CIHM 
 
 ICIMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Collection de 
 
 Series 
 
 microfiches 
 
 (lUlonographs) 
 
 (monographles) 
 
 Canadian Instituta for Historical IMicroraproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions hittoriquas 
 
 1 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original 
 copy available for filming. Features of this copy which 
 may be bibliographicaliy unique, which may alter any of 
 the images in the reproduction, or which may 
 significantly change the usual method of filming are 
 checked below. 
 
 Q Coloured covers / 
 Couverture de couleur 
 
 □ Covers damt. jed / 
 Couverture endommagte 
 
 □ Covers restored and/or laminated / 
 Couverture restaurde et/ou pellicula 
 
 Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 i/l Coloured maps / Cartes g6ographiques en couleur 
 
 □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) / 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noi 
 
 I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations / 
 
 que bleue ou noire) 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Bound with other material / 
 Reli6 avec d'autres documents 
 
 Only edition available / 
 Seule Edition disponible 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along 
 interior margin / La reliure serr^e peut causer de 
 I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge 
 int6rieure. 
 
 Blank leaves added during restorations may appear 
 within the text. Whenever possible, these have been 
 omitted from filming / Use peut que certaines pages 
 blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration 
 apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela dtait 
 possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6\6 filmtes. 
 
 
 
 L'Institut a microfilrn6 le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 
 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- 
 plaire qui sont peut-6tre uniques du point de vue bibli- 
 ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, 
 ou qui peuvent exiger une modifteation dans la m6tho- 
 de nonnale de filmage sont indiqu^s ci-dessous. 
 
 I I Coloured pages / Pages de couleur 
 
 I I Pages damaged / Pages endommag6es 
 
 D 
 
 Pages restored and/or laminated / 
 Pages restaurtes et/ou pellicultes 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed / 
 Pages dteolor6es, tachet^s ou piques 
 
 I I Pages detached / Pages d6tach6es 
 
 I \/[ Showthrough / Transparence 
 
 I I Quality of print varies / 
 
 D 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Quality inhale de I'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary material / 
 Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by en-ata slips, 
 tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best 
 possible image / Les pages totalement ou 
 partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une 
 pelure, etc., ont 6\6 film^s k nouveau de fa^on k 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 Opposing pages with varying colouration or 
 discolourations are filmed twice to ensure the best 
 possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des 
 colorations variables ou des d6colorations sont 
 filmdes deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image 
 possible. 
 
 Additional comments / 
 Commentaires suppl^mentaires: 
 
 Various pagings. 
 
 This Kwn It filmed at tha raduetlon ratio ehaekad botow / 
 
 Ca documant aat film* au tau> da rMuction indiqu« oMeaaoua. 
 
 lOx 
 
 
 
 
 14x 
 
 
 
 
 18x 
 
 
 
 
 22x 
 
 
 
 
 26x 
 
 
 
 
 30x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12x 
 
 
 
 
 16x 
 
 
 
 
 20x 
 
 
 
 
 24x 
 
 
 
 
 28x 
 
 
 
 
 »»v 
 
Th« copy fiimtd h«r« has b««n raproducad thanks 
 to tha ganarosity of: 
 
 National Library of Canada 
 
 L'axamplaira filmi fut raproduit grica i ia 
 gintrosit* da: 
 
 Bibliotheque nationals du Canada 
 
 Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha bast quality 
 possibia considaHng tha condition and lagibility 
 of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha 
 filming contract spacificationa. 
 
 Original copias in printad papar covars ara filmad 
 baginning with tha front covar and anding on 
 tha last psga with a printad or illustratad impraa- 
 sion, or tha back covar whan appropriata. All 
 othar original copiaa ara filmad baginning on tha 
 first paga with a printad or illustratad impras- 
 sion. and anding on tha last paga with a printad 
 or illuatratad imprassion. 
 
 Tha last racordad frama on aach n:icroficha 
 •hall contain tha symbol — »^ (moaning "CON- 
 TINUED"), or tha symbol V (moaning "END"). 
 whichavar appiiaa. 
 
 Maps, platas. charts, ate. may ba filmad at 
 diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba 
 antiraly includad in ona axposura ara filmad 
 baginning in tha uppar laft hand cornar. laft to 
 right and top to bonom. as many framas as 
 raquirad. Tha following diagrams illustrata tha 
 mathod: 
 
 Las imagas suivantas ont «t« raproduitos avac Is 
 plus grand soin. compta tanu da \m condition at 
 da la nattat* da l'axamplaira film*, at an 
 conformity avac las conditions du contrat da 
 filmaga. 
 
 Laa axamplairaa originaux dont la couvartura 9n 
 papiar aat imprim«a sont filmte an commandant 
 par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par la 
 darni«ra paga qui comporta una amprainta 
 d'imprassion ou d'illustration, soit par ia tacond 
 plat, salon la cas. Tous las sutras axampiairas 
 originaux sont filmis an commandant par la 
 pramiAra paga qui comporta una amprainta 
 d'impraasion ou d'illustration at an tarminant par 
 la darniAra paga qui comporta una talia 
 amprainta. 
 
 Un das symbolaa suivants apparaitra sur la 
 darniira imaga da chaqua microficho. salon la 
 cas: la symbols ^^ signifia "A SUIVRE". la 
 symbols ▼ signifia "FIN". 
 
 Las cartaa. planchas. tablaaux. ate, pauvant atre 
 filmte i das taux da reduction diffArants. 
 Lorsquo la documant ast trop grand pour Atra 
 raproduit an un saul clich*. il ast film* A partir 
 da I'angla suptriaur gaucha, da gaucha A droita. 
 at da haut an bas, an pranant la nombra 
 d'imagas nAcassaira. Las diagrammas suivants 
 illustrant la mtthoda. 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 1 . 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
MlOOCOPr RBOWTION TBT CHART 
 
 (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 
 
 ^ /APPLIED IIVHGE I 
 
 ^STm 1653 Eoit Main stre«t 
 
 ^KS ?"!?""'• "•" '""* 1*609 US* 
 
 S^S ("6) *82 - 0300 - Phon. 
 
 ^^^ (7t6) 2Sa - J989 - Fo, 
 
^^!^\m^ % ;■■ 
 
 MSi'^i 
 
 BSFABTM BKT 07 Mill BS 
 
 Ow. W. 
 
 >4L. V. U«r. Ua>, 
 
 RKPOBT 
 
 M m 
 
 GYPSUM DEPOSITS pF TBE MARITHUB PROVINCES 
 
 WIIJUAM F. JXXNTBOX, U.S 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 fQVBBMMaNT PBINTINQ BORBAU 
 
 1911 
 
•T. 
 
 S 
 
 .■a 
 
^ 
 
 CANADA 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MINES 
 
 miiKa BmAxoH 
 
 Hon, W. TiMruHt!!. Mixirru; A. P. Low. M..D.. Dworr Mufwnni 
 GoMNi Hmnil, Pa.D., Diuciw. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES 
 
 WIIiLIAM P. .TENNI80X, M.E. 
 
 1 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 OOVEBNMBNT PRINTING BUBEAU 
 
 1911 
 
 289—1 
 
 No. H4 
 
utth or TiAraiiTTAi. 
 
 Dr. EuoKHB Haaxil, 
 Director of Mine*, 
 
 Department of Minea, 
 OtUwa. 
 
 Sib,— According to your instr- ,g, I hare completed and herewith lubmit 
 a monograph on the gypeum dey • • Nora Scotia. New Bruniwiclc, and the 
 Magdalen i.lands. In thi., an af .,.i haa been made to ahow by deacriptiona. 
 mape. and photographa, the vaat extent of these deposiU within thig territory; 
 the usee of pypaum, and the procesaea and coat of manufacturing it into a market- 
 able product. 
 
 Although the investigation has been as complete aa time and opportunity 
 would allow, atill there remains much that ia worthy of further investigation. 
 A series of experiments ahowing tensile and compreasion testa of gypsum aa manu- 
 factured into the different producU would be productive of much value. The 
 inveetigation of gypsum aa a subatitute for marble by the hardening procesa, 
 which, from the evidence at hand seems to give aatisfaction, would open a new 
 market for the products. Some of the associated minerals have much i re com- 
 mercial value than the gypsum itself, but it requires expert investigation to en- 
 courage development. 
 
 It ia hr . ^ tL,t the present work will be useful to those already engaged in 
 the develop ■ ■ t of this indastry. ai-.d attract the attention of others to the 
 worderful. t ..veloped natural resources of the country, and encourage them to 
 seek thpja fields for investment. 
 
 I have the honour to be. Sir, 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 Th¥HO, N.S., April 12, 1910. 
 
 (Signed) W. F. JemuMn. 
 
 289— li 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 DIRIXTOKS PREFACE 9 
 
 INTRODICTORY ,j 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 History and Distribution 15 
 
 History of operatidiis in Nova Scotia jg 
 
 Biitory of oi:ciation8 in New Branawiok 18 
 
 Distribution jg 
 
 France jg 
 
 United States ]g 
 
 Canada 21 
 
 Great Britain 21 
 
 Germany 22 
 
 India 22 
 
 Cyprus 22 
 
 Italy 22 
 
 Switz|6r]and 22 
 
 Australia 22 
 
 Newfoundland 23 
 
 CHAITER II. 
 
 Origin of gypsum 04 
 
 Anhydrite 30 
 
 Gypsite or gyp^um earth 30 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Chemistry and Teihnology of gypsum 34 
 
 Calcining and netting plaster 3(5 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 fiypsum depoiits of Nova Scotia 39 
 
 As>ociated limestone 49 
 
 Description of deposits 4] 
 
 CHAITER V. 
 
 Gypsum deposits of New Brunswick and Magdalen islands 90 
 
 Gypsum deports of New Brnnswirk 99 
 
 Gypsum deposits of the Magdalen isliinds 9^ 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Manufacture of plaster j93 
 
 Description of machinery j94 
 
 Objecticns to the present system of calcining gypsum 109 
 
 Cummer syst»>m ^99 
 
 Plans, specifications, and cost of construction for plaster mills Ill 
 
 CHAITER VII. 
 
 Product)^ of gypsum Ij. 
 
 Plaster of Paris ,,^ 
 
 Cement plaster " ' ,,. 
 
 ^ lij 
 
 S 
 
 4 
 
• 
 
 Bcport of fire and water t««t 1]( 
 
 Method of constriMtion iij 
 
 PurpoM of the test .. m 
 
 Twnperatnre ." .. .'.".'.'.'.'.',".'.' ." IM 
 
 Thermometer readings on ontdde of partitions iia 
 
 ^•t«' ; ■■ 1,9 
 
 Eflect of the te8« [ ,JJ 
 
 Log of temperature readings: Ira teat 131 
 
 Pottery and terra cotta .... lao 
 
 Plate glass works .^ 
 
 Plaster produced by complete dehydration Ul 
 
 Hard wall plasters 
 
 Used with Portland cement -«, 
 
 Alabastine " " 
 
 As a basia for Portland oement ,„ 
 
 As a sulphorizing and beaic flux jj, 
 
 Betardere. their composition and use .j. 
 
 Hardening gypsum blocks 
 
 US 
 
 CHAPTEB VIII. 
 
 Gypaum as a fertilizer 
 
 Methods of applying land ploster .„ 
 
 CHAPTEB IX. 
 
 Manufacturing, and estimates of costs with miscellaneous notes.. ui 
 
 Costs "* 
 
 Freight rates !..........!. '** 
 
 United States tariff on gypsum.. .. .. .. .. .. ?*? 
 
 Canadian tariff on gypsum . 
 
 St. Peter canal .".."'..'".."..".. 
 
 Oypsum mining in United States.. .... .. .. "". \^ 
 
 Minerals associated with gypsum ,„ 
 
 Plaster sotting '*• 
 
 Thermometers ^'* 
 
 152 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Gypsum statistics 
 
 United States imports .' .'." .'.' .".' |!? 
 
 Canadian statistics ; . 
 
 W 
 
 Appendix I. 
 List of Maps and Drawings relating to this report which are on file at the 
 
 offlce of the Mines Branch of the Department of Mines i62 
 
 Appendix II, 
 
 List of Maps published by the Geological Survey Branch of the Department 
 
 of Mines which embrace areas described in this report i/u 
 
 Index '** 
 
 LIST OF MINKS BRANCH PUBLICATIONS! *** 
 
nXUITKATIOiri. 
 
 Photographs. 
 
 PI«t« I. Gypsum Quarry at Walton, Hants Co.. N 3 Frontiapi«oa 
 
 II. Boalder from Sanderson's anarry. BMrer Brook. N.8.. ahow- 
 
 ing conversion of anhydrite to gypswn U 
 
 III. Transparent crystal of aelenite 40 
 
 IV. FibroQB aelenite crystals 40 
 
 V Gypsum with embedded selenite crystals 40 
 
 VI. Gypsam exposures at Aapy bay. C.B 42 
 
 VII. Gypsum exposures at Ingonish harbour, C.B 42 
 
 VIII. Gypsum exposures at Ancoin brook. C.B 44 
 
 IX. Gypsam exposures and works of Great Northern Mining Com- 
 pany at Ancoin brook. C.B 44 
 
 X. Clifc of anhydrite. Great Bras d'Or lake. C.B 54 
 
 XI. Victoria gypsam quarry at St. Ann. C.B 50 
 
 XII. O'Brien aaarry. showing pipe or blowhole, also structure of 
 
 ~«k 70 
 
 XIII. Loedintt gypsum at Walton shippins Pier 72 
 
 XIV. The Cove quarry at Chererie 74 
 
 XV. Upper Head quarry at Chererie 74 
 
 XVI. Meadow quarry, near Windsor. N.S 78 
 
 XVII. Quarry of the Windsor Gypsum Company. Newport. N.S.. .. 78 
 XVIII. Wtmtworth Gypjsum Company's quarry, showing method of 
 
 removing the clay gg 
 
 XIX. Wentworth Gypsum Company's quarry: general view of quarry 
 
 and transportation to pier gO 
 
 XX. Wentworth Oypsnm Company'a loading stage for oar* 80 
 
 XXI. Wentyorth Gypsum Company. Loading gypsum into bargee.. 80 
 
 XXII. Wentworth Gypeum Company. Barges in tow go 
 
 XXIII. Folded or crumpled ribbon-like structure of gypsum 94 
 
 XXIV. Gypsum quarry of Albert Manafaotaring Company. Hills- 
 
 borough. N.B gj 
 
 XXV. Gypsum quarry of Albert Manufacturing Company. Hilla- 
 
 borough. N.B „ 
 
 XXVI. S.S. Nanna loadinit at low tide; Albert ManufactuiinR Companv, 
 
 HiUsborongh. N.B \[ ^ 
 
 XXVII. Workmen with toole in Gray quarry. Hillsborough. N.B.. .. 96 
 XXVIII. Cape Mev.e. Grindstone island; showing a characteristic rounded 
 
 topped hill of the Magdalen islands jgo 
 
 XXIX. Nipper or Jaw Crusher, for coarse reduction 104 
 
 XXX. Cracker, for fine reduction j04 
 
 XXXI. Claesifier ^^ 
 
 " XXXII. Vertical burr mill _ "" "' ,jj 
 
 XXXIII. Ehrsman's 1 flue calcining kettle; standard setting log 
 
 XXXIV. Enterpriee noiseless mixer jgg 
 
 XXXV. Albert Manufacturing Company's miU. HilUborough, N.B.. .. Itt 
 
 XXXVI. Howlite associated with gypsum, from Windsor, N.8 lU 
 
8 
 
 Drairingt. 
 
 Fig. I. Typical forms of gypsum crystals 85 
 
 2. Section through Great Northern Mining Comrany's gypsmi! deposit, 
 
 Chpticamp, N.S 45 
 
 3. Section of borehole in the Cheverie gypsiferous area 75 
 
 4. Side elevation of Cummer conHiiuous calcining plant 109 
 
 " 5. End section " " " " . . 109 
 
 " «P1«» • ..""..'".".' ..' .'.' '.'. 109 
 
 7.1,6 ft. X 6 ft. kettle pla.ster mill HI 
 
 8. 1, 6 ft. X 6 ft. " " ■■ ■■. HI 
 
 9. 2, 8 ft. X 8 ft. " " jjl 
 
 " 10. 2, 8 ft. X 8 ft. " •• Ill 
 
 " 11. 2, 8 ft. X 8 ft. " •• ,12 
 
 " 12. 2, 8 ft. X 10 ft. " " !.!!"!!!. 112 
 
 " 13. 3, 8 ft. X 10 ft. " '• 1,3 
 
 " 14. 3, 8 ft. X 10 ft. " " [[ .. /, "'_ "^ 113 
 
 15. Fireproof wall and fireproof studding of gypsum 117 
 
 16. Plan and sections cf Olson laml plaster distributor 137 
 
 17 Swtions <f Olson land plaster distributor ]3g 
 
 18. General layout of gypsum mill. Great -Voithcrn Mining Company, 
 
 Limited ,,a 
 
 19. Elevation showing layout of plaster mill, Great Northern Mining Com- 
 
 pany, Limited 1,2 
 
 No. 64. Index map of part of the Province of Xova Scotia, showing distributiim of 
 occurrences of gypsum. 
 
 65. Index map of part of the Province of New Brnn-wiok, showing disl lontion 
 
 of occurrences of gypsum. 
 
 66. Mae of the Majfdalen islands, showing gypsum deposits. 
 
DIBECTOB'S PREFACE. 
 
 The text of the following report on the gypsum deposits of the Miiritime 
 Provinces of Canada — including the Magdalen islands — is published in the form 
 originally submitted by the author. The original report was accompanied liy 
 o index maps and 56 detailed sheets. On the latter, an attempt has been 
 made to delineate the boundaries of the gypsiferous areas, and to give other in- 
 formation relating to the various districts. The areas included on these detailed 
 sheets ar«- indicated on the index maps Nos. 64, 65, and 66 — each area having a 
 reference number assigned to it It is not possible to publish the detailed shoets 
 with the report, owing to the expense involved. Of the seventy photographs sub- 
 mitted, it has been possible to reproduce only those which illustrate some special 
 features in connexion with the deposits. Persons who are siiecially interested in 
 particular areas, can consult the original sheets in the office of the Mines BraiK-h 
 of the Department of Mines; or can obtain tracings of any of the maps, at co;t. 
 When copies are required, the map will have to be redrawn before blue print- or 
 other photographic reprints can be made. 
 
 The series of maps descriptive of the geology and topography of the Maritime 
 Provinces issued by the Geological Survey Branch of the Department of Miia-, 
 give more topographic details than are shown on Mr. Jennison's detailed sheets; 
 but on none of them are shown the approximate boundaries of the areas underlain 
 by gypsum. The boundaries of these maps and their serial numbers are, there- 
 fore, shown in blue on the index maps. Copies of the geological and topograph- 
 ical maps published by the Geological Survey can be obtained by applying to tlio 
 Director of the Geological Survey, Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa. 
 
GYPSUM DEPOSITS 
 
 or THE 
 
 MARITIME PROVINCES 
 
 Wmiun F. JenniMB, K.E. 
 
 INTEODUCTOEY. 
 
 The study of the gypsum deposits of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick hat 
 never been made the subject of an exhaustive inquiry. A number of individual 
 • papers have been written on the subject by those who studied them incidentally 
 while engaged in broader fielda of geology. 
 
 The practically unlimited quantity of this mineral occurring in these Pro- 
 vinces has dimensions which at once arrest the attention of the geologist or 
 traveller; such a variety of forms and colours, often in cliffs from 50 to 160 feet 
 high, affords unusual opporluniti^ to investigate the theoretical and economic 
 problems which present themselves to all interested. 
 
 For over 100 years gypsum has been mined in Nova Scotia, yet the industry 
 in only in its infancy. It is a matter of surprise to find how little interest the 
 citisiens have taker in the development of this branch of the mining industry. 
 The fact is that this mineral is so common to many of them that they have con- 
 sidered it as of no special value, and a nuisance; yet there is nothing in the 
 mineral industry, here, that offers greater opportunities for the development of a 
 good stable business; and it is important that not only should our own people be 
 informed about our resources, their uses and their values, but that the world 
 should know that in this mineral we have great values and can supply the demand 
 to an almost limitless exte' t. 
 
 The writer has been «r«8ted in this study for years, and in July, 1908, 
 received instruction from ,ne Department of Mines at Ottawa, to complete a 
 monograph on the subject. Work began at once and continued throughout the year 
 1909. During this time eleven months were spent in the field, investigating, ex- 
 amining, and sampling the most important deposits of the two Provinces, as 
 well as the deposits of the Magdalen islands, which were later included in the 
 work. 
 
 The field is an interesting one, and although K. R. McLeod in his ' Markland 
 or Nova Scotia,' speaking of the gypsum deposits of Nova Scotia, says: 'Its 
 appearance is so well known and it is so widely scattered through the northern 
 
 U 
 
19 
 
 and eastern part of the Province that a catalogue of its expoeurea would be an 
 endleaa taak and eerve no useful purpose'; an attempt will be made to catalogue 
 these depoeiU, and it is hoped it will serve some useful purpose. 
 
 Some profound and interesting questions will be touched upon, but the time 
 alloted for the work, to cover such a large gypgiferous area as it was necessary to 
 do to get the desired information for economic purposes, and the importance of 
 ht /ing this publication before the public at an early date, would not admit inves- 
 tigating in detail many of the interesting problems presenting themselves. 
 
 The economic importance rather than the theoretical has been the principal 
 object of the writer, and will be dealt with as far as possible in the following 
 pages. 
 
 The importance of these gypsum deposits, which have in the greater part 
 been lying dormant for so many years, and which present every variety of colour 
 and composition, can hardly be overestimated. With the increasing demand 
 everywhere for gypsum, and the various products manufactured from it. and with 
 the largest known acce- ible deposits of great purity, it requires no very vivid 
 imagination to see in them, in the future, one of the greatest natural resources 
 that the country can possess. 
 
 In the United States the production of gypsum has increased from 486,236 
 tons in 1899 to 1,721,829 tons in 1908, over 260 per cent In Canada, during 
 the same period, the increase in this product has only been 169 per cent 
 
 Comparatively little manufacturing has been done in the Provinces, and for 
 the encouragement of this, maps showing the location of all the deposits of com- 
 mercial importance, and their proximity to the coal fields, together with plans 
 and specifications of modern plaster mills, will accompany this report. It [e 
 hoped that full advantage will be taken of them, and that the economic imi.or- 
 tance of the deposits will be demonstrated. 
 
 Again, as far as known, not a farmer in the Provinces has systemiitically 
 tried, to any extent, the application of gypsum as a fertilizer. Considerable atten- 
 tion has been given to this question, and it is hoped that in the near future the 
 agriculturist will find it greatly to his advantage to use ground gjpsura as a 
 fertilizer, which, without doubt, if used intelligently, on a great portion of the 
 farm lands will give excellent results. 
 
 The writer is indebted to many persons for kind assistance rendered in (irep- 
 aration of this monograph. 
 
 The officials of the different gypsum companies in the Provinces, and several 
 of the manufacturers and mine operators of the United States, freely gave assist- 
 ance in collecting data. 
 
 Different departments of the geological survey of the United States kindly 
 furnished information and statistics of the gypsum industry. The University 
 Geological Survey of Kansas. Vol. 5, ' Special Report on Gypsum and G.vpsum 
 Cement Plaster '; and The Geological Survey of Michigan, Part 2 of Vol. 9, ' The 
 Gypsum of Michigan and the Plaster Industry,' supplied much information. 
 
18 
 
 Various manufacturers of srypsum machinery have assisted with liruw iius 
 and cuts. Mr. Gilib Maitland, Government Geologist, kindly furnished informa- 
 tion from Western Australia. Mr. E. F. Pittman, Under Secretary, gave infor- 
 mation from New South Wales, and many others from Great Britain and Kuroiw. 
 
 The writer appreciates very much these favours, and wishes to express grati- 
 tude to the donors, an<l the many others that cannot be mentioned. 
 
CHAPTBK I. 
 
 History and Sirtribatin. 
 
 Gypsum hu been known and uied in various ways from »ery remote age*. 
 The deriration of the word ii not known. Nearly all Graek deriration. 
 ■•em to apply to the manufactured artidea, aa, y,'= earth and «^sto- 
 cook, or from two Greek ,rda, a=i without, and JUM./J«=»handleB, referrinc to a 
 perfume box without handles, made from this mineral. 
 
 This derivation is said to be inconsistent with the rule* of formation of th» 
 Greek language. A similar derivation, but said to be more consistent with the 
 Greek rules, gives an origin based on physical character, from c»=not, and 
 XaiAfiayu = io take, so named because it is smooth and slippery and difficult to- 
 handle. Both derivations seem somewhat af mrd. and it is not likely had anything 
 to do with coining the word. A more p. le source is that of a writer wha 
 gives an Arabic origin, from al bailratron, meaning a white sto^.^ and leeme to 
 connect it with the town Alabastron in Egypt, where, in ..arly times, gypsum was 
 found m the mountains near by. and manufactured into ornaments. B\aficrurrs, 
 -haj reference to a stom out of which ornamental boxes were made, called 
 alabastra or alabaster stone. 
 
 8ehnUe*=(mooniU>m) of Diosooridee.' which he says was called aphrotele- 
 non- (moon-froth) because it was found at night while the moon was on the 
 mcrease, was probably crystaUized gypsum, the modem selenite. It is sometimes 
 calW moonstone, from ,tcA,;v, = moon, and probably refers to the peculiar moon- 
 like white reflections. 
 
 About the earliest illustration we have of gyp-.um in any form is the exterior 
 covering of the pyramid of Cheops which was made from a material ahnost 
 Identical with that of our best cement plaster. This pyramid was built by King 
 Cheops, who reigned, according to Lepsius, in 3095-3032 B.C. 
 
 The analysis of this material made by Dr. Wallace, and giveu in the Amer- 
 ican Encyclopedia, is as follows : — 
 
 Hydrated calcium iulphate. ^" **"'■ 
 
 Carbonate of lime ...._ 8289 
 
 Carbonate of maimesia ^'^ 
 
 Silica V?..." 0-79 
 
 Alumina. <'30 
 
 Oxide of iron 300 
 
 21 
 
 100 99 
 
 The writings of Theoprastus. about 33 B.C.. show that the Greek were 
 familiar with its uses, in the calcined condition. The first plaster cast is sup- 
 posed to have been made by Lysistratns, a brother of Lysippus. the sculptor of 
 
 ' Dana Min., p. 640. 
 
 IS 
 
10 
 
 Sicyon, a city in the east of Archia, (Jrocce. It it aUu recorded that Rhatcait. 
 and Theodrit of Samoa, niado plaxter casts after tlie same method as Lyaiatratuw. 
 Pliny in hit works on Natural History, published about the year 77 A.U., tells 
 us that transparent gypsum, calleti /"J"* tpeculans (specular stone), probably a 
 compact selenito gypsum, was -^d to glaze conservatoriea for prescrring fruit 
 tree* in winter, and in the construction of beehivex to render them transparent ; 
 thus enabling the curious to watch the bees at work. 
 
 The walls of the ttnnplo Fortuiia Seia were supposed to \ie constructe<l of 
 gypsum, probably of alabaster, and' ' Uie interior though without windows wa* 
 rendered sufficiently light by the rays transmitted through its semi-pellucid wnlls." 
 
 The Encyclopedia Pcrthensis, written in 1816 (lea* than one hundred years 
 ago), states that, ' there is a church in Florence still illuminated, instead of by 
 panes of glass, by sheets of alabaster near fifteen feet high, each of which forms 
 a simple window through which light is conveyed.' 
 
 In Arabia, what ia suppoaed to be an old monaatery building of Anoffa Emii, 
 is constnicted of gypsum', ' and, when the aun shines on it, the walla give auch 
 a lustre that they dazzle the eyes, but the softness of the stone and the redneaa of 
 the morttir have conspired to make a very ruinous pile at present, though of no 
 great antiquity; the stone having split nnd mouldered away in the wall, and the 
 foundation has failed in many placvs.' 
 
 In the vicinity of Volterro and liPghom there is a good quality of alabaster, 
 from which vases f iid her ornaments --jre manufactured. In the early cen- 
 turies lamps were pla<-ed in th" vases and diffused a soft light over the room. 
 
 IIT8T0BV OF OPERATIONS IS NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 In Nova Scotia the gypsum deposits have been known since the early settle- 
 ment of the Province, but there seems to be no authentic history of operation 
 previous to 1779, and from this date to 1833 there are no records available show- 
 ing the extent of the business done. The operators, principally farmers, quarried 
 out the r.ick and hauled it to the point of shipment, . .he winter season on 
 sleds, in summer with carts or wagons. Here they would either sell it to local 
 traders, or charter a small vessel and ship it to the United States, the principal 
 market being Lubec, Maine (known ot that time as the Lines, meaning the 
 boundary between Canada and the United States.) Where the vessel was char- 
 tered, usually the captain was the shipper's broker, and he, on arrival at ttiT mil's, 
 would soil the cargo nt ttio best price obtainable, and generally bring back tlie 
 greater part of the car^o value in flour, oil, and other necessaries. 
 
 Following this period, the operations wore placed oi; a better busines' bas:>. 
 Men of good business ability gave special attention to producing and exporting 
 this mineral ; they made their cotitracts ahead of their work, with miliowners all 
 along the Atlantic seaboard of the United States, and did a prosperous business 
 
 » Roe's Cyclopedia of Arts, Science and Literature, I8t». 
 " Ree's Cyclopedia of Arts, Science and Literature, 1814. 
 
IT 
 
 Some attempu were iimik- to manufucluro tlic crude rock, but they were un- 
 •uccewful. The homo coiuuuiptioii wm very limited; the ouly market wm the 
 United State*, and a« won a. the tra<le in the manufactured article a««umcd any 
 importance. thi« market wa* .I.**,! by a prohibitive duty put on by the Tnited 
 Sutes (Jovemment. and the Nuva Scotia mills cH-aHcl o|»rution.. With the cx- 
 <*pt.on of a gmall mill at Windsor. N.H.. which fur «o,ne year* ban been making 
 *elen.te cement, for home con^un.ption. manufacturing ha- kn-n of little impor- 
 tance. During the yearn from IWIl to IH.iT twenty-Hvo port, in Nova Scotia 
 were shippmg gypsum. pro,luce,l from twelve counties. In IWW. «„ port* in 
 Xova Scotia exiwrtcd gy|«um. from three counties. To-day oi^rations arc all 
 carried on by American capital, and with the ex<-cption of one or two small cm- 
 wrna the quarries operated are owni^ by American millownem. The local .hip- 
 ping interest, which a few years ago ,lid practically ail the transportation of 
 this product, to-day is pract-ully nil. This work is being done with barges or 
 foreign steamers, and although the volume of business ia double that of 20 years 
 ago, about 00 per cent of it is in the han.ls of one company, who are uot content 
 with a supply for their own manufacturing business, but dictate to other mills 
 where Uiey shall purchase their supply of crude rock. 
 
 The writer is informed that this has had the result of closing severol mills 
 in the Xew Knglaiul States, and. therefore. niilitut.-s against the smaller mills 
 purchasing their supply of crude material direct from the small quarry operator 
 not because they are getting a better or cheaper rock, but because they fear the 
 competition of the larger operators, with the finished article. 
 
 The metho<Is of quarrying and loading have improved somewhat, but not in 
 proportion to other mining industries in the Province. One now sees the hand 
 machine auger, in.stead of the old po.1 auger, the fuse instead of the old time 
 squib. the locomotive for long hauls instead of the horse. The year 1909 saw the 
 first stean^ shovel moving the clay from the top of the quarry; previously the clay 
 covering in this quarry, having a thickness from 20 to 30 feet, was brought down 
 With the gy im and removed with horses and carts. 
 
 The tardiness in this respect is in part due to the fact that the labour used 
 in the quarries is. to a great extent, made up of the sons and gran.lsons of those 
 who wc.ked in the quarries before them. They are not a roving class like many 
 miners. They know their work, as they learned it from their forefathers, a.i<l it 
 IS difficult to get them out of their old ruts; this, however, must be said in favour 
 of these hardy sons of the <iuarry; no man need dictate to them where or how to 
 put a shot in to get the best results, nor can any wield a breaking pick with more 
 skill and experience than they, and the ease with which they handle the broken 
 rock 19 little less than marvellous. 
 
 The gypsum trade in the past has fluctuated with the conditions of times in 
 the United States, but as will be seen by the statistics in Chapter X. the quantity 
 -exported has gradually increa.sed from 52,460 tons in 1883. to 299,045 tons in 1909 
 but the value per ton has not as good a showing. The average price from 1833 
 to 1877, in Nova Scotia, was 75 cents per ton. In 1908 fifty thousand tons sold 
 for that price, while about 5,000 tons sold for $1.25 per ton 
 289—2 
 
 
18 
 
 Some exceptional prices have been paid for Nova Scotia gypsum, which may, 
 as a matter of history, be worthy of note. 
 
 ' A' few months after the close of the war of 1812, between England and the 
 United States, John DeWolf, of Windsor, N.S., contracted for 3,000 tons of gyp- 
 sum, at lO-.'SO per ton, delivered at Kastport, Maine. Twenty dollars was freely 
 paid at New York, Philadelphia, and southern parts, and it sold readily for from 
 $3.50 to $6 per ton, put on board at Windsor, N.S.' 
 
 HiSTOHv OF Operations in New Bbunswick. 
 
 In New Brunswick the gypsum industry in early times (previous to 1847) 
 was much the same as that of Nova Scotia. 
 
 The principal operations were carried on about 3i miles in the rear of Hills- 
 borough, Albert county, and the shipping point was on the west side of the 
 Petitcodiac river, about 4 miles from its mouth. 
 
 About the year 1847, Messrs. Fowler Brothers, who operated mills at Lubec, 
 acquired rights at Hillsborough, and constructed a plank road from the quarry 
 known as the Fowler quarry to the shii)ping point. By so doing they were able 
 to operate their quarry, and haul the rock in the summer season on wagons. But 
 it was not until 1854, when Mr. Calvin Tomkins entered the field, that the in- 
 dustry was put on a solid basis. Dr. L. W. Bailey' gives the following history 
 of this Company: — 
 
 ' The superior quality of plaster of Paris made from Hillsborough gypsum, 
 had by this time become well known to other manufacturers of plaster and 
 building materials iu the United States, and, about 1854, Mr. Calvin Tomkins, 
 a manufacturer of cement and lime, who carried on an extensive business on tho 
 Hudson river, cainc to Hillsborough and acquired the properties then owned by 
 the Fowler Brotliers, and other gypsum properties adjoining, which included 
 r.early all tho available and valuable portions of this deposit. At this time the 
 duty upon manufactured plaster entering the United States was very low, and a 
 large market was open for the product of a mill on the Canadian side of the line. 
 These favourable conditions led to the formation, by Mr. Tomkins, of a company 
 under Provincial Act of Incorporation, under the name of the Albert Manufac- 
 turing Company, for the purpose of carrying on the business of quarrying and 
 mining gypsum, and erecting mills for the purpose of manufacturing it, carry- 
 ing on tho business of grinding grain, i ing lumber, constructing railways and 
 operating the same, and all other work >.! connexion with the operation of the 
 quarries and shipment of the product. Sul)sequently a large milling establish- 
 ricnt was erected, railways were built to two or three points in the gypsum belt, 
 and extended to the river, where wharf and timber beds for the accommodation 
 of vessels were also constructed. A plaster mill was also built by Mr. Tomkins 
 at Newark, New Jersey, and the business of making plaster of Paris in Hills- 
 borough, as well as that of shipping the crude rock to Newark, prosecuted with 
 
 ' r)r. How's notps to hia MinernloRy of Nova Scotia. 
 
 Tho Mineral l{«9uurces of the Province of New Brunswick, p. 88. 
 
19 
 
 energy. Later, the withdrawal of tlie reciprocal trade relation between tlie Pro- 
 vnces a..d the United States occurred, and the favourable conditions under which 
 a large trade m the manufacture,! article was promised were sc-riously interfered 
 w.th, and only a very limited business was obtainable; and had it not been for 
 the very superior quality of the plaster made from Hillsborough rock, profitable 
 business with the United States would not have been possible' 
 
 DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Gypsum is found distributed in many of the countries of the world The 
 producing countries are given here in order of their importance: France United 
 States Canada, Croat Britain, Algeria. Germany, India, Cypress, Italy, Switzer- 
 land, Sweden, Australia, Tasmania, and Xewfoundland. 
 
 The following brief description of the occurrence will serve to show how 
 widely this mineral is distributed, both geographically and geologically. 
 
 /VaNce._The principal gypsum deposits in France are found at Mont- 
 martre, Pantin, Belleville, Sannois, and Enghien-les-Bains. They occur in beds 
 in the Tertiary deposiU of the Paris basin, and vary in thi.-kness from a few 
 feet to 160 feet. They are operatixl both as open-cut quarries, and by sinking 
 shafts, or driving galleries into the hillside. 
 
 This country has given to the world the name plaster of Paris, which was 
 ongnially a French product, now common to the whole world. The rock manu- 
 factured ,8 very high in carbonate of lime, often carrying from 10 to 12 per cent 
 but It IS not considered detrimental to its composition, many claiming that the 
 ingh grade of French plaster is due to the presence of this mineral. 
 
 United Slales.-Gyp^um deposits are found in almost every state and terri- 
 tory of the Union. In New York State tl.ey are found in regular be,ls in the 
 Sa^.na or higher formation of the upper Silurian. The greatest thickness is 
 «00 feet, occurring at Fayetteville. and consists of eight layers, from 18" to 30 
 feet thick. The argest quarries are at Union Springs. Other deposits in this 
 State occur at Caledonia and Onkficld. 
 
 In Ohio, the occurrences of gypsum are somewhat similar to those of New 
 ^ork. They are found in the up,H>r Silurian or lower Ilelderberg of Ortoii 
 0,K.rat,ons are carried on only at one point, near Oypsum Station, Ottawa 
 county. The beds are from 5 to 7 feet thick, and are mined bv driving 
 galleries into the hillsiuo about 400 feet. 
 
 In Pennsylvania, the gypsum occurs in the lower Iloldcrberg series, but 
 nothing of economic importance is shown. 
 
 In Iowa, the .leposits are found in the Permian an.l overlie the Coal Measure. 
 In thickness the beds vary from 10 to 30 feet, and are ma.le up of regularly 
 stratified layers of gypsum separated by thin layers of clay. 
 
 In Kansas, the deposits are found in the same geologicnl formation as those 
 of Iowa, and arc mined by sinking vertical shafts about SO feet deep to reach the 
 stratum, which has an average thickness of nl.nut 1.5 feet 
 280— 2i 
 
90 
 
 In Arkansas, the gypsum is found in Pike county, in what is known as th 
 Tnnity formation. It occurs associated with marls, in great variety of teztur 
 and degree of purity. 
 
 1.1 Oklahoma, extensive deposits of gypsum occur in the Permian, and forn 
 a part of the largest deposits in the United States; extending, according to Cha. 
 ^. Gould, from Southern Nebraska across Kansas and Oklahoma into Texas 
 having a length approximately of 600 miles. 
 
 The following section given by Gould," will illustrate the character anc 
 thickness of the deposit: — 
 
 No. 
 
 7. 
 6. 
 5. 
 4. 
 3. 
 2. 
 1. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. Feet. 
 
 M*«ive white jrypnum, theShimer ,. " 
 
 anft dolumito aandatone ? 
 
 Red K.V|><iferouii clay .' _» 
 
 MawivH white gyiMum. the Medicine Lodge!;.' Xi 
 
 Red (f.v|»iferou« cUy with preen bands of selenite. .'.'.'. is 
 
 hIh „„L^"" "^ fyp«uni im^larly stratified, the FerguKin ! ! ! ! .' ' .' ! ' "' 4 
 
 Red Kypsiferous clay with thin green and white iielenite bands , = ' ■ ' 
 
 Total. 
 
 ! and layers. . 86 
 
 178 
 
 The 
 
 In Texas, besides the Oklahoma beds, d.^osits occur on the Canadian river, 
 associated with clays; they vary in thickness up to 25 feet. 
 
 In Michigan, the gyp.' deposits are found iu the lower Carboniferous 
 measures. The principal d...^its occurring in this State are the Grand Rapids 
 deposit, on the western border of the Lower peninsula, having an area of 10 
 square miles, and the deposit at Alabaster on the eastern border of Saginaw bay 
 with an area of about 600 square miles. The first consists of two beds known as 
 the upper and lower beds. The upper is from 6 to 8 feet, and the lower 12 feet 
 thick. They are «,parated by a thin seam, about 1 foot in thicknass, of soft 
 Shale, and have a capping of the same material from 12 to 15 feet thick, 
 whole rests on a hard blue limestone. 
 
 Alabaster has the largest gypsum quarry in the State. It has a workimr 
 face more than quarter of a mile lo.^;, with an average height of 23 feet It 
 carries an overburden from 10 to 12 feet deep of stiif bo-lder clay, which is .e- 
 moved by steam shovel and tram cars. 
 
 In Virginia, tlie deposits arc found in the southwestern part of the State, 
 and J'ke M •h,ga„, ^.,,, ;„ j,,^ ,„^^.^.^ Carboniferous series. The stratum is 
 30 feet thick an.l dips at an angle of 50 degrees. It is worked to a depth, on the 
 slope, ot 2o0 feet. 
 
 In Colorado, the gypsum oc-curs in the Jura-Trias formation. The most 
 important deposit shows a face 250 feet long, and 28 feet high at the centre 
 sloping to 7 feet at tlie edge. ^' 
 
 In Wyoming, there are a number of gypsum deposits of importance. Thev 
 vary m composition from the pure white compact variety to gypsum earth or 
 gypsite. Geologically they occur in the Red l,e(U of the Triassic formation. 
 
 • Mineral Resources of Oklahoma. Bulletin No. 1, p. 
 
81 
 
 and 
 
 In California, there are a number of places where gypsum deposits are found 
 in the Tertiary clays, particularly along the coast ranges, in the foothills of the 
 great valley, and in the valleys of Southern California. There are, however, 
 few deposits of economic importance. 
 
 In northwestern Nevada, the best known deposits are found in the Humboldt 
 and Virginia Mountain ranges, and probably occur in the Triassic formation. 
 Some deposits in the southern part of the State are supjwsed to be of the lower 
 Carboniferous age. 
 
 In Montana, the gypsum deposits are widely distributed and those of econ- 
 omic importance occur in the lower (Carboniferous series. The deposits so far 
 developed are found in Carbon and Cascade counties. The veins vary from a 
 few inches to over G feet in thickness, and the gypsum is often pure and free 
 from foreign niatcrial. 
 
 viypsum <!.>posits of importance are also reported in Oregon, Utah, Xew 
 .Mexi?,'). pud the Black Hills of Soutii Dakota. 
 
 Canada. — (iypsum deposits of economic importance are found in most of 
 the prov" ces and territories of the Dominion of Canada. Those having the 
 greatest area, and most accessible, are found in the eastern provinces, where they 
 occur in the lower Carboniferous formation, and are practically inexhaustible 
 (for particular description see Cha|)tor IV.) 
 
 In British Columbia largo deposits of gypsum occur, associated with grey 
 schists and wliite crystalline limestone. They are found north of the middle 
 crossing of the Salmon river, and iiave a thickness of over 1(X> feet. They are 
 also found in the vicinity of Spence's Bridge. 
 
 In Alberta, on the Slave river. tO miles above Smiths landing, there is an 
 outcrop of limestone, associated with some gypsum and mineral tar. It is also 
 found one mile south of the forks of Salt river. The exposure is 20 feet thick 
 interbedded, and has underlying it thin layers of red clay. 
 
 In Manitoba, at St. Martin lake, 10 miles west of tlie outlet of Little Sas- 
 katehew.ir, iver, gypsum deposits are found of considerable importance. The 
 exposures are workeil as open quarries, and the product hauled in the winter 
 season to the shores of Lake Manitoba by team ; after manufacturing it is shippt^d 
 by steamer to Westbourne railway station. The rock is exposed on a number of 
 outcrops, the highe^^t bei. g 60 feet above St. Martin lake. Some anhydrite ia 
 seen, and large (|\iantities of selenito. Ceulogically its position is either that 
 of the lower Devonian or upper Silurian, probably the Salina formation. 
 
 In Ontario, a small amount of gypsum is mined yearly, it occurs on the 
 Orund river, in the vicinity of Paris, in Brant county. The gypsum formation 
 extends from the Niagara river to Saugeen, a distance of l.W miles. Its occur- 
 rence is in veins from 2 to 7 feet thick and separated into several layers. 
 
 In Quebec, the principal deposits occur in the lower Carboniferous measures 
 of the Magdalen islands, and will he described in detail in a later chapter. 
 
 (Ircat linlaiii.—h\ Kngland gypsum deposits of economic importance are 
 found in the following counties: Cumberland, Westraorlaml, Derby, Netting- 
 
22 
 
 ham, StaflFord, and Sussex. They occur a» !r«.^,.i 
 
 extent, the greatest thickness bei^Ts Teet ' """* "' "*" ^^'^ «■•' 
 
 have a LTi^oZou^I^ llT^''"^ -'" '^""""'""' ""' ^^^*'"»''-"'» ^'^ 
 The rock occur; as a p!: ^^1 *"'1 '" '"r ^'^^ "''•^"^ "'^ ^''^ •^"'- 
 coloured h. the oxide o/r^X^ir '"""'''' ^''' ''-^ ''-' 
 
 whitf::z^;i/rLf r ^jtiirir^r-^ "^'^ - --^^ 
 
 The deposits are of the Permian period ^' '""'""' "^ "'''^'^"' 
 
 tricts'::^^;;:,^!^!:^^ ™- ;;^:'"> ^^ ^•■i'^' --tities <„ .an^ of the di 
 but in the ot.r ittrr :;:3 :' "^ :.r"'"^ '- ^'-^ «"--» ^--t-, 
 
 the c.a.s. he.on.in, to Ihl Stia: rj;""""'^ "''''' ''^' "^ ^^^^'^^^ ^^it 
 
 port::^^::::^'^';^ :':r r r " > ""-^ -^ "^"^- •«- -^ ^- 
 
 .«.ufactured on thrS..: I^UttlCt^^r" ""^ "^ '^^ ' 
 th.e deports dates h.-k to re.o.e a.es and the. are iL L^h" M^; ^ 
 
 be a deposition frl Ja waJ: ^^ '"^'^ "" '^^'^"^'^'^ "^^«' ^""^ ^^ -"''-'I ^o 
 
 t.aii:t:;r:::^.:::.r:s "^^-r' ^-^-^'^^ °^ "-*«- ^- 
 
 deposits of that country" '"^ "'formation, regarding the gypsum 
 
 head. near BoIgarrT ^1^;^:: T ^ rr^—J-^^ - at Cli.y 
 
 visited by any member of the geological stIS 111' ^ -f" ""'"' ''^' ''^" 
 is somewhat meagre. 8eo'°K«^al staff, so that our .nforn.ation about it 
 
 ' It appears that the dcnosif i« In 1 1,„ t e ^ 
 
 of a dry lake to a depth of set ee Th" "cI „" >" '"'fl'' ^"'"-^ *»>« ^ed 
 termined in the Survey laboratory protd t.! be:!!'"""" "' '"'' ""''""^ ^ "^ 
 
 Limp, CaO ... 
 
 Mafirnpsia, MgO. . ' 
 Sixla, N«,o. 
 I'otash. K,0....' 
 Iron oxide, Kp'o!')" 
 Aluminas Al.O, / 
 
 32 18 
 o;>» 
 87 
 13 
 
 "11 
 
 -The crystalline po«der is Tssociated with numerous shellTiTTi^Tr 7 
 
 (a living .species.) "umorous sneus of Cardium unedo 
 
23 
 
 Sal Dhuric anhydrite, SO, 41-75 
 
 Carbonic anhydrite, CO, ..."...'........ 2' -Ml 
 
 CblortDP, CI OW 
 
 »--Ma&.^W;::::::::::::::::::::::.::::::;;;;;-;;'|;;;-' if, 
 
 Combined water, H,0 l<i!)9 
 
 Hygroncupic water, H,0 !.!!!! ,M 
 
 Orpkoio matter 268 
 
 100 71 
 
 Len oiygen equivalent of 
 
 cnlurine 013 
 
 Equal to aulnhate of lime . . 
 •• carbonate of limn. 
 
 100 68 
 
 70 98 
 5 2? 
 
 ' Deposits of gypsum have also been recorded from different portions of tlie 
 State, but not so far as is known in workable quantities. 
 
 'In the western division of the State, near Carnarvon, a deposit of gypsum 
 is known; on investigation in the Departmental Laboratory it was found to be 
 made up of: — 
 
 i^er cent. 
 
 Pure gypBum, CaSO,, 2H,0 92 <» 
 
 Pure calcite, CaCO, !.!!!.!.!!]! 38 
 
 There is very little doubt that careful search in many of the numerous dry 
 lakes, which occur all over the State, will result in the discovery of other de- 
 posits of gjTisum of value.' 
 
 Mr. Pittman, Under Secretary foi '' '' itV Wales, also informs the writer, 
 'That although numerous Sjiecimens oi ^„. . have been found, in varying 
 localities, nothing is known of the existence of . workable deposit within reach 
 of rail. Large deposits are known to exist in the western part of New South 
 Wales, but at great distance from carriage.' 
 
 The Mines Report of Victoria shows a production of gypsum for 1908 of 
 1,730 tons, valued at £1,085. 
 
 Newfoundland. — The gypsum deposits of this island occur on the west coast. 
 Geologically they are in the same position and resemble those of Nova Scotia. 
 They occur in extensive be<ls, with prominent exposures on Romaine brook, at 
 Piccadilly, south side of Port-au-Port bay, and at different points on the south 
 side of St George bay. The rock is white, and in texture, both compact and 
 granular; very little anhydrite is seen. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 Origin of G^inm. 
 
 Numerous theories have been advanoe,! »„ »,„i • .l . 
 different theories may. and no douC , , "^ ° '^^ °"*'° "' ^«»'". «nd 
 
 Possib!. tl.at we may ha "e two or t l""' '" ''''^""* ^''^''''- ^' - 1-te 
 proximity to each other Bu bedf T "" '^«'-°-*«^d -n in close 
 of the Nova Scotia and New Bru swiek T' 7 ^^ ~"' '"' ^^^^ ^•'-«*"- 
 resume of the different theolief advaneti '"'^ '' ""^ '^ "^" *° ^'^ " ^-^ 
 
 //««<V CAe«,caZ Theory of Gypsum Formation 
 
 our gypsum deposits. ^ ''^ "P^''^** *° '•>« ST'eater part of 
 
 To quote his own words,' the theory i. ^ foUo^s:- 
 
 rise to a solution of bicarbonntT f "^ carbonate, and then gives 
 
 hydrous magnesian carCt^ """"""' ^■'•^''' ''^ ^-''°-''-. deposits 
 
 -ph:ii?Lr;:r" -rr ^;:r:Lt;r ^7*^ °^ -«• - 
 
 sulphate of lime, which latter mav \JZ T I ^ *'^'''' *''«^*''«' ^^^'h 
 tion of a solution contailgTfcalnirof ^''''^°'°' By the evapora- 
 
 either with or without sea s^lt Z^^ aI T"^""'" ^'^ ^"^P'"'*« "^ I'-e. 
 successively deposited.' ^'' "^ '"^ ''^^'""^ ^'«'^°"''*« "^ magnesia are 
 
 ^ure.^ie ;"s:e:::t;r:::!:nrirr^^^ ^r -'-• -'- - 
 
 salt is formed, which is dolomite" ' "^ ^""" ''° P'^^'^*' '^""ble 
 
 tions of ,,, jxr:; ::rb:^r:;,t -^ ^^~^""' -- -'- 
 -n^ if m:::;s: 3:t ^l^rr" ""'^ ^^-^ '"'^ -^^^^ ^^ -^- 
 
 bonate of magnesia. These solut^o^ hn K ''^'"""'•'•''^n of solutions of bicar- 
 
 bicarbonate of lime upon slttn T T- " "''^'"''^ '''^'' ^^ '^'^ ^•'"•on °f 
 
 i« « subsidiary pr dTc o W hi d ^'^ '"""'''"'"'' ■" ''''''''' ""^ ^^P-™ 
 
 .-hlorido of mog:esium by he LI , tTZlT"'' '' "'""'""^ °' ^"''"^'*^ ^ 
 of soda.' ' "^ '"*'''* ""^ '''P"»Ks containing bicarbonate 
 
 Quarterly JournaTo^^i^gi^iT^^^^^^^j-iT-^^ 
 •Michigan Geological Survey Keport, Vol. IX. p'^'ii 
 
 24 
 
PlATK II. 
 
 I 
 
 BouldiT from Sanderson's quarry, Beaver Brook, X.S., sliowing conversion 
 of anhydrite to gypeum. 
 
 2i9-p. 24. 
 
Depotition by Thermal Springt. 
 
 Gypsum is deposited by some themml springs. The sulphurous acid become* 
 oxidized to sulphuric and converts the carbonates, especially lime and n-.agnesia. 
 into sulphates. Examples of this method of deposition may be found in Iceland, 
 where gypsum is fonuwl by the decomposition of volcanic tufa by acids dissolved 
 in water. 
 
 Oyptum Deposited through the Aetioti of Pyrites upon Carbonate of Lime. 
 
 Pyrites or sulphide of iron decomposing and coming in contact with the car- 
 bonate of lime will change it into a sulphate of lime or gypsum. This action 
 may be seen going on in the Dominion Coal Company's mines at Olace Bay, 
 N.S., where small and almost perfect crystals are often secured. The associated 
 shales, and often the coal itself, in the Nova Scotia mines, are heavily charged 
 ith the sulphide of iron, which carried in solution acts on the limestone, thus 
 producing gypsum. 
 
 Qypsum Deposits in, Rivers. 
 
 Lyell, in his principles of geology (p. 247), cites the La Fiume Salso river, 
 in Sicily, as an example of this method of depositing gypsum. 
 
 In many instances, where rivers carry a high percentage of sulphate of lime, 
 they will deposit it at their mouths, or in basins where the current slackens. 
 
 Oypsum Formed from Anhydrite. 
 
 Anhydrite (CaSO.) on taking up two molecules of water forms gypsum 
 (CaSO, 2H,0). ' ' Extensive beds are sometimes thus altered, in part or through- 
 out, as at Bex, in Switzerland, where by digging down 60 to 100 feet, the unal- 
 tered anhydrite may be found. Sometimes specimens of anhydrite are altered 
 between the folia, or over the exterior, also altered to quartz and siderite.' 
 
 This action is well illustrated in Plate II, which is a photograph of a boulder 
 taken from Sanderson's quarry at Beaver Brook, N.S. The interior of this 
 boulder is anhydrite, while the surface, showing partings and having a thickness 
 of about 1", is gj-psum carrying 20-79 per cent water. 
 
 It is also well exemplified, on a larger scale, in the cliffs near Port Bevis, on 
 the Bras d'Or lakes. Here perpendicular walls of anhydrite occur, having a 
 height of from 30 to 50 feet, and over a mile in length, with a top covering from 
 a few inches to a few feet of gypsum. This, without doubt, would have had a 
 very much greater showing of gypsum but for the influence of atmospheric 
 agents to which it has been exposed, and which caused disintegration almost aa 
 rapidly as it was formed, leaving in sight only that part which has no econ- 
 omic value, but is of mach scientific interest. 
 
 In thr "ove quarry, at Cheverie, N.S., a bed of anhydrite is shown having 
 a covering of 12 feet of good solid, compact gypsum, which is protected from 
 
 ' Dana Min.. p. 622, Ed. 1889. 
 
26 
 
 . • itner, .^.^s., act-ordiiiir to Prof W n T i,_ ■ 
 
 taing one atom of wutnr ♦„ .... / i i * *" ' roi. «. K. Johnson,' oe 
 
 I ^111 oi water to two of sulphato of Iim» ftn^an i^v 
 assumes that this .•om.H.i.,..! „. .„ i . , ' ^^^^^. 'W) and Da 
 
 '•P applied; hut .•onsidiTi,,., ,1, . i . °^ forming pryp«um mi 
 
 n,..i "r':r::,n,:r:i,"r r"""" "■• "■"°» '"""^-in„o„..y 
 
 .( .1. V , .h ;„ J, ;,;7 ""*■' .'"',"■• ""■"••« wp^-™.. 
 
 w. ..... „„,„ „:'- Ji :;:;;:■ :r-B:. t;r.::'° i ''-^ 
 
 :r;:.;,v:,:t ,'1t::: -r '--« —^ »a;i:::'::.:; 
 
 "'•tT' -; ■• "-■•'" -^^^^^^^^ ™' 
 
 -in J::;;,,':;'.,:,:: ::itz„7:: ;".f "'tf r*' • ■»« •' "■■ 
 
 known depth. ^^ ^'*' '" ""''"■' d'^aPPeared to an un- 
 
 (iyi>*um UepoHiU from Sea Waler. 
 
 Chloride of Mxlium ^*' ^n'- 
 
 Chloride of ma(rne»;uin '.'.'.'.'. 77-758 
 
 y , ■ • """BMt-'.Um 
 
 Qu phate of iiiaimtMiuni 
 «u phate of li;ne ((ryp»umj. 
 "uiphate of ijotawium 
 L;arboiiat» of 1' 
 
 10 878 
 < 737 
 3 «00 
 2 4&'> 
 345 
 217 
 
 liromideof "i»Kne8iuni. ...'.'.'.'.'.'." 
 
 \VU 11, 100 000 
 
 after 3 Te^ce^i'of thr;:r--'^ ''''' "?"' "^"^""^"^^'^ '''' ^^^^^ '-^ "«PO«=tod 
 
 salt :it::ri;tr :::; t:: :; r-- ^-"-^^ ^^ - ^--* °^ 
 
 must be evaporated before theTri; u . J"" "'"* °'" ^* ^'""^^ '""'« ^^«'^' 
 not go far e„ou; ^r f i h« n.^" he , ?'" T" *'" ™^''*'''" '""-''' 
 subsequently ren!o;od by Illlttn "" •'•^'"''^'^' '' ""^'^ »'-« '^^ 
 
 »m"T '^'°- P- *39, Ed. 1889 " 
 
 Michigan Ueol,g,eal Survey, Vol. 9, part II. p. 186. 
 
97 
 
 J 
 
 In mo«t K.vpaum deposits (particularly true of Nova Scotia and Xew Bruns- 
 wick) thp amount of Kyi»*um in »»<ti iit so larifo that it i» difficult to conceive, at 
 their point of location, an inland wa of reasonable area liuvini; nulKcient depth 
 to deiKwit a thieknens of crypNum, even equal to that found to-day, not allowing 
 anythinn for the many years erosion, or loss l>y jflocial action. But, to sur- 
 mount this piissilile fnilure of the theory, it has be<'n a.saume<l, that instead of 
 having a confined body of sea water, we had a wa, having similar conditions to 
 that found in the Mediterranean to-day. 
 
 Obscrvation.s made by t'apt. Xares, and Dr. ('ar|)enter, of H.M.S. .Slier- 
 water, 1871', of the .Mediterranj-an sea, found its basin to be fl,000 fe»>t deep, 
 separated from the oi'ean by a bar or rwf at tho Strait of Ciibraltar, 1,2»0 feet 
 high. Tho water of the Atlantic («-ean outside the reef had a specific gravity of 
 10^(i. In the western part of tl' Mediterranean sea the spe 'iric gravity is 
 1027, while in the eastern part it is Id.i. The proportion of salt in the .Xtlontic 
 ocean is .T.U per cent, and in the Meilitcrranean it is :M) |)er cent. Passing over 
 tho dividitig reef are two currents, up|>er and lower, the upper inflowing, and tho 
 lower outflowing. 
 
 Under similar conditions, w..'i the temjwrature of the Carbon ifcrous age, 
 it is pos.sil)le that sea water flowing into a basin, over a barrier, would evaporate 
 sufficiently to throw down its gypsum, and outflow before sufficient evaporation 
 had taken place to deposit the salt, and the process continue until great thiikncss 
 would be obtained. 
 
 O. P. Grimsley* assumed this theory for the deposition of tho gjpsum de- 
 posits of Michigan, and arrived at the following conclusion for the deposits in 
 what -le termed ' The Michigan Carbonifecous Sea.' Tho area of rocks in Michi- 
 gan, f 01 mod after the deposition of the Marshall and Kinderhook series, is ap- 
 proximately circular in outline, with a radius of 85 miles, giving an area of 
 22,68« square miles. As will be shown later, the sea eov ring this area in Osage 
 time was 700 feet in depth, and assuming the averf.ge to be 3i6 feet, based on 
 well records, there would have been about 1,280,000 billion gallons of water. 
 
 ' The analysis of the Atlantic Ocean water shows 93-3 grains of gypsum to 
 the gallon. If this Michigan sea had that proi)ortion it would have yielde<l nine 
 billion tons of gypsum. 
 
 ' The thickness of gypsum at Grand Kapids is 18 feet, and at Alabaster is 20 
 feet. The approximate area at Grand Kupids is 24 siiuan; miles, and at Alabas- 
 ter 10 square niile.s; and while the gypsum does not by any means keep this thick- 
 ness over these areas, and is even absent in parts of tlie area, it has i)robably 
 been removed by solution since its deposition. These conditions would give 
 1,237,704,000 tons of gypsum. 
 
 If the assumption is made that the gypsum covered all the area with a thick- 
 ness of 20 feet, then it would require 917 billion tons, or 90 times the amount of 
 water in this original sea, and one would need to look for the ridge or barrier 
 
 ' Michiffan GeoloRicftl Stirvov, Vol. 9, part II, p. 187. 
 •Michigan CJeolngjra' arvey, Vo!. 9, part II, p. 1S7. 
 
ov.r whi<.h t»u, ocean war.™ fl„w„d to supply the w.ter for tl. 
 
 ombo.,.,..., ...„:.,,. :^I.:^":; -» co...i.ute la^er. i„ t,.e strata, but 1.. 
 otlKT ..„«. the layers V;:;':""?""" """""'"*** '"" "'">"«f»' '«• -»<i 
 
 "PrinKs of.on phkIu.. sulphuric"^ ,^ ! . .^ T ''■'^"^•' '«"'"' 
 
 aMc that there are i^Z::^ ^ilJ^'-^f^'T' ' ' '^''^ '' "^ ""' "»P'< 
 
 '"-' .- .atisf..etory the ll :;■; '""' '""''^'""'"- "'"« "f"--" to .e to , 
 oareou. ...atter i,.,o suh.hUe M 'he eonver^on of submarine beds of ea 
 
 '•>■ "prints or streaL t^i 1 '"""' , ' " '"""""'''^^ "■■'' '«'"'-' ""'o '^c . 
 «ive forth water c„„t ' T '" T'" ^'-'-" volcanoes frcuentl 
 
 kind would have a J^ZZ^'^'Vl """""'^ ""'''■' ^"'" "^ th 
 
 n.«tter, the above actio,. „ouMf.U V'""' T ""'"""' *'"* ^' "^ '""''""•eo" 
 be the re.su!t. ' ""''" '''"^'' ""^^ "^^ '""""tion of gyps„„, woul, 
 
 Quite in aecor.lanee with t)ii« vw.,.. »u 
 N-v Brun.wiek a,, foua -. witt. ell; "'"'"'" ''''""''*^ "' -"^'"^ ^^'^ «"< 
 I" some eases they are so eW n^r Tr'u''"'"'"'*^ "'"*'• '""•"^' >'»-tone 
 of .lomareatio:,; one . adit "tiThT . "^ '' " ''"'''"'* *" '^'^ ""^ '"'« 
 
 the -the. '"" "'*'' d™""«l..ng or increasinK prominence in^. 
 
 H.eL::cTL:r:;t:;v^e:::: """-• --^^- --• - -. . 
 
 hi^".. It cuts it transversoiv :;d ta™ r, T" n °' "•^^""■- '" *° '' '-* 
 
 - Win ..rve to show ,h.. .om,. t^ . f l^th th" " ^ ''''' '""""'"« ''"''>^- 
 ______^^^ 1 uion ot both the h.nestone and the wall rock:— 
 
 Lime 
 
 5>rricoxi<lekn'aal>u.iina: 
 «iil|'tmnc anhydrite 
 Carboiii.. anhydrite ..'.■"" 
 Water liMs on ijmiti.m .' ' 
 Xn<KjIubIe mineral matter 
 
 'Dana's Manual of GeoIoK.T. p. 234 
 ^Aca,han GeoloRy. p. a;, f;,!. ,8fi8. 
 
 Lime«tone| Wall rock. 
 
 63 13 
 
 BO I 
 
 1 3« 
 40 9!) 
 
 1 02 
 3 69 
 
 % 
 
 33 20 
 nil 
 
 4G 28 
 nil 
 20 r,» 
 
 016 
 
 100 69 j 100 33 
 
 IIZII^I'^--'^^'^'^^^^^ in Prefore.ce to 
 
 explain thi, peculiar occurrence of 
 
M 
 
 Wa]ln«k. 
 
 % 
 33 20 
 
 nil 
 
 40 28 
 nil 
 
 20 r,9 
 16 
 
 In the (freat gytMiferous belt at CIteticamp, IiiveriieM county, N.S., a ili»- 
 tinot bolt of limeHtonc, having a thickneMs avorafcing about 100 feet, may be aecn, 
 vertical, and iteparatitiK a U-cl of snow-white niasnive gyiNtum from a IhhI of thi- 
 greyi»h-white Melenitii- variety. 
 
 Kverywhere, in the gypaiferoug field, there 'i» evidenc-e that at one time there 
 existed very exteiutive de|)oKit* of marine limestone. Thede deposits are ofu-n iu 
 eloso contact with what are now our metamorphic hills and mountain rangeft. 
 The volcanic ac'ion which created thee metumorphic hills was not extinct when 
 the marine limestone l)eds were growing, and no doubt atforded the greater supply 
 of sulphuric u'-id which coiiveru-d the limestone into tfypsum. If this supply 
 was not sufficient, or if the conversion wiis not complete iKjfore the volcanoes lic- 
 ciime extinct, it is tM)ssible that the supply may have Ixvii supplemented from 
 other sources, and the action completed. 
 
 The sulphurcted hydrogen springs, found in different localities, the iron 
 pyrites, pyrrhoffte. chalcopyrite, and arsenopyrite deposits, are all sources of 
 sulphuric acid, and, found in the older rocks in the near vicinity, are quite 
 sufficient to supply the deficiency if it were re(piired. It is, therefore, quite evi- 
 <lcnt that there was, from the many sources, an abundance of sulphur in the 
 field during the Carboniferous age. 
 
 There is also, as it appears to the writer, some evidence that has never 
 before been introduced, iu favour of the theory of gypsum being a conversion 
 from calcareous material. 
 
 In some of the largo deposits of Nova Scoti_ and New Brunswick (par- 
 ticularly the fonncr)— which occur in massive formation, with iJttle disturbance 
 —a number of pii* or blow holes are seen on the top of tile deposits, iwrfectly 
 circular in area, having a diameter from .T to t! feet, with iMTinjiidicular 
 walls, and often showing a depth of 50 to 60 feet. These occurrences must not 
 be confu.sed with the ordinary sink or kettle holes, with battered sides, so char- 
 act«ristic of gypsiferous formation, but generally occrring in low land, never 
 in the same form or shape as above. 
 
 These blow holes have, on certain occasions, been cleaned of the vegetaole 
 matter which usually accumulates in the bottom, and been used as a shaft for 
 blasting purposes. This is done by going down near the bottom, driving a small 
 level at right angles, and putting in ii large amount of explosive, and tamping 
 the charge by filling up the level and part of the shaft. This oiH>ration has been 
 successful in bringing down large heads of gypsum at a ren>arkably low cost. 
 
 It has been suggested by some that tlieso holes have been made by the action 
 of some harder rock, rotated by a torrent of water, thus wearing away the softer 
 material. But they are too numerous, often covering an area ol several acres, 
 and so closely are they arrange*! that it is often diflicult to walk between them. 
 
 They are k-st illustrated in the deposits at Walton in Hants county, N.S., 
 but occur in somewhat lesser prominence in many of the other deposits. 
 
 There is not the slightest evidence that thest' are sink or kettle holes, nor 
 does it seem i.assible lor them to be worn by the rotation of harder rocks; and 
 
30 
 
 KorinuIa-CaSO,— 
 
 1-11116(080) 
 
 Sulphur triuxicle (SO,) 
 
 H= 3u>3 6. 
 
 ANHYDRITE. 
 
 Sp. <J. = 2-8 to 3. 
 
 IVr cent, 
 
 41 2 
 
 !>S 8 
 
 .'IK ■l\\ 
 
 foxing separate beds J„. the 11" at o , "'! " ''"""^"•'' ^°""'''- 
 
 «ome grypsum deposit, wl.ich from su,/rfi^ , sometimes m the centre < 
 
 entirely free from it; but on test! o • ''"°" """'•' ""P^"'*'- *» ^ 
 
 above, or belou, and hu ofL eh T '"^ " '"""^ "■*''" *« '- '" ^-n 
 
 K.vpsum deposit' into ^ de 'X^i r.ir ^"''""^ ^^'-'^ ^ ''^ "^ -'-^' 
 
 is ..o rule that can be laid down to . 'r H ^ "" '""'"'""«-• ^alue. Ther 
 
 - --ion re..rdin. the o.ere:::;';;!;rr" "' ""^'""^' '" ^-"''"' 
 
 the operator can determin'e ^Wth le!, I.,:: rT 'T\r''''''- '' '''''^' 
 "ot ,io for testing a depth uAfom t '*'"'''' """"^ P'^^t"--. "-i" 
 
 the operator determines, to a great extent fh J. !"' ^""V '^ '•'P''''"^'^' 
 
 mochanieal pressure required to l.o t ' f ° ''"f 7^ '' ""« -«k by the 
 but when d^p holes are relred n ,V '"'"' '"^ '' ^'"'^°'" ^--ved, 
 
 vory extra judgn.ent t: J Z t' r^''"'"^ ^7"^" '-«th of ro,,s. it requires 
 pressure required to do the "" and hi" "" ''" '''^^''^ '"^''•'«""-' 
 
 woi.ht of rods, aud at the s.n.e me ^ak „'""""/T''""'^ "" '""^ '^^ 
 holes is an important factor T . ''""" ^°' ^'•'■'•''°"' '^'^^'^^ '" -"any 
 
 tions. esp.,..i„„;. „, „ *: • J^^^'^ --^^v to be .leceived under such eondi- 
 
 oithor .as,ed. or s„ mi.ed tlrZ I Z Z T^ ^^^ ""' ^^^^ ^^'^ 
 error with the core .irill „re not n.irlv « ^ opportunities for 
 
 ^•■e ^"'..o .■ . deposit can . e .C:::^ Ji;::::::: " ""'"^^-"^ --^«^' 
 «^ it^::;:t:; ;i;";:;z:::;'r^'^' '^ — "^ --''- — - 
 
 Inr mas.es embedded in tl e g Z" T' """""" "^ ""''"'^"'' """^ '-»-- 
 
 posit. an.l often as pi n es J ^'..rT'"" T '"'^ '"'"'"''*" *'"' -^P-" 'J- 
 rounded by gypsum, makes it d ffi" t 7 7 '"" "' *'"" '''"'"^''^ «"'' -- 
 
 mntion. ''"'™" '" "PP'^ «">• Particular theory to its for- 
 
81 
 
 It is a very important question with many of the deposits of Nova Sootia 
 and New Brunswick, whether gjpsum was formed from anhydrite, or anhydrite 
 from gypsum. 
 
 It has been suggested by Prof. W. O. Crosby that the wliole was first de- 
 posited as gypsum, and the burial beneatli a sufticieiit mass of suixTincumbent 
 strata, which would determine the conditions of low temperature, tiienno-meta- 
 morphism, dehydrated the gypsum and produced anhydrite. 
 
 Dr. L. W. Bailey", in his studies of gypsum, makes the following references: 
 ' In this connexion it may be observed that Van Hi !0, in his great mouoKriiph on 
 Metamorphism (page JST), says: ' The main source of anhydrite is by the alter- 
 ation of gypsum,' and again, that ' the chief alteration of anhydrite is to gypsum, 
 with an increase of volume of 60 per cent,' citing as an example the anhydrite 
 deposits of Bex, Switzerland, where the trim.sformation from anhydrite to gyp- 
 sum has taken place completely to a depth of from IH to 'M metres, the material 
 below this depth being anhydrite. 
 
 On the other iuiiid, there are those who maintain that both gypsum and 
 anhydrite may be deposited from the same solution, the production of the one or 
 the other deix'nding upon the conditions prevailing at the time, these conditions 
 including tcmix^rature, depth of water, degree of concentration, and especially 
 the presence of other salts. Thus, Adams observes, ' Anhydrite nuiy bo formwl 
 from gypsum solutions at various temperatures when these solutions contain other 
 salts in sufficient quantities. For example, it ha.s l)een found that in the presence 
 of a saturated solution of common salt this change (from gypsum to anhydrite) 
 takes place at :i()° V, which is a temperature reached on a summer day. 
 
 ' This fact satisfactorily accounts for the formation of anhydrite in nature, 
 from conoentratetl sea water or lake brines.' Van'IIoff, also, in his work on 
 (ierman salt deposits, has made it very probable that the presence of saline mat- 
 ter has a marked influence upon the form in which the lime sulphate is de- 
 posited. 
 
 Geikio, in his Text Book of Geology, page 11.'), in alluding to various pos- 
 sible methods of the formation of gypsum, says: 'It may be protluccd as a 
 chemical precipitate from solution in water, as when sea water is evaporated; 
 also through the hydration of anhydrite;' adding, 'it is in the first of these 
 ways tln\t the thick Iwls of gypsum assoiiat«l with rock salt in many geological 
 formations have been formed.' 
 
 If gypsum is formed from beds of aniiydrite, and these beds show an even 
 strata, then we must expect tlie interior of our dcposite to be of little value, and 
 it would be useless to sink on a floor of anhydrite, hoping to find gypsum below. 
 It may be considered possible that at the time when moisture was being absorbed 
 from the atmospiiere, the same action ould take place from beneath, as at the 
 point of contact with the older rocks; but in tluit case, owing to the neces.-'arily 
 
 ' The gypsum deposits of New Brunswick, p. 10. 
 
ii'g up water beiran nt tl,„ . • I r »>?""•". then, if the action of 
 
 much more advantageously. ^ °"' *^''®" '^^ 
 
 CYPSITE OR OVPSUM EARTH. 
 
 is quite unknown. '"vestigate them, and their extei 
 
 h.. h^:...h , :ir;rrr:;tr- 1— - *-' 
 s.::::rt3';T^-— .:— :— —; r: 
 
tinued, would 
 inci-ease the 
 
 dr hills, caua- 
 iction of tak- 
 ent structure 
 ^^ a gj-psum 
 the cause of 
 le old Pellow 
 I by gypsum. 
 
 I 
 
 S3 
 
 The following analyses by Bailey and his associates will serre to show the 
 general composition : — ' 
 
 Silica and inmlublp rexidue. 
 Iron and aluminium oxides. 
 
 Cftlcium oxidti 
 
 Magnesium oxide 
 
 Sulphuric anhydrite 
 
 Carbon dioxUe (calculated) 
 Water 
 
 % 
 10 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 34 
 
 5 
 16 
 
 98-63 
 
 •Silica and insoluble residue 
 Iron and aluniinium oxides. 
 
 Maf^nesium carbonate 
 
 Calcium cartMtnate 
 
 Calcium sulphate 
 
 Wate.- 
 
 ' The University Geological Survey of KanMs. Vol. V, p. 149. 
 
 Ill 
 
 % 
 10 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 59 
 16 
 
 98 63 
 
 II 
 
 67 
 
 12 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 29- 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 .H7- 
 
 08 
 
 2 
 
 .'J9 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 99 
 14 
 42 
 
 49 
 03 
 76 
 
 98 H5 
 
 IV 
 
 67 
 
 12 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 46 
 
 64 
 
 69 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 TO 
 •88 
 67 
 63 
 75 
 
 100 95 
 
 i 
 
 289—3 
 
 M 
 
CHAPTER Iir. 
 
 Clieinistry and Technology of Oypsnm. 
 
 While gJTsum and its uses in many ways were known to the ancients, as I 
 been ehown „, Chapter I, it^ real composition was not determined until a m. 
 -ater date. It w.ll bo interesting to go back and recall some of the first inves 
 gations. 
 
 In early days it was, on account of some of its peculiar characteristics aft 
 hurnnig. known as a mineral resembling calcspar, and it was not until Pott 
 1.64, descr.led them as two separate and distinct minerals, and stated that sor 
 chem.sts assume,! that the substance artificially produced by the union of si 
 phuric acid with lime was gypsum, and termed it gypsum artefadum 
 
 The first experiment along the line of its qualitative composition was ma, 
 by Lavo.s.er, and published in the proceedings of the Aodemie des Science 
 l.Oo. He decomposed the gypsum by means of carbon, setting free the st 
 phurou^ v.- pours, which formed a sulphur deposit and proved the presence of si 
 Phunc acid. He then, by means of potash, decomposed a solution of gypsum i 
 water and showed the presence of lime. After finding the elements, and to pro. 
 the composition of gypsum as detennined. he described the following exper 
 ment : — 
 
 ■ 'I took concentrated sulphuric acid, of which the weight was about doub 
 that of water, and of known purity; I added more water, and then added ca 
 bonate of l.me until there was no more effervesence, I thus obtained a selenib 
 which IS a true gypsum.' Thus at an enrly date the qualitative composition . 
 R.ypsum was determined by careful investigation, by one whose name has com 
 down through the annals of history as one of the founders of chemical science. 
 
 Later in the history, quantitative analysis was made. One of the firs 
 analyses of gypsum we learn of was made from sampler taken from Mon 
 martre, near Paris. This analysis gives :— 
 
 ,,. Percent. 
 
 >V ater 
 
 Hu'nhate of lime . 7 1" 
 
 Carbonate of lime. . '2 66 
 
 Silica 32 
 
 02 
 
 100 OO 
 
 This analysis indicates ratK >r an anhydrite than a true gypsum, but fron 
 this and other analyses U.e th, «tical composition of pure gySum was dete" 
 niined. 
 
 ■Academie des Science. ITe.'i. University Geological Surve^f Kansa.,, VolTs, p! M 
 
 34 
 
35 
 
 Triip Kji'sum is n hydrous linic siili)liatc, and when pure has the following 
 chemioal formula, CaSO,, 211,0. 
 
 This when reduced to [lereentage will show the following compoirition :— 
 
 Gyp.um(CaSO.. ZH.O)/!'*- -"phate (CaSOj{^^i- <^»;^).^„ , • • -JlJjJTg 1 
 lWat«(H,0) ..,'; '2U!» 
 
 100 
 
 When water is absent the mineral is known as anhydrite, which is often 
 found in large quantities, associated witli the gyi>siim of Xova Scotia and New 
 Brunswicl., hut has nu commercial value. 
 
 Ciypsiun is one of the softest minerals; even in the crystalline form it can 
 he scratched with the thund) nail. In the scale of hardness it is 1.5—2, and it 
 has a specific gravity of 2-;i2. 
 
 The crystallization i>f gypsum is monoclinic; it occurs in the form of plates 
 or prisms with pyramid altern.-tions. Typical forms of gypsum are shown in Fig. 
 1. The detailed fifiures 1 and 2 are common crystals, ,'! and 4 are twinned 
 crystals. 
 
 Fl.:. 1. 
 
 CEh 
 
 m. 
 
 ^=4^/ 
 
 12 3 4 
 
 Tyiiical fornis of gypsum crystals. 
 
 Gypsum is slightly soluble in water as shown by tlie following table: 
 
 SOr.lBILITY OF aVPSl-M, nv MARICVAC." 
 
 Temperatuiv. 
 
 One part (iyjiHnm 
 diwKolves 111 
 
 One nart antivrtroug lime 
 Nulphate dixHolvea in 
 
 At .32° 
 At CtiH" 
 At 75 2" 
 At 8!t (!" 
 At 100-4° 
 At 105 8° 
 At 127 4" 
 At Kll 0' 
 At 18Cf(° 
 At 212° 
 
 F= O 
 
 K^ IS' 
 
 F= 24° 
 
 F= 32 
 
 F= 3«" 
 
 F= 41" 
 
 F= 5.T 
 
 F= -T 
 
 F= Wi" 
 F=100" 
 
 f! 
 
 415 parts u 
 
 38i> 
 
 378 
 
 371 
 
 3(i8 
 
 C 
 
 C 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 370 
 
 c 
 
 375 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 3!tl 
 
 417 . 
 
 c 
 
 452 
 
 . 4S« 
 47!t 
 470 
 
 . 4liB 
 4r>H 
 
 . 474 
 495 
 628 
 .••72 
 
 [ water. 
 
 Ami 
 Vol, 
 
 ,'hiT's rm'^sifrit-v^'i^'".' ^'^rVr- i^°'- 'l ''P-.?'^ '" 2'*>' 1""»-'^ '^y f'hatard. Seventh 
 Xp 8»i ^••■fifJbyCinm.ley, Inivfrsity Ueclogical ^mviy of KonBUB, 
 
 2S9— 3J 
 
M 
 
 It will, by the abo'9 table, be seen that the point of maximum solubilitj 
 be around 38° C. being only one part of gypaum in 368 parts of water. It r 
 be added by way of comparison that 40 parts sodium chloride (common 
 will dissolv in 100 parts water at a temperature of 15.5° C. 
 
 CALCI.VIXC AND SETTIXO I'l-ASTKR. 
 
 If gypsum bo heated to a temperature of more than 212° F, and less 
 400° F, a certain proportion of the water of crystallization is driven off, an, 
 partially dehydrated gypsum is known as plaster o. Paris, having the folio 
 formula : — 
 
 IVr cent. 
 
 (C»S0,)2H,0 /I-iinei.uli>hate(C«SO.) yss 
 
 l\Vater(ll,0) 62 
 
 100 
 
 Lavoisier, in a masU-rly analysis of gypsum presented to the Academit 
 
 Science in 1765, referring to the action of dehydrating gypsum, states, tha 
 
 heating the gypsum the water was removed at two different stages, and thai 
 
 first three-quarters is much more easily removed than the balance. Oonside 
 
 the problem of plaster setting. Lavoisier, continuing the description of his ex] 
 
 mcnts, gives the first discove.ies of the set in plaster. Landrin quot,>shisa« 
 
 lows: "I took the ealcinwl plaster, as has been describtnl before, and w 
 
 hardens readily with water. I threw it into a considerable amount of wate, 
 
 a pan or large dish. Each molecule of plaster, i„ passing through the liq 
 
 seized Its molecule of water of crystallization, and fell to the bottom of the , 
 
 in the form of small brilliant needles, visible only with a strong lens Tl 
 
 needles dried in the free air. or with the aid of a very moderate heat 
 
 very soft and silky to the touch. If placed on the stage o/ a microscope, it is', 
 
 ceived that what was taken under the lens for needles are also parallelopip, 
 
 very fine, so they are descriled as thicker, many thinner, and many more el 
 
 gated. The plaster in this state is not capable of uniting with water, but i 
 
 IS calcined anew, the-.- small crystals lose their transparency and their watei 
 
 crystallization, and become again a true pln-^tcr. as perfect as before. One n, 
 
 m this fashion, succes.sf„lly calcine and recrystallize the plaster even to infin 
 
 and consequently give it. at will, the :.roiK>rty of seizing water.' 
 
 Payen confirmed Lavoisier's ex,.eriments of the formation of fine crystals 
 the set of plaster, in 1830. and found that nt 115° C, gypsum began to lose wai 
 and the loss rapidly increased up to 240° C. In practice Payen considere. 
 temperature from 110° to 120° C to be the best, but his experiments also shov 
 that gypsum could be dehydrated at a lower tomperature-as low as 80° C p 
 vidmg time enough was allowed. 
 
 Kansi"""'!,? ''' '^'''"'"' ''"• ""• *"*• *""■ ''' P- 9«- Uo-ersity Geological Sur 
 
 Tey 
 
•« 
 
 solubility will 
 iter. It mif^ht 
 common salt) 
 
 and less than 
 in oflF, and the 
 the following 
 
 Per wnt. 
 ... «3-8 
 ... 62 
 
 100 
 
 Academic des 
 tates, that on 
 and that the 
 OonsiderinR 
 of his experi- 
 oU}s his as fol- 
 e, and which 
 ; of water, in 
 h the liquor, 
 n of the dish 
 lens. These 
 ate heat, are 
 3pe, it is per- 
 rallelopipeds, 
 y more elon- 
 ter, but if it 
 leir water of 
 !. One may, 
 1 to infinity, 
 
 e crystals in 
 
 lose water, 
 considered a 
 
 also showed 
 
 1 80° C pro- 
 
 al Survey of 
 
 ? 37 
 
 Payen's results' are summed up in the following:— 
 
 (1) The set of plaster is due to a crystallization of hydrous sulphate of lime. 
 
 (2) The lowest temperature at which plaster can be made is 80° C, and the 
 process of manufacturing is very easy. 
 
 (a) A temperature of 110- to 120" (' is sufficient to deprive {.latter of all its 
 water and to cook it completely. 
 
 (4) Plaster in small particles favours the drying. 
 
 (5) Calcium sulphute heated to about 250^ C is dehydrated ; at aoo" to 400° 
 It loses .-ompletely iu properties of hydration, or the power of gaining again 
 the water of crystallizalion, and resembles then the anhydrous sulphate of lime 
 found m nature. If heated higher, it may result in melting the sulphate of lime. 
 
 («J The hanlening of j.la.'^ter by alum is perhaps due to the formation of a 
 double sulphate of potash and lime. 
 
 Landrin, whose paiier has already been quoted, made an elaborate study of 
 plaster in 1874. He has divided the process of plaster setting into four divi- 
 sions.' 
 
 (1) ' The calcined plaster, on contact with water, unite- vith this liquid and 
 takes a crystalline form. 
 
 (2) The plaster dissolves partially in water, which bee ,aes saturate-! -vith 
 this salt. 
 
 (3) A part of the liquor is evaporated, due to the heat s<.t free in the chemi- 
 cal combination. A crystal is formed and determines the crystallization of the 
 entire mass; a phenomenon which is analogous to that which takes place when a 
 piece of sulphate of so,la is placed in a saturated solution of this salt. 
 
 (4) The maximum hardnes.s is reached when the plaster gaitis e.n.ugh water 
 to correspond exactly to the formula SO.CaO, 2II,0, this maximum being to the 
 remainder in proportion to the quantity of water added to the plaster to trans- 
 form it into mortar.' 
 
 ' In order to prove the third and fourth principles, Landrin made the fol- 
 lowing experiments. Taking 2.3.:)58 grammes of pla.stcr he mixed it with 10 
 grammes of water, and he found the weights at different intervals were:— 
 
 In 10 minutes. QQ-inn» i 
 
 InlhourandlOmimiies *5. '"'.»"'•""«".»'• '<«« of water Oa-iS grammes. 
 
 In 3 day. if .^f^ " " •' 7,35 
 
 InlSdaye '.■'■'■'■'".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'^'^3 ", " ^..'^^ 
 
 After thin time no change. " " '"' " 
 
 'The plaster lost in calcining .-J-TIS grammes, equal to the combined water 
 In 27. 283 grammes of plaster, by formula SO.CaO, 2H,0, there would be 5-710 
 grammes of water, so that drying ceased when the plaster reached its original 
 composition.' 
 
 Chatelier in his theory on the set of plaster disagrees with Landrin in his 
 third principle as given above, mai ntaining that plaster will set in vacuum and, 
 
 'Chimie Industrielle, 1830. qnoted by Landrin and Grimsle-. 
 ' University Geological Survey of Kansas, Vol. 5, pp. 87, 90. 
 
88 
 
 therefore, evaporation is not a necessary stop. His theorj- is, that plaster of 
 dissolves, and becomes hydrated and then crystallized out as (rypsum ; and i 
 particle of plaster goes throuRh these steps." 
 
 Professor C. P. (irinisley. who of all ino,lern chemists has probably mad 
 most exhaustive series of expi-rimciits, says: " My own experiments a^rce 
 with those given by Lav sier, Payen. Landrin, and Chatelier. in that the s 
 plaster is due to the formation of a crystalline network. The cause of the fo 
 tion of this network of crystals, or the factor which stnrts the crystallizutio 
 the troublesome part to explain, and this has attracted less attention ar 
 investigators along these lines. 
 
 'When gypsum i» luru.J it lucnio, ..>; Landrin showed, and as anal 
 prove, Uie hydrate (('aSO.)., 11,(). i'ariKiiac called attention to the fact th 
 the water is added in excess, this hydrate in part is dissoUed, forming fir 
 clear liquid, which then becomes turbiil, and crystals of CaSO„ 2II,0, or 
 sum, are thrown down. Now an examination of those formulaj shows that t 
 parts ot water have Leen taken up by the hydrate. 
 '(CaSO.)., iI,0 + 3n,0=2(CaSO. '^11,0). 
 
 ' So Hrst the i)laster dissolves . "in contact with the water, as ] 
 
 drin pointed out in his second princip.v,, and as accepted by Chatelier. N 
 some change takes place, whereby, according to Marignac's experiment, the lit 
 becomes turbid and crystallization begins. Landrin thought evaporation 1 
 place as a result of the heat formed by chemical combination, and that the 
 crystal was formed which started the crystallization through the entire ni 
 Chatelier showed by exiwriment that evaporation was not necessary, and 
 argued that by the taking up of this water the solubility of the hydrate 
 decreased, and so, on account of the resulting supersaturation, crystallizal 
 ensued.' 
 
 There is little room for doubt but that the set of plaster is due to the fori 
 tion of a crystalline network. Plaster partially dissolves when in contact w 
 water; crystallization takes place, whether as landrin thonsrht, by evaporat 
 due to chemical afPnity, or as Chatelier argued, on account .f supersaturati 
 the result is the same. 
 
 The writer not having the opportunity, nor time, during the present inve 
 gation of the gypsum deposits, to make any series of experiments on the set 
 plaster, has depended largely on the literature already published, and has quo 
 freely from Prof. Grimsloy'j admirable work on ' The Gypsum of Michigan, 
 well as other authorities on the subject, with the expectation that those engaj 
 in, or about to engage in the manufacture of plaster in this country will 
 benefited thereby. 
 
 ' Univer-ity OwoLiBieal Survey of Kansas, Vol. 6, i>. 91. 
 ' U«ol. Survey of Michigan, Vol. I.X, Part II, p. 138. 
 
ilaater of Paris 
 un; and every 
 
 ahly III ado tlie 
 Its ttfin-c then 
 ;hat the set of 
 of the fornia- 
 itallizution, is 
 3ntion among 
 
 1 as analyse.') 
 le fuft tliat if 
 irming first a 
 II,0, or gyp- 
 •ws that three 
 
 atcr, as Lan- 
 telicr. Next, 
 nt, the liquid 
 )oration took 
 I that then a 
 entire nia*s. 
 iary, and he 
 hydrate was 
 'ystallization 
 
 io the forma- 
 
 contact with 
 
 evaporation 
 
 Brsaturation, 
 
 sent investi- 
 n the set of 
 1 has (luoted 
 tfichigan,' as 
 ose en ff aged 
 ntry will be 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Oypinm Depoaiti of Nova Scotia. 
 
 For many years the gypsum deposits of Nova Scotia, 88 well as those of 
 New Brunswick, and the Magdalen islands, were considered as belonging to the 
 Permian age. It was not imtil Lycll, Dawson, and others had made a careful 
 study of the fossils belonginfr to tliese measures, that they were placed in their 
 true stratigraphical position, foriiiinit part of the lower Carboniferous. 
 
 The lower Carboniferous measuns of this Province are made up of grey 
 and red sandstones, conglomerates, arenaceous and argillaceous shales, lime- 
 stones, pjpsunis, and maris, the various members predominating in different dis- 
 tricts, but following no regular order. The following section, as measured i.y 
 Dr. Gilpin' in Pictou county, N.S., is characteristic:— 
 
 Red fissile shales ,, „' 
 
 Compact bluish linipstone .....'...[... 4 g 
 
 'irey marl with nodules of limestone . 01 ? 
 
 Urey laminated sandstone i J 
 
 (JyiBUiu with a few layers of arenaceous matter . 17 « 
 
 Jiruwn marl with veinlets and crystals of gypsum aj J: 
 
 Ai.naceous limestone, fossiliferous. o i,> 
 
 tiypeuin '.'.I'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'" 8 
 
 Calcareous fissile sandstone 11 " 
 
 Thf gypsum deposits are not confined ts any particular horizon in these 
 measures, but are always found associated witii limestone, and mnrl. 
 
 At Cheticninp, Iiuorness county, they occur near the base of the lower Car- 
 boniferous, but farther soutliinthe same county, and on Boularderie islaml.they 
 occur only a few feet below the Millstone Grit. In Cumlicrland county they 
 occupy a position about the middle of the series. At the Inverness coal mines, 
 gypsum is found immediately unlerlying the coal be.ls, in fact, in one of the 
 slopes of this mine, 1,500 feet from the surface, a block of gj-psum was found 
 embedded in the coal seam, but hero the whole scries has been faulted and cannot 
 be considered a guide to the proper position of tiio gypsiferous formation. 
 
 The best illustration of the irregularity of the occurrence of these deposits 
 will be seen in the lower Carboniferous measures of Hants county, which is one 
 of the largest areas seen in the Province, and lias been subjecte<l to less disturb- 
 ance by faulting or upheavals than any other. 
 
 By referring to the index map of Nova Scotia, and sheets Nos. 40, 41.42, 4,3, 
 and 45 of the maps accompanying this work, it will be seen that the lower Car-' 
 boniferous, beginning on the west side of the Avon river and crossing on an 
 eas twardly course ita northern boundary, follows the Devonian rocks in a tor- 
 
 ' Uypsum of Nova Scotia, by Edwin Oilpm, F.G.S., 1881. 
 
 39 
 
40 
 
 tuou. eour^ to U« Shubenacadie river, and continue, on a„ eastwanily co 
 
 hrouKh C oI..hester r.u.ny. Th., ..uthorn ci^e wo «„., has for iu boundar, , 
 
 .to.. Lambr.un «Iatc-s an.l quartzite.. and Devonian slut.-.. Tl.i. urea ha/an 
 
 tronu. e,..th. a. ......riU.,. o. about .H, „,i,... wiU. , n ...xtron. « ilof .I* „ 
 
 ^■ti., >";,'"%"■"" "'"."""' *'""""'' "'" ""'" •^'^•^' «'"-' "»l'<-tu„itio« to .t 
 se. .on., the Avon on .he west, with its trihutarie.; the S,e. Cr.,ix, Kenneto 
 and o.nn,«un: the NValton and TennK-a.. river- euttin. in fron. the c 
 and the ShuU.naea.l.e and .t.s tributary; the Fiven.ile river, on tlu- east. ' 
 whole of thm area ,s not eonsidered ^.vpsiferous. hut whereso^-ver the mar 
 l.n,est.,„e ..eur, there will the .ypsun. be' found. It will be notieed that nn 
 of the deports oeeur in elose eoniun.tion with the con.aet of these n.easures . 
 
 l-..t .t wdl 1,0 not.eed that on dl the rivers, sometimes n.iles from the eon., 
 nnportnnt de,K,sits are found. The Wentwor.h Kypsum quarries on the 
 Cro.x nver are from IJ to 2 miles from the nearest point of eontaet. The N« 
 port Plaster Al.n.ng and Developn.ent C'on.pany. Limited, ha. ..uarries at Av, 
 dale. wh:eh i.s five miles from the nearest point of eontaet 
 
 It will, therefore, be se..n that, although ^ypsun, in Xova Seotia and N 
 firunsw.ek always oc-eur.s in .1,^ lower ('arbo..iferous n.easures, and that it 
 always assoe.ated with marine lin.es.one as n.endK.rs of the lowx^r Carboniferc 
 l^roup. yet it ,s not confintni to any particular position, and is liable to oecur 
 tlie eontaet. or at any intermediate point. 
 
 ASSOCIATED LIMESTONE. 
 
 The limestones of the lower Carboniferous measures are of the marine forr 
 
 afon. an,l present almost every grade of composition, varying from the high 
 
 arenaceous and argillaceous to the almost chemically pure. By some writers 
 
 has been sa.d that many of them ' - a high percentage of magnesia. The la 
 
 Mr. Fletcher, of the Geological :- of Canada, procured two samples fro, 
 
 near the gypsum bed of Judique, Inverness county, which showed 15 and "^l « 
 
 cent of magnesia carbonate. The writer's exiK-rience of these limestones" wit 
 
 one exception, is that where inuncliately associated with the g>psum they a, 
 
 parfcdarly ree from magnesia. The exception is the recent analysis of .sample 
 
 taken from the hmestone belt dividing the gypsum beds of Cheticamp (see analy 
 
 see. page «) which shows 16.S.3 per cent magnesia. From over fifty of the 
 
 deposits .n diflFerent part« of the Province, examined by him. sample., by analvsi 
 
 showed less than 2 per cent carbonate of magnesia. Thi.s. however, is not tru, 
 
 where the limestones are immediately associated with the manganese deposits 
 
 winch are oftentimes in close proximity to the gypsum 
 
 The linu.stone a^ocia.ed with the manganese deposits in Pictou count, 
 showed as high as lO-l., p.. cent carbonate of magnesia, while th.^. of Co 
 c es er gave 28-0.. per cent, and at Tennycape. Hants county, some show as h^ 
 as J5-44 per cent of magnesia carl'on.itc. 
 
vanlly course 
 lundnrj- gran- 
 .'B han an ex- 
 i of 1-* mill's, 
 ties to Htudy 
 . Koiiiietcook, 
 m tlio north 
 e east. The 
 
 tlie marine 
 I that many 
 u-asiin'-j and 
 I that point, 
 the contact, 
 
 on the St. 
 The Nett- 
 ies nt Avon- 
 
 ia and Xew 
 1 that it is 
 irboniferous 
 to occur at 
 
 irine form- 
 the }iighly 
 ' writers it 
 The late 
 nples from 
 and 21 per 
 ones, with 
 a they are 
 of .samples 
 see analy- 
 y of these 
 >y analysis 
 i not true 
 ' deposits, 
 
 •u county 
 e of Col- 
 (V as high 
 
 -',■<•• 1,. 1". 
 
Plate V. 
 
 3 
 
 .5 
 
 m 
 
 Gypsuiii with cnilx-iliied sclenite crystals. 
 
 289-1). 40. 
 
 -3t 
 
41 
 
 It seems probable that, as the manganege often occurs within a few hundred 
 feet of the gypsum, the samples furnished by Mr. Fletcher may possibly have 
 been associated with manganoiie, rather than gypsum. The gypsum, particularly 
 in Cape Breton island, is very free from this element, with the exception of those 
 samples which were taken nearest the limestone belt above referred to, which 
 showed small quantities of magnesia. (See analyses page 44). In over fifty sam- 
 ples taken from different parts of the island, only one showed even a trace of 
 magne<<ia. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OP DEPOSIT8. 
 
 The deposits present much variety of colour and texti e. The greater part 
 i'l texture may be classed as compact or crypto-crys»^alline, wiih lesser quantities 
 of granular or saccharoidal. In some places considerable quantities of selenite 
 occur, showing folia, sometimes a foot or more across and transparent through- 
 out, as shown in Plate III; and the fibrous varieties are seen in many places 
 associated with the gypsum and marls, Plate IV. Crystals of selenite are often 
 found disseminated irregularly through the gypsum beds. A characteristic 
 example of this is shown in Plate V, usually in groups or bunches, sometimes in 
 veins of importance. 
 
 Anhydrite often occurs in extremely variable proportions in many of the 
 deposits, with great irregularity, and the occurrence of this mineral, which is 
 practically valueless, with the gypsum, often interferes with the economic opera- 
 tion of the quarries. 
 
 The following brief description of the gypsum deposits of Nova Scotia, with 
 analyses furnished by Mr. F. Q. Wait, chemist for the Mines Branch of the 
 Department of Mines, is intended to give essentially the conditions of most 
 economic importance, rather than to deal at length with the geological conditions 
 of each deposit, which are very similar and have been referred to in the foregoing 
 pages. 
 
 For convenience of description and future reference, the following table 
 will show the division of Nova Scotia into gypsum districts, the counties included 
 in each district, and the map sheets named for the locality to which they apply, 
 and numbered for reference to the index map: — 
 
42 
 
 TABLE, GYPSUM DISTRICTS Of NOVA dCOTIA. 
 
 Dutrict. 
 
 Countie*. 
 
 D 
 
 InvernpH 
 
 and 
 Victori*. 
 
 Gaysborough 
 
 and 
 
 Antigoniah. 
 
 Number and Niime of Map Sheet 
 
 I. Ple«»nt bay. 2, Aapy bay. 3, Ingoni.h. 4, Chetica 
 6. Margaree. «, N E. Margaree. *7. B«»d Cove ma 
 
 12, Smth island. 13, Middle Bridge. 14, I>eny8 , 
 
 »ve Vr'iLt^Vj'''"'^.?"'*'- ^'- ^'- Ann- 21 V S^Z 
 S? ii /' ■'^' ■'*''• 23, Tom river. 21, Black ri 
 25, Madame ulond. 26, Aakilton. 
 
 2S, Madame Uland. 28, A.kilUm. 27, Tracadie. 2S Pomo 
 harbour. 29, Antigtmiah harbour. "=»"■«• •«•. ^omq 
 
 Hanfar^nd **■ ^l^k."'"';n ^'.''k.^"''?^""?- "^^ ^' Mountain. 39, She 
 naiiiax,ana lake. 40, Shubenac3r<> river. 48. flmxlikle io r".- - 
 
 Colcheter. 60, Muaquodoboit. f.l. StewilJckeTlver! 6!^Ne*1Sn mifu 
 
 Hants. 
 
 ic r.1 I -,1 ^.- ^^""n- 44, Chevene. 48, Avon riv 
 46, CUrkaviUe. 47, Ninemile river. 48, Elmadal"' 4^Gryriv 
 
 Cumberland. ^^ Malagaah. 3S, Pug^aah. 34, Philir 
 mines. »,, Nappan. 37, Parmboro. 
 
 S5, Springh 
 
 Sheet No. 1. Pleasant hay, Inverness county. 
 
 Here a small gypsiferous area occurs, but it and a small area at St La' 
 rence bay in Victoria county, which also has outcrops of some importance, a. 
 owing to their situations on the exposed coast of the Qulf of St. Lawrenc 
 without harbours, and, therefore, practically inaccessible, and may be consider, 
 at present of no commercial value, e.xcept for local purposes. 
 
 Sheet No. g, Aspy bay, Victoria county. 
 
 Extending from the Atlantic ocean, inland about six miles, in a somewha 
 triangular shape, occurs one of the most important gj-psiferous areas on th 
 island of Cape Breton. Its occurrence, comprising nearly 8 square miles, is ii 
 comparatively low lands surrounded by hills of the older Pre-Camhrian rocks 
 often 1,000 feet in height, and it is practically all und< lain with gypsum. 
 
 Two rivers, the North Aspy river and the Middle river, run through thii 
 area, exposing cliffs having a height from 40 to 70 feet, and their meadows mak, 
 a very easy gradient from the deposit to the sea. 
 
4, Cheticamp. 
 Cove manh. 
 
 )■ 11, Mabtiu. 
 
 Itenys liver. 
 17, Nyanza. 
 21, Saunders 
 Black river. 
 
 2S, Pomquet 
 
 39, ShnrU 
 9, Gay river, 
 ton mills. 
 
 ith Maitland. 
 
 Avon river. 
 
 49, Gay river. 
 
 5, Springhill 
 
 it St. Law- 
 
 rtance, are, 
 
 Lawrence, 
 
 considered 
 
 somewhat 
 ^as on the 
 liles, is in 
 ian rocks, 
 sum. 
 
 ■ough this 
 lows make 
 
 28'.l-|i. 42. 
 
1 
 
43 
 
 The exposures are extensive as will be seen by Plate VI. The rock is whit«, 
 ■nd mottled white and grey, compact crystallization showing some little anhy- 
 drite, which carries petroleum in small (pea size) cells at the base of exposure. 
 
 The following analyses, from average samples taken from the exposures, 
 will serve to show the composition of the rock : — 
 
 - 
 
 I 
 
 °/ 
 
 41 30 
 
 67 «1 
 
 0>2 
 
 007 
 
 08 
 
 10008 
 
 It 
 
 % 
 
 33 63 
 
 45 28 
 
 21 06 
 
 000 
 
 III 
 
 Lime 
 
 Sulphuric kDhydride 
 
 Water, Ion on ignitiun 
 
 Imoluble mineral mktter 
 
 .12 i>7 
 
 4U lU 
 
 2100 
 
 015 
 
 Bitume 
 
 
 
 100 01 
 
 100 28 
 
 No. I. Anhi'drite showing cells of crude petroleum. 
 No. II. Sample from the McPherson property. 
 No. III. Sample from the McLeod property. 
 
 At present the deposits are inaccessible for want of a harbour. The natural 
 outport would be North pond, at Dingwall. This pond, which has sufficient 
 depth of water for shipping purposes, has been separated from the ocean by the 
 washing of sand and gravel up from the ocean bed, forming a narrow bar across 
 the entrance, and thus closing to navigators one of the best harbou' on the coast. 
 
 Sheet No. S, Ingonish, Victoria county. 
 
 On the north side of Ingonish harbour a small area of 2,871 acres occurs, 
 and although this area is small, the quality and quantity of the gypsum, together 
 with the accessibility of the deposit, gives it coaunercial importance. The 
 greatest exposures, from 30 to 70 feet in height, are shown in Plate VII, and 
 occur at the water's edge on the north side of the harbour, where a ship might 
 easily moor to the rock and have sufficient depth of water for loading purposes. 
 The entrance to the harbour is somewhat 6ilt3d up, and at present will not give 
 sufficient depth of water for modern transportation. 
 
 The gypsum is a pure white compact variety, free from any exposures of 
 anhydrite, or other detrimental substances. 
 
 Analysis:— Per cent. 
 
 Lime X\\2 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride 45 88 
 
 Water, loss on iirnition 21 ' 10 
 
 Insoluble mineral matter . ti22 
 
 100 33 
 
 Sheet No. i, Cheticamp, Inverness county. 
 
 On this sheet will be seen a gypsiferous belt, skirtinp" tl.-; metamorphic hills 
 from the mouth of the Cheticamp river on the north to well b low Friar point 
 
on the south, a diatance of over 13 miles, and at no place a rre'>ter diat 
 than 2 miles from the sea eoaat lU width varies from about 600 feet to 
 2,500 feet. 
 
 The principal outcrops occur on the southeast side of Aucoin or Hill bi 
 about 3 miles froLi the northern extremity, and at Grand Etang harbour, a 
 the same distance from the southern extremity. 
 
 Between these two points, and their extensions both north and south, 
 gypsum is mostly concealed, but is traceable by the characteristic sink I 
 and hummocky ground, under an overburden of clay. 
 
 The northern exposures, shown in Plates VIII and IX, on the east sid 
 Aucoin brook, are composed of a series of precipitous cliffs, from 60 to 
 feet high, above the level of the brook, and forming a narrow plateau par 
 to and at no erreat distance from the base of the great plateau of northern ( 
 Breton. 
 
 The southern exposure occurs near the head of Grand Etang harbour, w 
 the high cliffs of white compact gypsum outcrop near the water's edge. 
 
 The northern exposures have been developed by the Great Northern Mil 
 Company, who have established a plaster mill near the face of the 
 By referring to Fig. 2, which is an ideal section across the meas 
 at this point, it will be seen that this area alone contains very extei 
 deposits of gypsum, made up of different bed* interstratified with limesl 
 The firot or lower bed, overlying the metamorphic series, consists of a com 
 variety of snow-white and white gypptim; resting on this is a bed of carb 
 ferous limestone having an average thickness of about 100 feet; above the 1 
 stone is a very extensive bed of grey and white selenitic gypsum. The vt 
 of the Mill brook is all underlain with gypsum, and covered with from a 
 inches to a few feet of red clay ; on the western side the gypsum again crops 
 with 'considerable prominence. 
 
 le high bluff of selenitic grey and white gypsum is often cut by verl 
 vr t. pure transparent selenite, running parallel to the strike, with veir 
 c ' stringers cutting off horizontally. One of these veins has a width from i 
 20 feet, and may be traced for at least half a mile. 
 
 The following analyses will show the results of average samples caref 
 taken from different parts of this property : — 
 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 VI 
 
 VII 
 
 VIII 
 
 
 
 32- 17 
 008 
 18 
 
 46 07 
 
 32 10 
 0-40 
 24 
 
 46 74 
 
 32 11 
 023 
 0'42 
 
 4S'88 
 
 33 42 
 
 tr. 
 0-20 
 id Kl 
 
 32-23 32 36 
 
 tr. 
 
 18 H 
 45-91 IJ-SO 
 
 tr. 1 
 
 2^ 6fti 30 78 
 86 0-38 
 
 32 S6 
 
 82 80 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Ferric oxide and alumin». . 
 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride 
 
 46 20 
 ■20-98 
 
 46 32 
 '20 92 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Water, Ion on ifniition 
 
 Inaoluble mineral matter 
 
 20 76 
 16 
 
 20 03 20 62 20 70 
 4U 026 026 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 41 
 
 98-97 99 43:100 00 
 
 09 78 
 
 99 43 
 
 100 14 
 
 100 04 
 
 1( 
 
rter distance 
 [} feet to over 
 
 }r Mill brook, 
 arbour, about 
 
 nd south, the 
 ;ic link holes 
 
 e east side of 
 n 60 to 180 
 iteau parallel 
 lorthern Cape 
 
 arbour, where 
 edge. 
 
 them Mining 
 of the cliff, 
 the measures 
 ery extensive 
 th limestone, 
 of a compact 
 1 of carboni- 
 ove the lime- 
 . The valley 
 I from a few 
 ain crops out 
 
 It by vertical 
 with veinlets 
 Ith from 8 to 
 
 )le9 carefully 
 
 J 
 
 a. 
 
 I 
 
 VIU 
 
 IX 
 
 S6 
 
 20 
 98 
 
 S3 80 
 
 '46-32 
 '20 92 
 
 28 76 
 
 16 83 
 186 
 EC 
 
 40 92 
 080 
 
 10-88 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 100 04 
 
 100-26 
 
 
 28!)-!.. 44. 
 
i 
 
 I! 
 
 i 
 
No. 
 
 I. 
 
 No. 
 
 II. 
 
 No. 
 
 III. 
 
 No. 
 
 IV. 
 
 No. 
 
 V. 
 
 No. 
 
 VI. 
 
 No. 
 
 VII. 
 
 No. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 No. 
 
 IX. 
 
 General average from No. 1 quarry. 
 Sample from the cave, greyish white rock. 
 General average from No. 3 quarry. 
 Sample of the selenite rear of mill. 
 Sample of the selenite northwest of mill. 
 Sample from adjoining property. 
 General sample white rock from No. 2 quarry. 
 Sample from 8 ft. selenite vein. 
 
 Sample from the limestone vein running through the prop- 
 erty. 
 
 Sheet No. 6, Margaree, Inverness county. 
 
 In the valley of the Margaree river occur several unimportant gypsiferoua 
 jreas, which will be known as No. 5, Margaree, l-4l square miles; No. 6, North- 
 east Margaree, 8-60 square miles; No. 8, Southwest Margaree, 3-55 square miles; 
 and No. 9, Ross section, 1-6 square miles. 
 
 In the Margaree area all the gypsum is concealed by an overburden of clay, 
 except a small outcrop on the shore rear the mouth of the river. The above is 
 also true of Southwest Margaree, small outcrops occurring on Allen brook 
 and Upper Margaree. 
 
 In the Northeast Margaree area, outcrops occur at Levis farm, Hogsback 
 hill, and on the west side of the river. The most important of these is that at 
 Hogsback hill, where a good white compact gypsum outcrops in considerable 
 prominence, and at Munroe brook, where the gypsum forms a cliff 75 feet high, 
 and the brook flows through it, to the Margaree river. 
 
 In the Ross section the principal outcrop occurs on the west side of North- 
 east Margaree river, near where Jie Munroe brook disappears in the gypsum 
 cave. 
 
 Although much of this is of very good quality, yet it is not at all probable 
 it will l)wome of great commercial value, being inaccessible to transportation 
 facilities. It should have some value for local purposes, such as a fertilizer, as 
 the soil of the Margaree valley is particularly adapted for its use, and it would 
 give excellent results on clover and leguminous crops. 
 
 The following are analyses taken from this territory: — 
 
 
 I 
 33-30 
 
 II 
 
 % 
 33 00 
 
 III 
 
 "/ 
 
 /o 
 
 30 m 
 
 80 
 40 Ml 
 
 1 «V 
 19 80 
 
 6-61 
 
 99 49 
 
 IV 
 
 X 
 
 82 80 
 .W 
 
 V 
 
 Ijimn 
 
 Fwrio oxide and •luniin» 
 
 % 
 33-20 
 
 Sulphuric anhydridn 
 
 44 68 
 
 46 64 
 
 4633 
 
 Carinnic anhydridr 
 
 
 Water, Kwa on i^ition 
 
 21 04 
 SO 
 
 99 22 
 
 30 96 
 30 
 
 20 63 
 0-80 
 
 100 24 
 
 20-93 
 
 IniK>luble mineral matter 
 
 
 
 
 
 9!) 90 
 
 100 44 
 
 i^Ml 
 

 V 
 
 
 % 
 
 K) 
 10 
 
 3330 
 
 ' ■ie'sa' 
 
 i 
 
 » 
 
 20-93 
 
 100 44 
 
 47 
 
 No. I. Sample from Levis' farm, Hogsback hill, Northwest Margaree. 
 No. II. Sample from north side of Margaree river, Munroe brook. 
 No. III. Sample from Grier farm, Northwest Margaree. 
 No. IV. Sample from Grier farm, Northwest Margaree. 
 No. V. Sample from Grier farm. Northwest Margaree. 
 
 Sheet No. 7, Broad Cove marsh, Inverness county. 
 
 In this section occur three small gypsiferous areas. The most prominent 
 is on the sea shore about a quarter of a mile north of the mouth of McLeod 
 brook, and although narrow it extends northwardly nearly 2 miles. This, 
 together with the other two lying between the road leading to Southwest Mar- 
 garee and the road to Inverness, make up a total area of 214 acre-. These are 
 also, at present, unimportant for commercial enterprise, being inaccessible to 
 shipping facilities. 
 
 Analyws :— Per cent. 
 
 Lime 3280 
 
 Ferric oxide 
 
 Sulphuric anh3rdride 4li'20 
 
 Water, lorn on ignitiim 20 !t2 
 
 Inmlnble minenl matttr 
 
 9<J 92 
 Sheet No. 10, Inverness, Inverness county. 
 
 Here, having the advantage of the Inverness and Richmond railway, and 
 its probable extension, and their close proximity to the coal mines, the deposits 
 again become more important. At Broad Cove chapel, the outcroppings at the 
 sea shore are extensive cliffs, consisting in the greater part, of a white compact 
 variety, with some little grey associated, and limestone encased in gypsum, as 
 described in a previous chapter, is seen. This deposit lias an area of 84 acres. 
 
 In the rear of this, about three-quarters of a mile back from the shore and 
 extendintr inland nearly to Loch Ban, is another area of 48S acres. This has 
 practically no outcrops, being covered almost entirely with a heavy overburden 
 of clay. 
 
 Two and one-halt miles from the town of Inverness the third area in the 
 section occurs, containing 014 acres. 
 
 In this some very prominent outcrops can be soen. ,Tust le'ow the big 
 trestle, at a point known as the Laurie quarry, the outcrop has a height of 45 
 feet above drainage level. The rock is a white compact variety, mixed with a 
 dark grey shaly variety having rusty stains. Above this about one mile, on the 
 Mclsaac lot, an outcrop shows more even texture and colour, principally white 
 and compact 
 
 / 
 
 t^M 
 
48 
 
 The following are analyses of samples from this section: — 
 
 
 I 
 
 % 
 33 00 
 
 46'm" 
 
 20 90 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 Lime 
 
 % 
 
 32 20 
 
 ■20 
 
 4600 
 
 20-60 
 
 90 
 
 % 
 33 
 
 Ferric oxide »nd alumina 
 
 46 
 
 Water, Ion on ignition 
 
 Inaoluble mineral matter 
 
 2U 
 
 
 100-46 
 
 
 
 99 90 
 
 luo 
 
 No. I. White compact from Laurie quarry. 
 No. II. Dark grey shale from Laurie quarry. 
 No. III. White compact, llclsaac lot. 
 
 Sheet No. 11, Mahou, Inverness county. 
 
 In this section there are numerous gypsiferous areas which ani more or ' 
 available for commercial purposes. They comprise a total area of 6-55 sqt 
 miles. 
 
 At Finlay point, on the sea coast, and about one mile north of Mabou < 
 mines, occur cliffs of excellent white compact gypsum from 35 to 50 feet 
 height. This area ext'jnd* along and borders the sea coast for nearly 
 miles. The exposures here are large, and every indication points to an 
 tensive deposit of gypsum of a quality suitable for all ordinary manufactui 
 purposes, but the sea coast is rugged, and very little protection could be giver 
 shipping. To operate this deposit it would, therefore, be necessary to make 
 shipping point at Mabou harbour, a distance of 31 miles over a rather diffi( 
 pass. 
 
 At Mabou harbour the most important deposits are located, and known 
 the Col. Snow property, and the Beaton property. 
 
 The rock is exposed in cliffs from 45 to 60 feet high, and consists aim 
 wholly of a white compact gypsum, with smaller quantities showing microsco 
 crystals of selenite. Small quantities of anhydrite may be seen at the base 
 the cliffs. 
 
 Following east to Hillsborough, and south to Southwest Mabou, large gy 
 ferous area? occur, but consist in the greater part of concealed measures. La 
 outcrops of a very soft, grey, and dark grey, granular gypsum, suitable only 
 land plaster, occur at Hillsborough. At Southwest Mabou the rock is similai 
 texture, and ha« associated with it fine crystals of selenite. 
 
* 49 
 
 1U0'2» 
 
 more or less 
 6-55 square 
 
 ' Mabou coal 
 } 50 feet in 
 >r nearly 3 J 
 Its to an ex- 
 anufacturing 
 1 be given to 
 to make the 
 ther difficult 
 
 id known as 
 
 isisis u 
 
 Iniost 
 microscopic 
 the base of 
 
 large gypsi- 
 ures. Largr 
 ible only for 
 is similar in 
 
 The following analyses of samples from these different deposits will show 
 the composition: — 
 
 n i in IV 
 
 % 
 
 Lime 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride 
 
 Water, low on ignition 
 
 Magni>sia ] . ^ 
 
 Inr«ilubl« mineral mattr ' 6'40 
 
 32-80 
 46 (HI 
 30 85 
 
 % 
 
 32 80 
 46 2U 
 20 83 
 
 33-88 
 4t 36 
 20 87 
 
 90 !» 
 
 30 
 luO 15 
 
 50 
 99 61 
 
 32 92 
 46 24 
 2l> 87 
 
 V t VI 
 
 % 
 
 33 40 
 46 28 
 20 46 
 trace. 
 
 % 
 
 33 00 
 46 61 
 21 20 
 
 lOO 03 • 100 13 9» 81 
 
 No. 
 
 I. Sample from Hillsborough, light grey, with heavy red incrus- 
 tation. 
 
 No. II. Smnple from Hillsborough, dark grey, soft granular 
 
 Xo. III. Sample from Beaton property, white compact variety. 
 
 No. IV. Sample from Col. Snow property, white compact, with crystals 
 of selenlte. 
 
 No. V. Siiniple from Finlay point, white compact, and free from 
 selenite. 
 
 No. VI. Sample from Southwest Mabou, very soft, granular, with 
 selenite crystals. 
 
 She<^l No. 12, Smith island, Inverness county. 
 
 On this sheet occur three small gypsiferous areas consisting of 212- 8 acres. 
 The largest and most important of these is that of 148-8 acres, on C^aith island. 
 
 This island is situated about one mile from the mainland, and opposite Port 
 Hood. Its topography is low, and the exposures, which in the greater part are on 
 the exposed side of this island, appear as extensive be<ls associated with shales 
 and carbonate of lime, and may be traced from shore to shore by broken land 
 11 nd pits or sink holes. 
 
 The gypsum occurs in alternating layers with the carbonate of lime and 
 marls, the latter carrying oxtensive quantities of fibrous gypsum. 
 
 At Ragged point, ai .it Cape Susan, at one time, was an area of consider- 
 • il'le importance, which i ^ been, by erosion of the sea, divided into two, hav- 
 ing a total area of fi4 acns The occurrence here, like Smith island, has few 
 outcrops, and the gypsum and limestone are closely associated. Large quanti- 
 ties of marl are also prominent. 
 
 The close proximity of the.«e areas to the railway and coal fielda makes them 
 desirable for manufacturing purposes. 
 
 Sheet Xo. IS. Middle Jiridfje. Inverness county. 
 
 On the southwest Mabou river, and on the Mill river, small isolated gypsi- 
 '■■■■-r-~ sFras -jT-iir. r-oniprising a total are» of 150 a<-i-e>. They are practically 
 
 L 
 
M 
 
 all concealed, and, like Smith island, arc iissociated with carboiiatp of lime 
 reddish marU. and those, like the j-imiiur deposits at South (Heiieo*'. arc 
 considered conimeroially imiH>rtant. 
 
 Sheet A'o. H, Denys river. Incerness county. 
 
 Practically joining slieet Xo. l(i on the <>ii>t. and sheet Xo. 15 on the si 
 there is a section known a.s the Denys River seition. It comprises a total g 
 ferous area of lG-41 square miles. 
 
 The (rreater part is made up of eonceule<l measures, mid can only \>c ti 
 by surface indications. The outcrops are few, the principal being near 
 below Munroe Bridge, where the cliffs rise from 10 to 4.'> feet above the sea '. 
 consisting of a grey and light gre.v, white and mottled white rock. Associ 
 with it is seen a dark grey Carboniferous limestone. In texture it i-^ a 
 equally divided between compact and granular. 
 
 Its composition is shown in the following analysis: — 
 
 Pff o-nt. 
 
 l.ime %I'17 
 
 Sulphuric anhj'ilride '!....!....!....!...!.. 45 42 
 
 Water, loaa on imition 20 tW 
 
 Inauluble mineral matter q<,3 
 
 lUO 15 
 The evidence in other parts of the area where covered, is in favour of a 
 
 white compact rock being concealed, but this can only be proved by a seri« 
 
 test pits or bore holes. 
 
 The position of the whole area on the border of the Bras d'Or lakes i 
 
 desirable, that it is considered important, and worthy of complete inveatiga 
 
 Sheet No. 15, Malagawatchkt, Inverness county. 
 
 On the south side of Denys basin is a narrow gypsiferous area skirting 
 shores of the Bras d'Or lakes from ifcKenzie brook on the northwest, to a 
 half a mile southwest of Mathesons wharf, and continuing southwest by numt 
 small islands and peninsulas to West bay. In this area of fi-44 square ni 
 including that portion of sheet N'o. 16 southwest of Denys basin, numerous 
 crops of gyi)8um are seen as at Plaster island, and on the River Denys i 
 (leorgp island. (Jreen island, and Floda island. 
 
 Many of these outcrops are of little importance, being low and having 
 small quantities above sea-level. Several, however, have sufficient promin 
 to be considered as available supplies. The exposure on Donald McKinn 
 farm. River Denys road, has a height averaging .lO feet, with a length of 
 feet. This deposit, and its extension 2J miles northwest to Pli 
 island, shows probably the most important deposit in the whole area. At Pla 
 isla' 1 the exposure is from 10 to 41) feet in height on the shore, and cove;i 
 area of 4 to H acres. 
 
 In texture and colour, this rock is a -^oft white compact variety, ha' 
 some anhydrite associated with it. 
 
61 
 
 o of lime ai d 
 'iicoe. arc iii t 
 
 on the south, 
 a total K.vpsi- 
 
 iiily l>c triiced 
 iiig near and 
 ' the sea level, 
 c. Associated 
 'e it i-i about 
 
 'iT o-nt. 
 
 33 17 
 
 45 42 
 
 20 U3 
 
 03 
 
 100 15 
 
 our of a (?oo(l 
 
 by a series of 
 
 )r lakes U >o 
 investijration. 
 
 ) skirting the 
 rest, to about 
 t by numerous 
 square miles, 
 lumerous out- 
 Denys road, 
 
 d having but 
 t promincncr 
 
 McKinnoii's 
 ength of -27? 
 
 to Plaster 
 . At Plastei 
 ind cove; a an 
 
 riety, having 
 
 The following analyse;' are the result of average samples — Xo. 1. from the 
 McKinnon outcrop, and Xo. :.', from the Plaster Island outcrop:— 
 
 
 I II 
 
 
 33 33 33'70 
 
 4."> 00 45 25 
 
 20 75 2«)-7« 
 
 3d OOJ 
 
 Sulphuric anhydridf 
 
 Water, Uws on ifrnition [[ 
 
 Intu:>luble mineral niatt^r . . ^ /' \ 
 
 
 !» 41 90 77 
 
 6heel No. 16, Wcuhahuck peninsula. Victoria county. 
 
 This area inclurles the deposits at Slclvinnon harbour, Ottawa brook, Wnsh- 
 abuck river, Xineveh, Little Xarrows, Mnciver point, Deadnian puint. McKay 
 point. Boulaceet harbour. Lieutenant pond, lona, Jamesville, Red point, and 
 south side Whyeocomagh ba.v. The total area is 25-54 square miles. Here all 
 varieties of texture and colour may be found. The exposures are many and 
 large. Anhydrite oc.urs frequently, outcropping in large irregular masses. 
 This is especially trur at Xineveh, and at Washabuck, the former showing a 
 perpendicular face of »» to m feet an.l a length of over 800 feet. At the latter 
 place it shows on a road leading from \Viishabuck river to Little Xarrows, for 
 nearly a mile in width. 
 
 At Ottawa brook, the Xewark Lime and Cement Company, of Xewark, Xew 
 .lerse.v, T.S.A.. started operations in lOOH. They have oi)ene<l up several de- 
 posits, and built a railway connecting them with their shipping pier, constructetl 
 on the north side of (Jreat Bras d'Or lake. 
 
 The rock at some of the jwints 0|iene<l up, although a soft white conipn. t 
 variety, shows much disturbance, being badly liactured and fobled; due to loc 1 
 pressures— probably the conversion of anh.vdrit. into g.vpsum. At aiiother point, 
 only a few hundred feet distant, a dark carbonate of lime is seen graduatii.g 
 into g.vpsum. The lower left corner shows the lime, with streaks of snow-white 
 gypsum. The right and upi>cr side is a soft white compact variety of g.ypsnni, 
 showing very little disturbance. The composition of these two associated rocks 
 is seen in the following analyses: — 
 
 II 
 
 Lime 
 
 M»(fneiii» 
 
 Ferric oxide 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride 
 
 Ckrbonir anhydride 
 
 Water, l<wa on ifrnition . . 
 tnnoluble mineral matter. 
 
 33 50 
 
 46 33 
 
 21 15 
 10 
 
 % 
 
 51 27 
 0-46 
 30 
 04 
 
 40 78 
 0-86 
 «34 
 
 10007 i 10000 
 
 289— 4i 
 
M 
 
 At Little Narrows (gouth side), on the properties of M. J. McAskill mid 
 widow McAskill, very large exposures are seen. At the latter the face is about 
 100 feet high and over 600 feet long; the rock is an excellent quality of soft 
 white compact variety with but few irregularities. It is situated on St. Patrick 
 channel, about one mile from the shipping point, to which a practically level 
 route could be secured. 
 
 Composition is shown by the following analyses: — 
 
 Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 PV^u'- L-V.-. 33.10 3367 
 
 Sulphuric *nhjrdnde 4000 4fi 00 
 
 Water, Io»« on JKnitinn 21 16 20 7<t 
 
 Inaoluble mineral matter 2-J 20 
 
 100 70 100 57 
 
 On the north side, at Little Narrows, the measures are concealed l)y an over- 
 burden of clay. 
 
 From Maciver point to Deadman point the deposits are not considered, at 
 present, to be of any commercial value. This is also true of the greater part of 
 the Washabuck river. East of Boulaceet harbour, although no exposures are 
 seen, the indications on the surface are rather encouraging, and further inves- 
 tigations may develop a property of considerable commercial value. 
 
 At Lieutenant pond, and at lona, exposures are seen near the sea shore, of 
 sufficient area to make them of considerable value. The greater part of the 
 rock is a soft white compact variety, with smaller quantities of granular texture, 
 also some grey and blue rock are perceptible. Anhydrite also occurs with some 
 prominence. The following analyses show the results of samples from this 
 rock: — 
 
 Lime 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride 
 
 Walter, lo8.-< on ignition . . . 
 Inaoluble minenU matter. 
 
 % 
 
 33 20 
 
 45 (iO 
 
 21 06 
 
 IS 
 
 100 01 
 
 II 
 
 /o 
 
 40 16 
 
 fi5 60 
 
 4 62 
 
 13 
 
 100 41 
 
 At Jamesville, high precipitous cliffs of gypsum and anhydrite cccur, which 
 are in -icture and colour very similar to those at lona. The Intt>rcolonial 
 railway .see this deposit and separates the greater part of it from water ship- 
 ment. .J in the rear, and in close contact with the gypsum, stands a perpen- 
 dicular wall of Carboniferous limestone, which has been quarried for commercial 
 purposes. 
 
At the south side of Whycoconiagh bay, bounded on the northwest by the 
 St. Patrick channel, and on the southeast by Denys bo»in, is situated a gypsi- 
 ferous area of 0'78 square miles. 
 
 The surface in<licates that the greater part of this is underlaid by gypsum, 
 and that it is covered by an overburden of clay of varied thickness. Several 
 exposures are seen in this area, the greater part of which is composed of a. 
 white compact variety, with lesser quantities of granulated white and grey, with 
 some crystals of selenite. 
 
 Very little anhydrite is shown. An attempt was made about 40 years ago 
 to operate a deiwsit here, known as ' The Boom.' and one cargo of good white 
 rock was quarrietl and shipped, but the unfortunate loM of the ship and cargo 
 l)cfore reaching its destination caused the discontinuance of further operations. 
 
 Analyses of average samples show: — 
 
 __ : Oranu- 
 
 ! Utxl 
 
 I 
 
 I % 
 
 Lime. j 39*33 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride ..'.'.......'.......',.'.'...,'..., .1 45 72 
 
 Water, louon ignition. .!........!...."! aO'86 
 
 Insoluble mineral matter '.'......,......'. Oli 
 
 I 10009 
 
 100 84 
 
 At McKinnon harbour, the measures are nearly all concealed. About li 
 miles east of the harbour there is an exposure showing a face of good white com- 
 pact rock, .TO feet in height. The samples from this show the following com- 
 position : — 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Lime 00 . , 
 
 Salphnric anhydride [..[[[..l....."... ...][..'] .. 46 04 
 
 Water, loM on isnitioo . 2U'70 
 
 Insoluble mineral matter ,, ,, .............. " -36 
 
 100 2a 
 
 On the south side of Red point and between McKinnon point and Oyster 
 1)011(1, occurs, in the bluff of the shore, a mixture of gypsum and limestone, asso- 
 ciated with selenite,. having large transparent plates or crystals, covered with a 
 very plastic smooth red clay. The colour cf the rock varies from a dark grey 
 nud mottled, to a pure white, having a compact texture. The clay carriw small 
 iwrticlcs of gypsum, and might be classed as gypsite. 
 
 The following are the results of analyses of samples taken from this de- 
 posit: — 
 
M 
 
 Liim .. . 
 
 Feriio oxid* kod ■Inmiiu. 
 
 Sulphuric uihydride 
 
 Cwbonic aBhjrdrids. 
 
 Water, k>M on ignitkm. . . 
 IiMolable minentl matter. 
 
 M 88 
 Utt 
 0-96 
 
 «>'7« 
 W 
 r.40 
 
 100 00 
 
 II 
 
 »» 
 
 tr. 
 43 16 
 
 S4» 
 90 8S 
 
 l-«0 
 
 in 
 
 SS«7 
 
 tr. 
 •M 77 
 
 IV 
 
 % 
 
 n» 
 
 10018 
 
 10 80 
 40 
 
 l»'84 
 
 lot 
 
 00 
 100 1 
 
 No. I. Dark grey with particles of eelenite. 
 
 No. U. Orey mottled. 
 
 No. III. Pure white. 
 
 No. IV. Seleuite. 
 
 Sheei Xo. 17, Nyanza, Victoria oounly. 
 
 Thig section, together with Middle river and Baddeok river^ comprises 
 total gypsiferous area of 14-60 square miles. With the exception of three poin 
 the whole is devoid of outcrops, and has an overburden of clay of varying thic 
 neM. 
 
 At the rear of Alex. McGregor's house, a small outcrop of white granul 
 rock appears, having a height of face from 10 to 20 feet, and an elevation 60 fe 
 above the sea-level. On the road near Baddeck Bridge small hununocky oi 
 crops are seen, having a belt of Carboniferous limestone running through t 
 centre. On James McGregor's farm, near Baddeck river, another outcrop of 
 few acres occurs, but both this and the preceding outcrop have so little ele^ 
 tion above the sea-level that they are considered of little commercial value, I 
 yond the fact that they may be used for local manufacturing. In the conceal 
 gypsum areas of both the Middle and Baddeck rivers, high elevations might d 
 velop deposits of great value. 
 
 The composition of samples taken from the expo^ure^ are shown in i 
 following analyses: — 
 
 Lima 
 
 Sulphune anhydride 
 
 Water, Iom on iKn't.on . . 
 Inaoinble minenU matter. 
 
 II 
 
 % 
 
 «2 9» 
 
 46 fin 
 
 80 H8 
 
 % 
 
 3S i; 
 
 46a 
 
 20 » 
 
 100 47 
 
 100-41 
 
 No. I. From near Baddeck Bridge. 
 No. II. From James McGregor's farm. 
 
 ^^ 
 

 IV 
 
 7 
 
 7, 
 M«7 
 
 7 
 
 ■ JO-92 
 
 ow 
 
 4 
 
 100 10 
 
 
 II 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 % 
 
 3S17 
 4638 
 SD9B 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 10041 
 
K 
 
 Sheet Xo. IS. I'otI Hevii or Big liarbour. Vii-toria county. 
 
 From Baililpck bay <>ii the west to Ht. Ann bay uii tlu; east may be con- 
 sidered as one ountinunu.s tryi>^if^'oui ^>^ haviiig an area of 15-H3 square miles. 
 
 It contains many important outcrops of both gypsum and anhydrite. On 
 the short* of tin? (ircat Hruw d'Or lake, we«« ff Port IJevis, extensive cliffs of 
 anhydrite i>ccur, uiid have been referre*! to in t Impter 11, am! shown in Plate XI. 
 Another cliff. 70 'i-et high and «{S<) feet lonjt, is thown in IMute X. The promi- 
 nence of thi.i mineral is greater on or near the shores uf the lake, and iiKain at 
 the contact of these measure* with the older rocks, and may be a conversion from 
 gypsum by metamorphic action. 
 
 The farther it is iwssible to get from these points the freer the deposit 
 seems to Itc from anhydrite. Thus, it is seen that the best expo<»ure« of it.'* psum 
 are found at the head of fiaddeck bay. about 1 n ile from deep water shippiiiK. 
 where very little disturbance is apparent. Tbes<; exposures occur in a valley 
 where there are extensive outcrops of soft, white, compact gypsum, without any 
 appearance of anhydrite. 
 
 At the rear of Margaret McKeniic's grant, and about 1 mile from Mc- 
 Donald point, similar conditions are seen; also on the farm (>' Alex. McKenzie, 
 iicar his house, where a large bluflf covered with clay has been tested to a small 
 t'xtent, and although onlv about 100 yards on the east from the exposure of 
 iiiihydrite shown in Plate IX, and from a similar exposure about one-quarter 
 of u mile to the west, this particular bluff, which shows but little disturbance, 
 has evidence of being a good variety of gypsum, and no evidence of anhydrite. 
 Extensive outcrops are also seen at South Out. 2 miles, and 2} niile>» 
 west of South Out; also at K )rth Out; but associatc<l with theae are some 
 prominent exposures of anhMlrit.\ 
 
 At Port Bevis a few >ea'-» p ' ■ 'he Victoria Oypsum Company carried on 
 extensive operations, l)ui ow'r .. o c -.-easing occurrence of anhydrite at depth, 
 the place was abandor(>d !l.>- >'.=.> true of a point west of Piaster mines, 
 where a small quarry r .-.is ■■>'■. j v.o. ■ years ago (1876) by Mr. Duncan Mac- 
 Donald, of Montreal, v.:,;- ■■yH-:; .i!i..ually about 5,000 tons. It has been 
 noticed that both of th, ■ <,•-.; i in the region of most disturbance. 
 
 The following ana^vx-.- v,- )• ;. ov\ t'v composition as a fair average from 
 this section : — 
 
 Lime 
 
 Salpharic anhydride . . 
 Wstfir, Ion on ignition. 
 Insolnble mineial water 
 
 % 
 
 83 80 
 
 46'W 
 
 31 07 
 
 18 
 
 II 
 
 % 
 
 88-77 
 
 44 63 
 
 31 06 
 
 0-37 
 
 100 13 I 9A 73 
 
 III 
 
 8810 
 63 16 
 
 8 73 
 036 
 
 100 34 
 
 IV 
 
 % 
 
 88-60 
 
 46 46 
 
 30-70 
 
 030 
 
 99 96 
 
56 
 
 AJex. McKeMie', howe. *"*' *"» 
 
 Na IV. Sample from new South Gut 
 
 «- of 232 acee. The point at.„T , 2" "^ '*'""' •"'"^' ''°»''--« * 
 
 And^w, w,...H.o«d„atu.x.::„;;::n -^ --- ^- «- 
 
 The deposit is ni«,Ie up of ^yp^um „„,i k 
 «um having ,r..ter pro„,iL„c ' ThT Zt 7 Tf "'.'""•' """"""'• ^''^ ^^ 
 wth so.e j^, .•..ermi.d. a,, a eompar.^ ti;"" ^ »•'- ^" -.our 
 
 The following analyse. «how the eo„,p„«,tion :- 
 
 Linn. 
 
 ^Iphuric «,hy<lride.'. 
 
 water, luMimi^itiun 
 Iii«jluble minenJ wmUr. . . .'. ' 
 
 33 24 
 
 46 08 
 
 aO'86 
 
 O'SO 
 
 89^ 
 
 S3 as 
 
 ••5 93 
 »»2 
 
 10008 
 
 ^lieet Xo. 20. St An,, i:\.t ■ 
 
 '■ Aim, I tctona county. 
 
 Pl«c. tho measure, are „|, ....„..,„,.,, ^ „, ' „ ^ ,1 "•'' '•''"^- ^' '^ ^-^-er 
 
 oy ran from their shipping pi,.r „, „ '' '" ".t"ate,| .11 
 
 ; :'" ■; *'"'^; "«•" «-.v .1 mot,, . ,, . -^j "-'. P";"t. The roek i, 
 
 ^' - true ,o „ ,l..pth of ;w „. p, f^„. ,'"'''.• >"" "rHTation, „rovo rhu 
 -i^...^ on the floor of the .p.arrv a.'.h , l " ''"' ""'"'"•'' "^ '^O^. whi o 
 
ir 
 
 83 38 
 45 98 
 aB82 
 
 2m;i |i, nfi. 
 
•7 
 
 Lime. 
 
 ■ r 0nie nxKM ifau Bnuii 
 [ Sulphuric aab^dride 
 
 W»ter, loM on i|«ition . . . . 
 
 Inioluble minenl nwtter . 
 
 4380 
 
 tr. 
 
 0616 
 
 on 
 
 80 
 
 100 49 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 % 
 ssao 
 
 X 
 
 32 87 
 
 46 US 
 
 30 68 
 
 030 
 
 lOO 86 ; 
 
 46 14 
 
 20 73 
 02 
 
 99 76 
 
 No. I. Sample from floor of quarry. 
 
 No. II. .Suniple r.i mottled white. 
 
 No. III. Average sample from stock pile. 
 
 .^A«.< No. 21, Sa.nders cove, Cape Breton cou.ty. 
 On the south side of lioulanVrie i.«la.,d an,! n ,„;. ., 
 
 I ,m":„::2r ■"■■"■■ ""■°' "'■;" "'-'"■" ^» '«-' !!, :t^ 
 
 I The hmestono at th.s point o-eur. Loth above and below the ^..'IT 
 Sh.et Xo. ag. East ha,. Cape Breton county 
 
 I Fa.t Iv^ ; - '"'.'" '■■•"" ''"'" """"• ■^'""•^"'^- "■ the head oi 
 
 f-a^t Kv. there ..s u «.v,,.,ter..us an-a .-..inprising 2.40 ».,„ar.. miU f . 
 
 I'.iix.rtanee. It is ea.silv ae<v,sil,l.. „■ 1 I ® "^ °"""'' 
 
 ■ l.i.-h nvn, I ««<<.-Ml.le. and s|,„ws un exposure from :.'<) to .1.) f«et 
 
 l'i«h o^er a lar^-e portion of its urea. The greater n„w f ,l , ■ 
 
 The following anal.vses show the re«iilf» , f a. • . 
 
 ,l..posits:_ '""^ """**'"'""'f s^oi-aKo "amples taken from these 
 
 I.ilnf. 
 
 I^ul|.lmric»nliydride,''.." 
 » iiijT, I.MH on iimition. . . 
 iriwilul.lH miiicnl iiiatt«r 
 
 I fi mcijxKje 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 ■a 
 
 M 10 
 
 .11 62 
 
 4"> aft 
 
 42 98 
 
 211 HB 
 
 20 44 
 
 007 
 
 am 
 
 
 0H6 
 
 Nos. I and II. Fr 
 
 - i 99 SB 90 97 
 
 V ,,, . . '""' "■* '"'^" '^•'''°'"'' "' ^ *>««'' of Kast bav 
 -No. Ill Anal.vsis of (he dark variety from north ,ide .,f Ka.t'bnv. 
 
 no 87 
 
58 
 
 >V/.W \o. ^J. Tom ,iv,r. Hkhmond couul,,. 
 On tlie ^DUthpust side of (Jn-nf l*,o i'i\ i i ■ 
 
 «."".. ...i... ....,H..„ ;,.:. ;:r.. ri "; t ;:; s^'r--^ r "' ' 
 
 ia"-t c :;:;:::: :r;j,r ""'IT ''-'r^ -^"^ •"^-- -- 
 
 shipment. '"'" "' *"'''*''"*^- •""! '^ --'>• — ible to «at. 
 ^T*"^ '""«'""'« '""'I.vses SI.OW the ..v.-ra^e „uality of the roc-k:- 
 
 Lime 
 
 Sulphuric anhydri'iiH' ,[[' 
 
 ¥ 'f"!,'""""" '(f'tit'ii. 
 liuoluble minenil nwttt'r 
 
 32 85 
 
 M 64 
 
 20 98 
 
 IS 
 
 100 6B 
 
 II 
 
 % 
 
 34 04 
 
 44 28 
 
 21 07 
 
 0-87 
 
 loom 
 
 III 
 
 % 
 
 S3 ir.' 
 
 46 M 
 
 20 111 
 
 2i; 
 
 100 k; 
 
 '""o-et Xo. m. Richmond count/,. N.S. 
 
 elide J: a^:;;tn;r :zr;s ;o^- .a..p.„.. „„, „«, „ 
 
 and are principally „„ the bai.ks ,f , ^''^ -^"''P^ «'« prominent, 
 
 n^ile. fron. it. „,outh. T..e reat^t^ft rr.athl ' '"''''• ""' '^ 
 Small ..uantitie. are eo.oure.l with the oxide of LI ^ '^""""^ ^'"'"^ 
 
 the e?pL;t-" "■"""' ^"""^ ''' '-""^ "^ - "-•^^ --P'e taken fron. 
 
 Lime 
 
 Ma^wis. . . 
 
 Ferric osidn and alumina. '. . 
 Sulphuric anhydride. 
 Water, luaa iin i|;niti(in. 
 Inaoluble mineral matter. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 32 11 
 
 tr 
 
 44 
 4& 82 
 20 SB 
 48 
 
 '^lo-"! -Vo. -;. .}fadame Mand. Richmond county. 
 
 99 21) 
 
 H.ohl!::d:'r\h:rr;r ;? "- '"•'^'" °^ ^'"•^'- ^^-^^ ^"t of ,.,.„ 
 
 Pirau. harbour in (uK.; . " '""'"''• """^ " ^^''^ '™-» '»-P-it "-ar 
 
 square n.it. '■"•^^'"'^-"^'" '""""■- "'"•<-. a total ,yp,ife,„„, ,^„ „, ,,,, 
 
 i«.anr':,:'i^:rh':itft"*' ''"^"^ '^ '■*" -' "^ ^-^^ "'•^^ -^ ^•''- 
 
 <iuare m.Ie,. The outcrops of gyp^uin i,. this .re« having m..-t 
 
 
M 
 
 HI 
 
 .r...n...,..o ..„. .t,.uu.l about li mile,, «e.t of U.„„ox F.-rrv landiuK 
 
 «.r.- .„ area an,l have ,. height of fro„ :m to 70 f.,.,. Ucr.. year^ a^o „ r 
 l!:.....on of Newl.ur.l,. X.nv York, o.^rafd a ..uarr.v. un.l ..ported lar^e 
 
 .,......rt.e« of the .Tn.le .....terinl to the r..it...l State. The «.vpsu.„ i. „ white 
 
 .■..n.,net var.e.y; hut it ha. i„eK..Iarl.v a-.^iate,! with it. ...ueh anhvdri.e 
 
 11.. oec„rre....e of ,h,- „.„.eral. no ,hu.l,,. had nu.-h t., .h, with the eh.sin^.f the 
 
 ..uarry. although there -till remain lar^e ..nu.mtie. of ^ood K.viMum. This to- 
 ......r «„h excellent natural shipping faeilities. and the increasing .len.and for 
 
 . . Koduef. should U. an inuH-tn. ,„ r..„K>n and ...n-rate this extensive area. 
 Analysis: — 
 
 /-. 
 
 
 S3 
 
 (r_' 
 
 46 
 
 M 
 
 20 
 
 !•! 
 
 
 
 2i; 
 
 100 
 
 N- 
 
 LlBle 
 
 Sulphuric Knhydridc. 
 Water, Iom on ignition . 
 IiMuluble miiuiral iiisttrr. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 :u 33 
 
 45 32 
 
 20 92 
 
 II 22 
 
 9» 79 
 
 Other small expo«u«»« oc-cur on Evan, inland, and Freeman island; also at 
 <arl,on head and north ,.f Port Kiohn.„„d. hut the.e have little prominence. 
 s-m1 evidence of ardiydrite ^-ives then, little commercial value. 
 
 A smaller area, hut having more prominent exposures, oc-curs about L'l 
 .".les ea.st of the town of Arichat. Here a whiu- c.n.pac, variety of gvp 
 M,m ,s ^n .n the side of a hi^h hill, which would ^ive a working face of about'vs 
 ':' ;■' .""'''.•, A"""-'*"*"' «•'"' «»'- the- ;^ « sHiall ,uantity of blue anhydrite. 
 whMh diminishes somewhat the commercial value of the deposit. 
 
 .\iialysis of (fypsiini from Arichat:— 
 
 L.u.e ''•"*""■ 
 
 Magneiiia .T2*! 
 
 Ferric oxide and aliiniiiu <• '3 
 
 Suluhuric anhydiidf 14 
 
 Carbonic anhyilriJe . 46'47 
 
 Water, li)« <>n itniition <* 
 
 Inauliible mineral matter 90 00 
 008 
 
 99 64 
 
 Sheet Xo. ?0. .Ukilton, /nrcniM, ami Richmoml counties. 
 
 In this section we have what may be known as the Hastings area of T.'S 
 |..r... at Port Hastings: the Bc-aver Dam Lake area of l.« square miles on the 
 l.rder „.e .,f i„ve„,,,, ...... ,ii,.,,„,.,^.,, ^^,,„,,,^ ^___ , ^,^^^^ ^^,^^ ^^^^ 
 
 '■> lo.nt Tup,H.r: the Askilton area of l.s square mil.v,. at .Vskilfni, .ij mile, 
 r..ni the Intercolonial railway, or about .i miles east of Port Ha.sti„gs \lso a 
 -nail area about U mil,, south ..f A.^kilton. ..f .«),. acres, on Inhabitants nver 
 
 The Inhabitants Kiver area, ..n.l the Heaver Dan, Lake a«,a have verv little 
 m„>ortance. In-ing situated in low ground. The Beaver Dam lake is only trace- 
 
 >1 
 
 
60 
 
 abb by the pit* or kettle hole*, and hummocky ground. In the banks of Inha) 
 tants river small uutcropti are seen, but both areas seem to be covered heavi 
 with olay. 
 
 The Hastings area is small. The greater part seems to have been erodt 
 by the sea, and now forms a small inlet or cove having a floor of gypsum. Tl 
 gn'eater part of what remains is in outcrops from 30 to 60 feet high, showing 
 variety of colours and texture with considerable anhj-drite. 
 
 The Askilton area is the muxt important in this section from all points 
 view. It has large outcrops, some as higli as 70 feet above dr^inaite level, ai 
 the greater part is an excellent white compact variety, with smaller quantiti 
 of granular. 
 
 The Strait of C'auso, the naturu! outport for the d«'i".!.it — being an oih 
 port all the year — makes this ileposit desirable, e!*i>ecially to those who expo 
 large qunntitics of crude rock, as it is the nearest do|>osit to a winter port 
 the Province. 
 
 The following analyses from samples i.f the lUfferout ileposit* will serve 
 show the average composition of this rock : — 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 11 ; 
 
 i 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 Lim*. 
 
 Sulphuric »nhydridi> 
 
 Water, luu on iKnitioa 
 
 luwiuble miii«r»l matter. 
 
 % , 
 
 40 48' 
 
 65 48 
 
 3 !I0 
 
 44 .. 
 
 33 80 
 
 lU 86 
 
 % 
 
 .•B 20 
 
 46 S2 
 
 an 85 
 
 14 
 
 M'20 
 45 M 
 
 au«5 
 
 100 77 
 
 0/ 
 
 33 ' 
 
 45 ( 
 
 W t 
 
 ' 
 
 
 { VMM 1 
 
 99 74 1 
 
 10051 
 
 lOOl 
 
 No. I and II. Average samples, llastiiigK area. 
 
 No. Ill and IV. .\vera!te >aniples of white <-<nr.iiml. Askilton ares 
 
 No. V. Sample "f tlic Kraiiular. Askiltcm arcii. 
 
 OVPSL'M DISTRICT ' B.' 
 
 Sheet Xo. S7, Tracadie harbour, Anligouish county. 
 Sheet No. iS, Pomqmt harbour, AntigonUh rounty. 
 Sheet Xo. 4i), Anligon'mh harbour, Antigoimli county. 
 
 The gypsum deposits in thi-< district, although for convenienfc shown i 
 three map sheet*, are all IiicIiiiIimI in one gypsiferoiis area, consisting of ov 
 12.') wpiare niilos. and practically continuous. It is, therefore, deenieil advi 
 able to consider them together. 
 
 RcfiTring to this district, Dr. Iloneyrann' says: — 'Succeeding the oonglm 
 eratcs of Antigonish mountains, end reposing directly upon them, we have lini 
 
 riiilwl Stati'K, luntitute of Natural Science. Vol. I, 'old seru»,, I'ait 4, p. 1 
 
61 
 
 » 
 
 3S 
 
 33 »i 
 46 M 
 20 tKi 
 
 O'.lii 
 
 rrj 
 
 100 54 
 
 ■ stone of consiflpriible tliieknoss. Su<-<-e«><lin(if tliese Iiiii»wtoiie«, we li ive an onor- 
 nious bed of f(.v|Hiitn. It^ Ic-UKth is nearly vi\uBl] to that of the iiH»<x-iate<l lime- 
 stone. It apiiears ut the fork* of .1 nines river and the Ohio river; it pasm^K over 
 nearly in the courw of Junies river until it reaehes within one hundre<l pace* 
 of Uie limestones; its mountain !ii<le runs parallel with the limi>!4toiies, Hraley 
 brook running lietween and alouK the bottom of the abrtipt mid lofty gypseous 
 
 j wail for about 3 miles. After parting with the bronk tlu' gyimuni piir- 
 
 I 8ue~ it^ course until it reaehos Kighl river, nearly a mile north of the town. 
 After an apparent brtuik of J miles, it again ap|iears on the east side of the 
 Sugar Ix)af, and prooee<ls onwanls into St. (ieorge bay; its land terminus t>eing 
 Oitden's lofty elifT.* 
 
 In the above we have the deacription of tho iii>rth«>ru boundary, about H! 
 miles in length. Its breadth varies from 2 to t> miic«. or more, and is made np 
 of alternating lieds of gy|>sum and CarlMmiferous liiiiestoiie. It stretches ^outh- 
 wurdly through the liarbnur, :iii<| up the west side of South river, and continu- 
 
 I iiig southwardly may be traced by >ii;k pits uiid eonical numnds. umbT the town 
 of Antigoniah, and thence to West river, where it again outcro|<s. and terminates 
 against the metamorphic hills on the west side of the river. 
 
 r<iming back to South river, these measures branch off more southerly to 
 St. Andrews and Glenroy, and thence eastwardly, following closely the oontaot 
 between the lower Carboniferous measures and the metamorpiiic rocks, to Barri* 
 head, east of Traeadie harbour. 
 
 Although large quantities of gypsum ar» found in the southern i.iid we^-tern 
 part of the district, which at some future date may l>e considered important, yot 
 those nearer the east and the northeast, pcrticularly in the vicinity of Antiguii- 
 isli harbour, are much -iipiTi .r: in fact it is very difficult U> timl exposures 
 U'tter both in (pmntitv aii'l quality, many of them being over 1<>I feet high, 
 -<ime twice this height, and '"vering an extensive area. Miu-li of the ri"'k is 
 the very b*st white ''oniitaet. havii.g the appearance of alabaster. 
 
 If 1- regrcttnl'U- that, v ^ ilt- tin- unn cniitain- practi<'ally inexhaustible <iUi\:i- 
 titie* of gyp-i-mi M the very best <|Ufllity. it is inaci-«».*«ibli' to transportation 
 facilities. 
 
 The principal harixnir ' Aiitiironish i like llu'se licscribi (! vn the east coast 
 I'f Cttpp Breton islnnd — has • lilieient depth of water f. »hip|>ing, but is silted 
 up at its ontranre by simd that prevents water trans|>ortatiun : while the long 
 rail ban' by the Intereidniiial railway, which passes thro i^h part of the distrii-t 
 to the Strait of ransi), makes trnii.>iportation 1p.\ it itrohibitive, esiK'cially for 
 iTU'le material. Ttie dlstai to Muli;i:ve. the iiearitt port, is nhout -f* miles 
 
 i.\Psr.\l IHSTKHT I). 
 
 ^'hi-i't Sn. 40. Wealrillr. Pietou couiitti 
 
 In thif sectiiii two -iimll gypsiferous areas occur, comprising a total urea of 
 
 •"1" acr<>s. The larj^er is alxMit one mile north of the Pietou coal Holds. It is 
 
 ■ ut liy the IntcrcoK'niai railway (Pietou Town RrniiiVi). .and the Intcrcoloninl 
 
«a 
 
 Coal Coinpuiiy railway cnimei-tiinj thtiir luiiieu with their -ihipping pier at Grar, 
 ton. This area, togellier with tlie j-iimller <>iie, 21 miles farthiT west, coi 
 fcirts priiifipally of ooncealeil iiiea»iiro!'. nindo up of alternutiiig thin lied* v 
 
 Carhoniferoim limewtoiic. ^t.v.'^llIn, and imirU; their value <'<>ii>i!<t* in Iwinir sic 
 
 Kiblp to ^hippinx faeilities md their close proximity to the eonl fioldn for innni; 
 faeturinft purpoi>e)t. 
 
 iSheet .Vo. J/, Jlrirlgfiille. PIchu rounty. 
 
 ()u the Nova Scotia Steel Company's branch railway. •'■ mile- south • 
 Ferrona Junction, on the Intercolonial railway, a L'ypsiferoui nreii ..<-curs. coi 
 KixtinK of i-'.i-J square miles. The exposures are more prominMit than those '• 
 Shi-et No. .30, hut they iire 1>* miles hy rail from a shipping port. 
 
 The rock consists of a compact white and pink varietv. "howinj? c.nsiderab 
 anh.vdrite, referred to in Chapter II. 
 
 Sheet .Vo. 3S. Ecul mountain, Ookhetttr eounty 
 
 In this section, \i miles fr.mi fhe railway, arc tour small i-nlut, 
 areas known as the S. HwhU- area, comprisiuK -.'n acrtw. mid consistii 
 of a soft grey gyiwum, whii-h has l)eea utilize<l to -omc extent ii- a fertiliwi 
 and the (leorKe Thompson area, !MI acren, the exposures consist inii principal 
 of a translucent anhydrite. There is. however, some evidence of alabaster bein 
 here, but so much of the measures are concealed that it is ditti<Milt ti. make at' 
 exact determination. This deposit is JA miles fmni the railway: the -lam 
 Clifford area, K acres, measures all conifale<l. M inile« from railway; and tl 
 Elisha Archibald area, !>5-2 acres. The rock here <i.ii«.ists of a >now-white cii 
 pact variety, with some snuiller <piantities showiujf Kraiudar crystallization, al 
 some alabaster. It is 11 miles from the railway, and if the alabaster proves 
 be a prominent constituent it may be cousidere<l of coinmereial value. 
 
 i>im» 
 
 .Mkgnesiii ... 
 
 Sail huric anbjrHridr 
 
 Carlmnic »nhy<lrid». 
 
 \V»t«T, liMu* on ignition 20'63 
 
 lnaulul>l<! n.incral iiutt«i ... 
 
 Ill 
 
 IV 
 
 S,'* 12 
 
 41 30 
 
 100-48 
 
 28 
 99 84 
 
 33 M) , 33 : 
 
 . .. .| 0-' 
 
 4.^ 1« \ 45 
 
 i 0' 
 
 20 04 i 30 1 
 
 92 !.. .. 
 
 •Kt'fM 
 
 !« . 
 
 Xo. I. Geo. Thompson: associated with lurtic M"aiititi f |)ure wli 
 
 anhydrite. 
 No. II. (ieo. Thomp-nt pure white anhydrite, assi,<iatc.| with No. 
 No. III. K. Archiiiald : white compact. 
 No. IV Siimufrl Iloocle: irrpyish-wbitf. 
 
Sheet .Vo. J9, Sliort» lal-e. Colcheiiler eounhi. 
 
 In this Mctiou there ix n large. to)-tuuU!>, KM'xift'routt urea nt' <>vor l.'i squiin- 
 miles. It is the eusteni extension of ttie liwer Carboniferous tncusuroK dt'scTiho 1 
 nil page 39, which extends westwardly a^^r i«s the ShulM>iia<'ii(iie river and throu^ih 
 llaiits county. The topography at this purtii'uiur location i.^ Kciierall.v low mid 
 level, and although there are some outcrops < f proniinenve. very much the greater 
 part consists of conceale<l measures. Hcfrinning at the northwest corner of this 
 sheet, on the farm of John Irwin and the udjoiniiiK pro|>ertic> situated almul 
 :!J niil<« east of the lu'adwat«T^ nt ilu' ('<>lH><piid bay, ■iciur *onic "iiiall 
 iiutcr<i|>s. Here the gypsum varies iiiiM-h jn colour and texture, and •bo«- 
 an excetts of carl>onate of lime in its compo->ition. As far iis i-onid 1h' obs«<r\«sl 
 if is only suitable for fertilizer purposes. Following the line of eoiilact easf- 
 warilly at ililden, miles west of the Intercolonial railway, outcrop^ of blue 
 iin.l white, of botli ,'ranular and compact varieties, «how r:ti\> Icrable pruuii- 
 iieiH'c on the estate of .lames Morgan, (''ontinuing southwardly aii<l ea-.lwardly, 
 nnd "Tossing the railway near Brooktield. we haw uuiiierous outcrops of more 
 or loss prominence, on the fan - of l.«Miiar«l farter. .Ianie« l.iikluirt. Alon/o 
 l.iK'khart. John McCuIIik'Ii. aixl .1. ,F. .*snook. The gvp-uiii here i- more rejtular 
 ill (|uality ami texture, but where it mM'ur-^ elo«e to the contact it usually shows 
 considerable anh.vdrife. 
 
 AlK>ut 1} miles south it again erop> .mt < ii the proin-rty of Robert 
 lleiijamin; and at rpp«'r Pleasant valley also, south and \ve-t of Shorts 
 lake; and again at [..ittle river, east of the railway; on the Stewiaekc river; and 
 near llamsey |>ost-office, on Wallace brook. 
 
 Fnless, by testing, some .-uiwrior Viiriet.v of irvpsum shoiiM Is' discovered, 
 as, for in»tane«>, snow-white or alasbaster — which is tpiite probabb' — this ^vtion 
 can only be eonsidererl commercially valuable for a manufacturing industry for 
 local purposes. 
 
94 
 
 M 
 
 :80 
 
 >! 
 
 s 
 
 :8 
 
 ■4 
 
 S5* 
 
 8i 
 
 :S 
 
 Rf 
 
 ;< 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 -3 
 
 a. 
 
 i 
 
 6C 
 
 o 
 
 ■g 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 eg 
 
 u 
 
 e 
 
 1 
 
 
 s 
 a 
 
 S3 
 -9 
 
 :SS p 
 
 Ms 
 
 9$ 
 
 S: 
 S" 
 
 ecj«3>b 
 
 R s 
 
 3 
 
 .9 :S 
 
 1* 
 
 ia ;« 
 
 is 
 
 ;9 :« 
 
 l§ 
 
 iass 
 
 Is 
 
 ;S — 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 ■Si 
 ■■S-O.S-S* 
 
 ■ I o 5 S fc."9 
 
66 
 
 No. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 III. 
 IV. 
 
 V. 
 
 VI. 
 
 VII. 
 
 VUI. 
 
 IX. 
 
 X. 
 
 XI. 
 
 XII. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Icionard Carter: anhydrite oocurrinf in cIom eontect with 
 
 carbonate of linie. 
 A mixtuBu of liirht p-ey and white, from Uonanl Carter'n. 
 Jameij l.ockbart: white, compat't. 
 John ll(<,'iilii)<L'ii : white, com|met. 
 Kolicrt E. Ikmjamin. white, and greyi»h-wh'»c. 
 J. J. Snook: a re«i pinkish mixture aMociated with niarU. 
 Hobert E. Benjamin : blaok compact, !M>nicwhat euluninur in 
 
 utructurc. 
 Alonzo Lo<-khart: soft white Krunular. 
 White granular, from John Irwin. 
 White, Mtreakcil with red, from adjoitiini? property. 
 Samples from Kenne<iy farm, Pleaiiaiit valley. 
 Hlue. from JanH-x Morgan CNtate at Ililden. 
 White, from James .Murttan entuto at Ililden. 
 
 Sheet Xo. kO, Shuhtnaeadie riicr, Cokhetter and Uanlt countie: 
 
 At the mouth of the Shulx-naoadie river, on the east sidt-, oceurs a black- 
 CarioniferouH lim«r.toiic, known hh black rock, carrying iimall veins of manga- 
 iiite. Succee<linK this is a series of soft marls and sandstones, filled with veins 
 of reddish fibrous gyiwum running in all diriH-tions, and it is not until Pitch 
 brook is reachetj that we meet solid gypsum exposed in prominence. Here, 
 about 1 mile from the sliore. occur massive beds, which extend alm<ist contin- 
 iii'UHly eastward to Heaver bnjok, ami to Irvin lake, devrik-d in .Vo. :J!t. At 
 Pitch brook the gypsum is light grey in colour, and has a compact texture. 
 Many years ago the dejiosits were oiH-raUnl. and the product exiwrte.! to the 
 I'liiled States. At n«-aver brook the nxk is a compact white variety, with s-inie 
 iiittbnster showing in some of the exiKw-uni*; however, anhydrite has prominence. 
 .\sccnding the river on the western side there is a small area known as Stephens 
 urea, where a goo.1 white compact variety of gypsum is s«vn, assoj-iated with soft 
 reddish blue marls. Here is the largest deposit of fibrous gypsum known in the 
 Provinces. o<'curring in veins running through the marls in all directions, often 
 1-'" and IS" wide, anil when clenne<l from the assm-iated marls is very pure. 
 In 1WJ9, these deposits were operate*! for the fibrous variety, nml a mill was 
 crp<-te«l at Noel, 1.'. miles from the deposit, at a cost of $12,(>i»(>. for nianu- 
 fiioturing the prmlnct into terra all>a. These works were destroyed by fire the 
 following year, and all oiM>rations abandoned. 
 
 Proceeding up the river, on ihe west siile, the next ileposit of importance is 
 that of Capt. .lohn (Jraham, just above and opix>site Kaglcsne.st point. This, 
 formerly known as Big Kock. presented a snowy white front to the river, and 
 f"r many years was o|M>rate<l for export purposes. 
 
 It is a massive bed arranged in layers and bent in conical shape; the base 
 ami interior .showing anhydrite, and the whole resting on a base of Carboni- 
 lon.iw limestone. It is here the Windsor aeries of the lower Carboniferous 
 
 2.H9— 5 
 
MICHOCOTY KSOIUTION TBT CHART 
 
 (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 
 
 \2A 
 
 Ui 
 
 
 §22 
 
 U£ 
 
 12.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 j£ APPLIED IIVHGE 
 
 1653 East Main Street 
 
 Rochttttr, New York U609 USA 
 
 (716) 482 - 0300 - Phon. 
 
 (716) 2M- 59S9 -Fox 
 
crosses the boundary line (Shubenacadie river) into Colchester county, and i 
 this point it has a widtli of less than 1 mile, and west, about li miles, it tapei 
 to a mere connecting link, but soon widens again on the Fivemile and Kenne 
 cook rivers. Proccedin(j; on the western side of the river, 1 mile south of tl 
 Fivemile river, again the gypsiferous area is met with in prominent outcroj 
 of gypsum, which are almost continuous for several miles. At Rose poin 
 I'rbania, and Admiral rock, massive white beds are exposed on the river ban! 
 from 40 to tiO feet in height; and not only at the river bank, but from one t 
 thret! miles west prominent e.\posures occur of excellent quality. 
 
 Crossing the river nci.r Fort Ellis point, and descending again on the easter 
 side large exposures are seen ; but not 'in such prominence as those on the oppc 
 sit<? side of the river. At Green Oak, on the property of Thos. Phillips, larg 
 and prominent exposures of white, snow-white, and bliii gj-psum occur, in com 
 liaet cr.vstallization. This propert.y is near the river, where shipping facilitie 
 are good, and in the pa.«t was operated quite extensively. Again, on the propert 
 of G. \V. Dart, and Tupper Fisher, outcrops occur, but here an excess of cai 
 bonate of lime is shown. The gypsiferous area included in the above descrip 
 tiou is l-i-14 square miles in extent 
 
 It will be seen hy the above that in this section there is praetically an un 
 limited sujiply of gypsum of good quality; and at one time considerable busines 
 was (lone exporting the crude material, but many causes have militated agains 
 the successful operation of these deposits. Operations were carried on in th 
 (lays of small sailing vessels owned by those who were familiar with the tides o 
 the Shubenacadie river, but as the size of vessels increased, and before th 
 steamboat was known on this river, the plaster trade became controlled by a few 
 and these deposits were tJie first to suffer. To those interested in this trade i 
 ma.v be worthy of note to mention that the tide at the mouth of the Shubena 
 cadie rises 30 feet in three hours and recedes in the same length of time. A 
 Eaglesn(»st point the bore at high tides is often 10 feet high. 
 
 The following analyses will serve to show the different qualities of rock ii 
 this section: — 
 
 
 % 
 36 80 
 
 0-40 
 M 44 
 H 73 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 From Beaver bn>ok— 
 
 Lime 
 
 Ferric oxide and Alumina 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride . . . 
 
 % 
 33 20 
 
 " 4r. 40" 
 20 79 
 
 33 72 
 
 4B 66 
 
 Water, losa on ifmition 
 
 luboluiile mineral matter 
 
 2094 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99-87 
 
 100 39 
 
 100 01 
 
 No. I. The interior of a boulder of anhydrite which has been exposec 
 
 for about 'IH years. 
 " II. An outside coating about 1" thick taken from No. 1. 
 " III. White compact variety of gypsum occurring in the same do 
 posit. 
 
67 
 
 KrDm I'itch brook- 
 Lime 
 
 Suliihjrii; unliyflriiltj .. 
 Water, loan on it;niti<in. . 
 IiiMiluble mineral matter 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 *=/ 
 
 
 "" 
 
 
 ys 80 
 
 32 HS 
 
 45 72 
 
 44!I2 i 
 
 20C,0 
 
 2<f47 1 
 
 1 30 
 
 1 70 i 
 
 100 42 
 
 9!! !)7 
 
 III 
 
 32 20 
 
 44 (14 
 
 2(1 44 
 
 2 30 
 
 !»9-68 
 
 IV 
 
 3.1 HO 
 44 H2 
 
 20 M 
 HO 
 
 IrtO (H! 
 
 Xo. I. Gregory Yuill: grey fibrous. 
 II. (Ircgory Yuill: grey massive. 
 
 III. Coiistino Wheolofk: dark grc^y with riidinting structure. 
 
 IV. Samuel Creelman : light grey, massive. 
 
 h'rom (Jreen Oak — 
 
 Lime 
 
 Ferric (>«ide and alumina. 
 
 Siil|ihiirip aniiydriile 
 
 Wa(er, loss ori i);nition . . . 
 InHuIiible mineral niattet-.. 
 
 II 
 
 33 20 
 
 47n4 
 
 lit 22 
 
 .10 
 
 !)!( 70 
 
 33 20 
 
 (t 4(1 
 
 45-28 
 
 20 liO 
 
 80 
 
 lOO 34 
 
 III 
 
 4 4> 
 2 ,Vi 
 4 24 
 5ul 
 7!»-52 
 
 IV 
 
 32 80 
 
 4() i(i 
 20 W 
 
 32 !I2 
 
 40 
 
 4i"i !(► 
 
 21 OO 
 
 95 07 
 
 9!l !»0 
 
 !»-48 
 
 V;. Dart. 
 
 No. I. General sample of the rock from property of (i 
 II. Sample with dark bark-like incrustation. 
 
 III. Clay mixed with the gypsum incrustation. 
 
 IV. Pure white, granulated, from the property of Thos. Phillips. 
 V. Pure white, compact, from the property of Thos. Phillips. 
 
 Ill 
 
 II 
 
 in 
 
 /o 
 
 33 72 
 
 "■<« oo" 
 
 20 94 
 085 
 
 inn-ni 
 
 Lime 
 
 ■Magnesia 
 
 Ferric oxide and alumina 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride . 
 
 Carlionie anhydride 
 
 Water, loss on iirnition . . 
 limcjluble mineral matter. 
 
 32 92 
 
 tr. 
 
 tr. 
 46 44 
 
 20 93 
 20 
 
 100 49 
 
 32S0 
 tr. 
 
 40 24 
 
 tr. 
 20 <•>,-) 
 
 t 00 
 
 100 09 
 
 38 40 
 
 tr. 
 1 60 
 54 44 
 
 ' 5 7B 
 tiO 
 
 100 80 
 
 No. 
 
 28»— 5J 
 
 I. A snow-white, compact sample, from the Stephens property. 
 II. Soft greyish white rock, from an ...posuro on Capt. John 
 Graham's farm. 
 III. Anhydrite, from same location as No, 2. 
 
68 
 
 Sheet No. JtS, Elmsdale, Halifax county, and Hants county. 
 
 In this ^Pitioii we have one of the largest gypsiferous areas in the Provii 
 comprising 5") s«,iutre miles and containing inexhaustible and valuable depo 
 of gypsum. Prominent exposures oecur about 1 mile >outheast from Ei 
 dale station, near Keys corner, and li miles farther on. Follow 
 the contact northeastwardly and lying unconformably witli the Oarb 
 feroas limestones, on the Camhriun ([uartzitcs and slates, are several outer 
 of soft white, greyish white, and blue gjpsum. Three miles northeast of El 
 dale and east across the Shubenacadie river, quite extensive deposits of \ 
 pure selinite occur, near a very dark gypsum outcrop, known as the Black R 
 gypsum quarry. 
 
 East and north of :he Intercolonial railway, at the Home settlement on 
 shores of (irund lake, further deposits of selenite occur, with more or less pre 
 nent deposits of gypsum; and again at Ninemile river, 6 miles from the 
 way, what is probai ly tl.e most extensive outcrop of gypsum in the whole sec 
 occurs on the Tlio npson property. The outcrop is more than a n.Le in len 
 and has a maximum height of (iO feet. The greater part consists of a w 
 compact variety. These deposits, however important, are not considered c 
 mercially valuable on account of the distance from Halifax, the nearest s 
 ping port. 
 Sheet No. 1,9. Gay river, Halifax and Colchester counties. Gypsiferous 
 
 75-60 square miles. 
 Sheet No. 60. Musquodohoit, Halifax county. Gypsiferous area St -88 sq 
 
 miles. 
 Sheet No. 51, Stewiacke river, Colchester county. Gypsiferous area ISM sq 
 
 miles. 
 Sheet No. 52, Newton mills, Colchester county. Gypsiferous area 22-32 nq 
 miles. 
 
 To the four albove mentioned sections, containing in all an area of 14 
 square miles, very little attention has Iteu paid. There is no question but 
 they contain many of the largest and best deposits in the Maritime Provi 
 but their location being far away from any means of transportation, desi 
 their commercial value. It is not pleasant to think of such extensive <lepos 
 great purity being inaccessible, 1 ut a glance at the maps will show that be 
 a few deposits on the northwest portion of Gays River map, all others are i 
 from transportation facilities, miany being from 18 to 30 miles from the ne 
 railway connexion. Should the i)roposed Halifax and C.uysborough railwi 
 constructed through the Musquodohoit valley, it will materially improve the 
 tion of many of these deposits, and be a strong incentive to encourage man 
 turing in this district. 
 
CYPSl'M DISTRICT E. 
 
 Sheet A'o. il. South Maillo-xd, Hants county. 
 
 The eastward continuation of the Kennetcook K'er valley is the valley of 
 the Fivemile river, both rivers having their origin in cij^<> proximity, the Ken- 
 iictcook flowing westwardly to the Avon, the Fivemile. river eastwardly to the 
 Shubenaeadie. The Dominion Atlantic railway (Midland division) follows 
 these vallej's for nearly :i<) miles west A the Shubenaeadie river, which makes 
 th« fypsum deposits in this section very accessible. 
 
 On this sheet there are three gypsiferous areas, comprising a total of 9 
 si|uare miles, 
 
 The most important of these is that at Latties brook, which is a continua- 
 tion of the Windsor series eastward. It is here that the Windsor Plaster Com- 
 pany has a quarry and gets a partial supply for its calcining mill at Windsor. 
 The quarry is situated near Burtons station, on the south side of the railway, 
 and has an exposed face 4<) feet high, covered with from 10 to 15 feet of clay. 
 Attempts have teen made, with a considerable degree of success, to remove thi* 
 flay by the hydraulic method. 
 
 The rock is a white compact variety, well suited for the manufacture of 
 plaster of Paris. This bed may be followed westward for some miles, but there 
 are only a few outcrops, the greater part l>eing concealed under a heavy over- 
 burden of clay. North, about 1 mile, near the public highway, p;-ominent out- 
 <Ti)ps are again seen, but the nwk is not as good in colour or texture as at Bur- 
 tons. 
 
 Going east from Burtons we meet precipitous cliffs, from 75 to 140 feet 
 in height, and over 2,000 feet long, on the Lawrence property, at Andrew Hayes 
 (known as The Cave), and on the Royles property. On the Geary property, 
 about 150 feet north of the railway and having a strike about parallel with it, is 
 another exposure, with a length of 1,400 feet, and an average height of 85 feet. 
 
 On the Hayes property, the upper parts of the cliff show considerable dis- 
 turbance, and are badly folded and contorted ; while near the base the beds are 
 more even in structure. The rock on this face shows considerable anhydrite, 
 hut on the south or opposite side of the ridge, where the rock bus more covering, 
 it is a good white gypsiun. with some greyish white and blue associated. The 
 face continues westwardly, with practically the same height, to the Lawrence 
 property d has a stratification more horizontal and even. In other condi- 
 tious it .nilar to the Hayes property. 
 
 On the Geary property, the rock aitnin shows disturbance, with eonsider- 
 al le anhydrite, and veins of dark carbonaceous and reddish gypsum of inferior 
 Muality cutting through it. 
 
 The naturol shipping ])ort for the deposits of this area would be the Shube- 
 inioadie river (distant from 3 to 5 miles), but it would necessitate the con 
 struotion nf a shipping pier above the railway bridge. Unfortunately, not suffi- 
 cient attention was given to draw efficiency in the construction of this bridge. 
 
70 
 
 and the provision then made for this purpose is not suitable for modern sh 
 pir.;7; and, therefore, makes what would Ix; otherwise dtsirable gypsum proix 
 ties (not only the above described, but s^cveral others on or near the Shubeii 
 eadie river), practically inaccessible for export purposes. 
 
 The next area of importance is that at Olcncoe, which was montion'^d in t 
 description of slict t Xo. 40. It is to the south, and some distance from the v. 
 ley of Fivemile river ami on very much ! 'sihcT ground. The sliippini? p( 
 for this is on the Sluiboiiac die river, iibout 2 .niles above the mouth of the Vi\ 
 mile river. 
 
 (ioiiig north on this sheet to Selina. near the head of Cobequid bay the 
 occurs a small isojate<l gypsiferous urea of 1-7 square miles. The topograpl 
 of this is generally low dike lands. hm.I th. outcrops, which have but lit! 
 prominen<'e. occur alout 2 miles from the shore. The rock is a grey slaty stru 
 ture, with small ([uantitics iif white granular. 
 
 The followiip analyses will give tlii" general average composition of e 
 posures in this section : — 
 
 Lime I SitfiO 
 
 Magnesia ! tr. 
 
 Ferric uxiile and alumina 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride 65'20 
 
 Carlnnic anhydride 78 
 
 Water, loss on igintion 405 
 
 Insoluble mineral matUr tr. 
 
 11 
 
 III 
 
 34 20 35-60 
 
 40 
 46 (i8 
 
 40 
 
 37 Ma 
 
 6-5S 
 
 17 ?5 17-30 
 
 0<.>2 2 20 
 
 99-(a 9i> 35 100 00 
 
 IV 
 
 34 20 I 38 80 
 
 VI 
 
 % 
 33 32 
 
 VII 
 
 % 
 32 *• 
 
 40 
 
 
 45 60 1 
 
 53-40 
 
 tr. 
 
 
 20- 10 
 
 8 05 
 
 
 40 
 
 100 3U 100 65 
 
 2S 
 46 48 
 
 20-ti5 
 -12 
 
 1 
 4o-« 
 
 20 4 
 1-C 
 
 100 85 , 100 6 
 
 Xo. 1. Andrew Hayes property, from ".igh face near cave. 
 II. Andrew Hayes, south side. 
 
 III. Burgess property, Glencoe, dirty dark grey. 
 
 IV. Burgess proiierty, Glencoe, soft white, slightly granular. 
 V. From the Garry property, or Midland railway. 
 
 VI. Windsor Plaster Company's quarry at Burtons, soft cdtopac 
 rock. 
 VII. From Selma quarry, grey slialy variety. 
 
 Sheet No. J^, Noel, Hants county. 
 
 This sheet besides .showing the continuation of the deposits of the Kennet 
 cook valley, where there are several important exposures of gypsum similar ir 
 quality and texture to those that have been described in this valley, also shows 
 a northcii gypsiferous area belonging to the Windsor series. This branches ofl 
 
ri.ATR XIT. 
 
 VII 
 
 32 
 
 % 
 32fc0 
 
 •2tt 1 
 '4d 1 
 
 12 
 45 U4 
 
 ■tiO : 
 ■12 
 
 20 44 
 
 ItiS 
 
 O'Brien ciuarry. shorting |ii|w or blowhole, also structure of rock 
 289- p. 70. 
 
71 
 
 from the Keiiiietcook vtilley iiciir Utirtoiis, and f^ll \vs a wnstwardly course 
 s-kirtiiig the oMer Dcvoiiiiiii nx-k, to thp Avon rivf r oii the west, and ^orins the 
 iiiirtheru houndury of the lower (.^arhonifcrous hasin of Ilaiits county. 
 
 In this section important exposures of all varieties occur. .Nfany of them, 
 hinvever, beinjf so far away from transportation facilities, are not considered 
 coinnicreially valuahle. Amon^ these may he mentioned the deposits on the 
 IVtite river, those on the West Hranc'h of the Tennyeape river, on Robinson 
 brook, and those east of Xorthfielil. tojjcther with those in an isolateil area li 
 miles north of the Kennetcook river. 
 
 The first to be considered are those at Noel lake. Here the (jypsum out- 
 rrops on both sides of the lake and shows beneath the water in the lake. The 
 L'reater part of the deposits apiK>ar as a white compact variety of excoUeiit 
 iliiality. In some places anhydrite occurs, in a form peculiar to this place, not 
 in veins, masses, or IkmIs, but in round spire-like pinnacles iirotudinsr throutth 
 the jfypsum. 
 
 On the west siiie of the lake the O'Brien Company has been operatinj? for 
 a few years, and exporting the crude nick to the United States. The quarry is 
 situate<l in a hollow between 30 and 40 feet below the surrounding country, and 
 lias a height of face equal to that depth. It is drained by natural watercourses 
 tlirougli the ro. ';. The top of the rock is covered with blow or jjipe holes — one 
 shown in Plate XII — which is ."JO feet below the surface. This figure shows the 
 structure of the rock in thi- deposit. At the east of the lake, on the property of 
 .T. S. O'Brien, some develoimicnt work has been dore, which has proved the 
 existence of large quantities of gypsum of excellent quality. 
 
 The pre>c!nt systen. of transiKirting this rock to the shipping pier (3i miles 
 distant) is by horses and wagons, which makes an excessive cost. A line of 
 railway, • ry easy location, is proposed for future development, and, if 
 
 constru- r tko this property one of the most desirable on the ^inas 
 
 basin. 
 
 Till ^sit of importance west of the above is one situated in the rear 
 
 of Minasviuc, about li miles from the shore. This property has an exposure 
 averaging 50 feet in height, and over 1,500 feet in length. It is a good white 
 compact variety of gypsum, showing but few irregularities. The topography of 
 the country between the shore and the deposit is such that it would be dilfieult 
 and expensive to construct a railway connecting the two points, but it hag been 
 proposed to make Tennycape harbour the shipping port, and build a railway to 
 that point, a distance of 3i miles. 
 
Samples have been taken from the above described deposits, and the res 
 are given in the following analyHes: — 
 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 I 
 
 Linui... 
 
 % 
 ««0 
 
 % 
 
 as'oo 
 
 % 
 33 90 
 
 °/ 
 
 
 ■■■ ii'ei' 
 
 oao 
 
 48 96 
 
 0-30 
 46 33 
 
 lis 
 
 90-06 
 
 
 Hulphuric anhydride 
 
 Carbonic anhydride 
 
 Water, Iom on ignition 
 
 Idw>1ud19 mineral matter 
 
 41 
 ( 
 
 W-80 
 030 
 
 14'W 
 060 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 44 
 
 •9 66 
 
 100-43 
 
 W 
 
 No. I. From J. S. O'Brien property east Noel lake, white to ai 
 
 white compact variety. 
 " II. AverPTO sampb from the O'Brien Company, west of ] 
 
 lake, greyish white, compact gypsum. 
 " m. Average sample from the Minasrille property, cooqiaet, w 
 
 to snow-white. 
 " IV. Best quality from Minasville property, <now-white, cam) 
 
 oheet No. iS, Walton, Hantg county. 
 
 Following westwardly from No. 42 the gypsum can be traced almost i 
 tinuously, by outcrops and other characteristics, the whole length of the g; 
 ferous area, which in this sheet consists of 33-7 square miles. The most imp 
 ant deposit is that at Walton which is shown in Plate I. It is one of tht 
 deposits in the county, having a face 100 feet high, and may be followed, 
 a constant exposure, for over 2,800 feet, and continues for miles with a sc 
 of extensive outcrops. 
 
 The Walton deposit, which has been operated intermittingly for near 
 century, is now producing from 40,000 to 50,000 tons annually; operated by 
 Albert Parsons. The rock is a greyish white and blue compact variety, sho^ 
 comparatively small quantities of anhydrite occurring in lenticular veins 
 rounded by gypsum, graduating with increasing or diminishing promim 
 into each other. At this point the pipe or blow holes are very obaracteri 
 leaving a circular area, with perpendicular walls and rounded bottoms, 
 rock, where excavated, has no covering of clay, and everything, except for 
 material, that will not pass thi;ough a coke fork, is shipped. The deposit is ( 
 ated 1 mile from the shipping pier and the rock is hauled there with hi 
 and carts. At present the whole output is taken by Messrs. J. B. King & Co 
 New York, and transported by this firm in its own barges. Plate XIII sha 
 barge loading at the Walton shipping pier. 
 
d the results 
 
 II 
 
 IV 
 
 IS> 
 
 % 
 S3 00 
 
 rW 
 
 
 i 33 
 1 15 
 9-66 
 
 46-98 
 0-66 
 
 
 
 l>'49 
 
 loo-n 
 
 liite to Bnow- 
 ?e«t of Noel 
 impcct, white 
 ite, compact. 
 
 I almost con- 
 of the gypsi- 
 most import- 
 of th> -^ePi 
 'oUowed, ««itli 
 with a eeriee 
 
 for nearly n 
 srated by Mr. 
 iety, showing 
 ar veins sur- 
 ; prominence 
 haracteriatic, 
 ottonu. The 
 zcept foreign 
 sposit is situ- 
 3 with horso3 
 [ing & Co., of 
 Xni shows a 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 i 
 
 12 
 
 -p. 72 
 
 
"1 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 Liniv , 
 
 uao 
 
 40 00 
 
 % 
 3940 
 
 n S3 
 
 >Vrric oxide and aluuiina 
 
 Sul|ihurlc MihjrHridi 
 
 CiirUmic anhydride 
 
 020 
 46 84 
 
 030 
 S7 ••! 
 
 ■" 48-JB 
 tr 
 MM 
 
 oao 
 
 IW 44 
 
 033 
 
 44 W 
 I 7li 
 
 Wttt«r, ItHW un igmitioa 
 
 17 40 
 300 
 
 1 60 
 OM 
 
 19 BO 
 
 Innoluble uiioml matter 
 
 48 
 
 
 MM 
 
 W90 
 
 9g« 
 
 Ko. I. Averaga gaiuple from stock pile at Walton quarry, light blue 
 compact. 
 
 " II. Anhyde from Walton quarry. This rock has a very sandy 
 appearance and ' full of grit. 
 
 " III. Sample from first if el above and east of quarry floor, at Wal- 
 ton, bluish grey, compact. 
 
 " IV. Sample from South Mountain deposit, at Walton. 
 
 Sheet No. i4, Chevene, ffar.is oaunty. 
 
 By many it has been cuiisidered that the gyp«iferous area occurring at 
 C'tevcrie was a continuation of the Windsor and Shubenacadie series, but this 
 is not correct. They are separated by over 2 miles of intervening Devonian 
 rocks at their nearest point, which is near (loshen, shown on the eust side of the 
 "heet. 
 
 fheverie, consisting of an area of 4-.3 square miles, is situated on ( outli 
 side of Minas basin, about 6 miles east from the mouth of the Avon, has 
 
 Rood water transportation facilities. Here operations have ^eeii carried on 
 intermittingly for many years. Outcrops occur at the sho. . , in high cliffs, 
 associated with much anhydrite, and carbonate of ''me in c'c '-.jntact. They 
 also have prominence, and have been operated iu th past, abou* a mile from 
 tho shore, where the rock appears to be freer from inesularitien. 
 
 The present operations are carried on at the shore, at points known as the 
 <'"ve quarry and the Upper head. The Lower head occurs about one mile dis- 
 t;iiit. on the north side of Cheverie creek, in a small isolated area. 
 
 The Cove quarry, shown in Plate XIV, is about 500 yards from the leach 
 where the shipping pier is located. The gypsum is covered with clay from 10 to 
 15 feet thick, and underlain with anhydrite. The gypsum and anhydrite graduate 
 fr(m one to the other without any particular line of demarcation. 
 
 On the right of this illustration is shown a tunnel, oiHjncd for underground 
 mining and to develop deposits on the opposite side of the public highway, which 
 runs near the face of the quarry. In Plate XV is shown the V per Head quarry, 
 which is on the beach and a few hundred yards east of the shipping pier. The 
 
74 
 
 liisrh tides of the Bay of Fundy do the work of cleaning the quarry, by was 
 the debris nway from the roek. This ro<-k is principally anhydrite with ! 
 gypsum intermixed. 
 
 The Lower head is a very similar rock to the last, but carries petrol 
 in embedded cells, from which small quantities have been collected du 
 blasting operations. With this as partial encouragement, a company 
 formed to bore in this section for oil, and a record of one of the bore holes. 
 d,..vn about half a mile from the shore, is given in Vol. XV, p. 161 AA, of 
 (ieologicol Survey of Canadn. A section of this boro hole is shown in Fif 
 It is interesting, as it shows the occurrence of gypsum at different depths, 
 greatest body of white gypsum being between l.'iO and 371) feet from the 
 face. It is unfortunate that no record is given of the dip of the rock. 
 
 The following analyses are from samples taken from this section, an.l 
 serve to show the composition ; also an analysis made hy Prof. F. E. En 
 hanit. of Syracuse, X.Y., and kindly furnished by Mr. A. A. llayward, of II 
 fax. of the brine f • jm the Chevcrio I ore-hole mentioned above:— 
 
 
 I 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 Lime 
 
 Maune.ija . • 
 
 Ferric oxide and ahiiiiin,i. . . ! 
 Snl|ilmric anhydride 
 
 /o 1 /o 
 
 32 80 1 32-72 
 
 ''' 6'ic' 
 
 40 80 
 
 % 
 
 32 60 
 Oik 
 
 42-20 
 
 0-52' 
 
 43,32 
 •J 3rt 
 1 70 
 3 .30 
 
 /c 
 
 31 
 
 2 
 
 58 16 
 
 46 68 
 tr. 
 20 75 
 
 
 
 CariMtnic anhydride 
 
 tr. 
 20-80 ' 
 
 
 14 
 
 ^V ater, loan on ignition. . . . . . 
 
 Insohible minernl matter 
 
 20 -(in 
 
 20 
 
 1-55 
 
 l(i 
 
 8 
 
 27 
 
 
 100 16 100 09 
 
 1 
 
 100 51 
 
 100 51 
 
 100 10 
 
 100 
 
 No. 
 
 1. From east side of tunnel in Cove quarry, Cheverie, snow-wii 
 compact. 
 
 II. From opposite side of same tunnel, much harder, but not 
 hydrous. 
 
 III. Aidiydrite from base of Cove quarry, Cheverie. 
 
 IV. Top rock from Cove quarry, Cheverie, soft, white, compact 
 
 V. Rock associated with gypsum. Upper Head quarry at Chevci 
 VI. Dark carbonaceous rock, overlying gypsum at Cove quar 
 
 Cheverie. 
 
y, by washing 
 ito with some 
 
 ies petroleum 
 lected duriiig 
 ompany was 
 Dre holes, put | 
 1 AA, of tlie j 
 vn in Fig. ;!. | 
 t depths, tlie 
 rem the siir- 
 ek. 
 
 ion, and will 
 ?. E. Eng.l- 
 ard, of ILili 
 
 ! VI 
 
 20 
 
 31 jn 
 
 52 
 
 2-411 
 
 32 
 
 14 W 
 
 ■M 
 
 l(i 7.") 
 
 70 
 
 8 411 
 
 :w 
 
 27 30 
 
 
 
 
 «| 
 
 100 la 
 
 snow-white. 
 
 but not au- 
 
 compact. 
 
 at Chevorie. 
 ove quarry. 
 
 '•-'^9-1,. 74. 
 
Fli:. 3. 
 
19 
 
 The following is an analysis of the Cheverie brine: — 
 
 Specific gravity, at 15° C, 11387. 
 
 BciolU by weight 
 Per cent. 
 
 Calcium sulphate 0-3957550 
 
 Calcium chloride 0.5152726 
 
 Magnesium chloride 0-3261256 
 
 Ferrous carbonate 0-0027988 
 
 Sodium chloride 16-8279620 
 
 Total mineral matter 18-0670140 
 
 Water 81-9320860 
 
 Total 100-0000000 
 
 An Imperial gallon of this brine contains: — 
 
 Qrains. 
 
 Calcium sulpWate 316-46433 
 
 Calcium chloride 410-74208 
 
 Magnesium chloride 259-96628 
 
 Ferrous carbonate 2-23704 
 
 Sodium chloride 13414-16587 
 
 Total mineral matter 14402-57560 
 
 Water 65310-97440 
 
 Total 79713-55 
 
 Sheet No. 45, Avon river, Hants couniif. 
 
 Total gypsiferous area, 70-56 square miles. 
 
 On both sides of the estuary of the Avon river extensive deposits of pyp- 
 8um have heen kiown since the early discovery of ' ■ country, and some of 
 them were operated over a century ago- Beginning at Summerville, on the east 
 side, and Mount Denson on the wesrt side, and continuing up the river fo; a 
 distance of 8 to 10 miles, or until it meets with the irruptive rocks of tlie 
 Ardoise hills, is the width here of the lower Carboniferous measures in wliicli 
 the gypaum deposits occur. These measures, which extend eastwardly, ami are 
 described in the opening of this chapter, carry, almost without interruption, 
 gypsum deposits as far as the Shubenacadie river. 
 
 Many of the operations of the past in this section have been, for varioiu 
 reasons, aibandoned- Few have made any attempt to operate below drainage 
 level, and water has driven them out. Many of these deposits have an ove^ 
 
n 
 
 l.iinien of clay, and owing to its increasing thickness, became too expensive to 
 ni«.r,te under existing circumstances; in others the prevalence of anhydrite 
 has been discouraging, and concenti<ation of trade has had much to do with 
 ^lo^iIlg out small operators; but not even in the quarries with the oldest history 
 can it le said that the gypsum Lecame exhausted. 
 
 Starting again at the northwest angle of this sheet, near Suminerville, 
 tliore is an area on the east«ide of the Axon, which by erosion of the river bank 
 has been divided from the main body. It is known as Grant's quarry, and was 
 operated for many years, but, although situated within a few hundred yards of 
 til., shipping pier, the rock dipping eastwardly under u heavy ovcmurden of 
 ojay made operations too expensive, and the place has been abandoned. The 
 ck here was a very fine white compact variety, showing a few streaks of black 
 ii regularly di»tributed through the white. The black was high in carbonate of 
 iiiaKiiesia, and carried some bitumen and iron pyrites. 
 
 A short distance above Summerville occurs the next outcrop, from which 
 a i^mall quantity has leen taken. It has a small area, and is of little import- 
 ance. 
 
 On the west side of the river, a few miles farther south, at Mount Benson, 
 extensive cliffs 40 to 60 feet in height occur on the banks of the river and extend 
 out on the beach to the river botto.-n. The greater part of the expomre here 
 a|,i»ars p.s anhydrite, but much of the concealed measures show evidence of a 
 softer rock, and part of the rock on the beach is an excellent varie.ty of gypsum, 
 'vhiie, with a fine compact structure. 
 
 Prominent outcrops are also seen on the Scott estate and on the Hannah 
 property, letween the shore and the main road leading to Windsor. At the 
 former place is one of the old quarries which Was operated many ye'ars a«o. It 
 has a face exposed from 50 feet downwards, and much of it is white and blue 
 frypsum, of a good variety, but associated with considerable anhydrite. On the 
 Hannah property the principal outcrops are anhydrite. West of this pro- 
 l>erty, about 1 mile from the shore, at the Duck pond, an extensive exposure 
 H seen, from 41) to 60 feet in height. Much ,of *ho rock is harder 
 than that alloved by the scale of hardness, yet in composition it is a true gyp- 
 sum, white and compact. At Lower Falmouth there is a prominent exposure 
 n. the old qu«. V at Young's, and continuing on to Falmouth many outcrops 
 occur. The most extensive is on the Glebe property, situated about IJ miles 
 from the western shores of the Avon river, opposite Windsor. Here the gj-p- 
 simi exposures have an average height above drainage level of 55 foet, and 
 cover an area of several acres. Easy gradients could be secured from the de- 
 posit to the shipping point, and this, with a good white and grey compact rock 
 showing but few irregularities, gives commercial value to the property. Con- 
 tinuing southwardly from the above, the outcrops are again met with on the 
 llauf on property, but the gypsum, especially that occurring in lower ground, ia 
 irri-rular in colour and texture. This is another abandoned quarry. 
 
78 
 
 The followinK analyses will show the general average composition of t: 
 g.vpsuin in the Mount Donson and Falmouth section: — 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 VI 
 
 .'II VIII I> 
 
 % % 
 
 Linif 3'.' 23 3fi M 32 30 32 17 34 (W 3G !t<l 32 231 32 30 3<; 
 
 Maniiisiii tr. tr. tr. tr. tr. tr. tr. ' tr. n 
 
 Ki'iricdxidi- and alumina O'KO 0-10 20 24 00 42 0-2M 12 ii 
 
 Siil|.liiiric anliydriclp 45 02 5232 40(11* 44 04 43 1'.:; 52 MO 45 27 40 ^M 41 
 
 • 'arlmniu aiihyilrid.' O 5« o 5!l 015 1 S7 2 11 51 Xti ON 4 
 
 Wat.r, l()>» on i^nitiim 20 55 10 20 20 "O 20 1.") 10 5:p « !)") 20 ;<3 20 0."> Is 
 
 Ini.ilulili' niiniTul iMBttff 20 4<> . . . ::0 U ;Ki 21 0-4X 10 (p 
 
 100'2)i loo 4tl lOO'OS 'J9-83 !tU"2. iW W 9;i 43 !K.» ?3 102 
 
 : ' I 
 
 No. I. Whi'u- compact rock, from the Scott estate, Mount Deii^nii. 
 
 II. From Hugh Hannah prop<'rt,v, at Duck pond, .Mount Dtn-'^ 
 
 " III. Snow wliite. compiict vaiicty, from the sliore hclow high wai 
 
 mark at ilount Donson. 
 " IV. Soft wliite rock from Younn's old (piurry, Lower Falnioutli. 
 V. (ircy rcK'k witli snow-white .streak, from (Jlebc proper! 
 Falmouth. 
 ■' VI. White rock from II. Hannah property near the shore. 
 " V,ll. Snow-whit«i compact variety, from upper (piarry, on IIoiim 
 
 pro|)erty, Falmouth. 
 '■ VIII. The best from Hanson lower cpiarry, Falmouth, uneven i 
 
 colour and texture. 
 ■' IX. Dirty greyish rock, from same location an No. 8. 
 
 Crossing the Avon river to Windsor on tiie eiust side we are on the lii- 
 toiic ground of the g.vpsum industry of this Province. Hero the gypsum 1h il 
 lie ahnost parallel, having a strike east and west, the northern ond souther 
 boundaries converging slightly as they near the Kennetcook valley on the en.'^ 
 The greatest distance across the strike is about 6 miles. The most souther 
 operations are those of the Wcntworth (iypsum Company, at Meadow quarr: 
 while the most northern are those of the Newport Plaster Mining and Develo| 
 ment Co.. Ltd., at Avondale. 
 
 Witin'n the town of Windsor what was the most important deposit knowi 
 (now abaiidored). is the old I'ellow quarry. This is an excavation about sOi 
 feet long. I.IO feet wide, with an average depth below the street level of 40 fiel 
 It has been estimated that about .50(),(X)0 torus have been exported from thi 
 quarry. It is now more a i)oint of scientific interest than an economic propotiitii'u 
 The anliydrite occurs here in lenticular mas*^cs from 2 to 10 feet thick in t!i( 
 centre, and from .W to T.'i feet long, embwlded in the gypsum. Crude petrohnin 
 has also licen reported as occurring in large cells, in nodules of gypsum foiiiu 
 in the day which formed a covering to the deposit. 
 
tion of the 
 
 VMI l.\ 
 
 32 30 
 
 3t; 
 
 I'll 
 
 tr. 
 
 II 
 
 .'It 
 
 la 
 
 II 
 
 '.HI 
 
 4ti FM 
 
 41 
 
 :f.: 
 
 OH 
 
 ^ 
 
 M. 
 
 20 Cm 
 
 I^ 
 
 .;ii 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 U 
 
 !KJ P.UOJ 
 
 .V) 
 
 Den< 
 
 III. 
 
 
 nt 1>. 
 
 I- 
 
 II. 
 
 high Wilier r 
 
 nlnioutli. (i- 
 ' propcrlv. 
 
 arc. 
 
 )ll IlilllM 11 si, 
 
 unovcii ill 
 
 u the \\]<- 
 psuin 111 il> 
 1 soutlicrn 
 n the cii.'^t. 
 t aouthrrn 
 )W quiiir.v. 
 i Devclop- 
 
 )sit known 
 about >-0i) 
 of 40 f.ct. 
 from till' 'i 
 ropo«iiti..ii. 
 ick in tiic 
 petroli'iiiii 
 mm fouiiil 
 
 N 
 
 i 
 

 H9 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 i^^^i 
 
 -3 
 
 ^HBHH 
 
 >!1tV4 
 
 ^^^Hv^H^^^I 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^^^^Hi. J^^^H^^^H 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 ii: 
 
 il 
 
1» 
 
 One and • quarter niileii »outh of WiiidRor there are what were kuown an tlie 
 Wilkiiis and Iledik>ii ciuarriw, Umg Kinw cUmod. ew-ept for Hmall quantities 
 I1..W Ix'ing uiied for oalcininu iiurpon*.* hy tlie WindHor I'laxtor r.mipan.v. 
 
 Hc(finiiinK with thi« oiwrutinn* on the douthcrn Ih'<I,, the first is the Xova 
 
 jSnititt (iyiwum Company i|uiirrv. ut Tlint-niilo plain*, riii* is sitiiuU".! al.out 
 
 :il niiUit from Wind^^or, near the Dominion Atlantic llailwoy Company's line, 
 
 .11 «hi(h the ro«'k iH trani«portc<l to Windsor for export purpo««'s. The rwit i« 
 
 I an <x<eihnt white, eoinpuet variety, liavinff u uorkitiK face *> feet in height 
 
 Ll.i.ve <liflin«»{e level; hut it has a heavy overburden of eluy, avera«in(f .io feet 
 
 I ill llil<-kiieiiii. ThiK is eonsideieil the extreme limit of elny that can U- niovtHl 
 
 priiHtui>ly by the present meth.Mis of operatinif; that is. 1 foot i.l r-!ay to 1 
 
 ]U<»t i.f fiiee. An attempt wns niai'e to mine this rmk, liut >utfi.'ieiit height of 
 
 ta.v rould not be ae^urcil without the use of pumps to make it an economic 
 
 I |irii|K)sition. A 
 
 South of this, ahout half a mile, is the Meadow .luurry, owned aiul o|)er- 
 iit.d by the Wentworth (J.vpsum Company, and shown in Plate XVI. Here the 
 ..k iuis no coveriiiK of clay. The surfwe is very uneven, beiuR cov, red with 
 I ki ttle, pipe, or blow holes, and us usual, where the tfyi>«um is fn-e from lover- 
 Um. fhe first few feet of the expost-d surface is bailly <li«inte(?rated by atmos- 
 1 1 1 < ric action. ( n the eiiftern Me of the quarry the face is 7.5 feet in height, 
 joxteiidinK westwar.l an.l (rrudually diniinishlnir in heifrht ; it nlso shows u' 
 I • all rill «nter couise or rave n€>Hr the bottom. These beds are practi- .illy hori- 
 |/i.iitiil, and slightly stratifietl. 
 
 This quariy i« coi;neetcd wtih the IJoniiniun Atli.ntic rnf'way by a branch 
 |r»a.| alout one mile in lenjtli. Hliipineiits are ma<l.. over it to VViml-oi- (.t 
 Imil.-) in summer, (tnd oceusioiiuily to Halifax (41 miles) in tlio winter season. 
 The next property, IJ milts east of the above, is the quarry of t.tie Windsor 
 |(iyi,>um Company at Newport (Plate XVII). The oecurrence and the condi- 
 jtions under which it i» operate<l are very similar to those of the Xova Sec ■•» 
 hiypMim Company above .<crib*d, except that the operations are much n. ie 
 Icxtcnsive. The superior quality of the rock in both these places is tho only 
 I circumstance that maken it possible to operate under existing condition-- This 
 liropprty is also connected with the Dominion ^Atlantic railway, over which the 
 liriidp rock i.s hauled to Windsor for water transportation to the I'nited States. 
 A feature of consideiable jteological i-iterest ocr s here, which would war- 
 Irnnt more complete investittatinn if time |)ermitte<l. Within a distance of 2 
 ■nulls, on the same strike uiid having a similar elevation above the sea-level, 
 Ithrw exposures are seen. Two of these, one on either end. have beea planed 
 '■ff liy placial action to practically an even surface, and covered with a heavy 
 loverhunien of boulder clay, (compare Plates XVI and XVII), while the centre 
 ■one is quite free from clay, and does not show tlie same glacial action, nor any 
 |overburden of clay. 
 
 East of tliis, at Newport, there are a few other deposits which in the past 
 jl'iivo been operated and are now closed, but they are of no particular import- 
 
80 
 
 ance, am', .'o similar in quality to those described that it is not necessary to gii 
 a detailed description of each outcrop. 
 
 The following analyses will serve to show the composition of the rock fro; 
 this section: — 
 
 Lime . . . 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Ferric iixide and alumina 
 
 Hulphurie anhydiide 
 
 Carbonic anhydride. ... 
 Water, lues on ignition . . 
 Insoluiile mineral matter. 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 % ■ 
 
 32 62 , 
 
 tr. 1 
 
 86 : 
 46 06 
 
 tr. 
 
 20 30 I 
 
 14 ; 
 
 O'J 08 I 
 
 % 
 
 32 :4 
 016 
 32 
 
 45 68 
 tr. 
 
 20 ,52 
 52 
 
 99 94 
 
 31 4 
 IP 1 
 
 s 
 v,\ 
 
 tr. 
 
 23 
 
 No. 
 
 I. White compact rock, from the Nova Scotia Gypsum Compaii.\ 
 
 quarry at Threemile plains. 
 No. 11. Average sample from the Meadow quarry at Newport. 
 No. III. Bluish white compact, average sample from Wilkins qunrr 
 
 Windsor. 
 
 North of the above described quarries, between 1 and 2 miles, occii 
 the second series of parallel gypsum beds. The principal operations are on tl 
 WentwortU dci)osit, owned and operated by the Wentworth Gypsum Compaii 
 From here the largest gj^sum exporting business of the Province is carric 
 on. This trade in 18t)8 amounted to 10,000 tons, while in 1909 it <.\ceidt 
 175,000 tons. The deposits are very extensive, the Company owning about l.iii 
 acres, all underlaid with gypsum. The rock is principally a white conipa 
 varii'ty, well suited for all manufacturing purposes. Anhydrite occurs irroiri 
 Inrly, in tcne parts in prominent exposures, in others beneath the floor of tl 
 quarries. The operations are illustrated in Plates XVIII and XIX. and fro 
 thtm it will le fccn that the greater part is covered by a heavy overburden i 
 tiny, in ten e j lates from 25 to 30 feet thick, but it has on advantage over tl 
 southern defcsits in having a higher working face beneath the clay. 
 
 In the pns^t all this clay was brought down with the gypsum and remnvi 
 hy hori^es and ciirts to the waste dump. At present the steam shovel is bcii 
 used in s-onic places to remove the clay from the top, before the rock is hlastc 
 
 These quiirrios arc connectetl by a standard gauge steam railway with tl 
 Rhipping pierti, 2i miles dibtant, on the St. Crvix river, which ia a tributary i 
 'the Avon. 
 
 After the rock is blasted and broken to one man size (meaning the size or 
 man can conveniently handle), it is put in carts and hauled to a loading st.if 
 sufficiently high to dump directly into cars (Plate XX). It is then taken 1 
 train to tie shipping pier and loaded into barges (Plate XXI) which are 'li 
 
ih 
 
 III 
 
 31 41 
 
 (I 13 
 
 2t; 
 
 V) i:, 
 
 tr. 
 
 •JO Lll 
 
 !W 47 
 
 -^:i p. HO. 
 

 
 O 
 
■'S!l-|). 80. 
 
 4 
 
n 
 
 mantled schoonert of about 9,000 to 2,S00 ton* oapaeity, and toirad to TTcvr 
 York, generally three in a tow. ThiMe barges are usually taken out singly 
 (Plutc XXII), at high ti<le on the Avon, and anchored in head waters of the 
 .Miiias boHin, where the whole tow iti made up and taken by an ocean going tug. 
 The whole product of these quarries is taken exclusively by Me»sn. J. E. King 
 and Company, who have extensive mills on Stnten island. This finn is also 
 a large holder in the VVentworth (iy|wum Company. 
 
 East of the Wontwo.-th Gypsum Company property, a ' adjoiniuK it. ia 
 the Phillips farm. It has an area of 75 acres, and an averi.ge elevation above 
 drainage level of 60 feet. It was tested in 19<)9 by a scries of trenches and piU, 
 and showed an excellent variety of white nml snow-white gypsum of fine com- 
 pact structure, the greater part being covered with clay; showing in the pits and 
 trent'hes from 2 to 15 feet deep. 
 
 The proposed shipping point fur this deposit is on tha St. Oroit rivar, 
 alidve the railway bridge. This hri.life is fi" hI with a draw having a width of 
 :',■> feet. 
 
 Aleve the St. Cioijt public 1 ridge and east of the last described propcrt,v, 
 liigli prominent cliffs of gypsum and nidiydrito are t^<>en, and from here back to 
 Newport station occurs an almost continuous series of tjutcrops, but the greater 
 part of them show anhydrite in abundance. Above the St. Croix bridge, 30 or 
 ^0 jcara ago, gypsnin wan quarried and scowcd down the rivor for e.Tport pur- 
 IKjses. 
 
 Again, farther east on the Meander river, gj-psum wa.s quarried on tlie 
 Woolaver property, and on the Chambers property. On the latte", prominent 
 exposures are now seen of white and blue gypsum, of both granular and com- 
 I>a(t texture. The operations .,.ro carried on here many years ago, w'.en th» 
 trBiifT>ortation vbb done in *niall vessels which loaded near the old flhipyarVj. 
 
 (icing north from the Wentworth quarries to the third rang€> of gypsum 
 licils, tho principal operations are carried on at Avoadale by the Newport 
 I'lii>t<'r Jlining and Development Company, Ltd. (Messrs. J. B. King & Co., of 
 New York, being the principal holders). This Company controls about 4,000 
 iiirt's (if gypsum land in this vicinity, and is preparing for extensive operations, 
 lie eld tjUarry, which v.ae operated here some years ago, has been reopencid at 
 a lower level, by driving a tunnel large enough for drainao-e and railway track. 
 This viill lover the floor oi the quarry from 10 to 20 feet. They also extended 
 their operations west about 2J miles, where they are opening up a new quarry, 
 and connecting it with their shipping pier by a standard gauge railway, now 
 under construction. 
 
 llie rock is principally white in colour, with some little grey and black, 
 rortions of it show an exceea of carbonate of lime. 
 
 On the eastern extremity of this Company's property are the old quarries 
 at Miller creek, which were abandoned many years ago, but likely to be re- 
 opene<l by this Compan.y. 
 
 289—6 
 
I'xnh'nuinir e»»* , prominent es|>o)iui«i4 oocur on the wMt lidi 
 
 River llebert, ne. . • .e railwu.v, an<t on the Chombcrs property on the 
 tiiilo. Jlere roniiderabic anhydrite i« in evidence, but some very nuperior »r 
 white Ry|Mi(im is *een on the Chambera properties. 
 
 The exposures at this latter point are low, but th« rising ground Roing 
 gives fV'idtnce of large (juantities covered with clay. 
 
wMt lide (>( 
 r on the ou»t 
 iperior annw- 
 
 ad KoinK vast 
 
 
 i-* 
 
 ^ K S fi i \ ^a 
 • * - R * I S 
 
 S a : R B I :: 
 
 ii 
 
 « s s a 
 
 * « * « 
 
 « e » $ s 8 s 
 
 ^ O O 5 M O - 
 
 Sis; 
 
 I-. «• if 
 
 
 S 
 
 S S iR J; 2 Is 8 I B 
 
 Ii - 
 
 
 3 
 
 289— 6J 
 
 ° » 
 
 » = S 8 
 
 * 3 » s 
 
 R S S 3 ^; 
 
 o ^ b g i 
 
 
 § 
 
 K 
 
 c 
 x 
 
 •c :s 
 
 S ,c 
 
 = -5 
 
 i. i 
 
 X 
 
 •^ -S 
 
 fe c 
 
84 
 
 Ko. 
 
 
 sample from the Wentworth Gypsum Company's 
 .!ig! wamp quarry. 
 " i; \:.'r;\:i ample from the Wentworth Gypsum Company- 
 
 :K I'lle at Wentworth. 
 " III. A dark greyish rock associated with gypsum at the Went- 
 worth quarries. 
 IV. Dark shaly pinkish material occurring on the north side of 
 railway, about KM) yards east of Dimock station. 
 " v. From deposit soutli side of railway, east of No. 4, soft mix- 
 ture of dark greyish blue and white. 
 VI. Sndw wiiiti' niMluk" taken from test pit north side of hill >-n 
 Phillips farm. 
 " VII. Taken from bottom of a blow hole iiliout -tO feet deep, lit the 
 base of tiK hill, Phillips farm. The sample was haiM 
 enough to give a metallic ring when hit with hammer. 
 •' VIII. From a test pit near the north boundary, whit<> comiint 
 variety. 
 
 IJesides the above (ie^< riled proi)eities there are many other deposits vi 
 promii;eii<e in this section, as those farther south on the St. Oroix river, in 
 McKay settlement, and on the Kennetcook river, which arc at present inacc- 
 sible to transport:ition facilities, and do not differ materially from many alrealy 
 described, and, therefore, will not be given here in detail. 
 
 Slietil. Xo. 1,6, Clarksnlle, Hants county. 
 
 The continuation northeastwardly of the Avon sheet is on area consistiii!,' 
 of 1!)--J4 wjuare niilcj^, wliich will le known as the Clarksville. 
 
 This area is in the valley of the Keimetcook river, through which tliu 
 Dominion Atlantic railway ( .Miililand division) passes. At this point, the gyp-i- 
 ferous area seems to form the lower menders of the lower Carboniferous group. 
 and the principal outcrops are near its cdntact, with the older rocks, and unil.r 
 present conditions have not sufficient prominence to be considered commercially 
 valuable for anything 1 eyond I lie local demand. 
 
 Shed Xo. J,7 , Xiiii'milc river, Hants county. 
 
 This is a i-niall gypsiferous area, consisting of 9-37 scjuare miles, situated 
 east and adjoining sheet Xo. 48, and altogether it contains many prominent 
 deposits of good gypsum. It is so far from transportation facili os that it 
 may be considered inaccessible for evcr.vthing except Jocal uses. 
 
 CVPSIM DrSTRIfT F. 
 
 Sheet No. S2, Malagaxh, Cumberland county. 
 
 Kear the eastern cxtremit.v of the Claimiont anticline is a gypsiferous area 
 of 2-in square miles. In this several important outcrops of gypeum occur. On 
 the shore of Piaster cove, East Wallace, on the ^oad leading to Wallaco ami 
 
85 
 
 eastwardly to Nortli Shore, Malagash, the beds can be followed almost continu- 
 ou.-ly, a8«)ciatcd with greenii^h yellow marls, clay, and limestone. The rock is 
 whili', with compuct crystallizaticm. The looaticin of tlu»si- deii(>>it!<, so easily 
 lU'cessible to water transportation by the (lulf of St. Lawrence, and having the 
 I'iitdU coal felcis en the east, and the ("unil crlnnd coal field, :i,1 miles distant 
 by rail, on the west, makes it one of tl •nost desirable in the (li>trict for sup- 
 pl.viiip the Canadian markets, eil! r «iii, I'v" (•(•"le or tiianufuctured article. 
 
 Sheet No. SS, V •.'inmih, lUuiiher'.- id county. 
 
 Following tlie Clairmont an^i'i.i- wc^twanl .• wo af,'aiii have important 
 mitcroiH of g.vpsuni near llartfonl. a-siKiuU 1 vitli thi' liinostoiies ; at Can- 
 tii'll cree:<, a tributary to the Pujjwash river, ami 4 miles from its mouth; 
 Hi;il ::lso — i)rincipally in concealed measures — on the east and west side of the 
 rujjwash River .basin, and on Victoria island in the basin. This whole basi.i 
 iviilently was at one time a c-alcareous formation. 
 
 The most interesting part of this section is that of C'anfield creek. Here 
 the ;;i'cy, {treyish white, and white fiypsum oiitcroii in txtensive beds. They 
 all' within ii miles (jf railway, and if cuiuiectcd, it would place them within ."> 
 mill's of deep water shippiuj;. 
 
 .\t the northern ba^e of the jryiisum outcrops, in a slndlow basin of water. 
 at the water's edj?e. the largest and purest deposit of selenite known has been 
 discovered. 
 
 Anal,\fes of the Fan;ples talen from Canfield creek show the following re- 
 Milts:— 
 
 II 
 
 Linie 
 
 Kerrk- oxitie aii<l aluiiiiiia. 
 Si)]|thuric anhydride., ... 
 
 ( 'urlxntiu anhydride 
 
 Water, Iiim on itpiition 
 
 Insoluble mineral matter.. 
 
 O/ 
 
 '0 
 
 ."» 25 
 
 :« s(i 
 
 7< 
 
 <i 41) 
 
 42 76 
 
 4,') :>2 
 
 SU 
 
 1 24 
 
 1»30 
 
 20 50 
 
 1 72 
 
 40 
 
 ll«-88 
 
 too i 12 
 
 No. 
 
 I. Sample from old cpiarry, greyish white in colour and slaty 
 structure. This rock is being use<l in the nuinufacture 
 of fertilizer at I'ofrwasli. 
 " II. White, with compact crystallization. 
 
 Sheet No. Si, I'/iilip liver, Cumberland county. 
 On this sheet is shown the gypsiferous area of the Clairmont antielin.-, 
 continuing westwardly from sheet No. .33, and it still continues westwardly in 
 almost a straight line — but not of equal importance — to Salt Springs and Clair- 
 mont Hill to within a few miles of Springhill mines. 
 
 I 
 
 i" 
 
86 
 
 The gypsum outcrops at Hansford, on Thompson road, and near Ilansfor 
 siJinp. It consists principally of a blue and bluish white rock, with granuia 
 texture in prominence. This has an average of 1-83 square miles. North (j 
 this about 2i miles near lioslin, on Philip river, is an isolated arc 
 fnnsistiug of (i!)7 acros. It has prominent outcrops, on Plaster creek, and ii 
 Jasper Uusliton's. Here the rock is a white compact variety. Again, oast n 
 this, near Oxfonl town, at a point known as Salt lake, in a similar area, promi 
 nont outcrops are <jliserved. From this place .'mall quantities are quarried aic 
 brought to the lower end of the lake, about l-i miles, where it is ground for loc 
 pu rposes. 
 
 Tiic fdllowing analytics will serve to show the qualtiy of this rock: — 
 
 il 
 
 III 
 
 Lime 
 
 MagiiesiH 
 
 Ffiric o.<ide and uluiuiiia. 
 
 8ul|»hiirio anhydride 
 
 Carbonic anhydride. . . . 
 
 Water 
 
 iiHoluble niineial matter. . 
 
 o- 
 
 o- 
 
 
 „ 
 
 ■'- 
 
 /o 
 
 
 -■-- 
 
 33 (ij 
 
 .32 
 
 m 
 
 32 .V 
 tr. 
 
 o.-ii 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 iti) 
 
 44 40 
 
 4.-. 
 
 m 
 
 44 1. 
 
 a .%-) 
 
 
 
 !)3 
 
 2't> 
 
 20 .ST 
 
 20 47 
 
 20 4.- 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 101 «1 
 
 1(10 
 
 74 
 
 100 7^ 
 
 No. I. White, compact rock, from Salt lake. 
 
 II. Bluish-white, granular, from Lockhart quarry. 
 " III. White, compact varuty, from Thompson road. 
 
 Sheet Xo. So, S'lritinhill mines, Cinnheiland coiiutii. 
 
 Ka-st of the Springhill coal mil es about 2 miles, and at the western cx 
 tiemity of the Clairmoitt anticline, occurs a small gypsiferous area of 771 acres 
 It consists ])rincii)ally of concealed measures, and can le traced by mounds jiml 
 sink holes. In the south branch of Black brook the gypsum is seen in Ik>.1- 
 nssociated with blue and yellowish marls and shales. The only importanci 
 nttaohed to tiiis is its c?ose proximity to the caal miiiss, for maimfaitiiri la 
 wirno««»s. 
 
 Two miles east of Si)ringliill junction, occurs a siniilur area of 020 acres, 
 It is 1 ounded on three sides 1 y iiuilts, and. tliercrore, shows much distiirbancc. 
 I 1 a small l.rook, running through Stewart's meadow, the gypsum is seen n^^"■ 
 elntetl with reil and greyish marls. This, like that at Sijriughill miiie-i. inav h' 
 of some economic value for manufacturing pur;)o-iOs, but onl.v by mining ff 
 qu;irrying below the dniimige level. 
 
 Reviewing this whole division 'F' (exclusive of sluH't No. .'57, Parrs', or... 
 there is not much doubt that this gypsiferous area is much greater than that 
 shown on the mnps; and that it extends the whole length of the Clairm'ont anti- 
 
87 
 
 clire from North Shore, Afnlagash on the east, through Hartford and Hansford, 
 fo Clairmoiit, and termiiiiiting against the coal measures of Spriughill mines; 
 anil that Xai)pan and Ph ip river form a northern boundary to the ('uinl)er- 
 laiul coal fields, continuing wes-twanlly to .Minudie, acrotis the Miiringouin i)en- 
 iiiHuia into the Hillsborough gypsum field of Xew Rrunswick. 
 
 Not much energy has been shown in the development of this area, and 
 although much of the gypsum is c'oncealed beneath an overburden of clay, therfi 
 is strong evidence that if systematically tested, it would show much very superior 
 rock that would warrant the establishment of important industries. 
 
 Skeel Xo. .JO, Xajiitan, Cumherlaiml cotinly. 
 
 0^ 
 
 32 .V) 
 
 tr. 
 
 .-il 
 
 t4 U 
 
 2!t2 
 
 20 4.-) 
 
 21) 
 
 100 7n 
 
 About 1 mile north of Xuppau station, and oxtoii'liiig westwardly to 
 CumLerland basin, occur outcrops of importance, in a gypsiferous area trace- 
 able over SOO acres. The topography of the country is low, consisting princi- 
 pally of marsh or dike lands, which makes it <liflicult to trace boundaries. The 
 e.xposures are known as the Ncwcombe, the Fowler, and those operated by the 
 JInritime (iypsum (\impany. Limited, which cover an area of 13 acres. Thi- 
 Company has been operating for several years, shipping an average of 4,000 
 tons per year. Their operations have been carried on below the ilrainage level, 
 in iin open pit to a depth of :,0 feet below the fractured surface, and they have 
 tested the ground by bore holes to a depth of 100 feet. During the summer of 
 I'M)',) they installed a Ledgerwood cable system, and are prepared to sink to a 
 fnitlier depth. This property is connected with the Intercolonial railway by a 
 lirimch line, wliich alfo conne- >h their shipinng pier, at tidewater, on the 
 Cumberland basin, i'} miles fi larry. 
 
 The I'ock at the surface i> raiily fractured, and is mi.xed somewhat 
 
 with clay and tliiii seams of dark carbonaceous material, but at depth it is 
 wliite, compact, and very pure. 
 
 The follow r analyses will serve to show the average composition of the 
 different expu: .ires in this section: — 
 
 Lime 
 
 Ma^noia 
 
 Vf rr c oxidn and alumina 
 
 Sihi.hnric anliydrirle. 
 
 • 'arlHinie anliydriiln 
 
 W;it*.r. losH on ignition , . 
 IiimdIuMh mineral niatttr. 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 44-40 
 tr. 
 
 .32 3(> 
 
 32 42 
 
 32 23 
 
 31 54 
 
 2-70 
 « 02 
 
 .32-22 
 3 :« 
 
 10 2) 
 
 o4 
 44 32 
 
 2 42 
 1» iK) 
 
 40 
 
 10 
 4(i 72 
 
 26-86 
 
 
 
 100 04 
 
 J-M 
 4G SO 
 
 20-80 
 
 84 
 
 44 20 
 
 ,35 
 
 in-7r) 
 
 3-80 
 
 'J» 79 
 
 IW) t)4 
 
 itO 7.") 
 
 100 48 
 
 'I 
 
88 
 
 No. I. From the old Fowler quarry, principally carbonate of lime. 
 " II. From the Xewcombe deposit, dark dirty grey, granular cry 
 
 tallization. 
 ■' III. From propiTty of the Maritime Gypsum Company, XappMi 
 
 snow-white compact variety, occurring in nodules. 
 " IV. From proi»rty of tlie Maritime (Jypsum Company, their hv< 
 
 variety slightly resembling white alabaster. 
 " V. From the property of tho Alaritime Gypsum Company, dirt 
 
 red colour, mixed with small veins of clay throughout. 
 
 Sheet Xo. S7, Parrsboro, Cumberland county. 
 
 On this .'■heet two s-mull jiatches of pyps^iferous ground occur, the first al'ou 
 2 miles cast of Parrsboro, the other at Clarks head, about 4 miles east of I'iirr- 
 boro. 
 
 On the shore at the latter place it oecurs in contact with the igneous rurl 
 in thin layers or veins, pink, black, white, and grey, associated "ith heavy lei 
 of marl. 
 
 About one-quarter of a mile inland the occurrence has much more promi 
 nence, and at one time quite extensive operations were carried on, and the pm 
 ducts ex) orted to the United States. At this quarry the rock is a white com 
 pact variety, showing some little anhydrite. 
 
 The following nnalys<s are the ictult of samples taken from this section:- 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 Lime 
 
 Maffiit^iii 
 
 Ferric uxide and alumina 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride 
 
 Carbonic anhydride. 
 
 Water, \os» un ignition. . , . 
 Inaoluble mineral matter. . 
 
 % 
 
 32 W) 
 
 70 
 040 
 
 44 28 
 
 1 91 
 1!» 72 
 
 40 
 
 HjO 01 
 
 32 Uu 
 trace. 
 58 
 
 44 as 
 
 2 46 
 20 00 
 
 100 02 
 
 32 i: 
 
 41! .^* 
 
 21 p « 
 
 U a 
 
 100 :i> 
 
 Xo. I. Sample from the shore at Clarks hciul, soft white, with 
 
 s|)ots, semi-trranular. 
 " II. Sample from old quarry, bluish-white, compact. 
 " III. Sample from pink vein in the ma.i on shore. 
 
 OTUEK DEPOSITS. 
 
 There arc a few smaller deposi'ts, in addition to the above described, occur 
 ring in Nova Scotia. They may Le enumerated as follows : — 
 
 Pepoxit in C^hhe-iier county. — In a small lower Carboniferous aro;i ith 
 truding through the Triassic sandstones on the Lynda property, at Debort. i 
 
Ill 
 
 3-i 42 
 
 6 -10 
 
 4ti M 
 
 2") SO 
 
 3) 
 
 100 :« 
 
 8a 
 
 an (K'fiirrcnce of a thin bund of impure K>',)suni, associated with earbonat«j of 
 lime. It is a dirty greyish i'oli)ur, and has the following composition: — 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Lime 3(> 
 
 Magnesia 1 
 
 Feme Dxiile amialiiniina 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride 22 
 
 Osirbonic anhydride ,. . IS 
 
 Water, Uimn on ignition 11 
 
 Inwiuble mineral matter U 
 
 West Advccale, Cuniherlaiul couulii. — Ilfro, <in the iii'Vth shore of the Bay 
 of Fuiiily, occurs an outcroppinj? of gvpsuni holow the high Wi'ter mark. 
 
 lllomidon, Kings count ii. — In the marly lioJs that overlie the eoiiglomerates 
 near Pereuu, and extending to Blomidon, occur many veins of .selenit<> and 
 lilir(ins gypsum, Ur^uidly less than one foot in thickness and often coloured. 
 
 Indian point, Mahone hay, Lunenburg couidij. — At this point is a gypsi- 
 feioiis iiica of alout one square mile, of the Windsor series. Gypsum is indi- 
 cated liy funnel-shaped depressions extending for over li.OOO feco across tiic 
 area, and forming tiie road bed for the Halifax and Southweste-ii railway. It 
 if possible that this deposit may develop a proposition of conmioreial value, as 
 tiie linturnl fceilities are good, and near both h'ome and foreign markets. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 Gypsum Deposits of New Brunswick and Magdalen Islands. 
 
 <iVPSLM DEPO.SITS Of XKW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 The (xciirreiioe of gypsum in New Brunswick, like that in Nova Scotia, 
 in the lower ('arl>onifcrous measures, and Dr. L. W. Bailey, in the Mineral li 
 sources of New Brunswick, says : ' They usually occupy a position at or ne 
 the numniit of the Rroiip, aiiil are geiicnerally in ckse connexion with beds 
 limestone, from which, in part at least, they may have been derived by alter 
 tion.' But Dawson, in Acadian Geology, says: 'They occur in all parts of t 
 lower Carboniferous." With which view the writer concurs. 
 
 The i)rincipHl deposits tire seen in southern New Brunswick, in the couiiti 
 of Mings, Albert, and Westmorland. In Kings, prominent outcrops are seen 
 the vicinity of Sast-ex and r)>ham; in Albert, near Hillsborough, Hopewell bi 
 and Demoiselle creek; and in Westmorland at Cape Moranguin and in tl 
 v.cinity of Petitcodiae. In the northern part of New Brunswick gypsum is o;i 
 known to otcur at Plaster rock, on the Tobique river, Victoria county. 
 
 Ag;iin, like those of Nova Scotia, the deposits here present every variety ( 
 colour and texture, yet a much greater quantity of that white clear translucei 
 variety known as alabaster exists, and it has been extcngivci/ operated in ll 
 vicinity of Hillsborough. 
 
 An index map, and several sheets showing the location of the different ili 
 posits of New Brunswick, have Icen prepared to accompany this woik. and wit 
 the follow ing descriptions an attempt will be made to show as nearly as possilil 
 from superficiiil exaniinati'on, the iriie value of each deposit, hoping that it wi 
 prove of vahe in the development of this important industry. 
 
 Sheet Xo. J, Platiter rock, Victoria county. 
 
 In the lower Carboniferous Tiieasures of the Tobique valle.r very promineii 
 and extensive deposits <if .impure gypeum occur in the cliffs of the Tobique rivoi 
 and its tributary, the Wapskehegan. 
 
 Those <'liffs are very conspicuous in the bank of the Tobique, often risiiv 
 ll'.' feet or more above the river bed. The impure gypsum occurs in practical! 
 horizontal beds, often inatratified with thin veins of pure, white, compact gyv 
 sum. with smaller quantities of selenite and fibrous varieties. 
 
 In colour it is reddish, sometimes mottled with grey, resemblintf somewha 
 the Trifissic sandstone, and is coarsely granular in texture. It is unfit for th 
 manufacture of the many products to which the other deposits of New BnniJ 
 wick and Nova Scotia are ao well adapted, but it is highly value<l as a miners 
 fertilizer, iiijd will le referred to in another chapter. 
 
 90 
 
91 
 
 In the past, for many yeiirs onsiderublc quantities of this rook have been 
 removed nnd tulten to Aroostook county in Maine, and usod extensively in the 
 cultivation of potatoes; and small quantities have also been usi-d to advantage 
 in the St. John River valley. 
 
 At present this deposit, having connexion with the Canadian Pacific rail- 
 vay. is oreratcd liy Jlessrs. Donald Fraser and .Sons, and the product taken to 
 Montieal by rail for use in the manufacture of cement. 
 
 The following analyses of the ro<'k will ^ervp to show its average composi- 
 tion :— 
 
 II 
 
 LiuiL' 
 
 Ma^e!4ta. 
 
 Krrric uxide an I alumina 
 
 Sulphuric anl.ydride 
 
 Carlxmic arhydride 
 
 WattT. loi« on ignition . . , 
 In8olii)>lt< mineral matter . 
 
 27 !I2 
 
 1 im 
 
 2 72 
 
 3S 21 
 
 2 31) 
 
 17 (to 
 
 8 >« 
 
 !l!l «(i 
 
 28 115 
 tr. 
 !i hO 
 41 (Ki 
 
 .'W 
 1« 4.'i 
 
 1 18 
 
 lUO (K) 
 
 .No. I. Sample of reddish grey rock, from face on Tobique 
 
 II. SampI 
 
 reseni 
 raser 
 
 bli 
 
 fur 
 
 ig Triassic sandstone, from top of deposit on 
 
 slio 
 
 Sheet So. H, SI. Marllm, Kings, and St. Jotin counties. 
 
 I'liis sheet, which covers a large tract of country, is made particularly to 
 tlie location of the Hammond River gypsum dejKJsits with reference to the 
 St. ^^artin8 railway, which connects Quaco harbour, on the Bay of Fundy, with 
 »'!;p Intercolonial rnilwiiy at Hampton (distance 2S mile«). They also cover n 
 siiiiil! area at Martins head. 
 
 The Iliimmoiid River gypsif.rous iircii. consisting of l'5<> acres, although it 
 i- ronorted that a few hiunlred tens have been removed, ha.s never been systo- 
 II I'ticiilly orcrnted. or c\en prosjccted. yet there is much evidence of a deposit- 
 oi' commercial importance. 
 
 The location of this area is in rphiim. parish, and crosses the railway about 
 11 inilc-i from the Buy of Fundy terminus at Quaco. An outcrop of a very 
 oxi-ollpiit snow-whitp g^'psum occurs on the Hammond river, about one mile 
 lelow the railw.iy bridge. Other outcrops are observed at points IJ and 2i 
 miles castwnrdly from the railway. These are much more prominent exposures, 
 and show white, compact gypsum, somewhat varied with the selenitic varieties. 
 
 If. on testing, this property should prove as good as the surface indicates. 
 nciiis; so easily accessible to railway and comparatively near a shipping port, 
 i would be a desirable location for a manufacturing industry for supplying 
 'Mther the homo or foreign market. 
 
M 
 
 The foDowing analjves show the composition of average samples taken f 
 this area: — 
 
 Lime . . 
 
 M:igneMia 
 
 KiTric oxidf and aluiniiia 
 
 >S\iliihiiricanliydrid« 
 
 CarUinif anhylriilt- . . . 
 Water, luiw on if^nition.. 
 IiiKulublt mineral matter 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 % 
 
 "/ 
 
 32 40 
 
 Hi 
 
 tr. 
 
 tr 
 
 010 
 
 I 
 
 4« U 
 
 II 
 
 75 
 
 
 20 40 
 
 Li 
 
 OH 
 
 ) 
 
 99 93 
 
 UK 
 
 Xo. T. Siiow-vvhite, from Ilanimoiid River outorop, near Upham. 
 II. White. 2i miles from Ilanimonil Kiver outcrop. 
 
 This sliept also sliows a finull isolated gypsiferoiis area, consisting id 
 r.c-res situated at Martins head, on the Bay of Fundi' coast, 21 miles nortiii 
 from Quaro. Here the fryp.'um shows much disturbance, and is in close coi:! 
 with the older Pre-('ami)riun rocks. 
 
 The outcrops are greyish-white in colour, and have associated with t!i 
 heavy leds of marl, which carry veins of fibrous pypsum and irregular m-.i- 
 of much contorted gjpsum; and althouRh at tide waters, it is on an px|i. 
 coast, where it is difiScult to provide protection for shipping, it cannot b(> < 
 sidered of much commercial value. 
 
 Sheet Xo. 3, Sussex Valley, Kings and Westmorland counties. 
 
 On this sheet are shown four gypsiferous areas, known as Apohaqui, a 
 sisting of 313 acres; Mount Pisgah, 678-4 acres; Smith creek, 320 acres; s 
 I'etitcodiac. 4.'>4 acres. A great part of some of these areas is in low grcm 
 
 Beginning at the west, the Apohaqui area is the most important. The lo 
 tion is on high ground and the opportunities for development are good. On i 
 farm of Col. Campbell prominent outcrops of gypsum occur, from 20 to 40 f 
 high. It is white and very compact, having the appearance of anhydrite 
 some points, but by analyses bhows the requisite amount of water, and s\iitii 
 for all ordinary manufacturing requirements. 
 
 About 4 miles east of Sussex station, in the valley of Smith creek, otl 
 outcrops occur, but the greater part of the exposures are in low land, and sii 
 much anhydrite. 
 
 Again, on the east and skirting the Piccadilly mountains, considcral 
 prominence ia shown in pits and mounds, with a few exposures which arc pri 
 cipally anhydrite. 
 
 The Petitcodiac area is situated about 2J miles northwest of Petitcodi 
 station (I. C. R.). where the outcrops occur on FawcetL". brook .ind m:!v 
 
98 
 
 followed for about one mile. The gypnunn k greyish-white in colour, and 
 prfliiiilnr in texture, iluch roarpe wlonite in mixed and nsaociHted with the 
 jr>l)si;ni in veins. For this reason the rock is not considered desirable for eal- 
 (ii'iijr, lut ifl Piiitaile for fertilizer or land plaster. 
 
 The following are the results of analyses from gj'psum samples taken from 
 h*} (litTvient deposits, us indicated beluw: — 
 
 Lim*" 
 
 MaKtiPRia 
 
 FtrriL' iixitle ami alumina 
 
 Siiljihuric anhydride 
 
 Cirbmic anhydride 
 
 Water. Iijh* on ignition 
 
 In-tuluhlr mineral mutter. 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 lil 
 
 IV 
 
 % 
 
 - 
 
 -, 
 
 
 32 Wi 
 
 32 Ifi 
 
 31 mt 
 
 32 48 
 
 21 
 40 W) 
 
 77 
 I'J (13 
 
 34 
 
 99 84 
 
 tr. 
 03 
 4« 27 
 
 '20-73 
 4ti ; 
 
 »i) 67 ' 
 
 tr. 
 
 23 
 48 21 
 
 57 
 2(> 'lO I 
 
 120 I 
 
 t'. 
 O 14 
 
 411 r>5 
 20 -is' 
 
 32 
 
 wm 
 
 9» !I7 
 
 No. I. J.-. ..n Pii'cadilly : hard bluish rock with every upp°arance of 
 aiiliydrite. 
 II. From Mount Pisjfali: clo!<el,v ai^sociated with anhydrite. 
 III. From Col. Cajiipl ell's: wliite, very eompuct. 
 ■' IV. From Petiteodiac: greyish-white, ^rranular. 
 
 Sheet No. 4, llillshorough, Alh rt. and Westmorland counties. 
 
 At tliis place wo reach the hir^toric point of the gypsum industry of New 
 liniiiswiok. Here for nearly a century the !>usiness of manufacturing and ex- 
 liurtiuff the crude rock has been carried ou under eflieient manaijement and 
 with tlie most mo<lcrn c(iuipment of any place within the territory under con- 
 siiltration. This has had much to •! ■ with making it one of the leading indus- 
 tries in the Province. 
 
 In this part of Xew Brunswick the deposits of prypsum are more extensive 
 anil prominent than at any of the other points. They may be divided and 
 known as Millsborou»;h, Demoiselle brook, Hopewell, and the Little Ridge 
 <!epo<its, running northwardly from Cr.rc Enrage, in Albert county, and the Cape 
 MarinRouin area on the eastern side of Shepody bay. Of the Albert county 
 Jeposit,s, those of the greatest purity are those operated at Hillsboroug'h and 
 Dpn!r)isclle brook, consisting of a total area of 14 square miles. These gypsum 
 aepo^its. and their operation, while of great economic importance, present favour- 
 able opportunities for studying the many interesting geological problems con- 
 nected with their formation. The great variety and occurrence of both gypsum 
 and anhydrite having various colours and textures, generally white and firmly 
 fompact. but sometimes grey, pink, and selenitic, occurring closely associated 
 ^itli anhydrite, givea muc-b food for tliougLt. 
 
The rook is usuully iiiasgive — although much of it has a stratifieil ai>i' 
 arut', lyintt in horizontal l)e<l» of various thickness— showing little <ligturli;i 
 AlthouRh the preator part of tlie rock is white and compact, in places when 
 K.vjw'uni is covered with an overburden of clay, a jfrey Krannlar. often selei 
 variety occurs near the surface, sometimes intermixed with selenitic cryst 
 II i-nni^ile of such is shown in Plate V. Ajtnin, very occasionally veina o, 
 cuttins? through the strata, having a folded or crumpled ribbon-like struct 
 as shown in Plate XXIII. 
 
 Dr. Bailey', who has made a speci.d study of these deposits. R-ives the fol 
 iiifr di'scription: 'At several iK)int.s on the northern edgd of the outcrops 
 siderahle (piantitics of gypsum are found, being snow-white in colour, and v 
 injt in molecular structure, some of it being of e.xceedingly fine grain, and s 
 qiiite course and sufficiently soft to be crushed between the finirers, with ii; 
 mediate grades of fineness, but all grades equal in purity and colour. 
 
 ' This part of the deposit is in masses, and not any in regular seams. V 
 the pure white stone are intermixed veins of discoloured gypsum, of all slii 
 of red. prey, and blue-grey. Host of thei-e discoloured masses contain mon 
 less grit, and when subjected to hydroohloric acid eflFervesce and show 
 dence of the presence of carbonate of lime. Occasionally seams of red iii 
 like stoi;e fill the si)ace between the seams and fissures in the gj'psum. Tl 
 are rarely in horizontal positions, tut as a rule cut the face at varying aiif 
 and occasionally --e nearly perpendicular. This marl-like substance also i 
 tains carlone'e . Ijie. Underlying the beds of pure white and mix- \ st 
 ns above described, mas.ses of anhydrite arc found; sometimes in thin la: 
 only, and at other times in beds of such thickness that attempts to penet 
 them have been given up ns ut:profitable. and work has been pursued elsewli 
 Immediately under the white stone, and running into it without any percept 
 break, are generally found beds of pure anhydrite, which at this time hnvt 
 commercial value. 
 
 ' Indications of pure, white stone, of this character, are visible at iii 
 points along the northern edge of the gypsum deposit, for a distance of iil 
 three-quarters of a mile. The surface indications of this gypsum belt ext 
 in width for about half a mile, the belt running in a northeasterly and soi 
 westerly course, the southern edge rising somewhat abruptly against a ^ 
 steep hillside which is supposed to consist largely of a reddish conglomoi 
 that apparently forms the south wall against which the gypsum rests. S 
 higher up on the hillside, and on the summit, freestone boulders are seen, an 
 short distance below the summit a clean break and opening exposing the f 
 stone is quite conspicuous. At this point, several natural trenches, par.illo 
 each other, with walls of freestone, and about 20 or 30 feet apart, 
 exposed for a distance of several hundred yards, strongly suggesting the e 
 tence of a series of faults or downthrows. Thus, the gj'psum area would * 
 to be bounded on two sides by marked dislocations converging westward at 
 
 ' Mineral Besourcrs of the Province of New Brunswick, p. 90. 
 
!•; 
 
 289 -p. 94 
 
 I • 
 
ftS 
 
 atiKiv of about 45°. lietMcen the iioTtherly anil nouthorb' ciIkcs . the irjpftiim 
 toriiiiition an- wveral fiiiull vallpyo. eviiJoiitly the work .pf l.rooks which have cut 
 lUir way throuRh the gyp'-um uiul have cri-ateil at »i>nie puiiit'* xniall liay.i or 
 ■opt-niiiK* that have caught and retained alluvial ilepiwitK. pr.Hlu.ing meadows 
 ur intervals, whifli are exi-.-eiiiiigly fertile. At many tH.ints tiw gypsum has 
 tiitiril.v (linappiiired, leaving only tin- anhydrite exposed. The main hrook on 
 the northerly fide rifes apparently at the «ei.t end of the gypsum deposit, and 
 tiims in an easterly <lireeti.>n, until it falls over a lime>tone be.i. with a .les.-cnt 
 of ttlout 8 fii-t. and ut this point the congionierute rwk upon which tlie 
 iini<>tone rests is exposed, dipi>ing towards tlie nortliwe at an angle of about 
 ■.t) degree*, ami rising rapidly to the south until it reaches the top of a 
 hill about three-(puirters of a mile <listant. at an elevation of about l.W fwt. 
 At tin- point the linu'stone is ex|>osed and plainly seen on the surface. It then 
 (lilis slightly to the south, and again underlies a gypsum formation of from 
 .■HI to »M) feet in height. The conglomerate rock is also to Ite seen a little 
 farther to the westward, on the slope of the hill as it descemls towanls the river. 
 This exposed body of gypsum is very much broken and discoloured, and of so 
 little value that, though much nearer u convenient point for shipment than the 
 iijiiiii (|uarries now in operation, it is not at present worked atui is not coa- 
 -iilered a profitable fiebl from which to draw a supply. Following the main 
 Inxik alrpaily referred to, in a westerly direction, the wall of anhydrite extends 
 the whole length of the gypsum deposit, though not unbroken.' 
 
 Several quarries have been opened and operated in this section by the 
 .\llert Manufacturing Company, some of which are illustrated in Plates XXIV 
 and XXV^ and much underground work is being carried on. The working 
 face of these (juarries varies from I'.'J or 30 feet to over KM) feet, and some parts 
 are covered with a heavy overburden of clay, while others are (pn'te free from it 
 AMiere the surface of the gypsum is fre. from clay covering, it is very uneven 
 aii.l full of depressions and blow holes, which extend downwards many feet. 
 In fonie of the quarry faces anhydrite occurs in veins or bands, cutting across 
 mid through the quarry in very irregular forms, at times destroying the whole 
 vahie of the quarry, hut in some cases it has been worked through and the 
 q.inrry redeemed. This is also true of the underground workings, where large 
 rooms 40 feet or more in height have In-eii worked out. usually having a floor of 
 iiiihydrite. Attemjits have I een made to test the depth of this floor, but So far 
 iiii satisfactory resulti; have been obtained. 
 
 The Albert Manufacturing Company— aa before mentioned— has been operat- 
 me at this point more or less extensively for years, and has shipjied its crude 
 lirmluct. with few exceptions, to the Calvin Tomkins Company in New York. 
 The iiuarries arc connected by railway with the Company's shipping pier, and 
 tran^iwrtation to New York is us-ually done with steamers, which load only when 
 the tide is out. (See Plate XXVI.) 
 
 On the fouthem end of this area, at Demoiselle brook, the Wentworth Gyp- 
 sum Company has been operating for a few years in a small way. 
 
 
96 
 
 For about 15 years this Company has quarried from the surface, and shipi 
 aiiiiuuliy about 5,(XH) tons. Very similar conditions to those at Hillshorou 
 en- found; with iiorhaps the aniiydrito more prevalent, hence the i|Uiirr 
 were alaiidoiied. In the latter part of l!t08 this Company started underKrnn 
 operations, and was successful in developini; an excellent deposit of snow-wlii 
 finely compact variety of gypsum. 
 
 From tiicse underground workings the Company had mined at the einl 
 1!)0!), 7.(MI0 tuns, which has been hauled over the Harvey and Salisbury railw 
 to a shipping jtoint at Hillsborough, a distance of 8 miles, whence it is forwnn 
 to .T. B. King and Company, at New York. 
 
 Sixteen miles south from Ifillsborough, and about 2 miles west from i 
 shore of Shepwiy bay, the next gypsiferous area occurs — known as HopiH 
 hill. The area contains "•.'> stjuare miles, but principally concealed measji 
 The southern bouudar.v is the Shepody river, and no further indication^ i 
 seen, going south, until Xew llorton is reached, 2S miles south of nillsborou, 
 where a narrow gypsiferous area wcurs, cxti^nding to the .shore at Cai>e Knrii 
 b\it here, like at Hopewell hill, few outcrops occur, and the measures are oi 
 tra<'eabie b.v surface indications. 
 
 In Westmoreland coiiiit.v, on the iK'ninsula which divides Shepotly bay Ir 
 Cumberland basin and terminates in Cape Maringouin, occurs a gypsifcr 
 area of .'Ml square miles. The gypsinn occurs at Pink rook on the w 
 side of the iieninsula, and has a variety of colours, as white, grey, ;i 
 pink, outcropi)ing on the Icaeh. It is both granular and compact in textu 
 and associated with it is seen lenticular masses of anhydrite, in some eases oi 
 part of the original mass being intact, thus giving it the appearance of a weil 
 This deposit is controlled by a company subsidiary to the Albert Manufacturi 
 (^ompany, that has operated to a small extent; shipping the product to i 
 I'nited States. 
 
^:lf . 
 
 
 T 
 
 % 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 r ' _ / ' 
 
 .1 
 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 J 
 
 ■J 
 
 I'. !«, 
 
>5 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 M 
 
 O 
 
 •c 
 
 a 
 I 
 
 1 
 
=*>■■,• '' ->■ 
 
 ■^:^m-^-^.. v.iiir-^c--'^" ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Workmen with tools in Cray i|uarry, Mill»l«>r<mgli, X.B. 
 
97 
 
 1. 
 
 r 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 « 
 
 K 
 
 S 
 
 •a 
 
 i; 
 
 •i' 
 
 ;< 
 
 a?« 
 
 : © ^ - « i" 
 
 8 
 
 'Z 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■L 
 1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 S 
 
 . S S 3 9 : 
 
 s 
 
 •z 
 
 
 .x"8 
 
 i b sj 
 
 b 
 
 8 : 
 
 s 
 
 B 
 
 j 
 
 « 
 
 ; ? 
 
 
 e ; 
 
 3 
 
 T 
 
 
 sv'Sf 
 
 : : * ; g : 
 
 8 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 "3 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 i : S : S : 
 
 3 
 
 Si 
 
 i 
 
 i^n 
 
 : . S ; S : 
 
 § 
 
 u 
 
 ! 
 
 s 
 
 s : s : 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 ■ > 
 
 o^a 
 
 : i S ; 8 : 
 
 8 
 
 "c 
 
 ti 
 
 
 ■ -r- 
 
 
 
 Ci' 
 
 
 s 
 
 S i 8 
 
 8 
 
 i 
 
 >■ 
 
 o\°!3 
 
 : ^ ; 8 - 
 
 S 
 
 ■^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 •£ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 ■ « 8 i s ; 
 
 55 
 
 •s 
 
 i > 
 
 o\°j? 
 
 ' ^ : 8 : 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 : S S 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 1 N^ 
 
 ,\°a 
 
 : « ^ 8 i 
 
 8 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 1 " 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 s a S 8 
 
 5 
 
 1 IM 
 
 ^s is 
 
 - « A 8 b 
 
 8 
 
 .0 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 ■3 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 
 ^ :' 
 
 S 8 S 9 8 
 
 ■§ 
 
 M 
 
 ^?8 
 
 » « J! S * S 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 QO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IB 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 e 
 s 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 Ill 
 
 8 -^ 
 
 il 
 
 
 
 
 .i 
 
 J ^ f 1 1 
 
 ! 1 1 i i 
 
 
 n *v 
 
 i 
 
 ;3 
 
 1 
 
 E "S. 
 •2 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 28&~7 
 
No. I. A vrrv tine coiiipn*'! mck, dull white in colour, from the Allirt 
 
 .Maimt'iH'turiiifr ( 'oiiiiiiiiiy, IIill4>uroiiRli. 
 " II. A ffrey coiiipuct vurit't.v, from the Mime locntion as No. 1. 
 " HI. ItcH'k I'liutniniiig or.vntaU vif f^-ienite, as shown in Fig. 6. colmir 
 
 whiio, romiuict trxtiiri', I'roin Ililliliorouirh quarries. 
 ■' IV. Suniiiii' of liuuJetl dnrk gri-y miil whito gyi)9um, from IlilUbori ugh 
 
 quarries. 
 " V. Ordinary white roek, from Ilillshurou^h quarries. 
 " VI. White idubu^ter. from llillst orouftli quarries. 
 '• VII. Pink ulaliaster, from Ilillsborougli quarries. 
 " VIII. Mnuufnctiircd terrr nlha, from the Albert jianufacturing '"'.iiii- 
 
 Iiany's mill at Ilillsborougli. 
 " IX. Frirm Weiitworth (iyiisum ('ompiiny's underground (n'lirrv ul 
 
 IIili>borougli, »now-white, conipaet variety. 
 " X. Location same as Xo. 0, and similar in eolour and texture. 
 
 UVPSUM DEPOSITS Of THE MAGUAI.ES ISL.VNDS. 
 
 Before entering on ii partieulnr deseriptinn of the gj'psum deposits, it is 
 considered advisable to give a general de>eription of the whole group as sIkhvii 
 on the accompanying map. 
 
 Siluation. — The Magdalen islands arc situated about the middle of the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, and are wiihin the parallels of 47 degrees and 30 miinitis 
 and 47 degrees and 5 minutes north latitude, and between 61 degrees ainl ■> 
 minutes and 62 degrees and 12 minutes we«t longitude, and at a distanci' of 
 about 150 miles from the coast of Gaspe; 60 miles from Meat cove, Cape Breton, 
 whe^e they are connected by submarine cable with the mainland; and 120 niilw 
 from Pictou, Nova Scotia, from which port the mail steamer make onne.xiuiis 
 twice each week during the open season on the Gulf of St. Lawrer 
 
 Description. — There aie ten distinct islands in the group, • v desigiiatpi 
 on all charts, and in public documents, under the names of Eucry, Amherst. 
 Dejnlman, (irindstoiic, .Mright, Wolfe, (irosse Isle. Coffin, and Brion, and tlii> 
 grant also included the Bird islands. Four of these, namely. Entry, Deal- 
 man, Brion, and the Bird islands, are isolatwl, having no connexion with imcIi 
 other, or with the principal group. The other six islands, namely, Grosse fslf. 
 Coffin, Alright. Wolfe. tJrindstone, and Amherst, co.nprised in the Lettvr> 
 Patent under the collective name of Magdalen islands, are united to each other 
 by sand dunes, and iu some places lagoons of considerable extent are formed b,v 
 the sand dunes. 
 
 Ilarlouis. — The principal harbours are Amherst. House harbour, and Grainl 
 Entry. 
 
 The steamer also calls at the breakwaters at Amherst and Grindstone, aiil 
 ibe landing places at Alright i.>.land. t'oilin island, and Etang du Nord. 
 
By reference to tl.e Admiralty fburt of these i.land., it uill be seen that 
 thcs,. harbour, are safe and sulHHent for «n.all draft vessik, and the recent 
 dd.tion to the breakwaters givrs onirde protection to all ordinary shipping. 
 
 7 opoj,™;,/,.v._.The low land«, wbi.h border the sea coa«t, pre^ent a uniform 
 .ri.Hronce, generally nndulating .,r Jevol. The centre of the island* is made up 
 -f i.umcrous cunical shaj^d hills, s<.n.e a. high as 580 feet above sea-level. 
 
 So rocks are observed i.rotrudir.g tbr-^ugh the soil, which extendi from the 
 h.Kbcst to the lowest levels, an.l every foot of land is available for cultivation 
 .■x...pt u small part of the low lands, which are occupie.1 by swamp. 
 
 Ihes,. islands are not tl.e barren, isolated spots conceived bv son.e; but on 
 the contrary, the best authorities assert that the soil of the .Magdalen islands is 
 well suited for agricultural purposes, and richer than that of Prince Kdwar<^ 
 Island, which is considered the (Jarden of the Gulf. 
 
 InhabitanU.-The populafon is about 7,(XK>. principally of French descent, 
 fhe exceptions arc.; Entry island, which is Scotch, and Coffin island, which is 
 Kngl.sh. The people are of good moral character, cheerful, and industrious The 
 men are capable of enduring great fatigue, und unsurpassed as able seamen 
 They are expert as fishennen, which, with farming, is their principal oceupa- 
 
 Roads.-Tbe islands are furnished with goo<l roads, well .naintainod and 
 ?oo,l accommodation for driving can be secured at reasonable rates, at almost 
 any point. »■ "->. 
 
 Gyp,um Deposits-It would be very much a repetition of what has 
 already been said to deal at length with the geology of the deposits on the" 
 ..lands. They occur practically as those of xNova Scotia and New Brunawiek 
 m the lower Carboniferous meas„res. and associated with the deposits of car- 
 lonate of lune. It might be s.id, that here they are in a closer positiou to the 
 .rruptive rocks-dolerite and diabase-which make up the many conical-shaped 
 lulls, and .re the nucleus of the whole geological structure of the MagdaH 
 .elands; «.d m«,y times they form the lower members of the lower Carboni- 
 fcrous group. ^"ruuui 
 
 Kntrytknt. ''"'^'*'"' ^^^"^'"^ "^"^ "" Grindstone, Alright, AmJ,e«t. and 
 On Entry island the gypsiferous area, consisting of 208 acres, occurs on the 
 ;ou.n coast, near the lighthouse. It is well exposed on the wa shore in the 
 .n>n,od,ate vicinity of the irruptive roc-ks. overlaid by heavy beds of marl, con- 
 ta.nmg boulders of dark limestone and gypsum, with veins of the fibrous vari- 
 'tj cutting through it in many directions. 
 
 Some of the fibrous gypsum is very pure and white. Samples are shown in 
 i-te I\ . The gypsum is a sc't grnni.lar variety, varying in colour from white 
 I" dark grey. 
 
 At Amherst it occurs in considerable din.ensfons in the «,me position with 
 '^'' older rocks, on the coast at Pleasant bay east of Demoiselle hiU, and has a 
 
 -**" 1 I 
 
100 
 
 total area of 730 a<-n)^ 
 tancc of iii-arl.v 1 i m' • ' 
 of Deinoiiielle. The U' >* 
 inland by tliKp dcprest- <ii' 
 or more in iiri-a, and from 
 may be obM-rved. Tl 
 tvd gtrraka. 
 
 An lirOU of r- .i .■! ;i 
 
 the nortliwe^t of ''/ - i 
 The gypsum liere oi •!• 'i.- 
 iug fibrous lirypgum. 
 
 (irindstone isl« .i i. t 
 nent expos^ureg of iil' i 
 north of Ciipo Men . u ' 
 wardly 1) niileg, uL 
 sidornbhj prf'tninenoe 
 
 It extendi inland almoot to the southern coast, n <li 
 
 iid !<kirtinK tho hill tip|>fiirH iiKain on rho coast »r 
 
 r.i,.* an* wc-ll cximw'mI i'm the coaat, nnd are triiM'ul: 
 
 r sinkhokvi. Some of thom- di>prC!>«ion8 are an iic 
 
 ■(. M ffft deep. In the largor of these the (rypsii 
 
 a white compact variety, with parts of it shown 
 
 'I' '111 .»ncf', I'onsigtinK of aboui 400 acres, occurs < 
 
 ml, xtcnding from Southwest cape to Wc^i P'lii 
 
 II fie coast, and has associated with n marls > rr 
 
 if'uUllA. 
 
 'm'.Ii ■ "'■ 
 It a^- ri 
 t has 1/ 
 
 Las a prarular textu Fr- 
 
 rftest r <>" T 20 sijuare miles) and most proii 
 / r^c •' , on the sea coaf-t a short distaii 
 .narl and limestone and cxtendinK nort 
 iterops on the Arsnoau property wiui en 
 dirty «rey colour, and a large portion of 
 Bi. le it can be traced westwardly, followii 
 the contour of the hlil«, by outcrops nnd depressions, to Rtang du Nord, whc 
 it rutcrope on lot l^l, in a prominent ridire, and also on the adjoining lot, in 
 depression which forms a pond of water, and where cliffs may he seen on ni 
 side from 40 to 60 feet high. Again, about midway between the coast and Etai 
 du Nord, on vacant lands, more outcrops are observed. The rock presents mai 
 varieties both of colour and texture, as will be noted below in the table 
 analyses. 
 
 Again, skirting the irruptive cliffs near Cape Alright on Alright islan 
 another very similar gypsiferous area is seen. The high cliffs at this point a 
 only the remnants of one or more irruptive hills, that form the base of t 
 gypsum deposits, and, therefore, the exposures of gypsum on the sea coast a 
 not extensive. Inland, however, the same conditions are observed, and outcro 
 are seen in several places on the higher grounds, and where the depressio 
 have left the gypsum exposed. This area extends we>twardly across the island 
 i.ittle bay, but here the land is low and the gypsum concealed. 
 
 Manj years ago a few small cargoes of gypsum were taken from th« 
 ishinds to the Quebec market, but owing to the indiscretion of the operate 
 in making a selection of the rock, the results were not satisfactory. Since th 
 time no attempts have been made to develop or even test these deposits, whi 
 showed much evidence of the existence of a good variety of gypsum, and 
 evidence of the occurrence of anhydrite. 
 
 The deposits are not as prominent nor as extensive as many of those 
 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, yet with their vantage-point for the Can 
 dian market they should be considered among those having considerable coi 
 Diercial value. 
 
I'LATK xxvm 
 
 J1 
 
 Ciiir M-juk-, Utinditono iiiaud. Si. -iu^ . ^...riicUjriouL- njuuueu loptied t a of tb* 
 ,„„ ,^ M»»(daJen iauadi. 
 
 289— p. 100. 
 
101 
 
102 
 
 No. I. From lot No. 100, Alright island : a very pure white compact ruc 
 " II. Fibrous g^ypsum associated with the gypsum, Alright island. 
 " III. From lot No. 184, Etang du Nord, has rather a salty structur 
 
 with a greyish white colour. 
 " IV. White compact gj-psum taken from an exposure in the wall of 
 
 sink hole or depression at Etang du Nord, near lot No. 1>4. 
 " v. Sample of pink rock associated with the marls in clifFs near Ca] 
 
 Meule, Grindstone island. 
 " VI. A dirty greyish granular rock from Arsneau lot. Grindstone islan 
 " VII. An average sample taken from vacant lands on Grindstone islan 
 
 greyish white, with compact texture. 
 " Vm. A dark bluish rock from Eyan cove. Grindstone island. 
 " IX. Dark greyish with selenitic crystals, occurring on the shore iie 
 
 Cape Meule. 
 " X. Fibrous gypsum from Entry island, shown in Fig 2. 
 " XI. White compact gypsum, with some streaks of red, occurring on tl 
 shores near Demoiselle hill, Amherst island. 
 
loa 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Manufacture of Plaster. 
 
 By referring to the formula for plaster of Paris, on page 36, it is seen 
 that about two-thirds of the original water of crystallization or combined water 
 has been driven off, in course of the process. Dehydration to this extent ca.i, 
 as above noted,' be accomplished at any temperature between 212° F. and 400" F.; 
 it is found, however, for economy of fuel and time, that it is best to cai • on the 
 process at the highest allowable temperature. 
 
 Two operations are necessary in the manufacturing of plaster of Pans; 
 the mineral must be finely ground, and properly calcined. The grinding either 
 precedes or follows the calcining; the order of the two operations depends on 
 the inp'-hod used in calcining. If the method of calcining is by kettle, the 
 grinding is usually done first; if the calcining is carried on in kilns or rotating 
 cylinders, the raw material is fed to them as it comes from the crusher, and the 
 fine grinding follows. 
 
 In the typical Amerioan mills using the kettle calcining process, tho gen- 
 eral operations are as follows: — 
 
 The lump gypsum, as taken from the quarry, is damped into a bin, which 
 automatically discharges it on to a rock slide. It is dumped directly on to the 
 rock slide, down which it runs to the nipper, a reciprocating jaw crusher, i)ass- 
 ing through whicli it falls into the cracker, which is a heavy machine of the 
 coffee mill or toothed spindle type. This reduces the crushed rock to the size 
 of an average grain of com. From the cracker the material gies to a rotary dryer, 
 which eliminates about 10 per cent of the moisture. Next, tlie rock is screened 
 over a screen of about 24 mesh, the fines going direct to the bins over the kettles, 
 and the coarser material drops into an elevator, which raises it to bins over the 
 millstones (For particulars see diagram showing flow of material from screen 
 to kettle. Fig. 12, and Fig. 14.). From here it is fed automatically into the 
 millstones, where it is reduced to flour, and convoyed by an elevator to the 
 kett'e bins, from which it is run into the kettles ns required. A batch for a 10 
 ft. kettle is about 10 tons of gypsiun flour, and when about two-thirds of the 
 water of crystallization is driven off (requiring about ^ hours), it becomes 
 plaster of Paris ; and from n door in the side of the kettle, near the bottom, it 
 IS run oflf into what is known as tlio hot bin, built in the ground behind the 
 kettles. The material from here slides down the incline<l bottom of the hot bin, 
 through gates into a spiral conveyor, by which it is taken to an elevator and 
 discharged into classifiers, which soparate the coarser particles. The product, 
 «oarse and fine, is taken by two conveyors into the warehouse; the fine being 
 
 ' if* furmulA page W. 
 
104 
 
 deposited either in the mixer bin or the plaster of Paris bin, while the coarse 
 particles pass to a bin over regrinding millstones, and after passing thmugli 
 them, is again elevated and rejoins the fine material. By means of gates in the 
 ■flooi- beneath the plaster of Paris bin, the material drops through spouts intc 
 hugs, for '■^lipping neat. The piaster of Paris in the mixer bin drops thrniijili 
 to tht' mixer?, being therein mixed with fibre aw] retarder, and is then bagu'ed 
 and shipped as hard wall plaster. 
 
 DESCRII'TIOX t)F SIACIIINERY. 
 
 The nipier or jaw crusher (Plate XXIX) is used for coarse reduction. 
 
 It is designed to stand heavy strains aud rough usage. When used for 
 gypsum crui-hing it is usually equipped with corrugated jaws to prevent clog- 
 ging. The machine shown in the illustration has a jaw oixining of 15" x i'l'" 
 with a capacity of material to pass a 2" ring of 12 to 25 tons per hour; 
 approximate weight 10,000 pounds; 30" x lOJ" belt pulley; aud with a speed ol 
 200 revolutions requires 15 horse-power. It is listed at $550. A similar cru.-licr 
 having a capacity from 25 to 40 tons, and jtt\i opening of 22" x 28", is qiiotwi 
 at $850. 
 
 The nipper is usuall • followed by tho cracker (Plate XXX), and will 
 reduce the product to the fineness of corn. 
 
 The machine is of the rotary type, provided with break pin safety pulleys 
 and is listed at $050. The dryer is a cylinder 4 feet in dia:ncter, by 27 I'ett 
 long, weight 21,C00 pounds. It should le equipped with an automatic feeiler 
 and exhaust fan. It is built in brick-work, similar to a horizontal boiler, and 
 is listed iit $2,500. Any kind of fuel oil, gas, coke, coal, or wood may be used, 
 but the products of the fire should not come in contact with the material being 
 dried, as it is liable to discolour it. 
 
 The classifier is used to separate that portion of the material already 
 crushed sufficiently fine for calcining purposes from the material requiring 
 grinding, and gives greater efficiency to the millstones. 
 
 The classifier shown in Plate XXXI is a new machine, recently put on the 
 market by the J. B. Ehrsam & Sons Mfg. Co., of Enterprise, Kansas, U.S.A., 
 and it is reported as giving excellent rcKults. It will handle from 10 to 15 tnns 
 of ground gypsum per hour, and take cut 100 mesh fines. It occupies a flooi 
 space of 8 X feet, and is feet high; wcigha 4.50!> iKiunds. and ehould 1« 
 rim at a speed of 800 to 1,200 revolutions per minute, according to the capa- 
 city required. The machine is provided with a cut off, so the ".mount of fines 
 may be regulated from 80 to 100 mesh, h.h may be desired; and the product is 
 not affepte<l by the fluctuation of 50 or 100 revolutions per minute, or iri«guhir 
 feeding, which is a feature to be desired in mill practice. 
 
 For final reduction there are various mills designed, as the Stedmau dis- 
 integrator, the Sturtevant rock emery mill, and the French burr millstones. 
 The latter are generally used and give the most satisfactory results. 
 
 Tlje Stedman disintegrator is composed essentially of four coneentricaHv 
 placed steel bar cageB. Of these cages tho first and third ravolvo in one direction 
 
I'l.VTK XXIX- 
 
 Xi|)|>pr or .law ( 'nwlicr ns. .1 f.ir ciiarse rt^ductiiiii. 
 
 2»!)-p. 104. 
 
flii 
 
Crackor fi>r line ri'duction. 
 
IMf 
 
I'LATK X.XXI. 
 
 CUtriBw, 
 
 2H9-P. 104. 
 
 liJ 
 
n 
 
105 
 
 while the iiecond ami fourth revolve the opposite way. Tho inuterial ia fe<l iuto 
 a lu'Piier, which dimhiirgeji it into the centre of the cages. The Rypaum lump* 
 uro etruck l>y the bars of the inm^ porc. und thrown outward at hijfh velocity; 
 thi' hurn of the seconil cage, revolving in an opp><ite dire<Uion, strike tlieni a 
 I1I..W of doul.le force, mid tiie opeiution is rppeatc<l by the third and fourth cage 
 in succession, i'onipleting the reduction. 
 
 In the Sturtevunt rock emery mill, the ordinary nuili*t<ji:e8 are replaced 
 by 11 manufactured Btone. it ia coiistructtnl with a circular iron cup or shell, 
 tl c centre ie nnile of a dif^c of burrs-tone, while the ixtrtion near the rim is set 
 nitli tlaU of rock-emery, cementinl by metal poured in while molten. Kadiai 
 -trips of lurr^tone ure set fo nc to continue llie furrows from the central burr- 
 stone to the rim of the wheel. 
 
 The French burrstones ure too well known to require description. 
 
 The burrxtone mills ore made to o|)i>rttti« vcrtieally or horizontally, the 
 former in most cases beljig preferable. 
 
 Plate XXXII represents the Knterpri^^e vertical burr mill, which is e8|>e- 
 cially designed for gypsum grinding. The mill is simple in construction, pro- 
 vided with a spreading devic«! t<. throw the stones apart when not grinding, and 
 hriiig them togr'thcr iigoin when grin<liiig is resumetl, without changing the ad- 
 justment screw. The spindle an<l bearings are made esiH'cially strong, and the 
 latter dust-proof. The spindle is also provided with a safety device, which 
 allows the stones to spread apart, preventing accidents when harder foreign 
 substances get mixed with the material being ground. Tho stones are made 
 interchangeable, and can easily be removed for dressing; when two or more mills 
 .are installed, it is advisable to have an extra pair of stones, which *vill enable 
 the oiH'rator to keep the mill in operation while the stones are l«iiig redressed. 
 
 These mills are provide<l with a mechanical feeder which guarantees uni- 
 form feeding of tlie required capacity. The .36" mill requires a floor space of 
 </■•:," X 4'-2"; its height is 5'-9"; approximate weight. 6,800 pounds; listed 
 at $650, extra burrstones 3(1" dian^eter are listed at $134 per pair. 
 
 Cii'iining kettles are con.lriK ted in the form of a hollow cylinder, made of 
 boiler ^tecl, from 4" to i" tl iok. Tl eir depth is about equal to their diameter, 
 ranging from 6 to 10 feet. This cylinder is set on an iron ring, and on the ring 
 inside the cylinder rests the bottom. The bottom is cast, and should be made 
 from the very best scrap iron, and also of such a mixture of iron as to make the 
 shrinkage as low as possible. It is convexed upward, and has a thickness of 
 about i" at the edges, and 4" at the crown. Sectional kettle bottoms are some- 
 times used, made of six radial sections and one round centre piece, and although 
 they are not alwa^i satisfactory on account of unequal shrinkage, yet as the life 
 of a kettle bottom terminates with cracking, it has merits, as any cracked sec- 
 tion may be replaced without disturbing the kettle or the brick-work. 
 
 The top of the kettle is covered with a sheet iron cap, having a movable door 
 tlirotiph which the raw mntorial is iiitroduced. and a stack hole for tli:' cscap- 
 ing vanoiirs. The old style kettles were built without flu«s passing through 
 
^■^/." 
 
 106 
 
 them, but in all nxMlerii kettle* they have two or four flues. Plato XXXlll 
 iibowg the general conatruction of Khr>'riiiiii'-< fi>iir tlin' ki'ttl*-, in liri<:k ««tti)i^. 
 
 In thla the furnace gasea cume in contact with tim kettle bottuni, ini.r 
 the tuyere* placed arounil the entire iiiaide circumference of the wall Hupportiiin 
 the kettle, after which they travel in un unnular cliunibcr nrouiid the cir^- nn- 
 ferenco of the (hell to the two lower tubea, passini; thmuKh them to an iipixr 
 punular ttpace, again around the cixcuniference to the two upiwr flue«. tliin i- 
 to the chimney. 
 
 The kettles are usually arranged in line, and operated in pairs, having' » 
 feeding chute and one hot pit for each pair. It is necessary that the mat. rwl 
 in the kettle should le rcrstantiy agitated, and for this purpose o lijie of sliMtt 
 ing is placed over the kettles, which has attached, for each kettle, a ' it. 
 vertical pinion wheel, which drives a horizontal cog crown wheel, attached ■ a 
 4" vertical shaft running to the bottom of the kettle, and supportetl in ili. 
 centre by bearings attached to the flues. Above the flues, on the vert km! 
 shaft, is attached a paddle-shaped cro»8 arm, und at the bottom a curved r>...s, 
 arm having either movable teeth with puddles, or chains which are mo adjii-i. I 
 as to throw the material from the outside tothe centre; revolving at about i:. 
 revolutions per minute and requiring from ten to twenty horse-power. If. 
 from any cause, the agitation should stop, the material settles down on tiit- 
 bottom, and, owing to the intense heat, the bottom is very liable to be melte<l. 
 
 The kettle fluee gradually increase in diameter from 7" to 16", and wlnn 
 four are placed in a 10 ft. kettle, on a horizontal line, they ore 30" apart, I'lii 
 when placed in pairs two above tlie other, they are from 10" to 15" apart. 
 
 In the matter of fuel economy, experiments between two kettles, one with 
 four flues placed on a liorizontal line, and one with four flues placed in pair-. 
 two above the other, were tried l^y ilr. I.owo of Uraud Kapids. The result.-* ;ire 
 given by Grimsley': — 
 
 'The kettles were properly set and with good draft. The gypsum wj- 
 groiind so that 86 per cent would pasa through a 40 mash sieve. The e.xp. , • 
 ment was watched on the second batch after the kettle had been fully heati'l. 
 The material was discharged after the second setting, and was fully calcnied, 
 and the weight of plaster was oifjlit .inil one-fourths tons, with a water per- 
 centage of five and one-half. 
 
 Ty|« of Kour-fliie Kt-tllf. 
 
 Coiiditiuii 
 
 of 
 
 Rock. 
 
 INitllltltf ' 
 
 of ! 
 
 liittmi. Coal. 
 
 TiiiiH 
 
 in 
 Himn>. 
 
 H I'. 
 
 Ri.iiuir.'d. 
 
 Direct, flucB OOiW Urtm l,<Oi> 3 7 12 
 
 Return, flues 8 J ' 88») 3 8-12 
 
 Direct, flues 0000 Dry »■'*> 2 10-12 
 
 Ki-tum. Hues 55,.. ; 730 2 1112 
 
 •The Oypsnm of Michigan, Vol. IX^ Part IT, p. 123. 
 
 1-J 
 
 !0', 
 
XXX Ml 
 
 k ««!tt ; .' 
 
 upi^.i' .• 
 
 e cif' !i 
 
 an ii| ,"'r 
 
 59. til. : . 
 
 BVillK ,ii' 
 
 matrr.il 
 
 of sIm;; 
 
 e, a I! 
 
 chetl 1 
 
 ed ill '!!• 
 
 e verii'M'. 
 
 rved 1 - 
 
 ..i:.. . 1 
 
 i:. 
 If. 
 
 •i viK XXXII. 
 
 Virtiinl I'.iiir Mill. 
 
 ¥ 
 
 * 
 
 
 2S9- 
 
 IWi. 
 
f 
 
I'l-ATl X.XXIII. 
 
 
 Klirxiimira f.iiir Hm- t'liltiimiK Kitth- : staiiilanl xtlii 
 
J 
 
lor 
 
 'Tfce material in the serond cxperiinent was discharged nt the end of the 
 first settling, and the total weight of plaster w«a eight aiid oue-half tons, with 
 a water percentage of eig^t. In the direct arrangament the heat paaaea throush 
 flues and out. In the return, the heat paaM* through two fluca, then back 
 through other two and out 
 
 Tyi* of Foiirflue KetMe. 
 
 OmditiDB Poundii 
 of irf 
 
 Rock. Bitum. Cu»l. 
 
 <jreen. 
 
 Iiirect, fluei" IIIIOU 
 
 R'tum, Hue» gjj 
 
 Direct, fhiM eOQU ;D,y 
 
 K'-'irn, (loMgi i „ 
 
 7i6 
 
 ato 
 
 060 
 530 
 
 Tttar 
 
 in 
 Hour*. 
 
 2A 
 
 H. V. 
 
 K^HH.irwI. 
 
 la 
 
 13 
 
 m 
 
 In starting a kettle, the heat ia gradually increased while the crude ■•terial 
 is being slowly fed. The material thus gradually added ia constantly agiuited: 
 when the kettle is full and the temperature rises to about 225"" or 230° F . the 
 contents boil violently as the water is driven ofT and out the vapour stock. 
 When the temperature reaches about 270' F., the gypsum settles down, leaving 
 a vacant space of about 16". and the steam almort ceas.^. Thi:^ i.. 
 known as the first settling. Between 280° and 290° F., the mass rises again. 
 iften throwinK part of the materi.il over the top of the kettle, and when a tein- 
 peraturo of .350° to 370° F.. is reached, the pioc«« is completed and the mater- 
 ial is readily w-ithdrawn through the gate near the lottom. which is controlled 
 i'V a lever from the top. 
 
 Table Showing Details of the Ehrsam Calcining Kettlei. 
 
 DianiettT of kvttle Ft. 
 
 Height of kettle fi, 
 
 Numlier of flueii . . 
 
 Diameter ijf llueK ,\n, 
 
 ThickiieM of xhell in kettle In. 
 
 TliickncHU of tutxia in kittle tn. 
 
 Diameter of Bnioke stack In. 
 
 Irfnglli of Binoke stack Ft. 
 
 (■rate nurfai-e J.'[^ 
 
 Diameter of iigiriKlit «haft In. 
 
 (.MOHtli ot upright aii^il, iuwmmutiua. 
 I.ien|;th of ipriirht »hnft. n|i|)er section. 
 
 Number ot ^ear wheel 
 
 Number of pinion 
 
 NnniluT of kettle liands 
 
 Weight of .iitle nnd fixtures Llm. 
 
 Numtn'r o i'<ii)iiiion lirick above floor. . . 
 
 Nunilier of Hnbriek 
 
 (;»|wcity |ier charRe . Ton«. 
 
 Power re(|nire<l an gmuml ^'v|».um 
 under ortlinary condition*.. .. ' H.I'. 
 Price 
 
 Kettio ti.xturos comprise: front with doors and liners, front, Krate reste, 
 ?Mte bars and lack grate rest, one kottlc rinjc made in eectious with bolts and 
 
 l> 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 1o 
 
 li 
 
 '•'} 
 
 » 
 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 ( 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 1<: 
 
 ■ 
 
 .. 1 
 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 U 
 
 2i> 
 
 a 
 
 24 
 
 40 
 
 4« 
 
 4H 
 
 4'< 
 
 2.:« 
 
 :»-4 
 
 .1 4 
 
 4 ^ .-. 
 
 ;^ 
 
 1 «> 
 
 31* 
 it -10 
 
 '.> W' 
 
 3 « 
 
 .T (i • 
 
 :«• H 
 
 » -o 
 
 su« 
 
 .SI 47 
 
 S147 
 
 .Sl-o 
 
 SI 40 
 
 SI47 
 
 S147 
 
 .S17U 
 
 :t 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 « 
 
 (i.lKHI 
 
 12.0<10 
 
 13,ii««) 
 
 ai.ooo 
 
 III.INUI 
 
 IB.iHIO 
 
 I7.1KW 
 
 23,tllli) 
 
 2.IP0I1 
 
 4,<IIN) 
 
 4.8iN< 
 
 T.Ulii 
 
 2to.1 
 
 .M..6 
 
 (1 to 7 
 
 12 to 11 
 
 H 
 «4.J«l 
 
 tMKt 
 
 V< 
 $1)1111 
 
 :!<1.2llll 
 
 i 
 
108 
 
 J 
 
 couplers, one kettle bottom, two flue dooM for each flue in kettle, stack plate 
 and stack with guy wires four timeri the length of stack, kettle bands, uae 
 kettle cover made uf sheet steel of the extension pattern, one vapour pipe niiid« 
 of galvanized xheet steel, one agitator shaft and Imttom agitator with rake- (ir 
 chain, due agitator, shell agitator, adjustable flue bearing, adjustable bridge 
 bearing, cast iron gear wheel and steel pinion; also one pair of double g-.aet 
 end rods with shield oiul discharge spout. 
 
 The mixer is a machine having essentially two compartments, a mixing 
 chamber, :ind a sacking chamher. The mixer has one mixing shaft, with two 
 ^ctK of paddles so arranged that one set throws the material from the outsiilo 
 of the mixing chamlM>r tuwartis tliu ct-ntre; at the same time causing tlie niati-rial 
 to travel towards one end of the mixing chamber; while tlie other set of pud<lie<< 
 causes this operation to be reverse*!. All working parts arc made of iron or 
 steel. The main «haft and stufiing Iioxon are made extra heavy, the main I car- 
 ing independent of the stuffing boxes. The mixer is providoil with W()'><)i'm 
 receiving hopper, lined with sheet steel. By o|)«rating a lever the opt'ratcir 
 discharges tlie material from the hopper into the mixing chamber. After the 
 material bus been in the mixing chan»ber a sufliaieiit length of time (from o tn 
 8 minutes') the operator, by turning a pilot wheel, opens the valves to the liack- 
 ing chamlier, which allows the material to discharge into the racking cliaiiik'r. 
 This is made of wood, lined with sheet s-tecl, and i>rovided with an agitator to 
 keep the material from clogging; it also allows the mixed product to be A'lf- 
 churge<l directly into sacks for shipping. 
 
 In Plato XXXIV the Enterprise noiseless mixer is shown. It ie made Id 
 two sir.e». No. 1 having a capacity from 1,00() to 15,00<> pounds to a chiin.i\ 
 and from 4S to (IS tons per day of 10 hours; weight :{,80() pounds; listed iirlot' 
 $^25. Xo. 2 has a capacity from l.HOO to 2,4<X> pounds t<i n charge, and from 
 ftO to 100 tons i>er day of 10 hours; weight 4,4<10 pounds; lifted price $400. 
 
 Somewltat similar mixers are furnishe<l by the lies ^Moines Manufactiirini: 
 and Supply Company. They are known as the Broughton mixers, with at.vie, 
 capacity, etc., shown in the following table: — 
 
 Capacity of hop|wr, )lm 
 
 Biit('h(i|(lt*ni, nunih<*r. . 
 
 Pmliiet |iprday «f luhnart, torn 
 
 Hisp of iHillry, incbn 
 
 Kovulutiima |wr minul« 
 
 StyU. A -1 
 
 rttylv A 
 
 IWIIV-SOOO I 1000 -IMO 
 
 6 r> 
 
 flo-flo an -fto 
 
 ao « 13 ' M >- H 
 
 ISO IA4) 
 
 Styl«- n -1 Styl« B-2 Hl\\v 11 -.f 
 
 ton 
 w 
 
 34 X 8 
 175 
 
 .■Mm 
 
 20 « « 111 ■ 4 
 
 161) liX' 
 
 H<ifnp*poiw»r rv(]utrvd •.. 
 
 Rhi|i{»infr WRtiphl LNl 
 
 Lwt i»rioe. . 9 
 
 l" 22 
 
 »-« 
 
 8 12 
 
 (17 
 
 7,30i» 
 
 4,750 
 
 3,t*n 
 
 V,.Kli» 
 
 675 
 
 4110 
 
 400 
 
 »II0 
 
 St 
 
1(1 4 
 
 I'lATK XXXIV. 
 
 KntfriTi!*!' Niii^i 
 
 ■ Mix-i. 
 
 :'s'.i-p. 1(18. 
 
i 
 
28U-1). 1C8. 
 
 Side tlevkti'io of Ciunmer continuoui cslciuing i^nt ; 250 1 
 
Fio. 4. 
 
 n 
 
 ^*.# r. ff, Tkmas 
 
 - Scafe ofFTeef 
 
 >Unt t 2M km. in M »««„ IJ«,p,rd b> the F. D. Cuo.n.er & S. n i ,,„ CleveUnd. Otuo. U.S. A. 
 
J 
 
 , 
 
Miaoconr itsouTiON tbt chart 
 
 (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 
 
 ^ APPLIED IM/tGE Inc 
 
 SSr^ '653 tost Moin slrwT" ~ 
 
 w^^Z RochMt«r. N9W York 14609 USA 
 
 ^g ('16) »82-0300-Phont 
 
 ^S ("6) 2M - S9S9 - Fo> 
 
289-p. 108. 
 
 End «ctio. of Cummer oontinuou, clcining pl.„t; 250 ton« in 24 hour.. Deigned by the F. 0. Cummer ft Son O... 
 
 CleveUnd, Ohio, U.S.A. 
 
/ 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 ^H 
 
PLAN OF CUMMER CONTINUOUS CAI CIN- JG PLANT 
 250 Tons in 24 Hours 
 
 Designed by The F. d. Cummer & Son Co. 
 
 CLtVELANo Ohio. U.S.A. 
 
 ?:;?^;:r' K^ *-^ 
 
 FIG. 6 
 
 »*»'^»*" - /•-*'«*•'.«- 
 
 •Srm000g Bn 
 
 US'- or 
 
 f>e* OrwiK 
 
 T 1 
 
 COttL Bit* 
 
 \\ 
 
 i I 
 
 / 
 
]0» 
 
 oDJUHON!* 1(1 TlIK niKsKNT ?*^MEM Of ( AI.CIMNO OVPSUM. 
 
 To tlio iirc'ceiit Hj-etem of kettle calcining there are several objections. It 
 is not u continuous process, ami it requires a greut iiiiiount of heat to perform 
 the worit and is, tlioruforo, o-xiwusive; when tim kettles are at their highest 
 tcuiperuture they are (JisciiurKcl ami recharnu i with cold luatorial, ami al- 
 though the recharginst is done gradually, there is large loss of heat, besides 
 1 or«tantly cau«ing contMction and expansion, which is a serious strain on con- 
 >truction. Another objection is the large liorse-power required to keep the 
 (TMisuni fltiiir egitated, not only to prevent it from burning at the bottom, but 
 also to prevent the kettle bottom from overheating. Many and various attempt* 
 have lern mode to overcone ihese objections by using rotating cylinders, but 
 they too liii\e their difficulties. The various qualities of our gypsums require 
 different lengths of time to perform complete or partial calcination. The objec- 
 tion made to the cylinder process is the difficulty to determine that point. The 
 exi)ert calciner cannot see the plaster boiling, and all his test:"— the rising 
 vapours, the creaking machinery, etc.— have disappeared or become so modified 
 that ho can no longer recognize them. 
 
 There is no doubt, however, that in the near future these difficulties will 
 le overcome, and we will have a continuous process that will gHve a uniform 
 product with less expense, and the old time kettle will disappear. 
 
 THE CUMMER SYSTEM. 
 
 The Cummer continuous gypsum calcining process, shown by Fig 4, 6, 
 and 6, designed and furnished, with description, by F. D. Cummer and m 
 Company, of Cleveland, Ohio, i« not without merit. 
 
 It consists of a rotary calciner and calcining bins. The rock coming 
 direct from mine or from storage is crushed to 1" ring, and delivered to a 
 small storage bin situated over the feed spout of the rotary calciner. This bin 
 is equipped with a mechanical feeder that legulnriy feeds the crushed rock into 
 the calciner. In this machine most of the* free water is eliminated, as well as 
 some of the water of crystallization. The gypsum remains in the calciner 
 about ten minutes, and during this time is in constant agitation and gives off 
 moisture. 
 
 As it leaves the calciner it is steaming and heated uniformly to the de- 
 sired temperature, which varies from 400° to 600° F. The exact temperature 
 depends largely upon the density of the rock, and the kind of product desired. 
 
 From the rotary calciner the hot steaming rock is elevated to the calcining 
 bins, where the calcining process i« completed in about 36 hour^. During this 
 time the residual heat brought over by the^rock from the calciner completes the 
 calcining process already started, and -the material is cooled, ready for the pul- 
 verizers. The now calcined material ; mechanically discharged from the bins 
 and conveyed to the pulverizers. While it is of the rotary dryer type coiamonlj 
 used for drying gypsum preparatory to calcining in kettles, it lis entirely differ- 
 ent in principle, and of much heavier design and construction. 
 
liu 
 
 'Ilic i.fir.v i«l«i»n.r is ciiuipHMl witli ii ^|l4^■illl iiailiuiiinil >t.)kir utitl fur 
 luii.' Mliliitf, with wliifli (■oiiiliiiiutioii pjrfui-t co.o')intii>:i U obtaiiuj nitii 
 »lni'k bituiiiinnug coal. 
 
 Uif imrc, luated rbs-cs re^-iilliiig (r..iii piTlVi't r..iiil.iifti«ni itrp driiwii l.v ,, 
 liin into II hirjri.' «'onmiiiiKli?i(f cluiiiibcr, whicli oxtciicls ific ciitirr loiigtii of tlir 
 r.vlin.ler. At tliy oaiiiu time, tiiflioirnt iiir is ailinittcl lliroUKli rraiilators in 
 flif sidf wall» of tlu' i'oiiiIii.iii);liiiK cliiiiiil-i r, ;,iii| mixed «iii; 'In- heated itU'' ■ 
 lii'Jii tlic ftirtiniv, to (five tho tcniix-niturfs hi'-<t !«uiti'<l to the iiiatcrial. 
 
 I h'j .vi'ider (which U x-t at iiii incline and revoi ve.-t tdowl.v on steel rollert ) 
 Iiiis- II (trcut li.any lioodrd o|ieiiiiiKs, ho annr.fted that the heated air and pa«c- 
 froni tlie eowiiningling ohaiiiUr are drawn by a fan throuRh the hood-, into tli. 
 eyliiider, in direct contact wiith the B.vpsuni rock, which enters the machine nr 
 the front end. The rock is eonftantly lieing cascailed in the c.vlinder by nienn 
 of lifting blades. 
 
 In the discharge spout is a recording thermometer, which registers tin 
 tenipernttire of the rock a* it comes out and is elevated to the calcining bin-. 
 The dial of this recording therinoaieter i< »o lo^-ated that the oparator can 
 watch it, and keep the rotary ealciner adjusted t^o us to give n nniforndy heatol 
 product. 
 
 The calcining bins are built of brick, or of wood lined with brick. Four 
 bins are required for each plant, and the cooacity of each bin is equal to the 
 daily output of the plant. By the use of four bins a continuous process i<t 
 obtained. One bin is Iteing discharged of its cooled calcined material whili 
 the proceM of calcining is bering completed on the material in the second and 
 third bills, and the fourth bin is Iwing flllwl with hot material from the calcinei. 
 These bins are so constructed that the material in process of calcination is 
 thoroughly Tent<ilated, while the outside air is excluded, which allows the resi- 
 dual heat carried by the material from the ealciner to rapidly disseoiinati- 
 itself through the maae, and complete the calcining process. The tempera- 
 ture at which the material enters the bins determines the time of set. 
 
 Each bin is equipped with a simple device which mechanically discharges 
 'he material, regularly and at any speed desired. 
 
 /able givins Approximate Capacity, Fnel, Hone-power, and Labour, Cnmmer 
 Continuou Calcining Proceai for Oypsnm. 
 
 Number. 
 
 '^apacity per 
 84houi«. 
 
 Horx-- 
 power. 
 
 Coal |»T cUy 
 fur calcininic. 
 
 I.»lioiir 
 per Kh:ft. 
 
 1 
 
 60 tons 
 100 ., 
 160 M 
 
 aoo „ 
 
 250 .. 
 SOO ,. 
 400 .. 
 
 6 
 8 
 10 
 12 
 15 
 20 
 28 
 
 .S,M)0 IIm. 
 
 7,<)00 M 
 10,500 .. 
 14,000 ., 
 17,500 .. 
 21,11110 .. 
 28,000 .. 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 t .< 
 
 6 
 
 « 
 
 1 .. 
 1 M 
 
 T 
 
 2meii 
 
a 
 

 •3 '-■* Floor non Fiff, s_ 
 
 y-fl<r X V-V KETTLE PLABTEF 
 
HO. 7 
 
 Section Thru \9rindlng Oepo-tm^nt 
 
 ntg.4 
 
 Scale of feet 
 
 PUBTCR KHU. 
 
l-e*^ X e-O* KETTl 
 
 l*a«».Mrfte 
 
 MM 
 
FIG. 8 
 
 ztian Through Mixing Oa/tt 
 
 Scafe of Feet 
 
 •SETTLE PLASTER MILL 
 

 i± 
 
NOT€: 
 
 . St-uddinga s\e- Spacad 
 S^' Center Excup/- around bins. 
 AM i¥indows /s l/ffAAs /s'x/e- 
 9/0SS an/tss ofhtr^isa «/>,clft^. 
 
 2-V^ X »<r KETTLE 
 
 PLA81 
 
 it^ttti 
 
FIG. 9 
 
 ^a 
 
 a _ 
 
 'HH 
 
 f 
 
 Bi! ■' 
 
 I — - '- — 1 
 
 \ ^ ■>»'.^i^ ft'"'"'*' 
 
 T— I J._, 
 
 S4 - O' 
 
 
 "0 
 
 •I 
 
 ^OMfmr Hout* 
 
 Be - o 
 
 f^i9 S 
 
 Seatm 9f net 
 
 -E PLASTER MILL 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 SBm0SmmmimBKtMM 
 
J 
 
40»mtmfmm m^m^m 
 
 rrr 
 
 ^*- — >^>K 
 
 a-e'-o' X a^r kettle pu 
 
 mtm 
 
 Ml 
 
FIG. 10 
 
 ITLE PLASTER MILL 
 
Ill 
 
 vi.KS", nvrMtH \(uis>. >\ii i<i».- i>» ii.ssTKi I riov nm plmtkr mii-w. 
 
 Thf iiif..riiuili.>i» ill tlie 'ollowinif fnigo* it lor the con«tru.-tion of miUa 
 iiiinic the ktifl,. i>r<«t.».. Th«. nmu f(i«tii ni.proxiiiii.tf. tlii> trim i-..,tK, u... ii.'.ir 
 as ptMwihlo. without knowing the exact Iwation iiimI local eonditioin. Thr tir»t 
 two huililiiiK" lire .lpHi»fii«Hl for hoo.1 cotintrncfioii. niiil .IctniU of .luantiti..- mxl 
 •\T.c of tiiiilrr • im I,, ol.tnincl from tlic uc.oiii|.iiii.vin(r plan*. The quality of 
 timber to I* uo<m1. soiiiuI >.prucc. or hemlock, 
 
 (!.) Iif-iKTi fur p!.. tor tnill. I.nvin^ „ .■iip.i.itv of j;, ton* in 24 hour», nhown 
 in detail \>y t«o figures, :iiclii,|iiig ton iletaileil figures. 
 
 Figure f. 
 
 „- plan, with I „. 
 
 2. ^«<>ction thrnuuh calcininR ilvpartiiit'tit. 
 or plan. 
 — -- ..irouu 
 ». Third floor pli 
 
 FiK. 1. Show. Krmind plan, with dJm«n-.ion> of tmildiHK uul lav.iil of mm Inn. 
 
 Z. sSwtion throuuh '-i—-- — -" • • - , . 
 
 3. Sfccind floor pTaii. 
 
 *• J*™*'"" •hrouah grinding department, 
 pmn. 
 
 Figuri », 
 Tig. 1. I*, igitndinal upctioo of mill. 
 
 2. Section through mixing departinpnt. 
 
 3. HwtKin through power hoDw. 
 
 4. Outside appearance of building. 
 
 5. Ontnide appearance of building. 
 
 The niHchinery I'linMi^t-' of the follow ing:— 
 Ono « ft. X 6 ft. ralciiiing kettle. 
 
 .. ^', Si""""" ''"■*'<^»J green-grinding burr mill. 
 
 20 £hr«am vertical regrinding burr mill. 
 " 20' Khmani rotar.y crusher. 
 
 Special entirprise noiiielevN mixer. 
 
 Necessary eleTBtor», conveyers, power tran.imiMion, and kettle pit feeders for the 
 automatic handling of material from crusher to mixer ^ '"Wlers tor the 
 
 durable ^TtYrn.""""""'"" ■»»*"*»•. oleTBtors. and conveyers are of extra heavy and 
 Power requiretl to run plant, 60 hi>rse-power. 
 
 Coat of special machinery 11 110 
 
 '"""'feeders* '*"'*' '^°"^''''"- J*""" t'""n»n»''<''ioi.. and kettle pit ' 
 
 Approximate cost of building ' and ' bina compietei incVnding *^ 
 
 masonry, and oofit of erection IflOO 
 
 Approximate cost of power plant, consisUng of one' limpie slid; ' 
 
 valve engine, one tubular boiler and connexions. gM 
 
 Approximate cost of pla8ter mill complete 1(754 
 
 hoursT""' "' **" ''^" ^"'"^ P'»°* '" «» ♦<"» »' Sn-ly ground pU^^r in U 
 On dry gypanm 80 per emit product will go through 100 medi. 
 
 (2.) Design for plaster mill having a capacity of 100 tons in 84 hour*. 
 shown in detail by three figures, including eleven detailed figures. 
 
 Figure 9. 
 Fig. 1. Front elevation of rook bin. 
 
 *■ I?^f J?i.'„ ^^fi '*"' "^ ?? bmilding. and general layont of m«cliln«rv 
 It aim shows the opportunity for increasing the capacity of thrmil? Tf 
 required >n the futnr«. by the addition of another kettle. 
 Figure 10. 
 Fig. 1. Conitrnotion of calcining floor. 
 
 2. End view of mixer bin. 
 
 3. Second floor plan. 
 
 4. Floor over storage bins with deUil of machinery. 
 
 5. Arrangement m detail of hot material elevator and screen. 
 
 1 1. 
 
 I 
 
112 
 
 Figure 11. 
 
 Fig. 1. Soction through crushing and grinding departments. 
 Z. bectjon throQKh calvining departmprt. 
 
 3. hechon through mixing department. 
 
 4. Section through mixing department. 
 
 The maohiiiery ponsista of the following - 
 
 Two 8 ft. X 8 ft. calcining kettles. 
 
 n*° ^, ^t""*""" vertical green-grinding burr milU. 
 
 nn '^' !;''!S?"V.u*''''"^'''. ••'KHuding b mill.. 
 
 X"* 1^, ^.. ^ Ehrsam jaw crusher. 
 
 One 20' KhrKam rotary crusher. 
 
 One No. 2 Enterprise noiseless mixer. 
 
 One Khrsam hair picker. 
 
 One 21' X U'-O' vibratory screen 
 
 the^^zttn^ T::i^j^:;^[r^rri^. ""^ ^«*"'' •"* '^-- '« 
 
 patteiL^"" *'"""'""'''«'°"' el"ators. and conveyers are of extra heavy and durabl 
 
 Power required to run plant, 150 horse-power. 
 
 (ost of special machinery • »in 
 
 """VJi^TtV^l^r'""- "•"• '""'*' transmisJionV bins/and ''"* 
 
 yL°^Tr\Tc^l o^ ;5?ect?oi!'""^'"« ^'^^^- ■ •-•"■■•'-« , C 
 Approximate cost of poww replant, consisting of oneio' ' x Se" 
 Corliss engine, on« 72' x 18 ft. high pressure boiler 
 pumps and connexions .7.. .T. . „ .. 300O 
 
 Approximate cost of plaster mill complete.. .. tUUM 
 
 and arrangement of machinery. 
 
 (3.) Design for piaster mill, having a capacity of 200 tons in 24 hours 
 shown in (Jetail by ore figure, including eight detailed figures. 
 
 Figure It. 
 
 Fig. 1. Section through power house. 
 
 2. Section through grinding department. 
 
 3. opction through calcining department. 
 
 4. hection through mixing department. 
 
 5. Uround plan showing size of building 
 
 6. Longitudinal section of mill. 
 
 7. Section through warehouse. 
 
 8. Flow "beet. 
 
 The building and bins are designed for steel construction, and to be fire- 
 proof througliout. 
 
 The machinery consists of the following:— 
 
 Two H ft. X 10 ft calcining kettles. 
 
 Two 8 ft. X 10 ft. calcining kettles. 
 
 Five 42' horizontal Ehrsam burr mills. 
 
 Ihree Morscher-Ehrsam classiflers. 
 
 One 22 X 28 Ehrsam jaw crusher. 
 
 One 38' Ehrsam rotary crusher. 
 
 Three No. 2 Entei prise noiseless mixers. 
 
 Two vibratory screens, 21* wide by 8'-0' long. 
 
 nniA^rr*"!!^ elevators, conveyers, power transmission, and kettle pit feeders for the 
 automatic handling of material from crusher to mixer leeaers ror the 
 
 burrmills." i?soXS""" ''""" ""'"' """^ ^ ''""»"'<' '"'*«'«' "' *»>• «' horizontal 
 
 AH power transmission material, elevators, convevera HnH VAffU «;«■ »».,j 
 °t'h^^*;,S„lTUt^d";o^'a« ^t^JT' -'* "' --^". 1^-bo'u"'! a»ue?1of-o^p:^rltfn7 
 
4 
 
 I a 
 
 fi 
 
 
 I II 
 
^fmtr. 
 
 SecA/o/t Through Crua/ting S Grinding Dtp'f. 
 Fiyl 
 
 
 
 •,-1- 
 
 .■ 1 
 
 >o ; 
 
 1" 
 
 'o> 
 
 E, 
 
 -^ 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 t 
 
 ^-1 - 
 
 '% 
 
 T 
 
 ?^ 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 J>^ 
 
 i 
 
 ^f^ 
 
 
 xir- 
 
 
 
 Sechic) Through Mining Dep t 
 F'is>. 3 
 
 2-80' X 8'^ KETTL 
 
 rfta 
 
 Jt.dkt 
 
FIG. 11 
 
 KETTLE PLASTER MILL 
 
fr 
 
J 
 
/Vy. 8 Smchon Thru Crushing S 
 G rindina O^o ar^m mnt 
 29 '■ 99 Jom Cru9*»mr ' *^ 
 
 36 ffo^ory CruMAmr 
 
 I i- 
 
 >? 
 
 ■5 ; "i 
 
 ^ ! 
 
 t i 
 
 3oi/er Room 
 
 Engine ffipom 
 
 ^ Crushing » I q^ 
 
 >Ofn (irinding Deofy. ' 
 
 Calcining Depot 
 
 4. Pun /SO t • so a' 
 
 10 Pan. /4-o't • 40-0' 
 
 Jig S 
 
 n i l J JM H I .MH WH^I I H 
 
 •^^' (ty '^'(j^' "ST'W "W^" 
 
 
 Fig. S Diagram 
 
 2-8-0- X 10-Cr KETT 
 
 1^ 
 
 itf^M— IW4l 
 
FIG. 12 
 
 ^y. %f. Stehcfi Thru Co/cjnt^y Dmporhnmnt 
 
 F*^ 4 Smch'ft Thru Mixing Dtpartmtnf- 
 
 a*"-r^9 S &**>''■ 
 
 t 
 
 Burt * / 03 F'rrmf- f9m^uchon 
 't»* Staind 
 *S Third 
 
 To Kt/f/et 
 
 <r KETTLE PLASTER MILL 
 
 i^^^«a 
 
I 
 
 V 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
r 
 
 i 
 
 J. 
 
 ■^pr^ 
 
PtttU 
 
 S'croi^* Tank 
 Cod Seo To 
 
 le.ta 
 
 Jti jVo/ar^ t>i,j*r^T' j1 t-»Jh 
 
 ^ 
 
 dcj'/er ffoom 
 
 h 
 
 •0!l>t|); 
 
 m 
 
 Is 
 
 
 Entf'ie Room 
 
 42 ' kor'Jon''Of aurr mills ' _ 
 
 P» ■ P '^ : ■ 
 
 Qnnaing 
 
 ; Sroond Mat. 
 
 Cjp J/5 Ton 
 
 Co, 
 
 ^ Pon ii-0 t • 60 O .«> 
 
 g Pan a o't •ISO ■ 0_'_ 
 
 
 Oust Ptp* From ^on r^ 
 Cyc/on* Out* ^. 
 Co/Ztcl-a- © 
 
 Bof/er Room 
 
 £ngtn» Rccm 
 
 '*^ A^^')'^-^iX'%^sk^-'^f ^.^ ■ . ..vi^^^MjL ' .,i^a^A:i:;.,j.. ^ -x . ' . .4 gi ^ ,.. <? ■ iS ' ' m;A f a f i ■ < >. ^. ^«"ynjj^S;ii.||,ijj^|ii^ 
 
 fig S Longitij<. 
 
 a-8-0- X 10-0" KE1 
 
 J^ 
 
 l*.ai^^dUAto 
 
 ■MiAiaki 
 
'mit/m 
 •Qti^ Tank 
 
 D C>SO Ton 
 
 FIG. 13 
 
 />y / 
 
 /""c// ' C/m/cA Coi/p/ttf 
 
 '-*^^-v-€>^ 
 
 'r^H' 
 
 
 <UVviM 
 
 ,-fic:jii»iKjE3>HK:?=3i{-a<e^ . ^ 
 
 'i-^-^^ 
 
 Calcininj Oapor/'ment 
 
 • ISO ■ O " 
 
 TjoAu/ Length 14S'-0 
 
 ///»# -^tf/ Sfofa^0 Bin 
 Cop JJ6 r.i- 
 
 - SAarOfm Bin 
 
 ■| I LMJ I « 
 
 fl 
 
 ' ^ £nftrpr>Mm fifui0''a< 
 
 Mtxing Departnent 
 
 -r 
 
 ■* Pon IS' o t • 6O-0 
 
 
 IVort ffeus*\ 
 
 I 1 i u. 
 
 7_^on ti-O't^'O S'-o' 
 
 : ir*/rft em I 
 
 n p 
 
 
 ^ ong/tudifia^ Section 
 
 
 J-C KETTLE PLASTER MILL 
 
}' 
 
 
 "M 
 
buBi 
 
 28, 
 
 I 
 
 ^imggm 
 

 '».<<». AM ' ;^%y ^ jj^ 
 
 
 -1, ."l. • Coi^HyOr For Co^l 
 
 
 J | jK8 |[<l fj.^t(!»pti'!HW " *!"■.* 
 
 1«^ . %. 
 
 u «:«>■ — ^a -- *«- 
 
 section Thfx, Caicfnin^ Otipt 
 
 Smct'^t* Thru M 
 
 ^■**'**J5S2J 
 
 
 
 r 
 1 
 
 
 •-4 
 
 >-■■ 
 
 •\ 
 
 .*- 
 
 YT 
 
 
 ■A- 
 f 
 
 
 !«-■>--*:> 
 
 -*■• /tata. 
 
 
 yh Kmttlm 
 
 z~9<r X ia-(r kettle 
 
FIG 14 
 
 nt a 
 
 St'Cf'OM 7~Arw Gr'fdmg A Drj>>^9 Om^t 
 
 Sm^t/on Ykru Warm H om»% 
 
 \Otw 
 
 .Joftmi^ i.--mM SAow ^/9w 
 
 Tm X9tti— 
 
 Sca/e of ftt'f 
 
 J to aS 
 
 KETTLE PLASTER MILL 
 
♦I 
 
 -irf 
 
 
113 
 
 t'oarer r«><|nirpd to run pliiiit, SOO hurw !>• wcr. 
 
 Co^t «if Bpooinl rnarliiiiir.v $8,685 
 
 ('o*t of c'Bviitois, ri.tivi>iT^, liiiis. iiiul kp(tle |nt fi4Hi<rH and 
 
 power transmission 4,380 
 
 r<«tt of stetl linildiiiK-- ami liiii^ •■oni[il<ti' I7,.')M 
 
 ronrrfti" and hriikwoik for sittinK iii:ii lumTy ^.tlifl 
 
 WiMKlwork and niillwii|;ht tiiiil»i l.lfifl 
 
 Millwriuht labour. siipprMiteiiil.n.p ami iriTtion of in;o liirni v. . ;j.O(M) 
 
 Approximafp co«t of power pl.iiit. o iisistinR cf two 72" x !8 tt. 
 high |ii('s«uip Kilnrs. oio- 11 ■ ;;s ::n i,i-ti -ii^' ci i'"'!!-^ 
 ■■nK>n<'< piiniim anil r(.nilnns(r, (otilinj; tower, fixtuns, fit- 
 tinKs, pilling, ami inctioii lo.dW 
 
 Approximate rost <if l)lastrr milt ntrnplil*'. ?tH.^*.1.* 
 
 Th» capa.'ity of thp alxivo di-scrilnd pliiiit ij joo tons titoiy i,ioinid pla-tir in 21 
 tmrs On dry KTPsui' ^^ I""'' •'fnt of pr.iliKt i\ill i;., Ilirouj;!] Mo : iosh. 
 
 <4.) I)<>sij;ii nf plaster mill. 1ki\ ini; n (-iii.i-it.v ,.|' :;'iii t n- !u 
 •wii in dutilil l).v two tiKiirc", iin'!iiilii:p ciirlit .1. tnil ■ i lltrirs 
 
 M li,i 
 
 h'iijurf ;.?. 
 
 Kiff. 1. rii>n of ^rroiind floor, with size o' Imililiiu ami ;in 
 2 T,oni;itmlinal siitiui of sumo. 
 
 yiijuri 14. 
 I'ig. 1. Spit ion tlirouRh |(owiT-liouse. 
 
 2. Sertion through K>>>i<l>i>K '>">' drying <!• partmi'iit. 
 ,1. Section tl)!ouuh I'ult intiiK dep.ir tiut-nt. 
 i. S«>ction throu;;h mixing department. 
 
 5. Swtion th^ou^h warihnusc. 
 
 6. DiaKram sIiowihk "ow m material froai 'i ushers t 
 
 eiit ..f ni.'o'lnnerv. 
 
 Till' liiiililiiiu' 
 ;.iit to ! !■ fircpl'' 
 
 iiM'l liiris ;in' il('si.;ii..'il to 
 of tlirciiiL'lioiit. 
 
 keltle-. 
 
 coiistrui.aoi of stool, aul lue 
 
 Threu 8 ft. x 10 ft. eal.ining .kettles. 
 SeTen 42' horizontal Khrsam burr mills. 
 F(.ur Morseher-l'^hisnm elassitierh. 
 One 22 x 28 Khisain j.iw eru-her. 
 One 36' Ebrsani rotary erusher. 
 Kour No. 2 Kntcrprise noiseless mixer'?. 
 Two vil>ratory sereens. 21' »i<le by !) 0' Ion;;- 
 Oue No. 10 ■ .\ ' KuRglts-CoIes dryer. 
 One No. 10 eyelone dast colleetur. 
 
 Necessary elevators, conveyers, power Iraiisiiiis-ion. bin. 
 automatic haiidlinR of material tioin i rns'jir to lni^er. 
 
 Seven S6' verti<al Khrenm burr mills may !«■ installed itisteud of the 12' h"ri?.o.it.il 
 urr mills, if so desired. All [Hiwer trausinission material, elevati rs, ronvev- r-. bin, 
 rl kettle pit fii'ders are of extra heavy and dur^ible pai'ern, .ind cost if repairs, 
 'iir, and fuel for operatiti(t this plant is redu' •■d to miimiium. 
 
 The Uuggles-Coles dryer shown m this pl.mt is beiieticial in riKlucinR cost of nf'"''- 
 , where material comes from ijiiarries wet and coutaiiiiiiR trora 5 per 
 cent free moisture. 
 Tower rifjuired to run thii* plant, tOO horse-power. 
 
 Cost of special machinery, not includiiin dryer arid cyi l..ne 
 dust collector 
 
 One KuRKle^-Colcs dryer and cyclone du-t collector. 
 
 Cost of iHiwer transmission, eloviitms, conveyers, 
 
 kettle pit fee<ler8 ■ 
 
 Steel bnilcfinRS, bins, and i»d)ble -torafie tank erected complete 
 
 WofMlwork and millwright timber 
 
 Millwright labour. RU|H'riiil< ndence, and erecting machinery.. 
 
 foilowiiii:- 
 
 ;iiid kettle pit feeders for 
 
 to 10 
 
 M.Slft 
 
 r,.'K4 
 
 21 ..520 
 
 l,:fS6 
 
 4,200 
 
 bins, xud 
 
 .Vpproxiiniitc ci'st of power |diiii 
 
 sislill^ of thl' 
 
 Three 72' x IH ft. hitib pre-sure buiUrs. one IG < 33' ' 3«' 
 high speed Corliss engine, pumps ami condenser, cooling 
 tow" fixtures, fittings, pipinii. »»'• en-etion 
 
 1. 00(1 
 
 Approximate cost of plaster mill complete $64 420 
 
 The capacity of the bIkivc descrilied plant i' 
 inrs. On dry gypauin, 9S per cent of product 
 
 289—8 
 
 WO tons fiiielv (-rourd plaster in 24 
 rill go through 100 m««ih. 
 
 m 
 
114 
 
 nCAlTKR VII. 
 
 Products of OypsDm. 
 
 The Kreau-r part of the «,,,-u,u ,r..4u..d is n.anufactured by grindiu. a 
 P«rt.al or c.^p]e,. oalcina.ion. into various plast.v. or plaster Z, 
 -Placer of Par., .uco. .o.e.u plaster. hnrd-Hnish pi^ter. flZ::,.:; 
 
 Pla.»wr««'r '"" ^™---"> '-'--fi'^ '-y Eckel. i„ Cements, Li.„o. a 
 
 aaae.^ •tir;:::!;:.^;:::;:;:;^^-- - -ei.n^.ateria, .. 
 
 purt,es. or h, th. a.ldu.on f.. a .alcinod pur. gypsum of certaia matori . 
 wboh .cr..e to retar.l ,he .t of the product Ce^JZ: 
 
 in. farH^^n"". 'f ''" '""""''"*" '^''•^""•'■''" ''' ^'^•^-- ^''« -1-natio,, ,„ 
 mp (arru.i .,n .;; trii.p,.rHturi.s e\c^H-<]hig 400° F 
 
 (3.) Prciuced by the calcination of pure gypsun. yu,,, ,,„ p,,.,, 
 
 pi ster. on.Kera. ,. quantities arc ground without calcining and Tae.i . 
 
 «orks are Jargo rou^uniers of the calcined product 
 
 •i.>n^Vf "^'^ Tl "'*^ "■''""'• '" '^*"'* ft.n.,entation and prevent th- fonua- 
 ..on o too „uch free acid; also to ahsorb wator and strengthen the product 
 
 for ornJZ" T "'^"' ■"""'"" ""^ *'"°"" "" "'"''-^r ■•'' -''d •>>■ -uiptor, 
 
 ^rrz' T :r"" "^'^^ "^'^^^'-^ -"^'"'"^ '"*- ^-" --'^^ »» "-'- 
 
 n It L 1 "» " -V"""" "'"' '"""'' ""^ '■» --"> -«I^-« o-«- 
 
 •um) ,„ the natural water used for their manufacture 
 
 t^Hj4^490 grains of caWuin t,. ,hc im,>erial gallon, combined principally a. 
 ■Truu. P,^. iMt. MiB. Eag. VoL Xn. .."li 
 
115 
 
 (Hl.-iiin. culrhntr. To pmlu. o n Miniliir \MHer to tlie nl,ov,. f,,r tiie inunufar- 
 tiirp of Leers in V.uiiUml if is r]»Uw.l thi.t .i.-.O.fXK) i...„;,.|.. r,f Kvpsun, are me.l 
 iiiiiiitHlly. 
 
 I'l.VsTKK OK I'ARIS. 
 
 CalciiieU plaster is a Keiu'ial term applied to all pla.n.irs pr.HacoJ at a 
 temperature not exeoeiling 400^ F., in wln.li no foreign material i.as bem in- 
 troduce<l. Jf this tirtiole is ni»n\ifaeturp<i from a pure trM'fum it is a plaster 
 of Paris, or stucco, which is aliuo.t synonymous, the latt.M- Lcin- iHi.ily manu- 
 facturtd frcm a fairly p\iic t:.M>i'ni, Imt not quite so lindy tiiiin.i. 
 
 The finer Kradcs of thit^ picluct arc very (luick-M'ttiiii!', an 1 ar,> iol.i for 
 dental and surgical work, and for plaster casts and moulds. It i- al-o used for 
 the finishing coat on interior walls of huildings. Dental and ,-urpical plaster 
 ::< usually repround and carefully sifted so n^; to give u sui'crKne pi i=lcr, free 
 from any grit. 
 
 tKSIK.NT I'l.ASIKH. 
 
 Althoug.i |)Iaster of I'nris, and cement piasters, arc issentially diiforcnt in 
 tlieir properties and usee, yet their i>ro(ess of manufacture is very sin.iiar. 
 
 Aa haa lecn noted, plaster of J'aris is manufactured from the purest (,'yp- 
 sum, and is (luick-setting, while icnient plasters are slow in setting;, heini,' manu- 
 facture<l from a naturally impure rock, or hy adding some suhstance, known as 
 a retnrder, to the material iluring or after it- manufacture. There if also a 
 slight (lifTerenee in the calcining tonipern ru. which in plaster uf I'arii Is 
 siimewhat lower than that of cement plasters. 
 
 Where plaster of Pari-* orrlinarily sots in from live to litt'-'ea uiin ite-i, 
 cement plaster, hy the addition of retardeis, may he iicld Lack from J to 24 
 hours. 
 
 Cement plasters are fast repln. ig the old time lime plaster, for the interior 
 coiistrui tii>n of Luildings. in the I'nited States the ratio is ai.cut to 1 iu 
 favour of cement i)laster. l.e-s than Ju years age this was practically reversed. 
 
 It 1 eing a good non-<uudnctor of heat it l^ecomes very vahnude in the con- 
 struction of fireproof structures. 
 
 When used in the construction of fireproof partitions i:i bailliuit* the 
 material is usually mixed with wood or cocoanut fihre, aiid moulded into llocks, 
 30" long, 12" wide, and when solid, 2" tkick. The> are "-.anetiines cored, thi^ 
 is having two or tlireo holes through thetn longitudinally; in such cases the 
 blocks are made 3" thick. 
 
 Studding is also made of tliis mixture. Icing cast 3'' square iver a core of 
 woo<i. This wood is generally used in two separate 1" < 2" striti-. In C'nstruct- 
 ing a partition with thhs studding a plate and sill, of the sanie material a;id size, 
 are u»e<i. and also a horizontal row of Lridging .'.bout midway L.tvve<^n i)!ate and 
 sill. All the ends are fastened Ly a socket specially tnade from .No. 12 calvan- 
 i!*<l iron to fit over the ftndding. and thrrii^rli '• hi<h the nail- arc driven. 
 • 289—81 
 
 I; 
 
 
lie 
 
 t 
 
 Oh thin gtuii.linjf eitlipr the oxpuii.l«l metal or woven wiro lath can \w u, J. 
 and the usual .-n«t« of planter put -n to finish, or a hoard manufactured it..,n 
 the same matt-rial can Ip used imstead of tlie laths. The construction of i'i,l, 
 is shown in Fig. 1.'.. d.tail«l tiRurea 1 and 2. Tho tlKure (a) shows the s,H.k.,t 
 U»*h1 in t'a.-t<>ni.i(; the emis. 
 
 Some niunufaeturers, instead of using wood or eocoanut fibre, have <• b- 
 atituti-.] S8wdiii.t and ru.-.h.-«. Mr. Wilder, in Vol. XII <,f the (ieoloRical S.ir 
 Tey of Iowa, give- a very jfood description of tho method of mai.afaotiiri. i 
 the<>e platter hoanU. 
 
 '<"Blcine.i plaster i« mixed with water, and a certain amount oi' suwili-t. 
 On an iroti talile. with a h«'uvy iron top. iin' luid iron strips, wlii.'h Imv, a 
 thickness .Hiual to that intendeil for the pypsum hoards. The space cnclo , .1 
 hy these strifs alho determines the length and hreadth of the hoard. Will In 
 this «i>!ic«' Hre ^eattered e.xeeIsior, ami ru^he-i, and over those ii poured !!i,- 
 gypsum, water, and snwdust mixture. The ruslie^ and e-xcvlsior are curcfuii.v 
 W(,>rl;e<l 'into the middle of the ma*» hy hand. An iron har is drawn over tiic 
 top of the strip*. lea\inp the -nrfnce of the mats either smooth or ridirod. It 
 is allowed to st.intl al.oiit live iniimti-s, and then the iron table on whii-h t •• 
 mass tests is strtick \ iporoiisly t\w) er three limes with a heavy mallet. T!:.- 
 loojens the Kyi'sum hoard from the iron piute and Ktrijis. A workman take- it 
 on Ins slioulder and carrie" it to an open shed, where it stands on end until 
 dried by natural heat. The length of time required for drying dei)ends win 1 v 
 on the atmospheric conditions. Artificial heat for drying gypsum hoards bin 
 proven very iin>alisfaclory. as the lioanU so dritnl crumlde readily on expo^'ire 
 Ui the air. Tiie weight of gypsum l«>ards l'-5 centimetres thick is about :" 
 poun.is per sipiare Tiietre, and f'T l>oar<l> S ceiitiinetriw tbuk about 1:!0 pou.hI-. 
 
 Other manufacturers use thin cotton cloth in alternating layers with t!i 
 plaster in making boar<is. These l.<iardti, and the studding when finished -mA 
 dried, may l>e <;it or sawn in lengths <rr size ri'tpiind. interior partitions r 
 Willis (oiielnjctpd with either thwe blocks, or the studding and boards, can be 
 considered fireproof, and stand the most rigid tests. 
 
 The following rep..rt, furnished by the I'nited States Oypsuin Compnii . 
 shows the rcsujis of a lire and water test on a building constructed of materi.il 
 sinjilar to the above, manufactured by them. 
 
 REI-ORT ot- r\M. AM) WATKB TKST. 
 
 This tejiiTt of fire and water test wns made upon plaster block partitions 
 constructed l.v the I'nited States (J.psunj Company. 1.12.1 Broadway, N-' v 
 York. 
 
 The test was conducted at the tire tasting sUtion, Columbia University, 
 lltjth Street and ("laremont Avefiue, Xev York, on Nov. il, 1!K>5. 
 
 Weather observations showed the day to ho damp and cloudy, with liglit 
 winds from the southeast. Temperature 54° F. 
 
117 
 
iia 
 
 I'lut.t.. n^ u..re tru-icJ . n Ortolcr J*. mikI tlio |,|;,Ht.r ..pplied on Oct. 
 
 lb 21, nh.cL ji i..|,. thr a,i.- ..f t!:e t.-.-t < n purtitioii^ l-i ,|„vm, and on tho ..l.,.te, 
 coTeriug IT dajs. 
 
 Tltt- ter-t -urted at 10-54 oVIo.-k. mid water was appli.-d ut 12 o'clock. 
 
 Method of Voitstructioii. 
 
 Tlio i arlitions wpr.. .>reoted i!. test li.)ii,o N'o. J, which it doiiKi.wl . s- 
 chisivriv i„r mrtition tc»t8. It is the ^tmiJard .-i/e n-iuired l.j tho Jtu.i.j ,.:.. 
 Bureau ^Kvitictious. vir. U'.i ■ . y' ,;- .,„ ,|,,, „ut.i,,^. „„,, ,y_^.., f,^,^^ ^_. "^ 
 tu ceiling. Tk- foundation walls an- ;.'• V al.ov.. tlic «roui.d level, an.l ?.,., n 
 theui th,' Krate is iilucetl. .Seourelv mulioretl in the wait* is a I" ■. 1 -<,■,-. 
 Jingie ir.m ;i ti.i.M,. uhich Mipports the ro.,C, and to whieh th,' wall, ,,• .|,,. 
 buildiiij? ,ir.' .r'.-Khed. .Snital.lo di-,itt unetiinirs and .■liiinii.'y i|ii,.s ar ■ [k- 
 Vided. 
 
 The p.iiMti..nh Icriii.d the .-ide uaIN, an i thev \wre the ..ijI.v parts m ,. 
 ■test. The end walls and roof are of reinforced .onii.te. and are of perni;,i., :,i 
 ••on-triieti^.n. 
 
 Tlio hlecks were made of plasUr of I'a--;.' iniNed wiUi coooanut tibre. li.o 
 
 edge^ w.re n.,t (trooved. Tlie partition.^ were fo-i I Uy l.uilding up the hloe.- 
 
 'Ihe mortar ;eii.ts were 3" to j" thiek. The mortar wa.^ a mixture of • Ivorv 
 <'eincnt Mortar." Moth fides ,,f fl,.. partitions w.re L'iven a J" <'oat of • \\..,: 
 Omont Wall I'h.^ter.' whieh is « pn-Uiet of the -„„:,. C.mpany. Ka.-li pari- 
 tien had ^ui urea of al'out i!.S stjuare feet. 
 
 Purpose of Hie T^sL 
 
 \h< i .ir|...-e ..f the test was to determine the elTect of a <-oiitiniioiis lii,- 
 aKainst the partitions for one hour, hringing the laal trradnally up to I, Tint [. 
 "hiring tlH' tir-t half hour, and maintaining an average of 1,;ih» K. durin-.' ilu- 
 lust half of the t«>t. Then a IJ" str(;,in of uater to le thrown airainst the p:,i 
 tition* for 2i miniiU-.s, at hydrant pressure, whieh at this Im-ation varie> ir. tu 
 •-'.•5 to 30 K'Und- 
 
 Temperature. 
 
 The unii,.raiurc of the tire was obtained by tiiree eleetrio pyrometrr 
 couples, one susi«:,de<! through Uie eentre of the roof, hanKing 8" below the 
 oeihrig. and the other 'wo inserted through the partitions at the mid.lle, al o,, 
 2 feet from iIr- top. Temperatures were rea<l fn.ni eaeli <ouple every il,,,, 
 minutes. The log <,f temperature readings, and plotted curve for one couple ar.. 
 herewith attaehed. 
 
 The fuel was dry ...rd wood and refuse niml)er. Frcqueney (,f firing wa- 
 BjOveriu-,! by the tem|xratures r.cor.le<l. 
 
 To necMi.e tie l..at tranMnitted ihroi.gh the partitions hy eonduetioa. a 
 thermometer wa^ plaee<l „n the outsi.le of laeh partition, with the bare nur 
 oury l,„Ih ia a light hole eul in the plaster, and then aurrounde.1 by a box to 
 prevent air radiation. 
 
Ill' 
 
 Thp followiiijf tiillc sfiviw tlio ti'inponiture reaiiiiiiri: — 
 
 I h''nnO)ni li'i li'ii'limjii i,it Oulsiile of I'artition^. 
 
 'I'inie in MmutH*.. 
 
 10 
 
 V. 
 ■-1) 
 
 25 
 M> 
 35 
 40 
 *■', 
 SO 
 
 Tilri|Kr:ii'iii 1' 
 
 l>-K 
 
 M 
 .M 
 
 ILM 
 
 ii;;i 
 
 IHl 
 
 l.s.l 
 
 Walrr. 
 
 Ill :i|i|>l.viiif; tile uiiirr lliiiui^li the '!• or in tin' ciiil ul' tlic luildiug iC .-trili'k 
 tlio pn'l' ioiiH nt nil .inifle, iiikI not uitli tiill forci'. Tlif "treiini was thrown 
 
 I'iick mill fiTtli over till- wliolc siirfii >( tlu' I'nrtiti'Hi- a-; niupli ii-i p'H-iiMe, 
 
 iinil not iillowt'il to pliiy (■ontiniiou-^ly on I'lio -pot. 
 
 i:ifrr! uf Ihe 7't.<'. 
 
 THcnty ininiiti'.- iillor >t;irtiii(r tlio ic^t a i'.." rrmk ii|i|'fiiroil in tlu' ini.lilli'. 
 lunl e.\t<'nii<'il from tin- to:i to witliin !■>" of the U>ttom. It \va- apiiarently u 
 -hrinkiip' t-nick in tlu' oiM-iiio pla^lir. At tlio >iinio tinu, tho partition n^ a 
 V. liolo liiiljreil inwiinl al'ont I". 
 
 Five niilHitcsi IiittT crai'l-t- apirau'il aloiitr the ^l(■l■l I'rniiio at tlio top. a.i'l 
 at the (•(■riicr po-t.<. TIiom' jrraili'iilly oponiil a- the t:'>{ procti'di'il. One half 
 hour nfU'T l.hi' tart tlu? partition wa- li.nt inwiinl-' U" at tlio milJlf, 
 the cnuk aloiift the toji lunl optiUMl *". ami that aloiiLT l!io -ontli .oruor post i'. 
 OiiiRonal iTi'.ck* lunl also (h^veloix-d nhoiit :! I'.tt from each of the lo.vor o mors. 
 'lie nuixiimun I'et'ulii n inwiiul Mt the iiul of the honr".- test was I,'", '.mi there 
 \>as npimrently no slipping of the liloeks at the joint-. 
 
 The planter ajvpeared to nsi-t the fiir veil. With thr .xroption . '' •( ;, 
 -iiinll patehes. the inside eoat remained in place until the uat< r -tnuk it. Fho 
 appliontion of water ipiickly knocked all the pla<t. r otT, and wa-h.ii .iwav the 
 l.l.K'k-> t<i the middle of the hollow sim.'i-s. The tire had calcined the blocks to 
 ihut depth (ahout lA"). No tire, smoke, or «atcr came throiiLdi the i)artiti.)ns, 
 and they remained lirnily in phi.-c after liic r.-t .\- it coo!,- I it u'radiia!!y 
 \ ert back towards its eripinnl position. The linal deflection inward- was h-^* 
 than one ineh. 
 
 The test was iiin.le in eo-oi«>ration with the Hiireau of Buildings, and wa-i 
 .-■ -erveii by the followini: Biirean entrineer- ; Inspector .\. S,-hwart'. b rouph of 
 
!•' 
 
 i 
 
 rr 
 
 Monh.ft..,.: ln.,HH-tor J. .f. Kn,.n. b..r....»». of HrooklvM; (J. I^„., willii.p. 
 m«im«..r. «r..| .1. (iranRer K.tvh im. repr..H,.ut,..| tt,.. I'. S. •iv,,Min. (',.,„. .' 
 Other- pn.«-nt *ere ~\\. U. J..*Hf. J«.,*r T. (i..„|wi„. V,.U'ry,r\U'r. F,rr 
 Kxt.n,.u.,hor Co.; (J. H. St..«„rt. r..pr..«..,.fi„^ InM.r«n.v Knd.....rin.. -,«, 
 r. Knk.-. li,i.|H^-t..r i,,r <:»rii.«n Aim-ra-ji, Ii„urni.r,. < on,, ,„..>■. 
 
 /.«j» of Temptrature }Uad,n,j». Hre Tf.l. C.S. (;„«um f'ompanv. /,,/rrf .V,„ « 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tlllir 
 
 ''"lip!*- 
 N.^ 1. 
 
 <'.ni|il,. 
 
 
 
 Crnl 
 
 i 
 
 
 N... 2. 
 
 N.. 
 
 
 
 
 10 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 m s; 
 
 124 
 
 124 
 
 !-'♦ 
 
 
 II >N) 
 
 23:. 
 
 2.'! 1 
 
 !■! i 
 
 
 II IM 
 
 riN. 
 
 ■'>4t 
 
 ,'|4 t, 
 
 
 n i»> 
 
 :■« 
 
 Ml 
 
 
 i 
 
 11 «( 
 
 Ml 
 
 un 
 
 f>'.' * 
 
 
 II lit 
 
 H;n 
 
 7S!» 
 
 
 
 II 1.1 
 
 IIUI 
 
 lasi 
 
 lli. 
 
 
 11 IM 
 
 lam 
 
 I2I6M 
 
 |;ij; 
 
 
 II 21 
 
 I44M 
 
 I*>1« 
 
 I4HS 
 
 Kim) .rfftrwt half til t«H- j 
 
 ■ 11 24 
 
 I52U 
 
 1.">HU 
 
 l.Mii 
 
 ' 
 
 II a: 
 
 i-*«r 
 
 leiB 
 
 IV.I 
 
 i 
 
 II :«) 
 
 ■•)i<< 
 
 Uir>H 
 
 I.".!l.( 
 
 
 II :u 
 
 ll>4.'> 
 
 1BH4 
 
 1<I7I 
 
 1 
 
 11 »> 
 
 172)i 
 
 173K 
 
 171.1 
 
 1 
 
 11 39 
 
 I7:«* 
 
 17M 
 
 IT:i* 
 
 
 11 43 
 
 iin:i 
 
 177« 
 
 lT7ii 
 
 
 11 45 
 
 1N14 
 
 17iW 
 
 ' , *•"* 
 
 
 11 4N 
 
 17KH 
 
 I7«.« 
 
 I7HN 
 
 I 
 
 II r>t 
 
 I7i:« 
 
 173n 
 
 1761 
 
 I 
 
 11 M 
 
 I7un i 
 
 17'»7 1 
 
 16K7 
 
 I-tM 
 
 . — 1 
 
 
 I7W 
 
 r. 
 
 Pi>m:RV AND TERRA-CtyTTA. 
 
 In the manui.cturiDK of n.ouWg for pottery work, plustcr of Paria is , x 
 >tenj.iTe!y use.!, .nd for thi« pur,.o«« tho Nova Sooti. Kyp«ur» i, particularv 
 well suitwl. Mr. S. A. Weller, n pottery nianufaoturer of Zanesville. Ohio. wrU 
 .i.K to the cbaim.aji of the Way. and lleana CoBiniittee at Washington I) C 
 dau,l Nov. 2... urn, Hay»: "We u*. in tl. . manufacture of moulds con.i.i.r 
 able plu^fr which i, ma.k- from Xova Scotia Kyi«nn.. it U-ing the only ph.M.r 
 wh.ch makes a «,ti«factory mould in our work.' For the nrtinnfi.ttnn- f 
 mo.lel« for terracotta. Mr. Saul, of th,> AUantic Terra CotU Company, of N, w 
 yoTk, wrilmB to the above committ«^ daU^l Nov. 24, 1908, says: * Calciiu,! 
 pl»Mer from the Xova Scotia gyr*um ia absolutely indispenHbhlc.' These in- 
 duHtne.. are irr^.ortant coii.umer, of piaster of Paris in Loth England a.^ tl.e 
 United Sutes. 
 
 PUKTt tii.ASH WORKS. 
 
 In ...aniifa<-turir.jr plate glaas. Iari«. -luantities of jdartcr of Paris are ii-.l 
 for beddniR tl.e plates on larip, circular tabloa. to be polished. The tubl.' i- 
 
l-'l 
 
 ii»i'i»lly a Imfr nvthinir 1 1 e, mid (n it i^ hpri'ml a .•■^iiinir .if i.lii-t.T iiiii i!,.- 
 r.mnh Klll^t« pliilc is ctiil fiMnl in it aii>l t\\v lir»t m.I.. inliili..!. Wii.-n ihi- i- 
 .fnjilllrcl tlf jliitr if 1< (.-< lic«l Iv l.rriikinir ii\ni> flit- n.i.L'fi ..lir..* '11,, tal!.- 
 >i> tliHi tbcriii ({My «l«*nicd, mul n Ffrtriid tcfcriiiK '•pri'."! umt it. I'.irti.-uJar 
 uttrlitiiii i* laiit to tliis Itint «i'iitiii(t. to \i> tD-^urcil tluit it i> tin- pur.-i |iiu-inr 
 .■f I'ttri", mill fnv ('ruin iiti.v fun'iaii Milistancf tlint wnnl.l lau-i- tfiit .luA If 
 l'i(lh> to nratt'li tl.p tiilrrnily I'lilij-linl •.urfiico ttiitt is now t.i In- rmlpcd.lcil ii. it. 
 
 For this inirpi'si' it riM|:iiii-« :'::<*< \<<>ni\A^ ••( |il:i-tiT nT I'iiri- t.ir c.nh I im i 
 iM|Uttr«' feet of ^loKK. 
 
 In Jioliie Kla>B factoricn tlii> Imvc tlirir oun iMli'iiiiiur l.itllr,. an, I tlii> -ii 
 jiItHtiT U pn>iiiii| and n-i'iiliimd to \<f inixid witii fresh iilustcr. l.ut iisi'd ..nlv 
 III lint I <Jii>liiiig. 
 
 ■ •I.\sll;l| Clliilil 1 H> IIV loMI-I.KTl: 111 IIVIHIMKI".. 
 
 FIcioriiiK I'lustiT i» iucludfil luidcr tlii.s rinssitii'alioii. lii'iiiK a 'To ln.-t of 
 'idriratiiiii nt tmirrratnrc cxci'ocliiit; 40f> It is a plaster t'litirel.v fm; from 
 
 wHtPf, uikI iiinniifacliin'd from tlio puros't K.vpMiiii. In maiiiifactiiriiiir. tlu' 
 u.vpflilii is not tini'ly ^Moiind. Imt is l.rckcn into small lump- and is iMlmn- I iii 
 vertical kiliia ly Jiot pafe*, tisunlly from coal Inrned as fiicJ on a irratc at one 
 »i(lr of llip kiliif, tlio (tan pH^siIlp din'<'tl.v tlironjih the miihs and raisini; it to a 
 twnporatiiro of MH*" ('. and maintaining tluit ti'ni|M'ratni'> for imt mori' than 
 four hours. Tho product must not l.o coiisiderMl as dcailliurnod, as if siilj lias 
 tie I ewer cf alt'Orling water, iiit if 'it rcmuinwl in the kiln nt tlic al'iivo Iran- 
 Ifratuie for n ore than four hours it would then I'e dcad-liurncd, us after that 
 tine it lofes its eai^neity to Irond with water. 
 
 Jli (iptnian.v it is inanufactun^il <|uiti' extensivel.v. hut not in Eiistlund or 
 the I'niled St.fltes, nlthoiigh the latter country iic.jiorts small quantities annu- 
 ally. It is a very slow sctitin^ material, requiriri? dav'<. au I often we>»ks 
 lefore the theoreti<'Hl amount of water is abs-orlied. 
 
 A treatise on the eheniieal chanjres involveil in the tnaniitaoturi' ot this 
 pnKluet was puMished in 1W3, hy V«n't llotT. in the 'I'rhnsaetions of thf- Ber- 
 lin Academy of Science, and i ranslation of it is (riven hy Kckel in ' <Viiiei;ts. 
 Limed, and Plasters.' 
 
 II\IU> WAl.l. IM.ASTKIIS. 
 
 The n alrrials classed under this heading are, owinff to the high teanfiers- 
 ture at which they are ealiini-d (exceeding li")" F.I, slow scitiiij.'. i"'i! owe their 
 hanlncws to this, ami also to the fH<'t that they have ! (t n trcal^sl hy s,,iiie eliemi- 
 '•<vl. •» borax or alum, during nnniufai-tiire. 
 
 In this classification are placed a hiri.'c iiuml.tr . ; cement.^ which are 
 defined as hardfinish plasters. .Some of these arc known eamnter 'lally as 
 " Kecne'K Ceineiit,' 'Martin's Cement,' 'Parian Cenictit." and ■ Mai'k's Ceinent.' 
 
 Landrin placed crude jrypsmn in a 10 |)cr cent s.hitiou of sulphuric acid 
 ii>r ten or fifteen miiintes, and then ca!. iiicl it, lepultni? in a cement harini? 
 
lli 
 
 r"- I 
 
 Jury tp.iiltit KUi f,iuj,i i„ i,e Ut»«'»ii iK»> un.| 7i ,/ ' F. 
 
 Ilu- >.K*. pr»n„u«.i n-pr,.^.nut.v,. ..f th„ ..|««h „f .,.,ne,.U «.« on^ . .',, 
 munulttclnriKj ui.d^r li.|»ii.h |.i...-ut.. .,„d t..rtm..l K,,.„..\ ...„.e,.t It i» „ i. i 
 1.J Uk.uK .n.r« «.v,,.u„ „n,| .■„i..i,u..« ,t at r,.J bat. a„,| U.en i,u,ueT,n","> 
 
 'u H ...|.„u .. ,., ai.un. A«l,.r .lr,,..K. it i, ..«„i., ...l.-i I „t m ln«h t..„,,. „? 
 
 t.ire aiul Br. uikI >,.rv rin.-lj. when it „ r. adj l.,r ll„. tiiork.-t. 
 
 Mr. \V,li :„„ .\r. I.a«..,„. ,., \,.w V.Tk. .hu.„, to h,u,. ,|>.,„Mr..,| „ 
 pcuii.! tl»»t «,:' take tJie i.!.,.;o and -en,- thr fuiut;..,,, ..f the "rll K„.,„„ K, . '•' 
 .uUK.u. at .. n.u.h l..w.r o...t. I., h, ,,^•.■.-i. ati...., lor.ui.,^ ,,ar, „, | V\' 
 iHtrr, ,.M..„t \... Si-;,:.'.... |,o giw. (!„• H.||..„.i.,« d..,.ri,,.i.„.: 'I ,.,k.. I,, ,x' 
 am|.l««. a .(uamuv „f a.,.n,ni .t ».«.ia!.|t. ..rKan,.. .natt.r and ,..t.u„ |, ,,, „ 
 for .H.v..ral >h^. ,„ a proixr ,,<>anht.v ..( wat.r. at a t.„,,K.ralMr.. .,f fr..,„ «n J, 
 -1« hah.unluu. Whon f..n.i,.,,fflti„„ ..r d....„„.|..-il,..u ha, ,,r. >in-^^.,{ .„ ,|, „ ,;^ 
 
 all.ul..,ii..us u,.| „i,r,>t:».,.uu, ,ul.-ian.- , Iku. I ,.„„ l,|.,.r,„...| ,>.„„ „ ,., ', 
 
 matu-r. and !!»• ii.juid Iu.h tunuxl ,,. ^ dark uau-rv culo.r. it i, i„,.,H-n,', il 
 with B u.dd l„u.,. .,r !„„. partiallx :.,r-,l..,k,.d. Th.. i„..„r,,.,raho„ „f f|... , 
 
 a,id Ji.i.nd l•a^ tl,.. .f.-.^t .,f frvt-irti ,i,e ,„„.uon,a tr ll„. lf,,,.„r Tl„. , , , 
 
 «in.l. ir,v.. ,.,r „r ;>„. „,.. „„.„..,.„, ,.,„„ .„ „ ^„,,i,.i^. ^^^^ „_^_ ,.^_^___ '^ ^ 
 
 """ ""' '""'^ '■■ '^' ""^•'•' ""'' ''»■ '■- "< -r |.la.t,^r. 11.,. ,„„-, ,1,,,, „i,, , , .,, 
 
 K- aH..«.d ... .Ir... ..,.1 ,., ,hi. ....„.,.,„i,i„„ , ,„|j „.„ ,.„,,, „,. ,,j„.,,^ ^ ,. ^^^_,.^^^ 
 
 euUT l.-f..r.. .r ..m, r dr., n.^r ,1... ,.,a,... „r „, li..,. ..; thi.. ...... part „t „i„,.v 
 
 •d M.dn.,n a„.| ..„.. ,,.„ ..( i.„rax. Aft.r rl... i>.«r..iK.aU hasv l.c-ou pr,.M...lv 
 '..-.>rr..r.,...l. ,1.. ,.,,., ,. ,h„r,„.«!.l> «r„...„! „. a ,..,w.l..r. f,.r .■,„n..ni..n, , " 
 
 .Maro,,^ ,.,.,,-...„ i„ i.repara.i,,,, i. si „ila.- v, ICe.,..'s. I„u it ha. ,., .rl 
 ........ .,..(..1 t,. <U,- alum. a,.,| ..„„,,.,.„.. a -n.all ,,naM,i,v ..f ,n„ria.i.- „.. i 
 
 als... 1- ..d.i.M I., pr..v,.ii! , alk.ilii.,. r..a.|i..i.. 
 
 V.r-.u ,,.„,M ;. i,adc. )..»,. „,Mm. i„.r.k.:.e.l ; .v th.. ad.lition ..( U..,.,. 
 <...e par, .,, .,.,„., „ ,ii„.,,,..j ,„ „„... ,,^,^,^ ,,. ^^_^,^,^ ^^_^,_ ,.„„..,;„.... „„. ,' 
 
 "^'\7"" '" '^'""^ ^"'''••■'- ■■ "'<• »^M.M^.. ,r.a...,| a. H.ue ui.h ,h,„ .oh./;,,:, 
 
 •Mack. ,..„„.,„ „ ,)..l,vdra...d un,.-,,,.,. with O.n, ,„r ..,.,., „, .,,:,,; 
 
 M,d,,Hn .dphrt. „.|,t,..|. „„h „hi,.h a .„....k -...tin, I hani .l..r ....:„..,. 
 
 '^ " ' '•;' '"^ "^''"^•^ (...«.-..„„ -nlH.a... i,„.e..,l .,f ,oli,.„ sulpha.- ,!;.. 
 
 ■ 
 I 
 
 In .1:.. u.aMuft„.,ur.. „f l-ortl..,. | ...n.-nt, ^yp.u.n in it. eru.l.. ntut... .. 
 
 ''";';■''' r "''•^"■' ■' •■-- - d-'-Jrut.^ nUst^r. i. ,..,, a. a ,.• 
 
 .H.-r. .M,.l a .dM. ha., in ....dl .ptantiti.-s a ..ne!i..i,l pffe,.t in i,...r,.„-i,„. ,h 
 
 '■-.1|. ^.r.,«,h ,.f ,h.. ,-..„...:,. „ 1,,.. ,„.,. .,...„.„ ,^. ,,,,,.^_,^,,^^^ 
 
 -.ual pra....... tl,«, if f,.„, ., ,„ , ,„.^ ,,.„, ^^. ,,^, .^ ^.^^ ^.^^ _ _^^ 
 
 r n.n ,.,|„.r .... ,.... ,„,,,., ,,_.^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ 
 
 «nfr,t B„tf,c-,v.e n. (*n.d.. n^a«, « ,.on.„n.pti..n of .nor 1 •.-'..;> ,.... .f 
 
ir.\ 
 
 i,\p9lll)l » 
 
 lltllKll' 
 
 '1 Ik' t'l'i'iii ii 
 
 I ullii-ll It l« U«fl t 
 
 ..*t 
 
 qv«tti(>ri <■! cii I'l liiiuli ili-eiifHiiiu. I. lit B!^ u matter cil ;;, i. I'n.- p. ■■ i !: iMicr* 
 (f I'i'ttUMi 1 1 unit 111 till- liiilcil Stutti. ii»c it »llii'»t i'.\(liifivcly i.i ii..t rrude 
 fui m. 
 
 M MIVSIIM 
 
 Alaiiu'tiu', i.li.-ii ■•allcil .'•ilil AiifiT piiint. i- iiiiiiiii'.i.-iun .| fr'iiii fin' I'lirci^t 
 ir.vp«iiiii Kruiiiil, cili-itiril, mill r^ rMiiiul to Ok; tini>-t pcm.lcr. ThU r\!r.i tint' 
 cililiiiil 1 !i.ht<T is iiiJArd wth uiriiius inctullic colours, and willi the miJitiin 
 .if wudT iiiuv ln> ii-ri| t'lif liiitiii)? Willi-. Il iiriipfriv iiiixeil iiml u|i|ili.' I. .i aiiI 
 •^'t like Willi i>lii(>liT iiixl will not rub or -cule utf. It may be iiiipliod f..»i .>\.-r 
 foat on iiiiv *t>Vu\ ^iirliHi', a-* WthMJ. pla-tiT, lirii'lc, it iruii, with ^ati-Uirt-i-- 
 rt -nil •. 
 
 riicahimd !i>pr-iim i- nftfli iiM'd u> an adiillfrant in tho niainifarlnrc- .r 
 ivjiiii I. ,ul. wlurc il ii< •■liiiiii<-t| tn have n Wnit'ticiiil olTcct. It is nl-" iisf I as an 
 lidiiltcraiit of variolic food-, and driiK--. 
 
 Ill inakiiift iravoii'* for lilackliuard- and luiriH-nlors use, the urxuini hium!- 
 ■•iiii'd iryp-iiin is ii-od fXt«'M!<ive!y. I'\ iliixin>; it witii other innndii'it- ( ,i -lon ' 
 lortiuila) and pre->ini? to the -liape ro'piired. One eompanv in tuo Inilt'l 
 Stale-, for this pnipo-.' ii,-.- iirarlv I.'*K> tons of kM'""'" annually. 
 
 .\S \ in-ls f.'U I'ollTI.ANll Cr.MKM. 
 
 Alleiiipl- iiavi- I isii made l.i iiiaiiufaeture I'orllund eetiient from jiyp-um. 
 auj ^n\e the snilphur eoiitent as a hy-pr(«luet. A few patent,- luve l.<».-ii 
 i-tiied l>v ihi- I'nited State- (on erniiic'iit for this oprration, Imf leyon.i this 
 Irti't VI r.\ iitllo -eiii;- to haw I (tn :.'. eoinpli.-hed. 
 
 The nielhod of uperailioii in general has Ut ii ili-<Tllied a^ f.lloAs: — 
 liyp-iiiii aiiil elay are finely ground ami ilitiniatel.<. mixed, with tlie adLri. : 
 of a -uittll quuiitity of wati-r. The mixture is then mouhled iatu hrieks and pVi'^rd 
 lU a .-uiUihie kiln, where a liigli temperature is iiiaint.iiiud until tlie whole is tii T- 
 oUxhl.N eaioiiied. It is elaimeil thi.t ill the proie-s of oaloinatir.n tho -iliei.' aei.l 
 rontoiiiril in llie << hiy exi<l- tie -nil liurie ncid eoiitaiiied in 'lie cyp-ii!,,, ],• :\ - 
 iuK the lime, whicdi eomhines with the alumina of the elay and furtn? riliea e- 
 of limo ami aluminiuiii. This prodnef, it is elaimed, i-, when tinely pround. ri 
 every pBrtieiilar hydranli. lenenf. Tlio (,'"«" e-ealIlin^; durins; tbts proee- 
 caleiiiatioii are eoHeeted in -uitahle <i.ndeii-in!r ehamii'rs. and Treated m the 
 u«uul iiiiiliiii* jriuti-<d in the inanufaeinn' of -ulpluine acid. 
 
 ,XS A M l.rill lllZINli AMI [1\>I, yi\\. 
 
 (Jyi^uni lui- for many .vear:» h.vn u-d f..r thes,. p.:rp.^s, in s,>veral smelt- 
 iltft i-iH-rutions. Ill -meltinK oxide ni.kel-ore m the hhi-t turnaet t is asually 
 Kddwl. to furnisJi the lu.rssary -ulphur for ecdI.-otiiiK the mctai in a matte and 
 a bH«- for -hi^itiK' the -ilieeou- uanu-ne. At Fn'iberK, S-.xony. for years i: has 
 
 urn 
 
184 
 
 been u«ed ii, the concentniticm of lead-copper matte in the reverberaforv -'.r 
 nati.. Th,^ iutwt use it ha« l*en ,n«t to is in the blast-roasting pro.o.s „} ( l- 
 niiehawl- Bradford. 
 
 In « papor lef.>ro the Anieri.^an Institute of Mining Engineers, by If ,, 
 Ilafman. and W. M..stwit.sch, of the ilawachu^.tts Institute of Techn-K.-v 
 .M'.t.tietl • rh,- Hehavi.-ur ,.f Cal<-i«n. Sulphate at oiovatfd Ten.iH-rutur,- • ' 
 wme Fluxes; the action of g>-psum under such conditions is fully explaimd 
 
 
 BKTARnrHS. TIIKIB ( OMP.iSITlON ANH I'SK. 
 
 As already noted, plasters produml by the in^mplete dehydration of i ,r, 
 gjpsuin at temperatures not excee.ling 4(K>° F. will net in from 5 to 15 minut. - 
 
 for construction work this will not give ^uflicient time for woa-knan t. 
 .•..niplet4* their operati..n*. and particularly for this purpose the retardcr 1 ;,- 
 l>c«i introduced. 
 
 Just what c4,emical action taJces place, or what influence the retardera lu.v, 
 on the cr>>talli/.ation of calcine«J plabU-r is a niattw of speculation, an.l , „; 
 satisfactorily explained. 
 
 It d.es ho«exer, in foice way dela,v the formation of the crystal net-». r^ 
 to which the set of pla^rter is due. and this in proportion to the amount .f 
 ntanler used. Many and varied are the Compounds tluit have been introdur,,! 
 for thi8 purpose. In the ancient days, the Romans usc-d blood to rctur-l ii„ 
 s.-t of pla.sters. aj.d at the pr...«,.nt time the organic refuse from the slaufthi.r 
 house ,s found to pr««lucv the desired efr,x-t. In earlier times a solution , f 
 glue was added: the workmen mixing it with the material a,s it was being us<,| 
 but this method often resulted in poor work from neglect to properly mix the 
 part« or a.ld to the l*tch the proper proportions m,uifed. Later, the reu.r.i.r 
 was ad<lcd during the process of calcination, about half an hour before the o,.. r- 
 ation was completed, but this metho«I often produced uneven results. At i-.. - 
 «ent jt 18 added in • mixing machine as shown in Plate XXXIV. Chapter VI. 
 where ex*ct proportions can be made and thorough mixing guaranteed. 
 
 The writer ha« secured from the Commissioner of Patents, at Washins 
 ton, numerous copies of patent specifications showing different ingredients u-.^l 
 an retarders. 
 
 The following are a few of the number received. an<i will serve to show tl„ 
 gnat variety of mixtures used: — 
 
 Patent No. 43.1.743 calls for a mixture of glue, glue-stock, or other glutlr- 
 ous or gelatinous sulstan.e in water, and added to about eight poun.ls of tin. 
 Holut.on. about sixt..^n ,wmnds of oil. f.t. or any other suitable hvdroc-ari,.,, 
 com,.ound. The*,, ingredients are mixe.1 thoroughly, and the mixture is luat,,! 
 to about a»>." Fahrmil^it. A suitable hardening acid i, slowly added. It ,~ 
 prcterre.1 to add about twenty-two pounds of muriatic acid, nn.l about t>. 
 pounds of sulphuric acid. The mixture is tlwn heated to about 400' Fuhn ■ 
 h«,t. and stirred, in order to ihorou«hly commingle the ingredienU. 
 
 Ml 
 
U5 
 
 Patent Xo. 452,:MC culls for oiu* l>art of glue hy wei,i!iit (lisMilvcl in thirty 
 thn-e part-s of wat«;r. Thii* mixture is used for slaking iiiin\ :il out U Ki»i''"-' of 
 the mixture to evcrv Lusliel of lime. 
 
 Patent Xo. :i(>l,459 is especially designed for bruwn ur rough (n.a.i (^ 
 plaster, and is composed of eali'iiied planter, sand or iiciu.lirid eiuders, iwni :;lue 
 or soap, or sour Ixht and water. 
 
 Patent Xo. ."{IMM.^T. In tiiis the following infrredient- lui' ("ili.ii f .r; i ?i.- 
 ihird of a liarrel of plaster of I'aris, one-sixth of a barrel of whiting, ■im-tiiinl 
 I'i' a barrel of saiul, one-third of u barrel of .saw-dust. onesi.xth lioiinil o{ 'f.-i'ie, 
 one-sixth i>ound of Irish moss, one-third quart of inola.-ses, one-tbiirl ilu. •.• 1 
 tartaric ai-id. The actual rotarder consists of the last four ingredie.it-, \i/.. 
 tiie glue, Iri-li moss, molasses, and tartaric acid. 
 
 PatiMit .No. iLd.tMis calls for a mixture of air-slaked lime, .i)laster of IViris, 
 river sand, and <ow iiair, «itii serum or the watery part ot tlio blood ol ainiii.il- 
 with carbolic acid. 
 
 Patent Xo. •t.')(!,2'.tT is a mixture of 733 pouiuls of sand, ITii I'ounds of 
 plaster of Paris, lit) pound- of slaked lime. i;2 iiounds of sawdii-t. < ir- ].. i..; . , 
 tibre, aiul one pound of a mixture composed of sugar forty-eight parts, ^-la^k. .1 
 lime forty-eight imrts, and bicarlioiiute of s-oda two parts. 
 
 Patent Xo. !.'.>i,"42 consists of a llux seed moal or oil cake meal, alter the 
 oil has U>en e.\tracte«l, one iiound mixed with carbonate of sotla or p .'.isii on. - 
 half pound; lime one-quarter of a .poiind. boiled in water to a lliin misturo. 
 and afterwards ad'ling to it four pfvunds of any of the salts of the alkaline 
 earths, <ir salts of the caustic alkalies. 
 
 Patent Xo. Uli.tUH consists essiiitially in eombining with calcinel u'v; Mini 
 a leKuniinous siiiistaiice, such as beans, peas, lentils, etc., Iieilcd witli .i oii.t:":: 
 of caustic alkali. 
 
 Patent Xo. :i!t:i,(H)a consists of pa|H^r-pulp f""f I'nrt'^ wool ;'i r.' oi ,■ i.ari, 
 sawdust two parts, lime putty two parts, llotir paste one part, tiie tbur pa-te 
 containing alum in proportion of about two ounces to tie ^rall. ii of ri:i-te. To 
 thciMj is a.Me<l sutlieicnt water to reduce the mass to a -uitaMe pl.Tstie .•ontimou 
 to use for pla.-tering in the usual manner. The water -o added sho,;bl contain 
 eopiK-ras in solution, in proportion of two oniiees to the trallo-i 
 I'ound to the gallon. 
 
 ,1 -^..'t o:ie 
 
 llARDKNINi; (iYI'sl M Itl oCKS 
 
 <'oii-iderab!e exf>erinipntal work ii^!- Icon carried o„ Innnir r ■ni years 
 
 In attempting to harden the soft compact gypsum, aid eve ir the cru-imiL' re- 
 sistance and tensile strength of onlinnry marble, without Jestroving the u..tural 
 veinings and colour sliadings that make it attractive for .irnamental and artis- 
 tic jmrposes. 
 
 Mujiy of those Btteinjits have 1 .n-n s.icvssfni. and the material is being 
 largely used for inside finish and ornanientai work, taking the jimv .t ..r.yx 
 and marble for. mouldings, railings, waiiiscotting. front... pedestal., scr.^iu. 
 
11 1 
 
 1 ! 
 
 5 i 
 
 12« 
 
 m«ntel,. and many otla.r uh-.. It ,. considered far superior (o s,-agliol« , r v 
 of the rompowte plaeterj. often usod for such purposes. 
 
 Tlif prtwss of tr.>«t.„jr the r,K-k to imitate niarl.Ie ix show,, in t\w , 
 toct.oru .f tnited State. P.uont No. 58S.2T7. which in part says: ' The • > 
 Step m the process i. to deh.x.Jrate these urti.les ma,io out of the nntive r.ck in 
 the acnor, of hot «,r. at u t.-miMTature of approximately 'MO'^ F..hrenh..:, • ' 
 twelve hours. n.ore or les.. until U.e moisture in the native r.Kk is elinun , 
 A convenient plan i. to load the article- fonno.l from the roclc on to u tr.u^ 
 
 «T.,1 run n frst into the h.., air com.artn.ent. After the moisture h„- , 
 
 eLmmH.H. the oalciun, sulphate is porou- and ready for cooling. Cool--. •, 
 rock .s the next step in the prooes,. ]t has been my practice prior to the , ! -or, 
 .nveufon to ,-o..l the ho, dehydrated r..ck l,y letting it remain for son.e tin.o i^ 
 the -ool open a.r; but I rin.l by this plan that the rock is Hallo to slake more or 
 !«*.. and crack, and what is rery obj.H^tionable. it In-comes impregnated witb 
 m...^n,rc. uhich it takes fron, the o,..„ air. thus undoing to a degree the wor^ 
 already accon.ph.hed, and retarding and din.inishing crystallisation in the ,f.. r 
 treatment. To obviate these ,!it^i..ultics. I allow the rock to cool in a con,„.r.. 
 n,eMt from which the outer air is excluded, and which compartment, while ,1„. 
 rock ,s ,„ ,t. .s charg.vl with the gas or fumes of ammonia. This greatly .n.c, 
 erates the cooling of the hot rock. It <1.^ not slake .,or crack nor gatlior - 
 .tself the moisture fr,..n the outer air. for which reason it may be sooner s:„ - 
 J^tcl to the ne« f.-.tment. and for which reason the next treatment is „„ r. 
 etfectual. 
 
 • While the rrx-k is .-oolinp. „ bath com,v>*^ of a solution of aluminium - ,. 
 Phate ,s prepared and heated to approximately lOO" Fahrenheit As sour . 
 the rock is cool I imn.ediarely immerse it i„ this warn, solution for a short ti' 
 until the pores are fillet!. 
 
 • The objinn of warming the solution is to prevent the bursting out of • 
 tides of the rock. «hi.h has I e,., my experience with, the use of a cold ha.!, 
 this solufou; and U, improve aiul am-lerHte the crystallisation, which I i„ . 
 take, place almost immediately i„ the warm bath. After having been ,h.;- 
 
 treated the rock i, „llowe<l to ,lry „nd is then polished, presenting „ hard surf. 
 
 of beaut.ful lustre, which cannot be alTec-ted by frast or weather, and 1 !uve 
 tound that e\en muriatic acid will not affect it.' 
 
 In speciiication of Fnitcd States Tatct Xo. 54!M51, „ proccs* for tr. i ■,, 
 gypsum rock to imitate chabedony i» given, which aho in part savs- To , . . 
 end the crude gypsum rock » first shap..l in any .lesind form and configurn.. , 
 hy carvmg, snw.ng. planing, cl.-.. and is the,, frt^d from the water constiti.ti; , 
 one o, ,t. constituent elements. It is next coloured in accordance with tho 
 sired effect, and then it is treated to the action of hardening chemical soluti ■ -, 
 an -s more .particularly set forth Wlow. Beautiful onyx, agate, and other 
 effects can be prcKluoed. in accordance with tastes and .lesires, in statuary, furn - 
 ture, omartent. and the like, and in the finishing of rooms, using the mat.r.. 
 " "■" ''^ *a'^:^-rK. !;. in> treatment the colours are mad.- to 
 
127 
 
 appear as if a coiistitiuiit piirt <t ,-\,-tm-ut. „{ tli." iook in ii^ native oiuduion 
 ami formation: and the condition of Uio product, ii> -tutid. is Miporifr in hard 
 nees and fiiiisili to cither ninrbln or ciinlcedon.v. 
 
 'To carry my process into effect, tlio gyi>sum rocii ficni tlic mine.-, ImvinL 
 I'ceii given the dcairod conh'guration, ua stated, is subniittpd to the drying uctirii 
 of hot air for twelve houra (more or less) until all tlie nioi-ture has been elimi- 
 nated. The nuitcriid i,s now cidciuin sulphate, porous from surface to ccutr. . 
 and capiilile of ahforiiing sufliciont chemic:il s^olution to produc- tho do^irt.i 
 effe^-t of the rock and colours. 
 
 •To the furfaci, of the dehydrated rock is now appiird the mineral colours — 
 such aj<, for nn illustration, .-olution of coi>per nitrnte iind iKpia ammonium, <t 
 a solution of .-ulphuto of iron, nitric ncid. and potas.sium sulplio-evanide, or 
 other mineral colour*. After eolourinp, the rock is immersed in u solution oi 
 aluminium suljihate (Al, (SI),).'!) for about fifteen hours, or until Uw ports . i 
 the rock are completely filled. The material is then removed and cxporcd t ■ 
 the open air for a few hours at a low temperature, and then polished.' 
 
 In conduilinp this chapter it nuiy be said that the demand for the varioiN 
 products of pyi)sum as iibove described is ever incrensinp. This is iiaiticularly 
 true in the Tnited States, where the material has attained such proniiicnec iu 
 fireproof construction. It has 1 ecu said that every piominoiu building' in 
 Chicago erected within tlie last dccadi' has used large iiuantities; aniontr other-. 
 the post office, the Tribune buildinjr, the American Trust building, the Marshall- 
 Field Company buildinir, and tli<> Maroiiette liuilding may be mcntioiuvl. tlh- ia=t 
 using over -i.SOO tons. 
 
128 
 
 I ! 
 
 \l 
 
 CHAPTER VI II. 
 
 Oypinm as a Fertilizer. 
 
 The u-^ of groun.1 gyp.,.,,,, or calcium sulphate, (t'aSO. l'H.O). more ..m 
 
 m,.,.l.v kno«n fo the trade a. lan.l planter, a., a fcrtiH^er dates back t rv 
 
 amu.nt !■„„.>. Virg,l in hi.s «riti,.g, tdb us of ir,, vaJ„e on cultivatod 1 . I," 
 
 The nerB,au« a>;d French applied it to their lar.ds 200 years ago, and r<., „,i 
 
 s«t..fa.-tor.v r,.su),.. I.c^„,l ,„,« ,hat in Franco its k-neticial effects wer,- ,| .- 
 covonMl „uite ..c.i.ientall.v. A workn.an at one nf the plaster kilns h...l oou- /„ 
 to paK, over .o:ne pasture land* going to and frou. hi* work, an.l to prov, , 
 n-ak,nff a tro.l.l, n path he travelled a siiditlv diffen-nt course each time ■■ .- 
 the preen .«urd. It wan afterwards noticMl that on the parts where W ; , 
 Halke.1 the pra.^s had a ri.ht, colour and a more plentiful crop than on ,. 
 I"^ ' i>ir,s of the sanM, field. It «as assumed that this was due to gv,,- „>. 
 l«.ng carruHl on his f.^t from the kilns and hrushed off by the grass. 
 
 A gnat man.v eminent agricultural writerii and chen,i.st8, both ancient :;: 1 
 modem, have given the subject ,nuch s...riou» consideration, mid ultli,. ui, 
 man.v of them do not agr.v in detail, the great majority agree that gypsum i,.- 
 a •K-cu.-'ily iK-neficiul effect on many crops, especially tho.* class- 1 js 1. _-, , ,; 
 >.oi.s. if j„diciou> -d intelligently used. The farmer, however, in ■,.;.:, 
 ca>es. has not gi. , ,reful consideration, and often passes the conipn ; 
 
 tively inexiH-nsive articu ,or the more exiHinsive. which possibly contains vm 
 -.I-- l.-.!.l i.:ng M-sreilicuts and will give no tetter results, if used wiij, >i,; 
 conditions. This i< <ione somewhat on the principle ' The higher the com i ,■ 
 letter the ..rt,.-Ie.' . .,mbi„ed with a smooth story from some advertising ;,>;,• ; 
 ami >i l.j.l smell. 
 
 In reviewing the hi-,ory of the ap,,|i,r„tion of land plaster U.c Tnitcd S: ■ 
 w.li 1,, taken a. an exai,xple. Here it will be s.M;n that its use has de.r. .- ! 
 very n.atenally in recent year-, «n,l an attempt will be made to show whv , , - 
 
 IS so. 
 
 The InifMl .State, for n.any ,earH eon.un.e.l veo" large quantities ol 
 -^mn as land piu-ter. Forty years ..go the .Miehigan m.lls culd not supplv : , 
 .len,a,.d v,h,!e at the .an.e time large ,uan.itie. of crn.-c r^K-k were bein. 
 ported from .Nova Scotia and N'ew nn„v.wi,.k. and manufactured for ti,.. - 
 l^uri.ose. 1 wenty.«ve years ago. two-thirds of tl,e quantity pro,lue.Kl in that .„ , - 
 Ih r* ^TlV ''"■/'''*"'^'"« I""T'*-. l"t this pr.4>ortion gradually du,. , 
 -hod untd IS^. when the ratio was practically reversed, and there was ne,. 
 do.Ale the amount of rock -alcine.!. as used for a fertiliser. The proportion , . 
 
 If , lu ror" """''''**^ '" *''"'"'^' *""' '■" '^'' ""t "^ « »"««! prod"-' - 
 of 1.404,698 tons, onjv 4«J5i —'•- -- r- ■ i i j • 
 
)> 
 
 12!) 
 
 Thi,. iit tir-t kIiiImv. u„ii|.l -ivtn likr .•c,i„l,.|Miiiit..rv rM,l,.,i.r n_'air,,| :;v|,>„m 
 U'ilijr iisc.1 for lliis piiriMi-,.. l.iil ll,,.,-.' ;iri' >cv.ral <-;i.:-,.- t.. ..liicli |l„- ■ i.jni.', 
 may Lc aM-riU'd. 
 
 In INN'S the forlilizcr law tMiiio into forw, by wlii.li tli,. ,xact i'em-Mt.,«;,, ,.r 
 tho .lifferonl ronstitiiriits <,f cnminercial fertilizers was known. W.ll or-an- 
 iml coinpaiiii-s with lartfo capital w.-ro fornied tliroutrhout the wiioli- cMaitry 
 lor the maniifacliirf of fcrtilizi-rs, compused of various in-rudicuts. Th,..v a.l- 
 vTtifod tlioir prodii.t ii- haviiiff all tlio (,'oo,| .Mialiiirs of iryp^uni. Tiii^ ,v.i- 
 iujurious adv(Tti>iii« for tin- old time gypsum iimduot. 
 
 Ill tile u<i> of coiumoreia! fertiiizcr.s. known as supoi- plio-pliates, th.- iimn • 
 
 <lient lurni^hed as plant food is plionphorio aeid. In inanufai'turinR ih tli.' 
 
 usual source of sii|.|i|y for pllo^p^(]rie acid is phosphate rock o. auinial 1. i;, -. 
 in which one i i:rt cf i ho-phoric acid is comliiied with three parts ,,:' ,m1, ;,nii 
 (xide or lime. 
 
 This a- found in nature is almost always in an insolul.!<> conditi th;,: i-. 
 It does n.it di-sohc in water, and to he a i euetit to plant lif;' it luii-t 1,- trr.ii,-| 
 in s<.n:e way to nake it soluhle. Tliis is u-ually done hy L:iiu.|lng it ;,i a I'm- 
 powder, aid .-i hjcctiiig it to the action of sulphuric aci<l. I he ncti.ii ,t - ,1- 
 pliuric aciil ..u ealciiini o.xide (lime) forms ca!c;uni sulphate l:;yp^umi. a:i.| iu 
 treating 1 oi c- or i hfisphate rock with sulphuric aeid, two parts ,■( th,- .al.-.i;:!! 
 in tho ro<'k leave its eomhination with phosphoric acid and coiuhiue with t! e 
 -ulpliurii- acid. formli:g gypsum. IJolerts', in referring (o tjie reaction .t - il- 
 phuric aeid on phosphate rock, gives the fcdlowing note and eciuatior. : — 
 
 'The phosphorii- acid which i- UH'd in the manufacture of liie-e supcrpli - 
 phates is f>htaii:ed from triealclnin pho-phate l.y the action of an exce>- "f -ui- 
 phurie acid. 11, ■■ ri'action may 1 1' rcpiesentcl liv the eniiati ai: — 
 
 fftO \ H,S(), IIOi ( a.'M 1 
 
 Cad !•,(), . ll.Sd. 11.(1 IM> Co,,, 
 
 CaO I H.SO, lljij ( ...sii, 
 
 Here, al! the calcium of the tricaleiiiiii plio>nhalr unit.- uif'i t'lo -iilphirii' 
 ncid to form gyp-um, ami the phosphoric aeid. I'.O . i- iniii'd l' ilirn' par'- ..f 
 vater, II,().' 
 
 l!y the iihove it «ill le seen that the creator i>aii .i| ti:.- -ui'e: plii.-j.iate 
 -old a> feitili/iT- consist principally of gypsutn. 
 
 AiiothtT rea.-on given for the <lisu-e of gyj.-iiiii a- a tcnili/ir i- tliat the 
 ;aan.\ ncu t.ses con-lalitly heing di-covei'id f"r tho pn>d'i-t^ "t i^yp-Mii ii.-.w 
 .lused a rapidly increasing deniaiiil for calcineil pla-ter. an i tile pro iu'-'i- liifl- 
 it more protitahle to I'ali'ine his whole prodaii. Tlii- i^ -ul'staiitia'.'ii u\ liie ;a'-t 
 lliat. although in recent years, in tiie I'liiti'l Slates, mm h sinaili:- iiuaiititii-^ ■■'' 
 land plaster are used than foimerly. the total pr("iu(.tiou of gypsi;in and i!v;is,iiii 
 i roducts has steadily been on the increase. 
 
 ' Roliert* fVrtility of r.niiil. 7tli K.tiln'ii. p tlO. 
 •iS!»— '.I 
 
» 
 
 130 
 
 Tbe i'tr(.ii};e."t nu>ou Uif. ailci-l. ntiil the ..n.' wiiirli probiiM.v 1ms tli< n, 
 l.i<iriiig ..II (!:(• .|i,.->ii..ii. ir t.I.'c JHck .if kiu)v:e<lge liy tiif taimtTs ot' it- , v. 
 iictiuii win ; u«eil ll^ a iVrtilizer. 
 
 TJ!c (XiiTitneni- m.i.li- iy niiii.y iiiiihoritij'- shiw tlic action (.■ !..■ 
 eonip.'cx ..11, , imd tli^ii ,! ,- nvotoid. First, it ha- ii . luniicol ncti,,ii i,i..i . ; 
 soil iii broiii-inp up thr .l„iii.!o silicate? and rroinotiiijt it distrihiition ..I r,.. 
 uji.l inaRiii'siii. and niaki.;^ th^-n. availal.le fiy. plant, foo.i. which in ih,. i,l,.. 
 01 Kypsuni v.,.iild !,(.f i.. av.niul.i.. This action is .■learly and concisely ;.- . 
 bv Aikniaii :— 
 
 ■Tin- Tnc . AplaiiiCion .i ihc- ncfii n ..f gvp-uni is to lo found in it- . .:, 
 on t!..' .'.ml.li. -Iji.-atos. •.■hich it dc-. iiii.OM's. the potash lieiug sol free. Ii- 
 tioii i- -iuinar t. that ot oilur iinio i. iiipoiinds, only more characteristic. A 
 nianiirc. tl.er.ioir, ts action is ;ndir. it. and its true function is to oust i 
 p.)ta-h ironi it- .•..mp,>iinds. Its (.ciuliariy luvoural.le a.tion on clover is dn. 
 the fa.'t that "l.'.r -!e.iail\ leiulits ly potash, and that adding frypsum pr, . 
 tically amounts t., a.l.linu- j.,.tiu-h. Of . ,.urse it should he home in niiu.l th., 
 the soil must o./iitain potash .'otnpouads. if frypsum is to have its full oiT.m 
 Xow. hcwever. ili.Tt potash sall» -uitahie for manuring purposeg are ahutidai. 
 It mar well 1 «■ .|..ut>led wh.'ther it is n.t letter to apply pota-h din^ctly. Furtli. • 
 
 it must he home in mind thaf iryi.sum is app!i..| to the s„i| whenever it r. i'- 
 
 a dressir-K of su|HTpho^phat.. .,f lime, as ffvp-un, is one of the products forn,.i 
 'oy treatinor insoluhle ph. spii„te of lime with sulphuric acid.' 
 
 A iM-.ini ii.T.- thai <h..a!.| l... ren;emh.T«>.l hy the fanner is. that frypsum '• 
 '■'-• furnl-h iL.ta^h to t.he s.,il; it only nu.ke.^ availaMe that whi.'h may he iii ::.■ 
 soil aiMJ cannot he reUa-e-l without some chemical action. This is wher.. iL 
 farmer is .-.iTentimes d.-ee.v.d. lie has used it many times with success, hu: 
 time i.i.s^tHl if wa- okserx...) the revujfs w.-re not as g..od, in fact a failure. II. 
 hhun.-.i the P.vpsum a- heinf; inferior in .piality. when in truth, he had will: 'i. 
 apj.li.-atM.n of t'vp-um taken all the pota-h. sr. valnahlc as plant food, fr..M: •! 
 soil, and ha.l a.|,le,| lo.tliinj: to supply it. 
 
 L.ebir. who nia.l.. ma.ny , x,i,rim.i,fs with agricultural .^oils. shows am. ,..■ 
 oUiers that l.fM. fframmes of oartli taken from a wheat field, mi.xe.lw.,. 
 ..lures of pu.e wat.-r. .iissolve.i o.i- -.M.;! n.Jhvrammes of potash, while .T Htr. ■ 
 of pyi>sum wat.r .liss„Ive out -i:!..l n.,,l,.gran,mes of pota.sh. 
 
 To sl.ow the a.-ion of ^r.^p^,:,n wat.r in .lissolvinc out mapnesia from t!,. 
 -uls he ,„„k 0,^.-1.1 -nmples of ,li,Ter.„i oarths. :;m> grammes of each. Thes, i., 
 m.xe<l v.th .no litre of pure vator. a, .1 a like tpu,„tit.v of each he mixe.l v.i: 
 o-.e litre of eyp.nm wat-r. The average n..sults .howe.l that while the pr 
 "•nter only d,ssolvr.l out L'4.;! milhura-ntnes. th.. ^ypsun. water dissolv.d . . 
 "•4 .' miilefrrammes. 
 
 •■vp^mo as a hin.l pia-fr ,...-,.-..- „...,|„.r .„„l „.,,,„„, ^.^^^^ ,,,; , 
 It ha- the „rop,..ty .r .|,„.,.no.,.-i.„. ,!„. .-arho..,!,.- of ammonia, one of the ,■. „ 
 
 ' MHinir<« nn.l MatiiiiinK. I> 463 
 datura- I.-.,r. .,' (f-.,.t:„,...5-^. pp .=ef.; 
 
131 
 
 uum pirniei.ts ,.i „:,tur,., lr..ni ^yhU■U iIm- plan, iv.-.iu- ;i:,. uho.>iKu ,., hi.ii- 
 jHiwIilc f..r its nulriti..ii, uiui fi.v> it in tlic M.il. 
 
 <'arl.oiu.t.> nt mniHoMiu nii.l Mil|.l,»ie ol iin,,. i^vp-uh,. r.,u:,ot com,, iu c,,,- 
 
 :.rt vvitl. emi, utluT. at n„rm,,l t..n,peratnr..~, uiil.out nn:t„al d,.comp.,M.i,r, 
 
 lir an.mniiia ..niers into oon.l.innti..n witli the Miiphnri.' ;,.i,!. an.l ilu- far' ..!.:• 
 
 :. • <1 v ith t!i.' lini... f-innnsr .■,.nip,,nn.U which arc i„.t vnhitik.. Th 
 
 repiTSfiiti'd thiL*: - 
 
 Ins ai'tii.'i 
 
 '' !t iNinatl* uf UlI.lMMlii; 
 
 (Xll.l ," <i 
 
 I Su:)i!iat4' ,.t .iijiiiii.iua 
 I ..,,.1 
 
 ' i'.Mi.it.- .,r liii„. . 
 
 , , , '■■•'-■". 
 
 -.:|.li:il.'.,f 1,„„. i..y|„,|„,, ,..,so^ ^.||..() I KWlt.-l '" 'III/ 
 
 Ih.. .-.ilLnato ,,f Hiiinonia in rain u!i<l m,ow water io (leoon.postj,J i,y i,n p- 
 -ini in Iho .-ail,., manner a* in the nianulaeture of the e.niiniicial r-ulphut,. of 
 airimoiiia, -iii hiiKely used hy the ai,'rieiiltiirist. 
 
 The exerenients of animals e. main a very hirire lercentaj-v of aM,ni. nia in 
 t! :.' form of earhonate, \eiy vohitile, as it is oa>iiy ih.te.'te.l l.y the sense of .-mell. 
 line of the farn.r? greatest los-es i- the los, of the ammonia fro,,, tins ~.,ui.;o 
 I i -iipply. 
 
 To show this lo>s the I'nite.l States Department of Aj., ieultuie. larni.rd 
 hulletin, No. I!f>. pives ihe folh.uiisr iiiformation : — 
 
 • In some rce. iit exporiri,. :!ts .-if the Xew .ler.sey stations soli,! ,-oa .hm- 
 fxpfwcd to ordinary h.ndiinu f.,r . o,, hun.lred am', niiir day- losr :;7 -l p,.r 
 cent of its iiitrrprn, ol-O i vr ..i.t of its phosphoric iui.l. and -JTl per co'it ,.f 
 Its pota.sh. Mixed dung and urine lo.st durii.'ir the .same time .">! per cent of ius 
 nitrogen, 51-1 per cent of its i-hosphorie aeid. and t;i.l per cent of ii^ p.,i.ish. in 
 iTief, according to Voorhees. 'more than one-half of th, cn-titueir- m ihe 
 total animal manure product of the cow may he lost hy an . .\po-ure of l.-s than 
 four months.' 
 
 'In experiments at the Cpoa-ln K.xperimental Farm- a f',ur t.,n lot u:' iv,v~r 
 nmnuro (with litter) kept in an oixn hiii h>st onethinl ■! it- i.iir,.-. i . i - 
 -itth of its phosphoric acid, and a little more than cnetliird of it- |„ita-h lu 
 uiie .vear. A similar lot of manure kept, in a cloe 1 -lied !■ st ;>';,-tii>h -A 
 t- nitrogen, and practically no phosphoric neid and i>ota-h." 
 
 Now if the stahle floors are covered occasionally with luiei phi.s'cr . r :f 
 ~:,.all quantities he mixed with the dunp heap, it w.niid le ,., i:<e-! ;iiat ilic ..ifen- 
 ■ e smell would disappear, and practically all the ammonia w ...M I.e -.i.-i m 
 :■ condition serviceahle as a manure. 
 
 Again, in reference to this loss, Liehip' ^ays: • Ii sh, ni,l ai least U- li.>rn« 
 •1 mind that unless means are taken to iirevent it iu no-, \aiiiahle nortioi. o-' 
 "■■c manure is constantly cscapinjf. diirim; ixposure (•> air ai:<l -iin, Iv evap .r.. 
 ! "II, and also by draining ofl into the ground, whenc, . i ,-t.^ad of a mate-ia? 
 '■^ihnilated to afford a ready supply of nitrot'en t.. the plant, .le olitain ai- I'fi-'- 
 
 ' RtpnrtK on Orgnnic Chemistry. 
 
i . m 
 
 m 
 
 lUttM, in which that element in ii. a great utea-ure wanting, un.l whicli. th.r. 
 can only inJiuence the (trowth oi j.lMnt. I.y virtue of the phosphoric ,.,l,, 
 other tiAfd ingredients still pr».»*ent in it. 
 
 •The fact that leguminouH plants contain this substance us um ,--. 
 ingre.li.nt may. m »ome mea-ure. .xplnin its fertilizing eJTtHt on tin n, 
 is also loun.l serviieable t.. turni|* and .albages., which do not appear t.. , 
 it, nor doe* it sei'm ea«y thus t. explain th« superior advantage!, said t., 
 trom f<att<rin|f it in fine p.,«d.-r , »cr the leaves of clover and saintf,,,, 
 
 practi-Hd -u Fnince, aud in North America, and with su<h niunifo>t g , 
 
 that It 1^ said if the suUtance U partially aj.plied to a fi. Id. th,. portiu,,- 
 hiive re<,ivcd llii!. dress^iig nuty aftvrwards !«> distinguished fn.ni llic r, - 
 the superior hixuriaruf of the irop." 
 
 Koljerts' tfivcs a number of cxperinienta on conserving nitrogen by ii„ 
 of K.vi)suin. from which the following are selected:— 
 
 ' ExiK-riment* in the lul oratory were conducte.1 with throe sainpli - . 
 cow an.l shc'p manure, the same amount in each case. To one sarnpl, n ■; 
 was added, to another sulphate of iron, and to the thini gjpsuni. The -,\ 
 pies, pia.ed in closed ve^H-ls, were allowed to ferment from May 27 !■. ( t, t 
 >. I>>.!. und ihe ammonia forni.M was tix,v| in standardized sulphuri,; ihii. 
 .determined, with the following resilts:— 
 
 I'T... 
 
 Il'l.,| 
 
 'liat 
 
 ('"'»" iiiuimrf. I Shi'cp In II 
 Lia-Kuf iiitnyr-n. '. Li»«« ..I n,;, 
 
 Witli iiolliiuit 
 
 xiilphatr (it inm lopixrasi . . 
 " liu".- ((criwuBi)... 
 
 ffraininfs 
 142 
 t>(IH5 
 
 oesa 
 
 Kraii^i! ' 
 
 1 IKL' 
 4i<:i 
 
 A s,.eoiid experiment was .Ninducted under similar conditional- 
 Escaped Ammonia in Orammei. 
 
 6I)»yfc i 12 Days. 
 
 *)» c. im. ci.w urins, notliiiiK ".Hwl. 
 ■-"«<.•. cm. cow urini-, with -J. g. K^ymuni.. 
 
 21 I>»y.. , 31 Day... .Ih 
 
 121 3X1 (1 «fil 9fto 1 
 
 00:2 « iiv5 i 349 .•.:(; 
 
 The experiment shows Umt gv,.s,:,„ },as ,1 conserving effe.-t, but r-.m: 
 any means conserve all rho ammonia. Air currents were not u.se.l in ■ 
 exjierinient. 
 
 • Kxr>eriments in the sh^.p sMble v.re .-.n.lucte.l with sulphate ,.f r. 
 nnall .juantities. Twenty yo.mg sheop were IkhMc^I during -21 days on :! • 
 ' FiTtility of U11.I. 7th Edition, p. 210. — — 
 
183 
 
 nniB (*'><l iM^iiiitl'-) iif strnw, whicli frmii tiiiii' tn tiiiii' \\. 
 
 I) 
 
 iiriiiK till- »li<>l<' ( 
 
 '.f ll 
 
 n> cxixTiniiiii. '1 
 
 1- ' 1^! J Jioui 
 
 iphati- of iniii wrrr u-i il. it 1.') iri'-H'iin''- ("■.■.■_• oiii 
 lilt flioWfd II |o-- i.f 4"«-."> ptT cent ul tl 
 
 ' I |i I :iiilili;il I 
 
 crii^i. Ttii 
 
 »■ iiitruni'ii till,, :i in \( itii i 
 
 I" 
 
 Iircvidiis cxiKrinifiit-. Ii> ilctcriniiiu tlir |ir(>;iorti.iii d I... ,.; i;iirop- i , t, ,. 
 iKlc t«i that I'oiituiiK'il in tlio food, tlu- Id-Sfi Ui-ri' imi lti uii i tli.m m I'li- ,\ 
 I iimnit. ?li(iwiii(r that tin- miI|i1iiiIc of inm in -iinill i|Uiiniil\ lui-l ii'f li. 
 
 I- rviliiiT tlii* 111--. 
 ' I III' -iinii' kill 
 ' •vcilty vi ;iiiii -lii'i-i 
 
 I i'X|iiiiinriit- «. r< 
 
 >iiili|i'li 
 
 illi -ill 
 
 ■|i. ii-inj 
 
 1 «irc n-fi 
 
 I fi 
 
 .'1 
 
 l.il' 
 
 f'r«w. mill i'\irv 
 
 (ir .1 il.i.\< j;v|(!iiiiii wii- 
 
 hI 
 
 Mint. 
 
 ;r.iiii- (111 ii'iiii 
 ll' l.'t.il iryp,-ii! 
 
 r 
 
 li kiliitfriiiii- lii'i I |iiiiiiiiUi or ;50 (fr;iiiiiiic-i (I'H 
 
 ■• I I'fi- iinin 
 
 j«-r lui 
 
 'I 1«> rt>ult ^lloMCll 
 
 li 
 
 'f nil per roiit of tlif iiitrogi'ii tnkcii in wir 
 
 I 
 
 11 fci'oinl exporiiikMil tlio irvp-iim wiis iiicrea 
 
 -I'll. T. 
 
 oil -lii'op wore 
 
 t..r 
 
 i\» oil to kil 
 
 j;riiiii> (•>■< poiiii 
 
 L',M"-iiiii ""!' II 
 
 ^cil diiil.v, or Un) griiui 
 
 if straw. Olio kilo^iniin f J l! 
 ■i (•"•ic" oiiiict'*) p»'r iiniiiuil pi 
 
 I'iii 
 
 It .si 
 
 lo\V('( 
 
 I a h 
 
 if ;!;!■'.» ])('r oeiil of ' iiitruKiMi tiiki'ii in 
 
 ,1 thf 1 1 
 
 rrcvioii- I'xperiiiit'iits. «illi no oovoiinjr iiiiilorial otiipr tin 
 
 in -triiu 
 
 iif 5r> -3 ix^r 
 
 It of till' iiitrii^'i 
 
 I'l 
 
 the food. It is soon til; 
 
 t ayp-nin provontod niiioli iiiiniionia ironi osi'apinsr. 
 
 ■diii(f to ICi'i-' till 
 
 rl.v fiiriii 
 
 'f Mnryiaiiil 
 
 ii-oil nyp-'lini witli 
 
 .-lu'ces* ns n 
 
 fiTtili 
 
 • It WHS most beiU'ticii'' on high and suudy soil, nnd hud good ptitr; . 
 ryo, iH'ii.-, jiiitatiM'S, oiihliajio, clover, nnd uil nutiirfll gru>- c.ops._ I I 
 inlile result of the several ex|ieriiiients incontt-tihiy proves tliMt tin n 
 lowerful and suhtlc principle in this tasteless stone, hut hy wlial pernio 
 1 .'■ eoinbinutioii it is capable of forcing vegetation in such an in-tii'i.i^i 
 
 wlioat. 
 
 a iii'i-t 
 
 -touiidmg nininu 
 
 r i« u mystery which time resir\e? for otln 
 
 Mr. Chflrles K. lirece', in the Quarterly Keview, writing in lii 
 the Iniled .^tato- and Cannda. says: — 
 
 Tl. 
 
 ihuil. 
 
 le manure, aim 
 
 o--t unkiiowii, though very t; 
 
 att'iitioii of every farmer. 
 
 ■riu 
 
 •arceiy a farm n- t!i.> ]• 
 
 i might be applied to with advantage. 'I'lic practire uf nine '. -ir- . i 
 iig t.<jilf and crops may i-ullice to prove its ipHility. On :i |ii'c ot 
 
 •0- but 
 
 f'lii'lW- 
 
 •ani 1 tried three gra 
 loe crop, 1 llli 1 it do 
 
 rojvs without succes-: with 
 with barley ami the return 
 
 il tin- la-t. »bi'-b ■■111 
 
 )i\. The gi,a-s seed look very well. In the month 
 
 nr I strewed powder of plaster nt the ruto of o'lc niiU' t 
 
 little nun tinn 
 •ll.. f:>l!.. 
 
 the 
 
 M. 
 
 'rpciit 
 
 lire). Tn .Inly lb." i'ici 
 
 lid Fo pn lit that i' m:s ho, j i 
 
 . i,f laiid liini.' n.iiMO I. 
 iblr 111 finil 1. .Ill t.. .!:■ 
 
 ■ck tn the 
 the 2rass 
 
 :lie land where it 
 
 iiuamity ol 
 
 ' MirhiRiin (••"•■Iok^ al .^nrvey 
 »Vr.l, XX 1.1. pp. 1(7 •iM>. 1«'20. 
 •Ore 111. t-oboiit 'j |K'rk«. 
 
 Vol. i\. r.iit 11 1'. i'.'i' 
 
IM 
 
 (r>H"i for nvo y«ir«.' 
 
 Huffin' writing m 1^,33, ftate*:— 
 
 ■ TLer,. „ ,... ,.,,.,«ti..„ oi nature hcretofor,. W. uiiderttool. or ., 
 the .«.!„. ,r .,-.m -...„» to I* .0 t.-tall, .li*pr..portioi,ate to the effc- 
 enom.ou. ....«««, .., ui^tHblf Krowth fron, a very «n,.l| ,,ua„,i,v o- « 
 .n c.reumM.,,,,., fav„u-:,h!e tu ,t. ««,,.„. All other manure., whaiev-'r 
 th.. „«t,m. .. fheir a.„on. require to le appli...| in quantities very f„r ' 
 nm M.v l...lk „f .rop .xp«eted from their u^. But one bushel of tfyp,,,,,, 
 over an ..ore nf lan.i Ht for it. action may aH.i more than 20 time, it* own 
 to a sin^ie rmp of clover hay.' 
 
 n.rris'. „f,,.r „,aki„« .iiffe.ent ez,. ri.nent, at the Moreton farm i:„ 
 Acwr ^ork. tfave th.- followiri)? re«ulti in 1878:— 
 
 ua. '.If 
 
 Bll«|n-I Wil^l,! I', ,,,„i, 
 
 j I" l»l 
 
 I Am: Hllaltt'. >•;,, 
 
 <>ti fii'l.l No I. without muiiif.- I 
 
 <>ii hpM.Nu. i, with ago H«. ,.(~,,^^ 3tt :►.• j,> 
 
 . — . _' ; j *' I * -■*■- 
 
 There «as an increase of 11 hushels to the acre, and nearlv oue-l,,: 
 more btraw. 
 
 til.' .\a- 
 
 On rotaUiw wiiii 11.. manure. 
 
 Itti I""tid» ,< pUnt^r'tci the acre 
 " '• '••" l«'«ndi< if ani.mmu.ulphiiU! 
 
 1"I 
 II" 
 
 m -lid not find gypsum valuable as a direct fertili^r for wheat, but , v 
 a« old nda«:e that ' clover i. ^ood for wheat, pla.ter is good for clover.' 
 
 in l.il^""' >'■"'"" *^"^" *""' ''''"■^- "' ^'^-^'-^ '^"^•^- ^'-'o - « "ntv. N .; 
 ZrTirV" :"''''''""" "'♦'' «>'•"»* '•>' 'l-e (growth of eabbages." A > 
 a. e field pro,luc..d ,,,m, head,,, having ,n average weight of 10 poun.U ,. : 
 
 :i::;::^ ;::: '"'" "-^ ''■"-- ^'-'^ ^-^ --- - - ^•'-"- -^''-veri,. :. 
 
 of_potatoe., tha,. any oth.-r oounty in the I-„io,.. The practice of the fanner- i. ,e 
 
 is: 
 
 'C>lcirM>n Manures, p. uj. 
 
 =»- » -r, Mntitrr... ,.-^. ize. 34. H.ihiaan U«,l,«ir,l Survey. Vol IX, i-.„t !1. 
 
133 
 
 i. to tirat rt'll i<il tJil-il .-<i.i> ill IjMii [lIli-tlT iflun- lii.llili.^u, .ill^i U-i!.i{ .r;i lii,. 
 
 land iit tlir •.iiiii- tilt, iiuiiniiM.il t'iTlili/« r- in pieli rilio. t.j -tabic luauuii'. 
 
 i;i tliii* niuiiicr tlit'.N tict the lull li'iii'lit ul tlu' gvpiiuiii, »itliout, impuvensu.i.^ 
 the noil. 
 
 The Kx|>oriiia'iital I'lii'iii of Oiiiuriii iiuiilo a -ifrii- d: .AiH'rimeiiu i'\'.;i • 
 lag ii\or u tiTiu ol tivi- vi-ars. uini in their ri'purt imblishe I in l'.'i'4, I'aa-' -'i. 
 tliey gi\o till- ri-*iilt- ii- t'.ill.ma: — 
 
 ' I'rfjiuiutioii el "iHil |M)tutix'«. Ill f.v|iiTiiiii'iit» iniiiluitu'i at the culli;gi' r.t 
 lUltiiiK |>otul(H's uiiii iihiiitiiiy; tin- |iifoi'-i uttor tli.'j liad iu't'ii simiikifd witli iiiu.-. 
 plaster, vU:. in coiiiiiuri^un with iihiiiliii|< tliL' jiicf:. wiili.iii hciinj :ii>riii:U«-'i 
 with any mali'riul. it was IuuihI that thoM' polutue^ whii'li woro ^priiiKleJ ■ iij; 
 land plaster K"M' hftter riMilt- than the pututdos iiri'.'arcd in any otliiT wav 
 
 "For lixe yiurs an oxn'tiiiieiit ha> i tin oiidui-tnl thruiighout Ontui " in 
 liiih'i to hit iiiniifr- a^certniii lur thenisfUi's «ht'th, r ihiTo wouhl he an> in ii .,1 
 mliai.ti.gc I'runi ii>ini: i^nd phi-tcr on thfir ^tfd potatoes lielore phinlin-' li. 
 r.MHi. 11101. llNn.', anil I'.Mi:',, the land I'la^tir -howi-d ii inaikcd ^uU ai.titr,'. I 'l:,- 
 iivfi-uKt' of the five years, in which there were in all '.'7 .-i.cc, --lully i.un,l'it':. 1 
 e.\|*erinieut^ we find that the piitato»> nhith were not coated with land pl.-ir 
 produced 177t) hushel*. and tlio*e win 'h were i-.iated with lai.d pla.-ter prj'.K-el 
 1S7-7 bu!<hels \Kr acre. In the average resiilt-t from the tive years, tliei. ■ re. 
 the -prinklinn; of Mid potatoes with Ian, I pla.^i, i-, or tf.vpouiii, iin.T,'aseil tlu iri'i 
 by fully 10 bushels iier aerc throughout Ontario." 
 
 MClllolio i)K Afl'LWN'. l.\M> I'l.VSiH:. 
 
 'I'he amount i>f land planter when ul'plied t" K'l^- ^T elov.i- lami- -..i.ies 
 from o" In \<ni pounds per ae-e. Wliili' -oir.e ai'ply a.-- lii-jh a^ HW pouni^ p-r 
 acre, fani.eit gei.erallj ague that fr,.in ."ti to ''<>> poiiJ.U i^ ^utheieut l,r i iin^ 
 ciop, i)rovidiiiK the pla-ter is e\i"iily distriliiteil. A iiea\,\ apiihcatiou [.r ■•.■■•■- 
 a growth of too niiieli -traw for a ~<'e.l eiop of clover, and f i nm -jk Ii' i'l l ■ lu i- 
 i= generally considered cloukIi I ,\ sivd yrower-. Tli:~ aiiiHint api'iied tu .■••u:.* 
 clover i- i-nn-ideri»l xery beiietieial. It i- said that l!e'..ia;iiiii Franklin d<- ;..'li- 
 strateil this on a clover field near one of the main nil- .:i I'e:.nsylva i. i .'\ 
 seatterini; iryp^iini -,■ a- to foriii a :.enleiii'e which rca.l. ' 1 la- iia- be,'n pl.'.-t'Te'j 
 with tryiisuni." And it is said it eouM Le detect. I ^ a.lih by the hei^'li: and 
 colour of tlie clover where the ({ypsuni \vas -own. 
 
 With fert exceptions land plaster i:- -own ,t distributed ..• er the h.nd i)y 
 han.l. It i^ ditii.ult to sow e\enly by hand, too niueli ii-ually tVlls in th.- niidiLe. 
 while not ei.oiigh reaches the e',lire> of the ridjjo beiiij: -cvn. I:, th- -ame way 
 as the -owing is done the crop app.-ar-. If .li-tributed evenly the co;. ippea'S 
 uniform, if in streaks the crop api>- ar~ tli.' -ann . 
 
 Again, sowing plaster by haul i- ^cr.' di-a>rreea!.le u .rk. Tlic -nwer 
 breathes, in uuantitics. it Kct- h> hU e>,-. at i all ' v,r his clothes F. w hired 
 men are willing to undertake the Nvork, ahi -he farnier ^-emrally ha- • do it 
 
J36 
 
 Lin.M-li. 1.,.. ..„.|,.„.u,rinK to B^k.. «,. ,ve„ ,|i.,r,|,uf...... ,m,u.||v „.. , 
 
 Wi,Ji„ n.,,.., ,,„„, ho«..v..r. ..v..n.l «„„.,„„ ,,.v.. U.n .„.,,.. 
 
 U>r..ii Huiiur, III .-in-uJar \... i>. • <n t . 
 
 What ^.,u. tiK. n,„.t .,ti.f,.,..,o H ,li., know,. «« o.i-o,.% l.u.,i !• 
 .^nnbutor n.,.« ae.-.| .... .,, .h,- .,..„.;,..,„„ .«ken W.. „.. 
 
 I....J bo, or l,.,n.r. «K.u,.,.l ..„ ... .,!., ,,., ,, .„„„^., „,...^.,, 
 
 |.«^ :> to..«u. «..,,,, ....... ,, ..., ,,_„ .,, ,„ ,,,^ ^^^^^ ^^ _^ 
 
 ui-< i.,.x "I ill. jrd.iiar.v ifrai.i .iriH 1. w n # . i i 
 
 I , , . * '•III. I. i< 11 ;,,., 1,1 It-, but . iiri ,,. ,,,.,1 
 
 •.-..th de..,i. Tb. bouoni ... „„. ,.., „ ,,. ,, , ,^„ J,;/:,. ■ ': 
 
 cn.l> „f ..., ux ..e ir thick. E...h ...a ..„....„. „f „.,. „i,,,,. 'i-,,. . 
 
 m-.- :. abo... , »..,.. ,„u h«. . ,«,f ,..,, ,..„ ,, ,h,. „i,,d,.. „f a, u,.,..r , 
 
 1" -per ,...-.. U, „ U»lf ...pH. ,uf n, tli.. n.id.il. „f i,. K.w.r o,l,,e Wb.,, 
 
 I «K. Il«. ..«d ,..e<^ M .b.. .b..f. ..„«ly. .. „ia, ,bo ,.lHsr.r will ..,., . 
 
 "u.h r.Kl- ,bi, r..,. ....r.,s tl.- ...x. I ..oU-.-t tb.. p.«.,„ ,,.,ri..^ .hoi,- 
 -X i- i.r.'V.diHi with a Ibl i:( «iiU'. 
 
 'i'*" 1-x. s... F,«. ,:. ,i..,„,i,.,, ^„^,., , ^^^^, , ,,^___^ ^__^ ^^ ^ ; 
 
 ^b'."f .;",'" "■ '"' '" "'•■ '••'■ "" •"•■ ""■'•■^ -'••• «'"■ '">'-- 
 tii^Cd V;,"^ " " i:^'"'' "" ""• '""""' •' ""• '"'=' "• --•»' " -^ - 1- - 
 
 <•- '♦ - In ..I...> lue ..a.lH ,.. ,b. ,i,l,.. .,„.„h,, ^,...., „f ^„,^^„.^^_, 
 
 -■•• -.1. o.rre-|.«...li„. ,W,| h.,!.., ri,. ,i.,..,ly ,,... „.e «tation„r. 
 t;i>tiiii-<| !■. till. I.ott,,.., ,,f .(,. 1., Tl ■ 
 
 - c ..t .... ,., ,. „- . .1.,..- ,„.. , ,., „... ,i.k.- .,f .... ,,,x „:..l are eovred r.v .-l. 
 ,V V"""';."" '"'""" -''■'- f «Hl^».n«Hj ...„ , . ■• «,,). ,iail,Hl to th.. .,!. 
 ■ t-x. 1 l,..y iir,. U-M in ,h.. .ni.Mle to kIw ru,„.i /.„ ,he .mIkc. „f the -i,..^ 
 
 • , ,, " "'" '^ ^*"'i '>i»l tbc ii|)p,.r f.u'vt' of ira-viii 
 
 'i.r,.. l..,„ ,., , ,.,.„ „r ,.|„.^ jj_, ,-^,^, j^^.^ 
 
 ■''■"■ "'^'"'^ "^ "" imrH-m.ni :ir,. oM .,., ,..,.., ,^ ,„^.. j^,,, ,,,^, 
 
 "ill- lliriii^'h ;!,. 1. 
 
 ,!.. !..,- .=,,j ._,. 
 
 rirrrt-:; tJ.- 
 
 ii'fia. .\t ;iu I'll i 
 
 ,ij 
 
m 
 
 
 r/"»/J.- i^ 
 
 
 '^•i 
 
 u 
 
 /»'y/»« .»* 
 
 
 •* -^ aj -«v"? 
 
 Tirt 
 
 
 .^ 
 
 V.I 
 
 '^ 1 Ell 
 
 A 
 
 M 
 
 ^\ 
 
 v/^y'y 
 
 -. . •.',! - 
 
 4 
 
 
 F 
 
 1 
 
 i \ 
 
13S 
 
 I i^ 
 
 Axli 
 
 Vu. i: 
 
 
 m=> 
 
 ^^/f 
 
 I 
 
 ^^•'-^''<^f'Vi:::!zc,^^^^ th. «.u.« ,..) ...»t r..,,. „,... 
 
r;:> 
 
 
 this shaft is cvliiidrical. but on the iiisiile il i- li" -ijikiio. I'he turnihi,- o. this 
 square rod in tho bottom of tlie box coiistaiitly work? tlie I'histi-r . "iv t!.. nigh 
 the ftW hoirs ami i<eeps it from paekiiig in tiie bottom of the box. lu fa t the 
 turning of this siiiiaro shaft in the bottom of tiie box i? ..ne of tlie es-.tutiu! 
 features of the implement. It must lie perfectly s(|uare an.l 1 e so loia'iMi tiiiit 
 the corner-; will just toueh the jfalvani/.ed iron when it turn-. 
 
 'Another point essential to ob?erve in llie i-niisiruct on ot tbi- iinjiIcnKur 
 i% making the hi'les in the tv. o pieres of ual\anizi>-l iron. They niuj! e.\uetly 
 correspond. If they do not, some of the feed boles will be larger t!i;ui otlk:- 
 and the plaster will be d'.,tributeu unevenly. 
 
 ■ After the holes h.tve been eut. the twn pie<'es of BalvHiii/.e.l ii'in are riveteil 
 together, put into a vise, and the margins of the holes are tiled until they exactl.v 
 correspond, after whieh they are taken apart and placed in the feed box, :i- 
 already indicated. 
 
 'In the middle of the box, just over the lame shaft that iwolve-, a bar ,i 
 iron half an inch square passes across the box. The ends of thi< bar aro split, 
 flattened out. ami riveted to the top sheet of galvanized iron just below the eleat* 
 already des<'ribed. The split ends of the bar arc 7" or S ' long, to ^'ive the 
 union strength. .Iii.-t over the ><iuare i" bar of iron a flat bar of iron J" wid,'. 
 with a hole in its centre, i-' bolted across the top of the box. By ruiin ng a lever 
 down through this hole and prying on tlie 1" bar of iron the iipivr -lieet of >ra!- 
 vani/.ed iron may be slid either way, Uius o|K'ning or closing the feci boies!. '1 li>- 
 lever used for this purpose is a Hat i>ie<-e of iron 2 feet long. 3 " thick and 1" wide. 
 In th,:. lower end of the lever is a 1" notch that permits the lover to sli;. over the 
 i" bar of iron. See Fig. 16, detailed figures 4 and 5. 
 
 • As previously state<l, the bottom of the box iirojects be\onil tiie ends I i" u 
 these projections the bearings for the shaft are bolteil. The shaft is roai.d untd 
 it passes through the end of the box, for about i" at the middle point: elsewhere 
 it is 8<iuare and re\ol\es in the bottom of the box. There i-^ a iiariiit; in Me 
 centre of the box where the shaft is made cylindrical, a broad stapk." bein-' driven 
 down over the >hart. This staple passes through the lottoii.. aiai ai. ir-ii plate 
 that is fastened underneath the tongue. It is fast-ii''d below with nuts 'Hiis 
 centre bearing is necessary to take the shake nut of the -bait and iioM it in I'la'-e 
 80 that it will rub the bottom just right. 
 
 'In addition to being Ix.lte.! t.. the bntto,,, rii,- tongue lia- ir ai brae- on 
 either side. To keep the box from spreadiiiL' ibere ire two iron stirrups ma; rtt 
 on the un<ler side of the box. The stirrups and sid. bn.ce- o< ti , tongu,- are 
 bolted to the bottom of the box. See Fig. IT. .letailed ti^'nre 1 
 
 •The wheels of all these implement- that have I f-e-i !e have be.>:i tak a 
 
 from old mowers. The whe.ds best M.ited f.,r 'be purpo-e are Uio>e proviled 
 with ratchet wheels into whieh pawl- nr -atelies .Ir.p and -au-e the shaft im re- 
 volve when the implement is moving forward Ou!y one ratchet wheel is ue.es- 
 sarv if the implement is driven around the Held to be plastered, with the rQt,.be. 
 wheel on the outside. Some means should l« provided for raising the catche- 
 
■ Wi 
 
 140 
 
 .l.«. .Iro, i...o the ratoh,, wh,.! .„ .a«t th. ,ha/t «ill no, rt-volve .1.,, « ;. 
 .; a„.i fron, the fU-U. otl.er«i^. it will be- n.H^..arT to clo^. the fnl t 
 
 i.iul the hub of one of the whe^-b. The shaft will h^ r.. i . . • 
 
 '"7- '""> - ■■™ ;.; .i:::: 1:: ;nr,:„::^;r"',r "t "- 
 
 •' ■' " '"" •' .. :.. ::::.v;,:'.r,;;:,.; : ■ " "- - - -- « 
 
 I'la-ter. The lumps uiv 
 
141 
 
 rirvrTKH ix. 
 
 Manufacturing and Estimates of Costs, with Miscellaneous Notes. 
 
 -Matiufui'liiriiiK u'.vii>iiiu into its various iirwlucts, in Sii\:\ .*scoti 
 Uniiiswitk, is <iirrii-il on ut three ilitferont points. The oldest mill 
 
 the Albert Munul'inti 
 eon'pany sineo l."'.')-!. 
 
 rinjf ('(rnipiiny, which h;i- I ecu operating a- n .liar 
 
 IK 
 
 ere m th»' early lu-lorv o| the Company u pia-ter mill 
 
 very I'avcuraii'e . (iii(iitioi,» fur a pros|Hi 
 
 traili- with the I'Mitcil .'siii 
 
 later the withilravviil ot the reciprocal traiie relations hetween the t 
 seriously interfered with its operationsi. 
 
 W'j count r; 
 
 The Canadian market at tiiis time, 
 
 owing to ilie e.xislii.i; tr;iii-|i..ri..(i.!i 
 
 facilities, was not availahle for llillsboronfih. The Interciilo; riiili ;iv w;!- ; ..t 
 built, and althougli there was considerable demand for th ;.iiinuf..itiiii I pro- 
 duct in the TpiHT Trovinces. it was .supplied either from the crude r.nk Icnu 
 shipittil from eastern Nov.- Scotia and numufaetured in .\ioiitrci 
 Michigan mills, which, owing to the very low rate of duty, could 
 duet to Canada at prices wliicii prevented competition. 
 
 '. Ml- If. n\ th,' 
 hip lii-'ir |i-..- 
 
 However, with an increase in the iluty and the superiority ..f 11 li-l ..r ■ :i;Ii 
 
 rock, UigcUier witli rail eoiinexioii. the prtwpeets looked much hrifihtcr. 
 
 il ihi 
 
 trade gradually increasi'd until 1>!>7. when IIillshorouj;h -upi 
 to tliu (^anadian market. 
 
 hM 
 
 'HMI 1,^ 
 
 At the same time, this Company hud inider the WiUou ir.S.V 
 
 cuieil coiisideralle trade in tiie I'nitcd State^ 
 
 iivcragilifr in the ei:;lit; 
 
 '20,0(M) barrels annually, but under the Dingley hill, l.y wliji-h tlu' f 
 imposed a duty of |2.2r> per ton on th 
 
 e nianulacliirc. 
 
 ton on crude rock, it was with the greatest dilliculty tli:it tl 
 
 III ■ Mcurei 
 
 I'nt- 1" r 
 d.l 
 
 >e maintained, in 
 
 fact 
 
 lid not have l.<.|>n. 
 
 \li, 
 
 \lai 
 
 iiiif Company been able to place a sui>crior arlicl.. ..u tin' niiiil.. 
 
 The AUiert Manufacturing: Cot 
 
 npany s n 
 
 • ill ;it llill-!or..iii;!, 
 
 umliii'tiii- 
 
 tmi kift! 
 
 ill of 
 
 modern typ>-. with I'o.ipcraii. 
 
 stir.u'' t.l.'llcU.' 
 
 -hown in Plate XXXV. A iletaile.! .|c-i riptinn ^ 
 -iinilar mill given in Chapter V. and si.rvc n.. p 
 factiired are hard wall plaster, plaster of I'ari-. ar 
 
 :id .iiK I. 
 .-:• -c. Tl . 
 
 IC| I't'tl..]! .f ;l 
 
 pr. 
 
 At Windsor. Nova Scoliii. ll 
 
 krtth 
 
 ill. 
 
 in w Inch they luaip.i 
 
 fad 
 
 urc a W.I 
 
 ;! p! ,-(.■.• k 
 
 ■ipanv 
 
 '" i! ii- -eleinte ..•c.iic!;!. 
 
 iin.l pliistcr of Paris, for the li.inic market. 
 
 Th, 
 
 latest ms 
 
 tallat 
 
 ion of |Ki-i"r unli- 
 
 ke!: 
 
 ill, of the (Jreat .V.irth. 
 
 Mill 
 
 nir (.'.,ni|..iii> 
 
 .•it I h.ti 
 
 .i,h'-\ 
 
14t 
 
 h<-atu.u of ,he mad.iuery installed:- folJownit: ,, , ,„., 
 
 Or;;;^'''R\r" ^'' '" '°''^"' ^^ hu«e-power each, 
 wne ist Kobb engine, ilu hor««>-i)owor ui»i, i . 
 o.-.te water .,>tem«. non* power. *.U, heater, ^.par.tor. and ,l,„,i. 
 
 One 125 k.w. generator with exciter. 
 
 One 50 hor.,.-power ele<.tric nu.tor for driving rock Lroaker . , 
 olcvator to dryer. dr.rer. an.I .iryer fan. '' '"' ^■'■"■'" ' 
 
 f>ne 40 horse-powfr elocfric motor for driving v . u 
 a.:d efevtor to ground bin,. ^ ^"^ ' *'""• '"'"*• <•"'->-. 
 
 n.ixer. h..r picker. ..r^^^J;:: ^f::^r'' ""'^ ^"''•"'•'' '" ^"'^""^ '- 
 
 One ao hor^e-power electric motor, for driving kettle agitators 
 ^^^^ one o hor.-power eiectrie n.o.or. for .lr.in/e,e ..tit d^ „.„„,„„.. 
 
 crus^'" '"'*""-'^-->- -•' -en or gri„„. o..r w„i.,. ,..., ,.,,,,, ,„ „^ 
 
 One large cru.her or preliminary l.reaker. v Mogul . 
 One pot crusher for Sue crushing 
 
 -- c^.. ...k from cihen:Jtir: :i:::z zt:. ^"'^ 
 
 ^ J>ne No. 1 Tnumph automatic feeder for feeding .took from .tocr.'n .. 
 
 to ZZ:r '"""■"' *" "'^ '♦•^^ ^'- ^" -•^ «^ 'I'^er and deliver ...... 
 
 4." ilTdJ'l. '•"' ""'*"'• '* '* '*""«• ^"« '"••»• of No. 14 steel 1 > . 
 «* "»"»; all jointe joined with 2" x'l-x l".„-to- j • *''"•""«' '- ^ 
 
 elevator i« equipped with all „««! u / • ^ ' *'''* "^*''*^ ''"" »'»''"■ 1'*"^ 
 
 No. 0.« .h.T„. a.?J\^;"j^:";; -'^l''."'- •--• -P-^-K t.keups, ,.,„. 
 
 T» ««« . • '»•"*«''»« "-on buckets. 
 
 ^^^ 86 under runnin. ,.ar driven. French burr n.ilK complete with f-.i 
 
 ^^^ One screw .....e.ver to take .ock from two .W' m.lls and .leliver . 
 
 One 10 ft. X 10 ft k-A»tl= «.*, 1 
 
J-P 142. 
 
k- 
 
J 
 
 . f*l 
 
 ^gB 
 
 *"*^''"—*''^*'*"^'***** 
 
I I 
 
 
^ns^ 
 
 \m\Wr\ ra b, 
 
 vvm^vv*i.^i^)m7^rm 
 
 jt!v.ivw."^'->i -'y . ....* 
 
 ^^m 
 
 D 
 
 k 
 
 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 Offle* 
 
 St-^R» 
 
 GENERAL LAYOUT OF GYPSUM MILL 
 Great Northern Minnq Co. Ltd 
 
 iNVEWNcas Co. NOVA SeoTi*. 
 
K-^ I 
 
 i:.i;lii"^U^l^ y . 
 
 CZZS^ZEIS 
 
 7 
 
 -nsmmsm^i 
 
 Offiet 
 
 £ftPittt AMwt 
 
 A 
 
 Stmn 
 
 GENERAL LAYOUT OF GYPSUM MILL 
 
 Great Northern Mining Co. Ltd 
 
 E«aTEMN Harbor 
 
 INVERNC88 Co NOVA SCOTIA 
 
FIG. 18 
 
 ^tUppiiy Raem 
 
 rmzE^smnm 
 
 % Cultimmd PUalm- 
 
 ^sz^^^iZnmA 
 
 40 HP 
 
 BJ^JJ^.«ja!MPJ.^J^^.-i.'W^^;>g-Jt^.^'ig^^i^ 
 
 flmiakmil Mmtttr Bim 
 
 ■ ^i' ' »;ty^yA>A'!^m?Myyp:! ^^^'. 
 
 Scale of Fomt 
 
 zzmzmzzzznsa 
 
 ^sss^mssnnzni. 
 
 '^Vi'mmkHA-M'tWr^ 
 
 i^^:^^'^ 
 
 *yB,.mi'i:A^.'vv»m;.'M>^i>.a~ 
 
 ■jtiii 
 
J, 
 

rV" 
 
 tj^ 
 
 ELEVATION SHOWING LAYOUT OF PLASTER MILL 
 Great Northern Mining Co. Ltd 
 
 iNvmmM Co. Nov* Scotia 
 
rs^n 
 
 ELEVATION SHOWING LAYOUT OF PLASTER MILL 
 
 Qreat Northern Mining Co. Lto. 
 
 iNviRNCM Co. Nov* Scotia 
 
FIG 19 
 
^"•fit 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 
Oni No. U «t 
 
 It. ■'«'>>i! 
 
 tings a iluplii-att' <if (he 
 
 niiim.'uf. t'lii 
 
 Twil ."Sti" UlllitT 
 
 One MTi'v ci'i/if^ir ti. )ak« -t. . i. 
 
 *-lprsfiir. 
 
 I hii' -iiv] i-ii*. •! t-iiviiti.r. X-. 14. -'r<ej. 
 rh«' -iinii- nttini.'.- n» tin |.ii»' ! .- 
 
 • )ii<- llti>U){lUi 11 i.rxir. 
 
 <>tn' Imir picker. 
 
 Oil,- packi r ti- PH.- lu;ii.riB) ^'r. - 
 
 (*iii- ! arn-l puvia-r. 
 
 riii" < 'onipuny ti.rrii>.inti liw t. iIi>wiiiM 
 ;:>p-uin prmlui't^ iniiiiut.n'tiiriMl I. 'i. i: 
 
 Cur plretriciilh 
 
 ■n- \tcT (lav. 
 
 (■•|ii![I f>l 1' III IV f.i >r I! j^ir.-t. 
 
 IIV -.1 .ii"l 
 
 w. 
 
 >fi> 
 
 «• lIlBtl'llllCMin Wll. 
 
 iri'-nl ami stsluary pliist(>r-. : i , 
 
 • .1//.H <)X. Willi Ol-tlllll', I 
 
 !ail! tiiaiiTiiil- t(i rtliinl tin- -. t 1. i 
 ill huir. 
 
 ■ra..-|..,Ml 
 
 liUi 
 
 ' lAi- !« 11 .'iililen itii 
 ;ir>. luii: ■■•-i,!i.-!ii!is; tiu- vrrii-. t uiii.nii, 
 
 AV'U .\'. wall Cfii 
 ■ Allin .V.\ . wt'.UTo, a ;ila-t.r •: I'.n . i t.-im-wl I. 
 
 liciil. a |>l,-i- -,iii 
 
 B.v|wiini. Ii i« iinl II- ti 
 
 II. MV iln .: Ml 
 
 x.\x. 
 
 liuiiirijr n. liii .-. 
 •'•. « lici'iatioii of piit(< 
 m';ii>!]iT. t.i <.'t ill :'.•! 
 
 minutoK. 
 
 All.a A'.V.V. wl.it.. tiiii,! 
 
 1 if |'l.l-!i 
 
 I*!-, ii »:i(>w-'viiitf pi: 
 
 pla»tpr, ilO por etnr ..i' v.lii.li »il| 
 frnni ,') to 10 minutes. 
 
 pii-- thr'.'iti ii I >" 11 
 
 li-:| -iTCih 
 
 ' Alha A'A'A'.V. surifipa! an. I •^t.iniurr ; ia>i<r'*. -iminr to v\X l::t tinrr 
 protiiiil. Tlu'itc phiAtrrs f.<-t in ai .iit .". snitiii'i.. 
 
 ' AHia A' A'A'A'.V. ilmta! phi-tcr- -ik.'i .ii. pr. .ir.-.. i.r ilic .Jei ti.: (.r.if. s-i. u. 
 A very pure .^noxi-wliito pla-^ttr. sottiiu' within .". iiniiir. -. 
 
 •Alha, land pin>'t*r. tlii- i- n v|»-(: ,l!^ t rcpiircl (rr.>iiii.l UT.cai.Mti.^i piaster. 
 V'aliioMc annind hduw:^ ai.il »falli-. It »(.-<. rr.- th.. aiti!. i;!ii in -ic i |.la.v< 
 i'liil tixr.* it, makiiiif it a very valiiaMc f. •■ti.l/.•>• 
 ' '/Vrra AUia. n vpry finely (rronii.l -nil Hiirr rii.'a!"-irirj p!nst<^r. -f^-i] as a 
 ■liliipnt for modica) preiiarati-nf < |.- <»X nui X in' pement plastcn. :.r..l .■ i- 
 tain siifficifnt retardpr tn hil.i tH.-k i!;.- -i' iir fwi hours, in ortle'- that tar 'Aork- 
 ini'ii may have fitnr to «pr«'ail tlic |i!ii-.t.- ...i tin wall an. I prnpofy trou.-l it 
 ■ lown. Friim U to y psrt.s ..f k""*! -riMtc: mt, ' nin.- I <■ 'iw: to .itu par' •■ 
 '•X fir X. F'or fhf oiiivenieni f ..i thi- 'ri'li> tht- pr"T.»'r ainriiii; ' hair is miv..i 
 ill OX. If d<-^irfl Hc r-nii aiijii-! tli« M-ttriK linii- it OX .\ m.i XX from m.'- 
 to twpnty-fnur h<iiir». 
 
 ■ .Ml the iilmvp liraii'U are p>.t in jutv *ack» h.'i.liinr Utt* p.ini it-. \r rX'r.i 
 ■luirjTP if t't cent." l- nui.ie '<"■ ■ "h -"■ - ■>> .' ■■ 'el ati-.! .•!. retiirr. ..f <ar1c ' 
 
144 
 
 Th.. f„llo*i„„ .r. th. r«.„lu of .„.!,.«, ^^ Hy Milton Her-, Compar 
 fr..,„ .„.„,.|^ ,f „.e n.«.„.f,.,„re,| ,.r..l„.., of .1^, ,Jr... Xorthrrn Mi„i,.„ , 
 pany : — 
 
 Macr>>n«ia 
 
 Kj-fnc ihhIh ami aiiimida. 
 HuIl'Siurn' iuiliy.,'rti|(. 
 C«ri«mic ttiitiytlriilr 
 Wttirr, louiHi iirnitii«i ... 
 IiMoitthJr niiiifrKl iiiailrr 
 
 l»X 
 
 XX 
 
 XXX xxxx x\> 
 
 » 10 i 
 
 »■»: 
 
 1 »45 
 
 «M 
 
 004 
 
 (r 
 Ir 
 
 in 
 
 tr 
 OS 
 
 64 M 
 
 M 1<.I 
 
 :<a iw 
 
 54 S6 
 
 ;« 
 
 II »l 
 
 1 »7 
 
 •! 
 
 4*i , 
 
 4 4U 
 
 4 Ml 
 
 4 « 
 
 •">• i 
 
 • M 
 
 U 16 , 
 
 0|« 
 
 "••» j 
 
 wn 
 
 WTO 
 
 tDTS 
 
 »> .1. 
 
 II IX 
 
 .%4 .-(,: 
 
 9H 
 
 Coth. 
 
 TlH. .•.., ,., .ru.l. r.,.,c vari,.. wry .u,.,l. «i,|. ,1.,. ,^,ai,i„„ „f j^, .,., 
 reniv m iJiffirent quarritM. 
 
 If a quaro- i- fr«. fr.m. .„ overlmnlen of cl.y an.1 auhy.lrito. .„.l l.us - 
 
 be very low. when .Ik- opp.«i,. con.l.tio,.. ..,.k.. ..,„H«ive c-osu. By the u,„ 
 tor. u .. oonM.l..r...| unproHt.l.le tu o,..r.te w1k.„ the cliyr ovrl.urden in h. 
 exc^. the l...,ht of r..k f..; ov... wlu-re ..„,• a«, equ.l. it i, .u.,v..l 
 have H quarry of M.,«rior r.-k. and fr«. fr.nn .u.hy.lrit.. to work with auv ,,■ 
 wh..n the pruv ,. le.s thu„ «1 „er t-.n. f.o.b. waRo... ' 
 
 ''»d*' f.^ourahU. oo.:ditio«, ,he riK-k ..«„ |,e prepared for -hiomem a- 
 roilnH'ifiK pric««*; 
 
 lilMting 
 
 Br-.kiiit •ml l.««liiuf w»NM o ill '"""■ '•^' M"a«rfit 
 
 R«ni'nm •••tr from sn»rry. ."..,..■..■..■....;. oM ','. 
 
 MM 
 
 i" a <.- o. ,1k. .,u«ni f Nova S.-otia th.s pri.x- i- .«.,.„,.. „|..i. 
 
 many othi-r. it i. u.ud. ,oo low. Wh-ro the l.u«im., of ,h.ppu>« thr .', 
 .-k. an. „,a.„.fu..t„ri,.^,. is ..ar.i..J on at the ,ame pUce. ,he r«*. u„.i^ f». 
 
 '■" '■ ''";"'^- ''"'"'•' ■"■• '"'^ "=' "■'"•'■ "^ «l.«-"- the two opr^ti^.. ar. ran 
 
 I'll separately. 
 
 Th.. r..a.on is thi,. wl.er.. ,hipf,iu^ the .rmie rodt i. ,h« o,.h op^.-.tio. 
 -i^u. ,- „n,.... ,,p..„,..,. n,,. .,.„„^ ,„^.,^. .,_ ^,^^^.^^ ^^^^ .^^ ^^^^^.^^^ ^^ ^^^ 
 
 M.lf..H.u,I.v .,„„,, „. ,.„„„.. .„„^ ,„,„ ^j^^, ^^,. ^.^^^ c„r..,.l..,.l,l,. «.,. i 
 
 suarr... ^o to .1.. „„.u. ih.m,.. If ,n«„ufa.„,ri..,c w.r. -arried o„. thiH* m- 
 ».... . lo a ..!e.r ^a>n .u„l «..rth more lo ,}„. „„|| .,.„„ ,k,. ,„,,^r r-K-k 
 
 U..U1I r..,:..r,. I..,, eru.hi...^ I, i,. ,her..fo,» ,„f.. , ..„i„,«,e ,hut ^h 
 
 ii "•"♦•••^ •;' •■'■ •;•" 'I- MUi-rry ,1. , „r ,..k „ii, „,„ .,„,...,, ,i ,, 
 
 toil of 2.2-in potmils. 
 
If. 
 
 The lm>, of w,.ight n, r„^a td..,ni,^' ,- .„•. ..rt,.r .1 . ■ 1 
 
 Where th«h,»r„«.op,.. w.u-r lo.. „.t ha.v t„ „ „„.,.l,...., ,,, „,,^,, _^u„^^^^ 
 
 raatenal, nrhii-h ix olteu iii.i>r»xiiil,l.. VV. n. ^ .1 
 
 ..Il'rp<ii'.i' v\, ri.;.> nwTeuttv. .--timat. ihot '.. pre 
 «lii<>e one ton (2.fiO<» t'-'iind-ti ,f .-l.- i.»i ,\^.-„, 
 
 -.*.».. ,K.un.l* of cru.l.. r,H.k ..h-h w,!| ,.,.,,. „. ..,„,,,. ..,,,„,,,, ,,,..„, ,. ,^^^,^ 
 
 A«um.ng o.«I to l,e ..«.l ... „..,. i ,. ...., „ ,, ^^ , „, .^ ,.,,;,.,.^„,^; 
 
 the followinir rali'iiliitKin lan l» mul. 
 
 3,a» iiiHinta cruHr nick in iinii 
 LaUiur »t aiill . 
 
 [lai'Kaj 
 
 OlSt par too of 2,UU (aiuivta 
 
 To thia inuat lie Mi]<le«l the r.. 
 will le:— 
 
 SO bac* at fu. meh 
 
 Ti)Ul ouat of anilO iKHiiiiln c»lriii...l |4««tft 
 
 nhi.'), 
 
 It put u 
 
 8 I) -r 
 
 " ;<» 
 
 !* " 'Jti 
 
 111 jiit» biitc-s— 
 
 t ' Ml 
 
 ii l^n- iiiii'i!,. jiiii ,iit.?ro-t 
 
 Thia coat ia excluaive uf nil lix.-d .liartf.i. a- .tii, 
 cbargea. 
 
 If 8 cooperage i.- ..|H'rrttr-.l in .oi.n.-xi,,.. with i.„. pla--,.. ,„ili, ...J,,,. iuv.-.n- 
 •ble conditiona pUater barrels can U; innj.. hr innn z:. tu I'T a-iit- a.:!!, uul al- 
 thou«h it ia somewhut more fJt|...ii>iM. t., u^- uirrci.. » Uu. r ^ ...r.'.nt,^ ..t' 
 quality can le aasureil. e*jJ.'«iail< .<l,...i th. „. ,. 1,«- ,„ ,. «anl„.,.-, „ t,>r ai,v 
 kiiflth of tine. 
 
 RpferrioK to (>al.-iiiiitii>ii (,\ tii,. r..t,.rv pn^v-. K. :„■: -ivt-s tli.' f. il.,wiii>.' : 
 •The rotary pro«.»-* ,.f ,,|„,.,.r .•(.{.•niati-m hu- !„.t \^u n-.-.l .,1 -ii. ii^'l, 
 
 plants to KJv,. «p.Mirotf Imtitins tiirur.-* of .-ont,!. l.ti; th.> .,!!„«;„;; .-unan- nr.> 
 
 btii«..'«d to lie fairly cl.we':— 
 
 MiBiuif <r iMiarrTina tW* \ha. .?v(«iii 
 t'.)»-.T (iirl al t.ull, 50 ti. Hi H» ,:,»', 
 iviln furl ai .ml!, I.V) to 'JiiO li«. c^wl 
 lAhinir st mill 
 
 Masm.i.ii: 
 
 I 4; 
 
 Mmi.iiuui 
 
 4 cl« 
 
 1> . _ 
 
 II I-i 
 
 1. 1 ■ 
 
 • nn 
 
 •1 .!( 
 
 II 111 
 
 1) :ai 
 
 It m 
 
 A» hax iiieii nofeii in » prew .,:,« .Imptcr. tlie murKci n U. pu^t lur Nov,. 
 ik-otio 1*11(1 N-w Bruii»«i:-k gryp^um l.u:. i.-..! ii, tlk- ' i,,j.-.| siMt,^. Tiie roe-k 
 
 ' Ccnienla. I.im««. aad Plaetpr^ 
 2«»— 10 
 
tu 
 
 aurinir t.te yw,. h.» l^ ,o»d fcL. .hi,. ., port of .hipmm.. Th* ,,r,. 
 r.ru. . .'f,.„.)iy .crordi,,^ ,o ..u.lit.v of the rook. fron. :.•; -rnU to »■' <■ . 
 ton. th^ ..verag, pH.^ b*in« about 11.23 i»r ton of 2.i40 pound.. 
 
 The f«..,ht rate Iron. Mina* Basin port, to .New York and port, -ou-, 
 K^hooner. i. .U-ut $^.m per ton. whil.. ..arer port. ar. proper,. on.telv . 
 Cnadiau ve«..l.. arc not allowe.1 to do eoartwi^ freighting on th* l-nit^i- 
 CO.... and ,hercfo«. cannot oompet* with American <.«.!. in thi* .ou-h.n, 
 trade, a. they often get • return freJBht to northern |«jri». Verv littl,. . • 
 trade however, in done with ..il ve*«.|». The greater par, .,f .»«•' gvp.,,,.. 
 the M.na. Baain port, i* taken by Me«.rv J. R. Ki«g and Tompanv. In tl». r 
 
 Harg.«. about .me-half of which aro An^-ruan bo.u.m. a. an U- ut.lize,. 
 
 ■ng the wmter .ea.on. «h^„ ,h,. Tin- of Kund^ i. clo«.i ,o navigation i, •; 
 -outhem (T.^.A.) trade: while th.- ( an^dian bwton,. are hauled up ., ■ 
 only a. Morchounes. 
 
 In thi, tra,lc. exdu*i.e of M.«,r». .1. H. King ..n.| Compinv. tb . 
 -Nova bootia and X,* Brnn^w,. k. thf t:n.e -ha.tered >t*.amer .* f*M , 
 the ..ailmg ve*M,i. and «bere quok denpateh ran Ih: ^.ven the freight v.: . 
 vir.v much reduced. 
 
 The following data i, p.,e» «. a reliable ba.i^ for .calculation on :,,,. 
 i^'liartertu xteamero: — 
 
 Taking New York a.- the ,«,rt of destination, and a steamer of 2 5t.-. « 
 oapacty. M.eh a .toamer would .-Hrrj-. if bunkered in New York for the ror.l 
 trip, from 2.350 to -JMH) torn: if bunkered at loading port about KIO or l.V. ;..., 
 «». If built on trnxlern line, it ^lu aid ...,i draw over 17 feet of water «'... 
 Iomie.1. and nhould havo an avoraire sj^l of 20(. nautical mile, and burn . 
 !.. tons of .-oal per .lay. The o.^t of «uch a .tean.er (rat«s quoKnl for V.>h 
 would 1* from £*.> ,o £530 per calendar month Cing a HO da,v mont! 
 t.a*.H of caloulation. tbo co*t wouM l« from m.W to l«!».22 per day 
 
 The port charges in .\e« Y-rk would be in the vi.-inity of $.T(.0 ,«.r tr ; 
 exclusive of -i,^,harging roets. and at port of loading fhoul.l not ex-eed *:,-. ■ - 
 trip. 
 
 The tir.t three trip. th.-M- ,■harge^ will 1h> *ome«l,af incroai^d on ac.-, • 
 of havng to pay ,he ■ .iok mariner'. • f„„d (Uo. per net re.r-ter ton) an 1 : 
 tl«- hr.t two ,n,m a fee ..f If, oach trip i, chargeable for h.riH=urm.,ter. .1,.. 
 
 As an .•xampl... take a Aiina- Ra.in ,,..rt for receiving cargo and the ,.or' 
 -New lorl: a* .i, -charging, approxiniatc di^taIlc•, . rm n.ile- ,.r for round • 
 l.l^!* miles : — 
 
 Tim.- allowt-l f,,r l.iadinir 
 
 tltachuririna 
 "■iliiitf 
 
 ? <Uv> 
 a '. 
 « 
 
 Ildav.. 
 
 r..t«I iMii. r«niirtHl >.,r .. nmni) »ri|i. . . 
 
 Allowing the con.umptio., of nunkcr .-..ai t., \^ t^iuivalent t„ eight .. 
 .t«un«g. and that the «teamer hunker, in Vew York for the round trip 
 
u: 
 
 l*t tutM nail ■( ta Au ti.-! L.xi 
 Vnrt dwrgM m Nn» \ ork 
 .N..V, Si„ii, 
 
 C<»t frf rtVMlH-r, 1 1 ,l»v. »[ »« Hi ,-rt .!i.v 
 
 * ."^iHT'i"' """"I *"''■ "'■'""'* '■'> "-rin.». <«-. .„ 
 
 luwim' iiH.., .11.) |«i,,i f,,.. whic, ,»,j ,n ,),p„, . . , . 
 
 Ibii is e«jMiv«ln:f tf n tt,f.- ..\,.r Ti ,,,ii> |,; 
 J.;.;i, ton,, a inalfriiil rinii;. inn ui ^aWiufi Vfrwi ohi.f({.v 
 •houid U. if th*- husiiH** ha.l Mirt.n.-,.! !iiu..'iiuiiik' l.. «Hrr. > 
 mntlern lomliiig ti|>|iliHU«.-e. 
 
 For souiu years t(,iu> hii- I.,-, i, a .mail tarift «ar rarr*l u 
 Slate* U-t«-.*n tlu- (.r.^diuvt, . i ih.. mi.MI,' «,..- .....i lii,- i„«i, ,i„..ti,r 
 mm uii thr Atku-ic ma I ..ar.|. wlu. „., lmi.,..to.i r,. ». li 
 
 .%*> .Ill 
 T'. »■ 
 
 ■ I r.i:..- -argo of 
 
 ' ^31 ■ 
 
 n fvidt'IlCi- 11 1 III JON i 
 
 ...i this Ma.jt-et \vUvv the »on,Hu!!i. ... W,,.- an.| Mt^n,. ji Wttsbn.rfT,,,:. D.i'.. 
 
 "•• '•■'■> ■">• I--, i.m Uicli th 
 
 in Novemlicr. l$tf>^, bn iglit ..it 
 tolluwing arc Kipuiiiti, 
 
 The maii»f«oturoni usiiig vv'iu-.v.-.v lUii. ■■ . ,■ „, X,,vu .-i./.tu ai.it 
 
 \e* Hri.UMMok arc iiii..- ui >. uj.i.ir Mir u. .\.w \,.rk. ■ ue ir .N.-w .It-rse.v. 
 'Bc 1.1 MBiiif, one in r.nii xUaiiia, i i..- ii. i ..nnfrt . .', m.,! ,.t;,. n U.„toii 
 l\mv nmiiufscliirrr- «.t. -KMrmi* ..f rclmii.B ih. .In' i.j .'^i ,-hi»- ;.,... i.„. ,,ri 
 ormk; rwk. inii o-c<l l.\ ll.i u-.n: «.( h- iv.;. IhiWi-un jif. .i;.(,- . ■ „ |,ii,i. 
 cipal being !»w Inited Mhh>k (iyiiMsii, < it,i.:itn, I i',.mp.,i|. ..w.nj/.-.l , tuler 
 tlie ia«8 of Nuw Jers..>. l:-.!, I.r ii„. |.„ri...M. • . ,i,-,li.ifltiui; •!» prinoiiml jiru- 
 iliin«r» of g.^IiBUlI), mil »hiili l.ii!- vii.it a *,iiirrtl Uh\„.,i .■;o ai.d t' .lit!pr.'iit 
 ;>l«nU thr.iiKhi.ul liie nii-l.ll.- wi»-it, «.t< iitixnm, to itur.a- uu: iut> i,: 1»9T 
 
 in loth the eriulc rock ami \» iiiaiiiil'a.-turcil |.r.-.)\i '. 1- mc cliui; ,■■' liv- 
 
 iheiti thi't iimfer ('Xi.>lin( ..iiiIiUdu- th«it jh.hui.i, ,-.ai!.! nut ri'M.-li wit!. ,i)i> 
 milea of th-^ AlUiitio seaboard, whil.' at tlu^ .ame tmiu the oii'^t^-n iir.Hluet was 
 invading tluir uiarktt. It «». iiU. -lii.ia I > tlif oi-im..;!, -idf t'i.it ir .lan tin- 
 filler (frade-. that i-ould ouIn 1* miinilm tared fi, m Nnwi .S.-'iiii^ ami Vi-w 
 Brunswick ic,v|wuin. and »»ul.l n.»t U- «iin|>!i.>tl fr. :ii tin wt-t ihat wen in active 
 >'<irap«tition. 
 
 The niBimfai Hirer of dilni.-lii- gv^.-.n! . ni; al'i r.i : -<.■". hi- ;>!.'i\i.M f-on» 
 12.50 to $4 |ier ton ut tb- mill, while ilie niii^iit.uturet- ii it't|M.r(cd .ryi>8uni 
 
 • laini ti'L'.v eai.n./t affonl to ?ell at U»* than |t;..Vi cir fm n: lli- ruill. 
 
 It WB-' al»o liroiight tint befon- thi., i ••[nruiKd^ thii: tin- ..bjfct •.; tin' I'liiitx) 
 Xafes <i<)\iriiiiitn' was not t<» |>ri hil it tht .iiiiii.ri;iii(i!i ..f K-VI'^^hh '• il tiier 
 h. eiii-ourape it for revciiiir purpoi-ef 
 
 It wu.-i al*<< sihmvii (i.it. althi 'Hfh •ti.' inii'i rt.iliiii . ' ir ^■■•' iiK^k liad in- 
 
 re«*«l iiiider tb«- ilni.v oi \f\-' , It v !,> not ii> imhii a- ii ' onlii lia.c i»*n had 
 
 fi.e duty Imjh lea*, and tlnit ilif ,trin.>ttiifion > • liii mm 'jl*ii'tiiriM! ar'iWc tied 
 
 fallen ofT ;iia!eria!!y. The ik- i "Btiietj ii> th? .■onimittee w:i<. that it wa.* 
 
 • dvidalile til re<luiv thi .(iity i. '.■ tyji-iini friini -Wi lents '• 'Ifi iieiita iier 
 'iin, and on the iiii'iiiifat'.irj .i iirmii:. '"n ni ♦.".I'fi •■•■ $'. 7.'' \»- ton 
 
 289— lOJ 
 
1« 
 
 y. B. V«nd««raft'ii «r>HHiul« of Init^d Smtw dutic* ( mm irivcH tbe f..l! . w 
 ing 'toma ivferriim to griMuiii iropurution :— 
 
 Pwacim|4t. 
 
 w ,. or«PT.i..iiifti3i..;.: .■■:;.. ■■.....::.■.:.•:::;:. iSifir'"- 
 
 95 
 M 
 
 fn»»i .if <id<s<iiMi (abl. MB. TbrflBMaair).".. .. ."'!!'''»I.75'tU''tnn 
 mMuf^^rMl, ....p.f J6|irr«ii. 
 
 . . 'aft |wr v»-nt 
 
 Canadian Tariff »n Ugpt»m. 
 
 The dut.v relating to the importation of gypaum into Canada i, giv,,, „, 
 Schedule A. I anada Customa Tariff of 1007, a* follow* :— 
 
 J 
 I 
 
 2B3 rUatcr <l Farii, or (y|i*um, cal 
 
 tiiU 
 Tariff, i 
 
 IntM-- 
 
 BwxJuitli 
 
 Tariff. 
 
 . Frtw 
 
 """ " ,»'»™.. <w iy|»um. c»Jci»«l awl nrMMwi wall 
 iilMter, thr »ei(ht u( pwluip. u, Iw included in wrifhtfur 
 
 duty 
 »4 llMter vi Pari* ur «rt«UBii Bmuad, m>t oal 
 
 CtlMU 
 
 per lOOpuaoda' He. 
 .per lOOpoumbi 10 p. e. 
 
 lie. 
 
 Tar.!? 
 
 I'-'J. 
 
 l>|pc. 1S|. 
 
 In IWW the Hoard of Curtoma rendwed the following deciaion: •O.V|wum 
 .ruahed. whether larger than wil! pass through a i" acreen or not. will . ,,„ 
 undtr item 2M.' 
 
 8t. Peter Canal. 
 
 This canal, connecting the aouthern part of Braa d'Or lakee with the Atlu 
 iieeaii. ia au important point for conaideration to those intereated in th«- l-v; 
 Mum depoaita bordering on theae lakes. 
 
 lu total length is half u mile, its width 48 feet, depth of water 1-^ le. t 
 « ith one lock 200 feet long. It will be noticed that it haa not sufficient cai-a. . 
 for anything but small shipping. This ia to he regretted, aa it is the nainr; 
 vutl.t for a number of excellent gjpaum deposits on theae lukea, aa th-. ,,! 
 Ilivcr Tom, Black river. East ha.v. MeKinnon harbour, all south of the Crni 
 -Varrow* bridge, while there are many other depoaita north of that bri.igf : ■ 
 would u«e the St. Peter Canal route to advantage. 
 
 Gyptum Mining in (he United States. 
 
 To give an idea of how well some of the American gypsum pr.>rH«rti.- • 
 wiuipiied. the following description, by permission of the author, Mr. W ' 
 Jones, is given of a (jyi>sum mine near Akron. N'.Y. 
 
U;( 
 
 'The gypMini toimd in tlw a. igtil.i.nrJK.m of .\kr- b. N.V. rr, i.r- in »ei.o- 
 rtl« bMioi, ill tlH! f..nu <f reiii» »i„. I, v«r> i. ih,.kt..-»s from ;! f,..t t, 4J (i.,t. 
 mxi which an- idumi at ci.-inl.^ Jr«m ttw. -un,,,-,. var.vii.^. ir ,in ,v, t., To fwt. 
 
 •The OakffeUI di-po-it. or basin »» ii - ! ..•aih ..ii,,!. ,., ,„imt.vi 12 tii.lm 
 e*.t of tl>« Akron fivUl. an.l in il.at rrgion thf g.M«i,m litt.- Un>, „,,,„.,l lur th.i 
 I.«.t la or 15 .vpar.. Kormery. th.- nietho.! ,« ».,rking w.., -,, ,i„k u =ihaft a.i.l 
 then U) gopher out around it for a .li.UM.e of 4.10 »,, -,„) f,,,, .>,„„ ^^ ,,,^,, 
 takiuc out aa much an |..m-ii.Ir. of the (tv|«.uni .l,-(...,it r, KarJless oi mllurs. nr 
 the life of t»ie pr..iN,.rty. All carP won- punhi-.l l.y haul !. the foct (jf i' . ,.a«ft. 
 and when the diftatu- fr.m Hie l...tt. m i.f thf shaft i.e.-Mm»- t.o Rreat f..r di.- 
 .•ar« to be puahe.1 eauly, «ud u»».«ii tl»e livM of tho ni. n w.re iti datiK«r tlir iiiih 
 lack of suitable pillara. tin- iMitu- «-..iit,| |<. i,i,j,iid.,i,.,i. bimI another oliafi M,iik in 
 a nearby Io<-ation. ntid similarly w.irkcd. 
 
 ' Tlie room and jjiJlar i-ynn-m 0/ workiiig »u, iiitr.M|iicc<| into tl:i> OukticM 
 region by Mr. Georg." Hand. n( \Vilki>i.arrc, atil Mr. Kithard lUrru.., of West 
 Pittaton, Pa., both of wh««n hud had <x|>.rniice in tlw a;ilhraoit<; <;oa! tiBld. Thi* 
 Kyatem ia now very iucouiwifully carrit^l ,11. At Uus niint< no .oal a used to 
 generate »te«in for power puri)o«<!i. u-" all thr ina<liiiur> io ujieraied by electric 
 power brouglit from Niagara Falli ..v»r u thrw- phai*. :;.'i cycle. tran-tTii^»ir,n 
 line, which c< UTeyi the current iit ll,(«)»t volts to a cimcr,.t.. transioniu r luild- 
 inc< where it i» reduced to 44l» \(.lt.s for u-c in cniiiipxi.n witl. the htfureiit 
 
 motor* about the plant. An K1 horM-powcr tor 'Irivog, by ineaoti of a i*it. an 
 
 InferaoU-Rand No. 10 Imperial com|ireij«or. which turni«hes jMjwer for the pump 
 at the foot of the abaft, and for ID Jlowelfs No. J. uir drilling maebinw. Kach 
 of theae drilla cuta from 20 tc tU> holes (i feet de«p per day. 
 
 ' Since the introduction of the newer ayittem of working, tiiere hai« bt>en a 
 great increaiie in production, and while juat one year ago tlic output of tlio 
 mine waa from 86 to 60 tons per day, it now amouiiUi t<> lifio to 3ut> toiiii, and 
 with the addition of two or three additional drilling niauhinea, an output of 4ix> 
 ton* will be reached. The gangwaya in the mine am driv)>n 6 feet, and H tWt 
 wide, that iH, wide enough to ladii the bottom rock Uiat muat be taken np in or<i<'r 
 to get aufficient height fur electric haidage. aa no mulea will be U!>«d in tiio 
 mine. The laboutera will puah the cars from the face to the mouth if the chain- 
 hvrt, or to tide traeka which will be located every 3<X) feet ahmg ttie gangway. 
 and from these aide track* electric locomotivea will take the cars to the bottom 
 of the shaft. The room* are driven H tWt wide. :)00 feet long, and 4 foet high 
 or to the thicknefs of the vein. The pillars an- 24 feet wide, and croKc-cuts iO 
 feet wide are driven 40 an<l «0 feet apart, alternately, giving twt lengths of 
 pillan. 
 
 ' Tlic gypatmt ia loa<ied by tlw lalniurcr into a »teel car. holding al>out 2,2»*) 
 pounds, and at the foot of the shaft tho«' oar» arc aide dumped into a steel hop- 
 per, from which the gypsum paiifieii int<' a verticMl JefTrey burket eUvator 110 
 feet long, containing 175 buckelK, and travelling at the raip i^^f >^ feet per min- 
 ute, which runs in one compartment of tlie shaft, and delivers it to a Jeffrey 
 
MICROCOfY HSOIUTION TEST CHART 
 
 lANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2) 
 
 1^ 
 
 12.5 
 
 
 H^ 
 
 ■ 4.0 
 
 ■ 2.0 
 
 1.6 
 
 ^ ^IPPLIED IM/)GE 
 
 '653 EasI Moin Slreet 
 
 RochMler. M.. ro,k ,4509 yy 
 
 ("6) 482 - 0300 - Pho™ 
 
 ('16) 286- 5989 - Fo< 
 
ISO 
 
 crusher, wh'6h crushes the material so that tlie largest size coming from it i- 
 about the eize of ordinary pea coal. From the crusher, the product falls into 
 400 ton bin, from which it ia loaded into box cara for shipment to the ccniei 
 mills of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The crusher and conveyer are dri\.i, 
 by a 100 horse-power General Electric motor, and they have a c*pacitj- for hai.i 
 ling all the output that can possibly be produced by the mine. 
 
 ' The mine is thoroughly ventilated by a 9 ft. exhaust fan, made by m, 
 Buffalo Forge Co., driven by a 9i horso-power motor. The shaft has three n,,,,: 
 partments, the eastern compartment being used by the bucket elevator, as alrca 1 
 noted. In the middle compartment there is an Otis automatic elevator, used f n 
 hoisting men, materials, etc., which can be operated by any one by simply pul 
 ing the operating cable about 6", as is done at ta ordinary elevator i:- . 
 building. When the cage reaches the top or bottom landing it stops automat i, 
 ally. The west shaft compartment is used for the return air-way leading t 
 the fan, and in this 3 feet have been partitioned off at one end by matcl,..! 
 boards, and in this section a very convenient stairway has been placed for the 
 convenience of the men when the elevator is not in use. The foot of the shaft 
 is well lighted by 22 electric lights.' 
 
 Minerals Aisociated with Gypsum. 
 
 In the territory under consideration, small quantities of accessory minoml 
 of various kinds are often found, as coal in small veins, but of no commerruil 
 value, in the Hillsborough gypsum deposits. Some very fine crystals of pyrolusit. 
 have been found at Etang du Xord and Demoiselle hill, in the Magdalen Islands 
 deposits, attached to the gypsum in situ. Crystals of native sulphur are occa- 
 sionally found in the Wentworth quarries. In the old McDonald and Allisi.u 
 quarries, at Avondale, lumps of rock salt weighing from one to two pounds have 
 been found; also glauber salt, calcspar, arragonite, carbonate and oxide of iron. 
 
 The late Dr. How made a careful study of the minerals associated with the 
 gypsum deposits of Hants county, and made some very interesting discoveries. 
 In 1867 he first discovered a mineral previously known only in Peru, and called 
 it natroborocalcite, now known as ulexite, or tita. He also discovered two other 
 somewhat similar minerals, and designated them cryptomorphite and silicolom- 
 calcite. This last mentioned mineral was afterwards named by Dana, howlite, in 
 honour of the discoverer. 
 
 The composition of these minerals i^ shown in the following analyses niadi" 
 by Dr. How: — 
 
 
 UUait* 
 iTi»»ofPe.u) 
 
 Natroboro- 
 calctta. 
 
 • 
 
 Crj-pto- 
 morphite. 
 
 Hcwlite 
 (Dana) 
 
 Sili«.l«)m 
 calrit«\ 
 
 l<iin« 
 
 14 20 
 
 721 
 
 34 49 
 
 noD*. 
 
 44 10 
 
 1S'S6 
 
 5 61 
 
 19 72 
 
 non*. 
 
 6B 12 
 
 28 fi!l 
 none 
 11 Ht 
 l.')-2."i 
 
 «od» 
 
 Water ;. .'...'.'.'.'.'."..'.'.. 
 
 Silica 
 
 Boracicacicl 
 
 
 100 00 
 
 inooo 
 
 
X 
 
 aw- p. lao 
 
15'. 
 
 These compound- ut bo-; 
 
 I'a'iua i-iy l.ir. F.ow in t.ije :fypsiuu ilepoaita 
 
 at Wentworth, Windsor. N ..vpurt Mation, i.'he/erif , Waltoi:, and N'rjt! , anJ the 
 writer found ulexitc in the 'it'iiu-it- iit Br'iijkrit-iil. ' oji.lv.-tor •oani;.. ami a good 
 specimen of howlite at Windsor. 
 
 These minerals occur in cr>-stal,-i auj aorir.!":;. ir-ui -n. <il uTiiius up to 2" 
 in diameter, and seem to be irregularly di>tr.biited tlir .Jtrhout liio deiiosits. 
 The ulexite is generally found in small sott v.iiiu- nilky iiodui-.;.- he rojk, 
 and alao on the surface, anionj; the crystals of seleniti', T';it> ; .iwiite .'.uduics 
 or tufta is pearly white and crystailino. 
 
 These minerals are largely used for the mamuaclure ■; borax. i;ii < lor glaz- 
 ing purposes. Samples for the latter purpose.^, froia Windior, have Utim 'ested 
 in Nova Scotia, and England, with excellent re*iits. 
 
 With these important minerals occurring ui su maay oi the yroniiiiem ijyp- 
 sum deposits of Nova Scotia, it would st-em probable -.hat it systematic and 
 intelligent prospecting was earried on, some ol these uistrio'ti would develop 
 deposits of borates of commercial value. 
 
 Plaster Seitiinj. 
 
 As has previously been noted, different gyps na products eau be prepared so 
 that the time required for them to set niay be a !jw min.ues or it may be hour^. 
 This time of setting in plasters is divided into two ijerio.s, the initial .-et, and 
 the final set, which may be determined in the same manner as in Portland 
 cements, by the Vicat needle, which carries a gi\eu cou.-iaat weight again.-st s. 
 small pat of standard size of properly mixed plastet. When this needle, under 
 a load of 50 grammes, fails to pierce half way througu tiie pat, it i.s said to he the 
 beginning of this initial set. When the weight is iucreas.>.l to ;J0<) grammes and 
 the needle fails to sink into the ma.s3, the fin/il set is paid to take place. This is 
 the usual method of making the determiLations in cement laboratories, and the 
 instrument is perfectly adapted for the work, but perhaps more exjieu-ive than 
 the ordinary mill operator requires for gent.ul practice. A more simple appa- 
 ratus is easily made by placing two wires perpendicularly in a \.ooien frame, aud 
 arranged separately so that each can hold a weight on its top end and move 
 freely in a vertical position, giving a direct pressure on a plaster i)at placea 
 beneath. The first wire has a flat area of A" and is loaded with a quarter pound 
 weight to determine the initial set; when it fails to make an impression on the 
 plaster pat the set is said to have commenced. 
 
 Te determine the final set a wire =4" in area is used, and loaded 
 with a weight of one pound. When the wire makes no impression on 
 the pat the final set ha.s taken place. This apparatus should be kept 
 .:leau, and used frequently, so that the mill operator can closely watch any un- 
 evenness in hie, product and guard against any such irregularities. Many wall 
 plasters have leen condemned by workmen on account of their unevcnness in 
 getting; one or more batches may te slow in setting, while l-ossibly the next ^ 
 quick netting and has reached its final set before the first is floated. In mo-t 
 
fy^suiu quarries tho ruck is iiiirly uniform and the trouble referred to is easily 
 guanlcJ iigoiiist, l>'.it v\here it,vi)»iim earth, or jrypsite is used for plai-ter cement, 
 there is more irregularity, and it requires much more careful watching on tin- 
 I.urt of the mill manager to get an even product. 
 
 The Uiili, however, should not ahvay- Ix; blamcii in ca«es of irregulari'y, n^ 
 much dejH'nds on those mixing ai»d using the material; dirty mixing niortur 
 boxes, with partly set material around the corners, and unclean tools, or sand, ^r 
 water are often the cause of mucii trouble. Again, the dry lath will cause nun-U 
 trouble by absorbing the water from the plasters. Seasoned laths should aKvuy- 
 be well wet before applying plaster mortar, ilortar boxes should be well scrapcl 
 out, and the scrapings thrown away after each batch is taken out and before 
 starting to mix another. The old mortar starts the crystallization, and acts as 
 an accelerator, caufcing the mortar to set too quickly. Dirt in the sand or water 
 may act directly as a retarder and cause uneven gettinfr. 
 
 Thermometers. 
 
 In the previous pages, both Centigrade and Fahrenheit thermometers have 
 been used, and for the convenience of reducing them to one standard, the follow- 
 ing lules are given: — 
 
 Rule 1. To reduce degrees Centigrade to Fahrenheit, multiply by 9, divide 
 by .■>, and add 32. 
 
 FormuU C x 9 
 
 + 32 = F. 
 
 Bx»inple:40Cx9 = 360 *» „ „ , ^ ,„, „ . . . 
 o 
 
 Rule 2. To reduce degrees Fahrenheit to Centigrade, subtract 32, multiply 
 by 5, and divide by 9. 
 
 Forma'a F— 32 x 5 « 
 
 Kx«mi>'e : 10* F-32 = 72 72 ^ 5 = M9 360 
 
 = 40 Centigrade. 
 
CHVi'Tl.l X 
 
 Gypsun S:a''iit.c&. 
 
 It will Le noticeJ l-v tlif taim- rin'iwii}.' tlit worlii - li-cduetU"!, luai the 
 riiited Slates now leads in the proilu.'tifii oi ^'yp-am. Previous to liKKi. i'lunoo 
 was the largest producer; but, whili in tlia; cmntrv since 1901. the timual pi^O" 
 duetiou has been decreasing, in th. I'n'iti'i S;ate* 'viti, I'lc ixcepuon of the 
 year 1904, the annual production has Iffii gradiially imna^ing intil it now 
 leads the world. 
 
 In Canada during the past decade tiiere has been riu^jderiaile improvement 
 in production, but this improvement, in the liasteru Pr'jvin''e.s. hui practi<'ally 
 all been in the production of crude rocli fcr export purposes-. Exclusive of Hills- 
 borough, N.B., which is the largest producer ..f the m.-mufactured article, and has 
 increased its mill product within the past in year? over 05 per .-ent, very little 
 has been done. The Great Northern MininiT Company, of C'hetiouniD. ( .B., has 
 only recently started manufacturing, and cannot yet be oonsiiiered as a large 
 producer, although its prospects for the future are bright. 
 
 The import trade has increased mucii more rapidly hi prop.inion than that 
 of the export business. 
 
 In 190<) the total value of imports wa- $:.5t0. «-1.ile that of 11H)9 was 
 $105,882. By referring to Table No. 11 it will be seen that in 1909 the greatest 
 value ($64,849) is in the importation of plaster of Paris, although crude gypsum 
 forms an important item, being for the same y. ar valued .nt «.^5.20.8. 
 
 In the following tables, from 1 to 4 inclusive are taken from ' Mineral Re- 
 .ources of the United States.' Tables from 5 to 11 inclusive were furnished by 
 Mr. John McLeish, statistician of the Division of Mineral Resources and Statis- 
 tics, Mines Branch, Department of Mines, Ottawa:— 
 
Vfvk. 
 
 154 
 TABLE \o. 1 
 
 World's Production. 
 
 FB4KC«. 1'mt<U STATBt. 
 
 Can A I A 
 
 yu»ntity \nhi^. (/uantity. ! Vnhm. Quantity. Vu!u, 
 
 190'>. . . . 
 1901. , . . 
 1902. . . . 
 1903. . . . 
 1904. . . . 
 190S. . . . 
 190ft... 
 1907. . . 
 
 l,7«l, 
 2.1S2, 
 1,97.5, 
 l.TiW, 
 1,749, 
 1,414, 
 1.517, 
 1,547 
 
 229 
 .513 
 
 :*« 
 
 875 
 5!)») 
 U03 
 5tiO 
 
 2,722,221 
 3,449.747 
 3,318,117" 
 3,134,*1 
 2,!tHi,4.")3 
 
 2,34:i.y4:t 
 2,42:<,«ir, 
 
 2,.">44,SI!1 
 
 594, \iV> 
 li:«.7»l 
 81«,478 
 
 I,IM1.7(« 
 y40,!»17 
 
 1.043,2U2 
 
 1.540,.W,-. 
 
 1,7:.1,71» 
 
 l,«27, 
 
 2,ftS!i, 
 3,792, 
 2,784, 
 3,0211, 
 3,837, 
 4.!M2, 
 
 2<« 
 •ill 
 
 ;m 
 
 94t 
 
 325 
 227 
 !I75 
 204 
 
 252,(101 
 293.879 
 3:!2.045 
 :*)7,4H9 
 340,7H1 
 1.35,789 
 485,921 
 340, %4 
 
 .4 
 
 25:>.iiii'.> 
 
 ,■^'^l4^ 
 ,vnj,:ti: 
 
 384,2. ■■ I 
 372.!tJi 
 ."1.81.51:: 
 6ii;.!ii I 
 
 5r.-,,7.ii 
 
 IfOO- 233,002] 348.210 39,103: 17,19:) i 41,44ti 
 
 l»Ol 224,!U9 1 344.ti.V) 6 35,013 23,1.39 ;18,955 
 
 J9^. 251,029 384,203 34,944 12,732 1 r e.88!l 
 
 1908.. ...: 246,282 I 3.37,391 34.054 19,14.5 31,967 
 
 19W.. .. 202,086 ,V.4.1.38 2.5,Olt.5 : 17,307! 3.3,951 
 
 1908, 28«i,lC9 400,717 ! . I 38 'h»7 
 
 1906..... 1 252.030, 362,761 ' ' .. '.".'.'J SoIhOS 
 
 *"''• , I ' I 29,101 
 
 1,39,1110 
 132. 28« 
 62,2\3 
 105,040 
 93,287 
 98,420 
 8,),44« 
 75,907 
 
 7,784 
 7,874 
 11,.591 
 12,419 
 17,8W) 
 23,069 
 
 17,041 
 17,4 i:i 
 28,7!m; 
 31,7-.'l 
 42,4!i^ 
 
 6 Includes Baden. ' • In J*. Tunis. 
 
 The following 
 
 TABLE No. 2. 
 
 *n the quantity of Crude Gyptum mined in the 
 United States. 
 
 Short 
 
 t011:i. 
 
 Short 
 tona. 
 
 JI2? "♦'.'*"" i l**9o. . . . 
 
 J»i 85.'X» 1896 
 
 J«« 100,000 1897 
 
 J2» 90,000 X89X 
 
 JS; **•"•"' i«9y 
 
 \°^ 90,405 i 1«»» 
 
 }*g a5,260 I 1901 
 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 1891 
 
 95,000 I 1903 
 
 110,000 ' 1903 1 
 
 2b7,769 i 19IM.. 
 
 182,996 i 19115 i 
 
 .^, 208,125 1 i9o<i ;:..::..:::::::: i: 
 
 J^ 256,289 1907 i 
 
 ISS 253,615 1908 v 
 
 l**i-^ 839.812 ■ ^ 
 
 2*j5.riJt;> 
 
 224,251 
 288,982 
 291,638 
 486,235 
 59-1.4(!L' 
 633,791 
 81(i,47^ 
 041,704 
 940,917 
 043,2<e 
 
 751,74H 
 721,829 
 
TV(!I.! \.: .! 
 
 Production of Oypium in 'he United States, 19(W 1908, , la-^sititd hs ;o ujes. 
 
 Y«r. 
 
 ■*"1.1' f'lii ■•>;, 
 
 I-i..-..'Ti„;. 
 
 
 i 
 
 ,4 
 
 I. 
 
 laiititv 
 III 
 
 ut ti.lia. 
 
 V,,i„- 
 
 -.1 
 
 I.il,. 
 
 1 ii.u "Iv 
 
 ■i ■IT t..l..-. 
 
 v.. u' , 
 
 ,■1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 > 
 
 Ctf. 
 
 
 ,< 
 
 * 
 
 -.^ 
 
 IWM 
 
 
 
 M.v.^: 
 
 1.1.2:41 
 
 
 1 .n 
 
 : .I'u 
 
 i4-J.i!"i 
 
 
 '2 ";; 
 
 lots 
 
 1 
 
 
 «T.i'i-'> 
 
 i'»;."n 
 
 
 1 ■- 
 
 •ii',1 V, 
 
 Ti :;-i' 
 
 
 I - 
 
 li«« 
 
 
 
 !(<(>,<•'.•!' 
 
 41 '.ii,.'!." 
 
 
 2 K. 
 
 '••- .;:i 
 
 l.">7.2!i"J 
 
 
 ■_' ■"'■' 
 
 1907 
 
 1 
 
 
 •j;t2,."ii'i 
 
 4-.'4,-.': 
 
 
 I .-V 
 
 )'i -:,\ 
 
 n.'.sji 
 
 
 .: 17 
 
 1908 
 
 1 
 
 
 2-.>ti.2til 
 
 ;»'h;.7i,-. 
 
 
 : -■ 
 
 :>- .,-" 
 
 M,ii"'l 
 
 
 ■J 4;i 
 
 R<lL|i .\> l'.-.l,i INKh t'l,.\~TI.I;, 
 
 Year. 
 
 '[' 'I :n \:i.t'..". 
 
 
 (Quantity iit 
 shor'. tons. 
 
 V.M,. -• 
 
 ■a'_'- 1 !!;■■ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 « 
 
 •^ i-lf. 
 
 8 
 
 1904 
 
 lifM.tilll 
 
 'J,-V',iiiil 
 
 3 s> 
 
 2.74'.. .21 
 
 190£ 
 
 1 r»),?»M 
 
 L',S4,-;,!«it; 
 
 :i ,'•7 
 
 .(.ML"'.227 
 
 1906 
 
 j 899,-,-] 
 
 :!.220,i:t- 
 
 " r„s 
 
 ;i.K!7,'..7.-. 
 
 1907 
 
 ! l,l-r>,;*oi 
 
 4,40?,lti4; 
 
 :■• !'l 
 
 I,'.n2,2.;i 
 
 1908 
 
 i I,125,(il7 
 
 ;(,i;riii,i'i2 
 
 ;^ 21 
 
 4,l-!.'< ''■■'• 
 
156 
 TABLE Xo. 4. 
 
 Disposition of Oypsnm in the United States, 1907-8, by nses, in short tons. 
 
 1907. 
 
 inns. 
 
 •Sold crnd*" : — 
 Kor Portland Cftiient . 
 For paint Miatprial .. . . 
 For pla9t«T material . , 
 
 Ai land planter 
 
 For other purpotiea . . . . 
 
 Sold calcined : — 
 
 For dental plaater 
 
 As plaater of Paria, wall plaater, etc. 
 
 To (?'»•" Jactorie^ ... 
 
 For Portland orinent and other 
 purpoaea 
 
 •Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 (Quantity. 
 
 Valii,. 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 9 
 
 1H^» 
 
 («) 
 
 ((,) 3«,061 
 
 48, ha: 
 La*)*) 
 
 *»6,7?0 
 
 («) 
 
 66,«l7 
 
 ll.\841 
 
 1,880 
 
 1,281 ' 
 29,518 
 37,972 , 
 
 7,484 1 
 
 l,:biii 
 77,i«;ij 
 
 91,K>:! 
 11,03<( 
 
 11,848 
 
 l,fl»iO,l(J7 
 
 .'.,785 
 
 24,394 
 
 4,211,821 
 
 17.184 
 
 174 
 
 1, "74,22s 
 
 14,412 
 
 3,S<I8,52«I 
 41.10-.' 
 
 47,761 
 
 148,817 
 
 36,S02 
 
 99,934 
 
 1,404,8W 
 
 4,942,384 
 
 1,389,550 1 
 
 4.138,SAU 
 
 (>i) Ineloded in ' For plaster material.' ((.) Including paint material. 
 
 United Stales I m ports 
 
 The gypsum which is imported into the United States comes — except a few 
 hundred tons annually from France and Great Britain— almost wholly froir 
 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and enters the ports of the New England and 
 North Atlantic states, over one-half of it entering the port of New York. Thi-^ 
 imported gypsum is nearly all ualciued, and converted into wall planters by 
 plants along the sea-board as far east as Red Beach, Maine. A small (/uantity 
 ' the .naterial is used crude as land plaster, and some is mixed in pa,ent fer- 
 tiit. ert. 
 
 The following table shows the ir- ->rts for consumption into the United 
 States from 1904-1908, inclusive, in sh .:ons: — 
 
 TABLE No. 5. 
 
 YCAR. 
 
 I 
 
 GBOCNDOarAIXIlKBn. 
 
 UnuHOI'NI). 
 
 (^lantity. I Valoe. | Ijuautity. Value. 
 
 19M 
 1906 
 19M 
 1M)7 
 1906 
 
 3,278 
 3,88» 
 3,687 
 1,979 
 1,889 
 
 $ 
 
 ii,2r« 
 ao,8» I 
 
 22,821 I 
 12,825 i 
 12,825 : 
 
 399,2% 
 4!I6,999 
 453.911 
 300,168 
 
 • 
 331,306 
 
 484,725 
 486,205 
 314,845 
 
 of ! 
 
 Mannfac- 
 
 factar»j ' 
 
 Plaater of 1 
 
 Pari*. 
 
 23,819 
 22;948 
 91,183 
 36,«38 
 26.733 
 
 Toul 
 Value. 
 
 t 
 36>i,401 
 448,152 
 608,72!t 
 6B^6^8 
 354,403 
 
157 
 
 There was a iiotatile fullit.ii ..rt .;i the .luaatny t ^ryfiouni piu-iutv . in laii- 
 ada in 1908, due no il'jul.' t'> tin- ^eiuTal leprPi^iiiim m t.uiiiueR* i>yr 'nat v-»ai, Sut 
 19*»y showed considerablo inipr^vi'mt'iit, f n^lij.iiii: ,\ tote! uf 4»'.(l,4;i: r. >, .. lin- 
 ing a value of $Tl»'*,t>t-, whi.'li [~ tli'.' iiiiri.o-'t i r.j-in rtii n .liiio !>• , i- roa'-iiiM; 
 
 The following tabli' j-hows i'.\c ,iiiii,.a: i'r'r.i...ti. n trmi 1»»il to I9(t!» isi- 
 flusive: — 
 
 tabm; n,). . 
 
 Calendar Year. 
 
 T..T,., 
 
 V .111... 
 
 .' .erii^T 
 
 T'rR't' 
 Ft T Ton. 
 
 1886.. 
 1H8T.. 
 1888 . 
 180H.. 
 18W . 
 1801.. 
 
 i8ra.. 
 
 1810.. 
 1894.. 
 
 lae.. 
 
 1806.. 
 1887.. 
 1898.. 
 1899.. 
 1900.. 
 1901.. 
 1902.. 
 1903.. 
 1904.. 
 1906.. 
 1906.. 
 1907.. 
 190H.. 
 1909.. 
 
 h,> IKKI 
 
 17'*.-i-' 
 
 1.'.4.1X1H 
 
 :.'.7,:;77 
 
 I:.^,^K7 
 
 17!».;«':t 
 
 ::i",:;;;i 
 
 I'd:..!!'-* 
 
 •.".'li..'H)'.) 
 
 1:M.ii3:i 
 
 •.ix'i.t;))-. 
 
 aiO.i"!! 
 
 2ll,ll|M 
 
 .'11,127 
 
 1 !••.',.">< ;i» 
 
 l:if.,l:Vl 
 
 ■."-■;!, iwi 
 
 •.'ii-j..i;<i 
 
 '."•-'li.rK 
 
 •jM^»,r^t» 
 
 •.'i",03l' 
 
 l7fi.iH;i 
 
 •Jit'.i.O'.ll 
 
 J44..i:U 
 
 ■2v>a:>n 
 
 •J3l',.M5 
 
 •J4l,5««i 
 
 •.'5r..(-".i 
 
 2r.2.iiii 
 
 •iV.I,!*!!' 
 
 SUS.T'.HI 
 
 341 '.14h 
 
 ,m..M»'.t 
 
 :i7tl.47!i 
 
 :!14,4KI 
 
 38H.4.-1!) 
 
 34.5.1I6I 
 
 :r3,47) 
 
 4ILM.> 
 
 .■.>«;.i.> 
 
 4ii!i »±> 
 
 IHXtH 
 
 4s.",'.t21 
 
 (;4ii,'H t 
 
 ;t4'»,iHi4 
 
 .".7.".riii 
 
 4tUi.4!>1 
 
 79x,U4S 
 
 1 1" 
 
 t IC 
 
 1 111 
 
 1. 1« 
 ti ..»(: 
 
 ' ji 
 
 IN' 
 
 I "J 
 l,> '.»> 
 
 II K« 
 
 ; >a 
 
 1 OH 
 
 1 or. 
 
 1 It 
 
 1 !i; 
 
 ; u 
 
 1 21 
 
 1 IW 
 
 1 :t' 
 
 1 .■J7 
 
 1 x< 
 
 1 (ill 
 
IM 
 
 Salei and Shipmenti of Crude, Orovnd, and Calcined Oypeunj, 1906-1B09 
 
 TABLE No. 7. 
 
 rhiim iXini'l. 
 
 CRi'iiit i;Riii-.\rii. 
 
 TimM 
 
 1 
 
 1*» I 412.155 
 
 ISOS 442.132 
 
 IW 4.%4,«<i« 
 
 IW" 2!IN.1«H 
 
 I*® ! 41«H3«i 
 
 Vain.- 
 
 «I9,14H 
 4T3,9«'HI 
 47.%»31 
 
 445,451 
 
 PtirTun. Toitt. Valiin. Per Ton. 
 
 t cu.' 
 
 I 
 !« I 
 I 11* I 
 1 <>4 i 
 1 03 
 I 07 i 
 
 .S.2&A I 
 
 .%l»5 
 
 fi,73J 
 
 '.•,ri04 
 
 t<,814 
 
 9,xa 
 
 i«,a« 
 ri.4(!M 
 
 »), l.Mi 
 
 • CI.. 
 
 - "*' 
 :i 07 
 2 4J 
 
 •-• >>■ 
 
 ■2 ■<! 
 
 Yw. 
 
 Ton.. 
 
 CaLi'INKU. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Total .Sal**. 
 
 ■ t Ton. • Torn) 
 
 Valw. 
 
 190" i 28,74« 
 
 IMS ' 23,«35 
 
 WW 24,521 
 
 IWf 33;27J 
 
 ifl« ♦),fm 
 
 168,243 
 169,611 
 I-'ASIS 
 242,701 
 336,436 
 
 Average 
 l^r ton. 
 
 I 
 6 29 
 ••> 73 
 
 6 40 
 
 7 29 
 7 W 
 
 442,158 
 4»{i,d22 
 486,S21 
 340,!MU 
 466,4!)! 
 
 1 
 
 1 • 
 
 1 tt«. 
 
 r>H6,J68 
 
 1 :« 
 
 613.294 
 
 1 ;c 
 
 r>4«l,914 
 
 1 ;);; 
 
 .575,701 
 
 1 H'l 
 
 ; 798,048 
 
 1 71 
 
i;.!' 
 
 TAJil.l s, - 
 
 Annual P.odiiction -v Provir.et* 
 
 
 NiuA -■ 
 
 ■ ■!!.<. 
 
 •>,A r.i,- 
 
 V- ■■!■>. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ckh'ndar 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V«r. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T.*.. 
 
 V«l.i.-. 
 
 ( r - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $ 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 18B7 
 
 irr,,:m 
 
 ui;,.fKi 
 
 -■■'.I'l: 
 
 "'.':i* 
 
 ',.',»,• t 1 
 
 ; ] 7 . . . 
 
 
 
 MM 
 
 I24,H1N 
 
 i-.ii,»j" 
 
 u.:.'. 1 
 
 i^.'i.; 
 
 '•.7«i*» 
 
 I ' * *.^ "^ ) 
 
 
 
 \mt 
 
 lin,(Rf. 
 
 n-.'.ir-i 
 
 4(i.N,i; 
 
 r.i, 1 .11 ■ 
 
 * . i '^'J 
 
 l..!I^> 
 
 
 
 IMO 
 
 iHt.aii-. 
 
 I.-^1.!i7l' 
 
 .«icrj( 
 
 .K'.'iv, 
 
 • . Ji»> 
 
 ^. »''.'■ 
 
 
 
 1801... 
 
 '>i,:«M 
 
 i.vt.'r..') 
 
 :!',iill 
 
 :,.\ '.i:ii; 
 
 .'>.t;t4» 
 
 tM, .INI 
 
 
 
 ini.. 
 
 .•;,01!» 
 
 17ii,<>-.'! 
 
 :t'.i.7iili 
 
 •''.'. 7<»r 
 
 l.:i2ii 
 
 ''..■■:'.r' 
 
 
 
 lass. 
 
 I7rn 
 
 144.111 
 
 :tr>,'.iiii 
 
 41 -f. 
 
 *-'.'<■.*'• 
 
 p.,l'':i 
 
 
 
 U»i.. 
 
 •M.SOO 
 
 147.«»« 
 
 ."■-.'"ij 
 
 i->.:.'in 
 
 •J .!"i'.i 
 
 '1.1 ■•'7 
 
 
 
 MtS. 
 
 .AHOil 
 
 I3;<,!IJM 
 
 rH;.:n'i 
 
 i',:i>:i:i 
 
 2. f.Hi 
 
 >,- to 
 
 
 
 UM 
 
 t3>\Mm 
 
 111. •-'.■. 1 
 
 •ir.i:c 
 
 ■'.I'-Jl 
 
 :l.:«'; 
 
 7.7,^; 
 
 
 
 Mr 
 
 I5.-j,.-.72 
 
 lL>I,7.-i4 
 
 ^*:M^.s 
 
 r-.iii; 
 
 I. I'll 
 
 i.i;i;i 
 
 
 
 i«n. . 
 
 i:K,(w<i 
 
 lOfi.f.lK 
 
 WuflH 1 
 
 l.''.7"l 
 
 l."»7 
 
 •.■.■"I 
 
 
 
 urn 
 
 12«,:R4 
 
 U'2.H.Vi 
 
 ll«.7!l-' 
 
 r.i •.".»; 
 
 :..ij() 
 
 i I*"* 
 
 
 
 MOO 
 
 i.-w.ri2 
 
 lllH^iS 
 
 112.-.MU 
 
 I i.'i.^o 
 
 1 .ll".!". 
 
 I'.im 
 
 
 
 wn. ... 
 
 17i>.10i( 
 
 i:i(;.!t47 
 
 1-J1,-.MJ 
 
 1WI.7IKI 
 
 l...iit 
 
 'i.i.;f.' 
 
 i;iH. 
 
 ' .*< '1 1 
 
 1M> 
 
 3l)«i,IIH7 
 
 1N|,4-.'.-. 
 
 I'.'l.lMl 
 
 I7".i.";! 
 
 !.!'17 
 
 ".'•■•'.♦ 
 
 1 ".M 
 
 ._,., .!,,._. 
 
 M08 
 
 l«t,427 
 
 Kt.sM 
 
 U!I,I,-<1' 
 
 17'.'.(i^ii 
 
 -.7J'i 
 
 •J1,W^ 
 
 il.llH 
 
 ^'11. -.In 
 
 1»M 
 
 21'*,580 
 
 l.\'l.i>ii) 
 
 lt»l.!fll 
 
 1-T..VJI 
 
 u'.:t'Mi 
 
 ls.:riii 
 
 4,i»»i 
 
 U.tKllI 
 
 1«» 
 
 27'' 2'>2 
 
 2!»H,L'4H 
 
 Iifc>,."..",:( 
 
 S.'J. t'*'' 
 
 ;,.«".;i 
 
 ■S-i.^.-A 
 
 i.riii" 
 
 :l.ri(»i 
 
 1«06 
 
 333..112 
 
 :m:..4I4 
 
 KM.L'ltl 
 
 ■-'■ill,'.!' " 
 
 2.'.'^'-'i 
 
 ■Jt.rji 
 
 ■:..'ii" 
 
 
 190T 
 
 367,411 
 
 ;mi,'<,mi 
 
 Hs.im; 
 
 L'1;(.r,..> 
 
 11'. +"14 
 
 .•..Mi: 
 
 
 
 I'm 
 
 234,455 
 
 230, «:« 
 
 -1.IV.«I( 
 
 l!tl.:tir 
 
 lii.:(-!i 
 
 ij.i."ii; 
 
 1 t,,V«' 
 
 ;i;.'-i»' 
 
 woo. ... 
 
 345,882 
 
 3t;4,:!7'.i 
 
 :iL'.cc> 
 
 21 •..«'! 
 
 11.7:n 
 
 4«.-i7-< 
 
 17, inn. 
 
 l"ll,lH<*! 
 
160 
 
 TABLE No. 9. 
 Exports of Grade Oypsiim. 
 
 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 : Nnw Brunswick. 
 
 1 
 
 j Ontario. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Calendar 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Year. 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tom.. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1 Tons. 
 
 i 
 
 Value. 
 
 i Tuns. 
 
 I 
 
 Value. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 '■■ Vu'u... 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 8 
 
 1874 
 
 07.830 
 96,06,-. 
 87,720 
 
 68,164 
 86,193 
 87,590 
 
 '"5,126 ' 
 4,926 
 
 
 
 
 67,830 
 91.4*-. 
 92,7H3 
 
 68 161 
 
 1875 
 
 5,420 
 6,616 
 
 
 
 
 i 9l.tii:! 
 
 94,386 
 
 1876 
 
 120 
 
 180 
 
 1877 
 
 10(i,9S0 
 88,631 
 
 03,867 
 76,695 
 
 .5,030 
 16,335 
 
 5,030 
 16,435 
 
 
 
 111.980 
 106,455 
 
 I 98,h97 
 
 ft'J,84)r> 
 
 1878 
 
 489 
 
 678 
 
 1879 
 
 !t5,623 
 
 71,363 
 
 8,791 
 
 8,791 
 
 679 
 
 720 
 
 104,993 
 
 ! 80,8i;( 
 
 1880 
 
 }xi'^ 
 
 111,833 
 
 10,375 ' 
 
 10,987 
 
 876 
 
 1,240 
 
 136.935 
 
 124.(iC,n 
 
 1881 
 
 110,303 
 
 100,284 
 
 10,310 
 
 15,026 
 
 667 
 
 1,040 
 
 121,370 
 
 116,34'.! 
 
 1882 
 
 133,426 
 
 121,070 
 
 16,597 
 
 24,581 
 
 1,349 
 
 1.946 
 
 150,272 
 
 147,V.I7 
 
 188S 
 
 148,448 
 
 132,834 
 
 20,242 1 
 
 36,867 
 
 463 
 
 837 
 
 166,152 
 
 ]B<»,2-J8 
 
 1884 
 
 107,663 
 
 100,446 
 
 21,800 
 
 32,751 
 
 688 
 
 1.254 
 
 130,141 
 
 134.4.-.1 
 
 1885 
 
 81,887 
 
 n,898 
 
 15,140 
 
 27,730 
 
 625 
 
 787 
 
 97,5.'i2 
 
 I0f..4i:i 
 
 188B. ... 
 
 118,985 , 
 
 114,116 
 
 28,498 
 
 40,559 
 
 3B0 
 
 5S» 
 
 142,H.'« 
 
 166,2l:i 
 
 1«87. .. 1 
 
 112,N»7 
 
 106,910 
 
 i 19,942 
 
 39,296 
 
 228 
 
 337 
 
 132,724 
 
 146,542 
 
 1888.. . 
 
 124,818 
 
 130.42a 
 
 20 
 
 60 
 
 670 
 
 910 
 
 125,508 
 
 121,:i8'.» 
 
 1888 ' 
 
 146,304 
 
 142,860 
 
 31,495 
 
 50,862 
 
 483 
 
 692 
 
 178,182 
 
 lm,404 
 
 1890 
 
 145,452 
 
 139,707 
 
 30,im 
 
 52,291 
 
 305 
 
 266 
 
 175,691 
 
 192,254 
 
 1891. ••• 
 
 143,770 
 
 140,438 
 
 27,536 , 
 
 41,360 
 
 6 
 
 
 171,311 
 
 181,7!!.^ 
 
 1892 
 
 162,372 
 132,131 i 
 
 157,463 
 122.56<i 
 
 27,488 
 30,061 i 
 
 43,623 
 36,70<; 
 
 
 
 189,860 
 163,193 
 
 20i,ow; 
 
 159,262 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 119,569 : 
 133,369 
 
 111,586 
 126.t»l 
 
 40,84.-i ! 
 66,117 
 
 46,638 
 67,693 
 
 
 
 160,413 
 188,486 
 
 1.58,124 
 193,244 
 
 1886 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 116,3.<ll 
 
 109,054 
 
 64,946 
 
 77,635 
 
 
 
 181,277 
 
 186,.'>8:t 
 
 1897 
 
 122,»84 
 
 116,li66 
 
 66,222 
 
 80,485 
 
 
 
 189,206 
 
 197, irm 
 
 1898.... 
 
 99,215 ' 
 
 9.3,474 
 
 70,399 
 
 81,433 
 
 
 
 169,614 
 
 174.!»tp: 
 
 1M9 
 
 ll>4,7!»5 
 
 '.»9,984 
 
 96.831 
 
 lOw,*^! 
 
 ('') J 
 
 12 
 
 201,626 
 
 2«i8,Oi»i> 
 
 1900 
 
 11, ^ 678 
 
 1 
 
 87,729 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 188,262 
 
 2oi,;n-j 
 
 1901 
 
 122,281 
 l.V.,6.f7 
 
 
 95,840 
 98,760 
 
 
 
 
 23ti,247 
 
 289,600 
 
 231 5't4 
 
 1902 
 
 
 ::::::■:::,;:;::::::■ 
 
 295,21.1 
 
 19m 
 
 175,850 
 
 
 !6,!«7 
 
 
 
 
 287,496 
 
 311,.-.Ky 
 
 1904 
 
 181,166 
 197.292 
 247,840 
 332,345 
 
 .(") 
 
 94,648 
 127,754 
 102,676 
 
 86,760 
 
 1 (.1) 
 
 .. 
 
 
 298,211 
 .159.240 
 404,464 
 375,026 
 
 310 43ti 
 
 1906 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 388,474 
 462,81 4 
 424,794 
 
 1906 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1907 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1908 i 
 
 242,.'«i 
 
 
 65,126 
 
 
 
 
 280,091 
 
 .'«4.57l 
 
 1909 ! 
 
 299 m5 
 
 ) 
 
 71,086 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 316,201 
 
 372,28.; 
 
 («) Not available. (4) Kx|iurted from BritiKh Columbia. 
 
161 
 
 TA3LE No. 10. 
 Exports of Oroond Gypium 
 
 Calendar Tear. 
 
 Noia Scotia. New Bninm ;. k. ( )ntari. 
 
 1890.. 
 1801.. 
 1892.. 
 
 isas.. 
 
 ISM.. 
 1806.. 
 1896w. 
 1897.. 
 1896.. 
 1899.. 
 1900.. 
 1901.. 
 1909.. 
 190S.. 
 1904.. 
 190S.. 
 1908.. 
 1907.. 
 1908.. 
 1909.. 
 
 FucftlYeu'. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 1883. 
 
 1884 
 
 1886 
 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 
 1888. 
 
 1889 
 
 1890. 
 
 18»L , 
 
 1892 
 
 1893. 
 
 1894 
 
 1896 
 
 1806. 
 
 1897 
 
 1898. 
 
 1899 
 
 1900. 
 
 1901 
 
 1902. 
 
 1908. 
 
 1904. 
 
 19M 
 
 190a 
 
 1907 (9 moa.). 
 
 1908. 
 
 1900 
 
 2,124 
 3,364 
 1,270 
 1,669 
 1,648 
 206 
 
 17,i»30 
 
 iN.Kar 
 
 l».24li 
 
 r.,02t 
 
 4.!X»t 
 
 42 
 
 T.-.1 
 •*4 
 
 I.Ul. 
 
 lu.". 
 
 JO.iV) 
 
 2:;.i:i:! 
 
 •J1,L'«" 
 'U'i.l 
 <•., Uh 
 8. I2:i 
 l'J,H34 
 !5,:«7 
 
 r>,iai 
 
 12.457 
 
 2,:«a 
 
 2.!i34 
 
 .')57 
 9,7(1.") 
 2,787 
 
 TABLE No. 11. 
 Imports. 
 
 Chnni Gypsum. 
 Value. 
 
 Gbounh GVP^IIM. 
 
 Pl,.l.sTKB OK P.iKi. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 PiiuikIs. Value. 
 
 1,854 
 1,731 
 2,132 
 1,381 
 
 1,363 
 
 1,870 
 
 1,567 
 
 1,236 
 
 1,360 
 
 1,060 
 
 376 
 
 626 
 
 496 
 
 603 
 1,045 
 
 1,147 
 
 326 
 
 77 
 
 286 
 
 641 
 
 1,076 
 
 249 
 
 2,344 
 
 6,332 
 
 9,189 
 
 9,393 
 
 10.317 
 
 3,203 
 
 3,442 
 
 3,761 
 
 .3,001 
 
 3,416 
 
 2,364 
 
 2,429 
 
 2,492 
 
 2,193 
 
 2,472 
 
 1,928 
 
 640 
 
 1,182 
 
 1,014 
 
 l,6ti0 
 
 Ui'iO 
 
 848 
 
 772 
 
 1,742 
 
 6St2 
 
 058 
 
 1,125 
 
 1,697 
 
 2,187 
 
 663 
 
 7,.386 
 
 22,008 
 
 23,410 
 
 36,510 
 
 35.268 
 
 1,606,678 
 1,544,714 
 
 7.59,460 ! 
 1,017,905 i 
 
 ti87,432 ! 
 
 461,400 
 
 224.119 
 
 13,2a; 
 
 106,0<W 
 74,390 i 
 
 434,400 ! 
 .S6,500 i 
 
 310,2;V) 
 
 140,8:«) 
 23,270 
 20,700 
 04.500 
 45,000 
 35,700 
 33.900 
 6,300 
 66.400 
 66,700 
 68,700 
 
 106,800 
 2,256,700 
 1,968,600 
 
 609,600 
 
 ,'»2,500 
 6,286,200 
 
 5,948 
 
 4,1176 
 
 2,.'>7fi 
 
 2,."):9 
 
 1,931! 
 
 1,177 
 
 675 
 
 73 
 
 558 
 
 372 
 
 2,i:«i 
 
 216 
 
 2,149 
 
 442 
 
 198 
 
 88 
 
 198 
 
 123 
 
 293 
 
 ;«K 
 
 li!) 
 
 1,097 
 
 249 
 
 22S 
 
 559 
 
 2,681 
 
 1,79'.» 
 
 l,-il» 
 
 1,781 
 
 5,765 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 667,670 
 .')74,II06 
 751,147 
 
 l,448,t»i • 
 782,9211 ; 
 689„5L'l 
 820,27:< 
 594.146 
 912,:f38 
 
 l,17.'i,'.»96 
 69;i,435 
 
 l,03").li05 
 
 l,l6ti,»«» 
 
 y>2.i;«i 
 
 422.7<fi 
 
 S9.a«i 
 
 297,il<K» 
 »69,9tNI 
 ;{29.60ii 
 
 849.11111 
 5< "2,1110 
 
 47r'.;«io 
 
 630,8(10 
 625.100 
 7,924.100 
 12. 866,500 
 19.X49,4IK) 
 15,0211,900 
 17.009,000 
 
 Value. 
 
 2.'!7(; 
 
 j,st;4 
 
 4,1S4 
 7,St!7 
 .">,226 
 4,8(19 
 5,46;! 
 4.34'_' 
 
 «,iu;2 
 
 S,.-,13 
 6,0(14 
 8,412 
 .'i.,")9r> 
 
 :i,u:i 
 
 •.'.;i8(; 
 
 1,IU9 
 
 2,0(10 
 
 4,48il 
 
 2,02ri 
 
 3,120 
 
 6.492 
 
 ,1,!/78 
 
 2,641 
 
 3,599 
 
 2,88,'-> 
 
 .37,643 
 
 43.742 
 
 58,364 
 
 51,328 
 
 64,849 
 
 28»— 11 
 
162 
 
 APPEiroiZI. 
 
 List of maps and drawings relating to this report which are on file at the 
 office of the Mines Branch of the Department of Mines. 
 
 MAPS. 
 
 '■ Nova Scotia. 
 
 1. Pleasant Bar Sheet, Inverneos County. 
 
 2. A8py Bay S&eet. Victoria Connty. 
 8. Ingonii^h Sheet, Victoria County. 
 
 4. Cbeticamp Sheet, Inverness County. 
 
 5. MarRaree Sheet, Inverness County. '■ 
 8. Northeast Marxaree Sheet, Inverness County. 
 
 7. Broadcove Marsh Sheet, Inverness County. 
 
 8. Southwest Marearee Sheet, Inverness County. 
 
 9. Boss Section Sheet, Inverness County. 
 
 10. Inverness Sheet, Inverness County. 
 
 11. Mabou Sheet, Inverness Cnunty. 
 
 12. Smith Island Sheet, Inverness County. 
 
 13. Middle Bridge Sheet, Inverness County. 
 
 14. River Donys Sheet, Inverness County. ' 
 
 15. Malagawatchkt Sheet, Inverness County. 
 
 16. McKinnon Harbour Sheet, Inverness and Victoria Counties. 
 
 17. Nyansa Sheet. Victoria County. 
 
 18. Port B^vis Sheet, Victoria County. 
 
 19. Island Point Sheet, Victoria County. 
 
 20. Saint Ann Sheet, Victoria County. 
 
 21. Saunders Cove Sheet, Cape Breton County. 
 
 22. East Bay Sheet, Cape Breton County. 
 
 23. River Tom Sheet, Richmond County. 
 
 24. Black River Sheet, Richmond County. 
 
 25. Madame Island Sheet, Richmond County. 
 
 26. Askilton Sheet, Inverness and Richmond Counties. 
 
 27. Tracadie Harbour Sheet, Antigonish County. 
 
 28. Pomquet Harbour Sheet, Antigonish County. 
 
 29. Antigonish 'Harbour Sheet, Antigonish County. 
 
 30. Westville Sheet, Pictou County. 
 
 31. Bridgeville Sheet, Pictou County. 
 
 32. Malagash Sheet, Cumberland County. 
 
 33. Pngwash Sheet, Cumberland County. 
 
 34. River Philip Sheet, Cumberland County. 
 
 35. Springhill Mines Sheet, Cumberland County. ' 
 
 36. Nappan Sheet, Cumberland County. 
 
 37. Parrsboro Sheet, Cumberland County. 
 
 38. East Mountain Sheet, Colchester County. 
 
 39. Shorts Lake Sheet, Colchester County. 
 
 40. Shubenacadie River Sheet, Colchester and Hants Counties. 
 
 41. Maitland Sheet, Colchester and Hants Counties. 
 
 42. Noel Sheet, Hants County. 
 
 43. Walton Sheet, Hants County. 
 
 44. Cheverie Sheet, Hant^ County. 
 
 45. Avon River Sheet, Hants County. 
 
 46. Clarksvitle Sheet, Hants Conntr. 
 
 47. Niuemile River Sheet, Hants County. 
 
 48. EInisdale Sheet, Halifax and Hants Counties. 
 
 49. Qay Kiver Sheet, Hants, Halifax, and Colchester Countiee. 
 
 50. Musquodoboit Sheet, Halifax County. 
 
 51. Stewiacke River Sheet. Colchester County. 
 SiS. Nrwtnn Mills Shs-pt, Cnlr.hPKtpr Coatjtv. 
 
163 
 
 Map showing Great Xcrthern Mininc t vmiiiiiiv s t, 
 and geological relations of gyi.r^uni depo-^r- ( u.<ticaiiii). N.S 
 
 irk- nil', i-juiirrifs. 
 
 Ar'eir Brunfuirk 
 
 1. Plaster Rock Sheet. Victoria Cooutv 
 
 2. St. Martins Sheet, King, .md St. .fohn CourtiH., 
 
 3. onssex Valley Sheet, Kiru-^ and We^tmorln-id I'ount'ef 
 «. UiUsboron^h Sheet, Albei and Westinorlarni Cminti'S 
 
 Plan snowing workings oii Lease .No. 2, Wei.tvvnrth Gvnsuni Co 
 
 creek, N.B. 
 Plan of tunnel at Demoiselle creek, X.B.. Wentwnrth 'Ivpsam Co. 
 Chart of the Bay of lundy showing Ideation, uf g.Tp>um -UpoBits in i' 
 
 nR.\ WINGS 
 
 General front view of Olson land plaster distributor. 
 End damp car and rock slide arrangement. 
 
 Denioiselh 
 
 289— llj 
 
IM 
 
 AFFESSBC n. 
 
 List of Maps published by the Geological Surrey Branch of the Department 
 of Mines, which embrace areas described in this report. 
 
 Nix^a Scotia. 
 
 290. CnmberUnd Coalfield Sheet, 4 miles to 1 inch. 
 
 764. Oeolonoal Sketch map of parts of Kings and Hants Connties. N.S., 2 milni »o t 
 
 inch. 
 833. Map of Picton Coal field, 25 chains to I inch. 
 
 185. Sheet 2. Aspy Bay Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 186. Sheet 3. Pleasant Bay Sheet. 1 mil* to 1 inch. 
 
 187. Sheet 4. Ingoniah Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 IW. Sheet 5. Headwaters of Cheticamp Birer Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 189. Sheet 6. North Cheticamp Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 IM. Sheet 7. North Shore Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 m. Sheet 8. Headwaters Margaree Eirer Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 192. Sheet 9. Sonth Cheticamp Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 193. Sheet 10. Knglishtown Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 194. Sheet 11. Margaree Sheet, 1 mi's to 1 inch. 
 
 195. Sheet 12. Baddeok Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 196. Sheet 13. Middle Birer Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 197. Sheet 14. Broad Core Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 196. Sheet IS. Whycocomaah Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 199. Sheet M. Port Hood Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 200. Sheet 17. Loch Lomond Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 201. Sheet 18. Biver Denys Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 202. Sheet 19. Jndiqne Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 203. Sheet 20. L'Ardoise Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch 
 
 204. Sheet 21. Saint Peter Sheet, 1* mile to 1 inch. 
 
 205. Sheet 22. Strait of Canso Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 206. Sheet 23. Arichat Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inr^ 
 
 207. Sheet 24. Onysborongh Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 385. Sheet 31. Boman Valley Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 386. Sheet 32. Pomqnet Harbonr Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 387. Sheet 33 Cape Oeorge Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 388. Sheet 34. Antigonish Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 389. Sheet 35. Lochaber Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 588. Sheet 43. Stellartnn Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 600. Sheet 44. New Glasgow Sheet, 1 mile to 1 ineh. 
 
 608. Sheet 45. Toney Rirer Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 609. Sheet 46. Picton Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 ttO. Sheet 47. Weetrille Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 634. Sheet 49. Upper Mnsqnodoboit Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch 
 824. Sheet SO. Moose Biver Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 908. Sheet 55. Gay Biver Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 (35. Sheet 56. Shnbenacadie Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 638. Sheet 57. Trnro Sheet, 1 mile to 1 ineh. 
 637. Sheet 58. Earltown Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 793. Sheet 59. Tatamagonche Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 794. Sheet 60. Malagash Shett, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 795. Sheet 61. Pngwash Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 796. Sheet 62, Wentworth Shc«t, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 836. Sheet 63. Londonderry Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 837. Sheet 64. Noel Sheet, 1 mils to 1 inch. 
 
 878. Sheet 65. Kenneteook Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 1005. Sheet 66. Klmsdale Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 1087. Sheet 73. Windsor Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 879. Sheet 74. Walton Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 838. Sheet 75. Five Island Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 839. Sheet 78. Pleasant Hills Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 840. Sheet 88. Southampton Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 841. Sheet 83. Parrsboro Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 652. Sheet 133. Cape Danphin Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 653. Sheet IM. Sydney Sheet. 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
i' 
 
 166 
 
 -Vcw Brunstrick. 
 
 144. ShMt 1 8.E. St. John Sheft, 4 mile* to 1 inch 
 
 tSl. Sheet 2 S.W. Andover Sheet, 4 tnilw to 1 inch 
 
 151. Sheet 2 N.W. Orand Falls Sheet, 1 miles lo 1 inch 
 
 2S0. Sheet 4 N.W. Cumberland Coal 6eld Sheet. 4 miles to 1 in |i 
 
 
 
 
 iTfc. , 
 
ISTDEX. 
 
 P ,i;f.. 
 
 Akron, N.T., B7psnm mine near 1J8 
 
 Alabaster . 'H 
 
 Alabastine fj:i 
 
 Albert Manafacturing Co ID, 95, 06, hi 
 
 Alberta. Bypsnm deposits ot 21 
 
 Analysis, anhydrite :tii 
 
 " brine, Chererie bore-hole 7»i 
 
 " gypsite Tl 
 
 " iypanm 15, n. 13. 14, 35, t3, t4. li;. IT, Iti. (9, i«. M. ii. 
 
 53, 54, V), .T«J. .'i7, V*. :i9, K(l, «J, (it, t.C,, 'iT, "<i 72. 
 
 73, 71. 78, W. 8:1 <!, S6, S7. 88, 89 91, 92 9:!, 97, 101 
 
 " gypsum products Ut 
 
 howlite. etc 15t» 
 
 " plaster of Paris 3« 
 
 rock at Tom rircr, N.S 28 
 
 " salts from sea water . . 2n 
 
 Anhydrite 21. 30, 35, 4ri, 18, SO, 51, "2, 55. 56, 59, 6ft r,2. bl. 65, 
 
 69. 71, 72, 73. 74. 77, 78. 80, 81, S2. t»8, 92. 9:!, 91, 9,i. 96 
 
 *' associated with gypsum 30. 41 
 
 origin of 30 
 
 Appendix I, maps and drawings on file 182 
 
 " 11, maps published by Geol.gical Survey 16t 
 
 Australia, gypsnm in -2 
 
 B 
 
 Bailey, Dr. L. W., analysis of gypsite 3:i 
 
 " deposits of New Brunswick »<•. *' 
 
 " I studies of gyp-TOm •'! 
 
 Black Bock gypsnm quarry '* 
 
 Blow holes in gyp'iiferons areas 29 
 
 " Meadow quarry ■ • '^' 
 
 " New Brunswick deposits 9' 
 
 " Walton deposit "'- 
 
 Borates, probable deposits of '•' 
 
 Bora% 'f 
 
 British Columbia, gypsum deposits of -' 
 
 O 
 
 Calcining, cost of J '^ 
 
 ■■ in products of gypsum ^'' 
 
 " objections to present system 1*' 
 
 Calcspar associated with gypsum '^ 
 
 Calvin Tomkins Co., New York ^■' 
 
 Canada, gypsum in - 
 
 Carbonate of iron associated with gypsum ■"' 
 
 Cement plaster '' '_ 
 
 Cheverie area, eeotion of borw-hole '' 
 
 Cost of erode gypsnm ■■ 
 
 104 
 
1«8 
 
 Pmi. 
 
 CrayoBa, ■Tpram umi in aiaii«<aotvr« of jj3 
 
 Croabr, Prof. W. O.. origin of Mkydrit* jl 
 
 Crjrptomorpkite ^^ 
 
 Cvrnmor Rystem of ealcininy 10^ 
 
 CttttooM dntiM. cflaet of ..U\, 147, 14« 
 
 Cyprtu, BTpMm in .'. [[ [^ ' ' j, 
 
 D 
 
 Dann, J. D., origin of ffvnm ^ 
 
 Dnwton, Sir W. J., deposits of N.B V. .. .. 90 
 
 " oriRin of RTPavm 2g 
 
 Wm. II., mothod for oomont mnnnfnetnro 122 
 
 Dehydration of gypsum , ..jg, igg, m^ x^ 
 
 " plaater prodooid by 12] 
 
 Director's preface ^ 
 
 a 
 
 Engelhardt, Prof. F. B.. analysis of brine , 7< 
 
 w ' 
 
 Fire proof oonitmetian, diagrams of 117 
 
 Fire tests of ^laator block partitions "' " nj 
 
 Fowler Bros., eperationa of \ ■^^ 
 
 France, gypsnm in ]g 
 
 Fraser, Donald * Sons " "' '.' .'* ," 91 
 
 •"Periment with gypsum as • fertiUaer 134 
 
 Fuel economy jgg 
 
 O 
 
 Geikie, Archibald, formation of gypsnm SI 
 
 Germany, gypsom in j2 
 
 Oilpin, Dr., ssction measnred by 3g 
 
 Glaciation phesomenon at Newport 79 
 
 Graham, Capt. John, deposit of " \\ 45 
 
 Great Britain, gypsnm in \ 21 
 
 Great Northern Mining Co 44^ I53 
 
 " description of mill 141 
 
 gypsnm prodncte mancfaotared by 143 
 
 " maps of on file 183 
 
 " section through deposit 45 
 
 Orimsley, G. P., origin of icypsum 27 
 
 " setting of gypsum 3g 
 
 Gypsite. or gypsnm earth jj^ 6j, 57 
 
 Gypsum, analysis of 15 
 
 as a fertiliier i\ tl, 128 
 
 " result of tests in Ontario 1S5 
 
 " as a eulphurtsing and basic flux 123 
 
 " as an adulterant .'. *' 123 
 
 " associated with limestone 40 
 
 " blocks used to imitate marble IH 
 
 " boards, method of manufacture Hj 
 
 characteristics and nser, of 15 
 
 " chemistry and technology of .'. .'.' 34 
 
 " cost of crude 1^ 
 
 customjj dntr on in U.S 17 ij 
 
IW 
 
 PtST.. 
 
 OrPisa, dMMDd.for prodoct,* of ID r S.. . . i^ 
 
 dapoaita, dt-trrminatiun of ),v f<>«>il 
 
 in maritime provinrrt pracically aiiliiuit.-d. 
 
 " of Magdalt-n islandr 
 
 " character of 
 
 " of N.B. and Magdalen is'andu 
 
 of N.B. hi.st.iry of 
 
 of N.8., f|v«loKy of 
 
 of N.8., geoIoKical position of 3g 
 
 of N.8., hiatory of ] '' .. ]' ,g 
 
 of N.S., meaaurcment of by Dr. Gilpin.. 
 darivation of word 
 
 n 
 
 m 
 ir 
 
 S9 
 15 
 
 distribation of ji, 
 
 diatricta of Nova Scotia 
 
 •xport, atatistica of 
 
 42 
 17 
 
 for inside Bnish 525 
 
 frught ratea, effect of 145 
 
 history and distribution of !■ 
 
 in maunfactnre of Portland c<>ment 122 
 
 industry in N.B., historic point of 93 
 
 information respecting acknowledged 12, 13 
 
 Urgeat operations iu province at Wentworth go 
 
 mannfactnring, estimatea of coste 141 
 
 "• extent of Iti 
 
 methods of mining 17 
 
 minerala associated with ISO 
 
 mining, great possibilities of 11 
 
 in United States IMi 
 
 of Ci. pe Breton free from manganese tl 
 
 origin of 24 
 
 prices of 17 
 
 production of in Canada 12 
 
 " in United States 12 
 
 in Victoria for 1908 23 
 
 prodneta of lU 
 
 ahipped from Magdalen islands to Qnebec 1<>0 
 
 aolnbility of 35 
 
 •tatistioa loR 
 
 need in mannfactare of cement 114 
 
 rarioiu nsea of 114 
 
 Hand, George, method of gypsnm mining 149 
 
 Harries, Bichard, method of gypsum mining 149 
 
 Higginson, H. C, qnarry operated by 59 
 
 Hofmsn, H. O., and Mostwitech, W., paper on gyp«um as a flux 124 
 
 Honeyman, Dr., gypsum deposits of Kova Scotia .. 6(i 
 
 How, Dr., analyais of minerala a«'-<<ociated with gypsam 1-^ 
 
 atndies of " " lj<» 
 
 Howlite. 
 
 .150, 151 
 
 India, gypsnm in. 
 Introductory.. .. 
 
 Italy, gypsnm in.. 
 
 22 
 11 
 
110 
 
 t 
 
 Pmi. 
 
 Jon**, W. J., gypoiim miDint in Tnltnl CUtw US 
 
 X 
 
 Kmii*V e«n»iit Ij-j 
 
 King, J. B. and Co., Urgt^ pnrrhiuH-r* of gypaam rock U. M, l«i 
 
 I. 
 
 Land plaatar, metluMU of applirinir 13.) 
 
 Luiidrin, mothod of cement maonfactare 121 
 
 Limestone qnarr; at Jamesrille, N.8 Wi 
 
 M 
 
 McLcod. R. R.. t ~f«r»nre to gTpsnm depoaita II 
 
 MacDonald. Duncan, quarrr operated by ii 
 
 Marhinrry for mannfactnre of plaster 104, 111 
 
 Mack'ti cement 122 
 
 Magdalen islands, general deocription 9» 
 
 " RTpram deposit* 9!) 
 
 Vaitland, Oibb, information from acknowledged 13. ii 
 
 Manitoba, gypvum deposits of 2t 
 
 Maritime Oj-psum Co «7 
 
 Martin'.* cement .• 162 
 
 Mining, gypanm in ITi.ed States It8 
 
 MookMt'jne, see Selenite. 
 
 « 
 
 Natroborocalcite ISO, IXl 
 
 Newark Lime and Cement Co .51 
 
 Newpoit Plaster Mining and Development Co 10,78.81 
 
 Nora Scotia Ojrpsnm Co 7!> 
 
 " gypennr districts of 42 
 
 Newfoundland, gypsum in 21 
 
 e 
 
 O'Brien Co., operations in Hants co 71 
 
 " J. S.. development work on property of "1 
 
 ■' i !n t«T Distributor, description of 136 
 
 Ontario, cypsnm deposits of 21 
 
 Oxide of iron associated with gypsum IM' 
 
 P 
 
 Parian cement 122 
 
 Parsons. Albert. Walton deposit operated by 71 
 
 Pellow gyiffium quarry 7S 
 
 Petroleum asxociaced with gyp.sum 13, 74. 7*- 
 
 Pittman, E. F., information from acknowledged IS. 23 
 
 Plaster boards, method of manufacture IIB 
 
 " calcinipg and setting 3ti 
 
 hard wall 121 
 
 " manufacture of 103 
 
 " mills, plans, specifications and cost Ill 
 
 " produced by complete dehydration 12! 
 
 setting of 1.51 
 
 of Paris 19, 36. 115 
 
171 
 
 IMxtcr of l*»riri for piitt«rv moulda 
 
 in put., glm" inaiinia< tiiit , , 
 Pl«t» kUm insDufacturi-, pl»*f,r ..t I'ar.- u>«iii m.. 
 
 Portland c«nent, rrpxum u«d in 
 
 Pottery and Urra oittu, pla-t.r .if Par,. ii,<,ul.l- for 
 Pyrolnsite amociated with (Tpkuiii 
 
 Quebec, gjrpaam depu^ita of 
 
 Retardere, compoeitiim end um- of. 
 
 
 .11'.'. 
 
 121 
 
 St. Peti-r ranal, eBwt "f on developiiij-iit uf (jyimm depo-it 
 
 Salt. Rlauber, annociated with K.rpttum 
 
 Salt, rock, aftsociated with KyP*<uin 
 
 Saul, Mr., character of Nova Scotia K.f|'~"i» 
 
 8«lenite li, «. .M 
 
 88. S-i. s') 
 
 " aaaociated with gypaum.. .. 
 ccn- ■' made at Windsor, N.l 
 
 in . ...toba 
 
 Silicob(>ro<'alcite 
 
 Statii^ica uf gypenm 
 
 Sulphur itMixiate.l with gypsum.. .. 
 Switierlandt gypsum in 
 
 I Ml 
 
 ti 
 
 2-.> 
 
 Tariff, ««>e CuittomM. 
 
 Terra alba mill ,it Nucl, N.S.. 
 
 'Th? Buom ' g7p.sum depus'it.. . 
 
 Therm ometers 
 
 Tiia, soe Natroborocalcite. 
 Tomkio*, Calrin, operationa of. 
 
 Ulexite, nee Xatroboiocalcite. 
 
 United States Qyi).-'um Co.. .. 
 
 " gTpsum in. 
 
 largest producer of gypsum. 
 
 Victoria (iypsum Co. 
 
 W 
 
 Wait, F. G.. analyses of N"mv:> S-utiii i;yi<inii. 
 Weller, S. A., chara<>ter of Nova Scotia gypsu 
 
 Wentworth <iypsum Co 
 
 Windsor Plaster t.'ii 
 
 " Oypeum Cc 
 
 .to. rs, 
 
 ti 
 
 12<1 
 
 :'j. so. 9.1 
 .ti!i :•'. m 
 
CANADA 
 DEPARTMEN1 OF MINES 
 
 MMMMB mtLAMCm 
 
 Him. T. TiNnn*!). MMnm. A. V ix.w. u.A) . Dwitt Minihtm 
 EcMMi HtAsiL. Pb.U.. UtuECRja 
 
 BXF0BT8, AHS MAPS OF ECOHOMIC INTEEEST. 
 
 PUlLMHEn By THE 
 MZKXa BKAKCH 
 
 RKPOKTS. 
 
 iit'port Dii—hy E iftfiic Iluaiicl, 
 
 1. MininiK Condition* of the Klondike, Viikhii. 
 
 Ph.D.. 1902. 
 
 2. Great Landslide at Frank, Aha. Keport mi— l).v K. (i Mi;( oniidl ami K W 
 
 Brock, M.A., iWXi. 
 
 3. InTestigation of the different cU'ctro-tluTiiiio pmwsses i..r tlif ■«Dipltiii|Lr of 
 
 iron ored, and the maicintc of stei'I. iti ii[H>r.iti.>ti ii, Kuroix;. itcimrt of 
 Special Commission— by Euirotie Iliiatifl. Ph.l).. 1!X»4. U'ur ot print.) 
 
 4. Rapport de la Commission nomm»V pour <'tudier li»s divers pro<<edc-i Olectro- 
 
 thermiquee pour la rfiduetion dea minerais de fer et la fabrication de 
 I'acier employes en Europe. (French Kdition), IDO.'i. (Ou* I'f print.) 
 
 5. On the location and examination of niatcintii' ore iKiiusita by ina^rnetHnetrii- 
 
 measurements. Eugene Ilaanel. Ph.I».. ]1H)4. 
 
 7. Limestones, and the Lime Industry of .Maiiilnlia. I'rcliniii ary Repurt «r. — 
 
 by J. W. Wells, 1905. 
 
 8. Clays and Shales of Manitoba: their Industrial Value. Prelim in.-.ry Report 
 
 on— by J. W. Wells, IIM).',. ((Jut of print.) 
 
 9. Hydraulic Cements (Raw Mllterial^) in Manitoba: Manufacture am! Uses 
 
 of. Preliminary Report on— by J. W. Well=, 1!)»>5. 
 
 10. Mica: its Occurrence, Exploitation, and Uses — by Fritz ( irkel M.K., ^•M^5. 
 
 (Oat of print.) 
 
 11. Asbestos: Its Occurrence. Exploitatioti. and Viei' — by Frit^ Cirke!, M.E.. 
 
 1905. (Out of print: see No. (in.) 
 
 12. Zinc Resources of British Columbia and the Conditions affecting their 
 
 Exploitation. Report of the (,'ommission appouitcd to irivestipati' — by 
 W. R. Ingalls, 1905. 
 
 16. Experiments made at Sault .^te. Marie, under Governmient auspiiv-. in thr 
 
 smelting of Canadian iron ores by the electro-thermic process. Final 
 Report on — by Eugene Ilaanel, Ph.D., 1907 
 
 17. Mines of the Silver-Cobalt Ores of the Cobalt district: Their Present mi 
 
 Prospective Output. Report on — by Eugene Ilaanel, Ph.D.. ] ">7 
 
 18. Graphite: Its Properties, Occurrence, Refining, and Uses — by Fritz Cirkel, 
 
 M.E., 1907, 
 
 19. Peat and Lignite: Their Manufacture and TTaes in Europe — ^by Erik Nystrom, 
 
 M.E., 1908. 
 
8 
 
 :!(». Iron Ore D«p<J8it8 of Nova Scotiu. Rtport on (Part 1)— by Dr. J. E. Wood- 
 man. 
 
 21. Suiiiiuar.v lleport of iliiies Brauoli, 1907-8. 
 
 22. Iron Ore Deposits of Thunder Bay and Kainy River districts. Report on — 
 
 by F. Hille. M.E. 
 
 23. Iron Ore Deposits alootir the Ottawa (Quebec side) and Gatineau rivers. 
 
 Report on — by' Fritz Cirkel, M.E. 
 
 24. General Report on the Mining and Metallurgical Industries of Canada, 
 
 1907-8. 
 
 25. The Tungsten Ores of t'anada. Report on — by Dr. T. L. Walker. 
 
 26. The Mineral Production of Canada, 1900. Annual Report on — by Jnlm 
 
 McLeish, B.A. 
 
 27. The Mineral Production of Canada, 1908. Preliminary Report op — by John 
 
 McLeish, B.A. 
 
 28. Summary Report of Mines Branch, 1908. 
 
 29. Chrome Iron Ore Deposits of the Eastern Townships. Monograph on — by 
 
 Fritz Cirkel, M.E. (Supplementary Section: Experiments with Chro- 
 mite at .McGill Univcrsit.v — by Dr, J. B. Porter.) 
 
 30. Investigation of the Peat Bugs and Peat Fuel Industry of Canada, 190S. 
 
 Bulletin Xo. 1 — by Erik N.vstri'ini, M.E.. and A. Anrep. Peat E.\pert. 
 
 31. Production of Cement in Canada, 1908. Bulletin on — ^by John McLeish, B.A. 
 
 32. Investigation of Electric Shaft Furnace, Sweden. Report on — by Eugcui- 
 
 Haanel, Ph.D. 
 
 42. Production of Iron and Steel in Canada during the Calendar years 1907 and 
 
 VMS. Bulletin on— by John Mclxish, B.A. 
 
 43. Production of Chromite in Canada during the calendar years 1907 and 190S. 
 
 Bulletin on — by John McLeish, B.A. 
 
 44. Production of Asbestos in Canada during the calendar years 1907 and 1908. 
 
 Bulletin on — by John McLeish, B,A. 
 
 45. Production of Coal, Coke, and Peat in Canada during the calendar years 
 
 1907 and 1908. Bulletin on— by John McUnsh, B.A. 
 4(i. Production of Natural (ias and Petroleum in Canada during the calendar 
 
 .vears 1907 and 1908. Bulletin on — by John Mcl.#ish, B.A. 
 47. Iron Ore Deposits of Vancouver and Texada islands. Report on — by Einar 
 
 Lindeman, M,E, 
 55. Report on the Bituminous, or Oil-shales of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; 
 
 also on the Oil-shale Industry of Scotland — by Dr. R. W. Ells. 
 
 58. The Mineral Production of Canada, 1907 and 1908. Annual Report on — by 
 
 Jo McLeish, B.A. 
 
 59. Chemical Analyses of Sijecial Economic Importance made in the Laboratories 
 
 of the Department of Mines, H»Oti-7-8. Report on— by F. G. Wait, M.A. 
 
 F.C.S. (With Appendix on the Commercial Methods and Apparatus for 
 
 the Analysis of Oil-shules — by IL A. Leverin, Ch.E.) 
 62. Mineral Production of Canada, 1909. Preliminary Report on — by John 
 
 M.'Loish, B.A. 
 f>3. Suniinnry Report of Mines Branch. 1909. 
 67. Iron Ore Deposits of the Bristol iline, Pontiae county, Quebec. Bulletin 
 
 No. 2 — by Einar Lindeman, M.E., and Geo. C. Mackenzie, B.Sc. 
 S<:hedule of Charges for Clu'inii-a] Analysis and Assays. 
 
68. 
 6i>. 
 71. 
 
 7U. 
 80. 
 82. 
 84. 
 85. 
 
 8^. 
 sy. 
 
 90. 
 92. 
 
 93. 
 102. 
 
 103. 
 
 Recent A.lviiii<-c, in i|»- Cm-'r;!. ii..n ,.>. H.ciri,- F ,.rnii.T< * ,1 tliM Pollu- 
 tion of I'i^- lr.>i,, St.-ol. ami /in,'. Hiillotii; .\"<i .;- .> : )r. Eii^-viic i!u..h.-. 
 
 Chr.vsotilt.-A4H'sto>: It.- (J.rui r :i.-c. J'xpK.itun,;!,. Mi. i,iy „.,.-| i"...,.. n,.. 
 port on— by Frit/, I'lrlii,-!. M.K. ' S,.c,m.| i-'.oiniu. •iilurtvil. • 
 
 Investigation of the Peai J{. i,'s, an. I W-.it In.lusirv - ' Caniuhi. I;h".i-'.i,; t.. 
 which is apptiide.] Mr. Aif. l.dr-m: ,. I'ai«r .1. i)r. M KkLiil^tTs^, Wft- 
 CarbonizinK Proiv.-s: Ironi IMui.-k TiUkrili. .S... 1:;. Dtrcmoer u''i. 
 1908— translation l.y ilr. A. .Vuni,. .Jr.; aU u iii;i!„lariuu -• Lu-.i. 
 EkelundV I'amplilet tntit!(Mi ■ .\ SmIummi ,.,.' tii,. JVur I'ruhleir. ' 1U(m,. 
 (le«rrtbinL' tiio Kkfhiii,! Vv.'i^s i„r .;„. .Mainil'act.ir.' > i':-,n ['.ivVinr. 
 by Harold A. Leverin, Ch.K, Uuli-iiu X.i. j -i,y .\. .\,ii-.],. I'.jat E\- 
 pert. (Second Edition, ouiarged.j 
 
 rrodlietion of Iron and Sti'd in Canada .lurmi; tin- -a-.^iidar .War 11h>1». 
 Bulletin on — by John ili-l.ci-li, Ji.A. 
 
 Production of Coal and ( i.ki> in Canada dwriii); th. .aiiii.lar viar l!H*.i. 
 Bulletin on — by .lolm McLe'-h. li.\. 
 
 Magnetic Concentration Exi'iTiinint-. Biii;i;iii ,\,,. :,—l\ (jc.. C, Mac- 
 kenzie. 
 
 Gypsum Deposits of t!i«.' .Muriiinic I'nivihn-,- ,,1 Canada — in.-Kidnn; rho 
 Magdalen isliimis. Ki|iort on — !>% W. 1''. .Itnuisni, \! E. 
 
 Production of Cement, Lime, C'ay Product.-. Stoni. and other Structural 
 Material.- durinK the i-alcnd ir M-ar \'mk>. linllciin nn— i.v .!.i'i[ \ic- 
 Leish B.A. 
 
 The ilii eral Prodnctii n of Caiada. liMin. Aiuiual lif-iiMn ( n— iiv .Idlm 
 McLtdsh B.A. 
 
 Uci)rint of Pvi'-idcMlial addrc- driiMri'.l i.r/ .r, ilir .\in( ru'an Peat .^ocict) 
 at Ottawa, July -'.0, llilO. liy Eu^'«ii.- Haancl. PI1.D. 
 
 Proceedintrs of Conference on Explosive-. 
 
 luvcjstigation of the E'xplosivc- lndii.-tr.\ in tin- licniini'in ,4' Canada. 
 1910. Report on — by Capt. Artiinr 1 )csboruui;l'.. (Second Edition.) 
 
 Molybdenum Ores of Canada. Keporl no — hy Dr. T. L. Walker. 
 
 Mineral Production of Canada. ISilO. Prclinnnar,\ licport on — [>y .fohn 
 McLeish, B.A. 
 
 Mines Branch Summary Report, linO. 
 
 IN THE PRESS. 
 
 83. An investigation of the Coals of Canada with rcfercni'.- to their Economic 
 Qualities: as conducted at Mc'J'lI rni^crsjiy under tlie aiispics o'' 
 the Dominion Government. Report on— ny J. B. IVirter. E.J!.. I).Sc.. 
 and R. J. Durlcy. Ma.E. 
 
 100. The Building and Oriuunental Stones of Canada. Keiwirt on — by Proti^i^sor 
 W. A. Parks. 
 
 KVl. Catalojfuc of Pnljiications if .Mine- Uraiieh. Ironi 1'."''2 u> 1!»1 1 ; r.inhin- 
 ing Tables of Content.*, and Li-i of Maps, etc. 
 
 110. Western Portion of Torbrook Iron Ortt J)epo-il-i. .Vimap<i!is eountv. X S. 
 
 Bulletin Xo. 7 — by Iloweils Ert'chette, .M.Se. 
 
 111. Diamond Drilling at Point Maniainse. Ont. Pnliotin Xo. C -by A C. j.nm . 
 
 Ph.D., with Introductory by A. W. (i. Wilsr.u. Ph.D. 
 
114. Production of Cement, Lime, Clay Products, Stone, and other Structural 
 
 materials in Canada, 1010. Bulletin on — by John McLeiah, B.A. 
 
 115. Production of Iron and Steel in Canada during the calendar year 1910. 
 
 Bulletin on — by John McLeish, B.A. 
 
 116. Production of Cobl and Coke in Canada during the calendar year 1010. 
 
 Bulletin on — by John McLeish, B.A. 
 
 117. General Summary of the Mineral Production in Canada during the calendar 
 
 year 1910. Bulletin on — by John McLeish, B.A. 
 
 118. Mica: Its Occurrence, Exploitation, and Uses. Report on^y Hugh S. 
 
 de Schmid, M.£. 
 
 IN PREPARATION. 
 91. Coal and Coal Mining in Nova Scotia. Report on — ^by J. O. S. Hudson. 
 
 MAPS. 
 
 6. Magnetometric Survey, Vertical Intensity: Calabogie mine, Bagot town- 
 ship, Renfrew coimty, Ontario— by E. Nystrom, M.J5., 1904. 
 
 13. Magnetometr Surrey of the Belmont Iron Mines, Belmont tow..dhip, 
 Peterborough county, Ontario — by B. F. Haanel, B.Sc, 1905. 
 
 ] ' [agnetometric Survey of the Wilbur mine, I^avant township, Lanark 
 county, Ontario — by B. F. Ilaanel, B.Sc, 1905. 
 
 15. Magnetometric Surrey, Vertical Intensity: Iron Ore Deposits at Austin 
 brook, Bathuret township, Gloucester county, N.B. — by E. Lindeman, 
 M.E., 1906. 
 
 o3. Magnetometric Survey, Vertical Intensity: Lot 1, Concession VI, Mayo 
 township, Hastings coimty, Ontario — by Howells Frechette, M.Sc, 1909. 
 
 34. Magnetometric Survey, Vertical Intensity: Lots 2 and 3, Concession VI, 
 
 Mayo township, Hastings county, Ontario — by Howells Frechette, 
 M.Sc., 1909. 
 
 35. Magnetometric Survey, Vertical Intensity: Lots 10, 11, and 12, Concession 
 
 IX, and Lots 11 and 12, Concession VIII, Mayo township, Hastings 
 county, Ontario — by Howells Fr^hette, M.Sc, 1909. 
 
 36. Survey of Mer Bleue Pei.i, Bog, Gloucester township, Carleton county, and 
 
 Cumberland township, Russell county, Ontario — by Erik Nystrom, 
 M.E., and A. Anrep, Peat Expert. 
 
 37. Survey of Alfred Peat Bog, Alfred and Caledonia townships, Prescott 
 
 county, Ontario — by Erik Nystrom, M.E., and A. Anrep, Peat Expert. 
 
 38. Survey of Welland Peat Bog, Wainfleet and Humberstone townships, 
 
 Welland county, Ontario — by Erik Nystrom, M.E., and A. Anrtp, Peat 
 Expert. 
 39 Survey of Newington Peat Bog, Osnabruck, Roxborough, and Cornwall 
 townships, Stormont county, Ontario — by Erik Nystromi, M.E., and A. 
 Anrep, Peat Expert. 
 
 40. Survey of Perth Peat Bog, Drummond township, Lanark county, Ontario — 
 
 by Erik Nystrom, M.E., and A. Anrep, Peat Expert. 
 
 41. Survey of Victoria Road Peat Bog, Bexley and Carden townships, Victoria 
 
 county, Ontario — ^by Erik Nystrom, M.E., and A. Anrep, Peat Expert. 
 

 
 5 
 
 
 4i»v-'Majiiirtwiri(«trii- Mip 
 
 i»l -i-rtH, ( ii'W.'i ■ijiMi ai !i.i;uu.li ::\ut. \' n.. 
 
 iLvvr 
 
 
 i-hiiiil. li.t'.— Uy 
 
 Kniui \.iir:> iiMii. .\!.i-! 
 
 
 4n. 
 
 MHgliet<»JMf(ii>- -Map 
 
 • 1 V\. •>■.•!■" >•.■.! li-'". i-liiiit:. ,.t ■"I'-liiirt, Vam- 
 
 'llVr; 
 
 
 i-^l:iiiii. li.< . — i.\ 
 
 ■' '■'■ ■ r l.ii '!■ 11. .ii.. M.i-,. 
 
 
 50. 
 
 Vanei'iivtr island, li. 
 
 '.- Ky Eiiiiir !.:iii!'. iimii. M K. 
 
 
 51. 
 
 Iron Miiio. T.XMila 
 
 i-!i.ii'.. !;.r.--iy :■. I!. M;:.i,|,.., 1 .■.;-.. 
 
 
 :>j. 
 
 Ski'ii-h .Mup ii l; ii 
 
 li'ii <'iv Im!!-,-.!-, W.-i Ann. I^:ai-iii,. .-i,'..!. 
 
 \ an 
 
 
 eoiiVLT i-l;niil. li 
 
 ( - ;■■, 1.. l-iMI.:,. 
 
 
 5a. 
 
 Iron Ore Occiin- n.' 
 
 -. lUtauT. ,111.1 I'uiMa, li'iililii. -. 1,^11, '1)11 1 I'll — 
 
 ly .1. 
 
 
 White. ;niil l-':il; 
 
 (■;rk. \ M ':. 
 
 
 :.4. 
 
 Irmi Ore () -i-uii', i^ 
 
 M.K. 
 
 ■- Ar.: ;.:. ,i:i . Mi.ly, (^u. ! ,t. !;n|- -i.v I-'rit;; ( 
 
 i.'k.a. 
 
 ■">". 
 
 The I'iM'diK-tiM' ( hr 
 
 !ii ii' i,ii:, i li-iri' t .,; i^:i,,i ;„• !,\ i- i-;t/ i 'irki'l. 
 
 .\!.i-:. 
 
 CO. 
 
 .MiiiiiU'ti-iMitric Sim 
 
 ■ \ ■', 111. lii; I'l: aula. I'lililua- riMiir.\. I^larl-a 
 
 ■ -l>,v 
 
 
 • Kiuar l.iiiiicii..!!. 
 
 . .M.i';. 
 
 
 t;i. 
 
 T()|iiia:r.ii''ii'''il ■'•'■1,1 
 
 ,'i 111 i 111' iiiin,.. r,.i,li,a. i-(,iii.'y. (.uu.lifi' -''V 
 
 •!iiiar 
 
 l.iiiili num. .M.I'. 
 
 <U. IthIcx Map ..I X,,var-., r,: i ,■.-:,,- l.,\ W F. .1 in.l-,,.i, M.K. 
 (i5. Inde.'c Map of New Itran-.vick : 'lyiKuni — la. V. . I'. .Iinui^ ;. .M.Ji. 
 (i'l. .M:i|i (if ^!llf;ilall■ll i-'aia',-; '■'i-ai,; i.y \\ . 1 .ii Uhi-. i.. m.I'. 
 '<>. .Miitrlicliinu-trir S;M'..y a!' .\ ..i , iaA , -: Arm li,.! iiai:;!., i.aiv. I'iaai^iaai. 
 
 .Xipi-^iajr ili> ri ■:. i»ri!aii.. \\ (-.ilau i.iiaUaali, M.I!. 
 T:i. UniniU'i' i'cal linu;. liaiaii,'- .\. .\iiri |i. I'l'i ! I',n|-' I't. 
 
 7^1. Ixainokn I'fut lia:i, <iii!,inii- 
 71. lirockvilli' I'oiit la-,:;. (;nlavio - 
 7.">. Itniiilaaii Peat Bai;. ( iiil.iri i- - 
 7ti. AlfriMl I'ciit liojl. « Mitaria 
 
 77. Alfwl I'l'iit lin.K. daiaii, : .M.i i i-ilcii i.r..t,l, - I.y A. Ai,n p. 
 7,S. .Miiji (if .\.-it-l(i> IJiaiiU. i'l'.Mia-i .,;■ ijal.c,-. mill- a\ I'llt/ (ii'a-L .-i.K. 
 ">(i. .Map shiiwiutc uiUi rai .ii-l r:!.ii!l' i; .| Sarp. utiia iu ila- lai.-tci-ii ['.(.vM-iiiii, 
 
 liy Fritz Cirktl. .\1.K 
 '.•-I. .Map -licwiiiK C.iiia!'. (i. uuai.la. ■^liiiiin-'.!.. -. .nai I'lii-' upiia .ii>rl■i(•t^ — 
 
 I.y I., il. < „].. Ii.>c. 
 '.l5. (Iciicrai \la|i ..]■ Ca'K.la sh...>iiii;- i '. I i-'ii-i.;-, ' .\r .inil.i.i,'. ii:i: rr ■' Va. 
 
 .^:; l,y Dr. .1. W. I'.Tt. :•, i 
 Of.. (Iciiaral M.I!' .it' { ..al I'ii-I.i- i! \ v ,1 S .,ti .la.l .\. w r.i-.m-wi.-k. (Airani- 
 
 piiii,\iim Krp.ii'i ,\. ..>■-'> ill'- i 1: I'.ri.i'. 
 it", (iciural Map <li.i > luu C.a' !'r !.i- in Al'a.aii. Si-I. atcliri' an. aial .Mai,it..ba. 
 
 I Ad.i.nipaiiyiai; Kap.it .V,. -M- -i.y It .1. ii. i'..iar.i 
 DS. (iaiaral Map"! ''. li i'i'i i- ii lirill-ii ('..iauiiia. ( A.- •■ .npaayiar it.ln.rf 
 
 X... ,>-:i liy Di-. .1. I!, i". rli ;m 
 Hit. li.ii.ra! Nf.ip if ('. a! Kai.l in Vnk.a. Ti.rrii.a'.v . ( Ac- a.ii.anyii.i liapar; 
 
 X... '-:; I.y !>r. -1. !>■ i'-irl r, : 
 ItMi. Ai>tia lin.'ik Ii-,.n l!rii-ii.:j ,ii-;ria. Hiiliin-t lav. ii-lii|i, ( iii.i .v-i.i- .•..iints. 
 
 X.P.. 1 ^ !■'. ' !■ 'It II. ill. M.I'. 
 1(17. Ma^ni li.niclr!.- .^iir\<y. V.rti. al Inici.sit.s .Vi-'ii. iir < Irnf, fl"ariu{i 
 
 (ii.-trii't-liv !•:. I. in.!. Iran, ,M.K. 
 
 2«<>— 12 
 
!(.>!>. Index Map dhowiny Iron Bearing Area at Austin Brook — by E. Linddman, 
 
 M.E. 
 lU'.i. Sectioue^ uf Diatnond Drill Hulci iu Iron Ore Deposits at Auatin Brodi — 
 
 by E. Lindenian, M.E. 
 
 IN THE PRESS. 
 
 112. Skptch plan showing (ienloKy of Point Mamainse, Ont. — by Professor A. C. 
 
 Lane. 
 119-137. Micu: Townships maps, Ontario and Quebec — by Hugh S. de Schmid, 
 
 M.E. 
 13.S. Mieii: ShowinR locution of Principal Mines and Occurrences in the Quebec 
 
 Mica Area — by Hugh S. dc Schmid. 
 13!». Mica: Showing Location of Princii)ai Mines and Occurrences in the 
 
 Ontario Mica Area — by Hugh S. de Schmid. 
 
 140. Micii: Showing Distrilnition of the Principal Mica Occurrences in the 
 
 Dominion of t'anada — by Hugh S. de Schmid. 
 
 141. Torbrook Iron Bearing District, Annapolis county, N.S.— by Howells Frfi- 
 
 chettc. M.Sc. 
 
 IN PREPARATION. 
 113. Ilolkiul Peat Bog, Ontario— by A. Anrcp, Peat Expert. 
 
i. C. 
 
 mid, 
 
 ebec 
 the 
 the 
 
 Fr6- 
 
caka; 
 
 DEPARTMENT 
 
 r 
 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 \ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 IL 
 
 A/ 
 
 M 
 
 T 
 
 n 
 
 I 
 
 '>. 
 
 «4' 
 
 S3* 
 
 61° 
 
 LHSPmratra. Draugkirman. 
 
 ■tt 
 
 -^ 
 
 iMMtai 
 
CAKA1)4 
 
 [£NT iW MINES 
 
 rnnii A. >' ■.,,4. U..D.. Damn K 
 a^Aim^ Pa. I 
 
 INDEX 
 
 MAP or 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 Showing distribution of occurrences 
 of Clypsum 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 € 
 
 €) 
 
 € 
 
 LCSEND 
 
 i^u//)it* »f Septum Monognpli Shttta 
 OuHin* »f G*ai'»tieal Syrray Sh*tta 
 Boundoritt rf Lowtr Carkomfmu* Artn 
 
 tt G^ptum D»potita 
 
 * Coo/ Min»0 
 Railway 
 
 4S 60 
 
 NO 04 
 
 To ACCOMPANY REPORT NO 84 — 
 OvrSUM DEPOSITS OF THB MARITIME 
 PROVINCES BY W F JENNISON 
 
L 
 
 
4i 
 
CAKAOA 
 DKPARTMENT OP 
 
 I.C6CND 
 
 Ait-mm Btniim, 
 
 ■H 
 
NAOA 
 
 ST OF MINI? 
 
 '^^^ 
 
 INDEX MAP 
 
 or PART or TNC mOVINCE OF 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK 
 
 Showinf 4wtrib«i#ion of eccumncM of Gypcuin 
 
 END 
 
 ■tyMa/ 3unwf 3ti mh 
 
 Muu.e or MtLCE 
 
 M' 
 
 M' 
 
 tr 
 
 NO •• 
 
 To AeeoMPANv HBFoaT no •«— 
 •vpowM DtroaiT* OP TMS MAmriMC 
 PN(«viNcaa BY w r jcMMisoM 
 
f 
 
m^. 
 
 *i 
 
1 AN AD 
 
 DEPARTMENT ( 
 
 > :jm» umA. 
 
 Hon W. TlHnjMtN. Mimmik«: A. )V U 
 
 ! ^-■'^ 
 
 ciS^- 
 
 
 
 
 
 LEGEND 
 - — Gyp3if€rous ^rmat 
 * Gypaum DmposiAs 
 Poad* 
 
 #a *• Lltwf*^ Wmtf frmm_Gr90mwit^ 
 
 I. US Prrwirm DraufhiMmait 
 
 tt^^amm 
 
I'ANADA 
 
 KNT OF MINES 
 jiM» maLAMcm 
 
 it«: A !• !-.». LI, II. 1)WCTT Un 
 lunn,. Pal), l>iun<ia. 
 
 
 '■-* f. 
 
 -V 
 
 MAP 
 
 o^rHC 
 
 MAGDALEN ISLANDS 
 
 SHOWING GYPSUM DEPOSITS 
 
 SCALt or MIL£S 
 
 NO •• 
 
 To ACCOMPANY KCPOWT NO •4 — 
 avrSUM OCPOSITI OP TMI MAMITIMK