns]ieniled; st\le \cry short or none
tainin.y; 1-6 see<ls. vSeeds brownish
ohloiijj;, remote t'roin the liiliun.
ficnera ;: >preit-.al)inil Jmi, in uarin and liiiii>i lalr iii,'inn
Hilly till- I'dlliiwiin; in Xmtli .\nuric.i.
I. SMILAX L. Sp. PI. Kos. 17
/,->.>•
b
Roolstoeks usually very lari^'e and tuberous, .stems nsnally, twininji, and cliinbinj.;
means of tlie spirally coilini; ap)>endaj;cs of the petiole. Lower leaves reduced to scales;
ii]>per leaves entire or lobed. I'lowers reijular. reriauth-seyments distinct, deciduous.
I'edicels borne mi a j.;l(ibose or conic receptacle, inserted in sinall pits, generally aliioni;'
minute bractlels. I'ilaments inserted oil the bases of the jierianth-scgments. Staminalc
llowcrs without an ovary. Pistillate llowcrs usuallv sni.dler than the staminate, with .■111
ovary and usually with Id al)ortive stamens, lierry black, red or jnirple ( nirelv w hite),
with 3 strciiHthcniin; bands of tissue niuiiiiiL; thronj;li the outer part of the ])nl]), connected
at the base and apex. Ivmbryo lyin.u under a tubercle at the Ujiper end of the seed. |.\n-
cicnt Circek name, jierhaps not originally .iiiplied to these plants.]
.M)iiut ii)5 spei-its 111' wide ihslribntinii. iim-l abundant in tnipical .\iiurica ami .\si,i. I'uside^
the liill.iwiiiK, aliiiut ,s ntlii rs cieciir in tin Miulliern I'nited .St.ilcs. ami i in Ualiroruia and Oivnoii.
Stem .niiuial, lnrbacci)iis. unaniud.
I'l tink'. tiiidril biarinn; stiiii'- climbing.
Leaves iwiially nvatf. '.liiii. i
Leaves usually hastate, cciriacinie^, j
reliiiKs witlmnl tendrils or marly "u; stems ireet, ;
Stem piieiiniiil, wucidy, usually armed with prickles.
Ikrriis black m bluish Iilaek.
l''ruit ripeiiiinc the fust year.
Leaves ulanenus.
Leaves jficen mi bntli sides.
Leaver rminded nr laucinlate. 5 nervi d
Leaves (ivate, 7-iiirveil,
Leaves rmiiid-civ.ite. ul'tiii narrowed at llie middle, 7 (i-iierved
Leaves deltoid nr deltoid hastate. ,=; 7-iur\ed
each -iidi
III! ha I I'll.
Iiiiiiiiili'liii.
I'lii rlnilii.
|. .V iihilliil.
,S. S. I oliiiHlifoliii.
i\ S. /ii^pii/ii.
7. .V I'siihlii ( liiiiii.
lien with i nr 2 additional nerves nil
.v. lliiiKi nil I ,
I'niil ripening' the ^ecniid year; liiiveselli|)ticnrlaiieeiilate, i verjrreeii. i). .V. lam ijolin.
Ik vries red.
I.i aves nvate or nvati ■laticenlate, base mumled; lurrio bright red. 10. .S'. ll'altiii.
Liaves laneeolate, aente at the b,i-.e: berries dull red. 11. .V. la^ufolala.
■*Text contributed by the late Rev. TiioM.v.s Mokonc.
I. Smilax herbacea I,
Siiiilii\ liiilnuiii \. Sp. I'l, hi^. I, i;:;;.
S. f'ld. ii nil iil:i Miilix I'l. I'mr. Am. 2 ?;"! r-.i^.
Ci>p)os)ihiii/liii\ liii h,iiii(\ Kiuilli, lliiiim. 5: -"i|.
Tubers sliort, thick, scarred, iiuimrous. .Stciii
lurliMceoiis, f^laliroiis, tentc or i)l>tiisfly .-iiij;Uil,
uiianiicd, cotiimonly imicli lir,inclicil. I'ctioles
J"",Vj' loi'K' tendrils luiiiifrous; leaves ovate,
ro\indcd r>r laticecilate, acute, acuminate or cus-
pidate at thea|ie\, obtuse or cordate at the base,
tliiii, fre(|ueully <lo\vny betieatli, 7-t/-tiei\eil,
I '.'-5' loiiif, 1' .^'.•' wide, the iiiarjjins entire or
denticulate; ])cd\inclcs 4' 1,' lonj,', usually fi-\i<
times as long .is the iietiolcs. Ilattened; umbels
l5-,S(i-llouered; pedicels ;" s" lon^;: llowerscar-
rioiiscented when open; stanicn> sometimes 5 or
;; filametits 2- x, limes as long as the anthers; ber-
ries bluish black, 2 (-seeded, i"~i" in diameter.
In wood- anil tliicktt'i, Niw llruuswlck to I miario
anil li.iknta, -oiitli to I'lniiila. I.niii'-iana and Ni
tmiska. April Juni
.SMII^.W I'AMII.V.
Cairioii-llouc-r
439
1 1 150. )
2. Smilax tamnifolia Miclix. IlalliLVil-
Icaved Smilax. 1 I'Ik- " '5 i • '
.V liiiiiiiil'.'liii Michx. I''l. linr. Am. 2: 2V. i-^ov
( ','1^1 , 1 Mil ill! I litis 1,1 mil it'll ill i K until. I'jitim. 5: J'17. iS^i.
C'jl.ibrous, herbaceous; stem and branches terete
or obtusely angled, unarmed. I'ctioles ';!'-i ,'2' long,
the sheath tendril-bearing, very short or none;
le.ives coriaceous, mostly ovate-h.ist.ite, with broad
olitnse lobes at the base, slightly narrowed at about
the middle, acute obtuse or acuminate at the a]iex,
truncate or subcordate at the base, entire, green on
both sides, I '4 ' ;,' long, '_.'.'' wide, 5-7-uerved;
pciluncles 1 ■; from the same axil, \'-.\' long, usu-
ally much longer than the leaves, often llattening
n drying; umbels iD-vi-llowereii; pedicels 3" ,1"
long; segments of the staminatc llowers slightly
pubescent; filaments 1-3 times as long as the an-
thers; berries black, 2 "-,V' in diameter, i-;,-seeiled.
In dry soil, ^outlurii Xiw Jirseyand IVnnsylvaiii.i
to .Siiiitli Carolina and Tc nii."-sci'. May July.
3. Smilax ecirrhata l!ugi.ltii. ) S. Wats.
rpi'i,t;hl Siiiila.x. ( I'ij.;'. ms^. t
('iifiiKsititiiilliiis liiih,i,,iis var. •\iiili,ii,i l-;Mt,'ilm, ;
Kuiitli, Knum. 5; .>'.i) 1 -v.,
Siitil,i\ i\ it I li'ttiis s. W.il--. in .\ I'.iay. Man. Ivl. ",
,S2o. iSm
Stem herbaceou-, glabrous, simple, erect, 6' 2"
tall. Tendrils none, or >omi'timcs present on
the uppermost petioles; K-.iv cs often whorled at
the summit of the stem, ovate, acute, obtuse, cus-
pidate or acuminate at the a|)e\, rounded or cordate
at the base, thin, 5 9-nerved, 2U'-,s'.' long, i '4 '
1' wide, sometimes larger, more or less imbescent
beneath and crosc-denticulate on the margins;
])etioles io"-i.S" long; peduncles long, often pn-
lie.scent; stamiuate (lowers conimoidy not moic
than 2,s in the umbels; i)cdiccls 2" ,s" long; an-
thers shorter than the fil.iments or ciiualling them.
Ill dry soil. Virginia to Minnesnta and Idorida.
May June.
440
SMII.ACIvMv
Smilax glauca Walt,
leaved ( irceiiliiiLr. ( I"i'
( ilaiioms-
>"5,v >
Sill i/,i t i;/, mill \\'a\1 I'M. C. 11 .'i.i. 17.S.S.
.S'liii/iit s/>inii/i>ui J ]■'. Siiiilli; TiilT. I''l. N. V I;
Rootstock ilct'p, knotti'il and tiilnToii^. Stitii
tiTctc; l)raiulii's and t\vij;s anj^lud, armed with
rather stout iiiiiiurous or seattereil prickles, or
siinictinics uiiarniud; ])cti<)les ;■," -fi" loiijf. teii-
dril-l)eariiij;; leaves ovate, acute or cus])idate at
the apex, sometiines cordate at the base, entire,
glaucous beneath and sometimes also above,
mostly 5-iicrved, I ','-6' lonj;, 'j'5' wide;
pciluncles flattened 6"~ 16" Ion},'; umbels 6 12-
llowered; pedicels 2" 4" Ion;.;; berries bluish
black. rii)enin}^ the first year, about 3" in dia-
meter, 2-3-seeded.
In dry sandy snil, lasti rn Massacbiisctts to I'liir-
ida, wist til Kansas anil Texas. May June.
Smilax spinulosa J. !C Stnilli. is a I'lirni witli nunii runs small prickles on llie Inwir ))arl of the
stem, an<l more clonnated. souRiiiiu s li.ilbi-nl shaped leaves. It nccnrs in southern New York,
but is not well understood
(ireeiil)rier. Cathrie-r.
5. Smilax rotundifolia I,.
.Siiii/iii I Hill iniit'i'Hii I,, sp. ri. 1050 ir.^.i-
.S mi III I III it II 1(1 I,. Sp. I'l. io',o. 17.S.1.
Smilii V iiiiiii.iiaiii;iiliii is Willd. Sp. I'l. 4: 77,s. I'^o').
Rootstocks lonK, sparinj^ly tuberous. Stem
woody, terete, the branches and younj; shoots
often 4-anKled, glabrous; prickles scattered, stout,
straight or a little curved, sometimes none; peti-
oles y-(t" long; leaves thick and shining when
mature, thin when young, ovate, nearly orbicular,
or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, ob-
tuse or cord.ite at the base, entire or the margins
erose-denticulate, ,s-nerved, 2'-6' long, io"-h'
wide; peduncles tlatteued y" -\' long; umbels 6-
25-flowered; pedicels i"-4" long; perianth-seg-
ments pubescent at the tip; lllainents 2 ,^ times as
long ;is the anthers; berries black, 1 -^-seeded,
about T,'' in diameter, maturing the first year.
In woods and thickets, Ontario to Minnisota. south
to I'lorida and Texas. Ajjril June.
Horsohrier. ( Im^- K'54.
thickets, ( )ntario t
6. Smilax hispida Miihl. Hispid (iiLcii-
hrier. ( Fig. 1055. )
Siiiilii.v liisfiida Mnhl.; Torr. I'l. N. Y. 2: 303. iS(v
(Uabrous, stem terete below, and commonly
thickly hispid with numerous slender straight
prickles, the braiudies more or less angled; ])eti-
ules 4" 9" long, tendril-bearing, rarely denticu-
late; leaves thin, green on both sides, ovate,
abrn])tly acute and cuspidate at the apex, obtuse
or subcordate at the base, 7-nerved, or the older
ones sometimes with an additional pair of faint
nerves, 2'-5'long, 1 '-5' wide, the margins usually
denticulate; peduncles flattened, y" 2' long; um-
bels io-26-nowered; pedicles slender, 2"-}," long;
filaments a little longer than the anthers; berries
bluish black, about 3" in diameter, maturing the
first year.
1 Nebraska, south to X'ii'Kinia and Texas. .May July.
SMII.AX 1 AMII,Y.
441
7. Smilax Pseudo-China U. Loiij;-
Nlalkid (iRciihricr. (ImR- io^Ck I
.S/////.M ISfldli' I'llilhl I,, S]). \'\. U\\\. ir.S.v
('■lahrous llinmnlimil, rootstock ofti'ii IjOMriiiK
liiiHL' tubers, sti'iii tiroti', tlic hranchcs imj;k(l.
I.owtT ])art of llif hlciii liesct with straight
lU'cdk-sliajicMl prickhs, the upper part and the
hraiichfs mostly ;• iarnif<l; petiok'S ;," 12"
lonji; k-avcs linn, or lioconiing (juite leathery
when olil, ^rueii on both si(k-s or occasionally
glaucous hcncalh, ovale, often narroweil at
about the middle or lobed at base; acute or cus-
pidate at the apex, 7 ((-nerved, 2>i'-5' long,
i'l'-^iVi' wide, often denticulate on the mar-
gins; peduncles llalleueil, I '-3' long, umbels
12-40-nowered; pedicels ;/'-4" long; stamens
6-10; anthers as long as the filaments or longer;
berries black, S-16 in the umbels, 2"-^" in
diameter, i-^-seeded, maturing the first year.
In drv or sandv tliickits, Maryliuid l(i Nebriiska,
Miiilh u'l l"U>rida and Texas. March AuK.
8. Smilax B6na-n6x L.
9. Smilax laurifolia I,
Sini/,1 I /iim i/<i/i(i I,. S|i. ri. lo.V'. i75.i
Rootstocks bearing tubers sometimes 6' thick,
stem stout, high-climbing, terete, striate, armed
with strong straight prickles, the branches anglcil,
mostly unarmed. Petioles stout, 3"-.S" long;
leaves leathery, evergreen, elliptic or obloug-
lauceolate, acute or abruptly cuspidate at the apex,
narrowed at the base, entire, vnerved, or some-
times with an a(klitional pair of nerves near tlie
margins, 2'-^'/i' long, '.'2' wide; peduncles
stout, angled, 2" lo" long; umbels 6-3(i-n<)wered;
pedicels 2" ;," long; anthers usually about one-
Ihird shorter than the filaments; stigma i, some-
times 2; berries black, ovoid, 2"-y thick, not
ripening until the second year.
hi nil list wKids and tliickits. soulluin Ntw Jersey
111 I'loriila and Tex;is, iicirlh in llie Mississippi Valley
to .\rkaiisas. Miireli Sept
Bristly Greenbrier. (Imk- i<)57- *
Siiii7<i I Hoihi-iiov I,. ,Sp. IM. Ki.in. I7,S,?-
Siiiiluv hasliilii Willd. Sp. I'l. 4: 7S2. lHi>6.
Smila 1 /,ii>iiwii/,s A. Cray, Man. 4S5. i.^tS. Not I,.
Rootstocks beariug large tubers, stem terete or
slightly angled, the branches often 4-angled.
I'rickles scattered or numerous, stout or needle-
like, often wanting on the branches; jictioles 3"-
6" long, often prickly; leaves thick, ovate or com-
monly deltoid-hastate, sometimes narrowed at the
middle, glabrous, green and usually shining on
both sides, often spiny on the margins and on the
veins beneath, acute or abruptly cusjjidate at the
apex, obtuse, truncate or cordate at the base, 5-9-
nerved, i>2' .(N' long, .S"-3' wide; peduncles
slender, llattened, 7"-i5'' long; umbels i,=i-4,S-
llowered; pedicels 2" 4" long; stigmas 1-3; ber-
ries H-2<) in the umbels, 2"-3" in diameter, mostly
i-seeded, ripening the first year.
"Ill tliiekets, Massaeliusetls to Kansas. I'lorid.i and
Texas, .\pril July.
Laurel-leaved (ireeiibrier. ' Fi^^. 1058.)
m
44-'
SMII.ACi: \I'.
10. Smilax Walteri riir-li. \\alur'>
(iivciilirici. ' l''i^. ii>5M. >
Smi/ii t U'lilli I i I'liisli, I'l, Am Si pi .'i'< i'i|.
( 'ilatirmis. •.Uiii .nii;l<(l, in-iikly Ik1ih\, the
lir.MU'his iiiimiiiinl) iiii.iriiicil. I'lliciKs 2" ii"
UK, ^Imil, .iii)^Kil; IcMM-. ii\:itf iir ci\ itc-l.mi'i-n-
l.ilf, iiirily Idluil Ml llii- Ip.im-, I'linliitf ur -.iiln'iir-
iIjIc, iilitusi' iir al»ru])ll\- ai'iitf :it tlic m|ii\, iiitiro,
,i 7-IUTVl'c|, 2' 5' ll'IIK, I'l" S\' \\\i\v\ |)li|llluU>i
.'" S" l"iiK'. IImIIoih-iI, tliii'kriiiiijj in .i>ii-; iiiiiIhK
6 is-tlowiTi'il; ]KMliii'Is MTV ^IfiiiliT, 2" }," liiii)^;
luTiii's j^lolxisf, coriil-it.Ml rMrtly wliiU'i, ;" \" in
ili.MiuUT, 2 ;-si-i'iKil, ri]uiiiii,i,' tlu' lir--t yt;ir.
Ill wi I •ioil, piiif 1i:iin n- of Ni H Jii-iy h< I'lniiil.i,
TitimvMi' ami I.nuisiaiiii. April Jum
II. Smilax lanceolata I,. I„nn(.- lca\xil
(iix-eiilirit.-r. ' l''i,t;-. ni'xi. 1
Siiiil,i\ liiii,! I'l'H.i I. S)i li. i";i. ir.^v
Claim Ills, --U-ni Uii U-, u-ualK jirickly, tlu>
IhmiuIks NliinUr, luii.y;. '■liylilly aiij^'lid, iii<i'»lly 1111-
artiuil. I'lliiilf^ 1" j" Iniiir; liavi-; lallur lliiii,
laiii'riplaU', .uiiU- ity aiiillliliMU- at \.\\v a]ii\, iiai-
ni\v>.-(l ,ii tliL- liasf, I'liliif, shiiiiiiji alioM', ,s 7-
iKiviil, 2' ;,'_•' loll),;. *>" ■2"" wiilf; ])i<luiulis
Uiiik, aii),;Uil, -, " n" Imi;;; uiiiliils s .iii-(lciui-rf(l;
juMJicLls 2"--" loiiLi; lilaiiii'iils IciiiijiT tliaii llu'
anlliiis; licnii-^ darl; iiil, L;liit)i>--f, 2" ;," in iliaiii-
t.t<.r, usually j-stiikii, rijioiiiujj llif fiisl year,
111 lliiikiN, ViiKiiiia tu .\ikaiisas, I'liirida and Ti xas.
Marrli Ally,
V\. N
l-aiiiil\ 22. HAEMODORACEAE R. V,x. I'n.dr,
I S 1 1 ..
I'.i.i Miiiw OK r 1" \\iii.\ ,
Perennial licrlis with civi-'t >ti.-iiis, iianowK- linear k-avc
ii\-,
l: -'';m.
and i\;;iilar <ir
soniuwlial inc.nular small iKrlVx-t tlnwcrs in icTiiiinal c> niosc panicles, IVrianlli
f^i-partcil or (i-loliL-d, adiiatc to tin.- ii\ary, jitTsisicnl. .Sianicns ,v oi)i)i)sit(.- the
;, inner i)eriant]isei,nnents, ( )\ary whully or partly inferior, ;,-'-'<-"ll<-'d '>i' rarely
I -celled: ovules iisnall.v tew in each ca\it>', half-anatroiioiis: style mostly slen-
der: stigma small, entire or ,v,i;n)o\ed. I'ruit a locnlicidallv _v\al\ed ca]isule.
.Seeds lew or rarel.\' numerous; eniliryo small, in ileshv eiidosiierm.
Aliniit .1 <;iiu la and 55, spi-fits, nnistly iiativis of .Soiitli .\fiica and .ViisUali.i. a I'l « in tinpital
.Xnuiiia. niily till- rullowiiiK uiiins in llu- imitli tttnpt rati' /uni-.
I. GYROTHECA Salisi), Trans, Ilort. Soc, i: ;,--7, i.sij,
I l.\ciiNANTni;s V.W. Hill, S, C. .S: C.a. 1:47, isK).]
.\ ratliir slmil iR-rb, with a short roolslDik, iid lilmms roots and eijuilaiit Kavcs, the
hasjil ones lonj^er than lho.se of the stem. iMowers minierous, yellowisli, small, in a ileiise
terminal woolly eyinose paniide. Perianth 6-|)arted to the summit of the ovary, the outer
sejjiiients smaller than the inner. I'ilaments filil'orm, longer than the perianlh; autliers
linear-oI)loii,i{, versatile, ( )vary 3-eeIled: ovules few in eaeh eavity, liorne on lUshy ])la-
eeiit.ie: style very slender, declined. Ca])sule enelosed by the witluTinj^-persisteiit perianth,
ne.irly globular, 3-valved. Seeds about '1 in eaeh eavity, flatteneil, nearly orbicular, ]ieltate
I C.riek, referring; to tlie round I'ruit, t
.V iiiniicitypie trtiuis of soiitlKaslern Noitli .Vineriea and tlie Wi"-! Indies.
M
llu-
li.1,1,
y
^,
I.
lU,(MHi\V<iRT 1 AMI I. V
Gyrotheca capitata ^ \\;ilt. i Mc
•iiihihi/ii W.ill. I'l Car. »») 17^^
44,1
TniiH. Ucd-n
(iMnlliiiii liinli'iiii Sali-li Trails Ilmt Sm
1; ,wr !"'"•»
I. Ill h mi II I Ins liiul'iii.i i;il. Hot s C .V ('.a. I
17 '">!''
I, 'i I <'//!,, it i,if>il.iUi Ml. 1.. tin Hull 'ri'tiCliili,
JO i;.' iNii
SttiM I'.. .".. t.ill, jilaliriiii-. liilnw, jiu-
liisiiiii iM \Minll\ ahciM'. 1,1'avi'S 2" 5"
uidc, ai imiiiiali', tlif liisal niif> slmrtiT
than tlif -.tiiii, tlif upiHr ri'iliuiil tu liracl-.;
piiiiili .'' 5' liruail when ixi>aiiilri|, cli iisu
.iikI aliiiiist ra])jlati' ulii'll vuuii);, wliitt-
wiiully; n<iv\fl-- t" ,s" limail, lirarU'olalf,
llu- ]Hriaiilli yiUciw ami j,'laliriius williin;
st\U aliiiut as loiij; as llu- slaliu-tls; ])i.-ilii'i-ls
sldiil, aliimt as loll),' as llu- laphuli-, rallu-r
sliiirti-r tliaii llu- hrailli-ts; i-aiisiiU- alioiit ;/'
ill iliatiu-U-r.
rasti rii Massiu-liiiM Its tu Nt w
. .. :.i 1 1 .. :.. ..;.... 1. ..-.-
Ill s\\,iiM|i- rastrril Massm-linM tls
Ji i-i V ami l-'lnriil,i, iimstly in |iim
111 ai ilu i-ii.ist Alsii ill Ciilia July J-
lianviis
Si lit.
I-amily j;,. AMARYLLIDACEAE Lindl. Xat. .S\.sl. Va\. 2: ^jS. i.S3r,.
.\M \U\ I.I.IS I' \M1I.\ .
IV-n.'iiiiial 1ilt1i> ' soiiU' tropical s])t.-cic.s wondy or i-vc-ti arlioreoiis ). witli Imllis
or root>tock>, M.'a])o.sL' or soiiK-iiiiii-s lt.-at'\- su-ms anil iisnallv narrow and L-ntirc-
k-a\-».-s. I'"lo\vcrs ])t-rkTl, rfj.;ular or nearly xi. rc-riantli 'i-]iarlt.-d or 'i-loliL-d,
llic M.-j;nicnl> or lohc-.s distinct, or united 1il-1o\v into a lulic wliiili is adnatc to
tliL- >nrl'acc of thcovar.v 1 adnatconly to the lower part of thcovar\ in l.opliioln 1.
Stamens fi in our ^ciK-ra. insL-rtcd on the liases of the jierianth-seKUients or in
the throat of the periaiUh o])])osite the lolies. Anthers \-ersatile or hasifixed.
j-eelled, the sacs usuall\ louj;itudiuall> dehiscent. Ovary whollv or partly
inferior, usually ,^-celled. Style liliforni, entire, lohed, or divided into 3 stij;-
inas at the smnniit. Ovules usually uiinierous, rarely only i or 2 in eachcavity
of the o\ar\', anatrojious. l-'ruit capsular, rarely fleslix . vSeeds inostl\' black,
the eiiihr.M) small, enclosed in lleshx' endosperm,
.\l"iul 7ii«i-iu-ia ami s... sjn c-its, iiriiiriii.illy iialivi-s nl' lvii|iii-al ami warm ri-^;ioiis, smiu- ill tlu-
triii|n rati- ztiiir-.
Ilnlliiiiis lii-rlis willi ll(i\vi-rs mi si-njii-^.
l-lmvi-r sdlilary : iii-riaiilli witliuiil a rruwii.
Aiitlii-rs virsalili-: tulii- cil' tin- |Kriaiitli tint yitatly i-lnti^;ali d. i. /rftln i diiUn.i.
.\iitlii-rs iti-ct ; tiilpi cif till- )iitiaiitlt MAir.il tiiiu-s tin- U tiivtlt nf its IhIks. 2. c'ii''/<ii I'li.
I'lovvi rs i.liistrn-(l; inriaiilli with a im.-iiilii.imais cniwu i-iniiuclint; llu- Inwi-r iiaits cif tin- lil.i-
im-tils. ,;. Jlviiiiiii'iiilHs.
r.iilljU-ss lii-ilis. willi niiitstiii'ks nr i-nniis.
I'lriaiitli ailtiati- tcillit- wlmU- siirraii- nl' llu- ovary; Itavi-s iimstly liasal.
Tall. Ili-sliy li-a\i-il; atitlu-is vrrsalili-. |. .\t;n:'i .
I.nw. litu-ar liavid; atitlii rs not vtis;itiU 5. //|-/>.m /v.
I'l-riantlt adtiati- only to till- louit |iait of tlii-ii\aiy. sti-tti li .il'v . Ilowtrs uonlly, i>. !.,if>liiohi.
;'>.
182I.
I. ZEPHYRANTHES Herb. App. Bot. 1 .tr. ,,
(ilabnms liorlis with i-oaleil Inillis, iiarmw U-avcs, and eri-i-l i-lluuiruil si-api-s, tlu' llowt-r
larj;c, erei't. pink, whiU- or inirplf. IV-riaiilh fnnnchnriii, iiakeil in llu- llimal, willi 6 iiu-iii-
hram HIS equal croi't-s]ii-cailiiij.j lobes niiileil below inlo a lube, subtended by an entire or i-
elefl-braet. Slanieiis inserted on the ihio.il of llu- perianlli, equal or nearly so; anlheis ver-
satile. ( Ivaiy ;,-i"elled; style loiij;, rdiloriii, vi-'lefl at the smuniil; ovules numerous, in 2
rows in eaeli eavily of the ovary. Capsule ihiii-walled, sulit;lobose or depies.sed, 3-lobed,
loinlieidally vvalved. Seeils iiioslly tlallened, black or nearly so. [Ciieek, signifying
wind-llower. ]
.\lioni ;(' siK-cies, natives of .\itierica. Ilesiiles llu- f(lllowitl^;■. | otliirs uccur in tlu- soullu-rn
t'liited SlaU-s.
444
AMARVM.IDACI'AJv.
./';m:
I. Zephyranthes Atamasco ( I,. ) Ikil).
Ataiuasci) Lily. Slaj^j^cr-j^rass.
( l'"ij;^. 1062. )
Aiiiai yllis A/iiiikisih I,. S]). I'l. 21).'. I7.S,V
'/efiliM aiilln's Jlitiiiiistit Ihrl). Ap]). lint. Ktir. ;('•
1S21.
liuUi ovoiil, alxillt 1' \in\\<. lAavis (lesliy,
.soiiK'wlial I'oiU'Mvt", shilling, h' i,s' Idiik. about
' '^''-j" ^vi(l(.', liluiil, usually sliorlcr lliau tin.'
scapu; sca]ii' UtcU', t.'tii't, 2" }," in diaimtor;
lira.'t uifinbranous, 2 '-k-ft iiitnafumiiiate lobes,
lonjiL'f lliau the ovary; flowiTS 2' .^'i' \\\)i\\.
wliito with a jnirplisli tiiij^L' or soniftinius lijjhl
J)uq)li.'; piriaulh-si'LjiiR'nts oblonjj-lauieolatc,
ai'uti', sliortir than the tube; slai.iens shorter
than the tube; stamens shorter than tlu peri-
anth; style lon^^er than the stamens; eapsule
depressed, about '.' hijih.
Ill luiiist jilaeis, scmUu rii reiiiisylvaiiia (?);casl-
eni Virginia. IMnrida and Alabama, reriaiilli
ran iy S liibed. Maiili Jiuu-.
2. COOPERIA Ilcrh. Bot. Uck'. />/• 'Vvf. 1S36.
I,o\v herbs with eoaled bulbs, very narrow j;r.iss-like Uaves and slender l-llowired seapes,
the I'.ower lar>{e. long, creet, subteixled by a nieiiibrauous spatlle-like braet. I'erianth salver-
form with fi oval or ovate spreading lobes uiiiteil into a tube sever.il times tlieir length, the
tube eylindrie or slightly dilated at the summit. Stamens inserted on llie throat of the peri-
anth; tilanunts short; antlurs linear, ertet. Ovary veellcd; .style liliform; stigtn.i slightly
_^-lobed; ovuKs numerous, in 2 rows in eaeh eavity of the ovary. Capsule dejirtssed, globose
or obovoid, ;,-lobeil, loculieidally ;,-valved. Seeds numerons, hi>ri/(iulal, blaek. | In honor
of Daniel Coopar, 1.S17 ?-i.S.(2, Curator, Motanieal Soeiety of London.
Two kiiiiwii spioies. iiatiM— nf tlu sntitlnvtsl
em I'niled .State- ,iiid .Mixieci.
I. Cooperia Drummondii Ikih.
Dninuiioiid's Conporia.
I l'"i,i;. i')6,^. )
Ci'i'/tfiid Pi iiiiiiiiniiilii Herb. Hot. Kite /i/. i>;^.
18^(1.
bulb globose, aliout I ' in di.imeter. Leaves
W -12' long, 2" ;>" wide, iriet; seape sK mler,
hollow, alioul a-- long as the le.ives; spalhe liki'
bract 1' 2' long, 2-eleft above into .uuminale
lobes 4" I " long; flower 3' ,s' high, wliiteor
pii.riish; tube of the perianth very slender,
iboul I '.. " in diameter, slightly exp.imled just
oelow the lind;; segments oblong, obtusi- and
vuspidale or aeutish, nearly 1' long, ,^"4"
wide, ovary sessile; eaj)suK' soimuhat obovoid,
about '.. ' in diameter, deeply lobed.
( In iir.iiriis, Kaii-a-. to I.oui-i.iu.i, 'W xas. .Mi \ico
and Ni \v Mexico. .Xpril July.
3. HYMENOCALLIS Salisl.. 'Piaiis. II. .it. ".oc
]\Iosll\' tall bullions lu'rbs willi usnallv lanceolalt- or liiK'ar-oblong leaves, and large
while -.essilr or sbort-pedicelled umbelled (lowers on erect solid sca]ies, e.ich lle.wer snbtelKied
by 2 lo'i.r nu inbraiious brads. I'eria.ilh of 6 spreading or rei'iirvcil narrow t'lpial elougateil
lobes, Ui d below into a long eylindrie lube. Stniiens inserted in the top of Ihi' iierianth-
tnlie, the lower jiarls of lln- long lilameiils connected by a inembiiiuous cup like crown; an-
thers linear, versatile. ( t\ ary ,i-celled; ovules only I or 2 in each cavity; st\ le liliform, loiig-
exserleil; slif^tna small, entire or nearly so. Capsule ovoid or globose, rather lleshy. Si'eils
usually onlv 1 or 2, largi', green, fleshy. [Ci eek, beautiful inemlaane, \\ firriiig to the crown. |
.\liiilil VI s|)ci_-i,.s. all .\liieriiMii. I'usicUs llu- rullnwiiiK, m ollurs neciM in llii' -nulluvii Stales.
^'^/i^.S:.
A.MARVM.IS I'AMII.V.
I. Hymenocallis occidentalis ( Ia- CoiUl- i
Kuiuli. Hyiiieiiociillis. i Imjj. i(jf>4. j
]\iin I iiliiiiii i'lii uliiiiiiiiiiiii I,. S]). I'l. 21)1. 175.?.?
J'liin I (iliiiDi iH, iilt iitiili I.iCniiti-. Ann. I.yi'. N. \'. 3; I \('.
Ilviiiiiinriillis I'll iiliiildli^ KuiUli. Iviiuni. 5: >5ii. i.\iii,
Hull) liir).;i-. I.fMVfs lituMr-uliIi i-, , iiarmwiMl aleaiii
t'liil, lli-sliy j;l.uuinis, 1-2" loiij.;, i/' 2' wide; scaiK-
stoiil, t-(|uallitij; (If l()iij,ar lliaii tlu' leaves; Ijraets
liniai-lamedlati', I'..' J'i'lciiij^; imihel several-flow-
creil; ])i.riamli-tiil)L- i '_." 2" in dianutcr. ;,' ,s' loi'K,
llie linear Inhe^ nearly as lonj.;; erown lunnilfonn,
narrowed lielow, 1' 1 '4 ' limj;, its niai^^ins entire,
erose ur i-tootlied betweiii the lilanienls; free part of
tile filaments about 1' lonj;, white; anthers ahout S'
lonjr and '."wide, yellow; style exteiidiiif^ for 2' .a'
beyond the crown, ).;reen; fruit 6"-i/' in diameter.
Ill iiioist soil. Ciininia tn siiutlurn Illinois and .Mis
soiiii. Julv Si'iil.
4. AGAVE L. Sp. I'l. 323. 1753.
I'lesliy herhs, some tmiiieal speeies very tall, with a short erowndike or erect rootstock
( caiidex 1 and tall hracted scapes, the leaves large, thick, soiiietinies spiny-toothed, basal, or
clustered at the toi) of the caudex, and lar)j;e, hracted (lowers in teriniual spikes or com-
pound clusters. IVrianth tubular or fiiiinelform, withering-iiersi.stent, of 6 erect or spread-
ing e(|ual or nearly eipial lobes, iiiiiled below into a tube. Stamens inserted oil the ])eri-
a'lth ,it ll e bases of the lobes, e.xserted; lilaments flattened or liliform; anthers versatile.
Ovary V'tHcd; style sleiitler, exserted, vlobed; ovules iniiiieroiis, i. 2 rows in each cavity of
the ovary. Ca])siiU' ovoid, subglobosc or oblong, 3-lobed, thick-walled, manv-seeded. Seeds
compressed, somewhat cuiieate, black, [(".reek, sigiiifviiig iiobU-. |
.\lHilit 1 |o -.iiicies, all .Vimiiean, Hesidis the lullowiMi.;, -iiinc 1 .'otln i> incur ill tlu soutliwist
eni Slates.
.. Agave Virginica I<. I'alsc Aloe.
(I-ij--. 1065. )
-U'l/rv I'll '^iin'iii I.. .S]). I'l. ,v,v ^~S?\-
Clabidus throughout, rootstock a short crown
w'th minierous fibrous roots. Scajie 2-6 tall,
rather slender, soiiietiiiies nearly '_. ' in diameter at
the base, its brails distant, loiig-acuiniiiate, the
lower ,;''>' long; leavi-s narrowly oblong, .'j" 2'
long, 'j' J'.' wide, acuminate, their margins en-
tire or deiiliculate; spiki' I 2^ loii.ii, loose; llowers
greenish yidlow, odorous, solitarv in the axils of
short brads, sessile or the lowisl distinctly Jiedi-
celled; perianth nearly tubul.ir, slightly expanded
.ibove, S" ij" long, the UiIh- about twice as long as
the I'lect lobes; lilaments at length about as long as
the piriaiith; capsule 5" s" in diaineler, slinluly
longer 111, 111 thiik, alpru|)ll\ conlr.uled into .1 -.horl
stalk.
Ill cliy ~nil, Mai via ml to Iiuliaii.i .itiil Mi-.-MUi i. -^I'Ulli
111 I'lnliil I .mil 'll \.i-.
5. HYPOXIS L. Sysl. I'.d. lo, 2; .)S(,. 17;,.,.
I.ow, mo-,ll\ \illoiis iK-rlis uith a cnnii or short iool>liM-k, grass-like leaves and "-lender
few -Mow ''red scapes, the llnwer-- i.itlur siiiidl. reriaiith h-parted, its segments e(|ua'. or
liearlv ■• separate to the siiniinit ol tlu' o\aiv, s]ire.idiii.t;, wilhiring persistent, the ;, outer
OIK'S greenish on tin' lower side in our sjiecies. Slnneii> iii-.erli'il on the bases of the peri-
antli-segnieiil-'; lilanients short; anthers erect, sagilt.ile or eiilhe. ( >var\ ;,-celled; style
short; stigmas ;,, erect; ovules niimii'oii.^, in 2 rows in each cavil\-. Capsule subglobose or
oblong, lllin-walled, not dehiscillt by valves. .Seeils globular, black, lalii'.dly short-beaked
by their stalk--, [(".reek, originally .,iven to some plant with soiir leaves. |
.\ bout ,=io species, widely disirilniteil. ilesides tile I'nllnuiiiK:, Jolliers occur ill I lie -ouUieni .States.
44'''
AMARVIJ.IDACI'Ai:.
I. Hypoxis hirsuta ( I,. ) Covillc. Star-
j^rass. ' Fiij;. 1066. 1
ill iiilliKiiiilnm hiisiilHiii I., S|). V\. S'*\ 175, v
I/vpoi is I ic, III I., S>>l. i;<l. 111. 2:m>'i. ^~^u
llvpin /( liiiMilii Covillc, Mini. Turr. L'luli, 5 11^. i.ni;.
Conn (ivdid, oblmij^ cir i^'iihosi', '^ ' 'j ' in iliaiiK-lLT,
witli n\nniniii^ lUiroiiN i<i<it>. I.iavts li.is:il, 11:11-
rouly litK:ii. i" 2'.." uiiK-, iiicnc or k>s villous,
ilioslly loii;,'rr lli.m \.\w >i::\\w^\ simjun sU'iiiliT, civcl,
vill<iiis almvc. umimHv j.;l.iliriiu^ hclow, 2' f>' \\\'^\\\
llowcis I (), uiiiIhUmu-: linuls MihiilaU', sliorti-r than
till- ]Hilii 1.1s; ]H-rianlli-sc.i;nn.nls narrowly olilmiir,
sprcailin.v;, mostly ohtusc, bright yillow witliin,
.ijrii'iiisli and villous willKint, ;" 5" lony; stamens
soimuliat niK-i|iial: -tylc ratlur ^liorur tlian llu' sta-
men-., van.v'Kd, tliv sli^nias iKruriciit on tlif .iiii;lcs;
r.i])-.uk- alioiii I '_. " in ilianivli-r; sviils aiiij;k'ci, hlai'k.
In dry snil Maiiu' and (tnlarin li^ .\-siiiilioia. I'lcirid.i
and Trxas .\siiiids to ;.>«' It. i" XiiHiiiia. May ( let.
6. LOPHIOLA K..r, Hot. Mao. /,/. /,-,/,. ,,s,4.
.\ii erect perennial IutIi with sU'iidir loolstoeks, l"il>rons roots ereet sparinglv leal'v stems,
the lea\is narripuly linear ,iiid mostly hasal, and niiiiKrons small \ellouish (lowers in a ler-
miii.d woolly eymose paiiiele. I'eri intli eamjiaiinlale, persistent, of 6 iiearh e(|Ual woolly
ereet-sjn-eadini; sejiiiieiits, slij.;litly united at the base, and adnale to the lowir jiart of the ovary.
Stamen-- in.strlid on the bases of the ])erianth-se].;ments; lilaiiu-uls filiform, short; anthers
bi-iliNeil. I (vary ;,-eelled; style subulate, at h-ii,L;th Vi'left; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in
e.uli lavily. Capsule o\did, tijjped with the slyli-, linally loeulieidall\ .vvalved at the sum-
mil. Seeds oblonj;, numerous, ribbed. |(ireek, referrinj^ to the tufts of wool on the perianth. ]
•r
mtluasleni Nurili .Xnurie.i
.\ nintlnly]iU' HlUlls
I. Lophiola Americana i I'ursli ' Cnville.
L<)])lii(i]a. I I'"io. 10(17. 1
(■(■;/. (,v/j7/\ Aiiii-ii, ,111,1 I'lirsli. I'l .\ni. Sepl. 22\. |S|)
l.iif'hi,4,i till I , ,1 Kit. Hot, .M.ii;, /•/ .-,'■/' 1^1 1
/.I'fthiiila Aiiiii uiiii.i Coville. .Mem Tnir Cliili, 5:
11^, IS'l).
Stem stiff, ereet, terete, i^lal)roii^ below, wliile-
WDoUy above, 1' J~ tall, I,ea\es ei|iiitaiit, ,iL,da-
brous, inueh shorter than the stem, the upjHi' ones
reduced to br.icls; jianicle densely uhite-woolly,
com])osed of numerous \v\\ sevi'ral-ilowereij cymes;
l)eilicel-- -horl, rather -.tout, erect or asccuiliiij;;
periantli--ej^nieiUs linear-laiiceo'ate, about 2" lout;,
\\ooll\- outside, lontjer than the stamens and witli a
tuft of wool at the ba--e within; capsule about aslony
as the |)ersistenl style, s'.iorter than the pi'riaiUh.
I'ine b.nti n Imi^s. New Jersey to florid, i .Iliiu .\\\\i.
I''aillil\ 2\.
,fe
^m
Xal. S\sl
DIOSCOREACEAE Ijnd
\'\M I'AMII.N'.
I krl I'KX'dtis or >liolill\ \vi")(l> Iwiiiini; \iiK's willi lk>li> or wmidy fdolslock^,
-Iciiik-r slL-iiis, jiL'lioled, iiKisth curdaic, -^exLTal ueTxe'd and i"c'icidalL-\eim.'d
k-a\es, aUeniatc or tlie lnwcr (i])])()sili.' or vurticillali.', and small iiic()iisi)ie'tii)iiN
dio(.'cinti> (ir iiiniiDe'cioiis (in senile- exiuic .t-LMiura iktIVcI ) ivoiilar llowcrs in
spike-. vacLiiR's or panick-s. I'eiiaiilli (i-jiarle-d, thai of llie- pisiillale' llowiTs
lieisisleiU. .St;iiiiinali' tliiwiT- with u or ;, staiiiciis, sdUKliines willi a riidiiiieii-
tarv (i\ar\'. I'islillali- lli)\ve-r> with :in infcrinr vi'i-lk'd <i\ar\', 3 slvk-s and ,; ter-
minal sliifHias, sdiiKiimes also witli ,^ m" '> slamiimdia; <i\iik'S 2 ( rarclv 1 1 in
each cavit> of the- ((\:ir> , puiKhdoits, analf()|)i)Us <ir anijihitro] otis, iMitil a
,^v\:>kx(l, 3-ano;k-d cajisnle in llie- t'tillnwin.;.:; oeiitts. iMulnspuim of tlic .seed
lk-sh\ or cartila^inntis, enclnsino tjie small end>r\n.
.Mi'iut o ^:ciura and I7,s --lyii'ii.-. mostly nati\ e^ of .\nu rii-.i, a few in llie ( lid World
VAM FAMILY.
X. DIOSCOREA h. Sp. PI. lo.v
447
CliatiU'tiTs of llie family :is (lelilR'cl abovi'. [Nailif in lioiior of the C.at.-k i]atiir,ili>.t
Dioscoridt'S.]
Tlurc an' abimt I'm spiciis, iiicist nunurous in impical riifii'iis. a \\\\ cxtt nilinK iiitu tin- tiin-
pirati- zoius. Till- lar^;i' lU>liy molslocks (if stviial trii])iiiil sik rii!. funii-.li tliu yaiii> iif i-oiiuiurcf.
I. Dioscorea villosa L.
Piii^iniin rvY/iui/ I,. Sp. IM. ni.Vv i7,s.?.
Rootstock knotted, horizontal, woody, ,'j'-i'
thick. Stem 6°-i5° long, twining or rarely sub-
erect, glabrous; leaves ovate, entire, slen<ler-
pctioled, alternate or the lower opposite or in 4's,
acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, 2'-6'
long, i' -(' wide, y-i 3-iierved, thin, green and
glabrous or nearly .so above, pale and more or
less pubescent beneath; petioles often longer than
the blades; (lowers greenish yellow, neatly ses-
sile, the staminale i"-i'_." broad in drooping
])aiiicles ^'-'i' long, the pistillate about;," long in
drooping spicate racemes; capsules membranous,
yellowish green, -"-\2" long, strongly 3-winged,
containing 2 or sometimes only i tl.it thin-winged
seed in each cavity.
In nil list tliiiki Is, KIukU Island li>( )iitariii anil .Min-
nesota, sdiitli In I'lnridii and Texas. Am'iikIs In |i««)
ft. in Virginia. Jiiiii- July. I'ruit ripe .Sept., per
si>leiit (111 the viiie^ iuln the winter.
Wild Vam-root. ( I'iR. io'').S.)
-IP
Family 25. IRIDACEAE Lindl. Xal. Sy.st. VA. 2, 3.S2. iS^d.
IkIS b'.NMII.V.
IVrciiiiial hcrlis with narrow e(iuilant 2-raiikeil k-aves and ]KrtVct re-.:.;iilar or
iii\',i;tilar mostly cluslcre-d flowt-r.s subtended by bracts. IVviantli of (^ senine-nls
or fi-lobe-d, its tube adnatc to the ovary, the sei;nients or lobes in two series,
eon\-olnte in the bud, witlierinf'-i)ersistent. vStaniens ,^, inserted on the perianth
o])])osite its otiter series of sej^nients or lol)es; fdainents filiforni, distinct or
united: anthers 2-celled, extror.se. Ovary inferior, mostly Reviled: ovtiles
mostlv lunnerous in each cell, anatrojx)ns; style ,^-cleft, its branches .sometimes
divided. Capsules-celled, locnlicidally dehiscent, .^-anj^led or .vlolied (some-
times 6-lol)ed I, man\-seeded. I'aidosperm of the seed lleshy or horny; embr>()
slr.ii^ht. small.
.Miniit ,s; Ktn( la and inoi species, of widi (li-.lribiilion.
Stylehraiu lies opposite llie anthers, very broad, petal like.
Style braiu-hes ajleniale uilli tlie anthers, sleiidi r or lilifnriu
,SlyU liianehes iiUI't; plants bulbous.
■Style braiK-hes undivided; plants iint bulbnus.
l'"ilameuls all distinct; seeds lUsliy.
I'ilaiiieir.s united; seeds drv
1. /)/>.
2. Xi'iiiastylis.
V (iiiiimiii:; ill.
|. .SY.vi ; iiuliiiiiii.
1. IRIS ],. Sp. I'l. .v^. i75,v
Herbs with creeping or horizontal, often woody and sometimes tuber-bearing rmitstocks,
erect stems, erect or ascending c([nitant leaves, and large regular terminal sometimes paii-
ided llowers. Perianth of 6 clawed segments united below into a tube, the ,, outer dilated,
spreading or rellexed, the ,^ inner narrower, .smaller, usually erect, or in some species about
.is large as the outiT. Stamens inserted at the base of the outer perianth-segments; anthers
linear or oblong. Ovary .vcelled; divisions of the style petal-like, arching over the stamens,
bearing the stigmas immediately utider their mostly 2-lobed tips; styleoase adnate to the
perianth-tube. Capsule oblong or oval, 3-6-angled or lobcd, mostly coriaceous. Seeds nu-
merous, vertically compressed in 1 or 2 rows in each cell, [(ireek, rainbow, referring to the
variegated (lowers.]
.\l)out Inn spieies, lunstly ill the north teiuperale zone, liesides the following, some S others
oeeiir in the southern and western parts of Norlli .\iueriea. The names I'IiKi i-i di-liuf M\t\ /■'Irtn-
tic lis are applied to the siieeie:..
39
44S
IRIDACI'AE.
Sti 111- lull ii~ii:ill\ MMial (IdWi 11(1. l(;if\ : until JH tiaiitli -( yiiu 111- laini i tliaii tin iniui.
I'ldWii- IpImc, \;iriiK.it< il willi yillnw. wliitr iii ^;r^■l•ll i nmly :ill wliili- i.
NiiiU' (if iIk iuii;iiitli -lyiiuiit- crislfd; iialivi sjiicics.
I.tavA- ' ' i' widi .
I.iavt- -iiiiiiu li:it ulaiHiiii-. I. /. :; iwitolm:
I.iavis liritflit nut ii. iidt nl'iurmis.
t iiiU 1 iKriiiiilli M ^;iiit Ills ,V t' lontt; fluwirs sissilc.
I Milri iKii null siKiiu Ills 2'.- -S liiiiK; lUnvirs ladiii Ik-
<1. ,i.
/. Ill' ytmiuhi.
I. ( tiifliiiimiii.
I.iavi - iiiiiili iiaricp-.M r. _>" |" wiiV
L'ai>-lik' iiblu-ily aiiv;lt il, ; 'i Inliid
CapMilc (liiluil; iioilluni. |. /. JlonLii i.
CajiMik' 'i lulu (I. wistiiii. S- / Mi^smn iriiMS.
Caii-uk- sliai'lily i ailtflid. (i, /. f>i isniilliiti.
Cliik 1 ]ii riaiilli -I ^iiuiit- ■itroiinly I'lcslid , iiitiniliioi<l. -. I. i in nniiinii.
I'liiuii- ti(l(li-li (Il H(l liKiwti. ,H. I. fiiliii.
I'ldWi 1- liii^;lit yilldvv; iiitriului'id ^-lui'ii -. 'i. /. I'sridlitmi lis.
Sttnis low, -I l(l((iii (i\i 1 11' tall, 1 ; Ikiwi'iid; (Hitn and iniut ]« liaiitli m i^'iiunts nearly i(|nal
( Inti 1 piiiantli -ijiimiit- rn-tcd; k avt- laiuiolali .
I'liiantli tiilii M ly -kinki. ixritdiiiK tin- Inaits. id. /, iiisliihi
!'< riaiitli tiilic > xjiaiKkd aliovf, iKit ixciidinn llic liiacts. ii. /. I,iiiislii\.
( Mil( I )ii liaiilli -ijiiiii lit- cu-tid. flaw- -liu'illy piilK-i'iiit ; kavi - liiu'ar. 12. /. :'i > 11,1.
I. Iris versicolor K. I,ai>,aT Hhic I'laj;;. (Imr. 1069. )
/; /( :i->si<i>/,ii I,. Sp. I'l. ,!<,)■ i;5,?.
/lis I'll i;i 111(11 I.. Si>. ri. ?i). 175,5.
Kootstock liori/.ontal, thick, fleshy, covered
with tlie fibrous roots. Stems terete or nearly so,
strai>;lit or llexuoiis, 2" ;," tall, often branched
above, leafy; leaves erect, shorter than tlic stem,
sonicwhat j^lancous, 6" 12" wide; bracts com-
monly limber than the pedicels, the lower one
sometimes foliaccous; llnwers several, violel-blne,
varicj^ated willi yellow, .yreen and white; perianth-
segments j^lahrons, creslless, the outer ones spatu-
lale, 2' ;/ lonjr, longer and wider than the inner;
periaulli-tnbe dilated uiiward, shorter than the
ovary; capsule oblony, obscurely ,^-lobed, about
I '2' long H"*l ^" ill diameter; seeds 2"-^" broad,
in 2 rows in each cell.
In niar-lii -. I'lickits. and wit imaddws. Niwfdiind
land Id .Manit(il)a. -diitli to I'ldrid.i and .\rkaii>as.
May July.
2. Iris hexagona Walt. SomlK-ni Hhie I'Ma^.
/;7,v III \iii;i'iiii Wall. 1-1. Car. 'mi. i;'','*.
Rootstock stout, thick. Stems terete, usually
simple, straight or llexuous, leafy, l°-3° tall; leaves
ij'-i 1^' wide, green, not glaucous, the lower often
2°-.^° long; flowers solitary in the upper axils, ses-
sile, similar to those of /. xrrsiiolor, but larger, the
broader outer creslless jieriaiith segments often 4'
long and over 1' wide, much wider than the erect
inner ones; pcri.inth-tubc rather longer than the
ovary, a little dilated ujiward; capsule olilong cylin-
dric, 6-anglc<l, about 2' long; seeds in 2 rows in
each cavity.
In swamps, Soulli Cardlinaand I'luridalu Kinlncky,
Misscmri and Texas. .\pril-Miiy.
IRIS I'AMIIA'.
449
3. Iris Caroliniana S. Wats. Caioliiui
Hluc l-'laj;. I Fij;. 1 07 1.)
Ii li (\iioliinaiui S.Wats, in A. <',iiiy, Man. I'M. (>. ,si |.
Roolslock stout, llcsliy. Stem rather stout, siiuplc
or branched 2°-3° tall, e(|ualle(l or exceeded by the
brifiht Kften leaves which are >i"-l%' wide; flowers
solitary or 2 or ;, together, lilac, variegated with yel-
low, purple and l)ri>wii, pedicelled; ])cdicels soniewhal
shorter than the bnicts; outer perianth-segments
broadly spatulatc, 2 '2 '-3' long, with narrow claws,
the inner narrower and nearly erect; i)crianth-tube
about '..' long above the ovary; capsule oblong, ob-
tusely 5-angled, i>^'-2' long; seeds in i row in each
cavity, 4" -5" broad.
In suaniii-. -outlKvn MiKinia and laslcrn Nnrlh Caro-
lina. :\Iay JuMf.
4. Iris Hookeri IViiin . Hooker's lihie
V\a')S,. ( FiK- 1072. )
fi is //(loiYii IVimy; Stiiwl. Niiintiiol. ICd. 2. Part I,
S22. 1840.
Rootstock rather slender. Stems slender, simple
or branched, terete, i(i'-2o' tall. ],eaves mostly
basal, narrowly linear, bright green, shorter than
or cciualling the stem, 2" 4" wide; flowers solitary
or 2 together, pedicelled, the pedicels shorter than
the bracts; ])erianth-scgincnts glabrous, crestless,
the iimer ones oblanccolate, much shorter and
smaller thau the outer; capside short-oblong, i'-
I'z' long, 7"-io" in diameter, thin-walled, trans-
versely veined, obtusely ,^-lobed; seeds in 2 rows in
each cavity, about i,'i" broad.
I )n rivir sluirts. Ni wfuunilland to (Jucbic and
Maim-. Suniiiier.
5. Iris Missouriensis Niiit. Western
Blue l-'la^. (I*'iK- n)7,v)
/'/>
Jfissi'iii I, iiM\ Null. Jnurn. Acad. I'hila. 7: 5S.
'vl.
Rootstock stout. Stem rather slender, usually
siniplr, terete, ()'-2''- tall, 1-2-flowereil; leaves
mostly basal, greeu, sometimes purplish below,
shorter than or about eiiualling the stem, 2"-4"
wide; flowers pale blue and variegated, pedicelled;
j)ediccls slender, '_•' 2' long, usually shorter than
the scarious bracts; perianth-segments glabrous,
crestless, the outer ones 2'-2yi' long, the inner
somewhat shorter, the tube 3"-4" long above the
ovary; capsule oblong, I'-iJa' long, about '/z' in
diameter, obtusely 6-angled, faintly veined.
In wit soil, South Dakota to Montana aiul Nevada,
snuth to Colorado and .Arizona. May-July.
450
IRIDACKAH.
6. Iris prismatica Piirsli. Sloiukr Hliic Fla^. ( I-'i^. 1074. )
/lis riii;iiiiiii Miilil. Cat. |. i^i.i. Nut I.. I7>,v
/ris f>i iMiiiiliiii riii>li, I'l Am St i>l ;■' i>i 1
///.v i;/!/, ;7;'.v liitftl l"l linsl. I J. iM|.
Rootstock rather slender, tutjerous-thieketicil.
Stems slender, ol'len llexumis, i'-^" tall, usually
simple, l)eariii>; 2 or 3 leaves; leaves almost grass-
like, iij"-2'j" wide, mostly shorter than the
stem; llowers solitary or 2 toj^ether, hlue vcine<l
with yellow, slcnder-peilicelled; pedicels com-
monly lon),;cr than the hracts; outer jieriauth-scK-
nients 1 '.. ' 2' lonj;, f^labrous and crestless, the in-
ner smaller and narrower, the tube 2"-y lonj^
above the ovary; capsule narrowly oblong, acute at
each end, slwirply ^vangUd, I'-i'.' long, ,V-4"
thick; seeds about 1" broad, thick, borne in 1 row-
in each cavity.
Ill wt I utiiuiids. Ncu I!iiili-\vick In IV lliisyh aiii.i ami
Ni>itl\ Cariiliiia, inaiiily mar tin- tiia.-l. May June-.
7. Iris Germanica L. I-'kiir (k- li;-
(I'lK'- 1075.
tris l^rriiitiiiiit! I,
S|>. ri. ;,S. 175;,,
Rootstock thick. Steins stout, us\ially branched
and several-flowered, 2--3' tall, bearing several
leaves. Leaves glaucous, S"-2' wide, the basal ones
mostly shorter than the stem; bracts scarious; flowers
nearly sessile in the bracts, large and very showy,
deep violet-blue veineil with yellow and brown or
sometimes white; outer ])erianlh-scgmeuts broadly
obovate, y ~.\' long, their claws strongly crested; inner
perianth-segments narrower, arching.
ICscapiil fn'iii nanUiis ti) n>,i(lsi<li^ in Viiuiiiia. Native
(pf lUinipi'. -M.iy Jiim-.
Iris Duerinckii IliKklt y, .\iii. Joiini. Sci. 45: 176, de
scribi cl from specitmiis CdUccled at St. I.nliis, Mo., but
doubtUsN cultivati-d,
of central ICurope.
appears to be /. afiliyllit I,., a iialivi
Iris fiilva Kcr,
1076
Rcil-liiowii Flag.
)
li is/iilvti Kir, Hot. MaR. />/. /./i/..
/i is ii,fii,-ii rursli, l-'l. .\m. Sept. .((
|S|2.
1M|.
Rootstock stout, fleshy. Stems rather slender,
2°-3° tall, simple or branched, several-flowered and
bearing 2-4 leaves; leaves pale green and some-
what glaucous, .'.horter than or ecpialliug the stem,
_;"-.S" wide; pedicels }<'-i' long, shorter than the
bracts; flowers reddish brown, variegated with
blue ami green; perianth-segments glabrous, crest-
less, the outer ones 1/2 '-2' long, the inner smaller,
spreading; style-branches 2"-y wide.
In swamps, soiitheni Illinois to C.oorKia ami I.oiiisi
ana, west to Missouri, .\rkaiisasaml Texas. May -June.
IRIS I'AMILY.
Yellow FlaJ,^
9. Iris Pseudacorus I„
( FiK. 1077.)
his I'sciiiliuoi IIS I,. Sp. \'\. ;,S. 175.V
Rootstock thick. Stems \yi°-i° hi>,'li, usually sev-
eral-llowcred; leaves pale j^reen and ),'laucous, stiff,
4" S" wide, the lower e(|ualliiiK or lonj^er than the
stem; llowers bright j-ellow, short-pedicelled; ])eri-
anth-segments glabrous and erestless, the outer
broadly obovatc, 2' i^i' long, the inner oblong,
nearly erect, scarcely longer than the claws of the
1 inter ones; capsule oblong, 2'-;,' long.
In miirslies, Massaoluisttts lo N'lw York (Ohioi'land
Niw Jirsev. Naturali/i.d oi a<lventivij from lunu])!'.
May July. '
'":^.
10. Iris cristata Ail. Crested Dwarf
Iris. ( Fij;;. 107S.)
/i is ii ishihi .\it. Ilort. Ktw. i: 711. 17S9.
Rootstock slender, branched, creeping, tuber-
ous-thickened. Stems oidy I'-ji' high^ 1-2-
flowercd; leaves lanceolate, bright green, 4'-9'
long, 3" 9" wide, mudi exceeding the stems;
scape (lattened, llowers blue, pedicelled; peri-
anth-segments obovate, i' !,'•' long, the outer
crested, little longer than the naked inner ones,
the tube very slender, I'l'-^'i' long above the
ovary, longer than the bracts; capsule oval,
sharplv triangular, narrowed at each end, 6"--
9" high, 4" 5" thick.
Oil hillsides ;uul iiUintf slriatus, Maryland to
soulluru (lliioanil Indiana, siiulli to ('.iiirttia, Teii-
uissie and Misscmii. .Xpril.May.
II. Iris lacustris Ntitt. Dwarf Lake
Iris. (Ki^;. i"79- )
/;■/.( liuiislris Nutt. Cen. 1: 23.
iSiS.
Similar to the preceding species in size and
foliage, or the leaves rather narrower, some--
times wavy-margined. Flowers blue; pcrianth-
tnbe only ' 2 '-i' long, shorter than the bracts
and the sometimes yellowish perianth-segments,
somewhat expanded upward; capsule ovoid,
about S" high, borne on a j)cdicel of about its
own length.
.Shores of I.akes Huron and Superinr. I.ooal.
Reported from the following localiliis- Presiiue
Isle, Mackinac City. Hois lUauc Island and Drum
numd's Isla. •!, Mich.; Hruce I'eninsula aiul .Siiutli-
anipton, Out. May,
^|»&«««-^^»■|«•»T^,.«»»j»T.^■,■.^^^^^-■J--<■,^:-J-.o■^M>.«
45-'
12.
Iris verna I<
iRii».\ci;.\i;.
Dwait" Iris, t l'"i''. mSo. )
his :-i'i ml 1,. Sp. I'l .;'•• i75.t-
Roolslock slciickr. Stems i' ;,' liiuli, iisiiiilly i-
flowered. Leaves narrowly linear, y S' IiIkIi, -'" ,s"
wide; flowers violet-blue or rarely while, i)e<liccllcd;
perianth- se>,'iiients erestlcss, the outer about i '.' long,
obovate, narrowed into slij^htly puliesoent slender yel-
low claws, the inner somewhat smaller, glabrous:
eai>sule obtusely trian,i;uliir, short.
On sliadcd liillsi<li'. and in wuuds, snutlu in I'lim-yUa
nia to \'irj;ini.i. KintucUy :iiid ('.inr«i,i Kiu>tstink dt-
scribed as " ptinnrntly -.piry. " April M.iy
2. NEMASTYLIS Xiitl. Trans. Am. IMiii. Soo. i II.) 5: 157. \X:^,^-:^■J.
[I'lu.sTVl.l.s Kngelni. & dray, Host, Jonrn. Nat. Hist. 5: 2.?,S. ■'S45-]
Bulbous herbs with erect slender terete usually branched stems and clonj;atcd linear
folded leaves. I'lowers rather larj;e, in our species blue or jjurple, .soblary or several to-
gether, fugacious, subtended by 2 hcrbacco\is brads, rerianlh of 6 sprcadinj^ nearly e(iiial
obovate sej^munts, iiistinct iicailv w (|nili' to the summit of the ovary. I'il.iments more or
less united; anthers short; st\ Ic short, its br.uuhcs allernalc with the anthers, each slen-
derly 2-parted; stigmas small, terminal. Capsule oblonj,', ovoid or obovoid, locidicidally
dehiscent at the summit, [lireek, rcferrinj^ to the thread-like style-branches.]
AImiuI 111 specit— , natives of Anierie.i. lie-.iiU ■- the Inlliiwini;. snnie \ ulMcr-. neenr in tlu
so\itlieTii I'liited St.-iles.
I. Nemastylis acuta (Hart.) Ikrl).
Xorthcni Xcinastylis. ( l'"io-. loSi. i
/i ill iUiila Hart. 1"1. .V. .\. 2: n,. /./, //,, is.'.v
.\iiiia\l\iis i;c»i)ilith'i<i NiUl, Tran>. Am. Phil. Sue.
III.) 5: is;. kSx? ,\-.
\,-iiiai/i/i< III ii/(! lhr\y Hot. May. />/. ,C7'J. i^i'' I"
Hidb dark colored, ovoid, scaly, i' or less long.
Stem i°-2° tall, bcariuj,' 3 or .( leaves, ;/-ici' long.
1 '/2"-2'i" wide; bracts lanceolate, each pair sub-
tending 1 or 2 flowers; flowers light blue or pur-
ple, I '-2' broad, slcniler-pcdicellcd; pedicels rather
shorter than the bracts; perianth-segments oblong-
obovate, obtuse; style-branches cxsertcd bctwceu
the free parts of the filaments, their filiform divi-
sions 2"-3" long; capsule obovoid, 5" 6" high,
3" 4" in diameter.
( )n prairiis, Tennessee to Kansiis .iikI .\rkan>.i>.
south til I.ouisi.uia and Texas. .\])iil June.
J59-
3. GEMMINGIA Fain-. luuiiii. PI. Ilort. Helm.
[Hui.AMCA.NDA Adaiis. I'am. I'l. 2:60. 1763.]
[I'ARDANTiii'.s Ker, in Koenig it Sims, Ann. Hot. i: 246. 11^05.]
An erect perennial herb, with short stout rootstocks and /ris-Uke leaves. I'lowers in
terminal bracted clusters, rather large, orange and purple-mottled. Perianth of 6 oblong
spreading nearly ecjual withering-persistent segments, distinct very nearly to the summit of
the ovary. Stamens inserted on the bases of the segments; filaments distinct; anthers linear-
oblong. Style very slender, enlarged above, the 3 sleiuler undivided branches alternate with
the anthers. Capsule fig-shaped, obovoid, thin-walled, loculici<lally 3-valved, the valves re-
curving, finally falling away, exposing the mass of black fleshy seeds, which are borne on a
central axis.
A nuitiotypic kciius of eastern .\sia.
IRIS I'AMIIA'.
453
I. Gemmingia Chinensis ( L. ) Kunt/e. l}lackl)eny Lil> . ( Fii;. loSs. )
IM. ,V). 175;.
I)C. ill Kill. I.il. 3: /)/ /.v.
Kir, ill KuiiiiK iS; Sim-.
M^^
Ixia Cliiiiritsis I„ S]
Jlildmciiiiilii C 'luiicn\h
1-V17,
I'm lid II I Ini V ( 'liiiini sis
Ann. lint, i: 2.('), i.Si,5,
Stem rather stout, i ,'2° 4° tall, leafy. Leaves
pale green, nearly erect, etiuitaiit, folded, .S'-
10' lonn, .S"-i2" wide, the two sides uniteil
above the middle; liracts lanceolate, much
shorter than the leaves, the tipper ones sea
rious; flowers several or numerous, I'j'-j'
broad; perianth-.scjjments obtuse at the apex,
narrowed at the base, persistent and coiled to-
(.jether on the ovary after lloweriiij,', mottled
with crimson and i)urple on the upper side;
capsule about i ' high and rather more than ' . '
ill diameter, truncate or rounded at the sum-
mit; mass of j^lobose seeds erect, resembling
a blackberry, whence the common name.
On hills and aloiiR roadsides, snutlirin NVw
York to ( 'iiiiKia. Inilianaand Missouri. N'atnnil-
iziil fiiiiii .Vsia. June July. I'niil ripe July Sept.
4. SISYRINCHIUM L. Sp. PI. 954. 1753.
rereiinial tufted slender licrlis, with short rootstocks, simple or branched 2-cdj.;cd or 2-
winged stems, linear grass-like leaves, and rather small mostly blue terminal flowers um-
bellate from a pair of erect green bracts. I'erianth-tubc short or none, the 6 sjireading seg-
ments oblong or obovate, eipial, mostly aristulate. I'ilanients united to above the middle
in our species. Ovary ^^-celled, each cavity several ovulcd. vStyle-branches filiform, un-
divided, alternate with the anthers. Capsule globose, oval or obovoid, loculiridally ,v
valved. Seeds subglobnse or ovoid, smooth or j>itted, dry.
About 70 s])i(.iis. all .\niiricaii Ilcsidis the followiii);. smiir 7 otlii rs oeinr in tin- Wistiin
States. Tiiusi- lure iliscriliid have all been referred to .V. /!i 1 iinii/iuiiti I,., by .Vnurioan autlicir>.
The two bratts ii|iial or marly so; stems usually branelud above.
Leaves 1" ,V' wide; capsule subulobnsi-. 2" (' in diaiiiiter wlien mature. 1. .*>. i; rdiiiiiiniifr.i.
Leaves 'i" 1' ' wide; i' ile oval, i"-->" in diameter wliiii iiiiiture. 2. S. Alliiiitinnii.
Tile lower of llie bracts lonui 1 Uum the upper; stems imistly siniple. •,. 5. aiigiisli/nliiiii! ,
I. Sisyrinchium graminoides IJickiK-ll. Stout Hhic-eyed
Sisi line /lilt III diicr/is S. Wats, in .\. Cray, Man. ICd.
(), 515. is.|0. N<it C.-iv.
Sisyi huliiiiiii Qi itiiiiiiiiitti-s liiekuell. Hull. Torr.
Club. 23: 1,5,?. iN)ti.
Rather light green, .somewhat glaucous; stem
broadly 2-winged, stout, erect, or reclining, 8'-
iS' tall, tisually terminating in two unequal
branches subtended liy a conspicuous grassy leaf.
Basal leaves eiiualling or shorter than the stem,
1" .V wide; often lax and grass-like; edges of
stems and leaves usually perceptibly rough-ser-
rulate; bracts 1' long or less, green, nearly or
(piite C(pial but the outer one occasionally pro-
longed; umbels 2-4-flowercd; pedicels filiform,
8"-i2" long, exceeding the bracts, finally often
spreading or recurved; flowers 6"-9" broad;
petals sparsely pubescent on outer surface; cap-
sule subglobose, 2 '-^"-3" in diameter when
mature; seeds black, nearly globular, about '2"-
; (" in diameter, pitted.
In Kiassy places, in moist or dryish soil, sonutiines
in woods, Massacliuselts to IMoiida and Louisiana.
I'lant dark in ilrymt;. .\pril June.
454
IRIDACEAH.
2. Sisyrinchium Atlanticum Hickiicll,
( V\^. 10S4. )
Si'sfi iiii/iiinii .U/iiii/ii mil Uiikiitll, Itiill. 'I'lin.
L'luli. 23: i,(|. iS)(..
Similar to the preceding;, hut paler, j^laucuus
Kreeii, often more tufted, the stem more slender
and weaker, rather iiarmwly 2\vin>;ed, very
sninoth-eilKed, sumetiiiies 2' lonj; and reelin-
inn, terminalinj; in two or three mostly suh-
e(iual liraiiehcs, often also with one or two lat-
eral ones; liranelics slender and wiry, often
reenrveil and formin),' a ilislinct an),;le with
the tloral bracts. Leaves narrower, rarely over
1" wide, the basal ones nsually much shorter
than the stem; bracts nearly or (juile equal,
narrow, mostly somewhat searimis, often \n\r-
plisli; flowers slij;htly snialUr; outer surface of
])erianth and yoimj; capsule minutely downy;
capsules 2-7, usually 5, oil j^eucrally erect pedi-
cels, 7"-i<)" loufr; oval, i"-2" lonj; and :V"-
I'." in diameter; seeds oval, subglobose, '+''-
';" in diameter, dark, faintly i)itted or nearly
smooth.
In in('i--t fKlils. niiadiiw- ami l)raiki>li iniii--lus,
mainly mar the I'lia^-l. May Junt-.
Iviistcrii HliiL- (. yt'd (Irass,
il'tiii in sandy soil, Niwfdinidlaud In I'lnrida
3. Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill.
I'diiiti'd Hltic-eyed Oras.s. ( Fi^- >"S5- '
.V ,1 Hi: II Hi fill ill III Mill. Cianl. Diet. VA. 7. 1751}.
Sis] I iiiiliiiiiii iiiici-f>\ Cav. 6: ,V(S. />/. /'/". ,/' -'. 17SS.
.V. mill iiiiiiilinn Miolix. I'l. H(ir, Am. 2: ,^,v i^^o^.
I'ale KliitK'ous green, stems a-edj^ed, scarcely 2-
win^ed, slender, rigid, erect, 3'-i4' tall, simple, or
very rarely forking into 2 branches above. Leaves
commonly all basal, rigid and often almost setaceous,
the edges rough or smooth, ,'+"-i,V" wide, shorter
than the stem; bracts very unequal, sometimes pur-
l)lish, the lower one usually about twice as long as
the upper; (lowers 6" 8" broad; pedicels erect, about
fS" long, shorter than the lower bract; capsule sub-
globose, 2" ,^" in diameter; seeds large, 'i"-\"
long, somewhat obovoid, faintly pitted or nearly
smooth, brown.
Ill fields and meadows, Newfciuiidland to lirilish Cii-
Iniuhi.i, Virifiiiia, Kansas and Cdloradn. May .Aug.
Family 26. MARANTACEAE Liiidl. Xat. Syst. 1S30.
Arrowroot I'amii.y.
Tall lierl)s, perennial by rootstocks or Itiber.s, or soinetinie.s annual, with
scajx)se or leafy stems, inostK' large entire long-petioled .sheathing leaves, often
swollen at the ba.se of the blade, the veins piiniate, parallel. Flowers jierfect or
.sometimes jxjlyganious, irrejj;ular, in panicles, racemes or spikes. Perianth su-
perior, its segments distinct to the stimmit of the ovary or united into a tube,
normally in 2 .series of 3, the outer (.sepals) usually difTerent from the iinier
(petals). Perfect .stamen i; anthers 1-2-celled. Staminodia mostly 5, often
petal-like, separate or umted by their ba.ses, very irregular. Ovary 1-3-celled,
inferior; ovule i in each cavity, anatrop;)Us; style slender, curved, terminal;
stigma simple. Fruit capsular or berry-like, 1-3-celled. Seed solitary in each
cavity. Kmbryo central, in cojmous endosperm.
.About 12 jteiura and 160 species, mostly in the tropics, a few in wann-temperate resions.
ARROWROOT I'AMILY.
455
I. THALIA I.. Sp. IM. ii.j.V ijs.V
Aiimial 1 1)1 pcrt-iiiiial ') herbs, with liirKC loiiK-i)eti(iled hasiil leaves, erect simple scapes
iiiul lenninal panickd si)ikcs of bractcil usimlly jnirijle (lowers. Sepals t,. iiieinltraiioiis, scpa-
rate, iiiiial. Totals t,. separate or somewhat cohcrctit nl the base. Stniiiiiiodia slightly uiiilid
below, one of them dabellum) broad, crested, .\iither i-celled. Ovary r-relleil or with 2
additional small emptv cavities. Kase of the style adnate to the l>ase of the stamen-tube.
Stigma adipiH-d, dors.dlv appcnda>,'cd. Capsule j;Iobose or ovbid. Seed solitary, erect.
Ivmbryo strongly curved. ['" honor of Johaiin Thalius, Ccnnan naturalist of the sixteenth
century. |
A)m,iU 7 spi cii-^, all Ami ricaii, llcidis tin- IclIowiiiK, aimlli. r (iccurs in llic Snutliirn States
I. Thalia dealbata Knscoc. ri)U(kry
Tlialiii. ( Fi^r. i(iS6. )
'I'lhllitl ilidlhlllil KnsCdC,
IS, ,7.
'IraTis. I.itin. Sue. 8: \\i>.
riant finely whitc-powdcry nearly all over.
.Scapes rather stout, terete, ;," f)° tall; petioles 1 =
2 '2° loufi, terete; leaves ovatedanceolate, acute or
acuminate at the apex, rouiuled, narrowed or sub-
corilate at the base, ', ' 1° louj(, :■,' 5' wiile; pan-
icle .S' i,S' lon^;, its spikes numerous, usually erect
or ascendinj.;; Ijracts of the panicle narrow, dtcid-
UOU8, not longer than the spikes; bractlets ovate,
une(|ual, coriaceous, about Ji' lonj.;; flowers pur-
ple, lonKcr than the bractlets; capsule ovoid,
about 4" in diameter.
In imiid'i and swamp
Missouri and Texas.
, Stiiitli Ciiri'Iina In I.niii--iaiia.
I'ainily 27. BURMANNIACEAE r.luinc, luiuin. IM. Jav. i: 27. 1.S30.*
l$rKM.\NNI.\ I'VMII.V.
I.ow aimtial herbs, with filiform steins and fihrons roots. Leaves basal or
reilticed to catiline scales or bracts. Flowers regular, perfect, the jK-rianth with
r. small thick lobes, its tube adnate to the ovary. Stamens ,^ or 6, included, in-
serted on the ttd)e of the ])erianth; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehis-
cent. Stvle slender; stigmas 3, dilated; ovary inferior, with ;, central or parietal
])lacentae! Ovules numerous. Cajtsnle many-.seeded. vSeeds minute, oblonjj;;
eiulosperm none.
Ten Kcncra an<l ab.mt (*\ s]Kcics, widely distribuleil in tropical reniiMis, The family is repre-
•^eiiled in North America by the followinsf ^enus and . l/>/riiti ol the (.nil Stales.
I. BURMANNIA h. vSp. PI. 287. 1753-
Erect herbs, with simple stems and small alternate scale-like or bract-like leaves. Tube
of the perianth strongly 3-anglcd or .^-winged, the 3 outer lobes longer than the inner. Sta-
mens 3, opposite the inner perianth-lobes. I-'ilaments very short; connective of the anthers
prolonged beyond the sacs into a 2-cleft crest. Ovary ^-celled, with 3 thick 2-lobed central
placentae; stigmas globose or 2 lobcd. Capsule crowned by the persistent perianth, open-
ing by irregular lateral ruptures. [In honor of Johann liurmann, IJutch botanist of the
eighteenth century.]
About 20 species, natives of warm rcKioiiS, Hcsides the followinpr another occurs in the soiitli-
eastein States,
*Text contributed by the late Rev. Thomas Moronc.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
I
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I.I
1.25
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^' m
^ m
IM
1.8
U III 1.6
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lURMANNIACKAI':.
I. Burmannia biflora L. XorllKin
Hurmaniiia. ( Fiy;. 10S7.)
/ill I nil! II II ill I'ithiiii I,. Hp. I'l. 2^7. I75,v
Ti ipli'i cllii Lticniliii Nutt. C'.i-ii.
iSiS.
steins very slenrk-r, 2'-6' liigli, from a few
ril)roiis niols, simple or forkcil above. Flowers
I or several, often 2, terminal. Angles of tlie
])eriantli-tuljc conspicuously winged, the outer
lobes ovate, acute, tlie inner linear and in-
curved; seeds verj- numerous, oblonj.j-linear,
sparinj^ly striate, escaping through irregular
fissures in the sides of the capsule.
Ill swamps and l)iin>. X'iryiiiia to I'lorida and
I.i>iiisiana. Sept. -Ndv.
Faiiiilv 2S.
00
6. 1836/^=
ORCHIDACEAE Lindl. Xal. vSy.st. VA.
ORCilll) 1".\M1I.V.
Perennial heri)s, with conns, l)nll).s or tubcrons roots, sheathing entire leaves,
sometimes reduced to scales, tlie flowers jierfect, irregular, bracted, solitar\",
spiked or racemed. Perianth superior, of 6 segments, the 3 outer (.sepals) sim-
ilar or nearh' .so, 2 of the inner ones ( ])etals) lateral, alike; the third inner one
(lip) dissimilar, often markedlx- so, usually larger, often spurred, .sometimes in-
ferior by torsion (jf the o\ary or pedicel. Stamens variously united with the
stj'le into an unsynnnetrical column; anther i or in Cypripedium 2, 2-cellcd; pol-
len in 2-S ])ear-.shaped usually stalked masses ( pollinia J , united l)y elastic threads,
the masses wax\- or i)owder\', attached at the l)ase to a viscid disk (gland).
Style often terminating in a beak ( rostellum ) at the base of the anther or be-
tween its sacs. Stigma a viscid siuface, facing the lip beneath the rostelliun,
or in a cavity 1:)etween the anther-sacs (clinandrium ). Ovary inferior, usually
long and twisted, 3-angled, i -celled; ovules numerous, anatropous, on 3 ])arie-
tal placentae. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds \ery ntnnerous, miinite, mostly sjiindle
shaped, the loo.se coat hyaline, reticulated; endosperm none; embryo fleshy.
.\bont )io),n'nera and ,Si«hi si)tcies, of widt- di^-lribiitioii, most abundant in the tropics, many iif
tliosL- of warm iL-jjions ii)iphytes.
Anthers 2; bp a larKc inllatcd .sac. 1. Cvfii i/>riiiiiiii.
Anthers subtavy.
.\iithir-saos(hvcrneiit: poUinia with a cau<lick' uhicli is attached at base to a viscid disk dryland.
Cdands enclosed ill a pouch. 2. ihr/iis.
Clauds imt eiichised in ;i |>()Ucli. t,. Jliidi'iini ia.
Anther-sacs ))araUel; piilbnia not piii(Uui'd into a caudicle (ixcept apparently in no. 141.
PoUinia Krannhise cir jxiwdeiy.
Flowers sobtary nr lew: anther incmiibent on a coUnnii |" \im\( or less.
I,ip crested with sti.iittlH. somewhat fleshy hairs.
Column clavate: lip free. .(. I'i>i;i>iii,i.
Ciilumn linear, dilated above, the lip adherent to its b.ise. 5. . h r//iii\ii.
I,ip bearded with loiin club shaped hairs. 15. /.iiinx/ni mil.
Flowers nuiiiernus, in spil^es or racemes; anther erect, jointed to a cohnnn not over 2"
loiiK.
Anther opercnlate; leaves broad, alternate.
Anther not oi)erculate.
Leaves Kieen, borne on the stem.
Leaves alternate; spike mostly twisted.
Leaves 2. op))osile, spike not twisted.
Leaves white reticulated, basal.
I'ollinia smooth and waxy.
I'lants with conns or solid bulbs; leaves basal or cauline.
Leaves unfoldinK before or with the flowers.
Leaf cauliTie; lij) ov.ite. or aurided at the base.
Leaf or leaves basal.
Leaves 2; lip Hat: flowers racemed.
Leaf i; liji saccate; flower solitary.
6. Iif>ipiulii.
(I'viitsI iiiliyi.
/.is/t'ni.
I'enamiiiiii.
10. Ailiroaiillirs.
11. I.eftloi ilin.
12. i'llll/lSll.
*Text contributed by the late Rev. TiioM.\s Mokuno.
ORCHID FAMILY.
457
I.caf 1. l);i^al, \iiifc)l(litiK after Ihi- (IdWcriiiK' li'iic.
I'lnwirs loll)? simnvil; lip v'"'"^'''-
l''lmvi--rs not s))iini-(l; lip .^-ritlsjiil-
I'latits with coialloid rciots, biilhUss, lliu Uavis ndiiocd In
I'dlliiiia 4, in 2 \y.m->: llowtrs tjibboii-- nr spiini-il.
l'<illiiiia>><. imiti-il; llowirs iKil jfililimis nor spiiru-d.
SCilk'
\\. Tipiihiiiii.
17. ApUcliHiii.
i.V O'lalloihizd.
16. Iffxiilcclris.
I. CYPRIPEDIUM L. Sp. PI. 951. 1753-
ClHUilular-puhcsccnt herbs, with leafy stems or scapes and tufted roots of thick fibres.
Leaves large, broad, iiiaiiv-iierved. Mowers solitary or several, drooping, large, showy.
Sejials siireading, separate, or 2 of them united under the lip. Lip a large inflated sac.
Column declined, bearing a sessile or stalked anther on each side and a dilated pctaloid
sterile stamen above, which covers the suinniit of the style,
caudicle or glands. .Stigma terminal, liroad, obscurely 3-lobcd
or buskin.]
.Mmut 40 siH'cics, natives of teinpeiati and Imiiical unions. lirMiks tli
others occur in WuSUru North .Vnurica.
.Sepals sciiai.iti-. stem leafy, i -flowered.
Lateral sepals more or less united.
I'laiit 2-leaved; scape i llowered.
.Stem leafv to the lop. [ -several-llowiied.
.Sepals and petals not longer than the li]).
Sepals and petals loiiKcr than tlie lip
Sterile stamen lanceolate; lii) while.
Sterile stamen iriatiKuhir; lip yellow.
I.ip I '1 ' -'' lontJ. pale yellow.
I,ip 7"- l,s" lollt;, bright yellow.
I. Cypripedium arietinum R. Br.
Rain's-head Ladies' vSlipper.
(Fi^. 1088.)
Hr. ill .\it. Ilort. Kew
I'ollinia granular, without a
[Name Greek, Venus' sock
followitiK, some
. C. (11 ill i num.
. C. itcilll/i'.
,. ('. nxii/iir.
. C. Ill II it id II III.
Iii I ill I II III.
ICd.
Cytii'ipidiiiiii aiitliiiiiiii K.
'2, 5: 22 J. iSi,^
Stem .S'-i2' high, i-flowcred. Leaves .^ or 4, el-
liptic or lanceolate, 2'-4' long, ,'2' 3' wide; sepals
separate, lanceolate, .S"-io" long, longer than the
lip; petals linear, greenish brown, about as long as
the sepals; lip 7"-S" long, red and white, veiny,
prolonged at the apex into a long blunt spur, some-
what di.stortcd at the upper end which resembles a
ram's head, whence the specific name.
(jllebee to ( liitario. Niw
In cold and damp wood:
York and .Minnesota. May
2. Cypripedium acaule Ait. Moccasin
Flower. Noah's Ark. Steinless
Ladies' vSlipper. ( Fi^. 1089. )
Cv/ii ipriliiiiii iiiiiii/r Ait. Ilort. !vew. 3: .VVV i?'^'*-
Scape 6'-i2' high, i-flowered. Leaves 2,
basal, elliptic, 6'-S' long, 2'-3' wide, thick; oc-
casioi-ally a smaller leaf is borne on the scape;
sepals greenish purple, sineading, i'.'-2' long,
lanceolate, the 2 lateral ones united; petals nar-
rower and somewhat longer than the sepals;
lip often over 2' long, somewhat obovoid, folded
itiwardly above, pink with darker veins or
sometimes white, the upper part of its interior
surface crested with long white hairs; sterile
stamen triangular, acuminate, keeled inside.
In saiidv or rocky woods, Newfoundland to On-
tario, soutii to North Carolina, Kentucky and Min-
nesota. .\sceiids to i.siHi ft. ill ViiKinia. The hairs
im the lower part of the brad and on the base of the
ovary are often tipped with scarlet glands. Klower
fraKrant. .May June.
ORCHIDACI'AE.
3. Cypripedium reginae Walt. vShow y
Ladifs' Slipper. ( KiR. io(;o. )
Cypn'/>i i/iiiiit r<X' /"!''' Walt. 1"1. Car. 222. 17SS.
Cyf>iif>iiiiiiiii albiiDi .\it. Hon. Kcw. 3: V'.v 17^').
Cvf>pi fulfill III sf<ct/<ihih' Salisb. Trans, I, inn. .Sue, i:
7.S. 1791.
Stem stout, i°-2° high, leafy to the top.
Leaves elliptic, acute, 3'-"' long, i'-4' wide,
flowers i-,^; sepals rounil-ovate, white, not
longer than the lip, the lateral ones united for
their whole length; petals somewhat narrower
than the sepals, white; lip much inflated, over
I ' long, variegated with purple and while stripes;
stamen cordate-ovate.
In swamps and woods. Nova Scotia to Ontario
and Minnesota, scmtli to (UnrKia, Jinit— Sept,
4. Cypripedium candidum Willd. Small
White Ladies' Sli])per. (Fig. 1091.)
Cj fiiiptiiiniii (iiiicl ill 1/11/ Willd, .Sji. I'l, 4: 142. 1,-^05,
Stem 6'-i2' high, leafy. Leaves 3 or 4, elliptic
or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, s'-.s' long, S"-
16" wide, with several obtuse sheathing scales be-
low them; bracts i'-2' long, lanceolate; flower soli-
tary; sepals lanceolate, longer than the lip, green-
ish, purple spotted; petals somewhat longer and
narrower than the sepals, wavy-twisted, greenish;
lip white, striped with purple inside, about 10''
long; sterile stamen lanceolate.
In boffs ;
JliiUKsola
ind meadows, Xew York and Xow Jersey to
and Missouri, Mayjuly.
5. Cypripedium hirsiitum Mill.
Large Yellow Ladies' Slipper.
(Fig. 1092.)
C]'pii/" 1/111111 lihsiiliiiii Mill, Card. Diet, Ivd, .'^,
no, ;;. 176S,
Cypi ipcdiinn piiiusiiiis Willd, Sp, I'l, 4; 14,1,
Steins leafy, i°-2° high. Leaves oval or
elliptic, 3'-5' long, i^i'-^,' wide, acute or
acuminate; sepals ovate-lanceolate, usually
longer than the lip, yellowish or greenish,
striped with purple; petals narrower, usually
twisted; lip much inflated, i'-2' long, pale
yellow with purple lines; its interior with a
tuft of white jointed hairs at the top; sterile
stamen triangular; stigma thick, somewhat
triangular, incurved.
In woods and thickets, Xova Scotia to < )ntario
and Minnesota, south to .Alabama and Nebraska.
.Vseends to 4u«i ft, in VirKinia, Petals often
elongated. May July.
ORCHID FAMILY.
459
6. Cypripedium parviflorum Salisl).
Small Velk)\v Ladies' Slijiper.
(Fig. 1093.)
Cyt'iit^ediniii ftarz'i/liu iiiii .Siilisb. Tnins. I.inii,
Sue. I: 77. 1791.
Stems i°-2° liixlii sluuder, leafy. Leaves
oval, elliptic or lanceolate, 2'-6' lonj;, \'-2]i'
wide; sepals and petals longer than the lip;
petals usually twisted; lip ~"-iS" long,
bright yellow, more or less marked with pur-
ple strijics, spots or blotches; sterile stamen
triangular, yellow and purple spotted like
the lip.
In wodds and tliicktls. Xtwrciundland to
British Columbia and \Va^hill^ftoM. south alouH
tliL' mountains to Cit'orjiiii, and to Missouri. .\s.
finds to 41KK1 ft. in Viriiinia. .Similar to tlif
,)reccdinK spi-cit-s, with whiili it ap])iars to in-
tiijfrado. or of which it may hi- l)ut a form, hut
usually distiiiffuishc-d by tin- suialUr size and
brisfliltr yellow cohjr of
petals sometimes pur])le.
the li]). .Sepals and
May July.
2. ORCHIS L. Sp. PI. y;,9. 175;,.
Roots of ijumennis fleshy fibres, stems in our species scape-like, 1-2-leaveil at the base.
Flowers in short terminal spikes. Sepals separate, subeqnal, spreading ox conniveut. Petals
similar to the sepals. Lip connate with the base of the column, produced below into a
spur. Column short, scarcely extending beyond the base of the lip. .Anther 2-celled, the
sacs contiguous and slightly divergent; jiollinia granulose, i large mass in each sac, pro-
duced into a slender caudiclc, the end of which is attached to a small gland. Stigma a hol-
lowed surface between the anther-sacs, the rostellutn a knob-like projection under the an-
ther, (".lauds enclosed in a pouch. Capsule oblong, erect, witiiout a beak. [Name
ancient.]
.\l)out .So species
North .\merica.
natives of the uoitli temperate zone. Only llie following ,ire known m
IMant 24eaved ill the base.
riant I -leaved at the base.
1. (1. spi'( fti/u'/is.
2. ('. rutliildi/'i'lid.
I. Orchis spectabilis L. vShowy Orcliih. (Fig. 1094.)
<>ri/iis sf^rilahilis I,. Sp. I'l. 94,(. 175;,.
Stems 4'- 1 2' high, thick, fleshy, 5-aiigled.
Leaves 2, near the base of the stem, with i or 2
scales below them, obovatc, sometimes 8' long and
4' wide, but usually smaller, clammy to the touch;
spike 3 6-llowered; llowcrs al)out i' long, violet-
purple mixed with lighter purple and white; bracts
foliaceous, sheathing the ovaries; sepals united in
an arching galea; petals conniveut under the sepals,
more or less attached to them; lip whitish, diver-
gent, entire, about as long as the petals; spur ob-
tu.se, about 8" long; column violet on the back;
capsule about i ' long, strongly angled.
In rich woods, New Hrnnswick to Ontario and Miu-
uesota, south to ("icorifia, Kentucky and Nebraska.
Ascetuls to 4i»)o ft. in Virginia, .\pril June.
iy
4(10 ORCHIDACEAH.
2. Orchis rotundifolia rursh. vSniall Rouiul-k'avi-'d Orchis. ( I-i^. 1095.)
Oiiiiis sf^ichiln'li^ I'lirsli. I'l. Am. Stpt. 5SS iSi j.
I'laliiitthiia iiiliiiidilnlhi I.iiidl. <'.oii. & Sp. Orcli. 2^--
Slein slender, S'-io' liiK'i. i-leavcil near the base.
Leaf varyiii).; from nearly orbicular to oval, I'i'-.i'
long, !'-2' wide, with i or 2 sheathing scales below it;
spike 2-6-nowered; flowers 6" S" long, subtended by
small bracts; lateral sepals spreading, sometimes
longer than the petals; sepals and petals oval, rose-
color; lip white, purple spotted, longer than the
petals, globed, the middle lobe larger, dilated, 2-lobed
or notched at the ape.x; spur slender, shorter than the
lip.
In datiip ucMids, Cntnliind to tin- Kocky Mimiitaiiis.
Maim-. Nvw York aiul Minnesota. Juni July.
3. HABENARIA Willd. Sp. I'l. 4: 44. 1S05.
Herbs, with thick fibrous or tuberous roots, our species with leafy stems. Flowers
greenish, white, purple or yellow, mostly in spikes or racemes. Sepals equal or nearly .so,
separate, or coherent at the base, the lateral ones usually spreading. Petals mostly smaller
than the sepals; lip spreading, or drooping, with a spur at its base, entire, or ;,-5-cleft, or
lacerate. Column very short. Anther-sacs elevated, more or less divergent. Pollinia
coarsely granular; candicles short; glands naked. [Latin; a rein or strap.]
.\bout 400 species, widtly distrihuled. Iksides tlio fnllowiuK. sdiiu- 20
southern and western jiarts of North .Anurica.
Leaves only 2, basal.
Scape braclcd.
Scape naked.
Leaf solitar>'.
Leaves several or nunieruus.
Lip not 3-parled.
T.ip entire.
Ovarv not twisted.
Dvarv move or less twisted.
Lip lanceolate: llciwers greenish ytllow.
Lip rluimbie, dil.ited at the base; flowers while.
Lip crenulale or erose-dentate; flowers oian^e yellow.
Lip 2 .vlootlied.
Lii> toothed at the apex.
•Spur sac-like, shorter than the ovary.
Spur slender, liPURer than the ovary.
Lip with an obtuse tooth on each side at the base, and a eeiUn
ithers occur in the
1. //. 01 liiiiiliilii.
2. //. llookfi ii:iii}.
V //. nbliisiihi.
4. /A. iii:'ca.
5. //. Iiy/'filti'i ,11.
U. J/, dilalala.
7. y/. iiilfgni.
Lip peetinately frin^red.
Spur half as lonj; as the ovary; (lowers yellow.
Spur longer than the ovary.
l''lowers bright yellow.
I'lowers white.
Lip vparted.
.Segments of the lip deeply fringed.
.Segments narrow; fringe of a few threads.
Segments hroadlv fan-shaped; fringe copious.
Segments friiigcd to the middle; flowers white.
Segments fringed to about one-third or less; flowers lilai
Raceme 2'~2'-' thick; lip '/ 1' broad.
Kaeenie I'-i'.' thick; lij) 4" 6" broad.
Segments of the lip cut toothed; flowers violet purple.
S. If. hiachala.
o. /A iiazvllnht.
.1 tubercle.
10. ll.tUiva.
11. //. (■> islafa.
12. //. liliai is.
1,3. //. bli'pliai ii;!i>llis.
14. //. Iiuiia.
i.S. //. Ifiici<f>hiii\i.
16. If. f;iain1i/h>i It.
17- //■ p.itriii/i-.'i.
iS. //. pciiiiiii'iiia.
ORCHID l-AMII.Y.
461
I. Habenaria orbiculata ( Piirsh ) Torr.
( Fi^. 109'''.)
Orchis Dihliiilalti I'ursli. I"l. Am. Sopl. .sss. 1S14.
llabi nai ia oihiiiilala Ton. Com]). ,v'<- \^2(i.
vScape stout, bractcil, 1° 2' hi^jli, occiisioiially
beariiiji a small leaf. Hasal leaves j, orbicular,
spreading Hat on tlie ground, shining above, sil-
very beneath, 4'-;' in diameter; raceme loosely
many- flowered; ])edicels nearly Yi' long, the fruit-
ing ones erect; flowers greenish white; upper sepal
short, rounded; lateral sepals spreading, falcate-
ovate, obtuse 4"-5" long; petals smaller; iip ol)-
long-linear, entire, obtuse, white, about W long;
spur much longer than the ovary, often I 'j' long;
anther-sacs prominent, converging above; glands
small, orbicular, nearly '4' apart, their faces turned
toward the axis.
In rich woods. Xi-wfcuinillatid to liritisli Cohniihia,
Sdulli to Ncirtli Carolina and Miiuusola. .\-i'(.iuls to
45(Ki It. in Virginia. July \\\\i.
I,aroc R()iin(l-I(-a\x'cl Orchis.
2. Habenaria Hookeriana A. {ira\ .
Hooker's Orchis. (Fig. 1097.)
ktiiana A. Itvay, Ann. I,yc. X. V. 3:
Ifiihiiliii iii //.
220. "^,3<'-
I/iih, 11(11 iti iiiliitiilalii Cioldie, ICdinb. I'liil. Journ. 6:
lii. 1822. Xot f'/v7;/,v .i;/i/( »,'<//(; I'ursli, iS[(.
llah, luti'ia llookiii \ar. ohloniiifulia I'ainu, Cat. I'l.
Oneida. S,^. iSh.s.
vScape S'-i5' high, not bracted. Leaves 2, basal,
llesliy, shining, spreading or ascending, oval, or-
bicular or obovate, y-S'A' long; raceme rather
loosely niany-llowered, 4'-.S' long; bracts acute,
about as long as the yellowish green flowers; lat-
eral sepals greenish, lanceolate, acute, spreading,
about 4" long; petals narrowly linear or awl-
shaped; lip linear-lanceolate, acute, 4"-5" long;
anther-sacs widely diverging below; glands small,
their faces turned inward; spur slender, acute, S"
long or tnore, as long as the ovary or considerably
longer.
In woods, Xnva .Scotia to Miunisota, simtli to Xcw
Jersey, I't nnsyhania and luwa. Junc-Sepl.
3. Habenaria obtusata (Pursh) Richards.
vSinaU Northern Bog ( )rchis. ( Fig. 109.S. )
Oirliis iihlti.uiUi rursh, V\. .\n\. Sept. s^^. iS\,\.
J/ti/ii'iiai ill t>/i/iiS(i/(i Kicliards, .Xpp. I'rank. Journ. 750.
I82,(.
Scape slender, naked, 4'-io' high, 4-angled.
Leaf solitary, basal, obovate, 2'-5' long, 5"-i2"
wide; spike i'-2yi' long, loose flowers greenish
yellow, about 3" long; upper sepal erect, round-
ovate, green with whitish margins; lateral sepals
s_ .eading, oblong, obtuse; petals shorter, dilated
or obtusely 2-lobed at the base, connate with the
base of tile column; lip entire, lanceolate, obtuse,
deflexed, about 3" long; .spur about as long as the
lip, slender, nearly straight, blunt; anther-sacs
widely divergent below, glands sniall, rather thick.
In bogs, New Brunsw^ick to Hritisli Columbia, south
to Maine, New York and Colorado. July Sept.
ORCHIDACEAE.
4. Habenaria nivea ( XiiU. ) Spreng.
Southern Small Wliitc Orchis.
(l-'ig. locjy.j
<ht/ii.\ iiivi-ii Null. CfTi. 2. i>S. iSiS.
/fii/iciti!i III iiirrii Spri'iiK. Sysl. 3: 6."m), i>2().
Stem slender, aiii^led, i2'-i,s' hijili. Leaves
liiicar-laiiceolatc, acuminate, 4' S' lon;^, the upper
much shorter and passinj,' into the hracts of the
spike; spike 2'-4' long, loosely niany-flowered;
flowers small, white; lateral sepals broadly ohlonj^,
dilated or slightly cared at the base, sprcadini;,
about 3" long; petals and upper sepal smaller;
spur capillary, as long as the ovarv or longer;
stigma apjiendaged by 2 small horns affixed to the
back of the anther; ovary straight.
In pine b.irrcil \)i>^>. Delaware lo I'loridii and .Via
binia. Xna.
5. Habenaria hyperborea ( L. ) R. ]',r.
Tall lycafy Green Orcliis. (Fig. iioo. )
Ori/iis /ij'fifiboinj I,, llant. 121. 1767.
Hiihriia)ia hyficiborca K. lir. in .\il, Ilorl.
2, 5: U),v kSi,v
Kew. VA.
Stem rather stout, .S'-3^ high- Leaves lanceo-
late, mostly acute, 2'-i2' long, 6"-tS" wide; spike
narrow, 3'-S' long; flowers small, greenish or
greenish yellow; sepals and petals ovate, obtuse,
2"-3" long; upper sepal slightly crenulate at the
apex; lip lanceolate, entire, obtuse, about 3" long;
spur about equalling the lip, shorter than tlie
ovary, blunt, slightly incurved, sometimes clavate;
anther-sacs parallel, diverging at the base; glands
small; ovary more or less twisted.
In bogs and wet wiiods. Nova Scotia to .\laska, south
to New Jersey, Colorado and (.)regon. Ascends lo 4o<hi
ft. in Vermont. May .Vug.
6. Habenaria dilatata
Tall White Bog Orchis.
(I'nr.sh) Hook,
(fig. 1 101. )
Orchis dilalalti I'ursli. ]"1. .Vni. .Sept. 58.^. i>n.
Ihihcnariii dilalala Hook. IC.xol. I'M. 2: pi. '/i. iSa.i.
Stem slender, leafy, i°-2° high. Leaves lanceo-
late, 3'- 1 2' long, 3"- 10" wide, obtuse or acute;
spike 2'-lo' long; bracts acute, the lower longer
than the ovary, the upper shorter; flowers small,
white; sepals ovate, obtuse, nearly 3" long; li]) en-
tire, dilated or obtusely 3-lobed at the base, obtuse
at the apex, about as long as the blunt incurved
spur; anther-sacs nearly parallel; glands close to-
gether, strap-shaped, nearly as long as the polliuia
and caudicle; stigma with a trowel-shaped beak be-
tween the bases of the anther-sacs; ovary more or
less twisted.
Ill bogs and wet woods. N'ova Scotia to .\laska. soulli
Id Maine. New York, Itali and OrcKon. .Ascends In
SOCK) ft. in New Hampshire. June-Sepl.
ORCHID FAMILV
7. Habenaria integra (Xutt. ) Spreng.
Small vSouthern Yellow Orchis.
( Fig. 1 102. )
Cir/iis iit/ixiii XuU. (Vt-u. 2: iS-^. iSiS.
Jfdlhiitii in hi/ixici Slirciig. Sy>t. 3: 6Sij. 1S26.
Stem i°-2° liiKli, anjileil, with 1-3 liiioiir-
laiiceolate leaves below, ami minierous bract-like
ones above. Lower leaves 2'-S' lonji, acute;
spike i'-;,' loiiK. <l>-'iisely flowered; flowers
orange-yellow; iipjier sepals and i)etals conni-
vent; lateral sepals longer, oval or obovale,
sprea<ling; lip oblong, mostly crenulateor erose,
sometimes entire; .spur straight, longer than the
lip, shorter than the ovary; .stigma with 2 lateral
fleshy appendages and a narrow beak.
In wet pine barrens, New Jersey tci I'lorida aiiil
Louisiana. The upper surface of tlie leaves is often
reticulated with lie.\aK<)nal cells. July.
8. Habenaria bracteata ( Willd.) R. Br.
Loiig-bractfd Orchis. (Fig. 1103.)
Or, ills />i,ic/t;j/,i Willd. Sp. I'l 4: r-,i- '^<'->-
/Id'u'iiai ill hriiiii-alii K. Hr. in .\it. Hurt. Kew. VA. 2.
5: 192. iSi 5.
/f,ih,iii!iia -.-iriifis var. biiutiatii Keiclieub. Ic. I"l.
C.erui. 13: i.VJ. ./■ /..'.I. i^^"-
Stem .slender or stout, leafy, 6'-2° high. Leaves
lanceolate, ovate or oval, or the lowest sometimes
obovate, obtuse or acute, 2'-^' long, the ujjper
much smaller; bracts longer than the ovaries, the
lower ones 2 or 3 times as long; spike },'-•,' long,
loosely flowered; flowers green or greenish; sepals
ovate-lanceolate, spreading, dilated or somewhat
gibbous at the base, about 3" long; petals very nar-
row, sometimes thread-like; lip 3"-4" l""g. "'>
long-sjiatulate, 2-3-toothed or lobed at the apex,
more than twice as long as the white sac-like spur;
anther-sacs divergent at the base.
In wiMids and meadows. New Brunswick to British
Columbia, south to North Carolina and Nebraska.
Also in ICurope. Ascends to ,VJi«i ft. in Virginia. May-
Sept.
g. Habenaria clavellata TMichx.) Spreng. I^^T^j)
Small Green Wood Orchis. (^Fig. 1104.) '\ '^j "
Orchis clavi'lla/a Miclix. I'l. Bor. Am. 2: 155. i.'^o.v
(hr/iis Iridenldla Willd. Sp. PI. 4: .(i- iSo.s.
Jfahfiiiirid /ridrii/n/a Hook. h:xol. I'l. 2: /;/. S/. 1S25.
Italu'iiaria tiaviilala Spreng. Sysl. 3; 6S9. 1826.
Stem 8'-i8' high, angled, i -leaved near the base,
often with several .small bract-like leaves above, or
one of these larger. Basal leaf oblancc late, 2'-6'
long; bracts shorter than the ovaries; .spikes ^','-2'
long, loosely flowered; flowers snuill, greenish or
whiti.sh; sepals and petals ovate, lip dilated and 3-
toothed at the apex, the teeth often small and in-
conspicuous; .spur longer than the ovary, incurved,
clavate; stigma with 3 club-shaped appendages;
anther-sacs nearly parallel; capsule ovoid, 3"-.;"
long, nearly erect.
f In wet or moist woods. Newfoundland to llinnesota,
south to I'lorida and Louisiana. Ascends to 6000 ft. in
North Carolina. July-.\ug.
i I
■^^^■^'—"l^itiifiiVii
OKCHIDACEAE.
10. Habenaria flava ( L. ) A. Gray.
Tuhuvkd Orcliis. Small I'ale-
^rLx-ii ( )rcliis. ( I-'i^. i 105. )
(hr/ii'x f/iir'<i I,. Sp. I'l. mi. 175.!.
<>i;/iis'yiivs<i lis Willd, Sp. V\ 4: ,1,7. iSos.
/Iiih( iKi) ill viirui'iis .SpniiK- Sy^l. 3; ii"^^ iSji).
iliihinai ill liava \. (iiav. \\\\. Joiiin. Sii. 38: vi^^-
IS(...
Stem ratluT slimt, \^ 2° Iiik''' Ii'mI'v. Iamvi's
liilK'foliilf or c'lliptii', acute or obtuse, 4' 12'
loM^, S" _^' wide; s))ike 2' 6' louj;; liraets aiu-
niiuate, loajfer than the ovaries; petals j.;reeiiisli;
se])als and petals ovate or roundish, about },"
lou).;; selJ.ils j^reenish yellow, lip a little lon).;er
than the petals, entire or crenulate, with an ob-
tuse tooth on each side and a central tubercle at
the middle of the base; anther-.sacs parallel, the
sides I'ormiuj; a rounded cavity, in which lie the
orbicular iiicurveil j.;lauds; capsule about \" loni^.
Ill moist soil, ( iniario to Miiiiusola. sniuli to I'lor-
iila and Louisiana and Missouri. Juiu- July.
II. Habenaria cristata (Michx.) R. Br.
Crested \'ell(iw ( )ivliis, 1 l'"i>;'. 1106.)
Oithis i lisliilti Miclix. I'l. I'or. Am. 2: i,v>. 'sn^
lliihiiiiiriii ,1 i\/ii/,i R. III. in .\it. Iloit. Kew. vd. 2. 5:
Stem sleiidir, aiiL^led, .'^' 2' high. Leaves nar-
rowly lanceolate, 2'-.S' loiij;, ^"-S" wide, the upjier
much smaller, similar to the bracts; bracts as
long as the flowers; sjjike 2'-.4' lonj,', dense; (lowers
oranjje; sepals roundish-ovate, about I '•" loujf, ihu
lateral ones s])readiii!.;; jietals narrower, jiectin.iti--
frinj.;ed; li]) slightly Ioniser than the sejxils, not ,^-
parted, but dee])ly frin,i,'e(l to the middle or beyond;
spur 2"-^" loujr. about half as lonj,' as the ovary;
anther-sacs divergent at the base, widely sejianited.
Ill bn^'s, Xcw Jersev In I'lorida and L'
Julv
12. Habenaria ciliaris (L.)
Yellow Fringed Orchis. ( Vig.
K. lir.
1 107. )
(>i i/iis (i/iiii is L. Sp. I'l. mvi- 17,1.1.
1 1 a hf lull- ill liliai is K. I!r. in .\il. Ilort. Kew. i;d. 2,
5: I'M- i^'.V
Stem slender, i°-2'3° high. Leaves lanceo-
late, acute, 4'-,S' loiiK. 6"-i.S" wide, the upper
smaller; spike closely many-llowered, ;,'- 6' lonj^,
sonietime.s nearly y thick; flowers orange or
yellow, large, showy; sej)ais orbicular or broadly
ovate, ol)li(|ue at the base, 2"-4" long; the lat-
eral ones mostly refle.\ed; petals much smaller,
oblong or cuneate, usually tootheil; lip oblong,
5"-"" loug, copiously fringed more than half-
way to the middle; spur I'-l'yi' long, very
slender; anther-sacs large, divergent at the base,
bearing a small white tubercle on the outer side.
In nie.idows. Vermont (?) iind Ontario to Miclii-
Kan. south to l-'lorida and Te.xas. July-.\UK'
(iRCIIIIi lAMII.V.
4f'5
13. Habenaria blephariglottis 1 Willil. 1 Torr. Wliitc FiiiiKL'd (Orchis.
< I'ij;'. 1 1 1 iS. /
(liiliis liliiiiis viir. iilhii Miilix. I'M. Hoi. Am. 2. i-fi. \ .
iSd^. Ni.t (>. „IIhi I.iiiM, i-v r"'^'^.-!^,?
(>i, Ins hl,f'/uiri,i;lol/i.^ WWUi. ^\i. V\. ^-.i). iSus. v '\\}r \'n
//ii/irii(ii ill /i///^/iiii ii:/i>//i\ 'I'lirr. Ci'm]). \i-. \^;t<. ^^ ^i^WtVv
//iilhiiai ia li/itii IS var. i/Z/n; .Mmniic, liiiH. Tiirr. L'lul),
20: .^S. iSeji.
Steins and U'avts similar tn llmsi- nf the- iirii-fil-
in>{ spi'cius. S])ikes dcnsi-ly nr ralliir locixlv
many-flowert'il; IIoucts ]iuri' wliilf, usually a littlu
smaller Uian Uuise nf //. li/im/s ; lip uaiiowir,
olildiig; pi'lals UioIIrmI or sdiuewliat fringiil at tin.'
apex ; friuj^e of the li]) enpious or sparse.
Ill bciH's ami swamps, .Wufinuullaud t(i Minniscita
and New Jersey. Interuu-diaU- iVinns !u t\\ eeu tliis and
tile preceding species, with linlit yellow llnwers, are
probably liybriils, Dlooins a few clays earlier than
I ///i;;/\ wlure tile luo t;iow tomtlii r. July .\\\^.
Habenaria blephariglottis holopetala I.indl. i .\, Cray,
.Mall. Ivd. ,^, ,=;ii2. 1S07.
I'hiliiiillii III hill. ipi lain I.indl. Ceii. ,\: Sji. (Ireli. Jul.
( )ne or botli of tlie pitals 1 iitire: lip ipl'ten ■.^p.-iriiii;lv
fliiiHid. With the ty|>f. I'lobably a iiu le lUiiii.
Habenaria lacera i Miclix. ) R. l!r. R:l,<,^i,'e■(l Orchis. ( Fi.!^^ i loi).
i>i iliiUiiii 1 ,1 Mieli.x. I"l. l!or. .\iii. 2: i,s6. 1S05.
Ifiiheiiiii ill liUtiii K. I!r. I'lodr. I'l. Nov. Hull, i: ^12.
iSio.
Stem rather slender, \"-2° \\\^\\. Leaves firm,
laiu-eolate, 5'-S' long, ic)"-i,S" wide, the upper
,i;railiially smaller; spike 2'-6' long, loose; llowers
}j;reenisli yellow; sepals ovate, obtuse, about },"
lon.i,', the u]iperoiie a little broader than the others,
]ietals linear, entire, obtu.se, abinit as loii.tf as the
sejials; lip vparteil, the se,u;ineuts narrow, deejilv
frin.ired, the fringe of a few threads, about ',' long;
s]iiir 7"-S" long, curved, shorter than the ovary,
elavate at the apex; iinther-saes divergent at the
base, their bases beaked ami piojeeting upward;
glands oblong-linear, hvaline, as long as the eau-
diele.
Ill swiimps and wet woods. Nova .Scotia to Minne-
sota, south to ("rcorKia and Missouri. June July.
15. Habenaria leucophaea (Xiitt.) A. (iray.
Prairie WhitL'-friiii^cd ( )rcliis. ( Fij;. 1 1 lo. )
Oir/iis /iiiiiip/iiiiii Niitt. Trans. .\iii. I'hil. .Sue. 1 II. 1 5: ihi.
Iliihniiinn Iriiinpliiirii X. Cray, Man. lid. ,=;, ,';o2. 1867.'
Stem stout, angled, i 'j°--2'.° high. Leaves lanceo-
late, 4'-,S' long; spike 3'-5' long, very thick, loo.sely
flowered; flowers large, white, fragrant, sometimes <>.
tinged with green; sepals broadly ovate; petals obovate, -^
minutely cut toothed, about 3" long; lip .^-parted, 6" ^
7" long, the segments broadly wedge-shaped and /y/fd
copiously fringed. Spur i '-1 C' long, longer than the
ovary; anther-sacs widely diverging at the base; cau-
dicleslongand slender; glands transversely oval; ovary
often recurved.
On moist prairies, western Xew York to Minnesota,
Kentucky and .Vrkansas. July.
f ri
«--^-..^^^^i^i-,.^^^A^
4^'fi OKCHIDACI'AI'.
i6. Habenaria grandiflora ( Hij^cl. ) Toir.
( l'"i«. I III. )
I.arj^a- Purpli.-fi-in.i,a'(l Orcliis.
iSa).
Nut
i^ii/ii.'i xxiiii/if/'" ii H\in\. I'l. l.iist. Ivtl. 2. .V'l.
()irlii.f fiiiihi iiihi Willil. Sp. I'l. 4: vi- "*",
Dryaiul. 17S().
/fiihrmii ill i;i iimli/loni '\'u\y. Ciim|). \\i). 1S26.
1 1,1 1'c II III ill ll III hi ill III A. ("iiiiv, Mail. VA s. Si'V 1S67,
Not K. I!r. iM.v
SlLMii l°-5° liiK'i- lA'avc's oval or laiu'i'olalf, ('-
111' lonj;, 10" ,^' widf, obtiiso, or llu' u])]xt siiialk'r
and ai'iili'; raccMiiu ,,'-15' I<'iij{, soim'tuiifs 2','
lliii'k, (liMisfly (lowerfd; flowers lilac or ])ur])li.sli,
soiiK'tiiiic'S wliiti' or nearly so, fraj^raiit; upper
sepal and ]H'tals erect, connivenl; Jielals ohlonj; or
(ihliinceolate, more or less tootlied, 'j' lonn; lip ,'1-
l)arled, 'i'l' liroad, about '.' lotiK. tl'e segments
broadly fan-sluiped, coi)ii)Usly frinjjed to about the
middle, anlber-sacs divergent at the base; glanils
orbicular, turned inward; spin- tilil'onn, clavate,
i'-[ 'j' long.
In rich wniids and nuadows. New lirunswick to (lll-
tarioand Miclnuaii, soulli tn Ndrtli Carolina. June Aug.
17. Habenaria psycodes ( L. ) A. Gray.
SinallL-r rurplc-fringcd Orchis. (Fig. 11 12.)
Orchis psviiniis I,. Sp. I'l. <)4;5. 17.S,;.
Oir/iis /iiii/'iiii/ii Ah. Ilorl. Kew. 3: 3)7. 17*11
/ ill fir II II I ill />\i'(ii(/(',v .\. r.rav, .\ni. Jcnuii. ,Sci. 38: ;i(i.
Stem rather slender, i°-.^° high. Leaves ov.d,
elliptic or lanceolate, a'-io' long, S"-^' wide, the
upper smaller; raceme 2'-6' long, I'-i '.' thick,
loosely or densely several -many-flowered; flowers
lilac, rarely white, fragrant; lower sepals ovate, ob-
tuse, about 4" li)n,g, the u]ii)er one a little nar-
rower; petals oblong or oblanceolate, toothed on
the upper margin; lip 3-parted, 4"-6" broad, the
segments fan-shaped and copiously fringed, the
fringe of the middle .segment shorter than that of
the lateral ones; s])ur somewhat clavate at the apex,
about S" long, longer than the ovary.
In meadows, swauii)sand wet woods, Newfoundland
to Jliniiesota, south to Nortli Carolina and Indiana.
Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. July-Auif.
18. Habenaria peramoena A. Gray.
Friiigfle.ss Purple Orchis. { Fig. 1 1 1 3. )
Oirliis fiasa I'ursh. V\. Xm. .Sept. .s.Sij. 1S14. Not
WilUi. iS,,5.
//. pi' III III III- nil A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 38: ;,io. 1S40.
Stem \°-2]i° high. Leaves elliptic or lanceo-
late, 4'-S' long, yi'-lVi' wide, the upper gradually
smaller; spike 2'---' long, i'-2},i' thick, densely or
rather loosely many-flowered; flowers large, showy,
violet-purple; lateral sepals round-ovate, y-4"
long, the upper one smaller; petals smaller, round-
obovate, clawed, entire, or slightly erose; lip '"-
10" long, ^-parted, the segments fan-shaped, cut-
toothed, not fringed, the middle one 2-lobed; spur
about as long as the t)vary, curved, clavate; anther-
sacs widely divergent, little separated; glands or-
bicular, oblique.
In moist meadows, New Jersey to Illinois, \ rginia
and Kentucky. July-.\UK.
ORCHID lAMIIvV.
467
4. POGONIA Juss. C.<jn. I'l. 65. 17S9.
M(istl\ low liirhs, llu' llowirs tiTiiiiiial, solilMry <ir in racitiKs, tliL- It'iivfs usually alteniMto
or viTlicillati-. Sf])als and ]iflals sc])araU\ i-ri-i-t <ii asccndiiiK. I.ip eri-ct frmii tliu liase of
tlie oohnnii, spurU'ss. Coliiimi ili>ii),'aleil, i-lul)-sliape<l at tlif suiimiil. Anther tL-nninal,
stalkuil, attailu'd to tlu' 1>ai'k of tliu colinnn, its safs i)arallfl; jxillinia 2, i in eai-li sac, pow-
dery -;^'ran\ilai-, withont a candicle. Stij;ina a flalteneil disk lielow tlio anlluT. Capsnk- ol)-
lonji or ovoid, crei't or droojiin^. [Cireek, heardi-d, from the bearded lip of some species.]
Aliiiiit ,vi species, widely di^triliiUed. Only tlu fiill<i\vinn an kii.iuii in N'cirtli America.
1. /'. iif>/iii>,i;/i>.s.Koi({,'S.
2. /'. Iriaiillii'f>lii>ia.
5. /'. ilivui i<alii.
Sepals and jietals nearly e(|Ual and alike.
I.i)) cresled.
I.ip not crested.
.Sepals lont;er and narrower than tlie petals.
Stem bearing a single leaf near tlu- miiUlle.
.Stem bearing a wlnirl of le.ives at the tup.
I.ip crested aloiiK a narripw lim- down the face: iie<hincle a- limj; as the capsnle or longer.
.). /'. ziiliiilliilii.
I. it) crested (ivcr the whnli- faci- and Idhes; iiediincle shorter tlian tile capsnle.
5. ]'. .ijjiiiis.
I. Pogonia ophioglossoides ( L. ) Kcr.
Kosu Po^oiiia. Snakc-inoiith.
( Fijr. 1 1 14. )
Aitlhiisit i'/>/iii>,i;/os.uii(/i s I.. Sp. I'l. i),si. 175,1.
J'm^diiia of>lii(n;loss«Hli'S Ker in I.indl. Hnt. Kejf-
/■/. I fS. 1S16.
Stem S'~i5' hi)>,di, 1-3-leaved, not rarely with
a lonjf-petioleil basal leaf. Stem leaf or leaves
','-3' long, lanceolate or ovate, erect, bluntly
acute; flowers frajjrant, pale rose-C(dor, slij.,ditly
noddin.t;, larj^e, solitary or occasionally in pairs,
subtended by a foliaceous bract ; sepals and petals
about e(|ual, elliptic or oval, 6"-io" long; lip
spatulate, free or somewhat appressed to the
column below, crested and fringed; columti much
shorter ihan the petals, thick, club-shaped.
In meadiiwsand swamps, Ncwfiiundland to On-
tario, Idorida and Kansas. .Mso in Japan. Koots
fdirons. Jnne-July.
2. Pogonia trianthophora (vSw.) B.S. P. Xoddiiis PoRotiia. (Fig. 1115.)
Aiiiliiisii Iriaiilliof'liora ,Sw. Kongl. Vet. .\cad. Ilandl.
( II. i 21: 2,50. i^-oo.
Piii^onia f<f)iiliila I.indl. Rot. Kesf. />/• '/'>'• iS^^.S.
P<i>roiii<i h iaii/ln</>lioia H.S.I'. I'rel. Cat. N. V. ,S2.
1888.
Stem glabrov-', 3'-S' high, from a tuberous root,
often clustered. Leaves 2-S, alternate, ovate, y,"-
9" long, clasping; flowers 1-7, on axillary pedun-
cles, pale purjile, at first nearly erect, soon droop-
ing; perianth 6"-S" long; sepals and petals about
efpial, connivent, elliptic, obtuse; lip clawed, some-
what ,vlobed, roughish or crisped above, not crested,
about as long as the petals; capsule oval, drooping,
about 6" long.
In rich woods, Canada (?). Rhode Island to Idorida.
Wisconsin and Kansas. .Ascends to 3500 ft. in North
Carolina. I.ocal. .\ug.-Sept.
ifl
468
OReillDACI'Ai;.
3, Pogonia divaricata ( L, ' R. Br. Sprcad-
iiiS Poj^onia. ! Fij^. 11 16.)
Aiiiliiisii (ii:\iri('it/,i I.. Sp. I'l, C131. 175.5,
P,ii;,>iii,! cli-.iii iiiila K. lir. in Ail. Holt. Ki-w. ICil. -'. 5-
20.V iSi,^.
Stem I =-2'' lii,t;li, l)L-:irinK a leaf near Ihe middle,
and a foliaceous bract near the llower. Leaf lanceo-
late, or narrowly elliptic, obtnse, dasiniiK, 2'-4'
loni;; llower terminal, solitary, about i' lonjr;
sepals linear, longer and .larrower than the petals,
diverging <lark colored; ])etals flesh-color, lanceo-
late, narrowed at the apex, lip as long as the petals,
3-lobed, cremilale or wavy-margined, greenish,
veined with juirple, crested, bnt not bearded, the
upper lobe long.
In swamps, soutlurn N'cw Jersfyt<i I'lorida and .Ma
bama. .\seeiulslii (in*) I'l. in North Carolina. Reported
I'ror.i Wisconsin. July.
4. Pogonia verticillata ( Willd.) Xiitt.
Wliorled rogonia. ( Fi.i;-. 1 1 1 7. )
Arrlliiisa yi-rliiilhi/n WilM. Sp. I'l. 4; ^i. 1^05.
Poiioiiiii :ri/i<!//a/a Null. ('.en. 2; 192. iSiS,
Stem lo'-l2' high, from long fleshy roiits,
bearing a whorl of ,s leaves at the sunnn.t.
Leaves obovate, abruptly pointed at the apex,
.ses.sile, i'-,^' long; flower solitary, erect or de-
clined; peduncle 6"-H" long, in fruit usually
e(iualling or exceeding the capside; sepals lin-
ear, l.'2'-2' long, about 1" wi<le. spreading,
dark purple; petals linear, erect, obtuse, green-
ish yellow, about 10" long; lip vlobcd, crested
along a n.irrow band, the ni)per J)art ex])anded,
undulate; capsule erect, 1 ' or more long.
In moist woods, Ontario to Wisconsin, Indi.ina
and Idorida. .\seetuls to .(500 in Virginia. May
June.
5. Pogonia affinis Austin. Smaller
Wlun-k-d Pogonia. (Fig. iiiS.)
'.ray, Man. ICd. ,s, ,=;o7.
r,X<>iiiit allinh .\ustiii: .\. (
i.sf)-.
Smaller th.an the preceding species, stem S'-
10' high. Leaves in a whorl of 5 at the sumndt,
I '-2' long; (lowers 2 or solitary, greenish yellow;
peduncle 2"-4" long, much shorter than the
ovary and capsule; sepals e(iualliiig the petals,
or but little longer, somewhat narrowed at the
base; li]) cre.sted over nearly the whole face and
lobes; capsule erect, l' long or less.
In moist woods, Connecticut to sontliern New
York and New Jersev. Raiv and local. The species
is imperl'eelly known. I liu' IlKiire is taken froni
Mr .Viistin's original sketches, June,
ORCHID I'AMIIA'.
469
5. ARETHUSA L. Sp. PI. 950.
i/0.i-
I,u\v herbs, with siiimII bulbs aii<l inoslly solitary flowers on braeted soai)us, Uie solitary leaf
linear, lii(l<len at first in the upper bract, protruding after flowerinj^. Sepals anil petals about
e(|ual, conniveiit and hooded above, coherent below. Lip dilated and recurved-s])reading at the
apex, crested on the face with straight somewhat fleshy hairs, slightly gibbous at the base.
Column adherent to the lip below, linear, narrowly winge<l and dilated at the summit.
Anther operculate, of 2 approximateil sacs incumbent upon the column; pollinia 4, 2 in each
sac, powdery -granular. Capsule erect, ellipsoid, strongly angled. [Dedicated to the nymph
.\retlin.sa.] '^ '^
Two known spcciis, llie foUnwinK occurring in
North America, tlic utlicr in Japan.
I. Arethusa bulbosa I^. Aretluisa.
(Fig. I 119.)
Airlliusa hiilhosn I,. .S]). I'l. 11,50. 17,5,^.
Scape glabrous, s'-io' high, bearing 1-3 loose
sheathing bracts. Leaf linear, nuiuy-nerved, be-
coming 4'-6'k)ng; flower solitary (rarely 2), aris-
ing from between a pair of small unequal scales,
rose-])urj)U', i'-2' high; se])als and petals linear to
elliptic, obtu.se, arched t)ver the column; lip usually
drooping beneath the sepals and petals, the apex
Ijroad, rounded, often fringed or. toothed, variegated
with purplish blotches, bearded, crested down the
face in three white hairy ridges; capsule about l'
long, ellipsoid, strongly 6-ribbed, rarely maturing.
In bofrs, NewfoutiiUaiul to ( )ntario and Minnesota,
south to North Carolina and Iniliana. May June.
6. EPIPACTIS R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. VA. 2, 5: 201. 1S13.
Tall stout herbs with llbrous roots and simple leafy stems. Leaves ovate or lanceoUile,
plicate, clasping. I'lowers leafy-bracted, in terminal racemes. Sepals and petals all separ-
ate. Spur none. Lip free, sessile, broad, concave below, constricted near the middle, the
njjper portion dilated and petal-liki Column short, erect. .Anther operculate, borne on the
margin of the clinandrium, erect, ovate or .■icmi.globose, its sacs contiguous. I'oUinia 2-
parti'd, granulose, becoming attached to the glandular beak of the stignui. Capsule oblong,
beakless. [Creek name for I lelleborine.]
.\boul 10 species, widely distributed. liisidcs tin- folIowiuK. anotlier cjccurs in the wi>teru
I'niled ,StaUs
I. Epipactis viridiflora (Hoffni. ) Reichb.
Helk-Ixn-iiie. (Fig. 1120.)
Si-ra/'iiii :-i) i,/i//iir<i lIolTni. Dcutscli. 1"1. 2: 1S2. 1S04.
/C/>ipt!i-/i.\- lalifi'liii var. viriiiilloia Irni. I.iun.Ka, 16:
•l.Si. 1842.'
I'.fipiUlis ririt/i//iiiii Kcichb. I'l, I';xc. r^|. iS,vi.
Ji/ii/'tu/is /liilihiiriiir .\. Gray. Man. VA. 6, 504. iSi)o
Nut Cranlz. 1769.
Stem 1^-2" high, glabrous t)elow, pubescent
above. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, obtuse or acute,
i';'-3' long, 9"-l'2' wide; flowers greenish yel-
low to puqile; pedicels 2"-'s" loii.g; sepals 4"-5"
long, lanceolate; jietals narrower; lip expande<l
into a slightly undulate apex, tapering to a ])oint;
bracts lanceolate, longer than the flowers.
Near Toroiitii, { )iilario; Syracuse and HulTalo, New-
York; the (inly .•Xniericau slaliims known. Widely
distril)Uted in iCurope. .Sometimes coufounded wild
the I'Uuopean A'. luli/oHit. but dilTers in haviui,; llie lip
free from callosities, its ape.x acute, the sepals aiul
petals loiiyer and more tapering. July .\uw.
470
ORCHIDACHAI';.
7. GYROSTACHYS Pers. vSyn. 2: 511. 1S07.
[Si'iKAXTUKS L. C. Ricliiird, Mfiii. Mus. Paris, 4:42. rSiS.]
i:rect herlis, will, flcshy-filirmis or lubLnnis roots anil slfiuler slums or scapes, leaf-Iiuar-
inj^ below or at the riase. I'lowers small, spurless, sjiikud, l-^-rowL'd, the s|)ikes more or less
luisle<l. Sepals free, or more or less eoliereiil at tlii' top, or uniteil with petals into a
j(alea. I.ip sessile or elawed, eoiicave, erect, em!iraciiij{ the column and often adherent to
it, sjireadinj^ and crisped, or rarely lohed or tootlied at the a])ex, bearinj^ minute callosities at
tile base. Column arched below, oblicpiely attached to the to]) of the ovary, .\ntlier with-
out a lid, borne on the b.-ick of the column, erect. Stifjma ovate, prolon).;ed into an acumi-
nate beak, at length bifid, coverinj; the anther and stigmatic only nnderneath. I'ollinia 2, 1
in each sac, powdery. Cai)side ovoid or oblong, erect, [Greek, referring to the twisleil s])ikes] .
.\b(iut Sn sjiecii s, uickly distribiucd in tropical and teinpirale regions, liesiiles the fcillowinn,
aiicilher dccuis in tin- Smuhiiii .States and ipmc in California. The flowers are often fraKrant.
Idcpuers vranked: stems not twisted, nv but slightly so.
.Sepals anil petals nmre or less connivent into a IukkI. i. (/. A'diiKiii-nJ^iiiiu!.
Lateral sepals si jianite. frei .
.Spike sliiirt, about 2' InUK. 4" ,s" thick; callosities unne, or mere tliicki innj;s of the basal
margins of the lip. .'. (/. p/tiii/tmiitiii.
Spike .('-(>' louK. I' ' 10" thick; calliisities nipple-shaped.
•Spike '1" 7" thick; calUisitiis hairy, straight. ,;. <i. (tiiiim.
.S])ike s"-K]" thick; callosities ^rlabrous. incurved, 4. (/. m/oia/a.
Flowers merely alternale, ap]>earinK seciniil from the spiral twistinpr of the stem.
Stem leafy; lower leaves elongated, mostly ijei^istent through the flowerinn season.
,S. (/. f'lafco.v.
Stein a hracted scape; leaves basal, mostly withering before the flowering season.
(1. (,'. shiifih'x.
Knot a single tuber; spike abuut i' lonsf.
K( pot a cluster of tubers; spike 1' ,V lont;.
(/. 'jiiuilis.
I. Gyrostachys' Romanzoffiana (Cham.)
MacM. Houtled Ladies' Trcsse.s. ( Fig. i\2\.)
Sf'ii lUilliiw !\'iuiiamii(ficiiia Cham. I.iiniae-i. 3: ,^2. 182S.
(iyi ustacliys Ko»i(iii:i>l1iaiia MacM. Met. Minr.. 171. 1S92.
Stem 6'-i5' high, glabrous, leafy below, bracted
above, the inflorescence rarely pnbernlent. Lower
leaves ;/-.'~i' long, linear or linear-oblanceolate; spike
2'-.t' long, Y'-'" thick; bracts shorter than the
flowers; flowers in _^ rows, white or greenish, ringent,
y-.\" long, spreading horizontally, very fragrant;
sepals and petals broad at the l)ase, all more or less
c. nnicent into a hood; lip oblong, broad at the base,
contracted below the ililated crisped apex, thin, trans-
parent, veined; callosities mere thickenings of the
basal margins of the lip, or none.
In b(i(fs, Nova Scotia to .\Iaska. south to Maine, reini-
sylvania. Miimesota and California. Jnly-.VuK-
2. Gyrostachys plantaginea ( Raf. ) Hritton.
( I'ig. 1122. )
Xfolliii f>li)iiliii;iii(<i Kaf. .\m. Monlli. M-.R. 2: 2ip|), iSiS,
Spiriiii//usciiiiiiii var..' hitilnlia Torr Comp. ,>2o, iS2().
Spi 111 II I Ins p/,iii/tii;iiir(i Torr. I'l. N. V. 2. 2S4. 184,^
.S'. /ii/i/o/iii Torr.; I.indl. Ikn. ^S: Sp. Orcli. 467. lS.)o.
(iyrosliuliys lali/'oUfi Kuntze, Kev. Cieii. I'l. ';(V(. 1891.
Stem 4'-lo' high, glabrous or pubescent, bracted
above, Iteariiig 4 or 5 lanceolate or oblanceolale leaves
below. Leaves I'^s' long; spike i'-2' long, 4"-5"
thick, dense; floral bracts mostly much shorterthan the
flowers; flowers spreading, abimt x," long; jietals and
sepals wliite; lateral se]ials free, narrowly lanceolate,
the upj)er somewhat united with the petals; lip pale
yellow on the face, oblong, not contracted in the mid-
dle, the wavj- apex rounded, crisped or fringed, the
base short-clawed; callosities none, or mere thicken-
ings of the lip nnirgins.
Moist banks and wnipils, New liruuswick to Minnesota,
south to VirKinia and Michigair J>nie-.\UK.
Wid
Tri.'.s.ses.
ORCHID 1-AMILY.
3. Gyrostachys cernua ( L. ) Kuntze.
Nodding Ladies' Tresses. (Fig. 1 123. )
(>f>/ii vs (fi unci [,. Si), ri. <-).\(u I75,V
S/tiiaiillii-s (CI inin I,. C. Ricli. Orcli. Ann. ,^7. 1S17.
(iyroshuliys ifi una Kiintzf, Ktv. Cicn. I'l. i>>y\. i.~<i)l.
Stem 6' -25' hixli (rarely tallen, usiuilly pubes-
cent above, mostly bearing 2-6 acuminate bracts.
Leaves nearly basal, linear-oblanceolate or linear,
3'-i4' lonjf, the blaile narrow, the petiole 2'-io'
long; spike 4'-5' long, 6"-7" thick; flowers white
or yellowish, fragrant, nodding or spreading, about
5" long, in 5 rows; lateral sepals free, the njjper
arching and connivent with the petals; lip oblong,
or sometimes ovate, the broad apex rounded, crenu-
late or crisped; callosities nipple-shaped, straight,
hairy.
In wet meadows and swamps, Xova Scotia to ( )ntario
and Minnesota, south to I'londaand Louisiana. .\ii>f. -
Oct.
471
4. Gyrostachys odorata ( Xutt. ) Kunt/.e.
Fragrant Ladies' Tresses. (Fig. 1124.)
.XeKllitj odoriila Nntt. Jmnu. .\cad. I'hil. 7: 9S. iS^.
Spiral! //lis in/ora/a I.indl. Ccn. vV Sp. Orch. .(67. 1840.
(,yiiis/ai/ns odiini/a Kuntze, Rev. C.en, I'l, 6»j4. 1S91.
Stem stout, i°-2° high, strongly pubescent above.
Lower and basal leaves S'-i5' long, 7"-2' wide,
tapering into sheathing petioles, the upper reduced
to bracts; spike ,s'-6' long, S"-io" thick, floral
bracts often exceeding the flowers, long-acuminate;
flowers yellowi.sh white, fragrant, 5" long; lateral
.sepals free; lip as long as the jietals, oblong, broad
at the base, contracted above the middle, the
dilated ajiex crisped or toothed; callosities nipple-
shaped, incurve<l, glabrous.
On river banks, nfteii in llie water, North Carolina
to Ktiitucky. I'loridaand Louisiana. Sept. -Oct.
5. Gyrostachys praecox (Walt. ) Kiuitze.
(Fig. 1 125.
I.iiiitH/onnii piarcox Walt. 1"1. Car. 221. 17.SS.
S/'iiaii//us ,i;iaiiitiifa var. U',i//iii A. Cray, Man,
Kd. ,s. ,so,s. 1867.
S/'!iaii//irs piaiiin S. Wats, in .\. Cray, Man. I'A.
6, ,so,5. 1S90,
(iVKis/ac/ivs praccK.v Kinitze, Rev. Cen. I'l. i)(M.
"iSgi.
Stem slender, lo'-.^o' high, glandular-pubes-
cent above, leafy. Leaves linear, 4' 12' long,
with narrow grass-like blades and long .sheath-
ing petioles, mostly j)ersistent through the flow-
ering season, the upper smaller; spike usually
much twisted, 2'-.S' l<mg, 4"^6" thick; bracts
about as long as the ovaries; flowers white or
yellowish, about 4" long, spreading; lateral
sepals free, the upper somewhat connivent with
the petals; lip about 3" long, short-clawed, ob-
long, contracted above, the dilated apex obtuse,
crenulate, often dark-.striped in the ndddle; ros-
tellum very acute; callosities small, glabrous.
In Rrassy places, soutlicrn New York to Florida
and Louisiana. July-.Xng.
Grass-leaved Ladies' Tres.ses.
"'-«-'^*''>»»"»"
472
ORCHIDACEAE
6
Gyrostachys simplex (A. Gray)
Kuiitze. Little Ladies' Tresses.
{V\^. 1 1 26.)
Sftiraiithrs simple i A. Cray, Man. VA. 5, .sn^. 1867.
C'lnis/ac/ns si»i/>/c.i Ktinlze, Kev. (k'H. I'l. fi64.
iS()i.
Stems very slender, $'-()' liijfli, with .siiiall de-
ciduous bracts above. T<eaves l)asa!, ovate or
oblonj;, short, abruptly narro\ve<l into a petiole,
uio.stlv di.-^appearing at or before the flowering
time; spike .slender, about i' long and 3" thick,
glabrous, little twisted; flowers white, l''-!,'!"
long; lip thin, striped, obovate-oblong, cris])ed
at the .sunnnit, short-clawed; callosities ni])ple-
sliaped, .slender; root a solitary spi'ulle-.shaped
tuber.
In dry sandy soil, Massacluiselts to Maryland.
Aug.-Sept.
7. Gyrostachys gracilis (Higel.) Kuut/e.
(Fig. 1 127.)
Xtoiliii iinuilis liiRol. V\. Host. VA. 2, 322. 1824.
Sftiiaiillics firacilis Ik-ck, Hot. 343. i.S^v
(.ividslatlivs liraiilis Kuntze, Kcv. C.en. I'l. 664.
iSgi.
Stem .slender, S'-2° high, from a cluster of
spindle-shaped tuberous roots, glabrous, or rarely
pube.scent above, bearing .small deciduous bracts.
Leaves basal, obovate, or ovate-lanceolate, peti-
oled, the blades jj'-a' long, 4"-io" wide, mostly
perishing before the flowering season; spike i'-
y long, 4"-6" thick, loose, usually much
twisted; flowers white, fragrant, 2"-2!2" long;
.sepals a little longer than the lip, the lateral
ones free; lip about 2" long, oblong, dilated and
crenulate or wavy-crisped at the apex, usually
thick and green in the middle, white and hya-
line on the margins, slightly clawed at the base;
callosities .small, nipple-shaped.
In dry fields and open woods. Nova Scotia to
Minnesota, I'lorida, Louisiana .ind Kansas. .\s-
ceiuls to 2500 ft. in North Carolina. .\us{.-"el.
Slender Ladies' Tresst.s.
8. LISTERA R. Br. in Ait. Hurt. Kew. Ivd. 2, 5: 2.)i. iSi,v
Small herl)s, with fibrous or sometimes rather fleshy-fibrous roots, bearing a pair of op-
posite green leaves near the middle, and I or 2 small scales at the ba.se of the stem. Mowers
in terminal racemes, spurless. Sepals and petals nearly alike, .spreading or reflexed, free.
Anther without a Kd, erect, jointed to the column. I'ollinia 2, powdery, united to a minute
gland. Caj)sule ovoid or obovoid. [Name in honor of Martin Lister, 163S (? 1-1712, a cor-
respondent of Ray.]
.Vbout i(is|)ecies, n.itives of the norlli temperate and arctic zones. liesides the foUowiuK, an-
other oc.'urs in northwestern North America.
Lip broadly wedge shaped, 2-lohed at tlie apex.
Lip narrowly linear or setiieeous.
Lip 2-clefl, twice as long as the petals.
Lij) 2 parted, 4 J< times as long as the petals.
1. /.. coiiiuillai ididi'.s.
2. /.. cordala.
r /., iitis/i'tt/i.s.
.
ORCHID FAMILV.
473
I. Listera convallarioides (vSw.) Torr.
(Fig. 112S.)
/C/>i/>(ii/ix((>>iz'a//(iii<ii(/<\sHw. Konsfl. Vet. Aca<l. Haiidl,
(II. I 21: 2T,2. lS(Xl.
/.is/i'ii! (Onz'alliuioitiisXnxr. Coni)). ,320. 1S26.
Stem Y-uV Iuk'', Kl^i"li'''"'-P"'"-''^t'eiit above tlie
leaves. lA'aves smooth, round-oval or ovate, obtuse
or cusiiidate at tlie a))e\-, .sometimes slightly cordate
or reniform at the base, 3-9-iierved. Raceme i 'j'-.V
long, loosely 3-i2-flo\vered; flowers greenish yellow,
pedicels fdiform, br-icted, 3"-4" long; petals and
sepals linear-lanceoli.le, much .shorter than the lip;
lip broadly wedge shaped, with 2 obtu.se lobes at the
dihited apex, generally with a tooth on each side at
base; column elongated, but shorter than the lip, a
little incurved, with 2 short projecting wings above
the anther; capsule obovoid, about 3" long.
In woods, Nova Scotia to Alaska and California, south
to Vermont, along the mountains to North Carolina.
Ascends to 45(X) ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug.
Broad-lipped Twayblade.
! .'•
2. Listera cordata ( L. ) R. Br. Heart-
leaved Twayblade. (Fig. 1 129.)
Ofilnys foitlala I,. Sp. PI. 946. 17,=;^
I.islcia tordala R. lir in .\it. Ilort. Kew. Kd. 2. 5: 201.
1S13.
Stem very slender, glabrous or nearly .so, 3'-i<)'
high. I^eaves .sessile, cordate, ovate, mucronate,
'i'-i' long; racemes rather loose, ^2 '-2' long, 4-20-
flowered ; flowers purpli.sh, minute; pedicels bracted,
about i" long; sepals and petals oblong-linear,
scarcely l" long; lip narrow, often with a subulate
tooth on each side at the base, twice as long as the
jK'lals, 2-cleft, the .segineuL-, setaceous and ciliolate;
column very small, the clinandrium just appearing
above the anther; capsule ovoid, 2" long.
In moist woods, Nova .Scotia to .\laska. New Jersey
and Oregon. .\lso hi luirope and .\sia. June .Vug.
3. Listera australis I^iiidl. Southern
Twayblade. (Fig. 1130.)
J.isli'ia <i(s/r<j/is I.indl. Cien, kV Sp. ( )rcli. 456. 1S40.
Stem slender, 4'-i(j' high, more or less pubes-
cent above. Leaves ovate, acutish, nuicronate,
glabrous, shining, S"-io" long, 3-7-nerved; ra-
ceme 2'-3' long, loo.sely S-15-flowereil; flowers
yellowish green with purplish stripes; sepals aii<l
petals minute; lip '^'-/i' l"iig. 2-parted, si>lit
nearly to the base, 4-8 times as long as the petals,
its .segments linear-setaceous; column very small;
capsule ovoid.
In bogs, New York and New Jersey to IHorida
and .\Iahama and Louisiana. A third leaf is rarely
borne below the flowers.
474 ORCHIDACEAE.
9. PERAMIUM Salisb. Trans. Hurt. Soc. i: 301. 1S12.
[Ci(m)I)Vi:k\ R. ]{r. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ivl. 2, 5: 197. l.Si,^.]
Hfrbs witli bracted urcct scapes, the leaves l)asal, lufteil, often blotched with white, the
roots thick fleshy fibres. IHowers in bracted spikes. Lateral sepals free, the upper one
iiniteil with the petals into a j;alea. I.ip sessile, entire, roundish ovate, concave or saccate;
without callosities, its apex reflexed. .\nther without a Hil, erect or incumbent, attached to
the coliniin by a short stalk; poUinia one in each sac, attached to a .ini.ill di. k which coheres
with the top of the stij^ina, composed of angular grains.
.\boui J5 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical reniof.s.
.. /' )cf>cns.
Spike one-sided.
.'^l)ike uoi. line sided.
Flowers 2";," \o\\\i\ ktalea ovate, its short lip usually not recurved
Flowers ,V'-4" lonn; Kalea ovate-lanceolate, its luuK tip recurved.
, /'. />N/)fS<en.<!.
3. /'. Miii~ii:.sii.
(Fig. 1 131.)
I. Peramium repens (L.) Salisb. Lesser Rattle.snake Plantain.
Siilyrnnn irpfiis I,. Sp. PI. g4,> 175,^
(toodvcra rcfieiis K. lir. in .\it. Hort. Kew. I'M.
5: i'A 181.V
Piiaiiiiiim ifpLiis Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1:
,^oi. 1S12.
Scape 5'- 10' high, glandular-pubescent,
bearing several small scales. Leaves ovate,
the blade 6"- 15" long, \"-'6" wide, .some-
what reticidated or blotched with white,
tapering into a sheathing petiole .spike short,
i-sided; flowers greenish white, 2'''-3" long;
galea concave, ovate, with a short spreading
or slightly recurved tip; lip saccate, with a
narrow recurved or spreading apex; column
very short; anther 2-celled; pollinia not pro-
longed into a caudicle.
In woods, Xdva Scotia to .Alaska (?). south to
Kliirida and Minnesota and Colorado. .Also in
Kurope and .Asia, .\scends to 50JO ft. in Vir-
ginia. ]uIy-.\UK.
2. Peramium pubescens (Willd. ) MacM. Downy Rattlesnake Plantain.
(Fig. 1132.)
Xcollia f>ubruriis Willd, Sp. PI. 4: 76. 1805.
(ioocfyrra piihfsiciis R. Hr, in .\il. Hort. Kew, Rd.
2, 5: 198. iSi.v
I'eiainiinn piibtSirns Macll, Met. Minn. 172. iSq2.
I'.suallj- larger than the preceding species,
scape 6'-2o' high, densely glandular-pubescent,
bearing 5-10 lanceolate .scales. Leaves i'-2'
long, S"-!' wide, strongly white-reticulated,
oval or ovate; spike not 1 -sided; flower:; 2"-},"
high, greenish white; lateral sepals ovate; galea
ovate, its short tip usually not recurved; lip
strongly .saccate with a short broad obtuse
recurved or spreading tip.
In dry woods, Newfoundland to Ontario and
Minnesota, south to I'l(>ri<la and Tennessee. As-
cends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. July .Aur.
m
^w
ORCHID FAMILY.
475
3. Peramium Menziesii (Lindl.) Morong. Meiizies' Rattlesnake Platitain.
(Fig. 1 133.)
Shiraiilln-: i/,ri/>iiiis Hook. 1"1. Hor. .Xiii. 2: 20;,.
1839?
Goodyera ^r<•l|-.ll■.u'i I.iiull. C.in. S: S]) Oroh.
49^. 1840.
Pctamhim 3f,'ii:ii:sii:!,\t>n>nf!:, Mcin, Torr. Cliil),
5: 124. ii-y».
Scape stout, S'-is' hij>;h, glaiulular-pubes-
cent. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, iVz'-'^Vz'
long, S"- 13" wide, the blade acute :it both
ends, often without white blotches or reticula-
tions; spike not i-sided; flowers 3"-4" l<>"g;
galea concave, ovate-lanceolate, the tip long,
usually recurveil, lip .swollen at the base,
with a long narrow recurved or spreading
apex; anther ovate, pointed, on the base of
the column, which is prolonged above the
stigma into a gland-bearing awl-shaped beak.
In woods, yucbec to liritish Coluiiibia, Xcw
Hampshire, New York, Jlinnesota, Arizona and
California. Aug.
10. ACHROANTHES Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. iSoS.
[MicROSTvr.is Xutt. Cfcu. 2: 196. iSiS.]
I,ow herbs, from a solid bulb, our species i -leaved, and with i -several scales at the base
of the stem. I'lowcrs small, white or green, in a terminal raceme. Sepals spreading, separ-
ate, the lateral ones ecpial at the base. Petals fdiform or linear, sprea<ling. Lip cordate or
eared at the base, embracing the column. Anther erect between the auricle:,, 2-celled; pol-
linia 4, .smooth and waxy, 2 in each sac, tlie jjairs cohering at the summit, without caudicles
or glands. Capsule oval, sometimes nearly globose, l)eakless. [Greek, in allusion to the
green flowers?]
About 40 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, about 4 others occur in the south-
ern and western parts of North .\nierica.
1. .-1. monofiliyUii.
2. A. Kill to! ill.
Leaf sheathing the base of the stem.
Leaf clasping the stem near the middle.
I. Achroanthes monophylla (L.)
Greene. White Adder". s-niouth.
(Fig. II 34.)
0/>/uys iiioiiopliyllos I,. Sp. I'l. 947. i75,v
Micioshlis iiio>io/>/n'//a Lindl. liot. Reg. />/.
/.'9ii. 1829.
Achniaiitlies iiiiiii,t/i/iy//,i Greene, Pittonia, 2:
I S3. 1S91,
Stem slender, 4'-6' high, smooth, glabrous,
striate. Leaf sheathing the stem at its base,
the blade l'-2' long, yi'-iH' wide; raceme
l'-3' long, narrow, 3"-5" thick; flowers
whitish, about i" long; pedicels nearly erect,
bracted, I "-2" long; sepals acute; lip tri-
angular or ovate, acuminate, the lateral lobes
obtu.se; capsule oval, about 3" long.
In woods, Quebec to Minnesota, Pennsylvania
and NebrAska. July.
^^^A^^-^^,::.^^^aLi^ .
476
ORCHIDACEAR.
2. Achroanthes unifolia (Miclix.)
K;if. Crt-eu AcUler's-inoiith.
(I'lR. 1 '35-)
.tfii/ii lis niii/olid Mii'lix. 1"1. llor. Am. 2:157.
.\i hiiiiiiillii-^ iiiiifolia Kill'. AIimI, Kep. ill.) 5:
Mill iiil\lis i>/'//fiii;/(iss<ii(/(S Nutt. Ciiti. 2: 196.
Stem j,'lahn)u.s, striate, 4'-i(i' high. I, oaf
clasping,' tlic- .stem near the middle, nv al or
nearly orbicular, l'-2'j'long, 10" i '.' wide;
raoenie 1' ;,' lonj;, sometimes 1' thiek; (low-
ers j;reeiiish, about l" lonjf, the pedieels
very slender, sjireading, ,1" 5" long; sepals
oblong; lip broad, 3-toot'i._-d al the apev,
capsule oval or snbglobo.->e.
Ill wcinds and tliiekets. Xeufiiiiiiill.iiul t.i On-
tarici and Minnesota, south Ui Idorida. .\laliaiiia
and Missouri, .\seends to |ikki ft. in Noilli Car-
olina. July.
II. LEPTORCHIS Tlumars, Xoiiv. Bull. vSoc. Plilom. ,V4. i.^oS.
[I.II'AKIS I.. C. Richard, Mem. Mus. I'aris, 4: 43. iSiS.]
l.ow herbs, with solid bulbs, the base of the stem sheathed by several .scales and 2 broad
shilling leaves. Idowers in terminal racemes. Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, spread-
ing, petals usually very narrow. Column elongated, incurved, thickened and margined
above, rollinia 2 in each sac of the anther smooth and waxy, the pairs slightly uniteil,
without stalk, threads or glands. I,ip nearly flat, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base.
[Greek, signifying a slender orchid.]
.•\boul ii«i s])eeies. widely distributed in teinpeiale and tidjiical rejfions; only the followintr
known Ui occur in Xuitli .\nierica.
Raceme iiiauy-flowered; lip as ImiK as tlie petals.
Raceme few-llow^red; lip shorter tlian the petals.
1. /.. liliit'olia.
2. /.. I.ih-sclii.
I. Leptorchis liliifolia (I.,.) Kuiit/.e. Larj^c Twayblade
1 1 36. )
Of>lii \s lilii/olia I.. .Sp.
I.. C.
I.ifiai is liliifoliix
t>l. SS:. i,S25.
/.cpli'iciiis liUifitlia
1S91.
in. ot'^^. 175,^
Kich. I.indl.
Dot. Keg.
Kunt.a-. Rev. Cell. PI. Tri.
Scape 4'-io' high, 5-10-striate. Leaves
ovate or oval, 2'-5' long, i'-2^' wide, ob-
tuse, keeled below, the sheaths large and
loose. Raceme sometimes 6' long; flowers
numerous, showy; sepals and petals some-
what refle,\ed; petals very narrow or thread-
like; lip erect, large, 5"-6" long, about as
long as the petals, wedge-obovatc; column
I fi" long, incurved, dilated at the summit;
pedicels slender, ascending or spreading,
A,"-V long; capsule somewhat club-shaped,
about 5" long, the pedicel thickened in fruit.
In moist woods and thickets, Maine to Min-
nesota. ('leorgia and Missouri, .\scends to ^cwo
ft. in Virginia. May-July.
I.iiidl. liut. RiK. /'/.
ORCHID I'AMILV.
2. Leptorchis Loeselii (L.) MacM. Fcii
Orcliis. Loesel's Twi'.yblade. (bi;;. 1137.)
(ifilays l.oisriii I,. Sj). IM. i»(7.
I.if>(iiis /.lusflii I, C. Uicli.
l.ipliiiiliis Lucsilii yUwyi. Mil. Miiui. 17.^. iS()2,
Scape 2'-S' liij;li, strongly 5 -"-rihlitMl. Leaves
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 2'-6' long, J2' -2'
wide, oljtnse; raceme few-ilowereil; (lowers green-
ish, smaller than those of the preceding species,
2"-T," long; sepals narrowly lanceolate, spreading;
petals linear, somewhat retlcxcd; lip obovate,
pointed, rather shorter than the petals and sepals,
its tip incurved; column half as long as the lip or
less; capsule about 5" long, wing-augled, on a
thickened pedicel.
In wcl lliickits and im springy banks, Nuva Scotia
to the Nortliwist Tirritdry. snutli to Miirylaiul and
.■\;iss()uri. Also in ICuropi'. May July.
477
12. CALYPSO Salisb. Par. I.oiid. />/. .sVy.
Rog herb, with a solid bulb and coralloid roots, the low l -flowered scape sheathed by 2
or 3 loose scales and a solitary pctioled leaf at the base. I'lower large, showy terminal,
bractcd. Sepals and petals similar, nearly etjual. Lip large, saccate or swollen, 2-parted
below. Column dilated, j)etal-like, bearing the lid-like anther just below the summit. I'ol-
linia 2, waxy, each 2-parted, without cauilicles, sessile on a thick gland, the stigma at the
base. [Dedicated to the goddess Calypso.]
A nionolypio species of the cooler portions of the north temperate /one.
I. Calypso bulbosa ( L. ) (lakes. Calypso.
(I'ijr. 1 I3S. )
Cvprif>i()iiii)i /ill //ids II III I,. Sp. IM. (),st. 17,5.^.
< (;/i'/)Mi /)(i/-(-if//,( Salisl). I'ar. I.ond. />/.■'>''/. i''*o7.
Ca/vfiso /ui/luKUi Oakes. Cat. Vermont I'l. 2S. |S.|2.
linlb 5" in diameter or less. Scape 3'-6' high; leaf
round-ovate, I'-i'j' long, nearly as wide, obtusely
pointed at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base,
the petiole I '-2' long; flowers variegated, purple, pink
and yellow, the peduncle jointed; petals ami sepals
linear, erect or spreading, ~,"-'" long, with 3 longitu-
dinal purple lines; lip large, saccate, 2-divided below,
spreading or drooping, with a patch of yellow woolly
hairs near the point of division; column erect, broadly
ovate, shorter than the petals; capsule about ]i' long,
many-nerved.
Labrador to .\Iaska, south to Maine, MichiKan, Califor-
nia, and in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. .Also in
Ivurope. IHower somcwhiit resembling' that of a small
Cypripic/iiiiii. May June.
13. CORALLORHIZA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. VA. 2, 5: 209. 1S13.
Sca]K)se herbs, saprophytes or root-]iarasites, with large masses of coralloid branching
roots, the leaves all reduced to sheathing scales. I'lowers in terminal racemes. Sepals
nearly e(|ual, the lateral ones united at tlie base with the foot of the column, forming a
short spur or gibl)ous protuberance, the other one free, the spur adnate to the summit of the
ovary. Totals about as long as the sepals, 1-3-nerveil. Lip 1-3-ridged. Column nearly
free, slightly incurved, somewhat 2-wingcd. Anther terminal, operculate. Pollinia 4, in 2
pairs, oblique, free, soft-waxy. [Greek, from the coral-like roots.]
About 15 s])eeies, widely distributed in tlie iu)rth temperate zone. Itesides the following, some
4 otlitrs occur in the southern and western parts of North America.
Spur small or sac like, adnate to the top of tlie ovary.
Lip not deeply 3 lobed.
Lip 2toolhed or 2 lobed above the base. i. C. 0>i(J//oi liiza.
Lip entire, or merely denticidate.
Flowers about 3'' -4" Ion>f; lip not notched; column uarnnvly winged. 2. C. ix/oii/or/tiza.
I'lowers 7" loiig; lip notched; column nuuiifestly winged. 3. C. U'is/eriana.
Lip deeply 3lobed; flowers 6" -9" long. 4. C. mu//itlo>a.
No spur or sac. ' 5. C. sliiaia.
1
,1
47*^ ORCHIDACKAi;.
I. Corallorhiza Corallorhiza (L. ) Karst. Karly CDral-root. (Im^. 1139. )
Of>liiys Coiiilliiiiiha I.. Sp. IM. i^l.s. 17,1 v
Ci'iitlloi /li'.ii iniKila R. I!r. in Ait. Hort. Ktw.
5: 2(«>. 1J<I,V
I'd. 2,
Cioalloi liiza Coiallitihi:
l8.H,)-S,.
ii Karsl. DiutMli. 1-"1. ((S.
Scape glabrous, 4'-i2' high, clothed with 2-5
closely sheathing scales. Raceme i '-3' long, ,3-12-
llowcrcd; (lowers dull purple, about ,'i' long, 011
very short minutely bracted pedicels; sepals and
petals narrow, about 3" long; lip shorter than the
petals, oblonu;, whitish, 2-toothcd or 2-lobed above
the base; spur, a sac or small protuberance adnata
to the summit of the ovary; capsule 4"-6" long,
oblong or somewhat obovoid.
In WDods, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to Ni'W Jer-
sey, ill the iiKiuiitiiiiis to CicorKiii. anil to Michigan and
Wasliiiiifton. Ascuiids to ,vx;o ft. in Veriiiont. Al^o in
ICurope. May-June.
2. Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) jl
Nutt. Small-flowered Coral-root.
(Kis. 1 140.) " JT^^
Cviiihidhiiii inion/oi lii-.ciii Willd. Sp. I'l. 4: no. "Kf
Coiitllo) liiitt odoiili'ihiza llutt. (ten. 2: 197. IMS.
Scape slender, purplish, 6'-i5'high. Raceme
2'-4' long, 6-20-flowercd; flowers 3"-4" long,
purplish, sepals and petals lanceolate, 2" long
or less, marked with purple lines; lip as long as
the petals, broadly oval or obovate, entire or
denticulate, narrowed at the base, not notched,
whitish; spur, a small sac adnatc to the top of
the ovary; wings of the column very narrow.
Ill woods, Ma^sacllusetts to Michigan, Florida
and Missouri, .\scends to 3000 ft. in North Caro-
lina. Jul}- Sept.
/
I
1
3. Corallorhiza Wisteriana Conrad.
W'i.ster's Coral-root. ( Fig. 1 1 4 1 . )
Coiallorliiza Wisteriana Conrad, Journ. Acad. Phila.
6: 145. 1.I29.
Stem sleuder, but usually stouter than that of the
preceding .species, 8'-i6' high, bearing several
sheathing scales. Raceme 2'-5' long, loose, 6-15-
flowered; flowers about 7" long, slender-pedicelled,
ascending or erect; lip broadly oval or obovate,
4"-5" long, ^"-^" wide; abruptly clawed, white
with crimson spots, crcnulate, notched at the ape.x;
lamellae, 2 short prominent ridges; spur, a some-
what conspicuous protuberencc adnate to the top of
the ovary; column strongly 2-winged toward the
base; capsule elliptic-oblong or oblong-obovoid,
about 5" long, drooping when ripe.
In woods, Massachusetts to Ohio, Florida and Texas.
Feb. -May.
ORCHID I AMI I, V. 479
4. Corallorhiza multiBora N'utt. Largu Coral-root. (I-'ig. 1142.)
I'oxilhii hi-.a mulli/loiii NuU. Jniini. Acad. I'liila.
3: 13S. /)/. r. 1S33.
Scape S'-2ii' IiIkIi. imrplisli, clotlicd with sev-
eral aiiprcsscd scales. Raceme 2'-fS' lotifj, 10-
jo-llowercil; flowers 6"~9" liiuli, brownish pur-
ple, short-pcdicelled; sepals and petals some-
what connivcnt at the liase, linear-lanceolate,
ahout y long; lip white, spotted and lined with
purple, oval or ovate in outline, deeply 3 lohed,
crcnulate, the middle lobe broader than the
lateral ones, its a]>ex curved; spur manifest, yel-
lowish; capsule ovoid or oblong, 5"-.S" long,
drooping.
Ill wiicids, Nova Scotia to liritisli Columbia, soutli
to I'loiida, Missouri and California. .\ form with
yellow scapes and flowers occurs in Nebraska (.ac-
cording to Williams). July-Se))t.
i^M^^
5. Corallorhiza striata Liiull. Striped Coral-root. (Fig. 1143.)
Ciiialliiilii-.ti s/iiti/c! I.indl. Cicu. iV S]). (Mch. 5,;)-
1S40.
Coidlloi lii-.ii MiJiidii A. Cray, Man. VA. 2. -(5,3. 1856.
Scape stout, purplish, S'-2o' hii;h. Raceme 2' -6'
long, io-2o-flc)wered. Mowers dark purple; sepals
and petals narrowly elliiitic, striped with deeper
purple lines, 6"-;" long, spreading; lip oval or ob-
ovate, entire or a little undulate, somewhat nar-
rowed at the base, about as long as the petals; spur
none, but the perianth has a gibbous saccate base;
caiisule ellipsoid, rellcxcd, S"-io" long.
In woods. Ontario and nortliern New York to Miclii
gan, Oregon and California. July.
14. TIPULARIA Xutt. Oeii. 2: 195.
iSiS.
Slender scapose her))s, with solid bulljs, several generations connected by offsets, the
flowers in a long loose terminal raceme. Leaf solitary, basal, unfolding long after the (low-
ering season (in autumn), usually after the scape has perished. Scape with several thin
sheathing scales at the base. Klowers green, nodding, bractless. Sepals and petals similar,
spreading. I,ip 3-lobcd, produced backwardly into a very long spur. Column erect, wing-
less or very narrowly winged. Anther terminal, operculate, 2-celled. I'olliuia 4, ovoid,
waxy, 2 in each anther-sac, separate, aflixcd to a short stipe, which is glandular at the base.
[Latin, similar to Tipiila, a genus of insects, in allusion to the form of the flower.]
Two known species, the following of eastern North America, the other Himalayan.
3'
4So ORCIUDACl'Ai;.
I. Tipularia unifolia (Mulil. ) H.v^r. Craiic-lly Orchis.
I'lK- 1144.;
^i l.iiumloi mil II It I fill ill III Mulil. L'lil. Si. iSi (.
^, /i lifiuhii ia iHsimIiii Nlllt. Cell. 3: l<),=i. iSiH.
,//// t'ipiilniia uiii/iiliii Il.S.r. I'ul. Cat. X. Y. 51. ISS,S,
Scnpu K'n^'rous, i.s'-ao' liiK'ii from a linrd, often
irrcKul.ir solid liulli or conn. I.i'iif arisiii).; in
aiituitin from a fri'sli lateral conn, ovate, 2' 3' loiiK,
(lark >{ri'Cii, fru(|uciitly siirvivinn tliroii).;li the win-
ter, i' 2' wide. Raceniu ,s' io' loti),', very loose;
tlowcrs j,'reen, tinned with pnrple; pedicils filiform,
hracllcss; 4"-f)" loiij.;; sepals and petals y-.\"
lonn, narrow; lip shorter than the petals or eipial-
liiiK tliein, ^-lolled, the middle lolie narrow, pro-
loii>;ed, dilated at the apex, the lateral lolies short,
triangular; sjiiir very slender, straight or eurved,
often twice as lonj.( as the (lower; colnmii narrow,
erect, shorter than the petals, the lieak ininntely
pnbescent; capsule ellipsoid, 6ril)l)ed, .ibout (1"
loiiK.
Ill wnii(l-i, Viriiioiit t(i Mic'liinaii. simtli to I'loriila
and r.nuisiaiia. Local ami raiv. July-.VuK.
15. LIMODORUM L. Sp. I'l. 950
i75,V
[Cai.oi'OC.o.n R. lir. ill .Vll. Ilort. Kew. Ivd. 2, 5: 204. iSi.vl
Scapose herbs, with round solid IniUis which arise from the bulb of the previous year, a
leaf apiieariiig the first season, succeeded in the following; year bv the scape. I'lowers sev-
eral in 1 loose terminal spike or raceme. Sepals and petals nearly alike, separate, spread-
ing. Column eIoiij.;atcil, 2-winj;ed above. .Vnlher terminal, opercnlatc, sessile; ]iollinia
solit; ry, i in each sac, loosely granular. I,ip spreadiiij;, raised on a narrow stalk, dilated at
the a;-iex, bearded on the upper side with loii),' clnbshaped hairs. [Cireck, a meadow-j^dft. ]
I. Limodorum tuberosum L. (".niss-
piiik. Cal<ipuj,^()ii. ( Imr. 1145.)
I.hiioiloiinii lithen'siiiii I,. Sp. I'l. v.sn. i7=,v
C'viiihiiliiiiii f^iilihillinn WilUl. Sj). I'l. 4: icis. iSos.
Oi/ii/iijotni />itl,litlhis K. lir. in .\il. Ihjil. Kew. I'M. ->,
5; 204. IM.V
Scape slender, naked, l°-i^2° high. I<eaf lin-
ear-lanceolate, ,S'-I2' long, 3"-io" wide, sheath-
ing, with several scales below it; spike 4' 15' long,
3-15-nowercd; flowers about 1' long, purplish
pink, subtended by small acute bracts; sepals ob-
liquely ovate-lanceolate, acute, about in" long;
petals similar; column incurved; anther-sacs par-
allel, attached by a slender thread to the back of
the column; lip as long as the column, broadly
triangular at the apex, crested along the face with
yellow, orange and rose-colored hairs; capsule
oblong, nearly erect.
In bogs and meadows, Newfoundland to Ontario and
Minnesota, smitli to IHorida and Missnuri. June-July.
16. HEXALECTRIS Raf. Xeog. 4. 1S25.
Scapose herbs, from thick scaly rootstocks and fle.shy coralloid roots, the leaves reduced
to purplish scales, sheathing the scape. I'lowers bracted in a loose terminal raceme. Peri-
anth not gibbous or spurred at the base, the petals and sepals similar, nerved, spreading.
Lip obovate, with several crested ridges down the middle, somewhat 3-lobed, the middle
lobe a little concave. Column free, thick, slightly incurved. I'oUinia S, united in a cluster.
Capsule ellipsoid, the fruiting pedicels thick. [(Vreek, signifying six crests.]
A Mionotypic genus of the southeastern I'nited .States and Mexico.
ORCHID I'AMII.V.
4,Si
I. Hexalectris aphyllus ( Nint. j Kaf. Crested Coral -root, (, I'iK- 1146.)
I!l,li,i ,il>h\lhi Null. Cell. 2: l>i|, |-<lH.
II, \iiU,ii is s,iu,niu'\tis K;il'. \-\. Till. 4: (S. iH/i.
lli'xuhcli is iif'livllKs Kaf.; .\. Cray. Man, I'd. d, .im.
Scape stout, S'-2"' \\'\il\\, its upper scilos lanceo-
late, the lower sheathing and truncate or acute.
Kaceuie \' ',' loii^, .S 1 2-flowercil; llowers larfje,
hrownisli ])urple, riii>,;li or more; peiliccls short,
stout; sepals ainl ])etals narrowly elliptic, ohtusc or
HCUtish, si)rca(liii).;, striped with purple veins, 6"-
9" lonj;, lou),'er than tlie broad lip; niidiUe lobe of
the lip rounded or creuulate, the lateral ones
shorter, rounded; column slightly spreading; at the
summit, shorter than the lip; cajisule ellipsoid,
nearly i' Ion;,', the fruitinj; pedicels .\"~^" lon)f.
In rii'li wiiiiiN, Xiirlli Caruliiia In Isciilucky ami Mis-
scmri, -ciulli 1(1 I'liiiida and iniilluiti Mixicn. .\\\\i.
17. APLECTRUM Xiilt. C.en. 2: 197. iSiS.
Scaposc herbs, from a conn, produced from the one of the previous season by an olfset,
the scape clothed with several sheathing scales. Leaf solitary, basal; developed in iiuiumn
or late summer, broad, petioled. l'"loweri-, in terminal racemes, the pedicels subtended liy
small bracts. Petals and sejjals similar, narrow. Lip clawed, somewhat 3-rid},'eil, spur
none. Column free, the anther borne a little below its summit. I'ollinia 4, lens-shaped,
oblicjuc. [( '1 reck, meaninjf without a spur. )
A miiniitypic Nnvtii .Viiurican jtinis.
lectrum spicatum (Walt.) 15. S. P. Adaiii-aiul-I',VL'. Putty-root.
Ai liliiisa spicalii Walt. I'M. Car. 222. 17SS.
i'viitluiliiiiii //r<»;i7/c Willd. Sp. I'l. 4: 1(17. i"<o5.
.■\f>li(liinii liyciHalc Xutt. (kii. 2; 19S. 181S.
Atrial III III ifiicalinii li.S.T. rrcl. Cat. N. Y. .sr.
KSSt*.
Scape glabrous, i°-2° high, bearing about 3
.scales. Leaf arising from the corm, at the side
of the scape, elliptic or ovate, 4'-6' long, 'j'-j'
wide, usually lasting over winter; raceme 2'-4'
long, loosely several-flowered; llowers ilull yel-
lowish brown mixed with purple, about I'long,
short-pedicelled; sepals and petals linear-lance-
olate, about )'z' long; lip shorter than the petals,
obtuse, somewhat 3-lobed and undulate; column
slightly curved, shorter than the lip; capsule
oblong-ovoid, angled, about 10" long.
In woods and swamps, Ontario to tlic Northwest
Terrilorv and OrcRon, south to CL'oriria, Missouri
and Calffornia. Several old cornis usually remain
attached to the latest one. May-June.
482 SAI'KrRACI'AK.
Siil)-class 2. DlCOTVLHOOSIiS.
Ivmliryo of the seed willi two cotyledons i in ;i few genera one only, as in
Cyiliviioi, J'i)ii^iiini/ti MuX some species of l\ipiioidis], the hrst leaves of the
germinating planllet opposite. Stem exogenous, of pith, wood and bark (endo-
genous in structure in \>ni))haeaceae\ the wood in one or more layers sur-
rounding the ]iilh, traversed by medullary rays and covered by the bark.
Leaves usuallv piiuiateh' or palniateh- \-eined, the \-einlets forming a network.
Parts of the tlower rarely in 3's or 6's.
DiciityU'diiiicm-. pl.iiits art' liist (UtMiitily kniiwii in Crct:i«inis linn-. Tlicy constitiiU- IhUvcc-ii
twii tliinls iiml Uiicc I'oiirUis of Ur- living aiiijiospcrnicms llnia.
vSeries i. Choripttalne.
Petals separate and distinct from each other, or v anting.
The M-rirs is alsci kiuiwii as Ari-liiclilaiiiitUai.'. and cumprisis iiKist of Ihc families furiiu-rly
(fiouped uiiiUr Apelalae ( uillicmt petals i and I'dlypttalae i wiUi ■
the tyiiical i'ealure of separate ])elals are fonnd in llie I.ejfnmiii
ate more or less united: in the I'nnia ...
sometimes eohereiit: the 1
separate petals I. ICxceplioiis to
ae. in wliiell the two lower petals
- riaeeae, where the two inner petals or all fonr of them are
'olynalaeeae, in whieh the three petals are tinited with each other, and
with the stamens; ( ' ri///.v in Cieraniaeeae; and Ilieaoeae, whose live petals are sometimes joined
at the base.
Family i. SAURURACEAE Lindi. Xat. Sysl. Kd. 2, 1S4. 1836.
I,I/..\KI)'.S T.VIl. I'\M1I.V.
Perennial herbs with broad entire alternate ])etioled leaves, and small perfect
incomplete l)racteolate flowers, in peduncled spikes. Perianth none. Stamens
6-.S, or .sometimes fewer, hyjiogynous; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally
dehiscent. Ovary 3-4-cariielled, the carpels distinct or uniied, 1-2-ovuled;
ovules orthotroj)ous. I'ruit ca])sular or berry-like, composed of ;i-4 mo.stly in-
dehi.scent carj)els. .Seeds globo.se or (noid, the testa memliranaceous. ICndo-
sperm copious, mealy. Ivmbryo minute, cordate, l)orne in a small sac near the
end of the endo.sperm.
Three genera and 1 si)eeies, natives of Xortli .\nieriea and .\sia The family <lilTers from
the I'iperaceae in liavinK more than one earjjel to the ovary. U is rejjV'. ..^enled in North .\meriea
by the foUowin^t and by . \iiriiiiif>sis. oeeurrin^; in California and .Vri/.ma.
I. SAURURUS I„ Sp. PI. 341. 1753.
Marsh licrbs, with slender niotstocks. jointed .stems and cordate leaves, their petioles
sheathing the slein at the nodes, and small white flowers, in i or 2 dense elongated spikes
op|)osite the leaves. Hractlets adnatc to the flowers or to their minnte pedicels. Stamens
6-S. iMlameiits filiform, distinct. Carpels united at the ba.sc. Styles as many as the car-
pels, recurved, sligm.ilic along the inner side. I'rnil rugose, depressed-gl()l)Ose, sepataling
into .^ or .4 one-.sceded carpels. | Name ( Treek, meaning the tail of a li/ard, in allusion to the
long slender spike.]
Two species, the followint; of eastern North .\nirrica. tlie othir of ea^-terti .\sia.
I. Saururus cernuus I<. I.i/.ard'.s-tail.
( Fig. 1 148. )
Siiiii ,1 1 IIS c'l'i iiiiiii I,. ,Sp. I'l. ,i)i. 17.1,5.
Somewhat pubescent when young, becoming
glabrous, stem rathei slender, erect, sjiaringly
branched, 2 ' -,s ' high. Leaves ovate, thin, pal-
iiiately ,s-i)-ribbed and with a pair of strong ribs
above, which run nearly to the ape.v, dark green,
entire, deeply cordate at the base, acuniinate,
3'-6' long, 2'-3'j' wide; petioles st(mt, shorter
than the blades, striate; spikes few, very ilensc,
longer than their peduncles, 4'-6' long, the ape.\
drooping in llowcr; (lowers fragrant; stamens
white, spreading, about 2" long; fruit slightly
(lesliy, 1,'j" in diameter, strongly wrinkled
when dry.
In swamps an<l shallow water, Conncticul to
I'lotida. west to southern Ontario, Minnesota and
Texas. June .\iij{,
.'»
WALXIT FAMILY.
4«3
I"aiiiily 2. JUGLANDACEAE Lindl. Nat. vSyst. Ivl. 2, iSo. 1S36.
Wai.nit I'amii.v.
Trees with alternate piimately comjiomul leaves, and nionoecHsus hracteolate
flowers, the staniinate in lon.i"' droopini^ anients: the pistillate s()litar\M)r several
t()<i;ether. Staniinate flowers cf)nsistinj( of .•^-ntnnerous stamens with or without
an irre^ularl)- lolied perianth adnate to the hractlet, \er\- rarely with a rudi-
nientar\- o\ary. Anthers erect, 2-celled, the sacs lon<;itndinall\' dehiscent;
fdanients short. I'istillate flowers hracted and usually 2-bracteolate, with a
3-5-l()l)ed (normally 4-lol)ed ) cal\'x or with both calyx and petals, and an
inferior i -celled or inconiiiletely 2-4-celled o\ar\-. ( )vule solitary, erect, orthot-
ro]ious: st\les 2, sli5.^niatic on the inner surface. Fruit in our j^enera a drupe
with indehiscent or dehiscent, rd)rous or woody exocarp ( husk; ripened calyx;
also regarded as an involucre), enclosinjj^ the bony endocarp or nut whicli is
inc()nipletel>' 2-4-celle(l. Seed large, 2-4-lobed. ICndosjierm none. Cotyledons
corrugated, very oily. Radicle minute, superior.
Six H(iur:i and abmit .^5 s])ci.'i(.-s, iiKistly nf tliL- Wiiniur ;).'i''ls of tlu' iiiiit]i tiiuixniU- /one.
ixttiidiMj; in Anurica scintli alcniff tlit- .\mli's U> liolivia. TIr- yoi, ig kavt-s in tlit Ijuil an- stiimlale
in ill U-asl twn si)i.-cic-s nf //icur/ii.
llnsk indtlii'ictnl: nut iniin'^i'. i. Jul; /mis.
Husk at Uii^jUi sjiliuinj; inUi stunu-nts; nut suhmiUi or angU-d. 2. Ilimi id.
-tail.
I. JUGLANS L. Sp. PI. 997. 1753.
Trees, witli spreading liranclies, superposed buds, fraj^rant bark, and odd-pinnate leaves,
with ncarl}- or quite sessile leaflets, the terminal one sometimes early ])erisliing. Staniinate
flowers in droopinj; cvlindric anients, borne on the t\vij.;s of the previous year; perianth 3-6-
lobcd; stamens S-40 in 2 or more series. I'istillate flowers solitary or several together on a
terminal peduncle at the end of shoots of the season, the calyx 4-lobed, with .\ small petals
adnate to the ovary at the sinuses; styles fimbriate, very short. Drupe l;irye, s^lobose or
ovoid, the exocarp somewhat fleshy, fibrous, indehiscent, the endocarp boiu-, ru>;ose or
sculptured, 2--4-celled at the base, indehiscent, or in decay separating; into 2 valves. [Name
a contraction of the I.atin Jovis ghiiis, the nut of Jupiter.]
.Vbdiit 8 species, natives nf the north temperate zone, one in the West Indies, i or 2 in the
.Andes of .South America. Besides tlie following i or 2 others occur in the soutliwestern tnited
States.
iMuit ({lohose, obtuse,
I'rnit oblonK, pointed.
it viscid: petioles puberuleiit.
iscid; ])etioles pubescent.
1. /. iiiiiia.
2. /. t inn ra.
I. Juglans nigra L, P.lack Waliuit.
(Fig. 1149. )
//ii;/,iii.s Jlii;iii I.. ,S|i, I'l.
i7,S.v
A large forest tree with rough brown bark,
maxiniuin height about 150°, trunk diameter 8°,
the twigs of the season and petioles pubenileiit,
the older twigs glabrous or very nearly so.
Kcallcts i,S~2.^, ovate-lanceolate, more or less
incciuilateral, acuminate at the apex, rounded or
subcordate at the base, serrate with low teeth,
glabrous or very nearly so above, pubescent be-
neath, 3' 5' long, I '-2' wide; staniinate anients
solitary in the axils of leaf-scars of the preced-
ing season, 3'-5' long; drupes usually solitary
or 2 together, globose or a little longer than
thick, I'yi'-y in diameter, glabrous but papil-
lose, not viscid; nut corrugated, slightly com-
pressed, 4 celled at the base.
Ill rieli woods. Miissachnsetts to southirn Ont.i-
rio and Minnesota, south to I'lorida. Kansas and
Texas. Wood strong, hard, rieli brown, wiinlit per
cubic foot ,vS lbs. .April -May. I'ruil ripe Oct. Nov.
4S4
JCGLANDACI-AK
While C
iSoS.
2. Juglans cinerea L. lUittLrmit.
Walnut. Oil-nut. (Ki.y;. 1150. )
Juglans ciiirna I,. Sp. I'l. ICd. 2. 1)15. 17(1.;,
A forest tree, resembling the Hlack Walnut, hut
smaller, rarely over iix)° high and 3° in trunk dia-
lucter, the hark K\a\, smoother, the t\vi}.js, petioles
and lealk'ts viscid-pubcsccnl, at least when young.
I^eaflets 11-19, oblong-huucolatc, acuminate at the
aj)ex, scarcely iiiei|uilateral, obtuse, rounded or trun-
cate at the base, serrate with low teeth; drupes
racemed, oblong, densely viscid-pubescent, 2'-},' long
and about one-half as thick, pointed; nut 4-rihl)ed,
deeply scidptured, and with sharp longitudinal ridges,
firndy adherent to the husk, 2cellecl at the base.
In rich (ir vcioky wiimls. Xew lirunswiok ;ni(l Ontario to\\
Xiirth Ilakdta, snutli I" Delaware, in tlie .MUffluniis to V
(■.enr^;ia, In Mi>si^--i|i])i iiiicl .\ikan^a>. .\-.i'iiiil- tn 25i«i It.
in \'iruiiiia. Wciml soft, lallur wi-.ik, HkIiI l)npuii; wi'islit
per cubic lijol i'5 lli.s. April May. I'ruil ripe Oct. Ndv.
2. HICORIA Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 35:
[CAk\'.\ Nutt. Gen. 2; 221. iSiS.]
Trees, with close or shag;jy l)ark, odd-))innatc leaves and serrate or serrulate leaflets.
Staminate llowers in slender drooping aments, borne in 5's on a coiniiion ])eduncle at the
base of tlie shoots of the season, or clustered and sessile or nearly so in the axils of leaf-
scars at the summit of twigs of the ])receding year; calyx adiuite to the bract, 2-vlobed or
2-3clcrt; stamens V'o; lilaments short. I'istillate llowers 2-6, together on a terminal pedun-
cle; bract fugacious or none; calyx .j-toothed; petals none; styles 2 or .j, ])apilIosc or fimbri-
ate, short, bruit subglobose, oblong or obovoid, the husk separating more or less com-
])letely into 4 valves; nut bony, smooth or angled, incompletely 2-4-celled; seed sweet and
delicious or very bitter and astringent. [I'rotn the aboriginal name Ilicori.]
.VbdUl i.ispeciis, natives (if eastern Xortli .\tiierica. one in .Mcxie'ii.
Hull-scales valvali'; kiteral leallets lanceolate nr (iblnnn lanceolate, falcite.
Xlll tint cciniinessed nr anjilcil; seeil sweet.
Xut Sdinewliat ci)iiipres>eil nr angled; seed intensely bitter.
I.ealkts 7-11; mil sinntitli.
I.eidlels n 1;,; nut aiiirUil.
Hud-scales iniliriciile; lateral leallets not I'alcate.
Husk of the I'liiit freely splitliliK" tn tile base; middle Inbe of tile slaniinate
as Iniijr as the lateral ones.
Hark -lia^.v, se])araliii«' in Inns; jilates; fnliasre ulalirniis or iiubiruleiit.
I.ealUls 5 I rarely 7 I; nut rniinded at the lia>e, fi"-in" InllK. 1- //. K'd/il.
I.e.illets 7-(i: nut usually pninted at l)ntli ends, I'-i '..' loiitf. ,S. //' huinio.iti.
Hark cln-e, rnuKli; fnli.ine very piilie^eeiit and fragrant. (>. //. i//)ii.
Ilu-k nf fruit tliin, iint freely splitting: tn tlie base; Inlu'^ of tile stainiuate calyx marly kiu.iI.
ir scarcely ridneil.
7. //. ;/. i, I (h, II pa.
1. //, P.; ail.
2. II. miiiiiiia.
,V //• ai/iiali\ ,1 .
calvx at least twice
Lateral leallets nvate-laiieenlate, not falcite; fniit rnunded ■
l-'riiit nearly ulnbular; nut thin shelled; bark slia^Ky.
l-'rnit obnvnid; iiut thick sliellid; bark cln>e.
\ //. uluhi,.
Brittnn. IVcaii.
I. Hicoria Pecan (Marsh.
( Fi.i;. 1 151. )
Jiii;laiis Piiaii Marsli. .\rb. .\ni. («(. 17^5-
Caiva tili:'ai;/'<ii mis Xutl. ('icn. 2: j.m. iSiS.
Ilii'ai ia I'fiaii Hrittnii, I'liU. 'i'nrr. L'Uili, 15: jS_>, [sss.
A large slender tree, with somewhat rongheued hark,
maxiimim height of 17(1" ami trunk diameter 6'. Voung
twigs and leaves pubescent; mature foliage nearly gla-
brous; bud-scales few, small, valvate; leaflets 11-15, fal-
cate, oblong-lauceolate, short-stalked, inei|iiilateral, acu-
minate, 4'-"' long; staminate aments sessile or nearly so
in the axils of leaf-scars near the end of twigs of the pre-
ceding season or sometimes on the young shoots, ,s'-6'
long; middle lobe of the staminate calyx linear, much
longer than the broadly oblong lateral ones; fruit obloug-
cyliudric, 1 '2 '-2 '2' long; husk thin, 4-valved; nut smooth,
oblong, thin-shelled, pointed, 2-celled at base, di.ssciii-
mcuts thin, very astringent; seed delicious.
In moist soil, especially alniii; '-treanis, Indian.i tn Inwa and
Missiinri, snulli tn KeiUncky and Texas. Wnnd hard, brittle,
HkIiI liinwii; weight ),i lbs. .\pril May. I'niil ripe .Sei)l.-t)et.
WAI.NTT I'AMIIA'.
4«5
2. Hicoria minima (Marsh. ) Hrittoii. Hiltcr-mil. vSw
fidiltiii:; iillhi iiiiniiiui Miirsli. Arb. Am. fiS. 17S5.
'/i/i,r/<iiis sii/i'(i/(i WilUl. lUtl. Uauiiiz, i,s|. 171/1.
C'ari'd aniaiti Null. (kii. 2: 222. iM^i.
Uicoiia iiiiiiinui liritlun, liutl. Torr. Club, 15: 2Sj. l^s^.
A slender tree, soinetiincs i<»° liigli, with trunk 3°
in diameter, the hark close and rou),'h. liuil-scales
6-.S, small, valvate, caducous, younj,' foliage puheru-
lent, becoming nearly glabrous; leaflets 7-9, sessile,
long-acuminate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3'-6'
long, '.'-i;.' wide, the lateral ones falcate; staniinale
anients slightly pubescent, peduncled in 3's at the
bases of shoots of the season or soniet mes on twigs of
the previous year; lobes of the staniinate calyx about
equal, the middle one narrower; fruit subglohose, nar- •■ '*
rowly 6 ridged i'-i>2' in diameter; husk thin, tardily '■ y
and irregularly 4-valvcd; nut little compressed, not
angled, short-pointed, 9"-! 2" long, thin-shelled;
seed very bitter.
In niiiist wcimls and swamps. OiubLC to SduUu-rn On-
lariii and Minniscila, I'lurida and 'IVxas. Ascends tn .VS'"'
It. ill XMi-jfiiiia. Wood li.-ud and stnmjt, dark liniuii; \viij;lit
per cubic l"(i(jt.)7 His. .May -Jinn.-. I'ruit ripe Sept. I )ct.
;unp Hickory. ( Ki;^. 1 152. )
./
3. Hicoria aquatica (Michx. f. ) Hritloii.
Water Hickory. ( I'Mj^. 115,^.)
/jii;/aiis oiiiuiliia .Midi.x. t. Hist. .\r1i. .\iii. i: 1S2. />/. i.
iSlci.
Onvii iK/Kti/itd Nntt. Cicn. 2: 222. iSiS.
//loniii ti(/ini/icii liriltijii, Hull. Torr. Club, 15: as;. iSs8.
A swamp tree, attaining a maximum height of al)out
100° and a trunk diameter of 3°, the bark close, the
voung foliage jniliescent, becoming nearly glabrous when
mature. Leaflets 9-13, lanceolate, or the terminal one
oblong, long-acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the
.lase, 3'-,s' long, 'j'-i' wide, the lateral strongly falcate;
standnate anients and calyx as in the preceding species;
fruit oblong, ridged, I'-i.'i'long, pointed; l;usk thin,
tardilv splitting ; nut oblong, thin-shelled, angular;
seed bitter.
Ill wet woods and swamps, VirKinia to I'lorida, west to
lUinciis, .Vrkaiisas mu\ Te.xas. \V<i(i(l siift, slroiig. <Uiise,
ilark 1iii>\vn; wei^lit per cutiie foot 40 Ihs. March .\pril.
I'niit ripe .Sejit. Oct.
4. Hicoria ovata (Mill. ) Ikilloii. vShaK-l):irk.
/i(i;/(iii.s ova/,> .Mill. Card. Diet. Jvl. .S, No. 6. 17O8.
r Vn Ti; ((//iif Xiitl. ('.en. 2; 221. i.si,S. SiA /ni;/(iiix a//>ii \,.
IliiKiia oi'iiht lirittoii. Hull. Torr. Club, 15: 2S,<. 1SS8.
.\ large tree, sometimes 1211'^ high, with a trunk di-
ameter of 4^; bark shaggy in narrow ])latcs; young
twigs and leaves puberulent, becoming glabrous.
Leallets 3, or sometimes 7, oblong, oblong-lanceolate
or the upper obovate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed
to the sessile base, 4'-')' long, those of young plants
much larger, bud-scales 8-10, iml)ricatcd, the inner be-
coming very large and tardily deciduous; staniinate
aments in 3's, on slender iieduncles at the bases of
shoots of the season; middle lobe of the staniinate calyx
linear, longer than the lateral ones; fruit subglohose,
I '4'~2','loiig; husk thick, soon splitting into 4 valves;
nut white, somewhat compressed, 4-celled at the base,
2-celled (rarely 3-celled) above, pointed, slightly
angled, Ihin-shelled; seed sweet.
In rich soil. (Juebec to snutliern Ontario and Minnesota,
south to p'lorida, Kansas and Texas. Wood strong and
toiijfli. liniit brciwii; wei.t;lit per culiie i'ools^lbs. .Some
times called While Waliiiil. -May. I'niit lipe .Sipt. Nov.
vSliell-hark Hickoi-N
4.S6
jic;i..\Ni)Aci:.\i:
5. Hicoria laciniosa (Miclix. f. ) Sarj;. HisShaK-liark. Kiiit;-imt. ( I*'ig. 1 155. )
C'tiiVd sn/,(i/ii Nutt. ('.CM. 2: 22\. iSiS. Ndt /ii,i;/iiiis sid-
(iilti Wind. \-ip.
fiiifltiiis liiciniosa Miclix i. Hist. .\rli. Am. i: i(i<i. />/. ,V.
iSlo.
//iiiii ill sii/iii/ii hrilUm. Hull. Ton. Cliili. 15: 2.^,5. iS."<S,
J/hon'a /(iiiiii'is,/ Saiir. Mini. Tmr. Club. 5: ,Vi|- i^cH-
A large tree, re.icliin(.j about the sizi' of the jircccdinj;
species, tlie bark separatiu).; in long narrow plates, the
young foliage densely puberuleiit, the mature leaves
somewhat so l)cneath. Leaflets 7 9, (rarelv 5 1 acuie or
acuminate, oblong-lanccolatcor the upper obovate, some-
times S' long by 5' wide; staininate ameiits pedunclcd in
3"s at the base of shoots of ilie season; middle lobe of the
staminate calyx linear, twice as long as the lateral ones;
fruit oblong, 2' 3' long; husk thick, soon splitting to the
base; nut oblong, .somewhat compressed, thick-shelled,
pointed at both ends, yellowish-white; seed sweet.
In rich soil. New York ami I'lriii-iylvania tn Indiana, Iowa,
Tinncssce, Kansas ami llic Indian Tcrritmy. Wiiud stninjf
and tonjrli, darker than the iircctdinn; wii^jlil 51J ll)s. per
cubic flint. M.iy. I'"niit rijic Sept. Oct.
6. Hicoria alba (L,) Britton, White-hean Hickory. Mocker-mit. ( Fig. 1156.)
/iii;/,n/s iilhii I,. Sp. ri. 11117. '7.Vv . ■ ■-> .' ' '
/iii;/ti)is /(Uiiiii/ti.ui I, am. ICncycl. 4:, so). 171.17.
ic"i;; rii /,'iiiiii/osii Xutt. C.cii. 2": 2^1. i.Si.'^.
J/io<>i,t dllhi lirittiiii. Hull. Torr. Club, 15: rf,}. IN^^S.
X large tree, maximnm height 100°, and trunk
diameter },' 2° , the foliage and twigs persistently
tomeutose-pubescent, fragrant when crushed, the liark
rough and close; bud-scales very large, imbricated;
leallets 7-0, oblong-lanceolate or the upper oblaiiceo-
late or obovate, sessile, long-acuminate, narrowed or
rounded and somewhat inequilateral at the base; stami-
nate aments peduncled in ,Vs, tomentose; middle lobe
of the staminate calyx linear, much longer than the
lateral ones; fruit globose or obloug-globose, i ':;'~3'j'
long; husk thick, freely splitting to the base; nut gray-
ish-white, angled, pointed at tlie summit, little com-
pressed, thick-shelled, 4-cellcd at the base; seed sweet.
In rich snil, eastern Massacluisttls to snutliirii dntarii),
Illinois and Nebraska, south to J'Uirida and Tc xas. .\s-
cciids to i5i«i ft. in \'iiniiiia. Wood very hard and IoukIi,
dark brown; wcisjlit per cubic I'not 51 lbs Calk<l also
I'rattrant Hickory. May-June. I'niil ripe ( )ct. Nov.
Sinall-fniitc-d Ilickorv.
Hicoria microcarpa ( Xutt. ) liritton.
(Fitr. 1 157.)
I7'\5'
/iii;/(iiis 11//111 luioitil,! Marsh. \\\\. .Am. (i.s.
t"i;/ 1(7 )in\i (hill !>it Niilt. ('.en. 2: 221. iSi.s.
//. iiii<i,htii/>a liriltoM. liull. Torr. Club. 15: 2^;,. 1S8S.
//. i;/(i/>i(i var. ci/tnii/n Sar^. .Silva. 7; 107. /)/. ,,'•;/. uSy.^.
A forest tree, reaching a maximnm height of about
90° and a trunk diameter of ,^'2°, the bark close, when
older separating in narrow plates, the foliage glabrous
throughout. Hud-scales 6-S, imbricate<l, the inner
ones somewhat enlarging; leallets 5-7, oblong, or
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or
sometimes rounded at the base, .-i'l'-.s' long; stami-
nate aments glabrous, pedunclcd in 3's at the base of
shoots of the season; middle lobe of the staminate
calyx eipiallitig or somewhat longer than the lateral
ones; fruit globose or globose-oblong, less than i' long,
the husk thin, tardily and incompletely splitting to
the base; nut subglobosc, nearly white, slightly com-
pressed, not angled, tliin-shelled, pointed; seed sweet.
In rich woihIs, Massachusetts to Miclnjr.in. south to Vir-
Kiiiia. Illinois and .Missouri. Wood hard, strong, touuli,
litiht brown. May Jiiuc. I"niit ripe .Sept. Oct.
WALNl'T FAMIIA'.
4S7
II5.S.J
1829.
8. Hicoria glabra (Mill. ) Hritloii. Pij^-iuU Hickor)
fi(f;liiiis f;hihia Mill, C.anl. Diet. VA'X. Nci. 5. i7<iS.
I'm va pm c inn Null, din, 2: 222, iMS.
//lull 1,1 x/"l'>'i liriUiiii, Hull, TdiT, L'hil), 15: 2.^|, isS,^.
A tree, soinetinies I2(i° lii),;li and with a trunk diam-
eter of 5°, bark close, roiij,di; foliaj,'C jjlabrous, or
sotiietinies pubescent. Uud-scalcs S-io, imbricated,
the inner ones enlarjj;inK; leaflets 3-7, rarely 9, ob-
long. oblouK-lanreolate or llie upper ol)ovate, sessile,
acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base,
3'-6' lon>{, in youu),' plants much larjjcr; staniinate
aments glabrous, peduuclcd in ,^'s; lobes of the stanii-
nate calyx about equal in length, the middle one nar-
rower; fruit obovoid or obovoid-oblong, i '.'-2' long;
husk thin, the valves very tardily dehiscent; nut
brown, angled, ])ointed, ver^' Ihick-shcllcd; seed
astringent and bitter, not edible.
In ilry or ninist woods, .Maim- to Sdullurn ()nUiii(i and
Miiincsdla, south In I'loriila, Kansas and Tixas. Wcpud
hard, slroni;, totiifli. ratliiT dark brown; wiinlil ]>ir cubic
fool ,Si lbs. May June, I'ruit ripe Oct, Nov.
Family 3. MYRICACEAE Dimiort. Anal. 1-^uii. 95.
H,\viii:rkv I'.vMii.v.
vShruh.s or trees with alternate, mostly coriaceous and aromatic simple leaves
and small monoecious or dioecious flowers, in linear, oblong or j^lohnlar hracted
aments. Flowers solitary in the axils of the bracts. IVrianth none, istaininate
flower with 2-16 (nsnally 4-S ) stamens inserted on the receptacle; filaments
short, distinct or somewhat united; anthers ovate, 2-celled, the sacs loiioitiulin-
ally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with a solitary i -celled ovarv, subtended by
2-8 bractlets; ovnle solitary, orthotropons; st.\le very short; stigmas 2, linear.
Frnit a small ol)lonjr or jrlobosc drn])e or nnt, the exocarji often wax\-. Seed
erect. Ivndosperm none. Cotyledons ])lano-coiivex. Radicle \-er>' sliort.
Two (jcncra .-okI ,5,s species of wide ffeonraplnc ilistriliuliou.
Ovary subleiideil by 2 ) bractlets; leaves serr.ile or entire, exsliindale, i, .Ifyiica.
Ovary subtended by s linear persistent linictlets: leaves ijinnalifid, stipulate, ".. Cmii/i/oiiia.
I. MYRICA L. Sp. PI. 1024. 1753.
.Shrubs or small trees with entire, dentate or lobed, mostly resinous dotted leaves, our
species usually dioecious. .Staniinate aments oblong or narrowly cylindric, expanding be-
fore or with the leaves. .Stamens ,i-S. I'istillatc aments ovoid or subglobose; ovary sub-
tended by 2-4, mostly short, deciduous or persistent bractlets. I )nipe globose or ovoid, its
exocarp waxy, [.\ncient Cireek name of the Tamarisk.]
liesides tlu' followiuK species. au(ptlier occurs in the .Soutliern St[ites aiul 2 on llie I'acific eo;ist.
Dractlels of pislillale anienls persistent, claspin^r tlu- drupes; low lio^' slivuli, i, .1/, (iti/(\
IJractlets of pistillate auieuls deciduous, the ripe drupis separated,
.Slender tree; leaves luoslly acute, narrow; drupe less than l" in diameter, 2. .lA ii'ii/'t'ra.
Rlirub; leaves mostly nliluse, broader; drupe i" i'" in diameter. ,v -^f- Ciiin/infiKix.
I. MyricaGaleL. .Sweet Gale. ( lMg;.ii59.)
Myritii Cilf I,. ,Sp. I'l. loj). \~t\S-
.V shrul), usually strictly dioecious, the twigs dark
brown. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse and dentate at
the apex, narrowed to a cuneate entire base, short-
pclioled, dark green and glabrous above, pale and
puberulent or glabrous beneath, i' ijj'long, 5"
10" wide, unfolditig after the aments; staniinate
aments linear-oblong, 6"-io" long, crowded; pis-
tillate aments ovoid-oblong, obtuse, about 4" long
and 2" in diameter in fruit, their l)racts imbricated;
drupe resinous-waxy, not longer than the 2 ovate
])ersisteiit bractlets, which clasp it on each side and
arc adnate to its base.
In swamps and alonj; ponds and streams, Newfound-
land to ,\laska, soutliern New Vurk. X'iririnia, Michigan
and Washinitton, .\lsii in ICurope and .\sia. .\scends
to .v»>o ft, in the .Vditoudacks, .April May,
4SS MYRICACEAE.
2. Myrica cerifera L. Wax-iuyrllc. (Im.i;- ii''o. )
Myi iiii ill i/fia I,. Sj). I'l. iuj|. i7,s,v
A sleiiiler dioucioiis true, iiiaxitmini lieii^lit
about 40°, tiinik iliatiiL'tcr i 'j ', tlie bark >;ray,
nearly smooth. Leaves narrow, oblong or ob-
lanceolate, mostly acute at the apex, entire or
sparingly dentate, narrowed or soniewliat cune-
ate at the base, fragrant when crushed, short-
petioled, dark green above, paler and sometimes
pubescent beneath; golden-resinous, i'-^' long,
3" y" wide, unfolding witli or before the
aments; staiiiinate ainents cyliiulric; pistillate
aments short, oblong; ripe drupes separated,
globose, bluish-white, waxy, less than \" in di-
ameter, tijiped with the minute base of the
style, long j)crsistcnt, the bracts and bracllets
deciduous.
In >:incly i-w.itni>'^ nr wil uooils. Marylaiiil to I''liir
ill. I anil TiMi-. unnh In .\ik;in-a^. March- Ainil.
I.i-avt> iMii-tly iiii>i!-l<.tit lliromjli Ur- winter.
Wtidil liKhl. brown; wiinlil pur cubic fcmt ,^5 ll)s.
3. Myrica Carolinensis Mill. Waxlicny. 15ayl)L-ny. (Fig. 1161.)
.Uiititi C'niiiHiifiisis Mill. Card. Diet, I\U. ^, no.
A shrub, 2°-.S° high, \\\\.\\ smooth gray bark,
the twigs glabrous or often pubescent. Leaves
oblanceolate or obovate, glabrous above, often
jjubcscent beneath, resinous, 2'-4' long, 6"-iS"
wide, serrate with a few low teeth above the
middle, or entire, obtuse or sometimes acute at
the apex, narrowed at the Ijase, short- pctioled;
staminate aments cylindric or oldong, 3"-9"
long; pistillate ainents short, oblong; ripe
drupes separate<l, globose, bhiish white, very
waxy, i" I '." in diameter, long-persistent, the
bracts and bractlets deciduous.
In ilry or moist sandy Miil, Nova .Scotia to V\'<\-
icla ami .Alabama and on tin- shoro of I.akc luiu.
Occurs also in hosjs in nortlK-rn Nt vv Jcr-cy ami
I'cnnsylv.inia. .-Vpril .May. TIic I'niil was nnicli
used as a source (jf wa.\ by llie early settler'- of the
eastern Tnited .States, and is still utilizt-d alonjr the
coast of New luigland.
2. COMPTONIA Banks: Gaertn. Fr. .\: Sl-iii. 2. 58. />/.
1 79 1.
.\ low, monoecious or dioecious l)rancliing shrub with terete brown branches and nar-
row, deeply pinnatifid, stipulate leaves, the young foliage jnd eicent. .\ments expanding
with the leaves, the staminate ones and their flowers as in .l/ri iKi. Fertile aments globose-
ovoid, on monoecious plants appearing below the staminate, several-llowered. Ovary sub-
tended by ,S linear-subulate jursistent bracthis, which form an involucre to the ovoid-ob-
long bony nut. [Name in honor of Rev. Henry Compton, 1632-1713, bishop of Oxford. J
.\ monotypic jjenns of eastern -Voitli \inerica.
U f . l ' .1 -Vj !,* . *
RAVHI'RRV FAMILY.
489
«->«^
C-^Sfp 2-
I. Comptonia peregrina (L.) CoultL-r.
Sweet Fern. (FiR. 1162.)
/.i,/ni(/iniihii- />riii;i iihi I,. S]). I'l. <->()<). 175,1.
.)/]■! ii, I •is/>/('iii/'ii/ui I.. Sp. ri. io2.|. 1753.
/.hliiiiliiiiilHn iisf/o'i/i'/i" I- Sp- I'l. I'M. 2, 1418. 176,5.
C. asp/i-iii/h/iii ('..•Kitii. l''r. iV Soiii. 2: ,ss. 17(^1.
C. />,'iff,n'iii,i CiiiilUT, Mem. Tiirr. Cliil), 5: 127. 1S94.
A shrub, i°-2'2° tall, the br.-iiiclies erect or
spreading. Leaves liuear-obloiig or linear-lanceo-
late in outline, short-petioled, obtuse or subacute
at the apex, deeply pinnatifid into nunieroiis ob-
litjuc rounded entire or sparin.uly dentate lolics, 3'-
6' long, ,'+'-,'2' wide, fragrant when crushed, the
sinuses very narrow, stipules semi-cordate, mostly
deciduous; staminate aments clustered at the ends
of the branches, i' or less long, their bracts reni-
form, acute; pistillate aments bur-like in fruit, the
subulate bractlets longer than the lij^lit brown,
shining, striate, obtuse nut.
Ill drv soil, espLcially on hill siik-s, Nnva .Scdtia tn
Mmiitdliii, siiulli tiJ Niirt'li Carolina. Indiana and Miclii-
fiau, .-X'ici-iiiis to 2'HKi fl. ill \'iri;iiiia. April May.
Fiiinily 4. LEITNERIACEAE Dnule, Phanen.o-. 407. 1S79.
Cork-wood 1'.\.mii.y.
Dioecious .shrubs or small trees, with large entire petioled alternate exstipulate
(or sometimes stipulate?') leaves, and (lowers of l)oth sexes in aments, which ex-
pand iK'fore the leaves. .Staminate flowers with no perianth; stamens S-12, in-
serted on the receptacle; filaments distinct; anthers ol)long, erect, 2-celled, the
sacs longitndinallv dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with a solitary i -celled ovary,
.subtended 1)V 3 or 4 minute glandiflar-lacerale l)ractlets (perianth?); style ter-
minal simple, V'x'ved and flattened, slender, recurved and sligmatic al)ove,
caducmis; ovule solilarv, laterally affixed to the ovary wall, amphitropous. Fruit
an oljloiiR drupe with thin exocarp and liard eiidocarp. Testa thm. iMulosperm
thin, fleshy. Cotyledons flat, cordate at the l)ase; radicle short, superior.
\ familv'rc-latid ni.nplioloKicallv tci the Mvricace.-a-, but its anatcjiuic-al ch.iractiiistics point to
airniily witli /.i./ii/,i.ni//;ii i\m\ I'lahiinis. It comprises only the loUowmtt mouotypic Kenu^ ol
till' southern I'nited States.
I. LEITNERIA Cha])m. Fl. vS. States, 427. 1S60.
Characters of the family. [In honor of Dr. K. I'. Leitner, a German naturalist, killed in
Florida during the Seminole war.]
I. Leitneria Floridana Chapm. Leit-
neria. Cork-wood. ( Fi.o;. i\(-<:S-)
Lcihui ia I'hn idaiia Cliapm. l-l. ,S. States, 42S. 1S60.
A shrub or small tree, attaining a maximum
height of about 20° and a trunk diameter of ,s', the
bark gray and rather smooth, the young twigs,
leaves and aments densely pubescent. Leaves ob-
long or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, obtuse or cuspi-
date at the ape\, narrowed at the base, bright
green, firm, 3'-6' long, I '-3' ^^itle, when mature,
glabrous or nearly so above, finely pubescent, at
'Ji;- least on the veins, and rugose-reticulated beneath;
.*\^- V7 / *:„i ,.„ ,. // , -/' 1.^^,,.,. cf 'ittiitinf t> finipiit (i aspHiirlim/.
•^■i '1,/^ mcntose; pistillate aments shorter, borne toward
■'/'^■^^) the ends of the twigs; drupe slightly compressed,
>^, a' It III" long, 3"--l" thick, rugosc-reticidated.
.:i swamjis, southern Missouri to Texas, and in
1 ,.iii(la. Wood liKliter than cork and probably the
hulilot wood kiii'uii, wiigliiny;
pel eubie I'oot. March.
iiiilv about 12'.. lbs.
■^ ^^.^:.^^^ -^A! .. -M^,^--: ar-a.^-.-^
490
SAIJCACEAE.
l-"aiiiily 5. SALICACEAE I.iiull. Xat. vS\>t. I'.d. 2, 1S6. iS^f).
WlI.I.OW I'amii.v.
Dioecious lives or shrubs with H^lit wood, hitter harli, l)rittle twi^^, aUeniate
sti])iihue leaves, the stipules often iniiuite and caducous. Flowers of hoth
sexes in anients, solitar>' in the axil of each 1)ract. Anients cx])andinj^ i)efore
or with the lea\'es. Staniinate anients often pendulous; staniinate llowers con-
sistinjr of from one to luniierous slaiiieiis inserted on the recejitacle, suhtended
by a j,dand-like or cup-shajied disk; filaineiits distinct or more or less united;
anthers 2-celled, the sacs lonjjjitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate anients pendulous,
erect or spreadinj;^, soiiietinies raceme-like: jMstillate llowers of a s^■s^ile or short-
stipitate i-cellc<l ovary subtended by a minute disk; jjlaceiitae 2-4, parietal;
o\'ules usuall\- numerous, anatropous; style short, slender, or almost wantinj;;
sti,v;mas 2, simple or 2-4-cleft. I-'ruit an ovoid, oblonj; or conic 2-4-valvcd cap-
sule. Seeds small or minute, provide<l with a dense coma of lonj^, mostly white,
silk\' hairs. Ivndosperm none. Cotyle<lons ]ilano-convex. Radicle short.
Till' f:iiiiily iiK"lii(Us iiiily llir 2 I'dllowiiiK ncnira. consisting nf 2.>i) (jr nimv sju'cics, ninslly
iiiitivcs of tlif north tcniiHi:iti- and arctic /ones.
liracls liniliriati- or incised; stamens nnnicrons; stigmas elongated. i. Pn/iii/lix.
stiK^nias sliort.
Uracts entire: stamens j n
2, .S'rt//r.
,v /'. ii/ii; iis/i/'i/iir.
\. /'. (Uiiniiiial,!.
S. /'. hi-l,iot>li\ihi.
I. POPULUS I,. Sp. PI. 1034. 1753.
Trees with scaly resinous buds, Icrcte or angled twigs .tikI broad or narrow, usually long-
petioled leaves, tlic stipules iiiiiiulc, fugacious. Uracts of the aiueuts fimbriate or incised.
Disk cup-sbapcd, oblicjue, lobed or entire. Slaniin.ite anients dense, pendulous. Staniinate
flowers with from 4-60 staiuens, their filaincuts distinct. I'lslillate anients sometimes
raceme-like through the eloiigaliou of the pedicels, peiuUilous, erect or s])reading. Ovary
sessile; style short, stigmas 2-4, entire or 4-lobed. Capsule 2 4-valved. Coma of the seeds
often very long and conspicuous. [N.imc ancient, used for these trees by I'liiiy.J
.\buut 25 sjjccies, natives of the northern lii inisphere. liesides the fullowinn. some .^ others
occur in tlie western ])arts of North America.
% Petioles terete or channeled, scarcely or not at all flattened laterally. '■ I'l il'I.AKS. )
I.e.'ives persistently and densely white-tomeiUose beneath, 1, /'. alha.
Leaves ({labrous or very nearly so wlun mature, criiudate.
iMiliajfe striitly glabrous lexcejit in /'. hiilsiiiiiihiii ciiihiitiiiis): capsule very short pedicelled.
Leaves broadly ovate, rounded or cordate it the base. 2. /'. Ihilsmiiih) n .
Leaves lanceolate or ovate lanceolate, mostly narrowed at the base.
Leaves .icute, sliort-iHtiole<l.
Leaves acuminate, lonjc petioled.
I'oliaKC densely tomeiUosi- when yonnj;; capsides slender pedicelled.
'■';•■■.• Petioles strongly flattened laterally, : .\si'l:.VS, )
Leaves coarsely undulate dentate.
Leaves crentd.ite-dent'cnlate.
Leaves ovate or suborbieidar, short pointed.
Leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly acuminate.
Leaves obtuse at the base; capsules nearly sessile.
Leaves truncate at the base; capsules sUnder iiedicelled.
I. Populus alba L. Abele. White or
vSilver-leaf Poplar. (Fi^. 11 64.)
I'opiiliis allni L, .Sp, I'l, io,5(, 175.5,
.■\ large tree, with smooth light gray bark, at-
taining a maximnni height of about 120° and a
trunk diameter of h°. Young foliage densely
white-tomentose, the leaves becoming glabrate
and dark green above, persistently tomentosc
beneath, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular ill
outline, apex acute, base truncate or subcordate,
3-5-lobed or irregularly dentate, 2'_. '-4' long;
petioles nearly terete, shorter than the blade;
staniinate anients i'-2' long.
In yards and alonu; roadsides, s])rinKiutr up from
suckers of older trees. New Ilruuswick to Virjfinia,
Native of luirope and .\sia. Wood soft, nearly
white; weitthl ^s Ihs, per cubic foot, March-May.
(\
/•
i;iniiiiiiUiiltila.
1 •
r
// i-iint/t>t(/('S.
s,
0.
r.
r
11 i'^ 1 it.
t/l//iill/l'S.
WILI<0\V rAMII.Y.
491
2. Populus balsamifera I<. Tacainahac.
lialsani Poplar. (.l'"\)i. iiC>,S. )
J\ipii/ii.\ luilsiniii/fi ii I,. Sp. \'\. ni.il- '75,v
A larfje tree, with iiuarly siiioolli Kray bark, reacli-
iiijj; a tiiaximnin hei;,'lit of about 80° and a trunk
(liainetLT of 7", the branches stout, spreading, the
large buds very resinous, the foliage glabrous.
Leaves broadly ovate, dark green and shining
above, pale beneath, acute or acuminate at the
apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, crenulate,
3'-5' long, petioles terete; anients and bracts some-
what pubescent; stamens iS ,^0; lobes of the stigmas
broad; capsule ovoid, 2-valved, short-pcdicellcd.
In moist iir dry soil, especially aloiifj streams and
lakes, Newfoundlaiul lo Hudson liayaud .Maska, south
to Maine, New York. Mieliinan, Idaho and hrilish
Cohnnbia. Wcjod soft, weak, brown, eonipact: weight
per cubic foot 2,; lbs. .\i)ril.
Populus balsamifera candicans (.\il. ) .\. Ciray, Man.
ICd. 2. .\U). iS5(). li.M.M OF (',ii.i:.\li.
J'o/iiihis liim/uiiiis .\i{. Ilorl. Kew. 3: (od. 17S9.
Leaves bro.iiler, cordate at the base: petioles usu.illy
sey, west to Minnesol.i, inoslly escaped I'rom c\iUivatiou
pubescent. New Urunswick to New Jer
apparently in(liKetU)US nortliward.
3. Populus angustifolia James. Narrow-leaved Cottoinvood. (Fig. 1166.)
/;,pii/iis tni_i;iis/i/(i/ii! ]nmt's. I.onif's Ivxp. i: .(97. iSi;^.
J'ii/>ii/iis /xi/.uiiiii/riii var. aiigiisli/i<lia .S. \Vals. Hot.
Kiiiff's Ivxp. 327. i,S7i.
A slender tree, maximum height about 65°, trunk
d'nnietcr 2°; crown narrowly pyramidal, branches as-
cending, foliage glabrous. Twigs terete, gray; leaves
lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, spreading, dry-
ing brownish, gradually acuminate or acute at the
apex or some of them obtuse, narrowed, rounded or
rarely subcordate at the base, 2'-4,'2' long, \i'-\\'
wide, finely crenulate from base to apex; petioles
plano-convex, not flattened laterally; )i'-)-2.' long;
lateral veins S-15 on each side of the blade; stanii-
nate aments oblong-cylindric, i'-2'<'long; lobes of
the stigmas broad; cajisules ovoid, short-pedicelled.
Ill moist soil, espt'cially aloiijt streams. Northwest Ter-
ritory to Dakota. Nebraska, New Mixico, and .\ri/iina.
Wood soli. weak, brown. coiii])acl; weiglit per cubic I'uut
24 lbs. .\pril
Mav.
4. Populus acuminata RydI)Lio;. Black
Cottonwood, il-'io. 1167.)
J'iiftiiliisacuniiiitila Kydlierg, IhiU. Torr. Club, 20; .so.
1893.
A slender tree, with terete twigs, reaching ap-
proximately the dimensions of the preceding spe-
cies, the crown broadly pyramidal with spreading
branches, the foliage glabrous. Leaves rhomboid-
lanceolate, spreading or drooping, drying green,
abruptly or gradually long-acuminate at the apex,
cuneate, obtuse or rounded at the base, 2'-()' long,
\'-2\i' wide, crenulate or the base entire; petioles
slender, i'-2'z' long; staminate aments about i '2'
long; pistillate aments slender, drooping, i's'
lortg; capsules ovoid, obtuse, distinctly pedicclled.
Range apparently nearly that of the preceding;
species .\pril-May.
492
SAI.ICACEAK.
5. Populus heterophylla L. Swaiiip «>r Dowiix I'oplar. ( l•■i^,^ ii^'S. )
I'l't'iiliis luti-y>f>li\lhi I.. Sp. I'l. i.i;|. i7,';,v
An irrcmil.irly braiu'liiiin trei', soinetiiiii's So"
liijfli and with a trunk ,v' in <lianicter, llic bark
rounli. YouMfj foliage densely tonientosc. Leaves
lon>;-peliole(l, broadly ovale, ohtnse or subacute at
tlu- apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at tlie
base, crenulate-ilenticulate, ,s'-()' lonj^, or those of
young plants much larj^'cr, jjlabrous or somewhat
lloccosc beneatli when mature; petioles terete;
bracts j^labrous or nearly so; staminate aments
stout, 3'-4' loii^, <)"-i2" in diameter, droo])in.i;;
stamens numerous; ])islillate aments raceme-like,
])eduncled, erect or spreading, loosely llowereil;
capsules ovoid, ac\ite, 2-valvcd, 4" 6" long, shorter
than or e<iualling their ])edicels.
In swamps, MPiitlurii Cninu cticiil and Ni h V(irk to
("iicujjia. wisttn I,(iuisian.-i. nnrlli in the Misr-i'-sippi Val-
U y tn Indiana and ArUansa-^. WikkI suit. weak, ccun-
pact. brown, uiinlil per ciiliic I'nnt ;ii lbs. .\pvil May.
6. Populus grandidentata Michx. LaiKL-tdothcd Aspen. (Fij^. 1169.
!''•[ ul'iiiii aiididcnlala Mic-li.\. I'M. bur. Am. 2: :\y. is,i;.
A forest tree with smooth, greenish-gray hark,
inaxinium height about 75^, and trunk diameter
2|<°. Leaves ovate-orbicular, those of very young
])lants densely wliilc-tomcntosc beneath, some-
times r' long, with irregularly denticulate margins,
tliose of older trees tomentose when young, gla-
brous when mature, short-ac\iininate, coarsely nn-
dulatc-dentate, obtuse or truncate at the base 2^i'-
4' long; petioles slender, llattened laterally; bracts
silky, irregularly 4-7-clcft; staminate aments 2'-
4' long, about 5" in diameter, drooping; pistillate
aments somewhat pubescent, dense, 3'-5' long in
fruit, also drooping; stigma-lobes narrow; capsule
conic, acute, 2-valved, about 3" long, rather less
than i" in diameter, papillose.
In ricli wiKids, Ndv.i .Scntia tn Ont.-irin and Minni-
snt:i. sciutli t(i Ni-w Jirscy and in tile .MltKlianiis tn
Nnrtli Carnliua.-inil Tcinussif. W'nml snft, weak, lijilit
brnwn, cnnipact; wiinlit per cid)ic fnnt 29 lbs. .\pril.
7. Populus tremuloides Miclix. Aiiieri-
caii A.spcu. ( Fi^;. 1170. )
I'ltpiihis liitniiUiidts Miclix. I'l. lior, .\in. 2: 24,^. iSt)^.
l\ .■////(';//(■;/ .v/v I, udwid, Ncui- Wilde liauniz. ,^5. I75,i.(?)
A slender tree, with smooth, light green bark,
reaching a maximum height of about 100° and a
trunk diameter of 3'^, the young foliage glabrous,
excepting the ciliate margins of the leaves. Pet-
ioles very slender, llattened laterally, causing the
leaves to quiver in the slightest breeze; leaves
broadly ovate or orbicular, short-acuminate at the
apex, finely crenulate all around, truncate, rounded
or subcordate at base, I'-^Yi' broad, or those of
very young plants much larger; bracts silky, deeply
3-5-cleft into linear lobes; aments drooping, the
staminate i.!2'-2.'i' long, 3"-4'''' in diameter, the
pistillate longer, dense; stigma-lobes linear; cap-
sule like that of the preceding species, but some-
what smaller. *
In dry or moist soil. Newfoundland t<i Hudson liay and .Maska, south to Xiw Jersey. Pennsylvania,
Kentucky, in the Kncky Mnmitains to Mexico and In I.nwer California. Ascends to .v««i ft. in the
Adirnndacks, Wood soft, weak, light brnwn; weight Jier cid)ic font, 25 lbs. March-May.
WIIJ.OW l'"AMII-V.
8. Populus nigra I,. lUack P(>i)lar.
( I'ijr. I 171. )
/'••l^iihi-. in\i(i I,. Sp. ri. \i'\\. 175,!.
A larj,'e tree, soimliines i(ii)° tall jiiid tlu- trunk
4"= in ilianu-ter, usually much smaller. Tw^s tt-
rete; young foliage somuuliat pubescent, the ma-
ture leaves firm, nearly or (|uite glabrous; jietioles
slender, llattcned laterally; leaves broadly deltoid,
abruptly acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneale or
obtuse at the base, crenate, 2'-4' long; stamiiiate
aments \' -2' long; stamens about 20; pistillate
aments 2'-$' long in fruit, spreading; cajisule ob-
long, very obtuse, borne on ])e(licels of much less
than their own length.
X'allt ys of llu' IIiKKnii and Ililawarc Kivcrs, natn-
rali/id from I'Uirni)i-, April May.
Till' I.omb.irdy I'oplar. J\i/iii/ii\ i/i/a/n/n. coiniuotily
plaiitid ri>r ornanuiU, occasionally •-prcads by scnilinK
up -hoots lioui its -ulitcir.Muaii part-.
Populus deltoides .Marsh. Cottonwood
Necklace Poplar.
/'.ipiihis (/i-//"ii/c:s Marsh. Mh. .\ni. i./i. 17S5.
/':'/<ii/i/s (\iriiliiiciiv\ Mociu'li, \'cr'. I'l. .'<i. 17S5.
/'.i/y/i/iis iiioiiili/'(i\i .\it Iloii. Kcw. 3; 406. 17S9.
I','l>iilii^ aii'^iihila .\il. Ilorl. Kcw. 3; 407. 17S9.
.V large tree, the greatest of the poplars, attain-
ing a maxinunn height of 150° and a trunk diam-
eter of '^i\ the bark grayish-green, somewhat
rough when old. I'oliagc glabrous; leave.- broadly
deltoid-ovate, abruptly acuminate at the apex, cren-
ulate, truncate at the base, 4'-;' long; petiole flat-
tened laterally, stout, about as long as the blade;
bracts glabrous, deeply fimbriate; staminate amcnls
drooping, ^'-5' long, 5"-6" in diameter; pistillate
aments loosely flowered, becoming 6'-io' long in
fruit; capsule ovoid, acute, 4"-5" long, 2-4-valved,
shorter than or equalling their pedicels.
In ninist soil, especially along streams and lakes,
OikIhc to the Xortliwesl Territory, south to New Jer-
slv. I'lorida, Colorado and New Mexico. Wood soft,
weak, (lark brown; wcIkIiI per cubic fool 24 11)S.
.\prilMay. .Mso called Carolina Poplar.
2. SALIX L. Sp. PI. 1015. 1753.
Trees or shrubs, with single-scaled buds, the scales with an adherent mendirane within,
tnostly narrow and short-petiolcd leaves and persistent or early deciduous broad or minute
stipules. liractsof the aments en^tire. Disk gland like, small or minute. Staminate aments
dense, erect, s])reading or drooping. Staminate flowers with l-io, mostly 2, stamens, their
fdaments distinct or sometimes united. IMstillate aments usually erect or spreading. (1vary
sessile or short-stipitate. Style short or filiform. Stigmas 2, entire or 2-cleft. Capsule
mostly 2-valved. [Name ancient.]
.Vbout 160 species, of wide KeoKrapliic distribution tliroUKlnait the north temperate and arctic
zones, a few in the southern hetnisplicre. liesides the following:, some 45 others occur m the
northern and uestern parts of North .\merica.
:|-. Filaments pubescent, at least toward the base; stamens more than 2 (3-7).
No glands on petioles or stipules.
Cajjsule ovoid, about twice as long as its pedicel.
Leaves short ix-tioled. lanceolate.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, green on both sides.
Leaves lanceolate, silvery white beneath.
Leaves slender petioled. broadly lanceolate.
Capsule long-conie. niucli longer than its pedicel.
Petioles an<l stipules prominently glandular.
;|::;: Filaments pubescent; stamens only 2.
Trees, ctdlivated and natur.ilized or adventive.
1. S. nil; I a.
2. S. iranli.
},. S, iiiii\\i;(/(i/<iii/fs
5. 5. /i(ii;ilis.
4. .S'. hiiiilii.
k
494
SALICACKAU
(>. .S. ii/hii.
7. .V, /lii/n/iiiiiiii
N. .v. pill f>in,<i.
i) S. /I II villi ills.
i<]. .V I ilitiihild.
1 1, .v. nslilii.
1 1
.S.
Illl III ill's.
1-1.
.S',
Irish's.
I.S-
.s.
,lis,,'l,>l.
1(1.
.V
\ri iii-ii.
'7-
>.
pilioliii 1
|S.
,V
iirii VI III III pii.
I'l-
•V.
ilru 1 Illl mil.
20.
.V
i; III II III.
21
.v.
iiiiii/iilii.
12.
s.
viiiiniiilis.
2.!.
s.
pliylliiijiiliii.
24.
s.
Iiiii-.i iiii.
2,^.
s.
Ill 1 Inn.
Ciips\ilc Kl'itirnu^; I'llatmiit- ili^timl
llraiu'liis iiiil itrii(ii>iim; lia\ts Imui ulatc
I.ravf. Klalilnii> oil Until sjdi >
I.iavi -. silky mi Imtli -kU-. win 11 yniiiin.
I.ravis liiiiMi lamiiilatr ; litaiulu-. (InioiiiMK
CapMiU s liiiiuiiliiM ; lilaiiuiils iitiiUd; Uavis nlilatucdlali-
Kivcr l)aiiW slinili, willi limai laiutnlati Uavts.
I.ciw ari'tic sliriili-., willi nlinvaU- or (p\al nhtii-r k-avi'H.
l.ravis KlabiDiis, >.ir(iii^rly ritiiiilali il lii'iu-alh.
I.tayf;- iliiisily l(iiiuiil(i-i silky In iiialli.
'.!::;::;: Filaments glabrous; capsule tomentose or pubescent.
SlitJiiias si-ssilf iir viTy nearly so.
I.iavis loiiuiitdsf liiiuatli.
I.iavcs (il)loiin lamiiilatf, sUiiilir |Kli(ilc(l; aliunts i'.x|)aiiiliiiK willi tlii' loayi'S.
12. .V. Dihhiiiiia
I.cavi'M olilaiu'tdlalf, slmrt prlidlicl; aiiiiiits ixpaiidiiiK liifon the Uavfs,
l.i'ayi's 2' 1' limn; rmiutiu atiutits alicnil 1' ImiK.
I.ravis r 2' Iniin ; riuiliiin atiunls '•' lotiK-
MaliirL- Kaycs ulalnniis m slijtlitly silky In tiiatli.
I.tavis iililiiti^j (ir (ililiinn laiutnlali-. aiiitf.
l.eayis tloiinaUil laiui (ilalc, loiin aiiiiiiinaU',
CapsiiU- sliiirl |n ilicilUil, 1 '." Imin; Uavis Maik in drying.
Capsuli- sUiuK r pidici 1U(1. 2" \' Iniin; liayrs nriin in tliyiiiK.
Slyk- filil'onii, ^■c|llaliin^f or InnmT than tlu- stiKiiias.
I.cayis pirsisUiitly Uiiiitiilnsc or silky bfiiiatli.
Arctic nr alpine slinih^; anuiils niircildinn with tlic leaves.
iMiiitint; anuiits i' nr le~s \ii\\%
I'nlHsceiicc silvery silky.
I'ubesceiice tdtlU-lilnse.
VruitiiiK aineiils 2' s IniiR.
I.iiw linu slinili; leaves dblniijj
Intrddiieed tree; leaves linear lanceolate, lonn aeiiniinale.
Mature leaves glalirous Ik neatli.
Leaves 2'-,V loiiU. shining; above
Leaves '.■' 2' loiiK. dnll; low arctic shrubs.
Leaves (iblotin or lalieicilate, short pelioled.
Leaves elliptic or broa<lly obovate. lonu petioled,
::w[: :•; :■: Filaments glabrous; capsule glabrous.
Large shrubs, with sirrale or serrulate U ;i\es.
Mature leaves fjlabnius.
Leaves laiiceokite or ov;iti- lanceolate, acuiiiinale.
Shrubs,
Leaves ureeii both sid.s, narrow; c;ii)sules 2"-.V' I'lUK.
Le;ives very ulaucoiis beneath, broad; cajisules 3" 5" loiif!.
Tree v' S" hiifh.
Leaves ellil)tic, obov;ite or oblontf. merely acute.
Leaves ylaueolis billeath; c;ipsule slemler pedicelled.
Leaves ureeii both sides; c;ipsuli' nearly or (|uilc sessile.
Li aves densely silky pubescent.
Low boK shrub, with entire nhibroiis U;\vc-
Low diffuse ^ilabroiis ali)iiie ;ind arctic shrubs,
Le;ives oblonj; or obovate. inirrowed ;it the l)ase; aiiunts many llowen il
Leaves orbicular, cordate at the base; pistillate anients few (lowered,
I. Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow. (Kiy. ii73-)
.S'(;// 1 ///;■(,; .Maish, .\rb, .\m, i,vi ir"<,s.
.\ ircc, with rouf^h (laky dark brown bark,
allaining a iiiaxiiiniin lieij^hl of about 120' and a
trunk diameter of ;,'■ Leaves narrowly lanceolate,
acute or acuminate at the a])ex, narrowed at the
base, short-pctioled, serrulate, somewliat pubescent
when younj,;, f^labrous .ind urcen ahove, somewhat
paler, and sometimes pubescent on the veins be-
neath wlicn mature, 2'..' .s' Ion;;, 2"-9" wide;
stipules various, persistent or deciduous; ameiits ex-
panding witli the leaves, on short lateral br.inches,
the staminate \'-2' lon>(, the pistillate i.'j'^' long
aiul spreading in fruit; stamens 3-7, distinct, their
filaments pubescent below; scales deciduous; stig-
mas nearly sessile; capsule ovoid, acute, glabrous,
about twice as long as its pedicel.
Alontt striams and lakes. New Ilninswick to west-
ern ()iit;irio, I'lorida and Calildrnia, Hybridizes with
.V nihil. Wood soft, weak, linlit brown; weight per
cubic foot 28 lbs, .\pril-May,
Y, 2: 2ix), \'^\'S.
S. Illl ilii III.
S. i;liiiiiiipli\llii.
.v. Missiuii ii'iisis.
2>».
S.
hiilsiiiiiilii II.
V'.
S.
Iliii 1 lii\ i.
SI.
s.
iiilniiipli villi.
.V.
s.
IIIVI IlllilllilS.
IV
s.
1 ':-ii III si.
.Vb
.V,
Ill 1 liiiiiii.
Salix nigra falcata ( Pursli 1 Torr, I'l, N
Sali V fiiliiihi I'ursh, I'l. .Vni, .Sept, 2: 1)14, 1H14,
Leaves narrower, 2"-3" wide, falcate, green on both sides
Massachusetts to I'lorida.
Wll.I.oW lAMII.V.
495
a. Salix Wardii \W\i\>. Ward
.S,,/i, ///;■;,/ VIII. Ii:ii,li lUlil); W.inl. Hull, T. S, N.il
.S(i/i.i- iruiiti ltil)t), Card. iV iM.r. 8: ,\'\\. i>')v
.\ Iri'f, siiiiR-tiiiR's .V)" liixli, tlif trunk rfiuliiiiK >i'
ill (liainuU-r, the liraiiclies s|)rcaclinf; i>r ilniopinK,
thf hark dark ri'ddisli lirovvii, tovitimI willi ^tiiall
.scalt'S. Ia'MVi's laiiii'olatv nr dhldiiKdaiU'colali',
liiiix -at'UtiiiiiaU- i>r aoiitt.- al llii- api'x, roiindid, sub-
ciirdalu, or sotiii- of tlRlil iiariowi'd at Ihi- basu,
«i,,.''
-7' 1""K.
,2
-1
widi-, brij^lil i^rt'cn abuvi-, sil-
(Vln. 1175. )
Ilaiidl. \tt. .\kad.
very white and usiiallx sonuwliat piiUfsfeiit Iie-
iieatli; stipnK-.-i ot'tiMi lar^jc, sdiiutiiuf^ inMsi^U'iil;
aiiu'iits ' .-cpaiidiiij; with the leaves, terminal, the
staniiiiate2'-4''l(HiK, the jiislillateas lonj,' or shorter;
stamens 36, se])arale; lilaments ])ilose al the base;
seales villous without, cleeiduous; eajisule eonic,
j^labrous, about Iwiee as louj,' as its pedieel.
.Mipiijf sin aiiis and lakes, Maryland In Tennessee,
Missiniii ami tlie Indian Terrilory. sinitli U> I'lorida
WcKid dark limwn. MareliMay.
3. Salix amygdaloides Anders. Peach-leave-d Willi iw.
.Si;//' I iini\i;ihihiiili s .XtiiUis, nl'\ .
1858; 114.' I.\s^.
A small tree, similar to the preeedini; sjieeies,
souietinies 711" hi.nh and the trunk 2° in dianieler,
the brown b.irk scaly. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, pubescent when yining, Kkd)rous when
old, dark green above, paler and slijj;htly glaucous
beneath, long-acuininate al the a])ex, narrowed at
the ba.se, ,^'i'-,s' long, .about l' wide, shari)ly ser-
rulate, slelider-petioled; jietioles y,"-'" long,
glandless; stipules commonly fugacious; ameiils
a])]>earing with the leaves, terminal on short lateral
branches, the slaminate l'~-2' long, the ]nstillate
loose, s])reailiiig and 2'j'-4' long in fruit; stamens
more than 2; lilaments distinct, jnibescent at the
base; scales deciduous; stigmas nearly sessile: cap-
sule narrowly ovoid, acute, glabnnis, al length
about as lon.g as its filiform pedicel.
(In lake and river slioris, (Juelne to British Colum-
bia. New York, Missouri and New Mexico, Wood
soft, weak, liiilit brown; weiKhl 2S lbs. April-May.
4. Salix lucida Muhl. vSliiiiiiig; Willow.
Siilix li(ii,iu Mulil. Nciie Sehrift. C.cs. Nat. V\. Iit;rliii.
4: 2,v». />/■ ''■ /■ 7- i^'.V
.\ tall shr.ib, or .sometimes a tree 20° high, the
bark smooth or slightly scaly, the twi.gs yellowish- ^
brown, shining. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceo- \\ j \',
late or ovate, mostly long-acuminate, narrowed y'VJ/ ^
or rounded at the base, shar])ly serrulate all around,
green and glossy on both sides or bearing a few,
scattered hairs when very youn.g, ,'/-,s' long, \'-\\i'
wide when mature; stipules small, semi-cordate or
obloii.g, very glandular, coinnionly persistent; peti-
oles stout, 3"-6" lon,g, glandular at the base of the
blade; aineiits on short, lateral leafy branches, the
slaminate stout, I '-2' long, the jji.stillati; dense,
2'-;,' long ill fruit, often long-persistent; bracts de-
ciduous; stamens about ,5; filaments pubescent be-
low; stigmas nearly sessile; capsule narrowly ovoid,
acute, glabrous, much longer than its pedicel.
In swamps and aloiiK streams and lakes. Newfoiiiid-
l.uut to the Northwest Territory, New Jersey, Kentucky
and Nebraska. A most beautiful willow. .April-May.
Glossy Willow
49''
SAI.KACi; Al-
Crack Willow.
n-)
Salix fragilis decipiens < 11'
■avi-.. aiipi^irs tn Ik- knuuii (
5. Salix fragilis I.
liriule Willi )\v. (Im.il;. i i;
.Si/// 1 /',/;• ','/» I,. S)). I'l. I'll^. 175,;.
.\ mil. >lon(lL-r liic, with nm^liish s^'iay hark,
.■illMiiiinj{ M iii.ixiimim lifi.nlil of al)out So" .iinl a
trunk iliaiiK-tcr of 7 , Uvi.tjs reddish ii^rc'i'ii. vi-rv
hritlk- ,it lit- l)M-.c. I.cavi-s laiu'i'olati', lonji-acii-
iiiiiiale, narrowi'd at the base, sliarply serrulate,
glalin'usoii both sides, rather d.irk ;rreeu above,
])aler beneath, ^'-6' lou.i;, 'j' 1' wide; i;laud\i-
hir at tlie b ise of the lilade; ])elioles V'-S" l<>uii(,
;<hiudularaI)ove; stipules seuiieordale, fu).jacious;
slauiiiiale aineuts i ' 2' lou;.;; stamens 2, or some-
times vl; lilameiils pubeseeut below, distiuet;
]>islillate ameuls ,V-.S' h'li.ii >" Iruil. rallier loose;
slif,'mas nearly sessile; capsule lonji-conie, gla-
brous, 2'j"-ji" loMj;, short-pedieelled.
l'!soai)e(l fvoui euUivatinn, ^lassacluiseetts to
New J( rsi V and reniisylvaiiia. Xative of I-hMiipe.
Ily1)iidi/es with tile fiiilnwini; spieies. The tuiys
bleak ,iway and ^.'I'nw iiUniuw plants, .\piil May.
illni. 1 .\ii(leis.. with yelhiwish nr red twin's and smaller hrinliter «reen
iilv in cultivation within our n.rea.
6. Salix alba ].. White- Willow.
Humino;don Willow. ( Fi.i;'. 117S.)
Sil/l'.t tlllhl I,. Sp. I'l. IiiJI. 17.S.V
A large tree, sometimes <> r' tall auil a trunk diam-
eter of .s'; b.irk gray, rougli; twigs brittle at the
base. Leaves lanceolate or obloiig-lanceolale, acute
or acuminate, narrowed at the base, serrulate, silky-
pubescent on both sides when young, less soand jiale
or glaucous beneath when maUire, 2' -('2' long, 4"-
s" wide; stipules ovate-lanceolate, deciduous; ]ieti-
oles 2"-.;" long, glaiidless av sparingly glandular;
aments on short lateral leafy brandies; scales decid-
uous; stamens 2; filaments distinct, pubescent at the
base; pistillate aments linear-eyliudr. •, I 'z'-'z'
long; stigmas nearly sessile; capsule ovoid, acute,
glabrous, short-pedicelled or sessile.
In moist soil. cs))eeially aloinf streams, N"ew liriins-
wick and Ontario to Pennsylvania, spiiriiiyly csciped
from cultivation. Native of lairope. .\pril May.
Salix alba coerulea i,I. !•;. .Smith 1 Koeli, Dendr,
Sa/i f ,''ri ii/i ii ]. M. Smith. I'JikI- Hot. /)/, -'/,'/. i"«)i.
Mature leavi s bhii-li «r(i 11. irlabmus. txl.uicolis In lie,
Salix alba vitellina 1. • Kocli. Demlr. 2 ,=,
Sii/ii :i/i//ni,i I.. S]). I'l. \'.i\. 2, in . 17'>,;.
Mature haves fihibrolls above ; wins velhiwi-ll-un en
2: ,^1
nil.
I!m I
( Icca-ioiial ill tliv l%asteni States.
isi,,i, l',i 111. IN ( Isll.U.
above;
Till
niiiiioiu-l form in North .\iiu rica.
7. Salix Babylonica I,. Weei)iii,i; Willow.
Kiii,L,f \\'ilIow. ' I'"i;4. 1179.1
.S'(7// I /.'j/'i/.. ///,<; I.. Sp, I'l. I"I7. 175, V
.\ large tree, with rough .gray bark, sometimes at-
tain in.g a height of 70^ and a trunk di.inieter of 6', the
twi,gs slender, green, elongated, ilroo])iiig. l.i-.ives
niridwh lanceolate, long-acnminate at the apex, ser-
rulate all .iround, n.irroweil at the base, sparsely ])ubes-
ceiit when young, glabrous when mature, green
above, paler beiieith, (' 7' long, T," C>" wide, some-
times curling into rings; jietioles t,"~(>" long, gl.indu-
lar .above; aments appearing on short lateral le.ify
branches; scales ovatedaiu'eolate, obtuse, deciiluous;
stamens 2; style almost none; c.iiisiile ovoid-conic,
sessile, glabrous.
Widely culliv.iti il ami ^oiiutiiiu •- ^-plc.idillj; by the (lis
tributioii of its twij;s Nati\e of .\-.i,i, .\pril M.iy.
'?
WIIJ.OW I'AJIII.V.
8. Salix purpurea I<. Purple Willow.
S(i/i I pui/uiicii I,. S]). ri. 1017, 175,;.
A sk-iKlt-r shrub (ir siiiiill Irou, willi purplish flex-
ible luij^s, luaxiiiiuni lieiglit about 12^; briint-hes
iifleii trailiiij?; bark siuoolh auil very bitter. Leaves
(iblaiK'eolateor spatulalc, acute, serrulate, uarrowed
at the base, short-petioled, (glabrous, f^reeu above,
paler and somewhat j^lauoous beueath, i 'i'-.i' lou;^-,
2 '."-4" wiile, some of them commonly subo])- >"
]iosite; stipules minute; petioles \"-i" louj;, not
>;l;inclular; anients a])pearin).; before the leaves,
dense, leafv-bracted at the base, the staniinate »'JI^,
about 1' lonj^, the pistillate \'~2' long, sessile or •*»?J'"'^
nearlv so; stamens 2; filaments and sometimes ,,■ «,'.■
■also the anthers \mited, pubescent; scales jnirjile,
persistent; stij^mas very nearly sessile; ca))sules
ovoid-conic, obtuse, tonientose, 2 '2" lonj.;.
Sparinjtly c-^caped Irdiu cultivation in Uic AtlaiUie
Stato. Native ol' I-;urci])e. Also calkcl liilter, 1< ise
and Wliipcnrd Willnw. Aiiril May.
497
I I8u. )
9. Salix fluviatilis Xutt. Saml
' IciOl ^1 11
10. Salix reticulata L. Xel-\xiiicil
Willow. (I'is. 1 iX-. )
Sail \ itiiiulala I,. Sp. I'l. loiS. 175,;.
A procumbent sIuhIi, y 10' high, often sending
out roots from the twigs, the young shoots 4-sided,
imrjile-green. Leaves elliptic or oboxate, thick, ob-
tuse, narrowed, numdcct or subcordate at the base,
slender-petioled, glabrous or somewhat silky-pubes-
cent when young, dark green above, not shining,
glaucous and strongly relicnlate-veined Ijcneath, l'-
2' long; petioles 4"- 12" long, channeled, not glan-
dular; leaves obscurely crenulate or entire; stipules
otilong, obtuse; anients ternunal, long-stalked,
dense; scides obliise; stamens 2; filaments ilislinct,
puliesceiit at the base; stigmas sessile; capsule ovoid-
conic, sessile, glabrous or pubescent, about ;," long.
I.abr.idipi and ijiubec to Alaska, south ill the Kocky
^^lUlltaills to Coloiadn. Also in iiortlurii ICuroiie and
.Asia. June,
15'
)ar Willow. Rix-cr-hank Willow. iFig;. uSi.)
Sdli^liiiiffifo/iii Mulil. Neue .Scliril't. (Us. \al. I'l. lier-
liii. 4: 2,?S. /)/. 6. /: 6. iNi; Not I.aiii. 177'^.
Siili i /ln:i\i/ili.s Null. Sylva, i: 7,v 1^(2.
A much-branched shrub, 2°~12^ I'igli. forming
thickets, or sometimes a sleniler tree, 2o°-,iCi° tall, and
with a trunk i^ in diameter, the young foliage silky-
])ubescenl, the mature leaves glabrous, or ■.k:'.''K' vo,
those of seedlings piunatcly <lentateor lobed. Leaves
liuear-l.inci'olati- or linear-obloiig, 2 '^'-4' long, 2^;." -
"1" wide, .acuminate, remotely denticulate with some-
what spreading teeth, short-jietioled, bright green;
])etioles not glandular; sti])nles minute or none;
anieuts on short, leafy branches, linear-cylindric, the
staniinate ilcuse, I'-i'.' long, the pistillate looser,
abo\il 2' long ill fruit; scales deciduous; stamens 2;
filaments pubescent, distinct; stigmas broad, sessile;
capsule ovoid-conic, glabrous or silky, about 2" long.
.\loiiK streams and lakes. Ouebec to llic Noillnve^t
Territory and Ore^fou, soiitli to Vii>;iiiia, Keiitiuky ami
Me.sieo. Wood -.nri, reddish brown; ueiKlit per
April Jlay.
N\w
cubit
'^l^^^i'-^^vr^^ t; ,/f>^A Vy:4:.
vSAI.ICACKAE
II
Salix vestita Piirsh.
(Fis. I iS;,. )
.S'i///r zt'slilii I'lirsli, I'l. Am. Si.])!. M
Hairv Willmv.
^'4
A low shrill), similar to the preceding s])frii>, tliu
twigs 4-si(ieil, green. Leaves ohov.ile, thick, iiiosUy
retuse or eniarginate at the apex, slightly creiuilate,
larroweil or rounded at the hase, dark green and
glahroiis above, jiersisteiitly toinentose-silky be-
neath, short -jK'tioled, \'~2' long; petioles 2"-^"
long, channeled, not glandular; ainents teriniiial,
unl'olding after the leaves, stalked; stamens 2: tila-
nieiits distinct; ca])siiles narrowly ovoid-conic,
sessile, densely silky-tonieiilose, about ,^" long.
Labrador and Ouebee ti> the Xorlliwist Teiritnry.
June.
'J
Salix Bebbiana Sars
15
Sali.i
sliiilii kicliaids. l-'rank. Jourii. .\y\>. 7,^,^
N'cit Tliuill. 171)!).
Sail V IlibhiniKi Sartj. t'lard. ^; l-'or. 8; .)ii,^. I'^ai.
\ shrub, 6°-iS° tall, or .sometimes a tree 25°
high, the twigs jnibescent or luiberulenl, terete.
Leaves elliptic, oblong or oblcnig-lanceolate,
acute, acuminate or some of them blunt at the
apex, rounded or narrowed at the ba>e, sparingly
serrate or entire, dull green and jniljernlent
above, pale, reticulate-veined and toiiientose be-
neath or nearly glabrous on both sides when very
old; petioles 2"-6" long; stipules semicordale,
.acute, deciduous; ameiitsse.ssile, expandin.g with
or before the leaves, dense, the staininate I'-l 'j'
long, the pistillate 2' long in fruit; scales villous,
per.-,istent or deciduous; stamens 2\ filaments
ili.stinct, glabrous; stigmas nearly sessile; capsuli'
very narrowly long-conic, diMisely pubescent,
twice as long as the filiform pe<licel.
In (h y soil and al(jiiy stiriiiiis. ,\iilii.i)>li to Hud
son Hay and Urilisli Col 11111 liia. soulh li> New Jersey.
I'eiiiisylvatlia, Nebraska and It. ill. .Vpril Jlay.
13. Salix humilis Marsh
Prairie Willow. (Fig. iiS-;. )
.S'j//i /;H«////i Marsh. ,\rb. .\in. 1 )n. 17S5.
A shrub, j°-S° tall, the twigs toinentose
or pubescent, terete. Leaves oblanceolale,
petioled, 2' 4' long, 4"-S" wiile, acule ,it
both ends or the lower broader and obtuse
at the apex, sjiaiingly denliculate, the mar-
gins slightly revoliite, the iqijier surface
dark green, dull, jniberulent or glabrous, the
lower densely and ])ersisteiitly gray-lomeii-
to.se; Jietioles 2"-;/' long; stipules obli(|Uelv
lanceolate or ovate, acute, coimnoidy per-
sistent; aments unfolding much before the
leaves, sessile, ovoid-<iblong, short, dense,
the pistillate about 1 ' long in fruit; stanu'iis
2; lilamellts glabrous; stigmas liearlv si'>sile;
ca|)sule narrowly conic, densely pubescent,
much longer than its ])edicel.
Ill dry soil. N.)v;i Scotia In western Ontario,
•-until to North Cimlina. Teimessti- and Ne
bra-Ua llvliridi,^es with .S. (//n (i/n; . Anril-
.Mav
WILLI )\V lAMIl.V.
499
1 »!'/"»•
2
14. Salix tristis Ail. Dwarf CiImv
.S,i/n //7i//.t Ail. IIciil. Kiw. 3: ,;>).;. 17-u.
A UiI'UmI, slciickr shrill), 1^-2^ lull, llie twij^s
turcU-, piilifnilfiil, Ihe imts loii.i; and tliit-k.
Leaves oblanceolate or liiii..ii cibl'iii;.;, aeiite nr
obliisisli, somewhat iimliilale, j.: eeii ami pii-
lieniUiit or f^labroiis above, persistently .md
(li't'sely while-toiiieiitose beneath, r.iinieroiis,
crowded, l'-2' lon.i;, their margins revolnte;
petioles about 1" loni;; stipules minute, decid-
uous; aiueutsex])andin,L; much before the leaves,
dense, very small, coni])aratively few-flowered,
sessile, the pistillate globose-ovoid and about
'i' long i 1 fruit; scales persistent; stamens j;
filamentsglabrous; stigmas sessile or nearly so;
capsn'e ovoid with a long, slender beak, tomeii-
t-.iiose, about 1," long, luuch longer than its
filiform pedicel.
In dry soil, Nnvii Sccitiii i?l, Maine In MiniU'^cilM,
siuuli to I'Morida ;nid TcMnessee. Miircli .Xpril.
Will.nv
I ISO.)
Salix discolor Mtilil.
uicotis Willow.
Sa/i.i- (/i.ui>/(ir TilnM. N\iie Scluift,
lin. 4: 2,V|. />/■ ''■ /■ I- 1''^";.
Sii/i \ til, ',,/>//, 1/, I yUvhx. Id. Hor. .\in. 2: J2.s. is.i^.
.\ shrub or low tree, maximum height 25^, trunk
diameter 1"; twigs jiuberiilent or glabrous; young
leaves sometimes pubescent. ^Mature leaves usually
gialirous, briglit green above, glaucous and nearly
white beneath, oblong or obU)n,g-lanceolale, acute at
both enils, irregularlv serrate or nearly entire, slen-
der-petioled, 3'-,s' long, S"-i,S" wide; jielioles ,,"-
12" long; stipules (ibh(|uely lanceolate or semicor-
date, comnionh- di'ciduons; anients unfolding much
before the leavis, dense, the ]>istillate I '.' -;,'longiii
fruit; scales persistent, obtuse, brown-i)ur]de, vil-
lous; stamens 2; fdaments glabrous; stigmas nearly
sessile; caj>sule narrowly conic, tapering to a sk-iider
beak, tomenlose, 2 'j" ;," long, much longer than
its peilicel.
In ^wiiui|)s or en nmi^l tiilKi<li-. Nova Scoi',: in M;ni-
itnh.i. Delaware and Missouri. Wood snfl, vrak, yel-
. less loiueiUiise; Ka\i
vSilkv Willow.
Salix discolor prinoides 1 I'lu-li
Siili \ f>i iiiitidi ^ I'lusl}, I'l. .\ni. St;)l. u\ \
l'i>tillale anuiil-- luosti ; caii-ule
16. Salix sericea Marsh
I I'ig-. 1 iSS. )
Sii/i i.\ii iiiii Marsh. .\rl). .\ni. 1(0. 17S5.
.\ shrub, 5°-l2° tall, with slender puqilish pnbi'rnlent
twigs, the young leaves densely silky-pubescent. .Ma-
ture leaves glabrous or nearly so, lanceolate, acuminate,
narrowed or ol)tiise at the base, serrulate all arounil with
gland-lipped teeth, dark green above, p.iler and somi-
wliat glaucous beneath, turning brown ur black in ilry-
ing, 2'.' -4' long, 5"- 10" wide; stipules narrow, de-
ciduous; petioles 2" 7" lon,g, sometimes glandular;
ameiils eNpanding before the leaves, sessile, usually
with a few leafy bracts at the base, clense, the statninale
.dioul 1' long, the jiistillate I'-l '..' long in fruit; scales
villous, persistent; stamens 2; fdaments glabrous; style
verv short; capsule ovoid-oblong, obtusu, pnliesceiit.
short -l)edicelled, about I '." long.
In swanips iiiid alnnu -teani-i, .M.iim- to Mi(liiH::in ,md
\irniuia. May.
low-lirown; weivtlil i)er cabic i
Xnders. in DC. I'rodr. 16: I'.irt j. jk
iSl).
conunonlv narrower
l .'7 ills, Marcli-April.
Kaiitie iif tile type.
500 sai.icaci;ai:.
/ ■/
17. Salix petiolaris J. V,. SiniUi.
Sk-nder W'illcnv. ( Ti^- nSy. )
.S'li'// I f>tli(>ltiiis J. IC. Smilli. 'I'laii--. I.iini. Sue. 6
A shrub, similar to tlic preceding; species, Iml
the young leaves only sliglitly silky, the
branches slender, upright or ascendiii.g. Ma-
ture leaves lanceolate, acuminate at both ends,
serrulate with blunt cartilaginous teeth, remain-
in,g green in drying, .(" S" wide; petioles 2" -^"
long: stipules deciduous; ainents expanding lic-
fore the leaves, the pistillate short-pctluneled,
usually rather loose, about i' long in fruit; sta-
mens 2; filaments glabrous; stignuis nearly ses-
sile; capsule tai)ering from an ovoid or oblong
base, pubescent, 2"-'/' long, about twice as
long as the filiform pedicel.
In swamps, New linuiswick tn the Nurlliwist
Territory, soutli to Tennessee and Michijran. May
Salix petiolaris gracilis .\nders. in DC. I'mdr. 16: I'art J. 2.v=;. iHJ'^.
aidii/is .\n(Urs. I'roe. .\ni. .\im(1. 4: (17. i.^^js.
dieels nearly as Inii^ a^ llic capsules: leaves rallier narmwir. K.iny:t uiukUriniiu-d.
So/ 1 I
I'l
18
Salix argyrocarpa Aiukr.s. .Silver
Willow. ( Ki.i;-. i lyo. )
.S". tiii; \ nhcu pii .Viiders. Miin. .Sal. 107. /'. i^i'. 1S67.
An erector diffuse shrub, 6'-2° high, the twi.gs
dark green, nearly terete, shining. Leaves ob-
long or oblanceolate. acute at each end or the
lower obtuse, short-petioleil, entire or crenu-
late, bright green and glabrous above, persist-
ently silvery-silky beneath, I '-2' long, 3"-6"
wide, the margins slightly revolute; anients un-
folding with the leaves, leafy -bracted at the base,
dense, i' or less long; scales persistent, villous;
stamens 2, distinct, their filaments glabrous;
stvle slender, longer than the stigmas; cap.sule
oblong-conic, densely silvery, acute, i"~i'i"
long, about twice as long as its pedicel.
I,al)r.i(l(ir and yiiebcc to tlie White MouiUains ol'
New llanipsliirc. llybriili/is witli .V pliyin luli.i.
Jinu- July.
19. Salix desertorum Richards. Deseft
Willow. ( VV^. I lyi . )
.Si(//i ,1, SI I lorn III Kicliard-. iMatik. Jumii. .\pp.
A shrub, 6' 12' high, with purplish-green
twigs. Leaves oljlong or oblanceolate, acute at
the apex and cuneate at the base or the lower
obtuse at both ends, entire or very nearly so,
very short-petiolcd, tonieiilose on both sides or
glabrate above when old, Yz'-'i' long, 2" 4"
wide; stipules fugacious; ainents expanding with
the leaves, dense, '..'or less long, leafy -bracted
at the base; stamens 2; fdaments gl.ibrous; style
about as long as the deeply 2 cleft stigmas;
capside ovoid-conic, acute, densely tomentose,
about 2" long, very shorl-pedicelled.
.XnlicDSli and Ouebec In wi-^tevn .-irctic .\tnirica,
siintli a1uii« tin K(
.Suiuiiu r
L-kv Muniilains in (Jnliirado.
WILLOW lAMILV
20. Salix glauca L. X()illn.'ni Willi nv.
( iM.i^. I 1<)2. )
Sa/i I L;/aU(<i I,. Sp. I'l. icuo. 175;,.
A low arctic slinih, \vitli tcrclc brown twi;,'s, the
vouni^' shoots ami leaves lU'iisely toiiiLMilose, 1)ecoin-
iiij,' gl;i1)rnlc when ohl. Leaves elHptic or ellii)tic-
lanceohite, entire, ohtuse or acute at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, l'-,V long, '/-i' wide; petioles
i"~5" loiij,'; stipules deciduous; anicnts borne on
short leafy branches, the staminatc dense, about 1'
lont;, the pistillate 2' ;,' loni; in fruit, rather loose;
stamens 2; filaments distinct; scales persistent,
densely white-villous; capsule ovoid-conic, densely
whitc-tonientose, sessile or very short-pedicelled,
3" long; style about as long as the stignuis.
Arctic America frcmi Labradm U> Alaska. Alsd in
arctic and idiiinc ICuiupe and Asia, .'^nnmur.
■■•''•J;.
21. Salix Candida MueLr<;c. I loarv Willow
{ ^'i(,^ 1 193.)
.S,i/n ,,n/,/i,/ii I'liUflKc; Wind. Sp. I'l. 4: 7..>. I^"6.
An erect shrub, 2= -5° tall, the older twigs red
or purple and terete, the younger densely white-
lonientose. Leaves persistently whitc-tonientose
beneath, green and loosely tomentose or becom-
ing glabrate above when mature, oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, thick, sparingly repand-denliculate or
entire, acute at lioth ends or the lower obtuse at
the apex, 2' -4' long, :,"-.S" wide, their margins
slightly revolnte; petioles ]'y'-2" long; stipules
lanceolate-subulate, about eciualling the petioles,
deciduous; anients expanding before the leaves
dense, cylindric, the staminate about i' long, the
])istillate i' 2' long in fruit; 1)racts villou.s, persist-
ent; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style filiform,
red, three times as long as the stigmas; capsule
ovoidconic, acute, densely tomentose, 2'2"-3"
long, very short-pedicelled.
Ill boK-^, Labiadnr and Hudson bay In tlic Ncitlli-
wol Tt-rritniv. snulli h> Niw Jersey, uisurii New
York and Iowa. Ilvliridi/is with S.pi/i,>/di/iimd .">.
<.<i,lal,i. Mav.
22. Salix viminalis L. Osier Willow.
( \''\)i. 1 1 94. )
.S'.(//i- :iiinihilis 1.. ,Sp, I'l. 1021. 17.^;
A small slender tree or shrub, with terete
green twigs. Leaves elongated-lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate at the apex,
sparingly repand-crennlate or entire, revolutc-
margined, short-petioled, dark green .and gla-
brous above, ])crsistently silvery -silky beneath,
5'-6' long, 2" S" wide; stipules narrow, tlecidu-
ous; aments expanding before the leaves, dense,
the iiistillalc 2'-;/ long and nearly '.. ' in diam-
eterin fruit; st.iuiens j; filaments glabrous; style
longer than the stigmas; capsule narrowly ovoid-
conic, acute, silky-pubescent, aliout .V' long,
verv short-] ledicel led,
C'lilliv.itcd I'or wicker wail and Dcci-iniially r>
pill iiiln wet places in tile ICasttrn and Middle
c.i
State-.
Native of I'Un-op.- and .\sia .\piil May
5'>^
sAi.rcALi'Ai;.
23. Salix phylicifolia h. Tea -leaved
Willow. 1 I''i<;. I 195. )
Silli X f'llvHii/iiliil I.. Sp, I'l. IciK). 17,>v
A shrub i°-io' I'iyli, iiuicli liraiiclicil, the twi^s
jjlabrous, dark piir])lc-f»rL'cn, soiiiL-tiiiios j^hiucoiis.
I.faves ol)li)iiKi lanceolate or elliptic, acute or ob-
tuse at the apex, minutely repaiul-crenulate or
entire, iiarrf)\ve(l at the base, bright ),'reen and
shining above, pale and {glaucous beneath, I 'j' ;/
long, '.'-i' wide; petioles 3"-S" lonn; stipules
minute, fugacious, or wanting; aments sessile,
sparingly leafy -bracted at the l)ase, dense, oblong-
cylindric, the standnate 1' or less long, the ))istil-
late I '-2' long in fruit; scales villous, persistent;
stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style rather longer
than the stigmas; capsule conic, acute, jiuliescent
or tonieiitose, 2/2" long, much longer th.in its
pedicel.
Swauips, I.iibradnrlci Manitii1)aand the Wlnte .Mnmi-
tain^iif New Ilanip-lnn . Al-niii ICurnpf.
24. Salix Brownii I'.ehh. Koherl Hiowii's Willow.
S'lli X ai,li,ii K. I!r. Ko--' Voy. cxliv. iM.i. N. it fall.
Stiii \ llrnu mi 1!l)i1), UcmU. lint. ('.a/.. 14: 1 15. iS-;,^.
.■\ low, much branched shrub, the twigs 4-
angled, slender. Leaves oblong or lanceolate,
glabrous or sometimes ciliolatc, acute or the lower
obtuse at the apex, entire or rarely with a few
minute distant teeth, narrowed at the base,
short-petioled, \'-i' long, ^"-S" wide, remaining
green in drying, the lower surface pale or glaucous,
the margins not revolute; ])Ctioles only 1"-,^"
long; stipules narrow, deciduous; aments borne
on short leafy branches, the pistillate i'-2',' long
in fruit; scales villous, jiersistent; obovate, ob-
tuse, green or black-tijiped; stamens 2; lilamcnts
glabrous; style fdiform, much longer than the
stigmas; capsule ovoiil-conic, tonientose, short-
jiedicelled, acute, about I'i" long.
I.ibrailcir tii Alaska, ■iiiutll tn (Jmbcc, -'lid ill tin-
Kinkv !\Ii'iiiitiiiii> Ici Cnl.ii;i(lii, Smiiiiur.
.SlltllllRV.
( I-'i--. I I</>. )
25. Salix arctica Tall. Arctic Willow.
C'.roiiiul Willow. < I-'ig;. 1197.)
S>i!ix aicliiii I'all. l-l. Unss. i: I'art
1 7S><.
.\ low branching shrub, the twigs terete or
nearly so. Leaves glabrous, ellijitic or broadly
obovate, entire, obtuse and usually rounded at
the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, loiig-
petioled, p.ile an<l glaucous beneath, i' 2' long,
'-•'-I.'i' wide; petioles slender, I2' I'a' long;
aments borne at the ends of short leafy branches,
very dense the pistillate I '-2' long in fruit; scales
dark jiurplc, obovate. olituse, densely white vil-
lous, persistent; stamens 2; filaments glabrous;
st\le liliforin, longer than the stigmas; capsule
conic, villous, very short-])edicelled.
Aniic Ami rii;i and A'-ia. .Suiiinu'r.
WILLOW 1-AMILV.
503
26. Salix cordata MiiliL Ilcarl-k-avc'd
Willow. ( I'iiT. 1 19S. )
Siiliv oniliihi Mulil. Ntuc Sclirift. C.cs. Niil. l"r. liir-
liii. 4; .',^6. /'/. '). /'. ,'. iMi;.
A slirub, 5-12" high, the twij^s imberulent or
glabrous; young leaves pubeseent. JIature leaves
oblong-lanceolate, green on both sirles or ])aler be-
neath, acuminate at the apex, narrowed, obtuse or
subcordate at the base, sharply serrulate with glan-
dular teeth, green in drying; sti|)nks obli([uc, ser-
rulate, usually large and persistent; petioles 4" 9"
long; amcnts bracted at the base, expanding before
the leaves, the stamiuate about i' long, the pistil-
late i,';'-2';' in fruit; scales silk> , persistent; sta-
mens 2; fdanients glabrous; style short; capsules
narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous, 2"-^" long, short-
pedicellfd.
In wit sdil. Nuw liruiiswick In liiitisli Columbia,
south to Vir^tiniil. Missouri. Colorado and Calil'oruia.
Ilvbridizis with .S'. snina and olluv s])Lcii.'s. April-
Ma v.
Salix cordata angustata i I'ursli 1 Atukrs. Moti.
Suli v aiif;ns/<i/<i I'uvsli. I'l, Am. Sept. 61;,. im ).
Leaves narrower, liuear-lanceolale. Kani;t- of the typi-.
Salix cordata Mackenzieana Hook. b'l. l!or. .\m.
i.W
2: 14c). iS;,9.
Small trei-. Li-avcs lanceolate or ublanceolate. Manitoba and Northwest Territory to California.
27. Salix glaucophylla Bebb. Broad-
kavtd Willow. iViii- 1 i99- )
.V. i^/iiiiu'/>/iy//<i liebl), in .\. Cray, Man. Hd. (,. 4.S5. 18S9.
.\ shrub, 4°~i(j' high, foliage glabrous or when
young sparingly pubescent. ^Mature leaves ovate,
obovatc or oblong-lanceolate, firm, dark green and
shining above, white-glaucous beneath, short-
acuminate, the base rounded or acute, serrulate
with gland-tipped teeth, 2'~4' long, '2'-2' wide;
stipules large, persistent; petioles stout, 3"-6" long;
anients expanding before the leaves, leafy-bracted
at the base, the stamiuate i'-2' long, the pistillate
I'i'-.i'loug in fruit; scales densely white-villous,
persistent; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style fdi-
forni; capsule beaked from an ovoid base, acute,
glabrous, 3"-5" long, slendcr-pedicelled.
( (11 sand dunes, Lake Michigan, norlheni Illinois and
Wisconsin. Variable in leaf-form. April.
28. Salix Missouriensis Ikbb.
Mon. Sal. i.v).
Missouri Willow.
iS()-.
( Fijr.
Sdfit (Dii/d/ii var. :rs/i/a .Vudcr
Not .v. :r</i/ti Pursli. 1S14.
S<i/i > .l/Zv.v.iw; /, //.v/,v r.tbb, Card. iS: I'or. 8: ;■,-:,. iSo.s.
.\ tree, often ,so^ higlb the trunk sometimes 1 '.. ' in
diameter, the thin gray bark with small appressed
scales. Twigs of the season pubescent or jiuberulent;
leaves lanceolate, or oblaiiceolate, acuminate, finely
serrate with minute gland-tipped teeth, rounded or
narrowed at the base, pubescent when young, glabrous
Ilill I ^'V^ CO tiL iiie oa:^v-, |/nw\.r>vviit ,» i.*-.i _,v^,...^, ^...... v...... . .
or nearly so when mature, green above, pale and usu- j |
ally glaucous beneath, ^'-6' long, .'a'-i'i' wi<lc; i|
petioles '/i' long or less; stipules often C' long, per- ^
sistcnt or deciduous; atnents narrowly cylindric, un-
folding long before the leaves, the stamiuate about
I'j'long, the pistillate ;,'-4' long; scales persistent,
villous; stamens 2; filaments glabrous; style very
short; capsule iiarri>wly ovoid, glabrous, :-,-.] times as
long as its pedicel.
On 1 'r bank-.. Missouri and Nebraska. Wooil dark
brown. March .\pril.
L
504
SAMCACl'AK.
Salix balsamifera dlook. ) liarratt. Ualsani Willow.
( I*"i,!Lf. 1201 . )
H.M.k. l-l liur. Am.
S(i/ii (Kidiila var. Ihi/sdiiii/ci ,1
2: i.in. iSvi.
Sii/ir hnlsiinii/ifii liainilt; Ilncik. I'M. llor. .\iii. Im-.
cil. .\s syiiciiiym. i.^,(<(.
A slinil), 4°-io hij.jli, tlie twij,'s jjlabroiis, shin-
ing, tilt youngest foliage piiliescent. Mature
leaves elliptic, ovate-oval orol)<)vate, tliiii, gla-
brous, acute or some of thciii obtuse at tlic ajicx,
rounile<l or subconlatc at tlie l)ase, ilark fjrecii
above, jjlaucous and prominently retieulatc-vcincil
beneath, 2'-;,' lonj,', I'-i'.' wiilc, slightly crenu-
late-serrulatc, the minute teeth glandular; stipules
minute or none; petioles slender, 3"-6" long;
ainents expanding with the leaves, leafy-bracted at
the base, cylindric, the slaminate dense, about 1'
long, the pistillate rather loose, 2'-y long in fruit;
scales villous, persistent; stamens 2; filaments gla-
brous; style almost none; cajisnles very narrow,
acute, glabrous, 2"-2|^" long, slender-jicdicclled.
In swamps. Labrador to M.iniluba, soulli to Maitif.
( )iitari() and Mintasot.i. May.
Willow
30. Salix Barclayi Anders. Barclay
.V. 11,11, layi .\\\(\>.-\s. Ofv. llandl.Wl. .\l<ad. 1858: 125. iS,>.
A low shrub, with dark brown glabrous twigs, the
young shoots pubescent. Leaves obovate, oval, or
oval-lanceolate, short-pointed at the ape.v, serrulate,
floccose-pubescent when young, when mature gla-
brous, bright green above, pale beneath. I '-2' long,
yi'-x' wide; petioles i' '-2 "long; stijiules ovate, acute,
deciduous; aments unfolding with the leaves, borne
at the ends of short branches, dense, sprea<ling or
erect, the staminatc i' long, the pistillate 2'-^^' long
in fruit; scales persistent, slightly villous; stamens 2;
filaments distinct; capsule narrowly conic, glabrous,
acute, 3" long; style longer than the stigmas.
Nortluvcstirn arclic .\nurioa. .Summer.
Sahx Barclayi latiiiscula .\mkr'-. in DC I'nulr. 16; I'arl 2.
2,S5. I.SllS.
Leaves oval (ir 111 luvali-. Mibcurdatc at llie basi-; sti])-
ules cordate. Xcwfoumlland ^ accmdiu^: tn .\ndcrssnti :
Salix adenophylla Hook, rurry Willow. < Fi,u. i2o,v)
Sttli I ,j,l,ii,ipli\il,i IIiKik. I"l. li<ir. .\in. 2: 1 |6. 1SJ9.
A straggling shrub, ,^°-.S° high, the twigs, peti-
oles, stipules and leaves densely silky-tonientose,
the silky h.iirs falling away from the leaves w hen
old. Leaves ovate, acute or short-acuminate, or
the lower obtu.sc at the apex, cordate or rounded
at the base, finely serrulate with gland-tipped
teeth, l'-2' long, .S" l % ' wide; petioles stout,
' ' J "^.i" long, dilated at the base; stipules ovatc-
cordalc, obtuse, serrulate, persistent; anicnts
leafy-bracted at the base, dense, expanding with
the leaves, the staininate about 1 ' long, the pis-
tillate I '2 '-4' long in fruit; scales villous, ])ersist-
ent; stamens 2; fdiiuients glabrous; style lili-
forni, longer than the stigmas; capsule sessile or
very nearly so, ovoid-conic, acute, I \i"-2" long.
(In lake and rivir slmn^-. I.iliradur tn (Inlariii,
I'ciniM'lvania and .Micliinan Hybridizes with .V
1 1,1 ,Uii,i. .\prir.May.
WII.I.OW lAMII.V.
32. Salix myrtilloides L. Hot; Willow
.V1//1 ;(n //;7/(i/./iA I,. Sj). I'l. loll). 175,;.
An erect slender uliilif""'^ sliruU, i"'-.^'' '•;.!,''•• ^'i-'
twigs li.nlit brown, terete. Leaves ol)loii.tj, elliptic
or somewhat obovatc, ohlusc or acute at the apex,
entire, mostly narrowed at the base, I'-z'j'long,
4"-S" wide, short-pctioled, bright K^ccn above,
pale or glaucous beneath, their margins slightly
revolute; ainenls exi)anding with the leaves, Icafy-
bracted at the base, rather dense, 1' or less long,
or the pistillate longer in fruit; scales persistent,
obtuse, slightly villous; stamens 2; lilaments gla-
brous; style shorter than or equalling the stigmas;
capsule oblong-conic, obtuse, glabrous, 2>2" long,
2-3 times as long as the filiform pedicel which
slightly exceeds the scale.
In bdKS, New Urunswick and (Jucbec Ici Urilish
C'cihiinliia, south tn Xiw Jiisiy and I(iw:\. .\ls.i 111
nurthcrn l^unipc. .April May.
Salix myrtilloides pedicellaris Audirs. Mnn. Sal. . . . ,
I.cavis narrower. oUIomk liiU'iu" 01 nblanccolalc; pedicels ^onu-tinies lonRei
33. Salix Uva-ursi Ptirsh. IkarlK-rry Willow. ( I'i
5"5
Katige of till.- l.vpc.
1205.)
.S<//; 1 /':;iiirsi I'ursli. V\. Am. Sept. 6|n. 1S14.
.Si?// 1 Ciilliii Tiickirni. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: .V). 1^4?-
A depressed or prostrate glabrous shrub, the
terete brown branches 6'- 12' long, diffuse from a
deep central root. Leaves obovatc or elliptic, ob-
tuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base,
crenulate-denticulate or entire, 4"-io" long, 2"-
5" wide, jirominently veined, deep green and
shining above, pale beneath; petioles i"-2"long;
anieuts leafy -bracled at the base, dense, about '2'
long ill flower, the pistillate I'-i' long in fruit;
scales persistent, obovate, obtuse, densely silky;
stamens usually solitary, rarely 2; filaments gla-
brous; stvlc short; capsule ovoid-coiiic, acute,
glabrous, very shorl-pedicellcd.
I.abiadiir and Hudson Hay, south lollu- suinmiu of
llu' iiiouiuaiiis of New York and New Kngland.
Jlay Juiu-
34-
Salix herbacea L. Dwarf Willow.
( Fig. I 206, )
.S'i(// r Iii-iIhiu;i I,. Sp. I'l. iol>. ir.S.V
A depressed matted shrub, with very slender angled
twigs I '-6' long, the youngest foliage somewhat
pube;-cent. :Mature leaves glabrous, suborbicular,
rounded or refuse at thj apex, cordate or rounded at
the base, thin, crenulate-denticulate all around, finely
reticulate-veined, bright green and shining on both
sides, 5"-iii" in diameter; petioles very slender, 2"-
.j" long; aments terminating 2-leaved branchlets, 4-
iii-flowered, 2" 4" long; scales obovate, obtuse, per-
sistent, glabrous or nearly so; stamens 2; filaments
glabrous; style rather longer than the 2-clefl stigmas;
capsule narrowly conic, glabrous, nearly sessile.
Labrador and UuehfC. tlirouij::! arctic .Xmcrioa. and on
tile While Mountains of New Ilatiip'^liire and Mt Kalah
din, Maine. Also in Ivinope and A?-in, Snimiiei.
5"''
liHTII.ACI'AIC
i
i
Family 0. BETULACEAE A-^anlli, .\\Aun: 2(j.s. 1X25.
liiucii 1"amii.v.
Monoecious or \X'i"\' raaiv dioLvioiis trcL-s or sliru1)s, with altfriiaU' jiLtiolud
siiii])li.' 1l;i\xs, and small tlowcrs in linear-cvlindric oMonj^ or sii1ij;1o1h)sc anicnts.
Stipules iuo>tl>' fugacious. Staniinate anients pendulous. Staniinate llowers
1-3 to);ctlifr in the axil of each liract, consistinj; of a nicnihranous 2-4-i)artfd
calyx or none, and 2-10 stamens inserted on the recejitacle, their filaments dis-
tinct, their anthers 2-celled, the anther-sacs sometimes distinct and borne on the
forks ipf the 2-cleft filaments. Pistillate anients erect, si)readini^ or drooping;,
s])ike-like or capitate. Pistillate flowers with or without a cal>x adnate to the
solitary i-j-celled ovary: >t>le 2-cleft or 2-divided; o\ules i-j in each ca\ity of
the ovary, anatropoiis, pendulous. Fruit a small compressed or oxoid-i^lohose,
mostly I -celled and 1 -seeded tutt or samara. Testa memhranous. Ivndos])erm
none. Cotyledons fleshy. Radicle short.
six uiiura ami almut 75 spt-cits. iiinsUy iialivi-* i<( Uii- nuitliirii luini-iiluu-.
.StainiiiaU lloui-rs sniiiary in tin- axil (if laili liiait, lU^titutc '■!' a I'.ilyx ; ])i>-tillali llnwci > witli a ealyx.
.SlamiiiaU llnwi is willi iki brailUts; iiistillaU' aimiils spiki iikc; mil >iiiall, MibUiulril l)y or
1 luldsiil ill a laiiri' bvaiUil.
I'luiliiin liiiutli I Mat, ; I'lfft ami iiuisid, 1. L':ii/>iiiii\.
I'ltiilinir liractli I lilailil'. i like, clustd, iiu-iuliraiKJiis. 2. Cv//;]'/.
.St.iiiiiiiaU llc.wns u iUi -' bracUtls; pistillate flowtis ; j, cajiitati : nut laiyt. iiK-losi-<l by a k-.ify
iinnliK-iv. .V I'liiyliis.
.Staniinati llnui rs 5-riloKitlar in the axil dftacli bract, with a calyx: iiistill.ili' Ibiweis witlnmt a lalvx.
Staiiuiis 2; lilainelUs zck-lt. tacli fork bcariiin i'" antlicrsac; liuitiiiK bracts vli'bid or t ntirc,
lUcidudiis. _|. Utiiila.
.Staiiiiiis ); aiithirsacs adn.atc; friiitinj; bracts woiidy, inisc ur .s-timtlRil, persistent. ,s. Alitin.
1. CARPINUS L. Sp. PI. ws. 1753.
Trees or slinibs, with smooth )^ray hark, furrowed and ridged stems and slraiiilit-veined
leaves, the i)rimary veins terminating in the larger tcelli. .Xineiits expanding; before the
leaves, Staniiiiate anienls linear-cylindric, sessile at the ends of short lateral branches of
the preceding season, their flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, consisting of }.-\2 sta-
mens; filaments short, 2-cleft, each fork bearing an anther-sac. Pistillate flowers in small
terminal anients, 2 to each bract, consisting of a 2-celled ovarv ailnate to a calyx and sub-
tended by a flat jiersistent bractlet, which becomes much enlarged, foliaceous aii<l lobed or
incised in fruit, the bracts deciduous; style slender or almost none; stigmas 2, subulate. Nut
small, ovoid, acute, borne at the base of the large bractlet. [The .•incient name. ]
.\bmil 12 si),cies. 11 itives iif the iicirtlu-ni luinisplien-, only the fiillnwiiiur .\iiurican.
I. Carpinus Caroliniana Walt. Atiierican Hornbeam. Blue Heech.
Water Heech. 1 Ki.i,^ 1207. )
C'liit'iitiis Ctiiiiliiiiiiii Walt. I'l. Car, 2,/j, 17S.-*.
.■\ small tree, with sunder terete gray twigs,
aU,iining a maximum height of about 40"^ and
a trunk diameter of 2'/i^. Leaves ovatc-ob-
loiig, acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply
and ilouVily serrate all around, rounded or
subcordatc at the base, somewliat inei|uilat-
eral, 2 '^'-4' long, I'-l '2' wide, green on both
sides, glabrous above, slightly pubescent on
the veins beneath, petioles very slender, 4"-
7" long; staniinate anients I'-i N' long, their
bracts triall,gular-ovate, acuminate, puberu-
lent; anther-sacs villous at thesumniit; bract-
let of the pistillate flowers .^-lobed at the base,
firni-inembranous, strongly veined and about
1' long when mature, its middle lobe lanceo-
late, acute, 2-4 times as long as the lateral
ones, incised-deutatc on one side, often
nearly entire on the other; nut somewhat
compressed, 2" long.
In moist woods ami along streams, Nova Sco-
tia to (liitaiioaml .Minnesota, south lo IHorida
,iiid Texas. Wood very hard and strong, durable, light brown; weight per cubic foot 45 lbs. ,\pril-
May, tile fruit ripe .Auii. Sept.
IlIRCH I'AMII.V.
507
/
2. OSTRYA Scop, Fl. Cam. 414. 17^11,.
Trees similar to the Honiheaiiis, the trunks furrowed, the primary veins of the leaves
sini))le or forked, the anients expandiuj^ with or before the leaves. Staniiuate anieuts ses-
sile at the ends of hranchlets of the preceding season, their (lowers as in Cai fiiiius, solitary in
the axil of each hract; fdaineiits 2-cleft, I'istillate anients small, tiTininal, erect, the flowers
2 to each liract, subtended by a tubular, persistent braetlet which enlarges into a membran-
ous, nerved, bladder-like sac in fruit. Style slender; stiKtnas 2, suliulate. Nut ovoid-ob-
louK, com]iresscd, smooth, sessile in the base of the inflated sac. Mature pistillate ameut
hoj) like. [The ancient name.]
iMiur spicics, ttiL- folIiiwinK. i in tl'v Snutlnvist, i in MumiH' and Asia, i Japanese.
I. Ostrya Virginiana f Mill. ) Willd. Hop- i\ t^S^- ''^^'■'
hornhcain. Iron-wood. ( Mr. 1208.)
Onftiini^ riifiiiiidiui Mill Card. Diet. Ivd. .'<. 1768.
(htiva r/ri,' /"/'(/ Wind. S]). I'l. 4: )(iii. iSn.s.
A tree, with a maximum height of about 50°,
trunk diameter of 2, twi^s of the season pubescent.
Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, the a])ex acuminate,
the base rouniled or ineiiuilateral, sharply and
doubly serrate, sparingly pubescent and green
above, pul)escent or tomentosc beneath, 2'i'-4'
long, I'-i'j' wide; petioles rarely more than 2"
long; staminate anients i 'i '-3' long, their bracts
triangular-ovate, acuminate; anther-sacs villous at
the summit; braetlet of each fertile (lower forming
a sac 6"-S" long and 4"-,s" in iliameter in fruit,
acute, cuspidate, pubescent, villous near and at the
base w ith bristly hairs, parallel-veined and finely re-
ticulated; nut 2, 'i" long, compressed, shining; ripe
fertile anients erect or spreading, i 'j'-2'j' long.
Ill dry woods. Cape lirttDii Island to MiiiiKsota, I'lorida and Texas
W'lKid similar In
Hnnibr'atn, but licavier; weinlU per cubic foot 51 lbs. .Vpril May. I'mil ripe July-AuK-
3. CORYLUS L. Sp. PI. 99S. 1753-
vShrubs or small trees, with broail thin serrulate or inciseil leaves. Staminate aments
sessile at the ends of twigs of the previous season, expanding much before the leaves, the
(lowcis solitary in the axil of each bract, of about 4 stamens and 2 biactlets; filaments 2-
cleft or 2-divided, each fork bearing an anther-sac, which is villous at the summit. Cal\ x
none. I'istillate (lowers from scaly buds, clustered at the ends of short branches of the sea-
son, each in the axil of a bract, consisting of an incompletely 2-cel!eil ovary adnate to a
calyx, a short style and 2 slender stigmas; l)ractlets 2, enlarged in fruit, forming a leaf-like
involucre to the nut, remaining nearly distinct or unileil into a tulnilar beak. Nut ovoid or
oblong, sometimes compressed, large, bony. [Xame Greek, from the helmet-like involucre.]
Sincies 7. ill till' iiDitlicMi luinisiilieiv. HtsiiKs tlu- fnUowiiiK anollicr occurs in Califi>niia.
IiivoUicri- (if 2 briiail lacinialc braclk-ts; leaves stTnilalc. i. C .{iiii-riiiiini.
Imiilucial bractk-ls united, piulciii(ied into a tubular bristly beak. 2. C. 1 ,'sliiitii.
I. Corylus Americana Walt. Ha/,el-mit.
( Fii;. 1 2oy. )
C«iyli(s Aiiiciici!iia Wall. 1"1. Car. 2,Vi. I7>'^.
A shrub, ;,°-S° tall, the young shoots russet-
brown, densely hispid-pubescent with pinkish hairs,
the twigs becoming glabrous. Leaves ovate or
broadly oval, acute or acuminate at the apex, serru-
late all around, cordate or obtuse at the base, gla-
brous or nearly so above, finely tomentose beneath,
3' -6' long, 2'-4,!^' wide; petioles 2"-4" long; stam-
inate aments mostly solitary, ^'-4' long; involucre
of the nut compressed, composed of the 2 nearly
distinct (inely pubescent leaf-like bractlcts, which
are laciniate on their margins, commonly broader
than high and more or less exceeding the nut;
nut compressed, light brown, striate, '.' high.
Ill tliiikcts, Maim- and Ontario to Manitoba, I'l.irida
and Kansas, March Xiiril, Nuts rii>c July .Vu«:,
5oS
2
r.inTi.ACi'.Ai'
I'.i-akc.l lla/A-l-
/.■>.-i
Corylus rostrata Ail.
nut. I Imk- i-;hi. )
Ci'i v/ii.t rusliiilii .\it. llwit Ki w 3: v'li. I7«.).
.\ shrub, siiiiilnr to tlic iircifdiii^; species, liut the
foliage iisuiiUy less imlicsi-eiit. Leaves ovate or
narrowly oval, acuiiiinatc at the apex, cordate or
obtuse at the base, inciseil-serrate and serrulate,
glabrous, or with sunie scattered appresseil hairs
above. sparinj;ly ]>ubesci'tU at least on the veins be-
niMth, 2'j'-4' Ion).,', \'-i%' wide; petioles 2" \"
loni;; in voliicral bractlets bristly hairy, united to the
s\innnit and prolonged into a tubular beak about
twice the lenj^th of the nut, laciniate at the summit;
nut ovoid, scarcely compressed, striate, ,s"-7" binl''
In lliiekets, Nova Scotia to I!riti^ll L'oluniliiii, ••oiilli
to (',( iirKia, Ttinussee, Kansas and (Mvnoii. .\iiril
May. I'ruil ri))e Ann. Seiit.
4. BETULA L. Sp. PI. 9S2.
Aromatic trees or shrubs, with dentate or serrate leaves, scaly buds and (lowers ol both
kinds ill ameiits cxiiandiii); before or with the leaves, the i)istillatc erect or S])reailiiig. Stani-
inatc (lowers aliont 3 together in the axil of each l)ract, consisting of a membranous, usually
4-tootlied jieriauth, 2 stamens, all<l subtended by 2 Ijractlets; fdamcnts short, rleeply 2-cleft,
e.ich fork bearing an anther-sac. I'istillate flowers 2 or 3 f rarely i i in the axil of each bract,
the bracts ;,-lobed, or sometimes entire, deciduous with the fruits; perianth none; ovary ses-
sile, 2-celled; styles 3, stigmatic at the apex, mostly persistent. Nut small, compressed,
meiubranous-wingcd on each side (a samara), shorter than the bracts. [The ancient name.]
.Vlioul ,vS -pecic, natives of thi iioitli temperate and arctic /ones.
:;: Trees.
I'niitintr aiiunls |H<luncUil; bark clialky while.
Leaves deltoid, acuniinate; lateral lolie^ of frnitintf bracts ^liorl, divergent.
Leaves ovale or -uliorliieular; lateral lohes of tlie fruiliiiK bracts asceiuliiiK.
I'niitini; aments pedunckd; l).irk greenish brown or brown.
We-itern; leaves ovate, often obtuse at the l)ase.
M.istern: leaves rhombic, acute at both ends,
t'niiliiig anuiits sessile, at tlie ends of slmrt branclies; liark brown or yellowish.
I'niiting bracts 2" lonit. lobed .it tile apex: leaves sliininj; .abovi-.
I'ruitiiiB bracts 4" lon>j, lobed to about the iMidille; leaves dull aliove.
■■:■- ■■:■ .Shrubs.
Twii;- (ilamlularwarty: leaves glabrous.
Twin' not nlaudular w.'Uty, glabrous or pubescent.
I.eavt s nlabidus; upper frnitinn hiaets mostly entire. . .?. II. luiini.
Vounn foliage densely pubescent; bracts globed, y. II. pinnila.
II. t^o/^iili/,<li,t.
II. t'apyi ij\i ii.
II. ihiiilrilhllis.
(. II. Hit; I a.
5. /»'. Iiiila.
(1. //. /;(/-,;.
7. 11. i^hiiiiliilii.^a.
I. Betula populifolia Marsli. Aiiimcnu White Birch. (Fi>j. 121 i.)
15:
linhl brown: weight per cubic foot ,)6 lbs.
Ilelula fxifiiili/ii/iii ^^arsll. Arb. .Am. lo. i~^-i.
/!. a/ha var. populi/,<lia .Spacli, .\nti. .Sei. Nat. 1 :i.
1.S7. 1S41.
.\ slender tree with very white smooth bark,
tardily separating in thin sheets; maximuin height
45'; trunk diameter l|i'°; the twigs russet, warty.
Leaves deltoid, pubescent on the veins when
young, nearly glabrous when old, minutely glandu-
lar, dark green above, light green beneath, long-
acuminate, shari)ly dentate and commonly some-
what lobed, obtuse or truncate at the base, I'j'-
2 '2' long, I '-2' wide, slender-petioled; petioles
channeled; stainiuate aments 2'-3' long; pistillate
ameuts cylindric, in fruit 9"-iS" long, ;/'-5" iu
diameter, slendcr-pedu icled; fruiting bracts pu-
berulent, l"-2" long, their lateral lobes divergent,
larger than the middle one; unt narrower than its
wings.
In moist or dry soil. New lirnnswick to southern On
tario. reniisylvania and Delaware. Wood soft, weak,
Leaves tremulous like those of the .\speiis. -May.
IIIRCII lAMII.V.
5<J'>
2. Betula papyrifera M;ir>li. Tapci" or Caiitn.' iiiivli. ' Imk. '-••
lultilii fitif>\)i/iiii Mar^li. Aril, Am. m.
i:,liil(i /III/)] I mill Ait. I lent, Ktw. 3; \\-
17S9,
A larjre forest Ircc with inn.viinutn lici^l't •'
;ilinut Nil' and trunk diaiiifter of \\ Hark, exci'iit
of tilt' yoiiiij; wood, peelini; in thin layers. I.cavus
ovate, acute or .icuniinale, dentate and detitieulate,
siihcordalc, trumatc or obtuse at the liase, dark
j;reeii ;ind j;l.d)rons above, (glandular ami pubes-
eeiit on the veins beneath, sleiider-petioled, l.'j'-
■I'j'lonn, I ';,' wide; petioles 'j'-i.'/j' lonj;; stain-
iiiate aineiits 2' 4' lont;; pistillate anients cyliii-
dric, slender-pediineled, 1' 2' Ioujl;, '4' '2' in dia-
meter in fruit, spreading or somewhat drooping;
frnitiu).; bracts 2" ;," louK, pubcrulent or ciliate;
nut narrower than its wini;s.
New riiiuKlland In .\l.i-k.i. Tinrtlii rn ruinsylvaiiia.
Micliit'.iii and Wa-liiiiutnn. \V 1 hard, -tmii;;. rcd-
li-h-brnu 11; wiinlit pi 1 cubic funl 57 Ih'
W
lubic I'l
white oulir liark iiUcn stinu to tourist''
Tlic chalk\
April May.'
Betula papyrifera minor Tuckirm. .\ni. Jihum. Sci. 45: ^i. \!<\',. This is ,1 low liushy Idrm,
iccurriiiu on tin,- higher mountains ni Niw I'jiHland and iinrllu-rn New York.
3. Betula occidentalis Hook. \Vi.stc-ni
Red IJiri'ii. (Imk- '^ifv '
/li'liilti t>i, ill, iiliilis lliiok. I'M. r.or. .\m. 2: 155. i^vy.
A tree, attaining a ni.-iximuin height of about 40^
and a trunk diameter of i_V,°, the bark smooth, dark
bronze, the twigs grav-brown, warty. Leaves
broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, acute or obtuse at
the apex, sharply serrate, rounded or obtuse at the
base, short-pctioled, glabrous on both sides or spar-
ingly pubescent on the veins beneath, 1' 2' long;
petioles slender, 2"-6" long; pistillate ameiits man-
ifestly peduncled, cylindric, spreading or jjcndant,
I '-i>i' long, about 5" in diameter in fruit; fruiting
bracts ciiiolate, aliout :;" long, their lateral lobes
ascen.ling usually shorter than the middle one;
nut much luirrower than its wings.
Western Nibrask.i to lirilisli CnUunbia. California
and New >ri-xico. Wood soft, strong, brittle, light
brown; wt ',^;ht per cubic foot ,^S lbs. .\pril >ray.
4. Betula nigra L. River Birch. Red Birch. (Fip. 1214. )
lli-niln iiiiii,! I,. Sp. I'l. n.sj. I7,i^
A slender tree, sometimes i)o° high and the trunk
2,'^° ill diameter; bark reildish or greenish-brown,
peeling in very thin layers; twigs reddish. Young
shoots, petioles and lower surfaces of the leaves tomen-
tose; leaves rhombic-ovate, apex acute or obtuse,
irregularly serrate or somewhat lobed, base cuueatc,
when mature dark green ami glabrous above, pale and
glabrous or somewhat tomeutose beneath, I'^'-.V
long; petioles ,^"-8" long; staminate aments mo.stly
clustered in 2'sor,Vs, 2''<'-3>2' long; pistillate aments
oliloug-cylindric, spreading, peduncled, i'-2' long,
5"-6" in diameter in fruit; fruiting bracts tomeu-
tose, about eciually .^-lobed, ,V-,s" long; nut broadly
obovate, wider than its wings, pubescent at the b.ase.
.Along streams aiul lakes, .Massachusetts to Inwa
and Kansas, south to I'lorida ami Texas. \Vo<id hard,
strong, brown; weight |ier cubic foot .',(1 lbs. The bark
of the branches peels uff in almost membranous lavers.
April .May.
5IO
lil'TrLACI'AK.
5. Betula lenta L,.
;Xfl ^fM ''^A /v :'A >twlHiiiiilliiii(l 1(1 wisUiii < Inlarici, I'loiuli :iii(l Ii-ii
fi '^U 'M ' 'MP U "'''*^'<^'- \Vnii(l li;ir<l, ^-liniiK. (lirk liKiwn; uiiKlil piT
ut "J ''' Vij?/ ciil>il I'diil 17 lbs. The incMiialii- nil nf tin- lir.imlii-, -111(1
' -'.rJ-' f(ili:nri- isiiiiK' as oil of \\ inltrKiiLii 1 is dislilUd in
f conniurie. Tivi- nuuli rcsi-iiihUs llii- cluri\ . AluilMay
(|lianlitiis ami is an iinixirtaiU aitick- 1
6. Betula lutea :\;iclix. f. Yellow Hirch
III lull) liilai Mii-li\. r. All). .\iii. 2: i,SJ. />/. .i. iM-'.
A lar^L' forest tree, similar to tlie preceding species,
reaching a nmxiiiiuiii lieiglit of about 100° and a trunk
diameter of 4', the bark yellowish or gray, sejiarating
in tliiu layers or close, the twigs gray-brown. Leaves
ovate or oblong-ovate, mostly acuminate at the apex,
rounded, obtuse or rarely subcordate at the base,
sharply serrulate all around, dark gr :n and dull
above, puliescent on the veins beneath, lyi'A' lo"g.
petioles 4"-9" long; staminatc anients usually 2-4
together; ])istillatc anienls sessile, oblong or oblong-
cylindric, 1'.' or less long, 7"-9" thick in fruit,
rather loose; bracts nearly e(|iially .^-lobcd to the
middle, ciliolate, the lateral lobes ascending; nut
broadly oblong, wider than its wings.
NtuTdiiiullaiul to Maiiil(plia. soiilli to Nuitli Catolin.i
and T( iiiussfi-. mainly in tin- .MUnli.iiiics Woe' jianl,
strony. liulit liidwn; wiivrht pir cubic fmA (i lbs. A^'il
Mav.
Cherry, Ulack or Succt Hircli. ( Fi.u. 1215.)
/!(lii/<i Icnia !,. Sp. I'l. ■»>;. I7.s,v
A large forest tree, sometimes So" high, with dark
brown close smooth bark, becoming furrowed, not
separating in layers; foliage aromatic; t\^^gs smooth,
warty, young leaves silky. Mature leaves ovale or
ovatc-oblong, acute or acuminate, the base cordate
or rounded, sharply serrulate, bright green, and
shining above, dull green and pubescent on the
veins beneath, 2'. '-4' long, i'-2' wide; petioles
j"-6" long; staminate aments clustered. 2 '.'-4'
long; pistillate aments sessile, dense, oblong, about
i' long and '.' in diameter in fruit, nearly erect;
bracts glabrous or minutely puberulent, appresscd,
about 2" long, nearly equally ,^-lobed, the lateral
lobes somewhat divergent; nut oblong, broader
than its wings.
NtwIdiiiKlland Id wrsti in Oiilarid, I'ldiida and Tin
C.rav Hircli.
7. Betula glandulosa MicJix. (ilaiuliilar
or Scrub IJircli. 1 l-'ig. 1217. )
Hilulii L;hiiuliili>\'i Midix. I'l. Ilor. .\ni. 2: i""!. iSo;
.V shrub, i°-4° high, the twigs brown, glandular-
warty, not pubescent. I<eavcs orbicular, oval or ob-
ovate, glabrous, rounded at the ajjcx; rounded, nar-
rowed or cuneate at the base, crenate-dclitatc, bright
green above, pale green an 1 glandular-dotted beneath,
sliort-])etiolcd, }i' t' long; jietioles i"-3" long;
staminate aments commonly solitary, about '2' long;
pistillate aments cyliiidric, erect. ])e(luncled, 5"-i2"
long and about 2" in diameter in fruit; fruiting bracts
glabrous, the lateral !obes d.vcrgent. rather shoiter
than the middle one; nut oblong, usually narrower
than its wings.
Niwfdundland Id .Maska. tin- lii^jlicr niduntaiiis of
Maiiuanl niiitlii rn Ni w Vnrk. Midiiifaii, .Miniu»dta and
in tile Kdiky Mountains to Coloii'do. .\lso in .\sia.
Jiini- July
8.
lURCH FAMILY.
Betula nana L. Dwarf Bircli.
5"
( Fit
121S.)
Hi tula null,! I.. Sp. I'l. i^S^. i;-5;,.
/.'. .l//i//i(» I //Spacli, Ann. Sci. X;U. ( II. ) 15: 195. 1^41.
A low diffuse shrub, similar to the prececlin;^
specifs, hut the twifjs jj;laiiclless, puberulent or
glal)rous. Leaves orl)icular, obovate, or rcniform
and wider than long, bri>;ht green, firm, glabrous,
on both sides when mature, deoly and incisclv
creiiulate, rouinled at the apex, rounded, obtuse
or cuiicate at the base, t,"-\o" long; jietioles
rarely more than i" long- stainiiiate aments yi'-
\' long, solitary or clustered; pistillate aments ob-
long, sessile or short-pedunclcd, erect or some-
what spreading, 3"-,s" long; fruiting bracts gla-
brous, the lower usually 3-lobed, the upper ovate
or lanceolate, mostly entire, nut oblong, wingless
or luirrowly winged.
C.reeiiliuul and Labnulur tn HuiImiu liav. Alsii in
ticirtluru I'Unii])!- and ,\-ia. May JiiiK-.
9. Betula pumila I<. Low I?irdi
': Ki.tr. 1219. )
Jliiiila f>iniiil,i I,. Maiit. i2(. 1767
.\ bog shrub, 2=*- 15° tall, the twigs Ijrown, be-
coming glabrous, the young foliage denselj-
brownish-tomentose. Leaves obovate, broadly
oval or orbicular, rounded at both ends or some
of them cuneate-narrowed at the base, rather
coarsely dentate, when mature glabrous and
dull green a'oove, pale, persistently tomentose
or becoming glabrous beneath and prominently
reticulate-veined, '>'-i'.' long; petioles i'^"-
;," long; fruiting pistillate aments oblong-cylin-
dric, erect, pedunclcd, i' long or less, about .■^"
iu diameter; bracts puberulent or ciliolate, the
lateral lobes spreading at right angles, shorter
than the middle one; nut oblong, mostly rather
broader than its wings.
In bi)g:s, NewlouMilIanil to weslt-rn Oiitarin and
the Nortliwe^t Territciry. xiutli to Nrw Jersey, ( Hiio
and .Miiniesola. .May June.
5. ALNUS Caertn. I'r. .S: vSoiu. 2: 54. />/.
V".
1 79 1 .
Shrubs or trees, with dentate or serrulate leaves, few-scaled buds, and llowers of both
kinds ill aments, cxi)anding before, witli or after the leaves, making their first appearance
during the preceding season, the staniinate pendulous, the pistillate erect, clustered. Stam-
inate flowers t, or sometimes h in the a.\d of each bract, consisting of a mostly 4-parted peri-
anth, 4 stamens and .subtended by I or 2 bractlcts; filaments short, simple; anther-sacs ad-
nate. I'istillate flowers 2~t, in the axil of each bract, without a perianth, but subtended l)y
2 .) minute bractlcts; ovary sessile, 2-cellcd; styles 2; bracts woody, i)ersistcnt, ,s-toothed or
erose. Nut small, coinprcs.sed, wingless or winged. [Ancient Latin name derived from the
Celtic, ill allusion to the growth of these trees along streams.]
.About 1 1 si)eeies, natives of the uoitlieni hemisphere and the .Xiulesof South .\iiuriea liesides
the followiiiK, some ( others occur in the western parts of North Aineriea.
Nut bordered by a iiieinhraiioiis wiiiK on eaeli siile. i, .(. .\l iinh,ntlt}.
Nut acute margined, wiiisliss.
Leaves obovate, broadly oval or suborbicular. dull; aments expaiKliliK lonn before llie leaves.
Leaves fii'ely toiK.iitose or Klauecms l)eiieath, 2. A. iinaiui.
Leaves Kreeii, glabrous or spariiiKlv pubescent betieatli
Leaves liiiely serrulate; foliage not ({lutincuis; native t,. A. iiii;iis,i.
Leaves ileiitatesei rate: twiRs Klulinous; iiitrodueed tree. '). .1. i;/n/iihis,i.
Leaves oblontf. hritjlit Kreeii and sliiniiiK; above; aiuetitsexpandiiiK: in aututnii. s .L iiiiii i/iiihi.
33
5';
HETrLACHAK.
Alnus Alnobetula (l\hrh. ) K. Kocli.
wt
™^'-
Alnus incana
L. > Will.l.
lUhihi Atniis vai. iiiniiKi I,. Sj). I'l. Jul. 2
Alnus iiiiiiiiii Wind, Sp. I'l. 4. ,\VS- 1N>,5-
A shrub, or rarely a small tree, .S°-25° high, the
twin? k1>'''J''ous, the vduhj; shoots pubescent. Leaves
oval or ovate, acute or sometimes obtuse at the apex,
finely serr\ilate or dentate, with the teeth serrulate,
obtuse or some of them acute at the base, dark green
above, pale or glaucous and pubescent, at least on
the veins beneath, 2' 5'long, i '2'-4' wiile, the veins
prominent on the lower surface; stipules oblong-
lanceolate, 'lei'iduous; petioles.)" 12" long; anients
appearing froin naked buds, unfolding much before
the leaves, the staniinate 1 ';' ,1' long, the ])istillate
ovoid, about '2' long and 3" -5" in diameter in fruit,
their bracts 5-toothcd; nut orbicular, coriaceous-
margined.
Ill vM t --nil. N\ wfnuiKUaiid to llic Ndithwi'St Tirri-
tiiry. --nutli 111 soiulurii .New Vmk, I'l iitisylvania and
Nebraska .Msuiii luiro]>e and .\sia. WikkI suit, linlit
brown : wii>;li' ]Kr cubii- flint 2.S lbs. .Vpril
( ireeii or Mountain Alder. ( Fij^. 1 220. )
Miiohiliilit Ivhrli. ili'ilr. 2: -2. I7^S.
licliiliX .-■//7(i'/\(.'liaix; Vill. Hist. I'l. Daupli. 3: 7.'*9. 1780.
.i/iiiis rh ii/is i^C. I'M. I'l. 3:.iiil i'>".i
A/iiiis Ahiohiiiiln K. Kmli, Iiindr 2: I'art 1,625. 1^72.
A shrub, 2°-io^ '"gli, the young foliage glutinous
and more or less pubescent, heaves oval or ovate,
obtuse or acute, sharply and more or less irregularly
serrulate or incised-serrulate, when mature dark
green and glabrous above, light-green ami usually
pubescent on the veins beneath, 2' ,s' lon.g, ^'2'-^'
wide; petioles .)"- 12" long; aments expanding with
the leaves, the statniuate slender, naked, I'i'-i^-i'
long, the pistillate from scaly buds, oblong or ovoid-
oblong.slcnder-pednucled, becoming 6" S" long and
.\" S" i" diameter in fruit, their bracts irregularly s-
tootlicd; nut oblong, the thin wings about as broad
as the body.
NiwfiiumllatKl to .\laska, Massaduisitts. Xiw York.
.MirliiKaii aiui liritisli Columbia, and in llic liijiliir .\lli -
uliaiiiis iif \'irKi"ia and .N'nrtli Carolina .Mso in lUiiope
and .\sia June-.
Speckk-d or Hoary Aider. ( F'i^'. 1221.)
i,n\- i7''',v -'^
\
font 2,s lbs. .\pril May
Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) K. Koch.
'■>-,
.J
vSiiiooth Alder.
1222. )
1 12
lSii,S,
'.vS,
r'-
Ih'liila Alnus I iix'>s:t DiiKoi, llarlik, I:
Alnus siiriiliila Willd. Sp, I'l, 4: ,',,(6,
Ahius iui;isii K, Km-li, Dtiidr, 2; i'art I, *v,
A shrub 5°-2o° tall, or sometimes a small tree,
attaining a maximum height of .jo" and a trunk
diameter of 6', the bark smooth, the younger
shoots somewhat pubescent. Leaves green on
both sides, obovate or oval, mostly obtuse and
/ rounded at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the
base, sharply and minutely serrulate, when mature
glabrous above, usually jinbesccnt on the veins be-
neath, y~5' long, stipules oval, deciduous; petioles
4"-l2" long; aments ap])earing from naked buds,
unfolding much before the leaves (or in the South
after the leaves), the staniinate 2' 4' long, the pis-
tillate ovoid, 6"'i)" long in fruit; nut ovate, nar-
rowly coriaceous-margined.
In wet soil, or nil hillsides, Maine to Ohio and INIin-
nesota, I'lorida and Texas. Wood soft, litflit Ijtown;
weiRlit per cubic foot 29 lbs. March April.
I5IRCII FAMILY.
513
4. Alnus glutinosa ( L. ) Medio. luiro-
pcan Alder. ( Fi^. 1223.)
Hfliilii .Vims \i\x. nliili)ii<sa I,. Sp. I'l. i>Sv 175,^.
. l/ini^ c/ii/iiiiisn Xicdic. I'fl. .\iiat. •■,c)T,. iStio.
A tree, reaching a inaxiinuni height of ahout
75° and a trunk diameter of 212°, the hark
smooth, the branches nearly liorizontal, the
foHagc glutinous. Leaves broadly oval, orbicu-
lar or ohovate, thick, dark green, dull, often
obtuse at both ends, dentate and the teeth den-
ticulate, glabrous above, pubescent on the veins
beneath, 2'-$' long; petioles ,'i'-i' long;
aments appearing from naked buds, expanding
much before the leaves, the stamiuate 3' 4'
long, the ])istillate ovoid-oblong, (/'-g" long
in fruit; nut wingless, coriaceous-margined.
Ill wil placi'S. siiutlierii Ni'w York iiii<l N\\v Jii
si'v, isi-:iin(l fioiii cultivation and becdiuiiitf ii.itii
lali/fdii a kwliicilities. Native cif ICurope. Wcmd
soft, liruwii; weight per cubic fool ,^5 lbs. April.
5. Alnus maritima ( Mar.sli. ) Muhl.
Seaside Alder. ( Fis;. 1--4.)
Iliiiilc! Alnus iiuiiiliina Marsh. .\rb. Am. 2ii. 17.S5.
.Minis 111,11 iliiiiii Mull).; Nutt. .Svlv.i, I: ?.). /. loj.
.\ small tree, sometimes ,^0- tall and the trunk
6' in diameter, glabrous or very nearly so
throughout. Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong or
ohovate, firm, acute at both ends, bright green
and shining above, pale green and dull beneath,
sharply serrulate, 2'-4' long, I'-i' wide; petioles
;,"-i(>" long; aments unfolding long after the
leaves, their buds developing during the sea.son,
the stamiuate i'-2'i' long, the pistillate oblong,
9"-i2" long, 5"-7"in diameter in fruit; nut ob-
long-obovate, wingless, coriaceous-margined.
Ill wit soil, southern Delaware and eastern Mary-
land; also ill llie Indian Territory. Closely related
to .t. /ii/tmihi! ol'iiortlu-asterii .\sia. and perhaps not
specifically distinct from it. Wood soft, liglitlirown;
weijflit per cubic loot ,^i lbs. .\UK. Sept.
Fainilv
1879.
FAGACEAE Dnule, IMiaii. 409.
Iii:i;cii F.\Mii,v.
Trees or .shrtihs. Leaves alternate, petioled, siiii])le, dentate, serrate, loI)ed,
cleft or entire, pinnately veined, the stiptdes, if any, decidiiotts. F'lowers small,
nionoecions, the staniinate in pendulous erect or spreading;: aments, or capitate,
the pistillate s(ditary or several to,u^ether, subtended l)y an involticre of partly or
wholly tmited bracts, which becomes a bur or cuji. Petals none. vStaminate
flowers with a 4-7-lobed periaiUh and 4-20 stamens; fdaments .slender, di.stinct,
.simple; anther-sacs adnate, longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with a 4-S-
lobed urn-.shaped or oblong perianth, adnate to the 3-7-celled ovary; o\tdes 1-2
in each cavity, only i in each ovary rii)ening, pendulous, anatrojiotts; styles as
many as the cavities of the ovary, linear, terminally or longitudinally stigniatic.
Fruit a i -seeded nut, with a coriaceous or .somewhat bony exocarp. Te.sta thin.
FIndosperm none; cotyledons large, fleshy, often rugose; radicle .short.
.Miout 5 Renera and 375 species, of very wide Keo(fraphic distribution.
Staniinate flowers capitate: nut sharply triaiiKular. i. fairiis.
Stamiuate flowers in slender aments; nut rounde<l or piano convex.
I'istillate flowers 2-5 in each involucre; involucre becoming globose and verv prickly in fniit,
eticlositiB the nuts. " 2. Caslanra.
I'istillate flower i in each involucre; involucre of numerous scales f(iriiiinf{ a cup in fruit and
subtending the acorn. 3. Qiictius.
514
I-AGACKAK.
I. FAGUS L. Sp. PI. 997. 175;,.
Trees, with smooth H^ht Rray bark, and serrate straijLjht-vcined leaves. I^'Iowlms appear-
ing with tlic leaves, the statniiiate in sleuilcr-pcduncled pendulous globose heads, the pistillate
ab(»ut 2 together in short-peduuclcd subulatc-bracted involucres in the upper axils. Staniin-
ate flowers yellowish green, subtended by deciduous bracts, consisting of a campanulate
4-S-lohed calyx, and S- 16 stamens with filiform filaments. Pistillate flowers with a 6-lobed peri-
anth adnate to a 3-cellcd ovary; ovules 2 in each cavity, usually i only of each ovary maturing;
styles 7i, filiform. Nut coriaceous, sharply vangled, enclosed in the 4-valved bur. [Name
from the (Ireek, to eat, referring to the esculent nuts.]
.•\bi)Ul 4 siiecies, natives (if llio mirtlKiii hcniisi)lii.rf. Only llu- follnv, iiiK i> ualivi- in Nculli
America.
I. Fagus Americana Sweet. American Ik-ech. (Kir. 1225.)
/•'aqiis Ai>if> iiiiiiii [/n/i/o/iii] Miuiicli. Ilausv. 5:
i62. 1770.
I'ligiis Aiiiei Uiiiia Sweet. IIoil. liril. ,570. 1.S26.
l''ai^iis/eri iii^hwa Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 362. 1789.
A large forest tree, with maximum height of
about 120', and a trunk diameter of 4'..^, the
lower branches spreading. Leaves ovate or
ovatc-oblong, firm, acuminate at the apex, ob-
tuse or narrowed at the base, 2'-4'.' long, i'-
3' wide, densely silky when young, glabrous or
nearly so when mature, green on both sides, not
shining, rather coarsely serrate; petioles 2"-6"
long; heads of slaniin;ite flowers 6"-9" in dia-
meter, hanging on peduncles i'-,;' long; bur
6"-i()" high, densely tomcntose, its soft
j)rickles recurved or spreading; nut pubescent,
or at length nearly glabrous, brown; seed
sweet.
Iiirioh -nil. NnvaSciiliii tu Ontario unci Wi-cnu
sin. smitli t(i I'lcirida .itid '1\ \iis. Wciml liard.
strnnj;, IhukIi. close t;rainiil; idlor lij^hl or iliiik
rid: wti(fhl \\ \h>. per cubic loot. .April May.
Nut- ripe .Sept. Oct. Leaves of seeiUinn- and
younir shoots are sonutiines piiinatilid.
2. CASTANEA Adaii.s. Fam. PI. 2:
.■)l^■
'7'''.V
Trees or shrubs, with serrate straight-veined leaves, their teeth shar])ly acuniin.ite.
I'lowers appearing after the leaves, the staniiiuite in erect or spreading narrowly cylindric
inlcrru))tcd axillary yellowish .iments, several in the axil of each bract, the bracts fugacious,
the pistillate' borne in i)rickly involucres at the bases of the slaniinatc aiiients or in separate
axils. .Staminatc flowers 2bracteolatc, consisting of a mostly 6-lobed campanulate perianth
and numerous stamens, sometimes also with an abortive ovary; filaments filiform, longex-
serted. Pistillate flowers 2 5 (commonly 3 1 in each involucre, consisting of an urn-sha])ed
6-lobed perianth adnate to the mostly (^j-cellcd ovar)-, ami usually with 4 12 abortive stamens;
ovules 2 in each cavity, i ovule only of each ovary usually maturing; styles as many as the
cavities of the ovary, slender, exscrted; stigmas minute. Pistillate involucre cidargiiig and
becoming a globose mostly .(-valved very prickly bur in fruit, enclosing i-several nuts. Nut
rounded or plano-convex, i -seeded, the shell coriaceous. Seed large, sweet. Style mostly
persistent. [N.ime Cireek, from a city in Tlicssaly.]
I'our 01 five species, uativesof the noilheni heinispliere. llesidesllie folUnvitiK. another occurs
in tile southeastern I idled States.
Leave- green on both sides; inits ii-ually 25 in each invohiere; large tree. I. ('. itniln/a.
Leaves densely while tonieiito-e biiieiith; nut usually solitary, slinib or small tree 2 C fitoitihi.
I!Ki:CII I'AMILY.
515
usv. 5;
1 7S9.
I. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Horkh. American Cliestiiut. (Fip;. 1226.)
/■'(!i;iis Ciis/iiiiiii ilciihilii Marsh. .\rl>. .\ni. 46. IJ^.S.
Ciistiiiiin tit ii/ala liorkli. Ilaiidb. I'drslI), 1:741. lS(».
C. :-c:ttti var. .\iiui itinia Micli.x. l-'l, Hor. Am. 2: 19,5. iSo,;.
.■\ large for.^st tree, with gray bark rough in longitudinal
plates, reaching a uiaxiniuni height of about 1(K)° and a
trunk (liauietcrof 14°; lower branches spreading. Leaves
oblong-Ianccolatc, glabrous, firm, acuminate at the apex,
narrowed or rounded at the base, coarsely serrate, with
very sharp-pointed ascending teeth, rather dark green
above, lighter beneath, ,s'-i2' long, ijz'-i' wide; petioles
stout. ,'2'-!' long; staminate aments erect, numerous,
Ijornc solitary in the upper axils, 6'-i2' long, 4"-5" in di-
ameter; burs I I. '-4' in diameter, solitary or 2-4 together,
enclosing i ,s nuts; nuts puberulent, dark brown, plano-
convex or angle<l on the face, or when solitary ovoid.
In rich soil, Maine- and Ontario ti) Micliigan and Ten-
MM
I7.S
/.l.v
J'ti_t;i(:i fill III ilti I,. Sp. I'l. 99s. i7s,^
Cii^liiiiiti piiinila y\'\\\. Card. Did. ICd. S. no. 2. 176J*.
A shrub or small tree, sometimes 45° high and with
a trunk 5° in diameter, the young shoots puberulent.
Leaves oblong, acute at both ends, sharply serrate with
ascending or divergent teeth, dark green and glabrous
above, densely white-tomentulose beneath, 3'-6' long,
I '-2 '2' wide; staminate aments erect or somewhat
spreading, 3'-s' long, 3"-4" in diameter; burs 1 ',' in
diameter or less, commonly .spicatc, enclosing a soli-
tary ovoi<l brown nut 1 rarely 2 1; sued very sweet.
In dry soil. Niw Ji Tscy and IVinisylvania to Indiana,
Morida and 'IVxas. Wood stront;, coarse RrainL<l, dark
hroun; weiuhl per cubic foot 37 lbs. June. Nuts riin- Sept.
3. QUERCUS L. Sp. PI. (J94.
Trees or shrubs, with pinnatifid lobed dentate crenate or entire leaves, deciduous or in
some species persistent. I'lowers very small, green or yellowish, appearing with or before
the leaves, the staminate numerous in slender mostly drooping aments, the pistillate soli-
tary in niany-bracted involucres borne on the twigs of the preceding season or on the young
shoots. Stannnate flowers subtended by caducous bracts, consisting of a mostly 6-lobed
campanulatp perianth and 6-12 stamens with liliforui filaments, sometimes also with an abor-
tive pilose ovary. I'istillate flowers with an urn-shaped or oblong calyx, adnate to a mostly
3-celled ovary; ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary, rarely more than 1 in each ovary matur
ing; styles as many as the ovary-cavities, short, erect or recurved. I'ruit consisting of the
imbricated and more or less united bracts of the involucre 1 cup 1, sul)tending or nearly enclos-
ing the ovoid, oblong or subglobosc i-seedcd coriaceous nut 1 acorn). [The ancient Latin
name, probably of Celtic derivation, signifying "beautiful tree."]
.\l)out I'oo species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Iksides the following, sonic V' otliers
occur in the western and southern sections of North .America.
■'• i.tti-^-t's ttr llifir Itilics bn'sllt-lipptti, iltiitliimis: n.^utis iiui/i/iiii^
I Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed.
Leaves sfreen on botli sides.
Cup of the acorn saucer shaped, nuicli broader tlian higli.
Cups" 12" broad; acorn ovoid: leaves dull.
Cup4"-S" broad; leaves shining.
.\c(irn sul)Kliib()se or short-ovoid; northern.
.\corii ovoid; southern.
Cup of the acorn turbinate or heniispheric.
Iinur bark Bray; leaves shinini; liotli sides.
Itnur bark orange; leaves ])nbescenl in the axils of tlie veins beneath
Leaves white or gray lotnenttdose luiieath.
Large tree; leaf-lolies lanceolate or linear lanceolate, lonif. f>. ('. iiii;i/ti/ii.
Shrub or low tree; leaf-lobes triangular ovate, short. 7. {J. iiiiini.
Ill iiii/iiiiiii 11/ sfLiiiitl yt\ir.
1. (_'. nihi ii.
O. />a/iis/ri.i.
O. Tivtiiia.
O. I't'itiiifti.
(I. :'i/ii/iiiii.
5 '6
I'AGACEAK
*■ ^ Leaves 3 5-Iobed above the middle or entire, obovate or spatulate in outline.
lAiivcs (il)iivati' iiiiicatc. bnnvii llcicoiisi' l)c'iicMtli > (' .I/.//rA/ '''«.
I.L'iivi's s])at\ilali;, kI'I'T"'"^ ImiUi siiKs. <) ( '. iiii;i(i.
\i \ Leaves entire, oblong, lanceolate or linear-oblong isometimes lobed in no. in.
Leaves Hiuar-otiloii^t. Krtrti and Klalirous dii l)olli sides. 10. <J. I'lirlli's.
Leaves (ihlimif, ulabnius. dark K'l^eii and shining .itxive. 11. (]'. hiiit ifolio.
Leaves olilonn <ir lanceolate, lirown tonieiitiildse lieneath. 12. (_>. itiihi itai ia.
•>•■ -A- l.iif.'i's oiIIudIiiIh's iiol hi isllc lif'fxil. liiu iiliiKiis: iwi'nis niiiliii iiit; hi mi 1 11 in 11 0/ /ii s/ ifiii .
t Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed.
Matnre leaves pali-. or Klaiioius and jfl'dinms Ueneatli ; en]) sli.illow. 1,^
Mature leaves tonieiitidcise beneath; eii]) unelhird to lully as loiivt as the aeiirn.
I'ljper scales of the cu)) not awned.
Leaves yellowish hrown tonieiitnlose beneath: acorn ovoicL 14.
Leaves white tolllenlulose beneath; acorn de))ressedKlobose.
I'l)I)er scales aw ne<L forniinj; a IriiiKt aronnd the acorn. i(>. (_'. iinii /ni ,/;/>.(.
t i Leaves crenate or dentate, not lobed.
I'mit iH(liincled.
rediincle much longer than i)etioles; leaves while tonientiih)se beneath. 17. (_'. ftlali'iiniJi's.
O. II I Int.
(_>. iiiiiii'i .
I'j. Iviillil.
( '. IIKIi I Hi
I'ediincl
Teeth
Teeth
l'"ruit sessile.
Tall tree; leaves (
Shrill) or low tree
* •:•:- vi- /.,(jr(\5 iii/iit
liiallinn or shorter than the iietioles; leaves jtray toinentulosi' beneath,
f the leaves acute or inucronnlate.
f the leaves rounded.
iblou); or lanceolate.
; leaves oval or obovate.
■ 1 III rely :, illi a Jfif hiisth- lififiid lohi-s).
Red Oak.
is.
().
Milium III.
U).
0.
/'rill IIS.
20.
0.
Ill II III hill III.
21.
0.
fiihiiuilrs.
22.
0.
I'll i; III III nil
I. Quercus rubra L.
:'fri; rtiii.
( V\^. 1228. )
Oiiriiii.i iiihiii L. Si>. ri. i)</>. I7.S.?-
("'. iimhii^iiii Michx. I". Mist. .\rb. Am. J: I2n. />/. .7. 1^12.
.\ larj.tc forest tree, with a iiiaximtiiii heij^ht of
about 140°, and a trunk (liaiiieter of 7°, the bark
(lark^r'ty. slij^htly rou>;heiie(L Leaves oval or some-
what obovate in outline, deciduous, when mature
>;lal)rous, or pubescent in the axils of the veins lie-
iieatli. 4' S' loiij;, },'"b' wide, dull green above, paler
beucatli, sinuses rounded, lobes trianj;iilar-lancco-
late, tapcrinjf from a Iiroail base to an acuminate
apex, I 4-t()()lhed or entire, teeth and apices lipped
with filiform bristles; ])etiolcs \'2'-^' long; styles
slender, sjireadinj;; fruit maturing the second
autumn; cup .saucer-shaped, its base flat or slightly
convex, .S"-i2" broad, liracts ovate or ovatc-lan-
ccolate, obtuse or the upper acute, appressed; acoru
ovoid, about i' long, 2-4 times as long as the cup.
Nova .Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to
I'lorida. Kaiisiis and Texas. Wood hard, strong, coarse-
Kiained; color liKht reddish brown; wei>;ht per cubic
foot 41 lbs. May June, .\corns ripe Oct. Nov.
Quercus rubra runcinata .\. DC. I'rodr. 16: I'art 2. >»<. iSiV).
I'erliaps a hybrid with O. ilii^iliitii.
Leaf-lobes nearly entire; ac(jni ' ' hi(;h. Near St. Louis.
2. Quercus palustris DuKoi. Swamp Oak.
O. piiliiilris DuKoi, Harbk. 2: ;>(». fl. ,-. /". /. 1772.
A forest tree, inaximiini height about 120° and
trunk diameter ,s°, the lower branches deflexed;
bark brown, rough when old. Leaves broadly
olilong or obovate in outline, deeply pinnatifid,
sometimes almost to the miilrib, bright green
glabrous and shining above, duller, glabrous or
with tufts of hairs in the axils of tlie veins be-
neath, 3' -5' long, the lobes oblong, lanceolate
or triangular lanceolate, divergent, 1 -.(-toothed
or entire, teeth and apices tijiped with filifurm
bristles; styles slender; fruit maturing in the .sec-
ond autumn; cup saiicer-shapcd, 4" -6" broad,
base flat, bracts triangular-ovate, acute or obtuse,
appressed; acorn subglobosc or ovoid, 4"-7"
high, often striate, 2-,^ times as long as the cup.
In moist (fround, Massachusetts to Wisconsin,
Delaware and .Arkansas. Wood hard, very strong.
coarse Kr.iined; color litjht brown; weiyht percubii
foot 4.^ lbs. May June, .\corns ripe Sept I )cl.
Pin Oak. ( Fi>^. I22y.)
lU'KCH FAMILY.
5'7
3. Quercus Texana Buckley. Texan Red
Oak. (FiK^ 1230.)
Q. Trxana liuikUy. I'loo. I'liila. Aciul. i860: 444. '"^f*).
A forest tree, similar to the preceilinj^ species ami
to Q. riihia, attaiiiiiij^ a iiiaxitiuiiii heijjlit of about
200° anil a trunk diameter of S°, usually smaller.
Bark re(l<lisli-l)rown, with broad ridges broken into
plates; leaves mostly obovatc in outline, bright
green and shining above, paler and with tufts of wool
in the axils beneath, 2'-6' long, truncate or broadly
wedge-shaped at the base, deeply pinnatifid into 5-9
oblong or triangular lobes, which are entire or coarsely
few toothed, the lobes and teeth bristle-tipped; styles
short; fruit maturing in the autumn of the second sea-
son; cup deeply saucer-shaped, ,s"~S" broad, its scales
obtiisish or acute, appressed; acorn ovoid, 'j'-i' long,
2-3 times as high as the cup.
Soulluiii Iiuliaiia Ui Utw.x :iiiil Missouri, l'"l(iriilii atul
'IV-xiis. Wood h:uil, linlit n(ll)rouii; wtinht per iMibic
fool s; lbs. April May. Ai'onis ripe Sipl. Oct.
Quercus coccinea Wanj;. vScarlet Oak.
(FiR. 1231.)
Oiti'iiiis t-dii/iira Wang. Amer. 44. />/. /. /. 9. 17S7.
.•\ forest tree, attaining a maximum height of
about 160°, the trunk diameter sometimes 5°;
inner bark pale reddish or gray; foliage turning
scarlet in autumn. Leaves deeply pinnatifid,
glabrous, bright green and shining above, paler
and sometimes pubescent in the axils of the
veins beneath, 4'-S' long, rather thin, the lobes
oblong or lanceolate, divergent or ascending,
few-toothed, the teeth and apices bristle-tipped;
fruit maturing in the autumn of the second sea-
son; styles slender, rccurved-spreading; cup
hemispheric or top-shaped, its bracts triangular-
lanceolate, appressed or the upper slightly scpiar-
rose, mostly glabrous; acorn ovoid or ovoid-glo-
bose, 6"- 10" high, about twice as long as the cup.
Ill (Irv soil, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota,
l-'lorida ."iiul Missouri. Wood hard, slionjr, coarse-
gniiiuil. Unlit bnnvii or red: weijjlit 461bs. per cubic
loot. May June, .\coriis ripe Seiit. Oct.
5. Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak.
(JiieiYKs :'i/ii/iihi I.aiii. I^iicycl. 1:721. 17S,^.
(). /iiic/ori'ii Harlrani, Travels. ,^7. Name only. 17111.
O. coiiiiua var. liiulorhi \. Ciiay, Man. Ivd. 5, 4.S4. iSt>7,
A large forest tree, similar to O. u'ftiiita, maxi-
mum height about 150°, trunk diameter 5^; outer
bark very dark brown, rough in low ridges, the in-
ner bright orange. Leaves pinnatifid or lobed to
beyond the middle, firm, brown-pubescent or some-
times stellate-pubescent when young, when mature
glabrous and dark dull green above, pale green
and usually pubescent on the veins beneath, the
broad oblong or triangular-lanceidate lobes and
their teeth bristle-tipped; fruit maturing in the
autumn of the second season; cup hemispheric or
top-shaped, connnonly narrowed into a short stalk,
its bracts mostly pubescent, the upper somewhat
squarrose; acorn ovoid, /j'-i' high, more or less
longer than the cup.
JIaine to Ontario, Miiinesola. I'Morida and Texa-..
Wood reddish-brown; weixlH per cubic fool 44 lbs.
May-June.
518
I'AGACHAE.
6. Quercus digitata ( Marsh. ) Sudw.
Spanish Oak. < Imr. 1233.)
(Jiiiiiiis iii'urii liiiiiliila M.Trsli. Arb. Am. 121. 17S.S.
(J. fiiluilii Miilix. Hist. Cluii. Am. lU. pl.jS. i.Sn.
{Jnfi; IIS (III; i/ti/ii Smlw. ('..iril. \: iMir, 5: it>). iSc)2.
A tree, with inuxiinuin hci){ht of about 95^,
and trunk diameter of 5". Leaves dark green
and glabrous above, gray-t(>mcntuli)se beneath,
deeply pinnatifid into 37 linear or lanceolate
lobes, often falcate, acuminate, entire or den-
tate; teeth and apices bristle-tipped; terminal
lobes commonly elongated; styles slender; fruit
niaturingduring the second autumn; cupsaucer-
sliai)eil with a turbinate base, s"-y" broad, its
bracts ovate, obtuse, apprcssed; acorn subglo-
bosc or depressed, about twice as high as the cup.
Ill dry soil, I.imn Inland 1 ?i. New Jcrsry In I'lnr-
ida. Missouri aiul Tixas. Wood liiird, stmiiM'.
cnarsi- vtraiiud, litrlit reddish liiDwn: \vci(;lil jitr
cubic fiidt 4 5lbs. May-June. .Xcorns ripe .Sept. (let.
7. Quercus nana (Marsh.) Sarj;. Bear or Scrub Oak. (I'ig. 1234.)
(Jill i\ IIS Ill/ill! iiiiiiii Marsh. Arb. .\in. 12,^. i7S,s.
Ijtirr, IIS i/iii/ii/ia Waiitf. .filler. -(.). />/. Ik /. /-. i;^;;.
(Jill iliis iiaiia Sarg. trard. & Hor. 8: 9,5. 1.S95.
A shrub or rarely a small tree, often forming
dense thickets, nia.ximum height about 25°, and
trunk diameter 6'; bark gray, nearly smooth.
Leaves mostly obovate, 2'-5' long, short-petiolcd,
dark green and glabrous aljove, grayish-white
tomentulose beneath, 3-7-lQbed; lobes triangular-
ovate, acute, bristle-tipped; styles recurved; fruit
maturing the second autunni; cup saucer-shaped,
4"-6'' broad, with a turbinate or rounded base; its
bracts lanceolate, apprcssed; acorn globose-ovoid,
more or less longer than the cup.
In sandy or rookvsdil, Maine tdOliin, Delaware, and
the iiKiuiUainsof Virginia aiul Kentucky. Woud liard,
strong, lijrlil brown. May. .\iuriis ripe Oct. Nov.
A liybiid of this, iiiesuniably with (_'. inniiiKi, was
found by Dr. Robbins at I'xbridKe, JFa.ss.
8. Quercus Marylandica Muench. IMack-Jack or Barren Oak
(Jiit'iriis iiiiiiii ft \, S(). ri. i)9,s. 175,?.
{Jiiii ills Mm yliiinliLii Muench. II.iusv. 5: 2,^;>. 1770.
A tree, sometimes 60° high, usually lower; maxi-
mum trunk diameter 2°; bark nearly black, very
rough in ridges. Leaves obovate in outline, stel-
late-pubescent above and lirowii-tomentose beneath
when young, ^-.-s-lobed toward the broad usually
nearly truncate apex, cuneate below, the lobes
short, entire or sjiaringly toothed, bristle-tipped;
mature leaves dark green, glabrous above, paler
and more or less floccose beneath, 3' 7' long, 2'-^'
wide; fruit maturing the second autumn; styles
recurved; cup deep, 5" s" broad, its bracts oblong-
lanceolate, appressed, pubescent; acorn ovoid, 2-3
times as high as the cup.
In dry soil, I.oiin Island, N. V., to Ohio and Nebraska,
south to IMorida and Texas. Wood hard, .strong, dark
blown; wei'iht per cubic foot 46 lbs, May-June.
.\eorns rii-f ( let. Nov.
Quercus Riidkini Hritton. lUill. Torr. Club, 9: 14. a hybrid of this with (J. I'hellos, occurs from
Stateii Island. N. Y . to North Carolina.
Quercus Brittoni W.T. Davis, Seieti. .Am. 67: i.(=,. isaliybrid with ('. ;//, //i'/zi;. Statcn Island. N.Y.
.10-
KRlvCH I'AMILY.
519
9. Quercus nigra I^. Water Oak. (Fig. 12^6.)
fjiii:riiis nit; I II I,. Sp. I'l. (/>,s. 175,^
Qiinriis iiiffia var. (H/iuttiiii I.ani. ICiuyil. i: 721. 17"*.^
(Jiiinns iii/iiii/iKi Wiilt. I'l. Ciir. 2,v). '17MS.
A trt-e, with niaxiinuni height of about .S<)° and trunk
diameter of 4" ; bark gray, rough in ridges. Leaves
spatulateor obovate, i -.vlobed at the apex, or some of
them entire and rounded, coriaceous, short-pctiolcd,
rather bright green and shining on ))oth sides, finely
reticuhile-veincd, glabrous when mature except tufts
of hairs in the axils of the veins beneath, I'i' ,^' long,
the U)bes low, usually obtuse and bristle- tipped; styles
recurved; fruit maturing the second autumn; cup sau-
cer-shaped with a rounded base, 5" -7" broad, its bracts
apprcssed; acorn globose-ovoid, 2-_; times as high as
the cup.
.MdiiK slnanis aiul swamps or somLtinus on tlic up
land, Hclawari- to Ktntuiky. Missouri, I'lorida ami Ttxas.
Wood hard, stronjr, cross-Krained, linlit hrowii; wimkIiI pir
tiihic Idol 45 Ills. April !May. .\corns ripe Sv]>l. (Kl.
I.iavis of siidlinKS and young; shouts incised or piiiiiatirid,
very bristly.
10.
A
Quercus Phellos h.
(Fig. 1237.)
Willow Oak.
-, IIS J'lifllos I.. Sp. I'l. (i</l. I75,v
tree, with slightly roughened reddish-brown
bark, attaining a maximum height of about So° and
a trunk diameter of 3°. Leaves narrowly oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, entire, acute Ht both ciuls, very
short-petioled, bristle-tipped, glabrous or very
slightly pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath
when mature, 2'-4' long, 4"-i2" wide; styles slen-
der, recurved-spreaditig; fruit maturing in the au-
tumn of the second season; cup saucer-shaped,
nearly flat on the base, 4"-6" broad; acorn subglo-
bose, .\"-(i" high.
Ill moist woods, I.oiik Island, N. V. to I'lorida,
Missouri and Tixas. Wood slroiij;, ratliir soft and
closf.jrraimd, reddish hrowii; weight per cubic foot
.(') Ills. Ajiril May. .\corus ripe .Sept. -Oct.
Quercus heterophylla Miclix. f. Hist. Am. 2: S7, f>l ii>, the Hartiaiii Oak, iirobably a liyhrid of O.
Pill i'l OS with ('. ; iihra. but iierliapsadisliiict sjKcies. iuteiiuediate in leaf and fruit characters between
llie two, oecurs from Stateii Island to North Carolina.
II. Quercus laurifolia Michx. Laurel
Oak. (.Fig. 1238. )
Oiieitiis lain ilol ill Mielix. Hist. Clieiies .\iii. iio. 10.
' pi. 17. iSoi.
Trunk sometimes 100° tall, reaching 4° in diam-
eter at the base; bark nearly black, with flat ridges.
Leaves oblong or oblong-obovatc, often somewhat
falcate, very green and shining above, paler be-
neath, glabrous when mature, i';'-6' long, ,s"-2'
wide, entire, or those of young shoots undulatc-
lobed, the apex bristle-tipped; styles rather short,
recurving; fruit maturing in the autumn of the sec-
ond season; abortive ovules in the summit of the
acorn; cup saucer-shaped, 4'"-6" wide, its base
somewhat rounded, its scales ovate, rounded, ap-
pressed; acorn ovoid or nearly liemispheric, 3-4
times as long as the cup.
.\loun streams and swamps, southeastern VirKinia to
l-'lorida and Louisiana, mostly iie:ir the coast. Wood
dark reddish brown, stroiitt;wei>;lit per cubic fool |!^lbs.
(_'. I'IicIIks hybridizes also with O. nana.
520
I' ACAClCAi;.
12. Quercus imbricaria Miclix. Sliinjfle Oak. (Imh. i:;,vj.)
Qiifit ii\ imhi lull ill Miilix Ili^lCluii Am v />/. i^<
If). I.HdI.
A forist trei', witli iiiaNiiiiiiin lR'i>;ht al)i(Ut ux)",
and trunk (liaiiiftcr of .Vj". I. caves oMoit)^ or
lanceolate, fiitire, coriaccons, acute at both ends,
short-peliolcil, bristle-tipped, dark jjrccn above,
jjersistently jjray-tonientulose bcneatli, y-y' lonjj;,
9"-2' wide; styles recurved; fruit maturing the sec-
ond autumn; cup lieniisplieric or turbinate, 5 "-7"
' I ' V J^ ^^/ broad, its bracts apprcsscd; acorn suliglnbose, 5"-
Ciiitral riiiiisylvaiiia Ici .MioliJKaii, Ntbiaska, (ii'iir-
nia, Tiinussii and .vrkansis. Wond li;ird. loarse-
Krainiil, liK'H rt'ddi^li tiruwii; wiinlit )n 1 cubic loot
17 ll)>. April May.
Quercus Leana Null. Sylva, i; \s\. I'l >''. i> a hybrid
of this and ('. -.i liiliiiii. with inliinicdiatc characters.
Ohio to Missouri and District of Cidundiia
Quercus tridentata ICiinclni, (_'. ni^i'i \;\r. h idniliila
.\. DC. I'rodr. 16: I'art .'. u\. is a liybrid with O. Maiy-
hiHiliiti. Illinois atiil I'cnnsylvania.
.\ hybrid with ('. f>ci/iis/i is was found by Dr. ICnttdniann near St. I.ouis, >bi
13. Quercus alba L. WliitcOak. (Fig. 1240.)
Oiiii ills (ilhii I,. Sp. \'\. mi'". l7,S,v
A large forest tree, with light gray bark scaling
off in thin j)lates; nia\iniuin height about l.so*^,
trunk diameter 8". Leaves obovate in outline,
green above, pale and more or less glaucous be-
neath, piibcscent when young, nearly glabrous
when old, thin, pinnatifid into 3-9 oblong obtuse
ascemUng toothed or entire lobes, -\'-~' long, 2'-
4'.' wide; petioles about '.' long; styles short,
erect; fruit maturing the first season, peduncled;
cup depressed-hemispheric, 7" 10" broad, its
bracts thick, obtuse, woolly or at length glaliratc,
closely apprcssed; acorn ovoid-oblong, 1' high or
less, ,^-4 times as high as the cup.
Maine to Ontario. Minnesr)ta, Florida and Texas.
\V(Hid liard, stmntr, ti>U(";h. close (trained: color brown;
wtinht per cubic foot )h lbs. May June, .\corns
ripe Se])!. Oct.
Hybrids with (>. mail I'l a i/>ii have been nbserved
in Illinois: with ('. iiiiiioi . from Illinois to Xir^inia
and .South Carolina, and with (_'. /'liiiiis, near Wash
inuton. D. C. and New York."
14. Quercus minor ( Marsh, i vSarg.
(>iii
Post or Iron ();ik.
241.)
( TiK.
IIS 11/ /hi h//;m/ .Marsh. .\r1i. .\ni. 120. i7,S.s.
(Jill ; . lis s/i//(i/ii WaUK. .\nier. 7s. />/. f,. j /,-. 17S7.
('. iililiisiliiha Mich.x Hist Clieti. .\ni. 1. '/>/. /. iHoi.
[liiiiiiis w//«io Sai(;ent. Cianl. \ iMir. 2: (71 iSScj.
A tree, with rough gray bark, or sometimes a
shrub; maximum licight about i(«^ and trunk
diameter 4°. Leaves broadly ol)ovatc in out-
line, deeply lyrate-pinnatifid iuto ;, -7 broad
rounded often deeply undulate or toothed lobes,
when mature firm, glabrous, dark green and
shining above, brown-toinentidoie beneath, 5'-
S' long, 4'~6' wide or smaller; petioles stout,
'2'-!' long; fruit maturing the first season,
nearly or (|uite sessile; styles short; cup heini-
s])heric, 6"-8" broa<l, base narrowed, its bracts
lanceolate, subacute, slightly squarrose; acorn
ovoid, 6"-io" high, 2,^ times as long as tliecup.
In dry soil. Massachusetts to southern New York,
Michigan. I'lorida and Texas. Wood liaril. close-
tfrained, very dur.ible, brown; weight jier cubic foot
52 lbs. May Jinie. .Xcorns ripe Sept. -Oct.
Itl'.l'CIl I'AMII.V.
521
7
15. Quercus lyrtlta Walt. Swaiiip, Ovcrc
ijiii-i;ii^ Iviiilii \V;iU. I'l. Cm. ^.(i. I7,SV
A lar^e tree, tnaxiiiiuiii heiKlit aliout n*)' and trunk
(liaiiieler .v'l"; l»ark >,'ray or rf(l<lisli, in thin plates.
Leaves olxn-ite in onlline, mostly narroweil at the
base, 6' S' lonjj, lyrate-pinnatifid or lolicd to beyond
the middle, thin, when mature bright }.;reeTi, glabrous
and shininj.' above, densely white-tomcntulose be-
neath, the lobes lanceolate or oblonK, rounded or sub-
acute, entire or toothed, the upper pair the larger and
usually divergent; petioles .^" y" lonj;; fruit matur-
ing the first season, pcduiicled; styles short; i up de-
pressed-globose, I'-i'..' in diameter, 'z'~\' hi«h, its
bracts broad, thin, cuspidate; acorn depressed-globose,
'/i'-i'/i' high, nearly or ijuite immersed in the cup^.
Ill swamps iir.ilon^f^trianis, New Jcrsty to Imliana.iiul
MissdUii. I'hiriila ami Trxas. Woucl liatd. >.trnin;. IipukIi.
iliisi- utaiiHil. VI ry (UiraliU-, dark brown; wiiijht iki cubic
fiiut ,SJ lbs. .\iiril May.
nip or Tost (Jak. (Fij;. i-'4.'.
16. Quercus macrocarpa Miclix.
Mossy -Clip or Hur ( )ak. (Fig. i 243. )
(>ii,i,ii\ mill loKii />(! Miilix. Ilisl. Chen. Am.
In rifli siiil. Nuva Scotia In Maniloba
\V'M)d hard, stnnij,', tiiuj;li, clnsc tr,:iiiu(
iiicii nmi) /^(i
/>/. -■,•. iSoi,
Oiiiiiiis ii/irii,Vonin.\ Midi.x. I'. Hist. Aib Am. 2:
' pi. -•. I. Si 2.
A large tree, with gray llaky bark; maximum
height about if*)'', and trunk diameter S'.
Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate in outline,
rather thin, irregularly lobed, pinnatitid, or
some coarsely crenale; when mature bright
green and shining above, grayish-white-tomen-
tulose beneath, 4'-.S' long, the IoIks toothed or
entire, rounded, ascending or simicwhat ilivcr-
genl; jietioles '.'-I'long; fruit short-peduncled
or sessile, maturing the first season; styles
short; cu)) hemispheric or subglobose, S" 2' iu
diameter, its bracts tloccose, thick, hard, ovate
or lanceolate, the lower acute, the ui)per subu-
late-tipped, the tips forming a fringe around the
acorn; acorn ,S"-i'.' hnig, ovoid, 1-2 times as
high as the cup.
ulli 1(1 Massaoliiisilts. IViiiisylvania, Kansas and 'I'lXas.
olnr <lark brown; wiikIh )'> lbs. May Juiu-
17. Quercus platanoides ( Lam. ) .Sudw. Swamp White Oak.
; 720. 17S;,
(ks. Nat. I'l.
('. I'l inns pliiliDioiilis I.ani. Ijuyd. i
QiicitKs hiiiiliii Willd. N'fUf Sc'lirilt.
livrliii, 3: \ify iSoi.
(_) /)/,//.;;M/i/,\Sudw. Kci). Secy. Ajtric 1892:327. l^9,V
A large tree, with flaky gray bark; maximum
height about 1 10' and trunk diameter >■)'. Leaves
obovate, or oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed or
sometimes lobed nearly to the middle, narrowed or
rounded at the base, firm, when mature 4'-7' long, 1
3'.' 4'i' wide, dark green, dull and glabrous
above, densely white-tomentulose beneath; peti- |
oles stout, 3"-9" long; fruit maturing the first
year; peduncles 2-5 times as long as the petioles;
cup hemispheric, its bracts pubescent, lanceolate,
appressed, the lower obtuse, the upper acute or
acuminate; acorn oblong-ovoid, about I'high; cup
about 6" high; seed rather sweet.
In nioisl or swanii)v soil, fjutbic to MiiliiKaii,
Cecillia and .\rkansas." Wooil hard, strong, lonuli.
closi- Kraimd, \\\i\\\ brown; wiiMlil 4"^ lbs. per cubic
foot May Juiu- .Acorns ripi Siiit. Oct.
I'.MlACKAi:.
ig. Quercus Prinus L
Old I, 11^ l'iiin(\ I.. S]). \'\. <f/>. \'>>,.
\ larni" forest trie; tnaMiiiuiii lici){lit almut kkj",
ami trunk iliauu-ter 5 ; lower branches spreading;;
liark brown, riiljjcd, sli>;htly flaky. Leaves J
coarsely crcnatc, ohlonn, olilonj^-laiiceolate or oli- 1
ovate, when mature dark ureen, >{la1)roiis and
feclily shining above, finely Kray-tomeiitulose be-
neath, .s' S' loii}{, I'j' 4' wide; petioles slender,
yi'-ili' lon>{; fruit tnatnrinj; the first season; T,
peilunclcs C(|uallinj; or shorter than the petioles; )
styles very sliort; cup heinisplieric, 'I'-i 'j' broad,
its bracts tonientose, triangular-ovate, acute or
cuspidate, ajipressed; acorn ovoid, I'-i'.' high,
2-3 times as hinh as the cup; seed edible, but not
very sweet.
In <lrysiiil. Maim tci scnilhi rn ( (iitarin, Alabania and
Tinmssic. WimkI lianl. slroi „'. cIum.- ^raimd, dura
bit; color dark brown; wtij;lit jK-r mbic liml (7 lbs
JIay-Junc. .Xcoriis ripe ( let Nii\.
18. Quercus Michauxii Niitt. Cou ()ak.
Maskit Oak. ( I'l^. IJ45. )
(_>«i;i((> Miiliiiii I // Nmt. 1,111 2 .>I5. i-'iS
A larv;c tree, with )i^ri\\ flaky bark; maximum
height about mid ami tnnik diameter 7 . Leaves
obovate or broadly oblong, apes acute »)r acuminate,
base narrowed, rounded or subcordate, when mature
bright ).;recn, shining above, |>ale and jjray lomentu-
lose beneath, sharply toothed, .\'-;' lonj^, 2/'j'-4'j'
wide, the teeth acute or nnicronulale; petioles slen-
der, 'j' I'j 'lotiK, fruit maturin)4 the first season,
short-pedundcil or sessile; styles very short; cup
depressed-hemispheric, 1' I'l' broad, its br.icts
thick, ovale or lanceolate, appresscd; acorns ovoid,
I'-i '.' hiK'h, about 3 times as hij;h as the cup.
Ill iiinisi mill. Ik liiwari- In IiidiaiKi Vikaiisis, I'lnr
ida and Tt xas WikkI li.ird. stnnin. toiiyli, drn-i , dnra-
lil< . cipliir linlil briiwii: wi iulil 51' llis. per cubic font.
.Xpril May. Aiinns ripi ,S< pi ( let, swcil and cdllilc.
Rofk Chestnut Oak.
( iMK
20. Quercus acuminata (Miclix. ) Sarjj.
Clie.stmit or Yellow Oak. ( I'iK- '-47-)
(>iir>i II \ /') iiin\ ,ii iiiiiiiiiilii Micli.v Hist. Clienes .\n\.
iiiiiiiiiilii Mii-bx Hist. Cliene
no. .=;. />/. V iSii.
Oiiiiiii\ Miilili iiluixii luim liii. Trans. .Si l.duis
Acad. 3: .ini. 1S77.
Oiirii lis ii< iiiiiiiiii/ii Sarn, Card. iV l''iii. 8: ii.;. i''<i,S.
A tree with gray flaky bark, much rescnddiug
the chestnut; maximum height about 160", and
trunk diameter 3'j'. Leaves oblong, lanceolate
or sometimes obovatc, apex acuminate or acute,
base narrowed or rounded; coarsely toothed, when
mature dark green and shining above, pale, gray-
tomentulose and prominently veined beneath,
4'-<i' long, I '-2,!.' wide; petioles slender, 'i'-i'
long; fruit sessile or very short-peduncle<l, matur-
ing the first season; cup hemispheric, 5" 8"
broail, its bracts floccose, ovale, thick, acute or
cuspidate, appresscd; acorn ovoid, 6"- 10" high,
about twice as high as the cup.
Ill dry sdil. prcfirriiiK liniestoui- ridscs. Veriuont aiul Oiitarin to Minnesota, south to .Mabauia
and Tixas. Wood hard. slrouK. dinsc, close Rrainid, durable, dark brown; weijtlit per cubic foot
54 lbs. May June, .\eorns ripe Oct. Nov., edible.
I.ouis
m;r';cn;i'AMii,v.
21. Quercus prinoides Willd. .Scruli Chcstmil Oak. ( Fi^. i :!48. )
523
(Jill I ( IIS /il illiiii/i'\
Vt. llirliii, 3: ,vi;
Willil. Nine Si-lirifl f.t-
1H.1L
Nat.
A sliruli, J°-I5° tall, sometimes treelike, the
liiirk n™.'''' Leaves obovalc, i'<mrsely toothed,
wiifii mature hriKhl xrecii ami somewhat shiil-
iii),' al>ove, Krav-toiiientiilose Ijeiiealh, 2,'i' 5'
Itm^, 2' y wide, iiioslly arute or sliort-acumi-
iiate at the n\>e\, narrowed at tlie hase, the
teeth short, triangular, >ul)acute or obtuse;
jiclioles slender, ^" 9" loun; fruit sessile,
maturing the first season; cup hemispheric, thin,
ahout '.' liii 111 and onc-
floccose, trian>;ular-ovatc or ohlon^-
appressed; acorn ovoid, obtuse, 2-,Ui"ies aslonn
as the cup; seed sweet.
Ill drv saiiily hi tmUy siiil, Maim- tn Miiiiuw)la.
siiiitli 111 Alabama and Tixas. .Xppaiiiilly inter
(fi.iilo with till- )iii niliiin. .April May Acinus
vipf Sept, (lit. Calli (1 aNu Cliiiikapiii O.ik.
22. Quercus Virginiana Mill.
( >iii I
1; Lii|f iiL'iinspiici 11:, llllll, i A
c-half as liigli, its bracts 'f J
,te or oblonn-lanceolate, R ^
Live Oak. ( Fij;. 1249. )
(■aid Did. i;.l >. im.
1 I'll 1,'iiiiiiiiii .Mill.
1(1. i7t)S. '
Oiu-n us :ii<ii\ \'\\. Hmt. Kiw. 3: i.s'). K'''>-
.\ tree, with rounh brown bark, attaining a
maximum height of about 6<i and trunk diam-
eter of 7", but often shrul)l)y, tlic young shoots
puberulent. Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, ob-
long, elliptic or oblaiiceolale, ajiex obtuse, base
narrowed or rounded, entire or with a few bristle-
tipped teeth, bright green and glabrous above,
pale green and puberulent or becoming glabrous
beneath, l'-;,' long; petioles stout, T'-.'/'long;
fruit peduncled, maturing the first season; pe-
<luncle '4 ' i' long; cup turbinate, 5" S" broad,
its bracts closely appressed, ovale or lanceolate;
acorn ovoid-oblong, about twice as high as the
cup; seed not edible; cotyledons united.
In dry soil, Virtfiiiia tn I'lmiila. Te.x.is anil
Mexico, mostly near llie euast. .\!mi in Clili.i.
WiMid very lianl, tiniv;li. elu-e grained and lUiise,
Cdliir yilluw lirnwll; weiiilil per enhie fimt 51) \\>s.
Mateli .Vpril. .Xionis ripe Sept 1 )et.
181 •
I'auiily S. ULMACEAE Miihcl, liK-m. 2: 905.
ICl.M l'".\MII,V.
Trees or .slinihs, willi alteriiale .simple strrale petioled ])iiiiiately veined stipu-
late leaves, the stipules usually fuo;aei(iiis. Flowers small, monoecious, ilioe-
cious, perfect or p)lyK'aiuous, lateral or axillary, clustered, or the pistillate .s(}li-
tary. Perianth ^-y-parted or of 3-9 distinct se])als. Petals none. Stamens in
our species as many as the jieriantli-lohesor .sei)als and opposite them; filaments
straight; anthers ovate or oval, longitudinally dehiscent. ( )vary i-celled (rarely
2-celled), mostly sujjerior; ovule .solitary, jjendulous, anatropous or amphitro-
])otis; styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara, drupe or nut. Ivndosperm of the
.seed little or none. luuhrvo straight or curved; cotyledons mo.stly flat.
,\l)nul i,^ geiieia and i.iu species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions.
IHiiwers borne in elusleis mi twigs iif tin precedinK season; fruit a sain.iia. nr nut like.
I'loweis e.xpandinn bel'iire the leaves; ealv.x 4-q-cleft; fruit ,1 samara. i. I'hiiiis.
IMowers expanding with the leaves; calyx l-s-eleft; fruit nut like, 2. I'laiu-ia.
I'Mowers borne on twigs <if the .season, the pistillate mostly solitary; fruit a drupe. ,v tcllis.
5^4
II.MACI'.M'.
I. ULMUS L. Sp. ri.
/.■>.v
Trees, with z-raiiked slraiKlit-veineil iiie(|iiilatcr.il serrate leaves, with thin ca(Uieoiis
stipules. I'lowcrs perfect or polyjjatnous, faseielcd ur racemose, greenish, uiifolilinj; hcfore
the leaves, home axillary on the twi)j;s of tlie prcccdiiij; season. Calyx canipanulate, 4-c>-
lohed, persistent, its lohes iinhricated. I'ilanients erect, slender, exscrled. Ovary sessile or
stalked, compressed. Styles 2, divergent, stij^malic alony the inner marjiin. I'ruit a isceded
flat orbicular or oval samara, its inenihranons wiiij^s continuous all arouiul except .it the
apex, commonly as liroad as or broader than the hody. Ivmhryo straij»ht. [I'hc ancient
Latin name of the elm; Celtic (/;//.]
.Miiait 16 siHcic-. iiiitivis of llie luirthirn heini-iplii re.
in the scMillnvtslvru I'niled Slates and one in Mexico.
liesidis the fnllnwinK. aiiotliir occurs
Leaves siiionth nr >linlilly nuiKli almvr: "ianiarM (liti'.clv liliati'.
None of the branclu •- curkv-wiiijrcd ; siimar.ifacf- tilabrnU'*.
S111UC or all iif the liraiiclics ecirky win^'ed; nimiara f.icr- i>ulitsciiit.
Leaves .>' ;' Inuji, llnwcvi ractiuiise: uurthcru.
Leave- i' i' loiij;; llnuers fa>cicUil. '-n\itlurii
Liaves viry ri'Ujrli .ibuvi ; sinuav.i Ui>t eiliale. '.wins imt cuvky u iuniil.
I. r .h,/,
■b
it In In.
/ii/:;i.
I. Ulmus Americana L.
if-i-
\iii(jricaiL White <ir Water ICliii.
// riiinis .\iiiii iiiiiiii L. .S]>. ri. 2.'6.
( I'ig.
1 7,i,V
1 2511. )
A larj;e tree, with ^|^r■Ay llaky hark, and j^lahrous
'r or sparinf;ly pubescent twij^s and buds; maximum
' hei>;ht .iboiit 120°, and trunk diameter il'^; the
branches not corky-winj.;cct, terete. Leaves oval or
obovatc, apex abruptly acuminate, base obtuse or
obtusish, and very ine(|uilateral, sharply and usually
-S^-r-r doubly serrate, slij;htly rouj;h above, pubescent or
J^^ bcconiinj; glabrous beneath, 2'-,s' long, i'j'-3'
^ wiile; flowers fascicled; pedicels filiform, droopinj.;,
jointed; calyx 7 i)-lobcd, oblique, its lobes oblong,
rounded; samara ovate-oval, reliculate-veincd, 5"-
6" long, its laces glabrous, its margins densely cil-
iate; styles strongly incurve<l.
In Minisi sciil, tsjHcially alnnjj streams. .\'c\v biuiid
land til .Manitoba, l-'lnrida .iiid Texas. Wood hard,
strong, diise-siraini il. cuniiiacl. dark brown; weight
per cubie fool (0,5 lljs. March .\))ril. .Samaras ripe
111 .Mav.
2. Ulmus racemosa Tlnmias. Cork
/■/»;/(,( /r;<, "/I'm; Tlioiiias, .\m. Joiirii Sci. 19: 170. iSji.
A large tree, attaining a ma\imum height of
about 100" and a trunk diameter of .(\ the young
twigs puberuleut; bud-scales ciliatc aiul sr>mcwhat
liubescent; branches, or some of them, winged by
narrow plates of cork. Leaves similar to the ]ire-
ceding, but less sharply serrate, smooth above;
flowers racemose; pedicels liliforiu, drooping,
jointed; calyx-lobes oblong, rounded; samara oval,
6"-S" long, its faces jiubescent or puberuleut, its
margins densely ciliatc; jiersistcnt styles strongly
incurved and overlapping.
Ill rieli soil. (Jiubeelo ( )iilario. Mielii^'aii. Tennessee
and Nebraska. Wood hard, slroiiK. tnilKh. com])act;
color IikIiI reddisli-bi • 11; Hei((lit per cubic foot 45 lbs.
April. Called alsip ClilT, ilickory or Swamp lilm.
UlmuB campestris 1. , fn 111 luirope. distiiiKuishcd by
its nearly or (|uite glabrous, not ciliale samaras, and
wiiiKless branclies. rarely escapes froin cultivation.
<J'iR-
i:i,M I'AMILY.
3. Ulmus alata Michx. Winded lU
I'liiiii^ iiliilti Mii-hx. I'l. lic.r. Am, I: 17,;. i>iii.V
A small tree, sonuliiiies 50° IiIkIi aii<l with a
trunk diaiiicler of 2'2''; the branches, or most of
tlicm, with corky wiiix-like ridges. Twins ami l)U(ls
glabrous or nearly so; leaves oblunn, oblong-lance-
olate or obluiiff-ovate, acntc, doubly serrate, base
obtuse, inequilater.il and sometimes sul)cordate,
rougliish above, pubescent beneath, at least on the
veins, I ' ;,'lonj;. '2' 1 '+ 'wide, the veins ascending,
some of them commonly forked; flowers fascicled;
pedicels filiform; calyx-lobes obovate, rouniled; sa-
mara oblong, 4"-5" long, pubescent on the faces,
the margins densely ciliate; styles very slender.
In ilrv cir mni-^l soil, sdutlurii Virginia to I'lorida,
wist tc.'-.oiithcrn lUiiKiis. Arkansas and Texas. Wncid
lianl. wiiik, ciiuipact; mlor tirown: wiinlit l)cr t-ubic
fiKit 47 lb-.. .March.
5^5
1 \/?\ /"''\^i
V''..* 'V
Ulmus fulva Michx. vSlippery, Red or Moose I':im. (Fir. 1253.)
I liinis />ii/i,s,riis Walt. )'l. Car. ill. 17S8. ?
/7iinis/ii/:'(i Michx. I'l. Hor. Am. i: 172. i.So,^.
A tree, with rough gray fragrant bark, uiaxi-
nnun height about 70-', and trunk diameter 2>^°;
twigs rough-])ubescent; branches not corky-
winged; bu<l-scales densely brown-tomv ntose.
Leaves ovate, oval or obovate, very rough
with short ])apillae above, pubescent beneath,
sharply doubly serrate, acuminate at the apex,
obtuse, ineiiuilateral and commonly cordate at
the base, 4'-S' long, 2' 2,'2' wide; (lowers fas-
cicled; pedicels 2"-;," long, spreading, jointed
near the base; calyx-lobes lanceolate, subacute,
samara oval-orbicular, 6" 9" long, pubescent
over the seed, otherwise glabrous, the margins
not ciliate, retuse.
In wdihIs, iin hills and aloiiK slroiims. (juebic
to North Dakota, I'lorida aiulTexas. Wood hard,
stronji. conijiact, durable; color dark reddish-
brown: wiinht i)er cubic fool ); lbs. I'oliatfe and
unicilaKiiious inner bark very fraRranl in drying.
March April.
2. PLANERA J. F. Oiiicl. Syst. 2; Part i, 150. 1791.
Trees, similar to the elms, the flowers monoecious or polygamous, unfolding with the
leaves. Staminate flowers fascicled on twigs of the preceding season, the pistillate or per-
fect ones in the axils of leaves of the year. Calyx 4-5-cleft, cainpanulate, persistent, the
lobes imbricated. Filaments filiform, straight, exscrted. Ovary stalked, ovoid, slightly
compressed, I -celled. vStyles 2, spreading, stigmatic along the inner side. I'rnit nut-like;
coriaceous, oblitiuely ovoid, compressed, ridged on the back, covered with short fleshy i)ro-
cc;.ses. Kmbryo straight, [Name in honor of Johann Jakob I'laner, 1743-17S9. Professor
of Rotany in Ivrfnrt,]
.■\ itidiiotypic Kcniis of ■ioiitiieasterii North .\liierica.
526
ii,:\iaci;ai;.
Planera aquatica (Walt.) J. F. Giiiel.
(!*%• 1254- )
Plaiier-tree. Water Ivlni.
Aiii'iiyinos (ji/ii(i/ii<i Walt. I'"l. Car. jp, 17SS.
Pliinria iii/iiii/u<i ]. !•. ('■nifl. Syst. 2; I'art i.
150. I7i>i.
A small true, sometimes 40° '''kIi. ati<l
with a trunk 2° in iltamcter, the foliage
nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, acute at the apex, obtuse or cor-
date and usually somewhat inefiuilateral at
the base, serrate, i'-2' long; petioles lyi"-
2" long; stipules lanceolate, about as long as
the petioles, deciduous; staiiiinate (lowers
fascicled and somewhat racemose from scaly
buds borne at the axils of leaves of the pre-
ceding season; perfect or pistillate (lowers
on short branches; fruit 2" ;," long, about
equalling its stalk, its soft processes ^4"
long.
In s«anii)s, .Missouri to sinillurii Indiana.
Ki'iitui'Uy and Nurtli Carolina, soiitli to Louisi-
ana anil I'lorida. Wood soft, wiak, oonipact.
litflit brown; wiiKlil per cubic foot ^j lbs.
April .May.
3. CELTIS L. Sp. PI. 104:,. 1753.
Trees or shrubs, with serrate or entire pinnately veined or in some species 3 5-nerved
leaves, and polygamous or monoecious (rarely dioecious?) flowers, borne in the axils of
leaves of the season, the staniinate clustered, the fert-'.e siditary or 2-;, together. Calyx
4-6-partcd or of distinct sepals. I'ilanients erect, exsertcd. Ovary sessile. Stigmas 2, re-
curved or divergent, tonientose or plumo.se. I'ruit an ovoid or globose drupe, the exocarp
pulpy, the endocarp bony. Seed-coal membranous. Hnd)ryo curved. [Name ancient, used
by I'liny for an .African Lotus-tree.]
.\b()ut t)o spfcits. natives of liiniKialt- and tropical regions. licsiiUs tin- fcjllow inn. sonii- 3
others occur in the soiitlurn .uul southwestern parts of North .America.
Leaves sharply serrate, thin; ripe drupe 4" 5" in diameter.
Le.ives entire or nearly so, thick; drupe 2'i"-X' in diameter.
1. C. ii,( i(/i-)i/j/i\.
2. C. .lA/Av/.\(/'/)/);t;;v;t.
I. Celtis occidentalis L. HackbL-rry. Siij^ar-beny. (Hi^
I'l-llii iii\nl,-iili>li\ L. Sp. I'l. 1044. 17S.V
Cfllh f'iniiilii I'ursli, I'l. .\m. Sejit. 200. IM 4.
.A tree or shrub, attaining a maximum
height of about 125' and a trunk diameter
of g'^, the bark diirk ; nd rough, the twigs
glabrous. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
sharply serrate, mostly thin, acute or acumi-
nate at the apex, ineciuilateral and 3-nerved
at the base, pinnately veined, 1)2'-^' long,
1' 2'2' wiilc, glabrous above, jniljescent, at
least on the veins, beneath; staminate (lowers
numerous; ])i.stillale (lowers usually solitary,
slendcr-pcduncled; calyx -segments linear-
oblong, deciduous; drupe globose and pur-
ple, or nearly black w hen mature, or orange,
4"-5" in diameter, sometimes edible.
In dry soil, (Juebec to Manitoba, south to
Louisiana, North Carolina. Missouri and Kan
sas. Wood soft, weak, eiiarsetfrained; color
liKht yellow; weight per cubic foot (o lbs.
April May. I'ruit ripe .Sept. .\lso known as
Nettle tree and I'alse Ivlni.
i:l:m I amily. 5-7
2. Celtis Mississippiensis Rose. Southern I lackljurrv. t Imr. i2=^C\)
Cfllis ^f/ssissify/'iiiiu's liosc. Iiicl. Akiic, lo
A true, hiiiiilar to the jiri'Cfdiny s])fcies,
Init I'uiiiiiiouly smaller, llif bark lit;lit .U'^'y,
rouj;h anil warty. Leaves ovale or lanceo-
late, firm, sliininj;, entire or with a few low
sharp teeth, ."vnerved and prominently pin-
iiately veined, K'idirons on both sides, long-
acnminatc at the apex, inc(|iiilaleral and
ohtnsc or sometimes cordate at the base, l'
3' lonj;, 'j'-l'j' wide; pednncles mostly
shorter than those of the prccedinj^ sjiecies:
drupe ylobosc, pnrple-black, 2'j"-,V i"
diameter.
Ill dr\ -nil. Ninth Carolina tiismillurii lUi
iii>j~ .uiil ."SIi--iiuri, M>ulli l'> I'luricla mul Ti'.\,i>.
ri.ili.ilily inti.rHr.iiK^ with ( '. ■'< ,/i'<///.(//,i.
.\pril. l-'niil rijii' Julv .\uk.
I"aniil> 9. MORACEAE l.indl. W-. Kin,i;(l. 2(>(>. iS^j.
Mri.iii:uK\- I'amii.s'.
'I'l-CLS, slinilisor la-rlis, iimstlv willi milky sap, alttTiiati.' or opiiosiic jvlioled
stiinilate lfa\e-s, and small mnnnc-cioii.s nr dii)t.-cintis a xillarv clustered llowers, or
llie ])i-tillale (lowers .solitary in .some exotic t;ener.a. Calyx mostly 4-5-parted.
Petals none. Slaminale llowers panicled, s]iicale or cajntale, the .stamens as
many as the caly x-sc!;inents. l-'ilanients erect or inflexecl in tlie Inid. Pi.stillate
(lowers capitate, spicate or c\ niose. ()\ar\' sniierior, i -celled in oiir i^enera.
Ovnle solitarv, iiendnlous, anatroiv'iis. Styles 1 or 2. l'"ruit various. ICnihryo
slrai,L;hl, ciu'ved or spiral.
.MidUl .i.S MciK-ra and 1125 species, natives i,f temperate and Uopicat rep;icins.
i> /■'litis, thi' I'in, iif which there are uvcriHM known species.
Tn a - 01 >lir\itis: stipnUs rajjacious.
Slaminale and pislillale iIovmts sjiikcd: Uavis lU titatc or lobcd
Slaminale Itowi r- raciniosL- orsjiikcd; iiistillali c.iiMt.ile.
I'istillaU- iiirianlli deiply .) cUI'l: leaves eiilire.
ristillale iierianlh ; | loollud; leaves varions
I'!n el orluiiiiiiK lieilis; >liimles petsistelil.
'I'wiiiiiiK sines; |iistilliiie llouirs in amenl liki' clusters.
I'.uel lierli; jiislillale llouels siiicale.
The largest yetuis
1 .!/.■/ 7M,
2. y.M \/.'ii.
;. Ill ,>ll\S:>llllill .
I liiiiniln\
I \i mill his
I. MORUS I,. Sp. PI. vsh. 1;
OvV
Trees or shrubs, with milky sap, alternate deulaleaml often lobed, 3-nerved leaves, fu^a-
cious stipules, and small nionoecioiis or dioecious (lowers, in axillary anicnt-like spikes, the
pistillate sjiikcs ripening into a succulent ai,'i;re!;ate fruit. ,Staiuiuatc (lowers with a pparted
Iieriauth, its sej,'mcnts somewhat iudiric.ited, and .\ stamens, the filaments indexed in the
bud. strainhteniti.i,' and exserled in anthesis. Pistillate (lowers with a , (-parted persistent
])erianth, which becomes (leshy iu fruit, a sessile ovary, ami 2 linear s]ireadinx slijjmas.
I'rnitinj.,' jicrianth enclosing the riiieued ov.iry, the exocarp succulent, the enik>carp crusta-
ceous. Albmucu scanty; embryocurved. (The aucieul namcofthe mulberry; Celtic iiioi:]
.Vbout 10 siiecies. natives ot tin- noiUiem liemlslihete. Ilesiiles Hit I'ollov. im;. aiiollui occurs
ill tile southwestern I'nited .Stiles.
Leaves roli(tli above, imbesceiit beiicith: fruit purple; spikes 1' 1 '.' (oiii,., 1. M. 1 iihni
Leaves smooth .iiid ulabrous. or velv nearlvso. on both sides, I'ruil ne.uly while spikes 5" 7" h<\\\x.
J. .1/. (iHhi.
"it
34
52S
M()K.\Ci:.\Iv
I. Morus rubra 1,. Red .Mulhciry. ( Im«;. i257-)
.M,n IIS I lihiii I,. S]). rl. ',M..
A tree, attaiiiiiiji a tiiaxiiiiuiii height of
about 65° and a trunk dianictfr of 7', tlic
bark l)r(i\vu ami rou^li. Leaves ovale or
nearly orliieiilar in outline, seahrous above,
persistently pubescent beneath, or when
youn^ almost toiuentose, aeuuiinate at the
a])ex, rounded, truncate or cordate at the
base, serrate-dentate or 3 j-Iobed, ,i'-5'
loll),'; petioles slender, 7" iS" Iimj;; staini-
nate spikes droopinj^, i '•'.,' lonj,'; iiistillate
spikes sprcadiii.i; or pendulous in fruit, l'-
I '.' long, .\"-^" in diameter when mature,
slendcr-peduiicled, dark purple-red, deli-
cious.
In ricli <iiil, Wriiiiiut ami ()iU;irici In Miclii-
SiM\ and Siiutli Paknl.i, siiiitli tci I'loiida anil
Tixa'-. WimhI ■-lilt, wiak, iniiipait. ibnable;
rnlor li^;lil ycllnu: \vi iylil l>ii iiibii' I'mit ,■57
\\i^. April M:iy. I'niil ripe in .liinc.
'»:i>
2. Morus alba L. While Mullnrry
Motus iilba I.. Sp. I'l. i|Si). r/.^.i.
A small tree, sometimes 41 1 lii.^h ami with
a trunk ,v in diameter, the bark lij,dil .i;ray,
rouyh, the branches spreadinj,'. Leaves
ovate, thill, smooth, jjlabrons and somewhat
shining on both sides, acute or abruptly acu-
minate at tlu' apex, rounded, truncate or cor-
date at the base, varying from serr.ite to v.-iri-
ously lobcd, 2'-6' Uuig; petioles slender,
shorter tlmn the blades; staniinate spikes
slender, drooping, about 1' long; pistillate
spikes oblong or subglobose, drooping, ,s"-
7" long, X," in diiimeter .ind white or ])inkisli
when mature, not as succulent as those of
the preceding species.
Sp:uill^tly i—c.ipi il rinni culliv atiim. :\I;iiuf
and iint.iri.i tn I'loiida. IiUrniliiecd rnnii the
n!cl Wiiild 111! i'ltibuK silk\viMiii<. May. I'ruit
iipi- July .Vuk'.
I'ig. 125S.)
m
2. TOXYLON R;il'. Am. M..mli. Mag. 2: 1 i.s. i.Sj;.
I Mali.ik.x Nutt. Cicu. 2: 2;,;,. IMS, I
.\ tree, with milky sap, thick entire dark gri'i-n alternate jietioled piuuately veined
leaves, stout axillarv spines, caducous slipuli'S and ilioecions axillary llowcrs, the st.iminate
racemose, the ]iistillatc capitate. Stamiuatc (lowers with a .(-jKirted c.dyx, its segnuiit^ val-
vatc, and .( st.imens, tlu' fil.imeiits inllexed in the bud, slraightri ing and somcwh.it I'xseili'd
in anlhesis. I'islilhite Mowers with a .(-deft c;dyx enclosing the sessile ovary, and a lilil^rm
simple long-exscrted style, the calyces ln'coining llcsliy and cdargeil in fruit, deusily aggre-
gated into a large globular head. I'indosperm none; embr\o curveil. [Name (ireck, signi-
fying bow-wood. ]
A nrmiiiypic gtuiis (if the '^iiutli ccntr.il fnitrd Statis,
Mn.IU'.KKY I'AMII.V.
529
I. Toxylon pomiferum Raf. ( )sagu Oraii^f. (Kij;. i2,S9. )
'/'•nvlnii /iiiinif'i'i inn K:il'. Am. Mmitli. Min;. 2; luS.
IM7.
Mtuhir,! iiiii i]iiliiua Null. Cifii. 2: 2!,\. l.Si.s.
A tree with ridged brown bark, an<l spreading
branches; inaxiinuni height about 60', and trunk
diameter 2'j^; foliage i)ul)erulcnl when young,
glabrous when mature. Leaves ovate, ovate-
lanceolate or ovate-oblong, glossy, entire, •,'-(>'
loTig, apex acuminate, base obtuse, truncate or
subcordate; jjctioles ','2' long: axillary spines
straight, sometimes 3' long; staminate racemes
li'-i' long, usually numerous; flowers about i"
broad; head of ])istillatc (lowers pcduncled, ])en-
dulous, about i' in diameter, ripening into a hard
yellowish tnbercled syncarp 2'-6' in diameter.
In riili soil, MissDuri .iiid Kansiis tn Texas. Wood
hard, very sUouk. ili-nsi-, durabU-; color liri^lit oraiiife:
wciifln i»r cubic I'oot (.S 11)>. Much plaiUcd for
MiiIkis ami occasionally s])ontancous in llic ICasl.
May June. l'i\iit ripe Oct. -Nov.
3. BROUSSONETIA I.Ikr; Vent. Tabl. 3: 547. 1799.
Trees, with milky sap, the leaves alternate, pctiolcd, entire, .serrate, or 3 s-lobed, 3-
nerved at the base. I'lowcrs dioecious, the staminate in cylindric ament-Iike spikes, the
pistillate capitate. .Staminate llowers with a deeply 4-cleft perianth, ) stamens, and a mi-
nute rudimentary ovary. Pistillate (lowers with an ovoid or tubular 3 , (-toothed perianth, a
stalked ovary and a 2-cleft style. Head of fruit globular, the drupes red. exsertcd beyond
the persistent ])eri,inth. [Name in honor of liroussonct, ImcucIi naturalist.]
.\boiit .| ..peeio. uati\i-- of (altera .\si,i.
I. Broussonetia papyrifera ( L. ; Wiit.
PajK'!' Miilhcrrv. ( I'i^- i-<'o. )
Jfoi IIS /<(l/>ll i/,l,l I., .Sp. I'l. (K~<t>. I7.S.V
/!roiiss<iiii/i(i /tiifiri i/fi ii Vent. Tabl. 3; ,S4.s. lyo'j.
.\ small tree, sometimes .\n^ high, the young
shoots hirsute-toincntose. Leaves mostly ovale,
thin, long-petioled, serrate nearly all around,
often deeply 3-lobcd, sometimes with a lobe on
one side only, as in Siis.<(r/'rifi, rarely 5-lobed,
rough above, tomcntose beneath, 3'-N' long,
the sinuses rounded; petioles '2' 3' long, liir-
sutc-tomenlose, at least when young; spikes of
staminate (lowers 2'-3' long; pe<lunclc<l; heads
of pistillate llowers '/ i' in diameter, stout-
])eduuclcd. •^^
]{-capeil from i idliv.itioM. -oiUluiti \< w NUrk to
('■eor^ia and Mis-nuri. M;iy Jane.
i ' ;
4. HUMULUS L. Sp. PI. lo.^S. 1753.
Twining herbaceous percanial rough vines, with broad opposite thin petiolcd palmatcly
veined serrate 3 7-lobed or undivided leaves, lanceolate membranous jjcrsistent .stipules,
ami dioecious axillary flowers, tlu' staniinale panicled. the pistillate in ament-likc drooping
chisUrcd s))ikcs. .Staminate (lowers with ;i s-parted calyx, the segments distinct and ind)ri-
catcd, and ,s short erect stamens. I'istillate (lowers in 2's in the axil of each bract of the
anient, consisting of a membranous entire perianth, clasping the ovary, and 2 liliform cadu-
cous stigmas. iMuiling anicnls cone like, the persistent bracts subtending the compressed
ovate achcncs. Kndosperni tleshy. bjnbryo s])ir.ally coiled. | Name said to be the diminu-
tive of the Latin hiuniis, earth.]
Two speeii-, llu' followiiij; widely di'-lril)tiUd IhrouKli the noitli leini erale zone, the other
native of nottluM-tetn .\sia.
I. Humulus Lupulus L. Hoj),
lliniiiilits l.ii(:iilti\ \, Sp. I'l. hij>. 175V
A (k'xtrorsely Iwiiiiiij^ or iiroslralL- vine, oftfti 25°
loiij^, very rouj^li with stiirrcllcxiil liairs. I.cavcsor-
biculiiror ovate in outline, ^leiiderpetiolecl, ileejily
'- v* 3-;'-cleft or some of the upper ones ovate, aeute and
merely serrate; petioles '.•'-,'/ long; stii)ulcs rc-
llexed, ovate or lanceolate, acniniiiatc, 4"-i2"
lonj;; ])anicles of slaminatc llowers 2' ,s' long; ripe
pistillate clusters Miops 1 1 '-2 'j' lon^; fruiting bracts
broadly ovate, concave, thin, glabrous or nearly
so, obtuse, much longer than the achenes; fruiting
calyx and achene strongly resinous-aromatic.
In lliickits anil mi river bank?-. Nova Scntia In Man
itiilia. Miiitli til snutlurii New NUrU. I'ciiii-ylvania, in
tlu' .\1U ijliaiiii ~ 111 (K()iv;ia. tn Kaii-a-, and in tlu-
KncUy .M<i\iiilaiii> tci Aii/niia ami Ni u Mixicn. ICx
lcii>ivtly i—caiiid fmiii cuUivalicni Xali\i- al^c nf
Muinpi- and Asia July Auk I'rnit ripe .Sipl. (Id
5. CANNABIS L. Sp. PI. 1027. 175;,.
.■\ stout erect rough and puberulenl herb, with alternate and opposite petiolcd digitatcly
5-1 I -divided thin leaves, persistent subulate stipules, and greenish dioecious axillary (lowers,
the slaminate paniclcd, the pistillate spicatc. .Staniinatc tlowcrs with a 5-parted calyx, the
sepals distinct and imbricated, and 5 sliort stamens. Tislillatc llowers solitary in the axils
of foliaceons bracts, consisting of a thin entire calyx clas])ing the sessile ovary, and i fili-
form caducous stigmas. I'ruil a compressed acheuc. lCiido~perm lleshy; embryo curved.
[The classic name of hemp.] ;
.\ iiMnc>lyi)ic (;iiius 111' cciUral .\>ia.
I. Cannabis sativa I,. Ikinp.
( \'\'^. ijdj. ;
i'iiiiiuibis iali.ii \, ,S]). I'l. li>-'7- l7.S,i.
An annual branching herb, 3 - 10 tall, the inner
fibrous liark very tough, the branches nearly erect.
Leaves divided to the base, the segments lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends,
sharply and coarsely seriate, .^'-6' long, '^ '-i ' wide;
stamin.itc panicles narrow, loose, peduneled, ,V-,S'
long; pedicels filiform, bracteolatc, 1"-,;" long;
pistillate spikes erect, leafy-bracted, l' long or less
in fruit; achene crustaceous, ovoid-oblong, about
2" high.
In \v,ist( jilaces. Ni w lininsvviek to < Hitario and
Mtiiiu-^ot,i, -oiitli to Noiili Carolina. 'I'eiiiu s-re and
Kansas Widely (iislributed in all t> niiieiate nyioiis
tlilcaiyli eiiltiv.ilioii, and <iceasionally a tronbli sniiie
wteil. Native of luirope .iiiil .\sia July ,Sept
\ J v/ --
1'
2
"3
I'aiiiily 10. URTICACEAE RticlKiili. Coii.si). .S3. 1S2N.
Ni.Tir.i; I'.xMii.v.
Ik-rlis 'some li()i)ic:il s])i.-cie's slirtili.s or livc-.s), with watcrv sap, alteTiiatc or
oliliositc iiiosllv- sti])iilate' simiik- Itaxtis, and small orcciiisli diocciotis, moiioc-
ciotis or ])()l\g,aiiioiis tlowcrs, \arioiisl_\- chislc-rcd. Calvx 2-5-ck'ft, or of distinct
sejials. IV'lals none. vSlamens in the .slaminatc tlowcrs as man.v as the lobes
or ,scg;nicnls of the calyx (sepals) and opposite them, the tllanients inllexed ;'nd
anthers reversed in the laid, straig;hteniii<;;it anthesis. Ovary sii])erior, 1 -celled;
stvlc simjile; stigma cajntate and peliicillate, or (ilil'orni; ovule solitary, erect or
asccndin.i;, ortliotropoiis, or in .•some gener,i parth' amphitro])ons. l-'niil an
aclicnc. l''ndosperm oil\ , tistialh' not copious; emhrvd straight.
.Mioiit -|o liciiera and 175 sjieeies of wide yeo^fraphie ili-.tribiitioa
NiriTi.i': i\Mii,v.
.-i.i'
III il)^ willi ^liiiKiiiK liiiir-,
I.iavts iii>]iiisili'; bnili kiti<l- of ll(p\vfr-i .) iiarti'd; aclutu' straiulit.
Leaves alUriiati ; stamitiati tlmviis 5-))aitiil: arlu lu- nl)lii|iu-.
llirlis witlidul stitiuini; l\aii--.
I'l'ivvir eUi-tir-- |iaiiii.U(1 nr r;])ike<l. not iii\ nhuratc; liavi-s iiio-lly
I'islillau calyx vparud or of ^ Mpal-.
Pistillate ealyx j j-tootlud or entire.
I'lower clusters involiierate liv U-ai'v '.irarls, leaves alternate.
.ppositi-.
I I /ii lis/ 1 inn.
.l./i.r.i.
/Ii<('liiii(i ill.
Pill ii/'ii ill.
I. URTICA L. Sp. IM. 9S;,. 1753.
Annual or jiertMinial siiii]ile or braiieliinj.; IiltIjs, with stin.t;in}4 liairs, ojipositc ^-7-
nerveil ])ft.ii'U'il ileiilatc or incised leaves, and ilistinct or connate stiptilcs. I'louers very
small and niiinerous, aNillary, cvinose- paniculate, or glomerate, dioecious, monoecious or an-
drogynous. Staminatc (lowers with a dee))ly .)-partL'd calyx and 4 stamens, ristillatc
calvx .|-i)arted, the segments unc(iual, the exterior ones usually smaller than the inner;
ovary straight; sti.yina sessile or nearly so; ovide erect, ortl;f)tropous. Achene compressed,
ovate or ohlonj.!, enclosed liv the persistent memliranoiis or sliL;htIy Ikshy caly.x. Seed-
coat thin; endosi)erm little; cotyledons liroad. (The ancien' Latin n.inie.]
,\lioUt \ii specie-, ol' wide ;;eo^,'r.•lpllic 1 list ri lull ion.
Perennials. .> " 7 tall; llower cUisters lar^e. eonipoinid.
Leaves ovate. eor<late at base.
Leavis laeiiiiate, rarely eoiilate.
.\nniial-. '>' 2' l.ill; llouei elii-ters sin.ill. mostly glomerate.
Leaves oval, laeini.ite dentate: jjlaiil leal'y at tile toji.
Liaves ovi.te or laiieeolate, eri iiate iipjiir leave-. \ < ry -mail.
\
I. Urtica dioica L. Sliii.oin.i.; or (Itxal
Xctlk'. ( Imo. i2(),v )
I'lliiii ilioiiii L. Sji. I'l. i,>\. \-^,\.
rerennial, densely beset with stin.!.;inj; hairs,
stem rather stout, 2°--X' tall. ])uherulent above.
Leaves thin, ovate, lon^-])etioleil. .acute or acu-
minate at the apex, eord.itc at the base, sh.irply
or incisely serrate with tri.invjular or lanceolate
acute teeth, pubescent bene.ilh, ,v .--nerved, .^'-
,S' lonji, l' 3' wide; petioles very slender, shorter
than the blades; stipules lanceolate; llower-
clustcrs Iar>;e, cotn]ioiind, cyinose ]ianicidate;
flowers dioecious or androt^ynoiis.
Ill waste places, Ni>va Seolia lo ( )Mtai io and Mill
lu-ota, s.)\itli to Soutli Carolina and Mi--oiiri.
.\alur.ili/eil I'roiii luiiopc. Native al-o of A-i.i.
I'laiit lowir. -toiUer ,in<l iiuicli more -tiiiyiiiii than
till- following species. July Sept.
2. Urtica gracilis Ait. Slciukr XlIIIl'.
I Flo-. I .-(.4. )
/ I 1 Hill ^iiii ilis .\\\.. llort. Ken. 3;.;ii, 17811.
Terennial, sparingly arnieil with stin!.;in,i.(
h.-iirs. stem usuallv slender, erect, simple or with
few erect branches, 2 7 tall. Leaves lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate, slender-petioled, long-
acuminate at the apex, narrowed or sometimes
rounded at the base ' rarely suhcordate), sharply
serrate, i-5-nerved, s])arin).;ly pubescent, ;,'-6'
l->iiK. 'i'-^h' wide; petioles shorter than the
blades, usually bristly; stipules lanceolate;
llower-elusters compound, smaller than those of
the prccedinj.; species, but commonly longerthan
the petioles; flowers dioecious or androgynous.
In dry soil. Xova Scotia to Hritisli Columbia,
south to North Carolina. Louisiana and Kansas.
Iiiiie-Oet.
53^
IRTICACHAI'
3. Urtica urens U. Small Ncltlc. ( Imk- i-^'.s)
I'lliiti mills I,. Sp. \'\ i)'^). 175,!
Aniuiiil, stum ralher stout, 6'-i.S' liij^li,
asciiiiliii.i; or ert'ct, it and its slender
lirani'lics stinj^in^f-hristly. I.tavi's tliin,
j^lahrousor viry marly so, c]li))lic, ov.d or
ovate in outline, deeply iucisi-d or some-
times doubly serrate, with acute, ascend-
ing or sjireadinK teeth, ;,-,S-ncrved, ob-
tuse at both ends, or acutisli, i'-,^' lonj;,
slendcr-petiolcd; petioles often .as lonj; as
the blades; sli])ules short; llowcr-chisters
oblonj;, rather dense, mostly shorter than
the petioles; llowers androj^ynous.
In waste pliiei -i. Newrumiillatul to nmtlieni
New Viivk, Ni w Jerst y and llnrida. .\1mi
nil tile raeific Coiist, Natur.ili/eil 1111111 \',\\
rii)n-. May Sejjt.
4. Urtica chamaedryoides I'msli. Weak Xittk-. ( Imk. i26ri. )
I I lit
lIlilllHIl
iiyi'iiii-s I'lirsli, 1-1. Am Sept.
Annual, siiarin^ly stinj^iiiK-brislly but
otherwise nearly or (juitc j;labrous, stem very
slender, weak, ascending, simple or branched,
6' _V' lonjj;. Leaves slender-petioled, thin,
crenate-dentate, the lower broadly ovate or
orbicular, obtuse at the apex and usually cor-
date at the base, '.'-i!::' wide, the upper
ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the
apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, the
uppermost very small; stipules lanceolate-
sul)ulate; flower-clusters small, glomerate,
shorter than the petioles; flowers androgy-
nous.
Ill tliickets. Kiiituoky to .\rk.iiisas
(iiori;ia and Te.xas. April-.Vun.
>utli to
2. URTICASTRUM Fain-. I'lium. 204. 1759.
I I<.\i'ouTi:.\ Oaud. in I'reyc. \'oy. Hot. 49S. 1S26. |
Terennial herbs, armed with stinginj.; hairs, the leaves broad, alternate, scrr.ate, pctiolcd,
the llowers monoecious or dioecious, sessile in loose axillary compound cymes. Staniinate
flowers in our species with ,s imbricated sepals, ,s stamens and a rudimentary ovary. Pistil-
late flowers with 4 une<iual sepals, the outer i or 2 minute, an obli<iuc or nearly strai^dit com-
pressed ovary and a subulate slender persistent style; ovule erect, .\cherie very obli(|ue,
flat, rcflexed. Seed-coat membranous. Kndosperm scanty or wantiuj;. [I-atin, star nettle.]
About 2,5 species, mostly of tropical ilistribution, only the foUowiiiK North .\inericaii.
NliTTM', I'AMII.V.
533
mill ti)
^
I. Urticastrum divaricatum ( L. ) Kunt/.c.
Wood Xcltk-. ( Kii;. i 267. )
t'llicii cliviii iiiihi I,. Sp. I'l. <|S,. I75.t.
I.npoili-ii ( '.(».n/('//v/v tiaiul. in I'n yi'. \'iiy. lint. (ciS. i.S2fi. -
t I li(iisl) inn i/iriii ii(i/iii)i Kutilzf, Ki v. tUii. I'l. d.vs.
iS.il.
Stem rather cslout, erect or ;isci'ii(liiij{, i,'."-)^ tall. -
Leaves thin, ovate, l()ii)j;-petiole(l, aciiiiiinate or acute '
at the apex, sharply senate, v'lerved anil innnatcly
veineil, glabrous or with some stin>,'iiij; hairs, ;,' 7'
long, 2' 5' wide; petioles very slender. 1 '.' 5' lotiKI
stipule solitary, small, lanceolate, 2cleft, commonly
deciduous; llower-chisters larj;e and loose, often
lonjjer than the petioles, llie lower staminate, the
upper pistillate, diverj^ent, 2' fi' hroad in fruit; ulti-
mate branches of the fruitinj^; clusters flat, cuneate,
eiiuirj;inate; acheue twice as lonj; .is the calyx, gla-
hrous, I '." lonj;.
In rich w Is, Nnv.i Scotia lu ( Intarin and Miiuusnta.
south tci I'lorida and Kansas. .\sccnd>- In .;c««i ft. in llu
.\ilinindacks. July .Anp;.
iSi.S.
3. ADICEA Kaf. Aim. Nat. 179.
|rii,i;.\ I.indl. Coll. /)/. /. iSji.]
Annual or perennial, glabrous or pubescent stingless herbs, with opposite petioled
mostly ;,nervcd leaves, connate stipules, and small numerous monoecious or dioecious flow-
ers in axillary cymose or glomerate clusters. Staminate (lowers mostly 4-parted (sometimes
2- or 3-parted) and with a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers ^-parted, the segtnents in
most sjjecies nneiiual, each sid)tending a staminodium in the form of a concave scale; ovary
str.iighl; stigma sessile, pedicillatc. Achene compressed, ovate or suborbicnlar. Seed-coat
thin. Ivndospcrm scanty or none. [Name unexplained.]
.Miiiut i.so species, chiilly in the Impirs, nio-~l abundant in tropical .\nurica. licsides the fob
lowinsji another occurs in the snutlicni Initcd Stall s.
I. Adicea pumila ( L. ) Raf. Ckanveed.
Riclnvted. ( Fis. i26cS.)
/'i /ii,j fiiiii/i/ii I.. Sp. ri. (jS(. i;
.ti/itiii />iniii/ti Kaf. ; Torr I'l. N,
nyin. iS);.
nira piiniilii \. Cray. Man. 4,57.
V. 2; :
i8.(S
Annual, stems pellucid, erect, usually branched,
glabrous, succulent, 6'-2° high. Leaves mem-
branous, ovate, slender-petioled, acuminate or
acute at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base.
3-nerved, coarsely dentate, i'-,=i' long, sparingly
pubescent with scattered hairs; petioles often as
long as the blades and much longer than the pis-
tillate flower-clusters; sepals of the pistillate
flowers lanceolate, nearly eipial; achene ovate,
acute, '." long.
In swampy, shaded situations, often on old logs,
Xiw lUunswick to western Dnlario and Minnesota,
siiulh to I-'Iorida, Louisiana .and Kansas, .\scendsto
icioo It. in Virtfini.'i. .\lsu in Japan. July-.Sept.
4. BOEHMERIA Jacq. Stirp. Am. 246. />/. /jj. 1763.
rerennial slingless herbs (some tropical species shrubs or even trees), with opposite or
alternnte petioled 3-nerved leaves, distinct or connate stipules, and small monoecious or dioe-
cious flowers, glomerate in axillary spikes or heads, the fertile clusters sometimes leafy at
the summit. Staminate flowers mostly 4-])arted or the calyx of 4 distinct sepals, usually
with a rudimentary ovary. I'istill.itc calyx tubular or urn-shaped, 2-4toothed or entire, en-
closing the scs.sile or stalked ovary; stigma subulate, papillose or pubescent along one side.
Achene enclosed by the withering-persistent pistillate calyx. [In honor of Georg Rudolph
Hoehmer, 1723-1S03, I'rofessor in Wittenberg.]
.\bout 5u species, mostly natives of tropical regions, the foUowini; of eastern North America.
^'^k
334
t inKAci'Ai;
I. Boehmeria cylindrica i L. < Willd.
/■///,.; I i////r/w,i; I. Sp ri. 1 VI'' irii.
/i'.i<7/h;. //,; I |7///, ///..• Willil. Sp I'l 4 !pi, i-n^;
A ptTiMinial rounh ])iilifsi'fMt or nearly siiiddUi
ami ulaliroiis I'rcct liratichiiiK lifrl), 1 ;, tail.
Sli'iii slilf; k-avfs (iv.iti-. ovalc-dbliinv; or <)\.ilL'-laii-
icolatf, lliiii, slcii(l(i-]ii-li()li'il, (i|)i)(p-.itc. or -ionic al-
tt-riiali-, coarsely (liiilaU', 1' 5' loii),', '..' i'..'\viilc;
IH-tioU'S sliorti'r than llic lilados; slijiiiU'S laiu-eo-
Iati'-s\iliulali'. ilistinct; llowi < -iliofcioiisor anilroj,'y-
nons; staniinalo spikis usually inti'rruptfil, llic pis-
tillate mostly I'ontinuous, \' \';' lonj,'; aclifiie
ovate-oval, ai-nti', ratlu-r less than i" Imiji.
In mcii-l ~iiil. (Jmlui- .ui<l (HUaii.' lo Mnuu-ol.i.
-nUtll tn I'lntiila .itlil KilM-a-i, Inly S( (il
Boehmeria cylindrica scdbra I'lirtir. Hull Tuvi Clul'.
16 2\. I>S,).
I.iavis firiii. iiiukIi almvi-. toinnildsi- hiiiralli, -linrt-
|)tt>iik(l (IV marly x-^-ilv, usually nlUxiil; Iruilinvf
spikts nnii'li Imiui r Ui.iti tin- iivtinU •- IV nii^yh aula.
Niw Jvrsiy, and -^nullu rii Niw Vurk,
5. PARIETARIA L. Sj.. I'l. 1..5-'. 175;,.
Annua! or iicrtMitiial stini;lcss ililfuso or iTifl licrlis. with altirnalc entire ;,-nervcil per-
tiolvil k-avfS, no sti]niles. ami axill.irv glomerate ]> ilynaniou-; llowvrs, involucrate liy leafy
liracts. Calyx of the staminatc llmvers l-parteil or of ( 'rarely ^ ilistincl sepals. I'ertilc
tlowers with a tubular or <'auii)auulate .(-lohcil calyx iuvestinj; the ovary, a short or slender
style, and .1 iienicillatc stij.;uia. .\chene enclosed liy the \vithcrini.i-persi-,tent pistillate
calyx. [Ancient I.atiu, referring; to the j,'ro\vtli of some species on walls. |
Abnut 7 -pi cies, widilv di-lribuled: In ~idrs ilu- I'MlLiuin;;, annther ucctir- in tlie -outluin
rnitid Stale-.
1. Parietaria Pennsylvanica Miihl.
IViiiisvKaiiia IVlIiliirw ( I'"iir. ij-n. )
/',iiii/iiiia jyiimyl: iiiiii'i Mnlil.: Willil, Sp. I'l 4:
055. iSoCi.
Annual, imliesceut, stem weak. sini])Ic or spar-
\\\)^\\- branched, .isccndinj; or recliniuj.;, very slen-
iler, 4'-i5' loiij;. I.,eaves lanceolate or oblonj;-
lauceolate, meml)ranous, tlotteil. acuminate at the
apex, narrowed at the base, ^-nerved and with i-_^
pairs of w eaker veins above, slender-petii ileil, I ' - ;/
lonj;, V' '.:' wide; petioles % ' 1 ' lout;, almost lili-
forni; tlowers ).;lomcr,ite in all exce]il the lowist
axils, the clusters shorter than the jieliolcs; bracts
of the iiiv(ducre linear, j 5 limes as l(>n>{ as the
flowers; style almost none; aclicne about 'j"lonK-
I Hi dry nicks aiwl bank-. ( )iitario to Hrilisli (Jiiluin-
bi.i, -.mill to I'lorid.i. Colorado and Mexico. Jiiiu .\iij;
1S25.
Family ii. LORANTHACEAE I). Don, I'loilr. I'l. Xc'iul. i |:
.MlSTI.i:Tni: I-\.MII,N-.
Parasitic .^rceii >hnil)s or licrbs, ctmtaiiiitiy; ehli)niiili>ll, .i^rowiti.i^ on wondy
plants ami ahsorliinj.; I'mal t'foin their sap llinitioli spL'ci;ili/L-(l rnols c;ill(.(l liatis-
toria (a few tropical .sjiccics terrestrial). lA'a\es in llie followino; oeiiera oi)po-
site, in /ur.oiiiiio/skvd redticed tf) ojiposite scales. Flowers rejj^nlar, terniinal or
axillar>\ clustered or solilar\', dioecious or nioiioecions, and i)eriantli siin])le, or
in .some exotic >;ener;i perfei't, and with ])erianth of both calyx and corolla.
Cahx-tnhe adnate to theo\-ar>-, its iinil) entire, toothed or lohed. .Stamens 2-6;
anthers 2-celled or coiilltieiitly i -celled. Ovary solitary, erect; style simple or
none; stio:ma terminal, undivided, obtuse. I"'rnit a berry. Seed solitary, its
te.sta indistinj.(nishable from the endosperm, which is tistially copious and fleshy;
cmbrvo terete or anolcd.
MISTI.l-Toi; lAMII.V.
535
All., Ill ji uiinri 1111(1 ^ ■ 1 -pt liis, wiilcly (li^tiiliiilcil ; iiici-.t .il.uiid.iTil in tin|,ii;il n^jicnis.
,i\(.. -ciU like, iiiiitcil ill llic liasf: antliiTs in Hid. hrrrv )mliiiuli il 1 A'./ :.'//"/"/V/ r,f.
.IMS ihitk, ll;U; .iiitlu rs ?iilUil; Ikitv sessile -' I'lioi ,uliii,li on.
I. RAZOUMOFSKYA llnlTiu. Unit. M..m|. iSoS.
I \Kii rTiiiiiiiiM Hid). 11. T:iur. 3: 'iJ<». iSni-l
Stii.ill (ir Miimiti- lU'sliy Hliilirous ])l:iiiH, p.irasitic oil tlif liranclies of cmiifcrous trees,
tliiir liniiii'lics i-iiii,'K(l, and k-avi-s n-ihu'Cil to olipositu i-oniiatc scalt'S. I'lowrrs clioci-ious,
not hraitcil, solitai ■ or sevoral tonutlicr in the axils of the scak-s. Statninate llowers with a
2 S-l>arte<lc-alyx ami usually an C(iual uuiiihor of sliiuciis, the anthers sessile on the sc>,'-
nieuts. ristillate llowcrs with the ovary adnatc to the lulie of the eal\x, the ealy\-liiiil> 2-
parted. Hisk iireseul in both kinds of (lowers. licrry (leshy, ovoid, more <ir less flattened,
home on ,1 short soniewliat recurved pedunele. Ivtnhryo enclosed in the copious endosperm.
[Ill honor of .\le\is K i/ouniofski, Russian liotaiiist. |
Ahoiil 1.1 siueiis, Hesidrs tile l,ill. nviin;. 7 •>! « ullu is iHiur ill wi^U 1 n Ndtli .\mi lien ami
Mexico. 2 ill ICur'ipe and .\sia.
I. Razoumofskya pusilla ( IVrk i Kmit/i.-.
Small .MiNllctdc. ( Im.h. 1271. i
.Il iiii//i'i/iitiiii ^11 U//11 III I'leU, Kip. N V. .Slate .Mil-.
2,s: t».i. |S7,v
.■\iiiiilliohiiiin iiiiiiiilinii l^nir.lm Hull. Tciri. L'liih, 2:
IV Willlout deseriptinii. is-|.
A',i:iiiiiil>i/U 1,1 luiullii Klillt/.i\ Ke\, (mii. I'l. ,ss-, is,,!
I'lant inconspicuous, stems 2"-iii" lonj,', lU'arly te-
rete when fresh, somewhat 4-aii>;led when dry, sim-
ple or s|).irin};ly liranclied, j,'reenish-hrown, slender.
Sc;iles sutiorliicular, ajipresseil, olitiise. about 'j"
wide, connate at the base; flowers slrictl\' dioecious
illie stamiiiate and pistillate plants sometimes on dif-
ferent trees), solitary in most of the axils, lon),'er
than the scales; berry ovoid-oblonj,', acute. ;ibout 1"
lou^, iioddiiiK "u a sli>;litly exserted jieduncle; secils
enclosed in a viscid mucus.
I 111 tulys 111
Vi.rk and 111. 1
-pillces. N\\v Haiii|)s|iiie. iiotlhrin New
iiemi'i M liimi III' reiiii-ylv.mia. .June.
2. PHORADENDRON Xmt. Jotini. Aiad. IMiila. ( II. ) i: 1S5. 1S47-50.
.Shrubs, parasitic ou trees, with opposite coriaceous flat entire or undulate faintly nerved
leaves, terete usually Jointed and lirittle twij,'s, and dioecious axillary spicate bracted small
flowers, solitaryorscvcr.il in the axil of each bract. .Slaniiuate flowers with a;i-l'>'>cd rarely
2 t-lobed 1 globose or ovoid calyx, bearing .1 sessile transversely 2-celled anther at the base of
each lobe. Pistillate (lowers with a similar calyx adiiale to the ovoid inferior ovary. Style
short, obtuse or capitate. I'rnit a sessile ovoid or globose fleshy berry. ICiidosperm copious,
[(".reek, tree-thief, from its parasitic habit. |
About
species, all .\nu-ricaii. lU-ides the folluwiiii;.
iirfinlliers ncciii in tin- WesU in Stale
I. Phoradendron flavescens ( I'lirsh )
Xiitl. .\niL-rican Mi.sllctoe. ( l-'ig. 1272.)
I'isiinii //,/rv.v,-,;;v Puish, l-'l. Am. Sept. 1 1 ). 1S14.
I'lioiiiili'iiilroii tiavisaiis Xutl.; A. Cray, Man. ICd.
A branching glabrous or slightly pubescent
shrub, the twigs rather stout, terete, brittle at
the base. Leaves oblong or obovate, rounded
at the apex, narrowed into short petioles, 3-5-
nervcd, entire, i'-2' long, ,s"-io" wide, dark
green, coriaceous; petioles !"-4" long; spikes
.solitary, or 2 or 3 together in the axils, linear,
shorter than the leaves; berry globose, white,
about 2" in diameter
I'.irasilie on diciihinus leaved trees, imtalily 011
the Tupelo and Ked Maple, central New Jersey to
Ohio. Iiuliana and Missouri, smitli to I'lorida and
Texas. May-July.
5.V'
SANT.M.ACI-.AI'
I Nuit.
I'aiiiilv ij. SANTALACEAE K, Hi. I'lodr. l-l. X..v. II. .11. i: ■>,:,,,. iSm.
Sandalwood 1' a mils'.
Ikrlis or >linil>^ ( >oiiic ixolk- >;;fniT;i iR-i's i, willi altiTiialc or o])|io>itf (.•iilirc
tx^tipulati' kavi>. l*'lo\vt.M> ilu>tfri'(l or solitary, axillary or tcriiiiiial, ])trri.vt,
iiioiioi-iiotis or (lio».cioii>, iiio>ll\ );ri(.'iii>li. Cal> x adii.itc to tjic l.ax.- ol' the
ovary, or to tin.' <lisk, ,v ''-I' •'>*.• 1. lla- lolic^ vah.itf. lVtal> iioiic. Slamcii- a-
maiiv as till' (.-alys-loliis and iiiNcrti'd mar their liaMs, or opiMoitc tlaiii \\\m>u
till.' iolii.ll or aiimilar disk: lilaiiU'iUs skiidcr or sliort. (Kar> i-ci'lkMl: o\ idcs
2-4, pciidiiloiis from the stmmiit of tlic central placenta: >tyle cylin<lric. conic
or sometimes none; sti>;ma cajjitati'. I''rnit a drupe or nut. Seed i , o\did
or k'" >'"'><■■• Testa none; endo>|)irm eopiou.s, lle>li> : emhryo >mall, apical.
.\tiiiul .'■> Kiiui.i anil .'.vi >i)i rits. itidsily <>{ tropii'iil (li-nilinti.iii. a li u in tin ti ni|KiaU /iims.
I'ritniiial lurti- 11ii\mi>. pi rlirt. i'viuum' (ir ^ulitary. i, I'l'iihtiulni.
•Sliiiili; lliwif. inipi III Tl nii)-.lly i(itpiiiiiii>. ranniiiM-. i I'yi iiUii ia.
X. COMANDRA Nntt. (kn. i: 157. iSiS.
(»lal)roiis fffi-t pcriiiiiial liirlis, sumc (or all •■) parasilif mi mots dl nilur jilants. Leaves
altiriialc, (iMoiij;, oval, liinccolate or linear, entire, jiinnately veined. I'lowers pcrleit, ter-
minal or axillary, rarely solitary, tyniose, hraelless. Calyx eanipanulate, the liase of its
tiil)e adnale to the ovary, its litnli .s-lohed (rarely .(-lohcd i. Stamens ,s, or rarely 4, inserted
at the bases of the calyx-lolies and lielwecn the lolies of tile disk, attai'lied to the middle of
the lolies liy tnfts of hairs. .Vnthcrs ovate, 2-celled. I'rnil dru|)aee(iiis, j-loliose or ovoid,
crowned by the persistent ealyx. [Creek, rcfcrrinjj to the hairy attachiiieiits of the anthers.]
iMiiir known >iici.ii>. llic following Noilli .\inriii.Mii. one lairoiivaii
Cyiiiis iiinsily iiMynilMiM iln-ti n cl at tin ■.iiininit of tin -iitn; Kavr- aiiiti . Ms-iU ; slyU -U iicUr.
Leaves iiiiloiiv;, pali yrciti, fi nit k'oIio-i- urn >lia|)r(l 1 C' iniili, IliUa.
I.i aves lanei iilati- or iitaar. ttlaiii-oiis; I'riiil ovoid 2 C. iMttlhtn.
I'liliincUs few, axillary; U avis ova!, olitlisi. slioit petiolid; slyli -liort .V ( '. tividii
I. Comandra umbellata 1 L.
Ikistanl Toad-llax. 1 l-'io. i
I'lliwiiiiil Kill III I hi I II III I, Sp \'\ .M» 17SV
Ciiiii,iii,/iii iiiii'ulUii,! Nnit. (kti, :: 157 'iS|S
^^,_^ ,, . , , , Stem slender, very leafy, iisnally liranehc.l, ()' iS'
f^^N^. 'y ^Y,. \ f *•""■ '''^''^■'''* ohloiij; or ohloiiji-laiiceolate, pale
Hreen, acute or suhacute at l>otli ends, sessile, as-
ceiidin)^, 'j '-i'4' loiiji. the lower smaller; cymes
several-llowercd, coryniliose at the simimit of the
plant or also axillary; (leduiicUs filifoim, '^'-i'
lon)^; pedicels very short; cal\x Hffeiiish-whitc or
inirplisli, ahout 2"liiKli; style slender; drupe j.;!"'-
hose, 2'."-;," in clianietcr, crowned hy the up])er
jiart of the c.ilyxtuhe and its 5 oMoiix lobes.
Ill dry til lil> and ihickits. Cape Union Nl.iiid to Oii-
latio and lirilisli Columbia. >oiitli to CiorKia, .Vti/oiia
and California. .Vjiril Julv
2. Comandra pallida A. DC. I'alc
Comandra. t Imi^. IJ74. )
CoiiKinili ii fidllida \. PC. I'rodr. 14: »'iV'. '"".sr-
Similar to the jireccdiiij^ species but p.iler and
j^laucous, usually much branched, the leaves nar-
rower, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or the low-
est and those of the stem oblonjjelliptic; cymes
few several- (lowered, eoryinbose-clustered at the
summit; peduncles usually short; pedicels about 1"
loiij,;; calyx purjilish, about 2" liiKh; fruit ovoid-
obhiiif;, ,^"-4" hiKh and 2"-2'j" in diameter,
crowned by the short upper part of the cal\ x-lube
and its 5 oblong lobe?
Ill dry soil. -Maiiiloli.i to llrilisli Colunibia, vonlh to
Minnesota, Kansas. '1\ xas. New Mexico ami Caliloriiia
Aiiril July
SANDAI.WdOli I'AMII.V
^"
Comandra livida Kuliar(l>. Ni)itln.iii
C'liiiaiidiM. I Imk. I -7,S-)
. .--' I'.iiihiih/iii /i:ii/<i KitlMiiK A]!)! I'lMtik Juiuii
•,u
Slfiii sli'iiilt-r, usually i|uilc siiniilc, I'-ii' IiIkIi.
Leaves o\nl, thin. dhtUHC or roumlpil at the api'v,
iiarniwed at tht hast-, slii)it-pcti<>lc<l, '.. '-i' lou^,
,'+'- 'j' wide; petioles i" 2"1oiik; cymes a\illar\,
few fofteii only i to each ))laiit;, i -,s-tl"\vcrcil; ])c-
lUincle shorter than its subtenciinK leaf, filiform;
flowers sessile; style very slioil; di upe nlohose-oli-
lon^'. ahoiil ;\" in diameter, red, edililc, crowned by
the ovate cal\ \-lolies.
In inoi^t soil, Ni wfnundlatut to IIud~on Hay and
tlif Niirlhwist 'ftrritdiy. suiitli l^ \'< ininiu. (Hiiario,
.MiiliiK.in and Itrili^li (.ulinnliia. JniU' Jnl>.
2. PYRULARIA Midix. I"l. Bor. Am. 2: 2;,i. is,,v
A hranchinj; shrub > the Asiatic sjtecies Ireesi, with thin alternate pinnalelyveined en-
tire shortpctiolcd deciduous leaves, and dioecious or jiolyganions sni.ill Krcenish racemose
flowers. Staininate flowers with a canijianidate ;, -5-clefl calyx, the lobes valvate, recurved
or spreading. I>nbcsccnt at tin- base within; disk of ;, 5 distinct ^jlands or scales; .stamens
4 or 5, inserted between tlu' glands and opposite the calyx-lobes; filaments short; anthers
ovate. I'istill.ilc and perfect flowers with a toi)-shaped calyx adnatc to the obovoiil ovary;
style short, stout; slijjma capitate, (le|ircs^ed. I'ruit a pear-shalied or oval drujie, the enilo-
carp thin and endosperm of the seed very oily. [Name from Pyriis, the pear, from the
similar shape of the fruit. ]
.\'-iattc
■fluce -iiicies, tfic loUnwiMy .iiid twi
I. Pyrularia pubera Miclis.
HtilTalo-tiiU. I I'i'i. iJTf'
Oil-mil.
I'yi \(huiii fiiihiia Mielw. I'l, Tut. Am. 2: 2.',;,. ini^,
J/iiiiiilh'iiiii olt-il'eia Mulil.; Willil. Sp. I'l, 4: 11. '.i.
1S.1.S.
jyniliii ill iild/ri,! .\. Cray. Man, VA. ?. .^s^. iSss.
A straj,'Klinj.( or erect much branched shrub, ,^°-
15° tall, with terete twigs, the youiiK foliaj^e pulies-
cent. Leaves oblon;.;, oblonu-laiiceolate or some-
what obovate, nearly glabrous w hen nnitnrc, acute
or acuminate at both ends, },'-•,' lon>,', .S"-i'i'
wide; jietioles 2"-.)" lonj;; racemes terminatiuj;
short branches, the staminale maiiy-flnwered, \'-
2' lonu, the pistillate few-flowered and shorter;
jiediecls slender, i,'."-2" Ion;;; staininate flowers
about 2" broad; calyx ;v 5-clefl; driqie about 1'
lonj{, crowned by the ovate acute calyx-lobes.
In ricli wniids. siiutlu-rn l'iiin~ylv.iiiia td Ciiniyia.
niusily in tin- niontUain-, M:i\ , I'uiit tiin .\\iii, Scipl.
Faiiiilv i,v ARISTOLOCHIACEAE lUtiiiif, lumiii. I'l
HlUTllWIIKT I'AMll.V.
Herl)s or shnil>s, acaiik^cvm , or with creel or Iwiiiitis and leafy sleiiis.
Lea\es alternate or l)as;il, ])etiok-(l. mostly eordate or reiiiform, exstiinilale.
Flowers axillary or lermiiial, solitary or eliistered, perfect, mostly lar>;e, regular
or irreoidar. CalvN-ttihe adiiate to the ovary, its limh :,-l<'l>ed, 6-lol)ed or irreg-
ular. Petals none. Stamens fi-many, inserted on the pistil, the anthers 2-celled,
exlrorse, their sacs lonj^itudinally dehiscent. Ovary wholly or partly inferior,
mo.stlv 6-celled; ovules numerous in each cavity, anatropons, horizontal or pen-
dulous. I-rnit a many-seeded mostly f.-celled capsule. .Seeds ovoid or ol)loni,^
angled or compressed, the testa crnstaceous, smooth or wrinkled, usually with a
fle.shy or dilated raphe; endosperm copious, fleshy; einli'yo minute.
Jav. l: Si. 1S30.
.V"^
ARISToI.oCHIACI-AI':.
I'ivf miui.i .mil ;iliiiiit jiHi -ptijv~, of wide ilisUihiuinii in Unpifal and ti in|Hi:ili' unidns.
Ai'.niU -II lit luili^; iHii.intli nunLii, ; lulml, piisistinl; lilanuiit'i <li--tiiu't. i. . I •■ti in iii .
l.i.ily iitil IkiIis im twiiiin^t viiRs; piiiiintli invmilar, (lecidmius; anllurs Mssilc, adiiati- tu tin-
'itiunia. J. Ai isltilthliiii.
I. ASARUM L. Sp. I'l. 442.
/.■1.V
\ (illii i> cm-nr in
I. ( illhlili ll\i\
. I. / 't'l :; iill\ Hill.
. I. iihii < inillnnii.
.1. ill il'i'liitiii.
AcaulfSiciit perennial often ilnstered lierbs, witli slender aromatic hraiielieil lootstocks,
thick fibre lus-tlesliy roots, lon^'-pctioleil cordate ovate liastatc or orbicular entire leaves, and
solitary larye pecluncled purjile-browii or mottled llowcrs, borne very near or U])oii the
ground. Calyx campaiiulalc or hemispheric, adtiate to the ovary at least below, rc.i;ularly
vlobed, the lohcs valvate. Stamens 12, inserted on the ovary; filaments short, stout; con-
nective of the anther-sacs more or less continued beyond them as a tip. Ovary partly or
wholly iiiler''^" ')-celled, the parietal placcntar intruded; ovules numerous, horizontal or
pendulous. Cajisnle coriaceous, crowned by the wilherin.n-persistcnt calyx and stamens,
sulitjlohose or lieniispheric, at unj.;th bursting irregularly or longitudinally dehiscent. Seeds
compressed. [The ancient name, meaning obscure. ]
.\biiiit 1^ sjH lit -. iMtivo .if till- iioitli tiiii]H rate /nm-. lUsidis tin- fnlluwiniL;
we-tirii N.'Vtli .\imrica. TIk- ^lueies arc known .is .\\,ii ,if>iu\,i.
Caly\ Inlii-s laiici olatc, aiumiii.iti-; -tyli- ii Icibid; jilant imbcsceiil. 1.
C.ily\ Icilii ■- -holt, rouiiiKil. -tyli-. '>. lacli j-cU'ft: plants (jlalirous i>r nearly sn.
Am 111 IS n.it ]i. .iim d ; k-a\i- ■ 'vliiiiilar nr limadly ovale; calyx campanulatf,
C.ilyx '. ^ ■ \"\\\i. iMiiitrailcil ,it thr tlimat.
Calyx s"-2ii" liiiiK. ii"t I'niilr.utcd at llie tliroat ^
.\iitIiLr-. piiinteil; leaves m >nim- > if tlutu ha-tati-; r,ily\ urn •-lia]Hd. (
I. Asarum Canadense I,. WiM
C.iiiSer. ( Imr. 1277. )
.hiiiiiiii Cdiiiii/iiisr I.. Sp. IM. i\2. I7,\i.
l''ine!y pubescent, petioles rather slender, <■>'-
12' long. Leaves commonly 2 to each plant,
renifurm, thin, short-pointed at the apex, l'-;'
broad, dark green, not mottleil, the basal sinus
ilee]) anil o|ien; llowcr slelider-peduni'led from
between the bases of the petioles, i' broad or
nil ire when expanded, brownish purple; calyx
ovoid, its tube completely adiiate to the ovary,
its lobes inllexcd in the bud, ovate-lanceolate,
acute or long-acuminr.tc, spreading, ei|ualling
or longer than the tube; lilaments longer than
the anthers; style 6-lobed; stigmas radiating on
the lobes, capsule h"-' ." in diameter.
Ill rich wnnils. New llriinswiiU tn Maiiitulia.
smitli to N'lilli Caiiiliiia. .Mi--iiitii and K.iiisas.
.\-ciiids 111 ;iK>i ft. ill Virginia. Calkd al-n Ciiiada
Siiakeri'iil. .\pril May. IVrli.i)>-- iiuliidi-- j-pii'ie^.
Kiiiil>liieks with the flavnr nf yiiiyir.
Vin
2. Asarum Virginicum I
A^'iiiini I '11 ^ : III, II ij I.. Sp. I'l. II-'- 17^.1
Roi»tstocks slender, scaly, clustered, simple or
br inched. Leaves I - ;, to each plant or branch,
couaceoiis, glabrous, orbicular or broailly ovate,
rounded at the apex, i ';'-,"■,' wide, usually mot-
tled, the basal sinus open or nearly closed; peti-
oles pubescent along one side or glabrous, ;/ -7'
long, ascending; llowcr short-peduncled, purple,
6"-.S" long; calyx cainjianulale, narrowed at
the throat, its tube adiiatc to the lower part of
the ovary, free above, the lobes ovate or nearly
semicircular, about one-third as long as the
tube; peduncle U'-'j' long; filaments much
shorter tli. the anthers; .anthers not pointed;
styles 0, eacii j-lobed, the stigmas sessile below
the lobes; capsule hemispheric, about \" high.
Ill rich wniiils, \"irKiiiia and W'l -l Vir^tinia tu
r.inrsiia and Suiilh Carnliiia. .\-mid-. tu j.v*' ft. ti
\'iiKi'iia. May liiiic.
,llll;l
lUKTIlWORT lAMII.V.
5:->'j
3. Asarum macranthum (Sluiulw.) Small. Larj,a--tl(i\vi.rcd A>aiiiiii.
( I'ig-
//<'iiiii/ii'/:(i nun I a 11 1 Ini III SlnitUw . ; SinalLMcin.
Torr. Clul). 4: 150. a?, ^yimiiyiu, \^>-)\.
.lutiiiiii null iitiillnnii Small, Mil "on. Chil).
5: i.i'i. i>"^'U.
( ilahrous, rootstocks more or k'ss l)ranclicil.
Leaves i or 2 to each plant or liraiuh,
broadly t)val(.' or suborhicular, dark green
an<l nsually mottled above, ])aler beneath,
2'-4' loii}^, I 'i'-^' wide, obtuse or subacute
at the apex, the basal sinus mostly narrow;
petioles 3'- S' long, ascending; calyx lubnlar-
campanulate, S"-2o" long, not or scarcely
contracted at the throat, the lobes somewhat
unc(|nal, olitnse, mottled with violet on the
inner side, one-third to one-half as long as
the tube; peduncle .s"-2o" long; filaments
shorter than the anthers; anthers e(iually 4-
ribbed, not pointed; styles 6. each 2-cleft.
Ill villi iiiiiiiiitaiii ucHid-., X'iryiiiia and Nnitli
Caioliiij. May July
4. Asarum arifolium Miclix. Ilalbcid-
Itavcd Asaniiii. (FiK- 12S0. ;
.1, III ih:'iinii Jliclix. 1-"1. ll'ir. Am. I: 270. is,,^,
I'libescent, at least on the veins of the leaves,
rootstocks slender, usually Itranched anil with
. (ir 2 leaves to each branch. I.caxes rather
thick, usually mottled, olHuse at the apex, 2'-5'
long, some of them hastate, some suborbicular,
the basal sinus often broad; petioles more or
less pubescent, ,''-!S' long, erect or ascending;
flower stout-peJuucled, about l' long; calyx
urn-shaped, much contracted at the throat, the
lobes rounded, aliout one-tifth as long as the
tube, which is aihiate to the lower half of the
ovary; anthers nearly sessile, short-pointed;
styles 6, 2-cleft, with a sessile stigma below the
cleft; capsule subglobose, about N" in diameter.
Ill UMixl-, \' itiiiiia to 'IVillU'SSee. I'Iniiil.i and
.\laliama, .VmiikIs In ,<i»ki ft. ill Vii'tfiuia. .Vinil-
.lliiiv-
2. ARISTOLOCHIA L. Sp. PI.
,f..,
Perennial herlis or twining vines. Leaves alternate, nuistly pctiokd and entire fsome
exotic sjiecies t, 7lobed 1, conlale, p.-ilmately ;,-maiiyiurvcil. I'lowers irregular, solitary or
clustered. Calyx adiiate to the ovary, at least to its base, the tulie narrow, usually inflated
around the style and contracted at the throat, the limb spreading or rellexed, entire, 3-6-
lobed or appendaged. vStaniens mostly 6; anthers sessile, adnate to the short style or
stigma, 2-celled, the sacs longiludiiiall> dehiscent. Ovary jiartly or wholly inferiiir, mostly
h-celled with 6 parietal placentae. .Style 3 fi-lolicd. Capsule naked, septicidally fi-valved.
.Seeds v iv numerous, horizontal, comiiressed, their sides Hat or concave. [Named for its
suiiposcii medicinal jiropcrtics.]
.•\l)iiut i.sii species, widely disUiluiUd in tic]|iical and liiiiiHiati iiKii.ns
some (1 ulliers ciceiir in tin- scniUieni and uistcin I'liiud Stales.
Uesidc- llu full iwiiiu
ICrecl larlis
Calvx-tubc liiiil; lluweis sdlitary. ipr 'n-al >c,ily br.iuclie-
Calv\-lubi sliaJKlil: llnwers a.villary, clu-urrd.
Tall twi'iiiiik' vims; llnwii* axillary; cdyxlube lniil
I.iaves mimiuly pulHsciiil; calyx iimli 11, il, spveading.
Leaves 1(1111' Mlnsc; calvx limb niiinsc. ntlixcd
.1. Si I f^riiliii ill.
. I. C/i lllil/ilis.
. I. llliU I of>llvllil.
.1. Ii'lllilllo'sii.
540
.\kist(>i,()Ciii.\ci:ak.
I. Aristolochia Serpentaria L. Virt,niiia vSnakcroot. SeriKMiiary. {Ki<;.ijSi.)
.\i iilKli'i'lii,! Si I fifiiliii ill I,. Sj). I'l. i/'i. I75(.
A ])ert'nni;il ihiIksci'IU nearly erect lierh, lo'-^"
tall, with short rootstocks ami liI)rous aromatic
roots. Leaves ovate, ovate-laiiceolate or obloti),'-
laiiceolate, thin, ^reen on both sides, acuminate at
the apex, cordate or hastate at the base, I'i'-.i'
lonj,', '.'-2' wide; petioles V'-i' lonj,'; lowest
leaves reduced to scales; flowers solitary and ter-
minal, on slender basal scaly branches; tube of
the calyx curved like the letter S, enlartjcd at the
ovary and at its throat, the limb short, sprcadiii).;,
slij^jhtly vlobcd; anthers conti>;\ious in pairs;
stij^ina vlobed; capsule subulobose, ridj^eil, about
j..'indiaiiKter. I'lowerssonKtimcscteistoKanious.
Ill dry wn.iils, Cmuicclicul and N\\v York tn Michi-
gan. I'liiiida. Louisiana and .Mi>.s(itiri. .\>oi.iicl-. In
2,S'«> ft. in Virginia. June-July. I'nut ripe Si pi.
2. Aristolochia Clematitis L.
liirlluviMl. I Fit;. 12S2. )
.\i hli'liu ln\i (7iiuii/i/i\ I.. .Sp. I'l. i.i'j. 17^^.
Hi-ib.ireons, jHTcnnial; stem creel, i,'la-
brous, /ijj/aj.;, slri;ilc, I "-2" tall. Leaves
ilark >;recn, reniform, subacute or nbtuse at
the apex, kI'i'itoi's <'r their niari,;ins mi-
nutely si)iiiulose-ciliate, strongly reticulale-
veiiied, 2'-,s' wide; petioles shorter than the
blades: flowers fascicled in the axils, i ' i ', '
Ions.;; tube of the Ciilyx yellowish j^reen,
straij;ht, enlar).;ed around the ov.iry, the
lolics appendaj^cd; anthers e<iuidistaiil.
Near Itliaea ,ind I'hi-liin^;. .\. \'. INeaiml
mi eiiUi\ aliiiii. Native of -.miuIu rii l-'.utnpe.
fr
.Suillliler
l-^'-i.v )
r
Aristolochia macronhylla I. am. nmchiiiaii s I'ipi.-. i l-i.i;.
. h i^/.'/i', liiii iiliin I'/'/n I'i'ii I. am. Ivlievel.
. (/ /vA'/,/, ///,; .y//)//.< I.'Hel. Sliv]). .N(i\ . 1 ;. 17^1
A twininj.; vine, the stem sometimes I'iii diame-
ter and yr loiij;, the branches very slender, terete.
^reeli, glabrous. I.eavi'S thin, broadly reniform
or suborbieular, densely i)nbesceiit beneath when
\oiing, Lilabroiis or nearly so and 6' 15' broad
when mature; petioles slender, 1' 1' loiij;; pedun-
cles solitary or 2 or ,^ lojrt.ihcr in the axils, about
as long as the petioles, each uili. a suborbieular
cla^piui; bract at alxmt the middle '.. ' 1' in dia-
inclcr; calyx-tnbe strongly curved. 1' or more
long, inflated above the ovary, conlracled at tlie
throat, yellowish green, veiny, the limb il.it,
spre.iding, purple-lirown, somewhat ,^-lobed; ;ni-
thers contiguous in pairs under the ;-, lolies of the
stigma; capsule oblong-cylindrie, strongly jiarallel-
nerved, 2' 3' long, ,S" 10" in dia:iiet'r.
Ill lieli «"iiiN, ^cmiliern I'eiiiwyi'aiiia tn Miiiiie
^iila. i.rorirja, 'I'eiiiu -.^n- ami Kau-a'-. A--iiii(ls to
45i«irt, ill \'irv;iiiia, .May Jam. I'nnt liiK Se|it.
1 7'^,! .
HIKTIIWOKT 1-AMIIA'
4. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims.
Woolly Pipt'-vine. 1 Fi},'. 12S4. )
.(. loiiiiiilKMt Sims, I'.cil. M;ii;. />/. //'V- i">ii.
A twining vine, similar to the prect'ilinjj,
but the twigs, petioles, leaves and pedun-
cles persistently tonieiitose. Leaves suh-
orbicular or broadly ovate, obtuse or
rounded at the apex, 3'-6' broad when
mature; petiok-s rather stout, i'-,^' long;
]/Cilunclcs axillary, mostly solitary, slen-
der, bractless; calyx densely tomentose, \
the tube sharply curved, yellowish green,
about 1/2' long, its throat nearly closed,
the limb becoming reflcxed, wrinkled,
dark piirple, vlobcd; anthers contiguous
in pairs beneath the 3 spreading lobes of
the stigma; capsule oblong-cylindric.
In wikkN. Missouri ami sdnilK-ni Illinois
to Noitii Carolina, Alaliama and I'lorida.
M.iy J\nu-.
I-aiiiily 14. POLYGONACEAE Liiidl. Xal. Sy.st. Ivl. 2, 211. 1836.*
r.ri'Kwiii-.AT 1'amii.\'.
Hcrh^. twining \ines, slinilisor trees, with alteniale or soiiictiiiies ojipdsitc or
whorkd siiiipk- iiiostlv ciuirc kaxes, joiiilod slciiis, and iistiall>- sheathing; united
siii)ides loereaei. I-dowers small, re>;idar, j)erl'ect, dioecious, monoecious or
l)ol\jj;anioiis, spicate, racemose, cor\nil)ose, innhellale or jjanicled. Petals none.
Caly.x inferior, free fnan the ovary, 2-6-elefl or 2-(>-parled, the ,se,i;menls or
sei>als more or less imliricaled, sometimes pi-ialoid, sometimes de\elo])in^
winj^s in fruit. vSlanien^ j-i), inserted near the base of liie calyx, or in slanii-
nate flowers crowded toward the centre; fdanients fdiform or subulate, often
dilated al llie base, distinct or united into a rin.o;; aiuliers 2-celled, the .sacs
lonj,Mtudinally deiiiscent. Pistil solitary; ovary superior, i-celled; ovule soli-
tary, orthotropous, erect or pendulous; style j-^^-cleft or 2~,v])arted (rarely
4-]>arted), sometimes \er.v short; sliojnuis capil;ile or tufted, rarel>' J-clefl; fruit
a lenlicidar fvan^led or rarely 4 an.t,ded acheue, usually invested liy the ])ersiNt-
enl cal.Nx; seed shajied like the p.-ricarp; endosperm mealy; cotyledons accmn-
beiil or inciuidient, tlat; end)ryo straioht or ctn-\-ed.
About VI jtciu la an.l s.k, spi fit--, of wiili- i;i n^iupliio ili-uilnilion.
I'lowirs siiliU'udiil by iiivoluiri-s
I )i'i'i at- )>itsitil. cMly\ .? I ]iarUi!, slaini-ns ■, m Iruri.
I iirt at- 1101U ; i.ilyx 'i rU It m 'i panid; slaniin-- ,,: .uluiu/ ;-ani;li il.
I'lowi r- not invoUur.iti , -tanu ii- | s.
< iinai- i)n--(.iit; sUjrmas Uilu d.
C'lilyv partid; styli- ; iiailiil; a<-lu in- ; :nii;li ■!.
Calyx |)iirtt(l; styU- -•palUil; ailii ni U nliiiilar.
I Hit .11- iiir^int: ^liwtiias tapilaii'.
I'tilii'il- nioslly sivi ral loyiUur: ai-lHiK- iiiiuli "-luiias-ini; tlic talyx. >. /■'tii;t'/'] i niii.
I'lclicils Usually fasc-iiU d; ailniu- mostly i luln-i d by llu inl, nm.il i.dyx. o. /'I'/txoiniii/.
I'l'diiHls solitary: k'avi- joiiittd at tin- tp.i-i . ' ;. I'>'l\-i:i'ii,llii.
< >iirar oli-iiitc iir u.Mitini; : ^tii;Mias _■ i-Utl. s. Hi iiiiiiiiliiii.
I. MACOUNASTRUM Small.
[KciiNnaA I.. .M.int. ,;,=;. ^-f^-. Not /\',<i/ix .\dans. 1 r^'vv I
I.owyl.ibrous animal herbs, with fibrous roots, erect or siireailing simiile or forked stems,
alternate or opposite entire Kavcs. funne'form nieinbranous ocrcae, and luinule jierfcct ter-
minal clustcreil (lowers, subtended by a several-leaved involucre. Calyx 2-1-parted (usually
.Vpiirted', greenish-white, the segments valvale. e(|ual; pedicels short, subtended by trans-
parent bracts; stamens 1 or 4, alternale with and often protruding between the calyx-seg-
ments; filaments sliovt, stout; anthers ovoiil. Style .; .vp'ftcd; sti.gnias capitate; aclicnc
ovoid, vaiiglcd or leiitii-nlar. i xccediiig the persistent calyx; embryo eccentric, acciinibent.
■l'\vi> nv ilufc ■.]ii I ii-, tip Inlliiwini: I iuumlic'ii .il, llu '•llu r^ cil llic l-.ii;lu i llini.il.iyas.
' Text I'ontribntcd b\- Pr. ImiN K. Smm.i..
.tfiiioiiiitts/niiii.
I'.i ill" 1 1 II 1 1 II I.
h'liiiir I'.
(' I \ I ill.
54- i'()I.vc.(»naci;.m:.
I. Macounastrum Islandicum i L. ) vSiuall.
Macounastruin. ( Fis- 12S5.)
h'iiiiiii;iti /.\/iiii(/it(i I.. Main (s. I7'i7.
Steins very slender, r'-4' loii^', soiiietiiiics tufted.
I.cavi's ohovatf, oblong or almost orbicular, i"-5"
\oun, Ik-shy, obtuse at the apex, sessile or short-peti-
oled; ocrcae about ';" loiim involucre consi>.linj; of
;-'i obovate or orbicular leaves more or less uniteil at
their bases; (lowers fascicled in the involucres, short-
])edicelle(l; calyx yi" long, the segments ovale-lan-
ceolale, rather obtuse; stamens very short; style-
branches short; achenc less than l" lonj^, brown,
often slightly curved, striate, its face.-, convex.
( 'iieeiil. 111(1 aiul l.iiliiadcii In Iluilsnn liay and .Alaska
.Msci ill aii'tie I'liirnpe and Asia. SiniiiiK r
2. ERIOGONUM Midix. Fl, H.m
iSfi-'v
Annual or perennial acaulesceut or leafy stcmiucd herbs, some species vtrv woody at
the base, with simjde or branched, often tufted stems, ;ind entire alternate opjiosite or w liorled
leaves. I'Mowcrs small, fascicled, eymose, uniliellate or capitate, sulitendeil by s-^-toothed
or cleft eampanulate top-shaped or almost cylindric iuvolucies. Cal\ \ 6-clefl or 6-parled,
usually colored, the sciimeuts e(|ual or the outer ones larger. Stamens y, included or e\-
serted; filaments filiform, often villous; anthers oblong. Style 3-parted; stigmas ca])itate.
Achene pyramidal, ,vaiigled, more or less swollen near the base, invested by the calyx-seg-
ments, or winged, luiibryo axial (irstinewhat cccentiic. |C.reek, referring to the woolly
and jointed stems. ]
.\b(iut I'»i sjn-cies. natives III' .\iiu riea. nin-lly of tlu utslern I'liiUil SI, ties.
Stem leafy to the snininil.
Stem leaves alteriiale; stem sttiiinse.
.\elune nl.ibiniis, wiiiv;i il ill fruit,
.\eheiie villuns. not winiivd
Stem leaves wliniled; stem Innieiitosi-.
Knluist, liasal leaves rnundid at tlu- liasi ; llnweis ytlluw.
.SU ndei ; tiasal lea\es narripwid at tile base: llnwers wliiti or i)iiil<,
Sti ni leafy below, iiaki il above.
Inviiliures i leet on hianelies of tile eyiiies
Invuliieres in asillary and terniinal illistei-.
Leaves narrowly obloiij; or otilaneeolale, llat, loiiK pelinled.
Leaves oblniij;. timre or less crisped, short petioUd.
-Veauleseent; seipose; scapes more or less tufted.
Sea])!- simple; inlloreseeiue capitate.
Iieiisely tonienlose: U avis sjiatlilale. numerous.
Sliylitly lomeiitose; leave- lim ai or linear -pattilate, few.
.Seape hrandied at tin- siiinniit.
Inlloresei-iK-i- rennlarly umbellate. M,
Inllon seeiiec- irregularly nniliellale or p.inieulate 11.
Inllorc si-eiu-i eyniose, 12
Seape braiu'lu d tlirou^lioiit: involucres solitary on lU fU xeil |n diuu-K s 1 ^.
1 . /-.
tiltUutn .
1 /-.'
Ml,, 11.
Jaiiii sii-
.s /-
,111 11 II II III
6, /-;
ml, 1 ,'fh, , It in
( "1 ] nil','\ii III
.S, /.'. Ill II /I I,,/":
11. A', /itiiic it/iii mil.
/:'. /I,i:iilil.
/-.'. I,ii Iiii''l; I iiiiiii.
/-.'. , iiiii f>, mill, lilt III .
/-.', til II II II HI .
,- :V-,
I. Eriogonum alatum 'roir. Wiiioc-d
I'",rii>j;c)nnin. ( l-'io. ijS'i. i
/-.'. iiliiliiiii Tiirr. SilKteaMs' Uep. ii^s. /,/, \, is^;
I'erennial by a long thick root, stem ratiier stout,
erect, strigose, paniculately branched, somewhat .ang-
led, l°-y tall. Leaves mostly b.-isal, spatulale, oblaii-
ceolate or narrowly obovate, I'-.V lf>ng, thosi- of the
stem alternate, nearly linear, short-pelioled, all obtuse
or subacute at the ajiex, glabrous or pubescent and
with midrib prominent lieneath, ciliate: panicle open;
brads lanceolate or subulate; involucres eymose at the
endsofthebrauehcs, camiiaiiulatc, 5-toolhed, \"~\}i"
long, the segments obtuse and somewhat rellexed;
calyx yellowish, l" long, canijiaiudatc; stamens
slightly exscrted; achene loug-i)ointed, 2'i"-3"
long, reticulated, closely invested by 3 wings.
I In iilains, western Nebraska to Texas, wist tuColoiado
and New Mi xieip, .Iline Si-I>l
nrCKWHEAT lAMIl.Y.
54.^
Tiaii^. Am. I'liil.
I ,S' '.
2. Eriogonum longifolium Niitt
Hrioi^diiiiin l(>iit;i/'oliiii)i Null
Siif. 1 II. ) 5: iTq.' iSvv.'C-
A'. yV !(;/;» wi Hilii ill'. I. innate. 22
rereiinial, strij^ose llirouglioiit, sleiu stout,
freit, iiimiciiliitt'ly or coryiiibosely braticlu'd,
Ifiify, (iiiely ^Toovcd, 2°-.)° tall. I.cavt'S iiai-
rowlv ohloii}^ or liiifar-oblonj;, olitiisc at tlu-
apex, iiiort' or less loiiieiitose l)L-iic'atli, the U])])cr
sessile, the lower narrowed into petioles uitli
dilati-d and slieatliinjj liases; hraets lanceolate
or subulate; involueres turl)inate-i-ani])anulate,
|ij"-2"lonK; peihincles I ' lonj; or less; calyx
oblonjjf-canipanidate, 2"-t," liijjli, 6-parted to
near the base, very villous; stamens and style-
branches exserted; acliene 2'i" lon}{, much eii-
larjjed at the ba.se, villous, loosely invested by
the caly.x-segnients, not winjj;ed.
.Siiutliern Missouri to Texas. Alsn ill
June Nov.
Lon^-k-aved Ivriogoiutni. 'Fig. 12S7.)
ff,^.
I'loriila.
4. Eriogonum Jamesii Heiith
/Cn'«gni/ii))i /iiiiiisii \Wui\\. ill PC I'rodr. 14:7. iS.sA.
/ui(ii;i>iiiiiii Si I ill inn Turr ; T. ^c C. I'roc. .\iii.
Aead. 8: j,s,S. i"^;'). Nut I'ursli. iSi |.
Perennial, base woody, scaly, .somewhat
branched, stem usually s])readiiig, branched, to-
inentose, slender, 6'-iS' lonj;, the branches erect,
3 or 4 times forked, light brown or reddish.
Leaves nu)slly basal, spatulate or oblong, I'-Y
long, long-petioled, the upi)er smaller, sessile in
whorls of 3 or 4 at the somewhat swollen nodes,
all obtuse or subacute, dark green and sjiaringlv
tomentose above, densely gray-lomentose be-
neath, their ni.irgins sometimes sliglitly revolute
and cris])ed; intlorescence compnundly lymose;
involucres turbin.ile-campanulate, 2" long, 5-
toothed, the teeth roundeil; bracts foliaceous,
narrowly oblong or obloiig-.spatulate; calyx white
or pink, cami)aiiulate, villous, 2 'j"-,^" long, its
segments oliloug or obovate; stamens and slyle-
braiichesexserted;acheiie 2 'i"-,V long, smooth,
villous near the ajiex, its ingles margined.
On plains. Kansas (?l, CoUnaclci tu'lVxas, .Vrizniia and C'hiliualiua
,i5
3. Eriogonum Alleni S. Wats. Alk-iis
luiogomuii. (Fig. i2S,s.)
/.". Alliiii .S. Wats, ill .\. Ciiay, Man. ICd. 'i. 7;,4. i!?9o.
Perennial, floccose-tomelitose throughout,
stem rather stout, erect, sparingly branched
above. I°-I'2° tall, I.eaves oblong, or ovale-
oblong, l' 3' long, the basal long-]ietioled, ob-
tuse at both ends, those of the stem in whorls of
,V-,S at the somewhat swollen nodes, short -peti-
oled, narrowed at the ba.se. the upper small and
brad-like; intlorescence conipoundly cyinose;
involucres toi)-sliaped, 5-toothed, 2'2"-3" long,
the teeth obtusish; bracts leaf-like, sjiatulate;
calyx yellow, 1 '2" long, broadly cani])anu-
late, its segments obovate or orbicular; stamens
and style-br.inches exserted.
White .SulpluuSpriiijfs, West Virjii'iia. Jul>-.\un.
Jaiiics' EriogoiUDU. (Fig.
1289. )
Jlily-Oct.
544
rOI.YC.ONACHAi:.
5. Eriogonum annuum Null. Aiiiuial
ICriojftiiuini. ( Im^. i j<)"- •
J.'i i,if;iiiiinn ainiiiiiiii Null 'rniii>. Am. I'liil. Sm'. ill. I
/;■ l.iiiillii mill hiiiiiiii Si'lmU-. I.iiiii;u';i. 22: 1 |i(. i^|i|.
.\iiinial, uliiti- (lini()si-t(>nii'iitn>f tlin>u).;li<nit,
silii])k' or 1iraiulii-(l, Kafy lulow, nakicl .ilxivi-, I '
,V' tall, l.i'avtscihlimg, obloii, i-iiu-fiilatiMUcplilaiu-f-
iilale, ai'uti'dr uhliisi.' at till' apex, iiarmwcil or acii-
liiiiiate at tlii' lia>i', ]HlicUM|, tin- inar)j;iiis soiiK-wliat
ri'V<)IiitiMiriTis]Hil; influri'siriiiicynicisi'; iiivoliuTe.s
top-sliapi'il, l" I '." liiiiK. sii-uiid. licit, 5-t()()tliL'(l,
llii- li'i'lli iiliUist-; l>rai'ts triaii).;iilar, not I'oliai'i'iiiis;
ialy\ while i>r wliilisli, '."1" Idii);, I'aiiipanulate,
6-clfl't til lii-yond the iiiiildli', tlif luln's i)I»ivatc;
ai-lietie jMiitUi'il, k-^s than 1" loiiK. it> aiiyles
siiiiiiith, its liasi' ahno.st jjlohiilar.
1)11 iilaiiis, N( liiaska til 'I'l .\as, \m ^-t tn Nr« Mixicu
I xtiiiiliiin into Mrxii'ii. July Sipt.
6. Eriogonum microthecum Xuit.
Skiukr MrioKonuni. (Kijj. i2i)i.»
ICi ii'iidiniiii mil I Ill/ill inn Null. Jdiiiii. .\i-ail. I'liila
I II. I 1: \-2. i-^i^
IVreiiiiial, wcidily, ispeiially hi'kiw, tiinri' <ir
less tliit'i'iisf-toiiK'iitiisi- thrinijj;hiiiit; stt'iii iii-i't or
a^.i'ttiiliii.i;, liraiii'luil, I'speiially iViiiii thf liaso,
K-al'v liiliiw, iiakiil almvi-, 6' 12' hi,i;h. I,i'avf>
iililcinj.; Ill' (ililaiii'iiilalt", ulitiiso at the apix, iiar-
rowi-il into shiirl pL'tinlfs, ';'-2' I'liiK. t'"-' ujiiiir
lirai't-like; itill(iresi't'iR'e (.•iiiiipnuiKlly oyiiKisc;
invcihuri's tci|)-sha]iLMl, 1 ■•" Imij;, s-tn'itlifd, llu-
tilth (ilitiisisli; liiai't.s tiian).;iilar; i-alyx yiUciw,
whitf iir iiink, 1 "; " lniij;, vMiiipamilati-, at lin,t;th
idii^triitt'd ni'ar the iiiiddk-; staiiiens and slyk-
liraiuht's im-ludi'il; arlii'no pdinteil, 1" kinjf,
rdu.nh (III the aiiji;k--.
W'lstirn Niliia-ka tu Wa-liiiintdii, sdulli Id Niu
Ml xiid anil Calildiiiia. July (lit
Eriogonum microthecum effiisum Nutt. 1 T
/u iiiL;,iiiiiiii i-//inii>ii Nutt. Jduni. .\iMil, I'liila ^ 11. i i: I'l), lS.(S.
Sidle ikn-^ily lldt'idsitdiuiutd-i-; stnii (liHu-ilv liraiieliiil; leave- linear dlilmii; m liiiiai: in
niireseeiui : ; timi s idnipduinl, ildtinati il, tldwers white. Neliriiska tn Mmitana ami New Mixien.
7. Eriogonum corymbosum Heiith.
Crisp-k-avc(l Ivrio^^oiiuiii. ( I-'i^. 1292.)
/■.. loi \ iiihininii liintli. in DC. rrmlr. 14: 17. I'^^fi.
I'ereiniial, wiiddv, densely fliieeiise-toiiieiilose
thri-n,i;h(iiit; stem erect, hraiiehed, leafy lielow,
naked alxive, 6'- 12' tall. Leaves iililiinn, <i''ln>*e at
the ajiex, narruwed at the hase, petiiiled, 'i'-t^i'
/ IdiiK, their niarj,'ins inure nr less crisped; inflores-
, eence cinniidiindly cyniii.se; invi)liicres short-caill-
jiamilale, ,s-tdiithed, almnt !'.•" I'liij.;, the teeth
suhacnle; liracts trianj.jiilar iir trianj^ular-lanceolate,
nut I'dliaceiins; cahx hmadly caiiipanulali', I "-I ^2"
liiiiK, ciiiistricted near the middle, 6-cleft, the seg-
ments fiddle-shaped, emarjjiiiate, the s inner ones
shorter than the miter; style-branches exserteil;
acliene i" lonj(, eiilarfjed at the base, nuiKh on the
anj{les.
Kansas tip New Mexico, west to flail and Arizona.
Au({.-Se|)t.
III.)
^'^
'<>*i
III CK\VI1I:AT l-AMIIA'.
8. Eriogonum multiceps Xcts.
branched Mrin^roiiiuii, i Imk- i^'^;,. '
/•;. iiiiilliirf'^ Nffs, Max. Keise N. .\, 2: .(4(1. 1.S41.
/■.'. i:ii,i/>/i(i/i'i(/i i lii-ntli. Ktu- Jniini. Hot. 5- 2(>:\. iS.xV
I'l-riMiniMl by iy sluiidir mol, siii))i)su, (k'nst.ly
wliiu -tiiiiiuiUiiM' lliniu>;li<iiil; sK^ins sIkhI, UilUd,
tiuuli l)r;itu'ln.'il, ^oiniailiR's M'Vi-ral iiulifs loiij;.
Si;i])cs siliiplf, l'-5' liij;li; k'uves s])iitul;itc, '2'-
2' long, nuiiifrous, olaiise at tlie a])cx, iiiiriowed
liulow into petioles; iiillorescencei'apitatf; iiivolu-
LTes;,-12, sessile, I '.." loilK, 5-r)-tootlieil, llli' leelli
acute; braits I'oliai'eous, .s])atiilate; calyx white or
rose-color, 1'." 2'." loiij^, caiii])aiuilale, soiiie-
wliat villous, 6-clet't to al)out tile Uliildle, tlie sej^-
meutscuneate, ohtuseor eniarKiiiate; stamens and
style-liranclies exserted; acliene 'j"loiij.;.
nil dry ))laiiis. Nebraska anil Ciilniailo. June .\iiu
545
9. Eriogonum pauciflorum Punsh. Few-
llowered lvrio),r(mum. ( Fig. 1294.)
A'. fiiiHiitliii Hill riirsh. l''l. Am. Sej)!. 7,v5. isi.).
I'.i ifi^'iiuiiii fHii-.'iHoriim Xutt. Ceil. I: 261. iSiS.
I'ereiinial, root loiiK and slender, stems very short,
sinijile or s])ariiigly branched, loosely tiifted, covere<l
bv the scarious dilated ba.ses of the petioles. Scapes
erect, slender, simple, slightly toinentose, 2' 6' high;
leaver line.iror linear-spatulate, l'-3' long, r.ither ob-
tuse, liiit ap|)arenlly acute from the strongly revolnte
ni.'irgins, glabroiisor.sparingly])ul)escent above, white-
tomeiitose or cottony beneath, narrowed into slemler
])etioles; inflorescence cftjntate; involucres 4-10, I ]'z"
long, turbinate-cainpanulate, 5-toothed, the teeth t)b-
tuse, more or less rellexed; calyx white, caini)amilate,
1 'j" long, glabrous, the segments ovate; achene i V"
long, its faces swollen at about the middle, incon-
spicuously striate-reticulated.
(Ml dry plains. Nebraska and Cnldiado. July Seiit.
10. Eriogonum flavum Xmt. Yellow Ivriogoniun. (F
I') ionotniiii Jlaiinii Null. I-'ras. Cat. iM,^.
/;. sciia'iiin ruish, IM. .\in. Sept. .'77. 1S14.
I'ereimial, .scapose, white-tomeiitose through-
out, root short, scaly, spindle-shaped, stem very
short and thick, simiile .and solitarv or tufted
and creeping, woody. Scapes 2'-l2'tall, erect;
leaves crowded on the short stem, linear-oblong
or obloug-sjiatulate, I'-.i' long, niostlv obtuse at
the apex, Hat, narrowed into jietioles; petioles
dilated at the base and imbricated; inflorescence
regularly umbellate; involucres top-sha])ed, 2" -
2 ' 2 " long, nearly entire, rather densely clustered;
peduncles '4' 1 '.' long; br.icts s;)atulate, folia-
ceous; calyx yellow, ,V' high, to])-sliaped, very
villous, the .segments obovate; stamens and style-
branches exserted; achene con.stricted at the mid-
dle, 2" long, villous at the summit, the angles
undulate, the faces swollen.
Nebraska aiul Kansas to the Northwest Territory
and .\riz()!ia. June Sept.
IR- I 295-)
R)I,yoonaci-;ai-:
II. Eriogonum lachnogynum Ton.
Lonjj-rooteil l\rin>;()iiuni. ' Imk- i:;*/'. i
/\ii, il;,iiiiiiii /,n'/nitit;\ iiiiiii '['iiiv . lUiiili in 1>L" rmili.
I4:.». 1856.
IVrt'iiiiiMl, >(.'.i])<)sc, nidt Iniij;, liisilnriii, ^Umiis
stolil and short, IuI'IimI, iiuicli t)iam'liiMl, i'oviumI
«itli llif dilated ]H'tiiilf-1iast's. Sc'a]Hnn'i'l, sli'iidiT,
4'-ij' tall, wliiti'-totiifiitdsi', s])ariii>{l\ bram'iK'il
aliDvi-; ksives miinerous, i-rowikvl, laticuolate or
narriiwly (ihlniij;, 'i'-l' lotijs'. ai'iiti' at the apex,
iianowi-d at the liase, silky above, white-tonien-
tose lieiieath, lonf;-]X'tioleil, their margins soiiie-
whal reviilute; iiilloreseeiu'e irrej^ularly iinihellate
or ])atiieulate; iiivolueres hruailly caiii])aiudate or
nearly heinispherie, i 'j"-2" hinli. sessile or iie-
duneled, ,s-toothed, teeth obtuse; bracts small, lan-
ceolate: calyx caiii])annlate, I 'i" lonj;, villous;
stamens and style-branches exserted.
\V( >u ni Kansas to Color.idn and Arizona, M.iv Nov.
12. Eriogonum campanulatum Ntttt.
Nari-ow-leavcd lu'loj^onuiu. ( Fiif. 1297, )
ICi iiiaoiiiiiii til III flit II II la I II III Null. Jmnii. Acid.
I'liila. I 11. I I: \U\. iS^S.
/u iin;iiiiiiiii hiiiiiiiiili Nutt. Jourii. Acad. I'liila.
I II. I l: Ki.'v rs^S.
JCi ii>i;i>iniiii iiiu itiiif/iiiiii Sun. Jouni. Acad I'liila.
(li. 1 I: !(').(. iS.tS.
I'erennial, scapose, stem short, thick and
wwxly, more or less louientose; scapes erect or
nearly so, j^labrons, 4' 12' tall; leaves crowded,
narrowly oblanceolate, spatidate or nearly linear,
I'-y li>n.l(. obtuse at theajjex, luirrowed intoloiiji;
petioles, wliite-lonientose on both sides, the
margins sometimes revolule; inflorescence com-
poundly cyniose; involucres oblony-turbinate, i"
lon^', ,s-loothed, teeth obtuse; bracts triangular,
not foliaceous; calyx yellow, ovoid-campannlate,
about 1" long, 6-cleft, the lobes oblong or fiddle-
shajied, emarginate; stamens atul style-branches
exserted; acliene i 'i" long, enlargeil at b.ise.
Nebraska to Oregon, soulli to I'tali and New
Mexico. July-Sept.
, -'.ti
■.!I
13. Eriogonum cernuum Xiiit. Nod-
ilinjj; l'!rii)g<intiiii. ( Kis- 129.S.)
/;. 1; I iiiiiiiii Niilt. ]. Acad. I'liila. ( II. I i. 162. 1S4H.
Annual, low, stem very short; scape erect, usu-
ally much branched, 6'- 1 2' high. Leaves con-
lined to the short stem, orbicular or oblong-
orbicular, less than 1' long, obtuse or slightly
aiiiculate, Hal, floicose-tomentose, especially be-
neath, petioled; iiillore.scence j)aniculate; invtdu-
cres campanulate, slightly more than '." long,
solitary on slender deflexed peduncles 1' long or
less, ,'i-clet't to near the niiildle, the lobes olituse;
bracts triangular or lanceolate, not loliaceoi.s,
calyx whitish, cam])anulate, '." long, 6-])art(-,i,
slightly constricted near the summit, the seg-
ments fjddle-sha])ed; stamens and ilyle-branches
include<I; acliene 'j" long, neariv globular at
the base, rough on the angles.
Nebraska to New Mexico ami I'lali. July Sept.
lirCKWIII'AT I'AMH.Y,
547
3. RUM EX I,. vSp. PI. 3:,3.
'75:
( / 1
%
I'lriiiniMl (ir Miiiiual, Uafv-^tiiimifcl luTbs, some spt-cies slij^litly w ly, llic kavcs in snwc
mainly liasal. Slitii ;.;r(ii)\iil, iiioslly tiraiiclii'il, irii'l, ^jjruadinj; or iritpiiij^. I.iMVts 111-
tirf i>r iiiiilulaU', tlal or (.risjifil, tlu' ocri'ae usually cyliuilrir, liritllu and I'unaiiuus, llu.- intlnr-
fscenoe consisliuj^ of siinjik' or t'oin])ouncl, ol'ti-ii pauii'li'il raceniis. I'Ikwits j^rcfu, iitrffcl,
ilioffio\is, or ]iolyj{anio-niouoci'ii)us, wliorli'il, on joiiitt'd pfdicfls. Corolla none. Calyx fi-
parted, the 3 outer sejials utulianxed in fruit, the _\ inner ones mostly developed into winjjs,
one or all three of wliieh usually hears a callosity 1 tuherele 1; winj,'s entire, dentate, or fringed
with liristle-like teeth. Stamens 6, iniiuiled or exserted; niameiits very short, ^lahrous;
anthers ohlonjj. Style vpi'rted; stij;nias ]H-ltate, tufteil; aelune vanjjled, the aiijjles more <ir
less inarj^ined. lunliryo curved or nearly straij^ht, horne in one of the fates of the ,vanj{led
seed. [The ancient Latin name.]
.Vhdut l.V species, ipf wide KeoKra])hic distrihulion. Iksides the fullnwiii^r. sdnie 6 utlursoccur
in the sdutliern and western parts (if North .\nierica.
-!v Leaves hastate ; flowers dioecious ; foliage acid ; low species.
Inner sepals nut develu])inkt will^!s in frtiit; acliene granular.
l'"ruitinK iinur sepals divel(ii)inK wiii({s; adune sniiidlli.
liasal leaves nunurons: winns drhicular-cdrdate.
Ilasal leaves few; wiuRs bmadly nliIdtiK Cdnlate.
1, A'. Ai,los,ll,i.
Ihisldlllllls.
.l,f/l>.UI.
sil/lii/'ii/iiis.
:r>liiill(this.
iilliisimiis.
•V:-:: Leaves not hastate ; Howers perfect or polygamo-dioecious ; foliage scarcely or not at all acid ;
tall species.
Leaves Hat. hriKht or HkIH ureen. nr tilaucevcent.
\Vinn;s '■' l'-' lirdad, reddish: no tubercles. 4. A', iiiiosiis.
Winifs small, ni>t red. bearing tubercles.
Tubercles usually v
I'cdieels little IdURer than the win^s.
Pedicels scver.'il times limber ll\an the wings,
Tubercle usually n pedicels e(|ualliuK the winns.
Leaves wavy-margined or erispid. dark ktreen. not ulauccsccnt.
WiuRs entire, more dr less imdulale.
Lower leaves uarrdwed or acuminate at the base.
Tubercle I.
Tidiercles v
Lower leaves Cdrdate nr rnuniled at the l)ase,
Tubt rcles wautiuK. lo. A', ihiiiitiitdlis.
Tubercles uidstly ,v
lufldrcsceuce nut leafy; pedicels IdUi;.
lulldrescence leafy; pedicels sluirt.
Tidierde 1; infldrescence not leafy; pedicels slidrt.
W'iuns Iddlhed or friuKcd.
i.dwer leaves cdrdate
\Viiij;s dvatc or dl ' ir-dvale; tubercles nidslly 2. 1 |. A'
Willis hastate di < .tehastate; tubercle i. 15. A'.
Ldwer leaves lUd-tly uarvdwed at base; wiuifs with 4 spreadiuK bristle lik
10. A'.
1 1.
12,
. I'alii nlia.
, Hi ilnitiiiia.
{ I is/>tis.
iiiiii;li<iin')iiliis.
stiiii;iiinnis.
(iiihin-r.
ohliisi/'iiliiis.
e teeth'.
pcrsitiiiioiilis
I, Rumex Acetosella L. I'Mekl or vSheep Sorrel. (Fig. 1299.)
A'liiii, I .]i(li>s<llii L. .'^p. V\. i,:-fi. 175.;.
.\nnual or perennial, jjlahrons, dioecious,
stein slender, erect or nearly so, siin])le or
branched, the rootstock woody, horizontal or
creeping. Leaves narrowly hastate, l' 4' lonj.;,
obtuse or .icnte at the apex, usually widest
above the middle, petioled, the basal auricles
entire or 1-2-toothed, or the uppermost leaves
nearly linear and not anricled, all papillo.se;
ocreae silvery, 2-p.-irted, soon lacerate; flowers
in erect panicled racemes; racemes inter-
rupted; calyx j^'reen, 'i" lonj;, peilicelled;
stamens esserted; achene less than l" lonj,',
very f,'ranular, exceeding the persistent cahx,
its .ingles not margined.
In dry fields and on liillsi<les throunlidUt Ndrth
.\iuerica except the extreme n<inli. In larue part
natutalized frdUi ICumiJe. Sniiiclinies a Irouble-
SdUU' Weill, iMilia^e wry acid. Native al-ci df
.Asia, .\sceuils to fwod ft, in Ndrth Car iliua.
May Sep*
54''^ I'dl.VOciNVCI'AIv
2. Rumex hastatulus Mulil. luiKi-'lnianii'.s Soircl.
h'liiiirx liiti/itliilii\ Mtilil. Cat VA. i. ,S7 i>i>>.
A' /: Hi; r/iiiii 11)11 Mi-iMi. iti DC. I'roili 14;''! I'^.s'i
IVri'imial from a wimhIv l)asf. j^lahnnis. diKf-
I'iipii!,; sti'iii ratliiT striit, siiiijiU- ur luamlu'd,
iTiTt, 5' 20' tall. Iamvl's liaslato, ohlotij; ur iil)-
laiu\(ilatf. I '-5' louK, tlif basal miiiifrou?., iiioti;
iir li'ss aiirii'U'il al tlii' liasc, siiliarult-, ])fti()lf(l,
tliDsfiir Uif stuin linear, all papillosi-; chtlmi' sil-
viTv, 2-])artt'il, at lunjjtli laciTati'; raii-tius as-
friidiiij;. at kiij;tli iiiti'rru))tiil, ialv\ j^roeti,
slfiKlcr-podii'i-llfcl, wiiij^riMl in fruit; pfdicels
o(|ualliiij; or loiij^tT lliati tlii' uiiij^s; wiiiKs orlii-
iiilar, mostly broader than liiK'i. I'ordate, i '+ "-
1*4" lonj;; staiiU'iis slijflitly ixsiTtuil; ailu-tK'
rt'dilisli, smootli. sliinin^j, kss than i" lonj;, in-
vested liy the ealyx-winxs, its angles margined.
On tin sia loast, southern New York to IHorida
and on tin- plains frmn Kansas to Te\as, a u<o«ra-
pliio (listritiiition nearly tin- -ami a- that of < '//,ii,>-
f>:ii/iiiiii /(■/>/. 1/1// r///M/;. Mareh Ail);.
3. Rumex Acetosa I,. Sorrel. Sour
Dock. ( I""i^. 1301. ;
A'liiiiiw .Ur/osii I.. Sp. I'l. (.>7. ir.sf.
Perennial, glabrous, dioeeions; stem ereel. sim-
ple, grooved, l°-_^° tall. Leaves oblong-hastate
or ovate-sagittate, I'-.s' long, aente at the apex,
eris]u'd or erose on the margins, the liasal few,
long-i)etioleil, the up])er subsessile, the acute au-
ricles entire or l-tootlied and more or less re-
flexed; ocreae lacerate; racemes nearly erect,
crowiled, at length interrupted; calyx green, 1"
long, pedictdled, winged in frnil; pedicels e(|ual-
ling or shorter than the wings, jointed ne.ir the
middle; wings broadly ovale or orbicular, cor-
date, 2"-2,'i" long; acliene rather more than
1" long, pointed, smooth, shining, blackish,
invested liy the calyx-wings.
I,abva(l<ir to Alaska. Naturali/id from luiropc in
Verniiitit New York and IVnnsylvauia. Nati\i-
also of Asia. .Summer.
4. Rumex venosus I'ursli. \'eiiit.(l
Dock. ( Fig. 1302.)
A'»wci :;'iiiisn.s l'ur--li, I'M. .\m. .Sept. 7,vv 1S14.
Perennial by a WDody rootstock, glabrous, stem
rather stout, erect, somewhat flexuous, 6'- 15' tall,
grooved, branched. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceo-
late or oblong, l'-,S' long, acute at both ends or
acinninate at the base, petioleil, rather coriaceous;
ocreae funnelfonn, thin, brittle; racemes mostly
erect, soon interrupted; calyx red, pedicelled, very
conspicuously winged in fruit; ])edicels at matur-
ity rather stout, slightly shorter than the wings,
jointeil at about the miildlc; wings large, ^^'-xYi'
broad, suborbicular with a ileej) sinus at the ba.se,
veiny, reddish; style-branches divergent in fruit;
acliene,^" long, smooth, shining, its faces concave,
its angles margined.
Northwest Territory to Oritfnn and Washington,
south to Missouri ami Nevada. May .\UK
niCKWIirvAT I'AMII.V.
549
5. Rumex salicifolius Wciiiiu. Wliilc,
I'ak' or Willow -k-;iVL'(l Dock. ( Imj;. i.W,. )
Aiiiuii sti/hi/'ii/im Wtiiini. I'luia, 4: 2S. 1S31.
IVn'ii!iial,)^l;il>r(ms,])iiU'Kri'i'ii;sli'tn iTci't.MsoiMiil-
iiiK. '"■ «>tiii'timfs siiiviiiliiiK. ^impK- "i Imiiu'luMl,
^niDViil, fUxumis, 1° 3" llij,'!'. I.i'iivts l.iliiciiliilr,
liiiiin-lMiuidhiU' or lllr lower nliloiiK, MiiiU' or mm-
liiiliali: 111 liolli t-iiiis, or rartly olitiisi' Mt tli.' ii])i'X,
Iii'liolfil; r;u-fliKsi.'ri;ct, iliviMj^'ulil or ri'tk-xi-il, (K-iisc,
ill fniil iitU'rnii)te«! helow; flowers in dense dusters;
calyx palf Kr^'*-'". '" '""K. pedii-ellcit, winj^ed in
I'niil; pt-diiilssliijlUlylon^HrlliMiiUu' wind's, jointtd
raar the liase; winys trian;;iiliir-ovate, I '2" loiij^,
undulate or sulideiitate, eaili lieariii),' a lar^e ovoiil
Inlierele; aelieiie 1 " loti),', dark red, smooth, shining,
its faces concave, its angles slightly niar.i,Mned.
In swamps, I.ahnulcir to siiiilherti New York, I'lorida,
Texas ami I.ower Califnniia. .\lsu in ICurope. May
Sept.
6. Rumex verticillatus I,. .Sw
3k ^
Uiiiiirt rv/V/i //A//"v I,. Sp. ri. .VU- '7•:^■
I'ereiliii.d. ijlaliroiis, rather lirixlit ),neeii; stem
stout, grooved, sitniile or nearly so, erect, ascend-
inj( or decumbent, 2°-,s^ lon,i.c, more or less flexu-
ous when old. Leaves n.irrowly ohlonjr, ohlonj,;-
lanceolate or lanceolate, 2'-i2' lonj,', narrowed at
hotli ends or ohtusish at the ajjcx, slijrlitly papil-
lose, long-pelioled; racemes interrupted helow,
sjjreadiiijj; in fruit; (lowers in rather dense whorls;
calyx green, l" long, winged in fruit; i)edicels
.stout, thickened aliove, jointed near the base, 3-5
times as long as the wings: wings broailly deltoid,
2" long, more or lessdecurrent ou the peilicel, each
hearing a narrowly ovoid tubercle; style-branches
retlexed in fruit; acheiie I '4'" l""K. reddish,
jiointed, smooth, shining, its faces concave.
In swamps. (Juebec to Ontario ami Iowa, ?,niitli to
I'lcirida and 'I'exas, May July.
7. Rumex altissimus Wood. Tall or
Peach-leaved Dock. (iMg. 1305.)
A'liiiirv nlh'ssiniiis Wood, Class-honk. .177. i,\S,v
A'linitv lliilaiiiiha Meisn, in I>C. I'mdr. 14: 47.
l8,s6. Nut I,. I75,f.
Perennial, glabrous, rather Jiale green; stem
stout, erect, simple or sparingly branched above,
grooved, 2*^ .l"" tall. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate 1 sometimes ob-
lanceolatel 2'-lo' long, acute at both ends,
papillo.se; panicle rather open; racemes slightly
interrupted in fruit; flowers densely whorled;
calyx light green, i" long, winged in fruit;
pedicels slender, jointed near the base, as long
.IS the wings; wings triangular-cordate, 2"-2'.'"
long, usually one of them only bearing an ovoid
tubercle; achene l]i" long, dark red, smooth,
shining, its faces concave.
.\lonn streams and in swamps, Massacliusells to
Nebraska. Maryland and Texas. .-Xpril June.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
7
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11.25
IM 12.5
IB 112.2
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!; >£ 112.0
liUA
U III 1.6
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
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WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
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I'OLYCOXACKAI-;.
8. Rumex Patientia L. Patience Dock.
(Fij?. 1306. )
h'liiiii \ Palu'iilia I., Sp. I'l. ,5.^?. I7,S,(-
IVTuniiial, <^la1)rniis, stem erect, simple or spar-
ini,'Iy liraiichoil, {grooved, 2°-5^ tall. Lower leaves
ovate-laiK'eolato, Iciiii^-pelioled, 4'-i6' long, tlie
upper dhlonj^j-lanteolate or oliloiijf -elliptic, acute or
obtusish, the uppermost lanceolate; fruiliiii; panicle
dense; racemes erect, somewhat interrupted in
fruit; flowers densely whorled; calyx j^reen; pedi-
cels slender, 2-4 times as long as the calyx-wings,
jointeil below the miil<lle; wings orbicular-cordate,
2'/_," long, one of them bearing a prominent ovoid
callosity; achene i '3" long, light brown, smooth,
shining, its faces concave, its angles obscurely
margined.
In waste places, Vermont and Ontario to Wiscon-
sin. Pennsylvania anil Kansas, .\lsoiti tile I'ar West.
Xatnralized from Ivurojie. May-June.
9. Rumex Britannica L. Great Water-Dock.
Kiiiiux Ihiliiiinitii I.. Sp. I'l. .-^.y. I7,s,v
A'lniiiw Hytl)oliip<illn(iii var.? AiiicricaiiKiii .\.
Ciray, Man. lid. 2. 377. i8,s6.
R. orhiinlalKS A. Ciray, Man. I«l. 5, 420. 1S67.
Perennial, glabrous, dark green, stem .stout,
erect, more or less branched, grooved, 3°-6° tall.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the
lower \°-2° long, long-petioled, the upper 2'-6'
long, short -petioled; fruiting panicle dense; ra-
cemes nearly erect, more or less interrupted;
flowers densely whorled; calyx light green;
pedicels slender, conspicuously jointed above
the base, 'i~2 times as hmg the calyx-wings;
wings broadly cordate, 3" long, irregularly den-
ticulate, each bearing a large callosity; achene
ovoid-oblong, or oblong, 2" long, pointed at
both ends, brown, smooth, shining, its fjices
cimcave, its angles slightly margined.
In swamps and wet soil. New Hrunswick and
Ontario to Minnesota, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Illinois and Iowa. July .Aus;-
1307-)
10. Rumex occidentalis S. Wats. Western Dock. (Fig. 1308.)
A'. I'll /dtii/17/is S. Wats. Proc. Am. .\cad. 12:25,;. 1.S76.
Perennial, glabrous, stem stout, .strict, erect or
nearly so, strongly grooveil, simple or sparingly
branched, 2°-^,'' high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, bluish-green, .somewhat crisped and
wavy-margined, papillose, the lower S'-i2' long,
obtuse or subacute at the apex, more or le.ss cordate
at the ba.se, lon.u-petioled, the upper smaller and
usually lanceolate; panicle rather dense, leafless or
nearly so, erect; racemes usually not interrupted;
flowers loosely whorled; calyx pale green, 1" lon.g;
pedicels ob.sciirely jointed below the middle, 2-,^
times lon,!.;er than the calyx-win,gs; wings Irian.gii-
lar-ovate, 2 '."-4" long, .somewhat ilentate or un-
didate, bearing no tubercles; achene oblong, 2"-
2';" long, short-jioinled, cheslnut-l>rown, smooth,
shining.
In wet places. I.abtiulor to .\la>ka, f)ntarii>. Rocky
Mountains to 'I'exa-i, and to Califi>rnia. May .\njf.
iuck\viif-;at family.
.'urled Dock.
551
(Kig. i30(j
II. Rumex crispus L,
IV'reiinial, ghil)r()iis, lUirk j,'rci.Mi; stem rather
slender, erect, simple or lir.Tiiehed aljove, ynxived,
I°-.V'2° tall. I,caveserisped and wavy-marijined,
the lower oblong or i ihlong-lanceolate, 6'- 1 2' long,
long-pelioled, the npper narrowly oblong or lan-
ceolate, 3'-6' long, short-petioled, all cordate or
ol)tuse at the base, more or less papillose; panicle
rather open; racemes simple or Cf)niponnd. by the
elongation of the pedicels apparently continuons
in frnit; flowers rather loosely whorled; calyx dark
green; frniting pedicels i '<-2 times as long as the
calyx-wings, jointed nearthe base; wings cordate,
I I, "-2" long, truncate or notched at base, crose-
dentate, or nearly entire, each bearing a tubercle;
achene i" long, <lark brown, shining.
In fields and waste places nearly tliroUKlniut the
I'nited States and soutliern lirilish .\nierica. Often
a Imublesonie weed. Xaturali;!ed from Ivurope.
Native also (jf ..\sia. June-AuR.
12. Rumex conglomeratus Mnrr. Clus-
tered or Smaller Clreen Dock. (Fig. 1310.)
A'. ii>ii!;/(>iiirrii/iis Jfurr. Prodr. l'"l doett. 52. 1770.
Perennial, glabrous, ])ale green; stem slender,
erect, simple or branched, grooved, 1°-,,° tall.
Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, i'-5' long, some
of them slightly tiddle-shaped, acute at the apex,
obtuse at the base, crenulate and slightly crisped
on the margins, petioled; panicle loose and open in
frnit; racemes leafy, slender, ascending, much in-
terrn])ted; flowers loosely w'.orled; calyx small,
green; pedicels shorter than or equalling the calyx-
wings, jointed near the base; wings ovate, fiddle-
shaped, I 'j" lf)ng, toothed near the ba^e, each
bearing a large ol)long callosity; achene less than
1" long, j)ointed, red, smooth, shining, its faces
convex.
In waste places, \'irginia to .South Carolina. .Mso in
California. Xaturali/ed fnmi ICurojie. May-July.
13. Rumex sanguineus L. Bloody or
Red-\eined Dock. ( ^'ig. 131 i-j
A'liiiir I stiJix'iiiiitiis I,. Sp. IM. ,5;4. 175, v
Perennial, glabrous, stem -.lender, erect,
grooved, simple or branched, r'-,s° high. Leaves
oblong, olilong-lanceolate or lanceolate, i'-6'
long, the lower long-i)etioled, cordate at the base,
acute or obtuse at the apex, usually red-veined,
the upper short-petioled; panicle loose; racemes
slender, s])reading, not leafy, interrupted; flowers
loosely whorled; calyx very small; pedicels slen-
der, l-I'j times a> long as the calyx-wings,
jointed at the ba.sc; wings oblong, i}," long, one
of them liearing a si)herical-oblong callositv;
achene less than 1" long, sh.n'p-])ointed, dark
red, smooth, shining, its faces convex.
In waste places and ballast, southern New York to
Virginia and I,(iui--iaiia. rneonnnon. Xatmali/ed
or advc iitive from ICurope, .May .\un.
... ^^..—...Ti.a.cy.fy-,-.
.rxs^^.-si^'mm ±tir.
552
I'OI.VCONACEAK.
Rumex pvilcher L. Fiddk- Dock. ( I-i.i;. 1312. j
A'liiiiti />ii/i/ti) I,. Sji, I'l. },\'i. i75v
rirciiiiial, (lark i^Mceii; stem skTickr, uivct or procuiii
,5
loiiU, lilt
15. Rumex obtusifolius L
l\'iiiii,\ I'hIiisl/'oliKS I,. Sp. I'l. ,>,!=;. T.s.v
I't-rennial, .glabrous, dark .i;reeii; stem sl<iut,
erect, simple or spMriiii.;ly hranched, {.grooved,
more or less scurfy above. 2°-4'' tall. Lower
leaves I iblon.y-lanceolate, 6'-l4' lon.y. loiix-peti-
oled, all cordate or rounded at the base, obtuse or
acute at the apex, the upper lanceolate or oblon.u-
lanceolate, 2'-6' loni;, short-petioled. the mar-
gins somewhat undulate or crisped; panicle
rather open; racemes nearly erect, continuous or
interrupted below; flowers loosely whorled; ])edi-
cels slender, somewhat longer than the calyx-
winj^s, jointed below the middle; win.ys hastate,
2"-2'i" lonjj;, fringed with a few spreading
spiny teeth, one of them bearini! an oblong
tubercle; achene i" loug, ])ointed, dark red,
smooth, shining, its faces concave, its angles
slightly margined.
In wastt- places, Nova .Scotia and New li.miswick
loOrejt'in, sciiitli to I'liirida and Texas. N;iturali/.cil
from i'auiiiH-. Native also of Asia. June Ann
bent, grooved, dilTusely branched,
braiiches spreading. Leaves oblong, or some of the
lower riddle-shai)ed, I '-6' long, long-petioled, obtuse
at the apex, cordate at the base; up])er oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, \'-y long, short-petioled, usually nar-
rowed at both ends; petioles more or less pubescent;
l)anicle loose; racemes long, divergent, sometimes re-
tlexed, much interrupte<l, rather leafy; flowers few in
the whorls; calyx very small, green; pedicels ei|ualling
the calyx-wings, jointed at or belou the middle; wings
ovate or oblong-ovate, 2" long, truncate at the base, one
larger than the others or .all three of dilTerent sizes,
fringeil with s])ine-like teeth, usually two, sometimes
one or all three bearing tubercles; achene l" long,
])ointed, reddish, smooth, shining, its faces concave.
Ill waste places. Virginia to I'McMida and Louisiana.
.Also nil tile Pacific Coast and in liall.-i>t about tin- iiorllieni
seaports. Naturalized rri>iii i;iin>])e. June Sept.
Broad-leaved or Bitter Dock.
(Fig. i.iioJ
16. Rumex persicarioides L. CkjUIlii
Dock. ( l'"ij;-. i,"ii4. 1
A' mil, I f-t-isiiiii iin\l,\\ L. .Sp. I'l, .ivs. I7,s,v
.\nnual, pubescent. i>ale green; stem rather stout,
erect and sini])le. or dilTusely lirancheil, 1 '-.v' high, or
sometimes s])readiiig or creeping, very leafy. Leaves
lanceolate, or oblong, l' 12' long, narrowed at the
base, or sometimes conlate, or sagittate, acute at the
apex, the margins undulate and more or less crisped;
panicle simple or compound; racemes erect, leafy-
bracted, mostly interrupted; flowers densely
whorled; ))edicels sleiuler, I- 1 '2 times as long as the
calyx-wings, jointed at the base; calyx very small;
wings oblong, I " long, with i-,; liristleson each nnir-
gin,e.ich bearing an ovoid or oblong callosity; achene
less than 1" long, jjointed, reddish, smooth, shin-
ing, its faces cimvex, its .ingles slightly margined.
(Ill saiulv shores. New Itruiiswick to Vir^tinia, ex-
teiiiliiitr across tile cniiiiiuiil tliniiijfh Ilrilisli .Anurica.
south in till- interior to Kaiis.is and New Mexico and
on the I'acific Coast to California I las been con founded
with A'. 111,11 1'/iiiiiis L of tile Old World. Jlllv-Oct.
UrCKWHEAT FAMILY.
553
4, OXYRIA Hill, VeR. Syst. lo: 24. 1765.
I.<nv flesliy jflahrous perennial herhs, willi slender erect stems. Leaves mostly liasal, lonK-
peliDk'd, reinform or orbicular, cordate, ])almately nerved, with cylindric ocreae. I'lowers
])erfecl, small, ,i;reen, in terminal panicled racemes. Calyx unequally 4-parted, the outer
sej,'nients smaller than the inner; stamens 6, included; fdaments short, subulate, ^lahrous; an-
tliers oblong. Ovary i-celled; ovule solitary; style .short, 2-parted, its branches divergent;
.stigmas iiml>riate, persistent on the large w ings of the fruiting calyx, .\chene ovale, lenticular.
lMnl)rvo str;iight, borne in the centre of the endos])enn. [lireek, sour, from the acid leaves.]
T\Mi kiKiwii species, tile foUiiwinn. anil one in the
Himalayas.
I. Oxyria digyna (L,. ) Caniptdera.
MouiUain Sorrel. (Fig. 1315. )
' 7,^^.1
III.
1S21.
1S19.
A'liiiif.i di,i^]iiiis L. Sp. ri. ,Vi7-
O. i/ii;yini Caini)ldera. Riiinex. i,
Oxyria riiii/nriiiis Ilimk. I'M. ,Scol.
Rootstock large, chafTy; .stems scape-like, simple
or .sparingly branched, leafless or nearly so, 2'-i2'
tall. Leaves reniform or orhicular-reniform, ^2'-
lyi' wide, undulate, sometimes emarginate at the
apex, the basal long-petioled; ocreae oblicjue, loose,
those on the stem bearing flowers; racemes many-
flowered; flowers slender-pedicelled; segments ob-
long, the inner erect, the outer reflexed in fruit;
achene pointed, smooth, surrounded by a broad
membranous wing.
('■reeiilaiul ami Labrador to .\laska, south to the
White Mountains of New Hainpsliiiv and in the Kocky
Mountains lo Colorado. .\lso in northern ICurope and
Asia. July-Sept.
5. FAGOPYRUM Gaertti. Fr. & Seni. 2. 182. 1791.
.Annual or perennial rather fleshy u.sually gl.ibrous leafy herbs, with erect, simple or
branched, striate or grooved stems. Leaves alternate, petioled, hastate or deltoid, with ob-
li(|ue, cvlindric or fminelform ocreae. I'lowers small, white or green, in terminal or axillary
usually paniculate racemes, perfect, borne solitary or several together from each ocreola,
slender-pedicelled. Calyx about eipially 5-parted, persistent and unchanged in fruit, the
segments petaloid, shorter than the achene. .Stamens S, included; filaments filiform, gla-
brous; anthers oblong. Ovary i-celled, l-ovuled; style .^-Jiarted; .stigmas capitate. .Vcheiie 3-
angled. Hmbryo central, curved, dividing the mealy endosperm into two parts; cotyledons
broad. [Greek, beech-wheat, from the similarity of the grain.]
About 6 species, natives of IJurope ,iiul Asia.
Racemes panicled or corymbose; angles of the achene not crested. i. /•". J'liiinf^yi inii.
Racemes mo.stly simple;" angles of the achene crested, undulate. 2. /■'. Tultiiititiii.
I. Fagopyrum Fagopyrum (L.) Kar.st. Httckwheat. (Fig. 1316.)
Pill Vi; II II II III I-'it,i;ii/i\i inn L. Sp I'l. :-,()\. 1753.
Jul'i;i>/i]iliiii I'siiiliiilinii Moelicli. Melll. 290. 1794.
r. J^'iii^iifivniDi Karst. Deutscli. I'l. ,S22. iSSo-S,?.
.Annual, glabrous except at the nodes, .stem
strongly groove<l when old, i°-3° high. Leaves
hastate, i'-,^' long, abruptly narrowed above the
middle, acuminate, the nerves on the lower -ur-
face slightly scurfy; ocreae brittle and fugacious;
racemes nu)stly panicled, sometimes corymbose,
many-llowered, erect or inclined to droop; pedi-
cels as long as the calyx; .segments white or whit-
ish; stamens included; style-liranclies deflexed
in fruit; achene acute, 2'i" long, al)out twice as
l(Mig as the calyx, its faces piiniately-striate
when mature, the angles acute, entire.
In waste places, and persistent in (ielils after ciil
livatiim. Reported from alinosl all parts of the
northern liiited .Stales and soutlieni Hrilish .\iner-
ica. Native of eastern Ivuiope ui western .Asia.
June Sept
554 rOI-VGONACEAE
2. Fagopyrum Tataricum (L. ) (^laertn.
Tartary Buckwlieat. ( Fi,i<. 131 7. )
Pi'hX'iiiinii 'J'ahiiiiiiiii I.. Sp. I'l. ,;i>4- 175,^
l-'iii;of>\i 11)11 Tiiliiniiiiii ('.acrtii. I'"r. vS: Scni. 2: 1S2.
/>/. /.^y. /. f>. 1791.
Annual, similar to the jirecedinj,' species, but
the leaves deltoid-hastate or oblon.y-hastatc,
often broader than Idii.l;, i'--l' wide, acute or
short-acuminate at the apex; racemes terminal
and axillary, mostly solitary, simple and few-
flowered, lon.n-peduncled; flowers whitish, sliort-
pedicelled; achene subacute, 2 '2" lonj;, its
anjfles cresteil with 3 prominent lobes above
the middle, its faces pinnately sulcate from a
conspicuous groove.
In waste places, eastern Canada and New ICnu-
land. Adveiitive friini Asia. Summer.
6. POLYGONUM L. Sp. PI. 359. 1753.
Annual or perennial, terrestrial or aquatic herbs, some species woody, with erect, pros-
trate, climl)inx or floating; stems, alternate sessile or pctioled entire leaves, continuous with,
or jointed, to the cylindric funnelform or two-lobcd, often lacerate or fringed ocreae. I'lowers
small, normally perfect, K'reeu, white, pink or purple, variously clustered, the clusters termi-
nal or axillary. Pedicels jointed, subtended by ocreae or ocreolae; calyx 4-5-parted or 4-5-
cleft, the outer sepals or segments somewhat larj.;er than the inner; stamens 5-9, included or
exserted; filaments filiform, or dilated at the bass, glabrous; anthers oblong; style 2-3-parted
or 2-3-cleft, its branches included or cxserted; stigmas capitate; achene lenticular or 3-angled
( rarely 4-augled 1, invested by or exceeding tlie calyx. Embryo near the end of the seed, in
one of its angles. [Greek, many-knees, from the swollen joints of some species.]
AbdUt 20;) sptcii-S, of wide gi'ographic ilistributioii. liesidcs the foUowinp, somi- Xt I'thers
occur in the western and southern p.arts of North .America.
1. Flowers in terminal spicate racemes; calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted ;
Kaceme solitary; alpine sjiecies; pt-rennial. not aiiualic.
Kacemes solitary or 2; aipiatic or swamp sptcies; jxrennials.
I.taves oblonjf, L-Uiptio, or elliplic-lancuolate, not acuminate,
l.eavi-s narrowly lanceolate, or oblotiR-lanceolate. not acuminate.
I,eave>* ov.Ue-lanceolale, or oblonK-lanceolate, usually acuminate.
Racemes stveral or iiunierous; annuals or perennials, mostly terrestrial.
Ocreae naktd or ciliolate, tlieir limbs not -iprL-adinjf.
KacenRs droopintf.
.-Vclieiie ovoid; styli- 2-i)arted to near the base.
.\oliene broadly obloUK-ovoid; style 2-cleft tobelow the middle.
Racemes trect.
.Style-branches scarcely or slifflitl , exserted.
.\clKne broadly oblonjf, biconvex.
.Vclieiu- orbicular, Hat.
.Style branches loUK-exserted; achene ovoiil, soniewhiitK'bbous. 9. /'. liuif^islyliiiii.
Ocreae Iriiined with bristles, their limbs nut spreadiiiR.
Racemes not interrui>ted, ertct; achene lenticular or vangled.
Ocreaf conspicuo\isly fringed; achene broadly ovoid.
I )ireae inconspicuously fringed; aclune narrowly ovoid.
Kacenies not interrupted, creel; achene always 3. angled.
Ocreolae cou'-picuously fringed.
Ocreolae inconsi)iouon'^ly frinned.
Leaves mostly glabrous above; acheni' pointed at the
Leaves slriitosf above: acheuf pointed at both en "
Raci s not interru|)t<d, (Irooi)iiig.
Racei.KS interrupted, erect or droopinj;.
Aclieui' granular and dull: racemis drooping.
-Vclietv- niootli, sliininu; r.icenies erect,
Ocreae frinRta with bristU-s, tlii-ir limbs normally spreadintf.
2. Flowers in long naked much interrupted spicate racemes; calyv 4-parted.
3. Flower;, in axillary clusters; stems more or less wiry, not twining
I'laiUs prostrate; aeheiie invtstt-d by tlu- calyx.
.\elK-tie pointed at the apex, rounded at the base.
Leaves mostly acute; style ,i-p;irted to below the middle. 20.
Leaves mostly obtuse; style vparted to the base. 21.
Achene pointed at hotli ends. 22.
Plants prostrate; achene protruding beyond the calyx.
Leaves mostly lonjrer than the internode~; sea beach s|)ecies. 23.
Leaves shorter than the iiiteniode';; plant of waste places. 24.
stem not twining.
1. P. :iiipaiiii>i.
2. /'. aiiipliihiinii.
.^ /'. Jlniluri!;lilii.
/'. iitii'i sum.
P.
P.
/iif>ii//iiji)/iiiiii.
J'. Poi'loiiifiist-.
P. J'niiisvlx'niiii inn.
itids
top.
10.
P
Pi'isicaiiii.
1 1.
P
pii'sicaiioidcs.
M-
r
(^/>ili>iisa>niiii.
p
p
Iiyih-(if>if>ri oidi's
si/nccinii.
12.
p
Corn/.
16.
'T-
IS.
p
p
p
J/\ifr<i/>i/>cr.
fiiinclaliiiii.
oiienlale.
. IQ.
f. riixiiiiiniinn.
P. <i:i(iilair.
P. lilloinh'.
P. Il,lla>di.
nun iliiiniiii.
A'lili.
nrCKWHKAT FAMILY.
555
/'. lilt I Kill.
I'. I iiiiinsissiiiiiiiii.
P. iiiDif'oniiii .
P. iisii linii.
Plants crc-cl nr asci-iuliiin. latlR-r stout.
Ac'hL'iii' iiivcslfd by tin- calyx:.
1,1'avts cival. iililiiiiH (ir dbnvati-. iHisistL-nt. 25.
1,1'avt'S iianciwly laiu'inlatc- m liiuMi" nbluiiK. persistent. 27.
Leaves ciblonu laneeiilate nr narniwly oblcMiK:, fti(faci(ius. 2S
Aetiene nuieli exseitid beymid the ealy.\. 26.
Plants strictly erect and very slemler.
Leaves with a lateral inipressimi on eitlier.side of tlie niidveiii; fruiting? pedicels stout, erect.
21). /'. Iilllti'.
Leaves without lateral impressions: fniitiiiKpcdici' Is slender, delle.ved. ,^0. /'. /h<ii'^lash.
4. FJowers in axillary and terminal clusters, racemes or panicled racemes; stems mostly twining.
Stems Iwininn; herbaceous vines.
Outer segments of the caly.x unchanged, or keeled in fruit
Achene (jrannlar and (lull; ocreae not bristly. t,\. P. C'oiiyo/rn/ii.i.
Aclieue smooth and shining: ocreae l)ristly. 32. /'. i i/imu/t .
Outer segments of the caly.x conspicuously winged in fruit.
Calyx wings not incised.
limiting calyx ,s" o" long, the wings crisped. 3,^ J', smiKlnis.
I'ruiting c:dyx ,^" 4" long, the wings rather flat. 34. /'. duiiictorinii.
Calyx wings incised, ,l=i. /'. 1 rhlatiiiii.
Stems stout, erect, tall: outer calyx segments winged in fruit. ,^6. /'. /.lunii iiiii.
5. Flowers in capitate clusters or racemes ; stem climbing by recurved prickles.
Leaves sagitt;ite: achene 3-angled. ,^7. I\ nv^illaliini.
Leaves halberd shaped; achene lenticular. ,^S. />. iiii/oliinii.
1. Polygonum viviparum I . Alpine
liistort. (Fi.a;. i3i!>-)
J'olyi;i>iii(>ii :'i':'/fi<iriiiii L. Sj). PI. ,^fxi. i7,S,v
Perennial by a conn-like rootstock, mostly j.;la-
hrous and souiL'wliat glaucous; stems solitary or
clustered, erect, simple, slender, 2'-io' tall. Hasal
leaves ol)loii,y or lanceolate, i '-S' long, rather acute
at the apex, cordate or subcordate at the base, loii,t(-
pctioled; stem leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear,
I '-3' lont;, the lower petioled, the upper sessile,
their mariiiiis often revolute; ocreae lonn;, claspin.L;
below, open above; raceme solitary, terminal, nar-
row, rather dense, beariu.t; a number of dark colored
bulblets about its base; calyx .s-jiarted, i)ale rose-
color or white; stamens S, cxserted; styles-parted,
its branches exserted; achene oblon,i;, 3-an,t;led.
("■reenland and Labrador to .\laska, south to the high
summits of the mountains of New liugland. and in the
Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in arctic ami
alpitie Murojie and .•\sia. June-.\ug.
2. Polygonum amphibium I„.
Pol Vi; It II II III ampliibiniii L. Sp. I'l. 3(11. i7,=;,v
Aquatic, perennial, .i^labrous when mature;
stem rtoatinjf or submersed, simple or spar-
in,t;ly branched, 4°-2o° loujj;. Leaves obloii.!,',
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, i ', '-4' lonj,', peti-
oled, obtuse or sul)acute at the apex, slijj;htly
ineeiuilateral, rounded or narrowed at the
base, sometimes ciliate; ocreae cylindric, those
of the branches often lon,y;er than the inter-
nodes, their limbs soitietimes spreadin.y, usu-
ally jil'i'jrous; raceme terminal, ttsually soli-
tary, >4 '-I ' lon,t;, dense, erect, oblon.t; or ovoid ;
calyx rose-color, 5-parted; stamens 5, cxserted;
style 2-clcft, exserted; achene orbicular ob-
long, lenticular, i>i" long, biconvex, black,
smooth and shining, or granular.
In poiuls and lakes, (Juebec to .Alaska, south to
noitliern New Jersey, Kentucky, Colorado ami
California. Ascends to 2ix>i ft. in the .\dirou-
dacks .\lso in Luroiie. July Aug.
Water Persicaria
R- I3I9.)
r()i,vi".()NAci:.\i':
3. Polygonum Hartwrightii A. (iray.
Hart \Vrij,du's IVrsicaria. ( Imr. 1321).)
'<>/jX<i>iiiiii lliiil:i
8: 291. i-^;!).
■I iiihlii A. Ciriiy. I'kic. Am. Ai'ad
Perennial liy rootstocks, nioro or less hispid
thronj^jliont; stoni asct'iiilini,', ilctnnnlient or erect,
6'-2° lon.iLj, tnany-jointed, ijrooved, usually rather
stout. Leaves lancer)lalc, olilonj^-lanccolate or ob-
long, 3'-6' lonn, ol)tuse or suliacute at the apex,
short-petiolcd or sessile; ocreac cylindric, varying
from one-half as long to as long as the inlernodes,
the litnl) abruptly spreading, fringed with short
bristles; racemes usually solitary, dense, '/I'-i'
long, oblong; calyx rosc-colore<l, 5 parted; sta-
mens 5, exserted; style exsertc<l, 2-cleft to be-
yond the middle; achene oblong, biconvex, lenti-
cular, black, smooth, shining.
In .swamps or moist soil, Hudson liay to Orejjoii.
south to southern rcnnsylviinia, K.msas, Nevada and
I.owir California. June .\\IK.
Polygonum emersum (Michx.) Hrittoii. Swamp I'ersicaria. ( Tig. 1321. )
■i I-
l'i<lri;'<ni(ni iiiiif>liihii(iii var. iiiiii\\iiiii Mielix. 1"1. lior.
.\m. I: 2.)o. lSo,v
/'. Jfii/i/iii/ifixitS. Wats. I'roc. Am. .\e. 14: 295. 1879-
/\i/]'i;«iuiiii I'liii rsiiin liritton. Trans. X. Y. .\cacl. Sci.
Perennial by long creeping or horizontal root-
stoc';s, glabrous or strigosc pubescent; stem erector
assurgcnt, commonly simple, channeled, enlarged
at the nodes, i°~3° high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, or the ujiper sometimes nar-
rowly lanceolate, 2yi '-S' long, acute or usually acu-
minate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base,
petioled, the lateral nerves prominent, sometimes
forking; ocreae cylindric, becoming loose, not cili-
ate; racemes i or 2, erect, 1 '-3' long, linear-oblong,
dense, calyx dark rose-color, 5-parted; stamens 5,
exserted; style 2-cleft, exserted; achene broadly
obovate or orbicular, J^i" long, very convex,
lenticular, black and slightly granular, but shining.
In swamps and moist soil. ( )ntario to Northwest Ter
rituryand Uritish Columbia, south to Virginia. Louisi-
ana and Mexico, .\scends to ,5ax) ft. in Virginia.
July Sept.
Polygonum Portoricense IJertero. Dense-flowered Persicaria. (Fig. 1322.
/'(ihxoiiinn dcnsitloriiiii Meisn. in Marl. I"l. liras. 5:
I'art I, i,v 1^55. Not Hlume, iS2,';-26.
/\>hX">'""l Por/oricfu.if lierltro; .%Ieisn. in DC. I'rodr.
14: 121. iS,s6.
rerennial, more or less scurfy; stem erect, decum-
bent or floating, 3°-,=;° long or longer, branched, en-
larged at the nodes, often dark brown. Leaves lan-
ceolate or linear-lanceolate, i'2'-i2' long, acuminate
at both ends, obscurely punctate, short-petioled, the
nerves prominent beneath; ocreae cylindric, some-
times bristly when young, naked when mature, some-
times hispid; racemes spicate, paniculate, often in
pairs, I '-5' long, dense, erect; calyx white or whitish,
Sparted to near the ba.se; stamens 6-8, included; style
2-3-cleft, somewhat exserted; achene lenticular and
strongly biconvex or 3-angled, l"-i^'2" long, broadly
oblong, orbicular or even broader than high, black,
smooth and shining, or minutely granular.
In wet soil. Misstmri to Ktoridn, Texas, the West Indies
and South .\meriea. May-Nuv.
v. Cray.
• 13-t'. '
■. Am. Acad
less hispiil
'lit or LTlCt,
lally rather
:oliiteor ol)-
,t the apex,
Iric, varying
iiiteniodes,
with short
cnse, Is'-i'
parted; sta-
cleft to hc-
jtivex, leiiti-
ly til OrcMJoti.
, Nevada and
•JR. 1321.)
;Fig. 1322.)
t. 1-1. Bras, 5:
in DC. I'mdr.
erect, ilecum-
branched, cu-
Leaves lan-
ig, acuminate
t-petioled, the
iindric, some-
mature, sonie-
ilatc, ofteu in
ite or whitish,
nchided; style
lenticular and
' long, broadly
n high, black,
liar.
Ihe West Indies
nrCKWHEAT I'AMIJA'
6. Polygonum incarnatum I'll.
Pink l*fr>icaria. 1 l-'iir. i --,2
Slciulcr
I'l'IViidiiii III i III III ihiliiiii I'.ll. Ili)t. S. C. iV r,a. I; 156. 1S1-.
Annual, glabrous or nearly so, stem erect, simjile
or branched above, nmre or less swollen at the nodes,
2°-4^ tall. Leaves lanceolate, y.'-^' long, 'j'-l.'j'
wide, •acumin:itcal liotli ends, sluirl-])etioKMl, sparingly
jinnctate and ciliate; ocreae cylindric, long, loose,
brittle, sometimes ciliolate when young, glalirous when
mature; racemes paniclcd, drooping, i^z'-V long,
linear, many-nowerud; calyx white or pink, small,
5-parted; stamens 6; style 2-parted to near the liasc;
achene (jvoid-obloiig, lenticular, about i"long, flator
biconcave, smooth, shining.
Ill wot soil. WrnicMit ti
I.ouisiatia. JuiR- St iil.
Illinois, sniitli til I'lmiilii and
SiSi
7. Polygonum lapathifolium I^. Dock-
lea\-i.'(l or Pale IVrsicaria. ( Pi^- 1324.)
/'i<IVi;itllHlll hlpiltllifi'liuill I.. Sp. I'l. v«'. T.S.v
Annual, stem simple or much liranclied, erect or as-
cending, swollen at the nodes, 1° -,i° high, the pedun-
cles and pedicels glandular. Leaves lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, 2' III' long, usually broader than
those of the iireceding, attenuate to the apex, acumi-
nate at the base, short -petioled, ciliate, inconspicuously
punctate; ocreae cylindric, ribbed or striate: racemes
panicleil, i'-4' long, ilrooi)ing, narrow, rather dense;
calyx pink, greenish or white, 5-parted; stamens 6;
style 2-parted to below the middle; achene broadlv
oblong or ovoid, lenticular, I'Mong, lirownish or black,
slightly reticulated but shining, its faces concave.
In wasU- placi-s. tlironsiluml tcmpcrale Xortli .\nurica.
Naturalized I'mni Kuropi.-. .SiniKlinus a Iroublesnme
weed. Native also of .\sia. June-Sept.
Polygonum lapathifolium nodosum i Pers. 1 Small, ^[^•m. Torr. Club. 5: i )n. 1S94.
Pol \ noil mil iioilosiiiii I'ers. ,Syn. i: |('i. i>'i.i,S.
(■enerally nibn>t and glabrnn-; nielli stmil, ri-ddisli, ])iirple spotted and with a purple ring be
low each nciea. much thickened at the nudts; kave> ciinspicnunsly punctate; racemes i' 3' long.
less diiKiping, often erect; acliene sliglitly larirer. ( >cca>.iiiiial in the range of the type.
Polygonum lapathifolium incanum (Scliniidt) Kucli, .Syn. I'l. ('•eini. 711. 18,^7.
l'olVi;iiiiiii>i iiuiiiiiiiii Sclimidt. 1"1. Hnem. 4: in. 17115.
I.uw, stem slender, erect. 2' -12' liigli, slijrlitly scurry; leaves lanceolate, ovate or oblong, usu-
ally narrowed at the base, white tomentosc beneath, glabrous above; racemes .'j'-i':-' long. In
wa'-te i)laces. Nova .Scotia to Ontario, New York and liritish Colnmliia.
8. Polygonum Pennsylvanicum L.
Pennsylvania Pcrsicaria. ( P'i.s;'. 1325.)
Polyi^oiiinii Pi-iiiisj/:-iiiii, mil I,. Sp. I'l. 362. 175.?.
Annual, glabrous below ; stem erect, simple or
branched, i°-3° tall, the upper parts, the peduncles
and pedicels glandular. Leaves lanceolate, acumi-
nate at the apex, petioled, ciliate, 2''-li' long, the
upper sometimes glandular beneath; ocreae cylin-
dric, thin, naked, .glabrous; racemes paniclcd, erect,
thick, oblong or cylindric, dense, i'-2' long; calyx
dark pink or rose-color, 5-parted; stamens 8 or fewer;
style 2-cleft to about the middle; achene orbicular or
mostly broader than high, i '2" long, short-pointed,
lenticular, smooth, shining.
In moist stiil, Nova .Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota,
Florida and Texas, .\sceiids to 2000 ft. in Virginia.
July-.Sept.
55^
roi.vcoxAcivAi:.
9. Polygonum longistylum .Small. LoiiK'stykd l'i.T>icaria.
I Hi
l>!
f I''i.t;. i;,2r>. )
liiill. T..n. Chill,
J 'ii/l'i; (I nil III It'iii^islylii III Small.
21: iiv) IN,).
.\iiiuial or perennial, jilabrous except the i;laii-
cliilar upper branclR'saiid peduncles; stem erect,
ratlier sltuder, 1 -;, tall, lieconiiniL; soniewlial
Wdody lielow. I, eaves lanccdlate or ovatc-lan-
ceolate, i'-6' lon.i,', acuminate at Iiotli ends, peti-
olcd, tlieir margins undulate, slightly crispeil,
more or less ciliolate; ocreae cylindric, entire,
brittle, soon fallin.L; away; racemes panicled,
si'nietimes ycndnate, i'-4' lon^;, rather dense,
erect; calyx lilac, 5-parted to liclow the middle,
the liilies petaldid; stamens 6 .s, included; style
2-parted, slender, conspicuously exscrted; stig-
mas lilack; achcne broadly ovoid, lenticular,
sliyhtly yibbous on both sides, loiiii-poiuted,
black, uranular, but somewhat shinin.y, i '4 "
loMi;.
In niciisl snil, Sniitlie.n Ulinnis anil Mi-suuri to
I.iinisiaiia and Xiw Mixicd. .Xlii.;. I 'el.
10. Polygonum Persicaria L. I/uh >
Thiinil). (Fij;. 1327. )
PoljXoiiiiiii Pcisiidi It! h. .S)). ri. i'u. 17.SV
Annual, jjlabrous or puberulent; stem erect or
ascendin,!.;, simple or much branched, }i°-2°
hi).;h. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
I '-6' loiij;, short-petioled or nearly sessile, acu-
minate at 1 )Oth ends, conspicuously punctate, usu-
ally with a dark trianj,'ular or lunar blotch near
the centre, their marj^dns entire or slightly eroded,
often ciliate; oci eae cylindric, nearly glabrous,
fringed with shcrt bristles; racemes solitary or
panicled, 'i'-2' long, ovoid or oblong, dense,
erect; calyx pink or dark purple; stamens mostly
6; style 2-,'Tparted to below the middle; achene
broadly ovate and lenticular, often gibbous or
3-au,gled, i"-\^4" long, smooth and shining.
In waste places, lliriiujfln'Ut North America, ex"
cepl the extreme north. Naturalized from Ivuriipe'
Often an abuiulanl weed. June -Oct.
II. Polygonum persicarioides H.H.K.
Southwestern Persicaria. (Fi";. 132S.)
y. /'(■rsitiiiinit/is ll.li.K. Nov. Cell. 2: 179. 1S17.
Perennial, glabrous or minutely pubescent; stem
erect, decumbent or creeping, simple or branched,
i'-3° long. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
acuminate at both ends, punctate, short-petioled or
subsessile, i 'i'-io' long; ocreae cylindric, glabrous
or sparingly slrigillose, fringed with short l)ristles;
spicate racemes more or less ])anicled, erect, I '-3'
long, narrowly oblong or linear, loosclyllowereil;
calyx rose-color tinged with green, ,s-j)arted to below
the middle; stamens ,S or fewer, included; style 2-3-
parted to near the base; achene lenticular an<l
biconvex, or 3-anglcd, more or less gibbous, i"
long, ovoid or broadly oblong, short-pointed, black,
minutely granular, but shinin.g.
Nebraska to Mexicii; widely distributed in Impieal
.\iiieriea. June- ,Se])t.
,\wj
K
lUCKWHKAT FAMILY.
12. Polygonum Careyi Oliiey. Carey's
Persicaria. {Fij?. 1329.)
Pill I'i^iiii Kill ('((;v;r/ Olnuj-, I'mc. I'mvidiiict- I'rankliii
vScic. 1: 21). 1H47.
Annual, rough-glandular Ihroughoul, stem
erect, i°-.^° tall, simple or sparingly branched
above. I<eavcs oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late, the u])permost nearly linear, 2'-ii' long,
short-petioled or nearly sessile, acuminate at both
ends, hispid on the uiidril), ciliate, sparingly punc-
tate; ocreaecylindric, sparsely hispid, fringed with
long bristles; racemes several, narrow, terminal,
loosely-flowered, drooping, I'-z'i'long; calyx pur-
plish ; stamens 5 or sometimes S; style 2-parted to be-
low the middle; achene lenticular, broadly ovoid or
obovoid, i'4'"-i>i" long, short-pointed, thick,
smooth and shining.
In marshts, ( )ntari(> to Rliode Islatul, New Jersey
and I'ennsjlviinia. .Xscends to 2i**i ft. in Pennsylva-
nia. Also in Michigan. July-Sept.
559
.iN'iA
13. Polygonum setaceum Haldw.
Bristly Persicaria. (Fig. 1330.)
J'(j/lXOiiiiiil sr/iif/ii III lialilw.; ]\\l. Hot. S. C. iV (ia.
I. ',(55. I Si 7.
Perennial, glabrous or strigose-pubescent
above, .stem 2°-4° high, erect, simple or spar-
ingly branched; leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, 2'-9' long, mostly short-petioled,
acuminate at both ends, ciliate, inconspicuously
punctate; ocreae cylindric, long, strigose,
fringed with very long bristles; racemes few,
terminal, l'-2,'^' lo"g. erect, linear-oblong,
sometimes geminate, rather loosely flowered;
calyx white or pink; stamens 8; style 3-parted
to below the nuddle; achene 3-angled, oblong or
obovoid, short, thick-])oiuted, }-i"-2" long,
minutely reticulated and rather dull, or smooth
and shining.
Ill swamps, soulln-'in Missouri to Louisiana, cast
to North Carolina and I'Uirida. June-Sept.
14. Polygonum Opelousanum Riddell.
Opeluusas Persicaria. (Fig. 1331. )
J'olygoiiKiii 0/>eloiisaiiiiiii Riddi-U; Small, Hull,
forr. Club, ip: ,^5.). 1892.
Perennial, glabrous or nearly so throughout,
stem slender, erect or ascending, sparingly or
considerably branched, i°-t,° tall, becoming
wood}- below. Leaves linear or linear-lanceo-
late, I, ''2^-5' long, ses.sile, ciliate; ocreae cylin-
dric, .strigose, fringed with long bristles; spicatc
racemes panicled, erect, often geminate, yi'~2'
long, not densely flowered; calyx white, pedi-
celled, 5-parted to below the middle; stamens 8
or fewer, included; style deeply 3-partcd; achene
3-angled or rarely 4-angled, broadly ovoid or
oliovoid, i^" long, black, smooth and shining
Missouri to Louisiana, Texa.s and Mexico.
Sept.
July-
36
56o
roi.YC.ON'ACRAK.
H
Polygonum hydropiperoides Mielix. MiUl Water IVpper. ( Im^. 133-?.)
/'. /n</ni/ii/>froi</rs Mii-lix. I'l. liur. Am. I: .'V)- I-'io.V
/'I'/lXiiiniiii iiiifr I'tTs. Syii. I; ).(i). lS(i5,
rfrcnniiil, jiliilnousorstrinillosc, stcincrctt, (Icciiiu-
lieiit or prostrate, simple or liranched above, slciuler,
l"-.^*^ loiiK- Leaves narrowly lanceolate or oliloiig-
lanceolatc, varyiiij.; to linear-lanceolate, 2'-6' lonj^f,
sliort-petioled, acute at apex, liliate, pubescent with
apprcssed hairs on the midrili 1)cncath; ocreac cyliii-
dric, loose, strit;ose, frin.L;cd with lon).( bristles; racemes
paniclcd, terminal, erect, narrow, more or less inter-
rupted, I '■'-.}' lonj;; calyx pink or greenish; stamens
,S; style vparted to 1 iclow the middle ; acheiie 3-anjjlcd,
ovoiil orolilong, \"-i'i" lonj;, smooth, shininj;.
In sw,iini)s anil wet soil, Niw lirnnswick Ici Minnesota
iuxl Ciilifornia, mpuiIi to I'luiiila and Mixico. Jinie-Sei)t.
Polygonum hydropiperoides Macoiini Small. JUni. Dipt,
liiil. C'll. Cell. 1: .-^i. IMl.S.
M(iri' riibiiM than tlie lyjie. ■■ifm i ,V b'nu. clotheil with
•■tunt .•ii)i)ressi<l hairs; itavcs lanceolate. <il)tnse; ucrio-
lae nmrecir less ciliate: caly.s white or whitish, nftencoii-
spiciiiins. (Juetiec tn West Virginia atul Indiana. Also
in Califniiiia.
16. Polygonum Hydropiper L. .Sinart-weetl. Water Pcpiter.
rulys""'"" Ifydiopi/ifr I.. Sl>. I'l. ,{6i. I75V
Aumial, j^labroiis, stem erect, sim])lc r)r branched,
red or reddish, sometime^ Kreen, S'-24' tall.
Leaves lanceolate or oldonjj-lanceolatc, i'-4'lonj;,
short-petioled, acute or acuminate at the ajiex, un-
dulate or slightly crisped, punctate, ciliate, very
acrid, ocrcae cylindnc, fringed with short bristles,
sometimes slij^htly pubescent, usually swollen at
the base by the development of several tlowers
within; racemes panicled, i'-;,' long, narrow,
drooping, interrupte<l; calyx green, ;,-5-parted
(usually 4-parted ) conspicuously punctate; stamens
4 or sometimes 6; style short, 2-3-parted; achcne
lenticular or 3-angled, broadly oblong or ovoid,
slightly gibbous, i,'+"-l|^" long, granular, dull.
In moist waste places, almost thnuiKhimt Noith
America. Naturaliztf' from luirope in our area, per-
liajjs indigenous in the far Northwest. July Sept.
17. Polygonum punctatum \\\\. Dotted
or Water Smart-weed. (Fig. 1334.)
p. piiiuliiliiiii V.W. liot. s.
/'. lUrc 1 1. U.K. Nov. C.en.
Poiva
C. iS: C.a. 1:455. 1^17-
2: 179. 1817. Not I.am.
-Xunual or perennial, glabrous or very nearly so,
stem erect or ascending, rarely prostrate, simple or
branched, i°-3° long. Leaves lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, i' -S' long, acuminate at both ends,
pctioled, ciliate, conspicuously punctate, acrid, the
midrib often with a few scattered hairs; ocreae cy-
lindnc; fallingaway at maturity; fringed with long
bristles; racemes terminal, narrow, erect or slightly
drooping; loosely flowered, jj'-^' long; calyx
greenish; stamens >S; style 2-,vparted to the base
achene oblong, short, thick, lenticular or 3-angled
1J4" long, smooth, shining.
In swamps and wet places, throutfliout North .\mer-
ica except the extreme north. ]nne-()ct.
Polygonum punctatum leptostachyum dliisn.) .Small, Hull. Torr. Club, 19:356. 1S92.
oiiiini acre var. It'/'loslailiyHiii Mc-isn. in DC. I'rodr. 14: 108. 1S56.
ither smaller; stem slender, 1° 2" lonij; leaves narrower; racemes very slender and much in-
It
2
BICKWHI'AT I'AMII.Y.
561
ti-niiptid, iliistind ;it tlu- -.1111111111
siiiitli t(i I'liiriilii and .Mt\ii,,,
uliciU' .ilmut i" Idiij;, iibliiin;, sliiiiiiiK. Vi'iilliilit tip Califiiriiia,
PolyKomim punctatum robustior Siii.ill, IJulI, Tcirr, Club. 21: 477, iSi,;.
LurKir and st,,uU 1 Uniii tin- tyia-. Ualy; slim j s tall. Cdiispii-uotislv inlarKi il al {Uv a. ides-
leaves j s Iimik; laienies tliukei, 1' .(' \.,nK. iiiUinilited below; aeliene I ' ■'' Idiijr. sHkIUIv ({raiiular
sciniewliat nbnvoid; lalyx-seniiKiils wliite. Massacliiisiits U< Florida, near llie loast.
18. Polygonum orientale I,, rrince's
Feather. (Fij^. i;i33->
Poh'iiiniinii onnilitic f,. Sp. ]'l. ,;"-. I7,s.i.
Amuial, more or less hispid, stem erect, i°-.S'^tall,
branched. Leaves ovate or broadly oblong, 3'-i2'
long, ])etioled, aciiniinatc at the apc.\, ciliate; peti-
oles slightly winged; ocrcae cylindric, loose, with
or without a siireadim; border, ciliate; racemes
pani'-led, obloiig-cylindric, i'-4' long, dense, droop-
ing; (lowers large for the genu'A, calyx dark ro.se-
color or crimson; stamens 7, exscrted; style 2clcft
to above the middle, included; .stigmas large; achene
orbicular or broader than long, lenticular, flat,
nearly ij," in diameter, finely reticulated and
rather dull.
In waste places, escaped from gardens tlinniylmiit
eastern Xortli America. Native of India. AiiR. Sept.
19. Poly[,onum Virginianum I,. \'irgini;i
Kiiotwoed. (.Fig. 1336. )
J't'lvniiiiiiin l'i)i;inia>iiim I,. ,Sp. I'l. ,^(>o. 175;;.
.Annual, nearly glabrous or strigose-pubescent, stem
erect or arching, simple or branched above, 1^-4^ tall.
Leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate or ovate-laticcolate,
short-i)etioled, acuminate at the apex, 2'-6' long,
sparingly ciliate; ocreae cylindric, strigose, fringed
with short bristles; racemes spicate, erect, terminal
and axillary, naked, greatly elongated and interrupted,
sometimes 12' long; calyx curved, greenish or rose-
color, 4-clefl; stamens 5; .style long, cx.serted, 2-parted
to the base, its branches at length curled; achene 2"
long, ovalc-oblong, lenticular, strongly biconvex, dark
lirown or cream-colored, smooth, shining.
_ 111 uciods. Xova .Scotia to Minnesota, south to I'loridaand
Texas, .\scends to .((««) fi. in Xortli Carolina. Jiily-Xov.
20. Polygonum aviculare L. Kiiot-
jjras.s. I)oor-\vt.-ed. (Fig. 1337.)
Po/ixdiiiiiii az'iiiihiii- I.. Sp. I'l. .vj2. 17.S,v
Annual or commonly perennial, slender, gla-
brous, dull green or bluish green, stem prostrate
or ascending, simple or branched, 4'-2'^ long.
Leaves oblong, linear or oblanceolatc, 3"- 10"
long, nearly sessile or short-petioled, jointed to
the ocreae, narrowed at the base, usually acute
at the apex, not conspicuously veined; ocreae ob-
lique, silvery, 2-parted or at length lacerate;
clusters axillary, 1-5-Howered; flowers small,
short-pedicelled; calyx .green, 5-parted, the lobes
with white or pink borders; stamens 5-8; style
short, 3-parteil to near the base; achene 3-angled,
ovoid, i" long, acute, reticulated.
A weed in cultivated and waste groniuls. coniinoii
almost throuBlioul Xjrtli .\Mierica, .Vsiaand liumpe.
June-Oct.
\l V: '
562
rOLVGONACEAR.
21. Polygonum littorale Link. Shore
Knotweed. (Fig. 1338.)
/'i>/]X(iiniiii lillonrlc I, ink in Sclir:ul. Joiini. i: 54.
Annual or ])ereunial, stout, glal)rous, t)ri}{ht
green or slightly glaucous, stem l°-4° long, pros-
trate or ascending, diffusely branched from a
woody base, striate. Leaves oblong, oblong-lan-
ceolate or oblauccolate, 2"-9" long, obtuse or
subacute at the apex, mostly acuminate at the
base, prominently veined, often crisped, jointed
to the ocreae; ocrcae oblique, 2- parted, at length
lacerate; flowers axillary, 2-6 in each cluster;
calyx green, its lobes whitish-margined or car-
mine; stamens S; style short, 3-parted to the base;
achene broadly ovoid, 3-angled, I'i" long, more
or less narrowed at the base and apex.
On shores and in waste places, N\\v lirunswick to
Mimifsota and California, scmlli tn Virginia, lUinnis
and Kansas. .Mso in luinipe. .•\UK--St'i)l.
22. Polygonum Bellardi All. Bellard's
Knotweed. (Fig. 1339.)
l\'l]X""ii'>' Bclhitdi All. l''l. I'ed. 2: 2n,s. />/. 5»). / -•',
i78,v
Annual, dingy green, stem slender, prostrate or
spreading, i°-3^ long, simple or diffusely branched,
striate. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late, short-petioled, 2"-2o" long, acute at the apex,
acuminate at the base, distant, prominently veined
beneath, jointed to the ocreae; ocreae oblique, sil-
very, slightly lacerate when young, becoming much
incised when old; flowers 1-3 together in the axils;
calyx green, its lobes white-margined; .^tamem. 8;
style 3-parted to the base, very short; achene ovoid
or oblong-ovoid, 3-angled, rather pointed at both
ends, \"-\]i" long, reticulated and rather dull.
In waste gniunds, Washington. I). C .Adventive
from eastern Ivnrope or western .\si:i.
Polygonum maritimum L. Seaside Knotweed
V ''
1 340. )
l'iil\\i;iiiiitiii nuxiitiniiDii I,. Sp. I'l. 361, 1753.
I'l'lyiiiOiiiiii i^liiKiioii Null. Cieti. 1:2,^4. iSlS.
Perennial or sometimes annual, glaucous, gla-
brous, root usually deep, woody, stem prostrate
or ascending, branched, S'-2o' long, deeply
striate. Leaves ovate or oblong, mostly ecjual-
ling or longer than the intcrnodes, 3"-i2" long,
fleshy, veined beneath, somewhat ru,m>se above,
conspicuously jointeil to the ocreae, the margins
often re volute; ocreae large, silvery, 2-parted or
at length lacerate, becoming brown at the base;
flowers 1-3 together in the axils, becoming slen-
der-pedicellcd; calyx white or pinkish; stamens
.S; style short, 3-partcd; achene 3-angleil, ovoid or
narrowly ovoid, I'i'' long, acute or acuminate,
smooth, shining, longer than the calyx.
In sands of the seasliore, Maine to
on the coast of Ivnrope, July Sept
I'lorida. .Mso
Shore
BrCKWHKAT FAMILY.
563
/'ci/vi;oiiiiiii Jfiiyi Habiiigt. Man. Brit. Hot. Rd. 2
24. Polygonum Rayi Habingt. Rav's Knotwetd
■^
Perennial or annual, glabrous, slightly glau- x^ij
couB, stem ^'-24' long, prostrate, usually much
branchcil, striate. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or
oblong, 3"-l5" long, short-petioled, acute or
obtusish at the apex, veined beneath, incon-
spicuously so above, shorter than the internodes,
inconspicuously jointed to the ocreae; ocreae
2-parted, becoming lacerate, silvery, brown and
glaucous at the base when old; flowers 2-4 to-
gether in the axils; stamens 5 or 6; style short,
3-parted to the base; achene ovoid, 3-angled,
2"-3" long, slightly granular but shining, much
exceeding the calyx.
In ■■••astf places, Xtw Brunswick and Prince Kd-
wa*- '. Island to British Colnnibia. south along the
-Atlantic Coast to Virginia. Naturalized from
linrope ? May-Sept.
(Fig. 1341.)
25. Polygonum erectum L. Krect
Kiiotweed. (.Fig. 1342.)
I'olygoiiHin crciliim I,. Sp. PI. 363. 1753.
Annual, glabrous, stem erect or ascending, 8'-2°
high, terete, nearly simple or much branched.
Leaves oval, oblong or obovatc, sub.scssile or
short-petioled, 3'''-iS" long, obtuse or subacute at
the apex, conspicuously jointed to the ocreae;
ocreae oblique, funnelform, soon lacerate, silvery
when young; flowers 1-2 together in the axils;
calyx greenish, enlarged in fruit; stamens 6 (some-
times 5) style very short, 3-parted to near the
base; achene ovoid-pyramidal, 3-angled, xYz"
long, reticulated and dull, invested by the calyx,
or the apex slightly protruding.
In moist or dry soil, Ontario t(i the Xorthwest Ter-
ritory, Tennessee and .\rkansa?.. July-Sept.
26. Polygonum exsertum Small. Loiig-
fruited Knotweed. (Fig. 1343.)
p. exiitliiui Small, Bull. Torr. Cbib. 21: 172. 1894.
Annual, glabrous, sometimes slightly glaucous,
stem slender, brownish, erect or nearly so, con-
spicuously striate, branched, i;2°-3°tall. Leaves
lanceolate, rarely oblanceolate, ^i'-iyi' long, acute
or cuspidate at the apex, acuminate at the base,
nearly sessile; ocreae 2-4-parted when young, soon
lacerate, silvery, becoming brownish; calyx green-
ish, or white, 6-parted to near the base; stamens 5
or 6, included; style 3-cleft or 3-parted, very short;
achene 3-.ingled, narrowly pyramidal, 2 '2 "-3"
long, more or less constricted above the middle,
chestnut-brown, smooth, shining, 2-3 times as long
as the calyx, at length twisted.
Northwest Territory, south to lUiiinis, Missouri
and Nebraska and on the .Mlantic coast, in brackish
marshes, from Maine to New York. .\ug. Oct.
'< "j
rOLYGONACKAK.
27. Polygonum ramosissimum Miclix.
Bushy Knotwecd. (,Fig. 1344.)
P. >(7)ii('.si.ssiiiiiii>i Miclix. i''l. Hor. Am. i: 2,^7. 1803.
Annual, liright green or yellowish green, gla-
brous, stem erect or ascending, usually very much
branched, slender, striate, usually rigid, 4'-4° tall.
Leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, sliort-petiolcd,
3"-2o" long, acuminate at both ends, persistent,
conspicuously jointed to theocreae; ocreac oblique,
funnelforni, few-nerved, liecoming deeply lacerate;
flowers several together in the axillary clusters,
sliort-pedicellcd; calyx 5-6-parted, greenish-white;
stamens 6 or fewer; style very short, ,vparted to the
l)ase; a 'lene ,^-angled, acute, sometimes slightly
protruding beyond the calyx, nearly i}i" long,
black, reticulated, dull.
Ill saline soil, Miiiiii.-S(ita lo tlu' Nnrlliwest Territory,
New Mexico and California, ami on tlic Atlantic coast
from Maine lo New Jersey. July-SL'pt.
Polygonum ramosissimum prolificum Small. Hull. Torr. Club, 21: 171. i'<94.
Husliy, much branched, stem nearly erect, its ititcnioiUs sliort. its nodes KiviiiK otT 2 or more
branches; leaves narrower; flowers and aclieiics nioie numerous
the coast of Maine,
28. Polygonum camporum Meisn.
Prairie Knotweed. (Fis- I345.)
p. caiiipmiini Meisn. in Mart. I'l. liras. 5: 21. 18,^5.
Annual or jjerennial, glabrous, stem mostly
erect, slightly striate, much branched, some-
times slightly glaucous, 2'^-3° tall. Leaves
linear-lanceolate or oblong, soon falling away,
subsessile, rather obtuse at the apex, veined be-
neath, 3"-i2" long; ocreae fnnuelform, early
lacerate and fugacious, dark brown ; flowers sev-
eral together in the axillary clusters, slender ped
icelled; pedicels short; stamens 8; style short,
3-parted; achene pyramidal-ovoid, 3-angled,
black, nearly I'l" lon.g, smooth, shining.
On i)rairies. Nebraska to Louisiana and New
Jlexico. Also in South America. July Sept.
Nebraska and Kansas; also on
29. Polygonum tenue Michx. Slender
Knotweed. (Fi.i;. 1346.)
J'i>lyi;t>iiinn /(•//'((' Michx. l''l. Hor. .\m. 1:2,^8, lSo,v
/. Annual, glalirous, scnncwhat rough about the
.^^ nodes, stem very slender or filiform, erect, simple
or branched, somewhat 4-angled, 4'-l2' tall.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile, acumi-
nate at the apex, 2"-\2" long, articidated to the
ocreac, i-ribbed with a lateral impression on each
side of the rib, the margins minutely scabrous or
serrulate; ocreac funnelforni, soon lacerate; flowers
several in the axillary clusters, green, subsessile;
calyx-lobes whitish ; stamens S; style 3-partcd nearly
to the base, its branches diverging; fruit erect;
achene 3-anglcd, black, \"-\^'," long, reticulated
on the angles, the centre of its faces smooth.
Dry soil, Ontario to Minnesota, OeorKia and .Vrkan-
sas, '.\seeiuls to V'Hj ft. in North Carolina. July-.Sept.
BrCKWHEAT FAMILY.
565
30. Polygonum Douglasii Greene.
Douglas' Knotweed. (Fig. 1347O
Polvi;oiuiin Poiia/iisii C.reene, Hull. C:il. .\cacl.
("11.) 1:125. 1885.
Annual, similar to the preceding species, gla-
brous, somewhat rough at the nodes, sometimes
slightly glaucous, stem erect, 8'-iS' tall, simple
or usually much branched, almost terete.
Leaves oblong or narrowly lanceolate, ,'j'-2'
long, sul)sessile, rather thin, flat or revolute,
■with no lateral impressions parallel to the mid-
rib; ocreae oblique, short, soon lacerate; clus-
ters axillary, several-flowered; the flowers and
fruit deflexed; calyx green with white or rose-
colored margin; stamens S; style ;,-parted;
achene 3-anglcd, i '+'"-2" long, oblong or ovoid-
oblong, black, smooth and shining.
NorthwLSt Territory and Hritish Cnlunibia to New
Jltxico anil Indian Territory, east tlirouifli (Inlario
to northern New York and Vermont. June -Sept.
Polygonum Convolvulus I^. Black Bindweed. (Fig. 1348.)
PohxoiiKiii Ciiiivol-.'iihis I,. Sp. PI. :/)\. 175.?.
Annual, glabrous, scurfy, stem twining or trail-
ing, fi'-T,° loni^, mostly branched, the interuodes
elongated. Leaves ovate-sagittate or the upper-
most lanceolate-sagittate, long-petioled, acuminate
at the apex, slightly ciliate, 'j'-j'long; ocreaeob-
lique, short, rough on the margin; axillary clusters
or racemes loosely flowered; flowers greenish, pen-
dulous on slender pedicels; calyx 5-parted, closely
investing the achene, the outer lobes slightly or
not at all keeled; stamens S; style short, nearly
entire; stigmas 3; achene 3-anglcd, obovoid-pyrani-
idal, I '2" long, thick-pointed, black, granular,
rather dull.
In waste and cuUivaled ff'ouuds, nearly lliroughont
North America except the extreme north. Naturalized
from Ivurope. Native of Asia. Sometimes a trouble-
.some weed. Calyx rarely 6-parted. July-Sept.
32. Polygonum cilinode Michx.
Fringed Black Bindweed. (Fig. 1349.)
J\ n7ino(if Michx. l-\. Hor. .\m. i: 241. 1S03.
Perennial, sparingly pubescent, stem red or
reddish, twining or prostrate, i°-io'' long.
Leaves broadly ovate or somewhat hastate, acu-
minate at the apex, cordate at the base, rather
long-petioled, undulate, finely ciliate, i'-4'
long, or the upper smaller; ocreae small, armed
with reflexed bristles near the base; racemes
mostly panicled, axillary and terminal, inter-
rupted; calyx whitish; style short, 3-parted to
the base; achene 3-angled, oblong-pyramidal or
ovoid, nearly l}i" long, very smooth and shining.
In rocky places. Nova Scotia to Ontario. Minne-
sota and r'ennsylvania, south in the AUewlianies to
North Carolina." .\scends to 2000 ft. in the Calskills.
June-Sept.
POLYGON ACEAH.
33. Polygonum scandens L. Cliinhinj^
False Huckwlieat. ' HiK- i35'- >
/'dhxiiiiinii .si(Hi(/iiis I,. S]). PI. .vn. I7,i,v
Perennial, jnlal)r<)us, stem climbing, 2°-2()° long,
ramer stout, striate, l)ranche<l, rounh on the ridges.
Leaves ovate, acuminate, cordate at the base, i'-6'
long or the upper smaller, the larger long-petioled,
finely punctate, the margins scabrous; ocrcae oblique,
smooth and glabrous; racemes usually numerous and
panicled, interrupted, leafy, 2'-8' long; flowers yel-
lowish-green, long-pedicelled; calyx g-parted, the
three outer segments very strongly winged and decur-
rent on the pedicels, especially in fruit; stamens 8;
style almost none; stigmas 3 ; fruiting calyx 5"-6" long,
the wings crisped, not incised; achene 2"-2>^" long,
3-angled, rather blunt at both ends, smooth, shining.
In wcMids and tliickils, Nciva Scotia to Ontario and the
Kocky .Mountains, south to I'lorida, Nebraska and 'IV.vas.
Auk. Sept.
34. Polygonum dumetorum L. Copse or Hedge Hiickwheat. (Fig. 1350.)
Polygi'iiiiiii till iHcloiu III I,. Sp. IM. lid. 2, 522. 1762.
Perennial, glabrous, similar to the preceding spe-
cies, stem extensively twining, 2°-i2° long, striate,
much branched. LeaveN ovate or somewhat has-
tate, and sometimes inequilateral, acuminate at the
apex, cordate at the base, I'-alj' long, long peti-
oled, or the upper smaller and nearly sessile; ocreae
oblique, smooth; racemes mostly axillary, numer-
ous, much interrupted, leafy-bracted, 2'-5' long;
flowers yellowish green, pendulous; calyx 5-partcd,
the three outer segments winged or keeled and
much enlarged in fruit; stamens S; style short,
3-parted; fruiting calyx y''-^" long, the wings
nearly flat, not incised; achene oblong, 3-angled,
2" long, inclined to be pointed at both ends, black,
smooth, shining.
Prairies of Illinois and about St. Louis. Mo. .■Mso in
the vicinity of Knoxville, Tenn. N.iturali/ed from
Europe ? July-Sept.
35. Polygonum cristatum F;iigelm. &
Gray. Crested F'al.se Buckwheat.
(Fig. 1352.)
/'nhxiiiiiiiii tiislaliiiii liuKelui. iS; Cray, Host.
Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 25f). 1S47.
Perennial, scurfy, stem slender, twining, 2°-
10° long, more or less branched. Leaves trian-
gular or ovate, I'-s' long, acuminate at the
apex, undulate, truncate or cordate at the base,
rather long-petioled; ocreae cylindric-funncl-
forni; flowers in axillary simple or compound
often naked racemes i '-5' long; pedicels about
2J2" long, jointed near the middle; calyx
greenish-white, 2"-2;2" long, ,s-parted to near
the base, the 3 outer segments keeled and at
maturity winged; stamens S, included; style
none; stigmas 3; fruiting calyx 3"-4" long, its
wings incised; achene 3-auglcd, oblong, black,
smooth, shining, about i ','" long,
cky banks, southern New York to Ceortfia, the Indian Territory and Texas.
Sandy w<
Aug. Oct.
lods and r(
HUCKWHEAT FAMILY.
567
36. Polygonum Zuccarinii Small. Japanese Knotweed.
PdhK' <"'!'»' niiftidaliim Siib. 6c Zutx. I"l. Jap. I''iiiii.
Silt. 2: S4, 1S46. N(]t Wind. iS2S.
Pohiioiium '/.It ■arinii Small, Mem. Dipt. liot. Ci)l.
Cnll, l: 15S. ./, M. 1X95.
rerennial, jilahrous, more or less scurfy, stem
stout, erect, woo<ly below, terete or slightly
angled, much liranchcd, 4°-S° tall. Leaves ob-
louK-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, petioleil, 2'-6'
loun, acuuiinatecuspidate at the apex, truncate
or subcordate at the base, reticulate-vuiued on
both surfaces, their margins undulate; ocreac
oblique, smooth, fugacious; racemes mostly ter-
minal, panicled, 2'-4' lonji, or axillary, many-
flowered, more or less pubescent; flowers green-
ish-white, louK-pedicelled; outer segments of the
5-parled calyx very broadly winj^'ed in fruit;
stamens 8; style ^parted; achene 3-an>;led, nar-
rowly oblong or oblong-pyramidal, \]i"-\]i"
long, black, smooth, shining.
Escaped from cultivation near Philadtlphia, I'a .
Schenectady. N. Y.. and .\tlantic HiKlilaiids, N. J.
Native of Japan. July-Oct.
(t'iR- 1353- )
Polygonum sagittatum L.
Arrow -leaved Tear-thiimb. (Fig. I354-)
P(ilyi;oiuiin sagillalinii I,. Sp. PI. . ^-■,. ir.S.V
-Annual, light green, stem slender, weak, de-
cumbent, or climbing over other plants by the
abundant sharp recurved prickles which arm its
4 prominent angles. Leaves lanceolate-sagittate or
oblong-sagittate, J<'-3' long, obtuse or acute at the
apex, slightly rough on the margins, the lower pe-
tioled, the upper subsessile; petioles and lower sur-
face of the midribs prickly; ocreae oblique, not
ciliate, fringed at the base by a few bristle-like
prickles; flowers in rather dense terminal heads or
racemes; calyx greenish or rose-colored ; stamens
usually S; style 3-parted to below the middle;
achene 3-angled, oblong-pyramidal, thick-pointed,
\yi" long, dark red, smooth, shining.
In wet soil, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to the
Northwest Territory, south to Florida and Kansas.
.\scends to .?o(») ft. in Virginia. July-Sept.
38. Polygonum arifolium L. Halberd-
leaved Tear-thmnl). (Fig. I355-)
Piilyooniiiii aii/oliinn L. Sp. PI. ,',64. I7.^,V
Perennial, stem ridged, reclining, 2°-6° long, the
ridges armed with recurved prickles. Peduncles
and pedicels glandular or pubescent; leaves broadly
hastate, long-petioled, I'-io' long, pubescent or
glabrous beneath, the apex and basal lobes acumi-
nate; i)etioles and stronger nerves prickly; ocreae
oblique, fringed at the summit with short bristles
and at the base with slender prickles; flowers in
terminal and axillary heads or racemes; calyx rose-
color or greenish, 4-parted; stamens 6; style 2-parted.
achene lenticular, broadly obovate, 2" long, strongly
biconvex, dark brown, smooth, shining.
In moist or wet soil. New lirunswick and Ontario to
Minnesota, south to South Carolina. July-.Sepl.
568
POLYGONACEAE.
n
N>,'"'
. \
7. POLYGONELLA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 240. 1S03.
Annual or perennial glabrous herbs, sometimes slij,'htly woody, with erect branched
usually conspicuously jointed stems, alternate narrow leaves articulated to the naked ocrcae,
and small white or jireenish (lowers in slender panicled racemes. Calyx uiie(|ually 5-parted,
j)crsistent, its sc.t;ments petalloi<l, loosely investing the achciie or its base in fruit, the throe
inner calyx-segments often winged. vStamens S, included; lilamcnts filiform, or much dilated
or anricled at the base; anthers oblong, small. Style ^-parted, short or almost wanting;
stigmas capitate; ovary i-celled, ovule solitary. Achenc 3-anglcd, smooth. Embryo slen-
der, nearly straight, situated in one of the angles of the seed. [Diminutive of Polygonum.]
l'"ivc or six siK-cics. natives nf North .\nierica.
.\iinual: iiiiicr sepals nut winKid in fruit; pedicels reflextd. I. /'. arliiiilalii.
Perennial; inmr sepals wiuKed in fruit; ptdicels divergent.
I. Polygonella articulata (L.) Meisn. Coast Jointweed
Polvffoiiuiii aiiicidn/uiii I.. Sp. I'l. ,V),v >7.^,V
P<i[yi;oiic!la (irti<i(lala Meisn, Gen. 2: 22S. i8,s6-'4,^.
Annual, glaucous, stem sleniler, wiry, erect or
sometimes difTusely spreading, simple or branched,
striate or slightly angled, 4'-io' long. Leaves
linear or linear-subulate (apparently fdiform from
the revolnte margins), sessile, 4"-2o" long, jointed
to the summits of the ocrcae, cylindric, slightly ex-
panded at the summit; racemes numerous, erect,
many-flowered, i'~i yi' long; ocreolae crowded or
imbricated ; pedicels reflexed ; calyx-segments
white with a ilark midrib, loosely investing the
achene, not winged in fruit; achene narrowly ovoid-
pyramidal, pointed, i" long, brown, smooth,
shining.
2. /'. Aiiifi icijiia.
(I-'ig- 1356.:)
In sands of the seashore ;uiil sandy soil aloiiK the
coast, Maine to Tlorida, and on the sliores of the (ircat
Lakes. July-Oct.
2. Polygonella Americana (F. & M.) Small.
(FiS- 1357- '
Southern Jointweed.
iS: M. Jkni. .Vcad. St.
In dry soil, Missouri
(,'oiiiif'yiinii Aiiwricaiiiiiii V
I'elcVsb. I VI. I 4: M4. 1840,
Polviioiiclla iiiciiiilis l^iiRcIm, & Ciray. Host. Jouni. Nat.
Ilist. 5: 2;,o. i84,i,
/', .liiu-ricdnii .Small, Mein. Torr. Club. 5: 141. 1S94.
Perennial by a long slender root, slightly glaucous,
stem erect or ascending, wiry, somewhat flexuous,
iJ2°-4° high, simple or slightly branched, covered
with a ridged more or less scaly bark. Leaves linear
or linear-spatulate, '^'-i' long, often fascicled on
short branches, sessile, rather fleshy, obtuse and revo-
lnte at the apex; ocreae scarious-margined, split on one
side; racemes i'-3' long, dense, divergent; calyx white
or pink, its three inner segments developing or-
bicular cordate wings, the two outer reflexed in fruit!
pedicels divergent, jointeil below the middle; achenc
elliptic-oblong, i '4'" long, chestnut-brown, pointed at
both ends, smooth, shining.
to Texas, east to CeorRia and .Maljania, AuR, Oct,
8. BRUNNICHIA Hanks; Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. i; 213. />/. /,-. /. 2. 1788.
Perennial, glabrous herbs with elongated, grooved nmch branched stems climbing b}-
tendrils at the ends of the branches, and alternate entire broad cordate petioled leaves, the
ocreae obscure or wanting, and small perfect flowers in panicled terminal and axillary
racemes, the flowers fascicled in the axils of lanceolate-subulate bracts. Pedicels slender,
jointed near the base. Calyx 5-partcd, nmch enlarged, coriaceous and winged on one side
in fruit, closely investing the achene, the segments spreading when fresh, converging when
dry. Stamens 7-10, mostly 8; filaments filiform, much dilated at the base; anthers ovate-
liUCKWHEAT I-A:.IILY.
569
1 788.
ohloiij,'. vStyle ^-parted, the stigmas 2-cleft at the suiniiiil; ovary imperfectly 2-cellc(l; ovule
solitary, pendulous. Acheiie 3-aiij,'lc(l. Seed irregularly 6-grooved, the cmhryo in one of
its angles. [Name in honor of I\I. T. Brunuich, Norwegian naturalist.]
Two known spe'-ies, the followinK of southeastern North Aineriu ', tlu- ullicr of tropical Africa.
I. Brunnichia cirrhosa Baiik.s. Brumiichia. (Fig. 1358.)
Ill iiiniidiia cirrhosa Hanks; Cairtn. I'r. i\: Scni. I;
21;,. /)/. /,-. /. -». I7S^-
A'd/aiiiii (nut/a Walt. Kl. Car. 247. 17SS.
Steii' 6°-2()° long, somewhat woody, rather
tough slender, grooved. Tendrils numerous, fdi-
for-.i; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or
acununate at the apex, truncate or snhcordate at
the base, i'-6' long, petioled, slightly puhescent
beneath; ocreae obsolete or represented by a ring
of short bristles; racemes 2'-6' long; flowers in
fascicles of from 2-5; calyx campaindate, 3"-4"
long, greenish, 5-parted, its base strongly winged
along one side; stamens exserted; achene oblong-
ovoid, 3" long, brown, smooth, closely invested
by the persistent and coriaceous calyx which be-
comes i' or niorp in length.
On banks of streams, soulliern Illinois to .\rkan-
sas. east to .South Carolin:i and I'lorida. May June.
Fruit mature in AurusI.
Family 15. CHENOPODIACEAE Duiiiort. Anal. F'ani. 15. 1S29.
GOOSKI'DOT F.\MII.V.
Amuial i)r perennial herbs, rarely shrul)s, with angled striate or terete steins.
Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, ex.stipnlate, .simple, entire, toothed or
lobed, mostly jietioled (in Sa/iconi/a reduced to mere ridges). Flowers perfect,
pistillate, polygamous, monoecious or dioecious, small, green or greenish, regu-
lar or slightl\- irregular, variously clustered, connnonly in panicled .sjjikes, Ijract-
less or bracteolate, occasionall\- .solitary in the axils. Petals none. Calyx per-
sistent, 2-5-lobed, 2-5-parted or rarely reduced to a .single .sepal, wanting in the
pistillate flowers of some genera. Stamens as many as the lobes or divisions of
the calvx, or fewer, and ojiposite them; filaments .slender; anthers 2-celled, hni-
gitudinally dehi.scent. Disk usuall\- none. Ovary mostly superior and free
from the calyx, i-celled; ovule .solitary, amphitropous; .styles 1-3; .stigmas capi-
tate, or 2-3-iobed or di\-ided. Fruit a utricle, with a thin or coriaceous peri-
carp. Seed \ertical or horizontal; endosperm meah", fle.sh\- or wanting; embryo
partly or completely aniutlar or conduplicate, or spirally coiled.
.■^bout 75 genera and ,S5o species, of wide f>eo(fraphical distribution.
■X- Embryo annular or conduplicate, not spirally coiled; endosperm copious lexcept in S.ilict'rina).
I.eafv herbs: endosperm copious.
I'ruit enclosed bv or not lotiRcr th.in the calyx or bractlels.
I'lowers perfect or some of lliem pistillate; calyx herbaceous or fleshy.
Calyx 2-,s4ol)e(l or 2-.sparte<l; stamens 15.
Fruitinji; calvx windless, its seffmeiUs often keeled.
Calvx herbaceous or but sliglitlv Oesliy in fruit; flowers in panickd spikes.
I. c'iii'i/<>/>iHi/inii.
iMuitiuK- calvx dry, strongly reticulated; leaves pi imati fid. 2. A'oii/iii'Vtr
Calvx vcrv fksliv and brishl red in fruit; llowers densely capitate.
,^. mil II III.
Fruiting calyx horizontally uinged. 4- Cyiii'lmiiO-
Calvx of I sepal'; stamen i. " S Jf,iiii>/,;iis.
I'lowers monoecious or dioecious; calyx of pistillate flowers none; fruit enclosed by 2
bractlets.
Hractlets Hal or convex, not silky,
liractlets silky-pubcstent, conduplicate.
I'lowers perfect: calyx membranous; leaves filiform-linear.
I'ruit nmcli exserted beyond tlic crdyx.
Leafless fleshy herbs with opiiosite branches; etidosi)erm none.
-X- vr Embryo spirally coiled ; endosperm little or none,
tihnib; flowers monoecious, not bracteolate.
lierbs; flowers i)erfecl. bracteolate.
iMuitiuK calvx windless: leaves fleshy, not spiny.
iMuitiuK calvx bordered by a thin hori/ontal wiuR: leaves very spiny.
6. .(/;-//'/'■ 1.
7. Kiirnlin.
8. A'lif/iiii.
9. Coris/>rri>nnii.
o. Saliciiriiia.
11. Sill ckIhjIiis.
12. Ddiidia.
i,V So I sol a.
570
CHKNOrODIACEAE.
i
I. CHENOPODIUM L. vSp. PI. 21.S. 1753.
Annual or perennial, grtrn and glabrous, white-mealy or glandular-pubescent lierlKS, with
alteraate petiolcd entire sinuate-dentate or pinnately lobed leaves. Mowers very small,
green, perfect, sessile, hractless, clustered in axillary or terminal, often panicled or
compound spikes. Calyx 2-5-parted or 2-5-lobed, embracing or enclosing the utricle, its
segments or lobes herbaceous or slightly fleshy, often keeled or ridged. Stamens 1-5; fila-
ments filiform or slender. Styles 2 or 3; seed horizontal or vertical, sometimes in both posi-
tions in different flowers flf the same 8f>ecies, firmly attached to or readily separable from the
pericarp; endosperm mealy, farinaceous; embryo completely or incompletely aimular.
[Greek, goose-foot, from the shape of the leaves.]
.\hout 60 si)ecies, mostly weeds, of wide geoRrapliic distribution. Hesides (he following, some
,S others occur in tlie western parts of North .\uierica.
-:■!■ Embryo a complete ring.
Leaves white-mealj- on the lower surface.
Leaves or some of them sinuate-toothed or lobed.
Sepals strongly keeled in fruit.
Pericarp firmly attached to the seed; stem erect, tall. i. (".
Pericarp readily detached from the seed; stem low. 6. C.
Sepals not keeled in fruit; stem decumbent. 2
Leaves mostly entire, narrowly linear or oblong. v
Leaves green and glabrous or nearly so on both surf.ices when mature
Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, entire.
Leaves, at least the lower, sinuate, toothed or incised.
Stamens 5; calyx not fleshy.
I'ericarp readily separable from the seed.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate ; calyx-lobes scarcely keeled. ,s. C.
Leaves triangular-hastate; calyx-lobes keeled. 6. C.
Pericarp firmly attached to the seed.
Klower-clusters, at least the upper, longer than the leaves.
Leaves oblong, rhombic-ovate or lanceolate, narrowed at the base.
I eaves obtuse or merely acute. i. C- olhtiiii find.
Leaves or some of them cuspidate or bristle-tipped. 7. (". Jltrlaiiduri.
Leaves triangular-ovate, truncate or subcordate at base. S. C. uihuuni.
Spikes loosely panicled in the axils, the panicles shorter than the leaves.
9. C. nturti/e.
Stamens only i or 2: calyx slightly fleshy, red. n. C.
Leaves very coarsely 2-6-toothed. 10. (".
Leaves broadly triangular-ha.state, entire or merely undulate. 12. C.
•vT -A Embryo an incomplete ring.
Leaves ovate or oblong, pinnately lobed; flowers in long loose panicles. i.v C. /io/iys.
Leaves lanceolate; flowers in continuous or interrupted spikes.
Spikes borne in the axils of the numerous small upper leaves. 14. C
Spikes in large commonly leafless terminal panicles. 15. C
a I I'll HI
Friiiionlii iiiiiiiiiim.
C. f; I a II I II III.
C. ieplopliyllinn.
4. (". polyspcniiiiiii.
fldsiianmn.
Fremonlii.
I uhniiii.
Iivbi idiiiii.
lion iis-Hcnritiis.
ainbrosioidrs.
aiilhelmiiiluiiiii.
1. Chenopodium album I,.
Lamb's Quarters.
(Fig. 1359.)
White Goosefoot. Pigweed.
Chenopodium album L. Sp. I'l. 219. 1753.
Annual, pale green, stem usually slender, stri-
ate and grooved at least when dry, erect, com-
monly much branched, i°-io° tall, the branches
ascending. Leaves rhombic-ovate or the upper
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, narrowed at the
base, acute or s6metimes obtuse at the apex, 3-
nerved, white-mealy beneath, dentate, sinuate or
lobed, or the upper entire, i'-4' long; petiole
often as long as the blade; spikes terminal and
axillary, simple or compound, often panicled;
calyx about Yt" broad in fruit, its segments
strongly keeled, usually completely enclosing
the utricle; seed horizontal, black, shining,
firmly attached to the pericarp; embryo a
complete ring.
In waste places. .\ common weed throughout
North America except the extreme north. Natur-
alized from Europe. Native also of .\sia. Widely
distributed as a weed in all cultivated regions.
Stem often purple-streaked. June-Sept.
Chenopodium album viride (L. ) Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 71. 1849.
Clienopodium viride L. Sp. PI. 219. 17,53.
Plant brighter green; leaves green on both sides or but slightly mealy beneath. Range of the
type. Perhaps a di.stinct species.
I! I
'•
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.
571
Chenopodium glaucum L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. (Fig. 1360.)
I7.S,V
C/itii«f><ii/iiiiii iilaitiinii I,. Sp. I'l. 220.
iUihiinjilaiiciim Koch, ,Syii. I'l. Ct-rm. (*-i^. iS,^7.
Annual, succulent, stem usually much branched,
decumbent or prostrate, or with erect branches, 4'-
iS' high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, slcnder-petioled or the uppermost nearly
sessile, obtuse or acute at the apex, mostly narrowed
at the base, white-mealy beneath, dark green above,
I '-2' long, the lower or all of them sinuate-dentate
or lobed; flowers in small axillary often branched
spikes, the clusters usually shorter than the leaves,
or the upper panioled; calyx about }■." broad, its
segments oblong or obovate, obtuse, neither fleshy
nor keeled in fruit; utricle brown, depressed, its
summit not completely covered by the calyx; seed
of lateral flowers vertical, thick, somewhat ex-
serted, that of terminal flowers commonly horizon-
tal; embryc a complete ring.
A weed in waste places throUKluiut North America
except the extreme iiortli. Naturalized from I-Uirope;
now fomd in most cultivated areas of the Rlobe.
June-Se|)t.
3. Chenopodium leptophyllum Uloq.) Nittt
Narrow -leaved Goosefoot.
(Fig. 1361.)
Cliciiofi(Hliu»i alhiim var. Iffiloflnlliiiii Moq. in DC.
I'rodr. 13: Part 2, 71. 1849.
Cliiiiiif>oiliinii IcplKphyllum Nutt. : Moci. in DC. Prodr.
^J^.__ fB),r 6^ ^ \11 n /'/ 13: Part 2, 71. As synonym. 1849.
C""^ ~> ^ larW W I /// C/iriin/xniiiiiii Ufitofhvlliiiii var. ohlongifolntm .S.
*^— =*— ' T fiSf V\ ^ I /// Wilts. Proc. Am. Acad. 9; 95. 1874.
Annual, scarcely succulent, stem slender, usually
erect, striate or grooved, at least when dry, branched,
6'-2|2° tall, mealy above, the branches erect-ascend-
ing. Leaves linear to oblong, white-mealy beneath,
green above, acute or acuminate, or the lower ob-
tuse, entire or the lower rarely toothed, short-peti-
oled, '^'-i^^'long, i"-3"wide, 1-3-nerved; flowers
in continuous or interrupted axillary and terminal
simple or branched spikes; calyx about yi" broad,
its segments strongly keeled and nearly covering
the fruit; seed horizontal, readily detached from
the pericarp; embryo a complete ring.
Ill dry soil, Manitoba and the Northwest Territory to
Missouri, New Mexico and Arizona. Also on the
shores of Lake Kric and on sands of the seashore,
Connecticut to New Jersey. July-Sept.
Chenopodium leptophyllum subglabrum S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. Q: 95. 1874.
Leaves scarcely mealy or iiiiile green; flowers
loosely clustered. Western Nebraska and Colorado.
4. Chenopodium polyspermum I^.
Many-seeded Goosefoot. (Fig. 1362.)
Chcnopoditini polysper»>um I,. Sp. PI. 220. 1753.
Annual, glabrous, not mealy, stem stout or slen-
der, erect or decumbent, commonly much branched,
striate, 6'-3° high. Leaves oblong, elliptic or
ovate, slender-petioled, entire, thin, green on both
sides, obtuse at the apex, narrowed rounded or
truncate at the base, i'-3' long, V'-'i'/i' wide;
flowers in loose axillary and terminal panicles;
calyx less than i" wide, its segments oblong, sub-
acute or obtuse, somewhat scarious, not keeled, not
completely covering the top of the fruit; seed
firmly attached to the pericarp, horizontal; embryo
a complete ring.
In waste places and ballast, Massachusetts to New
Jersey. Adventive from liurope, July- Sept.
572
CHIvNorODIACKAR.
5. Chenopodium Boscianum M()(|. Hose's
Gcx)sefoot. (KiR. i,i^>3. )
Cliciiof>odii<i>: luisiiaiiuiii M<i<|. ICmiiii. Chtnop. 2t. iS.|o.
Annual, li^jlit t,'rfcn, stem slender, creel, striate, us-
ually much branched, i"-3^ tall, the branches very
slender, diverj^eut or ascending. Leaves thin, green
on both sides, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or
., acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, slcnder-
pctioled, i'-2'2' long, the lower sinuate-dentate or
nearly all of llieni entire; flowers in slender terminal
and axillary spikes; calyxscKments broadly oblong,
obtuse, scarious-margined, not at all keeled, or scarcely
so in fruit, herbaceous, nearly covering the utricle;
seed horizontal, readily separating from the pericarp,
l)lack, shining; embryo completely annular.
In woods and Ihicktts, Nlw York ami N\'W JiTst y to
Indiana and Minnesota, soulli to North Carolina and
■ 'xas. July Sept.
6. Chenopodium Fremontii S. Wats. Fremont's Goosefoot. (Fig. 1364. )
C'liiiiof<ihlhiiil FrciHoiilii S. Wats. liot. Kiny's l';x|).
2S7. 1S71.
Annual, glabrous or very nearly so, light green,
stem stout or slender, erect, grooved, branched, l°-
3° tall. Leaves thin, green on both sides, broadly
triangular-hastate, sinuate-dentate or the upper en-
tire, mostly obtuse at the apex, truncate or abruptly
narrowed at the base, slender-petiolcd, I'-V long
and nearly as vv'idc, the uppermost sometimes very
small, oblong or lanceolate and acute; spikes slen-
der, axillary to the upper leaves and in terminal
panicles; calyx yz" wide, its segments keeled in
fruit, and nearly enclosing the utricle; pericarp
easily separable from the seed; seed horizontal,
shining; embryo completely annular.
In woods and thickets. Nebraska to Colorado and
Nevada, south to New Jlexico. ]uIy-Se])t.
Chenopodium Fremontii incanum ,S. Wats. Proc. \m. .-Vcad. 9: 94.
Low. stems stout and nuich branched, the branches and lower snrfaces of
white-mealy; leaves U'-i' lonfj. KauKC of the type. Possibly a distinct species
lensely
7. Chenopodium Berlandieri Moq. Ber-
landier's Goosefoot. (Fig. 1365.)
CliciicpiHiiiiin IJt'ilaiidieii Mo(|. ICnuni. Chenop. 2,v
1840.
Annual, slightly mealy when young, green when
old, stem erect, commonly much branched, iyi°-i°
tall, the branches slender, ascending. Leaves lan-
ceolate, oblong or rhombic-lanceolate, slender-peti-
olcd, thin, some or all of them cuspidate-acuminate
at the apex or bristle-tipped, narrowed at the base,
sinuate-dentate or entire, yi'-iyi' long; flowers in
rather loose terminal panicled spikes; calyx nearly
1" broad, its segments keeled, completely enclosing
the utricle; pericarp firmly attached to the horizon-
tal seed; embryo a complete ring.
In dry soil, southern Jlissonri to Texas, and in Flor-
ida. June-Sept.
GOOSIU'OOT FAMILY.
573
8. Chenopodium urbicum L. rpri^ht
or City Goosffoot. ( I''ijr. 1366.)
ClitnofiinUnm iirhiiinii I,. Sp. I'l. 21S, \-},},.
Annual, green or hut slightly mealy, stem com-
monly stout, erect, branched or simple, channeled,
l°-3° tall. Leaves hastate or triauKularovate,
acute at the apex, truncate sulicordatc or al)rui>tly
narrowed at the base, stout-pelioled, coarsely and
irregularly dentate or the upi>ennost entire, the
larger j'-s' long; spikes in terminal and axillary
narrow erect panicles, the upper longer than the
leaves; calyx yi" broad, its segments ol)long, ob-
tuse, herbaceous, not keeled and not entirely en-
closing the fruit; seed horizontal, rather firmly
attached to the pericarp, its niarg.ns rounded;
embryo a complete ring.
In waste placis. t'spi ciiiUy in till' liliis, Novii Scn-
tia and Oiilario to SDUlliL-ni New York. AdvLiilive
from Ivunipc. Much k'ss ciiniimiti than llif follnwiiiK
species. Juiie-Stpt.
9. Chenopodium murale L,. Xettle-
IcavedCioosefoot. .Sowbane. (Fig. 1367.)
l7i, iiiipcH/iiim niiira/c J,. .Sp. PI. 219. 175,^
.\nnual, scarcely or not at all mealy, some-
what scurfy above, stem erect or decumbent,
usually branched, i°-2>2° high, leafy to the
summit. Leaves rhombic-ovate, thin, bright
green on both sides, acute or acuminate at the
apex, sharply and coarsely sinuate-dentate,
broadly cuneate or subtruncate at the base,
slender-pctioled, 2'-4' long; flowers in loose ax-
illary panicles shorter than the leaves, often not
longer then the petioles; calyx-segments not en-
tirely enclosing the utricle; .seed sharp-edged,
horizontal, firmly attached to the pericarp; em-
bryo completely annular; stamens 5.
In wastf places, Jlaine to Micliigaii aiul lirilisli
Coluiiitiia, SdUtli 1(1 I'lorida and Mexico. Natural-
ized I'rdin Ivurope. Widely distributed as a weed in
civilized regions. June-Sept.
10. Chenopodium hybridum L.
Chenopodium hyhridniii I,. Sp. PI. 219. 175.,.
.\nnual, bright green, not mealy, sometimes
more or less scurfy; stem slender, erect, usually
branched, 2°-\yi° tall. Leaves ovate or rhom-
bic-ovate, long-acuminate at the apex, truncate
rounded or subcordate at the base, thin, slen-
der-petioled, sharply dentate with 1-4 large
acute teeth on each side, or the upper lanceo-
late and entire, the lower 4'-?' long; flowers in
large axillary and terminal panicles; calyx
about i" broad, its segments oblong, rather ob-
tuse, herbaceous, slightly keeled, incompletely
covering the fruit; stamens 5; seed horizontal,
sharp-edged, firmly attached to the pericarp;
embryo a complete ring.
In woods and thickets, sometimes in waste places,
Quebec to tlie Northwest Territory and British
Columbia, south to Boutheastern New York, Ken-
tucky, Kan.sas, I'tah and New Me.\ico. .\lso in
Kurope. July-.Sept.
Maple-leaved Goosefoot
vi
CHKNOI'ODIACEAE.
XI. Chenopodiuin rubrum L. Red
(loosefont. ( Fi>;. I, '^^'9-)
Cliiiiopmiiinii nihiinit I,. Sp. I'l. 2i>. \'SS-
lUiliiin mill mil Kiiilili. I'l ('.triii. ICxiv .s^s. i.^.iif ,w.
Annual, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, not mealy,
stem cri'i-t, lenfy, i°-2|i" tall, often much
branched, the branches stricter ascending. Leaves
thick, \'i'-\' long, rhombic-ovate or rhombic-lan-
ceolate, pctiolcd, acute acuminate or obtuse at the
aj)cx, narrowed at the base, coarsely sinuate-den-
tate or the upper entire; flowers in erect compouud
leafy-bracted axillary and terminal spikes often
exceeding the leaves; calyx ,V5-parted, its seg-
ments slightly fleshy, red, not keeled, obtuse, about
as long as the utricle: stamens i ur 2, stigmas short;
seed hori/.ontal, shining, rather sharp-edged, sepa-
rating from the pericarp; embryo annular.
Oil the stMCDUst, NVwIoundUiml tu Niw Jtrsey. and
ill saliiK- soil in the iiUerii>r:icri)Ss the eotitineiit, snutli
tiieetilrtil New York, Nebraska and Kritish Coluiuliia.
.\ls(i in I'Uirope and .\sia. July-Sepl.
12. Chenopodium Bdnus-Henricus L,. Good KitiR Henry. Perennial
Goosefoot. (Fig. 1370. )
C/irii(i/)(i(iiiiiii Hiiiiiis/liin iiin I,. Sp. I'l. 21S. 175,^
lUituiii iloiiiis-Ifiiii iiiis Keifhb. I'l. denn. V.\c. ,sS2.
Perennial by a thick rootstock, glabrous, dark
greeu, not mealy; stem erect, usually stout, simple or
little branched, channeled, l°-2'2° tall. Leaves
broadly triangular-hastate, palmatcly veined, entire
or undulate (rarely with 1 or 2 small teeth), the
apex and basal lobes usually acute, the lower long-
petiolcd ( petiole often twice as long as the blade 1,
the upper much smaller and short-petioled; flowers
in terminal and axillary, simple or pauicled, com-
monly dense spikes sometimes 3'-4' long; calyx 4-
5-partcd, the segments not longer than the fruit;
stiguias elongated; seed vertical, or that of termi-
nal flowers horizontal, black, shining, bluut-edged;
embryo a complete ring.
In waste places. Nova Scotia and Ontario to Massa
chusetts and southern New York. Naturalized from
Ivurope. ]une-Se))l.
13. Chenopodium Bdtrys 1^. Feather
Geraninm. Jcritsaleni Oak. (Fig. 1371.)
Cluiicfxiiliinii lloliys I.. ,Sp. I'l. 219. 175,^
Annual, green, glandular-pube.scent and viscid,
strong-sceute<l; stem slender, erect, simple or
branched, S'-2° tall. Leaves ovate or oblong,
deeply and usually irregularly pinnately lobed,
acute or obtuse at the apex, petioled, H'-i' long,
or the uppermost much smaller, the lobes mostly
obtuse and dentate; flowers very small, in numer-
ous loose axillary cymose panicles mostly longer
than the leaves; calyx 3-5-parted, the segments
lanceolate, acute, thin, very pubescent, rather
longer then the utricle; seed horizontal or vertical,
firmly attached to the pericarp; embryo an incom-
plete ring.
In waste places, Nova Scotia to Minnesota and Ore-
Kon. southeastern New York, Kentucky and Mexico.
Naturalized from ICurope. Native also (if .\sia The
leaves fall in autumn, leaving the panicles as narrow
naked wands. Also called Turnpike Geranium. July-
Sept.
t;'
II k
OOOSHI'OOT FAMILY. 575
14. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Mexican Tea. (Tig. 1372. j
Cluiii'f'iHliinii (iiiihi ii.\iiiiilis I,. ,S|i, I'l. 211J 175.).
.Annual, jjliibrous or slinlilly >;lanihilarpu-
licscent, j;recn, not mealy, strong-scented,
stem much brnnclicd, ascendiuf^ or erect,
leafy, 2'-,^" IukI', an>;ular ami grooved.
Leaves olilonjj or oblonj^'-lanceolate, obtuse or
subacute at the apex, narrowed to a short peti-
ole, repanddentate, undulate or the upjier en-
tire, l' -},'<' long, the upper numerous and
much smaller; flowers in small dense axillary
spikes, mostly shorter than the sulitendiuK
leaves; calyx usually vparted, ccmipletely en-
closiuK the fruit; jiericarp readily separable
from the seed; seed horizontal or vertical,
shiuing; embryo an incomplete ring.
In waste places, Maitu- and < inlaiiu to I'lorid.i,
wist across the iciiUimnt U> Califntiiia. Natu-
rali/i (1 fmin tropical .Anurica. Iiitiipihucd as a
weed also itUii southern luuope ami Asia. -Vug.-
( )ol.
15. Chenopodium anthelminticum L. Wormseed. (Fig. i37;v)
CliciiiipiHiiuiii aiillii-liiiiiiliiiiiii I,. .Sp. PI. 220. 175,1.
Clii'iioftudiinii aiiihnisididfs var. aiilltcliiiiiilii iiiii
\. Cray, Man. I'M. 5, ^uS. 1.^67.
.\nnual or sometimes perennial, rather dark
green, similar to the preceding species and ])er-
liaps intergrading with it, stem somewhat
stouter, 2jj°-3'i'° long. I<eaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, usually acuminate at the apex
and narrowed at the base, slender-petiolcd,
coarsely dentate or incised, 2'-^' long, the
lower 1' or more wide, the upper gradually
smaller, the upi)crmost commonly liuear-lanceo-
late and entire; flowers in linear usually bract-
less panicled spikes, or the lower spikes leafy-
bracted; seed horizontal or vertical; embryo an
incomplete ring.
In waste pl.ices, southern New York and soutlieni
Ontario to Wisconsin, south to 1-Moridaand Mexico.
Naturalized from Ivurope. /\UK.-Oet.
2. ROUBIEVA Moq. Ann. Sci. Xat. (II.) i: 292. 1834.
A perennial herb, glandular-pubescent, strong-scented, prostrate, and diffusely branched,
with narrow small short-petioled deeply pinnatifid leaves. Flowers small, green, perfect, or
pistillate, solitary, or in small axillary clusters. Calyx urn-shaped, 3-5-toothed, narrowed
at the throat, in fruit becoming obovoid, strongly reticulated and closed. Stamens 5.
Styles 3, exserted. Wall of the pericarp thin, glandular. Seed vertical. Embryo a com-
plete ring in the mealy endosperm. [Name in honor of G. J. Roubien, French botanist.]
A monotyinc genus of .South .\mtrica, often included in Clitnopodium.
37
576
CIII-NOl'ODIACHAI';.
firk)
I. Roubieva multifida (L. ) Moci. Cut-
k-avecl (ioosefoot. Roubieva.
(Fig. 1374.)
ChciiopoiliKiii III II Ui /ill II III I,. Sp. I'l. ?2'K 175,5.
A'i>ii/iir:'(i iiniUi/iila Mck]. .\mi. Sci. Xat. (II.l I:
T'svKillv inuch branched, very leafy, pros-
trate, or the branches ascending, 6'-iS' long.
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate or linear-
oblong in onllinc, 'j'-i,'.;'long, i '."-4" wide,
deeply pinnatiHd into linear-oljlong acute en-
tire or toothed lobes; (lowers 1-5 together in
the axils, sessile, less than "i" broad, sonic
perfect, some pistillate; fruiting calyx obovoid,
obtuse, 3-nerved and strongly reliculate-vcined,
'2" thick; utricle compressvd.
In waste placi-; and 1)allast, SdUthi-ni New York
to VirK'nia. Xal>n"ali.^eil nr ailventivc fmni tropi-
cal Anurica. June Se])t.
3. BLITUM I.. Sp. PI. 2. 1753.
.Annual glabrous or sparinglv pubescent succulent branching herbs, with alternate has-
tate pctiolecl rather light green leaves. Vlowers small, green, or reddish, aggregated in glo-
bose axillary sessile heads, or the upper heads forming an interrupted spike. Calyx 2-5-
lobed, becoming pulpy and bright red in fruit. Stamens 1-5. Pericarp separating from
the seed. .Seed vortical, shining. Embryo a complete ring in the mealy endosperm.
[The classical natuc of orachc.]
( )ne or perhaps two species, natives of Norlli .Vnierica anil I'Uirope.
t'ig- 1 375-)
I. Blitum capitatum L. Slrawbcny Blite.
ISliliim Mpil'iluiii r.. Sp. I'l. 2. 175,5. f"~"""\"^>.^ 5!^%
C/;('»<i/)('(///("/ cVz/i/A/Z^w Aschcrs. I'l. lirand. 572. 1S6-I. -^.-
vStem ascendin.g, erect, or prostrate, 6'-2'^ long,
commonly much branched, the branches ascend-
ing. Leaves usually longer than wide, \]i'-2>'
long, rather thin, sinuate-dentate, or the upper or
sometimes all of them entire, cordate or rcniforni,
the apex and basal lobes acute or acuminate;
lower petioles often longer that the blades; heads
sessile in the axils and on the sides of the upper
part of the stem or branches, 2"-t," in diameter
in flower, becoming bright red and 5"-S" in di-
ameter in fruit, and then somewhat resembling
strawberries; seed compressed, ovate, enclosed by
the calyx, or when quite tnature slightly exserled.
In dry soil, Nova .Scotia to .\laska, south to New
]i rsey, Illinois, Minnesota, in the Kocky Mountains
to Colorado and Ttah and to Nevada. .Also in lUnope.
June-.\uK.
4. CYCLOLOMA Moq. Knum. Chenop. 17. 1840.
.•\u annual diffusely branched glabrous or cobwebby-pubescent herb, with alternate peti-
oled irregularly toothed leaves,' and small sessile bractless flowers in paniclcd interrupted
spikes. Calyx ,s-lobed, the lobes keeled in flower, a thin horizontal irregularly dentate wing
developing below them in fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 2-3. Fruit (except its summit ) enclosed
by the calvx, depressed. Seed horizontal; embryo a complete ring in the mealy endosperm.
[Greek, circle-border, alluding to the calyx-wing.]
.\ nionotypic genus of north central North .Vnierica.
GOOSE rO( )T FA M 1 1, V.
I. Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreiig.) \
Coult. Cycloloma. (Fig. 1376. ) ""^
Kihliid aliipliiift<lia Spaii^r, Xartr. 1"1. Hal. 2:, vs. iSm.
Cvrli'loiiia f>Uilrf'li\lli(iii Mix). luuim. Cluncii). iS. lS_)o.
C. all if>liiifoH,nn Coult. Mem. T(irr. Club, 5: i-|.v iSci.j.
Pale green or becoming dark purple, bushy-
branched, 6'-2o' hitjh, the stem and branches angu-
lar and striate. Leaves lanceolate, mostly acumi-
nate at the apex, narrowed into slender petioles,
irregularly sinuate-dentate with acute teeth, i'-3'
long or the upper much smaller: spikes numerous
in terminal panicles, loosely flowered, i '-.',' long,
slender; fruit, including tlic winged calyx, 2" broad;
calyx-lobes not completely covering the summit of
the utricle, which appears as a 5-raj-cd area.
.Vloufr streams .-ukI on banks. Mruiilciba to Indiana
and lUiniiis, wtst IdtJK' Xortluvest Ttirilnry, Nebraska
and Ari/.iina. S mmtr.
5. MONOLEPIS Schrad. Iiul. Scni. Go, 4. 1830.
Low annnal branching herbs, with small narrow alternate entiic toothed or lobed leaves,
anil polygamous or jierfect (lowers in small axillary clusters. C ')yx of a single persistent
herbaceous sepal. Stamen i. Styles 2, slender. Utricle flat, t il jericarp adherent to the
smooth vertical seed. Embryo a very nearly complete ring in i,e mealy endosperm, its
radicle turned downward. [Oreek, single-scale, from the solitarj -opal.]
Three known species, natives of western Xortli .\nierica, the folUiwi.ig one reacliinffour lintils.
I. Monolepis Nuttalliana ( R. & S. )
Greene. Monolepis.
(Fig.
i: .(.
iSiS. Not
lUilniii (lii'iiofioilioiiii-s Xutt. (ien
I.am. 178,^
imiicii Xtdlaniainiiii R. iS: S. Mant. i: 6,s. 1S22.
J/iuf'/fpis ii/t'iii>/>oc/ioii/i.-s 'Min[. in DC. I'mdr. 13- Part
2. 85. 1S4,).
Moiiolcfiis yntlalliaim C.rcene. V\. I'raii. 168. 1S91.
Slightly mealy when young, pale green, glabrous
or nearly so when old; stem 3'-i2' high; branches
many, ascending. Leaves lanceolate iu outline,
short-petioled, or the upper sessile, yi'-ilz' long,
narrowed at the base, 3-lobed, the middle lobe lin-
ear or linear-oblong, acute or acuminate, 2-4 times
as long as the ascending lateral ones; flowers clus-
tered in the axils; sepal oblanceolate or spatulate,
acute or suliacute; pericarp minntely pitted, about
l^" broad; margins of the seed acute.
In alkaline or dry soil. Manitoba and the Xortliwest
Territory to Minnesota. Nebraska, New Mexico and
southern California. Jnnc-Sept.
6. ATRIPLEX L. Sp. PI. 1052. 1753.
Annual or perennial herbs or low shrubs, often scurfy -cancscent or silvery. Leaves alter-
nate, petioled or sessile, or some of them opposite. P"lowers dioecious or monoecious, small,
green, in panicled spikes or capitate-clustered in the axils. Staminate flowers bractless, con-
sisting of a 3-5-parted calyx and an equal number of stamens; filaments separate or united
by their bases; a rudimentary ovary sometimes present. Pistillate flowers subtended by 2
bractlcts which enlarge in fruit and are more or less united, sometimes quite to their summits,
their margins entire or toothed, their sides smooth, crested, tuberclcd or winged; perianth
none; ovary globose or ovoid; stigmas 2. I'triclc completely or partially enclosed by the
fruiting bractlets. Seed vertical or rarely horizontal; embryo annular, the radicle pointing
upward or downward; endosperm mealy. [From a Greek name of orache.]
.■\bout 130 species, of ven,- wide geoRrapliic distribution. Besides the following, some .js others
occur in the western parts of North .Vmeriea.
Animal lierbs; steins or branches erect, diffuse or ascending.
Leaves hastate, ovate, rliombic-Ianeeolate or linear-laiieeolate.
Plants green, gl- bnnis or sparingly scurfy, not silvery; leaves sleiuler-petioled.
Leaves lanceolate, several times longer than wide. i. ,/. paliila.
Leaves triangular-hastate, the lower only 1-2 times as long as wide. 2. A. Inistata.
57S
CIIlvNOI'dDlAClCAI'.
I'tr
rliiiil very sciiii'v; Icavis rliiiin1)ii.'-iivati', slinrl iKtioUd. ;\. ,'/. rusi'a.
riant?, ikusily silvii y: Uavrs lia>lati', intiiv or liuk- toiUlK-d.
SlamiiialL' sjiikuH dfiisi-. slidit; Umvi'S i)iti(ikil. 4. ./. a ixi- 11 1 cu .
Slamiiialf si)ikus (.IdiifralKl inltnni>Uil; iii)pcr U^avi'S scssik'. 5. .1. iv^aiiso.
I,cav<js ()l)l(inK, (1(M!S( ly silviTy, iiitiri'; plant iil' SL-a boaolii'S. (1. .1. aiciuii la,
i-nnial lurlis iir slinilis; leaves dbkniK i>r ipblatK'cotatt-, iiitiri-; plants ul' tlu wtsliiii plains.
" ' ' il. ;. .1. XiilUillii.
s. . /. iaiii'scciis.
l'r\iitiuiLC l>iac-tk-ts subuiliicnlai-. winitkss, tlic-ir sides crested or tubercle
iMuitinj; bractlcts appeiula^feil by .( vertical reticulated \vin);s.
( Fi:
I. Atriplex patula L.
.*^prcadiii<r Orache. (Fii;- '.ij^-)
All ifilii /xiliila I,. Sp. PI. iii.s,^. I7,s.v
Alriplfv IllUnalis \,. Sp. I'l. in.s). 175,^.
Annual, dark j^rt'en, glahrons or soniuwliat scurfy
above; stem much branched, difliise, asccndin.i; or
someliines erect, i°-3° long. Leaves lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, slender-peliolcd, or the uppermost
nearly sessile, entire, si)aringly toothed, or ^-lohed
below the middle, acuminate at the ajicx, narrowed
or cuneate at the base, I'-.s' long. 2"-!'.' wide;
flowers in panicled interrupted slender mostly leaf-
less spikes, and usually also capitate in the upper
axils; fruiting bractlcts united onlj- at the ba.se,
fleshy, triangular or rhombic, ^"-4" wide, their sides
often tubercled; radicle of the embryo ascending.
In waste places and ballast, Nov.i .Scotia and Ontario
to soiitlurn New York and New Jersey. Naturalized
from I'hirope. or perhaps indijfeuous northward. Native
also of .\sia. Much less couiuion tliati the lOUowing
si)ecies. July -.\UK-
2. Atriplex hastata L. Hall)tTd-lcaved Oraclie. (Fig. i,^v9-^
Alrif'lix liastiUa I,. .Sp. I'l. lo.s,^. 175,^
A. f'liliihoii var. luis/alKiii ,\.C,ray, JIan. I'kl.,s. 409. 1.S67.
Alriftlfx f>aliila var. sii/'s/tim/d ,S. Wats. I'roc. .Vni.
Acad. 9: 107. 1874.
.\nnual, pale green, or purple, somewhat scurfy,
at least when young; stem erect or ascending,
branched, i°-2'2° tall. Leaves slender-petioled,
acuminate, the lower broadly triangular-hastate,
seldom more than twice as long as wide, entire or
sparingly toothed, l'-4' long, truncate or narrowed
at the base, the basal lobes divergent, acute or acu-
minate; upper leaves sometimes triangular-lanceo-
late; inflorescence as in the preceding species; the
fruiting bractlcts sometimes broader.
In salt meadows and waste places mostly near the
coast, New lirunswick to Suutli Carolina, and in saliut-
soil, Manitoba to liritisli Columbia, Nebraska ,ind
rtali, .\lso in ICurope, The western plant is more
scurfy than the eastern, .^UK-Oct.
3. Atriplex rosea L. Red Oraclic.
(Fis. 13S0. )
A/i ip/,i n«.V((i I., Sp. I'l. ICd. 2. I4<rv I7''',v
Annual, pale green and very scurfy, stem creel or de-
cumbent, usually much branched, i ^-2^2° high. Leaves
ovate or rhombic-ovate, short-petioled or the upper .ses-
sile, coarsely sinuate-<lentate, obtuse or acute at the
ape.Y, narrowed or subtruncate at the base, 'j'-.v'j'
long, U'-i%' wide, often turning red; flowers mostly
in axillary capitate clusters, often dense, or some in
few terminal spikes; fruiting bractlets broadly ovate or
triangular-hastate, strongly veined, mealy-while, dry,
about y broad, united only at their bases, their margins
toothed or lacerate and sides tubercled.
In w.cste lUaces and ballast. Nova Scotia to northern New
York ai'd New Jersey. Adveutive from luirope. .\uk' Oct.
579
GOOSi:i'( )( )T I'AM I lA'.
4. Atriplex argentea Xutt. Silvery Orache. (Fig. 138 1.)
All ifiliv aii;fiili\i Null. Cifii. i: i^S. iSlS.
Annual, pale, densely silvery-scurfy or becom-
ing smooth, stem erect or asceutling, bushy-
branched, 6'-2o' high, angular. Leaves firm, tri-
angular-hastate or rhombic-ovate, mostly acute at
the apex, narrowed or subtruncate at the base,
petioled or the upper sessile, entire or sparingly
dentate, /^ '-2' long, the basal lobes short; (lowers
in capitate axillary clusters, or the staminate in
short dense spikes; fruiting bractlets suborbicu-
lar, rhombic or broader than high, 2"-4" wide,
united nearly to their summits, the margins
sharply toothed, the sides sometimes tubercled
or crested; radicle of the embryo pointing down-
ward.
In dry iir saline snil. Miiiiicsota to the Northwest
Territory, south to Nebraska, Colorado and I'tali.
June-Sept.
5. Atriplex expansa S. Wats. Se.ssile-
leaved Orache. (Fig. 1382.)
AIn'filc.v expansa S. Wats. I'roe. .\ni. Acad. 9: 116.
KS74.
Annual, densely silvery -scurfy, similar to the
preceding species, but stouter, the stem erect,
widely branched, sometimes 6° tall. Leaves thin,
triangular-hastate or rhombic-ovate, toothed or
eiitiic, sessile or the lower very short-petioled,
Yi'-lYz' long and nearly as wide ac the base;
pistillate flowers in axillary clusters, the stami-
nate mostly in slender interrupted solitary or
paniclcd spikes sometimes 4' long; fruiting
bractlets broad, united nearly to their summits,
tubercled, their margins strongly toothed.
Western Kansas (accordinR to .\. S. Hitchcock) to
Cliihuahua and New Mexico, west to California.
July-Oet.
6. Atriplex arenaria Xtitt. Sea-beach
Atriplex. ( F'ig. 13S3.)
Alrifilrv aieiiai ia Null. r.en. i: 19S. iSiS.
Annual, pale, densclj- silvery-scurfy, stem
bushy-branched, 6'- 18' high, the branches as-
cending or decumbent, angular, slender. Leaves
oblong, entire, acute or obtuse and umcronulate
at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, very
short-petioled or sessile, ,'<'-i/4' long, 2J2"-K)'''
wide, the midvein rather prominent, the lateral
veins few and obscure; flowers in axillary clus-
ters much shorter than the leaves; fruiting bract-
lets triangular wedge-shaped, broadest above,
2"~y wide, united nearly to the several-toothed
summits, their margins entire, their sides reticu-
lated, or sometimes crested or tubercled; radicle
of the embryo pointing downward.
On sandy sea beaches, Nova Scotia (?); Massa-
chusetts to Klorida. July Sept.
U
7. Atriplex Nuttallii vS. Wats. Xuttall's Alriplex. (Fig. 13S4.)
All ifihv ymuiiiii s.
111.. i>7(.
Wals, I'liio. Am. .Acad. Q;
A finely scurfy pale green shrub, i°-2;i° tall,
the hranclit's erect or ascending, rather stiff,
striate or terete, leafy, the bark nearly while.
Leaves oblon.i,', linear-oblong or oblanceolate,
obtuse or subacute at the apex, narrowed at the
base, sessile, entire, '-'-a' long, 2"-5" wide;
flowers in terminal spikes and capitate clustered
in the axils, often strictly dioecious; fruiting
bractlets ovate or snborbicular, united to above
the middle, i ","-2'," broad, the margins
toothed, the sides crested, tubercled or spiny.
Ill (b-y or .aUiu- snil. Manitoba to llie Niirtliwc-st
Ttvritni'y. --nutli to Ncliiaska. C.ilor.ul.) and Ni;\;ula.
8. Atriplex canescens ( Pursli) James, Bushy
CtilliK"iiiii" c'liicsii'iis
iSM.
Tursh. I'l. .\in. Sept. 37
Alrifyltw iniifsifiis James, Trans
(IT.) 2:17s. 1S25.
.\m. I'liil. Soc.
A pale densely scurfy shrub, i°~3° high, re-
sembling the preceding species and with simi-
lar foliage, I-'lowers in short terminal spikes
and in axillary dusters, coniinonly dioecious,
sonietimes monoecious; bractlets ovate in
flower, united nearly to tlieir summits; in fruit
appendaged by 4 broad thin distinct wings,
which are ^"-4" broad at the middle and usu-
ally about twice as high, strongly reticulate-
veined, not tubercled nor crested, toothed near
their summits or entire,
III dry (ir saline snil, South Dakota and Nebraska
to New"Mexico and Mexico, wfst to Nevada and
Califonua. July Sejit.
7. EUROTIA .\daiis, Faiii, PI, 2: 260, 1763.
Pubescent perennial herbs or low shrubs, with alternate entire narrow leaves and monoe-
cious or dioecious ilowcrs, capitate or spicate in the axils, .Staminate llowers not bracteolate,
consisting of a 4.parted calvx and as many cxserted stamens. Pistillate flowers 2-bracteolate,
the bractlets united ncarlv'or cpiite to their sunnnits, densely covcre.l with long .silky hairs,
2.horned; calvx none; os'arv ovoi.l, scssi ^ pubescent; styles 2, exscrted. Seed vertical;
embryo nearly annular in the mealy endosperm, its ra.licle pointing downward, [iTom the
Greek for hoariness or mould,]
Two known species, the f.illouiiiK of western North Ainevi
eastern lUirope.
ea. the other of \ve>^tei n .\^ia and
GOOSKl- 0( )T r A JI I L V.
I. Eurotia lanata ( Pursh) Moq. American
ICiirotia. W'liitc Sage. (Fig. 13S6.)
/>ti</is /(i)iti/a I'ursli, I"l, Am. Sc-pt. («>2. 1814.
ICmoliii Itiini/it Moi|. ICmiin. ClKiKip. Si. 1S40.
A stellate-pubL-sccnt erect imich-braiiclied slirul.
i°-3° liigl', tlie hairs long, wliitc wlien young, hi;-
coniing reddish brown, the branches ascending, very
leafy. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolale, short-
petioled or the upper se.ssilc, o'.jhisc at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, '2 '-2' long, 1" -^^yi." wide, their
margins revolute, the niidvcin prominent, the lateral
veins few; llowers densely capitate in the upjjcr
axils, forming terminal leafy spikes; bracts lanceo-
late, 1"-!^" long in fruit, appendaged by 4 tufts of
spreading hairs; calyx-lobes acute, pubescent; utricle
loose, the pericarp readily separating from the large
seed.
In dry si>il. Xortliwcst Ttrritory li> wcstL-rn Nebraska
and Xcw Mexico, .Nevada and California. June.Sepl.
581
8. KOCHIA Kolh; Schrad. Joiirn. Bot. i: 307. />/. J. 1799.
Perennial or annual herbs or low shrubs, with alternate sessile narrow entire leaves, and
perfect or pistillate llowers, sometimes bracteolate, clustered in the axils. Calyx 5-lobed,
herbaceous or membranous, wingless, or sometimes developing a horizontal wing, enclosing
the fruit. Stamens 3-5, their filaments linear. Ovary ovoid, narrowed upward into the
style; stigmas 2. I'tricle pear-shaped or oblong, the pericarp membranous, not adherent
to the seed. Seed inverted; the testa thin; embryo annular; endosperm little or none.
[Name in honor of W. D.J. Koch, I77i-t.S49, Director of the Botanical Garden at Erlangen.]
.About ,?,s spcoies, mostly natives of the ( )ld World, llie following introduced from ICurcjpe. An
indigenous species, K. .Imci icaiia, occurs in the western I iiiled Stales.
I. Kochia Scoparia (L.) Roth. Kocliia.
(Fig. 13S7.)
Clinii'piHiiinn Si(ipcir/ii I,. ,Sp. I'l. 221. 175,5.
KiH/iia Srofian'a Roth; Sclirad. Neues Joiun. liot.
3: S5. 1809.
Annual, pubescent or becoming glabrate, stem
erect, slender, rather strict, Ijranched, leafy, i°-
2,'2^ tall. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, cili-
ate, acuminate at the apex, i'-2' long, i"-2"
wide, the upper gradually smaller; flowers sessile,
solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, forming
short dense bracted spikes; fruiting calyx-seg-
ments each with a short triangular horizontal
wing.
In waste places. Ontario. Vermont and norllieni
New York. .Vdventive from ICurupe. Native al.<o
of .\sia. Jidy-.Sept.
9. CORISPERMUM L. Sp. PI. 4. 1753.
Annual herbs, with alternate narrow entire i-nerved leaves, and perfect bractless small
green flowers, solitary in the upper axils, forming terminal narrow leafy spikes, the ujipcr
leaves shorter and broader than the lower. Calyx of a solitary thin broad sepal, or rarely 2.
Stamens 1-3, rarely more, and one of them longer. Ovary ovoid; styles 2. I'tricle ellipsoid,
nlo^tly piano convex, the pericarp firmly adherent to the vertical seed, its margins acute or
winged. Embryo annular in the somewhat fleshy endosperm, its radicle i)ointing downward.
[Greek, bug-seed.]
.\1)out 10 species, natives of llie north temperate and subarctic zoiu's. Only the following is
known to occur in North .\meiica.
J,
r
I
^■■-■=,.i.>*^^'..-,^>jr--..w
582 CHKXoroDIACI'Ai;.
I. Corispermum hyssopifolium I,. Bug-SLcd. ( I'ig. i.v'^S.)
Col ispcriiiKiii liy^.-iofti/nliiiiii I,. S|>. I'l. .|.
■;5,i.
Glabrous or pubescent, rather pale grceii,
soiiiewhat llcshy, stem striate, erect, sometimes
zigzaj^, usually inucli branched, 6'-2° tall, the
branches slender, ascending or divergent, spar-
ingly leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile,
'2'-2' long, \"-2" wide, cuspidate at the apex;
upper leaves ovate or lanceolate, appressed- as-
cending, or at length spreading, acute or acumi-
nate at the apex, y^'-Yz' long, scarious-mar-
gined; utricle \"-2" long, ',"-1" thick, nar-
rowly wingcil, obtuse, subacute or mucrouate
by the persistent styles.
In sandy -ic 111, shiircs of the C.reat I.nkes to the
Xortliwi-sl Tirrilory, .\rctic .\nKTi(.-ii and liritish
Cohinibia, south to Kansas. Texas and .\ri/ona.
.Mso in Ivurope and .\sia. 'IMk- small fruitt-d form
(var. iiiiiidCiirf'Kiu S. Wats. .) occurs from K.uisas
southward. Jiily-Sc))!.
10. SALICORNIA L. Sp. PI. 3. 1753.
Fleshy glabrous annual or perennial herbs, with opposite terete branches, the leaves re-
duced to mere opposite scales at the nodes, the flowers sunken 3-7 together in the axils of
the upper ones, forming narrow terminal spikes, perfect or the lateral ones staminate.
Calyx obpyramidal or rlioniboid, fleshy, 3-4-toothed or truncate, becoming spongy in fruit,
deciduous. Stamens 2, or sometimes solitary, cxserted; filaments cylindric, short; anthers
oblong, large; ovary ovoid; styles or stigmas 2. I'tricles enclosed by the spongy fruiting
calyx, the pericarp membranous. Seed erect, compressed; embryo conduplicate; endo-
sperm none. [Name Greek, salt-horn; from the saline habitat, and horn-like branches.]
.\boul 10 sptcit'S, natives of saline soil, widely distributed in both the Old World and the New.
Only the following are known to inhabit Xorlli America.
Annuals; stem erect.
Scales very short, acute or blunt: spikes i"-i ' •" in diameter. i. .S'. hcrhacea.
.Scales nuicronaU'-tipped; spikes 2' -3" in diameter. 2. 5. Digt'lovii.
Perennial by a woody root.stoek; stems trailing or decund)ent. 3. S. aiii/tijrua.
I. Salicornia herb^cea L. Slender Glasswort. (Fig. 1389.)
Sii/uoriiiu Kinof>aia var. In iharra I,. Sp. I'l. 3. 1753.
Salidornia licrhacca I,. .Sp. I'l. VA. 2, 5. 1762.
Annual, 6'-2° tall, stem erect, much branched,
the branches slender, ascending or nearly upright,
their joints 2-4 times as long as thick. Scales acute
or rather obtuse, i " long or less, broadly ovate or
wider than long; fruiting spikes i'-3' l<5ng, about
ija" in diameter; middle flower of the 3 at each
joint twice as high as the lateral ones, reaching
nearly to the top of the joint; utricle pubescent.
In salt marshes, .\nticosti to ('.eorgia; about salt
springs in central New York; in saline soil from Mani-
toba to Urilisli Columbia, south to Kansas and I'tali.
-Mso in ICurope and .\sia. The plant often turns bright
red in autumn, forming vividly colored areas in the salt
marshes, hence called Marsh Samphire. July-Se])t.
^. b-
C.OOSKI'OOT I'AMIIA'. 5'^i
2. Salicornia Bigelovii Torr. Higelow's Glasswort. (Fig. 13^0.)
Siiliiiiinia iinii roitiila liiutl. I'l. Host. I'M. 2, 2.
1S24. Not I.iiK. lSi7-
Saliioriiiii I'lixiiiua Mdij. in DC. I'rculr. 13;
I'lirt 2, 145. 1.S49. N'cit I,. 17,1,^.
SiiliiKiiiia /•'ijif/ofii Turr. Hoi. Mcx. Hound.
.Suiv. 1S4. lS,59.
Annual, stem and branches stout, erect or
nearly so, 2'-l2' tall. Scales ovate or trian-
gular-ovate, sharply inucronate, i^'-i/i"
long, at length spreading; fruiting spikes
/'j'-Z/i' long, 2"-3"indianielt'r, their joints
not longer than thick; middle flower slightly
higher than the lateral ones, reaching very
nearly to the end of the joint; utricle
pubescent.
In salt niarshfs. Nova Scotia to Florida and
Texas. I'lant bright red in autumn. July-Sept.
3. Salicornia ambigua Miclix. Woody Gla.ss\vort. (Fig. 1391.)
Saliioniia aiiibiiiiia Jliclix. I'"l. Ilor. .\ni. i: 2.
iSo.v
Perennial by a woody rootstock, stem trail-
ing or decumbent, 6'-2° long, the branches
ascending or erect, slender, nearly or quite
simple, rather long-joiuted, 3'-S' long.
Scales broadly ovate or wider than highi
acute or obtuse, appressed or slightlj' diver-
gent; fruiting spikes \i'-\]z' long, about 2"
in diameter, their joints not longer than
thick; flowers all about eejually high and
about equalling the joints.
On sfa beaches and salt meadows, Massachu-
setts to IHorida and Texas, and on tlie Pacific
Coast. Perhaps identical with S./ni/ioi.sa I,.,
of PUirope. .VuK.-Sept.
II. SARCOBATUS Xee.s in Max. Reise N. A. i: 510. 1839.
An erect much branched shrub, with spiny branches, alternate linear fleshy entire ses-
sile leaves. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the staminate in terminal ament-like spikes,
the pistillate solitary in the axils, or rarely several together. Staminate flowers without a
calyx; stamens 2-5 together under peltate rhombic-ovate acute spirally arranged scales;
filaments short. Pistillate flowers sessile or very nearly so; calyx compressed, ovoid or ob-
long, slightly 2-lipped, adnate to the bases of the 2 subulate exserted papillose stigmas, ap-
pendaged by a narrow border which expands into a membranous horizontal wing in fruit.
vSeed vertical, the testa translucent, double; embryo coiled into a flat spiral, green; endo-
sperm none. [Name Greek, flesh-thorn, from the fleshy leaves and thorny stems.]
A mouotypic genus of western North America.
.
"{
HEN01'0DIAc!T'Ai:.
'i. Sarcobatus vermiculatu's (Hook.)
Torr. Grease -wood.
(Fi^. 1.^92.)
Jl(t/isi}) iTiiiiindiUo Ilijok, l-l. lioi Am. 2: 12S.
I8.?S.
Siiirii/>ii/tif :'(T)iiit iilai Is Tmr. I'.nuirv's Ki)). i.icj.
.84S.
Glabrous or the youiij,' foliiiKc soinewhat pu-
bescent, jnucli branclied, 2 -id' hif;b, the
branches sli},'htly angled, leafy, nearly white,
some of them leafless and spinedike. vSlem
x'-},' in diameter; wooil yellow, very hard;
leaves obtuse or subacute, '..'-i,'>' long, i"-
1'," wide, narrowed at the base; spikes of
.staniinatc llowcrs U'-'' h'Uj,'. i'2"-2"in dia-
meter, cyliudric, short-pcduncled or sessile;
wing of the calyx 4" -6" broad when mature,
conspicuously veined.
In dry alkaline and saline siiil, wislirn Ne-
braska. "Wycniinn In Nivada and Xew Me.\ioo.
Wood txlei'isively ustd fcjr liul. for wanl^f better,
in till' niiiiins \v1k If it <iciiir> Jmu- Ji(w >'i"it
mature Sijil.-Oot.
12. DONDIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 261. 1763.
[SuAKD.v I'orsk. 1"1. AEg. Arab. 69. />/. /S/>. 1775.]
Fleshy annual or perennial herbs, or low shrubs, with alternate narrowly linear thick or
nearly terete entire sessile leaves, and perfect or polygamous bractcolatc flowers, solitary or
clustered in the upper axils. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the segments sometimes keeled or
even slightly winged in fruit, enclosing the utricle. Stamens ,=;. ,Stylcs usually 2, short.
Pericarp separating from the vertical or horizontal seed. I-;mbryo coiled into a flat spiral.
Endosperm wanting or very little. [lu honor of Jacopodi Doiidi, Italian naturalist of the
fourteenth century.]
Abiiut 50 si)ecies, iif wide Kcng-rapliic distribution. Iksidts tlie fnllduiiiK.
in the western and S(]Ullicni |)arts of Xorth America,
scmie 6 iilliers dccur
Annuals of the Atlantic sea cnast.
Dark Kreen, iint glaucous; sepals acutely keeled: seed black.
Light green, glaucous: sepals scarcely keeled; seed dark red.
I'erennial of the western plains.
I. /'. . } inn iiiuia.
:. IK null iliiiia.
T,. IK lii'fu'fssa.
1. Dondia Americana ( Pens.) Brit-
ton. Tall vSea-Blile.
(Fig. 1393.;
Sdlsola s<iha\:\r. Aiiwiicaiia Pers. Syn. i: 296.
1S05.
Siidcda /iiii-iiris van raino.ui ,S. Wats. I'loc.
Am. Acad. 9; 87. 1874.
Annual, dark green or purplish green,
not glaucous, stem erect, strict, i°-3° tall,
pale green or nearly white, branched, the
branches .slender, very leafy, erect-ascend-
ing or sometimes recurved, more or less se-
cuud. Leaves of the stem linear-subulate,
yi'-iyi' long, those of the branches much
shorter, somewhat 3-angled, lanceolate-sub-
ulate, widest just above the base, the upper
surface flat; sepals purple-green, glaucous,
acutely keeled or almost winged; seed
orbicular, black, shining, ]'/' broad.
On salt marshes and along salt water ditches.
Nova .Scotia to New Jersey and probably fur-
ther .south. Aug.- .Sept.
i
.M
4
(■OOSIU'OOT lAMII.V.
5S5
2. Dondia maritima ( I,. ) Druce. I,o\v vSca-Blite. (Fig. i394-
Oir;iii/>iHfiiiiii iinii ih'iiiiim I,. S]). PI. 231. 175,^
SiiKiidi iiKii ilhiiii Dutiiiiil. I'M. Ik'lK- 2i. 1^27.
Ihiiidiii iiiai itiiiui DriR'c, Ann. Scut. Nul. Hist.
1896: .1.'. IN 111.
Annual, palc.nreen an(lsonie\vli;il).(liUicous,
stem erecl or decunibent, bu.sliy-branched,
S'-IS' liiKli, l)ecoininn brownish, the branches
ascendin),'. Leaves 5" 12" lonjj, those of
the braiK-lies not conspicuously shorter than
the ii]i])er<)nes of the stem, vannltJ, broad-
est at the base; sepals pale K''C'-"n, rounded or
very obtusely keeled, somewhat rou>;hencd;
seed orbicular, dark brownish red, shining,
aljout I " in iliamctcr.
On sea beaclRs, stmiy and tuuildy sliores, and
ill s.ill niarslics. Maine to siiutlieiii New York.
Also on the coiists of ICurope. Our plant is,
perhaps. spccifK-ally ililTerent from llie ICuro-
|nan. July Supt.
3. Dondia depressa ( riir^li ) liriltun. Western Blitu. (Fig. io95' '
Salsola (/fpirssa I'ursh, Fl. .\ni. Sept. 1117. 1S14.
Siiarda lifftrrsM S. Wats. Hot. Kiiin's IC.\]>. 294.
1S71.
Perennial by a deep slender woody root or
sometimes annual, branched from the base
atul usually also above, 6' 2^ tall, the
branches decumbent or ascending, usually
very leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, y<'-\'
long, broadest at or just above the base, or
the upper lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and
cointiiouly much shorter; sepals acute, one
or more of thcni strongly keeled m fruit;
seed about "i" in diameter, rather dull, miu-
utely reticulated.
In saline soil, Jliiinesola to Hk- Xorthwc-.l
Territory, south to Xebniska. Coloniilo and
Xevada.' June -.\uij;.
13. SALSOLA h. Sp. PI. 222. 1753.
Annual or perennial bushy-branched herbs, with rigid subulate prickle-pointed leaves,
and sessile perfect 2-bracteolate flowers, solitary in the axils, or sometimes several together.
Calyx 5-parted, its segments appcndaged by a broad membranous horizontal wing in fruit
aud enclosing the utricle. Stamens 5. Ovary depressed; styles 2. Utricle flattened. Seed
horizontal; embryo coiled into a conic spiral; endosperm none. [Name Latin, a diminutive
of salsus, salty.]
.'\bout ,so st)ecios, of wide KeoRiaphic distrilnilioii on seashores and in saline districts, occa-
sionally pernicious weeds in cultivated grounds.
Caly.x coriaceous, not conspicuously veined; i)l
Caly.\ nienibranous, very strongly veined; phui
1; i)lant niariliine
it an inhind weed.
5. Kali.
S. Traiiiis.
5^6 CHKNOrODIACHAI-:
I. Salsola Kali L. Saltwort.
Sil/Sii/<1 A'tl/l I,. Sj), I'l. 222. 17,S.v
Annual, jjliibrous or i)fteii pubescent, loosely
iniicli branched, 1^-2° liigli, the branches as-
cendinji or spreading, mostly stout, sotncwhat
ridjjed. Leaves dull j^reen or grayish, 3"- ni"
long, succulent, lanceolate-subulate, swollen at
the base, the inidveiu excurrent into a stout
yellowish green prickle; (lowers solitary in the
axils; wing of the persistent calyx nearly orbi-
cular, lobcd, becoming lacerate, not conspicu-
ously veined, 2"-4" in diameter; calyx coria-
ceous, not conspicuously veined, its wing not
longer than the ascending lobe.
(In sea beaches, Cape Hretun Island to Florida
Also in Hurope and .\si;\. July .Sejit.
2. Salsola Tragus L. Ktt.ssian Thistle.
(.I'iR- 1 397-)
S,l/sn/,t Ti,ji;iis\,. Sp. IM. VA. 2, 322. \-(^2.
Siilsi'1,1 h'liii var. Triii;tis Mocj. in DC. Pmdr. 13:
I'art 2, 1S7. iS4().
Similar to the preceding species, but bushy
branched, the branches usually slender. Leaves
and outer branches usually bright red at matu-
rity; leaves not noticeably swollen at the base,
linear, prickle-tipped, less fleshy; calyx mem-
branous, conspicuously veiny, its wing longer
than the ascending lobe.
In cultivated fields and waste places, New Jersey
to Oiitariii, the Xortliwest Territory and K.tnsas. .-V
very tmnblescinie weed in many parts of the Central
and Western States, Naturalized froiu northern
Ivurope or .Asia. July-,Se))t.
Family 16. AMARANTHACEAE J, vSt. Hil. K.xpo.s. Fain, i: 204. 1805.
Amaranth I'amu.y.
Herbs, .some exotic genera low shrubs, with alternate or opposite simple
mostly entire thin leaves. Flowers small, green or white, perfect, monoecious,
polygamous, or dioecious, bracteolate, variou.sly clustered, usually in terminal
.spikes or axillary heads. Petals none. Calyx herbaceous or membranous, 2-5-
parted, the segments distinct or miited at the base, etjual, or the iimer ones
smaller. Stamens 1-5, mostly opposite the calyx-segments, hypogynous; fila-
ments distinct, iniited at the l)a.se, or into a tube; anthers 1 -celled or 2-celled.
Ovary ovoid or stibglobo.se, i-celled; ovule solitary in the following genera, am-
phitropous (several in some tropical genera); style short, elongate<l or none;
stigmas 1-3. Fruit a utricle, circum.scissile, bursting irregularly or indehi.scent,
I -seeded in our genera. Seed mostly smooth; embryo amuilar; endosperm
mealy, usually copious.
About .(o genera and 425 species, widely distrilnited, most abundant in warm regions.
Anthers 2-celIed; leaves alternate.
Calyx 5 p.-irted or of 5 sepals.
Calyx of the i)istill.ate flowers wanting.
Anthers i -celled; leaves opposite.
riowers in small axillary clusters.
I'lowers variously spicate or paniculate.
Calyx ,s-cleft; filaments united into a tube.
Calyx 5-parted; filaments united at tlie base.
1. Aiiiariiii/liKs.
2. Aciiiiln.
,^. Claiiolhrix.
-|. Fiiteliiliia.
5. Irisiiir.
I IM'
AMARANTH lAMILV.
587
-Uv -linrlrv tliiiii llu lia\c>.
iiilhwisUrii ^iii'ciis.
.1. tCtl'i\fli\VII^
A. Iiyhiiiliis,
A. spiimsiis.
4. .). hiiloitlrs.
6. A. Toriryi.
7. A. I\iliiifi i.
in wiislc pliid."-.
s. .1. I i villus.
g. A. ili'tle.x IIS.
10. .1. ffis/iiis.
11. A. piniiiliis
Rough Pigweed. (Fig. 1398.)
I. AMARANTHUS I.. S]). I'l. yS.j, 1753.
Annual branclit'il erect or dillusely spreadiiiK k1'''"'0'i^ '"■ inibusceiil liurlis, most of tlie
species weeds, with alU-riiate, petiolcd piniiatily veined entire, undulate or crispeil leaves
and small monoecious polynamous or dioecious ^rt'cn or purplish mostly .^-Itracteolate
flowers ill dense teiiiiiiial sjiikes or axillary clusters. Calyx of 2 5 distinct sepals. Stamens
2-,s; aiilliers 2-celled, loiif-iludiiially dehiscent. Styles or stiKinas 2 or 3. I'ruit an ovoid or
obloiiK utricle, circumscissile, ImrstiliK irrei,'ularly or imlehisceut, 2-.^ beaked by the persis-
tent .stvles. I'.mbryo annular. [Creek, unfading flower, from the dry, uiiwitheriiiK bracts.]
About 50 siiecic-s of Willi- uvouiapliic di-Uibutinii. l!i>i(U- llu- follnwiiiK -(iiiK 2.' nUK-r> occur
in till sonlin-Mi and wi;-li-rn I'niud Stair-..
I'lricli- i-irciiinsci'.>ili-, llu- l.iii lulling awiiya> a lid.
l-'lowi-i-^. at K-;i>l Uu- upinr. in di-ii>i- U-niiiiial spiln-s
.\xils nol spiiu- bearing.
Siiikc> >tont, t "-7" thick.
.Spike- slL-!uU-r. 2 ' -,V' thick.
.\ i).dr of -loiil spiiu-s in e.-u-h a.vil.
l-'Iowcrs all in small axillary clii-U-i-. r
riant i)ro!-Uali-; M-pal- .( or ,s.
1'1,-inl civet. liiishy-l)raiiclu-d: >cpats ^^.
llricU- iniU-hisccnl. imnibiaiious. coriaccon- or fli-shv.
rppd llowcrs ill tt-rniinal. more or U-sM-loimalid >pikc-
Si-pals 5. clawed; llowt-rs ilioecioiis: "' ' '
liract-.. cusiiidalc lipi>cd. shoil.
liiacl- siibulali-. loll^; atul -liarji.
Sepals 2 or ,\. obloutf or spalnlatc; liowt-rs mmuu-cious or polygamous;
I'tricU- smooth, dry, scarious.
I'lricli- lU-sliv. v.s lu-rvcd.
I'lowcrs all in smairaxillavy clii-ti-rs shorter than llu- leaves.
I'lanl nol Ik-sliv; stem iiroslrali-; li-avi-s crisped.
Sea-coasl llish'y plant: sUin sliorl. riict; leaves not crisped.
1, Amaranthus retroflexus L.
Aniai aiilliiis iilinlliW lis I., Sp. I'l. "ji.ii. 17.S.V
Roughish-puberulent, rather lij^ht Krccn, stem
stout, erect or ascending, commonly branched, i°-
10° tall. Leaves ovate, rhombic-ovate or the upper
lanceolate, sleiuler-])etioled, acute or acuminate at
the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, the
larger 3'-6' long, their margins undulate or entire;
flowers green, densely aggregated in terminal and
axillary spikes, which are sessile, stout, obtuse
or subacute, ovoid-cylindric, erect or ascending,
I, '-2',' long, 4"-7" thick; bracts subulate, twice
as long as the 5 scarious narrow ly oblong or slightly
spatulate mucronate-tipped and often emarginate
sepals; stamens 5; utricle slightly wrinkled, thin,
circumscissile, rather shorter than the sepals.
.\ weed, in cnllivated and w.iste soil. throUKhonl
North .\merica except tin- exlri-ini; north. .-Mso in lui
rope. Naturalized from tropical .Vinerica. .\ns;.-()cl.
2. Amaranthus hybridus L. Slender
Pigweed. (Fig. 1399.)
AduiiiIiiIIiiis liyhiidiis I,. ,Sp. I'l. 9Q0. 175.1.
.\iiiai\iiilliHs livpiiLlhiudiitiiiis I,. .Sp. I'l. 991. I75,S.
.-I. (7//('r(i,(/<;i7/i'.v Willd. Amaranth. .•?4. pi. 10. I. n/. 1790.
Aiiiai iiiiliis i)iloii>shi(liys var. Iiybiidtis S. Wats, in \.
Cray. Man. ICd. 6, 42.S. 1S90.
Similar to the preceding species but darker green,
or purple, pubescent or nearly glabrous; stem usually
slender, erect, usually branched, 2°-8° tall. Leaves
bright green on both sides or paler beneath, usually
smaller, slender-petioled; spikes liuear-cylindric, axil-
lary and forming dense terminal panicles, ascending,
somewhat spreading or drooping; bracts subulate,
twice as long as the 5 oblong acute or cuspidate sepals;
stamens 5; utricle scarcely wrinkled, circumscissile.
.\ weed, in waste (fronnds. range of the precediiifr spe-
cies. Naturalized from tropical America. Aug. -Oct.
588
AMARANTHACI'.Ai:.
It^l
m
Amaranthus hybridus paniciilatut 1 1,. I I'liiiu \ llray. Mini T<iii
.■liit(iiini//iii^ /'iiin, ii/,i/ii\ I., S|i, I'l. l-^il. .'. II"'' I7''t
I'luwiis :iii(l l'(i|i:H!f nicin ni k-ss iUi]>ly liiiifiil « itii till ur iiiii|ili';
iiml tpr.nts siKirtii, kaiiKi' "i ll'i typr, Imi U ss almtidiiu
. C'liil>, 5; M.S. l*M.
U;ivis •.(iimtiim-. lamidliite
3. Amaranthus spinosus I,. Siuiiy
Ainaraiilli. ( l''i>;. 14(H). )
.\iiiiii tiiilliii\ \f>iiii'iiis I,. Sp. I'l. cn>i. 175,V
katluT ilurk nn-eii, >,'liilirous or soiiii-wliat pu-
l)csi'i-nt above, stem stout, orci-t or ascciidiii),;,
ricl(4f<l, iisimllv imicli bram-licd, smiictiiiifs red, r^-
4 liinli. I.tiivcs ovate, rli<iiiil)ic-o\ate or the upper
lanceolate, slemlcr-pctiolcil, acute at both cikIh, 1 '-
,V loi'K. witli a pair of rinid sti])ular spines '4'-!'
lonjj at each node, the niidvein excnrrent; (lowers
in numerous capitate axillary clusters, mostly
shorter than the ]ietioles and in dense termin.il
linear-cylindric spnadiuy or droopinK spikes i '-6'
lonji; l>raits lanceolate sidiul.ite about as lon>{ as
the 5 scarious oblong nuuronate-lipiicd l-iicrvcd
sepals, and the thin imperfectly circumscissile
Utricle; stamens -,.
Ill waste ami iiiltivalid soil, Ma»acliii'-ttt-i tn I't iin
sylvatiia. ( iliioanil Kansiis. mpuIIi In I'lnrida and Mexico.
4. Amaranthus blitoides S
rrostiate Aniaraiitli. ( Im>^. 1401.)
.1. Ii!iliii(l,-K S. Wats. I'liic. Am. .\eail. 12: 2'},. 1S77,
Nearly or quite ulabrou.s, rather pale >;reen,
stem dilTuscly branched, prostrate and spreading
on the jjroutul, ridjjed, 6'-2° lon^;, often formiufj
mats. Leaves obovate or spatulate, '+'-i'lonj;,
obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed into slen-
der petioles, sometimes longer than the blailes;
flowers in small axillary clusters mostly shorter
than the petioles; bracts lanceolate-subulate, lit-
tle longer than the 4 or 5 oblong-lanceolate acute
or cuspidate sepals; stamens y, utricle nearly
smooth, circumscissile, ccjualling or slightly
longer than the sepals.
In waste places, especially alons; the i)rincilial
routes of travel, Maine to sduilurii ( )iitari(i and Mill-
nesiita, south to New Jersey, Missouri ami Kansas.
Naturalized from west of the Kocky .Mountains,
where it appears tn be inuiiienous from I'lali and
]une-(Xt.
Natnrali/i (1 trum tropical .\merica
weed siiutlnv.ird. June Sept.
Wats.
.\ troubkxitne
jlorado to Mexico,
Tuin-
' r.Vv
1 7f>,V
busliy-
5. Amaranthus graecizans L,.
ble-wced. (Fi<;;. 1402. )
.li)iiiriiiilliiisi;raiui:aiii I. Sp. I'l. <)C>i>.
Aiiiai'tuilliiis iilhiis ], .Sp. I'l. I';(l. 2. MO-t.
Glabrous, pale green, stem erect,
branched, whitish, 6'-2° tall, the branches slen-
der, ascending. Leaves oblong, spatulate or
obovate, ^i'-iYz' long, slender-petioled, papil-
lose, the midvein excnrrent; flowers polyga-
mous, several together in small axillary clusters
shorter than the leaves, conmionly not longer
than the petioles; bracts subulate, puugeut-
pointed, spreading, nmch longer than the 3
membranous sepals; stamens 3; utricle wrinkled,
circumscissile, longer than; he sepals.
In waste and cultiv.ated sol., throuKhout North
America. Naturalized from tropical America.
The leaves fall away in aulunni, ami on the western
plains the plant, thus denuded, is freely uprooted
and blown before the wind, whence the popular
name. June-Sept.
AMARANTH I'AMII.V.
5«y
6. Amaranthus Torreyi (A. (iray; Ikiitli
( Fiw. 140.V)
.Iiii'i/i'l: yiii '/'ill III I A. C.niy, I'mc Am, Ai'iiil. 5; id;.
Aiiiuiiiiihis '/'ill 1 1) I lliiilli.; S. Wiil'^. r.nl, Ciil. J- 12.
iKHo.
(rlat)rous or iit-arly so, stem stout or sleiidiT,
crc-t, ^roovt'd, usiuiUy iiuicll braiiclied above, 2" -
i" tall. Leaves laiiecolate or rlloitihic-lauccolate,
thill, narrowed above to a rather lihiiit apex, inoslly
cuiieatc at tlie l)ase, I '.■'4' lonjC. ,'+'-'' wide, sleli-
der-pctioled; Howcrs dioecious, Ijoriie in terminal
sleiidir sometimes panicled spikes and in small ax-
illary clusters; brads shorter than or about ei|U.il-
lin)^ tile ,s sepals, cuspidate; sc])als of the ])istillate
(lowers obovate or bro.idly spatulalc, clawed, obtuse
or em.'irj^inate, those of the stamiu.ite llowers nar-
rower and subacute; utricle dry, indeliiscent.
In dry ''oil, wcstirti Kil)r.iska to Ncvad.i, ■^outli to
Mi\ic<i. I'latil with tilt aspict (if .!( ///(A/. Jam- Auk.
7. Amaranthus Palmeri S. Wats. I'al-
iiiL-r's Amaranth, l I-'ij^. 1404.)
.Iiiiiiriiii/'ins /'iiliiiiii .S. Wats. I'ruc. .\iii. .Xcad. 12:
-•71. \<:<i.
Somewhat similar to the precediu),' species, stem
erect, slender, branched, 2°-3^ tall, usually pubes-
cent above. Leaves ovate, rhombic -ovate or the
upper lanceolate, blunt at the apex, narrowed at
the base, prominently veined, sleiidcr-|)etioled, the
lower petiole often longer than the blailes; llowers
dioecious, borne in elongated erect or drooping
.spikes often i' long or more, and some of them
commonly in small clusters in the upper axils;
bracts subulate, spiny-awiied, spreading, twice as
long as the sepals; sepals 5, spatulate, clawed;
utricle dry, indeliiscent.
In dry soil, western Kansas (aocordinpf U> \. S.
Ilitcliciicki to Texas and Mexico, wist to California.
Jvnii- St pt.
8. Amaranthus lividus L. Purplish
AinaraiUh. (Fig. 1405.)
.{iiiiiiinil/iiis h':iiliis I.. .Sp. IM. 991. 175.^.
Kmoliis liziiliis Miu). in DC. I'rodr. 13: Part 2, 275.
1849.
C.labrous, rather succulent, purplish-green, stem
erect, slender, branched, i°-3° tall. Leaves ovate,
entire, i'-3' long, strongly cmarginate at the apex,
narrowed at the base, slendcr-petiolcd; flowers
monoecious or polygamous, in dense terminal
spikes and in capitate axillary clusters usually much
shorter than the petioles; bracts shorter than the
2 or 3 obloug or spatulate sepals; utricle dry, scar-
ious, smooth, indehiscent, longer than the sepals.
In waste places, eastern Massachusetts to soutlicrn
New York, .\dventive from tropical .\nicrica. July-
Sept.
590
AMARANTHACI'Ai;.
9
Amaranthus deflexus L.
Ainaraiith, ( I'i'-;. Mt-)*"'. )
Low
.1 mm (iii///in i/rf/i' I IIS I.. M;iiil. 2: :;i)5
J:ii lo/tis d,Jli\x IIS KaC. IL Till. 3^ 4'-'-
I >;,(!.
C.labrous, purplish-f^reeii, ratlier succulent, stem
usually uuicU luanched, iicit, slout or slcmlcr,
l'^-^" tall. Leaves ovate <ir oval obtuse retuse or
eniargiiiate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the
base, i'-,s' long, J.'-ijj' wide, sleiuler-petioled,
the petioles often as lonj,' as the blades or the
lower ones longer; llowiTs polygamous in dense,
mostly short and thick terminal sjiikes and ca])i-
tale in the axils; bracts shorti-r than the 2 or 3 ob-
long or si)atulate sepals usually very short; utricle
fleshy, 3-5-uervcd, smooth, indehisccnt, rather
shorter than the sepals.
In wasli' ijlacfs and halla~l ailing- tlit- coast, Massa-
cluisitts In Miutli.rn New Vi.rU. Also •., Calirnrni.-i.
rmbablyadvinlMi.- I'rcini Irniiiciil Anu-rica. July Si pt.
10.
Amaranthus crispus ( Lesp. cS: Tliev
(l-i^. 1407-
(.■a\c(l Aiiiaranth.
/■111 Villus
6: 656.
1 I is/^lls
I.csp. iS; TIkv. linll. S'
llrauii; A. Crav
lint. l"ranct
Ma.i. I'M. 6, 4JS
.liiiaraii/iis rri.s/>iis
1890.
Pubescent, stem copiously branched, slender,
spreading on the ground, prostrate, forming mats
S'-2},° in diameter. Leaves oblong or lanceolate,
mostlv acute at the apex and narrowed at the base,
])etioled, .\"-\' long, their margins remarkably
crisped; petioles shorter than or exceeding the
bhwies; flowers all in small axillary clusters shorter
than the petioles; bracts lanceolate, cuspidate,
shorter than the ,S spatulate spreading sepals; sta-
mens (^always?) 3; utricle wrinkled, indehisccnt,
about as long as the sepals.
In waste'
bany, N. Y.
June-Sept.
placts. Ni'W York city, lirooklyn and .\1
Also in l''ranct'. Nati've rcg-ii>n unknown
n. Amaranthus pumilus Raf.
Ainarantli. ( Imj;-. 1408. )
.f mill iiii/iis piniii/iis Kal'. Mini. Kcp. (11.
Coast
5: ^'«■^■
JCii.to/iis /'iimi/iis Qhnpm. l-'l. S. .States, ,^
Clabrous, fleshy, branched, the branches pros-
trate or ascending, 3'-S' long. Leaves ovate,
rhombic-ovate or suborbicular, most of them
clustered toward the ends of the branches, ob-
tuse or cmarginatc at the apex, narrowed or
rounded at the base, prominently veined, peti-
olcd, 3" -lo" long, the veins often purple; flowers
few together in small axillary clusters; bracts
lanceolate, suliacute, shorter than the 5 oblong
obtuse sepals; stamens 5; anthers } cllow; utricle
fleshy, indehiscent, faintly 5-ribI)ed, slightly
wrinkled, nearly twice as long as the sepals
when mature; seed very large for the geims.
( )n sea beaches, Rhode Islaiul to N'cirtli Carolina.
June-Sept.
AMARANTH FAMILY.
591
'^?
0.
5: ,V>"-
isr»,
2. ACNIDA L. Sp. 1027. 1753.
Annual, erect or ilecunibcnt, glabrous brancliiug herbs, similar to the dioecious Amar-
anths, with alternate petioled thin pinnately veined leaves. Flowers small, green, 1-3-
bracted, in terminal and axillary, continuous or interrupted s])ikes, or clustered in the axils.
Staminate flowers consisting or 5 scarious erect i -nerved mucronate sepals longer than the
bracts, and as many stamens; filaments subulate, distinct; anthers 2-celled. Pistillate flowers
without a calyx; ovary ovoid or subglobose; stigmas 2-5, papillose or plumose, short or
elongated. Vtricle fleshy and indehiscent, or membranous and bursting irregularly or cir-
cumscissile; seed erect, smooth and shining. [Greek, without nettle.]
.About 4 siJLcits, natives of eastern North America and the Wtst Indies.
t'trick- flisliy, auKled, in(U-liiscent; salt-niarsli plant. i. .(. cannahina.
t'lricU- nuini)nitious, dchiscfut or iiulchisceiil, not aiiKled; plaiUs of frt'sli water swamps.
1. A. laniiii isciiia.
I. Acnida cannabina L. vSalt-marsh Water-hemp. (Fig. 1409.)
Ac'iiii/a laiiiiiiliiiii! I,. .Sp. I'l. 1112-. 1755.
A. iusoiaif>a Miclix. 1"1. Hor. .\ni. 2: 2,^4. />/. .5". i^>?,-
Succulent; stem stout or slender (sometimes 1' mi
<lidmeter at the base!, usually nmch branched, .
10° tall, the branches ascending. Leaves lanceolate,
acuminate but generally blunt-pointed and apiculate
at the apex, 2'-6' long, '4 '-i^V wide, narrowed at the
base, entire or slightly undulate; petiole usually
shorter than the blade; staminate spikes i'-5' long,
usually dense; sepals oblong-lanceolate or ovate-ob-
long, acute, acuminate or obtusish, cusjndate or mu-
cronate; fertile spikes dense or loose; stigmas slender,
papillose-hispid, 'i" long; utricle fleshy, indehis-
cent, 3-5anglcd, subglobose or obovoid, i"-2" long
when mature, becoming black, much longer than
the bracts.
In .alt andbrackish niarslus, and up tin- rivirsto fresh
water, Massachusetts to I'lorida. July .\iiK-
Acnida Floridana .S. Wats. I'roc. .\m. .\cail. 10: 376. a tnoiv skndir plant, of tin- southern .Xt-
lantic coast, with narrower skiickr -petioled leiives, the flowers in elonnaled interrupted spikes,
and a smaller utricle, may occur in southern Virginia.
2. Acnida tamariscina (Niitt.) Wood.
Western Water-hemp. (Fig. 1410.)
A nun a II I IIS /iiiiiarruiiiiis Nutt. Trans. .\m. I'liil. Soc.
I II. 1 5; 165. iS.^.v.C-
Aiiik/ii liiiiiai isiiini Wood, l!ot. S: Fl. 2.sy. \>'~.\-
Similar to the preceding species, much branched,
erect, the branches usually slender, erect-ascending.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2'-6' long,
mostly long-acuminate, but sometimes obtuse at the
apex and mucronate or cuspidate-tipped, narrowed at
the base, the peti' .^s commonly shorter than the blades;
spikes mostly loose or interrupted, often 5' long; se-
pals lanceolate, subulate-acuminate; stigmas plumose,
rather short; utricle memliranous, not angled, ,'2'"-!"
long, circumscissile; bractlcts lanceolate, cuspidate.
In swamps, Illinois to .South Dakota, Louisiana and
New Mexico July Sept.
Acnida tamariscina tuberculata ( Mtxi ) ("line & liray, Hot. Gaz. 20: 157. iS(xs.
Acnida liih,-iriilal,i Moq. in DO. I'nidr. 13: I'arl 2. 27.'*. 1S49.
Aiiiida hiiiiiiri.uiiia var. siihiiiuia S. Wats, in .\. Gray, Man. I'M. 6, 429. 1890.
Tall, erect, sometiuu'S io'~ liitfli. with llexuous branches; inflorescence spicate: utricle ovoid,
tuberded, indeliiscent. Vermont to Manitoba, Temiessee and .Nebraska. This and the followinif
varieties perhaps cot\stitute a distinct species.
Acnida tamariscina concatenjita (Mo(|.) nine S: Uray, Dot. Gaz. 20: i.sS. iSq.s.
Amiiia aimiiibiiia \:\-. ioiualfiiula Mo(i. iti DC. I'rodr. 13: I'art 2, 27S. 1849.
Afontilia laman'.uina var. toncalrniiln .\. Gray, Man. VA. 5, 41.V 1867.
.Stem often deeuud)enl; flowers larijer, in separated Klo-.nerules. Range of preceding variety.
38
592
AMARANTHACI'Ai;.
Acnida tamariscina prostrata nine iS; liray, ]!(it. C.n/.. 20: 15*. i^^95-
Sttins (lilTu-t; .iiul iimstraK- or suiuitinus asc ndinjf ; kavis rauly iiver 1' luiiK, sj)atulaU';
flciwtrs in axillary clu-<tcrs iir in si-paral.d fjluniirults. Michigan and Sdulli Jiakcita to Jlissonri,
3. CLADOTHRIX Xutt.; Moq. i-. DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 359. 1849.
Annual or perennial ilitTusely branched stellate-pubescent herbs, with opposite entire or
slightly undulaie petioled leaves, and yery small perfect ,^-bracted flowers, solitary or clustered
in the axils. Calyx of 5 e(iual pilose erect dry oblong i-ncrved sepals. Stamens 5, hypogy-
noHS, their filaments united at the base, their anthers i-celled. Ovary subglobosc; style short;
stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Utricle globose, indehisccnt. [Greek, branch-hair, from the
stellate pubescence.]
About ( -ipecits. iial'vesof SdUtliwcslern North .\nierica and Mexici).
I. Cladothrix lanuginosa Xutt. Cladotlirix.
(Fig. 14:1.)
Ailivrinilhis /iiiii<i;iiii'Stt Xutt. Trans. .\ni. I'liil. .Soc. 1 II. )
5:'i(i6. iS.vv,?:-'
Clitit<illiii \ lainii;iiiitia Nntt.; M(i(i. in DC. I'rodr. 13:
I'art ?. %l)0. i.s^g.
Perennial, somewhat woody at the base, or sojuetimcs
annual, stetn terete, much branched, sometimes thick-
ened at the nodes, the branches prostrate or ascending,
4'-l2' long. Leaves orbicular, broadly ovate or rhom-
bic-ovate, obtuse or acute, usually narrowed at the base,
entire, inconspicuously veined, rather firm, 2"-i2"
wide, the petioles shorter than or equalling the blades;
flowers '." l)roador less, mostly clustered in the axils
of small upper leaves toward the ends of the branches.
In dry soil. Kansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico.
June-.Sei)t.
4. FROELICHIA Moeiich, Meth. 50. 1794.
.\nnual, erect woolly or silky, branching or simple herbs, with opposite sessile entire or
slightly undulate uairow leaves, or the lower and basal ones contracted into petioles. Flow-
ers perfect, 3-bracted, often bracteolate, in panicled dense spikes. Calyx tubular, nearly
terete, 5 "left or 5-toothed, very woolly, its tube longitudinally crested and sometimes tuber-
cled in fruit. Stamens 5, their filaments united into a tube, which is 5-cleft at the summit and
bears the i-celled anthers between its lobes. Ovary ovoid; style slender or wanting; stigma
capitate or penicillate. Utricle itidehiscent, enclosed by the tube of united filaments. [Name
in honor of J. A. Froelich, a German botanist.]
.\l)out 12 species, all .\merie.iii. Itesides the following, 2 others occur in the .Southwestern
.State-^.
Stout. 2'^-4' tall; crests of fruitiuR caly.\ continuous, dentate.
Slender, 10-20' tall; crests of fruitinK calyx interrujjted.
1. /■". Floi iilana.
2. F. giacilis.
I. Froelichia Floridana (Xutt.) Moq.
Florida F'roelichia. (fig. 1412.)
OfilolhiCa Floridatia Nutt. Gen. 2: 79. 1818.
Froelichia Floi iiiana Mo(|. in DC. I'rodr. 13; Part 2, 420.
1849.
Stem stout, 2°-4° tall, the branches slender, erect-
ascending, leafless above. Upper leaves linear or lin-
ear-oblong, sessile, acute or acuminate at both ends,
I '-3' long, the lower spatulate or oblanceolate, obtuse
or acute at the a])ex, 3'~6' long, '2'-!' wide, narrowed
into margined petioles; spikes mostly opposite, nar-
rowly ovoid or oblong, obtuse or subacute, ^'-i'
long: fruiting calyx with protuiucut longitudinal
wing-like toothed crests.
In dry soil, Illinois and Minnesota to Nebraska and
Colorado, south to Tennessee, Florida, Kansas and Texas.
June Sept.
i.uilis >rii(|. in DC. riddr. 13: I'arl 2, 42U.
Similar to the prcccdinj^ species but the stem slcii-
/■'loi III hill
I S4f J.
AMARANTH FAMILY. 593
2. Froelichia gracilis Motj. Slender
Froelicliia. i Fi<,r. 14 13.)
(ler, branched, especially from the base, or sometimes ^^ |(
simple, u/- 20' tall. Leaves all linear or linear-oblong, *^?
acute at both ends, y"-2' long, sessile or the lower
commonly spatulate, obtnsish and narrowed into very
short petioles; spikes alternate or opposite, oblong,
mostly obtuse, '4 '- 1 ' long; fruiting calyx with 5 longi-
tudinal rows of processes or these coufluent into inter-
rupte'l crests.
In dry soil, wistini Xcbriiska and Colorado to Texas.
Perhajis iiiterifradt'^ with the iireceding sjjecies. June-
vScpt.
5. IRESINE P. Br. Civ. iS: Xat. Hist. Jam. 35S. 1756.
Annual or perennial tall herbs, with opposite broad petiolcd thin leaves and very small
polvganious perfect or dioecious 3-bracted white flowers, in large terminal panicles or pan-
iclcd spikes. Calyx 5-partcd, the pistillate usually woolly-pubescent. Stamens 5, rarely less;
fdanients united by their bases, filiform; anthers i-celled. Utricle very small, subglobose,
indehiscent. [Greek, in allusion to the woolly pubescence.]
About 20 species, natives nf warm and temperate rtttioiis. liesides the following another occurs
in the sduthwestern I'nited States.
I. Iresine paniculata (L. ) Kimtze.
Blood-leaf. Juba's Btisli. (Fig. 1414.)
Ctlosia f)iiiiuiilal<i L. .Sp. I'l. 206, 175,^
Insiiu- tdosioidrs \,. Sp. I'l. I';d. 2. 1456. 1763.
Irishic paiihiildla Kuntze, Kev. den. I'l. 542. i.'^i)!.
.•\nnual, stem erect, usually branched, slender,
2°-5° tall, glabrous or nearlv so. Leaves ovate,
ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, 2'-(>'
long, sleuder-petioled, pinnately veined, nearly or
quite glabrous; flowers very numerous, i" broad
or less, in large terminal much branched panicles;
calyx and bracts silvery, dry; pistillate flowers
white-villous at the base, about twice as long as the
bracts.
In dry soil. Oliio to Kansas, south to I'lorida and
Texas. V.'idely distributed in tropical ,\nurica.
.\UK.- Sept.
Family 17. PHYTOLACCACEAE Lindl. Xat. Sy.st. Kd. 2, 213. 1836.
I'okkwi;i:d I-.-vmii.v.
HerKs ( .some tropical species shnil)s or trees ) with alternate entire mostly ex-
stipulate leaves, and perfect regular ix)lygamous or monoecious usually racemose
flowers. Calyx 4-5-parted or of 4 or 5 distinct sepals, its .segments or sepals
imbricated in the bud. Petals wanting. Stamens as many as the calyx-segments
or sepals and alternate with them, or more numerous, hyiiogynotis; filaments
subulate or filiform, distinct or united at the base; anthers 2-celled, the sacs
longitudinally dehiscent, often nearly separated. Ovary superior, several-celled
in most of the genera; ovules solitary in the cavities, amphitrojxius. Styles as
many as the carpels, .short or none: stigmas linear or filiform. Fruit a Ijerry in
the following genus, capsular or samaroid in .some tropical genera. Endosiierm
of the seed mealy or fleshy.
About 22 nener.i and Ss spteies, mostly in the tro))ics.
594
rHYTOLACCACKAE.
I. PHYTOLACCA L. Sp. PI. 41. 1753.
Tall perennial herbs (some tropical species woody), with ample petioled cxstipiilatc
leaves, and small flowers in terminal racemes, which by the further growth of the stem be-
come opposite the leaves. Pedicels bracted at the base and often 1-3 bracted above. Calyx
of 4 or 5 persistent rounded sepals. Stamens 5-15, inserted at the base of the calyx; anthers
mostly oblong. Ovary subglobose, composed of 5-15 distinct or somewhat united carpels.
Fruit a depressed-globose 5-15-cclled fleshy berry. Seeds i in each cavity, erect, compressed;
embryo annular in the mealy endosperm. [Name Greek and French, referring to the crimson
juice of the berries.]
About 10 spfcii's, the following of casttTn North .'Vnierica, the otliors of tropical distribution.
I, Phytolacca decandra I.,. Poke. Scoke. Pigeon-berry. Garget, (tig- 1415.)
Pliylolaaa dccaiidra I,. Sp. I'l. VA. 2. 6.^. 1762.
A glabrous strong-smelling succulent erect
branching herb, 4°- 12° tall, the root peren-
nial, large, poisonous, the stem stout, its pith
divided into disks separated by lens-shaped
cavities. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, pinnately veined, acute or acumi-
nate at both ends, 8'-i2' long; petioles '/z'-\'
long; racemes pednncled, 2'-S' long; pedicels
divergent, 2''-6" long, each with a subulate-
lanceolate bractlet at its base and usually 2
similar ones above; flowers perfect; calyx
white, 2"-y broad, its sepals suborbicular,
or oval; stamens 10, slightly shorter than the
sepals; ovary green, lo-celled; styles recurved;
berry dark purple, ^''-d" in diameter, 3"-4"
high, very juicy, its 10 carpels conspicuous
when dry.
In various situations, Maine and Ontario to
Minnesota, Florida and Texas. .Sometimes a
troublesome wei^d. Xaturalizedin Ivurope. The
young shoots are eattn likeas])ar.-i;fus. June- Sept.
ikrries ripe .Aug. -Oct. .Vlso called Inkbcrry.
Family i8. NYCTAGINACEAE Lintll. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 213. 1836.
FouR-o'ci.ocK F.\Mn.v.
Herbs (some tropical genera trees or .shrubs) with simple entire leaves, and
regular flowers in terminal or a.xillary clusters, in the following genera sul)-
tended by involucres of distinct or united bracts. Petals none. Calyx inferior,
usually corolla-like, its lim]> campanulate, tubular or salverforni, 4-5-lobed or
4-5-toothed. Stamens hypogynous; filaments filiform; anthers 2-celled, dehis-
cent by lateral .slits. Ovary enclosed by the tube of the perianth, .sessile or
stipitate, i-celled, i-ovnled; ovule camjiylotropjus; .style short or elongated;
stigma capitate. Krtiit a ribbed, grooved or winged anthocarp.
.\bout 17 Keiiera and 2,=;o species, of wide treoRrapliic ilislribution. most abundant in .America.
Involucre of united bracts; pairs of leaves eciual. i. .Mliiuiin.
Involucre of separate bracts; pairs of leaves mostly inietiiud. 2. .■Uirmiiti.
I. ALLIONIA Loefl. Iter Hisp. 181. 1758.
[Oxvn.\i'Hiis Iv'Hcr.; Willd. Sp. PI. i: 185. 1797.]
Forking herbs, with opposite equal leaves, and involucres in loose terminal panicles.
Involucre ^lotjed (of 5 partially united bracts) 3-5-flowered, becoming enlarged and rcticu-
late-veineil after flowering. Perianth campanulate, its tube constrictc' above the ovary, its
limb corolla-like, deciduous. Stamens 3-5, general'y 3, unequal, hypogynous. Fruit ob-
ovoid or clavate, strongly ribbed, pubescent in our species. [Name in honor of Chas.
Allioni, 1725-1S04, a botanist of Turin.]
About 20 species, natives of North and South .America, one Asiatic.
Leaves broadly ovate, cordate or oblong-ovate, all petiolt'd.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, only the lower petioled.
Plant glabrous or nearly so except the inflorescence.
Plant densely pubescent all over.
Leaves linear, sessile.
Plant tall, i°-2° high; branches erect-ascending.
Plants low, 4'-io' high, diffusely branched; branches divergent
Involucres axillary, their lobes ovate -oblong, acute.
I. .1. IIJ't/dQillfll.
A. tilhiiia.
A. hirsiila.
4. A. lineal is.
5-
Involucres clustered at the ends of branches, lobes semicircular, obtuse, ft
„(. Bod i III.
A. litiihi.
w
I'OUR-O'CI.OCK FAMILY.
595
I. Allionia nyctaginea Michx
AU Kill ill iifc/i!i;!iifu Michx. I'M. ISor. Am. i: liw. I.^),?.
Oi jfni/i/iiis iiyc/iif;iiifiis Swt:fl, Ilort. liril. 429. ISVJ.
Stem angled, often 4-si(lcd below, rather slender,
glabrous or but slightly pubescent, i°-3°tall. Leaves
broadly ovate, 2'-^' lo'ig. ''-3' wide, acute at the
apex, cordate, rounded or truncate at the base, all
petioled except the small bract-like uppermost ones,
glabrous or nearly so; peduncles and pedicels com-
monly somewhat pubescent; involucre shorter than
the flowers; perianth red; stamens 3-5, exscrted;
style exserted; fruit oblong or narrowly obovoid,
very pubescent.
In dry soil, Miiintsota to the Northwest Territory, Illi-
nciis. Louisiana, Tixas atul New Mexico. May-.\ug.
Allionia nyctaginea ovata (Pursli) JIoroiiK. Mem. Torr.
Club, 5: 146. 1894.
.Mlioiiia iKuila I'ursli, I'l. .\m. Kept, 97. 1814.
Ovvliafiliiis in'c/ai;iiii'iis var. ohloiit; if alius Torr. Hot.
Mex. Hound. Surv. 174. iS.s^.
Leaves oblong, lanceolate, oblanceolate or obovate,
not at all cordate at the base; inflorescence very i)ul)es-
cent. Nebraska to Texas and New Mexico.
Heart-leaved Umbrella-wort. (Fig. 1416.)
2. Allionia albida Walt. Pale Unibrella-
wort. (Fig. 141 7.)
AHionia alliitia Walt. V\. Car. .S4. 17SS.
Ovvlxifiliiis alliidiis Choisv in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2,
Stem erect, furrowed or striate, 4-sided below,
i°-3° tall, glabrous or pubescent above, the pe-
duncles and branches commonly more or less
glandular and viscous. Leaves lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, 3-veincd from the base, glabrous,
pubescent or ciliate, the upper sessile, the lower
short-petioled; involucre much enlarged in fruit,
pubescent, ciliate, becoming whitish and purple-
veined; perianth pink 01 lilac; stamens and style
often exserted; fruit with 5 or 6 obtuse hispid
ribs, roughened in the furrows.
.South Carolina to .South Dakota and Colorado,
south to Florida, Missouri and Texas, May-.^ug.
3. Allionia hirsuta Pur.sh. Hairy I'm-
brella-wort. (Fig. 1418.)
Alliiiiiiii /lirsii/a I'ursh, V\. .\ni. Sept. 72S. 1814.
Ox vim fill IIS /;(/-,?H/»,vChoisy in DC. Prodr. 13: P.irt 2,
4.5,5- 18-19-
Stem slender, i°-3°tall, erect, angled and stri-
ate, glandular-pubescent, especially at the nodes,
occasionally glabrate toward the base. Leaves
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse at the apex,
sessile or the lowest sometimes short-petioled,
pubescent, i '-3' long; branches and petioles very
pubescent; iuflorfscence usually contracted;
stamens ofte.; ,•,; fruit narrowly obovoid, the ribs
obtuse, sometinie-s with low intermediate ribs in
the furrows.
In dry soil, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory,
Kouth to Wisconsin, Colorado and Texas. ]uly-.\UB.
If
m
mi
CTAC.INACEAE.
4. Allionia linearis Pursli. Xarnnv-leaved
rnihrella-wort. (.Fis- 1419-)
Allionia /iiicn is Pursli, I'l. Am. Sept. 72S. iM 4.
Co/l nil Ilia am; iis/i/i>/i(7 Xutt. Krasi-r's Cat. Naiiit- oulv,
O.xyhapliiis aiii;iisli/oliiis Swcc-t, Ilort. Hrit. 420. iS,V).
Stem sleiuler, terete or soniewliat 4-aiiKleil hclow,
glabrous, glaucous, I °-4^° tall, erect, the branches aud
peduncles sometimes pulierulcnt. Leaves linear, thick,
i-nerved, l'-2,'i' long, i'/i^'-Y' wide, obtuse or acute
at the apex, sessile or the lower occasionally short-peti-
oled; involucre about 3-flowercd, green before flow-
ering; perianth purple, longer than the involucre; sta-
mens and style exserted; fruit commonly roughened
in the furrows between the 5 prominent ribs.
In dry soil, Minnesota to rtali, south to Texas and
Jlexico. June-Aus-
Allionia Bodini (Holzinger) Morong. Bodin's Umbrella-wort.
Xat. Hl'H). i: 2^;.
1420.)
Oivhaplnis llodiiii HolzitiKt.r. Coiitr,
//. .'/. 1893.
Allionia Jloiiini Morotig;. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 3,s5
1894.
Low, glabrous or minutely pubescent, stem whit-
ish, ditTusely branched, slender, 2'-$' high, the
branches divergent. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile,
%'-i\' long, \" wide or less, slightly narrowed at
both ends, fleshy; involucres solitary and short-pe-
duncled in the upper axils, finely pubescent, about
3" broad when mature, 5-lobed to about the middle,
thelobesovatc-oblong, acute; fruit narrowly obovoid.
obtusely 5-ribbed, very pubescent.
high.
In dry soil, eastern Colorado and western Kansas.
June-July.
6. Allionia Bushi Britton. Bii.sh's
Umbrella-wort. (Fig. 142 1.)
.lllionia HiirJii liritton, liuU. Torr. Club, 22. 22,^.
Low, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, stem nearly
white, diffusely branched, about 8' high, the
branches slender, widely divergent. Leaves nar-
rowly linear, sessile, i'-3' long, i"-i|2" wide,
blunt, their width almost uniform from base to
apex; involucres clustered at the ends of the
branches, at first campanulate and longer than the
flowers, at length rotate aud becoming 10" broad,
membranous, pubescent, finely reticulate-veined,
their short lobes semicircular, rounded, the mid-
veins prominent.
In dry ground; Jackson Co., Missouri. .\ug.
2. ABRONIA Jus,s. Gen. 44S. 1774.
Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite petioled thick entire leaves, one of each pair
somewhat larger tl'in the other. Stems ascending, erect or prostrate, branching, mostly glan-
dular-pubescent, with clustered or solitary numerous-flowered involucres on long axillary
peduncles. Flowers sessile, usually conspicuous. Periautli-tube elongated, tubular or fuu-
nelform, the limb spreading, s-lobed, the lobes obcordatc or etnargiuate. Stamens 3-5, uu-
iji
I'Ol'R-O'CLOCK TAMILV.
597
cciual, inserted on the tube of the perianth; anthers linear-oblong, included. Style filiform.
Fruit dry, i-,s-winged, the winj^s broad or narrow, reticulate-veined. Seed cylindric, smooth,
shining. [Name from the Greek, graceful.]
About i.i sptcic'S, all Ann lican. lUsiiks the following, sonic i
AineriL'a.
I'trtiiiiial: Ibiwcrs white; winifs of the fruit l" broad or less.
Annual; flowers i)ink; wings thin, 4"-7" broad, very conspicuous.
others occur in western Notth
1. A. frnffiniis.
2. A. iiiiciaiithu
I, Abronia fragrans Xutl. White
Abronia. (Fig. 1422.)
Ahionia fia^rain'iiwW.: Hook. Kewjourn. Hot. 5:
261. 1853.
Perennial, viscid-pubescent, stem erect or as-
cending, usually much branched, i°-2° high.
Leaves oval, ovate or oblong-elliptic, petioled,
obtuse at the apex, cuncate, truncate or rounded
at the base, I'-z'i'long; bracts of the involucre
5 or 6, large, ovate or obovate, white; flowers
while, very numerous in the involucres, 5"-io"
long, fragrant, opening at night; fruit 4"-5"
high, coriaceous with 5 or sometimes fewer, un-
dulate coarsely reticulated wings about i"wide,
which do not close over its summit.
In dry soil, Iowa to Nebraska and Montana, south
to Texas and Mexico. June-.\ug,
2. Abronia micrantha. (Torr. ) Choi.s.
Pink Abronia. (Fig. 1423.)
Tiipleiidi\i)ii in ic ran I hum Torr. Kreni. Rep. c/).
Ahionia Diicrantlia Chois. in DC. Prodr. 13: Part
2, 4,^6. I><49.
Abronia Cyclof<lera A. (".ray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.)
15: .V9' ' '•'^53-
Annual, glabrous below, tuore or less glandu-
lar-pubescent above, stem ascending, branched,
i°-2° high. Leaves similar to those of the pre-
ceding species in size and outline; involucral
bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate; flowers several or numerous, about 9"
long, bright pink; calyx-limb 4'"-S" broad;
fruit nearly 1' high, its 2-4 membranous wings
^"-■j" broad, entire-margined, shining, very
conspicuous, glabrous, united over the body of
the fruit, beautifully reticulate-veined.
In dry soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming and
Nevada, south to Texas and New Mexico. June-Aug.
Family 19.
1864.
AIZOACEAE A. Br.; Ascliers. Fl. Brand. 60.
C\Ri'ET \vi;un Family.
Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, ino.stly prostrate and branching, with fin
our species) opposite or verticillate leaves and solitary cymose or glomerate per-
fect, small regular flowers. Stipules none or scarious, or the petiole-bases
dilated. Calvx 4-3-cleft or 4-5-parted. Petals .small or none in our species.
Stamens peri'gvnous, equal in number to the sepals, fewer, or more numerous.
Ovary usually free from the calyx, 3-5-celled, and ovules luimerous in each cell
in our species. Fruit a capsule with loculicidal or circumscissile dehiscence.
Seeds amphitropous; seed-coat crustaceous or membranous; endosperm scanty or
copious; embryo slender, curved.
22 genera and about 500 species, mostly of warm regions, a few in the temperate zones,
Fleshv, sea-coast herbs; leaves opposite; capsule circumscissile. i. SfSiiviinii,
Not fleshy; leaves verticillate; capsule .vvalved, 2- J/o/lngo.
598
AIZOACEAE.
m
I. SESUVIUM L. Syst. Kd. lo, 1058. 1759.
Fleshy (lecuiiibeiit or prostrate herbs, with opposite leaves and solitary or clustered axil-
lary pink or purplish flowers. Stipules none, but the petioles often dilated and connate at
the base. Calyx-tube top-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse. Petals none. Stamens
5 (k\ inserted on the tube of the calyx. Filaments filiform, sometimes united at the base.
Ovary 3-5-cclled. Styles 3-5, papillose along the inner side. Capsule membranous, oblong,
3-5-celled, circumscissile. Seeds round-reuifonii, smooth; embryo annular.
About 4 species, natives of sea-coasts and saline reRions. liesidcs the following, audtluriiccurs
in the Southern .States and in the alkaline areas of the Far West.
I. Sesuvium maritimum (Walt.) B.S.P. Sea Purslane. (Fig. 1424.)
P/iaiiKurum tnari/iiuiini Walt. l-'l. Car.
117. 17s,'*.
Scsnziiiiii f>ni/aiiili mil V',\\. Hot. S. C. >S:
(la. i: ,S56. 1.H21.
ScSHzinm maiilhniiiii li.S.P. Prel. Cat.
N. Y. 20. 1888.
Annual, glabrous, decumbent or as-
cending, rarely erect, branches 2'-i2''
long. Leaves obovate or spatulate,
entire, rounded or slightly eniarginate
at the apex, narrowed into a petiole or
the upper ones sessile, 4"-l2" long;
flowers sessile or very nearly so, about
1" broad, mostly solitary in the axils;
stamens 5, alternate with the calyx-
lobes; capsule ovoid, about 2" high,
scarcely longer than the calyx.
Sands of the seashore, eastern Long
Island, X. Y., to Florida. July-Sept.
2. MOLLUGO L. Sp. PI. 89. 1753.
Herbs, mostly annual, much branched, with verticillate, or in some species basal or al-
ternate leaves, and small cymose or axillary whitish flowers. Stipules scarious, membran-
ous, deciduous. Calyx 5-parted. Sepals persistent, scarious-margiued. Petals none.
Stamens 3-5, when 3 alternate with the cells of the ovary, when 5 alternate with the sepals.
Ovary ovoid or globose, usually 3-celled. Capsule usually 3-celIcd, 3-valved, loculicidally
dehiscent. Seeds small, the testa smooth, granular or sculptured.
About 12 species, most of them of tropical distribution. Besides the following, another occurs
in the Southwestern States.
I. MoUugo verticillata L,. Carpet-
weed. (Fig. 1425.)
Molluf^o verticillala I,. Sp. PI. Sg. 1753.
Prostrate, glabrous, not fleshy, much
branched, spreading on the ground aud
forming patches sometimes 20' in diameter.
Leaves verticillate, in 5's or 6's, spatulate, ob-
ovate or linear, entire, obtuse, 6'''-i2" long,
narrowed into a petiole; flowers axillary, less
than i" broad; pedicels filiform; sepals ob-
long, slightly shorter than tiie ovoid capsule,
which appears roughened by the projecting
seeds; seeds reniform, usually smooth and
shining.
In waste places and cultivated grounds, New
Brunswick and Ontario to Minnesota, south to
Florida, Texas and -Mexico. Native of the
warmer parts of .'\nierica, now widely distrib-
uted as a weed. Also called Indian Chickweed.
May-Sept.
Index of Latin Names.
[Classes and Families in sm \i.r. CM'ir \i.s; jjenera in heavy face ; synonyms in iia/ics.]
Abama
4(X)
Americana
401
Abies
■>(>
rt//'n
,M
lialsaniea
57
Cdllill/c'll.slS 5.
.56
C'liioliiiiiDia
5'"'
Fraseri
57
.}fin ittiia
55
III, i; III
55
Abronia
5¥>
Cyiloplcia
597
fniftrans
597
niicraiitlia
597
Achroanthes
475
nicinopliylla
475
iini folia
476
At hvi iiii/lit'^
Itl Illl^'lllllSll
592
Acnida 5S9
591
tiinnal)ina
591
l«"l(iri(lana
5<»"
nisniiir/ia
59'
tamariscina
591
llihirciddlu
59"
Acorus
5^'4
Calamus
3f'4
Aiii'stiiliiiin
III /'ill II III
10
(iifolaliim
21)
Inpfiihtifiiiii
10
Ihriise
10
p/ii/l iiftiros
-5
pi>i\/>LHiiiii(les
,v^
'riuiyplciis
15
Adiant'um
27
Capillus-Vciitris
27
palatum
27
Adicea
553
puMiila
553
A.'Kilof^
aroiiHilicu
■77
Agave
445
Virtfinica
445
Agropyron
226
(inc. Ti nil mm
caiiinum
22S
ilasystachyum
227
gitiiicinn
22('.
"re pens
226
ttnerum
227
iniilalfiiile
22S
violaitum
2-7
Agrostis
159
aiioiilcs
155
alba
159
algida
150
allissima
162
(iraihnoidfS
160
aspera
>5I
aspeii/dlia
KJO
bicrijfolia
153
canina
l6(i
• i'onipressa
I5<>
(lypliiiidia
■ 55
diffusa
■ 43
el'ala
162
Agrostis
Allium
Andropogon
IvUidttiana
ir,o
tricnccum \
■412
Klunuratus
102
t\arata
I()0
vinialc
4'3
Hallii
lOI
ti 1 i/'d 1 III i s
142
Alliisoriis
J-Iahpciisls
104
liyemalis
161
aiiosliclioldcs
28
Jam e sii
■03
I'lidica
■54
Alnus
5"
mac roil rum
102
inlermetlia
162
Alndbttula
5' 2
viarilimus
lOI
juiiica
■54
glutinosa
^■3
pror'iiicialis
102
la/i/olia
■ S''^
incana
5^2
saicliaroides
■03
l(iii!ii/olia
■ 5^
maritima
513
scoparius
lOI
Ml X iiiiiiii
142
ruKi'sa
5^2
Torreyanus
■03
Niivai-AnKliac
162
serriilala
5^2
1 'a i; ill a Ills
102
piiii, i//iii ti
■44
riridis
5^2
Virifinicus
102
ptrcinians
ifii
Alopecurus
'■•S
Androstephium
4^5
iiiii-iiiosa
■43
aurtstis
148
cotrnleum
■•'^
rul)ra
i6i
alpinus
■49
■riolaci'UiH
416
1 iipeslris
161
iirisliilalii.'
■49
ANCIOSI'KRMAK
61
Si a hill
161
/'iil:'iis
■49
Aiioiiyma
sii ii/iiiii
156
Ktniculatus
■49
ail 11 a III a
526
S/>iiii:di/i
167
Miiiispiiii-iisis
■57
la pi la la
443
siiholifi'ia
142
prattnsis
■49
Anthoxanthum
131
sylz-aliia
■59
AmARAN rilACKAK
586
(idoratum
■3i
If II III' flora
144
Amaranthus
587
Apera
167
1 'i Iff, 11,(11
■53
III /his
588
Spica-VL-nti
167
:-iili;iiiis
■ 59
blitoides
5S8
Aplectrum
48.
Aira
168
crispus
590
liyemalc
481
III/ nil lira
■94
ililoi iishiiliys
5S7
spicatum
481
nil opiii piiica
■7"
(Ufltxus
59"
AUACKAi;
360
iiicspilnsii
169
Kraecizans
sJ^s
Aritiilliohiinii
carycipliylka
168
liybridus
587
mi lilt III III
535
i,<n iili-a
■^7
hypoiliiiiidriaiits
587
p It si II tt III
535
ii isliila
■94
lividtis
5H9
Arctagrostis
157
tliw iiosa
■7"
I'almiri
5«9
lati folia
■ 57
iiiiiiciiides
21(1
paiiiiiilaliis
588
Arethusa
469
nil Ida
'93
pumilus
590
liulbosa
469
I'hiiisala
■ 92
ritroflexus
587
spiral a
48.
pracfiix
169
spinoHus
588
see Pogonia
467-8
pill pill fa
185
litiiiiirisciiiiis
591
Arisaema
36'
siibspiiala
171
Torriyi
589
iilroritbciis
361
Aizii.\li;ai-;
597
A.MARvi.i.inAtKAi-:
443
Draioiitium
3'>l
Aletris
425
A ma ry II is
triphyllum
361
a lire a
426
Alaiiiasio
444
Aristida
ii^
l'arini>sa
425
Anihloiiyiie
Americana
■36
Alisma
f<4
Tornyi
589
basiramea
'.-H
iiiidi/olia
St.
A III ia Ill/nil III
desniantlia
'37
I'lantat;u-a(iiiatit
a 8,s
It'itiiaiilhnidrs
406
dicliotoma
M3
ttiKllum
J<5
tiiiisiarltiA iiiiiu
403
dispersa
■36
siihulala
92
Xiilhillii
405
j'asclrulala
■36
Al.ISMACICAi:
84
Ammophila
if)6
grracilis
■33
Allionia
594-'>
arciiaria
166
lanata
'35
albida
595
It I'll iidiiiacea
166
lauosa
135
lUidini
5'/'
Amphicarpon
KK)
oligaiitha
135
liushi
59'''
Ampliicarpoii
IIO
purpiirascens
■34
hirsuta
595
J'lii sliii
1 10
purpurea
■35
litit-aris
59'-'
Aiiacliaris
ramosissima
■34
nyctaKinca
595
Caiiadfiisls
93
slricta
■ 36
ovala
595
Andropogon
I()0
tuberculosa
■36
Allium
411
aliipciiiivides
98
ARISTdl.oCHIACKAE ,S,V
CanatUtise
414
iiiitliiff nils
178
Aristolochia
539
cernmnn
4'3
«;;!,'<'«/('//. s'
101
Clematilis
540
nnitahilc
414
arifyraeus
lOI
macropliylla
540
Nntlallii
4^4
azviiaieiim
104
Serpentaria
540
oniillioffaloides
415
Ilil-.'isii
1 01
Siplio
540
rtlioulatum
4'5
dissitiflorus
102
tomentosa
54'
Schoenoprasum
412
KllioUii
■03
Arrhenatherum
■73
stcllatum
4^3
furcatus
102
aveiiaceum
■73
si rial 11 III
4'5
fflaiiLiis
■03
elatius
173
<)(J<)
iNi»i;x or 1,.
VTIN NA.MIvS
.Iriiin
Betula
Calamagrostis
Carex
/>i(i,iiii/iiiiii
.^f.i
|)a|iyrifira
.Sof»
II ill lis /a
l^>5
easl.inia
3 '9.
320
h if'liyHiiiii
.('■I
iKipuliI'dlia
508
sli lila
165
ci'plialoidea
348
I 7/ i,' i mill HI
.i62
piiinila
511
sii:;i/ii,i
I'll
I eplialopliora
349
344
Arundinaria
2,W
:in\li.s ,si2
513
Calamovilfa
160
eliordorliiza
3)1
llllli 1 HSflll Hill
2.?.?
Itl fill II mil
brevipilis
166
Colliiisii
292
tii-ta
2,?.?
1 '11 i;iiin mil
20
loiil^ifolia
167
1 mil III mi is
,133
Aril mill
lU,-lia
Calla
3'>.1
coiiiosa
.101
j't'sliinJt'i'a
2a)
,iph 1 //./
4S1
palustris
363
imiipiii ta
21/)
J'lii aiiinilfx
18-t
Blitum ,S7i
57"
mil; i/liii /''lia
362
coiuiiiiia
332
Icila
2.VI
Hiiiiiis/lnii iiiis
571
( 'al/iL^i'iiK III
eoiijimela
342
»ee Calamagrostis
capitatuiu
57')
III Him ill t
,580
coiioidea
,125
6vf>
1 III iifpoilifiilis
577
Calochortus
421
i.'slilhl
3"^
Asarum
:s,?s
iiliiiiiiiiii
57'
Cunnisoni
422
eostellata
3"-
iirifoliimi
■S.W
.Viilliil/iiiiimii
577
Nutlallii
422
Crawei
323
,160
CiinaiUnsc
.s,^><
riihi II III
574
( a liip, It; 11 II
i-riiiita
3' 4
,115
inarriiiitlium
5,1'*
Boehmeria
53,1
pllliilitlll \
4s,)
1 li sill la
357
Virsjiiiicum
5,1^
cyliudlica
531
Ciilviiiiiiiii
erislalella
3,57
Asparagus
»2S
Botrychium
2
iiiii; ii\/il'oliii
S'li'
Cms eorvi
343
(iUk'inalis
42S
Ixiteak-
2
Calypso
477
ciyptocarpa
314
.-{■if^iiliiiiii
,i;i iiiilr
4
I'm iiilts
477
ill! la var.
.151
SIC Dryopteris
,?-i^
lancecilalum
4
biilbosa
477
cusi)idala
3"
Asplenium
22
I.unaria
3
Caiiiiiiu'ii
Havisii
318
acriistii'hoicks
2(^
lualricariaeloliuin ,5
/'l il-.il I
423
dihilis
32U
.121
aiiK'i^'ti folium
2|
simplex
2
Camptosorus
21
ikeoiniiosita
343
Uradkyi
2')
tenialum and var
,1
rln/opliyllu-
21
delkxa
,131
rhriiiiiiii
2,1
X'irKiiiiaiuiin
1
Campulosus
'77
lieweyana
354
t'l>ciiiii<ks
2,!
Bouteloua
179
aroinalicus
'77
digitalis
32S
Fili.x foeiniiia
21)
curtipeiKlula
180
Cannabis
5.V>
(li-taiis
324
fiintamitii
2,S
hirsuta
IS)
saliva
.5.1' >
IioiiKlasii
312
tiKintaiium
2,S
olitfo^lacliya
iSo
Capriola
175
l>i iiimiioiidiaiia
338
parvuUiui
2,1
nitiiiiiisii
l,S,)
Daclyloii
'75
diirifolia
3,18
piniiatitkluni
22
Brachyelytrum
))'.
Carex
284-3'"'
ihm ma
,132
plalyniurou
2,?
amiii/mii
14''
abai'la
2(^2
all ilia la var.
3.50
rlii'iifiliylUi
21
erectum
14')
abbnviala
324
I'lleocliaris
34^'
Kula miiraria
2S
Briza
"»9
aculil'onnis
.m
lull nil III si i
.134
llii-l\f>liioii1is
26
Oiiiiii/t'iisi's
211
adusla
,157
exilis
,14"
Tricliomancs
2)
media
'99
aestivalis
3' 7
exleiisa
323
viridc
24
minor
IW
alala
3.59
festucacea
3,59
Aspirlla
HkipMi;i.i.\ci:.\i-:
374
al/h! sili/iilia
332
filifolia
339
Ifyslrii
2,5.?
Bromus
219
al/iiiaiis
311
filiforinis
,1"5
1 'iriiiniiij
I2V
asper
220
alboliilesceiis
3,^'i
lilipiiidiila
3'4
A//irrn/>(iffiiii
breviaristatiis
22,5
Albiirsina
,129
llaccospeinia
,122
i<lii;t>s/itLlivii:,
1,S,
brizaerorinis
223
alopeeoidea
344. .145
flava
323
.■;24
Atriplex
57S
cilialus
219
al])iua
7,1 •»,
llixilis
319
are 11 aria
579
ereetus
220
altoeaulis
,126
foeiiea
.157
35S
arg:eiitea
579
i;ii;aiilt'iis
21S
ambusta
297
follieulata
293
cancsceiis
580
liordeaceus
222
ampliibola
.121
formosa
318
32'!
oxpaiisa
579
Kalmii
221
aiii;iis/ala
.lo"*
Frankii
.101
hastata
578
iiinllts
222
apii /■!
,1"''
Hraseri
3.1'i
lilloialis
578
I'orteri
221
aiiii,i.\ yar.
327
I'lasfiiana
3,16
Nutlallii
580
pill i;a IIS 2i()
221
aqualilis
.v;
fulva
324
pat u la
57«
racemosus
222
arela
.152
fusea
,107
rosea
578
Sell) adfri
224
arelala
,120
f;ii;aiilea
294
2'>5
Avena
'72
secalinus
222
III ilia
.155
ffiahia
,121
flali'ii-
'7,3
s<|uarrosus
22,5
arenaria
342
(jlareosa
353
fatiia
17.5
sterilis
221
ai ill laiillia
357
glauea
315
flax e ace lis
'7'
teetorum
220
;iristata
.102
glancodea
322
mollis
171
unioloides
224
Asa-Crayi
293
f!lii/iti tan's
293
paliisliis
171
Broussonetia
529
Assiiiiboinelisis 319
Goodenovii
309
i'cinisvU'iiiiiia
171
papyri fera
529
Allantica
3.50
liiacilis
299
Sniithii
■72
Brunnichia
5(,8
all ala irrala
.1"6
Kracillima
317
s/>iiala
174
cirrhosa
569
atratiforniis
.106
irrandis
295
striata
172
lliiclilo,-
alio/iisia
313
Rranularis
322
Azolla
35
ilaiHioidis
'83
aurea
,13'- 2' 15
gravida
.145
Carolinana
35
Bulbilis
'83
Hmkii
3,1^
(iiayi
293
Halts
dactyloides
183
liaileyi
2'«
Krisea
321
.122
XVI miciilala
584
BlKM.'\\.Vl,\Ci:.\K
455
llai lallii
3' 2
ICynandra
3>5
Beckmannia
181
Burmannia
4,55
liilhiidi
284
gyiiDLiales
.14i>
erucaeformis
181
biflora
456
I! ill a villa
2<)4
ffaleaiia
322
Helamiaiicia
Calamagrostis
i'),i
liickiiellii
Tfm
Halei 294
322
.143
Clihwnsis
453
aiiiiai ia
it)6
bicolor
'33'
Hartii
.^
HKTtl.ACKAK
506
hifX'ipilis
160
liigelovii
,110
Haydeni
Betula
508
breviseta
164
hiaiida
327
Heieonastes
,152
alba
5.«
Canadensis
163
lli'iilliaiia
B(>
lielfioslachya
323
Alttobelula
512
cinnoide.s
16s
bromoides
354
liirsiila
3>6
3>7
Alniis 512.51.^
eonfinis
">5
brunnescens
.151
hirta
,106
glandulosa
5'"
I.appoiiica
'65
buUata
2'>8
Hitclicockiana
325
letita
5">
I.an({;>dorfii
164
Jill ihaiimii
,1"7
Hiippneii
,110
lutea
5>"
loiigifdlia
167
lUi'spilosa
.W
Houghton ii
.105
jric/iatixii
311
Macouniana
'63
canescens
.15'. ,152
liypeiboiea
3'"
nana
5'"
iieKlecta
165
capillaris
.12fJ
liystricina
,1.x.
ni(?ra
509
Aullalliaiia
■65
capitata
3.19
incurva
.14'
occidentalis
51)9
Pickfiiiigii
"•4
Carevana
32S
interior
350
.15'
papyracea
509
Porteri
164
Caroliniana
317
intuiiiescens
29.^
292
.1,1.?
,101
20
,1.12
.142
.125
,110
,1-6
323. ^f>■>
3l'l. MS
.is;
3.S7
343
314
35«
3'i
.118
■520, 321
.141
3,14
354
.128
124
,U2
ana iv"^
3,12
350
346
334
340
383
359
339
30s
314
L 322
,12.1. :,^A
119
.1.=i7. I.5S
291
31**. ,120
,101
336
324
.107
294, 29.1
321
353
3aa
493
309
299
3' 7
295
3«2
.14,S
29,1
121, 322
1M
14"
322
4. 322, 343
299
308
i .1,S2
I'a 323
3'6, 317
306
ina 325
310
305
3to
31X)
341
,150. 35'
s 293
INDI'X OI" I..\TIN NAMI'S.
601
Carex
hiii;i(a 313
J.itlR'sii 337
h'llicskfllli \2m
/am'ciinua v-
laifiipitia 3.ii
liiKiipixliiii'li^'* 3.i''
laiuiifiii"'*'! i'i5
laxiciilniis 329
laxillora 327-^121), 322
I,iMviii\Mirtliii 3li(
IfiiUiularis itxj
kliorina 3.S')
leplaka XV)
liiiKisa 313. .'iM
littiiralis 31:;
liviila 331
loiiKirostris iH)
I.ouisianica 2((4
lupulifciriiiis Ji»l
hipulina :!<i4
luriila 2in)
niacnikoUa 315
Matftllaiiica 313
tiiatciila 341
maritima 3' I
iiiaiiiiiii 314
Meadii 3-'7
viidiii 334
vieiiihianuifa 2^/)
iiifml)raiiiipacta 21/1
Jfi(//(ii<iit 2^)2
Miilniii \ iaiia 2i|2
iiiiiroiflihliin 2S3
viilianu 311
luiliaris 295, 2ip
till rain'/ is 3.s!S
iiiisaiulra 31 -
iiKiiiilf 297
Mulilenbcrgii 349
imiricata 34S
JIuskinguniC'iisis 335
Carex
Kidiiwskyaiia
iilrni III :■<!
ti-tvnlUxa
rc-trorsa
Kiclianlsoiii
; /;' '''"
riparia
rcista
rash a/a
ruprstris
sahii/dsa
salitia
Sa//iii iisis
Sarlwillii
t-axatilis
scabrata
sial'iiiii
Scliwiiiiilzii
scirpiiicUa
sciiparia
sL-tacia
sc-tii'dlia
.Sliortiaiia
sicfata
silicua
Siiii/liii
spaiKaiiioiiks
sipiarrosa
s/i//ii/a/a var.
.s/nii>/if>is
slciuiphylla
29).
Ill II lit a
nardina
Nebraskt'iisis
iiiKronuu'Binata
Norvi'Kica
Novae-AiiKliae
oblita
Oeilcrt
Oliuyi
o/itiaii/lia
oligocarpa
olitfospcTiiia
oi'a/a
oxyk'pis
pallesceiis
f>a/iiil('sa
panicea
I'arryaiia
pauciflora
pedicel lata
Pnkii
pedunculata
Peniisylvaiiioa
picta
planlaKinea
platyphylla
podocarpa
polys/acliya
l)()lymorpha
po/yirichoides
Pot/ei i
praecox
piairea
prasiiia
prateiisis
I'seudo-Cyperus
3C», 301
ptychocarpa 330
pubescens 336,317
pulta 295, 296
Kaeana 295
tamosa 344
rariflora 312
322
,14"
,>.Si
324
321
323
297
2S5
32.'>
295
3,6
3"8
324
,103
.1,1"
,1"7
2S3. 2<)2
333
334
333
333
3.?6
3,^"
3,1"
3' 3
,152
326
3.W
315
3.1,=;
344
31 '
3.54
329.
294i
stirili
.S/iin/iii'i
stipala
stratniiR-a
s/i ia/a
stricta
s/iir/ii'i'
styliillexa
styldsa
subspatliacta
siil>ii/a/a
Sii//i:'aii/ii
supiiia
sycliiKicepliala
Uiiella
Uiicra
It'ii/aiiitala
U-miifliira
U-iiuis
terctiiiscula
tctauica
Texensis
Toneyaiia
Toiiiyi
torta "
tribuloides
triceps
trichocarpa
trisiKTiiia
Tuckerniaiii
typliinoides
unibellata
iilriculata
iirsiim
I'a/i/ii
z'as;iiia/a
varia
vi'iius/a minor
zrrriuosa
vestita
virescetis
viridula
viilfraris
riiipina
vulpinoidea
Walteriana
Willdeiiovii
Xaiapriisis
xaiitliocarpa
vaii/liophysa
xeraiitica
Xfiiharpa
Carpinus
31"
32"
347
2()S
.(32
,V>,1
347
202
3,V"<
3.S«
U", 3'1
21/)
3"4
,Vt*'
3""
337
3^1
.>3^
.1"3
,1.S.S
3'7
34S
3"I, .V>2
3.S"
,V>I
341
.1.S"
337
343
3.SS-,l6<J
3"4
321J,
328
,1"7
3'"
292
3>7
•560
346
299
3.S2
.121
.141
326, 327
.147
3'^. 324
324
311, 3'4
3,sf'. 3.S7
316, 317
,V'2
3,=i3
2(».S
3(12
335
2<)7
333
•?()6
326
3.U
3-' I
315
.1"4
V"
324
310
342
34.5
3"4
337
349
.145
292
35,S
3o,S
506
Carpinus
Caroliiiiiina
(7/1,'"""""
Caiya
ai/<a
aiiiaia
o/i:ar/ormis
ftiii tiiia
/iiiiirii/iisa
X f Hicoria
Castanea
(Uiitata
piitnila
zvs<a var. Aniii.
Catabrosa
ai|u,itica
( aii/iiiia
//rii/is
(,'nai/a/iipi'iisis
C'l/i'sia
fia nil II I a la
Celtis
Mississippicnsis
iicciilentalis 536,
fill in i la
Cenchrus
Ca III/ i Ilia nils
raiTiiiosa
tribuldides
Ccia/iH'liloa
/in::iaris/a/a
Ceri'sia
t/ II i /a IIS
Chamaecyparis
sp/iat-roii/ia
tliyiiides
Chaiiiaelirium
Carol i II ianinn
lutcuiii
Chaniaiiaphis
i;/aiiia
I/a/iia
vei/ici//a/a
xiiii/is
Cheilanthes
Alabaiiiensis
dcal/ia/a
Rracili.s
laiiosa
lanuginosa
tomentosa
Cllr.NOI'ODI.VtK.M'.
Chenopodium
album
^^?l•
r
316,
.1091
aiubrosioides
authelminticum
Herlandieri
Bouws-Hetiricus
Hoscianum
Rotrys
capi/a/iivi
I'renioiitii
glaucuiu
hybridum
leptophylluin
inari/imiim
niiil/ifidiim
niurale
polyspernuini
Scoparia
rubrum
u.'.)icum
viride
Chloris
curiipendu/a
\ . .ticillata
Cl(()RII'KTAL.\K
Chrosperma
iiiuscaetoxicum
Chrysopogon
avenaceuB
nutans
Cinna
arundinacea
glontera/a
Cinna
/a/iiii/is
latifnlia
/'riii/n/ii
Cladium
tiiari^-ciiido
Cladothrix
lanuginosa
Clintonia
boreal is
I i/iii/a
inii/)it/a/a
unibelUilala
Coi 1
dai/y/oidi's
Co/ pod ill III
/a/ifo/inm
Comandra
livida
pallida
unibellata
Cii.M.Mi;i.lN.\(.i;.\K
Commelina
aiiiai ia
CDinniunis 375,
diiliia
erecla 373.
Iiirlella
/oiii;i/'o/ia
nudilliira
ViiKiiiica
il'i//drniirii
11)6 Comptonia
3S iiereirriua
5() Ciiiios/y/is
Annricana
CiiNV.\i.i..\i<i.\L'i;.\i.
Convallatia
liij/ora
loiiniin/a/a
niajalis
raifiiiosa
s/i//a/a
/lifo/ia
Cooperia
Druiunioudii
Coprosnian/hiis
lifi /taiiiis
/a 111111/0/ ins
Corallorhiza
Ciirallorhiza
inna/a
Jfaciat'i
,57", .571 niultiflora
575 (idontorhiza
373 striata
372 Wi.steriana
374 Corispermum
572 liysBopifoliuni
374 Coiiiucopiae
376 a//issinia
572 /liiiiia/is
571 p/iiiiiians
573 Corylus
,48, 371 Americana
385 rostrata
376 Crypsis
573 sclioeiioides
371 sqiiariosa
,Vi6
.5"7
4'\S
4H5
4«l
4^7
4.H(,
t^S '>
.S14
,5I,S
.51,5
. 5'.5
194
194
Hi
81
.593
526
527
527
526
127
127
I "3
'27
223
,5<)
("2
4"2
402
126
127
I2f)
126
.1"
.1"
32
31
31
31
31
.5*)f)
57"
381 Cryptogramma
acrosticlioides
C/fiiiinn
Americanum
Ciipressiis
disticha
Ihyoides
482 Cycloloma
402 atriplicifolia
p/aiypliyl/um
Cym/iidium
liyema/e
odon/orhizOH
pii/chd/um
Cynodon
' Dac/ylon
574
573
1-8
178
4"3
■"3
104
104
1,58
158
102
In2
1,58
1,58
281
281
.592
.592
428
42S
429
421)
429
98
1.57
536
537
.5,f>
5/)
,174
375
375
376
3S0
375
375
375
376
37'>
4S8
4S9
446
427
4,U
433
434
434
429
4.1"
4.1"
444
444
4,19
4,19
477
478
478
479
479
478
479
478
5S1
,582
162
161
161
507
5"7
508
147
183
28
28
177
58
,59
576
577
577
481
478
480
175
fin 2
INI>i;X (»I' LATIN NAMl'S.
\ 1
i ;
i j
CynoButus
2(»l
Dichtomena
.III; if>/iiis
\^2
latifolia
257
cristaliis
2(»i
li iiiiuifliala
2,S».
/lIl/llUS
iHl
Dicksonia
12
CVI'IKACKAK
2.M
/>iliisiii\, nlii
12
Cyperus
-Ml
piimliliilmla
12
ac'intiitiatiis
i.V>
I>Kuim,i;ijiim;s
4S2
III i sill Ins
2,17
/>ii; Hill lit
til inttUiiiU't'ifs
2t7
lili/i'i mis
1 1 r
/t'lili/u I'liii
2.|(i
liiiiiiilusii
1 1 1
(III, (lllllllS
2.?^
/'iis/fiilttii/i'^
ii«l
ciiiii|>rissus
2.V-<
siiiiniiiiiiilts
1 1 1
lylitidriius
2-4 S
IHuSi.iiki;ali:.\i-:
4 4"
•Uiitatus
2.|ii
Dioscorea
4 47
tliaiidnis
2,^(1
villcisa
447
t'chiiiatiis
210
I'inlis
liiiKiliuaniii
24.^
III lilt lit
5*^1
ij^iuUntiis
2)1
Diplachne
lS(,
trvlliriirliizds
2)1
fascitiilaris
1,S(.
fifox
2|2
1 iiiiilit
1<)C)
/ii 1 iii;i>usiciis
242
Disporum
4.V
filiculiiiis
245
laniiKiiiciMini
4.11
flavcscins
2.^5
tracliviarpum
4.i2
flavicoimis
2.<7
Distichlis
niS
fuscus
2,(1)
niiii Hi mil
I.^H
• ".ravi
24f.
spicata
108
Haiti
241
Dondia
5X4
Hallii
2411
AnuTii-ana
5^4
IIasi)aii
2,V)
<Uprissa
5«5
HiiiiKlitdiii
240
maritinia
5H5
Ily,ti,i
24c.
J h tiiaiiiit
iiiflfxiis
2,r
hoi iiilis
4:"
Laiicnstrictisis
244
iiiiihilhiliila
429
Mi ilia 11 I ill II Its
242
Piamiiliiiin
niicrciiloiitiis
2,?7
foiliiUnit
/-.>
Nultallii
2,Vi
Dryopteris
1,1
ovularis
245
acriisticlididrs
"4
f>iii :iis
242
iiiiili'iiht
15
pliymalndes
241
r.iKittii
IS
pseudoviKctus
2,?S
iiraunii
15
refrattus
244
cristata
16
retrofractus
244
ililiilitia
is
rivularis
2,V'
l"ilix mas
17
nituiulus
24(1
fra(fraiis
Ifi
Sfhwiiiiilzii
2.1«
('ii)lditaiia
17
SpilllliliillS
247
iiili-i iiiiiliii
iS
specidsus
242
I.<iiuliitis
'4
striKosus
24.^
niarjriiuilis
Toi lYVi
24.S
Novtl>oracensis
15
Cypripedium
•457
siiimlata
16
acaulu
4.S7
spinulosa
IS
nihil in
4,S><
TlitlypUTis
15
ariitimim
457
Dullchium
247
hiilhifSHin
477
aruiidinaciiiiii
247
caiididuin
4.S*<
s/tiilliiiii-iiin
247
hirsiituiii
4,SS
Dupatya
,172
parviniirum
45<i
llavidula
,V.>
f^iibesi'tiis
45*^
Dupontia
2(19
n-Kinae
45«
C'lioliyi
210
spfihihile
458
I'islitri
209
Cystopteris
12
Eatonia
192
bulbiftra
12
DiiitUyi
■93
frajjilis
1,1
niliila
KM
iiiiiiitana
1,?
obtusata
U)2
Dactylis
2t»)
I'tiinsylvaiiica
193
Klimierata
2flo
Echinodorus
85
stt Spartina
175-7
CDrdifiiliiis
86
Dactyloctenium
iSs
piiiviilus
85
Atgyi)tiiini
1S2
radicaiis
86
.Ifi; tfiliaciiiii
1S2
losli aliis
86
Danthbnia
173
h'lllllllS
85
A 11,11 i
174
Eleocharis
24S
compressa
174
acicularis
252
sericca
174
acuttiinata
255
spicata
'74
albida
254
D'ischainpsia
169
atnipiirpurea
2,SI1
atroijurpurea
170
capitata
25"
caespitosa
1 69
comfiiissa
255
flcxnosa
170
KiiKelmanni
251
/hytii.t ia
i\/iiisfloit{es
248
Macoiiniaiia
■Cm
inlcrnicdia
255
Diairliena
interstiiicta
24S
Americana
196
mclanocarpa
254
Dichtomena
256
micnicarpa
253
colorata
256
luutata
249
Eleochatig
ixhn atii
cilivai'ta
cvata
paliistriH
piliii iriiii lis
f>XKiiiitiit
l/llllih IDIl^rilhtlll
rn^l, llata
tiniiis
'/'"' 1 ivaiiit
tortilis
tricDstata
tulnrcubisa
ll'ilhoili
Wcilfii
/Cli'i'!;iiliis
lU III , 111 II. i
Eleusine
.■liX',\/'liii
Iiidii-a
mill imialii
/■'li'ilt'ii
Cmiitilciisis
Elymus
. \mi I i III It IIS
arciiarius
Canadriisis
ci'iidfiisatiis
vlyniiii(Ks
liiiii il'oliiis
ulainiis
Macdiiiiii
Sif'ii iiifi
Siliiiiiiiii
slrialus
Virgiiiictis
Elyna
IWllardi
sfiiiiiht
Elylnisfii'iiinm
LiililKiiiiiiim
Epipactis
ii'ir.iillarioiiiis
llillibiniiif
liilil'ulia var,
viridiflora
ICoi isi:i'.\cE.\K
Equisetum
arvtiisc
fluviatile
liytinale
latvinntiim
liiiiiisinii
litturale
paliistre
prateiise
rcilmstum
srirpiiidfs
sylvaticiiiii
varicKatuin
Eragrostis
laiiipeslris
capillaris
( iiiiiliiiiiiiiii
ciirtipc'dicellata
HraKnistis
iiyl/iiiigoiia
Ffanliii
Iiypnoidcs
major
iiiiX'islac/iya
iiiiiiiii
oxylipis
pectinacea
pildsa
fiDiii'Kiiles
Turstiii
rtfracla
1 1 pill IIS
sicundi flora
si'ssilispica
EtagroRtt!!
249 tiuliddis Mil
3,V> Erianthus iy<
2.SI alciprciirdi<lc-s 1^
2,SI brivibarbis 09
262 I mil pail us 99
2(1! '.utliarnldis If)
2|M I';i<iii(..\ii..\ci Ai: ,171
2 Id Enocaulon ,171
2,S(i ililiifn ,\-},
2,s,S III III iiliilinii .^71
2,s,l rdniprissuiii ,(72
2,S( (ItcaiiKllliirc ,("2
.',S4 IlitviJttliim Sl\
25,t y;iiiif>liiiliHiis y;2
2S2 s( iitaiiKiiliiru ,171
252 Eriochloa 1 10
pnly.liiiliyti lid
.'(d ]>uiK'tata 110
IM Eiii>iiiiiiii
182 iu\fiititlii 141
181 Eriogonum ,■542
1S2 alatuiii 542
Alliiii ,S43
ii,i aimuum 544
2,(i> hiiriiaiili- 546
2,(1 oampaiuilatuiii .si6
21,2 (.ermiuiii ,S46
2,(1 Cdiyiiibdsiiiii 544
2.(2 fftiisiim ,S44
2,(2 rtavuiii 545
2,(1 1; iiii/iliiiliiii/i': ,S4,S
2'(i Jaiiiisii ,S4(
2(,( Uu'luidnyiiiiiii ,S4'i
2,(1 /.iiiillifiiiii'i iitiiiim
23' 54 1
2,(2 Idlljjildliuill ,'i4,(
2,(d mil I itiilliiim ,S46
2,(d iiiicrdtluiuni ,S44
28; iiiiiUictps ,S45
284 pill :i/liiniiii 545
284 paucifldruiu 545
sfi itfiiiii ,S4,(, 54.5
267 '/ (' I II II II III ,S4 \
469 Eriophorum 271
47,( alpimiiii 271
4f<j ill pi III I II III 272
469 iypti iiiiiiii 271
461) jrracik- 27;
(,=; lull fill ill III 27](
,(,S pdlystailiyon 27(
(6 nissidliim 272
(7 Sclieuchzeri 272
,(8 h iijiiiiiiiin 27,(
,(8 vaniiiatutii 272
,(7 \'ir(;iiiiciim 27(
(7 Erythronium 419
,(7 albidiiiii 420
,(6 Aiiuritaiiiliu 420
,(S a Hi; I, sill I II III 420
,(9 hiiiiliiiiiim 420
,(6 iiitsaclidrttiiii 421
,(9 i)rdi)ullaiis 421
1 87 Eurotia jso
191 lanata 5S1
188 P'lixohis
1 89 iiisfiiis ,ii9o
190 i/illiiiis 590
189 liiiiliis 589
188 piiiiiiliis 590
18S Fa(,.\<.i.ai; 513
192 Fagopyrum ,s,s3
189 iWiiili Ilium 55^
189 I'aKdpyniiii 55]^
189 Tataricuiii ,s,s4
191 Fagus ,si4
190 Anuricana ,si4
188 Ciisia Ill-It 515
189 /I'l riii; iitra ,si4
|S() p II III Ha ,515
191 Festuca 215
192 ileciiiiihiiis 185
191 diaiidra 196
iqo tliiiiiisciila 217
191 elatior 217
.19
'J')
'19
,(71
,i7'
.(7,^
.17'
,r-'
.(72
.(7,1
,17^
,17'
110
I III
1 10
M'
5\2
,S4,(
,S4l
,Mi>
1 ,S l'>
.■)4'>
,St4
.S44
545
545
,S4,(
54^'
til II III
.S41
54,5
M6
544
.545
545
545
54,?. 545
54,t
271
271
272
271
27,^
275
27.?
272
272
273
272
419
420
420
430
420
1 421
4-'i
581
590
590
589
590
513
553
553
553
554
514
SH
515
514
515
«I5
flJ7
ai7
Festuca
Jasiiiiilans
1H6
JiiiiUiiis
2I,(
KiKiiilU'H
2|,H
Myuros
2II1
imtHiis
■2\^
mliifliiia
21']
civiiiii
217
pi (iti'iisis,
217
ru1)ni
3l6
scal)iilla
217
SliDitii
2\^
li'llilhl
2l'p
11 iiiolt'iili'<
221
Fimbristylis
2,59
aiiluiiiiialis
2()il
HiiUt:i iiiiiiiia
.■(H)
ca pit till is
25>i
castaiica
2.S9
ioiif,'es/a
iHi
Inxa
2611
snadicia
J.59
Vahlii
2(1(1
Fritillaria
419
,i//>,i
422
atrnpuipiiria
419
Froelichia
,>'!-
I'loiiilaiui
,><>•;
uracilis
,5'y,(
Fuirena
274
lii\pidii
274
simplex
274
s(|iiarr()sa
274
Gemmingia
45-'
Cliinctisis
45,i
(,'i.siipifi h
pahiiiila
/
(.7li rriii
siu Panicularia 2
U1-21 )
(I'oiiopyi Hill
Aiiti'i'it'ttiiii III
,v,,-<
(I'lim/vi'iii
stc'Peramium
474 5
('.k,\mim;.\i-:
'()
Graphephorum
2111
yt's/iii'iit'i'iiiii
20<^
'/fflllll.SIIIII
1S6
tiulicdiduum
2111
Gymnopogon
■7"^
anibiKUUS
17,S
brcvifolius
'7'i
raifiiiiisiii
'7^
CiV.mnosi'KKM.m:
4'i
Gyrostachys
47"
( iiR', Spiraiilln
,? 1
cermia
47'
Kracilis
47-'
la/t/o/i(i
470
odorata
47'
plaiilajfiiita
471J
prai-ciix
471
Roinanzcifliaua
470
simplex
47-'
Gviiiiiosliiliiini
'/{yslii\
2.v?
Gyrotheca
442
capitala
44,!
tiiuloi ia
44,!
Habenaria
.(6(1
( iiic, Oi cliis ill
pari )
bkphari(rl(iUis
4f>5
bracti'ata
4(',5
ctliaris 464, 465
clavfllata
463
crislata
46»
dilatata
462
fiiiihi iaia
.}6()
flava
464
grandinora
4(1*)
Hookeriaiia
4(ji
liyperborea
.(62
ititeRra
46.!
laccra
465
leucophaea
465
tiivea
462
INDl.X
•• I.ATIN NAMKS.
(
JO,3
Habenaria
Hystrix
2V1
[uncus
iililu^ata
461
IIy>trix
2,l,(
Cierarili
(85
(irliic'ulata
461
resi'ne
5(*,(
(rnenei
(87
pcramoiiia
.}6(i
ii'liisioidrK
.V*,(
tfyiiinocarpns
.(8.(
(isyt'ddf^
4r.*i
paiiii'ulata
.5'»,t
/.irisii
,(8,(
/; uiiHltila
46,(
Iiiiii,\ci:.\i-;
447
liinifistylis
,,8.H
I'll l'\il IIS
.(64
Iris
447
inaruinatus
,,)<.S
:ii ii/is
4'>,(
apliylla
4.50
mariliinii--
,(84
Il.\) .MllIIOU.\l.K.\l:
4*2
Cardliiiiaiia
44(^
ineKacepliaUls,?92
(91
Ifiiiiiilliiiiiii
irihlata
451
niilitaris
,('»'
III lite in
.5,!7
ill pi III
4Sd
lllllllll OSIIS
.(97
Heleochloa
147
Ihiri iinkii
4,5"
iidddsus
.(92
M-llm IKiiiUs
'47
fulva
4.S'>
pill : illoiin
.(97
Helonias
4(11
C.f rmatiiea
4,50
peldcarpns
(')(>
iisptliiiitU'idl's
4(1'
.1,' ; iitilis
4.S'>
pilinm
,('/>
liullata
4(12
luxaKdlia
t48
pdlycephalns
,W.(
i,' 1 ii III i II I'll
4",(
llddki-ri
449
re pens
,(88
Hemerocallis
41(1
laciir.lris
45'
Kicliardsdiiianiis
.(91
flava
4"
Slissdurieiisis
449
nibustiis
.(()5
I'lilva
411
prisiiiatica
4.50
Roeineriaiins
,(8t
Hemicarpha
275
rseudacdnis
45'
scirpoides
,(9,(
inicranllia
275
viriia
452
secundns
.(86
.s iihsijiiti 1 1 1 'sa
275
versicolor
448
setacens
3X7
Heteranthera
,i79
/ 'iigiiiica 448, 4,S(i
.S'w; nil ii
.(8,(
(luliia
380
ISdr.TACKAK
45
SpiillltIS
,(97
i;i iiiiiima
^Si)
Isoetes
45
slytfiiis
389
limiisa
;,8(j
Jli iiiiiiii
46
siihlilis
.V>>
reiiiformis
l8(i
liiitleri
48
tennis
?86
Hexalectris
4S(i
tcliiiKispdra
4ft
Tdireyi
.(92
apliyllus
4S1
ICiiKeliiiaiiiii
48
triiidus
.V85
si/iiiiiiinsiis
4S1
lacustris
46
triKlnmis
.((>>
Hicoria
4>i4
iiitiii'ospoi a
.(6
\'aseyi
3*'
(iiic.ri/'.Kf o'-A/.v-
liielaiKipdda
4."
Juniperus
59
liiiis ill part 1
iiiiti imlii
47
cdnimunis
59
alba
4,S6
riparia
47
nana
60
ai|uatica
4''<5
saccliarata
47
Saliina
60
glabra .(Sf
.4^7
Tiickeniialii
4''
.Sihiiiiii
60
laciiiiiisa
4.H6
/ 1 ill
\'ir(finiaiia
(•HI
micmcarpa
4M1
III II III
452
Kobresia
^l^
iiiiiiinia
4^5
Chiiiciisis
45.(
biiiartita
2S4
(ivata
4«5
Ixophorus
125
iiii iiiin:
28 »
I'L-taii
4«4
line. Si la rill)
siiipiiiu
284
Slllilllil
4*1
Klaucus
126
Kochia
.581
Ilici oilltm
Italicns
127
Americana
.581
illpillil
',?-•
verticillatus
126
iili ipliii/olia
577
hoi i\ilis
',1 '
viridis
126
Scdiiaria
581
pitiiiitioia
',(2
Kdl.ANllACKAI'.
Juglans
■t'-^.!
Koeleria
'93
Holcus
168
48.i
cristata
I'M
illpillUS
'.(2
cineiea
484
iiilidii
'94
llalipeinii
1(14
iiigra
48,!
Piiiiisyl-.aiiica
'93
laiialiis
168
loiiieiilosa
,(86
A'ofiiii; ia
III \ »v
197
see Hicoria
484-4-<7
/sill lid ira
542
iHloiahis
',(2
JINC.VCI.Al;
,V8l
Korycatpus
196
Homalocenchrus
I2S
Juncoides
.?0
ai n iiili iiott'iis
196
1 inc. /.I'fi sill 1
(inc. l.iiriilii)
diandrus
!(/)
kiuicularis
12(|
cainpestre
,to8
Kyllinga
247
(iryznidi'?^
I2()
liyperbdrenm
,V)8
iii'ii iilala
275
Vii'ijiiiii'iis
129
neiiiordsnm
,197
ocularis
245
llOIIIOtlKflll
nivale
.i(>8
piimila
247
iiiiH'i'iiiitliitm
5,W
parviflorum
.(97
lAlclllUtlllllfS
Hordeum
22,S
Iiilosniii
.('/i
n'liitni ia
443
jlibaUini
22()
spicaUini
^')7
Lachn(Kaulon
373
imirimim
229
Juncus
,581
anceps
373
iKidiisum
228
acuininatus
.W5
Afiiliaii I ii
373
pi Illt'llSt'
228
IllpillUS
.Wl
I.apKi lea
pusilUiiii
229
ai isliilaliis
,,88
Canadensis
5.(3
Humulus
52(»
articnlalus
,V>'
La p pa i^o
I.upiilii'*
5,V'
iispfr
.(92
laceiHosa
105
llyaiiiitlius
lialticns
.184
Larix
54
boll voidt's
424
biKluiiiis
.(89
Aiiifricaiia
54
lacfinosiis
425
bracliycarpus
,v;,(
lariciiia
54
Ifvdroiliiu is
bracliycepliaUis ,v>4
f.efisia
'lOidi/olia
94
bnfonins
.585
see Homalocenchrus 1 29
Spoiiffiii
94
bulbosns
,W
Lkitxkriackak
489
Hymenocallis
444
Caesarieiisis
.W2
Leitneria
489
(iccidLiitalis
445
iiiiiipfsti is
.(98
Kloridaiia
489
HvMKNdl'IlVLI.A-
Canadensis
.('H
Lkmnackak
.365
ci:.\i'.
6
castaneus
.189
Letnna
365
Hypopellis
CdiiKloiiieralus ,^8,^
AiiKoletisis
365
'oltliisa
II
dchilis
.TO5
gibba
,367
fhpopin mil
dicliotomus
.387
minor
y,6
III liiillaliiin
28.!
dilTusissiinus
59'>
paucicostata
•t'§
Hypoxis
4-15
etTusns
.(82, Tfil,
perpusilla
.(66
CI l-illl
446
£iiffehnaiiui
393
polyiliiza
.3^5
liirsuta
446
filiformis
383
trisulca
366
I
604
iNi)i:x Ol- I,.
VTIN" NAAlIvS.
Lemna
Manisuris
Myrica
Osmunda
Val(livi;iii!i
;,66
niRosa
ICHI
eirifera
4.<,s
C'layloniana
f)
I.emohys
MAKAN'rAL'ICAl'.
454
dale
487
iiilei iiipla
6
hviu iiiUiiim
42.!
Marisiiis
.tfyi iiiplrris
Ian mlala
4
l.ipldiilhiis
1 vliiniriiiis
245
i; lacilis
,1'
J. 11 nana
,1
sec Heteranthera
,^So
Mai i St IIS
Nai mi.\ci:ai;
C5
regalis
5
Leptochloa
182
1 iliina/iis
246
Naias
So
Slriitliioplei is
9
mticronata
1.H2
JIaksii,i;a(.i;ai:
•V!
fle.xilis
81
leriiala
,1
Leptorchis
476
Marsilea
^^
urai-illinia
81
1 'in; iniaiia
4
liliifolia
476
iiiiu 1 oiia/a
,vt
(iaiidaliipensis
.^l
Ostrya
,5"7
I.uisilii
477
iialaiis
,vt
llldiid
81
Vir(;iniana
5"7
Lepturus
225
(|uadrifolia
,*,'
major
80
/ 'iixiiiii'i'
5"7
filifurmis
226
vestita
,vi
marina
80
Oxvhapliiis
ftiiiii, iilii/iis
■79
MA^ al'ACi:ai:
,*r
Nardus
224
see Allionia
,594- f>
Leucociinum
411
Mayaca
,VK<
slricla
224
ani;iisli/oliiis
59'>
immtaiuitu
411
Aubkti
.;6^
Xasmylliia
/lodini
,S</i
I.imalkai;
410
.Viiliatii ii
;,68
arliiiilala
y;\
liirsiiliis
59,S
Lilium
4lf.
Medt'ola
4,!5
.\ai lluiiinii
Oxyria
,551
II mi ill inn
417
Virniiiiana
4,V5
Amrricaiiiim
401
iliiryna
5^.1
Canadtiise
417
Ml.I.ANril AL'KAK
,VW
i;liiliiiosiiiii
4(HI
/( .11/01 mis
,■'3.;
Cari)liiiiaiiuin
41S
Melanthium
400
ossi/iai,nnii
401
Paepalanthus
.>".>
Catesbaei
4'7
i;laiiiinii
1' '5
pnh( lis
4.K)
flavidulus
,c.i
C.rayi
418
liyhriilinn
407
Nazia
'"5
l\ini iiiliinn
IMiiladelpliicum
416
latifiilium
4"7
raceniosa
■o.S
i'ai oliniiiitiim
445
superl)niii 41;
,4'8
niiist'at'lo yitii 111
4",!
Nemastylis
452
incidenliile
445
tiKfintim
419
parviflonim
4"7
acuta
452
Panicularia
210
uiiibcllatnni
4>7
1 aci iiiosinii
40)
i^i-mmi/lora
452
( inc. (,'lyiei ia )
Limnobium
94
VirKiiiicuiu
4116
Xfollia '
aculi flora
21,1
SpoiiKia
94
Melica
•94
see Gyrostachys
47" 2
Americana
212
Limodorum
4S0
a II is. u' ma
'95
piilhsiins
474
an,i; iislala
215
f>r,it\o\
471
diffusa
'95
Xiphiihliinii
Canadensis
21 I
tubercisum
48..
imitioa
195
a, rosliilioides
'4
dislans
215
II III /'ol ill III
4S.,
parvi flora
'95
laiiosiim
,11
elongala
212
I.if'iii is
Poiini
'95
piiiuiilohitliiiii
12
fluitans
21,1
tilii/dlia
47'|
Smilliii
172
Notholaena
,12
laxa
21 1
/.(Hselii
477
Mil roslylis
dial ha la
,12
nervata
21 2
Lipocarpha
-'75
inonophylla
475
nivea
,12
nblusa
21 1
niaiMilata
27,S
opliioi^lossoidfs
476
Nuthoscordum
4'5
pallida
21,1
l.iijiiidamhai
Milium
'4'
bivalve
4 '5
Panicum
I 12
asfiti'iii/'olia
489
anipliiiarpoii
110
si rial II III
415
a^rostidi forme
115
pri ei;i ilia
489
cilialinn
1 10
Xvcta(;ixaci:ak
,^94
ai; rosloides
115
Listera
472
lOiiiprrssiiin
109
Oakfsia
amaruni
122
australis
47.^
effusum
'4'
piiht-riila
4I"
aiiiips
115
coiivallarioiiles
47,^
pii in lain III
Iln
sissilil'olia
4'«>
angustifolinm
122
cordata
47,^
^^illa
Onoclea
s
autumnale
124
Lolium
225
coci iilfa
416
sensibilis
9
liarbulatum
120
pireniic
22,S
Molinia
187
Strulliiopteris
9
boreale
119
tenuilentum
225
coenilea
'87
Oiiyiliiinii
eampeslre
12.1
Lophiola
44f,
JldXDCdTVI.EDONl'.S 62
drnsinii
V)
capillare 12
1. 124
Americana
446
Mollugo
5f»8
Oi'HiiKii.ossACi'.vi
I
earinaliim
114
(III It'll
446
verticillata
SO"*
Ophioglossum
1
clandestinuni
IlS
/.ii/t/iioiarfiiis
S6
Monolepis
577
vulKatum
I
colonum
",1
Lophotocarpus
86
clii'iiiipodioidt's
577
Opiirys
coniniutatnin
"7
calycimis
87
Nuttal liana
577
iirniia
17'
ionsaiii;niunnn
122
Lorant!i.\ce;ae
.S.U
MdKACKAK
527
Corallorlii:a
478
Crusgalli
"1
/. 11: II la
Morus
527
I'ordcia
17,1
Cnrlisii
"4
see Juncoides
,V»6
alba
52S
lilii/iilia
47'>
Diulvlon
'75
I.VCOIMiDIACKAK
,w
papyi i/iia
runra
52')
J.oi-selii
477
dehile
125
Lycopodium
}f)
528
moiiiiplnllos
475
depauperatum
121
alpiiium
42
Muhlenbergia
'4'
Oplollina
dicliotoniutii
120
alopecuroides
4"
anibiRua
'4,^
rioridaiia
,592
diff'nsnm
124
anncitinum
42
capillaris
'45
OKCIIIDACKAK
4,5')
diKitarioides
"4
apod inn
4.S
coniata
144
Orchis
4,59
dixariialinu
"4
Caroliniiiinim
4,i
dehilis
■45
lissa
466
dizrixens
124
clavalum
4,<
diffusa
144
rotundifolia
4(i<i
eloUKatum
"5
complanattiin
4,?
tree la
146
speclabilis
4,5V
lili/oi nie
1 1 1
dcndioidiiim
4'
gloineiala
'4,1
see Habenaria
.\(yiy~h
flexile
124
inutidatiini
41
Rracillinia
145
Omithogalum
42,1
,i;i nil 11 la III til
'2,1
hiciduliiiu
4f'
Mexicana
142
hiialve
415
tribbum
'2,=;
(ibscurum
41
niicrosperma
'45
liirsiiliiiil
44"
glahriim
1 1 1
1 iipestir
44
pungens
146
nutans
424
X la 11 linn
126
sabiiiaeffiliiim
42
raceniosa
'4,1
umbellatum
42.1
liiaiis
"4
silaf;iiiiiides
44
sobolifera
'42
Orontium
,1t>4
liirlelliini
",1
SelaKo
40
sylvatica
'4,1
ai|uaticuni
,i':-4
hispid inn
11. 1
Lygodium
/
tenui flora
144
Oryzopais
yvt
in vol III mil
121
palmatum
ll'illdinn: ii
'44
asperifolia
14"
llaliiiim
127
Afiiilina
Munroa
'8,1
Canadensis
',W
lanKuinosum
121
am aiilioia
529
s((uarrosa
'8,1
cusi)idata
141
lalilolinm
"5
Macounastrum
54'
Muscari
424
juncea
1 ,19
laxiflorum
"9
Islandicum
542
botryoifies
424
melanocarpa
140
lima re
1 1 1
Mainnllicmiim
raccinosutn
425
inembraiiacea
'4'
louKifolium
116
Caiiademe
4.?i
MVKICACEAK
487
inicrantlia
140
macrocariHin
"7
Malaxis
Myrica
487
()SMrM>.\t:i:AK
4
meliiariiim
"4
11 It i folia
47f>
asplcnifolia
489
Osmunda
,s
microcarpon
116
Manisuris
HJ(l
Carolinensis
488
ciniiamoujea
5
miliaeeum
12,1
Panicum
mi mis
•^t
ufi :,iMi III
1 17
nitiduni
1 31
n lilt mu
i-^l
(ibliisutii
IM
f>(i II , iff i< ni in
I is
pedum iilaliiiii
1 I-'
rorteriiiiium
1 17
proliferum
i:;.i
putiesccns
I 2 1
nillllllnSlllll
121)
riistriituiii
1 IS
Siiiii^ II i iiith'
1 1 1
Sii'/idi iiiiil I IS
121
Scri1)iurianuin
IlS
jipliacrocarpon
llti
sliii liim
121
vernicdsum
125
Vi ilii illaliim
12'l
virKatuiii
122
:iri(lf
126
visciihim
121
Walti-ri II,',
I 17
Wilcuxiaiiuin
I Kl
xaiUliophysiim
1 I>
Ptinliiiitliiis
Chilli II sis
45i
Parietaria
5.V4
IViinsj-lvanica
5,vl
Paspalum
l",S
..iii/iii; Hum
1 1 1
nil lull ill III
IcjS
ciliatifolium
'"7
cdiiipressuni
ICKI
(liisyftliyllum
'"7
dcbile '
KkS
jlilatatuin
107
disticlium
K.6
Etiiollii
1(H)
filil'iiriiie
1 1 1
l''l(iriilamtm
10
t! 11 1 til IIS
llltl
laeve
hiS
lonKipedunculatum
iiKjiiosfifiiiniiii
IdS
iiienibranactum
I<.*)
Afii/Kin.viaiiiim
II l<)
tmicrunatuiii
II Z)
o-alinn
1117
pas])aloi(les
Il«(
plalViaiilon
!(*)
piibtsfeiis
I "7
saiiguiiiale
I 1 I
setaceuiii
1 117
liislailiviiiii
IIK)
ira/ic/i'titiiim
I(l()
Pellaea
29
atri)purpurea
^9
(lensa
:•>"
i;iiiti/is
2l»
Stellcri
2C|
Peltandra
^f'i
aiha
362
saRittac-folia
;/'-'
uiidiitala
;/i2
VirKiiiicii
;,62
Peramium
474
(inc. (,'i>odycra)
Men/iesii
475
pubescens
47 1
repens
474
Phalaris
'.V
Aniiriiaiia
',^1
arutidinacea
i;,n
Caiiarieiisis
',^1
Caroliniana
l.Vi
ii iiaii/iit mis
IM
i 11 /er III I'd ill
l.V
iiiyziiii/fs
121)
I'll la
IViiii iiaceum
l,Vi
mnrilimiiin
,S'»S
Phegopteris
l.S
iNi)i:.\ (
Phegopteris
Ill/ill I I'll
Dryoptcris
lifrxaKiiIKiplera
I'lietiopttris
p '/ipudioidfs
Philotria
Canadensis
Phippsia
altrula
Phleum
alpiinim
pratfiise
si'/h'i imidts
Phoradendron
llavesct-ns
Phiagmites
, It III III II II is
l'lirai<"iiUs
I'lIVKlI.AClALI-.Al;
Phytolacca
(l.caiidra
Picea
,llh,i
Canadensis
Mariana
II It; I a
rubra
I'll I, I
piiiiiila
I'i.\aci;ai:
Pinus
alhu
aiislralis
hitlsitiiiia
/niiiisiiiini
CillKldtllsis
divaricala
tcliinata
I'ldsti i
iiiiips
lai uiiia
mil is
iiii; III
pahislris
pilldll/il
ponderosa
l)unKens
resinosa
ritfida
I II lira
Striibiis
Tat da
\'irKiniaiia
Planeia
a(|uatica
Pliiniiilliira
see Habenaria |6
liolopi-liilii
I id II lid if III ia
Pleuropo)^on
Sabinii
Poa
abbreviata
nil oidcs
alpina
alsodes
illldilltl
iiiii;iisliila
annua
ai/iiiiliia
arida
autuninalis
brevifolia
liuckleyann
I i/(',s ill
I II pi I III lis
Cnioliiiiiiiiii
cenisia
Cliapnianiana
conipressa
ii isliilii
debilis
disljiis
til I III; 11 1 II
)!■ I,.
ITIN NAMKS.
Poa
Polygonum
605
I'J
Kl iigioslis
'^9
scandens
5'i6
IV
flava
2115
setaceuin
559
">
//(■ I IIOmI
216
Tiiliii iiiiin
554
II)
Klauca
2"5
tenue
HA
")
(jluniaris
21 iS
Virtfinianuni
561
'ir-i
livpiiiiidcs
192
viviparuni
555
'l^
1 iiltiiiipla
191
Zuccarinii
567
'5"
laxa
2<'5
riii.vi'uiiiALr.Ai;
8
I5'>
iiiiiriliiihi
214
Polypodium
52
'47
luninralis
2' 15
liiilhi/i iiiin
12
14S
ml : I'.lii
212
iiisliilinii
I'l
147
old II ^11
21 1
di lain III III
iS
147
piiliiiini'ii
11,11
Ihyopli'iis
19
5.i,S
pill •'ill
I.sS
I'ilixfiiemina
26
5,15
prateiisis
2114
Fill v-iiuis
17
IN)
pseudiipratensis
2d4
foil III nil III
25
IS4
1 I'll iiilii
191
'ft-a:^ili-
15
184
si'slci'tiiidi's
1S4
fin 11 III II s
1()
5',)3
seroliiiii
2i'5
tii'xiii^oiioplci a
19
594
sylvestris
2116
i III a II II III
55
594
If II II ifi dill
2dS
/.oiiiiiilis
14
54
hiiiiis
iss
III art; ill nil'
17
54
li iiliodis
IMI
niiiiitiiiniin
15
54
trivialis
2d4
.\o:ihornieiisc
15
55
Wulfii
2117
old II Sinn
II
55
Pogonia
467
J'lifiiopliiis
■9
55
alTinis
46S
pdlypodiiiides
55
divaricata
4HS
Kohiiliiiiiinn
19
5.Vi
ophioiflosstiides
4'>7
spiiiiilosinii
18
49
pt'lldllllt
4'i7
vnljjrare
52
5"
triautlidpbdra
4'''7
Polypogon
157
54
verlieillata
46>
Miinspeliensis
'57
51
1'iii,m.ii.\aci:ai-;
541
I'olvslii liiiiii
i,i
57
Polygonatum
biffiiruni
4.i5
I'liN riaiKKiAci'.Ai:
579
52
455
Pontederia
579
5'i
cuiiiniutatum
454
ciirdata
579
52
i; ii;iiiili'lllll
154
Iniiiifolin
579
52
Polygonella
,Sf,.s
liiiiosa
,^8(,
57
Anierieana
56S
Populus
4'li>
52
articulata
5f)S
acuminata
491
54
criiiiiilfs
,S()S
alba
49"
5-
Polygonum
5,54
a III; II hi In
495
55
III If
SI'h 1
angustifdlia
491
51
aniphibium
555
Alhcnii'iisis
492
54
arifoliuni
5'i7
balsamifera
491
51
articulatum
50N
inndicnns
491
55
aviculare
561
Carolinensis
495
51
Ikllardi
562
deltoides
495
55
cani]>iiruni
5f>4
dilnlnlii
495
5«5
Careyi
559
Krandidf ntata
492
5"
cilinode
5<'5
heteniphylla
492
55
Cunvolvulus
5^)5
monilifrin
495
5-
cristatnni
566
nigra
495
525
iiispii/iiliiiii
5^17
tremultiides
492
526
dciisiftm inn
556
Potamogeton
65
DdUglasii
5'->5
alpinus
6,S
1. 4'>5
dunietiiruni
5fi'i
amplifolius
67
4f>5
eniersum
556
niii;iislifoliiis
7"
4f»i
erectum
Sf',^
■ Clnyliinii
f>7
lip
exsertum
5f>5
(ompi issus
72-74
196
/■'n.iii'pyi inn
555
cdufervdides
72
2(11
f;liitiiiiiii
5<'2
crispus
72
2112
HartwriKhtii
55':>
diversifolii's
7f)
215
Hydnipiper
5'xi
I'axoni
(»
2'M
hydmpiperdides
56(1
filiforniis
11
2117
iiiiiiiiiiiii
557
flahellnlus
7«
21 kS
inearnatuni
557
ffnilnns
(iS
215
lapatbi folium
557
idlidsus
"5
21 11
littdrale
5f'2
I'riesii
f^
212
IdiiKistylum
55^1
tfeinmiparus
21 iS
niaritiihuni
5^12
ffiiiiniiieiis
fig
2(i(.
III ill-
5fi>
heterdphyllus
fi9
207
.'ifiilileiiheixii
55f>
Hillii
7.1
21 kS
iinilosii III
557
liyliiidiis
76
2115
Opeliiusanum
559
lilinoensis
70
ISS
dfientale
5'"
interruptus
7^
lSS-()
I'ennsylvanicum
557
lateralis
75
2115
I'ersiciiria
55.S
kiiH-hites
fi,s
2112
)ersieariiiides
55''<
lucens
7"
2112
'drtdricense
55''
iiiajoi
74
2112
punotatum
,s6d
Mysticus
7>
. Yi
Kayi
5^5
natans
(16
214
ranidsissinium
5'M
yiai^arensis
75
21 2
saKittatutii
5i'7
Nuttallii
''7
6o6
INI)i:X Ol" LATIN N.\Mi;S.
I;
Potamogeton
Razoumofskya
.S.V5
Salicornia
Silii'lleia
Oiiktsiaiuis
(>6
pusiUa
,5.1,5
Jiiiropaea var.
,S'^2
i;i ainiiiea
,,So
ohtusifdlius
r,i
Redfieldia
lS(i
fi iilicosa
5>^.?
Siilla
I'aiiiii iiiilaiiiis
"5
titxuosa
1%
lierbacea
5^2
/■'rasei i
42.i
paticitto) us
r.i
A'l iimliiiiii
iniiinuiala
5'^,?
Scirpus
2()1
poctiiiatus
77
iisiii'oiilt's
.n
I il tiinica
5.'<.!
ai il iilai is
252
l)erloli;itus
71
Kiilll'Oiiliii
Salix
49.?
ai iiiiiinalns
255
praeloiigiis
71
tilifiH iiii'i
226
adenophylla
5"4
Aniericanus
265
pillclllT
67
rii'^osii
Km
alba
4'/'
all I'piiipiii 1 IIS
250
pusillus 7.
-7"
Roubieva
575
aniyKdaUiides
495
atrovireiis
26g
Ri)l)l)insii
-,s
tnuUifida
57f>
ani;iis/ata
5".1
aiiliiiniialis
260
1 n/c-stiiis
().s
Rumex
.547
arctica
502
caespitosus
Californicus
262
niiilus
7\
Acitusa
.S4X
arnyrocarpa
5""
267
spatlnilafformis
'_"'
AcflDStlla
547
liabyliinica
4f/,
cainpcstris
207
Spirillus
/ /
altis^iinns
.S4'l
balsaniifera
,S"4
Canl\\i
2f.6
/i ii/iohtis
Ilritannica sn)
55' '
Harclayi
5"4
lapiflai is
25»
Till ktiiiui III
"2
C(inpl(iniiratus
551
Kebbiana
49'<
capilaliis
250
Vasiyi
74
crisixis
,551
Hrownii
502
easlaiieiis
2.S9
Zizii
~i t
il if; VII IIS
55.i
Candida
,5"!
Clintoni
26.5
zosteracfolius
-2
/■'iii;ilmaiiiii
54«
ion iilia
4./,
cylindricus
266
I'l (isai lis
hastatuhis
.54^
cordata
,S".?
cyperinus
271
laiiiigiiiosii
t.3'
liydii'liipiilliiiiii
5.S"
Cnllii i
,5"5
debilis
264
liaiiiYiai piiiii
t,^-'
inaritiiiiiis
.552
desertoruni
,5<Ji>
divaricalus
27"
Psilocafya
~Si
i>l)tusil'oIius
.552
discolor
\-*)
fi/nisi'loides
248
nitciis
-',S7
i>ccidi;inalis
,5,5' >
II iiHi-pliala
4'W
/il ii'pliiirniil
271
ryiuhi'spitmidi-s
'x^7
III liii iiliiliis
.5.5"
faUata
494
fluviatilis
268
scirpoides
-'5^
I'atiiiitia
.S.V
'fliiviatilis
497
i;iiiiiies,eiis
252
I'TKKIIKll'IIVI'A
1
ptrsicarinidis
,552
fraRilis
4'»'>
Hallii
264
Pteris
jS
pulclur
552
Klauca
5"l
iiilei iiii'diiis
255
Alahaiiiensis
.\"
salicifoliiis
549
i; 1 III His
,5""
inleislinclns
248
aquiliiia
iS
sanRuiiRiis
,S5'
Klaucophylla
,S".i
lacustris
266
all opii) pill III
J>)
vcnosus
54S
lierbacea
.505
liplolepis
266
caiiiiiila
JS
verticillatiis
549
liuniilis
49-^
lineatus
270
i;riii I'.'ts
->'l
Ruppia
78
liiiis;i/i>lia
497
iiiariliinm 266
26S
'Sli-ll,-ii
J4
maritinia
79
Inciila
495
mill aiilliiis
275
Puccinellia
2\\
liiiiisliis
79
Missouriensis
,5",i
niicrocarpus
26(>
ainiides
215
ucoidtiitalis
79
niyrtilloides
.5"5
niucrouatus
26f,
aiiKUstata
^',S
Rynchospora
276
nigra 4(14
495
mil la I IIS
249
(listans
-'I4
{ inc. Sclim mis)
petiolaris
5'""
nanus
262
maritiiua 21 \
-''5
alba
J*""
phylicifolia sun
5"2
II Hens
257
Pyrularia
5,?7
axillaris
27'l
pi inniilfs
Yf)
Olneyi
265
itli-i/ri ii
XM
cai)illai.'ca
27.S
purpurea
497
iK-aliis
251
puliira
537
II plialaiilliii
279
reticulata
497
paliiili is
251
Quamasia
422
cnrniciilala
276
I'oslralii
49^
pauciflorus
262
hyacinthina
US
cynmsa
2S1
sericea 4<»t^
.5".?
I'eckii
27"
Que'rcus
51.S
fiisca
279
iristis
4'«
Ijlanifolius
26,,
aciiniitiata
522
Klonii-rata
27S
I'va ursi
5"5
ixilyphyllus
26.>
allia
520
(fracikiita
279
vestita
49-^
piini;eiis
26.S
a>iihii;ii,i
,S1'>
inexpansa
2.S)
vitninalis
,S"i
i/iiadi aiiiiiilaliis
249
iii/liil/i<i!
.S">
KniLsktrnii
27^
-.ilillina
4'^'
1 eliKl'i ailiis
*il
luoi/'ii
.S2I
llliliinshlillVil
276
War.lii
495
robustus
268
Hrittoiii
.SI8
nitens
•!57
Salsola
5^5
ii'siellafns
25(>
cdcciiu-a
.S'7
oliKantlia
2""
ilipi 1 \sa
5^5
rufus
2r37
(liKitata
,=iiH
pallida
277
Kali
.SM)
Sniitliii
2^.4
faliahi
,SI«
pa nil II la la
27H
salsa var.
5^*4
spadiii IIS
2.S9
lietfropliylla
5I'i
siii poiili-s
25'^
Tragus
fi^d
subterniinalis
26,
ilii i/'olia
,Sl^
Torn-yana
2S0
S.\l.viNi.\(.i;.\i;
M
siipi nils
264
iiiibricaria
S2()
Sagittaria
^1
Salvinia
M
sylvaticus 26.S
26I)
laiirifnlia
5"')
anibi^ua
90
natans
.vl
Tall 'I'll
267
I.iana
,S2(1
arifiilia
Ho
S.\N IAI..\CK.\i;
5.i''
le II II is
255
lyrala
52 1
calycina
.s-
Sarcobatus
.58.1
Torreyi
26.S
iiiacroi-arpa ,s-'o
52 r
iristata
91
venniculatus
5S<4
1 VI- HI is
253
Marylaiidita
5r«
cuneala
so
Sail > mm
liilii 1 iiiIhsiis
25,?
Michauxii
,S22
ICiiKtdnianniana
.ss
If pi' IIS
471
falilii
26"
iiiiiiDr
,S2i)
faUala
<(<|
S.\rKtK.\i.'i;.M-:
4H2
rulidiis
266
.tfll/l/illthli;^!!
522
Kraminia
91
Saururus
4.S2
tColfii
25*
nana
,SI>^
III Ifi Dpiivlla
'f
cerinius
1S2
Selena
aSi
iiiRra ,si8
.Sl'>
lanoifiilia
<c>
Savastana
i,ii
la \ a
282
ol'liisiloha
5-!'>
latifolia
.HS
alpina
i.i-'
oligautlia
281
olivatfiirinis
521
lonKiloba
,S9
odorata
i.P
paucitlora
2S,<
I)aluslris 516
52"
lonifi rostra
SH
paucillnra
Schedonnardua
i.P
reticularis
2S2
IMii'llos .siH
•SI')
nalaiis
92
179
Torteyana
282
platanoidfs
.S2I
))lalypliylla
92
panieulatus
'79
trigloinerata
2S2
priniiidfs
.S2,l
plihisifiis
S8
'/'iwiinus
"79
verticillata
2f<,?
rrimis ,S2<)
,S22
piisilla
92
Si;iii;ri.ii/,i;Ri.\i:i.:.\i: S2
Scolochloa
2<k;
rubra 516
SlH
latliians
86
Scheuchzeria
St
festucacea
2<V
Kudkini
,SlH
riffida
'CI
palustris
S|
Scolopendrium
21
Stella III
52"
saifillae/i'lia
HS
Si.Fliz.\i:.\ti:.\i-;
Sdopeiulriuni
2\
Ti'xana
,S'7
subulatn
92
Schizaea
:iili;air
2\
liiuliii ill
."i"?
teres
9"
pusilla
Si;i..\i.im:i,i..\i.i;.\i-:
4t
tridfnlala
.S2"
lariahilis
.H.H
Si Imiiiiis
Selaginella
44
velutiiia
517
S.\i.iL'.\ci:.\K
49"
uiaii Si Hides
2S|
apus
45
linns
,S7.(
Salicomia
.5H2
t II J IIS
2(17
rupestris
44
VirKiiiiaiia
.S3.!
anibiKua
5^.1
Sihoenus
selagiuoides
44
Kajaiiia orala
.S'x»
HiRelnvii
58,1
see Rynchospora 2;
f)-So
spinosa
44
11
•14
45
44
44
44
INDEX
OF LA
TIN NAMES.
607
Serapias
Sporobolus
Triclwchloa
Uvularia
viridiflora
469
cu.spidatus
«53
micrnspcrma
145
ample.vi/olia
4.12
Sesleria
depauperaltis
153
Trichodiiim
grandiflora
409
dadyloidci
183
heterolepis
155
see Agiostis
159
perfoliata
409
Sesuvi'um
598
Indicus
154
Ttichomanes
6
pubcrula
410
maritimum
.Sf^
junceus
154
radicans
6
se.ssilifolia
409
penlandrum
.=i<j8
longifolius
15»
Tricuspis
Vagnera
429
Setaria
minor
•52
purpurea
185
(inc. Smilacina
)
daclvloides
>8.5
neglectus
152
Triglochin
82
amplexicaulis
429
see Ixophorus 1 26
127
pilo«uB
'52
elata
83
racemosa
429
Sieglingia
.84
serot '.lus
.56
maritima
•o-'
stellata
430
dccumbens
>85
vaginacflorus
1,52
palustris
83
trifolia
4,10
purpurea
i«5
Virginicus
153
striata
83
V'AI.I.ISNKRIACEAIi
92
seslcrioides
184
Stenanthium
4"3
triandra
83
Vallisneria
92
stricta
185
angiislijoliiiin
4"3
Trillium
435
.spiralis
93
Sisyrinchium
45.1
gramintum
4"3
eernuum
4.17
I'asiya
anceps 453
454
robustiim
4"4
erectum
437
loniata
144
angtisti folium
454
Stenophyllus
25«
erytliroearpuni
4,18
Veratrum
407
Atlamii'uni
151
capillaris
25S
grandiflorum
437
anirusti/oliuni
4"3
Ilei iinidiiiHii
45.^
Stipa
•37
nivale
43*>
lii'leum
402
KTaiuiiuiitUs
45.1
aveiiacea
',!«
recurvatum
4.1''
parvijiorum
407
IHKllOlllllunt
454
hai Ihila
'.18
rhiiiiiboideum
4.17
viride
408
Silaiiioii
hiioiiir
|^>^
sessile
4,lf'
Woodii
408
ilyiiioidcs
2^2
(tipillaiis
'45
midulatum
4.18
Vilfa
Smii.ackai-;
4iH
comata
i.l'^
Triddia
see Sporobolus
52 6
Smt/iiciiia
ill 'Ida
l,V»
iiiprea
1.S4
] 'isiu in
bi/iiliii
4.1'
Macounii
137
deciimkens
'85
Jiavescens
535
see Vagnera
429
iiiniibniiiaiiit
141
stritia
'85
Windsoria
Smilax
4,18
Hiiliai dsonii
',17
Tripsacum
97
siritia
185
liuua iiox
44'
spartca
,18, 1.19
dactyloides
98
pallida
Woodsia
213
cadiiKi
140
/ 'ii);hnia
',1«
Ti iptei el I a
9
ecirrluila
4,19
viridula
",18
coerulea
4.56
alpina
10
glauca
44"
Streptopus
432
Tripleridiuin
glabella
10
liaslahi
44'
ampKxifolius
432
inieranlliiim
.597
hyperbiirea
10
herbacea
4,V)
lUIIII^QlllOSIlS
43'
Trisetum
170
llvensis
10
hispida
4.|u
roscus
4,11
flavescens
171
obtusa
II
lauccolata
442
Siiacda
pahislie
'7'
Oregatia
II
laurifolia
44'
dipiTssa
,5.^5
I'ennsylvanicum
171
scopulina
1 1
I'seudo-Cliiua
441
linearis var.
,5^4
prahnse
171
Woodwardia
20
pulvt) ulcnta
4.W
niai ilinia
5«5
sul)spicatum
171
angiisli/olia
20
quadianiiiilaris
440
Syinphuarpiis
Trilidini
areolata
20
rutuudifolia
440
/oitidiis
^(>.^
see Agropyion 226
228
Virginica
20
spiinilosii
44"
Syntherisma
I II)
Tsuga
55
Wolffia
367
tamiiifolia
4,19
filiformis
1 11
CauadeiisiB
.56
lirasiliensis
,167
lainnoidfs
44'
i; la bra
III
Caroliniana
.56
Columbiana
.167
Walltri
442
linearis
III
TvrHACKAK
()2
Xanlliosoma
Sorghum
104
pratroi-
III
Typha
62
saffillaefolia
362
avfiuiceiim
11)4
sanguinalis
III'
angustifolia
63
Xerophyllum
4ui
Halepeuse
104
si'iiitina
III
latifolia
62
asphodeloides
401
H Ida Hi
104
villosa
III
I'dora
93
setifoliuin
401
Sl'AKC.ANIACKAK
til
Taxackak
61
Ulmackai;
523
Xyrid.\ckak
368
Sparganium
audrocladuin
6.1
Taxodium
57
Ulmus
524
Xyris
168
64
distichum
58
alata
525
Caroliniana
37"
angiiitifoliuin
64
Taxus
61
Americana
524
communis
.1('9
curycarpum
f',^
banala
61
cam pest /is
524
difformis
369
ftuilain
64
brfi'ij'iilia
61
fulva
525
elata
37"
minimum
64
Caiiadi-nsis
()I
pitbescens
525
fimbriata
370
simplex
64
minor
61
raccmosa
524
llexuosa
.169
Spartina
'75
Thalia
4,S5
Uncinia
284
Jupaiai
37"
allei nifloia
177
dealbata
455
microglochin
285
montaiia
,169
cyuosuroides
175
Till si inn
Unifolium
43"
torta
37"
f; labia
iniibtilaliiin
5,16
Canadense
43'
Yucca
426
trracilis
176
Thuja
58
Uniola
197
an^ustifoiia
427
J Uinta
176
iiccidentalis
58
araiilis
'97
baccata
426
patens
176
Tillandsia
374
laxa
197
filamentosa
427
polystacliya
176
usneoides
374
latifolia
'97
glauca
427
stricta
'77
Tipularia
479
paiiiculata
.9.8
Zannichellia
79
Spathyema
,/>,!
dist'idiir
480
spieala
198
palustris
80
foelida
,16,1
unifolia
48.1
siriila
.98
Zephyranthes
443
Sl'KKMArOI'IIVTA
49
Tofi JL
^m
I'lacline
Atamasco
fA
Spiiaiilliis
glutinosa
4(«
asperi/olia
140
Zizania
dccipii-iis
475
palu.stris
3W
inieraiitlia
140
aquatica
128
giaiiiiiira var.
471
piibisii-iis
4IX)
1 aeeinosa
140
Hiiliacea
128
sec Gyrostachys 471
racinuisa
4<TO
rKTICACKAK
5.1"
Zizaniopsis
127
Spirodela
.lf'5
Toxylon
528
Urtica
.S3'
miliacea
128
potyrliiza
Sporobolus
.lf'5
pomifenim
529
diamacdryoides
532
Zostera
8j
'5"
Ti ailiriiKtia
ntindriiu
534
marina
82
(inc. rU/a)
ptilvshichya
176
difaritata
533
Zygadenus
404
airiiides
'55
Ttadescantia
,177
dioica
.531
elegans
405
argutus
1.S4
brevicaulis
37H
gracilis
53"
glaberrimus
404
asper
'5'
fif t lima
378
puniila
533
fllauius
4"5
aspcrifolius
',S<
tnontana
377
urcns
512
leimantlioides
406
brevifolius
15,1
pilosa
37H
Urticastrum
532
Nuttallii
405
compressus
',s(
rosea
378
divaricatum
l^
venenosu-s
4"5
eryptandrus
'.55
Virginiana
377
Uvularia
39
I !'
Index of English Names.
1 1
Ahck- -,<)o
Abronia .s 17
Ailaiii ami Ivvo 1^*1
Adam's Neidlu 427
AiUliT's Mdutli f7.=> fi
AI)I)1:k's TuNdiK
I'AMII.V I
Adder's Toiifjue 2, 4211
Apave 415
AUltr ,Si^ ,i
AUioiiia .si),S
Alpine Historl ,s,i,s
AMAKAN'TH I'AMIl.VsSd
Amaranth .S''^!'^ ')<>
Amarvm.isI'amii.v (4,(
Amphicarixm 1 10 ,
Anaroste])liium 416 1
Arbor vilae 5H
ArctaRroslis I,S7 ]
Aretluisa 4Ih;
Arislida i.VV"
liranchccl i,i4
liusliy l.it)
ICrect I ,?()
l''e\v flowered i,i5
I'orked i.M
Purple i.iT
I'uri)lisli 134
Seabeach 136
Slender i,V!
Western 1,^7
Woolly I3,S
Arrow-arum .^ba
Arkow-grass 1''amii^v
82
Arrow tfrass f<,^
Arrow head Si-yo
ARRUWKUCJT I'AMILV
454
A RIM Family .^Ck)
Arnm ,lf>2 .i
Asanim 5.V** 'J
Asparagus 42S
Aspen 4*12
Aspliodel ,^99, 401
Atamaseu I.ily 444
Atriplex 579 *^"
A/.oUa 35
Hald Cypress 5S
Bald Rush 257-8
Balmof-C.ilead 491
Balsam I'"ir 57
Balsam Poplar 491
Barley 22S-9
Bastaid Toadflax sM'
Bayhkrrv Kamii.y 4S7
Bayberry 4X8
Beaked Rusli 277
Brown 279
Capillary 278
Capitate 279
Clustered 278
Kewflowercd 277
Oriiss like 280
Knieskern's 278
Nodding 280
Pale 277
Slender 279
Beaked Rush '
Torrey's 2S0
White 277
Beekmannia iSi
liKKCll 1''amii.y 51,^
Beech ,s<6, 514
lieeehfern 19
Billwurt 4ii<»- 10
Bindweed ,s''5
BiKcii Family .sofi
Bireli 5"^ 'i
American White 50S
Black 510
Canoe 5111)
Cherry 510
Dwarf 51 1
Ctlandular 510
Cray 51"
I,ow 5"
Paper 509
Red 5'«J
River ,stx)
Scrub 5'"
Sweet 5H)
Western Red ,S(K)
Yellow 510
BiRTIIWllKT I'"AMII Y
5.?7
Birthwurt 540
Bistort 355
Bitternnl 485
Blackberry I.ilv 45,5
Black Walnut 48,;
BlazinK-stur 402
Blite 576, 5><4-5
Blood-leaf -,93
BlodiavoRT I'amily
442
Blue Beech .S06
Blue -eyed Grass .^s^
Blue I'lag 44''>-5'>:
BoK asphodel 401 I
Bouteloua l8ci 1
Brachyelytrum 14''
Brake', Bracken 2S 50
Brome Cirass 21924
Barren 221
Corn 22,^
Downy 220
I'ringed 219
I Hairy 220
Quakegrass 22,^
Schrader's 224
Smooth 221
CpriKht 220
Bruunicliia 5fxj
liicKWiiicAT Family
54'
Buckwheat 55,} 6, s6<>
BulTalo-nut s,V
BuRseed 582
Bulrush 265
Bog 266
California 267
Canby's 266
Dark-green 269
Great 266
Leafy 269
Bulrush
OIney's 265
Peck's 270
Prairie 267
Reddish 270
River 268
Salt Marsh 26S
Small-fruited 2()<)
Spreading 270
Torrey's 265
Wooil 268
Brxcn ii.(i\vi;r
1''AMI1.V ,VJ9
Bunch (lower 40*^' 7
Bur-head 8(,
BfEOLWNIA I'"aMILY
455
Burmannia 456
Bi'R Ri:i:i) I'amily 6,1
Bur leed 6,^-4
Calamns-rool .iO.)
Calypso 477
Cane 2,^,?
Cari'kt-wkkii F'amily
597
Carpet-weed 598
Carrion-flower 4,^1)
Catbrier 440
Cat TAIL Famiia- 62
Cat-tail 62-3
Cedar 58 60
Chain fern 20
Chair-maker's Rush 265
Clieat. Chess 219-24
Chestnut 5>5
Chickweed, Indian 598
Chiiuiuapin 515
Chive Garlic 412
Chives 412
("hloris 178
' Christmas-Rreen 4,^
ICIadothrix 592
I Clearweed 53,1
ClilT-brake 29-30
Climbing False
Buckwheat 566
Climhinc. I'kr.v
Family 7
Climbi;ig Fern 7
Clintouia 42S 9
Cuii-Moss Family ,^9
Club-moss 40 3
Club-rush 262
Clinton's 2(13
Chairmaker's 265
Dwarf 262
; Few-flowered 262
Hall's 264
Red 267
Smith's 264
Tufted 262
Water 263
Weak-stalked 264
Wood 263
: Colic-root 425-t>
1 Comandra 536-7
CoNiKKRS 49-53
I Cooperia 444
Coral-root 47^-9
Crested 481
ICarly 47*
Large 479
Small-flowered 478
Striped 479
Wister's 478
Cork -elm 524
Cork woiiK Family
489
Cork-wood 489
Cotton-grass 271-3
Cotton-woiid 491-3
Couch-grass 226
Cresteil Dwarf Iris 431
Cucumber-root, In-
dian 435
Curly-grass 7
Cycloloina 577
Cypress 58
Cyperus 234
Awned 237
Baldwin's 246
Ihown 239
Coarse 242
Coast 237
lilegant 237
I';ngelniann's 243
F'lat 238
Globose 245
Grav's 246
Hale's 341
Hall's 240
Houghton's 246
Lancaster 244
Low 236
Marsh 23S
Michaux's 242
Nuttall's 236
' Pine barren 245
Red rooted 241
Reflexed 244
R')UKh 244
Schweinitz's 238
Sheathed 239
Shining 236
Short pointed 239
Slender 245
Straw colored 243
Toothed 240
"i'ellow 235, 241
Cypress ' 58
Cystopteris 12-13
Darnel 225
Day-flower 375 6
Day Lily 411
Dichromena 256-7
Diplachne 186
Disporum 43' 2
Ditch-moss 93
Dock 548-51
Bitter 552
Bloody 551
Broad leaved 552
Clustered 551
Curled 551
Fiddle 552
Golden 358
i-W-\-»A.." .„' --r^.iv'
iNDHX or i-;x(;i,isir nami;s.
12-13
22,S
375 6
411
256' 7
186
431-2
93
548-51
552
55 >
552
55«
SSI
559
838
nock '
(Ireat Water .s,sn
Pale 541)
I'iiliciK'c ,S5"
I'ciicliUiived ,s.|<;
Red veined 551
Sour ,s(S
Smaller (Irccii 551
Swamp 549
Tall .sjc)
Veined ,S4S
Water 550
Western 550
White 550
Willow-leaved 540
r)oor-wee<l 561
Dratfon root ,^61
1)1 CK\vi;i;ij I'amii.v
3''>5
Duckweed y),s 7
Dulicliium 247
Diipatya ,^7.?
Dupontia 2111)
Dutchman's ripe 5411
Katoiiia i<)2 3
I?el grass S2, tn
IVI.M I'AMII.Y 52(
ICliii 524 ()
IClyiia 2S4
Ivqnisetuni 39
Ivragrostis 188
lUunt-scaled 192
Capillary 18S
Clustered 191
CreepiuK 192
l-'rank's iSS
Hair-like iq\
I,ow i,S9
Meadow 191
Prairie 190 '
Purple i()()
Pursh's 1S9
Short stalked ic/i
Strong scented i.xc)
Tufted i.sS
IvrioRonum 542-6
Allen's S43
Annual 544
Branched 545
Crisp leaved 544
I'Vwflowercd 545
James' 543
I.oUK-leaved 543
I,<mg-rooted 54*1
Narrow-leaved 546
Nodding 546
Slendi'r 544
Winged 542
Yellow ,s.is
Kurotia 581
False Aloe 445
False Huckwheat 56^)
False (larlic 415
False Hellehore 4r>S
False Nettle ^^4
False t)at 171
F'cather Cieraniiim 574
Ff.rn Famii.iks 1-33
F'ern i -1;'^
Beech 19
Brake, Bracken 28-30 ,
Bristle ' 6
Brittle 13
Chain 20
Christmas 14
Cinnamon ,s
Clayton's 6
Clin-brake 21^30
Climbing 7
Curly-grass 7
Cystopteris 1213
Goldie's 17
Grape 2-4
Hartford 7
Hart's Tongue 21
l-ern
llay-scetited
Holly
I,ady
l,ip
Maiden hair
Male
Moonwort
New York
Oak
Ostrich
Polypody
Rock-brake
Royal
Sensitive
Shield
Spleenwort
Sweet
Venus hair
Walking
Wall Rue
Wood
Woodsia
I'Meld Sorrel
12
14 15
20
30 3'
T-
-/
17
3
15
I')
9
32-3
28
5
9
I,S IS
22 26
4S9
27
21
25
17
lO-II
547
1'ii.mv-1'"i:kn Famii.v 6
l'"inibristylis
259 •'o
I'Morin
I.S9
I'irs
57
l-'lag 364,
y\^ 51
I'leur-delis 447, 450
I'lorida Moss
374
I'lower de-luce
447
I'ly-poison
403
Fol'R-o'CI.OCK F.
iM-
Il.V
59-1
Fox-tail 126
I |8 I)
Fragrant Hickorj
48(.
I'ritillaria
419
I'roelichia
5',l2-3
I'rog's-bit
94
iMiirena
274
C.arget
594
Carlic
112 15
C.erauinm, I'eath
fr 574
(rlasswort
5S2 3
(iolden Club
304
(iood King Henry 5)4
GoosiCKdorl-'AMii.v 5fx)
Goosefoot
570
Ikrlandier's
572
Hose's
572
City
573
Cut-leaved
57'>
I'"eatlierGeraniuni 574
I"rcnu)nt's
572
Good King Henry 571
Jerusalem Oak
.574
Many seeded
571
Mapie -leaved
573
Narrow-leaved
57"
Nettle leaved
573
Mexican Tea
575
Oak leaved
57"
I'ereunial
574
Red
574
Turnpike Geranium
I'oright
0/1
5; 3
White
570
Wormseed
575
Grape-fern
2-4
Grape-Hyacinth
424 5
Graphephoruni
210
Grass I'amii.v
94-233
Grass
94-233
Arctagrostis
157
Aristida
133-7
Barnyard
03
Barley
228 -<>
Bear
427
Beard 98, 101
■3. "57
ileckmaiinia
181
Bent 160
-2, 167
Bermuda
175
Black
3S5
Irass
Black Oat 138
Itlue-eyed 4534
Blue 2112, 204
Blue joint 163
Bottle brush 233
Brachyelytrum nh
Bronie 219 24
Boutelona 180
Buffalo 183
Hnr 127
Canary 131) i
Cane 233
Carnation 330
Catch fly V29
Chess 219, 221 3
Chloris 17S
Cockspur 113
Couch 221)
Cotton 271 3
Cord 1 7I)
Crab, 109. Ill, iSi
Curly 7
Daniel 22,s
Diplachne 186
Dog's-tail 2(Ki
Dog's tooth I7,s
Dropseed 14 |, 15(0
Dupontia 2<«j
Fatonia 192 3
Jul 72, 93
ligyptiaii 182
ICragroslis 188-92
l'"alsc Oat 171
]''alse Red-top 203
Fescue 216 8
I'inger ill
l'"iorin 139
iMix-tail 126, I j8 <)
( '■ania (fS
C.oose 214
Grama 180
Graphephorum 210
Gymnoi)ogoii 178-1)
Hair 145, 161, 168-170
Hard 226
Heather 183
Hedgehog 127
Herd's 1 17, i,S9
Holy 132
Hungarian 127
Indian 104
Indian Rice 128
Ivray 225
Johnson 104
Joint 106
June 204
Koeleria 194
Kory carpus k/)
I.eptochloa 182
I.yine -J32
Manna 21 1-3
Manisuris loo
Mat 22)
Mat weed KV)
Marsh 175, 177
Meadow
201 -7, 212, 21! 3
Melic 193
Mesciuitc 180
Millet
1 10, 123, 127, I (1
Molini.i 187
Mountain Rice 139-41
Muhlenbergia 142 6
Munro's 183
Nard 224
Nimble Will 144
Nut 24 1
Oat 13S, 171 -4, i(»8
Orchard 200
Oryzopsis 141
Panic 1 13-123
Phippsia 150
Phleum 148
609
Grass
Pigeon 126
PIeuroi)ogon 196
Pluiiie (fi)
Porcupine 139
Poverty 133
Prickle 103
yuake. Quaking 199
(Jnitch 22b
kattlesnake 21 1
Kav 223
Reilfieldia iSh
Red top 139, 1,84, 203
Reed 12S, 131), 1,58,
163 7, 176, 1S4
Rice I 28, 139 40
Rice Cut 129
Rush Cat's-tail 147
Rush 151 4
Rye 223, 230
Sand 183
.Sand reed iW)
.Sallnieadow 176
Schcdnnnardns 179
.Scoloehloa 209
Scutch 1 73
.Scutch Cane 233
Sea Oats 19S
.Seneca 132
Sieglingia 183
.Small Cane 233
Smut 1S4
.Soft 168
.S|)ear 201-3, 203 S, 214
Spike 197-8
S(|uiriel-lail 229
.Stagger 444
.Star 380, 423, 446
Stipa 137-8
Sweet Vernal 131
Terrell 2^0
Thin 161
Timothy 147
Tootliache 177
Tumble-weed 12^
V'lvet 168
Water t)ats 1 2S
Wheat 227-8
White 129
Whorl 194
Wild Oat 1734
Wild Rye 2,VJ-2
Windlestraw 167
Wire 134. iSi
Wirebeut 224
Witch 12^
Wool 271
Yard 181
Yellow eyed 3(j9-7o
Grass pink 480
Grass-wrack 82
Grease wood 384
Green Arrow-arum 362
Green Brier 440 2
Green Dragon 361
Ground Hemlock 61
Ground Pine 41
Gyninopogon 178 o
llackberry 526
Hair Grass
Farly 169
l.ong awned 143
Mount.ain 170
Rough 161
Silvery 168
Tufted 169
Wavy 170
Hartford F'erii 7
Hart's-tongue 21
Hazel-nut 507-8
Hellebore ' 4aH
Helleborine ,\(x)
Hemicarpha 275
Hemlock 36. 61
Hemp 530, 391
Ik'.
6io
Hickory 4^1-7
l)i({ SliaK-bark 4«6
llitter-iiut 4HS
I'raKrant .(Sft
KiiiK-niit 4S6
Mocker-nut .jsf)
Pecan tS4
Pig-nut 4S7
Sliaif-bark 4SS
Shell-bark 4S5
Small fruited 4S6
Swamp 4S,s
White-heart 4S6
White Walnut 485
Hop s.io
Hop-Hornbeam 507
Hornbeam 506-7
Horned Rush 276
Horsebrier 440
HoKSKTAII, KaMII.V ^S
Horsetail .^57
Hyacinth 42,V,S
Hymenocallis 445
Indian Chickweed sgH
Indian Cucumber-
root 4,^5
Indian Poke 408
Indian Turnip ,V)i
Inkberry- ,S94
Iresine .so,!
Iris I'"amii.y 447
Iris 451-2
Iron-wood 507
Ivray 225
Jack-in-thc-pulpit ,^6i
Jerusalem Oak 574
Joint-weed ,s6.S
Juba's IJusli 59,^
Juniper 59-<><>
King-nut 4S6
Knotgrass ,s6i
Knotweed 561
Hellard's ,s62
Hushy 564
Douglas' s'JS
Krect 56,^
Japanese 567
Long-fruited 56,1
I'rairie 564
Ray's 563
Seaside 562
Shore 562
Slender 564
Virginia 561
Kobresia 284
Kochia ,sHi
Koeleria 194
Korycarpus 196
Kyllingia 247
Ladies' Slipper 457
Large Yellow 458
Rani's-liead 457
Showy 4,s,S
Small While 45H
Small Yellow 459
Stcmless 457
Lady-fern 26
Lady's Thumb ,ssS
Ladies' Tresses 470-2
Fragrant 471
Grass-leaved 471
Hooded 470
Little 472
Nodding 471
Slender 472
Wide-leaved 470
r<amb's (Quarters 570
Larch 54
Leek 412
Leitneria 489
Leptochloa 182
Leucocrinum 411
Lii.Y Family 410
Lily 411-44
Asa-Gray's 418
INIU'X
OF
K.N
ISH NAMHS
Lily
Notholacna
Atamasco
444
Nut-grass
lilackberry
4S<
Nut-rush
Canada
4'7
Oak
Carolina
41S
Harrcn
nay
411
Hasket
Mariposa
422
Bear
Philadelphia
4.6
Black
Red 416-17
Southern Red 417
Tiger 419
Turk's-cap 418
Western Red 417
Wild Yellow 417
Wood 416
Yellow 417
Lii.v-()1'-thk-Vai.i.i;y
Family 427
Lily-of-the- Valley 4,^1,
4.14
Lip-fern .^o .;i
Lipocarpha 27,s
Lizakd's-Taii- 1'am-
II.Y 482
Lizard's-tail 482
Long-moss 374
Lophiola 446
I.ophotocarpus 87
Macounastrum 542
Maiden-hair Fern 27
Mariposa Lily 422
Marsh Samphire 582
Marsii.ka Family 33
Marsilea 33-4
Mayaca Family '367
Mayaca 368
Mat- weed 166
Meadow Grass
201 -7, 2I2-I,S
Annual 201
Arctic 215
Flat-stemmed 202
I-'owl 205
Grove 207
Prairie 204
Reed 212
Roughish 204
Slender 21.S
Spreading 214
Wavy 21)3
Wood 21 15
Melanthium 407
Me: can Tea 575
Millet KKi, 123, 127, 141
MisTLKTOK Family
534
Mistletoe 535
Moccasin Flower 4.S7
Mocker-nut 486
Molinia 1S7
Monolepis 577
Moonwort 3
Moss, Long, l'"lorida374
Moose ivlm 525
Mountain Rice 139-41
Mud Plantain ' 380
Muhlenbergia 142-46
I'lliform 145
Hairy 144
Marsh 1.(3
Meadow 142
Minnesota 143
Prairie 146
Rock 142
Slender 144
Small-seeded 143
Wood 1 43
MuLHKRRY Family ,S27
Mulberry 528-9
Naias 80-1
Necklace Pojilar 493
Neniastylis 4,^2
NicTTi.K Family 530
Nettle 531-34
Noah's Ark 457
32
241
281 -3
516-23
51.^
522
51'^
517
Black-jack 518
Bur 521
Chestnut 522 3
Cow 522
Iron 520
Jerusalem 374
Laurel 319
Live 323
Mossy-cup 521
Overcup 321
Pin ,si()
Post 520-1
Quercitron 317
Red 316
Rock Chestnut 522
Scarlet 317
Scrub 318
Scrub-chestnut 523
Shingle 320
Spanish 318
.Swamp 516-21
Texan Red 317
Water 319
White 320-1
Willow 519
Yellow 522
Oak Fern 19
Oat 138
False 171
Purple 172
Sea 198
Smith's 172
Wild 173
Oat Grass 17 V 4
Black 138
Oil-nut 484, 337
Onion, wild 413-413
Orache 57'H-<)
Orchid F-\mii.y 436
Orchis 459-66
Bog 461, 462
Craiie-tly 480
Crested Yellow 464
I'-en 477
Fnngeless Purple 466
Hooker's 461
Large Purple fringed
46<i
Large Round-leaved
461
Leafy Green 462
Long-bracted 463
Northern Bog 461
Pale Green 464
Prairie White-fringed
465
Purple-fringed 4^)6
Ragged 463
Showy 431)
SmallGreeiiWood 463
Small Northern Bog
461
Small Pale Green 464
Small Round-leaved
4--.,
Small So. Yellow 463
Smaller Purple-
fringed 466
Southern Small
White 462
Tall Leafy Green 462
Tall White Bog 4(>2
Tubercled 4*14
White-fringed jfis
Yellow-fringed 464
Ory/opsis l|i
Osage Orange 529
Osier 496-501
Ostrich-fern 9
Panieuin, Panic Grass
114 25
Agrostis like 113
Barbed 120
Beaked 115
Blunt 114
Diffuse 124
I'orked 1 20
Gaping 114
Gibbous 123
Hairy 121
Hispid 118
Large-fruited 117
Lax-flowered iig
Long 1 1 5
Long-leaved 116
Narrow 1 1 4
Narrow leaved 122
Northern 11 1)
Porter's 117
Round-fruited 11(1
Scribner's Ii8
Sea-beach 1 22
Shining 120
.Slender 118
.Small-fruited 116
Spreading 123
.Starved 121
Tall Smooth 122
Variable 117
Velvety 121
Warty 1 23
Wilcox's 1 19
Wirv 124
Wood 124
Paper Mulberry 329
Paspaluin 103
Ciliate-leavcd 107
Crab-grass 109
Field 108
I'lat UK)
I'lorida 108
Joint-grass ii/j
Long stalked 108
Slender 107
Tall 107
Walter's 106
Water 106
Pecan 484
Pellitory 5,14
Persicaria 555
Bristly 550
Carey's 33c)
Dense flowered 336
Dock -leaved 337
Marl Wright's 330
Lady's Thumb 358
Long-styled 35f<
( )|)cIousas 550
Pale 557
Pennsylv.'inia 557
.Slender Pink 337
.Southwestern 338
.Swamp 356
Water 555
I'liippsia Ifio
I ileum 148
I'lUKICRKL-WKICI)
Family 379
Pickerel-weed 379
I'ig-nut 4'*7
Pigeon Berry 594
Pigweed 570, 387
Pink Family 49
Pine
Bull sa
Canadiiin 5'
C.-mdlewood 53
Frankincense ,S3
(Georgia 31
Gray 32
Ground 41
Hard 51
.1 a
■t ■
120
114
184
I30
114
135
121
iiS
i'7
119
lis
116
in
;a
122
11.)
117
(1
116
IlH
122
120
iiS
a
116
123
121
122
117
121
125
119
124
124
ry
529
lo.S
eil
107
109
108
109
108
106
d
108
107
107
106
106
484
5M
555
559
559
eret
55*'
d
557
hfs
55<>
mil)
55H
d
55S
550
557
lia
557
nk
557
trii
55^
^s(>
555
150
148
K.KI)
\M1I
V .S79
ed
379
4^7
y
59»
S70. 5*^7
Y
49
52
51
od
5,',
;nse
5,1
51
52
41
51
INDHX OF KNGLISII NAMKvS.
611
Pine
i Red-root
44,1'
Sagittaria 90-92 5
Hickory
5.1
«ed top I,S9, '84
Saltwort
.586
Hudson Bay
52
Keed 128, iM), 184
Saiainia 1'amii.v
.VI
Jersey
I,iil>riulor
52
Keed Crass
16,1-7
Salvinia
,V1
52
Kog
'f'5
iampliirc, Marsh
Sand-reed
.582
Loblolly
5,1
I.angsdorf's
1 64
if)6
I.ongr-leaved
5'
I.ong-leaved
167-
SandaiavooI) Famii.v
Northern Scrut)
52
Macoun's
'f',1
5.16
Old-field
5,1
Narrow
165
Savin
60
Pitch
5,1
Nuttall's
165
Schedonnardus
'79
Red
51
Pickering's
164
Scheuchzeria
84
Sap
5,1
Porter's
164
Scolochloa
209
Scrub
52
.Salt
176
Scoke
.594
Short-leaved
52
Sea sand
166
.Scottish .Asphodel
.199
Southern
51
Short-haired
166
Scouring Rush
.18
Spruce
52
Wood
'.S'^
Sea-Blite 584 5
Table-niountain
5.?
Kice
128
•Sea- Purslane
5'*8
Torch
,S,(
Kicliweed
5,1,1
SKiMiii Famii.v
2,14
Virginia
5>
Kock brake
28
.Sedge 292
-^fxi
Western Yellow
51
Roubieva
576 ^
Alpine
.lof'
Weymouth
50
RllVAI. Fkrn
Arctic Hare's-foot ,?,s,^
White
.SO
I'"AMII,\
1
,\ssiiiib<)ia
.119
Yellow
5"
Royal I'ern
5
Awl-fruited
.11,1
PlNlv-AI'Pl.i: l''.\MII.Y
Ruppia
79
Awned
,1o2
.174
Rr.sii Famii.v
,V8I
Back's
,1,18
Pink, Swamp
402
Rush
.1«2
Bailey's
2W
Pipe-vine
.54'
Awl -leaved
,187
Barratt's
.112
Pll'KWOKT I'amiia
.17'
nald
257 «
Bent
.128
Pipewort
57 '-,1
Baltic
.1«l
Bicknell's
.160
Planer-tree
52f>
Bavonet
,19'
Bigelow's
.I'o
Plantain S5, 474-5
Bekked
277 -So
Black
.106
Pleuropogon
196
Black-grass
,185
Black-edged
5,15
Pogonia 467-8
Kog
,182
Blackened
297
PoKK-VVKKU 1''aMII,V
Brownish-fruited .W)
Bladder
29,1
591
Bulbous
,190
Blunt Broom
.156
Poke, Pokcweed
.594
Bulrush
265-70
Boott's
.l.lf'
Poke, Indian
4.«
Canada
,(94
Bottle
297
Polypody
,12,1
Carolina
,1'M
Bristle-leaved
.1,12
P()N1)\vki;i)1''amii
V 65
Chair maker's
265
Bristle-stalked
.1.19
Pondweed
5<)-.Si
Chestnut
,189
Bristly
.101
AlRa-like
72
Common
.1*<2
Bristly-spiked
.14f>
Hlunt-leaved
7,1
Creeping
.188
Uroiid-leaved
.1,10
Capillary
76,
Club
262-4
Broad-winged
,159
Clasping-leaved
7'
Clustered Alpine t,X()
Brome-like
.1.54
Curled-leaved
72
Diffuse
.196
Brown
.107
ICel-grass
72
I'orked
3S<7
Browned
.157
Faxon's
68
Clomerate
.1«.1
Brownish
.151
Fennel-leaved
/ /
C.rass-leaved
.188
Bur-reed
.148
l-'iliform
/ /
C.reene's
.187
Button
21>S
Floating
(/)
Highland
.1«5
Capitate
.1.19
Fries'
74
Horned
276
Carey's
.128
Hill's
7,1
Jointed
.19'
Carnation -grass
.1.10
Illinois
70
Knotted
.192
Carolina
.117
Interrupted
78
I.oiig styled
.188
Cattail
.102
Large-leaved
67
Many-headed
.19,1
Chestnut
.1'9
I.eafy
7.1
Mat
2()6
Clustered
.144
I.ong leaved
68
Moor
.189
Coast
.140
Mystic Pond
/ '
New Jersey
• ^Q2
Collins'
21)2
Northern
(),S
Nut
2S1 S,(
Crawe's
.12.1
Nuttall's
f'7
Pennsylvania
.18,<
Creeping
.14'
Oakes'
«)
Richardson's
,191
Crested
.157
Opposite-leaved
Rafmesque's
75
Roenier's
,184
Curved
.141
7<>
Scirpus like
,19.1
Cuspidate
.111
Robbins'
78
Sea
.184
Cyperiis like
.100
Shining
70
Secund
.186
Dark green
.121
Slender
74
.Sharp fruited
,195
Davis'
.118
Small
75
vShorl-fruited
,19.5
Dense I.ong-beakeil
Spatulate-leaved fx)
.Slender
.186
.I'"'
Spiral
/ /
Small-headed
.194
Dewey's
354
Spotted
67
.Soft
.182
Dcmglas'
.142
Various-leaved
69
Spike
248-56
Downy (ireen
.1i'>
Vasey's
74
Stout
.195
Drooping
.1"
White-stemmed
71
Thread
.18.1
Drooping Wood
.120
Ziz's
70
Three-floweiei
.190
Dry-spiked
,155
Poplar
490^,1
Three square
265
Fasten!
,1,10
Prince's Feather
5fc'
Toad
.185
Kminons'
,1,14
Purslane, Sea
.5<>S
Torrey's
.192
I'eseue
.1.59
Putty-root
481
Twig
281
Few-flowered
292
yi'IlIAVDRT FAM
ll.v 45
Two-flowered
?.'^'t
l-'ew fruited
.125
(Juillwort
Quitch-grass
4,S-8
Vasey's
.186
I'ew-seeded
295
226
Yard
.186
Fibrous-rooted
.1.1.1
Rattlesnake Plantain
Wood
39«.-8
Field
.125
474-5
Russian Thistle
586
l>*ox
.145
Red Cedar
^' f«>
Rye
2V-2
Fox tail
•'i!
Redfieldia
186
.Sage, White
■581
Fragile
296
Sedge
I'rank's
.1"'
p'raser's
,1,1'>
l''riiige<l
,1'4
(".lancescent
,122
("tlancous
.1'5
Ciolden-fruited
,1,1'
Cioodenough's
.1"9
C.raceful
.1'7
Crass-like
.1.10
Cray
.121
Cray's
29.1
Creen
.124
Creenish-white
.159
Hairy-fruited
.102
Hairy
.10*'
Hair like
.120
Handsome
.1'8
Ilare'sfool ,VS1
.1.S6
Hart Wright's
2')<)
Hay
.157
Havden's
.108
Heavy
.115
Hidden fruited
,114
Hillside
,155
Hirsute
,1"'
Hitchcock's
,125
Hop
294
Hop-like
294
Hoppner's
.I'O
Houghton's
.105
Hudson Bay
.152
Inland
.1.50
Involute-leaved
.14'
James'
.1.17
Large
295
I.arge-panieled
.14.1
Leavenworth's
.149
Lenticular
.H'')
Lesser Panicled
.144
Lesser Prickly
.148
Little Prickly
.1.5i>
Livid
.1,1'
Long
29,1
Loiig-awned
.I'.l
Limg-beaked
.1'9
Long-bracted
.12,1
Long-stalked
,1,1,1
Loose-flowered
.127
I.oose-flowered
Alpine ,^2
Low Northern
.1.12
Louisiana
21)4
Magellan
.11.1
Marsh .Straw
.158
Meadow-
.122
Mead's
.127
Mud
,11. •!
Muhlenberg's
,149
Muskingum
,155
Nard
,140
Narrow-leaved
,121
Nebraska
,1"8
Necklace
21)7
New liugland
.1.14
Nodding
.115
Northeastern
296
Northern
.1.14
Northern Clustered
.152
Northern Meadow 354
Norway
.151
Oval-headed
.149
Pale
.124
Parry's
.1'>7
Particolored
.1.1'
Pennsylvania
.1.1.1
Plantain-leaved
.129
Pointed Broom
.1.56
Porcupine
.liio
Pubescent
.1.1(>
>
Rae's
295
Raven's foot
.14.1
Redowsky's
.14"
)
Reflexed
.147
11 ""
6l2
SedRC
Rilrorsc 2(»S
Kil)1)e(l ,V<>
Kii'liardson's ,(,1-
Kivor bank ,VM
Rock .VV'^
KourIi ,VM
Kiisset 2()«)
Sallow 20<)
Salt marsh ,U"
Sand .U2
Sartwell's .vtf>
Scliwi-init/.'s ,?o<i
Scirptis like ,v^7
Seaheacli 35^
Seaside .^i )
Sliatpsealcd t,\X
Sheathed ^2(>
Short-leaved 312
Short's ,VM
Silvery ;,?>
Slender ,v\S
Slender stalked ,^20
Slender Wood ,^2S
Soft Vox ,^(2
Soft leaved ^^h
Sonthern ("•lancoiis
INDEX OF ENGUSII NAMES.
S6i)
4.VH
,S»o
,V.S
Sparse flowered .^52
Spreading .^2i)
Sfiuarrose ,^t>i
Stellate ,147 1
Straw ^S>^
Snninier 317 |
Swamp ^^'^
Texas 347
Thicket ^^o
Thin frniled ,^22
Thin-leaved ,U^
Thread leaved XV)
Three frnited ,1,S,i
Turrey's ,^24
Tuckernian's 29.H
Tussock ;>ii^
Twisted ,V 1
Umbel-like 3,15
Variable ,126
Variegated ,307
Velvet ,",04
Vernal ,3,1,S
Walter's ,104
Water .v*)
Weak Arctic ,l,lH
Weak Clustered ,l.s,1
White-Hear ,i2q
White-scaled ,1,S,S
Willdenow's .3,17
Wood's ,126
Woolly ,30,s
Vellow ,32,3
Vellow-fruited 34,s
Vellowish 292
Si;i..\(;iNi;i.i.A I-'amii.v
44
SclagincUa 44-s
Sensitive I'eru 9
Serpentary .'i4o
Sheep-sorrel .S-i?
ShaR-bark 4S,S-6
Shell bark Hickory 4S,s
Shield fern i,s iX
SieKlingia iJ^.S
Silver leaf Poplar 4<)i
Skunk Cabbage .36,1
Slippery Kim .S2,s
Small fruited Hickory
4W,
Smartweed
Smii.ax I'amii.y
Smilax
Snake-mouth
Snake-root
Solomon's Seal
430 I
Sorrel 547
Southern Haeklierry
527
.57.?
42')
<, 214
203
203
21 kS
202
20^)
21..S
20S
201 2
. 433- t
S. ,S,S3
Sowbane
Spanish liayonet
Spear grass 201-
Alpine
Arctic
Huckley's
Chapman's
h'lexuous
("ilaucous
I.arge-flowered
I,ow
Mountain
Northern
I'rairie
Sea
Short-leaved
Sylvan
Weak
Wolf's
I'lDKRWORT 1
Spiderwort
Spike rush
Ueaked
Hlack-frnited
Bright green
Capitate
Creeping
lingelmanns
I'lat-stemmed
Knotted
Large-tubercled
Matted
Needle
Ovoid
Pale
I'urple
(Quadrangular
Robbins'
Slender
Small-fruited
Three-ribbed
Twisted
White
Wolf's
Splcenwort
Spikenard
Spruce
Stagger-grass
Star-grass .^Si, 42,";, 446
Star-of- Hethlehem
An
Stenanthium
Stenophyllus
Stipa
Strawberry Blite
Sugar berry
Swamp Hickory
Swami) Pink
Sweet Fern
439 I Sweet Klag
467 Sweet dale
Tacamahac
Tamarack
Tapk-ckass Family 92
Tape grass 93
Teartliunib
Thalia
Three-stiuare
Thistle, Russian,
Timothy
Toad -flax
Tofieldia
Trailing Christmas
green
Tumble-weed 123,
Turkey beard
Twayblaile
Hroad-lipped
Heart-leaved
Large
Loesel's
Southern
Twisted Stalk
llmbrella wort
I'ncinia
Venus hair
Wahoo
Wake-robin
Walking fern
Willi Kne
2,s6 Wai.nt r 1"ami
2,S4 Walnut
250 Water .Arum
2,So Water Heeeh
251 Water Ivlni
Water Hemp
Water Hickory
Water Oats
Water Pi,'pi)er
Watkr Plantain
Family S)
203
20,S
208
214
207
20<l
2o()
207
AMILV
374
.377 ^
24s
2.SI
2,';,s
24S
2.S3
252
2,S1
249
2,SO
249
249
2.S5
2.S3
2,S4
2,S3
2,S4
2,52
22-26
429
,S4-,S.S
444
-4
4i>.V4
2.SH
>.17 8
.S7ft
.';26
48.S
402
489
.164
487
491
.S4
.Sf>7
4.S,S
2<.,S
,SSf,
U7
400
43
,sss
401
473
473
473
476
477
473
432 3
.WS '>
28s
27
,S2,S
4,16-S
21
25
4^1
483-5
^(•^
526
59'
485
12H
,560
Water Plantain 85
Water Thyme 93
Water weed 93
Waxbcrry 488
Wax nivrtle 488
Wheat-grass 227 -S
White Arrow-arum ,162
White Hellebore 408
White-heart Hickory
486
White Sage .581
White Walnut 4S4-5
Wild dinger ,s,l8
Wild Hyacinth 423
Wild Onion 4>,3. 4I5
Wild Spikenard
Willow 1'"amii.v
Willow
Arctic
Kalsam
Harclay's
Kearbe'rry
Bebb's
Hitter
HIack
Blue
Bog
Brittle
Broad leaved
Crack
Desert
Dwarf
Dwarf C.ray
I'tirry
C.laueous
('.lossy
('.round
('.olden Osier
Hairy
Heart-leaved
Hoary
Huntingdon
Missimri
Net veined
Northern
( )sier
Peach leaved
Prairie
Purple
Pussy
Ring
River bank
Rose
Robert Brown's
Sage
Sandbar
Shining
.Silky
Silver
Slender
Tea-leaved
Ward's
Weeping
Whipcord
White
Wolfha
Wood Rush
Woodsia
Woolly Pipe-vine
Wormseecl
Yam Family
Yam root
YKI.LDW-KYKn
Grass Family ,168
Yellow-eyed Grass 369-
37'i
Yellow Flag
Ykw Family
Yew, American
Zannichellia
Zizaniopsis
Zygadenus
429
49"
4'H
502
504
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498
497
494
496
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496
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505
499
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499
495
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498
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498
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496
497
496
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446
447
451
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128
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497
494
406
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496
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496
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495
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496
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496
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496
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499
497
495
499
500
500
502
495
496
497
496
367
396-H
lO-II
le 541
575
446
447
ii.v 368
ass 369-
370
451
61
61
80
138
404-6