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Tous las sutras axampiairas originaux sont filmis an commandant par la pramiAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraasion ou d'illustration at an tarminant par la darniAra paga qui comporta una talia amprainta. Un das symbolaa suivants apparaitra sur la darniira imaga da chaqua microficho. salon la cas: la symbols ^^ signifia "A SUIVRE". la symbols ▼ signifia "FIN". Las cartaa. planchas. tablaaux. ate, pauvant atre filmte i das taux da reduction diffArants. Lorsquo la documant ast trop grand pour Atra raproduit an un saul clich*. il ast film* A partir da I'angla suptriaur gaucha, da gaucha A droita. at da haut an bas, an pranant la nombra d'imagas nAcassaira. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la mtthoda. 1 2 3 1 . 2 3 4 5 6 MlOOCOPr RBOWTION TBT CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ^ /APPLIED IIVHGE I ^STm 1653 Eoit Main stre«t ^KS ?"!?""'• "•" '""* 1*609 US* S^S ("6) *82 - 0300 - Phon. ^^^ (7t6) 2Sa - J989 - Fo, ^^!^\m^ % ;■■ MSi'^i BSFABTM BKT 07 Mill BS Ow. W. >4L. V. U«r. Ua>, RKPOBT M m GYPSUM DEPOSITS pF TBE MARITHUB PROVINCES WIIJUAM F. JXXNTBOX, U.S OTTAWA fQVBBMMaNT PBINTINQ BORBAU 1911 •T. S .■a ^ CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES miiKa BmAxoH Hon, W. TiMruHt!!. Mixirru; A. P. Low. M..D.. Dworr Mufwnni GoMNi Hmnil, Pa.D., Diuciw. REPORT GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES WIIiLIAM P. .TENNI80X, M.E. 1 OTTAWA OOVEBNMBNT PRINTING BUBEAU 1911 289—1 No. H4 utth or TiAraiiTTAi. Dr. EuoKHB Haaxil, Director of Mine*, Department of Minea, OtUwa. Sib,— According to your instr- ,g, I hare completed and herewith lubmit a monograph on the gypeum dey • • Nora Scotia. New Bruniwiclc, and the Magdalen i.lands. In thi., an af .,.i haa been made to ahow by deacriptiona. mape. and photographa, the vaat extent of these deposiU within thig territory; the usee of pypaum, and the procesaea and coat of manufacturing it into a market- able product. Although the investigation has been as complete aa time and opportunity would allow, atill there remains much that ia worthy of further investigation. A series of experiments ahowing tensile and compreasion testa of gypsum aa manu- factured into the different producU would be productive of much value. The inveetigation of gypsum aa a subatitute for marble by the hardening procesa, which, from the evidence at hand seems to give aatisfaction, would open a new market for the products. Some of the associated minerals have much i re com- mercial value than the gypsum itself, but it requires expert investigation to en- courage development. It ia hr . ^ tL,t the present work will be useful to those already engaged in the develop ■ ■ t of this indastry. ai-.d attract the attention of others to the worderful. t ..veloped natural resources of the country, and encourage them to seek thpja fields for investment. I have the honour to be. Sir, Your obedient servant, Th¥HO, N.S., April 12, 1910. (Signed) W. F. JemuMn. 289— li CONTENTS DIRIXTOKS PREFACE 9 INTRODICTORY ,j CHAPTER I. History and Distribution 15 History of operatidiis in Nova Scotia jg Biitory of oi:ciation8 in New Branawiok 18 Distribution jg France jg United States ]g Canada 21 Great Britain 21 Germany 22 India 22 Cyprus 22 Italy 22 Switz|6r]and 22 Australia 22 Newfoundland 23 CHAITER II. Origin of gypsum 04 Anhydrite 30 Gypsite or gyp^um earth 30 CHAPTER III. Chemistry and Teihnology of gypsum 34 Calcining and netting plaster 3(5 CHAPTER IV. fiypsum depoiits of Nova Scotia 39 As>ociated limestone 49 Description of deposits 4] CHAITER V. Gypsum deposits of New Brunswick and Magdalen islands 90 Gypsum deports of New Brnnswirk 99 Gypsum deposits of the Magdalen isliinds 9^ CHAPTER VI. Manufacture of plaster j93 Description of machinery j94 Objecticns to the present system of calcining gypsum 109 Cummer syst»>m ^99 Plans, specifications, and cost of construction for plaster mills Ill CHAITER VII. Product)^ of gypsum Ij. Plaster of Paris ,,^ Cement plaster " ' ,,. ^ lij S 4 • Bcport of fire and water t««t 1]( Method of constriMtion iij PurpoM of the test .. m Twnperatnre ." .. .'.".'.'.'.'.',".'.' ." IM Thermometer readings on ontdde of partitions iia ^•t«' ; ■■ 1,9 Eflect of the te8« [ ,JJ Log of temperature readings: Ira teat 131 Pottery and terra cotta .... lao Plate glass works .^ Plaster produced by complete dehydration Ul Hard wall plasters Used with Portland cement -«, Alabastine " " As a basia for Portland oement ,„ As a sulphorizing and beaic flux jj, Betardere. their composition and use .j. Hardening gypsum blocks US CHAPTEB VIII. Gypaum as a fertilizer Methods of applying land ploster .„ CHAPTEB IX. Manufacturing, and estimates of costs with miscellaneous notes.. ui Costs "* Freight rates !..........!. '** United States tariff on gypsum.. .. .. .. .. .. ?*? Canadian tariff on gypsum . St. Peter canal .".."'..'".."..".. Oypsum mining in United States.. .... .. .. "". \^ Minerals associated with gypsum ,„ Plaster sotting '*• Thermometers ^'* 152 CHAPTER X. Gypsum statistics United States imports .' .'." .'.' .".' |!? Canadian statistics ; . W Appendix I. List of Maps and Drawings relating to this report which are on file at the offlce of the Mines Branch of the Department of Mines i62 Appendix II, List of Maps published by the Geological Survey Branch of the Department of Mines which embrace areas described in this report i/u Index '** LIST OF MINKS BRANCH PUBLICATIONS! *** nXUITKATIOiri. Photographs. PI«t« I. Gypsum Quarry at Walton, Hants Co.. N 3 Frontiapi«oa II. Boalder from Sanderson's anarry. BMrer Brook. N.8.. ahow- ing conversion of anhydrite to gypswn U III. Transparent crystal of aelenite 40 IV. FibroQB aelenite crystals 40 V Gypsum with embedded selenite crystals 40 VI. Gypsam exposures at Aapy bay. C.B 42 VII. Gypsum exposures at Ingonish harbour, C.B 42 VIII. Gypsum exposures at Ancoin brook. C.B 44 IX. Gypsam exposures and works of Great Northern Mining Com- pany at Ancoin brook. C.B 44 X. Clifc of anhydrite. Great Bras d'Or lake. C.B 54 XI. Victoria gypsam quarry at St. Ann. C.B 50 XII. O'Brien aaarry. showing pipe or blowhole, also structure of ~«k 70 XIII. Loedintt gypsum at Walton shippins Pier 72 XIV. The Cove quarry at Chererie 74 XV. Upper Head quarry at Chererie 74 XVI. Meadow quarry, near Windsor. N.S 78 XVII. Quarry of the Windsor Gypsum Company. Newport. N.S.. .. 78 XVIII. Wtmtworth Gypjsum Company's quarry, showing method of removing the clay gg XIX. Wentworth Gypsum Company's quarry: general view of quarry and transportation to pier gO XX. Wentworth Oypsnm Company'a loading stage for oar* 80 XXI. Wentyorth Gypsum Company. Loading gypsum into bargee.. 80 XXII. Wentworth Gypeum Company. Barges in tow go XXIII. Folded or crumpled ribbon-like structure of gypsum 94 XXIV. Gypsum quarry of Albert Manafaotaring Company. Hills- borough. N.B gj XXV. Gypsum quarry of Albert Manufacturing Company. Hilla- borough. N.B „ XXVI. S.S. Nanna loadinit at low tide; Albert ManufactuiinR Companv, HiUsborongh. N.B \[ ^ XXVII. Workmen with toole in Gray quarry. Hillsborough. N.B.. .. 96 XXVIII. Cape Mev.e. Grindstone island; showing a characteristic rounded topped hill of the Magdalen islands jgo XXIX. Nipper or Jaw Crusher, for coarse reduction 104 XXX. Cracker, for fine reduction j04 XXXI. Claesifier ^^ " XXXII. Vertical burr mill _ "" "' ,jj XXXIII. Ehrsman's 1 flue calcining kettle; standard setting log XXXIV. Enterpriee noiseless mixer jgg XXXV. Albert Manufacturing Company's miU. HilUborough, N.B.. .. Itt XXXVI. Howlite associated with gypsum, from Windsor, N.8 lU 8 Drairingt. Fig. I. Typical forms of gypsum crystals 85 2. Section through Great Northern Mining Comrany's gypsmi! deposit, Chpticamp, N.S 45 3. Section of borehole in the Cheverie gypsiferous area 75 4. Side elevation of Cummer conHiiuous calcining plant 109 " 5. End section " " " " . . 109 " «P1«» • ..""..'".".' ..' .'.' '.'. 109 7.1,6 ft. X 6 ft. kettle pla.ster mill HI 8. 1, 6 ft. X 6 ft. " " ■■ ■■. HI 9. 2, 8 ft. X 8 ft. " " jjl " 10. 2, 8 ft. X 8 ft. " •• Ill " 11. 2, 8 ft. X 8 ft. " •• ,12 " 12. 2, 8 ft. X 10 ft. " " !.!!"!!!. 112 " 13. 3, 8 ft. X 10 ft. " '• 1,3 " 14. 3, 8 ft. X 10 ft. " " [[ .. /, "'_ "^ 113 15. Fireproof wall and fireproof studding of gypsum 117 16. Plan and sections cf Olson laml plaster distributor 137 17 Swtions <f Olson land plaster distributor ]3g 18. General layout of gypsum mill. Great -Voithcrn Mining Company, Limited ,,a 19. Elevation showing layout of plaster mill, Great Northern Mining Com- pany, Limited 1,2 No. 64. Index map of part of the Province of Xova Scotia, showing distributiim of occurrences of gypsum. 65. Index map of part of the Province of New Brnn-wiok, showing disl lontion of occurrences of gypsum. 66. Mae of the Majfdalen islands, showing gypsum deposits. DIBECTOB'S PREFACE. The text of the following report on the gypsum deposits of the Miiritime Provinces of Canada — including the Magdalen islands — is published in the form originally submitted by the author. The original report was accompanied liy o index maps and 56 detailed sheets. On the latter, an attempt has been made to delineate the boundaries of the gypsiferous areas, and to give other in- formation relating to the various districts. The areas included on these detailed sheets ar«- indicated on the index maps Nos. 64, 65, and 66 — each area having a reference number assigned to it It is not possible to publish the detailed shoets with the report, owing to the expense involved. Of the seventy photographs sub- mitted, it has been possible to reproduce only those which illustrate some special features in connexion with the deposits. Persons who are siiecially interested in particular areas, can consult the original sheets in the office of the Mines BraiK-h of the Department of Mines; or can obtain tracings of any of the maps, at co;t. When copies are required, the map will have to be redrawn before blue print- or other photographic reprints can be made. The series of maps descriptive of the geology and topography of the Maritime Provinces issued by the Geological Survey Branch of the Department of Miia-, give more topographic details than are shown on Mr. Jennison's detailed sheets; but on none of them are shown the approximate boundaries of the areas underlain by gypsum. The boundaries of these maps and their serial numbers are, there- fore, shown in blue on the index maps. Copies of the geological and topograph- ical maps published by the Geological Survey can be obtained by applying to tlio Director of the Geological Survey, Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa. GYPSUM DEPOSITS or THE MARITIME PROVINCES Wmiun F. JenniMB, K.E. INTEODUCTOEY. The study of the gypsum deposits of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick hat never been made the subject of an exhaustive inquiry. A number of individual • papers have been written on the subject by those who studied them incidentally while engaged in broader fielda of geology. The practically unlimited quantity of this mineral occurring in these Pro- vinces has dimensions which at once arrest the attention of the geologist or traveller; such a variety of forms and colours, often in cliffs from 50 to 160 feet high, affords unusual opporluniti^ to investigate the theoretical and economic problems which present themselves to all interested. For over 100 years gypsum has been mined in Nova Scotia, yet the industry in only in its infancy. It is a matter of surprise to find how little interest the citisiens have taker in the development of this branch of the mining industry. The fact is that this mineral is so common to many of them that they have con- sidered it as of no special value, and a nuisance; yet there is nothing in the mineral industry, here, that offers greater opportunities for the development of a good stable business; and it is important that not only should our own people be informed about our resources, their uses and their values, but that the world should know that in this mineral we have great values and can supply the demand to an almost limitless exte' t. The writer has been «r«8ted in this study for years, and in July, 1908, received instruction from ,ne Department of Mines at Ottawa, to complete a monograph on the subject. Work began at once and continued throughout the year 1909. During this time eleven months were spent in the field, investigating, ex- amining, and sampling the most important deposits of the two Provinces, as well as the deposits of the Magdalen islands, which were later included in the work. The field is an interesting one, and although K. R. McLeod in his ' Markland or Nova Scotia,' speaking of the gypsum deposits of Nova Scotia, says: 'Its appearance is so well known and it is so widely scattered through the northern U 19 and eastern part of the Province that a catalogue of its expoeurea would be an endleaa taak and eerve no useful purpose'; an attempt will be made to catalogue these depoeiU, and it is hoped it will serve some useful purpose. Some profound and interesting questions will be touched upon, but the time alloted for the work, to cover such a large gypgiferous area as it was necessary to do to get the desired information for economic purposes, and the importance of ht /ing this publication before the public at an early date, would not admit inves- tigating in detail many of the interesting problems presenting themselves. The economic importance rather than the theoretical has been the principal object of the writer, and will be dealt with as far as possible in the following pages. The importance of these gypsum deposits, which have in the greater part been lying dormant for so many years, and which present every variety of colour and composition, can hardly be overestimated. With the increasing demand everywhere for gypsum, and the various products manufactured from it. and with the largest known acce- ible deposits of great purity, it requires no very vivid imagination to see in them, in the future, one of the greatest natural resources that the country can possess. In the United States the production of gypsum has increased from 486,236 tons in 1899 to 1,721,829 tons in 1908, over 260 per cent In Canada, during the same period, the increase in this product has only been 169 per cent Comparatively little manufacturing has been done in the Provinces, and for the encouragement of this, maps showing the location of all the deposits of com- mercial importance, and their proximity to the coal fields, together with plans and specifications of modern plaster mills, will accompany this report. It [e hoped that full advantage will be taken of them, and that the economic imi.or- tance of the deposits will be demonstrated. Again, as far as known, not a farmer in the Provinces has systemiitically tried, to any extent, the application of gypsum as a fertilizer. Considerable atten- tion has been given to this question, and it is hoped that in the near future the agriculturist will find it greatly to his advantage to use ground gjpsura as a fertilizer, which, without doubt, if used intelligently, on a great portion of the farm lands will give excellent results. The writer is indebted to many persons for kind assistance rendered in (irep- aration of this monograph. The officials of the different gypsum companies in the Provinces, and several of the manufacturers and mine operators of the United States, freely gave assist- ance in collecting data. Different departments of the geological survey of the United States kindly furnished information and statistics of the gypsum industry. The University Geological Survey of Kansas. Vol. 5, ' Special Report on Gypsum and G.vpsum Cement Plaster '; and The Geological Survey of Michigan, Part 2 of Vol. 9, ' The Gypsum of Michigan and the Plaster Industry,' supplied much information. 18 Various manufacturers of srypsum machinery have assisted with liruw iius and cuts. Mr. Gilib Maitland, Government Geologist, kindly furnished informa- tion from Western Australia. Mr. E. F. Pittman, Under Secretary, gave infor- mation from New South Wales, and many others from Great Britain and Kuroiw. The writer appreciates very much these favours, and wishes to express grati- tude to the donors, an<l the many others that cannot be mentioned. CHAPTBK I. History and Sirtribatin. Gypsum hu been known and uied in various ways from »ery remote age*. The deriration of the word ii not known. Nearly all Graek deriration. ■•em to apply to the manufactured artidea, aa, y,'= earth and «^sto- cook, or from two Greek ,rda, a=i without, and JUM./J«=»handleB, referrinc to a perfume box without handles, made from this mineral. This derivation is said to be inconsistent with the rule* of formation of th» Greek language. A similar derivation, but said to be more consistent with the Greek rules, gives an origin based on physical character, from c»=not, and XaiAfiayu = io take, so named because it is smooth and slippery and difficult to- handle. Both derivations seem somewhat af mrd. and it is not likely had anything to do with coining the word. A more p. le source is that of a writer wha gives an Arabic origin, from al bailratron, meaning a white sto^.^ and leeme to connect it with the town Alabastron in Egypt, where, in ..arly times, gypsum was found m the mountains near by. and manufactured into ornaments. B\aficrurrs, -haj reference to a stom out of which ornamental boxes were made, called alabastra or alabaster stone. 8ehnUe*=(mooniU>m) of Diosooridee.' which he says was called aphrotele- non- (moon-froth) because it was found at night while the moon was on the mcrease, was probably crystaUized gypsum, the modem selenite. It is sometimes calW moonstone, from ,tcA,;v, = moon, and probably refers to the peculiar moon- like white reflections. About the earliest illustration we have of gyp-.um in any form is the exterior covering of the pyramid of Cheops which was made from a material ahnost Identical with that of our best cement plaster. This pyramid was built by King Cheops, who reigned, according to Lepsius, in 3095-3032 B.C. The analysis of this material made by Dr. Wallace, and giveu in the Amer- ican Encyclopedia, is as follows : — Hydrated calcium iulphate. ^" **"'■ Carbonate of lime ...._ 8289 Carbonate of maimesia ^'^ Silica V?..." 0-79 Alumina. <'30 Oxide of iron 300 21 100 99 The writings of Theoprastus. about 33 B.C.. show that the Greek were familiar with its uses, in the calcined condition. The first plaster cast is sup- posed to have been made by Lysistratns, a brother of Lysippus. the sculptor of ' Dana Min., p. 640. IS 10 Sicyon, a city in the east of Archia, (Jrocce. It it aUu recorded that Rhatcait. and Theodrit of Samoa, niado plaxter casts after tlie same method as Lyaiatratuw. Pliny in hit works on Natural History, published about the year 77 A.U., tells us that transparent gypsum, calleti /"J"* tpeculans (specular stone), probably a compact selenito gypsum, was -^d to glaze conservatoriea for prescrring fruit tree* in winter, and in the construction of beehivex to render them transparent ; thus enabling the curious to watch the bees at work. The walls of the ttnnplo Fortuiia Seia were supposed to \ie constructe<l of gypsum, probably of alabaster, and' ' Uie interior though without windows wa* rendered sufficiently light by the rays transmitted through its semi-pellucid wnlls." The Encyclopedia Pcrthensis, written in 1816 (lea* than one hundred years ago), states that, ' there is a church in Florence still illuminated, instead of by panes of glass, by sheets of alabaster near fifteen feet high, each of which forms a simple window through which light is conveyed.' In Arabia, what ia suppoaed to be an old monaatery building of Anoffa Emii, is constnicted of gypsum', ' and, when the aun shines on it, the walla give auch a lustre that they dazzle the eyes, but the softness of the stone and the redneaa of the morttir have conspired to make a very ruinous pile at present, though of no great antiquity; the stone having split nnd mouldered away in the wall, and the foundation has failed in many placvs.' In the vicinity of Volterro and liPghom there is a good quality of alabaster, from which vases f iid her ornaments --jre manufactured. In the early cen- turies lamps were pla<-ed in th" vases and diffused a soft light over the room. IIT8T0BV OF OPERATIONS IS NOVA SCOTIA. In Nova Scotia the gypsum deposits have been known since the early settle- ment of the Province, but there seems to be no authentic history of operation previous to 1779, and from this date to 1833 there are no records available show- ing the extent of the business done. The operators, principally farmers, quarried out the r.ick and hauled it to the point of shipment, . .he winter season on sleds, in summer with carts or wagons. Here they would either sell it to local traders, or charter a small vessel and ship it to the United States, the principal market being Lubec, Maine (known ot that time as the Lines, meaning the boundary between Canada and the United States.) Where the vessel was char- tered, usually the captain was the shipper's broker, and he, on arrival at ttiT mil's, would soil the cargo nt ttio best price obtainable, and generally bring back tlie greater part of the car^o value in flour, oil, and other necessaries. Following this period, the operations wore placed oi; a better busines' bas:>. Men of good business ability gave special attention to producing and exporting this mineral ; they made their cotitracts ahead of their work, with miliowners all along the Atlantic seaboard of the United States, and did a prosperous business » Roe's Cyclopedia of Arts, Science and Literature, I8t». " Ree's Cyclopedia of Arts, Science and Literature, 1814. IT Some attempu were iimik- to manufucluro tlic crude rock, but they were un- •uccewful. The homo coiuuuiptioii wm very limited; the ouly market wm the United State*, and a« won a. the tra<le in the manufactured article a««umcd any importance. thi« market wa* .I.**,! by a prohibitive duty put on by the Tnited Sutes (Jovemment. and the Nuva Scotia mills cH-aHcl o|»rution.. With the cx- <*pt.on of a gmall mill at Windsor. N.H.. which fur «o,ne year* ban been making *elen.te cement, for home con^un.ption. manufacturing ha- kn-n of little impor- tance. During the yearn from IWIl to IH.iT twenty-Hvo port, in Nova Scotia were shippmg gypsum. pro,luce,l from twelve counties. In IWW. «„ port* in Xova Scotia exiwrtcd gy|«um. from three counties. To-day oi^rations arc all carried on by American capital, and with the ex<-cption of one or two small cm- wrna the quarries operated are owni^ by American millownem. The local .hip- ping interest, which a few years ago ,lid practically ail the transportation of this product, to-day is pract-ully nil. This work is being done with barges or foreign steamers, and although the volume of business ia double that of 20 years ago, about 00 per cent of it is in the han.ls of one company, who are uot content with a supply for their own manufacturing business, but dictate to other mills where Uiey shall purchase their supply of crude rock. The writer is informed that this has had the result of closing severol mills in the Xew Knglaiul States, and. therefore. niilitut.-s against the smaller mills purchasing their supply of crude material direct from the small quarry operator not because they are getting a better or cheaper rock, but because they fear the competition of the larger operators, with the finished article. The metho<Is of quarrying and loading have improved somewhat, but not in proportion to other mining industries in the Province. One now sees the hand machine auger, in.stead of the old po.1 auger, the fuse instead of the old time squib. the locomotive for long hauls instead of the horse. The year 1909 saw the first stean^ shovel moving the clay from the top of the quarry; previously the clay covering in this quarry, having a thickness from 20 to 30 feet, was brought down With the gy im and removed with horses and carts. The tardiness in this respect is in part due to the fact that the labour used in the quarries is. to a great extent, made up of the sons and gran.lsons of those who wc.ked in the quarries before them. They are not a roving class like many miners. They know their work, as they learned it from their forefathers, a.i<l it IS difficult to get them out of their old ruts; this, however, must be said in favour of these hardy sons of the <iuarry; no man need dictate to them where or how to put a shot in to get the best results, nor can any wield a breaking pick with more skill and experience than they, and the ease with which they handle the broken rock 19 little less than marvellous. The gypsum trade in the past has fluctuated with the conditions of times in the United States, but as will be seen by the statistics in Chapter X. the quantity -exported has gradually increa.sed from 52,460 tons in 1883. to 299,045 tons in 1909 but the value per ton has not as good a showing. The average price from 1833 to 1877, in Nova Scotia, was 75 cents per ton. In 1908 fifty thousand tons sold for that price, while about 5,000 tons sold for $1.25 per ton 289—2 18 Some exceptional prices have been paid for Nova Scotia gypsum, which may, as a matter of history, be worthy of note. ' A' few months after the close of the war of 1812, between England and the United States, John DeWolf, of Windsor, N.S., contracted for 3,000 tons of gyp- sum, at lO-.'SO per ton, delivered at Kastport, Maine. Twenty dollars was freely paid at New York, Philadelphia, and southern parts, and it sold readily for from $3.50 to $6 per ton, put on board at Windsor, N.S.' HiSTOHv OF Operations in New Bbunswick. In New Brunswick the gypsum industry in early times (previous to 1847) was much the same as that of Nova Scotia. The principal operations were carried on about 3i miles in the rear of Hills- borough, Albert county, and the shipping point was on the west side of the Petitcodiac river, about 4 miles from its mouth. About the year 1847, Messrs. Fowler Brothers, who operated mills at Lubec, acquired rights at Hillsborough, and constructed a plank road from the quarry known as the Fowler quarry to the shii)ping point. By so doing they were able to operate their quarry, and haul the rock in the summer season on wagons. But it was not until 1854, when Mr. Calvin Tomkins entered the field, that the in- dustry was put on a solid basis. Dr. L. W. Bailey' gives the following history of this Company: — ' The superior quality of plaster of Paris made from Hillsborough gypsum, had by this time become well known to other manufacturers of plaster and building materials iu the United States, and, about 1854, Mr. Calvin Tomkins, a manufacturer of cement and lime, who carried on an extensive business on tho Hudson river, cainc to Hillsborough and acquired the properties then owned by the Fowler Brotliers, and other gypsum properties adjoining, which included r.early all tho available and valuable portions of this deposit. At this time the duty upon manufactured plaster entering the United States was very low, and a large market was open for the product of a mill on the Canadian side of the line. These favourable conditions led to the formation, by Mr. Tomkins, of a company under Provincial Act of Incorporation, under the name of the Albert Manufac- turing Company, for the purpose of carrying on the business of quarrying and mining gypsum, and erecting mills for the purpose of manufacturing it, carry- ing on tho business of grinding grain, i ing lumber, constructing railways and operating the same, and all other work >.! connexion with the operation of the quarries and shipment of the product. Sul)sequently a large milling establish- ricnt was erected, railways were built to two or three points in the gypsum belt, and extended to the river, where wharf and timber beds for the accommodation of vessels were also constructed. A plaster mill was also built by Mr. Tomkins at Newark, New Jersey, and the business of making plaster of Paris in Hills- borough, as well as that of shipping the crude rock to Newark, prosecuted with ' r)r. How's notps to hia MinernloRy of Nova Scotia. Tho Mineral l{«9uurces of the Province of New Brunswick, p. 88. 19 energy. Later, the withdrawal of tlie reciprocal trade relation between tlie Pro- vnces a..d the United States occurred, and the favourable conditions under which a large trade m the manufacture,! article was promised were sc-riously interfered w.th, and only a very limited business was obtainable; and had it not been for the very superior quality of the plaster made from Hillsborough rock, profitable business with the United States would not have been possible' DISTRIBUTION. Gypsum is found distributed in many of the countries of the world The producing countries are given here in order of their importance: France United States Canada, Croat Britain, Algeria. Germany, India, Cypress, Italy, Switzer- land, Sweden, Australia, Tasmania, and Xewfoundland. The following brief description of the occurrence will serve to show how widely this mineral is distributed, both geographically and geologically. /VaNce._The principal gypsum deposits in France are found at Mont- martre, Pantin, Belleville, Sannois, and Enghien-les-Bains. They occur in beds in the Tertiary deposiU of the Paris basin, and vary in thi.-kness from a few feet to 160 feet. They are operatixl both as open-cut quarries, and by sinking shafts, or driving galleries into the hillside. This country has given to the world the name plaster of Paris, which was ongnially a French product, now common to the whole world. The rock manu- factured ,8 very high in carbonate of lime, often carrying from 10 to 12 per cent but It IS not considered detrimental to its composition, many claiming that the ingh grade of French plaster is due to the presence of this mineral. United Slales.-Gyp^um deposits are found in almost every state and terri- tory of the Union. In New York State tl.ey are found in regular be,ls in the Sa^.na or higher formation of the upper Silurian. The greatest thickness is «00 feet, occurring at Fayetteville. and consists of eight layers, from 18" to 30 feet thick. The argest quarries are at Union Springs. Other deposits in this State occur at Caledonia and Onkficld. In Ohio, the occurrences of gypsum are somewhat similar to those of New ^ork. They are found in the up,H>r Silurian or lower Ilelderberg of Ortoii 0,K.rat,ons are carried on only at one point, near Oypsum Station, Ottawa county. The beds are from 5 to 7 feet thick, and are mined bv driving galleries into the hillsiuo about 400 feet. In Pennsylvania, the gypsum occurs in the lower Iloldcrberg series, but nothing of economic importance is shown. In Iowa, the .leposits are found in the Permian an.l overlie the Coal Measure. In thickness the beds vary from 10 to 30 feet, and are ma.le up of regularly stratified layers of gypsum separated by thin layers of clay. In Kansas, the deposits are found in the same geologicnl formation as those of Iowa, and arc mined by sinking vertical shafts about SO feet deep to reach the stratum, which has an average thickness of nl.nut 1.5 feet 280— 2i 90 In Arkansas, the gypsum is found in Pike county, in what is known as th Tnnity formation. It occurs associated with marls, in great variety of teztur and degree of purity. 1.1 Oklahoma, extensive deposits of gypsum occur in the Permian, and forn a part of the largest deposits in the United States; extending, according to Cha. ^. Gould, from Southern Nebraska across Kansas and Oklahoma into Texas having a length approximately of 600 miles. The following section given by Gould," will illustrate the character anc thickness of the deposit: — No. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. DESCRIPTION. Feet. M*«ive white jrypnum, theShimer ,. " anft dolumito aandatone ? Red K.V|><iferouii clay .' _» MawivH white gyiMum. the Medicine Lodge!;.' Xi Red (f.v|»iferou« cUy with preen bands of selenite. .'.'.'. is hIh „„L^"" "^ fyp«uni im^larly stratified, the FerguKin ! ! ! ! .' ' .' ! ' "' 4 Red Kypsiferous clay with thin green and white iielenite bands , = ' ■ ' Total. ! and layers. . 86 178 The In Texas, besides the Oklahoma beds, d.^osits occur on the Canadian river, associated with clays; they vary in thickness up to 25 feet. In Michigan, the gyp.' deposits are found iu the lower Carboniferous measures. The principal d...^its occurring in this State are the Grand Rapids deposit, on the western border of the Lower peninsula, having an area of 10 square miles, and the deposit at Alabaster on the eastern border of Saginaw bay with an area of about 600 square miles. The first consists of two beds known as the upper and lower beds. The upper is from 6 to 8 feet, and the lower 12 feet thick. They are «,parated by a thin seam, about 1 foot in thicknass, of soft Shale, and have a capping of the same material from 12 to 15 feet thick, whole rests on a hard blue limestone. Alabaster has the largest gypsum quarry in the State. It has a workimr face more than quarter of a mile lo.^;, with an average height of 23 feet It carries an overburden from 10 to 12 feet deep of stiif bo-lder clay, which is .e- moved by steam shovel and tram cars. In Virginia, tlie deposits arc found in the southwestern part of the State, and J'ke M •h,ga„, ^.,,, ;„ j,,^ ,„^^.^.^ Carboniferous series. The stratum is 30 feet thick an.l dips at an angle of 50 degrees. It is worked to a depth, on the slope, ot 2o0 feet. In Colorado, the gypsum oc-curs in the Jura-Trias formation. The most important deposit shows a face 250 feet long, and 28 feet high at the centre sloping to 7 feet at tlie edge. ^' In Wyoming, there are a number of gypsum deposits of importance. Thev vary m composition from the pure white compact variety to gypsum earth or gypsite. Geologically they occur in the Red l,e(U of the Triassic formation. • Mineral Resources of Oklahoma. Bulletin No. 1, p. 81 and In California, there are a number of places where gypsum deposits are found in the Tertiary clays, particularly along the coast ranges, in the foothills of the great valley, and in the valleys of Southern California. There are, however, few deposits of economic importance. In northwestern Nevada, the best known deposits are found in the Humboldt and Virginia Mountain ranges, and probably occur in the Triassic formation. Some deposits in the southern part of the State are supjwsed to be of the lower Carboniferous age. In Montana, the gypsum deposits are widely distributed and those of econ- omic importance occur in the lower (Carboniferous series. The deposits so far developed are found in Carbon and Cascade counties. The veins vary from a few inches to over G feet in thickness, and the gypsum is often pure and free from foreign niatcrial. viypsum <!.>posits of importance are also reported in Oregon, Utah, Xew .Mexi?,'). pud the Black Hills of Soutii Dakota. Canada. — (iypsum deposits of economic importance are found in most of the prov" ces and territories of the Dominion of Canada. Those having the greatest area, and most accessible, are found in the eastern provinces, where they occur in the lower Carboniferous formation, and are practically inexhaustible (for particular description see Cha|)tor IV.) In British Columbia largo deposits of gypsum occur, associated with grey schists and wliite crystalline limestone. They are found north of the middle crossing of the Salmon river, and iiave a thickness of over 1(X> feet. They are also found in the vicinity of Spence's Bridge. In Alberta, on the Slave river. tO miles above Smiths landing, there is an outcrop of limestone, associated with some gypsum and mineral tar. It is also found one mile south of the forks of Salt river. The exposure is 20 feet thick interbedded, and has underlying it thin layers of red clay. In Manitoba, at St. Martin lake, 10 miles west of tlie outlet of Little Sas- katehew.ir, iver, gypsum deposits are found of considerable importance. The exposures are workeil as open quarries, and the product hauled in the winter season to the shores of Lake Manitoba by team ; after manufacturing it is shippt^d by steamer to Westbourne railway station. The rock is exposed on a number of outcrops, the highe^^t bei. g 60 feet above St. Martin lake. Some anhydrite ia seen, and large (|\iantities of selenito. Ceulogically its position is either that of the lower Devonian or upper Silurian, probably the Salina formation. In Ontario, a small amount of gypsum is mined yearly, it occurs on the Orund river, in the vicinity of Paris, in Brant county. The gypsum formation extends from the Niagara river to Saugeen, a distance of l.W miles. Its occur- rence is in veins from 2 to 7 feet thick and separated into several layers. In Quebec, the principal deposits occur in the lower Carboniferous measures of the Magdalen islands, and will he described in detail in a later chapter. (Ircat linlaiii.—h\ Kngland gypsum deposits of economic importance are found in the following counties: Cumberland, Westraorlaml, Derby, Netting- 22 ham, StaflFord, and Sussex. They occur a» !r«.^,.i extent, the greatest thickness bei^Ts Teet ' """* "' "*" ^^'^ «■•' have a LTi^oZou^I^ llT^''"^ -'" '^""""'""' ""' ^^^*'"»''-"'» ^'^ The rock occur; as a p!: ^^1 *"'1 '" '"r ^'^^ "''•^"^ "'^ ^''^ •^"'- coloured h. the oxide o/r^X^ir '"""'''' ^''' ''-^ ''-' whitf::z^;i/rLf r ^jtiirir^r-^ "^'^ - --^^ The deposits are of the Permian period ^' '""'""' "^ "'''^'^"' tricts'::^^;;:,^!^!:^^ ™- ;;^:'"> ^^ ^•■i'^' --tities <„ .an^ of the di but in the ot.r ittrr :;:3 :' "^ :.r"'"^ '- ^'-^ «"--» ^--t-, the c.a.s. he.on.in, to Ihl Stia: rj;""""'^ "''''' ''^' "^ ^^^^'^^^ ^^it port::^^::::^'^';^ :':r r r " > ""-^ -^ "^"^- •«- -^ ^- .«.ufactured on thrS..: I^UttlCt^^r" ""^ "^ '^^ ' th.e deports dates h.-k to re.o.e a.es and the. are iL L^h" M^; ^ be a deposition frl Ja waJ: ^^ '"^'^ "" '^^'^"^'^'^ "^^«' ^""^ ^^ -"''-'I ^o t.aii:t:;r:::^.:::.r:s "^^-r' ^-^-^'^^ °^ "-*«- ^- deposits of that country" '"^ "'formation, regarding the gypsum head. near BoIgarrT ^1^;^:: T ^ rr^—J-^^ - at Cli.y visited by any member of the geological stIS 111' ^ -f" ""'"' ''^' ''^" is somewhat meagre. 8eo'°K«^al staff, so that our .nforn.ation about it ' It appears that the dcnosif i« In 1 1,„ t e ^ of a dry lake to a depth of set ee Th" "cI „" >" '"'fl'' ^"'"-^ *»>« ^ed termined in the Survey laboratory protd t.! be:!!'"""" "' '"'' ""''""^ ^ "^ Limp, CaO ... Mafirnpsia, MgO. . ' Sixla, N«,o. I'otash. K,0....' Iron oxide, Kp'o!')" Aluminas Al.O, / 32 18 o;>» 87 13 "11 -The crystalline po«der is Tssociated with numerous shellTiTTi^Tr 7 (a living .species.) "umorous sneus of Cardium unedo 23 Sal Dhuric anhydrite, SO, 41-75 Carbonic anhydrite, CO, ..."...'........ 2' -Ml CblortDP, CI OW »--Ma&.^W;::::::::::::::::::::::.::::::;;;;;-;;'|;;;-' if, Combined water, H,0 l<i!)9 Hygroncupic water, H,0 !.!!!! ,M Orpkoio matter 268 100 71 Len oiygen equivalent of cnlurine 013 Equal to aulnhate of lime . . •• carbonate of limn. 100 68 70 98 5 2? ' Deposits of gypsum have also been recorded from different portions of tlie State, but not so far as is known in workable quantities. 'In the western division of the State, near Carnarvon, a deposit of gypsum is known; on investigation in the Departmental Laboratory it was found to be made up of: — i^er cent. Pure gypBum, CaSO,, 2H,0 92 <» Pure calcite, CaCO, !.!!!.!.!!]! 38 There is very little doubt that careful search in many of the numerous dry lakes, which occur all over the State, will result in the discovery of other de- posits of gjTisum of value.' Mr. Pittman, Under Secretary foi '' '' itV Wales, also informs the writer, 'That although numerous Sjiecimens oi ^„. . have been found, in varying localities, nothing is known of the existence of . workable deposit within reach of rail. Large deposits are known to exist in the western part of New South Wales, but at great distance from carriage.' The Mines Report of Victoria shows a production of gypsum for 1908 of 1,730 tons, valued at £1,085. Newfoundland. — The gypsum deposits of this island occur on the west coast. Geologically they are in the same position and resemble those of Nova Scotia. They occur in extensive be<ls, with prominent exposures on Romaine brook, at Piccadilly, south side of Port-au-Port bay, and at different points on the south side of St George bay. The rock is white, and in texture, both compact and granular; very little anhydrite is seen. CHAPTER II. Origin of G^inm. Numerous theories have been advanoe,! »„ »,„i • .l . different theories may. and no douC , , "^ ° '^^ °"*'° "' ^«»'". «nd Possib!. tl.at we may ha "e two or t l""' '" ''''^""* ^''^''''- ^' - 1-te proximity to each other Bu bedf T "" '^«'-°-*«^d -n in close of the Nova Scotia and New Bru swiek T' 7 ^^ ~"' '"' ^^^^ ^•'-«*"- resume of the different theolief advaneti '"'^ '' ""^ '^ "^" *° ^'^ " ^-^ //««<V CAe«,caZ Theory of Gypsum Formation our gypsum deposits. ^ ''^ "P^''^** *° '•>« ST'eater part of To quote his own words,' the theory i. ^ foUo^s:- rise to a solution of bicarbonntT f "^ carbonate, and then gives hydrous magnesian carCt^ """"""' ^■'•^''' ''^ ^-''°-''-. deposits -ph:ii?Lr;:r" -rr ^;:r:Lt;r ^7*^ °^ -«• - sulphate of lime, which latter mav \JZ T I ^ *'^'''' *''«^*''«' ^^^'h tion of a solution contailgTfcalnirof ^''''^°'°' By the evapora- either with or without sea s^lt Z^^ aI T"^""'" ^'^ ^"^P'"'*« "^ I'-e. successively deposited.' ^'' "^ '"^ ''^^'""^ ^'«'^°"''*« "^ magnesia are ^ure.^ie ;"s:e:::t;r:::!:nrirr^^^ ^r -'-• -'- - salt is formed, which is dolomite" ' "^ ^""" ''° P'^^'^*' '^""ble tions of ,,, jxr:; ::rb:^r:;,t -^ ^^~^""' -- -'- -n^ if m:::;s: 3:t ^l^rr" ""'^ ^^-^ '"'^ -^^^^ ^^ -^- bonate of magnesia. These solut^o^ hn K ''^'"""'•'•''^n of solutions of bicar- bicarbonate of lime upon slttn T T- " "''^'"''^ '''^'' ^^ '^'^ ^•'"•on °f i« « subsidiary pr dTc o W hi d ^'^ '"""'''"'"'' ■" ''''''''' ""^ ^^P-™ .-hlorido of mog:esium by he LI , tTZlT"'' '' "'""'""^ °' ^"''"^'*^ ^ of soda.' ' "^ '"*'''* ""^ '''P"»Ks containing bicarbonate Quarterly JournaTo^^i^gi^iT^^^^^^^j-iT-^^ •Michigan Geological Survey Keport, Vol. IX. p'^'ii 24 PlATK II. I BouldiT from Sanderson's quarry, Beaver Brook, X.S., sliowing conversion of anhydrite to gypeum. 2i9-p. 24. Depotition by Thermal Springt. Gypsum is deposited by some themml springs. The sulphurous acid become* oxidized to sulphuric and converts the carbonates, especially lime and n-.agnesia. into sulphates. Examples of this method of deposition may be found in Iceland, where gypsum is fonuwl by the decomposition of volcanic tufa by acids dissolved in water. Oyptum Deposited through the Aetioti of Pyrites upon Carbonate of Lime. Pyrites or sulphide of iron decomposing and coming in contact with the car- bonate of lime will change it into a sulphate of lime or gypsum. This action may be seen going on in the Dominion Coal Company's mines at Olace Bay, N.S., where small and almost perfect crystals are often secured. The associated shales, and often the coal itself, in the Nova Scotia mines, are heavily charged ith the sulphide of iron, which carried in solution acts on the limestone, thus producing gypsum. Qypsum Deposits in, Rivers. Lyell, in his principles of geology (p. 247), cites the La Fiume Salso river, in Sicily, as an example of this method of depositing gypsum. In many instances, where rivers carry a high percentage of sulphate of lime, they will deposit it at their mouths, or in basins where the current slackens. Oypsum Formed from Anhydrite. Anhydrite (CaSO.) on taking up two molecules of water forms gypsum (CaSO, 2H,0). ' ' Extensive beds are sometimes thus altered, in part or through- out, as at Bex, in Switzerland, where by digging down 60 to 100 feet, the unal- tered anhydrite may be found. Sometimes specimens of anhydrite are altered between the folia, or over the exterior, also altered to quartz and siderite.' This action is well illustrated in Plate II, which is a photograph of a boulder taken from Sanderson's quarry at Beaver Brook, N.S. The interior of this boulder is anhydrite, while the surface, showing partings and having a thickness of about 1", is gj-psum carrying 20-79 per cent water. It is also well exemplified, on a larger scale, in the cliffs near Port Bevis, on the Bras d'Or lakes. Here perpendicular walls of anhydrite occur, having a height of from 30 to 50 feet, and over a mile in length, with a top covering from a few inches to a few feet of gypsum. This, without doubt, would have had a very much greater showing of gypsum but for the influence of atmospheric agents to which it has been exposed, and which caused disintegration almost aa rapidly as it was formed, leaving in sight only that part which has no econ- omic value, but is of mach scientific interest. In thr "ove quarry, at Cheverie, N.S., a bed of anhydrite is shown having a covering of 12 feet of good solid, compact gypsum, which is protected from ' Dana Min.. p. 622, Ed. 1889. 26 . • itner, .^.^s., act-ordiiiir to Prof W n T i,_ ■ taing one atom of wutnr ♦„ .... / i i * *" ' roi. «. K. Johnson,' oe I ^111 oi water to two of sulphato of Iim» ftn^an i^v assumes that this .•om.H.i.,..! „. .„ i . , ' ^^^^^. 'W) and Da '•P applied; hut .•onsidiTi,,., ,1, . i . °^ forming pryp«um mi n,..i "r':r::,n,:r:i,"r r"""" "■• "■"°» '"""^-in„o„..y .( .1. V , .h ;„ J, ;,;7 ""*■' .'"',"■• ""■"••« wp^-™.. w. ..... „„,„ „:'- Ji :;:;;:■ :r-B:. t;r.::'° i ''-^ :r;:.;,v:,:t ,'1t::: -r '--« —^ »a;i:::'::.:; "'•tT' -; ■• "-■•'" -^^^^^^^^ ™' -in J::;;,,':;'.,:,:: ::itz„7:: ;".f "'tf r*' • ■»« •' "■■ known depth. ^^ ^'*' '" ""''"■' d'^aPPeared to an un- (iyi>*um UepoHiU from Sea Waler. Chloride of Mxlium ^*' ^n'- Chloride of ma(rne»;uin '.'.'.'.'. 77-758 y , ■ • """BMt-'.Um Qu phate of iiiaimtMiuni «u phate of li;ne ((ryp»umj. "uiphate of ijotawium L;arboiiat» of 1' 10 878 < 737 3 «00 2 4&'> 345 217 liromideof "i»Kne8iuni. ...'.'.'.'.'.'." \VU 11, 100 000 after 3 Te^ce^i'of thr;:r--'^ ''''' "?"' "^"^""^"^^'^ '''' ^^^^^ '-^ "«PO«=tod salt :it::ri;tr :::; t:: :; r-- ^-"-^^ ^^ - ^--* °^ must be evaporated before theTri; u . J"" "'"* °'" ^* ^'""^^ '""'« ^^«'^' not go far e„ou; ^r f i h« n.^" he , ?'" T" *'" ™^''*'''" '""-''' subsequently ren!o;od by Illlttn "" •'•^'"''^'^' '' ""^'^ »'-« '^^ »m"T '^'°- P- *39, Ed. 1889 " Michigan Ueol,g,eal Survey, Vol. 9, part II. p. 186. 97 J In mo«t K.vpaum deposits (particularly true of Nova Scotia and Xew Bruns- wick) thp amount of Kyi»*um in »»<ti iit so larifo that it i» difficult to conceive, at their point of location, an inland wa of reasonable area liuvini; nulKcient depth to deiKwit a thieknens of crypNum, even equal to that found to-day, not allowing anythinn for the many years erosion, or loss l>y jflocial action. But, to sur- mount this piissilile fnilure of the theory, it has be<'n a.saume<l, that instead of having a confined body of sea water, we had a wa, having similar conditions to that found in the Mediterranean to-day. Obscrvation.s made by t'apt. Xares, and Dr. ('ar|)enter, of H.M.S. .Slier- water, 1871', of the .Mediterranj-an sea, found its basin to be fl,000 fe»>t deep, separated from the oi'ean by a bar or rwf at tho Strait of Ciibraltar, 1,2»0 feet high. Tho water of the Atlantic («-ean outside the reef had a specific gravity of 10^(i. In the western part of tl' Mediterranean sea the spe 'iric gravity is 1027, while in the eastern part it is Id.i. The proportion of salt in the .Xtlontic ocean is .T.U per cent, and in the Meilitcrranean it is :M) |)er cent. Passing over tho dividitig reef are two currents, up|>er and lower, the upper inflowing, and tho lower outflowing. Under similar conditions, w..'i the temjwrature of the Carbon ifcrous age, it is pos.sil)le that sea water flowing into a basin, over a barrier, would evaporate sufficiently to throw down its gypsum, and outflow before sufficient evaporation had taken place to deposit the salt, and the process continue until great thiikncss would be obtained. O. P. Grimsley* assumed this theory for the deposition of tho gjpsum de- posits of Michigan, and arrived at the following conclusion for the deposits in what -le termed ' The Michigan Carbonifecous Sea.' Tho area of rocks in Michi- gan, f 01 mod after the deposition of the Marshall and Kinderhook series, is ap- proximately circular in outline, with a radius of 85 miles, giving an area of 22,68« square miles. As will be shown later, the sea eov ring this area in Osage time was 700 feet in depth, and assuming the averf.ge to be 3i6 feet, based on well records, there would have been about 1,280,000 billion gallons of water. ' The analysis of the Atlantic Ocean water shows 93-3 grains of gypsum to the gallon. If this Michigan sea had that proi)ortion it would have yielde<l nine billion tons of gypsum. ' The thickness of gypsum at Grand Kapids is 18 feet, and at Alabaster is 20 feet. The approximate area at Grand Kupids is 24 siiuan; miles, and at Alabas- ter 10 square niile.s; and while the gypsum does not by any means keep this thick- ness over these areas, and is even absent in parts of tlie area, it has i)robably been removed by solution since its deposition. These conditions would give 1,237,704,000 tons of gypsum. If the assumption is made that the gypsum covered all the area with a thick- ness of 20 feet, then it would require 917 billion tons, or 90 times the amount of water in this original sea, and one would need to look for the ridge or barrier ' Michiffan GeoloRicftl Stirvov, Vol. 9, part II, p. 187. •Michigan CJeolngjra' arvey, Vo!. 9, part II, p. 1S7. ov.r whi<.h t»u, ocean war.™ fl„w„d to supply the w.ter for tl. ombo.,.,..., ...„:.,,. :^I.:^":; -» co...i.ute la^er. i„ t,.e strata, but 1.. otlKT ..„«. the layers V;:;':""?""" """""'"*** '"" "'">"«f»' '«• -»<i "PrinKs of.on phkIu.. sulphuric"^ ,^ ! . .^ T ''■'^"^•' '«"'"' aMc that there are i^Z::^ ^ilJ^'-^f^'T' ' ' '^''^ '' "^ ""' "»P'< '"-' .- .atisf..etory the ll :;■; '""' '""''^'""'"- "'"« "f"--" to .e to , oareou. ...atter i,.,o suh.hUe M 'he eonver^on of submarine beds of ea '•>■ "prints or streaL t^i 1 '"""' , ' " '"""""'''^^ "■■'' '«'"'-' ""'o '^c . «ive forth water c„„t ' T '" T'" ^'-'-" volcanoes frcuentl kind would have a J^ZZ^'^'Vl """""'^ ""'''■' ^"'" "^ th n.«tter, the above actio,. „ouMf.U V'""' T ""'"""' *'"* ^' "^ '""''""•eo" be the re.su!t. ' ""''" '''"^'' ""^^ "^^ '""""tion of gyps„„, woul, Quite in aecor.lanee with t)ii« vw.,.. »u N-v Brun.wiek a,, foua -. witt. ell; "'"'"'" ''''""''*^ "' -"^'"^ ^^'^ «"< I" some eases they are so eW n^r Tr'u''"'"'"'*^ "'"*'• '""•"^' >'»-tone of .lomareatio:,; one . adit "tiThT . "^ '' " ''"'''"'* *" '^'^ ""^ '"'« the -the. '"" "'*'' d™""«l..ng or increasinK prominence in^. H.eL::cTL:r:;t:;v^e:::: """-• --^^- --• - -. . hi^".. It cuts it transversoiv :;d ta™ r, T" n °' "•^^""■- '" *° '' '-* - Win ..rve to show ,h.. .om,. t^ . f l^th th" " ^ ''''' '""""'"« ''"''>^- ______^^^ 1 uion ot both the h.nestone and the wall rock:— Lime 5>rricoxi<lekn'aal>u.iina: «iil|'tmnc anhydrite Carboiii.. anhydrite ..'.■"" Water liMs on ijmiti.m .' ' Xn<KjIubIe mineral matter 'Dana's Manual of GeoIoK.T. p. 234 ^Aca,han GeoloRy. p. a;, f;,!. ,8fi8. Lime«tone| Wall rock. 63 13 BO I 1 3« 40 9!) 1 02 3 69 % 33 20 nil 4G 28 nil 20 r,» 016 100 69 j 100 33 IIZII^I'^--'^^'^'^^^^^ in Prefore.ce to explain thi, peculiar occurrence of M Wa]ln«k. % 33 20 nil 40 28 nil 20 r,9 16 In the (freat gytMiferous belt at CIteticamp, IiiveriieM county, N.S., a ili»- tinot bolt of limeHtonc, having a thickneMs avorafcing about 100 feet, may be aecn, vertical, and iteparatitiK a U-cl of snow-white niasnive gyiNtum from a IhhI of thi- greyi»h-white Melenitii- variety. Kverywhere, in the gypaiferoug field, there 'i» evidenc-e that at one time there existed very exteiutive de|)oKit* of marine limestone. Thede deposits are ofu-n iu eloso contact with what are now our metamorphic hills and mountain rangeft. The volcanic ac'ion which created thee metumorphic hills was not extinct when the marine limestone l)eds were growing, and no doubt atforded the greater supply of sulphuric u'-id which coiiveru-d the limestone into tfypsum. If this supply was not sufficient, or if the conversion wiis not complete iKjfore the volcanoes lic- ciime extinct, it is tM)ssible that the supply may have Ixvii supplemented from other sources, and the action completed. The sulphurcted hydrogen springs, found in different localities, the iron pyrites, pyrrhoffte. chalcopyrite, and arsenopyrite deposits, are all sources of sulphuric acid, and, found in the older rocks in the near vicinity, are quite sufficient to supply the deficiency if it were re(piired. It is, therefore, quite evi- <lcnt that there was, from the many sources, an abundance of sulphur in the field during the Carboniferous age. There is also, as it appears to the writer, some evidence that has never before been introduced, iu favour of the theory of gypsum being a conversion from calcareous material. In some of the largo deposits of Nova Scoti_ and New Brunswick (par- ticularly the fonncr)— which occur in massive formation, with iJttle disturbance —a number of pii* or blow holes are seen on the top of tile deposits, iwrfectly circular in area, having a diameter from .T to t! feet, with iMTinjiidicular walls, and often showing a depth of 50 to 60 feet. These occurrences must not be confu.sed with the ordinary sink or kettle holes, with battered sides, so char- act«ristic of gypsiferous formation, but generally occrring in low land, never in the same form or shape as above. These blow holes have, on certain occasions, been cleaned of the vegetaole matter which usually accumulates in the bottom, and been used as a shaft for blasting purposes. This is done by going down near the bottom, driving a small level at right angles, and putting in ii large amount of explosive, and tamping the charge by filling up the level and part of the shaft. This oiH>ration has been successful in bringing down large heads of gypsum at a ren>arkably low cost. It has been suggested by some that tlieso holes have been made by the action of some harder rock, rotated by a torrent of water, thus wearing away the softer material. But they are too numerous, often covering an area ol several acres, and so closely are they arrange*! that it is often diflicult to walk between them. They are k-st illustrated in the deposits at Walton in Hants county, N.S., but occur in somewhat lesser prominence in many of the other deposits. There is not the slightest evidence that thest' are sink or kettle holes, nor does it seem i.assible lor them to be worn by the rotation of harder rocks; and 30 KorinuIa-CaSO,— 1-11116(080) Sulphur triuxicle (SO,) H= 3u>3 6. ANHYDRITE. Sp. <J. = 2-8 to 3. IVr cent, 41 2 !>S 8 .'IK ■l\\ foxing separate beds J„. the 11" at o , "'! " ''"""^"•'' ^°""'''- «ome grypsum deposit, wl.ich from su,/rfi^ , sometimes m the centre < entirely free from it; but on test! o • ''"°" """'•' ""P^"'*'- *» ^ above, or belou, and hu ofL eh T '"^ " '"""^ "■*''" *« '- '" ^-n K.vpsum deposit' into ^ de 'X^i r.ir ^"''""^ ^^'-'^ ^ ''^ "^ -'-^' is ..o rule that can be laid down to . 'r H ^ "" '""'"'""«-• ^alue. Ther - --ion re..rdin. the o.ere:::;';;!;rr" "' ""^'""^' '" ^-"''"' the operator can determin'e ^Wth le!, I.,:: rT 'T\r''''''- '' '''''^' "ot ,io for testing a depth uAfom t '*'"'''' """"^ P'^^t"--. "-i" the operator determines, to a great extent fh J. !"' ^""V '^ '•'P''''"^'^' mochanieal pressure required to l.o t ' f ° ''"f 7^ '' ""« -«k by the but when d^p holes are relred n ,V '"'"' '"^ '' ^'"'^°'" ^--ved, vory extra judgn.ent t: J Z t' r^''"'"^ ^7"^" '-«th of ro,,s. it requires pressure required to do the "" and hi" "" ''" '''^^''^ '"^''•'«""-' woi.ht of rods, aud at the s.n.e me ^ak „'""""/T''""'^ "" '""^ '^^ holes is an important factor T . ''""" ^°' ^'•'■'•''°"' '^'^^'^^ '" -"any tions. esp.,..i„„;. „, „ *: • J^^^'^ --^^v to be .leceived under such eondi- oithor .as,ed. or s„ mi.ed tlrZ I Z Z T^ ^^^ ""' ^^^^ ^^'^ error with the core .irill „re not n.irlv « ^ opportunities for ^•■e ^"'..o .■ . deposit can . e .C:::^ Ji;::::::: " ""'"^^-"^ --^«^' «^ it^::;:t:; ;i;";:;z:::;'r^'^' '^ — "^ --''- — - Inr mas.es embedded in tl e g Z" T' """""" "^ ""''"'^"'' """^ '-»-- posit. an.l often as pi n es J ^'..rT'"" T '"'^ '"'"'"''*" *'"' -^P-" 'J- rounded by gypsum, makes it d ffi" t 7 7 '"" "' *'"" '''"'"^''^ «"'' -- mntion. ''"'™" '" "PP'^ «">• Particular theory to its for- 81 It is a very important question with many of the deposits of Nova Sootia and New Brunswick, whether gjpsum was formed from anhydrite, or anhydrite from gypsum. It has been suggested by Prof. W. O. Crosby that the wliole was first de- posited as gypsum, and the burial beneatli a sufticieiit mass of suixTincumbent strata, which would determine the conditions of low temperature, tiienno-meta- morphism, dehydrated the gypsum and produced anhydrite. Dr. L. W. Bailey", in his studies of gypsum, makes the following references: ' In this connexion it may be observed that Van Hi !0, in his great mouoKriiph on Metamorphism (page JST), says: ' The main source of anhydrite is by the alter- ation of gypsum,' and again, that ' the chief alteration of anhydrite is to gypsum, with an increase of volume of 60 per cent,' citing as an example the anhydrite deposits of Bex, Switzerland, where the trim.sformation from anhydrite to gyp- sum has taken place completely to a depth of from IH to 'M metres, the material below this depth being anhydrite. On the other iuiiid, there are those who maintain that both gypsum and anhydrite may be deposited from the same solution, the production of the one or the other deix'nding upon the conditions prevailing at the time, these conditions including tcmix^rature, depth of water, degree of concentration, and especially the presence of other salts. Thus, Adams observes, ' Anhydrite nuiy bo formwl from gypsum solutions at various temperatures when these solutions contain other salts in sufficient quantities. For example, it ha.s l)een found that in the presence of a saturated solution of common salt this change (from gypsum to anhydrite) takes place at :i()° V, which is a temperature reached on a summer day. ' This fact satisfactorily accounts for the formation of anhydrite in nature, from conoentratetl sea water or lake brines.' Van'IIoff, also, in his work on (ierman salt deposits, has made it very probable that the presence of saline mat- ter has a marked influence upon the form in which the lime sulphate is de- posited. Geikio, in his Text Book of Geology, page 11.'), in alluding to various pos- sible methods of the formation of gypsum, says: 'It may be protluccd as a chemical precipitate from solution in water, as when sea water is evaporated; also through the hydration of anhydrite;' adding, 'it is in the first of these ways tln\t the thick Iwls of gypsum assoiiat«l with rock salt in many geological formations have been formed.' If gypsum is formed from beds of aniiydrite, and these beds show an even strata, then we must expect tlie interior of our dcposite to be of little value, and it would be useless to sink on a floor of anhydrite, hoping to find gypsum below. It may be considered possible that at the time when moisture was being absorbed from the atmospiiere, the same action ould take place from beneath, as at the point of contact with the older rocks; but in tluit case, owing to the neces.-'arily ' The gypsum deposits of New Brunswick, p. 10. ii'g up water beiran nt tl,„ . • I r »>?""•". then, if the action of much more advantageously. ^ °"' *^''®" '^^ CYPSITE OR OVPSUM EARTH. is quite unknown. '"vestigate them, and their extei h.. h^:...h , :ir;rrr:;tr- 1— - *-' s.::::rt3';T^-— .:— :— —; r: tinued, would inci-ease the dr hills, caua- iction of tak- ent structure ^^ a gj-psum the cause of le old Pellow I by gypsum. I S3 The following analyses by Bailey and his associates will serre to show the general composition : — ' Silica and inmlublp rexidue. Iron and aluminium oxides. Cftlcium oxidti Magnesium oxide Sulphuric anhydrite Carbon dioxUe (calculated) Water % 10 30 34 5 16 98-63 •Silica and insoluble residue Iron and aluniinium oxides. Maf^nesium carbonate Calcium cartMtnate Calcium sulphate Wate.- ' The University Geological Survey of KanMs. Vol. V, p. 149. Ill % 10 1 10 59 16 98 63 II 67 12 CO 20 29- 51 98 .H7- 08 2 .'J9 16 13 99 14 42 49 03 76 98 H5 IV 67 12 60 10 21 3 46 64 69 18 13 TO •88 67 63 75 100 95 i 289—3 M CHAPTER Iir. Clieinistry and Technology of Oypsnm. While gJTsum and its uses in many ways were known to the ancients, as I been ehown „, Chapter I, it^ real composition was not determined until a m. -ater date. It w.ll bo interesting to go back and recall some of the first inves gations. In early days it was, on account of some of its peculiar characteristics aft hurnnig. known as a mineral resembling calcspar, and it was not until Pott 1.64, descr.led them as two separate and distinct minerals, and stated that sor chem.sts assume,! that the substance artificially produced by the union of si phuric acid with lime was gypsum, and termed it gypsum artefadum The first experiment along the line of its qualitative composition was ma, by Lavo.s.er, and published in the proceedings of the Aodemie des Science l.Oo. He decomposed the gypsum by means of carbon, setting free the st phurou^ v.- pours, which formed a sulphur deposit and proved the presence of si Phunc acid. He then, by means of potash, decomposed a solution of gypsum i water and showed the presence of lime. After finding the elements, and to pro. the composition of gypsum as detennined. he described the following exper ment : — ■ 'I took concentrated sulphuric acid, of which the weight was about doub that of water, and of known purity; I added more water, and then added ca bonate of l.me until there was no more effervesence, I thus obtained a selenib which IS a true gypsum.' Thus at an enrly date the qualitative composition . R.ypsum was determined by careful investigation, by one whose name has com down through the annals of history as one of the founders of chemical science. Later in the history, quantitative analysis was made. One of the firs analyses of gypsum we learn of was made from sampler taken from Mon martre, near Paris. This analysis gives :— ,,. Percent. >V ater Hu'nhate of lime . 7 1" Carbonate of lime. . '2 66 Silica 32 02 100 OO This analysis indicates ratK >r an anhydrite than a true gypsum, but fron this and other analyses U.e th, «tical composition of pure gySum was dete" niined. ■Academie des Science. ITe.'i. University Geological Surve^f Kansa.,, VolTs, p! M 34 35 Triip Kji'sum is n hydrous linic siili)liatc, and when pure has the following chemioal formula, CaSO,, 211,0. This when reduced to [lereentage will show the following compoirition :— Gyp.um(CaSO.. ZH.O)/!'*- -"phate (CaSOj{^^i- <^»;^).^„ , • • -JlJjJTg 1 lWat«(H,0) ..,'; '2U!» 100 When water is absent the mineral is known as anhydrite, which is often found in large quantities, associated witli the gyi>siim of Xova Scotia and New Brunswicl., hut has nu commercial value. Ciypsiun is one of the softest minerals; even in the crystalline form it can he scratched with the thund) nail. In the scale of hardness it is 1.5—2, and it has a specific gravity of 2-;i2. The crystallization i>f gypsum is monoclinic; it occurs in the form of plates or prisms with pyramid altern.-tions. Typical forms of gypsum are shown in Fig. 1. The detailed fifiures 1 and 2 are common crystals, ,'! and 4 are twinned crystals. Fl.:. 1. CEh m. ^=4^/ 12 3 4 Tyiiical fornis of gypsum crystals. Gypsum is slightly soluble in water as shown by tlie following table: SOr.lBILITY OF aVPSl-M, nv MARICVAC." Temperatuiv. One part (iyjiHnm diwKolves 111 One nart antivrtroug lime Nulphate dixHolvea in At .32° At CtiH" At 75 2" At 8!t (!" At 100-4° At 105 8° At 127 4" At Kll 0' At 18Cf(° At 212° F= O K^ IS' F= 24° F= 32 F= 3«" F= 41" F= 5.T F= -T F= Wi" F=100" f! 415 parts u 38i> 378 371 3(i8 C C c c c 370 c 375 c c 3!tl 417 . c 452 . 4S« 47!t 470 . 4liB 4r>H . 474 495 628 .••72 [ water. Ami Vol, ,'hiT's rm'^sifrit-v^'i^'".' ^'^rVr- i^°'- 'l ''P-.?'^ '" 2'*>' 1""»-'^ '^y f'hatard. Seventh Xp 8»i ^••■fifJbyCinm.ley, Inivfrsity Ueclogical ^mviy of KonBUB, 2S9— 3J M It will, by the abo'9 table, be seen that the point of maximum solubilitj be around 38° C. being only one part of gypaum in 368 parts of water. It r be added by way of comparison that 40 parts sodium chloride (common will dissolv in 100 parts water at a temperature of 15.5° C. CALCI.VIXC AND SETTIXO I'l-ASTKR. If gypsum bo heated to a temperature of more than 212° F, and less 400° F, a certain proportion of the water of crystallization is driven off, an, partially dehydrated gypsum is known as plaster o. Paris, having the folio formula : — IVr cent. (C»S0,)2H,0 /I-iinei.uli>hate(C«SO.) yss l\Vater(ll,0) 62 100 Lavoisier, in a masU-rly analysis of gypsum presented to the Academit Science in 1765, referring to the action of dehydrating gypsum, states, tha heating the gypsum the water was removed at two different stages, and thai first three-quarters is much more easily removed than the balance. Oonside the problem of plaster setting. Lavoisier, continuing the description of his ex] mcnts, gives the first discove.ies of the set in plaster. Landrin quot,>shisa« lows: "I took the ealcinwl plaster, as has been describtnl before, and w hardens readily with water. I threw it into a considerable amount of wate, a pan or large dish. Each molecule of plaster, i„ passing through the liq seized Its molecule of water of crystallization, and fell to the bottom of the , in the form of small brilliant needles, visible only with a strong lens Tl needles dried in the free air. or with the aid of a very moderate heat very soft and silky to the touch. If placed on the stage o/ a microscope, it is', ceived that what was taken under the lens for needles are also parallelopip, very fine, so they are descriled as thicker, many thinner, and many more el gated. The plaster in this state is not capable of uniting with water, but i IS calcined anew, the-.- small crystals lose their transparency and their watei crystallization, and become again a true pln-^tcr. as perfect as before. One n, m this fashion, succes.sf„lly calcine and recrystallize the plaster even to infin and consequently give it. at will, the :.roiK>rty of seizing water.' Payen confirmed Lavoisier's ex,.eriments of the formation of fine crystals the set of plaster, in 1830. and found that nt 115° C, gypsum began to lose wai and the loss rapidly increased up to 240° C. In practice Payen considere. temperature from 110° to 120° C to be the best, but his experiments also shov that gypsum could be dehydrated at a lower tomperature-as low as 80° C p vidmg time enough was allowed. Kansi"""'!,? ''' '^'''"'"' ''"• ""• *"*• *""■ ''' P- 9«- Uo-ersity Geological Sur Tey •« solubility will iter. It mif^ht common salt) and less than in oflF, and the the following Per wnt. ... «3-8 ... 62 100 Academic des tates, that on and that the OonsiderinR of his experi- oU}s his as fol- e, and which ; of water, in h the liquor, n of the dish lens. These ate heat, are 3pe, it is per- rallelopipeds, y more elon- ter, but if it leir water of !. One may, 1 to infinity, e crystals in lose water, considered a also showed 1 80° C pro- al Survey of ? 37 Payen's results' are summed up in the following:— (1) The set of plaster is due to a crystallization of hydrous sulphate of lime. (2) The lowest temperature at which plaster can be made is 80° C, and the process of manufacturing is very easy. (a) A temperature of 110- to 120" (' is sufficient to deprive {.latter of all its water and to cook it completely. (4) Plaster in small particles favours the drying. (5) Calcium sulphute heated to about 250^ C is dehydrated ; at aoo" to 400° It loses .-ompletely iu properties of hydration, or the power of gaining again the water of crystallizalion, and resembles then the anhydrous sulphate of lime found m nature. If heated higher, it may result in melting the sulphate of lime. («J The hanlening of j.la.'^ter by alum is perhaps due to the formation of a double sulphate of potash and lime. Landrin, whose paiier has already been quoted, made an elaborate study of plaster in 1874. He has divided the process of plaster setting into four divi- sions.' (1) ' The calcined plaster, on contact with water, unite- vith this liquid and takes a crystalline form. (2) The plaster dissolves partially in water, which bee ,aes saturate-! -vith this salt. (3) A part of the liquor is evaporated, due to the heat s<.t free in the chemi- cal combination. A crystal is formed and determines the crystallization of the entire mass; a phenomenon which is analogous to that which takes place when a piece of sulphate of so,la is placed in a saturated solution of this salt. (4) The maximum hardnes.s is reached when the plaster gaitis e.n.ugh water to correspond exactly to the formula SO.CaO, 2II,0, this maximum being to the remainder in proportion to the quantity of water added to the plaster to trans- form it into mortar.' ' In order to prove the third and fourth principles, Landrin made the fol- lowing experiments. Taking 2.3.:)58 grammes of pla.stcr he mixed it with 10 grammes of water, and he found the weights at different intervals were:— In 10 minutes. QQ-inn» i InlhourandlOmimiies *5. '"'.»"'•""«".»'• '<«« of water Oa-iS grammes. In 3 day. if .^f^ " " •' 7,35 InlSdaye '.■'■'■'■'".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'^'^3 ", " ^..'^^ After thin time no change. " " '"' " 'The plaster lost in calcining .-J-TIS grammes, equal to the combined water In 27. 283 grammes of plaster, by formula SO.CaO, 2H,0, there would be 5-710 grammes of water, so that drying ceased when the plaster reached its original composition.' Chatelier in his theory on the set of plaster disagrees with Landrin in his third principle as given above, mai ntaining that plaster will set in vacuum and, 'Chimie Industrielle, 1830. qnoted by Landrin and Grimsle-. ' University Geological Survey of Kansas, Vol. 5, pp. 87, 90. 88 therefore, evaporation is not a necessary stop. His theorj- is, that plaster of dissolves, and becomes hydrated and then crystallized out as (rypsum ; and i particle of plaster goes throuRh these steps." Professor C. P. (irinisley. who of all ino,lern chemists has probably mad most exhaustive series of expi-rimciits, says: " My own experiments a^rce with those given by Lav sier, Payen. Landrin, and Chatelier. in that the s plaster is due to the formation of a crystalline network. The cause of the fo tion of this network of crystals, or the factor which stnrts the crystallizutio the troublesome part to explain, and this has attracted less attention ar investigators along these lines. 'When gypsum i» luru.J it lucnio, ..>; Landrin showed, and as anal prove, Uie hydrate (('aSO.)., 11,(). i'ariKiiac called attention to the fact th the water is added in excess, this hydrate in part is dissoUed, forming fir clear liquid, which then becomes turbiil, and crystals of CaSO„ 2II,0, or sum, are thrown down. Now an examination of those formulaj shows that t parts ot water have Leen taken up by the hydrate. '(CaSO.)., iI,0 + 3n,0=2(CaSO. '^11,0). ' So Hrst the i)laster dissolves . "in contact with the water, as ] drin pointed out in his second princip.v,, and as accepted by Chatelier. N some change takes place, whereby, according to Marignac's experiment, the lit becomes turbid and crystallization begins. Landrin thought evaporation 1 place as a result of the heat formed by chemical combination, and that the crystal was formed which started the crystallization through the entire ni Chatelier showed by exiwriment that evaporation was not necessary, and argued that by the taking up of this water the solubility of the hydrate decreased, and so, on account of the resulting supersaturation, crystallizal ensued.' There is little room for doubt but that the set of plaster is due to the fori tion of a crystalline network. Plaster partially dissolves when in contact w water; crystallization takes place, whether as landrin thonsrht, by evaporat due to chemical afPnity, or as Chatelier argued, on account .f supersaturati the result is the same. The writer not having the opportunity, nor time, during the present inve gation of the gypsum deposits, to make any series of experiments on the set plaster, has depended largely on the literature already published, and has quo freely from Prof. Grimsloy'j admirable work on ' The Gypsum of Michigan, well as other authorities on the subject, with the expectation that those engaj in, or about to engage in the manufacture of plaster in this country will benefited thereby. ' Univer-ity OwoLiBieal Survey of Kansas, Vol. 6, i>. 91. ' U«ol. Survey of Michigan, Vol. I.X, Part II, p. 138. ilaater of Paris un; and every ahly III ado tlie Its ttfin-c then ;hat the set of of the fornia- itallizution, is 3ntion among 1 as analyse.') le fuft tliat if irming first a II,0, or gyp- •ws that three atcr, as Lan- telicr. Next, nt, the liquid )oration took I that then a entire nia*s. iary, and he hydrate was 'ystallization io the forma- contact with evaporation Brsaturation, sent investi- n the set of 1 has (luoted tfichigan,' as ose en ff aged ntry will be CHAPTER IV. Oypinm Depoaiti of Nova Scotia. For many years the gypsum deposits of Nova Scotia, 88 well as those of New Brunswick, and the Magdalen islands, were considered as belonging to the Permian age. It was not imtil Lycll, Dawson, and others had made a careful study of the fossils belonginfr to tliese measures, that they were placed in their true stratigraphical position, foriiiinit part of the lower Carboniferous. The lower Carboniferous measuns of this Province are made up of grey and red sandstones, conglomerates, arenaceous and argillaceous shales, lime- stones, pjpsunis, and maris, the various members predominating in different dis- tricts, but following no regular order. The following section, as measured i.y Dr. Gilpin' in Pictou county, N.S., is characteristic:— Red fissile shales ,, „' Compact bluish linipstone .....'...[... 4 g 'irey marl with nodules of limestone . 01 ? Urey laminated sandstone i J (JyiBUiu with a few layers of arenaceous matter . 17 « Jiruwn marl with veinlets and crystals of gypsum aj J: Ai.naceous limestone, fossiliferous. o i,> tiypeuin '.'.I'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'" 8 Calcareous fissile sandstone 11 " Thf gypsum deposits are not confined ts any particular horizon in these measures, but are always found associated witii limestone, and mnrl. At Cheticninp, Iiuorness county, they occur near the base of the lower Car- boniferous, but farther soutliinthe same county, and on Boularderie islaml.they occur only a few feet below the Millstone Grit. In Cumlicrland county they occupy a position about the middle of the series. At the Inverness coal mines, gypsum is found immediately unlerlying the coal be.ls, in fact, in one of the slopes of this mine, 1,500 feet from the surface, a block of gj-psum was found embedded in the coal seam, but hero the whole scries has been faulted and cannot be considered a guide to the proper position of tiio gypsiferous formation. The best illustration of the irregularity of the occurrence of these deposits will be seen in the lower Carboniferous measures of Hants county, which is one of the largest areas seen in the Province, and lias been subjecte<l to less disturb- ance by faulting or upheavals than any other. By referring to the index map of Nova Scotia, and sheets Nos. 40, 41.42, 4,3, and 45 of the maps accompanying this work, it will be seen that the lower Car-' boniferous, beginning on the west side of the Avon river and crossing on an eas twardly course ita northern boundary, follows the Devonian rocks in a tor- ' Uypsum of Nova Scotia, by Edwin Oilpm, F.G.S., 1881. 39 40 tuou. eour^ to U« Shubenacadie river, and continue, on a„ eastwanily co hrouKh C oI..hester r.u.ny. Th., ..uthorn ci^e wo «„., has for iu boundar, , .to.. Lambr.un «Iatc-s an.l quartzite.. and Devonian slut.-.. Tl.i. urea ha/an tronu. e,..th. a. ......riU.,. o. about .H, „,i,... wiU. , n ...xtron. « ilof .I* „ ^■ti., >";,'"%"■"" "'"."""' *'""""'' "'" ""'" •^'^•^' «'"-' "»l'<-tu„itio« to .t se. .on., the Avon on .he west, with its trihutarie.; the S,e. Cr.,ix, Kenneto and o.nn,«un: the NValton and TennK-a.. river- euttin. in fron. the c and the ShuU.naea.l.e and .t.s tributary; the Fiven.ile river, on tlu- east. ' whole of thm area ,s not eonsidered ^.vpsiferous. hut whereso^-ver the mar l.n,est.,„e ..eur, there will the .ypsun. be' found. It will be notieed that nn of the deports oeeur in elose eoniun.tion with the con.aet of these n.easures . l-..t .t wdl 1,0 not.eed that on dl the rivers, sometimes n.iles from the eon., nnportnnt de,K,sits are found. The Wentwor.h Kypsum quarries on the Cro.x nver are from IJ to 2 miles from the nearest point of eontaet. The N« port Plaster Al.n.ng and Developn.ent C'on.pany. Limited, ha. ..uarries at Av, dale. wh:eh i.s five miles from the nearest point of eontaet It will, therefore, be se..n that, although ^ypsun, in Xova Seotia and N firunsw.ek always oc-eur.s in .1,^ lower ('arbo..iferous n.easures, and that it always assoe.ated with marine lin.es.one as n.endK.rs of the lowx^r Carboniferc l^roup. yet it ,s not confintni to any particular position, and is liable to oecur tlie eontaet. or at any intermediate point. ASSOCIATED LIMESTONE. The limestones of the lower Carboniferous measures are of the marine forr afon. an,l present almost every grade of composition, varying from the high arenaceous and argillaceous to the almost chemically pure. By some writers has been sa.d that many of them ' - a high percentage of magnesia. The la Mr. Fletcher, of the Geological :- of Canada, procured two samples fro, near the gypsum bed of Judique, Inverness county, which showed 15 and "^l « cent of magnesia carbonate. The writer's exiK-rience of these limestones" wit one exception, is that where inuncliately associated with the g>psum they a, parfcdarly ree from magnesia. The exception is the recent analysis of .sample taken from the hmestone belt dividing the gypsum beds of Cheticamp (see analy see. page «) which shows 16.S.3 per cent magnesia. From over fifty of the deposits .n diflFerent part« of the Province, examined by him. sample., by analvsi showed less than 2 per cent carbonate of magnesia. Thi.s. however, is not tru, where the limestones are immediately associated with the manganese deposits winch are oftentimes in close proximity to the gypsum The linu.stone a^ocia.ed with the manganese deposits in Pictou count, showed as high as lO-l., p.. cent carbonate of magnesia, while th.^. of Co c es er gave 28-0.. per cent, and at Tennycape. Hants county, some show as h^ as J5-44 per cent of magnesia carl'on.itc. vanlly course lundnrj- gran- .'B han an ex- i of 1-* mill's, ties to Htudy . Koiiiietcook, m tlio north e east. The tlie marine I that many u-asiin'-j and I that point, the contact, on the St. The Nett- ies nt Avon- ia and Xew 1 that it is irboniferous to occur at irine form- the }iighly ' writers it The late nples from and 21 per ones, with a they are of .samples see analy- y of these >y analysis i not true ' deposits, •u county e of Col- (V as high -',■<•• 1,. 1". Plate V. 3 .5 m Gypsuiii with cnilx-iliied sclenite crystals. 289-1). 40. -3t 41 It seems probable that, as the manganege often occurs within a few hundred feet of the gypsum, the samples furnished by Mr. Fletcher may possibly have been associated with manganoiie, rather than gypsum. The gypsum, particularly in Cape Breton island, is very free from this element, with the exception of those samples which were taken nearest the limestone belt above referred to, which showed small quantities of magnesia. (See analyses page 44). In over fifty sam- ples taken from different parts of the island, only one showed even a trace of magne<<ia. DESCRIPTION OP DEPOSIT8. The deposits present much variety of colour and texti e. The greater part i'l texture may be classed as compact or crypto-crys»^alline, wiih lesser quantities of granular or saccharoidal. In some places considerable quantities of selenite occur, showing folia, sometimes a foot or more across and transparent through- out, as shown in Plate III; and the fibrous varieties are seen in many places associated with the gypsum and marls, Plate IV. Crystals of selenite are often found disseminated irregularly through the gypsum beds. A characteristic example of this is shown in Plate V, usually in groups or bunches, sometimes in veins of importance. Anhydrite often occurs in extremely variable proportions in many of the deposits, with great irregularity, and the occurrence of this mineral, which is practically valueless, with the gypsum, often interferes with the economic opera- tion of the quarries. The following brief description of the gypsum deposits of Nova Scotia, with analyses furnished by Mr. F. Q. Wait, chemist for the Mines Branch of the Department of Mines, is intended to give essentially the conditions of most economic importance, rather than to deal at length with the geological conditions of each deposit, which are very similar and have been referred to in the foregoing pages. For convenience of description and future reference, the following table will show the division of Nova Scotia into gypsum districts, the counties included in each district, and the map sheets named for the locality to which they apply, and numbered for reference to the index map: — 42 TABLE, GYPSUM DISTRICTS Of NOVA dCOTIA. Dutrict. Countie*. D InvernpH and Victori*. Gaysborough and Antigoniah. Number and Niime of Map Sheet I. Ple«»nt bay. 2, Aapy bay. 3, Ingoni.h. 4, Chetica 6. Margaree. «, N E. Margaree. *7. B«»d Cove ma 12, Smth island. 13, Middle Bridge. 14, I>eny8 , »ve Vr'iLt^Vj'''"'^.?"'*'- ^'- ^'- Ann- 21 V S^Z S? ii /' ■'^' ■'*''• 23, Tom river. 21, Black ri 25, Madame ulond. 26, Aakilton. 2S, Madame Uland. 28, A.kilUm. 27, Tracadie. 2S Pomo harbour. 29, Antigtmiah harbour. "=»"■«• •«•. ^omq Hanfar^nd **■ ^l^k."'"';n ^'.''k.^"''?^""?- "^^ ^' Mountain. 39, She naiiiax,ana lake. 40, Shubenac3r<> river. 48. flmxlikle io r".- - Colcheter. 60, Muaquodoboit. f.l. StewilJckeTlver! 6!^Ne*1Sn mifu Hants. ic r.1 I -,1 ^.- ^^""n- 44, Chevene. 48, Avon riv 46, CUrkaviUe. 47, Ninemile river. 48, Elmadal"' 4^Gryriv Cumberland. ^^ Malagaah. 3S, Pug^aah. 34, Philir mines. »,, Nappan. 37, Parmboro. S5, Springh Sheet No. 1. Pleasant hay, Inverness county. Here a small gypsiferous area occurs, but it and a small area at St La' rence bay in Victoria county, which also has outcrops of some importance, a. owing to their situations on the exposed coast of the Qulf of St. Lawrenc without harbours, and, therefore, practically inaccessible, and may be consider, at present of no commercial value, e.xcept for local purposes. Sheet No. g, Aspy bay, Victoria county. Extending from the Atlantic ocean, inland about six miles, in a somewha triangular shape, occurs one of the most important gj-psiferous areas on th island of Cape Breton. Its occurrence, comprising nearly 8 square miles, is ii comparatively low lands surrounded by hills of the older Pre-Camhrian rocks often 1,000 feet in height, and it is practically all und< lain with gypsum. Two rivers, the North Aspy river and the Middle river, run through thii area, exposing cliffs having a height from 40 to 70 feet, and their meadows mak, a very easy gradient from the deposit to the sea. 4, Cheticamp. Cove manh. )■ 11, Mabtiu. Itenys liver. 17, Nyanza. 21, Saunders Black river. 2S, Pomquet 39, ShnrU 9, Gay river, ton mills. ith Maitland. Avon river. 49, Gay river. 5, Springhill it St. Law- rtance, are, Lawrence, considered somewhat ^as on the liles, is in ian rocks, sum. ■ough this lows make 28'.l-|i. 42. 1 43 The exposures are extensive as will be seen by Plate VI. The rock is whit«, ■nd mottled white and grey, compact crystallization showing some little anhy- drite, which carries petroleum in small (pea size) cells at the base of exposure. The following analyses, from average samples taken from the exposures, will serve to show the composition of the rock : — - I °/ 41 30 67 «1 0>2 007 08 10008 It % 33 63 45 28 21 06 000 III Lime Sulphuric kDhydride Water, Ion on ignitiun Imoluble mineral mktter .12 i>7 4U lU 2100 015 Bitume 100 01 100 28 No. I. Anhi'drite showing cells of crude petroleum. No. II. Sample from the McPherson property. No. III. Sample from the McLeod property. At present the deposits are inaccessible for want of a harbour. The natural outport would be North pond, at Dingwall. This pond, which has sufficient depth of water for shipping purposes, has been separated from the ocean by the washing of sand and gravel up from the ocean bed, forming a narrow bar across the entrance, and thus closing to navigators one of the best harbou' on the coast. Sheet No. S, Ingonish, Victoria county. On the north side of Ingonish harbour a small area of 2,871 acres occurs, and although this area is small, the quality and quantity of the gypsum, together with the accessibility of the deposit, gives it coaunercial importance. The greatest exposures, from 30 to 70 feet in height, are shown in Plate VII, and occur at the water's edge on the north side of the harbour, where a ship might easily moor to the rock and have sufficient depth of water for loading purposes. The entrance to the harbour is somewhat 6ilt3d up, and at present will not give sufficient depth of water for modern transportation. The gypsum is a pure white compact variety, free from any exposures of anhydrite, or other detrimental substances. Analysis:— Per cent. Lime X\\2 Sulphuric anhydride 45 88 Water, loss on iirnition 21 ' 10 Insoluble mineral matter . ti22 100 33 Sheet No. i, Cheticamp, Inverness county. On this sheet will be seen a gypsiferous belt, skirtinp" tl.-; metamorphic hills from the mouth of the Cheticamp river on the north to well b low Friar point on the south, a diatance of over 13 miles, and at no place a rre'>ter diat than 2 miles from the sea eoaat lU width varies from about 600 feet to 2,500 feet. The principal outcrops occur on the southeast side of Aucoin or Hill bi about 3 miles froLi the northern extremity, and at Grand Etang harbour, a the same distance from the southern extremity. Between these two points, and their extensions both north and south, gypsum is mostly concealed, but is traceable by the characteristic sink I and hummocky ground, under an overburden of clay. The northern exposures, shown in Plates VIII and IX, on the east sid Aucoin brook, are composed of a series of precipitous cliffs, from 60 to feet high, above the level of the brook, and forming a narrow plateau par to and at no erreat distance from the base of the great plateau of northern ( Breton. The southern exposure occurs near the head of Grand Etang harbour, w the high cliffs of white compact gypsum outcrop near the water's edge. The northern exposures have been developed by the Great Northern Mil Company, who have established a plaster mill near the face of the By referring to Fig. 2, which is an ideal section across the meas at this point, it will be seen that this area alone contains very extei deposits of gypsum, made up of different bed* interstratified with limesl The firot or lower bed, overlying the metamorphic series, consists of a com variety of snow-white and white gypptim; resting on this is a bed of carb ferous limestone having an average thickness of about 100 feet; above the 1 stone is a very extensive bed of grey and white selenitic gypsum. The vt of the Mill brook is all underlain with gypsum, and covered with from a inches to a few feet of red clay ; on the western side the gypsum again crops with 'considerable prominence. le high bluff of selenitic grey and white gypsum is often cut by verl vr t. pure transparent selenite, running parallel to the strike, with veir c ' stringers cutting off horizontally. One of these veins has a width from i 20 feet, and may be traced for at least half a mile. The following analyses will show the results of average samples caref taken from different parts of this property : — I II III IV V VI VII VIII 32- 17 008 18 46 07 32 10 0-40 24 46 74 32 11 023 0'42 4S'88 33 42 tr. 0-20 id Kl 32-23 32 36 tr. 18 H 45-91 IJ-SO tr. 1 2^ 6fti 30 78 86 0-38 32 S6 82 80 1 Ferric oxide and alumin». . Sulphuric anhydride 46 20 ■20-98 46 32 '20 92 1 Water, Ion on ifniition Inaoluble mineral matter 20 76 16 20 03 20 62 20 70 4U 026 026 1 99 41 98-97 99 43:100 00 09 78 99 43 100 14 100 04 1( rter distance [} feet to over }r Mill brook, arbour, about nd south, the ;ic link holes e east side of n 60 to 180 iteau parallel lorthern Cape arbour, where edge. them Mining of the cliff, the measures ery extensive th limestone, of a compact 1 of carboni- ove the lime- . The valley I from a few ain crops out It by vertical with veinlets Ith from 8 to )le9 carefully J a. I VIU IX S6 20 98 S3 80 '46-32 '20 92 28 76 16 83 186 EC 40 92 080 10-88 U 100 04 100-26 28!)-!.. 44. i I! i No. I. No. II. No. III. No. IV. No. V. No. VI. No. VII. No. VIII. No. IX. General average from No. 1 quarry. Sample from the cave, greyish white rock. General average from No. 3 quarry. Sample of the selenite rear of mill. Sample of the selenite northwest of mill. Sample from adjoining property. General sample white rock from No. 2 quarry. Sample from 8 ft. selenite vein. Sample from the limestone vein running through the prop- erty. Sheet No. 6, Margaree, Inverness county. In the valley of the Margaree river occur several unimportant gypsiferoua jreas, which will be known as No. 5, Margaree, l-4l square miles; No. 6, North- east Margaree, 8-60 square miles; No. 8, Southwest Margaree, 3-55 square miles; and No. 9, Ross section, 1-6 square miles. In the Margaree area all the gypsum is concealed by an overburden of clay, except a small outcrop on the shore rear the mouth of the river. The above is also true of Southwest Margaree, small outcrops occurring on Allen brook and Upper Margaree. In the Northeast Margaree area, outcrops occur at Levis farm, Hogsback hill, and on the west side of the river. The most important of these is that at Hogsback hill, where a good white compact gypsum outcrops in considerable prominence, and at Munroe brook, where the gypsum forms a cliff 75 feet high, and the brook flows through it, to the Margaree river. In the Ross section the principal outcrop occurs on the west side of North- east Margaree river, near where Jie Munroe brook disappears in the gypsum cave. Although much of this is of very good quality, yet it is not at all probable it will l)wome of great commercial value, being inaccessible to transportation facilities. It should have some value for local purposes, such as a fertilizer, as the soil of the Margaree valley is particularly adapted for its use, and it would give excellent results on clover and leguminous crops. The following are analyses taken from this territory: — I 33-30 II % 33 00 III "/ /o 30 m 80 40 Ml 1 «V 19 80 6-61 99 49 IV X 82 80 .W V Ijimn Fwrio oxide and •luniin» % 33-20 Sulphuric anhydridn 44 68 46 64 4633 Carinnic anhydridr Water, Kwa on i^ition 21 04 SO 99 22 30 96 30 20 63 0-80 100 24 20-93 IniK>luble mineral matter 9!) 90 100 44 i^Ml V % K) 10 3330 ' ■ie'sa' i » 20-93 100 44 47 No. I. Sample from Levis' farm, Hogsback hill, Northwest Margaree. No. II. Sample from north side of Margaree river, Munroe brook. No. III. Sample from Grier farm, Northwest Margaree. No. IV. Sample from Grier farm, Northwest Margaree. No. V. Sample from Grier farm. Northwest Margaree. Sheet No. 7, Broad Cove marsh, Inverness county. In this section occur three small gypsiferous areas. The most prominent is on the sea shore about a quarter of a mile north of the mouth of McLeod brook, and although narrow it extends northwardly nearly 2 miles. This, together with the other two lying between the road leading to Southwest Mar- garee and the road to Inverness, make up a total area of 214 acre-. These are also, at present, unimportant for commercial enterprise, being inaccessible to shipping facilities. Analyws :— Per cent. Lime 3280 Ferric oxide Sulphuric anh3rdride 4li'20 Water, lorn on ignitiim 20 !t2 Inmlnble minenl matttr 9<J 92 Sheet No. 10, Inverness, Inverness county. Here, having the advantage of the Inverness and Richmond railway, and its probable extension, and their close proximity to the coal mines, the deposits again become more important. At Broad Cove chapel, the outcroppings at the sea shore are extensive cliffs, consisting in the greater part, of a white compact variety, with some little grey associated, and limestone encased in gypsum, as described in a previous chapter, is seen. This deposit lias an area of 84 acres. In the rear of this, about three-quarters of a mile back from the shore and extendintr inland nearly to Loch Ban, is another area of 48S acres. This has practically no outcrops, being covered almost entirely with a heavy overburden of clay. Two and one-halt miles from the town of Inverness the third area in the section occurs, containing 014 acres. In this some very prominent outcrops can be soen. ,Tust le'ow the big trestle, at a point known as the Laurie quarry, the outcrop has a height of 45 feet above drainage level. The rock is a white compact variety, mixed with a dark grey shaly variety having rusty stains. Above this about one mile, on the Mclsaac lot, an outcrop shows more even texture and colour, principally white and compact / t^M 48 The following are analyses of samples from this section: — I % 33 00 46'm" 20 90 II III Lime % 32 20 ■20 4600 20-60 90 % 33 Ferric oxide »nd alumina 46 Water, Ion on ignition Inaoluble mineral matter 2U 100-46 99 90 luo No. I. White compact from Laurie quarry. No. II. Dark grey shale from Laurie quarry. No. III. White compact, llclsaac lot. Sheet No. 11, Mahou, Inverness county. In this section there are numerous gypsiferous areas which ani more or ' available for commercial purposes. They comprise a total area of 6-55 sqt miles. At Finlay point, on the sea coast, and about one mile north of Mabou < mines, occur cliffs of excellent white compact gypsum from 35 to 50 feet height. This area ext'jnd* along and borders the sea coast for nearly miles. The exposures here are large, and every indication points to an tensive deposit of gypsum of a quality suitable for all ordinary manufactui purposes, but the sea coast is rugged, and very little protection could be giver shipping. To operate this deposit it would, therefore, be necessary to make shipping point at Mabou harbour, a distance of 31 miles over a rather diffi( pass. At Mabou harbour the most important deposits are located, and known the Col. Snow property, and the Beaton property. The rock is exposed in cliffs from 45 to 60 feet high, and consists aim wholly of a white compact gypsum, with smaller quantities showing microsco crystals of selenite. Small quantities of anhydrite may be seen at the base the cliffs. Following east to Hillsborough, and south to Southwest Mabou, large gy ferous area? occur, but consist in the greater part of concealed measures. La outcrops of a very soft, grey, and dark grey, granular gypsum, suitable only land plaster, occur at Hillsborough. At Southwest Mabou the rock is similai texture, and ha« associated with it fine crystals of selenite. * 49 1U0'2» more or less 6-55 square ' Mabou coal } 50 feet in >r nearly 3 J Its to an ex- anufacturing 1 be given to to make the ther difficult id known as isisis u Iniost microscopic the base of large gypsi- ures. Largr ible only for is similar in The following analyses of samples from these different deposits will show the composition: — n i in IV % Lime Sulphuric anhydride Water, low on ignition Magni>sia ] . ^ Inr«ilubl« mineral mattr ' 6'40 32-80 46 (HI 30 85 % 32 80 46 2U 20 83 33-88 4t 36 20 87 90 !» 30 luO 15 50 99 61 32 92 46 24 2l> 87 V t VI % 33 40 46 28 20 46 trace. % 33 00 46 61 21 20 lOO 03 • 100 13 9» 81 No. I. Sample from Hillsborough, light grey, with heavy red incrus- tation. No. II. Smnple from Hillsborough, dark grey, soft granular Xo. III. Sample from Beaton property, white compact variety. No. IV. Sample from Col. Snow property, white compact, with crystals of selenlte. No. V. Siiniple from Finlay point, white compact, and free from selenite. No. VI. Sample from Southwest Mabou, very soft, granular, with selenite crystals. She<^l No. 12, Smith island, Inverness county. On this sheet occur three small gypsiferous areas consisting of 212- 8 acres. The largest and most important of these is that of 148-8 acres, on C^aith island. This island is situated about one mile from the mainland, and opposite Port Hood. Its topography is low, and the exposures, which in the greater part are on the exposed side of this island, appear as extensive be<ls associated with shales and carbonate of lime, and may be traced from shore to shore by broken land 11 nd pits or sink holes. The gypsum occurs in alternating layers with the carbonate of lime and marls, the latter carrying oxtensive quantities of fibrous gypsum. At Ragged point, ai .it Cape Susan, at one time, was an area of consider- • il'le importance, which i ^ been, by erosion of the sea, divided into two, hav- ing a total area of fi4 acns The occurrence here, like Smith island, has few outcrops, and the gypsum and limestone are closely associated. Large quanti- ties of marl are also prominent. The close proximity of the.«e areas to the railway and coal fielda makes them desirable for manufacturing purposes. Sheet Xo. IS. Middle Jiridfje. Inverness county. On the southwest Mabou river, and on the Mill river, small isolated gypsi- '■■■■-r-~ sFras -jT-iir. r-oniprising a total are» of 150 a<-i-e>. They are practically L M all concealed, and, like Smith island, arc iissociated with carboiiatp of lime reddish marU. and those, like the j-imiiur deposits at South (Heiieo*'. arc considered conimeroially imiH>rtant. Sheet A'o. H, Denys river. Incerness county. Practically joining slieet Xo. l(i on the <>ii>t. and sheet Xo. 15 on the si there is a section known a.s the Denys River seition. It comprises a total g ferous area of lG-41 square miles. The (rreater part is made up of eonceule<l measures, mid can only \>c ti by surface indications. The outcrops are few, the principal being near below Munroe Bridge, where the cliffs rise from 10 to 4.'> feet above the sea '. consisting of a grey and light gre.v, white and mottled white rock. Associ with it is seen a dark grey Carboniferous limestone. In texture it i-^ a equally divided between compact and granular. Its composition is shown in the following analysis: — Pff o-nt. l.ime %I'17 Sulphuric anhj'ilride '!....!....!....!...!.. 45 42 Water, loaa on imition 20 tW Inauluble mineral matter q<,3 lUO 15 The evidence in other parts of the area where covered, is in favour of a white compact rock being concealed, but this can only be proved by a seri« test pits or bore holes. The position of the whole area on the border of the Bras d'Or lakes i desirable, that it is considered important, and worthy of complete inveatiga Sheet No. 15, Malagawatchkt, Inverness county. On the south side of Denys basin is a narrow gypsiferous area skirting shores of the Bras d'Or lakes from ifcKenzie brook on the northwest, to a half a mile southwest of Mathesons wharf, and continuing southwest by numt small islands and peninsulas to West bay. In this area of fi-44 square ni including that portion of sheet N'o. 16 southwest of Denys basin, numerous crops of gyi)8um are seen as at Plaster island, and on the River Denys i (leorgp island. (Jreen island, and Floda island. Many of these outcrops are of little importance, being low and having small quantities above sea-level. Several, however, have sufficient promin to be considered as available supplies. The exposure on Donald McKinn farm. River Denys road, has a height averaging .lO feet, with a length of feet. This deposit, and its extension 2J miles northwest to Pli island, shows probably the most important deposit in the whole area. At Pla isla' 1 the exposure is from 10 to 41) feet in height on the shore, and cove;i area of 4 to H acres. In texture and colour, this rock is a -^oft white compact variety, ha' some anhydrite associated with it. 61 o of lime ai d 'iicoe. arc iii t on the south, a total K.vpsi- iiily l>c triiced iiig near and ' the sea level, c. Associated 'e it i-i about 'iT o-nt. 33 17 45 42 20 U3 03 100 15 our of a (?oo(l by a series of )r lakes U >o investijration. ) skirting the rest, to about t by numerous square miles, lumerous out- Denys road, d having but t promincncr McKinnoii's ength of -27? to Plaster . At Plastei ind cove; a an riety, having The following analyse;' are the result of average samples — Xo. 1. from the McKinnon outcrop, and Xo. :.', from the Plaster Island outcrop:— I II 33 33 33'70 4."> 00 45 25 20 75 2«)-7« 3d OOJ Sulphuric anhydridf Water, Uws on ifrnition [[ Intu:>luble mineral niatt^r . . ^ /' \ !» 41 90 77 6heel No. 16, Wcuhahuck peninsula. Victoria county. This area inclurles the deposits at Slclvinnon harbour, Ottawa brook, Wnsh- abuck river, Xineveh, Little Xarrows, Mnciver point, Deadnian puint. McKay point. Boulaceet harbour. Lieutenant pond, lona, Jamesville, Red point, and south side Whyeocomagh ba.v. The total area is 25-54 square miles. Here all varieties of texture and colour may be found. The exposures are many and large. Anhydrite oc.urs frequently, outcropping in large irregular masses. This is especially trur at Xineveh, and at Washabuck, the former showing a perpendicular face of »» to m feet an.l a length of over 800 feet. At the latter place it shows on a road leading from \Viishabuck river to Little Xarrows, for nearly a mile in width. At Ottawa brook, the Xewark Lime and Cement Company, of Xewark, Xew .lerse.v, T.S.A.. started operations in lOOH. They have oi)ene<l up several de- posits, and built a railway connecting them with their shipping pier, constructetl on the north side of (Jreat Bras d'Or lake. The rock at some of the jwints 0|iene<l up, although a soft white conipn. t variety, shows much disturbance, being badly liactured and fobled; due to loc 1 pressures— probably the conversion of anh.vdrit. into g.vpsum. At aiiother point, only a few hundred feet distant, a dark carbonate of lime is seen graduatii.g into g.vpsum. The lower left corner shows the lime, with streaks of snow-white gypsum. The right and upi>cr side is a soft white compact variety of g.ypsnni, showing very little disturbance. The composition of these two associated rocks is seen in the following analyses: — II Lime M»(fneiii» Ferric oxide Sulphuric anhydride Ckrbonir anhydride Water, l<wa on ifrnition . . tnnoluble mineral matter. 33 50 46 33 21 15 10 % 51 27 0-46 30 04 40 78 0-86 «34 10007 i 10000 289— 4i M At Little Narrows (gouth side), on the properties of M. J. McAskill mid widow McAskill, very large exposures are seen. At the latter the face is about 100 feet high and over 600 feet long; the rock is an excellent quality of soft white compact variety with but few irregularities. It is situated on St. Patrick channel, about one mile from the shipping point, to which a practically level route could be secured. Composition is shown by the following analyses: — Per cent. Per cent. PV^u'- L-V.-. 33.10 3367 Sulphuric *nhjrdnde 4000 4fi 00 Water, Io»« on JKnitinn 21 16 20 7<t Inaoluble mineral matter 2-J 20 100 70 100 57 On the north side, at Little Narrows, the measures are concealed l)y an over- burden of clay. From Maciver point to Deadman point the deposits are not considered, at present, to be of any commercial value. This is also true of the greater part of the Washabuck river. East of Boulaceet harbour, although no exposures are seen, the indications on the surface are rather encouraging, and further inves- tigations may develop a property of considerable commercial value. At Lieutenant pond, and at lona, exposures are seen near the sea shore, of sufficient area to make them of considerable value. The greater part of the rock is a soft white compact variety, with smaller quantities of granular texture, also some grey and blue rock are perceptible. Anhydrite also occurs with some prominence. The following analyses show the results of samples from this rock: — Lime Sulphuric anhydride Walter, lo8.-< on ignition . . . Inaoluble minenU matter. % 33 20 45 (iO 21 06 IS 100 01 II /o 40 16 fi5 60 4 62 13 100 41 At Jamesville, high precipitous cliffs of gypsum and anhydrite cccur, which are in -icture and colour very similar to those at lona. The Intt>rcolonial railway .see this deposit and separates the greater part of it from water ship- ment. .J in the rear, and in close contact with the gypsum, stands a perpen- dicular wall of Carboniferous limestone, which has been quarried for commercial purposes. At the south side of Whycoconiagh bay, bounded on the northwest by the St. Patrick channel, and on the southeast by Denys bo»in, is situated a gypsi- ferous area of 0'78 square miles. The surface in<licates that the greater part of this is underlaid by gypsum, and that it is covered by an overburden of clay of varied thickness. Several exposures are seen in this area, the greater part of which is composed of a. white compact variety, with lesser quantities of granulated white and grey, with some crystals of selenite. Very little anhydrite is shown. An attempt was made about 40 years ago to operate a deiwsit here, known as ' The Boom.' and one cargo of good white rock was quarrietl and shipped, but the unfortunate loM of the ship and cargo l)cfore reaching its destination caused the discontinuance of further operations. Analyses of average samples show: — __ : Oranu- ! Utxl I I % Lime. j 39*33 Sulphuric anhydride ..'.'.......'.......',.'.'...,'..., .1 45 72 Water, louon ignition. .!........!...."! aO'86 Insoluble mineral matter '.'......,......'. Oli I 10009 100 84 At McKinnon harbour, the measures are nearly all concealed. About li miles east of the harbour there is an exposure showing a face of good white com- pact rock, .TO feet in height. The samples from this show the following com- position : — Per cent. Lime 00 . , Salphnric anhydride [..[[[..l....."... ...][..'] .. 46 04 Water, loM on isnitioo . 2U'70 Insoluble mineral matter ,, ,, .............. " -36 100 2a On the south side of Red point and between McKinnon point and Oyster 1)011(1, occurs, in the bluff of the shore, a mixture of gypsum and limestone, asso- ciated with selenite,. having large transparent plates or crystals, covered with a very plastic smooth red clay. The colour cf the rock varies from a dark grey nud mottled, to a pure white, having a compact texture. The clay carriw small iwrticlcs of gypsum, and might be classed as gypsite. The following are the results of analyses of samples taken from this de- posit: — M Liim .. . Feriio oxid* kod ■Inmiiu. Sulphuric uihydride Cwbonic aBhjrdrids. Water, k>M on ignitkm. . . IiMolable minentl matter. M 88 Utt 0-96 «>'7« W r.40 100 00 II »» tr. 43 16 S4» 90 8S l-«0 in SS«7 tr. •M 77 IV % n» 10018 10 80 40 l»'84 lot 00 100 1 No. I. Dark grey with particles of eelenite. No. U. Orey mottled. No. III. Pure white. No. IV. Seleuite. Sheei Xo. 17, Nyanza, Victoria oounly. Thig section, together with Middle river and Baddeok river^ comprises total gypsiferous area of 14-60 square miles. With the exception of three poin the whole is devoid of outcrops, and has an overburden of clay of varying thic neM. At the rear of Alex. McGregor's house, a small outcrop of white granul rock appears, having a height of face from 10 to 20 feet, and an elevation 60 fe above the sea-level. On the road near Baddeck Bridge small hununocky oi crops are seen, having a belt of Carboniferous limestone running through t centre. On James McGregor's farm, near Baddeck river, another outcrop of few acres occurs, but both this and the preceding outcrop have so little ele^ tion above the sea-level that they are considered of little commercial value, I yond the fact that they may be used for local manufacturing. In the conceal gypsum areas of both the Middle and Baddeck rivers, high elevations might d velop deposits of great value. The composition of samples taken from the expo^ure^ are shown in i following analyses: — Lima Sulphune anhydride Water, Iom on iKn't.on . . Inaoinble minenU matter. II % «2 9» 46 fin 80 H8 % 3S i; 46a 20 » 100 47 100-41 No. I. From near Baddeck Bridge. No. II. From James McGregor's farm. ^^ IV 7 7, M«7 7 ■ JO-92 ow 4 100 10 II i 1 % 3S17 4638 SD9B r 10041 K Sheet Xo. IS. I'otI Hevii or Big liarbour. Vii-toria county. From Baililpck bay <>ii the west to Ht. Ann bay uii tlu; east may be con- sidered as one ountinunu.s tryi>^if^'oui ^>^ haviiig an area of 15-H3 square miles. It contains many important outcrops of both gypsum and anhydrite. On the short* of tin? (ircat Hruw d'Or lake, we«« ff Port IJevis, extensive cliffs of anhydrite i>ccur, uiid have been referre*! to in t Impter 11, am! shown in Plate XI. Another cliff. 70 'i-et high and «{S<) feet lonjt, is thown in IMute X. The promi- nence of thi.i mineral is greater on or near the shores uf the lake, and iiKain at the contact of these measure* with the older rocks, and may be a conversion from gypsum by metamorphic action. The farther it is iwssible to get from these points the freer the deposit seems to Itc from anhydrite. Thus, it is seen that the best expo<»ure« of it.'* psum are found at the head of fiaddeck bay. about 1 n ile from deep water shippiiiK. where very little disturbance is apparent. Tbes<; exposures occur in a valley where there are extensive outcrops of soft, white, compact gypsum, without any appearance of anhydrite. At the rear of Margaret McKeniic's grant, and about 1 mile from Mc- Donald point, similar conditions are seen; also on the farm (>' Alex. McKenzie, iicar his house, where a large bluflf covered with clay has been tested to a small t'xtent, and although onlv about 100 yards on the east from the exposure of iiiihydrite shown in Plate IX, and from a similar exposure about one-quarter of u mile to the west, this particular bluff, which shows but little disturbance, has evidence of being a good variety of gypsum, and no evidence of anhydrite. Extensive outcrops are also seen at South Out. 2 miles, and 2} niile>» west of South Out; also at K )rth Out; but associatc<l with theae are some prominent exposures of anhMlrit.\ At Port Bevis a few >ea'-» p ' ■ 'he Victoria Oypsum Company carried on extensive operations, l)ui ow'r .. o c -.-easing occurrence of anhydrite at depth, the place was abandor(>d !l.>- >'.=.> true of a point west of Piaster mines, where a small quarry r .-.is ■■>'■. j v.o. ■ years ago (1876) by Mr. Duncan Mac- Donald, of Montreal, v.:,;- ■■yH-:; .i!i..ually about 5,000 tons. It has been noticed that both of th, ■ <,•-.; i in the region of most disturbance. The following ana^vx-.- v,- )• ;. ov\ t'v composition as a fair average from this section : — Lime Salpharic anhydride . . Wstfir, Ion on ignition. Insolnble mineial water % 83 80 46'W 31 07 18 II % 88-77 44 63 31 06 0-37 100 13 I 9A 73 III 8810 63 16 8 73 036 100 34 IV % 88-60 46 46 30-70 030 99 96 56 AJex. McKeMie', howe. *"*' *"» Na IV. Sample from new South Gut «- of 232 acee. The point at.„T , 2" "^ '*'""' •"'"^' ''°»''--« * And^w, w,...H.o«d„atu.x.::„;;::n -^ --- ^- «- The deposit is ni«,Ie up of ^yp^um „„,i k «um having ,r..ter pro„,iL„c ' ThT Zt 7 Tf "'.'""•' """"""'• ^''^ ^^ wth so.e j^, .•..ermi.d. a,, a eompar.^ ti;"" ^ »•'- ^" -.our The following analyse. «how the eo„,p„«,tion :- Linn. ^Iphuric «,hy<lride.'. water, luMimi^itiun Iii«jluble minenJ wmUr. . . .'. ' 33 24 46 08 aO'86 O'SO 89^ S3 as ••5 93 »»2 10008 ^lieet Xo. 20. St An,, i:\.t ■ '■ Aim, I tctona county. Pl«c. tho measure, are „|, ....„..,„,.,, ^ „, ' „ ^ ,1 "•'' '•''"^- ^' '^ ^-^-er oy ran from their shipping pi,.r „, „ '' '" ".t"ate,| .11 ; :'" ■; *'"'^; "«•" «-.v .1 mot,, . ,, . -^j "-'. P";"t. The roek i, ^' - true ,o „ ,l..pth of ;w „. p, f^„. ,'"'''.• >"" "rHTation, „rovo rhu -i^...^ on the floor of the .p.arrv a.'.h , l " ''"' ""'"'"•'' "^ '^O^. whi o ir 83 38 45 98 aB82 2m;i |i, nfi. •7 Lime. ■ r 0nie nxKM ifau Bnuii [ Sulphuric aab^dride W»ter, loM on i|«ition . . . . Inioluble minenl nwtter . 4380 tr. 0616 on 80 100 49 II III % ssao X 32 87 46 US 30 68 030 lOO 86 ; 46 14 20 73 02 99 76 No. I. Sample from floor of quarry. No. II. .Suniple r.i mottled white. No. III. Average sample from stock pile. .^A«.< No. 21, Sa.nders cove, Cape Breton cou.ty. On the south side of lioulanVrie i.«la.,d an,! n ,„;. ., I ,m":„::2r ■"■■"■■ ""■°' "'■;" "'-'"■" ^» '«-' !!, :t^ I The hmestono at th.s point o-eur. Loth above and below the ^..'IT Sh.et Xo. ag. East ha,. Cape Breton county I Fa.t Iv^ ; - '"'.'" '■■•"" ''"'" """"• ■^'""•^"'^- "■ the head oi f-a^t Kv. there ..s u «.v,,.,ter..us an-a .-..inprising 2.40 ».,„ar.. miU f . I'.iix.rtanee. It is ea.silv ae<v,sil,l.. „■ 1 I ® "^ °"""'' ■ l.i.-h nvn, I ««<<.-Ml.le. and s|,„ws un exposure from :.'<) to .1.) f«et l'i«h o^er a lar^-e portion of its urea. The greater n„w f ,l , ■ The following anal.vses show the re«iilf» , f a. • . ,l..posits:_ '""^ """**'"'""'f s^oi-aKo "amples taken from these I.ilnf. I^ul|.lmric»nliydride,''.." » iiijT, I.MH on iimition. . . iriwilul.lH miiicnl iiiatt«r I fi mcijxKje 12 ■a M 10 .11 62 4"> aft 42 98 211 HB 20 44 007 am 0H6 Nos. I and II. Fr - i 99 SB 90 97 V ,,, . . '""' "■* '"'^" '^•'''°'"'' "' ^ *>««'' of Kast bav -No. Ill Anal.vsis of (he dark variety from north ,ide .,f Ka.t'bnv. no 87 58 >V/.W \o. ^J. Tom ,iv,r. Hkhmond couul,,. On tlie ^DUthpust side of (Jn-nf l*,o i'i\ i i ■ «."".. ...i... ....,H..„ ;,.:. ;:r.. ri "; t ;:; s^'r--^ r "' ' ia"-t c :;:;:::: :r;j,r ""'IT ''-'r^ -^"^ •"^-- -- shipment. '"'" "' *"'''*''"*^- •""! '^ --'>• — ible to «at. ^T*"^ '""«'""'« '""'I.vses SI.OW the ..v.-ra^e „uality of the roc-k:- Lime Sulphuric anhydri'iiH' ,[[' ¥ 'f"!,'""""" '(f'tit'ii. liuoluble minenil nwttt'r 32 85 M 64 20 98 IS 100 6B II % 34 04 44 28 21 07 0-87 loom III % S3 ir.' 46 M 20 111 2i; 100 k; '""o-et Xo. m. Richmond count/,. N.S. elide J: a^:;;tn;r :zr;s ;o^- .a..p.„.. „„, „«, „ and are principally „„ the bai.ks ,f , ^''^ -^"''P^ «'« prominent, n^ile. fron. it. „,outh. T..e reat^t^ft rr.athl ' '"''''• ""' '^ Small ..uantitie. are eo.oure.l with the oxide of LI ^ '^""""^ ^'"'"^ the e?pL;t-" "■"""' ^"""^ ''' '-""^ "^ - "-•^^ --P'e taken fron. Lime Ma^wis. . . Ferric osidn and alumina. '. . Sulphuric anhydride. Water, luaa iin i|;niti(in. Inaoluble mineral matter. Per cent. 32 11 tr 44 4& 82 20 SB 48 '^lo-"! -Vo. -;. .}fadame Mand. Richmond county. 99 21) H.ohl!::d:'r\h:rr;r ;? "- '"•'^'" °^ ^'"•^'- ^^-^^ ^"t of ,.,.„ Pirau. harbour in (uK.; . " '""'"''• """^ " ^^''^ '™-» '»-P-it "-ar square n.it. '■"•^^'"'^-"^'" '""""■- "'"•<-. a total ,yp,ife,„„, ,^„ „, ,,,, i«.anr':,:'i^:rh':itft"*' ''"^"^ '^ '■*" -' "^ ^-^^ "'•^^ -^ ^•''- <iuare m.Ie,. The outcrops of gyp^uin i,. this .re« having m..-t M HI .r...n...,..o ..„. .t,.uu.l about li mile,, «e.t of U.„„ox F.-rrv landiuK «.r.- .„ area an,l have ,. height of fro„ :m to 70 f.,.,. Ucr.. year^ a^o „ r l!:.....on of Newl.ur.l,. X.nv York, o.^rafd a ..uarr.v. un.l ..ported lar^e .,......rt.e« of the .Tn.le .....terinl to the r..it...l State. The «.vpsu.„ i. „ white .■..n.,net var.e.y; hut it ha. i„eK..Iarl.v a-.^iate,! with it. ...ueh anhvdri.e 11.. oec„rre....e of ,h,- „.„.eral. no ,hu.l,,. had nu.-h t., .h, with the eh.sin^.f the ..uarry. although there -till remain lar^e ..nu.mtie. of ^ood K.viMum. This to- ......r «„h excellent natural shipping faeilities. and the increasing .len.and for . . Koduef. should U. an inuH-tn. ,„ r..„K>n and ...n-rate this extensive area. Analysis: — /-. S3 (r_' 46 M 20 !•! 2i; 100 N- LlBle Sulphuric Knhydridc. Water, Iom on ignition . IiMuluble miiuiral iiisttrr. Per cent. :u 33 45 32 20 92 II 22 9» 79 Other small expo«u«»« oc-cur on Evan, inland, and Freeman island; also at <arl,on head and north ,.f Port Kiohn.„„d. hut the.e have little prominence. s-m1 evidence of ardiydrite ^-ives then, little commercial value. A smaller area, hut having more prominent exposures, oc-curs about L'l .".les ea.st of the town of Arichat. Here a whiu- c.n.pac, variety of gvp M,m ,s ^n .n the side of a hi^h hill, which would ^ive a working face of about'vs ':' ;■' .""'''.•, A"""-'*"*"' «•'"' «»'- the- ;^ « sHiall ,uantity of blue anhydrite. whMh diminishes somewhat the commercial value of the deposit. .\iialysis of (fypsiini from Arichat:— L.u.e ''•"*""■ Magneiiia .T2*! Ferric oxide and aliiniiiu <• '3 Suluhuric anhydiidf 14 Carbonic anhyilriJe . 46'47 Water, li)« <>n itniition <* Inauliible mineral matter 90 00 008 99 64 Sheet Xo. ?0. .Ukilton, /nrcniM, ami Richmoml counties. In this section we have what may be known as the Hastings area of T.'S |..r... at Port Hastings: the Bc-aver Dam Lake area of l.« square miles on the l.rder „.e .,f i„ve„,,,, ...... ,ii,.,,„,.,^.,, ^^,,„,,,^ ^___ , ^,^^^^ ^^,^^ ^^^^ '■> lo.nt Tup,H.r: the Askilton area of l.s square mil.v,. at .Vskilfni, .ij mile, r..ni the Intercolonial railway, or about .i miles east of Port Ha.sti„gs \lso a -nail area about U mil,, south ..f A.^kilton. ..f .«),. acres, on Inhabitants nver The Inhabitants Kiver area, ..n.l the Heaver Dan, Lake a«,a have verv little m„>ortance. In-ing situated in low ground. The Beaver Dam lake is only trace- >1 60 abb by the pit* or kettle hole*, and hummocky ground. In the banks of Inha) tants river small uutcropti are seen, but both areas seem to be covered heavi with olay. The Hastings area is small. The greater part seems to have been erodt by the sea, and now forms a small inlet or cove having a floor of gypsum. Tl gn'eater part of what remains is in outcrops from 30 to 60 feet high, showing variety of colours and texture with considerable anhj-drite. The Askilton area is the muxt important in this section from all points view. It has large outcrops, some as higli as 70 feet above dr^inaite level, ai the greater part is an excellent white compact variety, with smaller quantiti of granular. The Strait of C'auso, the naturu! outport for the d«'i".!.it — being an oih port all the year — makes this ileposit desirable, e!*i>ecially to those who expo large qunntitics of crude rock, as it is the nearest do|>osit to a winter port the Province. The following analyses from samples i.f the lUfferout ileposit* will serve show the average composition of this rock : — I I 11 ; i III IV V Lim*. Sulphuric »nhydridi> Water, luu on iKnitioa luwiuble miii«r»l matter. % , 40 48' 65 48 3 !I0 44 .. 33 80 lU 86 % .•B 20 46 S2 an 85 14 M'20 45 M au«5 100 77 0/ 33 ' 45 ( W t ' { VMM 1 99 74 1 10051 lOOl No. I and II. Average samples, llastiiigK area. No. Ill and IV. .\vera!te >aniples of white <-<nr.iiml. Askilton ares No. V. Sample "f tlic Kraiiular. Askiltcm arcii. OVPSL'M DISTRICT ' B.' Sheet Xo. S7, Tracadie harbour, Anligouish county. Sheet No. iS, Pomqmt harbour, AntigonUh rounty. Sheet Xo. 4i), Anligon'mh harbour, Antigoimli county. The gypsum deposits in thi-< district, although for convenienfc shown i three map sheet*, are all IiicIiiiIimI in one gypsiferoiis area, consisting of ov 12.') wpiare niilos. and practically continuous. It is, therefore, deenieil advi able to consider them together. RcfiTring to this district, Dr. Iloneyrann' says: — 'Succeeding the oonglm eratcs of Antigonish mountains, end reposing directly upon them, we have lini riiilwl Stati'K, luntitute of Natural Science. Vol. I, 'old seru»,, I'ait 4, p. 1 61 » 3S 33 »i 46 M 20 tKi O'.lii rrj 100 54 ■ stone of consiflpriible tliieknoss. Su<-<-e«><lin(if tliese Iiiii»wtoiie«, we li ive an onor- nious bed of f(.v|Hiitn. It^ Ic-UKth is nearly vi\uBl] to that of the iiH»<x-iate<l lime- stone. It apiiears ut the fork* of .1 nines river and the Ohio river; it pasm^K over nearly in the courw of Junies river until it reaehes within one hundre<l pace* of Uie limestones; its mountain !ii<le runs parallel with the limi>!4toiies, Hraley brook running lietween and alouK the bottom of the abrtipt mid lofty gypseous j wail for about 3 miles. After parting with the bronk tlu' gyimuni piir- I 8ue~ it^ course until it reaehos Kighl river, nearly a mile north of the town. After an apparent brtuik of J miles, it again ap|iears on the east side of the Sugar Ix)af, and prooee<ls onwanls into St. (ieorge bay; its land terminus t>eing Oitden's lofty elifT.* In the above we have the deacription of tho iii>rth«>ru boundary, about H! miles in length. Its breadth varies from 2 to t> miic«. or more, and is made np of alternating lieds of gy|>sum and CarlMmiferous liiiiestoiie. It stretches ^outh- wurdly through the liarbnur, :iii<| up the west side of South river, and continu- I iiig southwardly may be traced by >ii;k pits uiid eonical numnds. umbT the town of Antigoniah, and thence to West river, where it again outcro|<s. and terminates against the metamorphic hills on the west side of the river. r<iming back to South river, these measures branch off more southerly to St. Andrews and Glenroy, and thence eastwardly, following closely the oontaot between the lower Carboniferous measures and the metamorpiiic rocks, to Barri* head, east of Traeadie harbour. Although large quantities of gypsum ar» found in the southern i.iid we^-tern part of the district, which at some future date may l>e considered important, yot those nearer the east and the northeast, pcrticularly in the vicinity of Antiguii- isli harbour, are much -iipiTi .r: in fact it is very difficult U> timl exposures U'tter both in (pmntitv aii'l quality, many of them being over 1<>I feet high, -<ime twice this height, and '"vering an extensive area. Miu-li of the ri"'k is the very b*st white ''oniitaet. havii.g the appearance of alabaster. If 1- regrcttnl'U- that, v ^ ilt- tin- unn cniitain- practi<'ally inexhaustible <iUi\:i- titie* of gyp-i-mi M the very best <|Ufllity. it is inaci-«».*«ibli' to transportation facilities. The principal harixnir ' Aiitiironish i like llu'se licscribi (! vn the east coast I'f Cttpp Breton islnnd — has • lilieient depth of water f. »hip|>ing, but is silted up at its ontranre by simd that prevents water trans|>ortatiun : while the long rail ban' by the Intereidniiial railway, which passes thro i^h part of the distrii-t to the Strait of ransi), makes trnii.>iportation 1p.\ it itrohibitive, esiK'cially for iTU'le material. Ttie dlstai to Muli;i:ve. the iiearitt port, is nhout -f* miles i.\Psr.\l IHSTKHT I). ^'hi-i't Sn. 40. Wealrillr. Pietou couiitti In thif sectiiii two -iimll gypsiferous areas occur, comprising a total urea of •"1" acr<>s. The larj^er is alxMit one mile north of the Pietou coal Holds. It is ■ ut liy the IntcrcoK'niai railway (Pietou Town RrniiiVi). .and the Intcrcoloninl «a Coal Coinpuiiy railway cnimei-tiinj thtiir luiiieu with their -ihipping pier at Grar, ton. This area, togellier with tlie j-iimller <>iie, 21 miles farthiT west, coi fcirts priiifipally of ooncealeil iiiea»iiro!'. nindo up of alternutiiig thin lied* v Carhoniferoim limewtoiic. ^t.v.'^llIn, and imirU; their value <'<>ii>i!<t* in Iwinir sic Kiblp to ^hippinx faeilities md their close proximity to the eonl fioldn for innni; faeturinft purpoi>e)t. iSheet .Vo. J/, Jlrirlgfiille. PIchu rounty. ()u the Nova Scotia Steel Company's branch railway. •'■ mile- south • Ferrona Junction, on the Intercolonial railway, a L'ypsiferoui nreii ..<-curs. coi KixtinK of i-'.i-J square miles. The exposures are more prominMit than those '• Shi-et No. .30, hut they iire 1>* miles hy rail from a shipping port. The rock consists of a compact white and pink varietv. "howinj? c.nsiderab anh.vdrite, referred to in Chapter II. Sheet .Vo. 3S. Ecul mountain, Ookhetttr eounty In this section, \i miles fr.mi fhe railway, arc tour small i-nlut, areas known as the S. HwhU- area, comprisiuK -.'n acrtw. mid consistii of a soft grey gyiwum, whii-h has l)eea utilize<l to -omc extent ii- a fertiliwi and the (leorKe Thompson area, !MI acren, the exposures consist inii principal of a translucent anhydrite. There is. however, some evidence of alabaster bein here, but so much of the measures are concealed that it is ditti<Milt ti. make at' exact determination. This deposit is JA miles fmni the railway: the -lam Clifford area, K acres, measures all conifale<l. M inile« from railway; and tl Elisha Archibald area, !>5-2 acres. The rock here <i.ii«.ists of a >now-white cii pact variety, with some snuiller <piantities showiujf Kraiudar crystallization, al some alabaster. It is 11 miles from the railway, and if the alabaster proves be a prominent constituent it may be cousidere<l of coinmereial value. i>im» .Mkgnesiii ... Sail huric anbjrHridr Carlmnic »nhy<lrid». \V»t«T, liMu* on ignition 20'63 lnaulul>l<! n.incral iiutt«i ... Ill IV S,'* 12 41 30 100-48 28 99 84 33 M) , 33 : . .. .| 0-' 4.^ 1« \ 45 i 0' 20 04 i 30 1 92 !.. .. •Kt'fM !« . Xo. I. Geo. Thompson: associated with lurtic M"aiititi f |)ure wli anhydrite. No. II. (ieo. Thomp-nt pure white anhydrite, assi,<iatc.| with No. No. III. K. Archiiiald : white compact. No. IV Siimufrl Iloocle: irrpyish-wbitf. Sheet .Vo. J9, Sliort» lal-e. Colcheiiler eounhi. In this Mctiou there ix n large. to)-tuuU!>, KM'xift'routt urea nt' <>vor l.'i squiin- miles. It is the eusteni extension of ttie liwer Carboniferous tncusuroK dt'scTiho 1 nil page 39, which extends westwardly a^^r i«s the ShulM>iia<'ii(iie river and throu^ih llaiits county. The topography at this purtii'uiur location i.^ Kciierall.v low mid level, and although there are some outcrops < f proniinenve. very much the greater part consists of conceale<l measures. Hcfrinning at the northwest corner of this sheet, on the farm of John Irwin and the udjoiniiiK pro|>ertic> situated almul :!J niil<« east of the lu'adwat«T^ nt ilu' ('<>lH><piid bay, ■iciur *onic "iiiall iiutcr<i|>s. Here the gypsum varies iiiiM-h jn colour and texture, and •bo«- an excetts of carl>onate of lime in its compo->ition. As far iis i-onid 1h' obs«<r\«sl if is only suitable for fertilizer purposes. Following the line of eoiilact easf- warilly at ililden, miles west of the Intercolonial railway, outcrop^ of blue iin.l white, of botli ,'ranular and compact varieties, «how r:ti\> Icrable pruuii- iieiH'c on the estate of .lames Morgan, (''ontinuing southwardly aii<l ea-.lwardly, nnd "Tossing the railway near Brooktield. we haw uuiiierous outcrops of more or loss prominence, on the fan - of l.«Miiar«l farter. .Ianie« l.iikluirt. Alon/o l.iK'khart. John McCuIIik'Ii. aixl .1. ,F. .*snook. The gvp-uiii here i- more rejtular ill (|uality ami texture, but where it mM'ur-^ elo«e to the contact it usually shows considerable anh.vdrife. AlK>ut 1} miles south it again erop> .mt < ii the proin-rty of Robert lleiijamin; and at rpp«'r Pleasant valley also, south and \ve-t of Shorts lake; and again at [..ittle river, east of the railway; on the Stewiaekc river; and near llamsey |>ost-office, on Wallace brook. Fnless, by testing, some .-uiwrior Viiriet.v of irvpsum shoiiM Is' discovered, as, for in»tane«>, snow-white or alasbaster — which is tpiite probabb' — this ^vtion can only be eonsidererl commercially valuable for a manufacturing industry for local purposes. 94 M :80 >! s :8 ■4 S5* 8i :S Rf ;< 3 a -3 a. i 6C o ■g I o eg u e 1 s a S3 -9 :SS p Ms 9$ S: S" ecj«3>b R s 3 .9 :S 1* ia ;« is ;9 :« l§ iass Is ;S — s ■Si ■■S-O.S-S* ■ I o 5 S fc."9 66 No. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VUI. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. Icionard Carter: anhydrite oocurrinf in cIom eontect with carbonate of linie. A mixtuBu of liirht p-ey and white, from Uonanl Carter'n. Jameij l.ockbart: white, compat't. John ll(<,'iilii)<L'ii : white, com|met. Kolicrt E. Ikmjamin. white, and greyi»h-wh'»c. J. J. Snook: a re«i pinkish mixture aMociated with niarU. Hobert E. Benjamin : blaok compact, !M>nicwhat euluninur in utructurc. Alonzo Lo<-khart: soft white Krunular. White granular, from John Irwin. White, Mtreakcil with red, from adjoitiini? property. Samples from Kenne<iy farm, Pleaiiaiit valley. Hlue. from JanH-x Morgan CNtate at Ililden. White, from James .Murttan entuto at Ililden. Sheet Xo. kO, Shuhtnaeadie riicr, Cokhetter and Uanlt countie: At the mouth of the Shulx-naoadie river, on the east sidt-, oceurs a black- CarioniferouH lim«r.toiic, known hh black rock, carrying iimall veins of manga- iiite. Succee<linK this is a series of soft marls and sandstones, filled with veins of reddish fibrous gyiwum running in all diriH-tions, and it is not until Pitch brook is reachetj that we meet solid gypsum exposed in prominence. Here, about 1 mile from the sliore. occur massive beds, which extend alm<ist contin- iii'UHly eastward to Heaver bnjok, ami to Irvin lake, devrik-d in .Vo. :J!t. At Pitch brook the gypsum is light grey in colour, and has a compact texture. Many years ago the dejiosits were oiH-raUnl. and the product exiwrte.! to the I'liiled States. At n«-aver brook the nxk is a compact white variety, with s-inie iiittbnster showing in some of the exiKw-uni*; however, anhydrite has prominence. .\sccnding the river on the western side there is a small area known as Stephens urea, where a goo.1 white compact variety of gypsum is s«vn, assoj-iated with soft reddish blue marls. Here is the largest deposit of fibrous gypsum known in the Provinces. o<'curring in veins running through the marls in all directions, often 1-'" and IS" wide, anil when clenne<l from the assm-iated marls is very pure. In 1WJ9, these deposits were operate*! for the fibrous variety, nml a mill was crp<-te«l at Noel, 1.'. miles from the deposit, at a cost of $12,(>i»(>. for nianu- fiioturing the prmlnct into terra all>a. These works were destroyed by fire the following year, and all oiM>rations abandoned. Proceeding up the river, on ihe west siile, the next ileposit of importance is that of Capt. .lohn (Jraham, just above and opix>site Kaglcsne.st point. This, formerly known as Big Kock. presented a snowy white front to the river, and f"r many years was o|M>rate<l for export purposes. It is a massive bed arranged in layers and bent in conical shape; the base ami interior .showing anhydrite, and the whole resting on a base of Carboni- lon.iw limestone. It is here the Windsor aeries of the lower Carboniferous 2.H9— 5 MICHOCOTY KSOIUTION TBT CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) \2A Ui §22 U£ 12.0 1.8 1.6 j£ APPLIED IIVHGE 1653 East Main Street Rochttttr, New York U609 USA (716) 482 - 0300 - Phon. (716) 2M- 59S9 -Fox crosses the boundary line (Shubenacadie river) into Colchester county, and i this point it has a widtli of less than 1 mile, and west, about li miles, it tapei to a mere connecting link, but soon widens again on the Fivemile and Kenne cook rivers. Proccedin(j; on the western side of the river, 1 mile south of tl Fivemile river, again the gypsiferous area is met with in prominent outcroj of gypsum, which are almost continuous for several miles. At Rose poin I'rbania, and Admiral rock, massive white beds are exposed on the river ban! from 40 to tiO feet in height; and not only at the river bank, but from one t thret! miles west prominent e.\posures occur of excellent quality. Crossing the river nci.r Fort Ellis point, and descending again on the easter side large exposures are seen ; but not 'in such prominence as those on the oppc sit<? side of the river. At Green Oak, on the property of Thos. Phillips, larg and prominent exposures of white, snow-white, and bliii gj-psum occur, in com liaet cr.vstallization. This propert.y is near the river, where shipping facilitie are good, and in the pa.«t was operated quite extensively. Again, on the propert of G. \V. Dart, and Tupper Fisher, outcrops occur, but here an excess of cai bonate of lime is shown. The gypsiferous area included in the above descrip tiou is l-i-14 square miles in extent It will be seen hy the above that in this section there is praetically an un limited sujiply of gypsum of good quality; and at one time considerable busines was (lone exporting the crude material, but many causes have militated agains the successful operation of these deposits. Operations were carried on in th (lays of small sailing vessels owned by those who were familiar with the tides o the Shubenacadie river, but as the size of vessels increased, and before th steamboat was known on this river, the plaster trade became controlled by a few and these deposits were tJie first to suffer. To those interested in this trade i ma.v be worthy of note to mention that the tide at the mouth of the Shubena cadie rises 30 feet in three hours and recedes in the same length of time. A Eaglesn(»st point the bore at high tides is often 10 feet high. The following analyses will serve to show the different qualities of rock ii this section: — % 36 80 0-40 M 44 H 73 II III From Beaver bn>ok— Lime Ferric oxide and Alumina Sulphuric anhydride . . . % 33 20 " 4r. 40" 20 79 33 72 4B 66 Water, losa on ifmition luboluiile mineral matter 2094 95 99-87 100 39 100 01 No. I. The interior of a boulder of anhydrite which has been exposec for about 'IH years. " II. An outside coating about 1" thick taken from No. 1. " III. White compact variety of gypsum occurring in the same do posit. 67 KrDm I'itch brook- Lime Suliihjrii; unliyflriiltj .. Water, loan on it;niti<in. . IiiMiluble mineral matter I II *=/ "" ys 80 32 HS 45 72 44!I2 i 20C,0 2<f47 1 1 30 1 70 i 100 42 9!! !)7 III 32 20 44 (14 2(1 44 2 30 !»9-68 IV 3.1 HO 44 H2 20 M HO IrtO (H! Xo. I. Gregory Yuill: grey fibrous. II. (Ircgory Yuill: grey massive. III. Coiistino Wheolofk: dark grc^y with riidinting structure. IV. Samuel Creelman : light grey, massive. h'rom (Jreen Oak — Lime Ferric (>«ide and alumina. Siil|ihiirip aniiydriile Wa(er, loss ori i);nition . . . InHuIiible mineral niattet-.. II 33 20 47n4 lit 22 .10 !)!( 70 33 20 (t 4(1 45-28 20 liO 80 lOO 34 III 4 4> 2 ,Vi 4 24 5ul 7!»-52 IV 32 80 4() i(i 20 W 32 !I2 40 4i"i !(► 21 OO 95 07 9!l !»0 !»-48 V;. Dart. No. I. General sample of the rock from property of (i II. Sample with dark bark-like incrustation. III. Clay mixed with the gypsum incrustation. IV. Pure white, granulated, from the property of Thos. Phillips. V. Pure white, compact, from the property of Thos. Phillips. Ill II in /o 33 72 "■<« oo" 20 94 085 inn-ni Lime ■Magnesia Ferric oxide and alumina Sulphuric anhydride . Carlionie anhydride Water, loss on iirnition . . limcjluble mineral matter. 32 92 tr. tr. 46 44 20 93 20 100 49 32S0 tr. 40 24 tr. 20 <•>,-) t 00 100 09 38 40 tr. 1 60 54 44 ' 5 7B tiO 100 80 No. 28»— 5J I. A snow-white, compact sample, from the Stephens property. II. Soft greyish white rock, from an ...posuro on Capt. John Graham's farm. III. Anhydrite, from same location as No, 2. 68 Sheet No. JtS, Elmsdale, Halifax county, and Hants county. In this ^Pitioii we have one of the largest gypsiferous areas in the Provii comprising 5") s«,iutre miles and containing inexhaustible and valuable depo of gypsum. Prominent exposures oecur about 1 mile >outheast from Ei dale station, near Keys corner, and li miles farther on. Follow the contact northeastwardly and lying unconformably witli the Oarb feroas limestones, on the Camhriun ([uartzitcs and slates, are several outer of soft white, greyish white, and blue gjpsum. Three miles northeast of El dale and east across the Shubenacadie river, quite extensive deposits of \ pure selinite occur, near a very dark gypsum outcrop, known as the Black R gypsum quarry. East and north of :he Intercolonial railway, at the Home settlement on shores of (irund lake, further deposits of selenite occur, with more or less pre nent deposits of gypsum; and again at Ninemile river, 6 miles from the way, what is probai ly tl.e most extensive outcrop of gypsum in the whole sec occurs on the Tlio npson property. The outcrop is more than a n.Le in len and has a maximum height of (iO feet. The greater part consists of a w compact variety. These deposits, however important, are not considered c mercially valuable on account of the distance from Halifax, the nearest s ping port. Sheet No. 1,9. Gay river, Halifax and Colchester counties. Gypsiferous 75-60 square miles. Sheet No. 60. Musquodohoit, Halifax county. Gypsiferous area St -88 sq miles. Sheet No. 51, Stewiacke river, Colchester county. Gypsiferous area ISM sq miles. Sheet No. 52, Newton mills, Colchester county. Gypsiferous area 22-32 nq miles. To the four albove mentioned sections, containing in all an area of 14 square miles, very little attention has Iteu paid. There is no question but they contain many of the largest and best deposits in the Maritime Provi but their location being far away from any means of transportation, desi their commercial value. It is not pleasant to think of such extensive <lepos great purity being inaccessible, 1 ut a glance at the maps will show that be a few deposits on the northwest portion of Gays River map, all others are i from transportation facilities, miany being from 18 to 30 miles from the ne railway connexion. Should the i)roposed Halifax and C.uysborough railwi constructed through the Musquodohoit valley, it will materially improve the tion of many of these deposits, and be a strong incentive to encourage man turing in this district. CYPSl'M DISTRICT E. Sheet A'o. il. South Maillo-xd, Hants county. The eastward continuation of the Kennetcook K'er valley is the valley of the Fivemile river, both rivers having their origin in cij^<> proximity, the Ken- iictcook flowing westwardly to the Avon, the Fivemile. river eastwardly to the Shubenaeadie. The Dominion Atlantic railway (Midland division) follows these vallej's for nearly :i<) miles west A the Shubenaeadie river, which makes th« fypsum deposits in this section very accessible. On this sheet there are three gypsiferous areas, comprising a total of 9 si|uare miles, The most important of these is that at Latties brook, which is a continua- tion of the Windsor series eastward. It is here that the Windsor Plaster Com- pany has a quarry and gets a partial supply for its calcining mill at Windsor. The quarry is situated near Burtons station, on the south side of the railway, and has an exposed face 4<) feet high, covered with from 10 to 15 feet of clay. Attempts have teen made, with a considerable degree of success, to remove thi* flay by the hydraulic method. The rock is a white compact variety, well suited for the manufacture of plaster of Paris. This bed may be followed westward for some miles, but there are only a few outcrops, the greater part l>eing concealed under a heavy over- burden of clay. North, about 1 mile, near the public highway, p;-ominent out- <Ti)ps are again seen, but the nwk is not as good in colour or texture as at Bur- tons. Going east from Burtons we meet precipitous cliffs, from 75 to 140 feet in height, and over 2,000 feet long, on the Lawrence property, at Andrew Hayes (known as The Cave), and on the Royles property. On the Geary property, about 150 feet north of the railway and having a strike about parallel with it, is another exposure, with a length of 1,400 feet, and an average height of 85 feet. On the Hayes property, the upper parts of the cliff show considerable dis- turbance, and are badly folded and contorted ; while near the base the beds are more even in structure. The rock on this face shows considerable anhydrite, hut on the south or opposite side of the ridge, where the rock bus more covering, it is a good white gypsiun. with some greyish white and blue associated. The face continues westwardly, with practically the same height, to the Lawrence property d has a stratification more horizontal and even. In other condi- tious it .nilar to the Hayes property. On the Geary property, the rock aitnin shows disturbance, with eonsider- al le anhydrite, and veins of dark carbonaceous and reddish gypsum of inferior Muality cutting through it. The naturol shipping ])ort for the deposits of this area would be the Shube- inioadie river (distant from 3 to 5 miles), but it would necessitate the con struotion nf a shipping pier above the railway bridge. Unfortunately, not suffi- cient attention was given to draw efficiency in the construction of this bridge. 70 and the provision then made for this purpose is not suitable for modern sh pir.;7; and, therefore, makes what would Ix; otherwise dtsirable gypsum proix ties (not only the above described, but s^cveral others on or near the Shubeii eadie river), practically inaccessible for export purposes. The next area of importance is that at Olcncoe, which was montion'^d in t description of slict t Xo. 40. It is to the south, and some distance from the v. ley of Fivemile river ami on very much ! 'sihcT ground. The sliippini? p( for this is on the Sluiboiiac die river, iibout 2 .niles above the mouth of the Vi\ mile river. (ioiiig north on this sheet to Selina. near the head of Cobequid bay the occurs a small isojate<l gypsiferous urea of 1-7 square miles. The topograpl of this is generally low dike lands. hm.I th. outcrops, which have but lit! prominen<'e. occur alout 2 miles from the shore. The rock is a grey slaty stru ture, with small ([uantitics iif white granular. The followiip analyses will give tlii" general average composition of e posures in this section : — Lime I SitfiO Magnesia ! tr. Ferric uxiile and alumina Sulphuric anhydride 65'20 Carlnnic anhydride 78 Water, loss on igintion 405 Insoluble mineral matUr tr. 11 III 34 20 35-60 40 46 (i8 40 37 Ma 6-5S 17 ?5 17-30 0<.>2 2 20 99-(a 9i> 35 100 00 IV 34 20 I 38 80 VI % 33 32 VII % 32 *• 40 45 60 1 53-40 tr. 20- 10 8 05 40 100 3U 100 65 2S 46 48 20-ti5 -12 1 4o-« 20 4 1-C 100 85 , 100 6 Xo. 1. Andrew Hayes property, from ".igh face near cave. II. Andrew Hayes, south side. III. Burgess property, Glencoe, dirty dark grey. IV. Burgess proiierty, Glencoe, soft white, slightly granular. V. From the Garry property, or Midland railway. VI. Windsor Plaster Company's quarry at Burtons, soft cdtopac rock. VII. From Selma quarry, grey slialy variety. Sheet No. J^, Noel, Hants county. This sheet besides .showing the continuation of the deposits of the Kennet cook valley, where there are several important exposures of gypsum similar ir quality and texture to those that have been described in this valley, also shows a northcii gypsiferous area belonging to the Windsor series. This branches ofl ri.ATR XIT. VII 32 % 32fc0 •2tt 1 '4d 1 12 45 U4 ■tiO : ■12 20 44 ItiS O'Brien ciuarry. shorting |ii|w or blowhole, also structure of rock 289- p. 70. 71 from the Keiiiietcook vtilley iiciir Utirtoiis, and f^ll \vs a wnstwardly course s-kirtiiig the oMer Dcvoiiiiiii nx-k, to thp Avon rivf r oii the west, and ^orins the iiiirtheru houndury of the lower (.^arhonifcrous hasin of Ilaiits county. In this section important exposures of all varieties occur. .Nfany of them, hinvever, beinjf so far away from transportation facilities, are not considered coinnicreially valuahle. Amon^ these may he mentioned the deposits on the IVtite river, those on the West Hranc'h of the Tennyeape river, on Robinson brook, and those east of Xorthfielil. tojjcther with those in an isolateil area li miles north of the Kennetcook river. The first to be considered are those at Noel lake. Here the (jypsum out- rrops on both sides of the lake and shows beneath the water in the lake. The L'reater part of the deposits apiK>ar as a white compact variety of excoUeiit iliiality. In some places anhydrite occurs, in a form peculiar to this place, not in veins, masses, or IkmIs, but in round spire-like pinnacles iirotudinsr throutth the jfypsum. On the west siiie of the lake the O'Brien Company has been operatinj? for a few years, and exporting the crude nick to the United States. The quarry is situate<l in a hollow between 30 and 40 feet below the surrounding country, and lias a height of face equal to that depth. It is drained by natural watercourses tlirougli the ro. ';. The top of the rock is covered with blow or jjipe holes — one shown in Plate XII — which is ."JO feet below the surface. This figure shows the structure of the rock in thi- deposit. At the east of the lake, on the property of .T. S. O'Brien, some develoimicnt work has been dore, which has proved the existence of large quantities of gypsum of excellent quality. The pre>c!nt systen. of transiKirting this rock to the shipping pier (3i miles distant) is by horses and wagons, which makes an excessive cost. A line of railway, • ry easy location, is proposed for future development, and, if constru- r tko this property one of the most desirable on the ^inas basin. Till ^sit of importance west of the above is one situated in the rear of Minasviuc, about li miles from the shore. This property has an exposure averaging 50 feet in height, and over 1,500 feet in length. It is a good white compact variety of gypsum, showing but few irregularities. The topography of the country between the shore and the deposit is such that it would be dilfieult and expensive to construct a railway connecting the two points, but it hag been proposed to make Tennycape harbour the shipping port, and build a railway to that point, a distance of 3i miles. Samples have been taken from the above described deposits, and the res are given in the following analyHes: — I II III I Linui... % ««0 % as'oo % 33 90 °/ ■■■ ii'ei' oao 48 96 0-30 46 33 lis 90-06 Hulphuric anhydride Carbonic anhydride Water, Iom on ignition Idw>1ud19 mineral matter 41 ( W-80 030 14'W 060 « 100 44 •9 66 100-43 W No. I. From J. S. O'Brien property east Noel lake, white to ai white compact variety. " II. AverPTO sampb from the O'Brien Company, west of ] lake, greyish white, compact gypsum. " m. Average sample from the Minasrille property, cooqiaet, w to snow-white. " IV. Best quality from Minasville property, <now-white, cam) oheet No. iS, Walton, Hantg county. Following westwardly from No. 42 the gypsum can be traced almost i tinuously, by outcrops and other characteristics, the whole length of the g; ferous area, which in this sheet consists of 33-7 square miles. The most imp ant deposit is that at Walton which is shown in Plate I. It is one of tht deposits in the county, having a face 100 feet high, and may be followed, a constant exposure, for over 2,800 feet, and continues for miles with a sc of extensive outcrops. The Walton deposit, which has been operated intermittingly for near century, is now producing from 40,000 to 50,000 tons annually; operated by Albert Parsons. The rock is a greyish white and blue compact variety, sho^ comparatively small quantities of anhydrite occurring in lenticular veins rounded by gypsum, graduating with increasing or diminishing promim into each other. At this point the pipe or blow holes are very obaracteri leaving a circular area, with perpendicular walls and rounded bottoms, rock, where excavated, has no covering of clay, and everything, except for material, that will not pass thi;ough a coke fork, is shipped. The deposit is ( ated 1 mile from the shipping pier and the rock is hauled there with hi and carts. At present the whole output is taken by Messrs. J. B. King & Co New York, and transported by this firm in its own barges. Plate XIII sha barge loading at the Walton shipping pier. d the results II IV IS> % S3 00 rW i 33 1 15 9-66 46-98 0-66 l>'49 loo-n liite to Bnow- ?e«t of Noel impcct, white ite, compact. I almost con- of the gypsi- most import- of th> -^ePi 'oUowed, ««itli with a eeriee for nearly n srated by Mr. iety, showing ar veins sur- ; prominence haracteriatic, ottonu. The zcept foreign sposit is situ- 3 with horso3 [ing & Co., of Xni shows a S 3 i 12 -p. 72 "1 — I r III IV Liniv , uao 40 00 % 3940 n S3 >Vrric oxide and aluuiina Sul|ihurlc MihjrHridi CiirUmic anhydride 020 46 84 030 S7 ••! ■" 48-JB tr MM oao IW 44 033 44 W I 7li Wttt«r, ItHW un igmitioa 17 40 300 1 60 OM 19 BO Innoluble uiioml matter 48 MM W90 9g« Ko. I. Averaga gaiuple from stock pile at Walton quarry, light blue compact. " II. Anhyde from Walton quarry. This rock has a very sandy appearance and ' full of grit. " III. Sample from first if el above and east of quarry floor, at Wal- ton, bluish grey, compact. " IV. Sample from South Mountain deposit, at Walton. Sheet No. i4, Chevene, ffar.is oaunty. By many it has been cuiisidered that the gyp«iferous area occurring at C'tevcrie was a continuation of the Windsor and Shubenacadie series, but this is not correct. They are separated by over 2 miles of intervening Devonian rocks at their nearest point, which is near (loshen, shown on the eust side of the "heet. fheverie, consisting of an area of 4-.3 square miles, is situated on ( outli side of Minas basin, about 6 miles east from the mouth of the Avon, has Rood water transportation facilities. Here operations have ^eeii carried on intermittingly for many years. Outcrops occur at the sho. . , in high cliffs, associated with much anhydrite, and carbonate of ''me in c'c '-.jntact. They also have prominence, and have been operated iu th past, abou* a mile from tho shore, where the rock appears to be freer from inesularitien. The present operations are carried on at the shore, at points known as the <'"ve quarry and the Upper head. The Lower head occurs about one mile dis- t;iiit. on the north side of Cheverie creek, in a small isolated area. The Cove quarry, shown in Plate XIV, is about 500 yards from the leach where the shipping pier is located. The gypsum is covered with clay from 10 to 15 feet thick, and underlain with anhydrite. The gypsum and anhydrite graduate fr(m one to the other without any particular line of demarcation. On the right of this illustration is shown a tunnel, oiHjncd for underground mining and to develop deposits on the opposite side of the public highway, which runs near the face of the quarry. In Plate XV is shown the V per Head quarry, which is on the beach and a few hundred yards east of the shipping pier. The 74 liisrh tides of the Bay of Fundy do the work of cleaning the quarry, by was the debris nway from the roek. This ro<-k is principally anhydrite with ! gypsum intermixed. The Lower head is a very similar rock to the last, but carries petrol in embedded cells, from which small quantities have been collected du blasting operations. With this as partial encouragement, a company formed to bore in this section for oil, and a record of one of the bore holes. d,..vn about half a mile from the shore, is given in Vol. XV, p. 161 AA, of (ieologicol Survey of Canadn. A section of this boro hole is shown in Fif It is interesting, as it shows the occurrence of gypsum at different depths, greatest body of white gypsum being between l.'iO and 371) feet from the face. It is unfortunate that no record is given of the dip of the rock. The following analyses are from samples taken from this section, an.l serve to show the composition ; also an analysis made hy Prof. F. E. En hanit. of Syracuse, X.Y., and kindly furnished by Mr. A. A. llayward, of II fax. of the brine f • jm the Chevcrio I ore-hole mentioned above:— I 11 III IV V V Lime Maune.ija . • Ferric oxide and ahiiiiin,i. . . ! Snl|ilmric anhydride /o 1 /o 32 80 1 32-72 ''' 6'ic' 40 80 % 32 60 Oik 42-20 0-52' 43,32 •J 3rt 1 70 3 .30 /c 31 2 58 16 46 68 tr. 20 75 CariMtnic anhydride tr. 20-80 ' 14 ^V ater, loan on ignition. . . . . . Insohible minernl matter 20 -(in 20 1-55 l(i 8 27 100 16 100 09 1 100 51 100 51 100 10 100 No. 1. From east side of tunnel in Cove quarry, Cheverie, snow-wii compact. II. From opposite side of same tunnel, much harder, but not hydrous. III. Aidiydrite from base of Cove quarry, Cheverie. IV. Top rock from Cove quarry, Cheverie, soft, white, compact V. Rock associated with gypsum. Upper Head quarry at Chevci VI. Dark carbonaceous rock, overlying gypsum at Cove quar Cheverie. y, by washing ito with some ies petroleum lected duriiig ompany was Dre holes, put | 1 AA, of tlie j vn in Fig. ;!. | t depths, tlie rem the siir- ek. ion, and will ?. E. Eng.l- ard, of ILili ! VI 20 31 jn 52 2-411 32 14 W ■M l(i 7.") 70 8 411 :w 27 30 «| 100 la snow-white. but not au- compact. at Chevorie. ove quarry. '•-'^9-1,. 74. Fli:. 3. 19 The following is an analysis of the Cheverie brine: — Specific gravity, at 15° C, 11387. BciolU by weight Per cent. Calcium sulphate 0-3957550 Calcium chloride 0.5152726 Magnesium chloride 0-3261256 Ferrous carbonate 0-0027988 Sodium chloride 16-8279620 Total mineral matter 18-0670140 Water 81-9320860 Total 100-0000000 An Imperial gallon of this brine contains: — Qrains. Calcium sulpWate 316-46433 Calcium chloride 410-74208 Magnesium chloride 259-96628 Ferrous carbonate 2-23704 Sodium chloride 13414-16587 Total mineral matter 14402-57560 Water 65310-97440 Total 79713-55 Sheet No. 45, Avon river, Hants couniif. Total gypsiferous area, 70-56 square miles. On both sides of the estuary of the Avon river extensive deposits of pyp- 8um have heen kiown since the early discovery of ' ■ country, and some of them were operated over a century ago- Beginning at Summerville, on the east side, and Mount Denson on the wesrt side, and continuing up the river fo; a distance of 8 to 10 miles, or until it meets with the irruptive rocks of tlie Ardoise hills, is the width here of the lower Carboniferous measures in wliicli the gypaum deposits occur. These measures, which extend eastwardly, ami are described in the opening of this chapter, carry, almost without interruption, gypsum deposits as far as the Shubenacadie river. Many of the operations of the past in this section have been, for varioiu reasons, aibandoned- Few have made any attempt to operate below drainage level, and water has driven them out. Many of these deposits have an ove^ n l.iinien of clay, and owing to its increasing thickness, became too expensive to ni«.r,te under existing circumstances; in others the prevalence of anhydrite has been discouraging, and concenti<ation of trade has had much to do with ^lo^iIlg out small operators; but not even in the quarries with the oldest history can it le said that the gypsum Lecame exhausted. Starting again at the northwest angle of this sheet, near Suminerville, tliore is an area on the east«ide of the Axon, which by erosion of the river bank has been divided from the main body. It is known as Grant's quarry, and was operated for many years, but, although situated within a few hundred yards of til., shipping pier, the rock dipping eastwardly under u heavy ovcmurden of ojay made operations too expensive, and the place has been abandoned. The ck here was a very fine white compact variety, showing a few streaks of black ii regularly di»tributed through the white. The black was high in carbonate of iiiaKiiesia, and carried some bitumen and iron pyrites. A short distance above Summerville occurs the next outcrop, from which a i^mall quantity has leen taken. It has a small area, and is of little import- ance. On the west side of the river, a few miles farther south, at Mount Benson, extensive cliffs 40 to 60 feet in height occur on the banks of the river and extend out on the beach to the river botto.-n. The greater part of the expomre here a|,i»ars p.s anhydrite, but much of the concealed measures show evidence of a softer rock, and part of the rock on the beach is an excellent varie.ty of gypsum, 'vhiie, with a fine compact structure. Prominent outcrops are also seen on the Scott estate and on the Hannah property, letween the shore and the main road leading to Windsor. At the former place is one of the old quarries which Was operated many ye'ars a«o. It has a face exposed from 50 feet downwards, and much of it is white and blue frypsum, of a good variety, but associated with considerable anhydrite. On the Hannah property the principal outcrops are anhydrite. West of this pro- l>erty, about 1 mile from the shore, at the Duck pond, an extensive exposure H seen, from 41) to 60 feet in height. Much ,of *ho rock is harder than that alloved by the scale of hardness, yet in composition it is a true gyp- sum, white and compact. At Lower Falmouth there is a prominent exposure n. the old qu«. V at Young's, and continuing on to Falmouth many outcrops occur. The most extensive is on the Glebe property, situated about IJ miles from the western shores of the Avon river, opposite Windsor. Here the gj-p- simi exposures have an average height above drainage level of 55 foet, and cover an area of several acres. Easy gradients could be secured from the de- posit to the shipping point, and this, with a good white and grey compact rock showing but few irregularities, gives commercial value to the property. Con- tinuing southwardly from the above, the outcrops are again met with on the llauf on property, but the gypsum, especially that occurring in lower ground, ia irri-rular in colour and texture. This is another abandoned quarry. 78 The followinK analyses will show the general average composition of t: g.vpsuin in the Mount Donson and Falmouth section: — II III IV VI .'II VIII I> % % Linif 3'.' 23 3fi M 32 30 32 17 34 (W 3G !t<l 32 231 32 30 3<; Maniiisiii tr. tr. tr. tr. tr. tr. tr. ' tr. n Ki'iricdxidi- and alumina O'KO 0-10 20 24 00 42 0-2M 12 ii Siil|.liiiric anliydriclp 45 02 5232 40(11* 44 04 43 1'.:; 52 MO 45 27 40 ^M 41 • 'arlmniu aiihyilrid.' O 5« o 5!l 015 1 S7 2 11 51 Xti ON 4 Wat.r, l()>» on i^nitiim 20 55 10 20 20 "O 20 1.") 10 5:p « !)") 20 ;<3 20 0."> Is Ini.ilulili' niiniTul iMBttff 20 4<> . . . ::0 U ;Ki 21 0-4X 10 (p 100'2)i loo 4tl lOO'OS 'J9-83 !tU"2. iW W 9;i 43 !K.» ?3 102 : ' I No. I. Whi'u- compact rock, from the Scott estate, Mount Deii^nii. II. From Hugh Hannah prop<'rt,v, at Duck pond, .Mount Dtn-'^ " III. Snow wliite. compiict vaiicty, from the sliore hclow high wai mark at ilount Donson. " IV. Soft wliite rock from Younn's old (piurry, Lower Falnioutli. V. (ircy rcK'k witli snow-white .streak, from (Jlebc proper! Falmouth. ■' VI. White rock from II. Hannah property near the shore. " V,ll. Snow-whit«i compact variety, from upper (piarry, on IIoiim pro|)erty, Falmouth. '■ VIII. The best from Hanson lower cpiarry, Falmouth, uneven i colour and texture. ■' IX. Dirty greyish rock, from same location an No. 8. Crossing the Avon river to Windsor on tiie eiust side we are on the lii- toiic ground of the g.vpsum industry of this Province. Hero the gypsum 1h il lie ahnost parallel, having a strike east and west, the northern ond souther boundaries converging slightly as they near the Kennetcook valley on the en.'^ The greatest distance across the strike is about 6 miles. The most souther operations are those of the Wcntworth (iypsum Company, at Meadow quarr: while the most northern are those of the Newport Plaster Mining and Develo| ment Co.. Ltd., at Avondale. Witin'n the town of Windsor what was the most important deposit knowi (now abaiidored). is the old I'ellow quarry. This is an excavation about sOi feet long. I.IO feet wide, with an average depth below the street level of 40 fiel It has been estimated that about .50(),(X)0 torus have been exported from thi quarry. It is now more a i)oint of scientific interest than an economic propotiitii'u The anliydrite occurs here in lenticular mas*^cs from 2 to 10 feet thick in t!i( centre, and from .W to T.'i feet long, embwlded in the gypsum. Crude petrohnin has also licen reported as occurring in large cells, in nodules of gypsum foiiiu in the day which formed a covering to the deposit. tion of the VMI l.\ 32 30 3t; I'll tr. II .'It la II '.HI 4ti FM 41 :f.: OH ^ M. 20 Cm I^ .;ii 10 11 U !KJ P.UOJ .V) Den< III. nt 1>. I- II. high Wilier r nlnioutli. (i- ' propcrlv. arc. )ll IlilllM 11 si, unovcii ill u the \\]<- psuin 111 il> 1 soutlicrn n the cii.'^t. t aouthrrn )W quiiir.v. i Devclop- )sit known about >-0i) of 40 f.ct. from till' 'i ropo«iiti..ii. ick in tiic petroli'iiiii mm fouiiil N i H9 ■ 1 i^^^i -3 ^HBHH >!1tV4 ^^^Hv^H^^^I ^^^^^^Hi. J^^^H^^^H i ii: il 1» One and • quarter niileii »outh of WiiidRor there are what were kuown an tlie Wilkiiis and Iledik>ii ciuarriw, Umg Kinw cUmod. ew-ept for Hmall quantities I1..W Ix'ing uiied for oalcininu iiurpon*.* hy tlie WindHor I'laxtor r.mipan.v. Hc(finiiinK with thi« oiwrutinn* on the douthcrn Ih'<I,, the first is the Xova jSnititt (iyiwum Company i|uiirrv. ut Tlint-niilo plain*, riii* is sitiiuU".! al.out :il niiUit from Wind^^or, near the Dominion Atlantic llailwoy Company's line, .11 «hi(h the ro«'k iH trani«portc<l to Windsor for export purpo««'s. The rwit i« I an <x<eihnt white, eoinpuet variety, liavinff u uorkitiK face *> feet in height Ll.i.ve <liflin«»{e level; hut it has a heavy overburden of eluy, avera«in(f .io feet I ill llil<-kiieiiii. ThiK is eonsideieil the extreme limit of elny that can U- niovtHl priiHtui>ly by the present meth.Mis of operatinif; that is. 1 foot i.l r-!ay to 1 ]U<»t i.f fiiee. An attempt wns niai'e to mine this rmk, liut >utfi.'ieiit height of ta.v rould not be ae^urcil without the use of pumps to make it an economic I |irii|K)sition. A South of this, ahout half a mile, is the Meadow .luurry, owned aiul o|)er- iit.d by the Wentworth (J.vpsum Company, and shown in Plate XVI. Here the ..k iuis no coveriiiK of clay. The surfwe is very uneven, beiuR cov, red with I ki ttle, pipe, or blow holes, and us usual, where the tfyi>«um is fn-e from lover- Um. fhe first few feet of the expost-d surface is bailly <li«inte(?rated by atmos- 1 1 1 < ric action. ( n the eiiftern Me of the quarry the face is 7.5 feet in height, joxteiidinK westwar.l an.l (rrudually diniinishlnir in heifrht ; it nlso shows u' I • all rill «nter couise or rave n€>Hr the bottom. These beds are practi- .illy hori- |/i.iitiil, and slightly stratifietl. This quariy i« coi;neetcd wtih the IJoniiniun Atli.ntic rnf'way by a branch |r»a.| alout one mile in lenjtli. Hliipineiits are ma<l.. over it to VViml-oi- (.t Imil.-) in summer, (tnd oceusioiiuily to Halifax (41 miles) in tlio winter season. The next property, IJ milts east of the above, is the quarry of t.tie Windsor |(iyi,>um Company at Newport (Plate XVII). The oecurrence and the condi- jtions under which it i» operate<l are very similar to those of the Xova Sec ■•» hiypMim Company above .<crib*d, except that the operations are much n. ie Icxtcnsive. The superior quality of the rock in both these places is tho only I circumstance that maken it possible to operate under existing condition-- This liropprty is also connected with the Dominion ^Atlantic railway, over which the liriidp rock i.s hauled to Windsor for water transportation to the I'nited States. A feature of consideiable jteological i-iterest ocr s here, which would war- Irnnt more complete investittatinn if time |)ermitte<l. Within a distance of 2 ■nulls, on the same strike uiid having a similar elevation above the sea-level, Ithrw exposures are seen. Two of these, one on either end. have beea planed '■ff liy placial action to practically an even surface, and covered with a heavy loverhunien of boulder clay, (compare Plates XVI and XVII), while the centre ■one is quite free from clay, and does not show tlie same glacial action, nor any |overburden of clay. East of tliis, at Newport, there are a few other deposits which in the past jl'iivo been operated and are now closed, but they are of no particular import- 80 ance, am', .'o similar in quality to those described that it is not necessary to gii a detailed description of each outcrop. The following analyses will serve to show the composition of the rock fro; this section: — Lime . . . Magnesia Ferric iixide and alumina Hulphurie anhydiide Carbonic anhydride. ... Water, lues on ignition . . Insoluiile mineral matter. II III % ■ 32 62 , tr. 1 86 : 46 06 tr. 20 30 I 14 ; O'J 08 I % 32 :4 016 32 45 68 tr. 20 ,52 52 99 94 31 4 IP 1 s v,\ tr. 23 No. I. White compact rock, from the Nova Scotia Gypsum Compaii.\ quarry at Threemile plains. No. 11. Average sample from the Meadow quarry at Newport. No. III. Bluish white compact, average sample from Wilkins qunrr Windsor. North of the above described quarries, between 1 and 2 miles, occii the second series of parallel gypsum beds. The principal operations are on tl WentwortU dci)osit, owned and operated by the Wentworth Gypsum Compaii From here the largest gj^sum exporting business of the Province is carric on. This trade in 18t)8 amounted to 10,000 tons, while in 1909 it <.\ceidt 175,000 tons. The deposits are very extensive, the Company owning about l.iii acres, all underlaid with gypsum. The rock is principally a white conipa varii'ty, well suited for all manufacturing purposes. Anhydrite occurs irroiri Inrly, in tcne parts in prominent exposures, in others beneath the floor of tl quarries. The operations are illustrated in Plates XVIII and XIX. and fro thtm it will le fccn that the greater part is covered by a heavy overburden i tiny, in ten e j lates from 25 to 30 feet thick, but it has on advantage over tl southern defcsits in having a higher working face beneath the clay. In the pns^t all this clay was brought down with the gypsum and remnvi hy hori^es and ciirts to the waste dump. At present the steam shovel is bcii used in s-onic places to remove the clay from the top, before the rock is hlastc These quiirrios arc connectetl by a standard gauge steam railway with tl Rhipping pierti, 2i miles dibtant, on the St. Crvix river, which ia a tributary i 'the Avon. After the rock is blasted and broken to one man size (meaning the size or man can conveniently handle), it is put in carts and hauled to a loading st.if sufficiently high to dump directly into cars (Plate XX). It is then taken 1 train to tie shipping pier and loaded into barges (Plate XXI) which are 'li ih III 31 41 (I 13 2t; V) i:, tr. •JO Lll !W 47 -^:i p. HO. O ■'S!l-|). 80. 4 n mantled schoonert of about 9,000 to 2,S00 ton* oapaeity, and toirad to TTcvr York, generally three in a tow. ThiMe barges are usually taken out singly (Plutc XXII), at high ti<le on the Avon, and anchored in head waters of the .Miiias boHin, where the whole tow iti made up and taken by an ocean going tug. The whole product of these quarries is taken exclusively by Me»sn. J. E. King and Company, who have extensive mills on Stnten island. This finn is also a large holder in the VVentworth (iy|wum Company. East of the Wontwo.-th Gypsum Company property, a ' adjoiniuK it. ia the Phillips farm. It has an area of 75 acres, and an averi.ge elevation above drainage level of 60 feet. It was tested in 19<)9 by a scries of trenches and piU, and showed an excellent variety of white nml snow-white gypsum of fine com- pact structure, the greater part being covered with clay; showing in the pits and trent'hes from 2 to 15 feet deep. The proposed shipping point fur this deposit is on tha St. Oroit rivar, alidve the railway bridge. This hri.life is fi" hI with a draw having a width of :',■> feet. Aleve the St. Cioijt public 1 ridge and east of the last described propcrt,v, liigli prominent cliffs of gypsum and nidiydrito are t^<>en, and from here back to Newport station occurs an almost continuous series of tjutcrops, but the greater part of them show anhydrite in abundance. Above the St. Croix bridge, 30 or ^0 jcara ago, gypsnin wan quarried and scowcd down the rivor for e.Tport pur- IKjses. Again, farther east on the Meander river, gj-psum wa.s quarried on tlie Woolaver property, and on the Chambers property. On the latte", prominent exposures are now seen of white and blue gypsum, of both granular and com- I>a(t texture. The operations .,.ro carried on here many years ago, w'.en th» trBiifT>ortation vbb done in *niall vessels which loaded near the old flhipyarVj. (icing north from the Wentworth quarries to the third rang€> of gypsum licils, tho principal operations are carried on at Avoadale by the Newport I'lii>t<'r Jlining and Development Company, Ltd. (Messrs. J. B. King & Co., of New York, being the principal holders). This Company controls about 4,000 iiirt's (if gypsum land in this vicinity, and is preparing for extensive operations, lie eld tjUarry, which v.ae operated here some years ago, has been reopencid at a lower level, by driving a tunnel large enough for drainao-e and railway track. This viill lover the floor oi the quarry from 10 to 20 feet. They also extended their operations west about 2J miles, where they are opening up a new quarry, and connecting it with their shipping pier by a standard gauge railway, now under construction. llie rock is principally white in colour, with some little grey and black, rortions of it show an exceea of carbonate of lime. On the eastern extremity of this Company's property are the old quarries at Miller creek, which were abandoned many years ago, but likely to be re- opene<l by this Compan.y. 289—6 I'xnh'nuinir e»»* , prominent es|>o)iui«i4 oocur on the wMt lidi River llebert, ne. . • .e railwu.v, an<t on the Chombcrs property on the tiiilo. Jlere roniiderabic anhydrite i« in evidence, but some very nuperior »r white Ry|Mi(im is *een on the Chambera properties. The exposures at this latter point are low, but th« rising ground Roing gives fV'idtnce of large (juantities covered with clay. wMt lide (>( r on the ou»t iperior annw- ad KoinK vast i-* ^ K S fi i \ ^a • * - R * I S S a : R B I :: ii « s s a * « * « « e » $ s 8 s ^ O O 5 M O - Sis; I-. «• if S S S iR J; 2 Is 8 I B Ii - 3 289— 6J ° » » = S 8 * 3 » s R S S 3 ^; o ^ b g i § K c x •c :s S ,c = -5 i. i X •^ -S fe c 84 Ko. sample from the Wentworth Gypsum Company's .!ig! wamp quarry. " i; \:.'r;\:i ample from the Wentworth Gypsum Company- :K I'lle at Wentworth. " III. A dark greyish rock associated with gypsum at the Went- worth quarries. IV. Dark shaly pinkish material occurring on the north side of railway, about KM) yards east of Dimock station. " v. From deposit soutli side of railway, east of No. 4, soft mix- ture of dark greyish blue and white. VI. Sndw wiiiti' niMluk" taken from test pit north side of hill >-n Phillips farm. " VII. Taken from bottom of a blow hole iiliout -tO feet deep, lit the base of tiK hill, Phillips farm. The sample was haiM enough to give a metallic ring when hit with hammer. •' VIII. From a test pit near the north boundary, whit<> comiint variety. IJesides the above (ie^< riled proi)eities there are many other deposits vi promii;eii<e in this section, as those farther south on the St. Oroix river, in McKay settlement, and on the Kennetcook river, which arc at present inacc- sible to transport:ition facilities, and do not differ materially from many alrealy described, and, therefore, will not be given here in detail. Slietil. Xo. 1,6, Clarksnlle, Hants county. The continuation northeastwardly of the Avon sheet is on area consistiii!,' of 1!)--J4 wjuare niilcj^, wliich will le known as the Clarksville. This area is in the valley of the Keimetcook river, through which tliu Dominion Atlantic railway ( .Miililand division) passes. At this point, the gyp-i- ferous area seems to form the lower menders of the lower Carboniferous group. and the principal outcrops are near its cdntact, with the older rocks, and unil.r present conditions have not sufficient prominence to be considered commercially valuable for anything 1 eyond I lie local demand. Shed Xo. J,7 , Xiiii'milc river, Hants county. This is a i-niall gypsiferous area, consisting of 9-37 scjuare miles, situated east and adjoining sheet Xo. 48, and altogether it contains many prominent deposits of good gypsum. It is so far from transportation facili os that it may be considered inaccessible for evcr.vthing except Jocal uses. CVPSIM DrSTRIfT F. Sheet No. S2, Malagaxh, Cumberland county. Kear the eastern cxtremit.v of the Claimiont anticline is a gypsiferous area of 2-in square miles. In this several important outcrops of gypeum occur. On the shore of Piaster cove, East Wallace, on the ^oad leading to Wallaco ami 85 eastwardly to Nortli Shore, Malagash, the beds can be followed almost continu- ou.-ly, a8«)ciatcd with greenii^h yellow marls, clay, and limestone. The rock is whili', with compuct crystallizaticm. The looaticin of tlu»si- deii(>>it!<, so easily lU'cessible to water transportation by the (lulf of St. Lawrence, and having the I'iitdU coal felcis en the east, and the ("unil crlnnd coal field, :i,1 miles distant by rail, on the west, makes it one of tl •nost desirable in the (li>trict for sup- pl.viiip the Canadian markets, eil! r «iii, I'v" (•(•"le or tiianufuctured article. Sheet No. SS, V •.'inmih, lUuiiher'.- id county. Following tlie Clairmont an^i'i.i- wc^twanl .• wo af,'aiii have important mitcroiH of g.vpsuni near llartfonl. a-siKiuU 1 vitli thi' liinostoiies ; at Can- tii'll cree:<, a tributary to the Pujjwash river, ami 4 miles from its mouth; Hi;il ::lso — i)rincipally in concealed measures — on the east and west side of the rujjwash River .basin, and on Victoria island in the basin. This whole basi.i iviilently was at one time a c-alcareous formation. The most interesting part of this section is that of C'anfield creek. Here the ;;i'cy, {treyish white, and white fiypsum oiitcroii in txtensive beds. They all' within ii miles (jf railway, and if cuiuiectcd, it would place them within ."> mill's of deep water shippiuj;. .\t the northern ba^e of the jryiisum outcrops, in a slndlow basin of water. at the water's edj?e. the largest and purest deposit of selenite known has been discovered. Anal,\fes of the Fan;ples talen from Canfield creek show the following re- Milts:— II Linie Kerrk- oxitie aii<l aluiiiiiia. Si)]|thuric anhydride., ... ( 'urlxntiu anhydride Water, Iiim on itpiition Insoluble mineral matter.. O/ '0 ."» 25 :« s(i 7< <i 41) 42 76 4,') :>2 SU 1 24 1»30 20 50 1 72 40 ll«-88 too i 12 No. I. Sample from old cpiarry, greyish white in colour and slaty structure. This rock is being use<l in the nuinufacture of fertilizer at I'ofrwasli. " II. White, with compact crystallization. Sheet No. Si, I'/iilip liver, Cumberland county. On this sheet is shown the gypsiferous area of the Clairmont antielin.-, continuing westwardly from sheet No. .33, and it still continues westwardly in almost a straight line — but not of equal importance — to Salt Springs and Clair- mont Hill to within a few miles of Springhill mines. I i" 86 The gypsum outcrops at Hansford, on Thompson road, and near Ilansfor siJinp. It consists principally of a blue and bluish white rock, with granuia texture in prominence. This has an average of 1-83 square miles. North (j this about 2i miles near lioslin, on Philip river, is an isolated arc fnnsistiug of (i!)7 acros. It has prominent outcrops, on Plaster creek, and ii Jasper Uusliton's. Here the rock is a white compact variety. Again, oast n this, near Oxfonl town, at a point known as Salt lake, in a similar area, promi nont outcrops are <jliserved. From this place .'mall quantities are quarried aic brought to the lower end of the lake, about l-i miles, where it is ground for loc pu rposes. Tiic fdllowing analytics will serve to show the qualtiy of this rock: — il III Lime MagiiesiH Ffiric o.<ide and uluiuiiia. 8ul|»hiirio anhydride Carbonic anhydride. . . . Water iiHoluble niineial matter. . o- o- „ ■'- /o -■-- 33 (ij .32 m 32 .V tr. o.-ii 40 iti) 44 40 4.-. m 44 1. a .%-) !)3 2't> 20 .ST 20 47 20 4.- 40 12 21 101 «1 1(10 74 100 7^ No. I. White, compact rock, from Salt lake. II. Bluish-white, granular, from Lockhart quarry. " III. White, compact varuty, from Thompson road. Sheet Xo. So, S'lritinhill mines, Cinnheiland coiiutii. Ka-st of the Springhill coal mil es about 2 miles, and at the western cx tiemity of the Clairmoitt anticline, occurs a small gypsiferous area of 771 acres It consists ])rincii)ally of concealed measures, and can le traced by mounds jiml sink holes. In the south branch of Black brook the gypsum is seen in Ik>.1- nssociated with blue and yellowish marls and shales. The only importanci nttaohed to tiiis is its c?ose proximity to the caal miiiss, for maimfaitiiri la wirno««»s. Two miles east of Si)ringliill junction, occurs a siniilur area of 020 acres, It is 1 ounded on three sides 1 y iiuilts, and. tliercrore, shows much distiirbancc. I 1 a small l.rook, running through Stewart's meadow, the gypsum is seen n^^"■ elntetl with reil and greyish marls. This, like that at Sijriughill miiie-i. inav h' of some economic value for manufacturing pur;)o-iOs, but onl.v by mining ff qu;irrying below the dniimige level. Reviewing this whole division 'F' (exclusive of sluH't No. .'57, Parrs', or... there is not much doubt that this gypsiferous area is much greater than that shown on the mnps; and that it extends the whole length of the Clairm'ont anti- 87 clire from North Shore, Afnlagash on the east, through Hartford and Hansford, fo Clairmoiit, and termiiiiiting against the coal measures of Spriughill mines; anil that Xai)pan and Ph ip river form a northern boundary to the ('uinl)er- laiul coal fields, continuing wes-twanlly to .Minudie, acrotis the Miiringouin i)en- iiiHuia into the Hillsborough gypsum field of Xew Rrunswick. Not much energy has been shown in the development of this area, and although much of the gypsum is c'oncealed beneath an overburden of clay, therfi is strong evidence that if systematically tested, it would show much very superior rock that would warrant the establishment of important industries. Skeel Xo. .JO, Xajiitan, Cumherlaiml cotinly. 0^ 32 .V) tr. .-il t4 U 2!t2 20 4.-) 21) 100 7n About 1 mile north of Xuppau station, and oxtoii'liiig westwardly to CumLerland basin, occur outcrops of importance, in a gypsiferous area trace- able over SOO acres. The topography of the country is low, consisting princi- pally of marsh or dike lands, which makes it <liflicult to trace boundaries. The e.xposures are known as the Ncwcombe, the Fowler, and those operated by the JInritime (iypsum (\impany. Limited, which cover an area of 13 acres. Thi- Company has been operating for several years, shipping an average of 4,000 tons per year. Their operations have been carried on below the ilrainage level, in iin open pit to a depth of :,0 feet below the fractured surface, and they have tested the ground by bore holes to a depth of 100 feet. During the summer of I'M)',) they installed a Ledgerwood cable system, and are prepared to sink to a fnitlier depth. This property is connected with the Intercolonial railway by a lirimch line, wliich alfo conne- >h their shipinng pier, at tidewater, on the Cumberland basin, i'} miles fi larry. The I'ock at the surface i> raiily fractured, and is mi.xed somewhat with clay and tliiii seams of dark carbonaceous material, but at depth it is wliite, compact, and very pure. The follow r analyses will serve to show the average composition of the different expu: .ires in this section: — Lime Ma^noia Vf rr c oxidn and alumina Sihi.hnric anliydrirle. • 'arlHinie anliydriiln W;it*.r. losH on ignition , . IiimdIuMh mineral niatttr. I II III IV V 44-40 tr. .32 3(> 32 42 32 23 31 54 2-70 « 02 .32-22 3 :« 10 2) o4 44 32 2 42 1» iK) 40 10 4(i 72 26-86 100 04 J-M 4G SO 20-80 84 44 20 ,35 in-7r) 3-80 'J» 79 IW) t)4 itO 7.") 100 48 'I 88 No. I. From the old Fowler quarry, principally carbonate of lime. " II. From the Xewcombe deposit, dark dirty grey, granular cry tallization. ■' III. From propiTty of the Maritime Gypsum Company, XappMi snow-white compact variety, occurring in nodules. " IV. From proi»rty of tlie Maritime (Jypsum Company, their hv< variety slightly resembling white alabaster. " V. From the property of tho Alaritime Gypsum Company, dirt red colour, mixed with small veins of clay throughout. Sheet Xo. S7, Parrsboro, Cumberland county. On this .'■heet two s-mull jiatches of pyps^iferous ground occur, the first al'ou 2 miles cast of Parrsboro, the other at Clarks head, about 4 miles east of I'iirr- boro. On the shore at the latter place it oecurs in contact with the igneous rurl in thin layers or veins, pink, black, white, and grey, associated "ith heavy lei of marl. About one-quarter of a mile inland the occurrence has much more promi nence, and at one time quite extensive operations were carried on, and the pm ducts ex) orted to the United States. At this quarry the rock is a white com pact variety, showing some little anhydrite. The following nnalys<s are the ictult of samples taken from this section:- II III Lime Maffiit^iii Ferric uxide and alumina Sulphuric anhydride Carbonic anhydride. Water, \os» un ignition. . , . Inaoluble mineral matter. . % 32 W) 70 040 44 28 1 91 1!» 72 40 HjO 01 32 Uu trace. 58 44 as 2 46 20 00 100 02 32 i: 41! .^* 21 p « U a 100 :i> Xo. I. Sample from the shore at Clarks hciul, soft white, with s|)ots, semi-trranular. " II. Sample from old quarry, bluish-white, compact. " III. Sample from pink vein in the ma.i on shore. OTUEK DEPOSITS. There arc a few smaller deposi'ts, in addition to the above described, occur ring in Nova Scotia. They may Le enumerated as follows : — Pepoxit in C^hhe-iier county. — In a small lower Carboniferous aro;i ith truding through the Triassic sandstones on the Lynda property, at Debort. i Ill 3-i 42 6 -10 4ti M 2") SO 3) 100 :« 8a an (K'fiirrcnce of a thin bund of impure K>',)suni, associated with earbonat«j of lime. It is a dirty greyish i'oli)ur, and has the following composition: — Per cent. Lime 3(> Magnesia 1 Feme Dxiile amialiiniina Sulphuric anhydride 22 Osirbonic anhydride ,. . IS Water, Uimn on ignition 11 Inwiuble mineral matter U West Advccale, Cuniherlaiul couulii. — Ilfro, <in the iii'Vth shore of the Bay of Fuiiily, occurs an outcroppinj? of gvpsuni holow the high Wi'ter mark. lllomidon, Kings count ii. — In the marly lioJs that overlie the eoiiglomerates near Pereuu, and extending to Blomidon, occur many veins of .selenit<> and lilir(ins gypsum, Ur^uidly less than one foot in thickness and often coloured. Indian point, Mahone hay, Lunenburg couidij. — At this point is a gypsi- feioiis iiica of alout one square mile, of the Windsor series. Gypsum is indi- cated liy funnel-shaped depressions extending for over li.OOO feco across tiic area, and forming tiie road bed for the Halifax and Southweste-ii railway. It if possible that this deposit may develop a proposition of conmioreial value, as tiie linturnl fceilities are good, and near both h'ome and foreign markets. CHAPTER V. Gypsum Deposits of New Brunswick and Magdalen Islands. <iVPSLM DEPO.SITS Of XKW BRUNSWICK. The (xciirreiioe of gypsum in New Brunswick, like that in Nova Scotia, in the lower ('arl>onifcrous measures, and Dr. L. W. Bailey, in the Mineral li sources of New Brunswick, says : ' They usually occupy a position at or ne the numniit of the Rroiip, aiiil are geiicnerally in ckse connexion with beds limestone, from which, in part at least, they may have been derived by alter tion.' But Dawson, in Acadian Geology, says: 'They occur in all parts of t lower Carboniferous." With which view the writer concurs. The i)rincipHl deposits tire seen in southern New Brunswick, in the couiiti of Mings, Albert, and Westmorland. In Kings, prominent outcrops are seen the vicinity of Sast-ex and r)>ham; in Albert, near Hillsborough, Hopewell bi and Demoiselle creek; and in Westmorland at Cape Moranguin and in tl v.cinity of Petitcodiae. In the northern part of New Brunswick gypsum is o;i known to otcur at Plaster rock, on the Tobique river, Victoria county. Ag;iin, like those of Nova Scotia, the deposits here present every variety ( colour and texture, yet a much greater quantity of that white clear translucei variety known as alabaster exists, and it has been extcngivci/ operated in ll vicinity of Hillsborough. An index map, and several sheets showing the location of the different ili posits of New Brunswick, have Icen prepared to accompany this woik. and wit the follow ing descriptions an attempt will be made to show as nearly as possilil from superficiiil exaniinati'on, the iriie value of each deposit, hoping that it wi prove of vahe in the development of this important industry. Sheet Xo. J, Platiter rock, Victoria county. In the lower Carboniferous Tiieasures of the Tobique valle.r very promineii and extensive deposits <if .impure gypeum occur in the cliffs of the Tobique rivoi and its tributary, the Wapskehegan. Those <'liffs are very conspicuous in the bank of the Tobique, often risiiv ll'.' feet or more above the river bed. The impure gypsum occurs in practical! horizontal beds, often inatratified with thin veins of pure, white, compact gyv sum. with smaller quantities of selenite and fibrous varieties. In colour it is reddish, sometimes mottled with grey, resemblintf somewha the Trifissic sandstone, and is coarsely granular in texture. It is unfit for th manufacture of the many products to which the other deposits of New BnniJ wick and Nova Scotia are ao well adapted, but it is highly value<l as a miners fertilizer, iiijd will le referred to in another chapter. 90 91 In the past, for many yeiirs onsiderublc quantities of this rook have been removed nnd tulten to Aroostook county in Maine, and usod extensively in the cultivation of potatoes; and small quantities have also been usi-d to advantage in the St. John River valley. At present this deposit, having connexion with the Canadian Pacific rail- vay. is oreratcd liy Jlessrs. Donald Fraser and .Sons, and the product taken to Montieal by rail for use in the manufacture of cement. The following analyses of the ro<'k will ^ervp to show its average composi- tion :— II LiuiL' Ma^e!4ta. Krrric uxide an I alumina Sulphuric anl.ydride Carlxmic arhydride WattT. loi« on ignition . . , In8olii)>lt< mineral matter . 27 !I2 1 im 2 72 3S 21 2 31) 17 (to 8 >« !l!l «(i 28 115 tr. !i hO 41 (Ki .'W 1« 4.'i 1 18 lUO (K) .No. I. Sample of reddish grey rock, from face on Tobique II. SampI reseni raser bli fur ig Triassic sandstone, from top of deposit on slio Sheet So. H, SI. Marllm, Kings, and St. Jotin counties. I'liis sheet, which covers a large tract of country, is made particularly to tlie location of the Hammond River gypsum dejKJsits with reference to the St. ^^artin8 railway, which connects Quaco harbour, on the Bay of Fundy, with »'!;p Intercolonial rnilwiiy at Hampton (distance 2S mile«). They also cover n siiiiil! area at Martins head. The Iliimmoiid River gypsif.rous iircii. consisting of l'5<> acres, although it i- ronorted that a few hiunlred tens have been removed, ha.s never been systo- II I'ticiilly orcrnted. or c\en prosjccted. yet there is much evidence of a deposit- oi' commercial importance. The location of this area is in rphiim. parish, and crosses the railway about 11 inilc-i from the Buy of Fundy terminus at Quaco. An outcrop of a very oxi-ollpiit snow-whitp g^'psum occurs on the Hammond river, about one mile lelow the railw.iy bridge. Other outcrops are observed at points IJ and 2i miles castwnrdly from the railway. These are much more prominent exposures, and show white, compact gypsum, somewhat varied with the selenitic varieties. If. on testing, this property should prove as good as the surface indicates. nciiis; so easily accessible to railway and comparatively near a shipping port, i would be a desirable location for a manufacturing industry for supplying 'Mther the homo or foreign market. M The foDowing analjves show the composition of average samples taken f this area: — Lime . . M:igneMia KiTric oxidf and aluiniiia >S\iliihiiricanliydrid« CarUinif anhylriilt- . . . Water, luiw on if^nition.. IiiKulublt mineral matter I II % "/ 32 40 Hi tr. tr 010 I 4« U II 75 20 40 Li OH ) 99 93 UK Xo. T. Siiow-vvhite, from Ilanimoiid River outorop, near Upham. II. White. 2i miles from Ilanimonil Kiver outcrop. This sliept also sliows a finull isolated gypsiferoiis area, consisting id r.c-res situated at Martins head, on the Bay of Fundi' coast, 21 miles nortiii from Quaro. Here the fryp.'um shows much disturbance, and is in close coi:! with the older Pre-('ami)riun rocks. The outcrops are greyish-white in colour, and have associated with t!i heavy leds of marl, which carry veins of fibrous pypsum and irregular m-.i- of much contorted gjpsum; and althouRh at tide waters, it is on an px|i. coast, where it is difiScult to provide protection for shipping, it cannot b(> < sidered of much commercial value. Sheet Xo. 3, Sussex Valley, Kings and Westmorland counties. On this sheet are shown four gypsiferous areas, known as Apohaqui, a sisting of 313 acres; Mount Pisgah, 678-4 acres; Smith creek, 320 acres; s I'etitcodiac. 4.'>4 acres. A great part of some of these areas is in low grcm Beginning at the west, the Apohaqui area is the most important. The lo tion is on high ground and the opportunities for development are good. On i farm of Col. Campbell prominent outcrops of gypsum occur, from 20 to 40 f high. It is white and very compact, having the appearance of anhydrite some points, but by analyses bhows the requisite amount of water, and s\iitii for all ordinary manufacturing requirements. About 4 miles east of Sussex station, in the valley of Smith creek, otl outcrops occur, but the greater part of the exposures are in low land, and sii much anhydrite. Again, on the east and skirting the Piccadilly mountains, considcral prominence ia shown in pits and mounds, with a few exposures which arc pri cipally anhydrite. The Petitcodiac area is situated about 2J miles northwest of Petitcodi station (I. C. R.). where the outcrops occur on FawcetL". brook .ind m:!v 98 followed for about one mile. The gypnunn k greyish-white in colour, and prfliiiilnr in texture, iluch roarpe wlonite in mixed and nsaociHted with the jr>l)si;ni in veins. For this reason the rock is not considered desirable for eal- (ii'iijr, lut ifl Piiitaile for fertilizer or land plaster. The following are the results of analyses from gj'psum samples taken from h*} (litTvient deposits, us indicated beluw: — Lim*" MaKtiPRia FtrriL' iixitle ami alumina Siiljihuric anhydride Cirbmic anhydride Water. Iijh* on ignition In-tuluhlr mineral mutter. I II lil IV % - -, 32 Wi 32 Ifi 31 mt 32 48 21 40 W) 77 I'J (13 34 99 84 tr. 03 4« 27 '20-73 4ti ; »i) 67 ' tr. 23 48 21 57 2(> 'lO I 120 I t'. O 14 411 r>5 20 -is' 32 wm 9» !I7 No. I. J.-. ..n Pii'cadilly : hard bluish rock with every upp°arance of aiiliydrite. II. From Mount Pisjfali: clo!<el,v ai^sociated with anhydrite. III. From Col. Cajiipl ell's: wliite, very eompuct. ■' IV. From Petiteodiac: greyish-white, ^rranular. Sheet No. 4, llillshorough, Alh rt. and Westmorland counties. At tliis place wo reach the hir^toric point of the gypsum industry of New liniiiswiok. Here for nearly a century the !>usiness of manufacturing and ex- liurtiuff the crude rock has been carried ou under eflieient manaijement and with tlie most mo<lcrn c(iuipment of any place within the territory under con- siiltration. This has had much to •! ■ with making it one of the leading indus- tries in the Province. In this part of Xew Brunswick the deposits of prypsum are more extensive anil prominent than at any of the other points. They may be divided and known as Millsborou»;h, Demoiselle brook, Hopewell, and the Little Ridge <!epo<its, running northwardly from Cr.rc Enrage, in Albert county, and the Cape MarinRouin area on the eastern side of Shepody bay. Of the Albert county Jeposit,s, those of the greatest purity are those operated at Hillsboroug'h and Dpn!r)isclle brook, consisting of a total area of 14 square miles. These gypsum aepo^its. and their operation, while of great economic importance, present favour- able opportunities for studying the many interesting geological problems con- nected with their formation. The great variety and occurrence of both gypsum and anhydrite having various colours and textures, generally white and firmly fompact. but sometimes grey, pink, and selenitic, occurring closely associated ^itli anhydrite, givea muc-b food for tliougLt. The rook is usuully iiiasgive — although much of it has a stratifieil ai>i' arut', lyintt in horizontal l)e<l» of various thickness— showing little <ligturli;i AlthouRh the preator part of tlie rock is white and compact, in places when K.vjw'uni is covered with an overburden of clay, a jfrey Krannlar. often selei variety occurs near the surface, sometimes intermixed with selenitic cryst II i-nni^ile of such is shown in Plate V. Ajtnin, very occasionally veina o, cuttins? through the strata, having a folded or crumpled ribbon-like struct as shown in Plate XXIII. Dr. Bailey', who has made a speci.d study of these deposits. R-ives the fol iiifr di'scription: 'At several iK)int.s on the northern edgd of the outcrops siderahle (piantitics of gypsum are found, being snow-white in colour, and v injt in molecular structure, some of it being of e.xceedingly fine grain, and s qiiite course and sufficiently soft to be crushed between the finirers, with ii; mediate grades of fineness, but all grades equal in purity and colour. ' This part of the deposit is in masses, and not any in regular seams. V the pure white stone are intermixed veins of discoloured gypsum, of all slii of red. prey, and blue-grey. Host of thei-e discoloured masses contain mon less grit, and when subjected to hydroohloric acid eflFervesce and show dence of the presence of carbonate of lime. Occasionally seams of red iii like stoi;e fill the si)ace between the seams and fissures in the gj'psum. Tl are rarely in horizontal positions, tut as a rule cut the face at varying aiif and occasionally --e nearly perpendicular. This marl-like substance also i tains carlone'e . Ijie. Underlying the beds of pure white and mix- \ st ns above described, mas.ses of anhydrite arc found; sometimes in thin la: only, and at other times in beds of such thickness that attempts to penet them have been given up ns ut:profitable. and work has been pursued elsewli Immediately under the white stone, and running into it without any percept break, are generally found beds of pure anhydrite, which at this time hnvt commercial value. ' Indications of pure, white stone, of this character, are visible at iii points along the northern edge of the gypsum deposit, for a distance of iil three-quarters of a mile. The surface indications of this gypsum belt ext in width for about half a mile, the belt running in a northeasterly and soi westerly course, the southern edge rising somewhat abruptly against a ^ steep hillside which is supposed to consist largely of a reddish conglomoi that apparently forms the south wall against which the gypsum rests. S higher up on the hillside, and on the summit, freestone boulders are seen, an short distance below the summit a clean break and opening exposing the f stone is quite conspicuous. At this point, several natural trenches, par.illo each other, with walls of freestone, and about 20 or 30 feet apart, exposed for a distance of several hundred yards, strongly suggesting the e tence of a series of faults or downthrows. Thus, the gj'psum area would * to be bounded on two sides by marked dislocations converging westward at ' Mineral Besourcrs of the Province of New Brunswick, p. 90. !•; 289 -p. 94 I • ftS atiKiv of about 45°. lietMcen the iioTtherly anil nouthorb' ciIkcs . the irjpftiim toriiiiition an- wveral fiiiull vallpyo. eviiJoiitly the work .pf l.rooks which have cut lUir way throuRh the gyp'-um uiul have cri-ateil at »i>nie puiiit'* xniall liay.i or ■opt-niiiK* that have caught and retained alluvial ilepiwitK. pr.Hlu.ing meadows ur intervals, whifli are exi-.-eiiiiigly fertile. At many tH.ints tiw gypsum has tiitiril.v (linappiiired, leaving only tin- anhydrite exposed. The main hrook on the northerly fide rifes apparently at the «ei.t end of the gypsum deposit, and tiims in an easterly <lireeti.>n, until it falls over a lime>tone be.i. with a .les.-cnt of ttlout 8 fii-t. and ut this point the congionierute rwk upon which tlie iini<>tone rests is exposed, dipi>ing towards tlie nortliwe at an angle of about ■.t) degree*, ami rising rapidly to the south until it reaches the top of a hill about three-(puirters of a mile <listant. at an elevation of about l.W fwt. At tin- point the linu'stone is ex|>osed and plainly seen on the surface. It then (lilis slightly to the south, and again underlies a gypsum formation of from .■HI to »M) feet in height. The conglomerate rock is also to Ite seen a little farther to the westward, on the slope of the hill as it descemls towanls the river. This exposed body of gypsum is very much broken and discoloured, and of so little value that, though much nearer u convenient point for shipment than the iijiiiii (|uarries now in operation, it is not at present worked atui is not coa- -iilered a profitable fiebl from which to draw a supply. Following the main Inxik alrpaily referred to, in a westerly direction, the wall of anhydrite extends the whole length of the gypsum deposit, though not unbroken.' Several quarries have been opened and operated in this section by the .\llert Manufacturing Company, some of which are illustrated in Plates XXIV and XXV^ and much underground work is being carried on. The working face of these (juarries varies from I'.'J or 30 feet to over KM) feet, and some parts are covered with a heavy overburden of clay, while others are (pn'te free from it AMiere the surface of the gypsum is fre. from clay covering, it is very uneven aii.l full of depressions and blow holes, which extend downwards many feet. In fonie of the quarry faces anhydrite occurs in veins or bands, cutting across mid through the quarry in very irregular forms, at times destroying the whole vahie of the quarry, hut in some cases it has been worked through and the q.inrry redeemed. This is also true of the underground workings, where large rooms 40 feet or more in height have In-eii worked out. usually having a floor of iiiihydrite. Attemjits have I een made to test the depth of this floor, but So far iiii satisfactory resulti; have been obtained. The Albert Manufacturing Company— aa before mentioned— has been operat- me at this point more or less extensively for years, and has shipjied its crude lirmluct. with few exceptions, to the Calvin Tomkins Company in New York. The iiuarries arc connected by railway with the Company's shipping pier, and tran^iwrtation to New York is us-ually done with steamers, which load only when the tide is out. (See Plate XXVI.) On the fouthem end of this area, at Demoiselle brook, the Wentworth Gyp- sum Company has been operating for a few years in a small way. 96 For about 15 years this Company has quarried from the surface, and shipi aiiiiuuliy about 5,(XH) tons. Very similar conditions to those at Hillshorou en- found; with iiorhaps the aniiydrito more prevalent, hence the i|Uiirr were alaiidoiied. In the latter part of l!t08 this Company started underKrnn operations, and was successful in developini; an excellent deposit of snow-wlii finely compact variety of gypsum. From tiicse underground workings the Company had mined at the einl 1!)0!), 7.(MI0 tuns, which has been hauled over the Harvey and Salisbury railw to a shipping jtoint at Hillsborough, a distance of 8 miles, whence it is forwnn to .T. B. King and Company, at New York. Sixteen miles south from Ifillsborough, and about 2 miles west from i shore of Shepwiy bay, the next gypsiferous area occurs — known as HopiH hill. The area contains "•.'> stjuare miles, but principally concealed measji The southern bouudar.v is the Shepody river, and no further indication^ i seen, going south, until Xew llorton is reached, 2S miles south of nillsborou, where a narrow gypsiferous area wcurs, cxti^nding to the .shore at Cai>e Knrii b\it here, like at Hopewell hill, few outcrops occur, and the measures are oi tra<'eabie b.v surface indications. In Westmoreland coiiiit.v, on the iK'ninsula which divides Shepotly bay Ir Cumberland basin and terminates in Cape Maringouin, occurs a gypsifcr area of .'Ml square miles. The gypsinn occurs at Pink rook on the w side of the iieninsula, and has a variety of colours, as white, grey, ;i pink, outcropi)ing on the Icaeh. It is both granular and compact in textu and associated with it is seen lenticular masses of anhydrite, in some eases oi part of the original mass being intact, thus giving it the appearance of a weil This deposit is controlled by a company subsidiary to the Albert Manufacturi (^ompany, that has operated to a small extent; shipping the product to i I'nited States. ^:lf . T % ■ \ r ' _ / ' .1 a o J ■J I'. !«, >5 a o O M O •c a I 1 =*>■■,• '' ->■ ■^:^m-^-^.. v.iiir-^c--'^" ^ ^ Workmen with tools in Cray i|uarry, Mill»l«>r<mgli, X.B. 97 1. r ^ « K S •a i; •i' ;< a?« : © ^ - « i" 8 'Z ■L 1. i S . S S 3 9 : s •z .x"8 i b sj b 8 : s B j « ; ? e ; 3 T sv'Sf : : * ; g : 8 i 1 "3 1 S i : S : S : 3 Si i i^n : . S ; S : § u ! s s : s : S 3 ■ > o^a : i S ; 8 : 8 "c ti ■ -r- Ci' s S i 8 8 i >■ o\°!3 : ^ ; 8 - S ■^ 1 •£ ■ 8 ■ « 8 i s ; 55 •s i > o\°j? ' ^ : 8 : i •w S : S S 8 S 1 N^ ,\°a : « ^ 8 i 8 t 1 " 1 s a S 8 5 1 IM ^s is - « A 8 b 8 .0 1 s ■3 ! = ^ :' S 8 S 9 8 ■§ M ^?8 » « J! S * S s E 1 QO C 0. S a IB c 93 3 . 5 e s 1 1 Ill 8 -^ il .i J ^ f 1 1 ! 1 1 i i n *v i ;3 1 E "S. •2 1 ^ 1 1 28&~7 No. I. A vrrv tine coiiipn*'! mck, dull white in colour, from the Allirt .Maimt'iH'turiiifr ( 'oiiiiiiiiiy, IIill4>uroiiRli. " II. A ffrey coiiipuct vurit't.v, from the Mime locntion as No. 1. " HI. ItcH'k I'liutniniiig or.vntaU vif f^-ienite, as shown in Fig. 6. colmir whiio, romiuict trxtiiri', I'roin Ililliliorouirh quarries. ■' IV. Suniiiii' of liuuJetl dnrk gri-y miil whito gyi)9um, from IlilUbori ugh quarries. " V. Ordinary white roek, from Ilillshurou^h quarries. " VI. White idubu^ter. from llillst orouftli quarries. '• VII. Pink ulaliaster, from Ilillsborougli quarries. " VIII. Mnuufnctiircd terrr nlha, from the Albert jianufacturing '"'.iiii- Iiany's mill at Ilillsborougli. " IX. Frirm Weiitworth (iyiisum ('ompiiny's underground (n'lirrv ul IIili>borougli, »now-white, conipaet variety. " X. Location same as Xo. 0, and similar in eolour and texture. UVPSUM DEPOSITS Of THE MAGUAI.ES ISL.VNDS. Before entering on ii partieulnr deseriptinn of the gj'psum deposits, it is considered advisable to give a general de>eription of the whole group as sIkhvii on the accompanying map. Siluation. — The Magdalen islands arc situated about the middle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and are wiihin the parallels of 47 degrees and 30 miinitis and 47 degrees and 5 minutes north latitude, and between 61 degrees ainl ■> minutes and 62 degrees and 12 minutes we«t longitude, and at a distanci' of about 150 miles from the coast of Gaspe; 60 miles from Meat cove, Cape Breton, whe^e they are connected by submarine cable with the mainland; and 120 niilw from Pictou, Nova Scotia, from which port the mail steamer make onne.xiuiis twice each week during the open season on the Gulf of St. Lawrer Description. — There aie ten distinct islands in the group, • v desigiiatpi on all charts, and in public documents, under the names of Eucry, Amherst. Dejnlman, (irindstoiic, .Mright, Wolfe, (irosse Isle. Coffin, and Brion, and tlii> grant also included the Bird islands. Four of these, namely. Entry, Deal- man, Brion, and the Bird islands, are isolatwl, having no connexion with imcIi other, or with the principal group. The other six islands, namely, Grosse fslf. Coffin, Alright. Wolfe. tJrindstone, and Amherst, co.nprised in the Lettvr> Patent under the collective name of Magdalen islands, are united to each other by sand dunes, and iu some places lagoons of considerable extent are formed b,v the sand dunes. Ilarlouis. — The principal harbours are Amherst. House harbour, and Grainl Entry. The steamer also calls at the breakwaters at Amherst and Grindstone, aiil ibe landing places at Alright i.>.land. t'oilin island, and Etang du Nord. By reference to tl.e Admiralty fburt of these i.land., it uill be seen that thcs,. harbour, are safe and sulHHent for «n.all draft vessik, and the recent dd.tion to the breakwaters givrs onirde protection to all ordinary shipping. 7 opoj,™;,/,.v._.The low land«, wbi.h border the sea coa«t, pre^ent a uniform .ri.Hronce, generally nndulating .,r Jevol. The centre of the island* is made up -f i.umcrous cunical shaj^d hills, s<.n.e a. high as 580 feet above sea-level. So rocks are observed i.rotrudir.g tbr-^ugh the soil, which extendi from the h.Kbcst to the lowest levels, an.l every foot of land is available for cultivation .■x...pt u small part of the low lands, which are occupie.1 by swamp. Ihes,. islands are not tl.e barren, isolated spots conceived bv son.e; but on the contrary, the best authorities assert that the soil of the .Magdalen islands is well suited for agricultural purposes, and richer than that of Prince Kdwar<^ Island, which is considered the (Jarden of the Gulf. InhabitanU.-The populafon is about 7,(XK>. principally of French descent, fhe exceptions arc.; Entry island, which is Scotch, and Coffin island, which is Kngl.sh. The people are of good moral character, cheerful, and industrious The men are capable of enduring great fatigue, und unsurpassed as able seamen They are expert as fishennen, which, with farming, is their principal oceupa- Roads.-Tbe islands are furnished with goo<l roads, well .naintainod and ?oo,l accommodation for driving can be secured at reasonable rates, at almost any point. »■ "->. Gyp,um Deposits-It would be very much a repetition of what has already been said to deal at length with the geology of the deposits on the" ..lands. They occur practically as those of xNova Scotia and New Brunawiek m the lower Carboniferous meas„res. and associated with the deposits of car- lonate of lune. It might be s.id, that here they are in a closer positiou to the .rruptive rocks-dolerite and diabase-which make up the many conical-shaped lulls, and .re the nucleus of the whole geological structure of the MagdaH .elands; «.d m«,y times they form the lower members of the lower Carboni- fcrous group. ^"ruuui Kntrytknt. ''"'^'*'"' ^^^"^'"^ "^"^ "" Grindstone, Alright, AmJ,e«t. and On Entry island the gypsiferous area, consisting of 208 acres, occurs on the ;ou.n coast, near the lighthouse. It is well exposed on the wa shore in the .n>n,od,ate vicinity of the irruptive roc-ks. overlaid by heavy beds of marl, con- ta.nmg boulders of dark limestone and gypsum, with veins of the fibrous vari- 'tj cutting through it in many directions. Some of the fibrous gypsum is very pure and white. Samples are shown in i-te I\ . The gypsum is a sc't grnni.lar variety, varying in colour from white I" dark grey. At Amherst it occurs in considerable din.ensfons in the «,me position with '^'' older rocks, on the coast at Pleasant bay east of Demoiselle hiU, and has a -**" 1 I 100 total area of 730 a<-n)^ tancc of iii-arl.v 1 i m' • ' of Deinoiiielle. The U' >* inland by tliKp dcprest- <ii' or more in iiri-a, and from may be obM-rved. Tl tvd gtrraka. An lirOU of r- .i .■! ;i the nortliwe^t of ''/ - i The gypsum liere oi •!• 'i.- iug fibrous lirypgum. (irindstone isl« .i i. t nent expos^ureg of iil' i north of Ciipo Men . u ' wardly 1) niileg, uL sidornbhj prf'tninenoe It extendi inland almoot to the southern coast, n <li iid !<kirtinK tho hill tip|>fiirH iiKain on rho coast »r r.i,.* an* wc-ll cximw'mI i'm the coaat, nnd are triiM'ul: r sinkhokvi. Some of thom- di>prC!>«ion8 are an iic ■(. M ffft deep. In the largor of these the (rypsii a white compact variety, with parts of it shown 'I' '111 .»ncf', I'onsigtinK of aboui 400 acres, occurs < ml, xtcnding from Southwest cape to Wc^i P'lii II fie coast, and has associated with n marls > rr if'uUllA. 'm'.Ii ■ "'■ It a^- ri t has 1/ Las a prarular textu Fr- rftest r <>" T 20 sijuare miles) and most proii / r^c •' , on the sea coaf-t a short distaii .narl and limestone and cxtendinK nort iterops on the Arsnoau property wiui en dirty «rey colour, and a large portion of Bi. le it can be traced westwardly, followii the contour of the hlil«, by outcrops nnd depressions, to Rtang du Nord, whc it rutcrope on lot l^l, in a prominent ridire, and also on the adjoining lot, in depression which forms a pond of water, and where cliffs may he seen on ni side from 40 to 60 feet high. Again, about midway between the coast and Etai du Nord, on vacant lands, more outcrops are observed. The rock presents mai varieties both of colour and texture, as will be noted below in the table analyses. Again, skirting the irruptive cliffs near Cape Alright on Alright islan another very similar gypsiferous area is seen. The high cliffs at this point a only the remnants of one or more irruptive hills, that form the base of t gypsum deposits, and, therefore, the exposures of gypsum on the sea coast a not extensive. Inland, however, the same conditions are observed, and outcro are seen in several places on the higher grounds, and where the depressio have left the gypsum exposed. This area extends we>twardly across the island i.ittle bay, but here the land is low and the gypsum concealed. Manj years ago a few small cargoes of gypsum were taken from th« ishinds to the Quebec market, but owing to the indiscretion of the operate in making a selection of the rock, the results were not satisfactory. Since th time no attempts have been made to develop or even test these deposits, whi showed much evidence of the existence of a good variety of gypsum, and evidence of the occurrence of anhydrite. The deposits are not as prominent nor as extensive as many of those Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, yet with their vantage-point for the Can dian market they should be considered among those having considerable coi Diercial value. I'LATK xxvm J1 Ciiir M-juk-, Utinditono iiiaud. Si. -iu^ . ^...riicUjriouL- njuuueu loptied t a of tb* ,„„ ,^ M»»(daJen iauadi. 289— p. 100. 101 102 No. I. From lot No. 100, Alright island : a very pure white compact ruc " II. Fibrous g^ypsum associated with the gypsum, Alright island. " III. From lot No. 184, Etang du Nord, has rather a salty structur with a greyish white colour. " IV. White compact gj-psum taken from an exposure in the wall of sink hole or depression at Etang du Nord, near lot No. 1>4. " v. Sample of pink rock associated with the marls in clifFs near Ca] Meule, Grindstone island. " VI. A dirty greyish granular rock from Arsneau lot. Grindstone islan " VII. An average sample taken from vacant lands on Grindstone islan greyish white, with compact texture. " Vm. A dark bluish rock from Eyan cove. Grindstone island. " IX. Dark greyish with selenitic crystals, occurring on the shore iie Cape Meule. " X. Fibrous gypsum from Entry island, shown in Fig 2. " XI. White compact gypsum, with some streaks of red, occurring on tl shores near Demoiselle hill, Amherst island. loa CHAPTER VI. Manufacture of Plaster. By referring to the formula for plaster of Paris, on page 36, it is seen that about two-thirds of the original water of crystallization or combined water has been driven off, in course of the process. Dehydration to this extent ca.i, as above noted,' be accomplished at any temperature between 212° F. and 400" F.; it is found, however, for economy of fuel and time, that it is best to cai • on the process at the highest allowable temperature. Two operations are necessary in the manufacturing of plaster of Pans; the mineral must be finely ground, and properly calcined. The grinding either precedes or follows the calcining; the order of the two operations depends on the inp'-hod used in calcining. If the method of calcining is by kettle, the grinding is usually done first; if the calcining is carried on in kilns or rotating cylinders, the raw material is fed to them as it comes from the crusher, and the fine grinding follows. In the typical Amerioan mills using the kettle calcining process, tho gen- eral operations are as follows: — The lump gypsum, as taken from the quarry, is damped into a bin, which automatically discharges it on to a rock slide. It is dumped directly on to the rock slide, down which it runs to the nipper, a reciprocating jaw crusher, i)ass- ing through whicli it falls into the cracker, which is a heavy machine of the coffee mill or toothed spindle type. This reduces the crushed rock to the size of an average grain of com. From the cracker the material gies to a rotary dryer, which eliminates about 10 per cent of the moisture. Next, tlie rock is screened over a screen of about 24 mesh, the fines going direct to the bins over the kettles, and the coarser material drops into an elevator, which raises it to bins over the millstones (For particulars see diagram showing flow of material from screen to kettle. Fig. 12, and Fig. 14.). From here it is fed automatically into the millstones, where it is reduced to flour, and convoyed by an elevator to the kett'e bins, from which it is run into the kettles ns required. A batch for a 10 ft. kettle is about 10 tons of gypsiun flour, and when about two-thirds of the water of crystallization is driven off (requiring about ^ hours), it becomes plaster of Paris ; and from n door in the side of the kettle, near the bottom, it IS run oflf into what is known as tlio hot bin, built in the ground behind the kettles. The material from here slides down the incline<l bottom of the hot bin, through gates into a spiral conveyor, by which it is taken to an elevator and discharged into classifiers, which soparate the coarser particles. The product, «oarse and fine, is taken by two conveyors into the warehouse; the fine being ' if* furmulA page W. 104 deposited either in the mixer bin or the plaster of Paris bin, while the coarse particles pass to a bin over regrinding millstones, and after passing thmugli them, is again elevated and rejoins the fine material. By means of gates in the ■flooi- beneath the plaster of Paris bin, the material drops through spouts intc hugs, for '■^lipping neat. The piaster of Paris in the mixer bin drops thrniijili to tht' mixer?, being therein mixed with fibre aw] retarder, and is then bagu'ed and shipped as hard wall plaster. DESCRII'TIOX t)F SIACIIINERY. The nipier or jaw crusher (Plate XXIX) is used for coarse reduction. It is designed to stand heavy strains aud rough usage. When used for gypsum crui-hing it is usually equipped with corrugated jaws to prevent clog- ging. The machine shown in the illustration has a jaw oixining of 15" x i'l'" with a capacity of material to pass a 2" ring of 12 to 25 tons per hour; approximate weight 10,000 pounds; 30" x lOJ" belt pulley; aud with a speed ol 200 revolutions requires 15 horse-power. It is listed at $550. A similar cru.-licr having a capacity from 25 to 40 tons, and jtt\i opening of 22" x 28", is qiiotwi at $850. The nipper is usuall • followed by tho cracker (Plate XXX), and will reduce the product to the fineness of corn. The machine is of the rotary type, provided with break pin safety pulleys and is listed at $050. The dryer is a cylinder 4 feet in dia:ncter, by 27 I'ett long, weight 21,C00 pounds. It should le equipped with an automatic feeiler and exhaust fan. It is built in brick-work, similar to a horizontal boiler, and is listed iit $2,500. Any kind of fuel oil, gas, coke, coal, or wood may be used, but the products of the fire should not come in contact with the material being dried, as it is liable to discolour it. The classifier is used to separate that portion of the material already crushed sufficiently fine for calcining purposes from the material requiring grinding, and gives greater efficiency to the millstones. The classifier shown in Plate XXXI is a new machine, recently put on the market by the J. B. Ehrsam & Sons Mfg. Co., of Enterprise, Kansas, U.S.A., and it is reported as giving excellent rcKults. It will handle from 10 to 15 tnns of ground gypsum per hour, and take cut 100 mesh fines. It occupies a flooi space of 8 X feet, and is feet high; wcigha 4.50!> iKiunds. and ehould 1« rim at a speed of 800 to 1,200 revolutions per minute, according to the capa- city required. The machine is provided with a cut off, so the ".mount of fines may be regulated from 80 to 100 mesh, h.h may be desired; and the product is not affepte<l by the fluctuation of 50 or 100 revolutions per minute, or iri«guhir feeding, which is a feature to be desired in mill practice. For final reduction there are various mills designed, as the Stedmau dis- integrator, the Sturtevant rock emery mill, and the French burr millstones. The latter are generally used and give the most satisfactory results. Tlje Stedman disintegrator is composed essentially of four coneentricaHv placed steel bar cageB. Of these cages tho first and third ravolvo in one direction I'l.VTK XXIX- Xi|)|>pr or .law ( 'nwlicr ns. .1 f.ir ciiarse rt^ductiiiii. 2»!)-p. 104. flii Crackor fi>r line ri'duction. IMf I'LATK X.XXI. CUtriBw, 2H9-P. 104. liJ n 105 while the iiecond ami fourth revolve the opposite way. Tho inuterial ia fe<l iuto a lu'Piier, which dimhiirgeji it into the centre of the cages. The Rypaum lump* uro etruck l>y the bars of the inm^ porc. und thrown outward at hijfh velocity; thi' hurn of the seconil cage, revolving in an opp><ite dire<Uion, strike tlieni a I1I..W of doul.le force, mid tiie opeiution is rppeatc<l by the third and fourth cage in succession, i'onipleting the reduction. In the Sturtevunt rock emery mill, the ordinary nuili*t<ji:e8 are replaced by 11 manufactured Btone. it ia coiistructtnl with a circular iron cup or shell, tl c centre ie nnile of a dif^c of burrs-tone, while the ixtrtion near the rim is set nitli tlaU of rock-emery, cementinl by metal poured in while molten. Kadiai -trips of lurr^tone ure set fo nc to continue llie furrows from the central burr- stone to the rim of the wheel. The French burrstones ure too well known to require description. The burrxtone mills ore made to o|)i>rttti« vcrtieally or horizontally, the former in most cases beljig preferable. Plate XXXII represents the Knterpri^^e vertical burr mill, which is e8|>e- cially designed for gypsum grinding. The mill is simple in construction, pro- vided with a spreading devic«! t<. throw the stones apart when not grinding, and hriiig them togr'thcr iigoin when grin<liiig is resumetl, without changing the ad- justment screw. The spindle an<l bearings are made esiH'cially strong, and the latter dust-proof. The spindle is also provided with a safety device, which allows the stones to spread apart, preventing accidents when harder foreign substances get mixed with the material being ground. Tho stones are made interchangeable, and can easily be removed for dressing; when two or more mills .are installed, it is advisable to have an extra pair of stones, which *vill enable the oiH'rator to keep the mill in operation while the stones are l«iiig redressed. These mills are provide<l with a mechanical feeder which guarantees uni- form feeding of tlie required capacity. The .36" mill requires a floor space of </■•:," X 4'-2"; its height is 5'-9"; approximate weight. 6,800 pounds; listed at $650, extra burrstones 3(1" dian^eter are listed at $134 per pair. Cii'iining kettles are con.lriK ted in the form of a hollow cylinder, made of boiler ^tecl, from 4" to i" tl iok. Tl eir depth is about equal to their diameter, ranging from 6 to 10 feet. This cylinder is set on an iron ring, and on the ring inside the cylinder rests the bottom. The bottom is cast, and should be made from the very best scrap iron, and also of such a mixture of iron as to make the shrinkage as low as possible. It is convexed upward, and has a thickness of about i" at the edges, and 4" at the crown. Sectional kettle bottoms are some- times used, made of six radial sections and one round centre piece, and although they are not alwa^i satisfactory on account of unequal shrinkage, yet as the life of a kettle bottom terminates with cracking, it has merits, as any cracked sec- tion may be replaced without disturbing the kettle or the brick-work. The top of the kettle is covered with a sheet iron cap, having a movable door tlirotiph which the raw mntorial is iiitroduced. and a stack hole for tli:' cscap- ing vanoiirs. The old style kettles were built without flu«s passing through ^■^/." 106 them, but in all nxMlerii kettle* they have two or four flues. Plato XXXlll iibowg the general conatruction of Khr>'riiiiii'-< fi>iir tlin' ki'ttl*-, in liri<:k ««tti)i^. In thla the furnace gasea cume in contact with tim kettle bottuni, ini.r the tuyere* placed arounil the entire iiiaide circumference of the wall Hupportiiin the kettle, after which they travel in un unnular cliunibcr nrouiid the cir^- nn- ferenco of the (hell to the two lower tubea, passini; thmuKh them to an iipixr punular ttpace, again around the cixcuniference to the two upiwr flue«. tliin i- to the chimney. The kettles are usually arranged in line, and operated in pairs, having' » feeding chute and one hot pit for each pair. It is necessary that the mat. rwl in the kettle should le rcrstantiy agitated, and for this purpose o lijie of sliMtt ing is placed over the kettles, which has attached, for each kettle, a ' it. vertical pinion wheel, which drives a horizontal cog crown wheel, attached ■ a 4" vertical shaft running to the bottom of the kettle, and supportetl in ili. centre by bearings attached to the flues. Above the flues, on the vert km! shaft, is attached a paddle-shaped cro»8 arm, und at the bottom a curved r>...s, arm having either movable teeth with puddles, or chains which are mo adjii-i. I as to throw the material from the outside tothe centre; revolving at about i:. revolutions per minute and requiring from ten to twenty horse-power. If. from any cause, the agitation should stop, the material settles down on tiit- bottom, and, owing to the intense heat, the bottom is very liable to be melte<l. The kettle fluee gradually increase in diameter from 7" to 16", and wlnn four are placed in a 10 ft. kettle, on a horizontal line, they ore 30" apart, I'lii when placed in pairs two above tlie other, they are from 10" to 15" apart. In the matter of fuel economy, experiments between two kettles, one with four flues placed on a liorizontal line, and one with four flues placed in pair-. two above the other, were tried l^y ilr. I.owo of Uraud Kapids. The result.-* ;ire given by Grimsley': — 'The kettles were properly set and with good draft. The gypsum wj- groiind so that 86 per cent would pasa through a 40 mash sieve. The e.xp. , • ment was watched on the second batch after the kettle had been fully heati'l. The material was discharged after the second setting, and was fully calcnied, and the weight of plaster was oifjlit .inil one-fourths tons, with a water per- centage of five and one-half. Ty|« of Kour-fliie Kt-tllf. Coiiditiuii of Rock. INitllltltf ' of ! liittmi. Coal. TiiiiH in Himn>. H I'. Ri.iiuir.'d. Direct, flucB OOiW Urtm l,<Oi> 3 7 12 Return, flues 8 J ' 88») 3 8-12 Direct, flues 0000 Dry »■'*> 2 10-12 Ki-tum. Hues 55,.. ; 730 2 1112 •The Oypsnm of Michigan, Vol. IX^ Part IT, p. 123. 1-J !0', XXX Ml k ««!tt ; .' upi^.i' .• e cif' !i an ii| ,"'r 59. til. : . BVillK ,ii' matrr.il of sIm;; e, a I! chetl 1 ed ill '!!• e verii'M'. rved 1 - ..i:.. . 1 i:. If. •i viK XXXII. Virtiinl I'.iiir Mill. ¥ * 2S9- IWi. f I'l-ATl X.XXIII. Klirxiimira f.iiir Hm- t'liltiimiK Kitth- : staiiilanl xtlii J lor 'Tfce material in the serond cxperiinent was discharged nt the end of the first settling, and the total weight of plaster w«a eight aiid oue-half tons, with a water percentage of eig^t. In the direct arrangament the heat paaaea throush flues and out. In the return, the heat paaM* through two fluca, then back through other two and out Tyi* of Foiirflue KetMe. OmditiDB Poundii of irf Rock. Bitum. Cu»l. <jreen. Iiirect, fluei" IIIIOU R'tum, Hue» gjj Direct, fhiM eOQU ;D,y K'-'irn, (loMgi i „ 7i6 ato 060 530 Tttar in Hour*. 2A H. V. K^HH.irwI. la 13 m In starting a kettle, the heat ia gradually increased while the crude ■•terial is being slowly fed. The material thus gradually added ia constantly agiuited: when the kettle is full and the temperature rises to about 225"" or 230° F . the contents boil violently as the water is driven ofT and out the vapour stock. When the temperature reaches about 270' F., the gypsum settles down, leaving a vacant space of about 16". and the steam almort ceas.^. Thi:^ i.. known as the first settling. Between 280° and 290° F., the mass rises again. iften throwinK part of the materi.il over the top of the kettle, and when a tein- peraturo of .350° to 370° F.. is reached, the pioc«« is completed and the mater- ial is readily w-ithdrawn through the gate near the lottom. which is controlled i'V a lever from the top. Table Showing Details of the Ehrsam Calcining Kettlei. DianiettT of kvttle Ft. Height of kettle fi, Numlier of flueii . . Diameter ijf llueK ,\n, ThickiieM of xhell in kettle In. TliickncHU of tutxia in kittle tn. Diameter of Bnioke stack In. Irfnglli of Binoke stack Ft. (■rate nurfai-e J.'[^ Diameter of iigiriKlit «haft In. (.MOHtli ot upright aii^il, iuwmmutiua. I.ien|;th of ipriirht »hnft. n|i|)er section. Number ot ^ear wheel Number of pinion NnniluT of kettle liands Weight of .iitle nnd fixtures Llm. Numtn'r o i'<ii)iiiion lirick above floor. . . Nunilier of Hnbriek (;»|wcity |ier charRe . Ton«. Power re(|nire<l an gmuml ^'v|».um under ortlinary condition*.. .. ' H.I'. Price Kettio ti.xturos comprise: front with doors and liners, front, Krate reste, ?Mte bars and lack grate rest, one kottlc rinjc made in eectious with bolts and l> H H 1o li '•'} » 2 o 4 ( 12 14 14 1<: ■ .. 1 i 1 U 2i> a 24 40 4« 4H 4'< 2.:« :»-4 .1 4 4 ^ .-. ;^ 1 «> 31* it -10 '.> W' 3 « .T (i • :«• H » -o su« .SI 47 S147 .Sl-o SI 40 SI47 S147 .S17U :t 4 4 « (i.lKHI 12.0<10 13,ii««) ai.ooo III.INUI IB.iHIO I7.1KW 23,tllli) 2.IP0I1 4,<IIN) 4.8iN< T.Ulii 2to.1 .M..6 (1 to 7 12 to 11 H «4.J«l tMKt V< $1)1111 :!<1.2llll i 108 J couplers, one kettle bottom, two flue dooM for each flue in kettle, stack plate and stack with guy wires four timeri the length of stack, kettle bands, uae kettle cover made uf sheet steel of the extension pattern, one vapour pipe niiid« of galvanized xheet steel, one agitator shaft and Imttom agitator with rake- (ir chain, due agitator, shell agitator, adjustable flue bearing, adjustable bridge bearing, cast iron gear wheel and steel pinion; also one pair of double g-.aet end rods with shield oiul discharge spout. The mixer is a machine having essentially two compartments, a mixing chamber, :ind a sacking chamher. The mixer has one mixing shaft, with two ^ctK of paddles so arranged that one set throws the material from the outsiilo of the mixing chamlM>r tuwartis tliu ct-ntre; at the same time causing tlie niati-rial to travel towards one end of the mixing chamber; while tlie other set of pud<lie<< causes this operation to be reverse*!. All working parts arc made of iron or steel. The main «haft and stufiing Iioxon are made extra heavy, the main I car- ing independent of the stuffing boxes. The mixer is providoil with W()'><)i'm receiving hopper, lined with sheet steel. By o|)«rating a lever the opt'ratcir discharges tlie material from the hopper into the mixing chamber. After the material bus been in the mixing chan»ber a sufliaieiit length of time (from o tn 8 minutes') the operator, by turning a pilot wheel, opens the valves to the liack- ing chamlier, which allows the material to discharge into the racking cliaiiik'r. This is made of wood, lined with sheet s-tecl, and i>rovided with an agitator to keep the material from clogging; it also allows the mixed product to be A'lf- churge<l directly into sacks for shipping. In Plato XXXIV the Enterprise noiseless mixer is shown. It ie made Id two sir.e». No. 1 having a capacity from 1,00() to 15,00<> pounds to a chiin.i\ and from 4S to (IS tons per day of 10 hours; weight :{,80() pounds; listed iirlot' $^25. Xo. 2 has a capacity from l.HOO to 2,4<X> pounds t<i n charge, and from ftO to 100 tons i>er day of 10 hours; weight 4,4<10 pounds; lifted price $400. Somewltat similar mixers are furnishe<l by the lies ^Moines Manufactiirini: and Supply Company. They are known as the Broughton mixers, with at.vie, capacity, etc., shown in the following table: — Capacity of hop|wr, )lm Biit('h(i|(lt*ni, nunih<*r. . Pmliiet |iprday «f luhnart, torn Hisp of iHillry, incbn Kovulutiima |wr minul« StyU. A -1 rttylv A IWIIV-SOOO I 1000 -IMO 6 r> flo-flo an -fto ao « 13 ' M >- H ISO IA4) Styl«- n -1 Styl« B-2 Hl\\v 11 -.f ton w 34 X 8 175 .■Mm 20 « « 111 ■ 4 161) liX' H<ifnp*poiw»r rv(]utrvd •.. Rhi|i{»infr WRtiphl LNl Lwt i»rioe. . 9 l" 22 »-« 8 12 (17 7,30i» 4,750 3,t*n V,.Kli» 675 4110 400 »II0 St 1(1 4 I'lATK XXXIV. KntfriTi!*!' Niii^i ■ Mix-i. :'s'.i-p. 1(18. i 28U-1). 1C8. Side tlevkti'io of Ciunmer continuoui cslciuing i^nt ; 250 1 Fio. 4. n ^*.# r. ff, Tkmas - Scafe ofFTeef >Unt t 2M km. in M »««„ IJ«,p,rd b> the F. D. Cuo.n.er & S. n i ,,„ CleveUnd. Otuo. U.S. A. J , Miaoconr itsouTiON tbt chart (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ^ APPLIED IM/tGE Inc SSr^ '653 tost Moin slrwT" ~ w^^Z RochMt«r. N9W York 14609 USA ^g ('16) »82-0300-Phont ^S ("6) 2M - S9S9 - Fo> 289-p. 108. End «ctio. of Cummer oontinuou, clcining pl.„t; 250 ton« in 24 hour.. Deigned by the F. 0. Cummer ft Son O... CleveUnd, Ohio, U.S.A. / t ^H PLAN OF CUMMER CONTINUOUS CAI CIN- JG PLANT 250 Tons in 24 Hours Designed by The F. d. Cummer & Son Co. CLtVELANo Ohio. U.S.A. ?:;?^;:r' K^ *-^ FIG. 6 »*»'^»*" - /•-*'«*•'.«- •Srm000g Bn US'- or f>e* OrwiK T 1 COttL Bit* \\ i I / ]0» oDJUHON!* 1(1 TlIK niKsKNT ?*^MEM Of ( AI.CIMNO OVPSUM. To tlio iirc'ceiit Hj-etem of kettle calcining there are several objections. It is not u continuous process, ami it requires a greut iiiiiount of heat to perform the worit and is, tlioruforo, o-xiwusive; when tim kettles are at their highest tcuiperuture they are (JisciiurKcl ami recharnu i with cold luatorial, ami al- though the recharginst is done gradually, there is large loss of heat, besides 1 or«tantly cau«ing contMction and expansion, which is a serious strain on con- >truction. Another objection is the large liorse-power required to keep the (TMisuni fltiiir egitated, not only to prevent it from burning at the bottom, but also to prevent the kettle bottom from overheating. Many and various attempt* have lern mode to overcone ihese objections by using rotating cylinders, but they too liii\e their difficulties. The various qualities of our gypsums require different lengths of time to perform complete or partial calcination. The objec- tion made to the cylinder process is the difficulty to determine that point. The exi)ert calciner cannot see the plaster boiling, and all his test:"— the rising vapours, the creaking machinery, etc.— have disappeared or become so modified that ho can no longer recognize them. There is no doubt, however, that in the near future these difficulties will le overcome, and we will have a continuous process that will gHve a uniform product with less expense, and the old time kettle will disappear. THE CUMMER SYSTEM. The Cummer continuous gypsum calcining process, shown by Fig 4, 6, and 6, designed and furnished, with description, by F. D. Cummer and m Company, of Cleveland, Ohio, i« not without merit. It consists of a rotary calciner and calcining bins. The rock coming direct from mine or from storage is crushed to 1" ring, and delivered to a small storage bin situated over the feed spout of the rotary calciner. This bin is equipped with a mechanical feeder that legulnriy feeds the crushed rock into the calciner. In this machine most of the* free water is eliminated, as well as some of the water of crystallization. The gypsum remains in the calciner about ten minutes, and during this time is in constant agitation and gives off moisture. As it leaves the calciner it is steaming and heated uniformly to the de- sired temperature, which varies from 400° to 600° F. The exact temperature depends largely upon the density of the rock, and the kind of product desired. From the rotary calciner the hot steaming rock is elevated to the calcining bins, where the calcining process i« completed in about 36 hour^. During this time the residual heat brought over by the^rock from the calciner completes the calcining process already started, and -the material is cooled, ready for the pul- verizers. The now calcined material ; mechanically discharged from the bins and conveyed to the pulverizers. While it is of the rotary dryer type coiamonlj used for drying gypsum preparatory to calcining in kettles, it lis entirely differ- ent in principle, and of much heavier design and construction. liu 'Ilic i.fir.v i«l«i»n.r is ciiuipHMl witli ii ^|l4^■illl iiailiuiiinil >t.)kir utitl fur luii.' Mliliitf, with wliifli (■oiiiliiiiutioii pjrfui-t co.o')intii>:i U obtaiiuj nitii »lni'k bituiiiinnug coal. Uif imrc, luated rbs-cs re^-iilliiig (r..iii piTlVi't r..iiil.iifti«ni itrp driiwii l.v ,, liin into II hirjri.' «'onmiiiiKli?i(f cluiiiibcr, whicli oxtciicls ific ciitirr loiigtii of tlir r.vlin.ler. At tliy oaiiiu time, tiiflioirnt iiir is ailinittcl lliroUKli rraiilators in flif sidf wall» of tlu' i'oiiiIii.iii);liiiK cliiiiiil-i r, ;,iii| mixed «iii; 'In- heated itU'' ■ lii'Jii tlic ftirtiniv, to (five tho tcniix-niturfs hi'-<t !«uiti'<l to the iiiatcrial. I h'j .vi'ider (which U x-t at iiii incline and revoi ve.-t tdowl.v on steel rollert ) Iiiis- II (trcut li.any lioodrd o|ieiiiiiKs, ho annr.fted that the heated air and pa«c- froni tlie eowiiningling ohaiiiUr are drawn by a fan throuRh the hood-, into tli. eyliiider, in direct contact wiith the B.vpsuni rock, which enters the machine nr the front end. The rock is eonftantly lieing cascailed in the c.vlinder by nienn of lifting blades. In the discharge spout is a recording thermometer, which registers tin tenipernttire of the rock a* it comes out and is elevated to the calcining bin-. The dial of this recording therinoaieter i< »o lo^-ated that the oparator can watch it, and keep the rotary ealciner adjusted t^o us to give n nniforndy heatol product. The calcining bins are built of brick, or of wood lined with brick. Four bins are required for each plant, and the cooacity of each bin is equal to the daily output of the plant. By the use of four bins a continuous process i<t obtained. One bin is Iteing discharged of its cooled calcined material whili the proceM of calcining is bering completed on the material in the second and third bills, and the fourth bin is Iwing flllwl with hot material from the calcinei. These bins are so constructed that the material in process of calcination is thoroughly Tent<ilated, while the outside air is excluded, which allows the resi- dual heat carried by the material from the ealciner to rapidly disseoiinati- itself through the maae, and complete the calcining process. The tempera- ture at which the material enters the bins determines the time of set. Each bin is equipped with a simple device which mechanically discharges 'he material, regularly and at any speed desired. /able givins Approximate Capacity, Fnel, Hone-power, and Labour, Cnmmer Continuou Calcining Proceai for Oypsnm. Number. '^apacity per 84houi«. Horx-- power. Coal |»T cUy fur calcininic. I.»lioiir per Kh:ft. 1 60 tons 100 ., 160 M aoo „ 250 .. SOO ,. 400 .. 6 8 10 12 15 20 28 .S,M)0 IIm. 7,<)00 M 10,500 .. 14,000 ., 17,500 .. 21,11110 .. 28,000 .. 3 3 4 t .< 6 « 1 .. 1 M T 2meii a •3 '-■* Floor non Fiff, s_ y-fl<r X V-V KETTLE PLABTEF HO. 7 Section Thru \9rindlng Oepo-tm^nt ntg.4 Scale of feet PUBTCR KHU. l-e*^ X e-O* KETTl l*a«».Mrfte MM FIG. 8 ztian Through Mixing Oa/tt Scafe of Feet •SETTLE PLASTER MILL i± NOT€: . St-uddinga s\e- Spacad S^' Center Excup/- around bins. AM i¥indows /s l/ffAAs /s'x/e- 9/0SS an/tss ofhtr^isa «/>,clft^. 2-V^ X »<r KETTLE PLA81 it^ttti FIG. 9 ^a a _ 'HH f Bi! ■' I — - '- — 1 \ ^ ■>»'.^i^ ft'"'"'*' T— I J._, S4 - O' "0 •I ^OMfmr Hout* Be - o f^i9 S Seatm 9f net -E PLASTER MILL I I SBm0SmmmimBKtMM J 40»mtmfmm m^m^m rrr ^*- — >^>K a-e'-o' X a^r kettle pu mtm Ml FIG. 10 ITLE PLASTER MILL Ill vi.KS", nvrMtH \(uis>. >\ii i<i».- i>» ii.ssTKi I riov nm plmtkr mii-w. Thf iiif..riiuili.>i» ill tlie 'ollowinif fnigo* it lor the con«tru.-tion of miUa iiiinic the ktifl,. i>r<«t.».. Th«. nmu f(i«tii ni.proxiiiii.tf. tlii> trim i-..,tK, u... ii.'.ir as ptMwihlo. without knowing the exact Iwation iiimI local eonditioin. Thr tir»t two huililiiiK" lire .lpHi»fii«Hl for hoo.1 cotintrncfioii. niiil .IctniU of .luantiti..- mxl •\T.c of tiiiilrr • im I,, ol.tnincl from tlic uc.oiii|.iiii.vin(r plan*. The quality of timber to I* uo<m1. soiiiuI >.prucc. or hemlock, (!.) Iif-iKTi fur p!.. tor tnill. I.nvin^ „ .■iip.i.itv of j;, ton* in 24 hour», nhown in detail \>y t«o figures, :iiclii,|iiig ton iletaileil figures. Figure f. „- plan, with I „. 2. ^«<>ction thrnuuh calcininR ilvpartiiit'tit. or plan. — -- ..irouu ». Third floor pli FiK. 1. Show. Krmind plan, with dJm«n-.ion> of tmildiHK uul lav.iil of mm Inn. Z. sSwtion throuuh '-i—-- — -" • • - , . 3. Sfccind floor pTaii. *• J*™*'"" •hrouah grinding department, pmn. Figuri », Tig. 1. I*, igitndinal upctioo of mill. 2. Section through mixing departinpnt. 3. HwtKin through power hoDw. 4. Outside appearance of building. 5. Ontnide appearance of building. The niHchinery I'linMi^t-' of the follow ing:— Ono « ft. X 6 ft. ralciiiing kettle. .. ^', Si""""" ''"■*'<^»J green-grinding burr mill. 20 £hr«am vertical regrinding burr mill. " 20' Khmani rotar.y crusher. Special entirprise noiiielevN mixer. Necessary eleTBtor», conveyers, power tran.imiMion, and kettle pit feeders for the automatic handling of material from crusher to mixer ^ '"Wlers tor the durable ^TtYrn.""""""'"" ■»»*"*»•. oleTBtors. and conveyers are of extra heavy and Power requiretl to run plant, 60 hi>rse-power. Coat of special machinery 11 110 '"""'feeders* '*"'*' '^°"^''''"- J*""" t'""n»n»''<''ioi.. and kettle pit ' Approximate cost of building ' and ' bina compietei incVnding *^ masonry, and oofit of erection IflOO Approximate cost of power plant, consisUng of one' limpie slid; ' valve engine, one tubular boiler and connexions. gM Approximate cost of pla8ter mill complete 1(754 hoursT""' "' **" ''^" ^"'"^ P'»°* '" «» ♦<"» »' Sn-ly ground pU^^r in U On dry gypanm 80 per emit product will go through 100 medi. (2.) Design for plaster mill having a capacity of 100 tons in 84 hour*. shown in detail by three figures, including eleven detailed figures. Figure 9. Fig. 1. Front elevation of rook bin. *■ I?^f J?i.'„ ^^fi '*"' "^ ?? bmilding. and general layont of m«cliln«rv It aim shows the opportunity for increasing the capacity of thrmil? Tf required >n the futnr«. by the addition of another kettle. Figure 10. Fig. 1. Conitrnotion of calcining floor. 2. End view of mixer bin. 3. Second floor plan. 4. Floor over storage bins with deUil of machinery. 5. Arrangement m detail of hot material elevator and screen. 1 1. I 112 Figure 11. Fig. 1. Soction through crushing and grinding departments. Z. bectjon throQKh calvining departmprt. 3. hechon through mixing department. 4. Section through mixing department. The maohiiiery ponsista of the following - Two 8 ft. X 8 ft. calcining kettles. n*° ^, ^t""*""" vertical green-grinding burr milU. nn '^' !;''!S?"V.u*''''"^'''. ••'KHuding b mill.. X"* 1^, ^.. ^ Ehrsam jaw crusher. One 20' KhrKam rotary crusher. One No. 2 Enterprise noiseless mixer. One Khrsam hair picker. One 21' X U'-O' vibratory screen the^^zttn^ T::i^j^:;^[r^rri^. ""^ ^«*"'' •"* '^-- '« patteiL^"" *'"""'""'''«'°"' el"ators. and conveyers are of extra heavy and durabl Power required to run plant, 150 horse-power. (ost of special machinery • »in """VJi^TtV^l^r'""- "•"• '""'*' transmisJionV bins/and ''"* yL°^Tr\Tc^l o^ ;5?ect?oi!'""^'"« ^'^^^- ■ •-•"■■•'-« , C Approximate cost of poww replant, consisting of oneio' ' x Se" Corliss engine, on« 72' x 18 ft. high pressure boiler pumps and connexions .7.. .T. . „ .. 300O Approximate cost of plaster mill complete.. .. tUUM and arrangement of machinery. (3.) Design for piaster mill, having a capacity of 200 tons in 24 hours shown in (Jetail by ore figure, including eight detailed figures. Figure It. Fig. 1. Section through power house. 2. Section through grinding department. 3. opction through calcining department. 4. hection through mixing department. 5. Uround plan showing size of building 6. Longitudinal section of mill. 7. Section through warehouse. 8. Flow "beet. The building and bins are designed for steel construction, and to be fire- proof througliout. The machinery consists of the following:— Two H ft. X 10 ft calcining kettles. Two 8 ft. X 10 ft. calcining kettles. Five 42' horizontal Ehrsam burr mills. Ihree Morscher-Ehrsam classiflers. One 22 X 28 Ehrsam jaw crusher. One 38' Ehrsam rotary crusher. Three No. 2 Entei prise noiseless mixers. Two vibratory screens, 21* wide by 8'-0' long. nniA^rr*"!!^ elevators, conveyers, power transmission, and kettle pit feeders for the automatic handling of material from crusher to mixer leeaers ror the burrmills." i?soXS""" ''""" ""'"' """^ ^ ''""»"'<' '"'*«'«' "' *»>• «' horizontal AH power transmission material, elevators, convevera HnH VAffU «;«■ »».,j °t'h^^*;,S„lTUt^d";o^'a« ^t^JT' -'* "' --^". 1^-bo'u"'! a»ue?1of-o^p:^rltfn7 4 I a fi I II ^fmtr. SecA/o/t Through Crua/ting S Grinding Dtp'f. Fiyl •,-1- .■ 1 >o ; 1" 'o> E, -^ 5 • t ^-1 - '% T ?^ H J>^ i ^f^ xir- Sechic) Through Mining Dep t F'is>. 3 2-80' X 8'^ KETTL rfta Jt.dkt FIG. 11 KETTLE PLASTER MILL fr J /Vy. 8 Smchon Thru Crushing S G rindina O^o ar^m mnt 29 '■ 99 Jom Cru9*»mr ' *^ 36 ffo^ory CruMAmr I i- >? ■5 ; "i ^ ! t i 3oi/er Room Engine ffipom ^ Crushing » I q^ >Ofn (irinding Deofy. ' Calcining Depot 4. Pun /SO t • so a' 10 Pan. /4-o't • 40-0' Jig S n i l J JM H I .MH WH^I I H •^^' (ty '^'(j^' "ST'W "W^" Fig. S Diagram 2-8-0- X 10-Cr KETT 1^ itf^M— IW4l FIG. 12 ^y. %f. Stehcfi Thru Co/cjnt^y Dmporhnmnt F*^ 4 Smch'ft Thru Mixing Dtpartmtnf- a*"-r^9 S &**>''■ t Burt * / 03 F'rrmf- f9m^uchon 't»* Staind *S Third To Kt/f/et <r KETTLE PLASTER MILL i^^^«a I V I r r i J. ■^pr^ PtttU S'croi^* Tank Cod Seo To le.ta Jti jVo/ar^ t>i,j*r^T' j1 t-»Jh ^ dcj'/er ffoom h •0!l>t|); m Is Entf'ie Room 42 ' kor'Jon''Of aurr mills ' _ P» ■ P '^ : ■ Qnnaing ; Sroond Mat. Cjp J/5 Ton Co, ^ Pon ii-0 t • 60 O .«> g Pan a o't •ISO ■ 0_'_ Oust Ptp* From ^on r^ Cyc/on* Out* ^. Co/Ztcl-a- © Bof/er Room £ngtn» Rccm '*^ A^^')'^-^iX'%^sk^-'^f ^.^ ■ . ..vi^^^MjL ' .,i^a^A:i:;.,j.. ^ -x . ' . .4 gi ^ ,.. <? ■ iS ' ' m;A f a f i ■ < >. ^. ^«"ynjj^S;ii.||,ijj^|ii^ fig S Longitij<. a-8-0- X 10-0" KE1 J^ l*.ai^^dUAto ■MiAiaki 'mit/m •Qti^ Tank D C>SO Ton FIG. 13 />y / /""c// ' C/m/cA Coi/p/ttf '-*^^-v-€>^ 'r^H' <UVviM ,-fic:jii»iKjE3>HK:?=3i{-a<e^ . ^ 'i-^-^^ Calcininj Oapor/'ment • ISO ■ O " TjoAu/ Length 14S'-0 ///»# -^tf/ Sfofa^0 Bin Cop JJ6 r.i- - SAarOfm Bin ■| I LMJ I « fl ' ^ £nftrpr>Mm fifui0''a< Mtxing Departnent -r ■* Pon IS' o t • 6O-0 IVort ffeus*\ I 1 i u. 7_^on ti-O't^'O S'-o' : ir*/rft em I n p ^ ong/tudifia^ Section J-C KETTLE PLASTER MILL }' "M buBi 28, I ^imggm '».<<». AM ' ;^%y ^ jj^ -1, ."l. • Coi^HyOr For Co^l J | jK8 |[<l fj.^t(!»pti'!HW " *!"■.* 1«^ . %. u «:«>■ — ^a -- *«- section Thfx, Caicfnin^ Otipt Smct'^t* Thru M ^■**'**J5S2J r 1 •-4 >-■■ •\ .*- YT ■A- f !«-■>--*:> -*■• /tata. yh Kmttlm z~9<r X ia-(r kettle FIG 14 nt a St'Cf'OM 7~Arw Gr'fdmg A Drj>>^9 Om^t Sm^t/on Ykru Warm H om»% \Otw .Joftmi^ i.--mM SAow ^/9w Tm X9tti— Sca/e of ftt'f J to aS KETTLE PLASTER MILL ♦I -irf 113 t'oarer r«><|nirpd to run pliiiit, SOO hurw !>• wcr. Co^t «if Bpooinl rnarliiiiir.v $8,685 ('o*t of c'Bviitois, ri.tivi>iT^, liiiis. iiiul kp(tle |nt fi4Hi<rH and power transmission 4,380 r<«tt of stetl linildiiiK-- ami liiii^ •■oni[il<ti' I7,.')M ronrrfti" and hriikwoik for sittinK iii:ii lumTy ^.tlifl WiMKlwork and niillwii|;ht tiiiil»i l.lfifl Millwriuht labour. siipprMiteiiil.n.p ami iriTtion of in;o liirni v. . ;j.O(M) Approximafp co«t of power pl.iiit. o iisistinR cf two 72" x !8 tt. high |ii('s«uip Kilnrs. oio- 11 ■ ;;s ::n i,i-ti -ii^' ci i'"'!!-^ ■■nK>n<'< piiniim anil r(.nilnns(r, (otilinj; tower, fixtuns, fit- tinKs, pilling, ami inctioii lo.dW Approximate rost <if l)lastrr milt ntrnplil*'. ?tH.^*.1.* Th» capa.'ity of thp alxivo di-scrilnd pliiiit ij joo tons titoiy i,ioinid pla-tir in 21 tmrs On dry KTPsui' ^^ I""'' •'fnt of pr.iliKt i\ill i;., Ilirouj;!] Mo : iosh. <4.) I)<>sij;ii nf plaster mill. 1ki\ ini; n (-iii.i-it.v ,.|' :;'iii t n- !u •wii in dutilil l).v two tiKiirc", iin'!iiilii:p ciirlit .1. tnil ■ i lltrirs M li,i h'iijurf ;.?. Kiff. 1. rii>n of ^rroiind floor, with size o' Imililiiu ami ;in 2 T,oni;itmlinal siitiui of sumo. yiijuri 14. I'ig. 1. Spit ion tlirouRh |(owiT-liouse. 2. Sertion through K>>>i<l>i>K '>">' drying <!• partmi'iit. ,1. Section tl)!ouuh I'ult intiiK dep.ir tiut-nt. i. S«>ction throu;;h mixing department. 5. Swtion th^ou^h warihnusc. 6. DiaKram sIiowihk "ow m material froai 'i ushers t eiit ..f ni.'o'lnnerv. Till' liiiililiiiu' ;.iit to ! !■ fircpl'' iiM'l liiris ;in' il('si.;ii..'il to of tlirciiiL'lioiit. keltle-. coiistrui.aoi of stool, aul lue Threu 8 ft. x 10 ft. eal.ining .kettles. SeTen 42' horizontal Khrsam burr mills. F(.ur Morseher-l'^hisnm elassitierh. One 22 x 28 Khisain j.iw eru-her. One 36' Ebrsani rotary erusher. Kour No. 2 Kntcrprise noiseless mixer'?. Two vil>ratory sereens. 21' »i<le by !) 0' Ion;;- Oue No. 10 ■ .\ ' KuRglts-CoIes dryer. One No. 10 eyelone dast colleetur. Necessary elevators, conveyers, power Iraiisiiiis-ion. bin. automatic haiidlinR of material tioin i rns'jir to lni^er. Seven S6' verti<al Khrenm burr mills may !«■ installed itisteud of the 12' h"ri?.o.it.il urr mills, if so desired. All [Hiwer trausinission material, elevati rs, ronvev- r-. bin, rl kettle pit fii'ders are of extra heavy and dur^ible pai'ern, .ind cost if repairs, 'iir, and fuel for operatiti(t this plant is redu' •■d to miimiium. The Uuggles-Coles dryer shown m this pl.mt is beiieticial in riKlucinR cost of nf'"''- , where material comes from ijiiarries wet and coutaiiiiiiR trora 5 per cent free moisture. Tower rifjuired to run thii* plant, tOO horse-power. Cost of special machinery, not includiiin dryer arid cyi l..ne dust collector One KuRKle^-Colcs dryer and cyclone du-t collector. Cost of iHiwer transmission, eloviitms, conveyers, kettle pit fee<ler8 ■ Steel bnilcfinRS, bins, and i»d)ble -torafie tank erected complete WofMlwork and millwright timber Millwright labour. RU|H'riiil< ndence, and erecting machinery.. foilowiiii:- ;iiid kettle pit feeders for to 10 M.Slft r,.'K4 21 ..520 l,:fS6 4,200 bins, xud .Vpproxiiniitc ci'st of power |diiii sislill^ of thl' Three 72' x IH ft. hitib pre-sure buiUrs. one IG < 33' ' 3«' high speed Corliss engine, pumps ami condenser, cooling tow" fixtures, fittings, pipinii. »»'• en-etion 1. 00(1 Approximate cost of plaster mill complete $64 420 The capacity of the bIkivc descrilied plant i' inrs. On dry gypauin, 9S per cent of product 289—8 WO tons fiiielv (-rourd plaster in 24 rill go through 100 m««ih. m 114 nCAlTKR VII. Products of OypsDm. The Kreau-r part of the «,,,-u,u ,r..4u..d is n.anufactured by grindiu. a P«rt.al or c.^p]e,. oalcina.ion. into various plast.v. or plaster Z, -Placer of Par., .uco. .o.e.u plaster. hnrd-Hnish pi^ter. flZ::,.:; Pla.»wr««'r '"" ^™---"> '-'--fi'^ '-y Eckel. i„ Cements, Li.„o. a aaae.^ •tir;:::!;:.^;:::;:;:;^^-- - -ei.n^.ateria, .. purt,es. or h, th. a.ldu.on f.. a .alcinod pur. gypsum of certaia matori . wboh .cr..e to retar.l ,he .t of the product Ce^JZ: in. farH^^n"". 'f ''" '""""''"*" '^''•^""•'■''" ''' ^'^•^-- ^''« -1-natio,, ,„ mp (arru.i .,n .;; trii.p,.rHturi.s e\c^H-<]hig 400° F (3.) Prciuced by the calcination of pure gypsun. yu,,, ,,„ p,,.,, pi ster. on.Kera. ,. quantities arc ground without calcining and Tae.i . «orks are Jargo rou^uniers of the calcined product •i.>n^Vf "^'^ Tl "'*^ "■''""'• '" '^*"'* ft.n.,entation and prevent th- fonua- ..on o too „uch free acid; also to ahsorb wator and strengthen the product for ornJZ" T "'^"' ■"""'"" ""^ *'"°"" "" "'"''-^r ■•'' -''d •>>■ -uiptor, ^rrz' T :r"" "^'^^ "^'^^^'-^ -"^'"'"^ '"*- ^-" --'^^ »» "-'- n It L 1 "» " -V"""" "'"' '"""'' ""^ '■» --"> -«I^-« o-«- •um) ,„ the natural water used for their manufacture t^Hj4^490 grains of caWuin t,. ,hc im,>erial gallon, combined principally a. ■Truu. P,^. iMt. MiB. Eag. VoL Xn. .."li 115 (Hl.-iiin. culrhntr. To pmlu. o n Miniliir \MHer to tlie nl,ov,. f,,r tiie inunufar- tiirp of Leers in V.uiiUml if is r]»Uw.l thi.t .i.-.O.fXK) i...„;,.|.. r,f Kvpsun, are me.l iiiiiiitHlly. I'l.VsTKK OK I'ARIS. CalciiieU plaster is a Keiu'ial term applied to all pla.n.irs pr.HacoJ at a temperature not exeoeiling 400^ F., in wln.li no foreign material i.as bem in- troduce<l. Jf this tirtiole is ni»n\ifaeturp<i from a pure trM'fum it is a plaster of Paris, or stucco, which is aliuo.t synonymous, the latt.M- Lcin- iHi.ily manu- facturtd frcm a fairly p\iic t:.M>i'ni, Imt not quite so lindy tiiiin.i. The finer Kradcs of thit^ picluct arc very (luick-M'ttiiii!', an 1 ar,> iol.i for dental and surgical work, and for plaster casts and moulds. It i- al-o used for the finishing coat on interior walls of huildings. Dental and ,-urpical plaster ::< usually repround and carefully sifted so n^; to give u sui'crKne pi i=lcr, free from any grit. tKSIK.NT I'l.ASIKH. Althoug.i |)Iaster of I'nris, and cement piasters, arc issentially diiforcnt in tlieir properties and usee, yet their i>ro(ess of manufacture is very sin.iiar. Aa haa lecn noted, plaster of J'aris is manufactured from the purest (,'yp- sum, and is (luick-setting, while icnient plasters are slow in setting;, heini,' manu- facture<l from a naturally impure rock, or hy adding some suhstance, known as a retnrder, to the material iluring or after it- manufacture. There if also a slight (lifTerenee in the calcining tonipern ru. which in plaster uf I'arii Is siimewhat lower than that of cement plasters. Where plaster of Pari-* orrlinarily sots in from live to litt'-'ea uiin ite-i, cement plaster, hy the addition of retardeis, may he iicld Lack from J to 24 hours. Cement plasters are fast repln. ig the old time lime plaster, for the interior coiistrui tii>n of Luildings. in the I'nited States the ratio is ai.cut to 1 iu favour of cement i)laster. l.e-s than Ju years age this was practically reversed. It 1 eing a good non-<uudnctor of heat it l^ecomes very vahnude in the con- struction of fireproof structures. When used in the construction of fireproof partitions i:i bailliuit* the material is usually mixed with wood or cocoanut fihre, aiid moulded into llocks, 30" long, 12" wide, and when solid, 2" tkick. The> are "-.anetiines cored, thi^ is having two or tlireo holes through thetn longitudinally; in such cases the blocks are made 3" thick. Studding is also made of tliis mixture. Icing cast 3'' square iver a core of woo<i. This wood is generally used in two separate 1" < 2" striti-. In C'nstruct- ing a partition with thhs studding a plate and sill, of the sanie material a;id size, are u»e<i. and also a horizontal row of Lridging .'.bout midway L.tvve<^n i)!ate and sill. All the ends are fastened Ly a socket specially tnade from .No. 12 calvan- i!*<l iron to fit over the ftndding. and thrrii^rli '• hi<h the nail- arc driven. • 289—81 I; lie t Oh thin gtuii.linjf eitlipr the oxpuii.l«l metal or woven wiro lath can \w u, J. and the usual .-n«t« of planter put -n to finish, or a hoard manufactured it..,n the same matt-rial can Ip used imstead of tlie laths. The construction of i'i,l, is shown in Fig. 1.'.. d.tail«l tiRurea 1 and 2. Tho tlKure (a) shows the s,H.k.,t U»*h1 in t'a.-t<>ni.i(; the emis. Some niunufaeturers, instead of using wood or eocoanut fibre, have <• b- atituti-.] S8wdiii.t and ru.-.h.-«. Mr. Wilder, in Vol. XII <,f the (ieoloRical S.ir Tey of Iowa, give- a very jfood description of tho method of mai.afaotiiri. i the<>e platter hoanU. '<"Blcine.i plaster i« mixed with water, and a certain amount oi' suwili-t. On an iroti talile. with a h«'uvy iron top. iin' luid iron strips, wlii.'h Imv, a thickness .Hiual to that intendeil for the pypsum hoards. The space cnclo , .1 hy these strifs alho determines the length and hreadth of the hoard. Will In this «i>!ic«' Hre ^eattered e.xeeIsior, ami ru^he-i, and over those ii poured !!i,- gypsum, water, and snwdust mixture. The ruslie^ and e-xcvlsior are curcfuii.v W(,>rl;e<l 'into the middle of the ma*» hy hand. An iron har is drawn over tiic top of the strip*. lea\inp the -nrfnce of the mats either smooth or ridirod. It is allowed to st.intl al.oiit live iniimti-s, and then the iron table on whii-h t •• mass tests is strtick \ iporoiisly t\w) er three limes with a heavy mallet. T!:.- loojens the Kyi'sum hoard from the iron piute and Ktrijis. A workman take- it on Ins slioulder and carrie" it to an open shed, where it stands on end until dried by natural heat. The length of time required for drying dei)ends win 1 v on the atmospheric conditions. Artificial heat for drying gypsum hoards bin proven very iin>alisfaclory. as the lioanU so dritnl crumlde readily on expo^'ire Ui the air. Tiie weight of gypsum l«>ards l'-5 centimetres thick is about :" poun.is per sipiare Tiietre, and f'T l>oar<l> S ceiitiinetriw tbuk about 1:!0 pou.hI-. Other manufacturers use thin cotton cloth in alternating layers with t!i plaster in making boar<is. These l.<iardti, and the studding when finished -mA dried, may l>e <;it or sawn in lengths <rr size ri'tpiind. interior partitions r Willis (oiielnjctpd with either thwe blocks, or the studding and boards, can be considered fireproof, and stand the most rigid tests. The following rep..rt, furnished by the I'nited States Oypsuin Compnii . shows the rcsujis of a lire and water test on a building constructed of materi.il sinjilar to the above, manufactured by them. REI-ORT ot- r\M. AM) WATKB TKST. This tejiiTt of fire and water test wns made upon plaster block partitions constructed l.v the I'nited States (J.psunj Company. 1.12.1 Broadway, N-' v York. The test was conducted at the tire tasting sUtion, Columbia University, lltjth Street and ("laremont Avefiue, Xev York, on Nov. il, 1!K>5. Weather observations showed the day to ho damp and cloudy, with liglit winds from the southeast. Temperature 54° F. 117 iia I'lut.t.. n^ u..re tru-icJ . n Ortolcr J*. mikI tlio |,|;,Ht.r ..pplied on Oct. lb 21, nh.cL ji i..|,. thr a,i.- ..f t!:e t.-.-t < n purtitioii^ l-i ,|„vm, and on tho ..l.,.te, coTeriug IT dajs. Tltt- ter-t -urted at 10-54 oVIo.-k. mid water was appli.-d ut 12 o'clock. Method of Voitstructioii. Tlio i arlitions wpr.. .>reoted i!. test li.)ii,o N'o. J, which it doiiKi.wl . s- chisivriv i„r mrtition tc»t8. It is the ^tmiJard .-i/e n-iuired l.j tho Jtu.i.j ,.:.. Bureau ^Kvitictious. vir. U'.i ■ . y' ,;- .,„ ,|,,, „ut.i,,^. „„,, ,y_^.., f,^,^^ ^_. "^ tu ceiling. Tk- foundation walls an- ;.'• V al.ov.. tlic «roui.d level, an.l ?.,., n theui th,' Krate is iilucetl. .Seourelv mulioretl in the wait* is a I" ■. 1 -<,■,-. Jingie ir.m ;i ti.i.M,. uhich Mipports the ro.,C, and to whieh th,' wall, ,,• .|,,. buildiiij? ,ir.' .r'.-Khed. .Snital.lo di-,itt unetiinirs and .■liiinii.'y i|ii,.s ar ■ [k- Vided. The p.iiMti..nh Icriii.d the .-ide uaIN, an i thev \wre the ..ijI.v parts m ,. ■test. The end walls and roof are of reinforced .onii.te. and are of perni;,i., :,i ••on-triieti^.n. Tlio hlecks were made of plasUr of I'a--;.' iniNed wiUi coooanut tibre. li.o edge^ w.re n.,t (trooved. Tlie partition.^ were fo-i I Uy l.uilding up the hloe.- 'Ihe mortar ;eii.ts were 3" to j" thiek. The mortar wa.^ a mixture of • Ivorv <'eincnt Mortar." Moth fides ,,f fl,.. partitions w.re L'iven a J" <'oat of • \\..,: Omont Wall I'h.^ter.' whieh is « pn-Uiet of the -„„:,. C.mpany. Ka.-li pari- tien had ^ui urea of al'out i!.S stjuare feet. Purpose of Hie T^sL \h< i .ir|...-e ..f the test was to determine the elTect of a <-oiitiniioiis lii,- aKainst the partitions for one hour, hringing the laal trradnally up to I, Tint [. "hiring tlH' tir-t half hour, and maintaining an average of 1,;ih» K. durin-.' ilu- lust half of the t«>t. Then a IJ" str(;,in of uater to le thrown airainst the p:,i tition* for 2i miniiU-.s, at hydrant pressure, whieh at this Im-ation varie> ir. tu •-'.•5 to 30 K'Und- Temperature. The unii,.raiurc of the tire was obtained by tiiree eleetrio pyrometrr couples, one susi«:,de<! through Uie eentre of the roof, hanKing 8" below the oeihrig. and the other 'wo inserted through the partitions at the mid.lle, al o,, 2 feet from iIr- top. Temperatures were rea<l fn.ni eaeli <ouple every il,,,, minutes. The log <,f temperature readings, and plotted curve for one couple ar.. herewith attaehed. The fuel was dry ...rd wood and refuse niml)er. Frcqueney (,f firing wa- BjOveriu-,! by the tem|xratures r.cor.le<l. To necMi.e tie l..at tranMnitted ihroi.gh the partitions hy eonduetioa. a thermometer wa^ plaee<l „n the outsi.le of laeh partition, with the bare nur oury l,„Ih ia a light hole eul in the plaster, and then aurrounde.1 by a box to prevent air radiation. Ill' Thp followiiijf tiillc sfiviw tlio ti'inponiture reaiiiiiiri: — I h''nnO)ni li'i li'ii'limjii i,it Oulsiile of I'artition^. 'I'inie in MmutH*.. 10 V. ■-1) 25 M> 35 40 *■', SO Tilri|Kr:ii'iii 1' l>-K M .M ILM ii;;i IHl l.s.l Walrr. Ill :i|i|>l.viiif; tile uiiirr lliiiui^li the '!• or in tin' ciiil ul' tlic luildiug iC .-trili'k tlio pn'l' ioiiH nt nil .inifle, iiikI not uitli tiill forci'. Tlif "treiini was thrown I'iick mill fiTtli over till- wliolc siirfii >( tlu' I'nrtiti'Hi- a-; niupli ii-i p'H-iiMe, iinil not iillowt'il to pliiy (■ontiniiou-^ly on I'lio -pot. i:ifrr! uf Ihe 7't.<'. THcnty ininiiti'.- iillor >t;irtiii(r tlio ic^t a i'.." rrmk ii|i|'fiiroil in tlu' ini.lilli'. lunl e.\t<'nii<'il from tin- to:i to witliin !■>" of the U>ttom. It \va- apiiarently u -hrinkiip' t-nick in tlu' oiM-iiio pla^lir. At tlio >iinio tinu, tho partition n^ a V. liolo liiiljreil inwiinl al'ont I". Five niilHitcsi IiittT crai'l-t- apirau'il aloiitr the ^l(■l■l I'rniiio at tlio top. a.i'l at the (•(■riicr po-t.<. TIiom' jrraili'iilly oponiil a- the t:'>{ procti'di'il. One half hour nfU'T l.hi' tart tlu? partition wa- li.nt inwiinl-' U" at tlio milJlf, the cnuk aloiift the toji lunl optiUMl *". ami that aloiiLT l!io -ontli .oruor post i'. OiiiRonal iTi'.ck* lunl also (h^veloix-d nhoiit :! I'.tt from each of the lo.vor o mors. 'lie nuixiimun I'et'ulii n inwiiul Mt the iiul of the honr".- test was I,'", '.mi there \>as npimrently no slipping of the liloeks at the joint-. The planter ajvpeared to nsi-t the fiir veil. With thr .xroption . '' •( ;, -iiinll patehes. the inside eoat remained in place until the uat< r -tnuk it. Fho appliontion of water ipiickly knocked all the pla<t. r otT, and wa-h.ii .iwav the l.l.K'k-> t<i the middle of the hollow sim.'i-s. The tire had calcined the blocks to ihut depth (ahout lA"). No tire, smoke, or «atcr came throiiLdi the i)artiti.)ns, and they remained lirnily in phi.-c after liic r.-t .\- it coo!,- I it u'radiia!!y \ ert back towards its eripinnl position. The linal deflection inward- was h-^* than one ineh. The test was iiin.le in eo-oi«>ration with the Hiireau of Buildings, and wa-i .-■ -erveii by the followini: Biirean entrineer- ; Inspector .\. S,-hwart'. b rouph of !•' i rr Monh.ft..,.: ln.,HH-tor J. .f. Kn,.n. b..r....»». of HrooklvM; (J. I^„., willii.p. m«im«..r. «r..| .1. (iranRer K.tvh im. repr..H,.ut,..| tt,.. I'. S. •iv,,Min. (',.,„. .' Other- pn.«-nt *ere ~\\. U. J..*Hf. J«.,*r T. (i..„|wi„. V,.U'ry,r\U'r. F,rr Kxt.n,.u.,hor Co.; (J. H. St..«„rt. r..pr..«..,.fi„^ InM.r«n.v Knd.....rin.. -,«, r. Knk.-. li,i.|H^-t..r i,,r <:»rii.«n Aim-ra-ji, Ii„urni.r,. < on,, ,„..>■. /.«j» of Temptrature }Uad,n,j». Hre Tf.l. C.S. (;„«um f'ompanv. /,,/rrf .V,„ « Tlllir ''"lip!*- N.^ 1. <'.ni|il,. Crnl i N... 2. N.. 10 M m s; 124 124 !-'♦ II >N) 23:. 2.'! 1 !■! i II IM riN. ■'>4t ,'|4 t, n i»> :■« Ml i 11 «( Ml un f>'.' * II lit H;n 7S!» II 1.1 IIUI lasi lli. 11 IM lam I2I6M |;ij; II 21 I44M I*>1« I4HS Kim) .rfftrwt half til t«H- j ■ 11 24 I52U 1.">HU l.Mii ' II a: i-*«r leiB IV.I i II :«) ■•)i<< Uir>H I.".!l.( II :u ll>4.'> 1BH4 1<I7I 1 11 »> 172)i 173K 171.1 1 11 39 I7:«* 17M IT:i* 11 43 iin:i 177« lT7ii 11 45 1N14 17iW ' , *•"* 11 4N 17KH I7«.« I7HN I II r>t I7i:« 173n 1761 I 11 M I7un i 17'»7 1 16K7 I-tM . — 1 I7W r. Pi>m:RV AND TERRA-CtyTTA. In the manui.cturiDK of n.ouWg for pottery work, plustcr of Paria is , x >tenj.iTe!y use.!, .nd for thi« pur,.o«« tho Nova Sooti. Kyp«ur» i, particularv well suitwl. Mr. S. A. Weller, n pottery nianufaoturer of Zanesville. Ohio. wrU .i.K to the cbaim.aji of the Way. and lleana CoBiniittee at Washington I) C dau,l Nov. 2... urn, Hay»: "We u*. in tl. . manufacture of moulds con.i.i.r able plu^fr which i, ma.k- from Xova Scotia Kyi«nn.. it U-ing the only ph.M.r wh.ch makes a «,ti«factory mould in our work.' For the nrtinnfi.ttnn- f mo.lel« for terracotta. Mr. Saul, of th,> AUantic Terra CotU Company, of N, w yoTk, wrilmB to the above committ«^ daU^l Nov. 24, 1908, says: * Calciiu,! pl»Mer from the Xova Scotia gyr*um ia absolutely indispenHbhlc.' These in- duHtne.. are irr^.ortant coii.umer, of piaster of Paris in Loth England a.^ tl.e United Sutes. PUKTt tii.ASH WORKS. In ...aniifa<-turir.jr plate glaas. Iari«. -luantities of jdartcr of Paris are ii-.l for beddniR tl.e plates on larip, circular tabloa. to be polished. The tubl.' i- l-'l ii»i'i»lly a Imfr nvthinir 1 1 e, mid (n it i^ hpri'ml a .•■^iiinir .if i.lii-t.T iiiii i!,.- r.mnh Klll^t« pliilc is ctiil fiMnl in it aii>l t\\v lir»t m.I.. inliili..!. Wii.-n ihi- i- .fnjilllrcl tlf jliitr if 1< (.-< lic«l Iv l.rriikinir ii\ni> flit- n.i.L'fi ..lir..* '11,, tal!.- >i> tliHi tbcriii ({My «l«*nicd, mul n Ffrtriid tcfcriiiK '•pri'."! umt it. I'.irti.-uJar uttrlitiiii i* laiit to tliis Itint «i'iitiii(t. to \i> tD-^urcil tluit it i> tin- pur.-i |iiu-inr .■f I'ttri", mill fnv ('ruin iiti.v fun'iaii Milistancf tlint wnnl.l lau-i- tfiit .luA If l'i(lh> to nratt'li tl.p tiilrrnily I'lilij-linl •.urfiico ttiitt is now t.i In- rmlpcd.lcil ii. it. For this inirpi'si' it riM|:iiii-« :'::<*< \<<>ni\A^ ••( |il:i-tiT nT I'iiri- t.ir c.nh I im i iM|Uttr«' feet of ^loKK. In Jioliie Kla>B factoricn tlii> Imvc tlirir oun iMli'iiiiiur l.itllr,. an, I tlii> -ii jiItHtiT U pn>iiiii| and n-i'iiliimd to \<f inixid witii fresh iilustcr. l.ut iisi'd ..nlv III lint I <Jii>liiiig. ■ •I.\sll;l| Clliilil 1 H> IIV loMI-I.KTl: 111 IIVIHIMKI".. FIcioriiiK I'lustiT i» iucludfil luidcr tlii.s rinssitii'alioii. lii'iiiK a 'To ln.-t of 'idriratiiiii nt tmirrratnrc cxci'ocliiit; 40f> It is a plaster t'litirel.v fm; from wHtPf, uikI iiinniifacliin'd from tlio puros't K.vpMiiii. In maiiiifactiiriiiir. tlu' u.vpflilii is not tini'ly ^Moiind. Imt is l.rckcn into small lump- and is iMlmn- I iii vertical kiliia ly Jiot pafe*, tisunlly from coal Inrned as fiicJ on a irratc at one »i(lr of llip kiliif, tlio (tan pH^siIlp din'<'tl.v tlironjih the miihs and raisini; it to a twnporatiiro of MH*" ('. and maintaining tluit ti'ni|M'ratni'> for imt mori' than four hours. Tho product must not l.o coiisiderMl as dcailliurnod, as if siilj lias tie I ewer cf alt'Orling water, iiit if 'it rcmuinwl in the kiln nt tlic al'iivo Iran- Ifratuie for n ore than four hours it would then I'e dcad-liurncd, us after that tine it lofes its eai^neity to Irond with water. Jli (iptnian.v it is inanufactun^il <|uiti' extensivel.v. hut not in Eiistlund or the I'niled St.fltes, nlthoiigh the latter country iic.jiorts small quantities annu- ally. It is a very slow sctitin^ material, requiriri? dav'<. au I often we>»ks lefore the theoreti<'Hl amount of water is abs-orlied. A treatise on the eheniieal chanjres involveil in the tnaniitaoturi' ot this pnKluet was puMished in 1W3, hy V«n't llotT. in the 'I'rhnsaetions of thf- Ber- lin Academy of Science, and i ranslation of it is (riven hy Kckel in ' <Viiiei;ts. Limed, and Plasters.' II\IU> WAl.l. IM.ASTKIIS. The n alrrials classed under this heading are, owinff to the high teanfiers- ture at which they are ealiini-d (exceeding li")" F.I, slow scitiiij.'. i"'i! owe their hanlncws to this, ami also to the fH<'t that they have ! (t n trcal^sl hy s,,iiie eliemi- '•<vl. •» borax or alum, during nnniufai-tiire. In this classification are placed a hiri.'c iiuml.tr . ; cement.^ which are defined as hardfinish plasters. .Some of these arc known eamnter 'lally as " Kecne'K Ceineiit,' 'Martin's Cement,' 'Parian Cenictit." and ■ Mai'k's Ceinent.' Landrin placed crude jrypsmn in a 10 |)cr cent s.hitiou of sulphuric acid ii>r ten or fifteen miiintes, and then ca!. iiicl it, lepultni? in a cement harini? lli r"- I Jury tp.iiltit KUi f,iuj,i i„ i,e Ut»«'»ii iK»> un.| 7i ,/ ' F. Ilu- >.K*. pr»n„u«.i n-pr,.^.nut.v,. ..f th„ ..|««h „f .,.,ne,.U «.« on^ . .',, munulttclnriKj ui.d^r li.|»ii.h |.i...-ut.. .,„d t..rtm..l K,,.„..\ ...„.e,.t It i» „ i. i 1.J Uk.uK .n.r« «.v,,.u„ „n,| .■„i..i,u..« ,t at r,.J bat. a„,| U.en i,u,ueT,n","> 'u H ...|.„u .. ,., ai.un. A«l,.r .lr,,..K. it i, ..«„i., ...l.-i I „t m ln«h t..„,,. „? t.ire aiul Br. uikI >,.rv rin.-lj. when it „ r. adj l.,r ll„. tiiork.-t. Mr. \V,li :„„ .\r. I.a«..,„. ,., \,.w V.Tk. .hu.„, to h,u,. ,|>.,„Mr..,| „ pcuii.! tl»»t «,:' take tJie i.!.,.;o and -en,- thr fuiut;..,,, ..f the "rll K„.,„„ K, . '•' .uUK.u. at .. n.u.h l..w.r o...t. I., h, ,,^•.■.-i. ati...., lor.ui.,^ ,,ar, „, | V\' iHtrr, ,.M..„t \... Si-;,:.'.... |,o giw. (!„• H.||..„.i.,« d..,.ri,,.i.„.: 'I ,.,k.. I,, ,x' am|.l««. a .(uamuv „f a.,.n,ni .t ».«.ia!.|t. ..rKan,.. .natt.r and ,..t.u„ |, ,,, „ for .H.v..ral >h^. ,„ a proixr ,,<>anht.v ..( wat.r. at a t.„,,K.ralMr.. .,f fr..,„ «n J, -1« hah.unluu. Whon f..n.i,.,,fflti„„ ..r d....„„.|..-il,..u ha, ,,r. >in-^^.,{ .„ ,|, „ ,;^ all.ul..,ii..us u,.| „i,r,>t:».,.uu, ,ul.-ian.- , Iku. I ,.„„ l,|.,.r,„...| ,>.„„ „ ,., ', matu-r. and !!»• ii.juid Iu.h tunuxl ,,. ^ dark uau-rv culo.r. it i, i„,.,H-n,', il with B u.dd l„u.,. .,r !„„. partiallx :.,r-,l..,k,.d. Th.. i„..„r,,.,raho„ „f f|... , a,id Ji.i.nd l•a^ tl,.. .f.-.^t .,f frvt-irti ,i,e ,„„.uon,a tr ll„. lf,,,.„r Tl„. , , , «in.l. ir,v.. ,.,r „r ;>„. „,.. „„.„..,.„, ,.,„„ .„ „ ^„,,i,.i^. ^^^^ „_^_ ,.^_^___ '^ ^ """ ""' '""'^ '■■ '^' ""^•'•' ""'' ''»■ '■- "< -r |.la.t,^r. 11.,. ,„„-, ,1,,,, „i,, , , .,, K- aH..«.d ... .Ir... ..,.1 ,., ,hi. ....„.,.,„i,i„„ , ,„|j „.„ ,.„,,, „,. ,,j„.,,^ ^ ,. ^^^_,.^^^ euUT l.-f..r.. .r ..m, r dr., n.^r ,1... ,.,a,... „r „, li..,. ..; thi.. ...... part „t „i„,.v •d M.dn.,n a„.| ..„.. ,,.„ ..( i.„rax. Aft.r rl... i>.«r..iK.aU hasv l.c-ou pr,.M...lv '..-.>rr..r.,...l. ,1.. ,.,,., ,. ,h„r,„.«!.l> «r„...„! „. a ,..,w.l..r. f,.r .■,„n..ni..n, , " .Maro,,^ ,.,.,,-...„ i„ i.repara.i,,,, i. si „ila.- v, ICe.,..'s. I„u it ha. ,., .rl ........ .,..(..1 t,. <U,- alum. a,.,| ..„„,,.,.„.. a -n.all ,,naM,i,v ..f ,n„ria.i.- „.. i als... 1- ..d.i.M I., pr..v,.ii! , alk.ilii.,. r..a.|i..i.. V.r-.u ,,.„,M ;. i,adc. )..»,. „,Mm. i„.r.k.:.e.l ; .v th.. ad.lition ..( U..,.,. <...e par, .,, .,.,„., „ ,ii„.,,,..j ,„ „„... ,,^,^,^ ,,. ^^_^,^,^ ^^_^,_ ,.„„..,;„.... „„. ,' "^'\7"" '" '^'""^ ^"'''••■'- ■■ "'<• »^M.M^.. ,r.a...,| a. H.ue ui.h ,h,„ .oh./;,,:, •Mack. ,..„„.,„ „ ,)..l,vdra...d un,.-,,,.,. with O.n, ,„r ..,.,., „, .,,:,,; M,d,,Hn .dphrt. „.|,t,..|. „„h „hi,.h a .„....k -...tin, I hani .l..r ....:„..,. '^ " ' '•;' '"^ "^''"^•^ (...«.-..„„ -nlH.a... i,„.e..,l .,f ,oli,.„ sulpha.- ,!;.. ■ I In .1:.. u.aMuft„.,ur.. „f l-ortl..,. | ...n.-nt, ^yp.u.n in it. eru.l.. ntut... .. ''";';■''' r "''•^"■' ■' •■-- - d-'-Jrut.^ nUst^r. i. ,..,, a. a ,.• .H.-r. .M,.l a .dM. ha., in ....dl .ptantiti.-s a ..ne!i..i,l pffe,.t in i,...r,.„-i,„. ,h '■-.1|. ^.r.,«,h ,.f ,h.. ,-..„...:,. „ 1,,.. ,„.,. .,...„.„ ,^. ,,,,,.^_,^,,^^^ -.ual pra....... tl,«, if f,.„, ., ,„ , ,„.^ ,,.„, ^^. ,,^, .^ ^.^^ ^.^^ _ _^^ r n.n ,.,|„.r .... ,.... ,„,,,., ,,_.^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ «nfr,t B„tf,c-,v.e n. (*n.d.. n^a«, « ,.on.„n.pti..n of .nor 1 •.-'..;> ,.... .f ir.\ i,\p9lll)l » lltllKll' '1 Ik' t'l'i'iii ii I ullii-ll It l« U«fl t ..*t qv«tti(>ri <■! cii I'l liiiuli ili-eiifHiiiu. I. lit B!^ u matter cil ;;, i. I'n.- p. ■■ i !: iMicr* (f I'i'ttUMi 1 1 unit 111 till- liiilcil Stutti. ii»c it »llii'»t i'.\(liifivcly i.i ii..t rrude fui m. M MIVSIIM Alaiiu'tiu', i.li.-ii ■•allcil .'•ilil AiifiT piiint. i- iiiiiiiii'.i.-iun .| fr'iiii fin' I'lirci^t ir.vp«iiiii Kruiiiil, cili-itiril, mill r^ rMiiiul to Ok; tini>-t pcm.lcr. ThU r\!r.i tint' cililiiiil 1 !i.ht<T is iiiJArd wth uiriiius inctullic colours, and willi the miJitiin .if wudT iiiuv ln> ii-ri| t'lif liiitiii)? Willi-. Il iiriipfriv iiiixeil iiml u|i|ili.' I. .i aiiI •^'t like Willi i>lii(>liT iiixl will not rub or -cule utf. It may be iiiipliod f..»i .>\.-r foat on iiiiv *t>Vu\ ^iirliHi', a-* WthMJ. pla-tiT, lirii'lc, it iruii, with ^ati-Uirt-i-- rt -nil •. riicahimd !i>pr-iim i- nftfli iiM'd u> an adiillfrant in tho niainifarlnrc- .r ivjiiii I. ,ul. wlurc il ii< •■liiiiii<-t| tn have n Wnit'ticiiil olTcct. It is nl-" iisf I as an lidiiltcraiit of variolic food-, and driiK--. Ill inakiiift iravoii'* for lilackliuard- and luiriH-nlors use, the urxuini hium!- ■•iiii'd iryp-iiin is ii-od fXt«'M!<ive!y. I'\ iliixin>; it witii other innndii'it- ( ,i -lon ' lortiuila) and pre->ini? to the -liape ro'piired. One eompanv in tuo Inilt'l Stale-, for this pnipo-.' ii,-.- iirarlv I.'*K> tons of kM'""'" annually. .\S \ in-ls f.'U I'ollTI.ANll Cr.MKM. Alleiiipl- iiavi- I isii made l.i iiiaiiufaeture I'orllund eetiient from jiyp-um. auj ^n\e the snilphur eoiitent as a hy-pr(«luet. A few patent,- luve l.<».-ii i-tiied l>v ihi- I'nited State- (on erniiic'iit for this oprration, Imf leyon.i this Irti't VI r.\ iitllo -eiii;- to haw I (tn :.'. eoinpli.-hed. The nielhod of uperailioii in general has Ut ii ili-<Tllied a^ f.lloAs: — liyp-iiiii aiiil elay are finely ground ami ilitiniatel.<. mixed, with tlie adLri. : of a -uittll quuiitity of wati-r. The mixture is then mouhled iatu hrieks and pVi'^rd lU a .-uiUihie kiln, where a liigli temperature is iiiaint.iiiud until tlie whole is tii T- oUxhl.N eaioiiied. It is elaimeil thi.t ill the proie-s of oaloinatir.n tho -iliei.' aei.l rontoiiiril in llie << hiy exi<l- tie -nil liurie ncid eoiitaiiied in 'lie cyp-ii!,,, ],• :\ - iuK the lime, whicdi eomhines with the alumina of the elay and furtn? riliea e- of limo ami aluminiuiii. This prodnef, it is elaimed, i-, when tinely pround. ri every pBrtieiilar hydranli. lenenf. Tlio (,'"«" e-ealIlin^; durins; tbts proee- caleiiiatioii are eoHeeted in -uitahle <i.ndeii-in!r ehamii'rs. and Treated m the u«uul iiiiiliiii* jriuti-<d in the inanufaeinn' of -ulpluine acid. ,XS A M l.rill lllZINli AMI [1\>I, yi\\. (Jyi^uni lui- for many .vear:» h.vn u-d f..r thes,. p.:rp.^s, in s,>veral smelt- iltft i-iH-rutions. Ill -meltinK oxide ni.kel-ore m the hhi-t turnaet t is asually Kddwl. to furnisJi the lu.rssary -ulphur for ecdI.-otiiiK the mctai in a matte and a bH«- for -hi^itiK' the -ilieeou- uanu-ne. At Fn'iberK, S-.xony. for years i: has urn 184 been u«ed ii, the concentniticm of lead-copper matte in the reverberaforv -'.r nati.. Th,^ iutwt use it ha« l*en ,n«t to is in the blast-roasting pro.o.s „} ( l- niiehawl- Bradford. In « papor lef.>ro the Anieri.^an Institute of Mining Engineers, by If ,, Ilafman. and W. M..stwit.sch, of the ilawachu^.tts Institute of Techn-K.-v .M'.t.tietl • rh,- Hehavi.-ur ,.f Cal<-i«n. Sulphate at oiovatfd Ten.iH-rutur,- • ' wme Fluxes; the action of g>-psum under such conditions is fully explaimd BKTARnrHS. TIIKIB ( OMP.iSITlON ANH I'SK. As already noted, plasters produml by the in^mplete dehydration of i ,r, gjpsuin at temperatures not excee.ling 4(K>° F. will net in from 5 to 15 minut. - for construction work this will not give ^uflicient time for woa-knan t. .•..niplet4* their operati..n*. and particularly for this purpose the retardcr 1 ;,- l>c«i introduced. Just what c4,emical action taJces place, or what influence the retardera lu.v, on the cr>>talli/.ation of calcine«J plabU-r is a niattw of speculation, an.l , „; satisfactorily explained. It d.es ho«exer, in foice way dela,v the formation of the crystal net-». r^ to which the set of pla^rter is due. and this in proportion to the amount .f ntanler used. Many and varied are the Compounds tluit have been introdur,,! for thi8 purpose. In the ancient days, the Romans usc-d blood to rctur-l ii„ s.-t of pla.sters. aj.d at the pr...«,.nt time the organic refuse from the slaufthi.r house ,s found to pr««lucv the desired efr,x-t. In earlier times a solution , f glue was added: the workmen mixing it with the material a,s it was being us<,| but this method often resulted in poor work from neglect to properly mix the part« or a.ld to the l*tch the proper proportions m,uifed. Later, the reu.r.i.r was ad<lcd during the process of calcination, about half an hour before the o,.. r- ation was completed, but this metho«I often produced uneven results. At i-.. - «ent jt 18 added in • mixing machine as shown in Plate XXXIV. Chapter VI. where ex*ct proportions can be made and thorough mixing guaranteed. The writer ha« secured from the Commissioner of Patents, at Washins ton, numerous copies of patent specifications showing different ingredients u-.^l an retarders. The following are a few of the number received. an<i will serve to show tl„ gnat variety of mixtures used: — Patent No. 43.1.743 calls for a mixture of glue, glue-stock, or other glutlr- ous or gelatinous sulstan.e in water, and added to about eight poun.ls of tin. Holut.on. about sixt..^n ,wmnds of oil. f.t. or any other suitable hvdroc-ari,.,, com,.ound. The*,, ingredients are mixe.1 thoroughly, and the mixture is luat,,! to about a»>." Fahrmil^it. A suitable hardening acid i, slowly added. It ,~ prcterre.1 to add about twenty-two pounds of muriatic acid, nn.l about t>. pounds of sulphuric acid. The mixture is tlwn heated to about 400' Fuhn ■ h«,t. and stirred, in order to ihorou«hly commingle the ingredienU. Ml U5 Patent Xo. 452,:MC culls for oiu* l>art of glue hy wei,i!iit (lisMilvcl in thirty thn-e part-s of wat«;r. Thii* mixture is used for slaking iiiin\ :il out U Ki»i''"-' of the mixture to evcrv Lusliel of lime. Patent Xo. :i(>l,459 is especially designed for bruwn ur rough (n.a.i (^ plaster, and is composed of eali'iiied planter, sand or iiciu.lirid eiuders, iwni :;lue or soap, or sour Ixht and water. Patent Xo. ."{IMM.^T. In tiiis the following infrredient- lui' ("ili.ii f .r; i ?i.- ihird of a liarrel of plaster of I'aris, one-sixth of a barrel of whiting, ■im-tiiinl I'i' a barrel of saiul, one-third of u barrel of .saw-dust. onesi.xth lioiinil o{ 'f.-i'ie, one-sixth i>ound of Irish moss, one-third quart of inola.-ses, one-tbiirl ilu. •.• 1 tartaric ai-id. The actual rotarder consists of the last four ingredie.it-, \i/.. tiie glue, Iri-li moss, molasses, and tartaric acid. PatiMit .No. iLd.tMis calls for a mixture of air-slaked lime, .i)laster of IViris, river sand, and <ow iiair, «itii serum or the watery part ot tlio blood ol ainiii.il- with carbolic acid. Patent Xo. •t.')(!,2'.tT is a mixture of 733 pouiuls of sand, ITii I'ounds of plaster of Paris, lit) pound- of slaked lime. i;2 iiounds of sawdii-t. < ir- ].. i..; . , tibre, aiul one pound of a mixture composed of sugar forty-eight parts, ^-la^k. .1 lime forty-eight imrts, and bicarlioiiute of s-oda two parts. Patent Xo. !.'.>i,"42 consists of a llux seed moal or oil cake meal, alter the oil has U>en e.\tracte«l, one iiound mixed with carbonate of sotla or p .'.isii on. - half pound; lime one-quarter of a .poiind. boiled in water to a lliin misturo. and afterwards ad'ling to it four pfvunds of any of the salts of the alkaline earths, <ir salts of the caustic alkalies. Patent Xo. Uli.tUH consists essiiitially in eombining with calcinel u'v; Mini a leKuniinous siiiistaiice, such as beans, peas, lentils, etc., Iieilcd witli .i oii.t:":: of caustic alkali. Patent Xo. :i!t:i,(H)a consists of pa|H^r-pulp f""f I'nrt'^ wool ;'i r.' oi ,■ i.ari, sawdust two parts, lime putty two parts, llotir paste one part, tiie tbur pa-te containing alum in proportion of about two ounces to tie ^rall. ii of ri:i-te. To thciMj is a.Me<l sutlieicnt water to reduce the mass to a -uitaMe pl.Tstie .•ontimou to use for pla.-tering in the usual manner. The water -o added sho,;bl contain eopiK-ras in solution, in proportion of two oniiees to the trallo-i I'ound to the gallon. ,1 -^..'t o:ie llARDKNINi; (iYI'sl M Itl oCKS <'oii-iderab!e exf>erinipntal work ii^!- Icon carried o„ Innnir r ■ni years In attempting to harden the soft compact gypsum, aid eve ir the cru-imiL' re- sistance and tensile strength of onlinnry marble, without Jestroving the u..tural veinings and colour sliadings that make it attractive for .irnamental and artis- tic jmrposes. Mujiy of those Btteinjits have 1 .n-n s.icvssfni. and the material is being largely used for inside finish and ornanientai work, taking the jimv .t ..r.yx and marble for. mouldings, railings, waiiiscotting. front... pedestal., scr.^iu. 11 1 1 ! 5 i 12« m«ntel,. and many otla.r uh-.. It ,. considered far superior (o s,-agliol« , r v of the rompowte plaeterj. often usod for such purposes. Tlif prtwss of tr.>«t.„jr the r,K-k to imitate niarl.Ie ix show,, in t\w , toct.oru .f tnited State. P.uont No. 58S.2T7. which in part says: ' The • > Step m the process i. to deh.x.Jrate these urti.les ma,io out of the nntive r.ck in the acnor, of hot «,r. at u t.-miMTature of approximately 'MO'^ F..hrenh..:, • ' twelve hours. n.ore or les.. until U.e moisture in the native r.Kk is elinun , A convenient plan i. to load the article- fonno.l from the roclc on to u tr.u^ «T.,1 run n frst into the h.., air com.artn.ent. After the moisture h„- , eLmmH.H. the oalciun, sulphate is porou- and ready for cooling. Cool--. •, rock .s the next step in the prooes,. ]t has been my practice prior to the , ! -or, .nveufon to ,-o..l the ho, dehydrated r..ck l,y letting it remain for son.e tin.o i^ the -ool open a.r; but I rin.l by this plan that the rock is Hallo to slake more or !«*.. and crack, and what is rery obj.H^tionable. it In-comes impregnated witb m...^n,rc. uhich it takes fron, the o,..„ air. thus undoing to a degree the wor^ already accon.ph.hed, and retarding and din.inishing crystallisation in the ,f.. r treatment. To obviate these ,!it^i..ultics. I allow the rock to cool in a con,„.r.. n,eMt from which the outer air is excluded, and which compartment, while ,1„. rock ,s ,„ ,t. .s charg.vl with the gas or fumes of ammonia. This greatly .n.c, erates the cooling of the hot rock. It <1.^ not slake .,or crack nor gatlior - .tself the moisture fr,..n the outer air. for which reason it may be sooner s:„ - J^tcl to the ne« f.-.tment. and for which reason the next treatment is „„ r. etfectual. • While the rrx-k is .-oolinp. „ bath com,v>*^ of a solution of aluminium - ,. Phate ,s prepared and heated to approximately lOO" Fahrenheit As sour . the rock is cool I imn.ediarely immerse it i„ this warn, solution for a short ti' until the pores are fillet!. • The objinn of warming the solution is to prevent the bursting out of • tides of the rock. «hi.h has I e,., my experience with, the use of a cold ha.!, this solufou; and U, improve aiul am-lerHte the crystallisation, which I i„ . take, place almost immediately i„ the warm bath. After having been ,h.;- treated the rock i, „llowe<l to ,lry „nd is then polished, presenting „ hard surf. of beaut.ful lustre, which cannot be alTec-ted by frast or weather, and 1 !uve tound that e\en muriatic acid will not affect it.' In speciiication of Fnitcd States Tatct Xo. 54!M51, „ proccs* for tr. i ■,, gypsum rock to imitate chabedony i» given, which aho in part savs- To , . . end the crude gypsum rock » first shap..l in any .lesind form and configurn.. , hy carvmg, snw.ng. planing, cl.-.. and is the,, frt^d from the water constiti.ti; , one o, ,t. constituent elements. It is next coloured in accordance with tho sired effect, and then it is treated to the action of hardening chemical soluti ■ -, an -s more .particularly set forth Wlow. Beautiful onyx, agate, and other effects can be prcKluoed. in accordance with tastes and .lesires, in statuary, furn - ture, omartent. and the like, and in the finishing of rooms, using the mat.r.. " "■" ''^ *a'^:^-rK. !;. in> treatment the colours are mad.- to 127 appear as if a coiistitiuiit piirt <t ,-\,-tm-ut. „{ tli." iook in ii^ native oiuduion ami formation: and the condition of Uio product, ii> -tutid. is Miporifr in hard nees and fiiiisili to cither ninrbln or ciinlcedon.v. 'To carry my process into effect, tlio gyi>sum rocii ficni tlic mine.-, ImvinL I'ceii given the dcairod conh'guration, ua stated, is subniittpd to the drying uctirii of hot air for twelve houra (more or less) until all tlie nioi-ture has been elimi- nated. The nuitcriid i,s now cidciuin sulphate, porous from surface to ccutr. . and capiilile of ahforiiing sufliciont chemic:il s^olution to produc- tho do^irt.i effe^-t of the rock and colours. •To the furfaci, of the dehydrated rock is now appiird the mineral colours — such aj<, for nn illustration, .-olution of coi>per nitrnte iind iKpia ammonium, <t a solution of .-ulphuto of iron, nitric ncid. and potas.sium sulplio-evanide, or other mineral colour*. After eolourinp, the rock is immersed in u solution oi aluminium suljihate (Al, (SI),).'!) for about fifteen hours, or until Uw ports . i the rock are completely filled. The material is then removed and cxporcd t ■ the open air for a few hours at a low temperature, and then polished.' In conduilinp this chapter it nuiy be said that the demand for the varioiN products of pyi)sum as iibove described is ever incrensinp. This is iiaiticularly true in the Tnited States, where the material has attained such proniiicnec iu fireproof construction. It has 1 ecu said that every piominoiu building' in Chicago erected within tlie last dccadi' has used large iiuantities; aniontr other-. the post office, the Tribune buildinjr, the American Trust building, the Marshall- Field Company buildinir, and tli<> Maroiiette liuilding may be mcntioiuvl. tlh- ia=t using over -i.SOO tons. 128 I ! \l CHAPTER VI II. Oypinm as a Fertilizer. The u-^ of groun.1 gyp.,.,,,, or calcium sulphate, (t'aSO. l'H.O). more ..m m,.,.l.v kno«n fo the trade a. lan.l planter, a., a fcrtiH^er dates back t rv amu.nt !■„„.>. Virg,l in hi.s «riti,.g, tdb us of ir,, vaJ„e on cultivatod 1 . I," The nerB,au« a>;d French applied it to their lar.ds 200 years ago, and r<., „,i s«t..fa.-tor.v r,.su),.. I.c^„,l ,„,« ,hat in Franco its k-neticial effects wer,- ,| .- covonMl „uite ..c.i.ientall.v. A workn.an at one nf the plaster kilns h...l oou- /„ to paK, over .o:ne pasture land* going to and frou. hi* work, an.l to prov, , n-ak,nff a tro.l.l, n path he travelled a siiditlv diffen-nt course each time ■■ .- the preen .«urd. It wan afterwards noticMl that on the parts where W ; , Halke.1 the pra.^s had a ri.ht, colour and a more plentiful crop than on ,. I"^ ' i>ir,s of the sanM, field. It «as assumed that this was due to gv,,- „>. l«.ng carruHl on his f.^t from the kilns and hrushed off by the grass. A gnat man.v eminent agricultural writerii and chen,i.st8, both ancient :;: 1 modem, have given the subject ,nuch s...riou» consideration, mid ultli,. ui, man.v of them do not agr.v in detail, the great majority agree that gypsum i,.- a •K-cu.-'ily iK-neficiul effect on many crops, especially tho.* class- 1 js 1. _-, , ,; >.oi.s. if j„diciou> -d intelligently used. The farmer, however, in ■,.;.:, ca>es. has not gi. , ,reful consideration, and often passes the conipn ; tively inexiH-nsive articu ,or the more exiHinsive. which possibly contains vm -.I-- l.-.!.l i.:ng M-sreilicuts and will give no tetter results, if used wiij, >i,; conditions. This i< <ione somewhat on the principle ' The higher the com i ,■ letter the ..rt,.-Ie.' . .,mbi„ed with a smooth story from some advertising ;,>;,• ; ami >i l.j.l smell. In reviewing the hi-,ory of the ap,,|i,r„tion of land plaster U.c Tnitcd S: ■ w.li 1,, taken a. an exai,xple. Here it will be s.M;n that its use has de.r. .- ! very n.atenally in recent year-, «n,l an attempt will be made to show whv , , - IS so. The InifMl .State, for n.any ,earH eon.un.e.l veo" large quantities ol -^mn as land piu-ter. Forty years ..go the .Miehigan m.lls culd not supplv : , .len,a,.d v,h,!e at the .an.e time large ,uan.itie. of crn.-c r^K-k were bein. ported from .Nova Scotia and N'ew nn„v.wi,.k. and manufactured for ti,.. - l^uri.ose. 1 wenty.«ve years ago. two-thirds of tl,e quantity pro,lue.Kl in that .„ , - Ih r* ^TlV ''"■/'''*"'^'"« I""T'*-. l"t this pr.4>ortion gradually du,. , -hod untd IS^. when the ratio was practically reversed, and there was ne,. do.Ale the amount of rock -alcine.!. as used for a fertiliser. The proportion , . If , lu ror" """''''**^ '" *''"'"'^' *""' '■" '^'' ""t "^ « »"««! prod"-' - of 1.404,698 tons, onjv 4«J5i —'•- -- r- ■ i i j • )> 12!) Thi,. iit tir-t kIiiImv. u„ii|.l -ivtn likr .•c,i„l,.|Miiiit..rv rM,l,.,i.r n_'air,,| :;v|,>„m U'ilijr iisc.1 for lliis piiriMi-,.. l.iil ll,,.,-.' ;iri' >cv.ral <-;i.:-,.- t.. ..liicli |l„- ■ i.jni.', may Lc aM-riU'd. In INN'S the forlilizcr law tMiiio into forw, by wlii.li tli,. ,xact i'em-Mt.,«;,, ,.r tho .lifferonl ronstitiiriits <,f cnminercial fertilizers was known. W.ll or-an- iml coinpaiiii-s with lartfo capital w.-ro fornied tliroutrhout the wiioli- cMaitry lor the maniifacliirf of fcrtilizi-rs, compused of various in-rudicuts. Th,..v a.l- vTtifod tlioir prodii.t ii- haviiiff all tlio (,'oo,| .Mialiiirs of iryp^uni. Tiii^ ,v.i- iujurious adv(Tti>iii« for tin- old time gypsum iimduot. Ill tile u<i> of coiumoreia! fertiiizcr.s. known as supoi- plio-pliates, th.- iimn • <lient lurni^hed as plant food is plionphorio aeid. In inanufai'turinR ih tli.' usual source of sii|.|i|y for pllo^p^(]rie acid is phosphate rock o. auinial 1. i;, -. in which one i i:rt cf i ho-phoric acid is comliiied with three parts ,,:' ,m1, ;,nii (xide or lime. This a- found in nature is almost always in an insolul.!<> conditi th;,: i-. It does n.it di-sohc in water, and to he a i euetit to plant lif;' it luii-t 1,- trr.ii,-| in s<.n:e way to nake it soluhle. Tliis is u-ually done hy L:iiu.|lng it ;,i a I'm- powder, aid .-i hjcctiiig it to the action of sulphuric aci<l. I he ncti.ii ,t - ,1- pliuric aciil ..u ealciiini o.xide (lime) forms ca!c;uni sulphate l:;yp^umi. a:i.| iu treating 1 oi c- or i hfisphate rock with sulphuric aeid, two parts ,■( th,- .al.-.i;:!! in tho ro<'k leave its eomhination with phosphoric acid and coiuhiue with t! e -ulpliurii- acid. formli:g gypsum. IJolerts', in referring (o tjie reaction .t - il- phuric aeid on phosphate rock, gives the fcdlowing note and eciuatior. : — 'The phosphorii- acid which i- UH'd in the manufacture of liie-e supcrpli - phates is f>htaii:ed from triealclnin pho-phate l.y the action of an exce>- "f -ui- phurie acid. 11, ■■ ri'action may 1 1' rcpiesentcl liv the eniiati ai: — fftO \ H,S(), IIOi ( a.'M 1 Cad !•,(), . ll.Sd. 11.(1 IM> Co,,, CaO I H.SO, lljij ( ...sii, Here, al! the calcium of the tricaleiiiiii plio>nhalr unit.- uif'i t'lo -iilphirii' ncid to form gyp-um, ami the phosphoric aeid. I'.O . i- iniii'd l' ilirn' par'- ..f vater, II,().' l!y the iihove it «ill le seen that the creator i>aii .i| ti:.- -ui'e: plii.-j.iate -old a> feitili/iT- consist principally of gypsutn. AiiothtT rea.-on given for the <lisu-e of gyj.-iiiii a- a tcnili/ir i- tliat the ;aan.\ ncu t.ses con-lalitly heing di-covei'id f"r tho pn>d'i-t^ "t i^yp-Mii ii.-.w .lused a rapidly increasing deniaiiil for calcineil pla-ter. an i tile pro iu'-'i- liifl- it more protitahle to I'ali'ine his whole prodaii. Tlii- i^ -ul'staiitia'.'ii u\ liie ;a'-t lliat. although in recent years, in tiie I'liiti'l Slates, mm h sinaili:- iiuaiititii-^ ■■'' land plaster are used than foimerly. the total pr("iu(.tiou of gypsi;in and i!v;is,iiii i roducts has steadily been on the increase. ' Roliert* fVrtility of r.niiil. 7tli K.tiln'ii. p tlO. •iS!»— '.I » 130 Tbe i'tr(.ii};e."t nu>ou Uif. ailci-l. ntiil the ..n.' wiiirli probiiM.v 1ms tli< n, l.i<iriiig ..II (!:(• .|i,.->ii..ii. ir t.I.'c JHck .if kiu)v:e<lge liy tiif taimtTs ot' it- , v. iictiuii win ; u«eil ll^ a iVrtilizer. TJ!c (XiiTitneni- m.i.li- iy niiii.y iiiiihoritij'- shiw tlic action (.■ !..■ eonip.'cx ..11, , imd tli^ii ,! ,- nvotoid. First, it ha- ii . luniicol ncti,,ii i,i..i . ; soil iii broiii-inp up thr .l„iii.!o silicate? and rroinotiiijt it distrihiition ..I r,.. uji.l inaRiii'siii. and niaki.;^ th^-n. availal.le fiy. plant, foo.i. which in ih,. i,l,.. 01 Kypsuni v.,.iild !,(.f i.. av.niul.i.. This action is .■learly and concisely ;.- . bv Aikniaii :— ■Tin- Tnc . AplaiiiCion .i ihc- ncfii n ..f gvp-uni is to lo found in it- . .:, on t!..' .'.ml.li. -Iji.-atos. •.■hich it dc-. iiii.OM's. the potash lieiug sol free. Ii- tioii i- -iuinar t. that ot oilur iinio i. iiipoiinds, only more characteristic. A nianiirc. tl.er.ioir, ts action is ;ndir. it. and its true function is to oust i p.)ta-h ironi it- .•..mp,>iinds. Its (.ciuliariy luvoural.le a.tion on clover is dn. the fa.'t that "l.'.r -!e.iail\ leiulits ly potash, and that adding frypsum pr, . tically amounts t., a.l.linu- j.,.tiu-h. Of . ,.urse it should he home in niiu.l th., the soil must o./iitain potash .'otnpouads. if frypsum is to have its full oiT.m Xow. hcwever. ili.Tt potash sall» -uitahie for manuring purposeg are ahutidai. It mar well 1 «■ .|..ut>led wh.'ther it is n.t letter to apply pota-h din^ctly. Furtli. • it must he home in mind thaf iryi.sum is app!i..| to the s„i| whenever it r. i'- a dressir-K of su|HTpho^phat.. .,f lime, as ffvp-un, is one of the products forn,.i 'oy treatinor insoluhle ph. spii„te of lime with sulphuric acid.' A iM-.ini ii.T.- thai <h..a!.| l... ren;emh.T«>.l hy the fanner is. that frypsum '• '■'-• furnl-h iL.ta^h to t.he s.,il; it only nu.ke.^ availaMe that whi.'h may he iii ::.■ soil aiMJ cannot he reUa-e-l without some chemical action. This is wher.. iL farmer is .-.iTentimes d.-ee.v.d. lie has used it many times with success, hu: time i.i.s^tHl if wa- okserx...) the revujfs w.-re not as g..od, in fact a failure. II. hhun.-.i the P.vpsum a- heinf; inferior in .piality. when in truth, he had will: 'i. apj.li.-atM.n of t'vp-um taken all the pota-h. sr. valnahlc as plant food, fr..M: •! soil, and ha.l a.|,le,| lo.tliinj: to supply it. L.ebir. who nia.l.. ma.ny , x,i,rim.i,fs with agricultural .^oils. shows am. ,..■ oUiers that l.fM. fframmes of oartli taken from a wheat field, mi.xe.lw.,. ..lures of pu.e wat.-r. .iissolve.i o.i- -.M.;! n.Jhvrammes of potash, while .T Htr. ■ of pyi>sum wat.r .liss„Ive out -i:!..l n.,,l,.gran,mes of pota.sh. To sl.ow the a.-ion of ^r.^p^,:,n wat.r in .lissolvinc out mapnesia from t!,. -uls he ,„„k 0,^.-1.1 -nmples of ,li,Ter.„i oarths. :;m> grammes of each. Thes, i., m.xe<l v.th .no litre of pure vator. a, .1 a like tpu,„tit.v of each he mixe.l v.i: o-.e litre of eyp.nm wat-r. The average n..sults .howe.l that while the pr "•nter only d,ssolvr.l out L'4.;! milhura-ntnes. th.. ^ypsun. water dissolv.d . . "•4 .' miilefrrammes. •■vp^mo as a hin.l pia-fr ,...-,.-..- „...,|„.r .„„l „.,,,„„, ^.^^^^ ,,,; , It ha- the „rop,..ty .r .|,„.,.no.,.-i.„. ,!„. .-arho..,!,.- of ammonia, one of the ,■. „ ' MHinir<« nn.l MatiiiiinK. I> 463 datura- I.-.,r. .,' (f-.,.t:„,...5-^. pp .=ef.; 131 uum pirniei.ts ,.i „:,tur,., lr..ni ^yhU■U iIm- plan, iv.-.iu- ;i:,. uho.>iKu ,., hi.ii- jHiwIilc f..r its nulriti..ii, uiui fi.v> it in tlic M.il. <'arl.oiu.t.> nt mniHoMiu nii.l Mil|.l,»ie ol iin,,. i^vp-uh,. r.,u:,ot com,, iu c,,,- :.rt vvitl. emi, utluT. at n„rm,,l t..n,peratnr..~, uiil.out nn:t„al d,.comp.,M.i,r, lir an.mniiia ..niers into oon.l.innti..n witli the Miiphnri.' ;,.i,!. an.l ilu- far' ..!.:• :. • <1 v ith t!i.' lini... f-innnsr .■,.nip,,nn.U which arc i„.t vnhitik.. Th repiTSfiiti'd thiL*: - Ins ai'tii.'i '' !t iNinatl* uf UlI.lMMlii; (Xll.l ," <i I Su:)i!iat4' ,.t .iijiiiii.iua I ..,,.1 ' i'.Mi.it.- .,r liii„. . , , , '■■•'-■". -.:|.li:il.'.,f 1,„„. i..y|„,|„,, ,..,so^ ^.||..() I KWlt.-l '" 'III/ Ih.. .-.ilLnato ,,f Hiiinonia in rain u!i<l m,ow water io (leoon.postj,J i,y i,n p- -ini in Iho .-ail,., manner a* in the nianulaeture of the e.niiniicial r-ulphut,. of airimoiiia, -iii hiiKely used hy the ai,'rieiiltiirist. The exerenients of animals e. main a very hirire lercentaj-v of aM,ni. nia in t! :.' form of earhonate, \eiy vohitile, as it is oa>iiy ih.te.'te.l l.y the sense of .-mell. line of the farn.r? greatest los-es i- the los, of the ammonia fro,,, tins ~.,ui.;o I i -iipply. To show this lo>s the I'nite.l States Department of Aj., ieultuie. larni.rd hulletin, No. I!f>. pives ihe folh.uiisr iiiformation : — • In some rce. iit exporiri,. :!ts .-if the Xew .ler.sey stations soli,! ,-oa .hm- fxpfwcd to ordinary h.ndiinu f.,r . o,, hun.lred am', niiir day- losr :;7 -l p,.r cent of its iiitrrprn, ol-O i vr ..i.t of its phosphoric iui.l. and -JTl per co'it ,.f Its pota.sh. Mixed dung and urine lo.st durii.'ir the .same time .">! per cent of ius nitrogen, 51-1 per cent of its i-hosphorie aeid. and t;i.l per cent of ii^ p.,i.ish. in iTief, according to Voorhees. 'more than one-half of th, cn-titueir- m ihe total animal manure product of the cow may he lost hy an . .\po-ure of l.-s than four months.' 'In experiments at the Cpoa-ln K.xperimental Farm- a f',ur t.,n lot u:' iv,v~r nmnuro (with litter) kept in an oixn hiii h>st onethinl ■! it- i.iir,.-. i . i - -itth of its phosphoric acid, and a little more than cnetliird of it- |„ita-h lu uiie .vear. A similar lot of manure kept, in a cloe 1 -lied !■ st ;>';,-tii>h -A t- nitrogen, and practically no phosphoric neid and i>ota-h." Now if the stahle floors are covered occasionally with luiei phi.s'cr . r :f ~:,.all quantities he mixed with the dunp heap, it w.niid le ,., i:<e-! ;iiat ilic ..ifen- ■ e smell would disappear, and practically all the ammonia w ...M I.e -.i.-i m :■ condition serviceahle as a manure. Again, in reference to this loss, Liehip' ^ays: • Ii sh, ni,l ai least U- li.>rn« •1 mind that unless means are taken to iirevent it iu no-, \aiiiahle nortioi. o-' "■■c manure is constantly cscapinjf. diirim; ixposure (•> air ai:<l -iin, Iv evap .r.. ! "II, and also by draining ofl into the ground, whenc, . i ,-t.^ad of a mate-ia? '■^ihnilated to afford a ready supply of nitrot'en t.. the plant, .le olitain ai- I'fi-'- ' RtpnrtK on Orgnnic Chemistry. i . m m lUttM, in which that element in ii. a great utea-ure wanting, un.l whicli. th.r. can only inJiuence the (trowth oi j.lMnt. I.y virtue of the phosphoric ,.,l,, other tiAfd ingredients still pr».»*ent in it. •The fact that leguminouH plants contain this substance us um ,--. ingre.li.nt may. m »ome mea-ure. .xplnin its fertilizing eJTtHt on tin n, is also loun.l serviieable t.. turni|* and .albages., which do not appear t.. , it, nor doe* it sei'm ea«y thus t. explain th« superior advantage!, said t., trom f<att<rin|f it in fine p.,«d.-r , »cr the leaves of clover and saintf,,,, practi-Hd -u Fnince, aud in North America, and with su<h niunifo>t g , that It 1^ said if the suUtance U partially aj.plied to a fi. Id. th,. portiu,,- hiive re<,ivcd llii!. dress^iig nuty aftvrwards !«> distinguished fn.ni llic r, - the superior hixuriaruf of the irop." Koljerts' tfivcs a number of cxperinienta on conserving nitrogen by ii„ of K.vi)suin. from which the following are selected:— ' ExiK-riment* in the lul oratory were conducte.1 with throe sainpli - . cow an.l shc'p manure, the same amount in each case. To one sarnpl, n ■; was added, to another sulphate of iron, and to the thini gjpsuni. The -,\ pies, pia.ed in closed ve^H-ls, were allowed to ferment from May 27 !■. ( t, t >. I>>.!. und ihe ammonia forni.M was tix,v| in standardized sulphuri,; ihii. .determined, with the following resilts:— I'T... Il'l.,| 'liat ('"'»" iiiuimrf. I Shi'cp In II Lia-Kuf iiitnyr-n. '. Li»«« ..I n,;, Witli iiolliiuit xiilphatr (it inm lopixrasi . . " liu".- ((criwuBi)... ffraininfs 142 t>(IH5 oesa Kraii^i! ' 1 IKL' 4i<:i A s,.eoiid experiment was .Ninducted under similar conditional- Escaped Ammonia in Orammei. 6I)»yfc i 12 Days. *)» c. im. ci.w urins, notliiiiK ".Hwl. ■-"«<.•. cm. cow urini-, with -J. g. K^ymuni.. 21 I>»y.. , 31 Day... .Ih 121 3X1 (1 «fil 9fto 1 00:2 « iiv5 i 349 .•.:(; The experiment shows Umt gv,.s,:,„ },as ,1 conserving effe.-t, but r-.m: any means conserve all rho ammonia. Air currents were not u.se.l in ■ exjierinient. • Kxr>eriments in the sh^.p sMble v.re .-.n.lucte.l with sulphate ,.f r. nnall .juantities. Twenty yo.mg sheop were IkhMc^I during -21 days on :! • ' FiTtility of U11.I. 7th Edition, p. 210. — — 183 nniB (*'><l iM^iiiitl'-) iif strnw, whicli frmii tiiiii' tn tiiiii' \\. I) iiriiiK till- »li<>l<' ( '.f ll n> cxixTiniiiii. '1 1- ' 1^! J Jioui iphati- of iniii wrrr u-i il. it 1.') iri'-H'iin''- ("■.■.■_• oiii lilt flioWfd II |o-- i.f 4"«-."> ptT cent ul tl ' I |i I :iiilili;il I crii^i. Ttii »■ iiitruni'ii till,, :i in \( itii i I" Iircvidiis cxiKrinifiit-. Ii> ilctcriniiiu tlir |ir(>;iorti.iii d I... ,.; i;iirop- i , t, ,. iKlc t«i that I'oiituiiK'il in tlio food, tlu- Id-Sfi Ui-ri' imi lti uii i tli.m m I'li- ,\ I iimnit. ?li(iwiii(r that tin- miI|i1iiiIc of inm in -iinill i|Uiiniil\ lui-l ii'f li. I- rviliiiT tlii* 111--. ' I III' -iinii' kill ' •vcilty vi ;iiiii -lii'i-i I i'X|iiiiinriit- «. r< >iiili|i'li illi -ill ■|i. ii-inj 1 «irc n-fi I fi .'1 l.il' f'r«w. mill i'\irv (ir .1 il.i.\< j;v|(!iiiiii wii- hI Mint. ;r.iiii- (111 ii'iiii ll' l.'t.il iryp,-ii! r li kiliitfriiiii- lii'i I |iiiiiiiiUi or ;50 (fr;iiiiiiic-i (I'H ■• I I'fi- iinin j«-r lui 'I 1«> rt>ult ^lloMCll li 'f nil per roiit of tlif iiitrogi'ii tnkcii in wir I 11 fci'oinl exporiiikMil tlio irvp-iim wiis iiicrea -I'll. T. oil -lii'op wore t..r i\» oil to kil j;riiiii> (•>■< poiiii L',M"-iiiii ""!' II ^cil diiil.v, or Un) griiui if straw. Olio kilo^iniin f J l! ■i (•"•ic" oiiiict'*) p»'r iiniiiuil pi I'iii It .si lo\V('( I a h if ;!;!■'.» ])('r oeiil of ' iiitruKiMi tiiki'ii in ,1 thf 1 1 rrcvioii- I'xperiiiit'iits. «illi no oovoiinjr iiiiilorial otiipr tin in -triiu iif 5r> -3 ix^r It of till' iiitrii^'i I'l the food. It is soon til; t ayp-nin provontod niiioli iiiiniionia ironi osi'apinsr. ■diii(f to ICi'i-' till rl.v fiiriii 'f Mnryiaiiil ii-oil nyp-'lini witli .-lu'ces* ns n fiTtili • It WHS most beiU'ticii'' on high and suudy soil, nnd hud good ptitr; . ryo, iH'ii.-, jiiitatiM'S, oiihliajio, clover, nnd uil nutiirfll gru>- c.ops._ I I inlile result of the several ex|ieriiiients incontt-tihiy proves tliMt tin n lowerful and suhtlc principle in this tasteless stone, hut hy wlial pernio 1 .'■ eoinbinutioii it is capable of forcing vegetation in such an in-tii'i.i^i wlioat. a iii'i-t -touiidmg nininu r i« u mystery which time resir\e? for otln Mr. Chflrles K. lirece', in the Quarterly Keview, writing in lii the Iniled .^tato- and Cannda. says: — Tl. ihuil. le manure, aim o--t unkiiowii, though very t; att'iitioii of every farmer. ■riu •arceiy a farm n- t!i.> ]• i might be applied to with advantage. 'I'lic practire uf nine '. -ir- . i iig t.<jilf and crops may i-ullice to prove its ipHility. On :i |ii'c ot •0- but f'lii'lW- •ani 1 tried three gra loe crop, 1 llli 1 it do rojvs without succes-: with with barley ami the return il tin- la-t. »bi'-b ■■111 )i\. The gi,a-s seed look very well. In the month nr I strewed powder of plaster nt the ruto of o'lc niiU' t little nun tinn •ll.. f:>l!.. the M. 'rpciit lire). Tn .Inly lb." i'ici lid Fo pn lit that i' m:s ho, j i . i,f laiid liini.' n.iiMO I. iblr 111 finil 1. .Ill t.. .!:■ ■ck tn the the 2rass :lie land where it iiuamity ol ' MirhiRiin (••"•■Iok^ al .^nrvey »Vr.l, XX 1.1. pp. 1(7 •iM>. 1«'20. •Ore 111. t-oboiit 'j |K'rk«. Vol. i\. r.iit 11 1'. i'.'i' IM (r>H"i for nvo y«ir«.' Huffin' writing m 1^,33, ftate*:— ■ TLer,. „ ,... ,.,,.,«ti..„ oi nature hcretofor,. W. uiiderttool. or ., the .«.!„. ,r .,-.m -...„» to I* .0 t.-tall, .li*pr..portioi,ate to the effc- enom.ou. ....«««, .., ui^tHblf Krowth fron, a very «n,.l| ,,ua„,i,v o- « .n c.reumM.,,,,., fav„u-:,h!e tu ,t. ««,,.„. All other manure., whaiev-'r th.. „«t,m. .. fheir a.„on. require to le appli...| in quantities very f„r ' nm M.v l...lk „f .rop .xp«eted from their u^. But one bushel of tfyp,,,,,, over an ..ore nf lan.i Ht for it. action may aH.i more than 20 time, it* own to a sin^ie rmp of clover hay.' n.rris'. „f,,.r „,aki„« .iiffe.ent ez,. ri.nent, at the Moreton farm i:„ Acwr ^ork. tfave th.- followiri)? re«ulti in 1878:— ua. '.If Bll«|n-I Wil^l,! I', ,,,„i, j I" l»l I Am: Hllaltt'. >•;,, <>ti fii'l.l No I. without muiiif.- I <>ii hpM.Nu. i, with ago H«. ,.(~,,^^ 3tt :►.• j,> . — . _' ; j *' I * -■*■- There «as an increase of 11 hushels to the acre, and nearlv oue-l,,: more btraw. til.' .\a- On rotaUiw wiiii 11.. manure. Itti I""tid» ,< pUnt^r'tci the acre " '• '••" l«'«ndi< if ani.mmu.ulphiiU! 1"I II" m -lid not find gypsum valuable as a direct fertili^r for wheat, but , v a« old nda«:e that ' clover i. ^ood for wheat, pla.ter is good for clover.' in l.il^""' >'■"'"" *^"^" *""' ''''"■^- "' ^'^-^'-^ '^"^•^- ^'-'o - « "ntv. N .; ZrTirV" :"''''''""" "'♦'' «>'•"»* '•>' 'l-e (growth of eabbages." A > a. e field pro,luc..d ,,,m, head,,, having ,n average weight of 10 poun.U ,. : :i::;::^ ;::: '"'" "-^ ''■"-- ^'-'^ ^-^ --- - - ^•'-"- -^''-veri,. :. of_potatoe., tha,. any oth.-r oounty in the I-„io,.. The practice of the fanner- i. ,e is: 'C>lcirM>n Manures, p. uj. =»- » -r, Mntitrr... ,.-^. ize. 34. H.ihiaan U«,l,«ir,l Survey. Vol IX, i-.„t !1. 133 i. to tirat rt'll i<il tJil-il .-<i.i> ill IjMii [lIli-tlT iflun- lii.llili.^u, .ill^i U-i!.i{ .r;i lii,. land iit tlir •.iiiii- tilt, iiuiiniiM.il t'iTlili/« r- in pieli rilio. t.j -tabic luauuii'. i;i tliii* niuiiicr tlit'.N tict the lull li'iii'lit ul tlu' gvpiiuiii, »itliout, impuvensu.i.^ the noil. The Kx|>oriiia'iital I'lii'iii of Oiiiuriii iiuiilo a -ifrii- d: .AiH'rimeiiu i'\'.;i • lag ii\or u tiTiu ol tivi- vi-ars. uini in their ri'purt imblishe I in l'.'i'4, I'aa-' -'i. tliey gi\o till- ri-*iilt- ii- t'.ill.ma: — ' I'rfjiuiutioii el "iHil |M)tutix'«. Ill f.v|iiTiiiii'iit» iniiiluitu'i at the culli;gi' r.t lUltiiiK |>otul(H's uiiii iihiiitiiiy; tin- |iifoi'-i uttor tli.'j liad iu't'ii simiikifd witli iiiu.-. plaster, vU:. in coiiiiiuri^un with iihiiiliii|< tliL' jiicf:. wiili.iii hciinj :ii>riii:U«-'i with any mali'riul. it was IuuihI that thoM' polutue^ whii'li woro ^priiiKleJ ■ iij; land plaster K"M' hftter riMilt- than the pututdos iiri'.'arcd in any otliiT wav "For lixe yiurs an oxn'tiiiieiit ha> i tin oiidui-tnl thruiighout Ontui " in liiih'i to hit iiiniifr- a^certniii lur thenisfUi's «ht'th, r ihiTo wouhl he an> in ii .,1 mliai.ti.gc I'runi ii>ini: i^nd phi-tcr on thfir ^tfd potatoes lielore phinlin-' li. r.MHi. 11101. llNn.', anil I'.Mi:',, the land I'la^tir -howi-d ii inaikcd ^uU ai.titr,'. I 'l:,- iivfi-uKt' of the five years, in which there were in all '.'7 .-i.cc, --lully i.un,l'it':. 1 e.\|*erinieut^ we find that the piitato»> nhith were not coated with land pl.-ir produced 177t) hushel*. and tlio*e win 'h were i-.iated with lai.d pla.-ter prj'.K-el 1S7-7 bu!<hels \Kr acre. In the average resiilt-t from the tive years, tliei. ■ re. the -prinklinn; of Mid potatoes with Ian, I pla.^i, i-, or tf.vpouiii, iin.T,'aseil tlu iri'i by fully 10 bushels iier aerc throughout Ontario." MClllolio i)K Afl'LWN'. l.\M> I'l.VSiH:. 'I'he amount i>f land planter when ul'plied t" K'l^- ^T elov.i- lami- -..i.ies from o" In \<ni pounds per ae-e. Wliili' -oir.e ai'ply a.-- lii-jh a^ HW pouni^ p-r acre, fani.eit gei.erallj ague that fr,.in ."ti to ''<>> poiiJ.U i^ ^utheieut l,r i iin^ ciop, i)rovidiiiK the pla-ter is e\i"iily distriliiteil. A iiea\,\ apiihcatiou [.r ■•.■■•■- a growth of too niiieli -traw for a ~<'e.l eiop of clover, and f i nm -jk Ii' i'l l ■ lu i- i= generally considered cloukIi I ,\ sivd yrower-. Tli:~ aiiiHint api'iied tu .■••u:.* clover i- i-nn-ideri»l xery beiietieial. It i- said that l!e'..ia;iiiii Franklin d<- ;..'li- strateil this on a clover field near one of the main nil- .:i I'e:.nsylva i. i .'\ seatterini; iryp^iini -,■ a- to foriii a :.enleiii'e which rca.l. ' 1 la- iia- be,'n pl.'.-t'Te'j with tryiisuni." And it is said it eouM Le detect. I ^ a.lih by the hei^'li: and colour of tlie clover where the ({ypsuni \vas -own. With fert exceptions land plaster i:- -own ,t distributed ..• er the h.nd i)y han.l. It i^ ditii.ult to sow e\enly by hand, too niueli ii-ually tVlls in th.- niidiLe. while not ei.oiigh reaches the e',lire> of the ridjjo beiiij: -cvn. I:, th- -ame way as the -owing is done the crop app.-ar-. If .li-tributed evenly the co;. ippea'S uniform, if in streaks the crop api>- ar~ tli.' -ann . Again, sowing plaster by haul i- ^cr.' di-a>rreea!.le u .rk. Tlic -nwer breathes, in uuantitics. it Kct- h> hU e>,-. at i all ' v,r his clothes F. w hired men are willing to undertake the Nvork, ahi -he farnier ^-emrally ha- • do it J36 Lin.M-li. 1.,.. ..„.|,.„.u,rinK to B^k.. «,. ,ve„ ,|i.,r,|,uf...... ,m,u.||v „.. , Wi,Ji„ n.,,.., ,,„„, ho«..v..r. ..v..n.l «„„.,„„ ,,.v.. U.n .„.,,.. U>r..ii Huiiur, III .-in-uJar \... i>. • <n t . What ^.,u. tiK. n,„.t .,ti.f,.,..,o H ,li., know,. «« o.i-o,.% l.u.,i !• .^nnbutor n.,.« ae.-.| .... .,, .h,- .,..„.;,..,„„ .«ken W.. „.. I....J bo, or l,.,n.r. «K.u,.,.l ..„ ... .,!., ,,., ,, .„„„^., „,...^.,, |.«^ :> to..«u. «..,,,, ....... ,, ..., ,,_„ .,, ,„ ,,,^ ^^^^^ ^^ _^ ui-< i.,.x "I ill. jrd.iiar.v ifrai.i .iriH 1. w n # . i i I , , . * '•III. I. i< 11 ;,,., 1,1 It-, but . iiri ,,. ,,,.,1 •.-..th de..,i. Tb. bouoni ... „„. ,.., „ ,,. ,, , ,^„ J,;/:,. ■ ': cn.l> „f ..., ux ..e ir thick. E...h ...a ..„....„. „f „.,. „i,,,,. 'i-,,. . m-.- :. abo... , »..,.. ,„u h«. . ,«,f ,..,, ,..„ ,, ,h,. „i,,d,.. „f a, u,.,..r , 1" -per ,...-.. U, „ U»lf ...pH. ,uf n, tli.. n.id.il. „f i,. K.w.r o,l,,e Wb.,, I «K. Il«. ..«d ,..e<^ M .b.. .b..f. ..„«ly. .. „ia, ,bo ,.lHsr.r will ..,., . "u.h r.Kl- ,bi, r..,. ....r.,s tl.- ...x. I ..oU-.-t tb.. p.«.,„ ,,.,ri..^ .hoi,- -X i- i.r.'V.diHi with a Ibl i:( «iiU'. 'i'*" 1-x. s... F,«. ,:. ,i..,„,i,.,, ^„^,., , ^^^^, , ,,^___^ ^__^ ^^ ^ ; ^b'."f .;",'" "■ '"' '" "'•■ '••'■ "" •"•■ ""■'•■^ -'••• «'"■ '">'-- tii^Cd V;,"^ " " i:^'"'' "" ""• '""""' •' ""• '"'=' "• --•»' " -^ - 1- - <•- '♦ - In ..I...> lue ..a.lH ,.. ,b. ,i,l,.. .,„.„h,, ^,...., „f ^„,^^„.^^_, -■•• -.1. o.rre-|.«...li„. ,W,| h.,!.., ri,. ,i.,..,ly ,,... „.e «tation„r. t;i>tiiii-<| !■. till. I.ott,,.., ,,f .(,. 1., Tl ■ - c ..t .... ,., ,. „- . .1.,..- ,„.. , ,., „... ,i.k.- .,f .... ,,,x „:..l are eovred r.v .-l. ,V V"""';."" '"'""" -''■'- f «Hl^».n«Hj ...„ , . ■• «,,). ,iail,Hl to th.. .,!. ■ t-x. 1 l,..y iir,. U-M in ,h.. .ni.Mle to kIw ru,„.i /.„ ,he .mIkc. „f the -i,..^ • , ,, " "'" '^ ^*"'i '>i»l tbc ii|)p,.r f.u'vt' of ira-viii 'i.r,.. l..,„ ,., , ,.,.„ „r ,.|„.^ jj_, ,-^,^, j^^.^ ■''■"■ "'^'"'^ "^ "" imrH-m.ni :ir,. oM .,., ,..,.., ,^ ,„^.. j^,,, ,,,^, "ill- lliriii^'h ;!,. 1. ,!.. !..,- .=,,j ._,. rirrrt-:; tJ.- ii'fia. .\t ;iu I'll i ,ij m r/"»/J.- i^ '^•i u /»'y/»« .»* •* -^ aj -«v"? Tirt .^ V.I '^ 1 Ell A M ^\ v/^y'y -. . •.',! - 4 F 1 i \ 13S I i^ Axli Vu. i: m=> ^^/f I ^^•'-^''<^f'Vi:::!zc,^^^^ th. «.u.« ,..) ...»t r..,,. „,... r;:> this shaft is cvliiidrical. but on the iiisiile il i- li" -ijikiio. I'he turnihi,- o. this square rod in tho bottom of tlie box coiistaiitly work? tlie I'histi-r . "iv t!.. nigh the ftW hoirs ami i<eeps it from paekiiig in tiie bottom of the box. lu fa t the turning of this siiiiaro shaft in the bottom of tiie box i? ..ne of tlie es-.tutiu! features of the implement. It must lie perfectly s(|uare an.l 1 e so loia'iMi tiiiit the corner-; will just toueh the jfalvani/.ed iron when it turn-. 'Another point essential to ob?erve in llie i-niisiruct on ot tbi- iinjiIcnKur i% making the hi'les in the tv. o pieres of ual\anizi>-l iron. They niuj! e.\uetly correspond. If they do not, some of the feed boles will be larger t!i;ui otlk:- and the plaster will be d'.,tributeu unevenly. ■ After the holes h.tve been eut. the twn pie<'es of BalvHiii/.e.l ii'in are riveteil together, put into a vise, and the margins of the holes are tiled until they exactl.v correspond, after whieh they are taken apart and placed in the feed box, :i- already indicated. 'In the middle of the box, just over the lame shaft that iwolve-, a bar ,i iron half an inch square passes across the box. The ends of thi< bar aro split, flattened out. ami riveted to the top sheet of galvanized iron just below the eleat* already des<'ribed. The split ends of the bar arc 7" or S ' long, to ^'ive the union strength. .Iii.-t over the ><iuare i" bar of iron a flat bar of iron J" wid,'. with a hole in its centre, i-' bolted across the top of the box. By ruiin ng a lever down through this hole and prying on tlie 1" bar of iron the iipivr -lieet of >ra!- vani/.ed iron may be slid either way, Uius o|K'ning or closing the feci boies!. '1 li>- lever used for this purpose is a Hat i>ie<-e of iron 2 feet long. 3 " thick and 1" wide. In th,:. lower end of the lever is a 1" notch that permits the lover to sli;. over the i" bar of iron. See Fig. 16, detailed figures 4 and 5. • As previously state<l, the bottom of the box iirojects be\onil tiie ends I i" u these projections the bearings for the shaft are bolteil. The shaft is roai.d untd it passes through the end of the box, for about i" at the middle point: elsewhere it is 8<iuare and re\ol\es in the bottom of the box. There i-^ a iiariiit; in Me centre of the box where the shaft is made cylindrical, a broad stapk." bein-' driven down over the >hart. This staple passes through the lottoii.. aiai ai. ir-ii plate that is fastened underneath the tongue. It is fast-ii''d below with nuts 'Hiis centre bearing is necessary to take the shake nut of the -bait and iioM it in I'la'-e 80 that it will rub the bottom just right. 'In addition to being Ix.lte.! t.. the bntto,,, rii,- tongue lia- ir ai brae- on either side. To keep the box from spreadiiiL' ibere ire two iron stirrups ma; rtt on the un<ler side of the box. The stirrups and sid. bn.ce- o< ti , tongu,- are bolted to the bottom of the box. See Fig. IT. .letailed ti^'nre 1 •The wheels of all these implement- that have I f-e-i !e have be.>:i tak a from old mowers. The whe.ds best M.ited f.,r 'be purpo-e are Uio>e proviled with ratchet wheels into whieh pawl- nr -atelies .Ir.p and -au-e the shaft im re- volve when the implement is moving forward Ou!y one ratchet wheel is ue.es- sarv if the implement is driven around the Held to be plastered, with the rQt,.be. wheel on the outside. Some means should l« provided for raising the catche- ■ Wi 140 .l.«. .Iro, i...o the ratoh,, wh,.! .„ .a«t th. ,ha/t «ill no, rt-volve .1.,, « ;. .; a„.i fron, the fU-U. otl.er«i^. it will be- n.H^..arT to clo^. the fnl t i.iul the hub of one of the whe^-b. The shaft will h^ r.. i . . • '"7- '""> - ■■™ ;.; .i:::: 1:: ;nr,:„::^;r"',r "t "- •' ■' " '"" •' .. :.. ::::.v;,:'.r,;;:,.; : ■ " "- - - -- « I'la-ter. The lumps uiv 141 rirvrTKH ix. Manufacturing and Estimates of Costs, with Miscellaneous Notes. -Matiufui'liiriiiK u'.vii>iiiu into its various iirwlucts, in Sii\:\ .*scoti Uniiiswitk, is <iirrii-il on ut three ilitferont points. The oldest mill the Albert Munul'inti eon'pany sineo l."'.')-!. rinjf ('(rnipiiny, which h;i- I ecu operating a- n .liar IK ere m th»' early lu-lorv o| the Company u pia-ter mill very I'avcuraii'e . (iii(iitioi,» fur a pros|Hi traili- with the I'Mitcil .'siii later the withilravviil ot the reciprocal traiie relations hetween the t seriously interfered with its operationsi. W'j count r; The Canadian market at tiiis time, owing to ilie e.xislii.i; tr;iii-|i..ri..(i.!i facilities, was not availahle for llillsboronfih. The Interciilo; riiili ;iv w;!- ; ..t built, and althougli there was considerable demand for th ;.iiinuf..itiiii I pro- duct in the TpiHT Trovinces. it was .supplied either from the crude r.nk Icnu shipittil from eastern Nov.- Scotia and numufaetured in .\ioiitrci Michigan mills, which, owing to the very low rate of duty, could duet to Canada at prices wliicii prevented competition. '. Ml- If. n\ th,' hip lii-'ir |i-..- However, with an increase in the iluty and the superiority ..f 11 li-l ..r ■ :i;Ii rock, UigcUier witli rail eoiinexioii. the prtwpeets looked much hrifihtcr. il ihi trade gradually increasi'd until 1>!>7. when IIillshorouj;h -upi to tliu (^anadian market. hM 'HMI 1,^ At the same time, this Company hud inider the WiUou ir.S.V cuieil coiisideralle trade in tiie I'nitcd State^ iivcragilifr in the ei:;lit; '20,0(M) barrels annually, but under the Dingley hill, l.y wliji-h tlu' f imposed a duty of |2.2r> per ton on th e nianulacliirc. ton on crude rock, it was with the greatest dilliculty tli:it tl III ■ Mcurei I'nt- 1" r d.l >e maintained, in fact lid not have l.<.|>n. \li, \lai iiiif Company been able to place a sui>crior arlicl.. ..u tin' niiiil.. The AUiert Manufacturing: Cot npany s n • ill ;it llill-!or..iii;!, umliii'tiii- tmi kift! ill of modern typ>-. with I'o.ipcraii. stir.u'' t.l.'llcU.' -hown in Plate XXXV. A iletaile.! .|c-i riptinn ^ -iinilar mill given in Chapter V. and si.rvc n.. p factiired are hard wall plaster, plaster of I'ari-. ar :id .iiK I. .-:• -c. Tl . IC| I't'tl..]! .f ;l pr. At Windsor. Nova Scoliii. ll krtth ill. in w Inch they luaip.i fad urc a W.I ;! p! ,-(.■.• k ■ipanv '" i! ii- -eleinte ..•c.iic!;!. iin.l pliistcr of Paris, for the li.inic market. Th, latest ms tallat ion of |Ki-i"r unli- ke!: ill, of the (Jreat .V.irth. Mill nir (.'.,ni|..iii> .•it I h.ti .i,h'-\ 14t h<-atu.u of ,he mad.iuery installed:- folJownit: ,, , ,„., Or;;;^'''R\r" ^'' '" '°''^"' ^^ hu«e-power each, wne ist Kobb engine, ilu hor««>-i)owor ui»i, i . o.-.te water .,>tem«. non* power. *.U, heater, ^.par.tor. and ,l,„,i. One 125 k.w. generator with exciter. One 50 hor.,.-power ele<.tric nu.tor for driving rock Lroaker . , olcvator to dryer. dr.rer. an.I .iryer fan. '' '"' ^■'■"■'" ' f>ne 40 horse-powfr elocfric motor for driving v . u a.:d efevtor to ground bin,. ^ ^"^ ' *'""• '"'"*• <•"'->-. n.ixer. h..r picker. ..r^^^J;:: ^f::^r'' ""'^ ^"''•"'•'' '" ^"'^""^ '- One ao hor^e-power electric motor, for driving kettle agitators ^^^^ one o hor.-power eiectrie n.o.or. for .lr.in/e,e ..tit d^ „.„„,„„.. crus^'" '"'*""-'^-->- -•' -en or gri„„. o..r w„i.,. ,..., ,.,,,,, ,„ „^ One large cru.her or preliminary l.reaker. v Mogul . One pot crusher for Sue crushing -- c^.. ...k from cihen:Jtir: :i:::z zt:. ^"'^ ^ J>ne No. 1 Tnumph automatic feeder for feeding .took from .tocr.'n .. to ZZ:r '"""■"' *" "'^ '♦•^^ ^'- ^" -•^ «^ 'I'^er and deliver ...... 4." ilTdJ'l. '•"' ""'*"'• '* '* '*""«• ^"« '"••»• of No. 14 steel 1 > . «* "»"»; all jointe joined with 2" x'l-x l".„-to- j • *''"•""«' '- ^ elevator i« equipped with all „««! u / • ^ ' *'''* "^*''*^ ''"" »'»''"■ 1'*"^ No. 0.« .h.T„. a.?J\^;"j^:";; -'^l''."'- •--• -P-^-K t.keups, ,.,„. T» ««« . • '»•"*«''»« "-on buckets. ^^^ 86 under runnin. ,.ar driven. French burr n.ilK complete with f-.i ^^^ One screw .....e.ver to take .ock from two .W' m.lls and .leliver . One 10 ft. X 10 ft k-A»tl= «.*, 1 J-P 142. k- J . f*l ^gB *"*^''"—*''^*'*"^'***** I I ^ns^ \m\Wr\ ra b, vvm^vv*i.^i^)m7^rm jt!v.ivw."^'->i -'y . ....* ^^m D k ^ s Offle* St-^R» GENERAL LAYOUT OF GYPSUM MILL Great Northern Minnq Co. Ltd iNVEWNcas Co. NOVA SeoTi*. K-^ I i:.i;lii"^U^l^ y . CZZS^ZEIS 7 -nsmmsm^i Offiet £ftPittt AMwt A Stmn GENERAL LAYOUT OF GYPSUM MILL Great Northern Mining Co. Ltd E«aTEMN Harbor INVERNC88 Co NOVA SCOTIA FIG. 18 ^tUppiiy Raem rmzE^smnm % Cultimmd PUalm- ^sz^^^iZnmA 40 HP BJ^JJ^.«ja!MPJ.^J^^.-i.'W^^;>g-Jt^.^'ig^^i^ flmiakmil Mmtttr Bim ■ ^i' ' »;ty^yA>A'!^m?Myyp:! ^^^'. Scale of Fomt zzmzmzzzznsa ^sss^mssnnzni. '^Vi'mmkHA-M'tWr^ i^^:^^'^ *yB,.mi'i:A^.'vv»m;.'M>^i>.a~ ■jtiii J, rV" tj^ ELEVATION SHOWING LAYOUT OF PLASTER MILL Great Northern Mining Co. Ltd iNvmmM Co. Nov* Scotia rs^n ELEVATION SHOWING LAYOUT OF PLASTER MILL Qreat Northern Mining Co. Lto. iNviRNCM Co. Nov* Scotia FIG 19 ^"•fit m I Oni No. U «t It. ■'«'>>i! tings a iluplii-att' <if (he niiim.'uf. t'lii Twil ."Sti" UlllitT One MTi'v ci'i/if^ir ti. )ak« -t. . i. *-lprsfiir. I hii' -iiv] i-ii*. •! t-iiviiti.r. X-. 14. -'r<ej. rh«' -iinii- nttini.'.- n» tin |.ii»' ! .- • )ii<- llti>U){lUi 11 i.rxir. <>tn' Imir picker. Oil,- packi r ti- PH.- lu;ii.riB) ^'r. - (*iii- ! arn-l puvia-r. riii" < 'onipuny ti.rrii>.inti liw t. iIi>wiiiM ;:>p-uin prmlui't^ iniiiiut.n'tiiriMl I. 'i. i: Cur plretriciilh ■n- \tcT (lav. (■•|ii![I f>l 1' III IV f.i >r I! j^ir.-t. IIV -.1 .ii"l w. >fi> «• lIlBtl'llllCMin Wll. iri'-nl ami stsluary pliist(>r-. : i , • .1//.H <)X. Willi Ol-tlllll', I !ail! tiiaiiTiiil- t(i rtliinl tin- -. t 1. i ill huir. ■ra..-|..,Ml liUi ' lAi- !« 11 .'iililen itii ;ir>. luii: ■■•-i,!i.-!ii!is; tiu- vrrii-. t uiii.nii, AV'U .\'. wall Cfii ■ Allin .V.\ . wt'.UTo, a ;ila-t.r •: I'.n . i t.-im-wl I. liciil. a |>l,-i- -,iii B.v|wiini. Ii i« iinl II- ti II. MV iln .: Ml x.\x. liuiiirijr n. liii .-. •'•. « lici'iatioii of piit(< m';ii>!]iT. t.i <.'t ill :'.•! minutoK. All.a A'.V.V. wl.it.. tiiii,! 1 if |'l.l-!i I*!-, ii »:i(>w-'viiitf pi: pla»tpr, ilO por etnr ..i' v.lii.li »il| frnni ,') to 10 minutes. pii-- thr'.'iti ii I >" 11 li-:| -iTCih ' Alha A'A'A'.V. surifipa! an. I •^t.iniurr ; ia>i<r'*. -iminr to v\X l::t tinrr protiiiil. Tlu'itc phiAtrrs f.<-t in ai .iit .". snitiii'i.. ' AHia A' A'A'A'.V. ilmta! phi-tcr- -ik.'i .ii. pr. .ir.-.. i.r ilic .Jei ti.: (.r.if. s-i. u. A very pure .^noxi-wliito pla-^ttr. sottiiu' within .". iiniiir. -. •Alha, land pin>'t*r. tlii- i- n v|»-(: ,l!^ t rcpiircl (rr.>iiii.l UT.cai.Mti.^i piaster. V'aliioMc annind hduw:^ ai.il »falli-. It »(.-<. rr.- th.. aiti!. i;!ii in -ic i |.la.v< i'liil tixr.* it, makiiiif it a very valiiaMc f. •■ti.l/.•>• ' '/Vrra AUia. n vpry finely (rronii.l -nil Hiirr rii.'a!"-irirj p!nst<^r. -f^-i] as a ■liliipnt for modica) preiiarati-nf < |.- <»X nui X in' pement plastcn. :.r..l .■ i- tain siifficifnt retardpr tn hil.i tH.-k i!;.- -i' iir fwi hours, in ortle'- that tar 'Aork- ini'ii may have fitnr to «pr«'ail tlic |i!ii-.t.- ...i tin wall an. I prnpofy trou.-l it ■ lown. Friim U to y psrt.s ..f k""*! -riMtc: mt, ' nin.- I <■ 'iw: to .itu par' •■ '•X fir X. F'or fhf oiiivenieni f ..i thi- 'ri'li> tht- pr"T.»'r ainriiii; ' hair is miv..i ill OX. If d<-^irfl Hc r-nii aiijii-! tli« M-ttriK linii- it OX .\ m.i XX from m.'- to twpnty-fnur h<iiir». ■ .Ml the iilmvp liraii'U are p>.t in jutv *ack» h.'i.liinr Utt* p.ini it-. \r rX'r.i ■luirjTP if t't cent." l- nui.ie '<"■ ■ "h -"■ - ■>> .' ■■ 'el ati-.! .•!. retiirr. ..f <ar1c ' 144 Th.. f„llo*i„„ .r. th. r«.„lu of .„.!,.«, ^^ Hy Milton Her-, Compar fr..,„ .„.„,.|^ ,f „.e n.«.„.f,.,„re,| ,.r..l„.., of .1^, ,Jr... Xorthrrn Mi„i,.„ , pany : — Macr>>n«ia Kj-fnc ihhIh ami aiiimida. HuIl'Siurn' iuiliy.,'rti|(. C«ri«mic ttiitiytlriilr Wttirr, louiHi iirnitii«i ... IiMoitthJr niiiifrKl iiiailrr l»X XX XXX xxxx x\> » 10 i »■»: 1 »45 «M 004 (r Ir in tr OS 64 M M 1<.I :<a iw 54 S6 ;« II »l 1 »7 •! 4*i , 4 4U 4 Ml 4 « •">• i • M U 16 , 0|« "••» j wn WTO tDTS »> .1. II IX .%4 .-(,: 9H Coth. TlH. .•.., ,., .ru.l. r.,.,c vari,.. wry .u,.,l. «i,|. ,1.,. ,^,ai,i„„ „f j^, .,., reniv m iJiffirent quarritM. If a quaro- i- fr«. fr.m. .„ overlmnlen of cl.y an.1 auhy.lrito. .„.l l.us - be very low. when .Ik- opp.«i,. con.l.tio,.. ..,.k.. ..,„H«ive c-osu. By the u,„ tor. u .. oonM.l..r...| unproHt.l.le tu o,..r.te w1k.„ the cliyr ovrl.urden in h. exc^. the l...,ht of r..k f..; ov... wlu-re ..„,• a«, equ.l. it i, .u.,v..l have H quarry of M.,«rior r.-k. and fr«. fr.nn .u.hy.lrit.. to work with auv ,,■ wh..n the pruv ,. le.s thu„ «1 „er t-.n. f.o.b. waRo... ' ''»d*' f.^ourahU. oo.:ditio«, ,he riK-k ..«„ |,e prepared for -hiomem a- roilnH'ifiK pric««*; lilMting Br-.kiiit •ml l.««liiuf w»NM o ill '"""■ '•^' M"a«rfit R«ni'nm •••tr from sn»rry. ."..,..■..■..■....;. oM ','. MM i" a <.- o. ,1k. .,u«ni f Nova S.-otia th.s pri.x- i- .«.,.„,.. „|..i. many othi-r. it i. u.ud. ,oo low. Wh-ro the l.u«im., of ,h.ppu>« thr .', .-k. an. „,a.„.fu..t„ri,.^,. is ..ar.i..J on at the ,ame pUce. ,he r«*. u„.i^ f». '■" '■ ''";"'^- ''"'"'•' ■"■• '"'^ "=' "■'"•'■ "^ «l.«-"- the two opr^ti^.. ar. ran I'll separately. Th.. r..a.on is thi,. wl.er.. ,hipf,iu^ the .rmie rodt i. ,h« o,.h op^.-.tio. -i^u. ,- „n,.... ,,p..„,..,. n,,. .,.„„^ ,„^.,^. .,_ ^,^^^.^^ ^^^^ .^^ ^^^^^.^^^ ^^ ^^^ M.lf..H.u,I.v .,„„,, „. ,.„„„.. .„„^ ,„,„ ^j^^, ^^,. ^.^^^ c„r..,.l..,.l,l,. «.,. i suarr... ^o to .1.. „„.u. ih.m,.. If ,n«„ufa.„,ri..,c w.r. -arried o„. thiH* m- ».... . lo a ..!e.r ^a>n .u„l «..rth more lo ,}„. „„|| .,.„„ ,k,. ,„,,^r r-K-k U..U1I r..,:..r,. I..,, eru.hi...^ I, i,. ,her..fo,» ,„f.. , ..„i„,«,e ,hut ^h ii "•"♦•••^ •;' •■'■ •;•" 'I- MUi-rry ,1. , „r ,..k „ii, „,„ .,„,...,, ,i ,, toil of 2.2-in potmils. If. The lm>, of w,.ight n, r„^a td..,ni,^' ,- .„•. ..rt,.r .1 . ■ 1 Where th«h,»r„«.op,.. w.u-r lo.. „.t ha.v t„ „ „„.,.l,...., ,,, „,,^,, _^u„^^^^ raatenal, nrhii-h ix olteu iii.i>r»xiiil,l.. VV. n. ^ .1 ..Il'rp<ii'.i' v\, ri.;.> nwTeuttv. .--timat. ihot '.. pre «lii<>e one ton (2.fiO<» t'-'iind-ti ,f .-l.- i.»i ,\^.-„, -.*.».. ,K.un.l* of cru.l.. r,H.k ..h-h w,!| ,.,.,,. „. ..,„,,,. ..,,,„,,,, ,,,..„, ,. ,^^^,^ A«um.ng o.«I to l,e ..«.l ... „..,. i ,. ...., „ ,, ^^ , „, .^ ,.,,;,.,.^„,^; the followinir rali'iiliitKin lan l» mul. 3,a» iiiHinta cruHr nick in iinii LaUiur »t aiill . [lai'Kaj OlSt par too of 2,UU (aiuivta To thia inuat lie Mi]<le«l the r.. will le:— SO bac* at fu. meh Ti)Ul ouat of anilO iKHiiiiln c»lriii...l |4««tft nhi.'), It put u 8 I) -r " ;<» !* " 'Jti 111 jiit» biitc-s— t ' Ml ii l^n- iiiii'i!,. jiiii ,iit.?ro-t Thia coat ia excluaive uf nil lix.-d .liartf.i. a- .tii, cbargea. If 8 cooperage i.- ..|H'rrttr-.l in .oi.n.-xi,,.. with i.„. pla--,.. ,„ili, ...J,,,. iuv.-.n- •ble conditiona pUater barrels can U; innj.. hr innn z:. tu I'T a-iit- a.:!!, uul al- thou«h it ia somewhut more fJt|...ii>iM. t., u^- uirrci.. » Uu. r ^ ...r.'.nt,^ ..t' quality can le aasureil. e*jJ.'«iail< .<l,...i th. „. ,. 1,«- ,„ ,. «anl„.,.-, „ t,>r ai,v kiiflth of tine. RpferrioK to (>al.-iiiiitii>ii (,\ tii,. r..t,.rv pn^v-. K. :„■: -ivt-s tli.' f. il.,wiii>.' : •The rotary pro«.»-* ,.f ,,|„,.,.r .•(.{.•niati-m hu- !„.t \^u n-.-.l .,1 -ii. ii^'l, plants to KJv,. «p.Mirotf Imtitins tiirur.-* of .-ont,!. l.ti; th.> .,!!„«;„;; .-unan- nr.> btii«..'«d to lie fairly cl.we':— MiBiuif <r iMiarrTina tW* \ha. .?v(«iii t'.)»-.T (iirl al t.ull, 50 ti. Hi H» ,:,»', iviln furl ai .ml!, I.V) to 'JiiO li«. c^wl lAhinir st mill Masm.i.ii: I 4; Mmi.iiuui 4 cl« 1> . _ II I-i 1. 1 ■ • nn •1 .!( II 111 1) :ai It m A» hax iiieii nofeii in » prew .,:,« .Imptcr. tlie murKci n U. pu^t lur Nov,. ik-otio 1*11(1 N-w Bruii»«i:-k gryp^um l.u:. i.-..! ii, tlk- ' i,,j.-.| siMt,^. Tiie roe-k ' Ccnienla. I.im««. aad Plaetpr^ 2«»— 10 tu aurinir t.te yw,. h.» l^ ,o»d fcL. .hi,. ., port of .hipmm.. Th* ,,r,. r.ru. . .'f,.„.)iy .crordi,,^ ,o ..u.lit.v of the rook. fron. :.•; -rnU to »■' <■ . ton. th^ ..verag, pH.^ b*in« about 11.23 i»r ton of 2.i40 pound.. The f«..,ht rate Iron. Mina* Basin port, to .New York and port, -ou-, K^hooner. i. .U-ut $^.m per ton. whil.. ..arer port. ar. proper,. on.telv . Cnadiau ve«..l.. arc not allowe.1 to do eoartwi^ freighting on th* l-nit^i- CO.... and ,hercfo«. cannot oompet* with American <.«.!. in thi* .ou-h.n, trade, a. they often get • return freJBht to northern |«jri». Verv littl,. . • trade however, in done with ..il ve*«.|». The greater par, .,f .»«•' gvp.,,,.. the M.na. Baain port, i* taken by Me«.rv J. R. Ki«g and Tompanv. In tl». r Harg.«. about .me-half of which aro An^-ruan bo.u.m. a. an U- ut.lize,. ■ng the wmter .ea.on. «h^„ ,h,. Tin- of Kund^ i. clo«.i ,o navigation i, •; -outhem (T.^.A.) trade: while th.- ( an^dian bwton,. are hauled up ., ■ only a. Morchounes. In thi, tra,lc. exdu*i.e of M.«,r». .1. H. King ..n.| Compinv. tb . -Nova bootia and X,* Brnn^w,. k. thf t:n.e -ha.tered >t*.amer .* f*M , the ..ailmg ve*M,i. and «bere quok denpateh ran Ih: ^.ven the freight v.: . vir.v much reduced. The following data i, p.,e» «. a reliable ba.i^ for .calculation on :,,,. i^'liartertu xteamero: — Taking New York a.- the ,«,rt of destination, and a steamer of 2 5t.-. « oapacty. M.eh a .toamer would .-Hrrj-. if bunkered in New York for the ror.l trip, from 2.350 to -JMH) torn: if bunkered at loading port about KIO or l.V. ;..., «». If built on trnxlern line, it ^lu aid ...,i draw over 17 feet of water «'... Iomie.1. and nhould havo an avoraire sj^l of 20(. nautical mile, and burn . !.. tons of .-oal per .lay. The o.^t of «uch a .tean.er (rat«s quoKnl for V.>h would 1* from £*.> ,o £530 per calendar month Cing a HO da,v mont! t.a*.H of caloulation. tbo co*t wouM l« from m.W to l«!».22 per day The port charges in .\e« Y-rk would be in the vi.-inity of $.T(.0 ,«.r tr ; exclusive of -i,^,harging roets. and at port of loading fhoul.l not ex-eed *:,-. ■ - trip. The tir.t three trip. th.-M- ,■harge^ will 1h> *ome«l,af incroai^d on ac.-, • of havng to pay ,he ■ .iok mariner'. • f„„d (Uo. per net re.r-ter ton) an 1 : tl«- hr.t two ,n,m a fee ..f If, oach trip i, chargeable for h.riH=urm.,ter. .1,.. As an .•xampl... take a Aiina- Ra.in ,,..rt for receiving cargo and the ,.or' -New lorl: a* .i, -charging, approxiniatc di^taIlc•, . rm n.ile- ,.r for round • l.l^!* miles : — Tim.- allowt-l f,,r l.iadinir tltachuririna "■iliiitf ? <Uv> a '. « Ildav.. r..t«I iMii. r«niirtHl >.,r .. nmni) »ri|i. . . Allowing the con.umptio., of nunkcr .-..ai t., \^ t^iuivalent t„ eight .. .t«un«g. and that the «teamer hunker, in Vew York for the round trip u: l*t tutM nail ■( ta Au ti.-! L.xi Vnrt dwrgM m Nn» \ ork .N..V, Si„ii, C<»t frf rtVMlH-r, 1 1 ,l»v. »[ »« Hi ,-rt .!i.v * ."^iHT'i"' """"I *"''■ "'■'""'* '■'> "-rin.». <«-. .„ luwim' iiH.., .11.) |«i,,i f,,.. whic, ,»,j ,n ,),p„, . . , . Ibii is e«jMiv«ln:f tf n tt,f.- ..\,.r Ti ,,,ii> |,; J.;.;i, ton,, a inalfriiil rinii;. inn ui ^aWiufi Vfrwi ohi.f({.v •houid U. if th*- husiiH** ha.l Mirt.n.-,.! !iiu..'iiuiiik' l.. «Hrr. > mntlern lomliiig ti|>|iliHU«.-e. For souiu years t(,iu> hii- I.,-, i, a .mail tarift «ar rarr*l u Slate* U-t«-.*n tlu- (.r.^diuvt, . i ih.. mi.MI,' «,..- .....i lii,- i„«i, ,i„..ti,r mm uii thr Atku-ic ma I ..ar.|. wlu. „., lmi.,..to.i r,. ». li .%*> .Ill T'. »■ ■ I r.i:..- -argo of ' ^31 ■ n fvidt'IlCi- 11 1 III JON i ...i this Ma.jt-et \vUvv the »on,Hu!!i. ... W,,.- an.| Mt^n,. ji Wttsbn.rfT,,,:. D.i'.. "•• '•■'■> ■">• I--, i.m Uicli th in Novemlicr. l$tf>^, bn iglit ..it tolluwing arc Kipuiiiti, The maii»f«oturoni usiiig vv'iu-.v.-.v lUii. ■■ . ,■ „, X,,vu .-i./.tu ai.it \e* Hri.UMMok arc iiii..- ui >. uj.i.ir Mir u. .\.w \,.rk. ■ ue ir .N.-w .It-rse.v. 'Bc 1.1 MBiiif, one in r.nii xUaiiia, i i..- ii. i ..nnfrt . .', m.,! ,.t;,. n U.„toii l\mv nmiiufscliirrr- «.t. -KMrmi* ..f rclmii.B ih. .In' i.j .'^i ,-hi»- ;.,... i.„. ,,ri ormk; rwk. inii o-c<l l.\ ll.i u-.n: «.( h- iv.;. IhiWi-un jif. .i;.(,- . ■ „ |,ii,i. cipal being !»w Inited Mhh>k (iyiiMsii, < it,i.:itn, I i',.mp.,i|. ..w.nj/.-.l , tuler tlie ia«8 of Nuw Jers..>. l:-.!, I.r ii„. |.„ri...M. • . ,i,-,li.ifltiui; •!» prinoiiml jiru- iliin«r» of g.^IiBUlI), mil »hiili l.ii!- vii.it a *,iiirrtl Uh\„.,i .■;o ai.d t' .lit!pr.'iit ;>l«nU thr.iiKhi.ul liie nii-l.ll.- wi»-it, «.t< iitixnm, to itur.a- uu: iut> i,: 1»9T in loth the eriulc rock ami \» iiiaiiiil'a.-turcil |.r.-.)\i '. 1- mc cliui; ,■■' liv- iheiti thi't iimfer ('Xi.>lin( ..iiiIiUdu- th«it jh.hui.i, ,-.ai!.! nut ri'M.-li wit!. ,i)i> milea of th-^ AlUiitio seaboard, whil.' at tlu^ .ame tmiu the oii'^t^-n iir.Hluet was invading tluir uiarktt. It «». iiU. -lii.ia I > tlif oi-im..;!, -idf t'i.it ir .lan tin- filler (frade-. that i-ould ouIn 1* miinilm tared fi, m Nnwi .S.-'iiii^ ami Vi-w Brunswick ic,v|wuin. and »»ul.l n.»t U- «iin|>!i.>tl fr. :ii tin wt-t ihat wen in active >'<irap«tition. The niBimfai Hirer of dilni.-lii- gv^.-.n! . ni; al'i r.i : -<.■". hi- ;>!.'i\i.M f-on» 12.50 to $4 |ier ton ut tb- mill, while ilie niii^iit.uturet- ii it't|M.r(cd .ryi>8uni • laini ti'L'.v eai.n./t affonl to ?ell at U»* than |t;..Vi cir fm n: lli- ruill. It WB-' al»o liroiight tint befon- thi., i ••[nruiKd^ thii: tin- ..bjfct •.; tin' I'liiitx) Xafes <i<)\iriiiiitn' was not t<» |>ri hil it tht .iiiiii.ri;iii(i!i ..f K-VI'^^hh '• il tiier h. eiii-ourape it for revciiiir purpoi-ef It wu.-i al*<< sihmvii (i.it. althi 'Hfh •ti.' inii'i rt.iliiii . ' ir ^■■•' iiK^k liad in- re«*«l iiiider tb«- ilni.v oi \f\-' , It v !,> not ii> imhii a- ii ' onlii lia.c i»*n had fi.e duty Imjh lea*, and tlnit ilif ,trin.>ttiifion > • liii mm 'jl*ii'tiiriM! ar'iWc tied fallen ofT ;iia!eria!!y. The ik- i "Btiietj ii> th? .■onimittee w:i<. that it wa.* • dvidalile til re<luiv thi .(iity i. '.■ tyji-iini friini -Wi lents '• 'Ifi iieiita iier 'iin, and on the iiii'iiiifat'.irj .i iirmii:. '"n ni ♦.".I'fi •■•■ $'. 7.'' \»- ton 289— lOJ 1« y. B. V«nd««raft'ii «r>HHiul« of Init^d Smtw dutic* ( mm irivcH tbe f..l! . w ing 'toma ivferriim to griMuiii iropurution :— Pwacim|4t. w ,. or«PT.i..iiifti3i..;.: .■■:;.. ■■.....::.■.:.•:::;:. iSifir'"- 95 M fn»»i .if <id<s<iiMi (abl. MB. TbrflBMaair).".. .. ."'!!'''»I.75'tU''tnn mMuf^^rMl, ....p.f J6|irr«ii. . . 'aft |wr v»-nt Canadian Tariff »n Ugpt»m. The dut.v relating to the importation of gypaum into Canada i, giv,,, „, Schedule A. I anada Customa Tariff of 1007, a* follow* :— J I 2B3 rUatcr <l Farii, or (y|i*um, cal tiiU Tariff, i IntM-- BwxJuitli Tariff. . Frtw """ " ,»'»™.. <w iy|»um. c»Jci»«l awl nrMMwi wall iilMter, thr »ei(ht u( pwluip. u, Iw included in wrifhtfur duty »4 llMter vi Pari* ur «rt«UBii Bmuad, m>t oal CtlMU per lOOpuaoda' He. .per lOOpoumbi 10 p. e. lie. Tar.!? I'-'J. l>|pc. 1S|. In IWW the Hoard of Curtoma rendwed the following deciaion: •O.V|wum .ruahed. whether larger than wil! pass through a i" acreen or not. will . ,,„ undtr item 2M.' 8t. Peter Canal. This canal, connecting the aouthern part of Braa d'Or lakee with the Atlu iieeaii. ia au important point for conaideration to those intereated in th«- l-v; Mum depoaita bordering on theae lakes. lu total length is half u mile, its width 48 feet, depth of water 1-^ le. t « ith one lock 200 feet long. It will be noticed that it haa not sufficient cai-a. . for anything but small shipping. This ia to he regretted, aa it is the nainr; vutl.t for a number of excellent gjpaum deposits on theae lukea, aa th-. ,,! Ilivcr Tom, Black river. East ha.v. MeKinnon harbour, all south of the Crni -Varrow* bridge, while there are many other depoaita north of that bri.igf : ■ would u«e the St. Peter Canal route to advantage. Gyptum Mining in (he United States. To give an idea of how well some of the American gypsum pr.>rH«rti.- • wiuipiied. the following description, by permission of the author, Mr. W ' Jones, is given of a (jyi>sum mine near Akron. N'.Y. U;( 'The gypMini toimd in tlw a. igtil.i.nrJK.m of .\kr- b. N.V. rr, i.r- in »ei.o- rtl« bMioi, ill tlH! f..nu <f reiii» »i„. I, v«r> i. ih,.kt..-»s from ;! f,..t t, 4J (i.,t. mxi which an- idumi at ci.-inl.^ Jr«m ttw. -un,,,-,. var.vii.^. ir ,in ,v, t., To fwt. •The OakffeUI di-po-it. or basin »» ii - ! ..•aih ..ii,,!. ,., ,„imt.vi 12 tii.lm e*.t of tl>« Akron fivUl. an.l in il.at rrgion thf g.M«i,m litt.- Un>, „,,,„.,l lur th.i I.«.t la or 15 .vpar.. Kormery. th.- nietho.! ,« ».,rking w.., -,, ,i„k u =ihaft a.i.l then U) gopher out around it for a .li.UM.e of 4.10 »,, -,„) f,,,, .>,„„ ^^ ,,,^,, takiuc out aa much an |..m-ii.Ir. of the (tv|«.uni .l,-(...,it r, KarJless oi mllurs. nr the life of t»ie pr..iN,.rty. All carP won- punhi-.l l.y haul !. the foct (jf i' . ,.a«ft. and when the diftatu- fr.m Hie l...tt. m i.f thf shaft i.e.-Mm»- t.o Rreat f..r di.- .•ar« to be puahe.1 eauly, «ud u»».«ii tl»e livM of tho ni. n w.re iti datiK«r tlir iiiih lack of suitable pillara. tin- iMitu- «-..iit,| |<. i,i,j,iid.,i,.,i. bimI another oliafi M,iik in a nearby Io<-ation. ntid similarly w.irkcd. ' Tlie room and jjiJlar i-ynn-m 0/ workiiig »u, iiitr.M|iicc<| into tl:i> OukticM region by Mr. Georg." Hand. n( \Vilki>i.arrc, atil Mr. Kithard lUrru.., of West Pittaton, Pa., both of wh««n hud had <x|>.rniice in tlw a;ilhraoit<; <;oa! tiBld. Thi* Kyatem ia now very iucouiwifully carrit^l ,11. At Uus niint< no .oal a used to generate »te«in for power puri)o«<!i. u-" all thr ina<liiiur> io ujieraied by electric power brouglit from Niagara Falli ..v»r u thrw- phai*. :;.'i cycle. tran-tTii^»ir,n line, which c< UTeyi the current iit ll,(«)»t volts to a cimcr,.t.. transioniu r luild- inc< where it i» reduced to 44l» \(.lt.s for u-c in cniiiipxi.n witl. the htfureiit motor* about the plant. An K1 horM-powcr tor 'Irivog, by ineaoti of a i*it. an InferaoU-Rand No. 10 Imperial com|ireij«or. which turni«hes jMjwer for the pump at the foot of the abaft, and for ID Jlowelfs No. J. uir drilling maebinw. Kach of theae drilla cuta from 20 tc tU> holes (i feet de«p per day. ' Since the introduction of the newer ayittem of working, tiiere hai« bt>en a great increaiie in production, and while juat one year ago tlic output of tlio mine waa from 86 to 60 tons per day, it now amouiiUi t<> lifio to 3ut> toiiii, and with the addition of two or three additional drilling niauhinea, an output of 4ix> ton* will be reached. The gangwaya in the mine am driv)>n 6 feet, and H tWt wide, that iH, wide enough to ladii the bottom rock Uiat muat be taken np in or<i<'r to get aufficient height fur electric haidage. aa no mulea will be U!>«d in tiio mine. The laboutera will puah the cars from the face to the mouth if the chain- hvrt, or to tide traeka which will be located every 3<X) feet ahmg ttie gangway. and from these aide track* electric locomotivea will take the cars to the bottom of the shaft. The room* are driven H tWt wide. :)00 feet long, and 4 foet high or to the thicknefs of the vein. The pillars an- 24 feet wide, and croKc-cuts iO feet wide are driven 40 an<l «0 feet apart, alternately, giving twt lengths of pillan. ' Tlic gypatmt ia loa<ied by tlw lalniurcr into a »teel car. holding al>out 2,2»*) pounds, and at the foot of the shaft tho«' oar» arc aide dumped into a steel hop- per, from which the gypsum paiifieii int<' a verticMl JefTrey burket eUvator 110 feet long, containing 175 buckelK, and travelling at the raip i^^f >^ feet per min- ute, which runs in one compartment of tlie shaft, and delivers it to a Jeffrey MICROCOfY HSOIUTION TEST CHART lANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2) 1^ 12.5 H^ ■ 4.0 ■ 2.0 1.6 ^ ^IPPLIED IM/)GE '653 EasI Moin Slreet RochMler. M.. ro,k ,4509 yy ("6) 482 - 0300 - Pho™ ('16) 286- 5989 - Fo< ISO crusher, wh'6h crushes the material so that tlie largest size coming from it i- about the eize of ordinary pea coal. From the crusher, the product falls into 400 ton bin, from which it ia loaded into box cara for shipment to the ccniei mills of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The crusher and conveyer are dri\.i, by a 100 horse-power General Electric motor, and they have a c*pacitj- for hai.i ling all the output that can possibly be produced by the mine. ' The mine is thoroughly ventilated by a 9 ft. exhaust fan, made by m, Buffalo Forge Co., driven by a 9i horso-power motor. The shaft has three n,,,,: partments, the eastern compartment being used by the bucket elevator, as alrca 1 noted. In the middle compartment there is an Otis automatic elevator, used f n hoisting men, materials, etc., which can be operated by any one by simply pul ing the operating cable about 6", as is done at ta ordinary elevator i:- . building. When the cage reaches the top or bottom landing it stops automat i, ally. The west shaft compartment is used for the return air-way leading t the fan, and in this 3 feet have been partitioned off at one end by matcl,..! boards, and in this section a very convenient stairway has been placed for the convenience of the men when the elevator is not in use. The foot of the shaft is well lighted by 22 electric lights.' Minerals Aisociated with Gypsum. In the territory under consideration, small quantities of accessory minoml of various kinds are often found, as coal in small veins, but of no commerruil value, in the Hillsborough gypsum deposits. Some very fine crystals of pyrolusit. have been found at Etang du Xord and Demoiselle hill, in the Magdalen Islands deposits, attached to the gypsum in situ. Crystals of native sulphur are occa- sionally found in the Wentworth quarries. In the old McDonald and Allisi.u quarries, at Avondale, lumps of rock salt weighing from one to two pounds have been found; also glauber salt, calcspar, arragonite, carbonate and oxide of iron. The late Dr. How made a careful study of the minerals associated with the gypsum deposits of Hants county, and made some very interesting discoveries. In 1867 he first discovered a mineral previously known only in Peru, and called it natroborocalcite, now known as ulexite, or tita. He also discovered two other somewhat similar minerals, and designated them cryptomorphite and silicolom- calcite. This last mentioned mineral was afterwards named by Dana, howlite, in honour of the discoverer. The composition of these minerals i^ shown in the following analyses niadi" by Dr. How: — UUait* iTi»»ofPe.u) Natroboro- calctta. • Crj-pto- morphite. Hcwlite (Dana) Sili«.l«)m calrit«\ l<iin« 14 20 721 34 49 noD*. 44 10 1S'S6 5 61 19 72 non*. 6B 12 28 fi!l none 11 Ht l.')-2."i «od» Water ;. .'...'.'.'.'.'."..'.'.. Silica Boracicacicl 100 00 inooo X aw- p. lao 15'. These compound- ut bo-; I'a'iua i-iy l.ir. F.ow in t.ije :fypsiuu ilepoaita at Wentworth, Windsor. N ..vpurt Mation, i.'he/erif , Waltoi:, and N'rjt! , anJ the writer found ulexitc in the 'it'iiu-it- iit Br'iijkrit-iil. ' oji.lv.-tor •oani;.. ami a good specimen of howlite at Windsor. These minerals occur in cr>-stal,-i auj aorir.!":;. ir-ui -n. <il uTiiius up to 2" in diameter, and seem to be irregularly di>tr.biited tlir .Jtrhout liio deiiosits. The ulexite is generally found in small sott v.iiiu- nilky iiodui-.;.- he rojk, and alao on the surface, anionj; the crystals of seleniti', T';it> ; .iwiite .'.uduics or tufta is pearly white and crystailino. These minerals are largely used for the mamuaclure ■; borax. i;ii < lor glaz- ing purposes. Samples for the latter purpose.^, froia Windior, have Utim 'ested in Nova Scotia, and England, with excellent re*iits. With these important minerals occurring ui su maay oi the yroniiiiem ijyp- sum deposits of Nova Scotia, it would st-em probable -.hat it systematic and intelligent prospecting was earried on, some ol these uistrio'ti would develop deposits of borates of commercial value. Plaster Seitiinj. As has previously been noted, different gyps na products eau be prepared so that the time required for them to set niay be a !jw min.ues or it may be hour^. This time of setting in plasters is divided into two ijerio.s, the initial .-et, and the final set, which may be determined in the same manner as in Portland cements, by the Vicat needle, which carries a gi\eu cou.-iaat weight again.-st s. small pat of standard size of properly mixed plastet. When this needle, under a load of 50 grammes, fails to pierce half way througu tiie pat, it i.s said to he the beginning of this initial set. When the weight is iucreas.>.l to ;J0<) grammes and the needle fails to sink into the ma.s3, the fin/il set is paid to take place. This is the usual method of making the determiLations in cement laboratories, and the instrument is perfectly adapted for the work, but perhaps more exjieu-ive than the ordinary mill operator requires for gent.ul practice. A more simple appa- ratus is easily made by placing two wires perpendicularly in a \.ooien frame, aud arranged separately so that each can hold a weight on its top end and move freely in a vertical position, giving a direct pressure on a plaster i)at placea beneath. The first wire has a flat area of A" and is loaded with a quarter pound weight to determine the initial set; when it fails to make an impression on the plaster pat the set is said to have commenced. Te determine the final set a wire =4" in area is used, and loaded with a weight of one pound. When the wire makes no impression on the pat the final set ha.s taken place. This apparatus should be kept .:leau, and used frequently, so that the mill operator can closely watch any un- evenness in hie, product and guard against any such irregularities. Many wall plasters have leen condemned by workmen on account of their unevcnness in getting; one or more batches may te slow in setting, while l-ossibly the next ^ quick netting and has reached its final set before the first is floated. In mo-t fy^suiu quarries tho ruck is iiiirly uniform and the trouble referred to is easily guanlcJ iigoiiist, l>'.it v\here it,vi)»iim earth, or jrypsite is used for plai-ter cement, there is more irregularity, and it requires much more careful watching on tin- I.urt of the mill manager to get an even product. The Uiili, however, should not ahvay- Ix; blamcii in ca«es of irregulari'y, n^ much dejH'nds on those mixing ai»d using the material; dirty mixing niortur boxes, with partly set material around the corners, and unclean tools, or sand, ^r water are often the cause of mucii trouble. Again, the dry lath will cause nun-U trouble by absorbing the water from the plasters. Seasoned laths should aKvuy- be well wet before applying plaster mortar, ilortar boxes should be well scrapcl out, and the scrapings thrown away after each batch is taken out and before starting to mix another. The old mortar starts the crystallization, and acts as an accelerator, caufcing the mortar to set too quickly. Dirt in the sand or water may act directly as a retarder and cause uneven gettinfr. Thermometers. In the previous pages, both Centigrade and Fahrenheit thermometers have been used, and for the convenience of reducing them to one standard, the follow- ing lules are given: — Rule 1. To reduce degrees Centigrade to Fahrenheit, multiply by 9, divide by .■>, and add 32. FormuU C x 9 + 32 = F. Bx»inple:40Cx9 = 360 *» „ „ , ^ ,„, „ . . . o Rule 2. To reduce degrees Fahrenheit to Centigrade, subtract 32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9. Forma'a F— 32 x 5 « Kx«mi>'e : 10* F-32 = 72 72 ^ 5 = M9 360 = 40 Centigrade. CHVi'Tl.l X Gypsun S:a''iit.c&. It will Le noticeJ l-v tlif taim- rin'iwii}.' tlit worlii - li-cduetU"!, luai the riiited Slates now leads in the proilu.'tifii oi ^'yp-am. Previous to liKKi. i'lunoo was the largest producer; but, whili in tlia; cmntrv since 1901. the timual pi^O" duetiou has been decreasing, in th. I'n'iti'i S;ate* 'viti, I'lc ixcepuon of the year 1904, the annual production has Iffii gradiially imna^ing intil it now leads the world. In Canada during the past decade tiiere has been riu^jderiaile improvement in production, but this improvement, in the liasteru Pr'jvin''e.s. hui practi<'ally all been in the production of crude rocli fcr export purposes-. Exclusive of Hills- borough, N.B., which is the largest producer ..f the m.-mufactured article, and has increased its mill product within the past in year? over 05 per .-ent, very little has been done. The Great Northern MininiT Company, of C'hetiouniD. ( .B., has only recently started manufacturing, and cannot yet be oonsiiiered as a large producer, although its prospects for the future are bright. The import trade has increased mucii more rapidly hi prop.inion than that of the export business. In 190<) the total value of imports wa- $:.5t0. «-1.ile that of 11H)9 was $105,882. By referring to Table No. 11 it will be seen that in 1909 the greatest value ($64,849) is in the importation of plaster of Paris, although crude gypsum forms an important item, being for the same y. ar valued .nt «.^5.20.8. In the following tables, from 1 to 4 inclusive are taken from ' Mineral Re- .ources of the United States.' Tables from 5 to 11 inclusive were furnished by Mr. John McLeish, statistician of the Division of Mineral Resources and Statis- tics, Mines Branch, Department of Mines, Ottawa:— Vfvk. 154 TABLE \o. 1 World's Production. FB4KC«. 1'mt<U STATBt. Can A I A yu»ntity \nhi^. (/uantity. ! Vnhm. Quantity. Vu!u, 190'>. . . . 1901. , . . 1902. . . . 1903. . . . 1904. . . . 190S. . . . 190ft... 1907. . . l,7«l, 2.1S2, 1,97.5, l.TiW, 1,749, 1,414, 1.517, 1,547 229 .513 :*« 875 5!)») U03 5tiO 2,722,221 3,449.747 3,318,117" 3,134,*1 2,!tHi,4.")3 2,34:i.y4:t 2,42:<,«ir, 2,.">44,SI!1 594, \iV> li:«.7»l 81«,478 I,IM1.7(« y40,!»17 1.043,2U2 1.540,.W,-. 1,7:.1,71» l,«27, 2,ftS!i, 3,792, 2,784, 3,0211, 3,837, 4.!M2, 2<« •ill ;m 94t 325 227 !I75 204 252,(101 293.879 3:!2.045 :*)7,4H9 340,7H1 1.35,789 485,921 340, %4 .4 25:>.iiii'.> ,■^'^l4^ ,vnj,:ti: 384,2. ■■ I 372.!tJi ."1.81.51:: 6ii;.!ii I 5r.-,,7.ii IfOO- 233,002] 348.210 39,103: 17,19:) i 41,44ti l»Ol 224,!U9 1 344.ti.V) 6 35,013 23,1.39 ;18,955 J9^. 251,029 384,203 34,944 12,732 1 r e.88!l 1908.. ...: 246,282 I 3.37,391 34.054 19,14.5 31,967 19W.. .. 202,086 ,V.4.1.38 2.5,Olt.5 : 17,307! 3.3,951 1908, 28«i,lC9 400,717 ! . I 38 'h»7 1906..... 1 252.030, 362,761 ' ' .. '.".'.'J SoIhOS *"''• , I ' I 29,101 1,39,1110 132. 28« 62,2\3 105,040 93,287 98,420 8,),44« 75,907 7,784 7,874 11,.591 12,419 17,8W) 23,069 17,041 17,4 i:i 28,7!m; 31,7-.'l 42,4!i^ 6 Includes Baden. ' • In J*. Tunis. The following TABLE No. 2. *n the quantity of Crude Gyptum mined in the United States. Short t011:i. Short tona. JI2? "♦'.'*"" i l**9o. . . . J»i 85.'X» 1896 J«« 100,000 1897 J2» 90,000 X89X JS; **•"•"' i«9y \°^ 90,405 i 1«»» }*g a5,260 I 1901 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 95,000 I 1903 110,000 ' 1903 1 2b7,769 i 19IM.. 182,996 i 19115 i .^, 208,125 1 i9o<i ;:..::..:::::::: i: J^ 256,289 1907 i ISS 253,615 1908 v l**i-^ 839.812 ■ ^ 2*j5.riJt;> 224,251 288,982 291,638 486,235 59-1.4(!L' 633,791 81(i,47^ 041,704 940,917 043,2<e 751,74H 721,829 TV(!I.! \.: .! Production of Oypium in 'he United States, 19(W 1908, , la-^sititd hs ;o ujes. Y«r. ■*"1.1' f'lii ■•>;, I-i..-..'Ti„;. i ,4 I. laiititv III ut ti.lia. V,,i„- -.1 I.il,. 1 ii.u "Iv ■i ■IT t..l..-. v.. u' , ,■1 i « > Ctf. ,< * -.^ IWM M.v.^: 1.1.2:41 1 .n : .I'u i4-J.i!"i '2 ";; lots 1 «T.i'i-'> i'»;."n 1 ■- •ii',1 V, Ti :;-i' I - li«« !(<(>,<•'.•!' 41 '.ii,.'!." 2 K. '••- .;:i l.">7.2!i"J ■_' ■"'■' 1907 1 •j;t2,."ii'i 4-.'4,-.': I .-V )'i -:,\ n.'.sji .: 17 1908 1 2-.>ti.2til ;»'h;.7i,-. : -■ :>- .,-" M,ii"'l ■J 4;i R<lL|i .\> l'.-.l,i INKh t'l,.\~TI.I;, Year. '[' 'I :n \:i.t'..". (Quantity iit shor'. tons. V.M,. -• ■a'_'- 1 !!;■■ i 1 « •^ i-lf. 8 1904 lifM.tilll 'J,-V',iiiil 3 s> 2.74'.. .21 190£ 1 r»),?»M L',S4,-;,!«it; :i ,'•7 .(.ML"'.227 1906 j 899,-,-] :!.220,i:t- " r„s ;i.K!7,'..7.-. 1907 ! l,l-r>,;*oi 4,40?,lti4; :■• !'l I,'.n2,2.;i 1908 i I,125,(il7 ;(,i;riii,i'i2 ;^ 21 4,l-!.'< ''■■'• 156 TABLE Xo. 4. Disposition of Oypsnm in the United States, 1907-8, by nses, in short tons. 1907. inns. •Sold crnd*" : — Kor Portland Cftiient . For paint Miatprial .. . . For pla9t«T material . , Ai land planter For other purpotiea . . . . Sold calcined : — For dental plaater As plaater of Paria, wall plaater, etc. To (?'»•" Jactorie^ ... For Portland orinent and other purpoaea •Quantity. Value. (Quantity. Valii,. « 9 1H^» («) ((,) 3«,061 48, ha: La*)*) *»6,7?0 («) 66,«l7 ll.\841 1,880 1,281 ' 29,518 37,972 , 7,484 1 l,:biii 77,i«;ij 91,K>:! 11,03<( 11,848 l,fl»iO,l(J7 .'.,785 24,394 4,211,821 17.184 174 1, "74,22s 14,412 3,S<I8,52«I 41.10-.' 47,761 148,817 36,S02 99,934 1,404,8W 4,942,384 1,389,550 1 4.138,SAU (>i) Ineloded in ' For plaster material.' ((.) Including paint material. United Stales I m ports The gypsum which is imported into the United States comes — except a few hundred tons annually from France and Great Britain— almost wholly froir Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and enters the ports of the New England and North Atlantic states, over one-half of it entering the port of New York. Thi-^ imported gypsum is nearly all ualciued, and converted into wall planters by plants along the sea-board as far east as Red Beach, Maine. A small (/uantity ' the .naterial is used crude as land plaster, and some is mixed in pa,ent fer- tiit. ert. The following table shows the ir- ->rts for consumption into the United States from 1904-1908, inclusive, in sh .:ons: — TABLE No. 5. YCAR. I GBOCNDOarAIXIlKBn. UnuHOI'NI). (^lantity. I Valoe. | Ijuautity. Value. 19M 1906 19M 1M)7 1906 3,278 3,88» 3,687 1,979 1,889 $ ii,2r« ao,8» I 22,821 I 12,825 i 12,825 : 399,2% 4!I6,999 453.911 300,168 • 331,306 484,725 486,205 314,845 of ! Mannfac- factar»j ' Plaater of 1 Pari*. 23,819 22;948 91,183 36,«38 26.733 Toul Value. t 36>i,401 448,152 608,72!t 6B^6^8 354,403 157 There was a iiotatile fullit.ii ..rt .;i the .luaatny t ^ryfiouni piu-iutv . in laii- ada in 1908, due no il'jul.' t'> tin- ^eiuTal leprPi^iiiim m t.uiiiueR* i>yr 'nat v-»ai, Sut 19*»y showed considerablo inipr^vi'mt'iit, f n^lij.iiii: ,\ tote! uf 4»'.(l,4;i: r. >, .. lin- ing a value of $Tl»'*,t>t-, whi.'li [~ tli'.' iiiiri.o-'t i r.j-in rtii n .liiio !>• , i- roa'-iiiM; The following tabli' j-hows i'.\c ,iiiii,.a: i'r'r.i...ti. n trmi 1»»il to I9(t!» isi- flusive: — tabm; n,). . Calendar Year. T..T,., V .111... .' .erii^T T'rR't' Ft T Ton. 1886.. 1H8T.. 1888 . 180H.. 18W . 1801.. i8ra.. 1810.. 1894.. lae.. 1806.. 1887.. 1898.. 1899.. 1900.. 1901.. 1902.. 1903.. 1904.. 1906.. 1906.. 1907.. 190H.. 1909.. h,> IKKI 17'*.-i-' 1.'.4.1X1H :.'.7,:;77 I:.^,^K7 17!».;«':t ::i",:;;;i I'd:..!!'-* •.".'li..'H)'.) 1:M.ii3:i •.ix'i.t;))-. aiO.i"!! 2ll,ll|M .'11,127 1 !••.',.">< ;i» l:if.,l:Vl ■."-■;!, iwi •.'ii-j..i;<i '."•-'li.rK •jM^»,r^t» •.'i",03l' l7fi.iH;i •Jit'.i.O'.ll J44..i:U ■2v>a:>n •J3l',.M5 •J4l,5««i •.'5r..(-".i 2r.2.iiii •iV.I,!*!!' SUS.T'.HI 341 '.14h ,m..M»'.t :i7tl.47!i :!14,4KI 38H.4.-1!) 34.5.1I6I :r3,47) 4ILM.> .■.>«;.i.> 4ii!i »±> IHXtH 4s.",'.t21 (;4ii,'H t ;t4'»,iHi4 .".7.".riii 4tUi.4!>1 79x,U4S 1 1" t IC 1 111 1. 1« ti ..»(: ' ji IN' I "J l,> '.»> II K« ; >a 1 OH 1 or. 1 It 1 !i; ; u 1 21 1 IW 1 :t' 1 .■J7 1 x< 1 (ill IM Salei and Shipmenti of Crude, Orovnd, and Calcined Oypeunj, 1906-1B09 TABLE No. 7. rhiim iXini'l. CRi'iiit i;Riii-.\rii. TimM 1 1*» I 412.155 ISOS 442.132 IW 4.%4,«<i« IW" 2!IN.1«H I*® ! 41«H3«i Vain.- «I9,14H 4T3,9«'HI 47.%»31 445,451 PtirTun. Toitt. Valiin. Per Ton. t cu.' I !« I I 11* I 1 <>4 i 1 03 I 07 i .S.2&A I .%l»5 fi,73J '.•,ri04 t<,814 9,xa i«,a« ri.4(!M »), l.Mi • CI.. - "*' :i 07 2 4J •-• >>■ ■2 ■<! Yw. Ton.. CaLi'INKU. Value. Total .Sal**. ■ t Ton. • Torn) Valw. 190" i 28,74« IMS ' 23,«35 WW 24,521 IWf 33;27J ifl« ♦),fm 168,243 169,611 I-'ASIS 242,701 336,436 Average l^r ton. I 6 29 ••> 73 6 40 7 29 7 W 442,158 4»{i,d22 486,S21 340,!MU 466,4!)! 1 1 • 1 tt«. r>H6,J68 1 :« 613.294 1 ;c r>4«l,914 1 ;);; .575,701 1 H'l ; 798,048 1 71 i;.!' TAJil.l s, - Annual P.odiiction -v Provir.et* NiuA -■ ■ ■!!.<. •>,A r.i,- V- ■■!■>. Ckh'ndar V«r. T.*.. V«l.i.-. ( r - $ < ^ 18B7 irr,,:m ui;,.fKi -■■'.I'l: "'.':i* ',.',»,• t 1 ; ] 7 . . . MM I24,H1N i-.ii,»j" u.:.'. 1 i^.'i.; '•.7«i*» I ' * *.^ "^ ) \mt lin,(Rf. n-.'.ir-i 4(i.N,i; r.i, 1 .11 ■ * . i '^'J l..!I^> IMO iHt.aii-. I.-^1.!i7l' .«icrj( .K'.'iv, • . Ji»> ^. »''.'■ 1801... '>i,:«M i.vt.'r..') :!',iill :,.\ '.i:ii; .'>.t;t4» tM, .INI ini.. .•;,01!» 17ii,<>-.'! :t'.i.7iili •''.'. 7<»r l.:i2ii ''..■■:'.r' lass. I7rn 144.111 :tr>,'.iiii 41 -f. *-'.'<■.*'• p.,l'':i U»i.. •M.SOO 147.«»« ."■-.'"ij i->.:.'in •J .!"i'.i '1.1 ■•'7 MtS. .AHOil I3;<,!IJM rH;.:n'i i',:i>:i:i 2. f.Hi >,- to UM t3>\Mm 111. •-'.■. 1 •ir.i:c ■'.I'-Jl :l.:«'; 7.7,^; Mr I5.-j,.-.72 lL>I,7.-i4 ^*:M^.s r-.iii; I. I'll i.i;i;i i«n. . i:K,(w<i lOfi.f.lK WuflH 1 l.''.7"l l."»7 •.■.■"I urn 12«,:R4 U'2.H.Vi ll«.7!l-' r.i •.".»; :..ij() i I*"* MOO i.-w.ri2 lllH^iS 112.-.MU I i.'i.^o 1 .ll".!". I'.im wn. ... 17i>.10i( i:i(;.!t47 1-J1,-.MJ 1WI.7IKI l...iit 'i.i.;f.' i;iH. ' .*< '1 1 1M> 3l)«i,IIH7 1N|,4-.'.-. I'.'l.lMl I7".i.";! !.!'17 ".'•■•'.♦ 1 ".M ._,., .!,,._. M08 l«t,427 Kt.sM U!I,I,-<1' 17'.'.(i^ii -.7J'i •J1,W^ il.llH ^'11. -.In 1»M 21'*,580 l.\'l.i>ii) lt»l.!fll 1-T..VJI u'.:t'Mi ls.:riii 4,i»»i U.tKllI 1«» 27'' 2'>2 2!»H,L'4H Iifc>,."..",:( S.'J. t'*'' ;,.«".;i ■S-i.^.-A i.riii" :l.ri(»i 1«06 333..112 :m:..4I4 KM.L'ltl ■-'■ill,'.!' " 2.'.'^'-'i ■Jt.rji ■:..'ii" 190T 367,411 ;mi,'<,mi Hs.im; L'1;(.r,..> 11'. +"14 .•..Mi: I'm 234,455 230, «:« -1.IV.«I( l!tl.:tir lii.:(-!i ij.i."ii; 1 t,,V«' ;i;.'-i»' woo. ... 345,882 3t;4,:!7'.i :iL'.cc> 21 •..«'! 11.7:n 4«.-i7-< 17, inn. l"ll,lH<*! 160 TABLE No. 9. Exports of Grade Oypsiim. Nova Scotia. : Nnw Brunswick. 1 j Ontario. Total. Calendar ! Year. ; Tom.. Value. 1 Tons. i Value. i Tuns. I Value. Tons. '■■ Vu'u... 8 i 1 9 < 8 1874 07.830 96,06,-. 87,720 68,164 86,193 87,590 '"5,126 ' 4,926 67,830 91.4*-. 92,7H3 68 161 1875 5,420 6,616 i 9l.tii:! 94,386 1876 120 180 1877 10(i,9S0 88,631 03,867 76,695 .5,030 16,335 5,030 16,435 111.980 106,455 I 98,h97 ft'J,84)r> 1878 489 678 1879 !t5,623 71,363 8,791 8,791 679 720 104,993 ! 80,8i;( 1880 }xi'^ 111,833 10,375 ' 10,987 876 1,240 136.935 124.(iC,n 1881 110,303 100,284 10,310 15,026 667 1,040 121,370 116,34'.! 1882 133,426 121,070 16,597 24,581 1,349 1.946 150,272 147,V.I7 188S 148,448 132,834 20,242 1 36,867 463 837 166,152 ]B<»,2-J8 1884 107,663 100,446 21,800 32,751 688 1.254 130,141 134.4.-.1 1885 81,887 n,898 15,140 27,730 625 787 97,5.'i2 I0f..4i:i 188B. ... 118,985 , 114,116 28,498 40,559 3B0 5S» 142,H.'« 166,2l:i 1«87. .. 1 112,N»7 106,910 i 19,942 39,296 228 337 132,724 146,542 1888.. . 124,818 130.42a 20 60 670 910 125,508 121,:i8'.» 1888 ' 146,304 142,860 31,495 50,862 483 692 178,182 lm,404 1890 145,452 139,707 30,im 52,291 305 266 175,691 192,254 1891. ••• 143,770 140,438 27,536 , 41,360 6 171,311 181,7!!.^ 1892 162,372 132,131 i 157,463 122.56<i 27,488 30,061 i 43,623 36,70<; 189,860 163,193 20i,ow; 159,262 1898 1884 119,569 : 133,369 111,586 126.t»l 40,84.-i ! 66,117 46,638 67,693 160,413 188,486 1.58,124 193,244 1886 1896 116,3.<ll 109,054 64,946 77,635 181,277 186,.'>8:t 1897 122,»84 116,li66 66,222 80,485 189,206 197, irm 1898.... 99,215 ' 9.3,474 70,399 81,433 169,614 174.!»tp: 1M9 ll>4,7!»5 '.»9,984 96.831 lOw,*^! ('') J 12 201,626 2«i8,Oi»i> 1900 11, ^ 678 1 87,729 1 188,262 2oi,;n-j 1901 122,281 l.V.,6.f7 95,840 98,760 23ti,247 289,600 231 5't4 1902 ::::::■:::,;:;::::::■ 295,21.1 19m 175,850 !6,!«7 287,496 311,.-.Ky 1904 181,166 197.292 247,840 332,345 .(") 94,648 127,754 102,676 86,760 1 (.1) .. 298,211 .159.240 404,464 375,026 310 43ti 1906 I 388,474 462,81 4 424,794 1906 1 1907 1 1 1908 i 242,.'«i 65,126 280,091 .'«4.57l 1909 ! 299 m5 ) 71,086 1 316,201 372,28.; («) Not available. (4) Kx|iurted from BritiKh Columbia. 161 TA3LE No. 10. Exports of Oroond Gypium Calendar Tear. Noia Scotia. New Bninm ;. k. ( )ntari. 1890.. 1801.. 1892.. isas.. ISM.. 1806.. 1896w. 1897.. 1896.. 1899.. 1900.. 1901.. 1909.. 190S.. 1904.. 190S.. 1908.. 1907.. 1908.. 1909.. FucftlYeu'. 1880. 1881 1882 1883. 1884 1886 1886 1887 1888. 1889 1890. 18»L , 1892 1893. 1894 1896 1806. 1897 1898. 1899 1900. 1901 1902. 1908. 1904. 19M 190a 1907 (9 moa.). 1908. 1900 2,124 3,364 1,270 1,669 1,648 206 17,i»30 iN.Kar l».24li r.,02t 4.!X»t 42 T.-.1 •*4 I.Ul. lu.". JO.iV) 2:;.i:i:! •J1,L'«" 'U'i.l <•., Uh 8. I2:i l'J,H34 !5,:«7 r>,iai 12.457 2,:«a 2.!i34 .')57 9,7(1.") 2,787 TABLE No. 11. Imports. Chnni Gypsum. Value. Gbounh GVP^IIM. Pl,.l.sTKB OK P.iKi. Tons. PiiuikIs. Value. 1,854 1,731 2,132 1,381 1,363 1,870 1,567 1,236 1,360 1,060 376 626 496 603 1,045 1,147 326 77 286 641 1,076 249 2,344 6,332 9,189 9,393 10.317 3,203 3,442 3,761 .3,001 3,416 2,364 2,429 2,492 2,193 2,472 1,928 640 1,182 1,014 l,6ti0 Ui'iO 848 772 1,742 6St2 058 1,125 1,697 2,187 663 7,.386 22,008 23,410 36,510 35.268 1,606,678 1,544,714 7.59,460 ! 1,017,905 i ti87,432 ! 461,400 224.119 13,2a; 106,0<W 74,390 i 434,400 ! .S6,500 i 310,2;V) 140,8:«) 23,270 20,700 04.500 45,000 35,700 33.900 6,300 66.400 66,700 68,700 106,800 2,256,700 1,968,600 609,600 ,'»2,500 6,286,200 5,948 4,1176 2,.'>7fi 2,."):9 1,931! 1,177 675 73 558 372 2,i:«i 216 2,149 442 198 88 198 123 293 ;«K li!) 1,097 249 22S 559 2,681 1,79'.» l,-il» 1,781 5,765 Pounds. 667,670 .')74,II06 751,147 l,448,t»i • 782,9211 ; 689„5L'l 820,27:< 594.146 912,:f38 l,17.'i,'.»96 69;i,435 l,03").li05 l,l6ti,»«» y>2.i;«i 422.7<fi S9.a«i 297,il<K» »69,9tNI ;{29.60ii 849.11111 5< "2,1110 47r'.;«io 630,8(10 625.100 7,924.100 12. 866,500 19.X49,4IK) 15,0211,900 17.009,000 Value. 2.'!7(; j,st;4 4,1S4 7,St!7 .">,226 4,8(19 5,46;! 4.34'_' «,iu;2 S,.-,13 6,0(14 8,412 .'i.,")9r> :i,u:i •.'.;i8(; 1,IU9 2,0(10 4,48il 2,02ri 3,120 6.492 ,1,!/78 2,641 3,599 2,88,'-> .37,643 43.742 58,364 51,328 64,849 28»— 11 162 APPEiroiZI. List of maps and drawings relating to this report which are on file at the office of the Mines Branch of the Department of Mines. MAPS. '■ Nova Scotia. 1. Pleasant Bar Sheet, Inverneos County. 2. A8py Bay S&eet. Victoria Connty. 8. Ingonii^h Sheet, Victoria County. 4. Cbeticamp Sheet, Inverness County. 5. MarRaree Sheet, Inverness County. '■ 8. Northeast Marxaree Sheet, Inverness County. 7. Broadcove Marsh Sheet, Inverness County. 8. Southwest Marearee Sheet, Inverness County. 9. Boss Section Sheet, Inverness County. 10. Inverness Sheet, Inverness County. 11. Mabou Sheet, Inverness Cnunty. 12. Smith Island Sheet, Inverness County. 13. Middle Bridge Sheet, Inverness County. 14. River Donys Sheet, Inverness County. ' 15. Malagawatchkt Sheet, Inverness County. 16. McKinnon Harbour Sheet, Inverness and Victoria Counties. 17. Nyansa Sheet. Victoria County. 18. Port B^vis Sheet, Victoria County. 19. Island Point Sheet, Victoria County. 20. Saint Ann Sheet, Victoria County. 21. Saunders Cove Sheet, Cape Breton County. 22. East Bay Sheet, Cape Breton County. 23. River Tom Sheet, Richmond County. 24. Black River Sheet, Richmond County. 25. Madame Island Sheet, Richmond County. 26. Askilton Sheet, Inverness and Richmond Counties. 27. Tracadie Harbour Sheet, Antigonish County. 28. Pomquet Harbour Sheet, Antigonish County. 29. Antigonish 'Harbour Sheet, Antigonish County. 30. Westville Sheet, Pictou County. 31. Bridgeville Sheet, Pictou County. 32. Malagash Sheet, Cumberland County. 33. Pngwash Sheet, Cumberland County. 34. River Philip Sheet, Cumberland County. 35. Springhill Mines Sheet, Cumberland County. ' 36. Nappan Sheet, Cumberland County. 37. Parrsboro Sheet, Cumberland County. 38. East Mountain Sheet, Colchester County. 39. Shorts Lake Sheet, Colchester County. 40. Shubenacadie River Sheet, Colchester and Hants Counties. 41. Maitland Sheet, Colchester and Hants Counties. 42. Noel Sheet, Hants County. 43. Walton Sheet, Hants County. 44. Cheverie Sheet, Hant^ County. 45. Avon River Sheet, Hants County. 46. Clarksvitle Sheet, Hants Conntr. 47. Niuemile River Sheet, Hants County. 48. EInisdale Sheet, Halifax and Hants Counties. 49. Qay Kiver Sheet, Hants, Halifax, and Colchester Countiee. 50. Musquodoboit Sheet, Halifax County. 51. Stewiacke River Sheet. Colchester County. SiS. Nrwtnn Mills Shs-pt, Cnlr.hPKtpr Coatjtv. 163 Map showing Great Xcrthern Mininc t vmiiiiiiv s t, and geological relations of gyi.r^uni depo-^r- ( u.<ticaiiii). N.S irk- nil', i-juiirrifs. Ar'eir Brunfuirk 1. Plaster Rock Sheet. Victoria Cooutv 2. St. Martins Sheet, King, .md St. .fohn CourtiH., 3. onssex Valley Sheet, Kiru-^ and We^tmorln-id I'ount'ef «. UiUsboron^h Sheet, Albei and Westinorlarni Cminti'S Plan snowing workings oii Lease .No. 2, Wei.tvvnrth Gvnsuni Co creek, N.B. Plan of tunnel at Demoiselle creek, X.B.. Wentwnrth 'Ivpsam Co. Chart of the Bay of lundy showing Ideation, uf g.Tp>um -UpoBits in i' nR.\ WINGS General front view of Olson land plaster distributor. End damp car and rock slide arrangement. Denioiselh 289— llj IM AFFESSBC n. List of Maps published by the Geological Surrey Branch of the Department of Mines, which embrace areas described in this report. Nix^a Scotia. 290. CnmberUnd Coalfield Sheet, 4 miles to 1 inch. 764. Oeolonoal Sketch map of parts of Kings and Hants Connties. N.S., 2 milni »o t inch. 833. Map of Picton Coal field, 25 chains to I inch. 185. Sheet 2. Aspy Bay Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. 186. Sheet 3. Pleasant Bay Sheet. 1 mil* to 1 inch. 187. Sheet 4. Ingoniah Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. IW. Sheet 5. Headwaters of Cheticamp Birer Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 189. Sheet 6. North Cheticamp Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. IM. Sheet 7. North Shore Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. m. Sheet 8. Headwaters Margaree Eirer Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 192. Sheet 9. Sonth Cheticamp Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 193. Sheet 10. Knglishtown Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. 194. Sheet 11. Margaree Sheet, 1 mi's to 1 inch. 195. Sheet 12. Baddeok Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 196. Sheet 13. Middle Birer Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. 197. Sheet 14. Broad Core Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. 196. Sheet IS. Whycocomaah Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 199. Sheet M. Port Hood Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 200. Sheet 17. Loch Lomond Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 201. Sheet 18. Biver Denys Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 202. Sheet 19. Jndiqne Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 203. Sheet 20. L'Ardoise Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch 204. Sheet 21. Saint Peter Sheet, 1* mile to 1 inch. 205. Sheet 22. Strait of Canso Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 206. Sheet 23. Arichat Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inr^ 207. Sheet 24. Onysborongh Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 385. Sheet 31. Boman Valley Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 386. Sheet 32. Pomqnet Harbonr Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 387. Sheet 33 Cape Oeorge Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 388. Sheet 34. Antigonish Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 389. Sheet 35. Lochaber Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 588. Sheet 43. Stellartnn Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. 600. Sheet 44. New Glasgow Sheet, 1 mile to 1 ineh. 608. Sheet 45. Toney Rirer Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 609. Sheet 46. Picton Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. ttO. Sheet 47. Weetrille Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. 634. Sheet 49. Upper Mnsqnodoboit Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch 824. Sheet SO. Moose Biver Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 908. Sheet 55. Gay Biver Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. (35. Sheet 56. Shnbenacadie Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 638. Sheet 57. Trnro Sheet, 1 mile to 1 ineh. 637. Sheet 58. Earltown Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. 793. Sheet 59. Tatamagonche Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 794. Sheet 60. Malagash Shett, 1 mile to 1 inch. 795. Sheet 61. Pngwash Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 796. Sheet 62, Wentworth Shc«t, 1 mile to 1 inch. 836. Sheet 63. Londonderry Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 837. Sheet 64. Noel Sheet, 1 mils to 1 inch. 878. Sheet 65. Kenneteook Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. 1005. Sheet 66. Klmsdale Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 1087. Sheet 73. Windsor Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 879. Sheet 74. Walton Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. 838. Sheet 75. Five Island Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 839. Sheet 78. Pleasant Hills Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 840. Sheet 88. Southampton Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 841. Sheet 83. Parrsboro Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 652. Sheet 133. Cape Danphin Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 653. Sheet IM. Sydney Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. i' 166 -Vcw Brunstrick. 144. ShMt 1 8.E. St. John Sheft, 4 mile* to 1 inch tSl. Sheet 2 S.W. Andover Sheet, 4 tnilw to 1 inch 151. Sheet 2 N.W. Orand Falls Sheet, 1 miles lo 1 inch 2S0. Sheet 4 N.W. Cumberland Coal 6eld Sheet. 4 miles to 1 in |i iTfc. , ISTDEX. P ,i;f.. Akron, N.T., B7psnm mine near 1J8 Alabaster . 'H Alabastine fj:i Albert Manafacturing Co ID, 95, 06, hi Alberta. Bypsnm deposits ot 21 Analysis, anhydrite :tii " brine, Chererie bore-hole 7»i " gypsite Tl " iypanm 15, n. 13. 14, 35, t3, t4. li;. IT, Iti. (9, i«. M. ii. 53, 54, V), .T«J. .'i7, V*. :i9, K(l, «J, (it, t.C,, 'iT, "<i 72. 73, 71. 78, W. 8:1 <!, S6, S7. 88, 89 91, 92 9:!, 97, 101 " gypsum products Ut howlite. etc 15t» " plaster of Paris 3« rock at Tom rircr, N.S 28 " salts from sea water . . 2n Anhydrite 21. 30, 35, 4ri, 18, SO, 51, "2, 55. 56, 59, 6ft r,2. bl. 65, 69. 71, 72, 73. 74. 77, 78. 80, 81, S2. t»8, 92. 9:!, 91, 9,i. 96 *' associated with gypsum 30. 41 origin of 30 Appendix I, maps and drawings on file 182 " 11, maps published by Geol.gical Survey 16t Australia, gypsnm in -2 B Bailey, Dr. L. W., analysis of gypsite 3:i " deposits of New Brunswick »<•. *' " I studies of gyp-TOm •'! Black Bock gypsnm quarry '* Blow holes in gyp'iiferons areas 29 " Meadow quarry ■ • '^' " New Brunswick deposits 9' " Walton deposit "'- Borates, probable deposits of '•' Bora% 'f British Columbia, gypsum deposits of -' O Calcining, cost of J '^ ■■ in products of gypsum ^'' " objections to present system 1*' Calcspar associated with gypsum '^ Calvin Tomkins Co., New York ^■' Canada, gypsum in - Carbonate of iron associated with gypsum ■"' Cement plaster '' '_ Cheverie area, eeotion of borw-hole '' Cost of erode gypsnm ■■ 104 1«8 Pmi. CrayoBa, ■Tpram umi in aiaii«<aotvr« of jj3 Croabr, Prof. W. O.. origin of Mkydrit* jl Crjrptomorpkite ^^ Cvrnmor Rystem of ealcininy 10^ CttttooM dntiM. cflaet of ..U\, 147, 14« Cyprtu, BTpMm in .'. [[ [^ ' ' j, D Dann, J. D., origin of ffvnm ^ Dnwton, Sir W. J., deposits of N.B V. .. .. 90 " oriRin of RTPavm 2g Wm. II., mothod for oomont mnnnfnetnro 122 Dehydration of gypsum , ..jg, igg, m^ x^ " plaater prodooid by 12] Director's preface ^ a Engelhardt, Prof. F. B.. analysis of brine , 7< w ' Fire proof oonitmetian, diagrams of 117 Fire tests of ^laator block partitions "' " nj Fowler Bros., eperationa of \ ■^^ France, gypsnm in ]g Fraser, Donald * Sons " "' '.' .'* ," 91 •"Periment with gypsum as • fertiUaer 134 Fuel economy jgg O Geikie, Archibald, formation of gypsnm SI Germany, gypsom in j2 Oilpin, Dr., ssction measnred by 3g Glaciation phesomenon at Newport 79 Graham, Capt. John, deposit of " \\ 45 Great Britain, gypsnm in \ 21 Great Northern Mining Co 44^ I53 " description of mill 141 gypsnm prodncte mancfaotared by 143 " maps of on file 183 " section through deposit 45 Orimsley, G. P., origin of icypsum 27 " setting of gypsum 3g Gypsite. or gypsnm earth jj^ 6j, 57 Gypsum, analysis of 15 as a fertiliier i\ tl, 128 " result of tests in Ontario 1S5 " as a eulphurtsing and basic flux 123 " as an adulterant .'. *' 123 " associated with limestone 40 " blocks used to imitate marble IH " boards, method of manufacture Hj characteristics and nser, of 15 " chemistry and technology of .'. .'.' 34 " cost of crude 1^ customjj dntr on in U.S 17 ij IW PtST.. OrPisa, dMMDd.for prodoct,* of ID r S.. . . i^ dapoaita, dt-trrminatiun of ),v f<>«>il in maritime provinrrt pracically aiiliiuit.-d. " of Magdalt-n islandr " character of " of N.B. and Magdalen is'andu of N.B. hi.st.iry of of N.8., f|v«loKy of of N.8., geoIoKical position of 3g of N.8., hiatory of ] '' .. ]' ,g of N.S., meaaurcment of by Dr. Gilpin.. darivation of word n m ir S9 15 distribation of ji, diatricta of Nova Scotia •xport, atatistica of 42 17 for inside Bnish 525 frught ratea, effect of 145 history and distribution of !■ in maunfactnre of Portland c<>ment 122 industry in N.B., historic point of 93 information respecting acknowledged 12, 13 Urgeat operations iu province at Wentworth go mannfactnring, estimatea of coste 141 "• extent of Iti methods of mining 17 minerala associated with ISO mining, great possibilities of 11 in United States IMi of Ci. pe Breton free from manganese tl origin of 24 prices of 17 production of in Canada 12 " in United States 12 in Victoria for 1908 23 prodneta of lU ahipped from Magdalen islands to Qnebec 1<>0 aolnbility of 35 •tatistioa loR need in mannfactare of cement 114 rarioiu nsea of 114 Hand, George, method of gypsnm mining 149 Harries, Bichard, method of gypsum mining 149 Higginson, H. C, qnarry operated by 59 Hofmsn, H. O., and Mostwitech, W., paper on gyp«um as a flux 124 Honeyman, Dr., gypsum deposits of Kova Scotia .. 6(i How, Dr., analyais of minerala a«'-<<ociated with gypsam 1-^ atndies of " " lj<» Howlite. .150, 151 India, gypsnm in. Introductory.. .. Italy, gypsnm in.. 22 11 110 t Pmi. Jon**, W. J., gypoiim miDint in Tnltnl CUtw US X Kmii*V e«n»iit Ij-j King, J. B. and Co., Urgt^ pnrrhiuH-r* of gypaam rock U. M, l«i I. Land plaatar, metluMU of applirinir 13.) Luiidrin, mothod of cement maonfactare 121 Limestone qnarr; at Jamesrille, N.8 Wi M McLcod. R. R.. t ~f«r»nre to gTpsnm depoaita II MacDonald. Duncan, quarrr operated by ii Marhinrry for mannfactnre of plaster 104, 111 Mack'ti cement 122 Magdalen islands, general deocription 9» " RTpram deposit* 9!) Vaitland, Oibb, information from acknowledged 13. ii Manitoba, gypvum deposits of 2t Maritime Oj-psum Co «7 Martin'.* cement .• 162 Mining, gypanm in ITi.ed States It8 MookMt'jne, see Selenite. « Natroborocalcite ISO, IXl Newark Lime and Cement Co .51 Newpoit Plaster Mining and Development Co 10,78.81 Nora Scotia Ojrpsnm Co 7!> " gypennr districts of 42 Newfoundland, gypsum in 21 e O'Brien Co., operations in Hants co 71 " J. S.. development work on property of "1 ■' i !n t«T Distributor, description of 136 Ontario, cypsnm deposits of 21 Oxide of iron associated with gypsum IM' P Parian cement 122 Parsons. Albert. Walton deposit operated by 71 Pellow gyiffium quarry 7S Petroleum asxociaced with gyp.sum 13, 74. 7*- Pittman, E. F., information from acknowledged IS. 23 Plaster boards, method of manufacture IIB " calcinipg and setting 3ti hard wall 121 " manufacture of 103 " mills, plans, specifications and cost Ill " produced by complete dehydration 12! setting of 1.51 of Paris 19, 36. 115 171 IMxtcr of l*»riri for piitt«rv moulda in put., glm" inaiinia< tiiit , , Pl«t» kUm insDufacturi-, pl»*f,r ..t I'ar.- u>«iii m.. Portland c«nent, rrpxum u«d in Pottery and Urra oittu, pla-t.r .if Par,. ii,<,ul.l- for Pyrolnsite amociated with (Tpkuiii Quebec, gjrpaam depu^ita of Retardere, compoeitiim end um- of. .11'.'. 121 St. Peti-r ranal, eBwt "f on developiiij-iit uf (jyimm depo-it Salt. Rlauber, annociated with K.rpttum Salt, rock, aftsociated with KyP*<uin Saul, Mr., character of Nova Scotia K.f|'~"i» 8«lenite li, «. .M 88. S-i. s') " aaaociated with gypaum.. .. ccn- ■' made at Windsor, N.l in . ...toba Silicob(>ro<'alcite Statii^ica uf gypenm Sulphur itMixiate.l with gypsum.. .. Switierlandt gypsum in I Ml ti 2-.> Tariff, ««>e CuittomM. Terra alba mill ,it Nucl, N.S.. 'Th? Buom ' g7p.sum depus'it.. . Therm ometers Tiia, soe Natroborocalcite. Tomkio*, Calrin, operationa of. Ulexite, nee Xatroboiocalcite. United States Qyi).-'um Co.. .. " gTpsum in. largest producer of gypsum. Victoria (iypsum Co. W Wait, F. G.. analyses of N"mv:> S-utiii i;yi<inii. Weller, S. A., chara<>ter of Nova Scotia gypsu Wentworth <iypsum Co Windsor Plaster t.'ii " Oypeum Cc .to. rs, ti 12<1 :'j. so. 9.1 .ti!i :•'. m CANADA DEPARTMEN1 OF MINES MMMMB mtLAMCm Him. T. TiNnn*!). MMnm. A. V ix.w. u.A) . Dwitt Minihtm EcMMi HtAsiL. Pb.U.. UtuECRja BXF0BT8, AHS MAPS OF ECOHOMIC INTEEEST. PUlLMHEn By THE MZKXa BKAKCH RKPOKTS. iit'port Dii—hy E iftfiic Iluaiicl, 1. MininiK Condition* of the Klondike, Viikhii. Ph.D.. 1902. 2. Great Landslide at Frank, Aha. Keport mi— l).v K. (i Mi;( oniidl ami K W Brock, M.A., iWXi. 3. InTestigation of the different cU'ctro-tluTiiiio pmwsses i..r tlif ■«Dipltiii|Lr of iron ored, and the maicintc of stei'I. iti ii[H>r.iti.>ti ii, Kuroix;. itcimrt of Special Commission— by Euirotie Iliiatifl. Ph.l).. 1!X»4. U'ur ot print.) 4. Rapport de la Commission nomm»V pour <'tudier li»s divers pro<<edc-i Olectro- thermiquee pour la rfiduetion dea minerais de fer et la fabrication de I'acier employes en Europe. (French Kdition), IDO.'i. (Ou* I'f print.) 5. On the location and examination of niatcintii' ore iKiiusita by ina^rnetHnetrii- measurements. Eugene Ilaanel. Ph.I».. ]1H)4. 7. Limestones, and the Lime Industry of .Maiiilnlia. I'rcliniii ary Repurt «r. — by J. W. Wells, 1905. 8. Clays and Shales of Manitoba: their Industrial Value. Prelim in.-.ry Report on— by J. W. Wells, IIM).',. ((Jut of print.) 9. Hydraulic Cements (Raw Mllterial^) in Manitoba: Manufacture am! Uses of. Preliminary Report on— by J. W. Well=, 1!)»>5. 10. Mica: its Occurrence, Exploitation, and Uses — by Fritz ( irkel M.K., ^•M^5. (Oat of print.) 11. Asbestos: Its Occurrence. Exploitatioti. and Viei' — by Frit^ Cirke!, M.E.. 1905. (Out of print: see No. (in.) 12. Zinc Resources of British Columbia and the Conditions affecting their Exploitation. Report of the (,'ommission appouitcd to irivestipati' — by W. R. Ingalls, 1905. 16. Experiments made at Sault .^te. Marie, under Governmient auspiiv-. in thr smelting of Canadian iron ores by the electro-thermic process. Final Report on — by Eugene Ilaanel, Ph.D., 1907 17. Mines of the Silver-Cobalt Ores of the Cobalt district: Their Present mi Prospective Output. Report on — by Eugene Ilaanel, Ph.D.. ] ">7 18. Graphite: Its Properties, Occurrence, Refining, and Uses — by Fritz Cirkel, M.E., 1907, 19. Peat and Lignite: Their Manufacture and TTaes in Europe — ^by Erik Nystrom, M.E., 1908. 8 :!(». Iron Ore D«p<J8it8 of Nova Scotiu. Rtport on (Part 1)— by Dr. J. E. Wood- man. 21. Suiiiiuar.v lleport of iliiies Brauoli, 1907-8. 22. Iron Ore Deposits of Thunder Bay and Kainy River districts. Report on — by F. Hille. M.E. 23. Iron Ore Deposits alootir the Ottawa (Quebec side) and Gatineau rivers. Report on — by' Fritz Cirkel, M.E. 24. General Report on the Mining and Metallurgical Industries of Canada, 1907-8. 25. The Tungsten Ores of t'anada. Report on — by Dr. T. L. Walker. 26. The Mineral Production of Canada, 1900. Annual Report on — by Jnlm McLeish, B.A. 27. The Mineral Production of Canada, 1908. Preliminary Report op — by John McLeish, B.A. 28. Summary Report of Mines Branch, 1908. 29. Chrome Iron Ore Deposits of the Eastern Townships. Monograph on — by Fritz Cirkel, M.E. (Supplementary Section: Experiments with Chro- mite at .McGill Univcrsit.v — by Dr, J. B. Porter.) 30. Investigation of the Peat Bugs and Peat Fuel Industry of Canada, 190S. Bulletin Xo. 1 — by Erik N.vstri'ini, M.E.. and A. Anrep. Peat E.\pert. 31. Production of Cement in Canada, 1908. Bulletin on — ^by John McLeish, B.A. 32. Investigation of Electric Shaft Furnace, Sweden. Report on — by Eugcui- Haanel, Ph.D. 42. Production of Iron and Steel in Canada during the Calendar years 1907 and VMS. Bulletin on— by John Mclxish, B.A. 43. Production of Chromite in Canada during the calendar years 1907 and 190S. Bulletin on — by John McLeish, B.A. 44. Production of Asbestos in Canada during the calendar years 1907 and 1908. Bulletin on — by John McLeish, B,A. 45. Production of Coal, Coke, and Peat in Canada during the calendar years 1907 and 1908. Bulletin on— by John McUnsh, B.A. 4(i. Production of Natural (ias and Petroleum in Canada during the calendar .vears 1907 and 1908. Bulletin on — by John Mcl.#ish, B.A. 47. Iron Ore Deposits of Vancouver and Texada islands. Report on — by Einar Lindeman, M,E, 55. Report on the Bituminous, or Oil-shales of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; also on the Oil-shale Industry of Scotland — by Dr. R. W. Ells. 58. The Mineral Production of Canada, 1907 and 1908. Annual Report on — by Jo McLeish, B.A. 59. Chemical Analyses of Sijecial Economic Importance made in the Laboratories of the Department of Mines, H»Oti-7-8. Report on— by F. G. Wait, M.A. F.C.S. (With Appendix on the Commercial Methods and Apparatus for the Analysis of Oil-shules — by IL A. Leverin, Ch.E.) 62. Mineral Production of Canada, 1909. Preliminary Report on — by John M.'Loish, B.A. f>3. Suniinnry Report of Mines Branch. 1909. 67. Iron Ore Deposits of the Bristol iline, Pontiae county, Quebec. Bulletin No. 2 — by Einar Lindeman, M.E., and Geo. C. Mackenzie, B.Sc. S<:hedule of Charges for Clu'inii-a] Analysis and Assays. 68. 6i>. 71. 7U. 80. 82. 84. 85. 8^. sy. 90. 92. 93. 102. 103. Recent A.lviiii<-c, in i|»- Cm-'r;!. ii..n ,.>. H.ciri,- F ,.rnii.T< * ,1 tliM Pollu- tion of I'i^- lr.>i,, St.-ol. ami /in,'. Hiillotii; .\"<i .;- .> : )r. Eii^-viic i!u..h.-. Chr.vsotilt.-A4H'sto>: It.- (J.rui r :i.-c. J'xpK.itun,;!,. Mi. i,iy „.,.-| i"...,.. n,.. port on— by Frit/, I'lrlii,-!. M.K. ' S,.c,m.| i-'.oiniu. •iilurtvil. • Investigation of the Peai J{. i,'s, an. I W-.it In.lusirv - ' Caniuhi. I;h".i-'.i,; t.. which is apptiide.] Mr. Aif. l.dr-m: ,. I'ai«r .1. i)r. M KkLiil^tTs^, Wft- CarbonizinK Proiv.-s: Ironi IMui.-k TiUkrili. .S... 1:;. Dtrcmoer u''i. 1908— translation l.y ilr. A. .Vuni,. .Jr.; aU u iii;i!„lariuu -• Lu-.i. EkelundV I'amplilet tntit!(Mi ■ .\ SmIummi ,.,.' tii,. JVur I'ruhleir. ' 1U(m,. (le«rrtbinL' tiio Kkfhiii,! Vv.'i^s i„r .;„. .Mainil'act.ir.' > i':-,n ['.ivVinr. by Harold A. Leverin, Ch.K, Uuli-iiu X.i. j -i,y .\. .\,ii-.],. I'.jat E\- pert. (Second Edition, ouiarged.j rrodlietion of Iron and Sti'd in Canada .lurmi; tin- -a-.^iidar .War 11h>1». Bulletin on — by John ili-l.ci-li, Ji.A. Production of Coal and ( i.ki> in Canada dwriii); th. .aiiii.lar viar l!H*.i. Bulletin on — by .lolm McLe'-h. li.\. Magnetic Concentration Exi'iTiinint-. Biii;i;iii ,\,,. :,—l\ (jc.. C, Mac- kenzie. Gypsum Deposits of t!i«.' .Muriiinic I'nivihn-,- ,,1 Canada — in.-Kidnn; rho Magdalen isliimis. Ki|iort on — !>% W. 1''. .Itnuisni, \! E. Production of Cement, Lime, C'ay Product.-. Stoni. and other Structural Material.- durinK the i-alcnd ir M-ar \'mk>. linllciin nn— i.v .!.i'i[ \ic- Leish B.A. The ilii eral Prodnctii n of Caiada. liMin. Aiuiual lif-iiMn ( n— iiv .Idlm McLtdsh B.A. Uci)rint of Pvi'-idcMlial addrc- driiMri'.l i.r/ .r, ilir .\in( ru'an Peat .^ocict) at Ottawa, July -'.0, llilO. liy Eu^'«ii.- Haancl. PI1.D. Proceedintrs of Conference on Explosive-. luvcjstigation of the E'xplosivc- lndii.-tr.\ in tin- licniini'in ,4' Canada. 1910. Report on — by Capt. Artiinr 1 )csboruui;l'.. (Second Edition.) Molybdenum Ores of Canada. Keporl no — hy Dr. T. L. Walker. Mineral Production of Canada. ISilO. Prclinnnar,\ licport on — [>y .fohn McLeish, B.A. Mines Branch Summary Report, linO. IN THE PRESS. 83. An investigation of the Coals of Canada with rcfercni'.- to their Economic Qualities: as conducted at Mc'J'lI rni^crsjiy under tlie aiispics o'' the Dominion Government. Report on— ny J. B. IVirter. E.J!.. I).Sc.. and R. J. Durlcy. Ma.E. 100. The Building and Oriuunental Stones of Canada. Keiwirt on — by Proti^i^sor W. A. Parks. KVl. Catalojfuc of Pnljiications if .Mine- Uraiieh. Ironi 1'."''2 u> 1!»1 1 ; r.inhin- ing Tables of Content.*, and Li-i of Maps, etc. 110. Western Portion of Torbrook Iron Ortt J)epo-il-i. .Vimap<i!is eountv. X S. Bulletin Xo. 7 — by Iloweils Ert'chette, .M.Se. 111. Diamond Drilling at Point Maniainse. Ont. Pnliotin Xo. C -by A C. j.nm . Ph.D., with Introductory by A. W. (i. Wilsr.u. Ph.D. 114. Production of Cement, Lime, Clay Products, Stone, and other Structural materials in Canada, 1010. Bulletin on — by John McLeiah, B.A. 115. Production of Iron and Steel in Canada during the calendar year 1910. Bulletin on — by John McLeish, B.A. 116. Production of Cobl and Coke in Canada during the calendar year 1010. Bulletin on — by John McLeish, B.A. 117. General Summary of the Mineral Production in Canada during the calendar year 1910. Bulletin on — by John McLeish, B.A. 118. Mica: Its Occurrence, Exploitation, and Uses. Report on^y Hugh S. de Schmid, M.£. IN PREPARATION. 91. Coal and Coal Mining in Nova Scotia. Report on — ^by J. O. S. Hudson. MAPS. 6. Magnetometric Survey, Vertical Intensity: Calabogie mine, Bagot town- ship, Renfrew coimty, Ontario— by E. Nystrom, M.J5., 1904. 13. Magnetometr Surrey of the Belmont Iron Mines, Belmont tow..dhip, Peterborough county, Ontario — by B. F. Haanel, B.Sc, 1905. ] ' [agnetometric Survey of the Wilbur mine, I^avant township, Lanark county, Ontario — by B. F. Ilaanel, B.Sc, 1905. 15. Magnetometric Surrey, Vertical Intensity: Iron Ore Deposits at Austin brook, Bathuret township, Gloucester county, N.B. — by E. Lindeman, M.E., 1906. o3. Magnetometric Survey, Vertical Intensity: Lot 1, Concession VI, Mayo township, Hastings coimty, Ontario — by Howells Frechette, M.Sc, 1909. 34. Magnetometric Survey, Vertical Intensity: Lots 2 and 3, Concession VI, Mayo township, Hastings county, Ontario — by Howells Frechette, M.Sc., 1909. 35. Magnetometric Survey, Vertical Intensity: Lots 10, 11, and 12, Concession IX, and Lots 11 and 12, Concession VIII, Mayo township, Hastings county, Ontario — by Howells Fr^hette, M.Sc, 1909. 36. Survey of Mer Bleue Pei.i, Bog, Gloucester township, Carleton county, and Cumberland township, Russell county, Ontario — by Erik Nystrom, M.E., and A. Anrep, Peat Expert. 37. Survey of Alfred Peat Bog, Alfred and Caledonia townships, Prescott county, Ontario — by Erik Nystrom, M.E., and A. Anrep, Peat Expert. 38. Survey of Welland Peat Bog, Wainfleet and Humberstone townships, Welland county, Ontario — by Erik Nystrom, M.E., and A. Anrtp, Peat Expert. 39 Survey of Newington Peat Bog, Osnabruck, Roxborough, and Cornwall townships, Stormont county, Ontario — by Erik Nystromi, M.E., and A. Anrep, Peat Expert. 40. Survey of Perth Peat Bog, Drummond township, Lanark county, Ontario — by Erik Nystrom, M.E., and A. Anrep, Peat Expert. 41. Survey of Victoria Road Peat Bog, Bexley and Carden townships, Victoria county, Ontario — ^by Erik Nystrom, M.E., and A. Anrep, Peat Expert. 5 4i»v-'Majiiirtwiri(«trii- Mip i»l -i-rtH, ( ii'W.'i ■ijiMi ai !i.i;uu.li ::\ut. \' n.. iLvvr i-hiiiil. li.t'.— Uy Kniui \.iir:> iiMii. .\!.i-! 4n. MHgliet<»JMf(ii>- -Map • 1 V\. •>■.•!■" >•.■.! li-'". i-liiiit:. ,.t ■"I'-liiirt, Vam- 'llVr; i-^l:iiiii. li.< . — i.\ ■' '■'■ ■ r l.ii '!■ 11. .ii.. M.i-,. 50. Vanei'iivtr island, li. '.- Ky Eiiiiir !.:iii!'. iimii. M K. 51. Iron Miiio. T.XMila i-!i.ii'.. !;.r.--iy :■. I!. M;:.i,|,.., 1 .■.;-.. :>j. Ski'ii-h .Mup ii l; ii li'ii <'iv Im!!-,-.!-, W.-i Ann. I^:ai-iii,. .-i,'..!. \ an eoiiVLT i-l;niil. li ( - ;■■, 1.. l-iMI.:,. 5a. Iron Ore Occiin- n.' -. lUtauT. ,111.1 I'uiMa, li'iililii. -. 1,^11, '1)11 1 I'll — ly .1. White. ;niil l-':il; (■;rk. \ M ':. :.4. Irmi Ore () -i-uii', i^ M.K. ■- Ar.: ;.:. ,i:i . Mi.ly, (^u. ! ,t. !;n|- -i.v I-'rit;; ( i.'k.a. ■">". The I'iM'diK-tiM' ( hr !ii ii' i,ii:, i li-iri' t .,; i^:i,,i ;„• !,\ i- i-;t/ i 'irki'l. .\!.i-:. CO. .MiiiiiU'ti-iMitric Sim ■ \ ■', 111. lii; I'l: aula. I'lililua- riMiir.\. I^larl-a ■ -l>,v • Kiuar l.iiiiicii..!!. . .M.i';. t;i. T()|iiia:r.ii''ii'''il ■'•'■1,1 ,'i 111 i 111' iiiin,.. r,.i,li,a. i-(,iii.'y. (.uu.lifi' -''V •!iiiar l.iiiili num. .M.I'. <U. IthIcx Map ..I X,,var-., r,: i ,■.-:,,- l.,\ W F. .1 in.l-,,.i, M.K. (i5. Inde.'c Map of New Itran-.vick : 'lyiKuni — la. V. . I'. .Iinui^ ;. .M.Ji. (i'l. .M:i|i (if ^!llf;ilall■ll i-'aia',-; '■'i-ai,; i.y \\ . 1 .ii Uhi-. i.. m.I'. '<>. .Miitrlicliinu-trir S;M'..y a!' .\ ..i , iaA , -: Arm li,.! iiai:;!., i.aiv. I'iaai^iaai. .Xipi-^iajr ili> ri ■:. i»ri!aii.. \\ (-.ilau i.iiaUaali, M.I!. T:i. UniniU'i' i'cal linu;. liaiaii,'- .\. .\iiri |i. I'l'i ! I',n|-' I't. 7^1. Ixainokn I'fut lia:i, <iii!,inii- 71. lirockvilli' I'oiit la-,:;. (;nlavio - 7.">. Itniiilaaii Peat Bai;. ( iiil.iri i- - 7ti. AlfriMl I'ciit liojl. « Mitaria 77. Alfwl I'l'iit lin.K. daiaii, : .M.i i i-ilcii i.r..t,l, - I.y A. Ai,n p. 7,S. .Miiji (if .\.-it-l(i> IJiaiiU. i'l'.Mia-i .,;■ ijal.c,-. mill- a\ I'llt/ (ii'a-L .-i.K. ">(i. .Map shiiwiutc uiUi rai .ii-l r:!.ii!l' i; .| Sarp. utiia iu ila- lai.-tci-ii ['.(.vM-iiiii, liy Fritz Cirktl. .\1.K '.•-I. .Map -licwiiiK C.iiia!'. (i. uuai.la. ■^liiiiin-'.!.. -. .nai I'lii-' upiia .ii>rl■i(•t^ — I.y I., il. < „].. Ii.>c. '.l5. (Iciicrai \la|i ..]■ Ca'K.la sh...>iiii;- i '. I i-'ii-i.;-, ' .\r .inil.i.i,'. ii:i: rr ■' Va. .^:; l,y Dr. .1. W. I'.Tt. :•, i Of.. (Iciiaral M.I!' .it' { ..al I'ii-I.i- i! \ v ,1 S .,ti .la.l .\. w r.i-.m-wi.-k. (Airani- piiii,\iim Krp.ii'i ,\. ..>■-'> ill'- i 1: I'.ri.i'. it", (iciural Map <li.i > luu C.a' !'r !.i- in Al'a.aii. Si-I. atcliri' an. aial .Mai,it..ba. I Ad.i.nipaiiyiai; Kap.it .V,. -M- -i.y It .1. ii. i'..iar.i DS. (iaiaral Map"! ''. li i'i'i i- ii lirill-ii ('..iauiiia. ( A.- •■ .npaayiar it.ln.rf X... ,>-:i liy Di-. .1. I!, i". rli ;m Hit. li.ii.ra! Nf.ip if ('. a! Kai.l in Vnk.a. Ti.rrii.a'.v . ( Ac- a.ii.anyii.i liapar; X... '-:; I.y !>r. -1. !>■ i'-irl r, : ItMi. Ai>tia lin.'ik Ii-,.n l!rii-ii.:j ,ii-;ria. Hiiliin-t lav. ii-lii|i, ( iii.i .v-i.i- .•..iints. X.P.. 1 ^ !■'. ' !■ 'It II. ill. M.I'. 1(17. Ma^ni li.niclr!.- .^iir\<y. V.rti. al Inici.sit.s .Vi-'ii. iir < Irnf, fl"ariu{i (ii.-trii't-liv !•:. I. in.!. Iran, ,M.K. 2«<>— 12 !(.>!>. Index Map dhowiny Iron Bearing Area at Austin Brook — by E. Linddman, M.E. lU'.i. Sectioue^ uf Diatnond Drill Hulci iu Iron Ore Deposits at Auatin Brodi — by E. Lindenian, M.E. IN THE PRESS. 112. Skptch plan showing (ienloKy of Point Mamainse, Ont. — by Professor A. C. Lane. 119-137. Micu: Townships maps, Ontario and Quebec — by Hugh S. de Schmid, M.E. 13.S. Mieii: ShowinR locution of Principal Mines and Occurrences in the Quebec Mica Area — by Hugh S. dc Schmid. 13!». Mica: Showing Location of Princii)ai Mines and Occurrences in the Ontario Mica Area — by Hugh S. de Schmid. 140. Micii: Showing Distrilnition of the Principal Mica Occurrences in the Dominion of t'anada — by Hugh S. de Schmid. 141. Torbrook Iron Bearing District, Annapolis county, N.S.— by Howells Frfi- chettc. M.Sc. IN PREPARATION. 113. Ilolkiul Peat Bog, Ontario— by A. Anrcp, Peat Expert. i. C. mid, ebec the the Fr6- caka; DEPARTMENT r 1 m \ \ 1 IL A/ M T n I '>. «4' S3* 61° LHSPmratra. Draugkirman. ■tt -^ iMMtai CAKA1)4 [£NT iW MINES rnnii A. >' ■.,,4. U..D.. Damn K a^Aim^ Pa. I INDEX MAP or NOVA SCOTIA Showing distribution of occurrences of Clypsum / \ € €) € LCSEND i^u//)it* »f Septum Monognpli Shttta OuHin* »f G*ai'»tieal Syrray Sh*tta Boundoritt rf Lowtr Carkomfmu* Artn tt G^ptum D»potita * Coo/ Min»0 Railway 4S 60 NO 04 To ACCOMPANY REPORT NO 84 — OvrSUM DEPOSITS OF THB MARITIME PROVINCES BY W F JENNISON L 4i CAKAOA DKPARTMENT OP I.C6CND Ait-mm Btniim, ■H NAOA ST OF MINI? '^^^ INDEX MAP or PART or TNC mOVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK Showinf 4wtrib«i#ion of eccumncM of Gypcuin END ■tyMa/ 3unwf 3ti mh Muu.e or MtLCE M' M' tr NO •• To AeeoMPANv HBFoaT no •«— •vpowM DtroaiT* OP TMS MAmriMC PN(«viNcaa BY w r jcMMisoM f m^. *i 1 AN AD DEPARTMENT ( > :jm» umA. Hon W. TlHnjMtN. Mimmik«: A. )V U ! ^-■'^ ciS^- LEGEND - — Gyp3if€rous ^rmat * Gypaum DmposiAs Poad* #a *• Lltwf*^ Wmtf frmm_Gr90mwit^ I. US Prrwirm DraufhiMmait tt^^amm I'ANADA KNT OF MINES jiM» maLAMcm it«: A !• !-.». LI, II. 1)WCTT Un lunn,. Pal), l>iun<ia. '■-* f. -V MAP o^rHC MAGDALEN ISLANDS SHOWING GYPSUM DEPOSITS SCALt or MIL£S NO •• To ACCOMPANY KCPOWT NO •4 — avrSUM OCPOSITI OP TMI MAMITIMK