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1 2 3

MtaOCOfY RCSOIUTION TIST CHAtT

(ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2)

•d APPLIED IIVV1GE In,

165 J Eoat Moir Sire.

4^^-

THE INDUSTRIAL FUTURE
OF CANADA

B. E. WALKER

■Q cr\

r r f "

V^sl lA

THE INDUSTRIAL FUTURE
OF CANADA

Ai)DRi:ss iiv B, E. Walker, at the I IDtii Anmal

J.'AN^UET op The Chamkkk *>p Cummrkck of ihk

State op New York, IIIth Novkmhek, liios.

As aCanatiian, gratt'ful for what I Irariictl (hirin;.; several
years spent in \e\v York in the serviee of the Hank i>f wliieli
I am now tlie President, I thank tl.i' Clian;l)tr of Co^miieree
of the Statu of New York, amf)n^ tlie nienif)ers of whuli I
recognize many old friends, for the graceful eomplinient they
are paying to Canada, and I am also deeply sensible (if the
very great honour conferred upon myself in being asked to
speak for my country on this occasion.

Just about one hundred years ago you had a population
of seven million people. To-day in Canaila we have a ] Ji>ula-
tion of seven million peoj)le. and yet the first settlements in
Nova Scotia and (Juebec were made practically at the same
time as the first settlements in M.issachusetts. New York and
Virginia. It is true that nature, except perhajis in New
England, presented a much sterner front of opposition to the
settler in Canada than in this country, and it is also true that
the British races cf)ming to Anterica were bent on securing
immeiliate results from trade and agriculture while the Frencli

Hvrc liriailiinn nl v:i>t ilnl.iTV altll(nit;li .Umn liltlr lo scilirc
or til jiiiipl, it ; liui ilif chief iVMM.ii iiir llu rxtninpliiiary
ililliriimi ]M till- poimlatiun of tlic twn inunlncs ilocs not lie
mainly In tlu'si' fads, vital as tluy w.ti'. The .linct result
was that when French Cana.la passcl into tiic possession of
the Hritisli tlure uer, ahout lurty Hritisli colonists in Xorth
America to m,, I niicli ci.Ioiiisi, ami altniist all the British
colonists were in that part which eventually he-ame the
L'niteil States. Tie i'tiport iiit lait, however, was Mie
forming of one nation oin of Mie thirteen eolonies, the first
great act of fi lera 'nn l-i the newer parts of the worM.
The thirteen separate.l inms w'lh their rivalries, even animos-
ities, miKht have reliellcl successfully aKainst (Ireat Urituin
but they would have Kiven ,, very ilim'rent account of them-
selves had it not been for the great act of federation. In
twenty years by the l.onisinna purchase you had .stretched
to the I'.iciHc, this anil aiiotlier event in Canada ending all
hope of French ICmpire in America, and by the middle of the
last century you had secured the entire area out of which the
present forty-six States have Iiccn created. Vour new nation
had for its leaders in public ojiinion some of the greatest states-
men Ame-ica has ever produced, and in that generation when
the cry of the French Revolution for liberty and eciuality was
ringing throngh many countries you openeil the doors of a
great section of the Temperate Zone to the distressed peoples
of Europe.

I. nmi, 'ration may have seemed slow to the new republic
at first, jut b,- l&iO there had set in that extraordinary tide
of humanity moving steadily in ever-increasing numbers to
the United States which, however you may now value it, is
not likely to .stop.

Turning to iny own country, eighty yeais after you had

cnmmcncf.l yiinrixporiment tlicn' wiTr (uf si-paralr stniR-
giiiiK ciilnnies cast of Lake SupiTiur, t'ach a conii'tctc ficvcrn-
ment in itself. The only attempt at union had iiren made
hy U pi r and Lower Canada, liut this had not Ijcen
successful. There were on thi f'acilic coa.st two eoloniis,
mere remote and somewhat forlorn outposls of the Hritisli
Empire and not in '.ouili 'vith the eastern .-oliinies.
Between, that is from Like Superior to the coast, lay wliat
has been called the Creat l.one Land, those mighty stretclies
of prairie and mountain wdiich arc now attracting the
notice of the world, but which were at this time held
absolutely beyimil the control of the settled Provinces by
the Hudson Bay Company.

And if the political difTiculiies in the way oi union were
great the geographical ditKculties seemed greater. These
were the days when you were anxiously examining the
reports of the engineers, surveyors and naturalists wlio hn !
searched your plains and mountains for a route for your first
transcontinental railroad. How were we to imagine a con-
nection between Upper Canada and the prairies tlirough
whf.t we then thought was a hopeless wilderness of rock
north of Lake Superior, and how cross, beyond the ,irairies.
that Province which in derision had been described as ,i
sea of mountains?

But the whole land from the .Atlantic to the I>acilic was
British, and we did not even then lack' men with vision who
dreamed of a British nation to be made out of what had been
sa, d in North America. As early as 17Sn that intrepid
opponent of the Huil- jn Bay Company, Alexander .Mackenzie,
had made his canoe journey from Montreal to Lake Athabaska.
and from there down to Arctic waters and back up the great
river \vhich bears his n.-me, and in 17»;J, after travels in the

Peacu River country, he l,a,l n'm- .,n ov.t thr n»,untains nn.l
'lown the rivrrs nf HritisI ('..Inmliia unlil, r.acliinK tin- watiTS
nf the I>,-iri(K' hi' |.aim.'.| .,„ a r.n k that, to iis, immortal
si'iitcnoi': ".M.xan.liT Mackc-iizir l,.mi Cana^la l,y land, tlio
twi-nty-sfc„n.l of July, orir tliousan.l MV.'ti luin.lrcl and ninety
three." When in his retirement Sir .\lexan<l<r Mackenzie
wrote his hook, he tol.l En^lap.! t., ImiM a tra.le route throuwh
British .\orth .\merica to the I'aeule an.l to take eare nf her
trade on the North I'aeihc, otherwise Russia and tlu^ United
States would own the whole coast.

And there were not wanting' many others, (;reat citizen!
suchas Josei.h Howe, who told his sceptical fellow-countrymen
in Nova Scotia in the fifties that some of them would hear
the whistle of the locomotive in the Kooky Mountains, and
would go to the Kioific from Halifax in five or six days and
would som day trade with China and Japan ; or travellers like
Professor Hind, who also in the .ifties presented to eastern eyes
the vision of a great city on the Red River where Winnipeg
now stands, and who jaw in imagination the white cloud of
the locomotive as he looked down from the hills upon the
beautiful valley of the Qu'Appelle.

There must naturally have been those, also, who thought
the racial difficulties quite as great as the political and
geographical difficulties. Could we make a Bntish nation
with so large an admixture of people of French origin? The
Canadians of British descent, many of whom have since
learned the French history of their own country from your
Parkman, did not know how passionately the Canr.dian of
French descent loves Canada, how proud he is of its wonder-
fully romantic past, ur how thoroughly his thoughtful leaders
have recognized that, being cut ofT forever from France, with
which he is now scarcely even in harmony, he confides abso-

lutcly in hisriKhts ui„Irr th, li -iIiHti irown lur tliat lull ni.asur.-
of tivil iin.l reliKidus lil,. rty iin.ssary i,, I, is pri-s.'tit happinoss
and his future pn.sp, rity Uliin «.■ ioiisi.l.rcd the <,th.T
Canadians wo fouiil ,!„■ lliKlilan.lcr in Neva Sc.tia. in
UppiT C.-.tiada and in isi.lattd 5p.,ts in tlii' fur-trading wvst,
diuKint; as liu ,],„■. still in Cap,. Br.inn an.l „n thr St. i-awn-nif
in Ontarici t<, I la.lic spcfi-ii and his Hi^hlani' . <i„nis.

until we sa> that wi- ar< iii.,ri- llijjhland in sunir p;. ••. , Can-
ada than in l!ic hills ..i S.mland. and the oilier Canadian
Sco' 'inien who were everywhere and who , ven ,i,nv in
Oniariu need not lose the hreadth of aee. nt for want of a
fellow Stot to crack a joke with; an.l the Hnjilish Canadians
also everywhere, particularly in far liritish Columbia and
Vancouver Island ; in,l the Irish ami Welsh in lesser nuniliers,
and some of Gc lan an.l other descent but all strongly
British in sentin ..,; and foremost of all the United Empire
Loyalists, t'le ilescen.iants of the men who jjave up everything
for their King and, leaving your land, s.iught homes in the
unbroken forests of Upper Car an.l Xova Scotia, .Now
that their praises have been sunj .,y an American historian
I need not hesitate to mention them with honour merely
because they .lifltered from the other greatdieaned colonists
who also took their lives in their han.ls for what they .leemed
the best cause.

We hail no dark-skinned people or subject races, except
the few Indians whom we understoo.l ami wh.ise claims we
have always respected. After all, this was not l.a.l material
out of which to buil.l a nation, and whatever the future might
have in store for thein, it was a vain imagination to think that
they could ever be anything but British. We had watched
you keenly and surely often with an envious eye, recognizing
the enormous value of your federation, but concluding
i

that in some details we, if we could do it at all, would
do it differently. And so the Fathers met and the plan for the
federation of Canada inside the British Empire came about
in I8G7. We concluded to give certain more or less deHnite
but restricted powers to the Provinces, placing the residuum
of power in the federal government, and thus reversing your
system. In this way Banking, to which I shall refer, is
controlled entirely by the Dominion Government . The British
North American Provinces then existing, except Newfound-
land, all came into the Confederation within a few years, and
in 1870, but not until then, we at last secured the great
prairies of the west from the Hudson Bay Company. Under
the agreement made when British Columbia came into
Confederation we were to build a trans-continent. d railway
connecting the Atlantic with the PaciHc, and some of
you know the trials and tribulations we experienced before
the great enterprise was finished in 1880. Xeariy twenty
years had elapsed after the Act of Confederation before we were
ready to ask tlie foreigner to come and spy out the land of the
West an<i, if it seemed good, to stay. Settlement was slow
at first, but the sons of Ontario farmers and many from the
Maritime Provinces began to take up the land, and tales of its
wonderful fertility began to receive a tardy acceptance from
a critical worid. Some of us ventured to say before 1890
that the first great movement of the land seeker into that coun-
try would take place in the United States. It seemed that
they alone would understand as quickly as our Eastern
Canadians the value of the country (and as it now turns out
they understand it much better); that at the moment when
the pressure of eighty or ninety millions of people caused the
price of farm lands to go beyond the possibilities of ownership
for the men without capital, and the American farmer, used
to owning his land, must in many cases be only a tenant or a

renter, they, the American people of the West, would begin
to go into our country. All the forces of nature were on our
side, but nature takes her own time. Nature, however, was
greatly aided by the high intelligence and great energy of the
Hon. Mr. Sifton, one of your gue.sts to-night, who as Minister
of the Interior put the facts before your Western people in
several campaigns of advertising. The movement lias now
begun and into the extensive areas represented by our unoc-
cupied lands this great colonizing force will co.ninue to press
its way as long as any cheap lands are left. The movement
from Great Britain and from European and Asiatic countries
is also fully under way, and we liave aIre:Ldy in a small ilegree
some of the immigration problems which trouble you.

If those here to-night are to understand the responsi-
bilities which fall upon the population already in tlie
country by the coming of the iimnigrants we must multiply
the number of our people by twelve or thirteen in order to
make a comparison with your nation of eighty or ninety
millions. If we do this we tin.l that our immigration of
over 250,000 in the fiscal year 1907-8 is c(|ual in your
case to an immi /ration of about .3,000,000 in one year.
No proportionate responsibility, therefore, has e\er fallen
upon the United States, especially if we consider the exacting
demands of the modern immigrant as compared with the land
seeker of thirty or forty years ago wlio trekked with a prairie
schooner hundreds of miles into the unknown and did
not expect much in the way of immediate comfort. The
greatest difficulty in all new settlements is of course trans-
portation and we are building railroads at the rate of a
thousand or more miles per annum, equal, relatively to popu-
lation, to twelve or thirteen thousand miles per annum in the
United States, but hardly sufficient for our needs, when con-
sidered in respect to the great areas being put under settle-

ment. In the last ten years our railroad mileage has increased
from 1 n.584 in 189,S to 22.4.52 in 1907, All railroad building in
the U est ,s being done by three great compa.iies, and in a few
years we shall doubtless have three completely equipped
transcontinental railroad systems, truly a remarkable aceom-
phshment for seven or eight million people. Next to
tran,sportation, adequate banking is one of the most im-
portant requisites. The number of bank branches in
Canada is 1,900. m comparison with about G40 ten
years ago, Multiplie.l by twelve this would mean •» gOO
banks in the United States, and the fact that we are so abund-
antly supplied should check somewhat the silly statement
frequently made in the Western States, to the effect that small
communities are better serve.! by individual and local banks
than by the branches of large banks having their head ofKces
m the monetary centres. The growth in railroads and banking
wdl suggest without further <letail how great has been the
strain of providing new towns, new schools, churches, teach-
ers, doctors, lawyers, trading people of all classes, the early
stages of manufacturing and all the other accessories of civil-
ization. The history of the settlement of your great West
shows in a large way what we are doing in a smaller degree.
Statistics are wearying things, especially after dinner
and in any event there is not time enough at my disposal
in which to enter upon the various phases of industrialism
which have lately shown surprising growth in Canada
ansing largely out of this Western settlement, I can'
however, indicate this growth in a few words by the figures'
of our foreign trade. In 1899 our imports were S149,346 000
our exports .S1.50.:!2I,000 and our total foreign trade $299.-'
667,000, In 1908 our imports were .5341,931.000. our exports
$273,002,000 and our total foreign trade 8614,993,000, a

Browth of over 100 per cent, in ten years. For the first five
years of the period in ,,uestion our exports moderately exceed-
ed our imports. For the last five our imports largely exeee.l
our exports. You will understand better than some Euro-
peans that we eannot build railroads an,l in a general way
put a new country in a condition fit lor settlement without
mortgaging the future. And this may be a good time to say a
few words without offence, I hope, regarding the relations of
the United States to our foreign trade and also to the foreign
buying of our securities by which the difference between
our imports and our exports must be met. In the last ten
years we have bought from Great Britain to the extent of
$099,047,000, from the United States Sl,4;iO,S,J2 000 and
from other countries 8271,4.30,000, in all $2,:m:.m 000 In
the same time we have sold to Great Britain to the extent of
$1,174„3S5,000, to the United States $747,290,000 and to other
countries .$22.i,o4.5,00U, in all .?2,14,S,22U,000. It use.l to be
thought that while nations settle their accounts with bills of
exchange and other forms of money, in reality they only
exchange goods with each other; and also that if one nation
bought from another very largely in excess of its power to pay
m goods it must look to the nation it was buying from so
largely to buy the securities which must be sold to pay the bal-
ance. But apparently we have changed all that Great
Britain takes our products far beyond our purchases from
her, and buys our securities as well. You sell us 60 per cent
of our imports, but buy only li, per cent, of our exports and
rarely buy our securities. It is true that we are improving our
purchases from England, and that you are improving vour pur-
chases from us and even occasionally taking an interest in
our secunt.es, but I invite your deepest, most broad-minded
and wisest consideration of these most striking figures and
I ask you whether you think it is likely that trading relations

so one-sided can continue forever. Beyond a peradventure
if you do not open your doors a little more liberally to us, so
that we can more nearly pay you in fnoris instead of always
drawing on London for the purchase price of what she has
bought from us in order to pay you, you will leave us no
alternative but to keep up our tarifi walls until we
can create at home almost every manufactured thing you
sell us on the one hand, while on the other we seek trade
preferably with any nation which takes pay in goods so as
to lessen our payment of actual money to you. Believe
me, my dear friends, I am bold enough to say these things
because some one should say them and because you of all
bodies in the United States are the one to which they should
be said.

I have already spoken quite too long and I shall trespass
further on your patience only for a few minutes. I was
particularly requested to say something regarding our banking
system, but I have so recently spoken to the American Bankers
Associatii-i regarding yours that I hesitate to refer to the
subject again, further than to add to my remarks at Denver
regarding what Alexander Hamilton had tried to do in
banking for the United States, the fact that when you threw
his system overboard we picked it up and based our Prst
charters largely on the charter of the first United States Bank;
and that we ha^■e clung to this, building it up to suit our
purposes, until we have a system which, whether suitable for
other countries or not, admirably serves our purposes both
as to the individual and as to the nation as a whole. The
dilTerence between the two countries stated in the smallest
compass is that instead of about 17,000 individual banks we
have 30 banks with 1900 branches, and these banks being
few in number, and each large in capital and importance, they

arc. tru.stcl i„ manaRe their own reserves, to issue cre.iit notes
to hoW the deposits of the Government-one l^einj; seleeter!
as the chief banker for all important Government business-
and to open branches even in foreiKn countries, thus .levelop-
mg not only a local but a jjreat international force in the
finances and trade of the country.

And now let me set out in a few words some of the reasons
why we have faith in the future of Canada. We have a
eountry about the same size as the United States proper
that ,s without any of its outside possessions. It used to be
thouglit that for all practical purposes much of it was too
fns.d to be worth anythmg. just as thirtv vears ago it used
to be thouglit. even at Washington, that one-third of the
United States was too arid or too bad othenvise for settle-
ment. Xeither the one statement nor the other is true
What is true is that the world is being startled by cereals
grown further an-l further north, which actually seem to
impnn-e in quality the further north you go. The prairie
provinces as yet produce only about 200 million bushek
of cereals, an<I I am not going to be so foolish as to
estimate what they will yield in the future, but clearly
the quantity will eventually be enormous. Once we
should have said that our timber was irexhaustible
but now we know that that is true of no country in the
world. But this much can be said that, if we are willinK
to learn the lessons in forestry now being taught in our
Universities and in our forestry journals and by the experience
of our lumbermen, there is no reason why we should not
have most extensive forested areas from which great national
wealth can be drawn for all time. We own more fishing
waters than any other nation, although too many of our
fnends wish to fish in them. We have iron, nickel, copper and
coal enough to rank with the greatest nations in this respect

and while we are only about the eighth nation in gold, we
begin to look important in silver with the Cobalt camp turning
out about $1,000,1)00 a month. The intensive farming in
Ontario has resulted in our becoming one of the great dairy
countries and our importance in breeding horses, cattle and
other domestic animals is well known. In manufacturing,
whde our figures are trifling compared with vours. we are
making great strides, partly as the result of the naturally
enlarged markets in Canada, but also because we are beginning
to seek a share, in some branches of manufactures, in those
markets which are open to the world's competition. No
one can at present estimate the extent in horse power or
the value in money of our water powers, which probably in
these respects exceed those of any other nation in the world.
We have a land most of which receives at least the average
rainfall, with a summer climate almost everywhere which would
please the most fastidious and a winter climate which to the
native-bora at least is a thing of beauty and a joy forever We
share with you the great lakes, and we have at least twelve or
fifteen great river systems any of which should be remarkable
among the river systems of the world, besides unnumbered
smaller lakes and rivers. Finally we are a contented people
with a f...e birth-rate, with hardly any illiteracy, loving law
and order and insisting on it in every mining camp and on
the rudest frontier line. We hope to build up a nation as free
as any m the world, with our own peculiar institutions with
a share of some kind in the British Empire, and with relations
with your great country which should through the coming
ages be of benefit to both nations materially, intellectually
and ethically.