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They are auto- matic in action, that is, wlieii the receiving reservoir is nbove normal pressure tiie driving belt is mnved ncross from the fast to the loose pulley (both on the crank shalt) by mcansof a small air cylinder, whose piston rod is coupled direct to tlie belt shifter. The admission of the compressed air to this small shifting cylinder being controlled by tlie movement ol' a diaphriigm, whose under siiie is oien to the receiver pres- sure, and whose lift is controlled by an ordimiry safety valve lever, carrying a sliding balance weight, adjustable at will. If the demand be very irregular as to amount, several such belled compressors have been used coupled up in automatic series. Also, pressure from the receiver has been used to throw a friction clutch in and out of gear and thus secure the intermittent action of a belted compressor. For compressors generally it may be s-aid that it is advisable, where po.-sible, 10 use large units, run at fairly moderate speeds; to take the air in as free from dust as possible — tiie author takes it from under the external eavetrougii— also to take in the coldest air possible, as for each 5° lower temperature of the entering air there is said to be a one per cent, increased efficiency in the compressor. PIPES AND STORAGE. The shop piping or main for ordinary pressures (80 to 100 lbs.) should not be less shan l^in. diameter, the larger the better. The author having 4in. pipe spare on hand, used it with gicat -snUsfaction, as it gave ample power storage and little friction. Very slight provision is required for drainage. The main is best carried on the top of roof tie hi am, and from the first should be liberally supplied with short branches and outlet valves, at least one to every 18 or 20 feet, with screwed ends to fit the union nuts cf the flexible hose ; the hose for hand tools and hoists varvinii- iiom 3" to 4," diameter. Cords from the outlet valve lever run down to within 7ft. of the floor controlling the position ot the valve. Reservoir stoiage has to be proportionately the larger the more intermittent the work done,— that is, the greater the extreme call for air compared with the maximum d clivery of the compressor. The pipes and reservoir together should be capable of holding the total delivery of the compressor (working at normal speeed) foriialf'an hour, which is far eheai)er tlian pioviding an exce8.?sively large size compressor, ciieai)er nc;t only in first cost but in daily working. This refers to steam power compressors, which are run to disadvantage at speeds so slew as to make uncciiain if the fly-wheel is going to carry the crank well over its dead centre, and also the condensation on tiie cylcnder walls, etc., is then ex- cessive. COMPARATIVE COST. In ordinary compact factories, with fairly efficient steam plant, the gross cost of the motive power, that is, of fuel, oil and water, is but one percent, ol the total paid out in workmen's wages. In ironworking, pneumatic power often increases a rar.n's output ol work 200 per cent, (threefold). For ai-gument sake allow that it is only doubled. Then, if suj.plying one man with his proportion of the motive power were by the use of air to increase his proportion of tiie motive power cost by fiO per cent., it is evident we should then have a similar fiO per cent, margin for jnofit. As the actual cost is nearer 5 per cent, there is evidently a wide niarghi for extra outlay in machines or in their repair, which expeiidiluio, perday or per man, is increased in the attempt to use pneumatic power, but in the cost of such tools as 2 drills, rliyuicTs, taps, boriii;; cutters, etc., is not increuHod pi'r It. run of liCtuitl work done, when oompari'il with manual liibour. Tlius it is clear that if tlic additionul machinery a factory makes or pnrchiisos in trying to use air as a distributor of power is confined to Hueli tools as will be often or fairly coatinuously u^od, thi-i outlay is justified, and the cost of compressing relatively to total wage-; is so small that tools evidently wasteful in tlu- use of air ap- cconomieal, nr lather show a not bai.iiici' to the liood, if the men find them |ioit ible, easily ndjustablc and handy to use, and their siaipliety of make and (roedora from repairs and break downs, n-salts in but lew delays to the steady out-put of work. ROTARY MOTORS. It is evidrnt that the use of compressed air has stimulated the use of rotary-motors, and not because it was believed that they were (^eonomical converters, but because their liu'lit weight and small bulk permitted tlicm to bo used by band. However, the making of a inore perfect air engine than the steam rotaries. f'rir which so many designs were made and patents taken out Ix'tw-en lS;!0-50, has been attempted, bul it is ((ue.s- tionablo if any advanc" has lnon made. Tlie author has no informa- tion ,is to any attempt to use a reaction or impact turbine as a portable nir motor. What has probably discouraged this is that the neeessity to gear down the high speed would make the engine weighty and the friction exccssiv", although, as air at the same pressure is twic as heavy as «teim, it looks as if air would do well in such a form of reaction eegine. Tiie most simple tbrni of rotary motor is an exeentric or cam. form- ing part of the central shaft, whose length is that of tl'c cylinder in whicii it rotates, and whoso outer -urlaee (belly) t'luohos in the course of one revolution the whole iiitormil eircuiid'erenoe of the cylinder. A reciprocating plate moved in ct'iitrally from the cylinder wall reeeives tho backward thrust of the air. The admission port is in frontof this plate, and tiie exhaust port at iis rear. So male, the sni all sizes to be held by hand, when at work, give; an iiregular, wohi)ling motion, as the shaft — or plug as it is called — is uidialaueed. This long ago provoked the use of two pai'allel shafts or cams geared together, but the author must confess to a failure in an attempt to reverse a form of the Root blower, using it ;\s a small motor. The later attempts make the c^'linder in cross-section oval or elliptic, with several inlet and ports in its walls. Thesh;iff, which is as large as the minor diameter of the ellip-;e, carries two or four movable blades or pistons in its body, whose outer edges are kept in contact with the varying wallsof thecylinder, not liy steel spiing-s, but by the adnii.ssion of conipres.sed air to the bottom of the slots of the shaft in which each radial piston blade plays in iuid out. Without dispute, the leakage is large, judged by the stan lard of a re- cipTocatiu'.' steam piston, in pari due to the several reeipro.'.itinu' blades being subject to wear on their three outer od.'es as well as loosene>s in their .shaft slots, and alal (jil each ;J0 liours. No glass chimney is required, and the flames come close to inside of coil. This lamp is bolted on close to and parallel with theejiinder, and i.> cheap, neiit and inconspicuous, working ,-atisfaetoiily even when the engine is set at an angle of 15" or 20* out of vertical. TKA.NSWllTlNCi SHAFTS. In transmitting mutiou from an independent engine on shop floor to the drill or tap, an endless cord ^" oi' ^" diameter has been used, with light weight g'-ooved puliies, the wliole kept in tension by countei weights. This gear pioved to be a nuiiriince because oi' the amount of tackle and number oi}iulleysrei|nired lo change direction ot motion. The " Stowc flexible shaft" has also been used. Even this requires a universal coupling joint al one end to meet nniny conditions of shop service j lengthening it from S ft. to 8.^ ft., the total weight for a No. t size being 1)5 lbs. Its life is short, the lepniis excessive, the power it will trans- mit is small, and to do it the speed of revolution must be higli ; thus the head lor drill or tap must be geared down and tliereibre made larger and heavier than is required when shaft and tool are revolving at the fiauie speed. A shaft more certain in action, (piite as portable, and having longer life, is made by using a st' el rod 1 in. diameter, sliding fieth inside an iionpipe 1 S-IU in. outside diameter, with a universal coupling at each end. A shallow groove the whole length of the shaft and narrow feathers on the inside ol the pipe insure tluit both revolve together ; the weight of the whole is 35 lbs., and it is usually sustained by a central cord eounterweighled. The ordinary length is 7A ft., extensible to 12 ft., but by using standard gas pipe thread liir ail connections, duplicate ports can at any time, if requirtd, be added, iueieasing the length. It efl'ectively transmits from 200 to 300 revolutions per minute with either or both sliort ends .set at an angle of ;j5''' with the central length. For the convenience of the workman the portable tiqjping hetid is a light liamc, with two and even thiee handles, carrying a pair of bevel- toothed wheels changing the plane of rotation, and permitting the man to guide or to put personal pressure on diieetly behind the tap, while its spindle is receiving motion from the side. The sjieed is such that a tap of 11 threads per inch with rhymering endvto it, in all about IS in. lor,g,is screwed ihrouji both s'eel plates forming the water s|iaee inclos- ing a locomotive firebox, in from 50 to liO seconds. The drill press is of touise somewhat stonier, having to carry the I'etd pressure screw. iiA.^l.Miats, The standard shape of pneumatic hand hamn.er (of an^' American paUuit; suggests an overgrown pistol, weigiiing fiom H to it lbs. In the smaller sizes tin- contained piston has a stroke of 2 in. or -J^: in.^ and strikes directly on the end of the cutting chisel or other indepen- dent tool, which moves freely in a socket at the centre ot the outer end of the pistol. Till s loose tool, ol -^' octagon bar steei G" or 7" long, is at outer end shaped to suit its special work, as rivetting, nailing. I ! I I I cliippinj,'. cnulking, beading, L'liL'ravinj;, cliaRing, stnnccutting or plan- iNhinif. Quito ncontly an iniprovonient lias bron made in tliis all ronnd u.ieliil instiuineut by incrcasini; its pi-ton stroke to l", .md put- ting tiic pistol in a tnbuliir case ol' cast iron woiirliin^ 80 lbs. or more. Its muss, ihsortis niojt of till! r action blow wliicli tin; workman found 80 distrossini: to nerve sind mn.>-ele, bnt us it rtMiuins to be suspended and counterwi'i:;lied, it is nceessurily not a- portable, and emnotbe used under eonditions as confined and awkward ;is the hammer of shorter stroke ;ind lif;liter weiiilit. The hos-e isjf" diameter and the pressure used from 2(» id 100 lbs. At the latter hammer delivers 2,000 or more blows per minute, using of free air per minute 15 cubic ft. at 60 lbs., 18 eub. ft. at 75 lbs. and 21 eub. ft. at 90 lbs, it read- ily does the work of three men ; four i.s claimed and is possible under .some iiwkwaid conditions. Men on piece work provided with such hammer accept one-third tlio old piece work price. Their cost, duty and freight paid, is from ^150. to gldO. and mucli of their pro luct is decideilly superior to hand work. 'J'liis is e-^pecially seen in beading over the ends of boiler tubes. Air is used in ordinary vertical snn'thy hiimmcrs, having cylinders 10 in. by 2S in., with what economy is not known, bnt as no choking exhaust pipe is needed, the exhaust is very free. IIIVETING. Rivetting tools requiic little spccid nnnti >n, as any power rivetinu tool, acting by a single steady sf|ueeze from wuter or stotim, may be rorked by air. At mo-t the change is but one of valve or cock, so thiit all power movi'iuents are eontrullcd by one handle. :ind if desired, the exhaust air niuy be directed on to the cooling rivet, as iu .some cuses it is on to the point of a drill to ke<'p it cnol. The pneuniutic luind-haninier (with its rapid delivery of blows) is well suited for light tank work, that is, for rivets up to A- in. diameter. The u-e of this tool —as in bund riveting — re(|uire8 a holder up. The number of rivets put home per hour, dependetit on size, is increased fro.! 50 to 100 per cint. over h ind labor. The nnpli'asant noise it makes is m some quarters sm obstacle to its increased use, and as its quickly repeated blow b"lps to keep np the heut of the rivet, it is pro- bable that this rapid impact hammer will not prove to be as .satisfac- tory on steam joints as it is on tunk work, because, in hydraulic riveting, where the dead pressure can be held on the rivet while it is cooling, the amount of caulking required to tinish and make a tight d- • job is three or four timis more than th it usually required to make equally good a hand riveted boiler. HOISTS. Coinnmn simp practice in the home manufacture of air lifts is to use for the cylindrical barrels seemless tubes nf iron or bra-s, smoothed internally by (oreiiig a slug throni;h ; for the piston rod cold rolled steel screwed ut its lower end into tiie lifiiog hook shackle, and for piston heud two cast iron disks with one thickness of leather packing between. To secure the satisfactory action of this leather packing a sprung riii'i; ol" ronnd steel or brass wiie cut shorter than the barrel cir- cumferenc', and bent larger tlian its diameter, is put inside the turned over edge of the leather packing, and the lower and smaller of the iron disks hos cast in it in its outer u[iper edge a recess to clear and allow (iir the free play of this sjirung wire ring. The two cast heads or covers, and the barrel which is slightly re- cessed into them, are held togi'ther by through bolts, outside the bar- rel. So made, of niediuni length, a 4 in. costs §18 and a G in. $28. Under such conditions of cheap make, the friction of working varies from 3 per cent, in the large sizes to 20 pir cent, in the very snnill, that is 4 in. and under. Tiiis conqiares favorably with epicyclodial and dilforential hoisting tackle, bur lacks, of course, its certainty of sustaining power. Tf two cast iron sprnn;: rings are used as packing in a solid piston lioad tho barrel nrcils borinu out Iroin ••n.l to .'nd, ;md if not in l;iirly continuous use is l.iiblc to Iimvc the IViciion incnniscd by rust. In a Hprinj; tcstin}; niaciiinc made by the autiior. with two cjist iron .-.pritiu' rin-rs i in. wide by 'i in. tliiok. worlvin;.' in a 'JO" cylinder, new imd \\J\\ lu» icated, it lonk 100 lli.s. to j-tint tbo |.i>l indicated by a Salter Malanee, iind !H) lbs. lo keep it niovin'.i. In .-o simple a type of ho»t it irt ii mutter of iinlilTeience whieii way Mie eylind.n- is m'(. G ven snffieicnt he:id room i( is surpended vertidUy frnni a two wliedeil t: ndcin trolly movinu on a single bar rnnwiiy, so tlial lind, bois ami t .lly have liorizontai freedom. If bead room is wnitin- it is set Imrizontally, and tlie outer end of the piston rod coupled to a ch:iin passing over one or more pulleys, tbus elian^rin- the direction of the pull, and so used ib" piston rod on upprr surface has been notched so V to form a rack niio wbieli m p.ill fails, thus locking tiie suspended weiulit at any bei-lit ; and wlieii ibe hoist cylinder is put on to an old hand crane itisofteii mI at :in an,u;le, beinu' for convenience of attach- ment secured to the diaiional strut. A firxible lio-e of sniiill diameter ,1,'ivos it elastic connection with lln' shop air-main. The widest vari:ition in practice is in the controllinii valve used, a three- way plugcock beint; tlie chenpesl to make and the mo^t troublesome to keeptii^bf. Mitre valves or flat valves with recessed elastic se:itin;j; iire uioreeertiiin. They r.(|uiie,i .separate spindle (aiideotlon-iiacUed ulaiid) for each v;ilve. but e:icb pair is movable by one double-entled lever. Where iiir enter- the barrel of iioist a very small hojo or self-closing check valve is desirable, so a> to prevent ilie load running down danger- ously fast in case of injury either to the air-main or the supply hose ; also it is desirable to have a cheek or stop on the piston rod so coupled to valve th;it m case ol' over -troke the valve is reversed and air is ad- mitted to the opposite side of piston cushioning it. The same end may be attained by the piston itself striUing and opening ;i supiilementaiy valve, or if the non-worUin;: end of barrel is open to the atmo.sphere by small hole in the side of the barrel, so locating this hole that the piston will block it and the confined air aet, tirst as a cushion and then as a stop. Such a hole suek- in the shop dust and grit, increasing frietiou and leakage, so that a valve admitting compressed air or exhaust air only, is the better practice. It is perhaps over the wide surface of a foundry floor and in the midst of its sand, grit and dust, that pneumatic hoists best show their good qualities, and Russel & Co., of M:issill.)n, 0., who early appre- ciated their value two years ago wore using 20 cranes of 5 ton capacity, a cupola stock elevator, and many simpler hoists of from 400 to 1,000 lbs. capacity. Under such shop conditions every foot of air exhausted adds to the health and comfort and therefore working capacity of the moulders. UOSI'. I'OR IIOJSTS. In trying to use a portabh suspended hoist, and move it under a Inno- length of shop roof, in most: eases— even of modern e((uipment — the flexible air-ho-e h is to be 'ietached, an ! alter the hoi-tmg cylinder has been moved to a new location the air-hose recoupled to the air main branch. To avoid this delay and inconvenience the C. & N. W. Ry. Co., use a long length of air-hose, e((ual to half the total length of the runway thaf carries the hoist, couplinu the hose to the air-main at the centre of the length of the rutiway. Then, at points some 20 feet or more apart, the hoso is suspended i'roin a two-inch grooved pulley ■ running freely on a liofi/ontally light-stretched wire, hlach such suspmding pulley rei|uires an it deiiendent wire, and the wires are ar- ran<''cd so as not to hi; in the sanu^ vertieal plane. The result id this ingenious arrangement is that as the hoist moves towards the centre of its runway it crowds or loops the hose, an .shop main) a'^ it was originally to the ri^dit hand of that point. "> •Mr. U. Quiiylo is so far satisfica witli this plan that he has now underway some such arrimgoniciit to permit a jih crime, travellin'^ oa a sin,'lo floor mil to propel itself or to hoist at any point iu the length of a 500 feet shop. FOROINO. The most obvious ndvimtai;e of nir over wat.'r as n transmitter of power is its freedom from frost troul.les. [t is, however, possible un- der M.mc conditions to effectively eombine the tw., not only without frost risk, hut with add.ul economy and a much wider range of appli- cation, without the machine being so large as to interfere with the workn'ian's freedom of movement and his ease in handlir ^ the material to and from the tool. This is done by using a pair of undem differential cylinders, the outer or upper side ol' the piston of the l.rger receiving tho full air pressure ami delivering that piwer th.ough the piston rod at higher pressure per square inch to the water contained in the smaller cylmder. A third and independent piston at opposite end of small cylinder is coupled direct through its piston rod to the forging die. As developed in detail by Mr. J. W. Harkom M. C. S. C. E., at Toronto, the differential cylinders are vertic^.l, the large (air) cylinder bein- high up— that is, well above the working level of the man— and the TmaUer cylinder is mi.de longer than its piston travel, and just above ground level opens direet into a third cylinder, set horizontally. The second and third cylinders are actually one and the same, but in the middle of its length is bent to a right angle, and has a piston at each end-not coupled together, so that the distance between these pis- tons is variable and the space between them filled with water admitted by valve from the city mains. The piston rod of the third or hori/.onal cylinder s.t its outer end carries the forging die, and the pi>ton has water pressure on one side and air pressure on its relief side, .m) as to earry the die hack after the foro-in" s(iuecze has been given. All Uie fluid used is that contained between the two small pistons, and is a quantity variable at will, and this is the key to the economy in the volume of the air used. The dies being variable in depth, and the foigings in thickness, the position of the third piston should be variable b position, both before and after the forging movement. When the movement for any pariicular set of forgings is to be small, the maximum quantity of water is forced in by opening a valve coupled to ih^ city water-main, which lifts the large air piston up closer to the top cover of the large cylinder, and thus effectually shortens its possible length of stroke. If the amount of water (and therefore the distance between the two small pistons) was not definitely Qdjustal.lc, there would be a large loss of air when a so.all die were in use -or a shallow forging being made- due to the necessary filling and emptying of the cubic contents ol the lar.'c cylinder at each stroke. The return (after making a stroke) of all°pistons is a.ssistcd by compensating balance weights, coupled by chains to the piston rods or tail-rods, and air pressure being always on the relief side of the forging (third) piston the die is withdrawn from the forcing as soon as the air is permitted to escape from the top ot the lar'cJrcvrmdcr. This is controlled by a three-way cock overhead, with two light cords coupled to its double-ended lever, the handles on lower ends of cord just clearing the workmen's head. Opening a single drain-cock at lowest level gets rid of all the water when men leave the shop at night. COMBINED IIORINO AND PLANING. It is an advantage in trying t« secure perfect alignment in the bor- in.. and planing of large cylinders, pump barrels, etc., that both these operations be done on the one machine table without rescuing the work, and this h:,s of late been done by M. C. Bullock Co. of Chicago, the "~^Amerkan Machinist, Jan. 2, 1H9C. line opcnitioii following; tlio otlur, but with a suitable air luotor and' fli'xibli! hoMi' it slioul"! not be difficult to d" botli upcriitionH nt once, al- thoufih the author is not taniiliar with any porinblc air motor on the iiiarkt't |Mtw rl'ul ('iiouL'h tc do tlu? boiinj: in us* short a time ;i!< th<' phin- iiiii usually (ici'ii|iiis. It i> also {lo^siblc to do 'hf uiillinLr out of thi' NteaniportM by a s. cond air motor while llic borin}^ in bi-inp linishcii, the wholi' nci'din;^|piil mitf attfiidoiit. as whi'n on piece, wurk nw mm re'.'U- iarly attends to thr : milling;; machines. coNri.lJStdN. To suininarize, air is in praetiee proving; to be a fairly cheap and most convenient Iransmittor of power, allowini; fine subdivision and transportation to remote points with the erowninj^and uni(|ue (jnality of suherinj; no appreciable l<\ss when held in storaj^e. For intermittent service it is of ureat value allowinn widely vpryinf; s",ic(m1 of tools, dis- pensiii;^ with loni: lines of shaltiiiji ai.d bjlts, iiiving free head room, and increasinf; the shoplinht as well uh lesscninjr the first cost of roof frames when they have not In cany siiaftin.:. The pipes re Hammers (hand). 1 Punch . 1 Angleirun slicar,«. 1 Bolt maeliine. ;> Ilanuners in smithy. 1 Large punch and i-iiears. 1 Bulldozer. 1 Eailsaw. 1 Rail drill. : 2 Rail benders. 1 Stamping machine for tin shop. 1 Bolt .shearer. 1 Fort miller, 3 Ji(>tter presses. Pulling down jacks, 12 Carjack.s. 2 Drawbar jacks. .3 Painting machines. 1 Wiisher maker. 3 Rivet holders. 8 Bl 2 Tubo roUerH, 8 Fump.t. I Transfer fable. 1 Driviiii; wlu'i-l revolver used in Hctting slide viilvns. SO Hoists in sliop. :{ Hoists 10 feet lift outside. I Device for luin'crs ; sin- s-le .semaphores and semapaures interlocked with switches ai. 1 gates, and this, too, at points 18 miles away from the comprcs-ing piant ; in timber preserving by injection ; in moving capstans and winches for hauling and sluinting purposes ; in coaling locomotive tenders ; in lift- ing their aslies out ; in sifting, lifting and delivering sand to locomo- tives ; in delivring sand to rail ; actuating whistle signal ; moving the rocking firegrate; opening the firehole door; ringing the bell, and perhaps the best known of all in actuating tlie continuous automatic brake. Also on other rolling stock for con- trolling snow-plow wings and aprons; ice flangers and scrapers; doors of dump and (U-op-bottom cars, and for tilting ballast oars ; and inside shops for bending pipes ; cleaning pipes from internal scale; testing pipes and their jointing ; with gas jets for heating tires and Other rings of metal ; as a blowpipe for straightening bent wrought iroti frames ; for spraying fuel into oil furnaces ; for belt shifting on oounter.shafts ; for machine brakes to stop tools at a deOnite point; for Bupplementiu'.' the whcil and axle hydraiUic press; for axle box and journal press ; with s.md as sandblast for eiittiug and scouring ; and for .scrap shears and scrap tumblers at far end of yard where the noise is least annoying, and where there is ample space fin- scraj t.Cy'V