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Bulletin 
 
 u 
 
 INSEC 
 
 AN 
 
 f.-^/. G 
 
M Bulletin No. 5.— New Series. 
 
 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOUV. 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS: 
 
 AN ACCOUNT OF THE SPECIES OF IMPORTANCE 
 IN NORTH AMEIIICA, 
 
 WITH 
 
 MENTION OF RELATED FORMS OCCURRING ON 
 OTHER ANIMALS, 
 
 TKEPAKED UNDER THE DIKECTION (jV TUE EN'rOMOLDCIST, 
 
 By HERBERT OSBORN, 
 
 I'rofeasor of Zoology and ICntomologn, Iowa Agricultural 
 College, Jines, Iowa. 
 
 WASHINGTON : 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOB. 
 
 1896. 
 
 ?A^r 
 
SlU: 1 
 attWrtiiif? » 
 prepared 1 
 State Agi 
 iijileld ageii 
 eii«aj;e<l, < 
 iiK'iit, ill tl 
 statement, 
 irrofessor 
 ^report, in i 
 vl'iofessor 
 durinji' tlie 
 read and i 
 Industry, 
 jijnd is a ^ 
 ^andaofa 
 p, new seii 
 Resj 
 
 Hon. J. 
 
 \^o' 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 Siu: 
 
 II. S. l)ErART3IKNT OF AgBICULTURE, 
 
 Division oi-' l^iNTOMOLooY, 
 Washiufiton, D. C\,Ju1y S, 1890. 
 1 traiianiit herewith the manuscript of a report upon insects 
 
 attectiiifjf <h)niestic animals in the United States. Tliis report has been 
 
 prepared l)y Prof. Herbert ()sborn,of the Zooh)gical Department of tiie 
 
 State Agricnltural (.'olleye at Ames, Iowa. Professor Osborn was a 
 
 liehl a^ent of this Division for some years \mov to 1<S1>3, and was 
 
 ;enjiaj;ed, daring part of the time of liis employment by the Depart- 
 
 huent, in the ju'eparation of this report. As explained in the prefatory 
 
 '5;tiiteineiit, it was the intenticm of Professor Riley to collaborate with 
 
 [rrofessor Osborn in this work, but other duties interfered. The 
 
 report, in its present condition, is largely the result of work done by 
 
 Professor Osborn. untlcr a special conunission from the Departments 
 
 luring the i)ast winter. The chapter on remedies has been carefully 
 
 I'ead and revised by Dr. D. E. Salmon, chief of the Bureau of Animal 
 
 [ndustry. The report will form an excellent text-book of the subject, 
 
 nul is a work which, in the opinion of the writer, should be in the 
 
 mnds of all stock raisers. I reconnneud its i)ublication as liulletin No. 
 
 '|i, new series, of this Division. 
 
 Eespectfully, L. O. lIowAKD, 
 
 Untomologist. 
 iou. J. Steblt>'(} Morton, 
 
 ISecrctary of Agriculture. 
 
 V^CoO 
 
PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 The report herewith submitted was originally i)lanncd in 1885 as a 
 conjoint wmk Avitb Dr. C. V. Jliley, the intention beinj*- that the writer 
 should make a first draft of tlie matter, presenting tlie results of his 
 own studies, and tiiat the material slioald then be reviewed by J)r. 
 Kiley to nnike such corrections and additions as the material in his 
 hands might i»ernut. On this basis, manuscript was prcpare<l and 
 transmitted to Washington at intervals u^) to 1800, but the numerous 
 duties of Dr. Kiley, especially his work for the Paris Exposition in 
 1889, i)revented his giving any attention to this matter, and in 189(), at 
 his suggestion, the cuai)ter on " I'ediculi and Mallophaga," which had 
 been my special study, was put ir. shape for the press and issued 
 shortly alter as IJulletin 7 of the series of Division Bulletins. Tiie 
 other matter was held in reserve, tliough receiving attention at times 
 when other work ijcrnutted. 
 
 After Dr. Kiley's death his successor, Dr. Howard, found the writer's 
 incompleted manuscripts and proposed that they shouhl be revised, 
 completed, brought up to date, and jjublished — a proposition whiiih I 
 was very glad to accept, as it seemed after so nnich of my time had 
 been given to this work while in the eniphiy of the Division of Ento- 
 mology it was but right that there should be some publislied results. 
 
 In completing the work the original plan an«l scope has been tbllowed 
 in most respects, but it has been found necessary, on account of the 
 mass of material collected, to restrict the treatment of the species, 
 giving special prominence only to those forms of interest to the Amer- 
 ican stock breeder and poulterer, and especially in the bibliography to 
 limit the titles. 
 
 Wiiile a large number of the figures have been prepared expressly 
 for this work, a number have been secured from other sources, and will 
 be ^ound duly credited in each instance. Of the original figures, 34, 
 30, 50, 51, and 52 were prepared in the Division o(" Kntomology; the 
 others have been drawn by Miss Charlotte M. King, under ray personal 
 supervision. 
 
 I take this opportunity to a"knowledge my indebtedness to Professor 
 Eiley for his interest and assistance in die inception and preparation of 
 the report, and to Dr. M. Francis, J*rof S. A. Forbes, Dr. A. S. Packard, 
 Prof. Lawrence Bruner, Dr. A. Ilassall, Prof. ,1. H. Coinstock, Mr. C. F. 
 Baker, Mr. S, E. Cassino, and others who have kindly aided me with 
 the use of cuts or with specimens for study. To Dr. L. O. Howard 1 
 am under especial obligations for most valuabK aid ii. the final ravision 
 and completion. He has taken great i)ain8 to furnish me references 
 not otherwise at command and to provide illustrations. 
 
 Herbert Osboen. 
 
 Iowa Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa. 
 i 
 
 ClIAi'TKR I. 
 
 DcfV 
 
 (I' 
 1)11 
 
 of 
 
 (In 
 
 CHAI'TKR II. 
 
 I'aniilj' ( 
 
 Pn 
 
 Kairiily C 
 
 The 1 
 
 Kainily S 
 
 L()M8( 
 
 Vu 
 of 
 
 hal 
 
 (1>- 
 Til, 
 ]ii.s 
 
 (!>■ 
 (p. 
 
 (!>• 
 
 Family T 
 
 The 
 
 63)- 
 
 Kad 
 
 (hi 
 
 cosl 
 
 tabi 
 
 Family 1. 
 
 Family (]•: 
 
 Tho h 
 
 Horso 
 
 Th." 
 
 injii 
 
 atta 
 
 Lif( 
 
 flyc 
 
 The si 
 
 Th.i n 
 
 105) 
 
led in 1885 as a 
 : that the writer 
 e results of his 
 ■eviewed l)y l>r. 
 
 material in his 
 s prepared and 
 it tlie nunierons 
 is Exposition in 
 r, and in 1890, at 
 lajia," whicli had 
 ress and issued 
 
 Bulletins. The 
 ,ttention at times 
 
 imnd the writer's 
 lould be revised, 
 •position which I 
 1 of my time had 
 )ivision of Ento- 
 blished results, 
 has been followed 
 )u account of the 
 t of the species, 
 rest to the Amer- 
 ic bibliography to 
 
 epared expressly 
 
 !• sources, and will 
 
 iginal ligurea, 34, 
 
 I'^ntomology; the 
 
 mder my personal 
 
 (Iness to Professor 
 ud preparation of 
 )r. A. S. Packard, 
 )instock, Mr. C. F. 
 Uy aided me witli 
 r. L. O. Howard 1 
 . the tinal revision 
 ish me refereaces 
 
 s. 
 
 IBERT OSBOEN. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 rage. 
 CJllAI'TKR I.— INTIK DUCTION 9 
 
 Dofmitioim and 'irriingenoiit (p. 9) — Grouping of paranitic insects 
 (J). 11)— Lifo liiHtoneH of parasites in general (p. 14) — Origin of the 
 parasitic habit (i>. Itj)—l{e8ults of parasitism (p. 16) — Distribution 
 of parasites (p. 17. — Effects of jjaraBites on the host (p. IS) — Losses 
 line to jiarafites (p. 20)— Popular notions about parasites (p. 21). 
 
 Chaptkr II.— Dii'TKHA (nio8(|nitoes, gnats, ilies, and ticks) 25 
 
 Family CuMcitla' (mosquitoes, gnats, etc. ) 25 
 
 Prevention and remedy 28 
 
 Family CiiiHoyoMiD.K (midges) 30 
 
 The blood-sucking gnat ( Tet-aexthcg torrens) 30 
 
 Family SiMii.iiD.i: (black llies, buffalo gnats) 31 
 
 Lo.«8es from l»uffalo gnats (i». 32) — F^ifo history and habits (p. 33) — 
 
 i Preventives (p. 3(i)— Remedies for tlio bites (j). 37) — Natural enemies 
 
 I of buffalo gnats (p. 3S)— Descriptions of species, with notes on their 
 
 ,; habits (p. 3H) — The columbacx midge (p. 3S) — Simuliuni ornatum 
 
 (p. 3!t)— The black fly (p. 4C)— Tlie Southern buffahi gnat (i>.41)— 
 
 The turkey gnat(p. 52)— The Western buffalo gnat (p. 55) — 8imulium 
 
 i piscicidium (p. 5(5) — Simulium cancscons (p. 57) — Sinuilium rivular.i 
 
 i (p. 57) — .Simulium sp. (in Brazil) (p. 57) — .Simulium venustum 
 
 I (p. 57)— Simulium sp. (near Washington) (p. 58) — Simulium pictipes 
 
 ! (p.5M. 
 
 Family TahaniD/K (horse (lies, gad Hies, etc. ) 58 
 
 The black gad (ly or breeze Hy (p. (JO)- The green-head horse lly (]>. 
 
 , 63)— Tabanus stygius (p. 66)— Tabanus molestus (p. VtX) — European 
 
 V gad fly (p. 6K)— The banded breeze Hy (p. 69)— The oar fly (p. 69)— 
 
 I Chrysops nig«'r (j). 70)— Chrysops quadrivittatus (p. 70)— t'hrysops 
 
 I costatus (p. 70)— Chrysops fugax (p. 70)— The hippoboscid-like 
 
 Jtabanid (p. 71). 
 .J Family Lki'TI DM (snijx! flies) 71 
 
 J Family (EsTKii).K (bot-flies, breeze flies) 72 
 
 The horse bot-fly (p. 76)— The ha'moirhoidal bot-fly 84 
 
 Horse bot-fly or "chin fly" (p. 85)— Gastrophilus pecorum 87 
 
 The bot-flies of cattle (p.87)— Warble flies: F-xtent and manner of 
 „ injury (p. 88)— Loss on hides (p. 88)— Loss in milk and beef from 
 
 attack of bot-flies (p. 88,— Occurrence of warbles in man (p. 91) — 
 Life history and habits (p. 91)— Remedial measures (p. 93)— Ox bot- 
 fly or warble fly (p. 95)- Ox bot-fly or heel fly (p. 97). 
 
 The sheej) bov-fly or head maggot 102 
 
 The reindeer bot or deer hot (p. 105)— The emasculating bot-fly (p. 
 105)— The rabbit bot-fly (p. 108)— The cotton-tail bot (p. 110)— Other 
 species (p. 110)- -Bot-fly of man, monkeys, dogs, etc. (p. 110). 
 
 5 
 
6 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 I'nco. 
 CiiAiTKit II. — l>ii'Ti;nA (iiioHqiiitocs, finatH, llicH, iiinl ticks) — (' intiniitid. 
 
 I'iimily Ml ■scum: (Iiiiiihh llirs iinil nllii's) 114 
 
 I'liclKiiii ll.v(i>. Ill)— 'I'lu'llnMl- (ly(i». IL'D— Till' still. lotlx (p. l:.'2)— Tlio 
 iiH'iit liy (nlilow llv (|». r_':t)— lUm-liiittlc ll,v(p. llM) riii'siirw-Wdnn 
 
 iiy (p. iL';i) -I'lii' tsctso iiy (p. i;<:{)— riH) iiipiioiut.'s iiics (i:ti). 
 
 I'aiiiily llli'i'oiiuMih.i; (loi.'st llics. titks) JHf. 
 
 Tilt' liird ticks ((Ulcrsiii iiiid ( MiiitlHimyiii ) (p. lUT)— I'lic drcr tick 
 (p. i:!7)— I'lic (dicHt Iiy nr lidisf t ick (p. ili?) -'I'lm slu-cp tiik (p. IIW). 
 
 Family N VtTKltiiiiih i (Itat IlicH) 110 
 
 CiiAi'TKii in — SinioNArir.isA (llcas) Ill 
 
 Tile .jiufji'l' llt',1 or (•lil;;o»' (p. I IL')— I'll" lull lien ( |i. Ill)— Tllr opossillll 
 
 llcii (p. ill!)— 'riic liKiisi' lli'.i (p. 117)— Tim liii'd lira ( ji. 1 17)— Tlic rat 
 and iiiouHf Ilea (p. IIS) — Si|iiirnl llcas (p. 1 IS)— Thi' spciiniipliilt' Ilea 
 (p. 11!))— 'I'lic doy; and cat, Ilea ( i>. IT.O)— Ifal.liit llcas i p. l.'il.')- Tin' 
 inolii Ilea (p. l.">;!) — TIk" pocket, Kc'pl'cr Ilea (p. I'd). 
 CllAl'TKU I\'. — lii'.Mil'TKltA (lni;;s Mild lice) 157 
 
 Siiliorder lli',ii:i!()i'i'i",iiA • I'ainily AcAXiiiiihi,: (Wed liii;; and allied tonus). 157 
 The coiiiiiioti bed liiii; (p. I."i7 ) — Thi' "coriico,"' or Mexican chicken liiiK 
 (p. IttO) — The liani-swallow liiij? (j). Itil). 
 
 Family 1>|-.I>1 viiim. Ui3 
 
 The ldo()d-s»ckiu>; cone-iiose (]>. lt)3). 
 
 Siihordi r I'AKAsriA , I'aniily I'k.dk i i.in.i;— The smdoiial lice Kit 
 
 The crali louse (ji. Iti5) — The head louse (p. 1(!(!) — The hody louse (j). 
 1(17)— Louse of the ai>e (]i. H!S) -l.ice inl'estinjr the monkey ()i. HIS) — 
 Th(> sucUiiif; doK louse (ji. I(»t>) — The louse (d' the camel ()». 170) — idee 
 iiif'estiiiK' the niratl'c, deer, and anitdope {]>. 170) — The siiidvin^ louse 
 of the jioat (p. 17(0 — The shoe]) foot louse (p, 170) — The short-nosed 
 ox louse (p. I7L')— The loiii^-nosed (»\ louse ( p. I7(!i — The iMiHalo louse 
 (]). 177) — The ho;; louse (p. 17S) — The sncklii;; horse louse (p. ISO) — 
 Slicking lice of rodents (ji. ISl ) — l.oiise of the rat (j). ISl ) — Louse of 
 the held nioiise (p. ISl) — Louse of the ralddt and hare ( p. ISl') — 
 Louse of the llyiii;; siiiiiind (]>. ISL')— Louse of the fox siinirnd (j). 
 ISli) Louse of the ^''ay s<iiiirrel (]i. ISl) — Louse of the white-footed 
 mouse (]i. ISl) — Louse of tho ^lountl si|iiiri'ids and chipmunk (p. 
 isr>) — lIieinatopi'iUH eiTaticu8(p. ISti) — l''ulia'niato|>ii!us : Mole louse 
 (jt. ISIl) — Fiiha'inati>]>iiius uhnormis (p. 1S7) — lla'mato]dnoides: 
 Sucking louse of the pocket j^ojiher (p. 1S7) — The ele)diant louse 
 (p. ISS)— The louse of the harltor seal ()>. ISS). 
 CiiAi'TiK V. — Suhonler .MalloI'Iiaoa (bird li.e) 1S!» 
 
 Family I'iiiloi'Ikimdi, 1!M 
 
 Louse of du(dis and geese (p. 19li) — The little red swan louse (p. 1!I2) — 
 Lesser chic ken lousi; (j). 102) — Large (diicken louse (ii. UK?) — I'igeon 
 louse (p. 103) — The peacock goniocotcB (p, IDI) — (Jtuiiocotes of the 
 jiheasant (p. litl) — Hurnett's goniocotes (p. 104) — The chicken gou- 
 iodes (]), 105) — (iiiinea fowl goniodes (p. 105) — The pigeon gtmiodea 
 (]>. 105) — The little j.igc.on goniodes (p. l!l(i) — Louse of the turkey 
 (p. 10()) — The peacock goniodes (p. 197) — The pheasant goniodes 
 (]). 107)— GiMiiodes gigas (p. 107) — Idjienrus of the chicken and 
 pheasant (p. 107) — Guinea fowl lipeiiriiH (j). 19S) — Louse id' the shel- 
 drake (p. 198) — The i)igt^on lipeurus (]). 190)— Tho H(iualid duck 
 louse (p. 200) — Idpeurus anseris (p. 200)— The lipeurus of the goose 
 (p. 2(X)) — The turkey louse ''p. 201) — The variable chicken louse 
 ^p. 202) — The white swan louse (p. 202)— The louse of the ('at (p. 203) — 
 The biting louse of the dog (]>. 203)— The louse of the bear (p. 204) — 
 The louse of the llama (p. 204)— The louse of the goat (p.204)— The 
 louse of the suoep (p. 20(>) — The biting lice of horses, mules, asses, 
 etc. (p. 207) — Trichodectes pilosus (p. 208) — Trichodectes panuu- 
 
 1 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 I'nge. 
 illtilllU^l. 
 114 
 
 IcscrrW-Worill 
 
 IMfi 
 
 Tile (IciT tick 
 |i tick (|i. I'-iX). 
 
 110 
 
 Ul 
 
 -'I'lii' opiisHimi 
 
 , 1 J")— Tilt! lilt 
 KM'inopllilt' ll)Ml 
 
 1 (|i. l.V-M— Tlif 
 
 157 
 
 jillicd forum). 157 
 III cliickt'ii liii^ 
 
 l(i:J 
 
 ir« Itil 
 
 lioilv louse (ji. 
 iikoydi. UW)— 
 l(l>. 170)— Lice 
 ■ siifkinj; inimti 
 
 'lie t*li(iI't-Ill)S«'(l 
 IC llllltillo lollHC 
 
 loiiHc ()). IHO)— 
 ISl) — LoiiNo of 
 liiiri! ().. ISL')— 
 ox sqiiiriM'l (p. 
 Ho \vliit»'-foot«>(l 
 
 cliipiiiiiiik (p. 
 us : Mole lonse 
 
 iiiiito])iiioi<les: 
 ele|)iiant louse 
 
 W) 
 
 litl 
 
 louHo (p. v.m— 
 
 p. I!W)— I'iKt'on 
 IlilX'Otos of the 
 eliiekeii Kon- 
 iijieoii goiiioilea 
 
 of the turkey 
 iHiiiit <;oiiio<leH 
 e ehickeii and 
 use of the sliel- 
 
 H(|iiali(l (luck 
 118 of the goose 
 
 eliicken loHHo 
 lieeat(p.203)— 
 
 hear (p. 204)— 
 it (p.204)— The 
 !s, mules, asses, 
 odeetes paruni- 
 
 Family LioriiKiD.i: 
 
 LuUHo of the dove (p. 210)— The coniiiioii \nm loime (]i. 210)— Menupoii 
 biseriafiihi (p.212)— 'i'he pheasiiut ineiiopoii (p. 212)— The peaeoek 
 louse (p. 212) — Louse of the (iiiinea, lioii (p. 2i;{) — Louse of ducks 
 (p,21!{) — Louse of the ;;oosc and swan ( j). 21U)— Louse of (he yoose 
 (p, 211)— The pigeon louse ( p. 21 1 )— The swan louse (p. 215)— Louse 
 of tlie (iuiiiea piu (p. 215)— UyroiMis ovalis (p. 2lt!). 
 
 .\]>pendix to MaMopha<ia 
 
 Jjst of .s|ieeies of Mullo]>iui<::i in I'liited States, with descriptions of 
 ui'W species (p. 210) — riiiiopteridie (p. 210) — Liotheida- (p. 24U). 
 
 |C'llAi'ii;u VI.— AUA(iiMi».v 
 
 Order .\( auina : llarxest mites; clii^fK*'!'" 
 
 Family (Ja.masikk 
 
 The bird tiik ()>. 25;{)— The i)oultry tick fp. 253). 
 
 Tamily Ixukik i: 
 
 The ear iiiito (p. 255) — The pigeon tick (p 2.55) — The American argas 
 (p. 25(5) — The cattle tick (p. 257) — The dog tick or wood tick 
 (p. 2'il)— The lone star tick (p. 201)— The lahiiit tick (p. 2(il)— 
 Ixodes ricinus (p. 2(i2). 
 
 Family SAi!CniTii> i; 
 
 The itigcon jdiime mite(p. 202) — The cystic fowi niite (j). 2tiU) — Internal 
 
 chicken iiiKe (p. 2(iH)— Mites infesting mice (ji. 26:() — Tiie ear mite 
 
 i (ji. 2()1)— The chorioptes of the liorse ami ox and gout (p. 2(W) — Foot 
 
 I M-ah of sheep (p. 2ti0)— Ihe scab mite <d' shoei>, horses, and cattle 
 
 ^ (p. 2(i())— The Itch mi(e (p. 20!l)— Itch niitc of (he cat (p. 271)— The 
 
 Itch mite of fowls (|). 272) — The suioodi siircop(es (p. 271 ). 
 
 Family I)k.moi>i:(II> i: 
 
 The follicle mite (p. 271). 
 
 Order LiNdiArii.iNA 
 
 Linguatula rhinaria (p. 275). 
 
 CllAI'ir.U VII. -K'iMl'.IilK.s — I'RK.VKNTIVi: TUi;ATMi;Nr 
 
 I'reventive measures 
 
 Insecticidal sulistances (]». 277)— Methods of api>licatioii of remedies 
 « (p. 270)- Direct capture or destruction of insects ()). 270) — L'eiiova- 
 
 ■f tion of henliouses (p. 2S0)— I'umigation (p. 281)— Washes and dips 
 
 (p. 282). 
 
 .CiiAi'TKK VIII. — List ok l'AUAsrn;s a» (oiiDiMi to Musts 
 
 J .VOecting m.in (p. 280)— All'ecting ajies and iiKUikeys (p. 280)— Atl'octing 
 
 I the dog (i>. 2X0)— Atfecting the cat (p. 2K0)— Aliccting the ferret 
 
 I (p. 28(;)— AU'ecting the horse, ass. and mule (p. 280)— AOecting cattle 
 
 I (p. 287)— AlVecting slice]) (i>. 287)-AMectiiig the goat (p. 287)— 
 
 AU'ecting swine (p. 287)— AOecting ralihits and hares (p. 287)— 
 Allccting chickens (p. 287)— AOecting the turkey (p. 287)— Aflectiug 
 tlie j)eafowl (p. 287)— AO'cctiiig pigeons (p. 287)— AO'cotiug ducks, 
 geese, and swan (p. 287). 
 
 CiiAi'Ticu I.\.— Lrri;uATt UK 
 
 I'arasKes in general (ji. 288)— Diptera (p. 289)— Simuliuhe (p. 289) — 
 (Estridic (p. 2!t0)-ruliclda' (p. 291 )-l'e<liculidie and Mallophaga 
 (lice) (p. 292)-Arachuida (p.293)— Kemedies (i>. 293). 
 
 I'nKc 
 210 
 
 210 
 
 251 
 
 251 
 253 
 
 255 
 
 262 
 
 i 
 
 274 
 
 274 
 
 277 
 277 
 
 286 
 
 288 
 
INSE 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 I'ngr. 
 
 PI. T. (iiiHtropliilim (Mjiii in .st<)ina(!li of horse 76 
 
 II. hp«'c;i«'8 of MallopLagu 218 
 
 III. Ar>;!isiiiii' 255 
 
 IV. Tim ciittlo tick ( lioophiliiH horin Kiloy) 258 
 
 V. The <'attlo tick (y/<»oj>/ii<u« torts Kiloy) 258 
 
 8 
 
 Therela 
 kingdom ]i 
 tbese relat 
 ^'In tlie 
 iosectH w]ii 
 Mlves nil 
 peper of 
 lust llCIO i 
 sittectiiiii 
 l^imalH ill 
 I Insects n 
 ^st, by oc< 
 • occasion 
 ie case of 
 p4rt of the 
 tl|roughout 
 nintc's or so 
 imtriiuent f 
 
INSECTS AinniCTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 (^IIAPTKK T. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I'llgr. 
 
 70 
 
 248 
 255 
 258 
 258 
 
 DEVINITIONH AND AURANOEMENT. 
 
 Tlie relations whicli iiiMects bear to the otlier branrlies of tlie animal 
 kint^dom are of no little complexity, and the coniidete statement of 
 these relations would requirti a lengthy (lisciission of detlnitions. 
 
 lu the present work it is intended to discuss i)articularly those 
 insects which by direct attack upon domesticated animals ren<ler theni- 
 selves an injurious element to the stock breeder, i)oultry raiser, and 
 keeper of vari(ms aninnils for pleasure or i>roflt. Naturally, reference 
 ust lu're and there be nuide to allied forms which may be of interest 
 affecting some related animals or as possible parasites of domestic 
 l^imals in the future. 
 
 ; Insects may affect domestic animals in a number of different ways; 
 flflrst, by occasional attack for the purpose of obtaining food ; second, 
 by occasional attacks which wimply give irritation to the animal, as in 
 the case of certain species of flies; third, by living as parasites during 
 part of their existence, as in bots; fourth, by living as parasites 
 throughout their lifetime, as with the licse; and, fifth, by living as mess 
 mates or scavengers upon the bodies of the animals without deriving 
 nutriment from them, as, probably, some species of bird lice. 
 |ln general, the insects affecting animals are termed parasites, but 
 evidently this term would not be appropriate for all the forms above 
 aentioned. It is by no means easy to give a definition which shall be 
 operly exclusive. 
 
 We nuiy say that a parasite is an animal whicli lives at the expense 
 another, but this wcmld not include many species which are corn- 
 only considered as ])ara8ite8 and which, while dependent upon a host 
 imal for existence, take nothing that is of value to the host. On 
 e other hand, if we say the parasite is an animal dependent at some 
 iriod of its life upon another for existence, we must include many 
 ms which have none of the habits whicli we commonly associate 
 th parasitism, 
 an Beneden has proposed three groups — parasites, messmates, and 
 tualists. In the first group are placed all those forms which feed 
 on the tissues of the host. In the second group are placed those 
 lich simply take the food collected by the host, but do not demand its 
 
 9 
 
10 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 own substance. In the third gi'oup are placed those which simply ask 
 protection or an opi)ortunity to procure food in coniH'(!tion with, or t( 
 live upon cast-ofl' portions or rejected matter from, the liost. 
 
 In liiter writings, many of which have appeared since the first writ 
 ing of this chapter, tliis grouping has been more or less modified, and 
 a caret'iil summary derived from thewoiksof Ijcuckhart, Looss, lUancii 
 anl. Neumann. I'ailliet, and otliers is given 1)y I>r. ('. W. Stiles in thi' 
 Proceedings oC the l-'ntomological Society of Wasliingtou, (Vol. 111. 
 \). (i.) This arrangement, in bi-ief, is: 
 
 ./. liasod on SyniMioHis and food: (1) MutnaiiHts: (2) ConiuiensuliHts; vii) Trnc 
 parasites; (li I'sciidoiiarasites; (")) S]>iirions jtar.'isitcH. 
 
 7). Jiascd on position : (1) lurtoparasites; (U) I'.iidopaiasitus. 
 
 C. liascd upon tho auininl or plant : ( 1) Pliytoparasitcs: (<() in or upon animals; 
 (/)) in or npon i)]ants; (2) Zoo-parasites; (c) in or upon animals; ((/) in or n|ioii 
 plants. 
 
 /'. liuBi'il upon tiiMo; (1) Temi)orarv parasites; (!.') Stationary ])arusitcs; (</) I'eri 
 odii'ai jiarasitos; [h) rermancnt ]iarasitos. 
 
 JC. liased npon adaptation or necessity; (1) I'ai'nitativ e j>ar;isites; iLM Obli^atorx 
 parasites. 
 
 /■'. Rased \\]>tm llio unndter of liosts; (1) Monoxcnons ]>arasiles; (2) Ileteroxenons 
 ])arasites. 
 
 A careful examination of the subject will show that none of these 
 groupings furnish ii satisfactory basis lor a systematic plan of treat 
 ment, in a work of tliis character at least, since we may have a numbe' 
 of these roles assumed by the Siinu> insect at different periods of its 
 existence or under (lilfcrent conditions. 
 
 It has .seemed, all things considered, tiie most feasible plan for thi> 
 work to iiudude all insects directly injiu'ious to tlie aniiuiil economy, 
 ordirecily as.sociiited with domestic jininiiils, to take up the ditferent 
 .species in their zoological (U'der, so that similar '>rms may be tre;iteii 
 together and repetition may be avoided, iind ro treat each specitss a^ 
 fudy as jxtssible, giving its past history, extent of" injury, habits, and 
 life history, ;ind liually methods of pr<'ventiug or relieving its injuries 
 
 In order to fuinisli ii convenient key to the ditferent si»ecies am 
 enable the ditferent forms occiu-riug upon ttiie aninud to be .seei 
 together, a tiibje hits been arranged according to animjils inlested 
 constituting (Mmpter V-'Ill. Then a chapter is devoted exclusively to ;> 
 discussion of rcMuediiil measures, methods of prevention, and notice (i: 
 animals wliich have p;iiasites in common. 
 
 The group of worms is excluded from this work, as it wcmld toi 
 greatly exten<l it, and, moreover, the most imi)ortant species havi 
 received quite thor(»ugh treatment in vi^teriuary works and spe(!i;i 
 treati.ses which are available to those desiring information regardin, 
 them. jNIoreover, tliese jtarasites are less under the coutrol of tin 
 breeder (except in the way of prevention. 
 
 In order to sliow more fully the relations of the i)arasitic species. ; 
 brief review of the chissitication oftho.se included will be of assistant 
 
 ■ The gi 
 the oldei 
 ihose aui 
 \>y means 
 |ody. 
 I This ni 
 |iisecta 1 
 pida, inci 
 |rith ant 
 |liorax,a 
 Elongate 
 |he Malai 
 to tro]>i< i 
 I Of tin 
 eonnectio 
 from thei 
 man or d( 
 The.sul 
 ndency 
 rders so 
 ematicai 
 ine grou 
 irders, th 
 curopter 
 'I These o 
 feii (butt 
 0oleopter; 
 ((Crickets 
 nies, etc.) 
 aamira (s] 
 jA In the 
 fomestic ; 
 fender tht 
 (|ntirely in 
 |ind as sui 
 tinimal att 
 *ie group. 
 * Of the 1 
 oths are 
 eated in 
 The or<l( 
 semipai 
 having 
 rudime 
 
HALS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 11 
 
 e whi(!h simply ask 
 iiK'ction with, or tn 
 the host. 
 
 iiiu-e the first writ 
 • h?8S modifled. and 
 lait, Looss, Ulaiicli 
 V. W. Stiles ill thr 
 lingtoii. (Vol. 111. 
 
 iiiiiiuMisalists; (;{) 'I'ruc 
 
 s. 
 
 in or ii])()ii nninials; 
 
 iiiiiials; ((/) in or ii])oii 
 
 ;ny ])ariisit('s : (a) Peri 
 
 iriisitcs; (LM (>l)Hniitor\ 
 
 sites; (2) llt^toroxenoiis 
 
 tiiat none of these 
 ■inatic plan of treat 
 n>ay have a niinibe' 
 
 erent i»erio(ls of it> 
 
 'easil)le phiii for thi> 
 lie, aninial economy, 
 lUe III) tlie (liiVereiit 
 
 riiis may be treated 
 eat each specicss a^ 
 
 injury, habits, ami 
 elievinj"' its injuries 
 
 liferent speeies ami 
 
 iiuimal to be seei 
 
 ) animals infested. 
 
 )t('(l exclusively to ; 
 
 intion, and notice a 
 
 ik, as it w«ml(l tni 
 
 rtant species liav^ 
 
 works and si>e(!i;i 
 
 Mination regardiii: 
 
 the control of tin 
 
 *■ 
 
 ( 
 
 parasitic species. ; 
 vill be of assistant ( 
 
 GBOUPINO OF TARASITIO INSECTS. 
 
 The RToup of insects taken in its wider se >e or as usually s'iven in 
 the older text books (the Tracheata of modern systems) includes all 
 those animals having jointed bodies with jointed linibs aiul breathing 
 j^y meaus of trachea or respiratory tubes distributed throughout the 
 |ody. 
 
 % This nuiin group is divided into four siibgnmps: The Ilexapoda, or 
 ijisecta proper, including all the six-footed, winged forms; the Arach- 
 j^ida, including the eiglit-footed Ibrnis, none of them winged or provided 
 yith antenna", and with the body not distinctly separated into head, 
 fliorax, and alxlomen (spiders, mites, ticks, etc.) ; the IMyrh)i)oda, having 
 Elongate bodies and numerous legs (centipedes and nnllipedes); and 
 he Malacoi)oda, containing a few si>ecies of worm-like forms conliued 
 ^ tro]>i( al latitudes. 
 
 ! Of these only the two former contain si)ecies to be considered in this 
 Oonnection, unless, indeed, reference be made to the centipedes, which, 
 from their i)oisonous nature, may at times have an injurious etfect on 
 l|ian or domestic animals. 
 
 ^ The subgroup Ilexapoda is divided into a number of orders, and the 
 lendency among recent systematists is to increase the number of these 
 larders so that from sixteen to nineteen are recognized in different sys- 
 tematic arrangements. For the purpose of this work, we may enumerate 
 |iine groiii)s which may be (;onsi<lered as equivalent in most eases to 
 lirders, though some of them, notably the Neuroptera a.ud the Pscudo- 
 ^europtera, include several of the orders recently established. 
 : These orders are the Hynu'uoptera (bees and wasps); the Lepidop- 
 ^ra (buttcrtlies and moths); the Diptera (flies and mosquitoes); the 
 0oleoptera (beetles); Ileraiptera (bugs and lice); the Orthoptera 
 (crickets and grasshojjpers); Pseudoneuroptera (dragon Hies, l\lay 
 iies, etc.); the Neuroptera (shad flies, caddice flies, etc.); the Tby- 
 Kinura (spriiigtails). 
 
 in tiie lirst of these orders, Ilymenoptera, no species parasitic on 
 oiiiestic ar.imals o(!curs. Bees and wasps, by virtue of their stings, 
 fender themselves obnoxious to aninuils; but since their attacks are 
 |ntirely in the way of self defense, and never in the form of i)arasitism, 
 |im1 as such attacks are not limited to any species either of insect or 
 animal attacked, we deem it unnecessary to nnike further mention of 
 |lie group. 
 
 , Of tlie Lepidoptera, no species attack the higher animals. The bee 
 ttoths are sometimes very destructive in hives, but these will be found 
 
 eated in works on the apiary. 
 
 The order Diptera includes a number of families containing parasitic 
 
 seiniparasitic species. The members of this order are distinguished 
 
 |y having oidy one ])air of wings, the second pair being represented 
 
 rudiments called halteres, balancers, pcisers, etc. The Culicidie 
 
12 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 include the mosquitoes which are notably irritating to a great number 
 of domestic animals as well as to man. They are distinguished by the 
 slender bodies and lancet like mouth parts. 
 
 The Simuliida3 include the buffalo gnats, small, heavy- bodied insects, 
 which, by their persistent attacks upon the eyes, ears, and other 
 exposed parts of the body, as well as by their painful and frequently 
 poisonous bites, cause intense suffering and often death to their victims. 
 
 The TabanidfB include the large horse-tiies. They have a very seven- 
 bite, and cause much discomfort to horses and cattle, and often to man 
 as well. 
 
 The CEstridte, or bot-flies, are truly parasitic during part of their life- 
 time, occupying various localities — the stomach of the horse, the frontal 
 sinus of the sheep, subcutaneous tissue of cattle, rabbits, etc., and the 
 testes of squirrels. In the adult form they are two-winged insects, 
 with rudimentary mouth parts, and simply deposit their eggs in proper 
 places for the young to gain entrance to their hosts. In this form they 
 may do much harm, however, by worrying animals in their efforts to 
 accomplish the deposition of eggs. As larvio they live within the 
 tissues of the host, passing from these to the ground to enter the pupal 
 stage, and from this they issue in the adult form. 
 
 The Muscidiv, a large family, including such forms as the common 
 house fly, the horn fly, and others, includes a number of species that 
 are of direct importance in their attacks upon domestic animals. In 
 some cases it is the irritation or bite of the adult; in others, as with 
 the screw-worm and blow-fly, the larva becomes the inimical form. 
 
 The Hippoboscidic include the sheep ticks and the bird ticks. Th<' 
 latter have the wings common to the other flies; the former is wingless. 
 They have mouth parts fitted for puncturing the skin and drawing up 
 the liquid contents of the tissues. 
 
 The Nycteribiidic, or spider flies, are found only on bats, and are con- 
 stant parasites. They are remarkable for their slender, spider-liko 
 bodies. They deserve mention because of their peculiar structure and 
 special adaptation to parasitic life, notwithtsanding that they are not 
 found upon domesticated animals nor likely ever to be. 
 
 The Pulicida*, or fleas, are now usually placed in a separate order— 
 the Siphonaptera — though in some respects they show affinities to the 
 Diptera. T'lxey occur on a number of difl'erent animals, confining them- 
 selves in most cases to different jjccies of hosts. They may live, hov\ 
 ever, much of the time free from the host and the larva? develop indo 
 pendently of the host, though in many <;ases it must be that they are 
 confined to the places (xcupied by the host. 
 
 The Hemiptera are distinguished by having tlie month parts adapted 
 for suction and llie wings either membranous or with the basal half o! 
 the fore wings thickened and leathery. The order contains three sub 
 orders, the Het .optera, Ilomoptera, and Parasita. The first includes 
 thosehaving the fore wings thickened at base. In this division we havo 
 the bed-bugs and cone-nose, and in the family Belostomatidie insects 
 
 rhich pi 
 
 the Beiu 
 
 ner, and 
 
 ttili/atio 
 
 in a Stat 
 
 to come 
 
 •ttracte( 
 
 liauie of 
 
 ibade to 
 
 ipecies n 
 
 l|hc basis 
 
 ikot be CO 
 
 to this pi 
 
 ; Jn the 
 
 to be of i 
 
 The su 
 
 oulidas tl 
 
 animals. 
 
 species of 
 
 of any of 
 
 fined to a 
 
 V The grc 
 
 f^hat doul 
 
 they hav€ 
 
 ^ey natu 
 
 Book lice i 
 
 I^oup is V 
 
 tke very d 
 
 to go into 
 
 all entire] 
 
 cnlidie by 
 
 lAiey are i 
 
 \^ far the 
 
 The groi 
 
 l^^ the stn 
 
 %.rsi and 1 
 
 developed 
 
 I The Net 
 
 i^t contai 
 
 l^ecting d 
 
 |The Thy 
 
 ^ccies, Pf, 
 Che Ara 
 
 Kellogg, i 
 lily Trich 
 ' Lea ParaE 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 13 
 
 ALS. 
 
 to a great number 
 itinguished by the 
 
 ivy- bodied insects. 
 J, ears, and other 
 nl and frequently 
 th to their victims, 
 have a very severe 
 ), and often to mau 
 
 g part of their life- 
 e horse, the frontal 
 .bbits, etc., and the 
 svo-winged insects, 
 heir eggs in proper 
 In this form they 
 in their efforts to 
 ey live within the 
 I to enter the pupal 
 
 nis as the common 
 
 ber of species that 
 
 nestic animals. In 
 
 ; in others, as with 
 
 ) inimical form. 
 
 »e bird tic^ks. The 
 
 former is wingless. 
 
 in and drawing up 
 
 bjits, and are con- 
 
 ender, spider-like 
 
 uliar structure and 
 
 that they are not 
 be. 
 
 I separate order— 
 low affinities to the 
 als, confining them 
 'hey may live, how 
 irvie develop inde 
 st be that they arc 
 
 outh parts adapted 
 ;h the basal half «! 
 contains three sub 
 
 The first includes 
 lis division we have 
 
 stomatidie insects 
 
 hich prey upon young fish. The common Belostoma ameriranum and 
 the Benactis (/riseus may prove at times quite destructive in this man- 
 jier, and if fish (culture should become an important industry for the 
 Utilization of ponds and streams, and such species as the carp be kept 
 in a state of practical domestication, such insects might be thought 
 to come witliin the scope of our work. The adult insect is strongly 
 attracted by electric lights, and in many h)calities has received the 
 Banie of " electric-light bug." Not inf're«jueutly curious observers are 
 Blade to sufter from the imnctures of its powerful beak. ShouUl the 
 ipecies require practical attention its gathering at lights could be made 
 l^e basis of efJective measures for its reduction. At present it need 
 ]4ot be considered as requiring notice in a work of the scope assigned 
 to this paper. 
 
 In the hoiuopterous division of tlie Hemii)tera no species are known 
 to be of importance in this connection. 
 
 The suborder Parasita includes the families Polyctenida; and Pedi- 
 culidas the latter of which only is of consetjueiice as affecting domestic 
 animals. These are degraded, wingless forms occurring on nearly all 
 species of mammals, and may be considered as the most truly parasitic 
 of any of the forms we shall consider, their whole existence being con- 
 i|iied to and dependent upon a certain host. 
 
 , The group of Mallophaga, including the bird lice, has been of some- 
 |rhat doubtful position, but at present authors are generally agreed that 
 they have their affinities with the I'seudoneuroptera, in which group 
 fliey naturally fall near the family Psocidje, which includes the minute 
 l^ok lice so common in books, herbariums, insect collections, etc. The 
 g^oup is well marked, though somewhat aberrant, doubtless a result of 
 t%e very distinct i)arasitic habit of all the species. It is unnecessary 
 to go into a discussion of its zoological position here. The species are 
 all entirely wingless and may be easily distinguished from the Pedi- 
 Cttlidie by their biting mouth-parts, the jaws being well developed. 
 !0iey are all confined to warm-blooded animals, birds and mammals, 
 \^ far the greater number being parasitic on birds. 
 
 The group contains two well-marked families,' quite easily separated 
 i^ tlie structure of the feet. The PhilopteridiB having but very short 
 ^rsi and being unable to travel rapidly, while the Liotheida' have well- 
 4|eveloped tarsi and run with great rapidity and ease. 
 i The Neuroptera proper, which is divisible into several orders, does 
 ^t contain any species that are to be counted among the insects 
 Mfectiug domestic animals directly. 
 
 |Tlie Thysaiiura, including tlie little spring tails, would scarcely seem 
 lively to present any parasitic forms; but IMegnin^ has described a 
 
 lecies, PodurhippuH intyriasicuti, as affecting horses parasitically. 
 'he Arachnida are for the most i)art readily separated from the 
 
 Kellogg, in his " New Miillophaga," proposes a new family arrangement, making a 
 ily T^ichodectill!^^ for uiamnialian philopterids. 
 Les Parasites and les Maladies Farasituires, p. 104. 
 
14 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 insects proper by the i>rc8eii('eof four pairs of Ief>s aiitl arc represented ,| -p, 
 by the familiar spiders, ticks, mites, scuu-pions, etc. Tlio parasitic ^v. . 
 
 Slicep t 
 
 forms, however, are inchuled in the order Acarina, and in this ord( i 
 are confined to tlie families Trombidiicbe, Ganiasidic, Ixodida', aiul 
 Acaridic, the latter including the specially parasitic subfamily Sarco]) 
 tin;e. The tirst family can scarcely be called parasitica, the specie > 
 livinjj; on vejictation, but occasionally attachinji" themselves to aninmis 
 and cansinj;- intense sufl'eiinf;'. The Ixodida' also breed upon vegeta 
 tion, but dei)end upon attaching themselves to mammals in the latci 
 stages of their development, and with some, pt least, tliis seems esscii 
 tial in the maturity of tlie reproductive organs, especially the develoj) 
 nient of tlie eggs However, certain s[)ecies will be found to infest 
 regidarly certain species of mammals, those infesting cattle, rabbits, 
 sfjuirrels, etc., each adhering as a rule to its particular species of host. 
 Some of these reach a considerable size, as the dog tick, one-half iucli 
 or so in length, when I'lilly exteiulcd with eggs. 
 
 The Acarida' are v«'ry minute mites which produce itcii, scab. 
 mange, etc., some of them living on the surface of the skin and other' 
 burrowing within it. 
 
 mode of r( 
 must be d 
 
 All (.f t 
 siye stage 
 eigs. conn 
 llltch into 
 ittsi/e an< 
 a|d the ti 
 n detei 
 ke it ui 
 
 en for th 
 foi- the dev 
 ijAVe knoA 
 Fjfecpientlj' 
 vermin tha 
 the ordinal 
 greatest m 
 
 LIFK IIISTOUIKS OF PARASITKS IN (HONEKAL. 
 
 In their general life history, many of the j)arasiti(t insects travo! ^ethei* th 
 nearly identical courses, owing to the similarity of the conditioii> wson. It 
 under which they liv«!. l>ut when we <'onsider the semiparasitii; lbrni> "^ siimme 
 and free species we meet a great variety of habit. *^"^^ '^' 
 
 The mosquitoes, horse-flies, and butfalo-gnats are troublesome to aiii ''^'^^"» ^'^'' 
 mals only iu the adult stage, their early stages, except in the case oi Iw^'^ver, on 
 the flesh-tlies living in wounds, or of the bots, being passed in aiientirel} "^^^^^^ ^''^ !*■' 
 different manner. The mosquitoes, as is well known, live in water ;!• ®W!*^ ^^''1*^ " 
 " wigglers," then become pupa', still aquatic, then issue in t he full wingiM cojltend wit 
 form, in which stage they make their attacks upon tlie higher animal- vitkdity, anc 
 and finally deposit their eggs on the surface of water. The horse-tlitv **t'^ vesnlt. 
 
 jmrsue a very similar round of life, but require a much longer time i\>\ 
 
 thv, life 
 
 the various stages of development. "^ forms. 
 
 The bot-tlies, on the contrary, as already hinted, do all their injurious ^V'^'y ''^sii 
 work, except that resulting from fright, in the larval form, at this tiiiit W'^^'-i'vatiot 
 being parasitic within the host animal. The i.ui»a' and adults an ^fl'*^^'" tliat 
 incapable of harm in themselves. It must be stated, however, tha' 
 the adults are a serious annoyance on aitcount of the terror whicih tin } 
 inspire in horses, sheej), and cattle when hovering about them to deposi; 
 their eggs. Whether this terror is due to an instinctive knowledge m 
 the part of the animal as to the injurious nature of the insects, as lin" 
 been argued by some, or whether because of their resendilance to bet- 
 or wasps, or horse-flies, which experience has taught to be capable v 
 causing pain, we can not pretend to say with assurance. (!ertainly, tht 
 effect of such fright is anything but <lesirable, except as it serve 
 protect, in some degree, the terrified beast. 
 
 il 
 
 hatching 
 iparently 1 
 ugh iu s< 
 ve very I 
 he mit<^i: 
 jerever tl 
 vest niit( 
 s are usu 
 it of tin 
 themseb 
 
klALS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 15 
 
 mil arc represented 
 >U'. The parasitic 
 , and in this ordd 
 sida', Ixodida', ami 
 ; subfamily Sarcoji 
 i-asitic, the specie > 
 iinselves to animals 
 breed upon vegetu 
 lunnials in tlie hiti i 
 t, this seisms esscn 
 ecially the develop 
 be found to infesi 
 ling cattle, rabbits, 
 dar spei^ies of host. 
 • tick, one-half iucl 
 
 roduce itch, scab, 
 the skin and othei' 
 
 isitic insects travc 
 ■ of the condition^ 
 semii)arasitic forni- 
 
 tronblesome to ani 
 iccept in the case (i; 
 asscd inanentirel} 
 n, live in water a 
 nein thefull-wingci 
 the higher animal- 
 cr. The horse-Hir- 
 uch longer time fm 
 
 <) all their injurioii- 
 1 form, at this tiiiit 
 )a' and adults an 
 fed, however, tha' 
 
 ', terror \vhi(!h tin ) 
 )ontthem todeposi 
 ctive knowledge <ii 
 
 the insectvS, as ha- 
 esend)lance to bee 
 ht to be capable « 
 nee. Certainly, tilt 
 
 ept as it serve^^ 
 
 ic 
 
 5 Fleas propagate in the dust of dwellings, in the litter of the resorts 
 dif the aninuds they infest, or attached to the hair of animals. 
 
 vShcei) ticks and bat ticks have acipiired a remarkably specialized 
 mode of reproduction as a conseciuence of their parasitit; habits, which 
 must be dealt m ith in detail in discussing that particular group. 
 
 All of the (liferent kinds of suctorial lice pass through the su(M'cs- 
 sive stages of growth upon the particular animals they infest. The 
 eggs, commonly called "nits,"' aie attached to the hair of the host and 
 li^tch into young lice which resend)Ie closely the adults, differing only 
 in size and in the hardness of certain ])arts. Tlie rate of propagation 
 an<l the time involved in passing through the different stages have 
 been determined for but one species, and that under conditions which 
 make it uncertain as a basis for calculating possible rate of increase 
 eiren for that species. ]\Iuch less can it be taken as a basis of measure 
 for the development of other species. 
 
 ;,AVe know, however, that the rate of increase is at times very great. 
 Ftecpiently an aninud when first observed is so thickly covered with 
 vernnn that the owner thinks they must have come by some other than 
 the (H'dinary means of reproduction. The lice are frecpiently found in 
 greatest nuiid)ers in tin; spring of tins yt'ar, but it is quite doubtful 
 whethei- this is due to increased rapidity of reproduction in the Avinter 
 season. It seems most likely that the reproduction is more rapid dur- 
 ing summer, but the animals are then in a thriving condition, con- 
 stantly in the open air, and by their own efforts keej) the lice from 
 making su«-h headway as to produce noticeable results. During winter, 
 h<|wever, one or two generations even, from the immerous flock i)resent 
 wi|en the aiumals are housed, furnishes such luimbers that their pres- 
 ence tells upon the economy of tue animal ami it is no longer abh^ to 
 contend with its foi's. The result is loss of hair, poor condition, reduced 
 vitality, and, finally, unless active measures are adopted for its relief, a 
 fatal result. 
 
 S'he life history of the bird lice is very similar to that of the sucto- 
 rial forms. Kggs are attached to hairs or feathers and the young, con- 
 stantly resident upon the host, grow by easy stages to the adult form. 
 Obsf-rvations on the ])eriod vcMpiired for the incubation of the egg have 
 i»i|owu that for one species, \Hzm-lii(( i)iiHcaria,thet'nno from dei)osit ion 
 tcS hatching is from fifteen U) twenty <lays. The rate of increase is 
 apparently here less rapid than tor the suctorial species, but still rapid 
 e8K>ngh in some si)ecie8, as, for instance, the cattle and horse li<!e, to 
 p^ve very troublesome to their hosts. 
 
 S'lie antes, ticks, mange insects, etc., travel similar cycles of life 
 w]|erever they are confined to the host throughout life; but for the 
 vest nates and ticks, whi(,'h develoi) for a time on vegetation, the 
 eflfcs are usually deposited loosely on the animal or upon vegetation and 
 lut of the young obtaining a portion of their growtli before attach- 
 liflr tiiemselves to an animal host. The young resemble the adults iu 
 
16 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC. ANIMALS. 
 
 general outline, but it is a general rule tbat they have but thvee pairs 
 of legs, whereas the adults as a rule have four. When gorged wiiij 
 blood the adults may become distorted in shape, when the resemblance 
 to the young becomes less marked. 
 
 ORiaiN OP THE I'AUASITK! HABIT. 
 
 M't'ulids, 
 ,e sanui t 
 body \ 
 rasites. 
 V#ry great 
 structures 
 
 The problems of the origin of ])arasites, or the adaptation of ceitaii 
 forms to a parasitic life, are among the most interesting met with ii 
 biological investigation, btit we can suggest merely some of them he:; 
 
 It may be said from the biological standpoint that all parasites havt 
 been derived primarily from nonparasitic forms — a proposition whiil 
 is supported by innumerable facts in their morphology and embryologv 
 and which nmy also be argued deductively. Since many species ai 
 confined absolutely to certain animals as hosts, it is evident that the; 
 could not have existed as parasites upon such species at least befoi 
 the occurrence of the host. Unless, therefore, we claim an independen 
 origin for them subsequent to the origin of the host we must allow ii 
 adaptation trom some free-living 8i)ecies or from a parasitic specif qi 
 on some other host, and following this back for its origin, we mu> fojnilvand 
 ultimately arrive at a free form as the source. Miiiwhosci 
 
 In many cases the line of evolution is very apparent, as, for instance |A.j>.. 
 the gradation between comi)ai'{itively free and fixed Mallophap ^The Ted 
 Acnridic, Pulicidtc, etc. jfedicinus 
 
 rVith rel 
 t each {. 
 h specie 
 
 irasite fa 
 onsider 
 
 stridic c( 
 Primate 
 linant ii 
 lippobo 
 ersia to 
 
 llESULTS OP PARASITISM. 
 
 It is also interesting to iiuiuire as to the el!'ect of the parasitic lit 
 upon the parasite itself. 
 
 The natural tendency of an animal once started in the direction > 
 parasitism will be to become more and more parasitic in habit, an 
 with this habit a greater and greater specialization of parts wit 
 reference to this habit will be observed. The disuse of certain organ 
 as wings for flight and feet for ordinary locomotion, results in reductio 
 or modification of these organs, and lience we find almost mvariabl 
 that parasitic species are wingless, and that they have the feet adapte 
 specially for locomotion among the haiis or feathers of the hosts. Tli 
 adaptation is often looked upon as degradation; but it seems to ii 
 preferable to consider it as a limitation in certain directions wii 
 specialization of certain organs. We consider the foot of the hoi> 
 highly specialized, and we must admit that the animal is limited in i 
 use, as it can not climo trees, but we do not call the horse degrade 
 
 It is true that the limitations for many i)arasites are so great tli 
 they are absolutely dependent upon certain hosts, and the presence 
 certain conditions for cheir existence — there is reduction or degradatii 
 of certain organs, but j^rogressive specialization of those organs wliii 
 remain functional. Often such specialization assumes a parallel clia 
 acter in widely divergent groups, as the clasping organs developed 
 
 )dentia, 
 [ants, am 
 Mie .Afall 
 jeption o 
 hfiiif'd to 
 f, wliile ( 
 [birds ha 
 same <. 
 nijies of 
 i'cies in 
 
 I i'iwo 
 
 ig on the 
 
 iThe l»uli< 
 
 nited thai 
 
 js one spc 
 
 Intaiiis sfi 
 
 nirs mail 
 
 ^he Sarc 
 
 Irasites ai 
 
 ige of ho 
 
 itaiu spe 
 
 Burring n 
 
 Uguatulid 
 
 4653- 
 
IMALS. 
 
 lave but thvee pct'rs 
 
 When gorged wiiii 
 
 hen the resemblauci 
 
 I 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 17 
 
 IT. 
 
 (laptation of ceitaii 
 resting met with ii 
 y^ soiiie of them he;, 
 at all parasites havt 
 -a proposition wind 
 ogy and embryology 
 ce many species ai 
 is evident that the 
 ecies at least befoi 
 ilaim an intlependeii 
 >8t we must allow ;i 
 1 a parasitic specie 
 • its origin, we muf 
 
 rent, as, for instance 
 fixed Mallopha^ii 
 
 of the parasitic 111 
 
 d in the direction > 
 rasitic in habit, an 
 '.ation of parts wit 
 se of certain organ 
 , results in reductio 
 id almost mvariab! 
 ave the feet adapts 
 8 of the hosts. Tli 
 but it seems to n 
 tain directions wii 
 je foot of the hoi* 
 liiiial is limited in i 
 the horse degrade 
 .es are so great tli 
 , and the presence 
 i»,tion or degradatii 
 f those organs wliii 
 umes a parallel clia 
 organs developed 
 
 d'culids, mallophagids, hippoboscids, and sarcoptids. In other ca'^es 
 the saiiu! etieci is attained by a ditterent process, as the llatteniii^ of 
 the body verti(!ally in Heas and liorizontally in m<)st other permanent 
 parasites. Modifications of the mo th-parts, eyes, and antenna' are 
 V^ry great, and furnisli most striking examples of the modification of 
 structures for adaptation to special conditions. 
 
 DISTKIHUTION OF I'AKASITES. 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 |VVith reference to all of the more strictly parasitic forms, we may say 
 tlpt each group of animals has its i)articular forms of i)arasite8 and that 
 ei|ch species of bird or mammal may be said to have its particular 
 
 |rasite fauna, while ea(;h parasite has its special limit of host species, 
 lonsidering only the forms affecting birds and mammals, wo find the 
 
 Istrida; confined to mammals, and of mammals the genus Dermatobia 
 t)| Primates and Carnivora, (lastrophilus to Kquida*, Ilypodenna to 
 ruminant ungulates, tKstrns to Ovida*, and Chitcrebra to rodents. 
 
 Ilippoboscidai arc confined to certain families of birds and mammals — 
 Opersia to raptores, Lipoptena alternates between birds of the grouse 
 fl^fnily and mammals of the deer family, Melophagus is confined to 8heci», 
 I||ppobosca occurs on the iiorse, and Ornithomvia occurs on various 
 
 jThe Pediculida' are all confined to mammals — Tediculus to man, 
 ledicinus to monkeys, Ila'inatopinus to Csirnivora, I'ligulata, and 
 (dentia, Echinophthirius to Puinipedia, Ibematomyzus to the ele- 
 gants, and Hrematopinoides to Cieomys. 
 he Mallophagii are all confined to birds or mammals and with the 
 exception of Trichodectes and Gyropus, which occur on mammals, all are 
 cctlifiiKMl to birds, Trichodectes affect Carnivora, Ungulata, and Kodeii- 
 t||, while Gyropus is confined to the guinea pig. The genera confined 
 birds have a ([uite varied distribution among the different groups, 
 same genus fie<inently having representatives in widely different 
 iiiiies of birds, while any one species of bird may harbor a number of 
 |ecies in several different genera. Moreover, each species of INlallo- 
 aga favors some particular region of its host, certain species occur- 
 iig on the wings, others on the breast and others on the neck and head. 
 The Pulicida' affect both birds and mammals, ami while less strictly 
 lilted than the lice, have usually definite range of hosts. Sarcopsylla 
 s one species affecting mammals and another affecting fowls. Pulex 
 [ntaiiis species affecting both birds and mammals. Typhlopsylla 
 urs mainly on Kodentia and Insectivora. 
 
 he Sarcoptida> and Liuguatulidie, which are the only permanent 
 
 [rasites among the arachnids, have definite hosts and usually little 
 
 iige of host forms. The genera occurring on birds do not ordinarily 
 
 itain species affecting mammals, and, on the other hand, the genera 
 
 :urring normally on mammals do not present avian parasites. The 
 
 iguatulida; present a case of migratory parasites, the species being 
 
 4653— No. 5 2 
 
IS 
 
 INSECT ^ AFFECTINf) DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 dt'lMMi(l«Mit iii»(.ii two liosts. l)ot\veen wliicli they iilteniato for imrticiil:! 
 stajyos of existence. 
 
 As regards the animals infested littlo need be said. For the doiiu^ 
 tieated species of niannnals, eattle evidently snpport the larjjest nuniln 
 of s])eeies of external parasites and the horse the fireatest nnndx'i . 
 internal i)arasitie insects, while the hon' has the least. 
 
 Of the birds, honors are abont even between the hen and th«' pi<;'eoi 
 The tnrkoy is somewhat more exempt. 
 
 ];FFK('TS of I'AUASITKS ON 'nil', HOST. 
 
 The r>!Tects of jjarasites. or tlie piesence of noxious insects upon llit| 
 anini;.! economy, nniy be considered nnde:- tiirec hca»^s: .i. Asdiici 
 aji'er.ts of loss \o the aninml economy. 7>. As carriers of coiita}j:iiii 
 or infections diseases. C. As carriers of other forms of i)arasites. 
 
 Tnder th*' first head we must consider (1 1 the effect i)ro(lnced l)y ili 
 extraction m certain i)ortioiis of the nutritive fluids of the body, .yj 
 the loss of vitality due to tlic i»roduction of sores, obstructi<»n of viltMt it is d 
 functions by i)ressure or cloy<jiin,n' and formation of scales, nlcers, et( ft has be 
 by the presence of the i)arasites, (:>) the loss of eneryy due to irritafioiqimoes aiu 
 worryiujn-, and frcttiiiy of the animiH. bjithis sai 
 
 I'or tiie first i»art it may be arjrueil that tlic nutrinu'nt extracted biftxl of on 
 so infinit«'simaily small that it is iu)t worthy of notice; but observiatii the 
 the anuHint one mosi|iiito or louse is capable of holdinj;. then Minltiii! 
 this by the thousands that may infest a sinji'le animal, tiien leflect tli, 
 the substance tlioy extract is already i)assed throu<>h the slow i.rocr^ 
 of preparation for nse by the tissues, and it will b(> seen that this dr; ik 
 is not insignificant. If left in the animal it Avonld go to the formatin 
 of flesh, the laying on of fat, or the strengthening of nerv;\ 
 
 This loss, however, nmy not be so important as the loss from degi 
 eration of tissue manifested in sores, ulcers, scabs, mange, etc., whi 
 make a heavy drain on the vitality of tfie animal and prevent tlj| 
 noinial action of the skin, these in turn <'ausing excessive irritatim 
 uneasiness, and other derangements of the animal economy. Indeti 
 the occurrence of these conditions may be looked upon in many cast 
 as the result of lack of nutrition of the affected parts due to the draij 
 by the parasite. 
 
 The irritation of the presetice of insects or their attacks upon son 
 sensitive part of tlie animal is otten of the greatest injury. To anen 
 ous horse the uneasiness caused by the Imz/ing of the mosciuitoesi 
 flies is worse than the actual bites or loss of blood, while the inteii' 
 irritation of bufralo- gnats in the eyes and nostrils, aside from tin 
 bites, is ])roductive of the greatest distress. Doubtless much of tl: 
 injury caused by lice is due to the irritation of their presence ratln^ 
 than to the loss from their eating. Especially is this true of the bitiii 
 and running lice Aviiich feed upon the epidermal scales, hairs, aiil 
 feathers, of little or no value to the host axiimal. Indeed, Van BenedeS 
 
VIMAT.S. 
 
 termite for |)articiil;i 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 19 
 
 HOST, 
 
 ms tliiit tlieso iue r »' paiasitcs, but iimtualists, and ar»' rather 
 of advantajio than otherwise to the host, since they eU*au '.ip the .ast- 
 (aid. ^<'i" ^''•' <^<>"" of matter. I must ditlei, h(»\vever, frcm the learned author in tliis 
 MtthehirgestnnnilM^^i^.^^i^^ ^ji^^.^. ^,i^. presenee of these lice and the irritation of tlieir 
 e fireatest '"""^••■' ,„oy^>,„e„ts is i)hiinly evidenet'd by tlie animals in tlieir sometimes 
 ^'"^*" frwitic etforts to rid themselves of the i)ests. 
 
 ehen andthe i>iK«"i J,„> seratehiufi' of horses and cattle aj;ainst posts, rails, etc., the 
 
 dWtiMfj of ehicki-ns in ashes or road dust, and. hnally. tin' etfects to be 
 
 omerved in tiie wealieldn^- ol" calves, colts, etc., infested by these ])ests 
 
 sOTtles the (piestion of their danniying eli''"cts, to my mind, decidedly iu 
 
 ;i()Ms insects upon i litlli allirnnitive. 
 
 ' hca>^s: .i. Asdini «s carriers of contajjtious or infections diseases, the insects which 
 •arrieis of contajjii'iawack domesric aninnils present an imi)oitant subject for study, 
 >rms ot parasites. e«|>*'<''idly so since tlu' increases of oni- knowicdjie le^-ardin.ii' such dis- 
 'Ifect i)rodueed by ilietees and tlieir oriji'in in tlie multii>lication of micro-orjianisms. As 
 luids of the body, yet c<»ini)arativeiy little is iiiiown upon tiiis ](oint, but en()n,uh to show 
 s. obstruction of viithit it is deserviiij;' of yreatpr attention than it has as yet recei\ed. 
 ot scales, ulcers, et( a lias been siiown that eh^phiiiitiasis is due to ^'ei'ins carried by iiios- 
 leryy due to irritatirnqtatoes and it seems not improbabh' tliat other <liseases maybe carried 
 
 bptliis same universal jiest. Tiie mosipiito iiartially idled with the 
 iitriment extracted bwixl of one animal snfferiiij;' from some infections disease, alighting' 
 f uotice; bat obsei vup)ii the body of anotiier and iiisertinj;' its already wet beak, may 
 olding". then Miultiii tl^iisfer witli it germs of the disease as well as its own subth' poison, 
 limal. tiien reflect tlinm-e likely still if it be crushed and the blood with which it is tilled is 
 DUgli the slow proci'-SMk'^d over the j)iei<'ed tissue. Since the above was wiitten the fol- 
 )e seen that this dn ilo^ing item in I'syehe, Vol. \', page L'4, has appeared and is so much 
 d go to the Ibrmatii 
 g of uervo. 
 the loss from degi'Mi 
 
 (s, mange, etc. 
 nal and prevent 
 
 llie point that we insert it here: 
 
 Iscrls (IS (iii^horx of .-iiidemirn. — Dr. li. L. Maddox. in a pa])ei' read IxM'oro the Royal 
 
 roscoiiicai Socit'ty. (kMails tlio results of liirtliiM- exiierinients in iV'ediii":; insects, 
 
 pcially tiie eoniinoii lijow-lly, on tlie eoninia bacillns. His observations include a 
 
 iiHiin'oeror mieroseopieal duterininations. The resnlts of all his investij;ations 
 
 him to believe that th(( eoinina bacillus from <'iiltiires can iiass in a. living state 
 
 >• excessive irritatliiltlJ|„„li the dij^estive tubes of Home insects, and. thioM<;h this fact, that such insects 
 al <'COnoniy. IndecaJMBikely to become an important means of distribnti'.iii,' disease, e.speeiiilly to an i- 
 npon in many casi"*!?* that feed ui)on them. This is in accordiiiuo with the views of Dr. (Jrossi. that 
 
 jseets, esiiei'ially Hies, may bo considered as veritable authors of ei)idemics aud 
 ts in infectious nuiladies.'" (Scientific Ainorican, Deceml)er 18, 188(5.) 
 
 urgeontleneral Sir William Moore (Medical Magazine, July, 18!)3) 
 ards the dissemination of disease by Hiet> as a matter looked upon 
 of the mos(iuitoest^^^' **^" much inditference, and in.stances an epidemic of anthrax 
 )d while the inteii-^^^^' ^'^^ spread by tlies which had covered a carcass of a dog 
 ■^ wu into a ditch in Cortal. He quotes the experiments of Lawt- 
 nks with tlies and cholera germs, and (deserves that it is worth 
 cing, in that in India it is during the time and season of the 
 test prevalence of cholera that dies most abound. The possi- 
 y of flies carrying the organisms of typhoid fever and phthisis is 
 Igested, and the belief is exi)ressed that leprosy is often conveyed 
 ies, wliiolx appear to be particularly fond of leprous sores, and the 
 
 )arts due to the drii; i 
 
 ir attacks upon son 
 st injury. To a nen' 
 
 rils, aside from the 
 mbtless mucli of tl 
 their presence ratlii 
 :histrneof the bitii 
 al scales, hairs, :ii 
 Indeed, V.an Benede' 
 
20 
 
 INSKCTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 inl'ectiiij; in tliis way of ^''o on a licaltliy pprson. Tliero is m 
 doubt thiit oplitlialiniii is so ul, and an instant'O is ^iven of com 
 
 plete destruction of an cyt^ from diplitheria! inHaniination following tlit 
 stinj; (bite) in the eye by a tly wlii<di had apjtarently risen from ;i 
 dnnifhill. ( Kntoniolojiical News, V<d. V, j). IS.) 
 
 The laie Dr. John A. Kydcr presented the foHowiny very deeitlcd 
 opinion: 
 
 Cliolrra and Ilk'H. — It niiiy not l)(> aiiiiss to <-iill tlio attfiitioii of tlif ]iiihlic to tli> 
 gri'iit il:iii;r<'r I'roiii lioiiMr IlirH us ii^ciits in Nprciiiliii;; tlx' ('oiit:i;;ioii in i'iiNi> tiiiTi' li 
 ait ciiiilciiiic of clioltTii. I liav(« rcpcatt'diy obsiTvcil lliat these insects will ridu h- 
 II niiiiiher oftnilcH on street ears and doiilitleHM u1m)» iipoii other veliieles of traimii 
 siicli as railway eoa<^lies, etc.. tlii)ii;;li I liavo never made ohHervations upon any ('(Pii 
 veyaiiee liiit the ordinary tram or horse «^ar. Suppose a ease: Imagine a ehuler 
 victim ii]ioii till) street or anywhere else vomiting. The llif-s pn'-sent aro iittriictii 
 and ilrink until sateil, and IriNe their feet and month parts wetted with tin' vonii 
 eontainiii^ the ^eriiis. They then perhaps tly out into the Htreet, take a plaet* on 
 horse vnr, riilo several miles, disnionnt, lly into another hoime, where the famil 
 are, at dinner, and eontamiiiate the food set hefore them with the ^erms of tli 
 cholera carri<-il on the month parts and feet of the inHects. Some of the famil 
 sicken and die, yet no one of them will ever ]ierha]i8 suspect that the (lies may hii\ 
 carried the ^jerniH, as supposed above, for miles from some other case, Tim sal'i 
 {{uarda are to at once clear awny, disinfect with corrosive siihlimate solution, aii< 
 FiCald the spots where the \oinit has been thrown, and to bo vi<rilaiit in the use i: 
 lly-screeiis, lly-trajis, etc. Dnrinjj the late war the late Professor I-eidy itointd 
 out, ^vith beiielicial results, that the conimon house tly was instrnmental in spreail 
 in;; the contagion of hos]iital ^an^rene. Why not beware of this imprudent am 
 nbi(|nitoiis little dipter in iMrryin^ ami spreading the contagion of the dreadi' 
 Asiatic jdagiie now menacing us? — (See EntotiKdogical News, Vol. Ill, p, 210.) 
 
 The determination in recent years of the connection existinj; betweoi 
 the cattle tick of the Southern States and the formidable diseas 
 known as Texas fever is a striking example of the imiuH'tance of tlii 
 question. This particidar case is treated more fully in connectioi 
 with the di.scussion of the cattle tick. 
 
 If we consider all contagiims diseases as due to specific organism.^ 
 we may relegate them all to the rank of parasitic diseases, but leaviii, 
 out all due to so-called mi(;robes or microorganisms as producers i 
 specific diseases, we have instances where one parasite serves as tli 
 carrier of other and more injurious forms. For examide, the louse aii' 
 the tlea of the dog have been found to serve as the intermediate host 
 for it tape-worm {PipyUdium caninnm L.) which also infests the ddi 
 t!ie tape-worm, when mature, extruding eggs which gain entrance to 1 1 
 external parasite. The dog, in licking or biting himself to destid 
 the ])arasite8 or relieve the irritation, swallows some of his tormentor- 
 the young tape-worms are set free in the stomach, and there develoi) t 
 maturity. 
 
 LOSSES DUE TO PARASITES. 
 
 It is practically impossible to make any accurate estimates of tli' 
 losses resulting in a great many of the forms of insect attack u]>o: 
 domestic animals. Naturally, uo notice is taken of their presence ( 
 
IMAL8. 
 
 MHoii. Then' is m 
 ICO is ^fivt'ii of coin 
 Illation followiii}; tin 
 rmitly risen from ;i 
 
 lowiiiff very deciidiM: 
 
 ion ot* tli<< ]iiil)lic to th 
 ntii;;ioii in oiimo tlicrc l< 
 ln'sc insi'ctM will ii<ln Ic 
 tlirr vcliii'lcs (>(' traimii 
 icrvations iiimii any vin 
 anc: IninKlnc a cliolci 
 ii's prt'scnt air attracti 
 ■4 wcttid with the voini 
 Hirrct, take a place on 
 HMiHc, wlu'io tin- faniil 
 with tilt' jitTins of th 
 ts. Some of tho fainll 
 t that thu tli«-8 may hin 
 ■ oIIht case, 'flu* Nal'i 
 Nuhliinatu Holntion, aii' 
 ifl vigilant in tho \im n 
 •rofi'ssor Leidy ]iointt( 
 instriinicntal in sprcaii 
 of this iniprndent an' 
 ntagion <»f the drcadf' 
 . Vol. Ill, p. 210.) 
 
 ion existinjf betwcei 
 
 foniiidablo diseas 
 
 iiii])ortanco of tlii 
 
 fully ill connectioi 
 
 sjiecirtc orgaiiisiii> 
 iseases, but leavin. 
 iuis as producers i 
 rasite serves as tli 
 uiiple, tlie louse an 
 B intermediate host 
 ilso infests the do). 
 j;ain entrance tot li 
 
 himself to destrn 
 le of his tormentdi- 
 iiid there develop t 
 
 ite estimates of tli 
 
 insect attack i\]W. 
 
 >f their presence o : 
 
 INTRODICTION. 
 
 21 
 
 le losses they oc<!asioii until some of the aiiiiiiils are so seriously 
 
 lected as to lose tlesli or be threatened with tleatli. In the meaiiliiiie 
 
 |e loss must have been very jjreat, since all of the animals must have 
 
 pen fed sutll«ientl.v to provide for the parasites, and also to keep up 
 
 ]e increased vitality of the animal to meet the demands made by the 
 
 i§eseiice of an irritatiiiff aticnt. 
 
 Il'or actual statistics we must contlne ourselves to instances where 
 
 |(> presence of the parasites has resulted in the actual tleatli of 
 
 iiiibers of animals, or to a recognizable loss <u- depretaation on the 
 
 limals or some product from them. These must naturally fail to pre- 
 
 lilt tin' whole truth, sine*' isolated cases of the same kind will j>en- 
 
 fally fail to be recorded. 
 
 Murray cites Delafond and Hourjiiynon as atithority for the state- 
 lent that ill the valley of Prattifjau, in the (irisons, Switzerlainl, in 
 ^le years IS'il, IH-W, aim l>Ho3, out of upward of 'J,."»(H) floats, the half 
 %v\'i' atta<*ked ami "»(M» died from etVectsof the parasitic mite, Sifmhiotes 
 
 ■fiJeferiMice to the sections on bud'aiognats and bot-Hies will show 
 Ime instances where more or h'ss deliniu^ tij^uies can be cited as to the 
 Isses to stock industries from the attacks of injuri<u'.s insects. It will 
 Jtlice to mention here that tin' loss in a siiifjle county <d' Tennessee 
 K)m buffalo fiiiats in the one year liS74 was estimated at >«."tO(),(K)(> «nd 
 Imilar losses have occurred in many ditlerent years and over .irge 
 mcts of tiie lower Mississippi Valley. Or we may cite the estimatctl 
 ^ssin the United States due toonesinj^le species of bot-tly, !?ri(M>(K>,0()(), 
 j species, m(H'eover, which could be exterminated more certainly and 
 jiuckly than any other with which we are acquainted. 
 
 rOIMTLAli NOTKtNS AUOl T I'AUASITES. 
 
 There are certain widespread notions re}iardiii}i' the presence of par- 
 feitcs or vermin on sto(;k, and it may be in place to call attention to 
 
 ne or two of them here. 
 
 One of these is that only poor or weak animals are infested, an«l that 
 \i' animals otherwise similar they will attack lean rather than i'at ones. 
 It may be quite frecjuently the case that animals noticed as "lousy" 
 Ire the weak ones of the herd, but it should be remembered that the 
 |ice seldom attra<'t attention until they become so numerous that their 
 fcffecis on the animal may be the real cause of its potn- condition. It 
 pn not, certainly, be the case that they select only the weak and lean, 
 
 )r we have found lice in very fair numbers on animals in apparently as 
 bod condition as tiny others in the herd, including those upon which 
 lo lice at all could be found. It is true that certain animals in the 
 lerd may remain entirely free from lice, even when others in the same 
 ^erd are badly infested, but that this is due purely to their being fat 
 ^r in excellent health seems open to much doubt. 
 
 Another idea ' \ that white cattle are infested rather than dark 
 |)neR, an idea which we have heard most emphati(!ally urged by many 
 
22 
 
 INSECTS AFIECriNO DOMKSTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Ntocknii'ii fiiiuiliiir with tlio subject. W'v liiivt> not liiul <>|>)M>ituiiity In 
 ptM'soiinlly i'Xiiiiiiiu' a sutllcii'iit niiiiibcr of lit'i'ils uiid compare tlie niiin 
 of iiil'csiiition iiiiioii^ cattle of (litluriMit colors to Hatisi'y ourselves th.it 
 there can he much of truth in it. 
 
 In one herd examined with Home care the Ihdstein cattle were mon 
 gouerally alVected than those of other breeds, but these had a inc 
 )>onderaneeof bliu;k in their color, atid on tliisacciuint the "nits'* wen 
 especially consiMcnous. In tln^ same herd, however, one red heifer wii> 
 «iuite as badly infested perhaps as any td" the others. 
 
 It is not always safe, however, to set aside the conclusions of experi 
 enced men in any branch of industry, however little foundation thev 
 nniy seem to have fiom a logical standpoint j and if these ideas prove 
 to be supported by fact, we will no doubt in time h'arn the reason for 
 such selections on the i»art of tlu' parasites. It is, in fact, a point oi 
 rather general observation that in the human fandly mostiuitoea, tlies, 
 and other insects will appear to select cei'tain individuals in preference 
 to others, which wo may consider as due to sonu' pecidiar condition oi 
 the skin or its s»'cretions. Flies seem to take particular pains to settle 
 oil the exposed parts of sick i)eople, and lice, itch ndtes, etc., if certain 
 observations and records are to be a<*cepted, sh(>w a decided tendencv 
 to infest certain persons and to be either unable or unwilliny tohr.rboi 
 upon others. Certain people exhibit much greater susceptibility td 
 such attacks than others, and with the harvest antes or "chig}'ers"this 
 amounts to pra(!tical immuidty from attack by some when, undei 
 similar conditions, others are most seriously troubled. Whether this 
 is due to some condition of the skin that attracts in one (iase and 
 repels in the other, or simply that in one case there is particular sensi- 
 tiveness, while in the other there is not, the effect on the peisona is in 
 one case the extreme of irritation and in the other freedom fiom it. It 
 similar conditions exist among the lower hnimals, we may suppose the 
 attractive influence of conditions of the skin in certain animals — and 
 this in animals of unhealthy action of the skm — might act asapositive 
 iiitluence. As far, however, as ditference in color is concernetl, unless 
 this is associated with some very constant ditfeience in conditions ol 
 the skin (such as thickness, density of tlie hair (>r diameter of the 
 individual hairs, or in the secretions, better suited to the clasi)ing, pro- 
 tection, or subsistence of the lice, there would seem to be slight fouiida 
 tion for the iiitluence in selection. 
 
 The fact that lice infesting one species of bird or mammal are in 
 many cases incapable of existing upon the bodies of other species has 
 doubtless a foundation in difference of the skin or its secretions or in 
 the size of the hair. The thickness of the skin varies greatly in ditier- 
 eiit animals, and consequently the proboscis of a species adapted to 
 some thin-skinned si)ecies might be entirely incapable of reaching the 
 capillaries from which its food supply must be drawn in a species 
 Laving a thicker skin. The secretions of the integumentary glands 
 
 doubth 
 
 iited, t»f 
 
 [Huthcieii 
 
 lerence 
 
 iding up 
 
 materii 
 
 ,t the pa 
 
 rough a 
 
 fcracteris 
 
 ^y be woi 
 
 aparati\ 
 
 ill credi 
 
 |es, has n 
 •d parasi 
 litor on t 
 Kl. 
 
 'o the p 
 
 fy to the 
 
 Dse whic 
 
 n gener 
 
 tain ins 
 
 [tack, the 
 
 fevention 
 
 [While in 
 
 their exi 
 
 treatme 
 
 un a thoi 
 
 rth)n. \\ 
 
 lowledge 
 
 inecessai 
 
 existenc 
 
 success! 
 
 ^lucli ail 
 
 imals to 
 
 silting ill 
 
 lid by avc 
 
 Ite can n 
 
 How a coi 
 
IMAL8. 
 
 ) liiul oppnrtumt.v Id 
 1(1 (011111111 r \\w raiin 
 iitisiy oursi'lvt's til ii 
 
 (Mil cattle \vtM« iiioii 
 
 It tlu'MO IliUl tl pic 
 
 niit tlii^ "nits" wen 
 r, oiu^ rod lieitiu- \vii> 
 
 MicluHions ol" expei i 
 tie fomuhitioii tlicv 
 if these ideas piovt 
 Iciini tbe reason foi 
 s, ill tVu't, a point oi 
 ily niosfiuitoes, tlies, 
 idiials in preferen(( 
 KH'iiliar condition oi 
 tJidiir pains to settle 
 nites, etc., if certain 
 a decided tendency 
 nnwilliny' to luirboi 
 iv susceptibility to 
 * or *'ciiifi^ers"tliis 
 some wiieii, under 
 led. VVlictlier this 
 ;s ill one (iase and 
 is particular sensi- 
 HI the persona is in 
 reedoiii from it. If 
 e nniy suppose the 
 tain animals — and 
 ht act as a positive 
 s concerned, unless 
 ce in conditions of 
 >r diameter of the 
 o tlieclaspiiifi', i)ro- 
 to be slight founda 
 
 or mammal are in 
 ' other species has 
 ts secretions or in 
 s greatly in dilfer 
 pecies adapted \o 
 le of reaching the 
 awn in a species 
 gumentary glands 
 
 INTROnrCTION. 
 
 23 
 
 doubtless of very ditHerent nature in dilferent species, or, as already 
 ited, of the same species under ditVerent conditions. This might be 
 a siilllcient repellant innuenee simply from the dilVerence in odor, a 
 dftVeience we know to exist in ditferent aniuials, or, I'or the 8pe(!ies 
 falding upon the scales or excreted nnitter on the skin, a ditl'erciice in 
 tlie nnitcrial making it unsuited to them fiu' food. We must remember 
 
 »,t the parasites have be(rome adapted to certain species of animals 
 ough a long course of evoluti<ni and (litter almost as much in their 
 olnracteristics and ne(;e8sities as the animals upon which they live. It 
 imy be worthy of note, in passing, that the most odorous of animals are 
 opnparatively free from parasites. The skunk,' for example, has never 
 biien credited with harboring lice but in a single case, and this one 
 (^onliHh'H nuphitidis Pack.), once reported, if correctly referred to ( loni- 
 O^es, has much of doubt in it, sincre all species of this genus are strictly 
 bii'd parasites, and the specimen described may have been an accidental 
 Vjpitor on the skunk derived from some bird which had served it for 
 flipd. 
 
 ItTo the practical stock breeder all these (piestions are simply subsid- 
 itfy to the (Mie of how to contend with these various pests, and especially 
 '* ise which cause a serious loss. 
 
 n general, it is most im])ortant for him to know to what extent a 
 tain insect is capable of doing injury, the time and mode of its 
 tack, the animals it may alfect, and the best methods to adopt for the 
 evention or check of the injury. 
 
 While in some of the insects to 1)6 discussed here the ditVerent stages 
 their existence appear to have little to reveal concerning the methods 
 treatment, there are others which we can hope to deal with only 
 m a Thorough knowledge of all steps in their development as a foiin- 
 tion. We hope the reader who has any desire to nuike use of suc^b 
 owledge will have patience with those parts which may seem to him 
 necessary details, remembering that it is often in some minor detail 
 existence, apiiarently of slightest importance, that we tiiid the (!lew 
 successful warfare with a serious pest. 
 
 ]Much annoyance may be saved in some cases by a knowledge of the 
 
 imals to which certain sjiecies of parasites are conhned, both by i>re- 
 
 ntiiig infection among those to which a certain parasite is common, 
 
 id by avoiding the trouble of unnecessary restrictions in case the i)ara- 
 
 te can not occur on two or more animals which it is convenient to 
 
 low a common pasture, corral, or stable. The list of parasites arranged 
 
 cording to host animals, Chapter YIII, which has been prepared with 
 
 re fr<mj all accessible records concerning such s])ecie8, will form a 
 
 ady means of determining such questions without having to spend 
 
 le in reading through the body of the work to find it. 
 
 The subject of remedies and i)reventive measures is treated fnlly 
 
 j' We iucliido elsewhere description of 11 louse, Trkhodectca mephitidiH, that has been 
 lund iu abuudanceou tbe Hkimlv. 
 
24 
 
 IKSECTS AFFECTlNf DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 in a separate chapter, and we wish hove only to allude in the brielcs 
 nuinuer to a few j>oneral principles which should be kept in jnind in al 
 cases of insect attack upon domestic animals. 
 
 As with many other insects, it is frequently much easier to prcm 
 than to remedif, and if careful attention is given to the matter tin 
 stockbreeder may, for many of the pests here enumerated, gain for lii 
 nerds practical immunity, even if other herds in the vicinity ai 
 infested. This is true for all species that are in<'ai)able of flight, or tlui 
 depend for distribution on the direct association of infested animal 
 with those that arc free, or that, by attaching themselves to posts, rail> 
 etc., where animahi rub themselves, may be transferred from one I 
 another. Prevention is also the most important measure with tli' 
 internal parasites, bots, etc., which are with ditticulty reached wlui 
 lodged. With any others, however, such as nios(|uitoe8, flies, tU'.]i> 
 etc., and with lice, mites, etc.. if they have gained a foothold, dirci 
 treatment is absolutely essential. Here there is necessity for examini! 
 tion of the conditions and adopticui of one of two forms of treatment 
 according to the circumstances. The first, rvpclUtnt^ where, as wit! 
 mosquitoes, Hies, etc., it is possible to drive the insects from any pai 
 ticular animal by mechanical devices or by use of repelling odors. Tin 
 second, (lestnictire, where it is necessary by use of substances fatal ti 
 the i)ai'asite to cause its <leath. In all of these there is choice among ; 
 number of fairly successful measures, each of which may have soint 
 particular advantage under certain circumstances. For example, dip' 
 and washes, which may be safe enough in hot weather, may be uncU' 
 sirable in winter. On this account it has seemed that some method o 
 fumigation might prove (/f value, and experiments in this line havebcci 
 made which show that it can be used ettectively. The time required, 
 however, to do this in. ikes otiier methods still preferable. Uoubtlcs> 
 some improvtiuents in detiiils of ai)plicati(>n may much facilitfite treat 
 tnent in this manner, and we >vould call itttention to the subject di.'< 
 cussed nnu'e fully in Chapter VH. 
 
 ., The ins' 
 jly one y 
 present! 
 illteres o 
 ings are 
 ^ve sue 
 limals, t 
 ^ach the 
 The lar' 
 le ditiert 
 ?arly all 
 »ey rang 
 Inns wh 
 3on plan 
 |The pu 
 ideninj 
 [)lit on t 
 jparated 
 le adult 
 While 
 froup inc 
 ^ve stocl< 
 
 The m« 
 tauzy wi 
 Lre provi 
 ^re capal 
 
 The la 
 ^uatic, 
 the fami 
 
NIMALS. 
 
 allude ill the brielcs 
 be kept in iiiiiul in ;il 
 
 iiucli easier to prcrcn 
 en to tiie matter tin 
 iimerated, gain for hi 
 5 in the vioiiiity ai 
 pable of flight, ortlm 
 1 of infested animal 
 nselves to posts, nul 
 iisferred from one \r 
 lit measure with tli' 
 ihcnlty reached wIki 
 os(|uitoe8, flies, ti(;k> 
 ed a foothold, dircM 
 lecessity for examini! 
 
 forms of treatment 
 
 1 hint, where, as witl 
 iisects from any pm 
 repellin<;' odors. Tin 
 f substances fatal h 
 ere is choice amoiif; 
 liich may have soim 
 i. For example, dip' 
 eather, may be uiidi 
 that some method n 
 ill this line havebeci 
 
 The time re(]uiii'(l. 
 efcrable. Doubth.v 
 iiuch facilitate treat 
 1 to the (subject di> 
 
 CHAPTEH II. 
 
 DIPTERA. 
 
 Mosquitoes, Gnats, Flies, and Ticks. 
 
 I The insects of this group are readily distinguished by their having 
 OTily one pair of wings, the second pair. (!ommon to other insects, being 
 iftju-esented by a pair of rudiments or modified structures called 
 li|klteres or balancers. In many of the parasitic forms, however, the 
 trangs are entirely wanting, as in the sheep-ficU, spider Hy, etc. They 
 iave suctorial mouthparts, and, in the forms attacking fhe various 
 
 fiimals, these parts become readily adapted to ])enetratiug the skin to 
 ach the small bloodvessels. 
 % The larva' are fleshy grubs or maggots, or slender worms, adai)fed in 
 ma different families to widely different conditions of existence, but in 
 ftearly all cases requiring some degree of moisture. In this respect 
 i|iey range all the way fnmi the entirely aquatic moscpiito larva' to the 
 
 >rms which mature in comparatively dry situations in earth or even 
 
 ion jilants. 
 
 if The ]mi»ie are in some cases formed by the simple contraction and 
 ^rdening of the larval skin and in disclosing the imago may either 
 ^lit on the dorsal surface or in a circular manner so that a cap is 
 gBparated from the head end. leaving a round aperture through which 
 pie adult emerges. 
 
 J While comparatively tew are parasites in the strictest sense, the 
 ^I'oup includes many of the most troublesome of the insect enemies of 
 live stock, as will be recognized in the discussion of particular species. 
 
 Family CULK 'ID.F.. 
 
 (]VIf>s<iuit ocs, (fiiats, clc.) 
 
 The members of this family are slender-bodied, delicate insects with 
 fauzy wings, the veins of which bear minute scales. The mouth parts 
 ire provided with laii(!et-like i)ier(!ing mandibles whi<'li, in the females, 
 ■re capable of inflicting a severe bite. 
 
 W The larva' in those species whose life history has l)een traced are 
 i^cniatic, and this may doubtless be considered as fhe usual habit for 
 ^he family; but it is very probable that many species pass through 
 
 25 
 
26 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 their transformations in moist places, under grass, etc., and perliai Jggs are 
 even in tolerably dry situations. Otherwise it is difficult to accoiiiaa from t 
 for the swarms of the adults in localities remote from water or low laiiaaion, oft 
 
 rnbh is ta 
 >t 
 txl 
 hi 
 h« 
 
 Flu. 1,—Ctili'X piiniii'us : a, feniiilc, I'lom kIiIc; h, male, Iniij] uliovc; c, front tarsuH (if siinioj d, miilil 
 c, liiiul tiu'HiiH; /. cenitalia ol saiiio; (/, scales from liind border of wing; /i, Hrali'S from (li^l> 
 wind— all onlargeil (from Howard). 
 
 The life history lias been often repeated in works on natural hiatuni 
 and it is unnecessary to give it in detail here. It may, however, liti 
 allowable to give a brief stat..;- nt of the general course. 
 
 wWcli are 
 y is wi 
 fliee away. 
 Aliuut c 
 L'ribed, 
 [mostly 
 [raajoril 
 |he gen 
 all oui 
 
ANIMALS. 
 
 DIPTERA. 
 
 27 
 
 ras8, etc., and perliaj igj-s are deposited in small boat-shaped masses and the hirva' hatch- 
 is difficult to accdiiial from these escape into the water. They move about by a jerky 
 from water or lowlaiiaSion, often ascendinj? to the surface to obtain a fresh supply of air 
 
 srKlch is taken through a slender tube at the caudal end (tig. 2). The 
 >upa' are also active and move about in the water during their brief 
 ■,xi8ten<;e in this form, rising to the surface for air, which is taken 
 hifngh a spiracle near the head When the insect is ready to emerge 
 l»©;?l)upa rests at the surfiice with the doisal tace sliglitly out of the 
 voter, the case splits and the mosquito draws (mt first the front legs 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 (lilt tiirsiiH (iT s;ini(>; il, iiiiilill' 
 wing; /i, scali's Iniiu (Ii^k^ 
 
 ;s on natural histoijt 
 Ft may, however. U 
 1 course. 
 
 Flm2.—0tilex jivnuenn: liirvii at lel't. impa at iij;lil, willi aiin! Hi'irnient lu'luw— all ciilargfil (trtira 
 
 Ilnwani). 
 
 wHcli arc placed on the water to serve as support while the rest of the 
 y is withdrawn. The wings expand very (piickly and the insect 
 
 away. 
 Ibout one hundred and fifty species of this family have been 
 pibed, and of these over thirty belong to North America. They 
 [mostly divided among the genera Culex, Anopheles, and C(U'ethra, 
 I majority, however, twenty-seven accredited species, being included 
 fhe genus Culex. Tiiese may be considered as mos(iuitoes proper, 
 
 all our most annoying forms. 
 
28 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 f! 
 
 m 
 
 Tlieir aggnivatiiijf habits have been recognized by describers in sik 
 significant names as molestus, punffcufi, punctor, dainuosus, ex('H<in, 
 excnicians, impatiens, implacabiUti, prorocnns^ etc., which may be take 
 as indicating tliat even a naturalist is capable of harboring resentnicn 
 
 Of the American species, Ciilcx pini(jens has been studied in the Hiv • 
 sion of Entomology, and Dr. Howard has publislied in Circular No. 1 
 second series, a brief statement of its life history, being a condense 
 statement of a fidler article published in UuUetin No. 4, of this seru 
 
 liie following (flotation, however, with the beautiful figures wine 
 have been kindly plaited at my disjto.sal for this paper, will serve t 
 give a clear idea of the habits upon which remedial measures must I 
 based: 
 
 The follo\rin<; stiitemont conceniins the life Iiistory of thcso liisectn is hasod ii|ii 
 a scries ot'oliservations iiiiido in this Uivisntii upon tlio tl('veh>i)ni<'nt of two snniiin 
 j{en»'rntioiis of Ciiler pnnijenii, oiw of onr connnonest iuitl most wi(K'H])i'ea(l specii" 
 Thf writer lins si'cu spcnincns of this insect from N(!w Hampshire, Massacimsi f 
 New York, ^^ar,\"h^l'.(l, Distric* of Coliimhia, Illinois, Minnesota, Kentncky, Nchra^k 
 Lonisnina, Georfjia, and the Ishind of .laniaiia, AVcst Indies. Xo doubt it is ,il 
 abundant in New .Jersey. 
 
 Ey:g hiving takes i»lace at nifjht. The eggs are deposited in boat-shaped niasv 
 ou the surface of the water, tie nnniber viiryinjj; froiii 200 to 400 in each mass, li 
 eggH may liatcli in sixteen hours. 'I"he larva' li\'e beneath the snrfafe of the wiiti 
 coming to the toi> at fre(|ncnt intervals to breathe. The larval state may be roi 
 phited in seven days; the pupal state may last only twenty-four hours. An eiii;: 
 generation in fiumincr time, then, maybe comiilctcd in ten days, 'I'liis length ^ 
 time, however, may be almost indelinitely enlargeil if the weather be co<:l. Tim 
 are, therefore, many generations in the course of a season, and the insect may Itvii 
 successfully in a more or less transient surface ])ool of water. 
 
 Mosiiuitoes hilternate in the adult condition in celliirs and outhouses and iiiid 
 all sorts of slielter. The degree of cold makes no dilference in successful hibcin 
 tion; mosiiuitoes are ahiindaut in the ari'tic regions. 
 
 PREVENTION AND UIOMEDY. 
 
 That cattle and horses snfller a great amount of pain, and that tlici 
 is actual loss to the stock owner from this source will scarcely be calif 
 in (juestion by anyone familiar with tlie subject. These ; annals ma 
 often be seen with a tlock of the ]>ests llyiiig around them or located n 
 the body, tlicir distended blood red abdomens attesting their sanj;ii 
 nary meal. This will be i)articularly noted where animals have bee 
 pastured in lowland or near thickets, where mos(juitoes abound. Tim 
 much can be done to abate this loss and pain is now well establislicii 
 and the following extract from an article by Dr. L. (). Howard, who lia 
 done more than anyone else t() <'all attention to these possibilities, wil 
 cover the question of remedies better than any summary of my own 
 
 Of remedies against mosijuitoes in houses the best is a thorough screening of wic 
 dowH and the ]daciug of nets about beds. If the insects are troublesome in sit i in. 
 or sleeping rooms during the evening the burning of pyrethrum will so stupefy tin: 
 as to make their i>reseiice unobjectionahle. Pyrethrum for this purpose should i- 
 prepared by moistening the powder sufficiently to allow of its lieing roughly inolil' 
 
 [hand intc 
 les are th 
 |x such a 
 hurtful 
 cones 
 Kliiitoes 
 a pallia 
 [he mosii 
 easily k 
 ) nailed 
 (r the (pi 
 and is 
 Itoes are 
 ireediug 
 ire is abs 
 lal reined 
 iction of ti 
 'he drain 
 sh places 
 icessfnl ii 
 
 the introi 
 
 lere the 
 
 le. In ta 
 
 lito ]arv;e 
 
 Sere carp a 
 
 ^ing in tin 
 
 |h, calicil t 
 
 in. Probi 
 
 [a mos(iuil 
 
 ^robahly 
 
 litoes IS tl 
 
 111 that ke 
 
 ^de nion^ 1 
 
 inle ill IW) 
 
 jitcly 1 oiii 
 
 lei'tnally < 
 
 JKCthatth 
 
 ley alight 
 
 Inewed for 
 
 iitions in c 
 
 : Since 189! 
 
 le practic 
 
 ^ero rid ot 
 
 |ot jirove 
 
 ^os(|iiitoes 
 
 ilile niidei 
 
 Jhere the 
 
 prosene r« 
 
 Se pit or 
 
 ligation i 
 
 turned ii 
 
 |ie hreedi 
 
 Ities, hou 
 
 losed dooi 
 
 ie vault, 
 
ANIMALS. 
 
 id by deacribers in sik 
 »•, (lam nouns, e.rcitii\i^ 
 c, which may be takd 
 harboring,' loseiitinc 
 ?en studied in the I)i\ •' 
 bed in Circuhir No. ] 
 ry, beiiifj a condense 
 in No. 4, of this sei ic 
 beautiful lij^ures wIik 
 is paper, will serve t 
 lial measures must [ 
 
 these iuseets is based ii|« 
 •velojmiciit of two niiiiiih. 
 most wi<lcs]irea(l sptM u 
 Iaiii)»sliire, Massaclms. i 
 sota, Kentucky, Xelira-k 
 ilies. Xo (loiibt it IS ;i|. 
 
 DIPTERA. 
 
 29 
 
 ?d ill boat-shaped mass 
 to 400 ill eaeh mass, i: 
 
 I tlio .snrliirc^ of the wai. 
 
 larval state may In- mi 
 
 ty-foiir lioiirs. An em 
 
 ten days. This length 
 weather be cool. Tli, 
 and the insect may bn 
 
 ;er. 
 and (tiithoiises and iiml 
 
 L>e in successful hibeii; 
 
 ' pain, and that tlici 
 will scarcely be calli 
 
 These ; dimals iii;i 
 nd rliem or located > 
 testing tiieir saii^ii 
 I* animals have liet 
 litoes abound, Tli 
 low well establisluMJ 
 
 (>. Howard, wlio Im 
 lese iK)ssibilities, wil 
 iinimary of my own 
 
 •rough screening of win 
 'o troiiblescmo in sit i in. 
 I'um will so stupefy tlur 
 • this purpose should '> . 
 ts being roughly luolil. 
 
 Ihnud into little cones abont tiie size and shape of a largo chocolate drop. These 
 les are then placed in a pan and thoroughly dried lu an oven. When tired at the 
 Ix such a cone will smolder slowly and send up a thiu column of pungent smoke 
 
 I hnrtful to man, but stiipyfying to mosiiuitoes. In actual experience two or three 
 cones burned iltiring the course of an evening have given much relief from 
 
 ^(piitoes iu sitting rooms. It docs not kill the insects, however, and is at best 
 
 i a palliative. 
 
 |he mosiiuitoes found on the ceilings of bedrooms iu the evening may be (piickly 
 easily killed by means of a small, shallow tin ' :'p (such as the lid of a blacking 
 
 1) nailed to tlie top of a stick and wet inside with kerosene. This cup is placed 
 Ir tlie (juiesceiit mosijuito, which immediately drops or Hies against the oily sur- 
 aiid is killed. Hut altogether the most satisfactory means of lighting inos- 
 Itoes are tiiose which are directed to the destruction of the larva' or the abolition 
 
 Jreediug places. These measures are not everywhere feasible, but in many ]>lace8 
 )re is absolutely no necessity for the endurance of the mos(|iiito plague. Tiie prin- 
 tal remedies of this class are three: The draining of jionds and marshes, the iiitro- 
 |ctionof tish into lishless pools, and the use of kerosene on tiio surface of the water. 
 The draining of brtseding jiools needs no discussion. Obviously the drying up of 
 Eh places will prevent niosiinitoes from breeding therein, and the conditions of a 
 jcessful application of this measure will, it is equally obvious, vary with each 
 
 the introduction of tish into fishless ]>onds is feasible and advisable in many cases 
 ftXere the use of kerosene on the surface of the water would be thoiiglit nudesir- 
 ie. In tanks sujiplying drinking water, for example, tish would destroy the nioa- 
 ito lavv;e as fast as hatched. A case is recorded iu Insect Life (Vol. IV, ]>. 223) 
 ll^ero carp were employed in this way with perfect success liy an English gentleman 
 li^iiig ill the Kiviera. At (?an Diego, Tex., tl/e jieople use for tiiis jmrjiose a little 
 ^li, called there a perch, the species of which the writer has not been aliie to ascer- 
 iwin. Probably the common voracious little sticklo-back would answer admirably 
 a mos(|uito destroyer. 
 
 ^'robably the best, and certainly the easiest, of wholesale remedies against inos- 
 iitoes IS the apjilication of kerosene to the surface of breeding pools. The sugges- 
 in that kerosene could be used as a remedy for inosciuitoes is not new and has been 
 If^do more than once. Exact exjieriments out of doors ami on a large scale were 
 ni^de ill \X92 by the writer. These and siibse(|neiit experiments show that ai>proxi- 
 Bttitely 1 ounce of kerosene to each b") siiuare feet of water surface on small jtools will 
 «^e(tiially destroy all the larva' and juipa' in that pool, with the additional advan- 
 tigc that the adult females, not deterred from atteniitting to oviposit, are killed when 
 tbey alight oil the keidseiie-coveied water. Ordinarily, the application need not be 
 l^uowed for a month, though varying circiimstaiKes may reiiuire more fre((ueut appli- 
 i^tioiis iu certain cases. 
 
 Since 1892 several demonstrations, on large and small scales, have been made of 
 
 tlif practicability of this method, lender the writer's supervision two localities 
 
 %ero rid of mosipiitoes by the use of kerosene alone. It will, however, probably 
 
 not jirove feasible to treat iu this way the large sea niarshes along the coast where 
 
 os(iuitoe8 breed in hordes, although even here the remedy may jirove to bo jiracti- 
 
 ible under certain conditions and in certain situations. In inland places, however, 
 
 lliere the mosijuito supply is derived from comparatively ('ircumscribed ])ool8, the 
 
 frosene remedy will prove most useful. Iu some ( aliforuia towns, we are informed, 
 
 le pit or vault behind water-closets is subject to flushing with water during the 
 
 ^rigatioii of the* land near by. A jieriod of several weeks elajises before more water 
 
 I turned in, and in the meantime the water iu the pit grows stagnant and becomes 
 
 le breeding place of thousands of moscjuitoes. Wheii, as in certain towns iind 
 
 Ities, house drainage runs into such a pit and an outdoor privy with a seldom 
 
 Josed door is built over it, mosquitoes will breed all summer in the fluid contents of 
 
 je vault, and of course will infest all the adjacent houses. 
 
30 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 In such cases a ttMicui)fiil of kerosene poured into each vault at intervals di 
 month or less, would i^reatly decrease the annoyance from nioscjuitoes, if it diil i, 
 altojjfether iirevent it. This is a case where tho cooperation of noi^hhors is m^ 
 essential; every householder in a fjiveu neighborhood sliould see that his vault 
 treated with kerosene regularly and oftou. The cost is so trilliiij;- that it need ii 
 1)0 considered. 
 
 When, as is the case at nuiny country homes, rain water is collected in barrels 
 }M)gsheads, for one i)urpose or another, mos(|uitocs nuiy and do brood in numbers 
 such vessels. If the water as used lie drawn from t\w, bottom of tho cask, it will- 
 uo harm lo ]iour in a little kero.seuc, since the oil will not lie drawn out witli t 
 water. At all events, siu'li receptacles should be covered at ui^ht to iirevent c: 
 laying. 
 
 The «|nestion what is tlu^ liest way to cover with kerosene the siirfa-cc of a jxidl 
 some si/c is api>aiently needless, since the operation is -)bvi<insly simple, but sm< h 
 (|Uestion has lic<'U asiied of the Division. .Sim])ly iionring the oil on I'lom any jmr 
 of the sliore will answer tolerably well, since it will sp.ead of itself, but if for n 
 reason it is desired to coat the jiool rapidly with kerosene, it may be advisable i 
 sjiray the oil tliroiigli .a sjiraying iioz/le, either from the bank or from a boat. Ti 
 method of apjilication will v;iry with each case, but in the class of jiools which rn 
 l>e most advaiit;ige<iusly treated, namely, those of small si/e, tho oil can be Wi. 
 spread by thinwing it on to windwiiid witli a wide swee]) of the arm. 
 
 F.uuily e:illIJ().N( )MI1)J<:. 
 
 The iiiset'ts of this family are nmsqiiito lilvc, but (lilVcr. in tliat tin 
 costal vein is not continued ai'ound the winj;-. The antenna- of the inaKv 
 are usually ])liiniose. The larva' breed in still water, and for a specit- 
 whicli has been i»iesent in .ureat numbers in the water mains of Uoom 
 Iowa, and which occurs iu water tanks and reservoirs, it has beci 
 deternuned that the larva' form a protectino- tube of earthy ])articlc 
 and bits of organic matter, the ])upa' coming to the surface to permit p,j 
 the emergence of the adult (Bull, ."JL*, Iowa E\\h Sta,). 
 
 TiiK Blood sroKiNti (Jnat. 
 
 ( '/'()•■•<( tit li I ■■< lorreim 'I'owi .) 
 
 This species, described from western >iew .Alexico, is the type of ;i 
 new genus, Tersest lu's (Psyche, Vol. VI, p. iW.)). The.se gnats, acconl 
 ing to Town.send, occurred iu some numbers upon horses, mostly on tin 
 head and face, })ai'ticularly around ami below the eyes of the animals. 
 They were veiy small and black, but their abdomens being distendi il 
 and swollen with blood gave them a red appearance. The localiiv 
 where they were taken was at an altitude of "something over 7,(Hmi 
 feet." This species has not been rec(trded from any other locality and 
 would seem to have a restricted range. 
 
 It is described as being If, mm. to 2^- mm. long, according to the dis- 
 tension of the abdomen, the wings 1\ mm., the general color blackish, 
 wings grayish, transparent, with barely a smoky tinge. For further 
 details the original description should be consulted. 
 
 pl.e inst 
 |simple 
 lorn niJl 
 Che larvl 
 hdiig wi 
 owing J 
 |ges: 
 thiinbane| 
 7i\, and p 
 ^he ])erfcc| 
 latlons o 
 surface o 
 Slum, 
 le hirv;e 
 Uilovm 
 seiiiiova 
 ax eight 
 closed ii 
 ace of til 
 s. 
 
 he early 
 
 ericaii I'-n 
 
 of yoini 
 
 rwardsdi 
 
 ■)y Seth 
 
 en tlueai 
 
 ted nine 
 
 iblo. 1 
 
 aii'orti<le \n 
 
 Honctiye Fal 
 
 the jicrlect 
 
 larv:e were : 
 
 3tcr plantt 
 Stones at 
 \ these w 
 pKEN ions yoi 
 Ptdiii this fi 
 Bttcccssion « 
 a single bro 
 SB^aller tha: 
 si^e of the 1 
 the sail 
 tcies four 
 J of Wasl 
 Ithe Bubji 
 In the Ai 
 ruard dc 
 Inntain e 
 aks u fe\ 
 
ANIMALS. 
 
 ch vnnit at intorv.-ils „| 
 u in()S(|uitoc8, il" it <li,i , 
 itioii of uoijrhljora is m, 
 lioiilil sec that his vault 
 " trilliiijr tliat it iioed i; 
 
 !• is follccted in liarrds 
 ul *li) 1h<;<m1 ill iiumb(i> 
 toiii or tbociisk, it -nill- 
 i>t 1.1' drawn out witli i 
 I at iiinlit to jireveiit c. 
 
 10 the snrfac." of u ji,,,,! 
 ii'iisly siiiiiilf. hut siK !i 
 tin- nil nil iVoiii any jini 
 d of itself, lint if for ,, 
 3. it may hi' advisahlc : 
 ink or Iroiii a boat, i; 
 ■ ••la>s of pools wliicli , ■ 
 size, flio oil can be w, 
 'f tlif arm. 
 
 KK. 
 
 DIPTERA. 31 
 
 ir (lim'v. in tliiit ih. 
 iiittMiiijcot tlieinalc 
 tT, jiiid for a si)0('i(- 
 Iter iiiiiins of iJoom, 
 eivoirs, it has bcci 
 ' of oartiiy particle 
 10 surface to periiiK 
 a.). 
 
 !o, i.s tlio type of n 
 liese gnats, aeconl 
 uses, mostly on tin 
 yes of the aniinaN, 
 lis beiny distendi il 
 iiK'e. Tlie localitv 
 lu'tliinj;- over 7,0(in 
 other locality and 
 
 cording to the dis- 
 lal color blackish, 
 iige. For farther 
 
 Family SIMULIII)^. 
 
 (Black Flics, Buflalo Cfnatt=s.) 
 
 pLe insects of this family are short and small, thick bodied, having 
 sinii)le eyes and no transverse suture in the thorax. They are 
 om more than a ((uartcr of an inch in length. 
 
 he larvii", so far as known, all live under water, nsnally in swiftly 
 niiig water, and their structure and habits are both i>eculiar. Tiie 
 iwing e.vtract sums up the facts regarding the discoveries of early 
 
 |gcs: 
 
 •lillnhaiier first discovorcd that tlic early stajrrs of llie ('(diimhae/ midne, ou';;, 
 a, and pupa, were passed in the water and only left that eleiimiit to transforin 
 be jierfeet insect. Some time afterwards Nordat and Fries pnhlislied the trans- 
 lations of the Siiiiiirunii mricciim. 'I'be larv:e (if the latter sjiecies live under 
 Hurfaco of the water on the .stems of water jilants on the j;enera I'liellandriniu 
 .^iuiii. 
 
 le larva' are slender, cylindrical, and furnished near the mouth with two sinj;iilar 
 flatjclliform ajipendayes arisinj; in |tairs. The posterior piirt of the body is inclosed 
 in > seniioval cocoon attached to tlie ]dant. The i)U]i,i' have on each side of the 
 thi^ax eight lonu' filiform ap]i<'ii(bi<j<'s risini;- in pairs, 'i'lie jiosterior ])art of the liody 
 iB(h<'bised ill a seniioval cocouii attaclicrl to the jdants. The lly issues below the 
 SUilface of the water, and, risiin;' to the top, is protected by a line silky covering of 
 hi|rs. 
 
 he early stages of several of the American sjiecics have been studied. In the 
 lericaii lliitoiiinloi'ist ( \'ol. II, p. L'.T, .lime, ISTdi. under the iieading. "The death 
 of young trout," we described the larva and iiniia, with liunres of a .species 
 rwards described by us as sinniliinn phcicidiinn (ibid., p, liiiT). These larvic were 
 by Setb (ireeii to live attached ''o stones in swift running water and to 8])in a 
 ;en thread in which young fish became entangled and killed. This statement 
 ted much excitement among tish cultiirists at the time, and really seemed very 
 iblo. It was contradicted, bowever, by Sara .1. Mclbide. of Muinford, \. V., in 
 rticki published in the same vidiime (](i). I!(i5-|{tj7), and also by Fred Mather, of 
 Hwieoyo Falls, X. Y., in private eorresponileuce with us. Mrs. Mclhide found that 
 the perl'ecl Hies issued about the Ist of Ajtril and the 1st of .Juno thereafter the 
 lai^a' were found in the streams in great numbers — as a general rule attached to 
 Wftcr plants ;> or I inches below the surl'ace of the water. Some were also attaidied 
 
 f tones at the bottom. The majoi ity were fastened to green, decaying water cress. 
 i these were green in cidor, while others which held to dead forest leaves of the 
 vioiis year's growth, which hud beionie entangled with the cress, were brown, 
 l"^)!!! this facL she .justly argued they fed upon decaying vegetation. There was a 
 8»cession of generations or broods throughout the season, the develoimient of 
 *|iiigle bi'ood occujiying about two month;). The llies issuing in niidsumnier were 
 Sliialler than those devclopiMl iu tb(> spring and fall, although no ditVereuce in the 
 stie of the larva' and ]iupa' was pereejitible. 
 Ill the same volume (pj». 22(1-2.10), (^sten Sacken gives an account of an undetermined 
 icies found attached to the roots and plants in swift running streams in the vicin- 
 of Washington. This article contains also an able review of previous writings 
 jtlie subject, and is illustrated with tigures taken from Vi>rdat. 
 jn the American Entomologist (Vol, III, pp. l!tl-193, August. 1880), Dr. W. S. 
 uard described the stages, with figures of the eggs, of a common species in the 
 inntaiu streams around Ithaca, N. Y. The eggs were found on the rocks on the 
 iks a few iuches above the surface of the water; the newly hatched larva) were 
 
32 
 
 INSECTS AFFKCTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 ,jii8t at tho Hiirt'iicc, aiul t'l'oin this ])(>iut tliuru was a rugiiliir grsidiitioii in tlio si/i 
 the larva- down into t\w Ntruani. Tlie t'gjjH wero ibiind abundiintly on tli« tut of, I ii' 
 
 In tlio I'rocdcdings of the Boston Socii-ty of Natnral History for January, !>• 
 Dr. Ila^Mi dos('rilied Shiiiiliinu picliiies, a roniari^ahly larjjo Hjuicies, tli« larvii n || 
 jtnpa' of whicli wero found in the rapids of tho An Sahjo IJiver, Adirunda(;k Mu; 
 tains, and in nicntioninfj; tlio fact in tho Anu'ri<'an Natnialist for April, IHH\, 
 stated that tho larvio and pupa- of ])resiiiii{il)]y tho sanm 8|iocit;s wero fonml 
 Messrs. Hubbard and Siliwarz in tho rapids of Michipicoton K'iver, north slion 
 Lake Superior. The larva' wero there found to have tho jxTnliarity of lloatin:; 
 long strings, attached t(t each other bv silken threads, while tho pupa-, found in t 
 • piicter ])ools close by, ri'senibh.'d clusters of coral. 
 
 We also ha/.arded the stateinent that these, were tho innnaturo forms of tho cc 
 brated Idack lly of tho Lake Superior region. In reference to the probable ideuti 
 of tho Adirondack with tho Lake Superior species. Dr. Ilageii, in comparison of t 
 ■))ecimeus of these larva- and pui»as received from Mr. Hubbard, with similar Ht.i; 
 of iS. jiiclipen, remarked (C'anadian Liiloni(dogist, Vol. XIII, pp. l.")0, 151) that wli, 
 the larva' an I pupa- did not <liH'er materially, imagoes from t\ui Lake Superior, n 
 raised from tho j)ui)a' collected by Mr. Hubbard, ditfored from N. jiictiixn in tlit 
 much smaller si/e and in tho color of the legs. (Report of tho I'nited S^m 
 Entomologist for 188L pp. :M2-:ii:{.) 
 
 The report of the Kutomoloj^ist tor l.SStJ contains detailed aecoiiir 
 of tlie life history of two sneeies named respectively the Soutliei 
 bulfalo-jiiiat and the turkey-gnat. The recent appearance of this reiioi 
 and its accessibility to all render it unnecessary to j;ive more than 
 brief .synopsis of these s])i'cies, which will be added in their i)r(»i(t 
 places. 
 
 LOSSES FKOM Bl'FFALO (iNATS. 
 
 The injuries caused by butfalo gnat.s are among the mo.-*t serioii 
 resulting from in.sect attack on domestic animals and man. Since it; 
 imitossible to refer all such injuries to the species causing them, 
 statement of the losses due to the species collectively will be in pl;u 
 here. 
 
 The fan > Colurabacz midge has kept up its yearly attacks \\])i> 
 the stock ill its resi)ective locality for more than a century, accordiii 
 to autlientic records, and so late as 1880 has caused, according to 
 report from Minister John A. Kasson, the loss of loS buffalo, 18(5 oxei 
 17"» cows, 50 calves, 49 sheep, 118 horses, and 1,137 hogs. (See Rcimh 
 U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, 1884, p. 341.) 
 
 In this country the losses from the species in the Northern Stato- 
 tlumgh by no means inconsiderable, have not been such as to bring (ni 
 accurate statistics. In the South the losses of sheep, hogs, poultiy 
 cattle, hor.ses, and mules have been very great, but approximate est; 
 mates are given in only a few cases. 
 
 As far as can be learned the damage in Louisiana was but slight prior to 1850; li« 
 many animals were killed in 1801, 1862, 1863, 1864, and 1806. In this latter year tli 
 parish of Tallulah, La., lost over 200 head of mulea, and upward of 400 mules um 
 horses were killed within a few days in the parishes of Madison, Tensas, and (tn 
 cordia, all in the same State. In other States they also did groat damage. In l.^^S 
 many mules were killed in the lowlands of Daviess County, Ky. Although lie 
 tpieutly causing more or less trouble aud loss, they did not appear again in hiid M 
 
ANIMALS. 
 
 DIITERA. 
 
 33 
 
 iir Kriuliitioii in the hIzi 
 indaiitly on the list of .mi; 
 History for January, |v 
 rK" Hliec'ios, tlio larv.i a 
 IJiver, Adirondack Mn: 
 nralist for April, iwi, 
 no 8|iocieM were ionnd 
 otcii Ii'iver, north shi.n 
 ) peculiarity of lloiilin:.' 
 lili! the pupil', lonud in t 
 
 nnatiiro forms of the (■( 
 '11 to tli(^ prohahle idfnti 
 i^'en, in comparison of i 
 hbard, with similar sl.i. 
 'I, pp. !.")(), 151) that w!, 
 ini th<» Lake Sn|)erior. i 
 d from N. picliiKu in ib 
 t>rt of the. United >^- 
 
 litis (letiiiled accoiiir 
 ictivcly tlie Soiitlid 
 >earance<)f tliis h'iki 
 .' to ^ive iMofe than 
 ulded in tbeir jnoiit 
 
 >iig tlie most serioii 
 and man. Since it; 
 fies cansiiig tlieiii. 
 tively will be in plm 
 
 yearly attacks upn 
 
 a century, accoidin. 
 
 mscd, accordinji' to . 
 
 ir»8 bnffalo, 18(> oxoi 
 
 7 bogs. (See Reitm 
 
 be Nortbern Stait- 
 
 sncb as to bring on 
 
 sbeep, bogs, ponlfiv 
 
 lit approximate (st 
 
 slight prior to 1850; Im 
 In this latter year tli 
 iward of 400 nuiles am 
 idison, Tensas, and Coi 
 fireat damajje. In IMi 
 ity, Ky. Although In* 
 t appear again iu >.iui 
 
 Uwhclming nnmhers until 1871', \XT.\, 1871, 18«1, 18«L', 1884, IW"., and lS8ti. In 
 b it was reported that the- loss of mules and horses in Crittendi n County, Ark., 
 jeded the loss from all diseases, In 1873 they caused serious injury in nniny ]>ar- 
 js (if Louisiana. In 1S74 the loss occasioned iu one county in southwest Tennes- 
 Iwas estiuuited at $500, 0(K). The gnats have heen especially injurious since the 
 jissijipi floods of ISHl and 188'J; in the latter year they were more destructive to 
 •k than ever before, appearinj? in inniiense numbers in eastern Kansas, western 
 Inessee, and Avestern Mississippi, and the great destruction of cattle, horses, and 
 les caused by them adde<l greatly to the distress of the inhabitants of those sec- 
 ts of the country caused by unprecedented, lloods. Many localities along the 
 tissippi K'iver in Arkansas also sulfered severely. In 1884 biiHalognats apjieared 
 [in in great numbers and were fully as destructive as in 18H'_*. In P'rankiin Parish, 
 i, within a week from their first aitpearance, they ha<l caused th(< death of IJOO 
 il ot stock. They were i'<|ually iiiinKM'ous throughout the whole regi(ui infested, 
 |1 lor the lirst time in the history of the pest they attacked horses and mules on 
 streets of the cities of NMckslMiig and Memphis No general outbreak tooii 
 •e in 188."i. yet gnats api)eared in sullicient numliers lo kill <|iiite a number of 
 lies in \ arious parishes of Louisiana, especially in Tensas and Franklin, l!iil)alo- 
 r .ats apiicaied again in imiiiense numbers in lS8(i, and extended tliroiigliout the 
 eiltire lower Mississippi \'alley, and swarms wereexcn obstMved and doing damage 
 .away from the region usually invaded, I'liey came very late in tlit; season, and 
 |Be(Hiently animals were in better condition to witlistainl tueir atlacUs, The 
 nage was great, however, in many localities wliere ]ilanters had not taken steps 
 lofect their stock. 
 |esi(les the .•ictiial loss by death of Mieir stock, ))ianters lose mucli viliiable time 
 _ii'c]iariiig their fields for the crojis. It so hii])pens th.'it the gnats appear at a tune 
 ilPwJiich the ground becomes lit to b(( prejiared for cotton, and as It is sery impor- 
 tant to give that idant as much time as possible to mature, every day is very valuable 
 Marly sjiring. Planters owning large «'states have to use their mules for plowing, 
 jwithstaiuling the gnats, while farmers on a small scale can keep their aniniaK m 
 stable, thus jtroteeting them, ( K'eport I'nited States Department of Agricnl- 
 !. lH8t), p. T,&2.) 
 
 LIPK IllSTOUY AND HABlT.s. 
 
 lie eggs liave been (liscoveicd tur but compaiatively few sjtecies. 
 \V. S. liarnard describes and lignrcs tliose of a si)ecies found at 
 ilea, X. Y. (xVmeiican l')ntoinob)gist. Vol. Ill, pp. 191-193): 
 
 hese eggs ( lig. ;> ) were found on 
 rocks on the banks a few inches 
 
 )ve th(^ surface of the water, and 
 give herewith a description ol 
 tfCiii as a means of facilitating the 
 other species. 
 
 flfliiliiig of those of 
 T^e eggs are dejiosited in a com 
 st layer. Their shape is long 
 )i(l,bnton account of their Sott- 
 as and clo.M' proximity to each 
 otter they become distorted and 
 lyheilral. ( >ne end is fiecinently 
 ttened or concave. Each egg 
 lasures 0.40 liy O.is mm. ;n 
 jngary theeggsof the Columbacz 
 ilge (S. columhatcceiiae Schiin- 
 lier) have also been studied by 
 
 Fio, 3 Kggsof Siinuliiiin— miicli enliirged (after Bar- 
 
 IlllTlU. 
 
 Iward I'oiiiosvary, and the observations have heen published since his death by 
 4Go3 — No, o 3 
 
84 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMAL8. 
 
 Dr. (ie/ii llorviitli.' Its c^ks. wliich iiio «nvolo|n)<l iii a y»'Il<>wiHli-\vliil« Nliiii 
 dopositi'il towanl Mid mu\ of May <ir lioj{inniiif; of .Iiiiic, mo iilso ilcpositod 
 
 Ntoiir 
 
 rh 
 
 th 
 
 it< 
 
 II, will i> 
 
 ciiicr (• 
 
 M«#r)'ly last 
 '' mwli all' not 
 
 In iiiiiiiy 
 for (M'i't:iiii 
 
 cluitt'is. 
 
 j;rass(>\ 
 anil in tlio brooks of tli(< iiinri' cli 
 r(!gioriN. TiiD IViiimIo of that Njin k . 
 Haiil lo (lopoHit on an avcraj-o froni "i 
 to 10,(10(1 cjiHH, liKt no (li'tailcd dcscriiii 
 is^iivcn, wliilo we haxct lonnil only ■> 
 500 in tlio iivarics of our Hpi'rirs. 
 
 Tli.'larvM- an) ^^cncrally ii'ss than I «Hl#'''"l»lt' 
 an ini'ii in li<n^'tli, Hulxyliinlrtral, aii'theblsclvCH 
 iialt'il in tiio iniilillr, anil ('nlar;;cil \i<\\ Wim\ iilioil 
 botlii'iKls; till' iMisliriortliini of till' 111 4.„__ ,,i,. ,. 
 
 lory I'liK (1 
 
 is nincli stoiiti'i- than tho antrrior lli 
 
 jinil almost ciiili-shaiit'il. Tliiu'olornl ■ 
 
 larva \arirs jj;ri'atly, anil is nsnaily n, 8p6CU'S, IHI 
 
 or It'ss liki' that of thu snltstam orotis. iilid 
 
 whii'li it is fustonoil. 'I'lir lirad, whir! Tlic jtiip: 
 Kfrnrally iit'arly Ki|nari', is marked w n e^^jn mo^jf 
 pair of small, hiai'k, api>roximatOMpiii« ,. 
 
 raih Hido that look liko uy.-s, but arc i; 'y I'lllIlK'l 
 KcHide thi- iisnal niniith orijans. thr hi-ud ]ii>8Hi'ssi'8 two additional brown and lP'^P*' "' "' 
 
 Kill. 4 - Fiiii lit' Shiiiiliiiiii ii'viinrinii tiiv»l\y I'li 
 liii i.'1'il ( ('mm liilrvi. 
 
 poS0(1 of a 
 "■difRBn'iit sp 
 '"att|l«'tii>iii 
 Usell' wit hi I 
 md. and ill 
 cespiiiitory 
 ){ silken th 
 sticks, leavt 
 
 Kiri.5.-Pr(il. 
 
 .V. }):Vlllini 
 
 j; I' a I I V 
 lirgiMl 
 l(ili)\ I. 
 
 Rataiainin;; 1 
 itmocphuric i( 
 itatein tlut i-a 
 remain for son 
 
 The pi-rfeit 
 ng to somo V 
 
 Nbapud bodii's, which arc nsnally H])read ont itnd kupt in I'oiiHtant motion 
 
 catchin;; food; thoy open and dost) like ti Ian. ami if Ibldcd ciin bo jiiirtially 
 
 drawn into tlio month. 'J"ho simtoth body of tlic larva \» composed of twolyo 
 
 or sej^inonts, live of wliich form the cliib-shai)cil anal iiortion of the 
 
 body. On the iimler side of the tbortieic ])orlion is a Hiibeonicjil, 
 
 retractilo jjroceHs (tig. ."i), crowned with a circular row of sliort timl 
 
 8har]» bristles. Tlio anal extremity consists also of a siibeylin- 
 
 drical, triincated iirotnberance, which is crowned with rows of 
 
 oristles similar to those of the thoracic jirolcfi. The larva pos- 
 sesses no stijiinata. but immediately below the amil jirotiiberanec, 
 
 on the under side of the body here are three short, cylindrical, 
 
 soft, curved, and retractile tentacles, to wliich the large trachea' 
 
 lead, and ■which are probably the orjjans 
 of respiration. " * 
 
 In simu) of the most mature larva- two 
 kiilncyshaped black spots are visible jnst 
 
 above the thoracic ]>rolej;, one on each side. If clo>orot0ttioii eiu 
 in\ cstijjated with a good lens, it isseen that thetnftsoi i lurflk'c like a 
 nicnts serving the future jmpa for respiration are alivaiwiftiiess. 
 formed under the larval skin. All these lilameiits ;ii Tke immjo. — 
 from the same sjiot and are branches of a single intri:rh<W are char 
 tube. * ' tndir, and is 
 
 The most essential condition for the well-bciiij; of liiin^na' are c 
 aijiiatic iTeatiires is rai;id motion of the water in which il on||and line 
 live. • * * The next important condition of a sniciomev hat dila 
 breeding ]dace is the pre ,ence of some stationary nialci )roW)Hcis is wi 
 in the water npon which to fasten themselves. * ' lyes arc large; 
 Water in rapid motion is IVnind only in certain, wherajjart. T 
 defined i)lace8, either in streams coming from an el viiiiBMile, being 
 plateau or in streams meandering through a level coiiiitn^^^nd can r 
 
 Tn the former any su-lden bend, or declivity, and any obstruction, no matter Li jUgnatsar* 
 
 ^^ o iiud ui 
 .\. Kolnmbiicsi logy, Dr. llorvuth Gezu, in Itovartani Lapok, Vol, I, ^'ll. ';|b^Haggressi' 
 
 Bndapest, 1K84. N^Bapturedi 
 
 Fio. 6— Hii'iitliiKf.' organs cif 
 S. meriilioiiale -i;r('iitly en- 
 largi'd (frimi Kileyl. 
 
DII'TERA. 
 
 M 
 
 SOMll' ^^'ill )>i'<Mliirr iMM'eli^ralod motion of titr watrr. In tliti latti r hikIiIiii luiiiUiiru 
 thif; iliii-f (MUM', III tlu) loniu'i' tln'io iiri' iiiiiiii'roim i»lii<(!.>( wluic ilir lnrvii- lun 
 seflOiily la?*tcii llionisolvrs, Ihxiiiiho liir>;<' iiiiiiiImts olstickH piirtlN iihIiciJiUmI hi ttie 
 mad 111"' not (Imtiiflu'il l>.v tlin ri.sinu wiitt-r 
 
 In iiiiiii.v pliicos till' r(n-k\ IkmIs of stirains rmiii.sli oxct'llfiit support 
 fotci'itiiiii .sptu'it's. Ill Niicli plii(*«'s as these tlit'y occur iiiorc or less in 
 
 iNIMALS. 
 
 vellowJHli-wliito Hiiiih 
 ', nn* also ilcpositod in 
 ov<T wliii'li I lie watci il. 
 xiUh oC iIio iiiort' I'll' :i 
 
 triiijilo oC tliat M|ii'i II ' 
 
 on nn ii\ cranii Iroiii "■ 
 lint no (li'tailcd dosiMiiii 
 
 •'!' ''''oi' '"",!', 'irs''"^ '"' cllrttors. liistiMK'd by the posterior cud of the l.ody uiid capable of eon- 
 n/K(^i.3lT'l(rs^tliai, I «i<tii"!'^ movement, by truveliii}'' with a Iooihiio- oajt. I.y attacliiiiff 
 i^'tli, Hiiiic.viiinlriral. iiii-thtBiselves with silken threads and tiien allo\vMiji>' the cm rent to move 
 iddl.', aiiil«'iilar;i;i'il Inn tliai about, or by lloatinjj free with the curr«*iit untd liiidinoa satisfac- 
 .lM.strriorfliiidoltliH„^QM j,j,„.^, j„ „.|,ij.i, („ |j,s|en aoain. 
 ■'■ *'"'" '1"' J^i'tm'iiih T|^^^ j.^^^^j ^^j. j,|^ ,,^,.^..|. ,|.|^ ,1^^^ ,,,.^.,1 ,j,.f(.,.,nined tor manv of the 
 
 1»-Hlllllied. llKM'Olonl li. . , ., .1 , «. 1 ^11 ^1 
 
 ivatly, an.l isiiHnall.vi,,8p#it'«. l»iit t'i«' Southern bullalo j-iuit has licen proven to be eaniiv- 
 lat of ilu) siii.stanir inor^is. and in all i)robability other species have a similar hal)it. 
 toned, riic lu'iid, wiiiii ^„. pupa of the specnes of 8imulium is peculiar and distinguished 
 lysM'i'''''.''^"'''''''''"! ^^''fifOHB mo*<t other tUitterous pupa- by the pn'sence of a tutt of respira- 
 ''"'■''' :'»''"'"''"T^!'*'"""tonEiilaments startini; from each side (►f the thorax. (See lif^iut'S of 
 
 look hkoey.-s, but iini; *i '^ i •;• / x m I *v 
 
 additional hvown and i.Pttpf'' "' Snnuliiiin pt'vuumm aiul iiienthomh:) 1 hese tutts are com- 
 
 in conatant motion wipo^l of a variable numl)er of very slen<ler tilatiients varying with the 
 
 Idcd can bo jiartially "idimtent sjjecies of Simiilium. The abdomen is armed with spines, and 
 
 I loiiiiMisod of twolyojnijj^jl^j, ^j|^ .i,.^, i^^y,, larger bent spines or hooks by which the pupaanchor.s 
 
 itSfilf within the poueh-like (rocoon. This cocoon is open at the upper 
 
 3n4 iii'd allows the exposed head portion of the im|)a liearing the 
 
 ceaiiratory tilaiuents to have free access to the water. It is composed 
 
 of «lken threads, generally grayish in color, and is attached firndy to 
 
 stiws. leaves, h)g8, or other objects in the I'lirrent of water. 
 
 tion of tlio 
 nibconi<'al, 
 f short and 
 Hiibcylin- 
 li rowH of 
 larva poa- 
 tnlierance, 
 yiindrical, 
 
 tl 
 
 trachoir 
 10 organs 
 
 irva- two 
 sjldo, just 
 
 Fill. .5. -rri.i'. . , 
 S. }>'i'ii(ini* 
 C I- a t 1 .\ •''® 
 rirpoil f 
 ItiUni. ng 
 
 on oarli sido. If clu^j; 
 isKfcn tliat tlio tufts oliiioi 
 for rcsiiiration arc aliiai 
 All tlii'so tilami'iits ;ii 
 UH'lioH of a siiifjlo illtrll 
 
 ini 
 ir tlif woll-boing of ilim' 
 i)f tlio water in whicli ihoi 
 nt ('i)uditioii of a KtiiiM 
 f honic stationary iiialirn 
 stfii themselvi'H. ' 'y 
 nd only in certain, w 
 
 conniifj I'roni an ol -vatW 
 g tbrongli a level comitrli 
 striiction, no matter li 
 
 ,i Lapok, Vol. I, No. 
 
 Rflftoaining but a very short time in the pupal state, prolonged or shortened by 
 itmolpheric inllueiices, they give forth the winged insects. Tlit- length of the pupal 
 n the case of the turkey-gnat averages live daya. Hotb larval and pupal skins 
 for some time in the empty pouch. 
 
 ]»crfcct insects issue from their pupa' under water, and siirroiuided, a<'Cord- 
 
 some writers, by ;i bubble of air. I'lie silky hairs of tlie tly, however, are 
 
 tion enough to ]trovent it from drowning. The winged insect jiops to the 
 
 o like a cork, runs a few inches over the water, and darts away with great 
 
 ess. 
 
 Imuijo. — The perfect Hies , ary in length, the females being usually the larger, 
 are characterized by their jiociiliar short and thick sliajie. The head is bent 
 , and is nearly as wide as the \ery large and hiiinped tliorax. The thick 
 me are composed of twelve stout Joints; the four-Jointed paljii terminate in 
 and tine Joints; the jiosterior shanks and the iirst Joint of the hind tarsi are 
 ihat dilated. The free labriim is as sharp as a dagg'T, mid the very iirominent 
 iscis is well adajiled for drawing blood. The insects possess no ocelli, but their 
 re large; in tht! male they Join at the forehead, liiit in the female they are far- 
 part. The mouth organs of the nuile are also not so well developed as in the 
 , being soft and unalde to draw blood. The bodies of thosi; gnats are (juite 
 nd can resist considerable pressure. » « * 
 
 gnats arc exceedingly active, and endowed with very acute senses, which enable 
 
 jto find unerringly animals a long distance away. Only females seem to form 
 
 aggressive swarms, since not a single male h.as been found in the large uum- 
 
 aptured and investigated. The male stays near the place of its birth, and since 
 
3() 
 
 IN8KCTH AFFKCTINO DOMKttTIC ANIMALH. 
 
 t'eniiilcH onci' K<>rt;iMl witli lilnod do not imkI can not ri'turn, coinilation anil llif di 
 
 itinK<>l'«KK'* muihI take |)lar<< very HOdn after t'niur^iiiK I'roni tlio wuttT. 'I'Iii'mc piiin 
 have HH, vet to Uo in\l■^<ti^llt*Ml. 
 
 All N|i<>rii'H of tiu> Ki'iuiM Siinnliuin, tlit; lifu liiHtorit'H of wliicli lnivt> \n-vu Ntmiin 
 arc HiiijjIc-lirooiU'd. 
 
 I'ltKVKNIIVKS. 
 
 SnnidK'''* have tlinn far pro\cd tlic lioMt nictliod of protoctin<;' iininialH in the ii> 
 a;;tiinst liulValo-^niitN. riioiiu;litfnl )ilant(>rs nn\ in the hahit of eollectinK and si< 
 in;; during the year ill! kinds of niateiial that will produce a denHc and Htil'ii 
 Ninokc; (tnch materials are tdd leather, caHt-olf clothin^r, dried dnn^i etc. Ar* '^m 
 i\n lar^e .swarins of ^nats appear, and the stock is threatened hy thcni, lire> r 
 started in iliU'ereiit jiaits of tiie plantation, and arc kept hiiinin;; as lon^ a^ il 
 danger lasts. Anything that will produce sinuke is thrown upon the snioldcii: 
 lo^H, ami the most offensive is considered the most usofni. if the time fur pluuii 
 has arrived, smudges arc located in the liclds in sneh a nuinuer that the snioki 
 drifted l»y the wiinl over the teams at work, .'^uch suioke-)iroducin;; tires arc :[{■ 
 kept hnrnin^r in the cities, and they are t'onnd in fiont of cNcry livery and streei r 
 staMc, as well as of such stores as employ drai't horses oi' niuU's. If tiicsc niiiin.i 
 ha\o to hi* upon the roads, they may iisuall\' lie somewhat |irotectcd liy tin pails 
 which some smudge is kc])t. ami which are suspended from their necks and from i. 
 wagons. 
 
 Animals may also lie protected with a layer of mud or a coat of sirup. It lias li<r 
 found that animals which have hIiciI their ronuh winter coat of hair ami li:i 
 beconui snutoth are not as much tronhled as others still covered with louj; Iimi; 
 The ^nats lind it much more dillleult to obtain a foothold upon a siuooth skin, m 
 the elippin<; of the hair in earl\ --piinjt is therefore advisable. 
 
 HnHalu-^nats have a jfi'cat aversion to entcriiiK' dai'k places, and stables tlioioiiul, 
 darkened are safe places for stock of all kinds in a ^nat season. The odor of anm 
 Ilia jirevailin;; in such stables may also to some extent inevent the insects in 
 entering. I'lanters with a small jicrcaKc, therefore, prefer lo keep their horses ;i 
 mnles in the stable instead ol' workiii;; them in the lield. for the same reason > 
 owners of livery stable.s will not allow their aiiinials to b<' taken ontside the > 
 limits if ^n.'its are numerous eiiough to be (iaiiyeroiis, 
 
 Hut the great majority of planters can no> wait for the disappearance of the |ii" 
 and have to resort to otiicr defensive means. \'arious external applicatiims lii 
 been used to this ed'oct; hecoctions of aider leaves, tobacco, pennyroyal, and ell 
 herbs, have been tried with a view of ))ic\ cnliug glials from biting mules wliili 
 work; but all of them have proven iiiclfeclive. W a time when small swarm- 
 tiirkey-gnats were tormenting mules plowing in the lield one side of the animal » 
 moistened by Ml', Lugger with various insecticides, while the other side wa> i 
 protected ai all. Ity following the animal and watching tlie gnats it was -> 
 observed that any offensive smelling substance would drive the gnats from the |i' 
 teeted side to the mi))rotected one. Kerosene emulsion, |iyrethrnm powder ~ 
 ])ended in water, diluted carlioli-bisiilidiide, and dissolved tobacco soap weii 
 used in turn, and all seemed to jirodiice the same etVect. .Several times the \\ Ir 
 animal was carefully sponged with the one or the other of the above substaii" 
 I'or a tiiiK! the gnats would not settle n]>i)n the animal; but in the course of t 
 hiMir.s the beneficial effect of these insecticides was gone and the insects weic 
 longer ke])t away, 
 
 lOxjierienee shows that the best preventive is grease of various kinds. The folio' 
 ing kinds are the most important: Cotton-seed oil alone, or mixed with tar, fish' 
 gnat oil; a combination of stinking oils alone, or mixed with tar or keroseiif' 
 crude coal oil, kerosene oil, kerosene oil mixed with axle grease, and others. Tn 
 effective, the grease must be used at least twice duriug the day, because as soon 
 
 oilensiM 
 Il# ailvanta 
 «^d, but it 
 ■It these dif 
 
 bwiausc a CI 
 The cm|di 
 against the 
 bat shown I 
 Aiquaiit ity 
 aort, and a » 
 it Htincd i 
 H«rcial il.'iyr 
 thru w:i>llc( 
 JiH lung ;i 
 H^vidcd wi 
 1^ gnats. 
 
 inot perih 
 the first 
 t well (11 
 'dtt even wli 
 
 111 ciicli 
 
 tlgatioii t( 
 maimer ol 
 
 pobably I 
 whicli ( 
 
 Mit tlu' I 
 Kliioiis CO] 
 
 A nnnil 
 h»vt' been 
 proven III 
 AOtticiciit I 
 lid iidiiiii 
 aiiiinoii 
 jiirs uiit 
 le iiniina 
 I'Uiiniiij 
 J Many ct 
 iJive been 
 liiifiihie^ 
 |ut it wou 
 
 ' Aceordiii 
 grnat oil i 
 feum Uni a, 
 'limalc fwti 
 jillon, som( 
 kill the 
 Bi|uently i 
 
NIMAI.H. 
 
 ('()|iii]iiti()ii iiiiil tlitMli 
 
 I tilt' wattir. 'I'lu'Ni- poiii 
 
 Wllicll IlllVtl Ix'fll Htlllllii 
 
 H'tillM; iillillUllH ill till* Ik 
 
 ihit iirt'olli'ctiii^ uikI --h 
 liico u tloiiNO uikI Htil' I 
 tiricd iluiiKt ''••'. As -II 
 iitriuMi liy llit'iii, lii'i-> .1 
 it liiiiiiiii;; tiH loti^ ii.s il 
 >\vii n|i(in till' HiiKililciii 
 ir till' liiiir for plow II 
 iiiiiiini'r that tlic siiioIm 
 I'-proiliiciii;; lircN art- iil- 
 'Vi'ry livery iiml stri-t'i i 
 iiiiilcs. If tlii'si' aiiiiii;i 
 protui'tcil liy till |)aih 
 I tlivir iiuckB aiwl from i: 
 
 'oat of .sini|i. It liaH Im 
 
 jr I'oat of hair aiul lu 
 
 t'ovtTt'd with Iiiii^ h.ii: 
 
 upon a Hiiiooth skin, i: 
 
 t's, anil Ntahh's tlioroiiul 
 ison. TIk' odor of amn 
 Itlt'vt'iit the insects \u 
 to keep their horses ,i 
 I'or the same reason i 
 If taken tnitsiile the i 
 
 lisappearanee of the [m- 
 .ternal applieations lii 
 
 o, pennyroyal, and otl 
 out liitin;; niiileB \vliil< 
 le wiieii small swarm- 
 lie side of the animal " 
 e I he other side wav i 
 y; the j;nats it was -i 
 
 e the gnats from the p 
 , |iyrethrnm powder - 
 Bd tobacco soap wei' 
 
 St!veral times the w I 
 of the above siibstiiii' 
 
 1)ut in the course ol t 
 
 and the inseets weii 
 
 irious kinds. The folli 
 r mixed with tar, lisli ' 
 with tar or kerosene i 
 ;rea8e, and others, in 
 le day, because as sdoii 
 
 1 
 
 DIPTRRA. 
 
 37 
 
 Itii otlensixf odor <llHap])earN it beeonies inoperative, All siieh ii])plieiitionN are of 
 BO advantaKe, howfver, on stock riinnin:; at larj;t'. (inat oil is very extensively 
 Mrd, l)Ut it is, liku the rest of tlitt remedies, very apt to remove the hair.' In fact, 
 ■It these dilVerent kimls of oil and giease are more or lens ininrions to the animals, 
 btCUiise a continued coatinn with them wt-akens the sysleiii. 
 
 The einidoyees of the Hudson's Hay Conipany protect themselves anil their stock 
 iMiiist the bites of the "black tly" by the use of oil of tar, and as long e\perieuce 
 bil shown it to be a simple and easily applied wash, we strongly recommend its use. 
 AiQuantity of coal tar is placed in the bottom of a larj^e shallow receptacle of some 
 Mtt, and a small i|iiaiitity of oil of tar, or oil of turpentine, or any similar material, 
 llBtiri'cil ill. The receiitacle is then tilled with water, which is left stamlinn for 
 
 reial days until well iiiipie);iiateil with the odor. The animals to be protected are 
 
 tH washed with this water as often as seems to be necessary. 
 
 IS lon^ as stock In the infested re^fion is siill'ered to run at lar);e, and is neither 
 
 jviileil with shelter nor food durin>{ the winter months, it will siill'er se\erely from 
 ^ie ;inats. Animals well cared for can stand the attacks of the gnats far better, anil 
 4a not perish as readily. Illtreated and unhealthy mules and tliose bruised and cut 
 We the Ih'st to die. and the prevailing opinion of intelligent ]ila>iters is to the effect 
 -fdl^t well cared-for mules, if greased twice a day when working in the lielil, seldom 
 even when attacked. 
 
 ^n each iiifestt'd district it should be made an object of special inves- 
 atioii to discover the breeding grounds; to determine the place and 
 pinner of e^K' de])osition and other points in the life history since it is 
 obiibly from this dire<!ti(Mi that sve must expect tculiscover some plan 
 which to destroy the pests in the immature staj-es an<l thereby pre- 
 nt the appearance of the vast swarms of Hies which produce such 
 wious conse(|nences. 
 "J 
 
 KEMKDIKS FOR THE IMTES. 
 
 j'A inunber of remedies to counteract the i)oison of the buff'alo-fjtnats 
 hive been tried, but none of them hiiv«' been snlliciently tested or have 
 
 foven niiifoiiiily effective. The following' ai)plications have been of 
 tHci«'nt use to meiit further trial : (1) Hubbiu}; with water of ammonia, 
 (1 administeriiifi internally a mixture of 4() to oO grains of carbonate 
 ammonia to 1 pint of whisky, repeating the dose every three or four 
 iirs until relieved: (U) continued doses of whisky alone and keeping 
 ^le aniniiil in ti cool and darkened stable; (.'») inunersiim in cold water 
 ■i^' running streams. 
 
 Many cases of death of human beings from the bitea of buifalo gnats 
 iiive been reported and some of them seem well authenticated. The 
 j|jiinftdness of their attacks will certainly put people on their guard, 
 Ipit it would be well for person.s in localities subject to invasion to go 
 
 'According to Messrs. Fahlen & Kleinsehmidt, chemists, of Memphis, Tenn., 
 jnat oil is any kind of stinking oil; it should not contain drying oils, such as 
 
 ieum lini and O. ijosgypii." They use fish oil, and to increase its perfume add 01. 
 
 \imalf fiilidum, i ounces to 10 gallons But since fish oil costs ')() to I't cents per 
 
 jillon. some mix it with crude petroleum; this addition, however, has the tendency 
 kill the hair roots. 01. liedeonw (pennyroyal) is too costly, and therefore not 
 
 [equently used. Fish oil and Ol. animale futidum have given the best satisfaction. 
 
38 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMKSTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 \l 
 
 iitt 
 
 Itiepared with some means of protecting tliemsclves wlieii far from 
 shelter dnriug the season of the year when the Hies abound. 
 
 NAIURAI. ENEMIES OI' HUFFALO ONATS 
 
 The adults have so far apijeaicd but little subject to attark frdin 
 other aiuuials. Hut few birds have been observed to Seed upon them, 
 though for the Southern lornis the mocking bird, winter wren, and 
 esi)ecially barnyard fowls, after the Hies become gorged with blodd, 
 feed upon them Dragon llies (Ijihellulida) and robber Hies (Asilidn 
 have been observed to catch them. 
 
 The larvu' are devoured in large numbers by the smaller fishes, min 
 nows, etc.; and probably the carnivorous beetles, bugs, and otlici 
 a<iuatic insects piey upon them. Dr. Howard has observed nciu 
 Washington the lai vu' of a speckles of Ilydropsyche feeding upon tlic 
 larva' of a species common in that locality. 
 
 The pupa' are i)retty well protected by the resemblance in color fd 
 the objects to which they are fastened and their quiet habits. The 
 eggs would seem to be (<pen to the attacks of fishes, carnivorous bee 
 ties, etc., but no positive observations seem to have been made. 
 
 DKSrKIPTlONS OF SI'I.CIES AVITH NOTES ON THEIR IIATUTS. 
 
 The species of this family, though not extremely numerous, have not 
 been very fully characterized, and it is with ditliculty that they aif 
 defined in brief terms. The attempt here is to euumerate the species 
 so far clearly established, but more particularly to ]>resent the habits 
 of each as related to domestic animals, without entering upon anything 
 like a monographic treatment of them. 
 
 lari 
 
 " 111 the I 
 May, i>t| 
 Botovious 
 iison onp 
 far as if 
 the coil 
 ttacUed () 
 liat ucighj 
 jid swinel 
 
 11 
 
 The CoLiMBAcz MirxiE. 
 
 (SimiiliKm columh(ih':e)i8(' ScliriubamT.) 
 
 This, the first species to be studied in detail, was fully described by 
 Ch. Hehonbauer' nearly a century ago, and has been discus.sed by 
 Kollar and others at various times since. The jtast history of the 
 species;, its distribution, destructivencss, etc., have already been stated. 
 
 Its distribution extends over the valley of the Danube, though par- 
 li 'ularly marked in the region of Columbacz, and some authors believe 
 its distribution to be quite general and many jther species to be but 
 synonyms. 
 
 Kollar -^ says "-a small Hy, the length of which scarcely reaches 1.^ 
 lines and its breadth half a line, is one of the greatest scourges of the 
 Banat of Temesvar, particularly that i)art situated between IJypa- 
 lanka and LTrsowa, which holders on the Danube.'' 
 
 ' Ooscliiflite tier scliiidlicheu Kohuuhatczer Miikk<ii iui Jiuuut, Wien, Patzkowsky, 
 ITit"). 
 • Treatise on Iiijiuious InsectH, etc., pp. (58, 70. 
 
riMALS. 
 
 I'lvt'H wlieii far from 
 's abouud. 
 
 iNATS 
 
 ]^^t to attack fmn, 
 1 to .'eod upon tlicm. 
 I, winter wren, j,,,,! 
 «oi«e(l with bI()(Ml, 
 obber files (Asili«I;c, 
 
 smaller tislies, inin 
 '' l>ii«s, and ()ili,.| 
 lias observed ne;ii 
 e feeding upon tlic 
 
 iiblance in eolor to 
 quiet liabits. The 
 s, eariiivorons bee 
 been made. 
 
 iiKiR iiAmrs. 
 
 umerous, have not 
 iiity that tliey arc 
 lerate tlie speeies 
 Pie>ent tlie Jiabits 
 iiiy upon anything 
 
 DIPTERA. 
 
 39 
 
 nlly deseribed by 
 'eii diseiis.sed by 
 ^t Iiistoiy of th(' 
 jady been stat«'d. 
 ube, tliouyh par- 
 e anthors believe 
 Hwcies to be but 
 
 -rcely reaches 1.] 
 
 ; scourges of the 
 
 between Uypa- 
 
 ^Vien, Patzkovvsky, 
 
 "In the year 1830 there ajtpeared in the end of April and becfinniug 
 
 May, after a previous overflowing in the month of March, the same 
 
 Botoiions <S'//«?<//»m colnnilHitrzni.sc m^ I was convinced by a ch)se com- 
 
 larison on the shores of the marsh fnnn its jun«'tion with the Danube 
 
 far as Ilanna, in ^Vustria-Ihingary and Moiavia,and most plentifully 
 
 the countries lying on the banks exposed to the inundations. It 
 
 ttacked cattle in the meadows as in the lianat, and the villages m 
 
 |iat neighborhood lost some hundreds of cattle, such as horses, cows, 
 
 lid swine.'' 
 
 I I'M. 7 — Siinulhtm ornatiDn: a, larva, side virw ; h. Ratnc, liacU \ icw ; r. )iiiii:i. iK'iicatli : if. saims from 
 abovL'i c, cocoon— iiiiuh I'ularyeil (alter Verilai). 
 
 Simitliiim rcptiim Linn, is considered by many authorities as equiva- 
 lleiit to the cobim'ootczenHe. It was desiaibed from Laj>land previous to 
 jtlie description of cohnnlxttczcnsc, and, if identical, should of course 
 [iiuliide the form referred to that species. 
 
 SimuUiim ornatum Meig. 
 
 This is the species upon which Verdat and Fries made the extended 
 I studies which have been mentioned in the fore part of this chapter 
 
 
40 
 
 INSECTS AKFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 uiuler tlio iianie of IShnuliitm HerU-enin. Baron Osteii Sacken, howevcgjaa \\ pnl 
 states tliat lie inclines to tlie opinion that it is in reality the or /Kj/^iipMyincesj 
 and in deference to this opinion we iuclnde mention of it ntider ilisg^ftiy mi^ 
 name. It may be remarked tiuit scriveum is considered the same u J^q \,xi'\ 
 eolumbatczense, menticm of which has already been made. fljjlre" a si 
 
 S lO M 
 
 a^ 
 
 TuiA'.—SimiiHviii iiinatinn: a. Iieail ofliirvii. Iionentli: 'i. inimilililc; c. iiiaxillii c. niidcr lip; /. 
 
 lip— nil ciiliir^ifd; (/. laiva attatlieil In plant; /(, ]iiiiiii in cnriMin natural size (alter V'enlall 
 
 ICll IS, S( 
 
 But I will 
 TIlis si)ecies lias not the record of havinj'' i)roven a source of an gance only 
 jt'reat annoyaiu'c in tlie rcffion to whicli it is common, nor is its gci of tlus /ooloi 
 graphical limit iiiveii with precision in anv work at hand. The stndii , ' ," ," 
 of its larval an<l pupal stayes, however, f>ave a tomidation for lau- ti^iiy. ( o 
 research'.'s upon the subject, and as furnisliinj;- interestinj>' subjects tu: •^tlu-r coin 
 comi»arison, we reproduce the liyures piU>lishe('. by Nerdat. i/^m weutu 
 
 flnt ill the V 
 cattle woro < 
 •XCejit that I 
 year, withoi 
 
 to bf n'"i"""^ 
 
 thiit t'roiii til 
 
 OOl|lHO(|iionc(' 
 
 difeiuleiice. 
 
 incmiviilsiti 
 
 Or it' the 1 
 
 Aixeiulcd \vi 
 
 fit lor 1181 
 
 me iiiipin 
 
 whom tl 
 
 jiigleil po 
 
 »1» at any 
 
 ru jirovit 
 
 |«Hiiiy iiit( 
 
 low 11 tob 
 
 [was ailin 
 
 tthau this ii 
 
 ling over 
 
 Ively few 
 
 }n. I pa 
 
 Id Wii8 ol 
 
 |H au eloi 
 
 iat uu<l II 
 
 la a gnat 
 
 link swa 
 
 The Black Fly. 
 
 (Sim It I ill lit iiiiilextiun HarriH. MSS. ) 
 
 The celebrated black tly «dthe Northern States has long been knowi 
 in the adult fcuin as a torment to travelers and to domestic animals 
 The follo\vin«i account by Dr. A. S. I'ackard (Anier. Nat., \'ol. II, pp 
 589-51)0) is sulhciently <'haracteristic: 
 
 The black fly is even a iiioii' forniidaltle jiest than the iiio8(iiiito. In the nortluMii 
 snliarctic regions it op])o8f.s a harrier against travel. The Ltihrador Hsherman speml' 
 his siiuinier on the seashore, scarcely daring to jienetrate the interior on iiccomit n 
 the swarms oF tlieso flies. During asniiimer resiihnice on this coast we sailed ii]) iln 
 Esi|ninuiiix Hiver for t! or 8 miles, spending a few hours at si house situated on tii' 
 bank. The day was warm and hut little wind blowing and the swarms of black llii- 
 were absolutely terrific. In vain we frantically w;ivcd our net among them, alhircil 
 by some rare moth. After making a few desjienite charges in the face of the thronu 
 ing pests, we had to retire to the house wht;re the windows actually swarmed wiili 
 them ; but hero they would (ly in our face, crawl under our clothes, where they woiilil 
 even reimiin and bite in the night. The children of the house were sickly and wui!, 
 by their unceasing torments; and the shaggy Newfoundland dogs, whose thick coal- 
 would seem to be jiroof against their bites, ran from their shelter beneath the beiu li 
 and dashed into the river, their only retreat. In cloudy weather, unlike the iii(i> 
 qiiito, the black fly disajipears, only flying when the sun shines. The bite of tlif 
 black fly is often severe, the creature leaving ti large <lot of blood to mark the scene 
 of its surgical triiun])hB. 
 
 The distribution of this species is not accurately defined, but south 
 ward it occupies the mouutaiuous reyions of northern NeM' England. 
 
'O 
 
 DIPTERA. 
 
 41 
 
 iiiiixillii: i\ under lip: /, ii|i{ 
 liiliiriil sizi. (altfr V'enlati 
 
 >vt'n a source of an 
 union, nor is its gv, 
 It liiind. The sfinlie 
 tbiMKlation for laic 
 tcrestiny siibjeets td 
 y \'er«lat. 
 
 ANIMALS. 
 
 Ksten Sacken, liowevcj^^ it probably occurs in localities tbrouyhout nmcb of tbe British 
 m I'^'aJ'ty the o/»(j/»„p^yi„(.gg^ iif^ local distribution depending upon the occurrence of 
 •ntiou of it under 'luig^f^ly runuing streams, whi(rh are essential to the lite of the larva'. 
 )nsideie(l the sauic y ^^^^, i^rval form has not been pctsitively identified, but Dr. Packard 
 en made. flgures a specimen which he collected in Labrador and which he sup- 
 
 poses to be the larva of molcntuni or a closely related species. 
 
 The Southekn Uuffalo Gnat. 
 
 {Himulhim pinianim Hiley.) 
 EARLY HISTORY. 
 
 In the American .lourniil of Science (Vol. I, 1818) there occurs on 
 paige .^8, undei' the headin}-:, "A destructiv<^ insect,'' the following 
 iiljteresting account, whnh must certainly refer to the buffalo-gnat, and 
 
 ich is, so far as 1 know,theearliestauthenticaccount of its operations: 
 
 it I will not iMilarj;o iiixiii .i i'iict alreatly i'ainiliar. I will ask ytmr I'luther in<lul- 
 ce only w liili' I (•ominmiicato an autlitntit- and cm i<nis fact ior the iuCorniatiou 
 |lie ztxilogist. 
 
 the Clioftaw coimtry, IW miles uortlu'aHt of Natchez, a ])ai't of the jniblic. rociil 
 
 endert'd t'anmiis on account of the iieriodical return of a i)oisonons and destruc- 
 
 liy. Contrary to the custom of other insects, it always ai)i)e:irs when the cold 
 
 Ulier connnences in I K'ceniher, and as invariably disajipears on the approach of 
 
 rm weather, which is about the 1st of April. It is said to have lieen remarked 
 
 bt in the winter of 1S07, dnriiiH' a snowstorm, when its I'tlecta upon the horses and 
 
 Itle were observed to be similar to those of the gnat and mostiuito in Hummer, 
 
 «j^e]tt that they were more severe. It continued to return at the same season of the 
 
 y<pr, without ]>rodacin}i extensive mischief, uutil the winter of IHKi. when it began 
 
 tiSbc generally fatal to the horses of travelers. So far as I recollect, it was stated 
 
 tnt from thirty to forty traveling horses weri^ destroyed during this winter. The 
 
 «H|8e(|uences wen^ alarming. In the wilderness where the man's horse is his chief 
 
 dwendence, the traveler was surprised and distressed to see the beast sicken and die 
 
 inlsouvulsions, sometimes within three hours after encountering (his little insect. 
 
 Or if the animal were fortunate enough to live, a sickness followed, conunonly 
 
 A^nded w itli the sudden and entire shedding of the hair, which rendered the brute 
 
 mjfit for use. rnwilling to believe that etlects so dreailful could be produced by a 
 
 J use aj)parei!tly so trilling, travelers began to suspect that the Indians or others, 
 whom they obtained food for their horses, had, for some base and selfish end, 
 ngled poison with it. The greatest i>recaution was observed. They refused to 
 •|d)) at any house <ui the way and carried, for the tlistance of 10 or 50 miles their 
 <»ini provisions, but alter all suffered the same calamities. This excited serious 
 ii<iuiry into the true cause of their distress. The tly which has been mentioned was 
 l^owii to be a most singular insect, iuid ])eculiarly troublesome to horses. At length 
 
 fwas admitted by all that the cause of tht> evils complained of could btslio other 
 on this insect. Other precautions have since been observed, i)articularly that of 
 ^ ling over the road infested with it in th<i night; and it now hai)pens that compar- 
 Ively few horses are destroyed. I am unable to describe it i'roin my own observa- 
 9\\. I passed over the same road in April last, only two weeks after it disappeared. 
 Id was obliged to take the description from others. Its color is a dark brown. It 
 Is au elongated head, with a small and sharp proboscis, aud in size between the 
 lat and luosiiuito. When it alights upon a horse it darts through the air, much 
 \ti a gnat, aud never (jiiits its hold uutil removed by force. When a horse stops to 
 link swarms fly about the head aud crowd into the mouth, nostrils, and ears; 
 
 las long been knowi 
 :o dome.sti(' animals 
 er. Nat., \ ol. II, p|i 
 
 ipiito. In the northem 
 lirador tisherman spem;. 
 e interior on account . 
 is co.'ist we sailed u]) lli. 
 a house situated on ili 
 heswiirnmof black th.- 
 let among them, allnrcii 
 lh(^ face of the throiii; 
 actually swarmed will 
 ithes, whore they wonM 
 e were sickly and wmi. 
 logs, whoMe thick coiil- 
 ■Iter beneath the heiK li 
 ather, unlike the iii(i> 
 ines. The bite of tlif 
 lood to mark the scene 
 
 defined, but south 
 lern New England, 
 
42 
 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 hence it is supposed the poison is (•oiuumuiciitcd iiiwaidly. Whether this he ti ik >y 
 not, the most fatiil coiiseiiiifnces result. It is sinj;iilar tliut from tlio tiin(! of it^ li j- 
 appearance it lias never (extended for a jjreater distance than 40 miles in one dir, 
 tion, ind usually it is contined to 1.5 miles. In no other |iart of the country li:i. 
 ever heen seen. Froui this fact it wouM seem ju'ohalile that tli(> cause of its < xi'l^*^! 
 ence is local. Mut what it is muie can tell. After the warm weather comnuMic is|i 
 disap])t!arsase(l'e(5tuiilly fnuu humau ()liservatir>n as if it were auuihilated. T<>\v;r»iy<fe*""' ^^\ 
 the <'Iose of Uei'euiher it s|)riii,u;s up all at once into heinj; a^ain, iiiul resunicv i fiS^I's^i'^si 
 work of destruction. A fact so ,sin.milar I could not have veutuied to state witlidS**™* '"^''' '"" 
 the best evidence of its reality. .\ll the eircuiiustances here related are familiiu 
 
 AV'.tVUlsl 
 
 from I 
 
 onisiail 
 iceptioi| 
 durin 
 
 hundreds, aiul were in almost every man's mouth when 1 imssed tlirouj;h tlnscoum 
 
 In addition to this they wci(! coullrmed liy the acctuint which I received from ( 
 John McKee, a jj;cutlcmau of ninch intellij'ence and respecta))ility, who is the ])it- 
 agcnt of the (icner.-il (Joxernment for the Choetaw Nation. He has consentccii' 
 ohtain specimens of the insect for your examination when ir- returns aj;ain ; and \\ 
 I hojx'. accompany tiie tr.iiisniission with a more ])erfect descrii»tion than it has Im 
 
 Arkansil 
 
 ivous crel 
 
 moMaluindaj 
 
 IlliTcniicsstl 
 
 red «" »■'"■ 7 
 g|:Missouri 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 possible for lue to communicate. — Hi:v. I'.i.iAs CoUNEMis. 
 
 aaofinl the (> 
 lEiinois ant 
 
 In the ro|>oit of the United States Department of Aj^riculture I' ijotdering ui 
 18SG, the foliowinji' summary of early oeenrrenees is giv^jn : andAViihash 
 
 It seems that no authentic record exists in Louisiana about the occurrence of t! J^ollBon l on 
 Southern bulValo-uiiat prior to the year IXoO. It has been rejiorted, however, ili Ili,ea»tern 
 they had ]»r"'viously apjteared in \HU\. In 18t!l and \H{i'2 they were very troublcMin 
 in i»orti(nis of Missis.siitjii and Louiisiaiui; in IXtiH and XXiVl they abountled aim 
 Shrevei)ort, L;i., and iu Chicot County, Ark. Noiu' are rejxirted to occur in iMi 
 but in lS(i() they iinadcd the alluvial country between the Arkansas ami Ked ri\i! 
 east of the Washita. In ISTIl and 1S71 serious injury was occasioned by them 
 several re^jious in Louisiana. Hut in 1881.' ami 1881 they were luoi-e destriu'tive th: 
 ever before, doinj;" iunuensc <lainajie to live stock of all kinds. Althou<ih not <!;eiii 
 ally very mimerous iu 18><."), they appeared in sullicieut numliers iu several couiiih 
 of i^ouisiana to kill (|uite a number of mules. In 188t) tiicy api)earc<l i;encr;ir 
 throughout Mie whole extent of the region infested liy them, and they ai)iteiiii 
 rather unexpectedly, because it was so nnpreeedentedly late iu the season. 
 
 In Indiana this insect was well known as I'ar back as ISi;^, when the settlers \\>i\ 
 to watch fur it every year, as swarms would appear in certain regioiis with mon > 
 less regularity, otteii occasioning eonsideral)le damage. 
 
 It was ascertaineil from a number of gentlemen iu Teiniessee and Mississijipi lli:i 
 the bnrtalo-gnats were well known to their amcstors who tirst settled in that regi"! 
 at a tinu^ when Indians were their neighbors. 
 
 But everyone qnestione<l in the ."States of Louisiana, Mississijipi, Tennessee, iui 
 Arkansas would voice this universal opinion, viz., that bull'alo-gnats <'ome only wit 
 high water and are contemporary with an overtlow. The connection between a 
 overllow and the api)earance of the bnlfalo-gnats will he considered farther on. 
 
 ^he extei 
 thATifiU it 
 8p<Sfies froi' 
 latier nniy 
 of 111 is spec 
 ani^titls. 
 
 BiBmestic !i 
 f^^t localil 
 do^, ami ca 
 
 AREA INFESTED. 
 
 The investigations of l.SSr)-S«;-.S7, which luive been rei)orte(l very fiillv 
 iu the Department puhlications and from wiiich the statements hm' 
 made are mostly com])ile<l, hiive shown that the e.xtent of territory 
 invaded by tliese in.sects is much greater than formerly supposed. It 
 may be stated to comprise, in the worst yetirs, the whole of the ^Missis 
 .sippi Valley from the mouth of the Ked Hiver, in Louisiana, to St, 
 Louis, Mo. All the land adjacent to the many rivers and creeks tlint 
 empty from the east and the west into the Mississippi Kiver is invaded 
 
AMMALS. 
 
 "m 
 
 DIPTERA. 
 
 43 
 
 y. Whether this be tn;, jy 
 lilt from the time of itsii,., ' 
 ' thiiii 40 inilcs in one <li, 
 I- part of the country li,i. 
 Hijit tiie ciiiiso of its, xi.ilii 
 iinn weather coniniciK o?: 
 
 iwavnis, Tliey are drivoii about by the wind and reach j)()ints I'ar 
 from tlieir breeding places. 
 
 ouisiauii ull the land incloaed Ity the Mi8sisHi)))ii and Ked rivers, with perhaps 
 ception of tlie extreme western counties, is usually invitded hy the bnrt'iilo- 
 durii!?;' a f;'"iit y*'ar. iSouth of the Ued J{iver they become scarce, less aggres- 
 ^v<To annihilated. Td A,riiv|i|an(l appear only at very irregular intervals. 
 
 "K again, iiiid rcsn s i J^li.ssissii»i>i all the counties bordering on the river that gives the name to the 
 
 ire more or less invaded during gmit years. 
 Arkansas, excepting jierhaps the western counties, shares tlie same fate. In the 
 rous creeks and rivers of this State and of Louisiana the bulValo-guat breeds 
 aliumlantly. 
 
 'ennessce the same conditions prevail as in Mi8sitisipi)i, bnt the swarms do not 
 so far east as in the latter State. 
 Missouri tlicf biitfalo-gnats infest only the southeastern counties, 
 iiitiicky does not fare as well as Missouri, since swarms of them fre(incntly 
 asCMlnd the Ohio h'iver for some distance. 
 . f » . ,• Illinois and Indiana are also more or less invaded; J, 1 the former, it is tiie region 
 
 ^ i .• _ ^"^^"'^'^''♦^ 'bordering upon the Mississipiii and Wabasii .ivers; in llic latter, that on the Ohio 
 ^ ^ ■ an(i^Vabash rivers. In 188(5 bullalo-guats appeared in large swarms at I >e Soto, in 
 
 out the occurrence of tL J»MPOii County, 111., and ahmg the White Hiver, in Daviess County, Ind. 
 II reiMtrted, however, ili IS^'istern Kansas swarms have repeatedly done great damage, 
 icy were very tronblc>„ii 
 <(U they abounded alxM 
 ■fported to occnr in 1m 
 ■ Arkansas ami h'cdri Mr 
 s oc.asioncd by them • 
 ere morcdcstructivetlLi 
 
 ' ventured to state witli„S 
 Kill" reliitod are faniiiiin 
 'asscd through the com, iitt' 
 vhich I received from ( mq 
 tability. who is the pro, 
 ioii. lie has consent, 1 1 ttei 
 ir. returns again; and u 
 2scrii)tion than it has 1m 
 
 'Is. Although not gem; 
 libers in several connn, 
 
 'ify appeared genei.d; 
 Ik'.mi, an<I they appear,, 
 li in the season. 
 
 , when tlie settlers lis,, 
 liii regions with mon ,. 
 
 see and Mississijtpi liiy 
 st settled in that renin- 
 
 sissippi, Tennes.sce, »u<. 
 ••-gnats come only wit; 
 ••"iiuection between ;ii 
 sidered farther on. 
 
 rei)orted very fiillv 
 •e -statoinents luii' 
 extent of teri-itoiy 
 erly siip])()sed. It 
 •Ijoleof tlie Missis 
 I Louisiana, to St, 
 rs and creeks tli:it 
 •i Kiver is invaded 
 
 LOSSES OCCASIONED. 
 
 lie extent of the losses due to this si)eeies have already been stated, 
 
 ligli it is of course impossible to separate the losses due to this 
 
 ;ies from those caused by the turkey-ynat. In a general way the 
 
 ir may be said to be more destructive to poultry, while the attacks 
 
 lis species are more particidarly directed against the larger domestic 
 
 lals. 
 
 nnestic animals are attacked in the following order, varying somewhat in dif- 
 it localities, viz, mules, horses, cattle, sheep, setting turkeys an<l hens, hogs, 
 i, and cats. Th,- death rate of mules is highest, both because they s<'cm to be 
 susceptible to the bite, and because they an- almost exclusively used in the 
 theni States lor I'arm work. Horses alsosiilfer greatly. Cattle, when wcakcneil 
 inter cxi)osiirc ami by scarcity of f,iod, succumb easily to the continue, I attacks 
 icir winged foes. Hogs show at first the clfccts of the bite hut very little; \ et 
 [c numlieis die soon after the attack, while otlwrs die about six v ,(>ks aft«!r tilt* 
 ippearance of the bntfa!;.-gna\.' ; they usually ])erish fiom largo ulcerating sores, 
 i,li cause blond ))oisoning. Many jiersons claim that the so-called charbon is 
 produced by the bites of these gnats, a statement which is, of course, not borne out 
 by tacts. Sheei), although well ])r,)tc,tcil by their wool, suller greatly by bites 
 ajwii thtMinprot cited jiortions of their skins, and injure themselves still more by 
 |wdiug t,)o close to tires, which ar,' built to ])rodn,'e priit,'rting smoke. Many 
 )1> crow,! SI) close to the fire as to be liurm'd t,> death. Setting turkeys and hens 
 ifre,|nently forced by the gnats to l"ave their nests. Vonng fowls arc killed ont- 
 f. 'fhe gnats, in attacking fowls of all kinds, force their way under the wings 
 their victims, wh, 're they can not be ,1,, dodged. Dogs and ,'ats are also greatly 
 nented, and will not rcnniin outdoors during a bntt'alo-gnat invasion if they can 
 it. Deer, lbrg,'tful of any other threatening danger, are tornwuted to such a 
 ree as to lose all fear, and ai)proach the smoldering tires; in their agony tht-y 
 •times allow people to rub the gnats from their bodies, and will, in their frantic 
 avors for relief, even lie down in the glowing embers or hot ashes. 
 
44 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS, 
 
 i:i'i"i:( T oi' iiiK iiiTi:s. 
 
 
 4 
 
 in so 
 :inctly ma 
 
 Animals liittou by many burtalo-^^nats hUow all tlio Hyniptonis of eolio, ami niifjiuts, wlii 
 peojilo beiii'vc that theso bites brin<; on that diHeasi'. Mnlcs csptjcially arc i 
 att'<'(t('(l,y('t large unmbtTu of i)08t-iuort( in examinations niadd by l>r. Warren K 
 of Vickshnrg, and others, failed to show any relationship between this discasi 
 the bites, nor wen^ any facts ohtainetl whicli would Justify the correctness of sii'Il tilt' ll^'l 
 populiir conclusion. I)r, Kin<;; oiiincs that the eti'ccts of these bites on aniniMl- 
 nnieh the saiuo as that of the rattlesnake on the human system. This seems r 
 the gi'nerally accepted opinion amon;r the more intellisient planters, The :iii 
 attacked becomes at first frantic, lint within a very short time it ceases t" si 
 symptoms of ])ain, submits passively to the inliiction, rolls over, and dies; somiii 
 all within the space of three or four hours. I'".ven if bitten by a very f^riiat niin: 
 of j>nat8 death does not ne<'essarily follow, and then it is not always suddenly f;i 
 Mules which at ni^^ht do not appear to be seriously injured will often be found c 
 next mornin<;'. 
 
 Animals of various kinds become jrradually accustomed to these bites, and dm 
 a long-eontimicd invasion l>ut few are killed toward the end of it. It is ii jircv ;ii, 
 
 notion that the bite of the {j;nats a]>pearin<j; first is the most ])cii- j.j(j_ i,, _>■,,„, 
 oils. It would seem to Im more probalde, however, that the jmi,. 
 introduced into the systems of animals — unless sndicient to \>\ 
 fatal— may to some extent serve as an antidote a;;'ainst that iir f^h^ tip 
 diiced later, and if this poison should remain in the system witii ; jjml on tli< 
 stability, such a fact would also account for native or accliiii;r .•.■yL.i, i|.i\ 
 stock bcinjj less suscej>tiblc to tlie poison from bites than tli.ii 
 eeiitly imported. There is no doiilit that stock freshly iiuportci 
 1 '';*^ll Kentucky to Tennessee and Mississipjii is more apt to be killed i 
 
 (•^^ 
 
 withstood one invasion, a sc<'ond one proves fatal but seldom, i 
 reason why butfalo-<;nats a]ipearin^ very early in the season arc ii 
 V.^i dan!j;ci'oiis may lie I'oiind in the fact that the stock, weakeiinl 
 ■^ exposure durin;; the winter, have had as yet no chance to uaii. 
 
 strength by feiMling ujiou the early vegetation, which it obtaiii> | 
 vioiis to and during a later invasion. ('oiisci|nently, the resist, 
 power ol animals is greater later in the season. I'.xjierience hiisa 
 taught owners of stock how to jirotect the same, and in compmi- 
 with former gnat S(^asoiis fewer animals are killed of late. I'mi 
 Fi(i.9.—Siw>ilitim A SchiinUaucr, who wrote nearly onv hundred years ago about ■ 
 peciianiiii larva K<»lnmhac/ gnats of Hungary, witnessed tht! post-mortem exaiiii: 
 -enlarged (timii ^^^^^^ ^^j ahorse killed bv these gnats, rixin dissection it was Inir 
 Aiiniiiil lii'iHiit , , ' .,,.,,,.,,, 
 
 Dcpartraeiit Aa *'"'*■ ""* '"'0' ^^'"*' ™^ anus entirely filled with the flies, liut al-o; 
 ricLiltiirc issfl) genital orifices, the nasal passages, an<l the bronchial tube anil 
 ramifications, A case of this kind must bi; very exceptional, 
 doubt gnats will sometimes enter these passages, but as a rule death is notoccasuii. 
 in this manner. The loss of blood and the terrible irritation of the skin by so iim: 
 poisonous bites arc reasons sufficient to account for the retlex irritation of the mi 
 and blood itoisoniug. 
 
 LIFE IIISTOUY ANU IIAIUTS. 
 
 The larva is not diftereut in general appearance froni that of otlit 
 species and the general characters have already been stated. 
 
 The annexed cut (flg. 1>) shows it considerably enlarged and will iiial 
 a detailed description unnecessary. It is translucent when living: tL 
 
 IllOtl. 
 
 ^cy dust 
 as«|nic an c 
 
 neir the sii 
 sinjtle threa 
 ict free 
 
 mil of th 
 
 ts. alth 
 
 (ir nioiit 
 
 11 larg 
 
 h and 
 
 like ori; 
 
 Svater d 
 
 ^tiiig mi 
 
 iPltions of 
 riches till 
 over til 
 [tides, 
 le they i 
 he fan 
 ible to 
 e gro> 
 es rev 
 larval 
 le of C 
 
ANIMALS. 
 
 DIFTKRA. 
 
 45 
 
 ill some individuiiKs is witliout markings, while in most it is dis- 
 maiked witli dark cross bands on the back in the middle of the 
 yiiiptoiiis of polir, and in^Qijjis while at each side is a white space; the under side is more or 
 
 :;,:::r;;r;v"f:;:,;i4inv.n.im-.y»,,o..,;rt>vit,,.,,w,, 
 
 Ijip iH-tweeii fi.i.s.iisei.s,. ^^' •'*^"*^ ^"^ yeUowish brown, nearly square, hcxiiy, and nnirked as 
 
 itily the (oiToctnL'ssoCsiiiin^e ligure (lig. 10). 
 
 >f thcHo l)itc8 on auiin.ils 
 
 III K.vstcin. This st^t-niN ti 
 
 iiieiit pliintiMH. TIi(< iinii 
 
 hort lime it ccascH to si 
 
 lis over, and dies; sonifii- 
 
 rten liy a vory on-at niiin 
 
 is not always suddenly f;r 
 
 irfd will oftou be found ,|. 
 
 imI to these bites, and dm 
 «'iid of it. It is a previiil, 
 lin^' first is the most ]u>,~ 
 1<', liowever, tliat the |mi, 
 
 a. 
 
 Piofilt — Ni'»i"(iiM/i /"criannii : liciid of liirvn— o. Iiciii-iilli: ^, side 
 
 ;ili(ivc— irrPiilly I'lilms''"! (from 
 
 i— unless snilicient to |>i 
 
 antidote aj;ainst that in 
 
 main in the syst.'ni willi; 
 
 mt for native or aceliiiin 
 
 ion from bites than thai 
 
 stock freshly imported li 
 
 s more apt to bo killed (■ 1 
 
 wse States, and that, inn: 
 
 I'ves fat.il but seldom, i 
 
 early in tho season are m 
 
 at the stock, weaken. il 
 
 s yet no ehauco to .i;;iiii 
 
 iition, which it (d>taiii>| 
 
 'onse(|iiently, the resisi, 
 
 ■ason. KxiKTicnce lias;i: 
 
 he same, and in eonip:in- 
 
 are killed of late. Trol' 
 
 ndred years ago about t 
 
 I the i)ostniorteni ex.iiiii; 
 
 !>on dissection it was Im: 
 
 with the llies, but also; 
 
 the bronchial tube and 
 
 t bo very exceptional. ' 
 
 le death is notoccasKii. 
 
 ion of tho skin by so iim 
 
 lex irritation of the nn 
 
 .Viinuiil l!ein)rt Ui'piirlniciit .Viiriciilliiri', \Mtt). 
 
 lie tip of the iibdoinen is crowned with lows of hooks (see fig. 11) 
 
 aqff OH tlie upper side of tlie abdomen is the set of breathing organs, 
 
 'h have been mentioned heretofore. 
 
 Phe liirvic tire Ibuiid more particularly attiiched to submerged 
 
 wholly or i>artly submerged stumps, brush, bushes, and other like 
 
 .cts in the linger creeks iiiid bayous of the region to which they are 
 
 tmon. 
 
 ice from that of (dii. 
 been stated, 
 ularged and will niiii 
 !eut when living; ti 
 
 ey duster togetlur, and, fastened by the posterior iirotuheranco to the leaf, they 
 
 me an erect position, or make tlieir way u|(ward and downward with a looping 
 
 Freciiiently attached by a minutt,' thre.id, they sway with tho ripples at or 
 
 n^K the surface of the water, often as many as half a dozen lieinj; attached to a 
 
 siiisl^' thread. * ' * They make their way up and down these objects with 
 
 et freedom, l)ut do not ventnrt^ abov(> tho water. 
 
 oil of the /(irrir. — The larva' of the Southern butialo-finat ai»^ cainivoroiis in their 
 
 ts, although they do not. perhajis, reject tloatinji jtartieles of a vegetable origin. 
 
 iir month is not adapted for biting otf any jneces 
 
 1 a large or solid substanee, but is constructed to 
 
 h and ingulf small objects. To obtain these the 
 
 like oigans ]ieciiliar to these larva- create currents 
 
 ■water direc;ed toward the mouth. Any small and 
 
 ting matter drifted by the <'urient of water into 
 
 vicinity of these fans is attracted by the ciliary 
 
 ari|tions of the eoniixinent rays of the same, and thus 
 
 dies the space* embraced by them, and the.\ , beiid- 
 
 over the mouth, direct the further motions of the 
 
 tides. If of the i)roper kind they are eaten, other- 
 
 le they are expelled by a sudden opening or jiartiiig 
 
 he fans. Th(!y do not feed, as lias been claimetl, n])on plants which they are 
 .ble to bite <dVor chew, and which do not exist in the water at the time when the 
 a- grow most rapidly. A searching investigation of the water in their l)r<'eding 
 es revealed the fact that it was swarining with animal life, and was tilled with 
 larval forms of small crustaceans belonging to variouh families, but chieily to 
 e of Copepods and Isopods. Au abundant supply of food must also be found in 
 
 Km. M. — Simulhnripi'(ytinrvm: Tip 
 (il'iiliclcinu'ii - inliir(;(>(l (Ironi An- 
 iniiil Kcport Dcpartiiu'iit Agri- 
 fultiiro, 1880). 
 
1 
 
 46 
 
 ■^ 
 
 INSECTS AFFKCTINU DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 tlio )iresoiuHi <»f iiiiineiiso iiuniburs (if IrcHli-watcr sjioiiKt'K, polyjis, (iiiil aiiiiiiii ri *ll*'> '*' 
 LiU'vii' of tlie Soutlieni biiD'alo-jjiiiat kc]it in j^lass vessels wei>i iil)8erv«Ml to sw il, pQpal sU 
 tht'sd iiiiiinto oi'iistacfaiis, ami iioiio of tliis footl was Been to lie exiit'llcd ir. 
 A Timnbor of H(|iiai'e diatoms, joiiitfil tofiotlier in a chain, liavo also been oliscrv i 
 
 the intestines of tlieso Iarv:e by tlio aid of the micros 
 Tlie iiresenct! of sncli (|iianlities of animal food will also aci 
 for tlm (diservcd fact that the larva' j;i'ow so \fry i'a]>idl,\ 
 in;j the ('ally sjirinj;, since this is tlio time of the year in \ 
 most of the small fresh- water cr'istaceaiis spawn and ]iic 
 
 The ii<lu| 
 fac6, vuii 
 
 almost u 
 fig, II <1 
 ino| 
 mak' 
 
 on 
 
 111 It'll 
 illH 
 
 livinj; youn;;, and I'ood is, thercfoie, much more abundant y-j.* jj,,. iJ 
 
 th 
 
 s season 
 
 th 
 
 III at anv o 
 
 ther. 
 
 ■Mi 
 
 When i'lillv orown llic liirvir descend to near ll 
 
 bottom of tlie stresim. sometimes 8 or 10 feet, to iiiiL 
 their eocooiis. 
 
 silkt'ii 
 
 a iDaiiiH'i' 
 
 )es. 
 
 strii 
 
 larliair: 
 
 The eocooii upon these leaves is eonieal, {i'niyisli i strip*'. ^^^'I 
 browiiisli, semitraiisparent. and has its npper ii;i Tlie imil 
 cut s(piare oil', more or less ia};j;ed, as if left until head of ui 
 ished. Its shape is irrejiiihir, the threads eoinposin. beton lui't 
 it very eoarse, and the meshes rather open and old the iiidivif 
 narily tilled with miid. They an^ not always fastener of the ey« 
 separately, but fi«'(ptently crowded tojicther, n(»t formiuf-', howexei shovu in 
 such c<»ral-like agjiiejiations as in some of the Northeru sjiecies. Tli. betw*'*'" ^ 
 
 Fio, 12 i^imiill II III 
 
 liiruanim ]iuiiii- in- 
 luiRi'd (Iroiii Kilcyi. 
 
 larva in spinning does not leave its 
 foothold, lint runninj;' in the center of 
 its work uses its mouth to spin this 
 snug little Inmse. In it, it chanjjfes 
 to a pupa, which Tias its anterior end 
 protruding above tht^ rim. 
 
 The pupa (tig. 1-) is. Avhen fresh, of 
 a honey-yellow color, the tilaments of 
 the front i)art of the body brown an<l 
 the abdomen above tiuged with brown. 
 The filaments consist of six main rays 
 issuing from the basal promineuco and 
 subdivided two or three times, so that 
 iu uiost cases as many as forty-eight 
 terminal tilaments can be counted. 
 The color of the pupa changes with 
 age, becoming jyinkish, and, just be- 
 fore emergence of the tly, black. 
 "During the tirst of tliese colora- 
 tional epochs they are attached to the 
 vegetable substance upon which the 
 pouch has been fastened, by the thoracic filaments, by threads about 
 the body, and by the aual extremity; but during the last two the 
 pupai hang by the short anal attachment alone to the threads at tlie 
 bottom of the ptmcU and rise more and more out of it, until they swing 
 freely iu the current, attached only by the drawn-out threads." 
 
 yiie tiiii 
 tbfe earlini 
 it is mut'h 
 a rule, til 
 
 /" 
 
 Kill. Ill — Siiiiiiliinii pieiiarvtii: fcmiile, nidr 
 view— i'nliirf;«d (from Auiuial Iteport I'f 
 ]iiiniiiriit of Agriculture, 1880). 
 
ANIMALS. 
 
 ^e«, pol.viis, an.l anii,,,,,,., 
 JlswoiooLservcdtoHu.,) 
 I s.'en to l,e exprll,.,! „.„ 
 ', I'iivo also bei'ii oliscrx «',i 
 ^''0 i<i<I of tlio micros, , 
 "''•"'■'"«<'<lwill..il,soa.-,„ 
 '"' Ki'owso v<.ry rn],UU\ ,| 
 liotii.H. orfhoyearii,;,,,, 
 taceaiiN spawn ami jm,,.!,; 
 ''«' ' •'! "I'Te Jlbuil.l;,,,, 
 
 i< <lescen(l to iicai' t 
 K's 8 or 10 a.et, to ui.-A 
 
 'S '««-01licilI,f.r.,yi.s|,, 
 
 '<! liiis its upper Im 
 i««V(l, as if loct uiilii 
 tlietliroiHlscomposiii, 
 i-atlicr ojieii and ..nl, 
 I'o not always fiistoiui 
 i<»t formiiif.-, ]iow<M,., 
 ortlieni species. Tlit 
 
 DII'TEHA. 
 
 47 
 
 icy ri'iiiain in the pupa state but a short tiiiu'. lioth hir 
 pujpal skins rtMiiaiii in the poncli ibr some time. 
 
 T^lic a<lnlt !ly on enuMocnuo I'roni the i)upa rises (juiolcly to the snv- 
 fac(§, runs a few inclies over the watoi', aJid tlie winji's expanding 
 almost instantly it darts away. The lly (li,ii-. 1.'} side view, 
 fig. 1 I dorsal view of female") is nearly a (luarter of an 
 m<# in len^^tli, tlie female l)einj;' sonu'wliat larger than the 
 vamp and dilferin,!; in many .esi»ee(s. Tiie color is black, 
 1)1 the body is covered with {;rayisli brown, short, and 
 n iiairs, which are arranged U]»on the thorax in sucli 
 laniier as to show thn'c parallel lonoituditml black 
 i)es. The altdomen is moie densely covered with simi- 
 hairs and shows, fnrtheiinore, a broad dorsal whitish 
 pe, which widens toward the ]»osterior end. 
 $he male ditteis in the structure of the head ( lij^. 1"»: 
 h^l of male at the rij^ht; of fennile at the left), the eyes 
 b^};' larger, joininji' each other in the middle liue, and I'lo. u. — .s 
 th# individual facets lieingmuch larger on the upper jiart 
 ofphe eye, while those <d' the lower ]tart (not correctly 
 8bj|wn ill the ligure) are minute, the line of separation 
 een the two sizes being well marked, 
 'he time of appearaiute of the swarms is regulated by 
 (I earliness or lateness of the spring, and consequently 
 It^s much earlier in the southern parts of the jMississii)])i Valley. As 
 ule, tiiey can be expected soon after the tirst continuous warm 
 
 iniv- 
 1 1 It in [lei' II a- 
 nan: iciniiU', 
 from alluvia — 
 ouliirgi!(l(ri'oin 
 A II 11 II a I Hu- 
 jiDit ncparl- 
 iiifiit of Agi'i 
 eiiltui-f, I88O1. 
 
 ,"" ?«'<-■"«»•«»«.• female, ni,!,. 
 I (from Aiiiiiial IJeiiort IV 
 rriciiltiire, 1888). 
 
 , by threads about 
 r the last two the 
 the threads at the 
 it, until they swing 
 t threads." 
 
 ]:<.-Simiiliiim jieciKtnnii .- licail of iiialc, al rij;lil ; lii'ail <if ffiiialc. at left— greatly enlarged (from 
 Aiiiiiial lit'iiort ])e]iartmeiit of Agriculture, 1880). 
 
 l?§ather in early si)ring. In ISSo the tirst swarms were observed in 
 luisiana March 11, in Mississippi and Tennessee j\Iay 1, and in 
 liana and Illinois JNIay 12. 
 
 Hie accounts of its occurrence in December or other winter months 
 
 not seem to agree with the observations of recent years, but are 
 
 f-haps explicable on the ground of unusual seasons at the time of 
 
 ph appearance. Small or local swarms may appear somewhat earlier 
 
INSECTS AFPKCTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 tluM H('t'iii>f to lie (|nitc 11 jii'iicral nilc witli all tliiwe hiood-siickiu^ Hpucics wliidi , 
 known to annoy man an<l other warni-liloiMli'd animals; lor tlii^ love ot'lilooil >n]i. 
 ally Itrovcs iiiinons to tlioKc indix idnals whicli arr anxiuns to indiilj;;(« in it, a^ 
 have sliown to l)t> tlic easo with tiic liai'vcst niitc or jijini-r ' 
 
 ciiAUAc ri:!; oi- a swaum. 
 
 Tin- nnnihor of iinlividuaJH coniprisin;; a swarm oan not he ('oni)inted. as swaii 
 vary fjroatly in si/c. Their lU'est-nce isat onee indicated l)y tlie aetiiHis of tho yarn 
 aninnils in the liidd. Horses and mnles snort, switeh tlieir tails, stamp the yroii; 
 antl show j^reat restlessness and syinpt'-ms of fear. If not harne.ssed to plow .n 
 wagou they will try to eseaiie by riiiiniiif''away. Cattle rush wildly about in H(:n 
 of rtdief. rornierly, wlu^iideer werir still nmiieroiis, they would lie so torinentei! 
 these inseets as to leave tlieir liidiii;; places and run away, seekiii;;' protection i \' 
 ill the iiresence of their greatest enemy, man. A|>pr()aehiii<raiiiinals in the tieM. 
 notice at once small hlack Itodies, uxcecdinuly swift in their llif^ht, dartiiiff al"' 
 their victims in search of a suitable spot to draw blood Miit even duriu};' a m; 
 general invasion by these gnats these inseets are not luiiforinly distributed thri.iiui 
 out the region infested, but they select certain idaces. Only low and moist grcMin 
 is frei|nented by them; exposed or sunny spots are never visited. There may In- 1. 
 iudieations of gnats in a whole neighborhood, and the iin]irepared farmer, dreaiinn. 
 of no danger to his mnlesor horses in passing dense tliicketsof bushes, etc., iiearil 
 roadside, is suddenly attacked by a swarm of these ^lests, and is frei(iieiitly iin;ili/ 
 to reach a ]ilace of safety in tiiii(> to save his cattle. As suddenly as siieli swarii' 
 ajipear. Just as sudtlenly do they disapjiear. During a gnat season cautions farinii' 
 never travel with tlioir horses or mules without jiroviding theiusehes with some Kiih 
 of protective grease. 
 
 When bnll'alo-gnats are very numerous the whole air in the vicinity of our doinc- 
 tic animals is tilled with them at times, and looking toward the siitfering brute, ni 
 sees it surroundiMl by a kiinl of ha/o formed by these Hying insects. Sweejiing r;i|' 
 idly with the hand through the air one can collect liiindreds of gnats by a sinulr 
 stroke. They crawl into everything, and theiilowinan has constantly to brush tlicn 
 away from his face, which does not always prevent them from entering and filliii:' 
 his mouth, nose, and ears; ho is so' tormented by them, and freiiuently by their liiit 
 as well, that he has to cease working for the time being. Thousauda try to enter 
 
 ' See American Naturalist, Vol. VII, 1873, p. 19. 
 
 l||Oht activi 
 light iiiglit 
 af0 iiHin< oi 
 «]|cn liiin 
 tbe w iudo\ 
 iMCdiiic so I 
 fineiiienl ii 
 Ip.- ;i wcl s 
 {■is nine tl 
 tg(iccts inn.- 
 $^;i\ fioiu 
 ^thoiit nil 
 
 M 
 
 m^ 
 
 sma 
 
 arms. 
 rk in tl 
 rival, riv 
 Ion the t 
 
 JIOIIS, til 
 
 jen^ tho 
 Bo rapid 
 Itli blooi 
 ivt of th 
 Irce a dr( 
 fill almo; 
 ?in8 whii 
 id their 
 
ANIMALS. 
 
 IJIPTEUA. 
 
 49 
 
 * It varies yicatly. T 
 t l>y tlu' wind uikI 
 lal liaiints. 
 
 fivH and lilooilthirstN ; \ 
 I N<M>n (lisiippears ciitin 
 "lies Tlui (liinitioii ,,| 
 a linv (lavs t«» (iv« m . 
 iiafs liecoiiiK H)>Mii (lorni.i 
 (lino aj,'fri-fs8ivc ajjaiii « 
 ooii kills tlieiii and jniiv 
 i«l<' individual is8li..ii; 
 ■■^ Hoi.n die. Mnllalo-;,',, 
 . a.s swii liy flio large nn: 
 iriK'd attached fo niiil.^ 
 d dr(.|» to Hit) jiniuiid ;, 
 lir bloodthirsty lial.its.,, 
 ■.iiickin^ Hpeeies whicli ;, 
 or th(< love ofldood mv,,, 
 »iiH to indiilfr,. in jt, ;,n v 
 
 I he eoiiipiited, as swjiii: 
 tile actions of tho vaiM 
 r tails, stamp the •rnuit 
 >t harnessed to ))lo\v ,,, 
 ish wildly ahont in sen, 
 rtonld he so tornientei! 
 
 seeliill;; protection i\. 
 h: animals in the (leM. « 
 eir liif,'ht. dartiii;,' al'., 
 Hnt even diirin;.;' a vd 
 Illy distrihiited thmis;; 
 l.v hiw and moist Mr,,iiii 
 ■■^ittMl. There may hr i 
 ■pared tanner, dreanmi. 
 of hnshcH, etc., iieani 
 nd is Cre.iiiently iin.ili: 
 iddenly as siieh sw-.uu- 
 seaNoneuiition.sfarinih 
 iii8<dve.s with some ^il^ 
 
 o vicinity of our doiiM- 
 the snlierinc,' lirnte, ,ii, 
 nsects. Sweepini,^ r:i|' 
 (1h of gnats by a siim!- 
 nstajitly to brii.sh tlicn 
 nil entering and fillin; 
 VcMniently by their liiie 
 Tlionsaiids try to enter 
 
 p. Ifl. 
 
 lionses in villages and cities, ami the windows are rreqiiently completely fov- 
 kd with llieiii. 
 
 Mum: (II AllACK. 
 
 J"lie lliglit (if all sjiecies of Siniiilhnii is very swift and |io\verfiil, 'i'\n\y possess, in 
 '»i|)arisnn with must other llies, an eiKirimiiiHly large tlniras, consisting of a very 
 Igh, chitinnns iiitegiiinent, that furnishes ample attachment for tiio Bti'diig innscleH 
 ich pidiicl them during tlieir lung and continnons tlights. 
 
 Phc Soiitlieni bnlVahi-gnat in exceedingly active in all its iiuitidnM, and is at its 
 |<id\ work as soon as it has gained a foothold upon an animal. The indiyidnal 
 lilt IS inconspiciiiiiis and rarely iiiiii(^ tliaii a fc\\ feet from the gidiind. It is also 
 lailv iKiiscless, but when (ine passes rapidly cl(is(! to the ear of a persnn tlie sound 
 tdiiced is faintly like that o^' a passing linllet, and no (iiie wlm has listened to it 
 |1 ever forget it, lint will always connect it wi li their presence, 
 If the insects are not very hungry, (irif inllneiiced by tnii warm nr too dry an 
 iicpHidicre. they cin 1(> round a mule or a horse very mii<di like ho many small liees; 
 !(uini;iy, liowevt-r, they lose no time whatever, liiit with a few nervous Jerks settlt! 
 ^oii the selected spots and immediately go to worli. I'lioy are never i|iiiet, but are 
 »ht active during early morning and toward evening, T!ie,\ also (ly difing •.noon- 
 |lit nights. Dining the hottest portions of the day, from 11 a. iii. to I p. in., they 
 more or less inactive. Their favorite tiiiKMif attack is a cloudy, dark day, or 
 |eii rain is thieatciiiiig. If the gnats try to enter lior.ses or slaliles by nutans of 
 
 windows, they constantly butt theirlieads against the puiies of glass, until they 
 
 pome so exhausted that they droji to the gidniid and die. Specimens kept in con- 
 
 Iciiieiit 111 larue vessels, with the bottoms covered with moss and soil and con tain - 
 
 !i wci spongi< and a saiiccr tilled with water, die witliin forty Iniiirs, During all 
 lis tune they never ce;ise trying to escape. The sense of smell ( and sight ) of thes(! 
 Beets iiiiist be w(dl devclopcil, because they nnciringl.v tiiid animals a long (iistance 
 ray from their lireeding ]ilaces. If very iinineroiis the,\ cover the whole animal, 
 Ithont making any selection of position. 
 ['he siiialler tiirkey-gnats are not so bloodthirsty, nor do they form siwli large 
 lariiis. Tli(^ snorting, biting, s\\ itcdiingol' tails, jind the general restlessness td' the 
 bck in the liclds soon reveal the |ireseiice of their foes. Tli(> gn;its will, upon 
 rival, rapidly circle around the animal, select a point of atta(d<. fasten themselves 
 Ion the chosen spot, and iiniii(^diat(dy coninience to iiite. The genital and anal 
 pons, the ears and portions of body between the f(irtdegs--in short, those parts 
 iere the skin is most easily iiiinctiirod— are selected by these insects. The attack 
 go rapid that in course of one minute the body of t\w tornientor is seen to oxjiaud 
 jtli blood, which shows plainly through the epiderinisof the abdomen. Tlu^ bitten 
 Irt of the animal shows a iii|iplivlike iiro.iection, and if tlie insect is removed b.v 
 lrc(> a drop of blood as large as a good-si/ed pin's head will oo/.e out. Other gnats 
 rill almost at oiici^ pounce upon the same spot and com !Uuo the biting. All those 
 ?ins which jiriijcct under the skin of the animal are also favorable points of attack, 
 ml tlieir course is made visible by the hordes of gnats fastened upon them. 
 
 niniKllIl'.S rUll'.l) ANI' I'lidl'OSKI) AdAINSr THK I.AKV K. 
 
 The results of a number of ditl'erent experiments with insecticides niion the larva^ 
 the bnlfalo-gnats made by Mr. Lugger during the early spring indicate that it is 
 parly if not (piite impossible to reduce their numbers by killing them iu the streams, 
 attemiit to do so when all these streams are swollen, and fre(iuently from 10 to 20 
 ^rds w ide and half as deep, would be sheer waste of time. Wbeu the water is very 
 |w and much more sluggish in its motion, thus bringing the chemicals in contact 
 ith the larva', an application of them might be more efi'ective. Great caution 
 list be used in any efforts iu this direction, however, as both mau aud beast are iu 
 4653— No. 5 4 
 
60 
 
 INSECTS AFrECTINO DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 many InciilitieH entirely ilu)ion(l<Mit u|)iiii tlicNu Htroaiiis fur tliuii' wattT Hii|i]>ly, u 
 tilt) introiliictiiiu ot'itoiHoiioiiH Hiilistaiiri-H iiii^lit ciin^itt iiiucli triMilili'. 
 
 Soiiif (if tlm nxiinimeiits wt-ro iiiiiil)) l>v conliiiinu tlio larvii' in nIaM> tiilicN ai 
 Hiibniittin); tlinn to a rnniiit of wutcr to wliich tlio following <lci unioim and h<i|i 
 tioiiH hiul been addud, vi/: Cliiim hurries, nalt, linii', Hnlplinr, tar water, keroMi 
 eninlnion, and rarlion-lHsiilplndo. Strong' tar water killed tlieni; diluted, it jiruM 
 llarln]e^«H. Kt'ruscno einul. .>n dilnted ti> rontnin ."> pi-r rent ki-roseno wmh etfcctui 
 H ounces of curlion-bisnlpliido in 7 qnarts of water proved fatal within ten niiniiio 
 the other inseeticideH were inelfeclive. It would be v(>ry eosttly tf» put enoiijiln 
 theHe nialeriaJH in tlie water to prodip'o the desired etleet. 
 
 If the ^(I'neral opinion that broken levees are to Idanie for tiie destrnetive hwhih 
 of bull'alo-Knats jirove to be the correct one. the restoration of such levees woulr 
 within i; few years at most, lestore the fornu'r immunity from these" insects. 'Ih 
 tinu- wiMild lie materially hastened by tlie removal i>t' tdistrnctions in all such p:iri 
 of the bayous where they would come in contact with the swiftest current. 
 
 OVKllKI.OWS AND nil TAI.It (INA TS. 
 
 It is very generally claimed by the iuhabitnuts of the infesteil region that as loin 
 as the States b(U'deiin;;>ipon the Mississip]>i Ifiver had a perfect lex ee system, wlm 
 ])revented the water from escaping into the inland bayous, no damage was ocui 
 sioned by liutValo-^nats, not even in districts now badly infested. It is furtlif; 
 claimed that the bntfalo-gnats ajipear with e\-ery overllow, anil only with an omm 
 How if such overflow occur at the ])roper season antl with the proper temperatiin 
 viz., iluring the first continuous warm days of March, .\pril, lu' May. 
 
 The chronological data already given seem to ]irove such assertions correct, 'fin 
 much weight should not, however, be attached to these data. The region is as ,vt 
 rather thinly settled, antl no systeunitic records of the apjiearance of Imtt'alo-giiii 
 in in.jurious nuniliers have ever been kept. \ general and widesjiread apjjearancc' 
 these insects seems to take place, however, only during an inundation, and, granting 
 the connection between the two phenomena, the caus4!s for it are yet obscure. I; 
 was by the elucidation of this jiroblem that we hoped to discover some means n: 
 preventing the injury of the Hies by jireventing the multiplication of the larvic 
 
 Inundations in the lower Mississippi Valley are not occasioned by local rains, liir 
 by the immense voliimt' of water brought down by the river and its more nortlicii 
 tributaries, and such overllows tirst take jtlace in the northern regions infested ii; 
 the bu Halo-gnats, and not in the southern. The earlier appearance of these insert- 
 in the South would seem to invalidate the prevailing belief that an overflow bri;'!.'- 
 them. Similar conditions prevail in Hungary, where a closely allied insect does >' 
 much injury to all kinds of live stock. There the gnats appear everv spring ii 
 varying numbers, forming local swarms which move about with the wind; but m 
 general invasion takes plac(i uutil the Hiver Danube inundates the region infested. 
 
 Is it not probable that swarms of the.se gnats are fon.'ed by the conditions coiisi 
 quent upon an inundation to extend their flight beyond their usual haunts to tin 
 more elevated and drier regions, and that in this fact we have at least one of tin 
 causes of the connection ? Small swarms, otherwise local and unobserved, woiili; 
 thus, during a period of high water, be forced to band together in such immciisi 
 armies. There must be other reasons, not yet clearly demonstrated, why tlicsr 
 insects apjtear in such vast swarms with an <iv4'rflow, and this problem can only l" 
 solved by a critical study of many breeding places during several seasons over tlie 
 whole region involved. 
 
 Some peculiarities of the swarms of buffalo-gnats have been observed, and thcsr 
 may, by closer study in future, throw some light upon the problem. It is to lif 
 noted that all the specimens comjiosing these swarms are females, and that not one 
 male has been found among them either here or in Europe. There is every reason 
 to believe that none of the females composing the blood-thirsty swarms return t« 
 
 1 
 
 e 1o( all 
 JDi>;eil w 
 
LMMAL8. 
 
 >r tlieir wnter supply, mi, 
 I'll li'iiiilili'. 
 
 I.irvii' in yliiHs tuhes .n 
 )\viiin <l»'i oitiiniH mill Sill 
 pliiir, liir wiiter, ktiroMi 
 1 tluMii; diluted, it pi(i\i 
 lilt krrosniic \v:is I'llcctn, 
 liifal within ten iiiiiiiiti. 
 ,v rostly to put ciioiijili, 
 
 "or till' dtsHtriiitivti swaiiu 
 ion of Nucli li'vet'H wonlil 
 IVoiii tlu'Hn iiisoctn. 'Hi;, 
 tnirtioiis in all hikIi p:iri 
 Hwiftcst ciirreut. 
 
 fcHted reKi<»i> that as Imn 
 urft'ct luveoH.vstiMii, wind 
 oils, no (lainnnc was oc i n 
 y iiifi'strd. It is lurtlic: 
 V, nnd only with an dmi 
 I tho projuM- toiiiperatiin 
 l.or May. 
 
 Ii assertions correct. 'I'd 
 
 ata. Tho ri'j^ion is as vf 
 
 pearanco of lmtl'alogii;ii. 
 
 videspread apix^arancr. 
 
 nniulation, and, yraiitln. 
 
 >r it are yet obscure. 1; 
 
 discover some nieaiis (i: 
 
 lication of the larva'. 
 
 oned Ity local rains, liii' 
 
 >r and its iiiore nortlnii 
 
 icin regions infested li; 
 
 learancc of these iuscct- 
 
 that an overtlow l)ri;ii;> 
 
 selv allied insect does >i 
 
 appear every spring ii. 
 
 with the wind; but in 
 
 es the region infested. 
 
 by the conditions coiisi- 
 
 heir usual haunts to tb 
 
 have at least one of tin 
 
 anil unobserved, woiilii 
 
 jether in such iniineiisi 
 
 nionstrated, why tlii"<f 
 
 lis problem can only Ih 
 
 leveral seasons over tlie 
 
 een observed, and thcst 
 problem. It is to hf 
 
 nales, and that not oiif 
 There is every reason 
 
 irsty swarms return tn 
 
 DII'TKRA. 
 
 61 
 
 i 
 
 iBe localities where they wore born and developed. Kxperiem e indicates that once 
 ■ftrged with blnod tliey die. The swarnm dwindle in proportion as they are carrlel 
 duny or move I'roiii their luceding jilaceH. 
 
 'Close investigation with the microscope has failed to reveal any eggs in the ovaries 
 4yf the females cmiiposiiig these swarnm, and if they deposit eggs at all it is before 
 «*ngiegatiiig to attack aiiiiiials. 
 
 >fl'iiese singular facts invite speenlatton and theory, but It were iinwise to indulge 
 m these before we have learned more about the eggs, when and wheredeposited, and 
 i|i|icthur the females depositing them are in an,\ way dillereiit Ironi those ooinpnsing 
 swarms. |ir. Frit/, Milller has jniblished in the Arehivos do Miiseii .Nacional do 
 o de .Janeiro, Vol. IV, i»age I", I'ls. I\-VII, some very intercHtingobservatiimH on 
 other lly (I'dlloxtoum tDrreiilhim), the larva of which is only i'oiitid in the torrents 
 d cascades of certain streams descending the nioiintains of Mra/il. There the 
 pie fasten b,\ the llat venter t() the rocks under water, and change into the jier 
 t llies. He found liy o]ieiiing the mature ]nip,'e that there are always two forms 
 ^ fcinaloH associated with one form of le lie. The one form of female jiossesses a 
 jjildiiiieutary mouth «nly lit to sip honey, while the other has a mouth well adapted 
 'Ijl penetrate tho skin of warm-blooded animals and to suck Idood. 
 *The male Simuliiim, so far us known, is only found near where it developed The 
 uctiire of its mouth |irevcnts it from biting, and it shows no inclination to Join 
 ie roving swarnm of females. Hence pairing of the sexes must take place in the 
 iiiity of birth, and the egys are ]>robably Icposited soon afterwards. It is also 
 sible, as in the case of other I)i])tera, thai the eggs are alri'ady well developed in 
 le ]>u|)a. 
 
 ['he condition of the inundated region forbids an indiscrimiimte selection of places 
 deposit in, since the young larva' must in time lind suitable swift currents of 
 ater after the subsidence to the normal level. Such breeding places we hope to be 
 le to map out in future. 
 
 It has also been claimed that a number of successive broods of the butfalo-gnat 
 
 jiear in early spring. If such were the case the rehitiouship between the presence 
 
 tho gnats and an overtlow could be very readily imagined; but wo have already 
 
 iowu that there is absolutely no ]iroof thus far of more than one annual brood. 
 
 Ir. 'Wobster, while studying in the neighborhood of Vicksbnrg last spring, was 
 
 ipressod with the idea that the connection between the Simuliiim increase and 
 
 ertlows was dependent ui»on the condition of the levees, in that the river water 
 
 swelling the waters of tho bayous not only creates a stronger current in the main 
 
 you, but brings the current in contact with many trees and shrubs, as well as 
 
 mps and vines, along the bayous, thereby otVering much greater chance for the 
 
 irva' to attach themselves. 
 
 While we were at first inclined to give some weight to this view, and it seemed to 
 ord an additional important argument in favor of keejiing the levees in good con- 
 tion, a survey of the whole field leads ns to abandon this as the most important 
 use in the increase of the gnats during the period of tho overflow, and to adopt 
 e theory already advanced, viz., that tho connection is at least partly due to the 
 its being driven by the advancing waters from the lower to the higher lands. 
 Another theory, not supplanting this last, but supplementing it, we would advance 
 re: There is no doubt but that the advance of the waters from the main river and 
 eir commingling with tho clearer streams and tributaries carry a suddenly increased 
 od supply, in the way of minute Crustacea and other aiiuatic erec^ures, to the 
 mulium larva; .just at the season when these are about to transform. It is quite 
 obiiblo that development in these larva' remains more or less latent or stationary 
 ring tlie cold winter months or when the water in which they occur is depleted of 
 
 ' Reviews of his paper appeared in Kosmos, Vol. VIII, pp. 37-42; Nature, .Inly 7, 
 il, p. 214; Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, February, 1881, p. 206 and pp. 
 5-132, and March, 1881, pp. 225, 226. 
 
52 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 luiuutc iiiiiitial lite, and that a siKldeu acdeas of food would accelerate the tiiial 
 traiiMfoi'iiiatioiiB. 
 
 A posHible third couiiectioii between the overllow and thin increase may arise from 
 the fact that the larvic, when the water rises, leavtj their attachments, or t'lat the 
 (l^liris upon which they are fasteni ,1 becomes itself started by the Hood current, and 
 that in coiisc(]uence the lar- c from hundreds of smaller streams and tributaries are 
 carri.d away by the visini; water and impidled into tluMuirrent of the larj;e streams, 
 by which they :ii;;y l)e carried for many miler, sjireadinjiont at last in the overflowed 
 rejiion at.jnst the time when they are ready for their tinal transformations. On this 
 theory the larvic from regions far distant become massed in the overllowed refjioii 
 and vastly augment the uunibers which have naturally bred there. 
 
 The Ti rkey Gnat. 
 
 (Si III II Hum iiieriiUiiiialc K'iley. ) 
 
 The eai'ly liistory < i' the tiirkey-jiiiat is so iiitiimitely connected with 
 that of the pr'^i-ediuj;' species, and the losses due to the two species 
 hiive been so y iierally confused, that what has been already stated 
 upon these topics covets about all that can be said. It is nnnecessary, 
 therefoi'e. even if it were jxissible, to give separate account in detail. 
 
 In the insect itself, however, and in many details of its life history 
 and habits, there is so much difference that it becomes necessary to 
 give some attention to them. 
 
 LIFE HISTORY. 
 
 While the area occupied by the adults c(UTesi)onds in general with 
 that of the S. fH'CKto'iim, the breeding places appear to be (piite different. 
 In tills sj»e<-ie>i the breeding grounds are limited to the 
 smaller streams and biiiiiches, and the larva- are found 
 attached to submerged dead leaves. Often these leaves 
 are held by sticks, rails, ami other obstructions, which 
 serve to fasten them in the nuid and at the same time 
 create currents which are favorable to the existence of 
 the larva'. 
 
 The larva has the peculiar shape and appearance of 
 the Simuliida' larva* in general (see tig. 1(5 for the hirva, 
 the hair line giving natural length). The nnirkings of 
 the head and body are \mu:h more irregular than in <S'. 
 mcKnrinn. They usually possess one or two lateral 
 spots on the enlarged hind part of the body; the head 
 lacks the regular arrangement of spots and lines; the 
 breathing organs are (pute different, and three main 
 trtmks branch each six times and the branches enter 
 the trunk from the sides. 
 
 Klo. \n.—Sii)iiiliinii 
 mcrhtidiiale .- lar- 
 VH, sido vii'w — 
 euliir(;('cl (from 
 Ann. Hept. nept. 
 Agr. 188C). 
 
 These larva* are evidently somewhat social in their habits, as 
 they crowd together npou one leaf in numbers varying from ten to 
 thirty, and, ju<lgiug from their uniform size, they must be the ott- 
 spring of the same parent. As the current away from obstructions caused by twigs 
 and leaves decreases in swiftness, so do the larva' decrease in numbers, until only a 
 few feet away but ony or two can he found. 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 63 
 
 I'iemte the fiual 
 
 e may aiitm fioni 
 'II ts, or t'mt the 
 >o<l current, and 
 
 tributaries are 
 *' liirjre Ntroanm, 
 
 tliooverllowed 
 ivtions. On this 
 erdowt'd region 
 
 iiiiected with 
 
 '♦'inly stated 
 uiiiiccessiuy, 
 f ill detail. 
 
 lil'e history 
 iie(!essHiy to 
 
 keneral witli 
 ite different, 
 iiiited to the 
 ii' are Ibiiiid 
 these leaves 
 tioiis, wliich 
 i same time 
 t'xisteiice of 
 
 >eaiaiice of 
 r the hirva, 
 iarlciiif>s of 
 tliaii ill ,s'. 
 "■() lateral 
 ; the head 
 lines; the 
 liiee main 
 ches enter 
 
 ir hahits, as 
 :l'roni ton to 
 I hi' tlic off- 
 3»l hy twigs 
 intil only a 
 
 Wlieii first found, in early March, they art- <|uite sniiill. but thoy grow rapidly dut- 
 iii^j the latter part of March and early April. 'I'iu'y arc (|uiti' stationary when not 
 (listurltt'd. Ut'Hidcs licing fastened to the leaf )>y the last jiostorior segnieiit, they 
 iire also securely anchored by a very tiue silken tiiread. Wiien di,sturl>ed they loosen 
 tiieir h(d<l at ouet; and lloat down stream, suspended and retarded by this thread, 
 wliicii very rapidly increases in leugtli while tlie liiiv.e are drifting witii the current. 
 Wliilo tlius <lriftiug they Jerk about in a lixely uiauiier, searclung loi' a new resting 
 jdace, and sink to the bottcun (|uite gradually. Owing to their small size and to 
 the fact already stated, that their color is in liannony witii tlieir surroundings, or 
 with tlu' leaf upon whi<'li they an- fastened, these larvie are ditlicult to delect in a 
 depth of 3 to I inches. When removed aiul i)ut iji a glas.s vessel they soon settle 
 against the sides of their prison and can then be studied with a lens. 
 
 The larva can movi^ about very rai)idly in thi' manner of a span-worm, but with 
 this (iirtereuce, that it always remains ancln)red by means <d' a thread, which length- 
 ens as the animal proceeds. Ueiug very restless 
 and active in such coulinement, it will keep on 
 looping for hours, at a rate of tweuty to twenty- 
 live loo])8 per minute. It can move both forward 
 and backward, the forward motion lK>ing ]>ro- 
 diiccd liy fastening the single thoracic leg to the 
 side or liottom of the vessel, loosening the anal 
 prolcg, bringing it close to the former, and let- 
 ting the latter go at almost th<! same moment, the 
 l)ackward motion licing simidy a reversal. In 
 the coui.!c of six to eight hours the larva becomes 
 weak and sickly. It will dro]i to the bottom of 
 the vessel if disturbed, but will no longer try to 
 escape. All the lar\ie thus im))risone(l. in re- 
 peated trials, died in the course of twent.v -four 
 hours. A colony of nearly fiillgrown larvic, in a 
 small creek, shared the same fate when the over- 
 llow of the Mississip]>i b'iver created a back tlow 
 and made the water in this creek stationary for 
 some time. 
 
 All the creeks and branches in which such larvie were found by Mr, r^ugger 
 (lcs( end in beds composed of clay. The Hocky Hottom Hrancli. a tributary to the 
 Horn Lake Creek, Mississippi, has worn out a bed in a solid deposit of stratified 
 ferruginous sandstone, intermixed with couglomi'ratious of the same substance. 
 The water, t) to S inches deep in luu'iual seasons, even during the summer months, 
 runs over this stony bed in very ra])id currents, forming every where little c;i8cades, 
 and no better breeding places tor the laiva' of any Simuliiim could be imagined. 
 Yet none could be found, plainly indicating that the sitccies under consideration 
 must be aide to fasten to submerged material to lind a suitable home. 
 
 The larva' form their cocoons Just above the bottom of the smaller 
 perennial streams and are henee iu»t endanuered by tiie variations iu 
 tlie depth of the water, for while it may rise suddenly with every heavy 
 rain iind fall as sndilenly afterwards the dei)tii is quite uniform at other 
 times. 
 
 The cocoon {W-^. 11, ti) is much neater than thai of S. jHriointm, beinjj 
 fornu'd of line tlireads. lined witii ji'elatinous <mes. The web is (piite 
 dense, uniform, with well-defined, .sometimes thickened rims. The 
 cocoon is always .securelv fastened sin}>iy to a leaf or stick, and even if 
 luiuiy are fastened upon tiie ssime leaf they do not crowd each other. 
 
 Kio. 17. — Simvliinn tiii'iiili'iiKih': a. 00- 
 oooii; h, 1)111)11— ('iil.uyvil (IVoiu iiiley). 
 
54 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Hi 
 
 Fl(i. lii. — Sniiidiuiii 
 iiiciiiliuniil: : fc 
 luiilc — I'll liirm'd 
 (fnim Ann. licpl. 
 Dept. Agr., ISHfi). 
 
 It tits simjjly about thv pnpa, wliicli is so securely anchored inside as 
 to be with diilicnlty extricated. 
 
 The pupa (fiy. 17, h) has the general shape ami color 
 ation of that of tS. juvKarum, but the thoracic tilanients 
 iousist only of the original six rays, which do imi 
 branch. The length of the impa stage for this s])eci('s 
 averages five days. 
 
 The adult insect (Jig, IS, female; tig. U>, male) has llii' 
 general ai)earance of pcciiuntm, but is smaller ami 
 lighter in color. 
 
 The females are L',.~> to 8 nun, in length, the males from 
 l.r> to 1* mm. The fenuiles are of a general slate-blue 
 color and have darker markings on the thorax and 
 abdomen, as siiowii in the tiiiure. There is also a sil 
 very pubescence over nn>st portions of the body, and 
 the colors of some parts change in certain lights, giving greenish. 
 coppery, and dark blue. The n)ale has C(tntluent eyes composed of t\v(» 
 very diflf'ercnt sets of facets, wVieh 
 are clearly shown in the figure. 
 The body throughout is darker, 
 mostly black Avith bluish luster, 
 and rather sparse white pubes- 
 cence. 
 
 The rtight, method of attack, 
 and other habits of this species 
 need not be given separate de- 
 scription, neither is there any- 
 thing to add regarding remedies 
 that may be available for the de- 
 struction of the adults or preven- 
 tion of their injuries. 
 
 The breeding places of the 
 larva', however, seem more open 
 to attack than the others, and ex- 
 periments recorded in the report 
 of the Department for liS8<» show 
 that it is possible to atfect them with solutions added to the water, 
 but not with great success, except when used in such quantities as 
 to kill other insects, fishes, etc., which probaliy prey npim the gniit 
 larvje. 
 
 It the brewliiijj ]iliices in tli<» creeks liavo t<» Le searched out to npply the insecti- 
 cides, it would lie much more siuiple to remove all tho logs, sticks, and leaves. All 
 the fences across tho branches should bo removed, or rather replaced l)y wire fences, 
 which would neither impede tho current nor catch as many sticks and leaves, l-oj,'* 
 and larger twigs, if not embedded too deep in the mud of the creek or banks, will 
 always be removed by the high water, a very common occurrence in the buifalo-jiiniit 
 region. Old leaves made heavy by tho adhering mnd would also be carried away liy 
 
 M\. -Simiiliiuii III! ridiuiuilf .• male— Hiilarjiiil 
 ()'r(iMi Ann. Kt-pl. Dept. Afir., 1H8fl). 
 
lALS, 
 
 DIPTKRA. 
 
 55 
 
 aiich(n«'d inside as] 
 
 al .shape and color 
 thoracic filaments J 
 »ys, which do ikii 1 
 ige for this s)>e('it's 
 
 K. 11>, male) has llie'i 
 lit is smaller and /^ 
 
 f?th, the males from 
 general slate-bliiel 
 II the thorax audi 
 'heie is also a sil 
 < of the body, and 
 i, giving greenisli. 
 s ('omi)osed of two I 
 
 iiliunalf : iimlc— HiilHr;;i il 
 Itt'pt. A^r.. IH8C). 
 
 ded to the water, 
 uch quantities as 
 ey upon the gnat 
 
 to apply tlio insect i- 
 cks, and leaveH. All 
 laced by wire fences, 
 iks and leaves. ].i>^'8 
 
 eieek or banks, will 
 ze in the bnft'alo-^^nat 
 o be carried away tiy 
 
 ly hif{h water if tiio obstrnctions in these creeks were removed, and with t^e 
 licks and leaves many, if not most of the larvic, wonld be carried away either into 
 (• main rivers or the lower level of the creeks or lakes where there is no current and 
 |hcre they wonld perish. 
 
 The Western Bufi-alo (Inai. 
 
 (Shniiliiim iKiidinlale Towiisiiul.^ 
 
 This huffalogiiat is lir.st recorded by Mr. C. II. T. Townsend, in 1891 
 ['syche, Vol. VI, p. 10(»), from .southern New Mexico. 
 
 While no subse(iuent rec()rds have appeared, there is little doubt 
 jiat it has continued to appear along the river valley where it was first 
 Ibserved. I can do no better than to quote from Mr. Townsend with 
 !^ard to its habits, etc. : 
 
 III tlu' sonthern jiart of New Mexico, along the valley of the liio (irande, there 
 ;iiis to appear abont the 1st of May a bntlalo-j^nat which is (|iiite as tronblesome, 
 
 kiiciially to man, as its more Kastern conj^ener, S. jwcuanim. It jirovcs to be an 
 
 iidcscribed sjiecies. The lirst individuals that I have noticed this year were in an 
 ■IimkI near Mesilla, on the 7th of May, and they were at that date swarming in 
 
 iiisidcrable nnnibers. Mesilla is abont ca mile from tlui Rio (irande, which Hows to 
 
 }!■ west of the town. Gnats were found also on the sunie date, but in leas nnnibers, 
 ■n liie collegia grounds, which are sitnati;d abont 4 miles from the river. Tht' river 
 lists ill M.iy, overllows all the low areas lying adjacent to it, ami becomes a roaring, 
 liisliinn- liody of water. Its voliinn! is dependent upon the amount of snow in the 
 liiotliills to the north, ])artieularly in Coloralo, and on the rains, which are only 
 
 iceidionally a factor. The snow in the canyons exerts little inllueuie, for its thaw 
 
 so gradual as not to be felt. I give these data for what bearing they nniy have 
 
 In the breeding habits of this spe<'ies. It is well known that Simulium breeds in 
 
 Hilling water, and our cjiecies is no dojibt dependent on the rise of the Rio (irande 
 Sfir its appearance. Doubtless, also, it is distributed through the valley by the sys- 
 leni (if acei|uia9 or irrigation ditches in nse in this country, which open from the 
 [ivcr on a higher level to the north, ami t>"rnish the only source of water supply for 
 llie raising of crops. This is an adverse bearing of the riparian irrigation on in.ju- 
 |ioiis insects. The stu'uring of artesian water and shutting olf of the river water 
 ^oiild no doultt lessen the dispersion of the gnats through the valley. 
 
 From the first jtart of May the gnats iuere, lo in numbers, until by the middle or 
 last of the month they are very abundant in all parts of the valley. It is usually 
 Detween this time and the middle of ,lnno that the river is at its highest jioint, 
 I'liey are then to be found on the mesa to the east toward the Organ Mountains, and 
 nay lie met \\ ith also on the elevated mesa nearer the mountains, esjiecially to the 
 aorfli. On May 17 I ob8erv(;d them on the summit of the (irst mountain at the east- 
 ern end of the Dona Ana range, which is nearor the river than the Organs, and 
 pirtlier north. The elevation is at least i,'>()0 (probably ,5,000) feet above sea level, 
 )r iilidut 1,500 (perhaps 2,000) I'eet above the level of the river. They are not found 
 n the ( »rg;ni Mountains, which are about 20 miles east of the river, nor on the plains 
 fii the east and south of them, though on the mesa to the west they .approach to 
 
 ntliin a few miles. This was observed May 23-24, while in the valley itself at this 
 gillie they were almost unbearable. 
 
 These gnats are a great annoyance to man, by far greater than any other insect 
 lliat we have in this locality. Many persons are so susceptible to them as to pre- 
 serve through the height of the gnat season a chronic inflammation of the exposed 
 
56 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 jiartBof tilt' face anil iifck. rt'siiltin;; from tlio ropcitteil l)it('s, which cause an inl> n- 
 irritation and even give rise to ciitaneoii.s sores. The inclination oftlie junats to in;. 
 
 increases with the advance of tli 
 season, hnt the i)e8t is consi<l(i:i 
 hly ahatcd after the fall of tli 
 water. 'I'iiey are also very tim; 
 lilesiiin(( to animals, and are ^n\. 
 posed to cause the iiillamed e\(■^ .; 
 the h( es of this region throii;;: 
 the s I'ijiier months. I aii]ieiii!„ 
 descrii)tion of the species. I h 
 female is aloiK! descrilied, aslli;r 
 is the only sex which (•om])oscs ih 
 liitiiig swarms, and I have nut ^i 
 cured either the nnile or the cmi, 
 •iges. 
 
 .!t>iii]»iii'('(l with otlu'i 
 ioriiis. Townsinid says: 
 
 'I'liis species is smaller tli:ii 
 eithm •'^. jieciiaritm orN. mendionn'' 
 S. iiictulliiitm Iiell , t'rom Mexicn, !• 
 Hiven as 2 mm long, hnt it is Ih' 
 male which is descrihed. anil i!i' 
 female would he very mneh lari;i'i 
 .S'. occiih'ulalc diti'ers from > 
 pvriniruiii \»'ry markedly in tli' 
 thoracic and altdominal markings. These markings are ver,v much liki' those of > 
 meridionale; hnt the median thoracic line is always very faint, the al)domen is li^ir 
 fnlvons, the lateral lines ol'segnuiits,"), t>, and 7 are curved. ;!uil theahdominal maii 
 ings are of a dilferent color, ln'sides otlier nunor ditferenccs. 
 
 1'"I0. 20. — Siiiiiiliiiiii pinrividiinii: ", lili'Xii; '', ]>ii|>;i, ilcirs.'il 
 A-icw; (', siuiu'. lateral view; (/, same, vcnliiil view : i. 
 tlKiriicic pnilcjr; J\ r«wn of bristles at cml of luxly (fnnn 
 Aiuuricaii Eiitmiiologist). 
 
 ISo far 1 
 fesof tlu 
 
 iTliis sp 
 5ten Sa( 
 
 ICitt'd b 
 )es not 
 
 est t»'('lii 
 
 Simiiliiim piKcicidiiim Ii'iley. 
 
 The past liistory of tliis species, tojiether witli tiie important fejitiiies 
 of its life liistory, Inive already been stated in eoiinection witii the (lis 
 eussion of the habits of tiie members of the family. 
 
 It has been recorded from New York and Ohio, bur further than tins 
 we are not infornu'd as to its ,ineoj>'raiiliieal limits. 
 
 The eggs of this species have not been described, nor is it known 
 where they are laid. <»r the details of the early life of the larva. The 
 larger larva' and their habits, to some extent, hiive been detailed ami 
 already referred to The accompanying (ignres will serve tt) show tlic 
 similarit}^ to tln^ other sjx'cies, and we include them in order to briiiu 
 together as nmcli as ])ossible the material wliicli will be of service in 
 the further study of the habits of the groii|). 
 
 The adult described in the Americsan Entomologist (Vol. 11, p. 'M'' 
 is for the most part velvety black, with a faint fulvous luibescence mi 
 the thorax, and the eyes and sides of the abdomen ineliuing to brown 
 ish or rufous. The length of the body in idcoholie sitecimens is 0.11 i' 
 0.17 of an inch. 
 
iNIMALS. 
 
 DIPTERA. 
 
 r>7 
 
 <■><. wliicli caiisi" iiii int. 11,. 
 nation of tlio nuats to i,i;. 
 's witli tlio imIvjuic'o of til 
 lint flio ]K;st is roii.sid,::, 
 t<'(l iiCter the fall of t| 
 I'lii-y iin, also very tidi: 
 to animals, aud an- mm, 
 <'ans(!t lie iiitlaiiicd eyes,: 
 t's of this u'jrion tliioii- 
 miT iiiontlis. I a]ii)ciii!; 
 ion of tlio specios. T], 
 * iiioiio (!esciil>(.(l, as lli,r 
 ly sex wiiich com poses 111 
 vaniis. and I liavo not ^r 
 lii'i' till) malo or tlitM'.nv 
 
 )ill(Ml Witll Otill'l 
 
 r<>\viis<'ii(l says: 
 
 pt'cifs is .smaller th.n 
 ifciuiniiii (tvS.mcriilio)iiii. 
 
 11)11 I'.ell , from Mexico, i. 
 .' mm long, Imt it is 1 1,, 
 •li is descriliod. and ih, 
 Mild lie very much larj^ri 
 ■iilalc diifcis iVom > 
 
 \cry markedly in th 
 y much like those of >, 
 nt. the alidomen is Imhi 
 lid the abdominal mark 
 
 'unpoitanr rcatiiits 
 it'ctitm with the dis. 
 
 uf fiiitlKM' thiui tliis 
 
 M'd, nor is it known 
 of till' liirvji. The 
 i Ix'oii (Ichiiled and 
 I servr to show tlie 
 1 in onli'i' to bi'iiiij; 
 li be of service in 
 
 ist (Vol. II, p. ;?(;7i 
 ous pubescence on 
 incliiiinyto brown- 
 peciniens is O.H \' 
 
 io far as l^now n the adults never exhibit the bloodthirsty projjensi- 
 ksof their Southern cousins. 
 
 Simnliutii canesceim nreiiii, 
 
 [This species has been studied by Kolliker, according to a citation of 
 ^ten Sackcn (American Kntoniologist, Vol. 11. ]». L*;31). 
 
 Simtilium rinilarc I'lanch. 
 
 ('ited by Osten Sacken (American Entoniolojjist, Vol. II, j). I'lU). It 
 |)es not ai)pc.u' that it is discussed from an i'cononiic standpoint. 
 
 Simiiliiim sp. 
 
 A species <tf Sinndiuni is said to be a sciions pest in Brazil. It was 
 fst technically discussed by Pohl and KoUar. 
 
 Simiiliinii veininliiw Say. 
 
 In ISL'.J Thonuis Say desiiribed in a paper entitled " Descriptions of 
 
 apterous insects of the Tnited States" a nund)er of Diptera whiidi he 
 
 jys were collected chiefly durinjL!,' the expedition to the Itocky JMoun- 
 
 fcins under the command of ^lajor Lonji'. AmoUj.'' the rest is the 
 
 lescription of the jtresent sjjecies and the following-; )iote: "This very 
 
 jreity species pendied in con.siderable numbers on our boat at Ship- 
 
 |ingsi>ort, l-'alls of the Ohio. It ran with considerable rapidity, con- 
 
 taiitly advancing its long anterior feet. Its bite is pungent." 
 
 While very ]M'obably one of the forms included under the general 
 
 lead of butfalo-giiats of tlie Mississippi Valley no further records of 
 
 N csjiecial attacks are known, and nothing is kiu)wn as to the larval 
 
 )rni from whi(di it develops. Shippingsport does not appear on pres- 
 
 it maps, but the '' Falls of the Ohio" lie between Louisville, Ivy., and 
 
 k'tfer.sonville, Ind., and since some of these species are peculiarly local 
 
 n their distribution, it would be courting success to search for the larva* 
 
 the rapids of the river at that i)oint. 
 
 Say's description of the adult form is as follows: 
 
 IMack ; thora.x, twoiterluceons spots liefore and a larui-r one liehintl: poisers black, 
 :ai>itulum bright yellow, dilated, 
 
 Inhabits Shi])iiin;;'sport. 
 
 liody Idark; winys whitish, with yellow and iridesciuit rellections. 
 
 Male, eyes very large, separated only by a simple line, dull reddish .yellow, inferior 
 balf black ; thorax velvet-black, a bright oblli|ue, perlaceous, dilated line each Hide 
 pefore, and a large perlaceous spot or band behind ; sides beneath .ariod with })er- 
 ceous; feet, tibia above, aud (irst Joint of the f(nir posterior tarsi white; abdo nen 
 I'itli an oblique perlaceous line at base, anil two ajtproximate. lateral, perlaceous 
 ^ncs near the tip. 
 
 I'eniale. eyes moderate; thorax plumbeous-black, immaculate; scutel black ; abdo- 
 kicii whitish beueatb. 
 
58 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 
 c- 
 
 -i» 
 
 *r 
 
 Simuliiim H]). 
 
 Baron Osten Sacken, in !iis careful i)aiK'r in the Aiiieri(!an EntoiiK.; 
 gist «»u \]w habits and structnie of species <»f Siiimiiuin, ilescriln 
 
 larval form coininoii iu streams near VV;b 
 \ in<>ton, but does not connect it witli ai 
 species described in the adult form. Ili> li 
 nies, wliich represent only certain parts 
 the anatomy, are here rcprodui^cd (lig. I'l , 
 Possibly the observations made by I 
 Howard may refer to the same spetues. 
 this case the larva- are ibund iittached to tli 
 Fici.'.'i.-.Mmi///i(m s|i.: <(, jioriidii d'ocks fomiiuji' the bed of the stream, ;iii 
 of ray of t\xu- b. nu.n.iii-i.. ; <•, ^,,^.i^. ]^.^l^■^^^ oencrallv conform with thos.- , 
 
 niaxiUii; 11, iiniU'r lip; e. uiipcr 
 
 lip -all .uiarg..! (alter (tst.n the Northern 8i»ecics. 
 
 Sackeii). 
 
 Simiiliiim pictiju'g Ha<reii. 
 
 This species has already been mentioned as described by Hauc 
 (Proc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist., .Ian., 1S8(I). 
 
 Larva' and pupie occurred in tlie Au Sable River, Adirondati 
 Mountains. 
 
 Family TAHANl 1 ) K. 
 (Horse Fli<>s, C^ad Flics, etc.) 
 
 The members of this family are large, some of them being among tlie 
 largest of the order IJijitera, and the females are provided with pow 
 erful mouth parts by means of which they inflict very painful bitcj 
 upon cattle, horses, and other animals. Man docs not escape, and a- 
 t hey are able to penetrate even thin i'lothing worn in summer, tliej 
 sometimes become a source of annoyance to workmen in fields. 
 
 The bodies are never very hairy, the head is large and composed 
 almost entirely of the eyes, which during life are of brilliant col()i> 
 and varied reflections. The antenna' are in-ominent and the tlu^u Joint 
 is comi)osed of from three to eight minute rings, a character whiili. 
 ■with the large eyes, distinguishes them at once from nearly all otlicr 
 large flies. The strong piercing mouth parts of the female are com 
 posed of six lancet-like organs, while in the male there are but foui 
 and these are not adapted to i)iercing the skin of animals. The males, 
 and also the females, if not finding other food, feed upon the nectar of 
 blossoms or the juices of plants, exuding sap from trees, etc. 
 
 The flight of these flies is very strong and rapid and is attended witli 
 a buzzing, tormenting noise. The males may often be seen with the 
 wings vibrating so rapidly that they become invisible, resting motion- 
 less in one place and then darting rapidly and resting suddenly again, 
 generally turning the head in some other direction each time they dart, 
 
 Su 
 
 parge 
 
 ori 
 
 ir to ii 
 
 ei| 
 
 y i» l» 
 
 tbj 
 
 can 
 
 pli 
 
 [IS eas 
 
 tlH 
 
 1 com 
 
 o« 
 
 rhich 
 
 ' 
 
 ich of 
 
 en 
 
 h and 
 
 \^ 
 
 he bl( 
 
 t 
 
 abund 
 
 ''« 
 
 Ing th 
 
ANIMALS. 
 
 DIPTERA. 
 
 59 
 
 he Aiiierican EntoiiK,;®' 
 -■ Siiimliiuii, (lesorilxs^f 
 ill streams near VVih 
 t coiiiiecf it witli r^ 
 lie adult form. His 
 ^ only certain parts ,®' 
 I reproduced (Hg. I'l , 
 vatioiis made by |i 
 the same spe<Mes, | 
 a found attaclied to tl; 
 d of the stream, ;i;i 
 conform with tliosr , 
 
 I described l)y Ua-t "^^ 
 le Kiver, Adirondan -^1 
 
 i'tC 
 
 l»ein beingr amorifj tlie 
 provided with p,)« 
 t very painful bites 
 ■s not escape, and ;h 
 orn in summer, tliev 
 nen in tiehls. 
 arge and composed 
 e of brilliant col(ii> 
 t and the tliixu. joint 
 a ciniracter whidi, 
 fom nearly all otiier 
 the female are com 
 there are but fmii 
 iiimals. The males, 
 I upon the nectar of 
 trees, etc. 
 iud is attended witli 
 i be seen with the 
 )le, resting motion 
 ng suddenly again. 
 ach time they dart, 
 
 i'argeau has ascertained that this maneuvering is performed iti 
 
 ^r to intercept an<l seize the females. The jtower of vision is api>ar- 
 
 in pr(»portion to the size of the eyes. Dr. Williston says, "that 
 
 can see for a loi g distance seems ceitain. On tiie uninhabited 
 
 IS east of the Ivocky Mountains the writer has fre(|nently seen 
 
 coming from a long distance, attracted by the sight of the horse 
 
 rhich he rode." 
 
 icli (tf the larva' as are known are either a<|uatic or live in moist 
 111 and are canivorons, hence they may in some degree compensate 
 Ihc bloodthirsty liabits of the adu-lt females. Hut notwithstanding 
 (abniidance of the insects, very little has been d(Uie toward deter- 
 png the early stages of the species. More than a century ago De 
 |r described the larva of the common European species, TahonuH 
 \)iHs, and \\\) to 1.S(I4 this was the only larva of the kind known. In 
 year 3Ir. Walsh described a tabanid larva (Proc. liost. Soc. Xat. 
 ., \'ol. IX, i)p. .")02-;{0(5), but without obtaining the adult form. In 
 Trofessor Kiiey bred the same kind of larva to the adult form 
 described tlie various stages (Hecond Hep. 3Io. State Eutom., pp. 
 -1.'52), the insect i)roving to be Tahdniin atratiis Fab., which is 
 uribed further on. 
 
 »r. Williston says: "The sjjindle-shaped brown or black eggs are 
 
 ml in sjiherical or tlat groujts, stuck together, and attached to the 
 
 j^es or stems of grass and other plants; those of the aquatic larvse 
 
 i fastened to rushes. The larva' are carnivorous; many live in the 
 
 th, others in water. They are i)redaceous, often upon snails and 
 
 Irious insects, thus in a measure repaying the agriculturist for the 
 
 jestatiou they cause nim. The young larva* are known to penetrate 
 
 ties or other larva' and renuiin within them till they have completely 
 
 sumed them, and their enlarged bodies have filled out the skins. 
 
 IS the larva' of ILematopoLa have been observed feeding upon 
 
 lops and those of Tabanus iipon Noctuic." (Stand. Nat. Hist., Vol. 
 
 [p. 417.) 
 
 ►uite recently Mr. C. A. Hart has made a notable contribution to 
 knowledge of this subject,' which will be drawn from in discussing 
 early stages of particular species. 
 
 LUthors generally agree that the after eftects of the bites of these 
 lects are less injurious .hau tiiose of mosfjuitoes or buttalo-gnats. 
 le painfulness of the bite and the terror inspired by their presence 
 Ihowever, a source of great torment to animals that are almost help- 
 pin protecting themselves against them. The i)unctnre they make 
 large, and after the proboscis is withdrawn there is not unfrequently 
 |exu(Uition of blood from the wound. This would tend to remove 
 poisonous injection, but since there is rarely any swelling or 
 lainraation produced by these bites, it would appear that no poison is 
 jveyed upon their piercing organs. Dr. Packard speaks of cattle 
 
 ' Article VI, Vol. IV, Hull. III. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 
 
60 
 
 INSECTS AFKECTINCi DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 and lioi'.ses beinj? " occiisionally killed by their iei)eated liai'iis> 
 bites,"' and wliile this seems to l)e rather stionjj lanj.'iiafie, and wimi^ 
 refer to it ajiain in e()nsi(leriii<i' Tahainis //;/ro/^(, tliere is no (iii(>i 
 that the ett'ects are serious enonj^h, so that it is desirabh' to pKiit^ 
 animals as far as ]»ossible from their bites. *■' 
 
 With horses in use the common ]>iaeti('«' of protectinff with lie 
 
 pa? 
 
 the most ell'ective method we know (»f, bnt for animals in pastnuj^jn 
 would be particularly desirabh' to find some substanc*' which eoulilaii 
 rubbed over the hair. and. retaiinnj;' its pro|)erties for a roasnnaa&j 
 len]iith of time, have sulhcuMit repellinjj power t() keep the Hies ji\v''"> 
 
 The larva- are not open to successful attack, and even if they wi 
 
 wt 
 
 the fact that m<tsl of them are pi()l)ably benelieial should detci g,- 
 from usiiin' destructive measures ayainst theui. pi 
 
 They are widely distributed, and species occur in all parts or;i»| 
 world, torturinjn' abke the elephant and lion of the tropics aiul ;™* 
 peaceful reindeer of the arctic re^jion. It is during' the hottest si 
 mer months that they are the most abundant, and they fre(]uent ln^, 
 our tind)ered and praiiic^ rejiious. bet 
 
 The species are (piite uumumous, ovei- I.-'IOO beinji' known, of wliM 
 about loO are credited to North AnuMica. Manilestly it would 
 impossible in a work like this to even nuMitiou luore than a t'i'w spcci 
 and, since so little is known of the early stajjes, there is no iiec(s> 
 for treating- ea(!h specties in detail. We will therefore in considcir 
 the species simply refer to the more common ones, the habits 
 which have been observed, and more particularly those oceurriiii: 
 this country. 
 
 Osten Satikeii's admirable '■ I'rodrome of a .Mono}>rai)h of the Tali 
 Hida'of the United States"' in Meui()irs of the Uoston Societ.\ of Xatii; 
 History (Vol. II, Part IV, Nos. 1 and 4) will enable anyone to maU 
 thoroufjh study of our native sjn'cies. 
 
 TuE Ui.ACK (iAi) I'l.v oi; r.Ki:i;/.H I'l.V. 
 
 ( I'ahinnit <ili<ilits I'alp. i 
 
 Probably this is the larj^est species in the family, and it is certaii 
 one of the most eonsi»icuous, beinj^' (piite common and of such a ilctiil- 
 black <'ol<)r as to attract attention either on the wiiiin" or when pcnli' 
 on the back of .some i)oor animal that tries in vain to <lrive it i 
 Fabricius described it in ITltt (lOnt. Syst., \'ol. JV, p. 3(»(>). V nl 
 described its larva in 1804 (Proe. Uost. 8oc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IN. i 
 302-300), and in Itiley's Second Mi.ssouri Report (p. IL'.S) its life liism 
 is given except the egy and early larval stages. Its bite is one <•!' i: 
 most severe of the tribe, but fortunately the species does not occui 
 such great numbers as the green-head tly. Its attacks seem more en 
 moldy directed against cattle than hor.ses, and it is most uoticeahjc 
 sunny pastures, though occasionally seen pendied on trees or the >i 
 
ANIMALS. 
 
 DIl'TKKA. 
 
 61 
 
 leir i('i)eiittMl liar;is> 
 ig laiiyiiaH'c, tiud wim 
 ht, tliere is no (imsi 
 t is (U'sirahlc t() iiiml 
 
 I 
 
 indtectiiif;: witli iu'i-| 
 •r animals in ])astiiiij 
 iibstancc wliicli coiildi 
 uTtit's tor a roasonai 
 I" to k«H'|> llu^ llios iiw 
 , and even it' tlicy wi 
 lu'licial slionld diMci , 
 
 I'cur ill all i)arts <it ; 
 
 of tJH' tropics ami ; 
 
 lmiii«;' tlio liottt'st si 
 
 .and they trcqiu'iit In 
 
 bein;;- known, of wli 
 •Mam lest ly it wouiii 
 more tiian a i'ew spcci. 
 es, tlicr*' is no ni'ccsv 
 tlierofore in considcn: 
 on ones, the. lialiits 
 arly tliose occiiiiiii;; 
 
 iono<;Tai)li of tiic T;il 
 )s)on Soch't.N of ^^ltl^ 
 labk' an\()n(' to niakt 1 
 
 ■;/.K Flv, 
 
 idly, and it is certiiii 
 
 n and of sncli a- (U'ciii- 
 
 winy- or wlion \H'\r\\' 
 
 n vain to <lrivc it i 
 
 1. JV, J). 3m). V'ai 
 
 fat. liist., Vol. IX. I 
 
 : {]}. 128) its life liisi. 
 
 Its bite IS one of t 
 
 ecies does not occur 
 
 ttacks seem more en 
 
 t is most uoticealiii 
 
 hI on trees or the >i 
 
 I'lti. -2 'itthttlllllt 
 
 II I III I II x . II. l;irvii ; 
 (iil'lcr liili'V I. 
 
 imiiil: 
 
 iillllt 
 
 >me imildin^;. Tlu' oj;f?s are doubtless deposited in the vicinity of 
 \v in moist places, but tlie exact details of ovijjosition are unknowu. 
 
 larvii (lij;. 22, n) is a l:uf;i', 
 
 te-JoiiitiMl. cvliiuliiial iitViiir, 
 
 iiiii; lit fiuli <'iiil, "I" fi tniiiH- 
 
 |t, lii^lilv iiolislifil, ^ilassy, 
 
 Kitsli, (II' jin't'iiisli iippcar- 
 
 jsliadtMl witli liliiisli .urct'ii 
 
 liniislicil almvt! iiml lii-ltiw, 
 
 Jill' lij,'ui(', witli laij:,'e, roinid- 
 
 Doiii^fliUf tiiln'r<U's which 
 
 fctr;ictt'(l (ir cxsiirli'd at tlu' 
 
 )t' tilt! insect, 'riiimnii tlin 
 
 ii:il iiitt'fj;iini«'nt is so tiniis- 
 
 |jt th;it the intrriial striularc 
 idily visili!'.-, yet this iiit<'y,u- 
 
 is lirni iiiid the hil'va most 
 
 ^)iis and activi', Imirowiiij^ 
 
 (gi'ciit strength fiihcr l)ack- 
 
 [or I'orward in the earth and 
 
 gen one's linjierH when it is 
 heiil. riaceil in water it will swini vi^roronsly hy .suddenly curling round iind 
 IT out its tail, hat it is apparently not as much at honic in this element as in 
 
 loist earth, tor it is restless and remains near the surface with the tip of its 
 |]eviited in the iiir. When tiio water is loiil, it mo\ es about aetivoly near tiie 
 surface, hut when it is fresh it remains more (|iiiet at the bottom. 
 The speciiiieii whu'Ii I succeeded in breeiling was sent to me by 
 Mr. Adolph Kngelmanii, of .Shiloh, St. flair County, 111. It was 
 found by Mr. William Cooper, ot' the same county, about 10 feet 
 from a sm;ill but iiermaiieiit body of water. Mr. Cooi>er at tirst 
 took it to be a letieh, and when ho attempted fi) capture it it 
 iimnediiitely eonimenced burrowing in the ground. 
 
 The larva reared by Dedeer was terrestriiil. This 
 larva is semiacpiatic, for it is ([uite at home either in 
 moist earth or water. My specimen was kept for over 
 two weeks ill a lar<ie" earthen Jar of moist earth well 
 supplied witli earthworms. 
 
 It manifested no desire to come to the surface, but 
 burrowed in every direction l)elow. I found several 
 pale, dead worms in this Jar, though I can not say pos- 
 itively whether they iiad been killed and sucked by 
 this larva. Mr. Walsh, in speakiny of its haunts and 
 its food, says: 
 
 I have, on many dilVerent occasions, found this larva among 
 floating rojectainenti.. On one occasion I found six or seven 
 specimens in the intvrior of a Itoating log, so soft and rotten that 
 it could be cut like .cheese. Once I discovered a single specimen 
 under a Hat, submerged stone, in a little running brook. Finally, 
 I once met with one alive, under a log, on a piece of dry laud 
 which had been submerged two or three weeks before, whence it 
 irs that it can exist a long time out of water. I had on several previous 
 lions failed to breed this larva to maturity, and the only imago I have was 
 
 
 \.—Tabanus 
 Itua: liirva 
 Hart). 
 
(>2 
 
 IXSF.rrS AFFKCTING f)^)-IESTir ANIMALS. 
 
 ohtiiincil ill IHtil from larv.'i', wliicli, biin]i* iii;;' tln'in to lio ciiniivoroim lYcn 
 vt'i'y vtiriud Htations in which they iiinl oLTiirrcil, I hail Hiiiiplicil with a iiiiii>Iik 
 I'rt'isli-wati-r iiiolliiskH, but tlir haliits nf which, in voiiMci|iieiicc of liavin^ hccii n 
 from homo, I was iinahlo to watch. Viii Seiitemher liu', ISli;}, I foiiml a iicailv , 
 {jrowii larva amonjr lloatiii;; rojcctamt'iita, ami hctwccii that thito aiul Dcccinlii 
 ho had (IcvonrtMl tiic iiioIIuhUs of cU'vcii univalves (h;<miiih I'laiiorliis) from mn'- 
 to thrcc-foiirths of an iiidi in diameter ; and on three separate occaMioiiN I h.'i\ i < 
 him worlv his way into the Hlitdl. In this o|ieration liis ]iHend())iod.s weru eini. 
 icaliy eiii)ilovcd, and I found, on crackin;; die Biieljs after ii(> liail withdrawn, ili 
 .small jxirtion of the tail end of the anim.il wa.s left nntoiiched — no doubt in k^ 
 (|iU'nco of his Iteiiijj unahlu to ]ienetrate the Miiall end of the whorl of tlie shell- 
 also the skin of tho remainin;; part and thu horny-ton<riied memhrane. 
 
 .My larva transformed to |inpa within the ;;roniid diiriiiij tho lore ]iart of .ImI\ 
 romained in this slate liiit a low days and thu lly issiu'd .Inly Kf, and soon mail. 
 liresence known hy its loud hn/zin;; inside the Jar. It was a ])orfect specimen, iiiid 
 pn])al inte<{uineiit was snDlciontly linn and polished, tluit hy caret'iilly wasliiii; 
 tho earth an (ixcellontcahine! speciiiien was ohtained, which retained almost the i 
 form and a)i]>earanc(M>f tho liviii}; i»ii]>a. Hcibrc tho escape of the (ly, whiih 
 olVectod through a lon<;itndiual liBHiiro on tho l)iick of the head and thonix, vr\u; 
 in<; one of the mode of escajic of onr harvo8t-llie.s (Cicada-), this pupa hy means oi 
 horns with which it is furnished had pushed itself up to the surface of the vx 
 
 Tlic ])n\y,\ (lij;. 22, h) i.s nearly an iuvAi and a <iiijirter in lenj^tli :iii< 
 third «>!' an incli in diaun'ter. It i.s cylindiiiial, sli^litly curved, ;is 
 the lij^ure, rounded at th«' head and tiiperinj? at the extreme hind [i 
 tion. Tlie iibdomiinil sefrnients are sUl but the first one i)rovide(i w 
 
 a rinjf of line yellowi.sh bristles, ])(iiiit 
 
 biiekwiird. There is a .stout thorn at; 
 
 anal extrenuty, bearin},r six other tlmi 
 The ])ni)a state lasts but a few di 
 
 and before the emergence of the lly i; 
 
 pushed to the surface of the grouiitl 
 
 means of the bristles and thorns nt ; 
 
 abdomen, with bending movements 
 
 the body. 
 
 it s})lits along the dorsiil line and t 
 
 Hy emerges leaving the pupa case in vi 
 
 j)erfect condition. 
 The adult Hy (tig. 22, r) is an imli 
 
 more in length, bhu-k throughout. ; 
 
 back of the abdomen covered witli 
 
 blui.sh white bloom and the wings siin 
 black. They are common thnmgh the summer months and it is \t 
 sible from the ditt'erent times that full-grown larva' have been obsen 
 that there is more than a single brood in a j'ear. It seems pr()b;il 
 however, that the winter is 8i)ent in the larval stage and that tlic i 
 grown larva' observed by Mr. Walsh in September were simply I 
 specimens that had lived ove ' the previous winter and would lis 
 pupated the same fall, producing the flies a few days later, and tli' 
 have laid eggs to pass the si.oceediug winter. Hart says the hii 
 
 Fio. 24. — Egj; mass Tabanut atratiig hikI 
 singlo (!^<! CDiitniiiiiij.; piiratjito (I'miii 
 llnrt). 
 
ANIMALS. 
 
 DII'TKHA. 
 
 63 
 
 :(> Iti^ iMiriiivoroiiH t'rciin 
 i Hii|)iilicil witli a iiuihlk 
 |iieii('o of liiiviii^ )H'fii ;i 
 
 IMtilt, [ foiiiiil a ni!arl\ . 
 
 that «laf« and Dcccinlii' 
 ins l'laii(irl)i8) Iroiii oiii- 
 [>aratti (iccaHioiiH I liavi-' 
 s ])S('ii(l()ii()tls wertf t'liii. 
 51' 111' had withdrawn, ih 
 touched — no donht in (d 
 
 thi' whoii of t\w whill , 
 led ineiiiliraiii'. 
 n;; the I'oro jiait of .lul} 
 
 , I Illy l.'{, and soon in;iil> 
 s a ]t()rf('('ts]>ft'iiinMi. mill 
 liat Ity carcfnlly wasliiii; 
 ich retained ahnost tin' i-\ 
 scajx' of the lly, wliicli 
 lie licad and tliorax, iiiii. 
 •), this piijia by means oi 
 ;o the surface of the oar 
 
 <|uarler in leiigtli :iiii 
 1, slifi'litly curved, ;b 
 t the extrenui hind i 
 
 (irst one provided w 
 lowish bristles, jtoiiit 
 e is ii stout tliorn at* 
 earin).v six otiier tlini 
 B lasts but a lew di 
 iiergeiuie of the lly ii 
 faee of the ground 
 
 sties and thorns ot ; 
 
 jending inoNenieiits 
 
 the dorsal line and I 
 !"• the pupai'ase in v. 
 
 lig. 22, r) is an indi 
 black throughout, i 
 omen covered witli 
 in and the wings siii^ 
 
 months and it is \> 
 va' have been observ 
 ar. It seems probal 
 stage and that tlio It 
 smber were simply 1 
 
 inter and would Im 
 
 r days Liter, and tlit 
 
 Hart says the hir 
 
 taken every month of the season ex<'ept June, at which time they 
 mostly reached the pupa or imago stage. 
 
 lie habits of the adult have already been sultlciently stated, and as 
 have unfortunately no certain means of repelling them from cattle 
 to pievent the bites, whicli is the only thing we need fear from 
 1, a discussion of remedies is unnecessary. 
 
 might be stated, however, that observations on tlu' elliHtt of tar 
 [oil or other substances used to repel bot-tlies would be of value in 
 ang at some method of preventing their atlacdis. 
 
 Fio. J5.— /'/idHKcini taOanicorus Aaliui. (from Hart). 
 
 irt records the rearing of parasites, riinnurus talxunroriis Ashni., 
 the egg masses of this species. Also the apparent parasitizatiou 
 i hu'va. 
 
 (iUKEN-IIKAD IIOUSK FlV. 
 
 (Tubaiiiin Ihu'ola Kab.) 
 
 lis is generally regarded as the most common species in North 
 prica, and its occurrence in all parts of the country in large numbers 
 
 snpi)()rts such estimate. 
 
 Idle it nuist have been a fannliar pest to the early inhabitants of 
 lountry, its iirst scientific description was given by Fabricius (Eut. 
 ' , Tom. IV, p. 3G9.) 
 
 ckard, ''Guide to the Study of Insects," page 394, says: 
 
 I tty is our most common species, thousands of them appearing tluriug the hot- 
 art of the summer, when the sun is shining on our marshes and western prai- 
 norses and cattle are sometimes worried to death by tlieir harassing bites. In 
 r weather they do not fly, and tliey perish on tlie cool, frosty nights of September. 
 
(J4 
 
 INHIiClH Al'FECTlNCJ DOMIISTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 in' 
 Mr. 
 
 (J 
 
 — (rriiiii I'lirkiird's 
 Gui(lf). 
 
 Ami also in 'M)iir (loiiiiiioii lnsiM't.s," piiyc 11: 
 
 \V« wi^rit ti>lil <liii'iii'i tlio ImhI Htiiiiiiifr thiit ii linrsi' whii'h hIoimI l'it.sti'ii«*<l In . n, 
 ill II Held ii*;;irtlii) iiiiii'slifs lit l\'(>\vli'\ , MiiHs., was ImIIoii to ilcalli l)y llicsc i c; 
 lit'iitls; ami it i.^i known tlmt linisi's ami i':ittl<' an' incaHioiiallv killi^l l)\ t 
 rt'|icat)-il liaraMHiuy; hiti's. 
 
 ThisdciiiMi ot'iiiiiinals iVuiii hiU's must lie vny lavo iiulct'd, fur in m 
 years" n'sidciifc in tin' Mississippi Nalley, wlu'ic tlio tluis ubomni 
 aiitlntr lias iicvor known of such an im'i<h'iit,tlio 
 liic bites art' rvrtainly a ori'at toinu'iit. 
 
 IMie llics arc brown, with a tiiiof of rcibiisli. : 
 the abdomen lias a e<Mi.spieuous whitish line ;i|. 
 the miihlle. The eyes are a brilliant jrrren. ii 
 wliieii the nanui is derived. to 
 
 Hart has (b'tailed the ehaiatters of the < ,i ( 
 stages as f«»llows: "The larva of this spe«'ies einM 
 rt'seinbh's the youn;;' of nifinstcus, and was not separated from ii 
 lirst." lOxaniple.s of larva' aio said to have lu'eii colloeted in April i 
 ill dune, jaipa' in .May, and iinajioes in May and dune, "'riie tal>a; 
 pupa- develop iiineli more rapidly in hot weather than in eold. am 
 this fact is probably due the difference in time of enieijjfence." 
 
 Larva: LriiL;lli. L.M) nnii, ; iliaiiictcr, I.' 7 nun. I'rollior.ix w iili la!ii':il ^liiiiini: n 
 alioiit as Ion;; as tlai dorsal an-a, striatimi ahoiit tlic smiiic as that nf tlic ii;* 
 int'sothoracii' aira; no iinticcahli' cfiitial siiiootli Npot ; a small oiii' 
 on lowt'i' mar^iii jiostcriorlv ; i't'iiiainin<r lateral iircim a little inor<' 
 lim'ly ami flo.s('|y Htriatv ; dorsal ami ventral areas ol' tlioiax ne.arly 
 siiiootli on disk, with Nasal stria'; those on alidomcn with iiiodii- 
 ately elose striie. more or less inteinipted on disk; all areas more 
 or less sliiniiij;. 
 
 Surface whitish, dull jtiiheseeiil markiiif^s m'iv liylit lirowii hut 
 distinct, annilli narrow, erest.s ol" false I'eet akso ihill imheseent, 
 their Hides striate; lateral stripe.s id' thorax distinct, slender, not 
 dilated posteriorly, lateral cdyes ot" dorsal area.s of thorax diver::;- 
 iiifi; an oi)a<iiie dark riiiL;' ahoiit tlio haso of respiratory tiihe, and 
 another cneirelin;; anal proiiiinemie, ahovo it usually three lij^ht- 
 browu sjiotH. 
 
 Main iiitern.'il trachea' rather tliii'k and noticcalile, siilipjirallcl, 
 not str()ii;;iy sinuate, at least liaek of the middle, 'rerminal sti;;- 
 niatal s]iim' often ]tr(ttriid«;d. 
 
 ru])a: Length, 1!) mm.; diameter, .'i mm. I.i;;ht lerrui;inoiis 
 brown, sbiiiin;;, abdomen roughly wrinkled and siibopaiiue. I'al- 
 l)al sheaths imlistimt, not distant; tubercles not dark; oecllar 
 tubereles indistinct or wanting; thoracii' spiracular tubercles (lig. 
 -'8) slicrhtly but nearly ciinally elevated, free margin rounded at 
 tiji, nma not vertical, evenly iiniiiate, slightly hooked in front. 
 
 Abdominal spiraciilar tubercles subtriangular, narrower behind, 
 obli(|uely subconical, much shorter than basal diameter, bearing a 
 small subcircnlar or short and strongly arcuate rima (lig. L'i)); on 
 anterior slope a transverse groove, usually longer tiiau the rima; 
 fringes formed of iinecpial jialc Hpines, only one or two long spines 
 above on seventh segment; outer terminal teeth much longer than 
 the others, directed hiterally .and upward, the tips of the four npper teeth al« 
 in hne (tig. 30), fringe anterior to anal proinineuco showing a chitinous webln 
 
 Kio.27.-7'''ii 
 
 lilU'old : ]' 
 (liirsiil ^ir' 
 enlarj;iil r 
 Hart). 
 
 hi 
 
 fini><ii'i' 
 
 thai 
 lei ll I 
 
 Id my ti 
 
 one ll 
 
 iiiii^ liii' 
 knts of 
 stout 
 
AM MA IS, 
 
 DII'TKUA. 
 
 <;r) 
 
 irh stood I'liHtfiu'd til a 
 U to ilrUtll by tlli'Hi; I ug 
 
 rcaNloually klllml li\ i 
 
 laid i\iil<'C(l, i\)V ill III '** 
 •(' tlu' tilt's iilxMiini. 
 
 «iich an in('iilciit,tl / 
 
 'lit tnninMit. 
 a tiiij;*^ (if i('(l(iisli. ;; 
 iioiis wliilisli liiu- :i|,, 
 ii luilliaiit urceii, ii 
 
 liaractrrs oC tlii' i m; 
 a. of this s|n'ru's rIciM 
 »t S('|>aiat('(l iVoiii ii 
 I colU'cti'd ill April ;i 
 il Jiiiic. ••'I'lic talM 
 icr than in told, aiu! 
 »!' i'iii('r;;oii<'0."" 
 
 \ Willi iMtrl'iil •"lliuill;: :i' 
 
 <iiin(( US lliat of I he ii; 
 
 I miimII one 
 
 lilllc irioic 
 
 liix luai'ly 
 
 ith iiioili'i'- 
 
 irciiM iiioio 
 
 Iji'owii bat 
 • IllirHciiit, i 
 iidcr, not 
 
 l\' lllNtTj;-- 
 
 tiilir, anil 
 irei' li;;ht- 
 
 l.p.inillel, 
 I i Mill Htii;- 
 
 rniniiioiis 
 |Ue. I'al- 
 occllar 
 M'clcs (f\jy. 
 >iiiul(^(I at 
 
 Voiit. 
 
 V Ix'liiiid, 
 
 l)cariii;i; a 
 
 ,r 2!)) ; ou 
 
 tlio riina; 
 
 nj,; Hpines 
 
 iigtT than 
 
 10 four upper teeth alio 
 
 v'mg u chitiuuua wtblji: 
 
 to 
 
 S1| 
 
 hi 
 
 I 
 
 I''I0.27.-7''''J 
 llneola : | 
 (iDrsal ^> 
 eiilarjicil ' 
 Hart). 
 
 ■••n thi' DaMcs of the NpineH, mo that the («i'piirated tufts of tlie feniah* hn'k liki« 
 of hroad, hiw tct'lh witli several spiny |ioiiitH; latiral tufts low down, near 
 ^( ventral frin^fe, foriiied of ulioi t Hpiiitrt.— ( Hart, i 
 
 spoiiics may bo stated to havti at U'ast oiut iiatiiial eneiiiy, for 
 
 American Kiitoiiiolo;:ist (V»d. II, p. S-\') thi'ie is an account, hy 
 
 ,1. Diiiilap, of tlicir l>ciii«' eaten l»y tin' Nelmiska bee Killer 
 
 \^Ulclttls hdslilfdil Mllcq.). 
 
 is aceoiiiit IS of consnleral>le interest, and we (|iiote it lierewitli: 
 
 |m)<'((;/»(, ///•> iiiijiiil '.', /s',"".— I st'iid you an iiiBi't I liy mail to-day in a K'aHS 
 
 that has interested me for tliree or four ,\earM. 1 am hardly aide to deeide 
 
 „( 1 It is a friend or foe. Idy attention was fust railed to it liy Heeiny weveial 
 
 id my team diirmj; sumnu'r. Sujiposin;,' tlieiii to he a new horsr-lly, I watched 
 
 J) one liite, hul was linallv nwarded l»y seciny it jiounce upon a j;reenheud 
 
 liiiix llneiihi Falir. >. It settled upon my sleeve and soon had transferred the 
 
 Ints of Mr. (ireeiiliea<l's Imdy inside its own hy sneking thfjiiiees out liy means 
 
 stout luolioseis. 1 Haw this opiMatioii repeated many times. The present 
 
 \ 
 
 _k 
 
 'J8 
 
 20 
 
 :!0 
 
 I'm. 'H. — Tithiiiiiin liiK'ulii: N|iii'aiiil:ir tiilicrcli' of impa— i'iilar).;i'il (Iniiii Hart). 
 
 I'm. 'Jli Taliaitiiii liiKdta: alMluiiiliial splriulc of imjia (tVoni ILirti. 
 
 V\i,.:w. — Tiitiiiitiisliiiv<>Uf iiiil 111' List Ni i:iMi-iit of impa (fruin Haiti. 
 
 Iicr 1 liavn Scon them dozens of limes, often live or .si\ around my team, and 
 always noticed that in an hour or so after tliey appeared no mont horse-llios 
 
 I to lie found. I have atso seen them " siickinjf " liouse (lies, lady bu«;s, chinch- 
 I, seveiiil moths, and liavi^ also seen tliein eat each ol her I'he one sent .\ ou had 
 [<'aptiifcd a hoiii'vliec, for which otl'ense 1 m.nlc a iii;iilyr ol' him (or her) for the 
 Jlit of sciemc. 
 
 Tim-; (iIji;kmikai). 
 
 ( TuhiiiiHs t(>.\l<ilin \\ ied.) 
 
 fliis is anotlier common species very abundant in the Prairie States, 
 was described many years a.u'o. It is probalily al)Oiit as abundant 
 widely distril)nted as hnvoln^ and causes a j;reat amount of iinnoy- 
 ti and sutterinj^ to domestic animals. 
 
 flie followinj;' from Hart presents our i)resent kiio\vledj;;e of the life 
 pory of the species: 
 
 lis seems to ho normally a terrestrial larva. AVe have taken it two or three 
 JBs in the earth of cornlields in Champaii^u County. The dates yiven are May .U 
 I June 4. Kxainides were placed in a breeding cage anil an imago of co.N/tt?it wtis 
 Jred from them. 
 
 4053 — No. 5 J 
 
66 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Tho imayo, kuowii as the "greenhead," is very jjenerally coinuion, and is quite a 
 pest ill some buttoni land prairies. A few examples were noted alou^ shore at Sta- 
 tion 1), August 20. Tho exaini>les iu our collection were taken on twenty-two occa- 
 sions, all between July 15 and August 13, except three dates, July 8 and August IS 
 and 31, which would make it ])robaI)le that it is single brooded. The localities are 
 Carroll Lake, Cook and Ford counties at the north, and Fulton, AIcLean, and 
 Champaign counties in central Illinois. Tho specimens were Irom a variety of situ- 
 ations, usually 111 low herbage, often taken visiting llowers. 
 
 Larva: Length, 20 mm. ; diameter, 12.7 mm.; jirotborax with lateral shining areas 
 about as long as the d(U-8al, coarsely striate, a smooth spot near ceuter of disk ; dor- 
 sal and veiitrai areas of thorax smooth, a few striic en those of metathorax, especially 
 posteriorly; remaining areas moderately striate, lateral areas of abdomen a little 
 more finely striate than the others; all more or less shining. 
 
 Dark anniili pale, narrow, longitudinal strijjes scarcely present; false feet with 
 <lull pubescent crests, their sides rather finely striate; a narrow dark annulus at 
 base of respiratory tubes, another round base ol last segment, inclosing anal promi- 
 nence and giving oft' a pair of lateral stripes, the lower one longer; no projecting 
 spines seen. 
 
 Pupa (from defective east skin of male) : Length, 20 mm. ; diameter, 3 mm. ; light 
 fuscous brown, shining; abdomen smoothly wrinkled; slightly opa(]iie; prothoracic 
 8])iracular tubercles slightly but nearly equally elevated, free mirgiu rounded at 
 tip, rima not vertical, evenly arcuate, slightly hooked in front. 
 
 Abdominul spiracular tubercles small, subtriangular, narrower behind, obliciuely 
 subconical, much shorter than basal diameter, bearing a very small subcircular 
 ring; fringes formed of unequal pale spines, the longer ones sparse on seventh seg- 
 ment above; outer terminal teeth twice as large as lower pair, directed laterally 
 and slightly backward ; upper pair smallest, (lirected ui)ward ; veutral fringe of last 
 segment not noticeably webbed; lateral tufts rather high, not near ends of ventral 
 fringe. 
 
 My material of this s))ecies is not in )>est conditiou for accurate comparisons. 
 
 Tahanun aiiiiidatiiH Say. 
 
 This species was tU'scribetl by Say in 1S22 (Jour. Acad. IMiil., Yol. Ill, 
 p. ol; Conip. Writ., Vol. II, p. .v3), and its territory stated as Missouri. 
 
 It does not seem to have received special notice since. 
 
 It is probably not abundant enough to (lause serious annoyance to 
 stock or is commonly confused with some more common species and 
 has consequently received little attenticm. 
 
 It is smaller than Tahanus lineola, the length of the body being a 
 littic more than two-lifths of an inch. 
 
 It iii of a leaden-gray color ti;iged witli reddish; the abdomen black- 
 ish brown with gray margins to the segments, the wings without spots 
 and Slightly dusky. (From Say's description.) 
 
 Tahanus ntyiiina Say. 
 
 This species is almost as large as Tabanus airnfm Fab., nine-tenths 
 of an iiich in length and occnirs in the Mississippi Valley. Say's 
 description in 1822 (,lour. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'hil., p. 33) locates it iu 
 Arkansas. 
 
 It is violet bla(!k and with the thorax pale chestnut. The front of 
 the head is yellowish, the thorax with live gray lines, the wings rusty 
 with three brown spots. (From description of Say.) 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 67 
 
 ■^'i^-' 
 
 It is fairly coninion at Ames, Iowa, but has not been observed as 
 especially anuoying to stock. It has a wide range, however, and 
 deserves to be studied with reference to its early stages. 
 
 Hurt gives tiie following facts concerning the species, with descrip- 
 tions of early stages : 
 
 Tho present species Wiis the most abuiuliiiit tiilianiil larvii in the vicinity of Havana 
 lust spring (1895) It first appeared in our collections September 11, when a num- 
 ber were noted swinnnin;; amidst vegetation near tlie margin at Station IJ. In tlie 
 spring they were found at nearly all of the stations, but more particularly in con- 
 nection with tii)ulid, niuscid, and Eristalis larva-, in matted accumulations of dead 
 stems and leaves over nnid. They were esj)ecially abundant March 30 in Flag Lake, 
 where large plump laiva^ appeared at every turn. It was a surprise to find a few of 
 them npon tho bottom in open, shallow water, far from shore, in the middle of 
 (Quiver Lake at Station A. Young larvai have been common in connection with 
 larvic of Ihttacomorpha and Limnophila at Station I since March 17. At Stations 
 n and Gr they have been conmion in moist drifts of tine rubbish 
 washed tip by waves l*ui»a' w»'i(! found in the breeding cages 
 May 10 and 23. One emerged May 27 and another tried to 
 emerge .June 2, but died and was removed from its case. 
 
 The larva' resemble those of the lincola grouj) in their stria- 
 tion and coloration, lint differ in their short lateral prothoracic 
 areas and larger size. They are like atratitn in size, but may be 
 readily sejiarated from it by their coarser lateral striation, 
 s raw-yellow tint, slender lateral vitta', and usually projecting 
 erniinal stigmatal spine. 
 
 Larva; Length, 4.")-.") mm. ; di.ameter, 6-7 mm. ; bright straw 
 yellow, varying in some young larva' to nearly clear white, 
 marked with light fuscous lirown microscopic! pubescence, 
 usually paler at each stage than alratua. 
 
 Lateral jirotlioracic striated areas not more than half as liuig 
 as tho (forsal, striation not liner than that of the middle and 
 lower lateral an^as of the mesothorax, striated portion shining; 
 a small smoiitlispot adjoining the impressed line below; remain- 
 lug upper thoracic areas a little less closely striated, but not 
 strongly ditt'erent I'rom that of the ])rothorax ; abdominal lateral 
 areas a little more finely striate; dorsal and ventral areiis with 
 margin striated, disks nearly smooth in adult larva', last seg- 
 ment more strongly striate, especially beneath. 
 
 Dark anniili distinct, broad, including false feet, a distinct, 
 transverse dorsal and ventral pale spot in front of the false feet; 
 .abdominal annnli often with a small triangular backward pro- 
 longation on median line above. Prothoracic lateral sjiace occu- 
 pied by a pale brownieli fuscous quadrate sjiot in front of tho 
 striated space. Meso- and meta-thoraeio lateral .stripes usually distinct, but slender, 
 scarcely dilated posteriorly, lateral edges of dorsal areas diverging; lateral stripes 
 above the abdomen almost wanting, except on last t-. o segments. In these stripes 
 the punctures of the iijiper and lower rows are indicated by rounded pale dots, and 
 those of the inner rows by elongate dots. Last segment with bases of respiratory 
 tube and anal iiromiueuco encircled with dark rings, joined by a lateral connection, 
 its dorsum with at most a short basal line or pair of dots on each side. Coarser 
 pubescence of false feet tipped with pale brownish. 
 
 Main internal trachea) thick and noticeable, especially in young larva', lustrous, 
 subpar.allel, not strongly sinuate, nearly straight posteriorly; terminal stigmatal 
 spine dark reddish browu, smooth, usually protruded (fig. 32, p. 68). 
 
 '^'i 
 
 Fio. 31.— Tab anus 
 uti/'jiiis: l.irvii (alter 
 Hart) . 
 
68 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fio. H2. — Tahan kk ).7,i/,</t i/a: last 
 sogmoiitof laivii. side vii'W 
 showing ])rojcctiii{; spiuo— 
 enlarj;e<l (from Hart). 
 
 Pupa 9 : Length iibont 30 luiu. ; diameter about fi mm. ; light Itiownish fuscous, 
 thorax paler, shining; alxlomen roughly transversely wriiikled and sul)opa(|ue. 
 Pal])al sheaths distinct, as far a))art as are the sctie borne by the larger tubercles at 
 the center of the anterior surface of the head ; surface lietween them rounded, bear 
 
 ing a small wrinkled tubercle at middle; antenna- and 
 tubercles darker tlian surrounding surface; ocellar tuber- 
 cles distinct; prothoracic spiraculartul'Tcles slightly but 
 evenly elevated in a i>lano i)arallel wii h i li;it of the sur- 
 rounding surface; rima lUiarly straight in its oi. ler half, 
 inwardly curving strongly forward and ending in a con- 
 spicuous hook ; free margin of tubercles rounded at tip. 
 
 First alxlouiinal with two distinct seta' each side above 
 the si)iracles; abdominal spiracular tubercles rounded, 
 broad behind, low. subhemisplierical, rinia long, following 
 posterior border of tubercle, slightly curved at middle, 
 more strongly curved forward at each end; on anterior 
 surface a transverse groove extending a<Toss the tubercle, 
 but not as long as the rima. Fringes of nne<|iuil spines, 
 often tipi)ed with blackish, all but two of the long spines 
 wanting in a broad space above on seventh segment. Ter- 
 minal teeth nearly eipial, tipped with blackish, their points marking the angles of a 
 hexagon, slightly wider than high. Ventral fringe of last segment not webbed 
 together; lateral tufts high, on a level with upiier lateral line. 
 
 Ttilxuiiin molSntun Say. 
 
 In de.scribiiifjf this species in 1S1*2 (Jour. A(!a(l. IMiil., Vol. Ill, p. .'Jl; 
 Coiup. Writ., Vol. 11. i>. .■"»;>) Thomas Say s; ites: 
 
 This is onc! of the spi>cies tjiat are called pr.airie tlies. It is numerous in the 
 ]irairies of the i^tati^ of Missouri and is very troublesome to the cattle. 1 liavt^ seen 
 cattle in the forests which margin these prairies when attackeil by these insects 
 start suddenly and jdunge into tlu! thickets that tlie branches may divest them 
 of their enemies. Travelers are much incommoded by them ; many cover their 
 horses with canvas, etc., to shield tlu'ui from their attacks, or rest in some shaded 
 or secluded situation during that part of the day when tiit^y are the nio.st abnndaut. 
 
 No special mention is made of it in subsequent works, but we know 
 it to be (airly <;ouunon in tise Mississippi Valley. Hay's acicount i)rol)- 
 ably covers territory outside of the i)resent State of INiissouri; and 
 Wiedemann (vide O. S. Cat., p. 2tl) is autiu)rity for its occurrence in 
 Kentucky. 
 
 It is a rather large s[)ecies, nearly four-fifths of an inch lonj;'; the 
 thorax j-ray, with brown lines; the abdomen black brown with a };ray 
 central stripe which is widened on the middle sejiinents and consists of 
 triangular spots on the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments. 
 
 EUROl'KA.N (i AD FLY. 
 
 ( Tithamin liDviiiKK Linn.) 
 
 From the statements of European writers this is api)arently the gad- 
 fly of Europe, or at least the one which is particularly troublesome to 
 cattle. 
 
 According to Liuna'us (Syst. Nat., Turton Transl., \'oI. Ill, i(. 07), 
 it inhabits Europe, and is extremely troublesome to cattle. 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 69 
 
 viiish fuscous, 
 tl Hul)opa(|iu>. 
 r tubercles at 
 •••iiiiiled, hear 
 aiitenu.c and 
 )celliirtuber- 
 3S slightly but 
 I* '>'" the snr- 
 
 Is" 'half, 
 
 "ig in ii cou- 
 idcd iit tip. 
 h side above 
 1<'S rounded, 
 II J,', followiaj? 
 <l at middle, 
 oil anterior 
 the tiiliercie, 
 t"i|iial spiueN. 
 o lonjj spines 
 jrment. Ter- 
 •'anirlesof a 
 uot webbed 
 
 erous in the 
 I hav(^ seen 
 these insects 
 divest them 
 cover their 
 *ome shaded 
 tt abundant, 
 
 t we know 
 >unt ]>rol)- 
 oiui; iiiitl 
 ureiice in 
 
 I<»nK; the 
 til ii «riiy 
 oiisists of 
 
 The eyes are greenisli; back of abdoineu with white triangul.'ir lou- 
 •iitudiiial spots. 
 
 The early stages of this species were traced by I)e Geer (]Meni. Ins.), 
 who found tlie hirva to be terrestrial ami carnivorons. His observa- 
 tions on this species were the first giving inlorniation ui)on the early 
 habits of the Tabauida'. 
 
 THK liANDKl) MlJKKZE FlY. 
 
 (Iheriopleclcn riiictiia Fab.) 
 
 The banded breeze fly, or orange-belted horse-fly, is a species of some- 
 wliat larger size tlian the greenhead. It is rather less abundant than 
 the black breeze-Hy which it somewhat resembles, excepting the orange 
 or reddish band on the abdomen. It is limited more to the Eastern 
 States. It was described by Fabricius at the same time as Tabanus 
 (itmtiis (Ent. Syst., Vol. IV, p. 3(5(5). 
 
 Ilivmaiopola pliirlalia Linn. 
 
 According to Kollar this is one of the most troublesome species. He 
 says : 
 
 It is not much larger than the common horse-tly, and is chiefly distinguished by 
 its largo green eyes, through each of which run four brown mululating bands, 
 
 The body is gray with brownish cross stripes; tlie wings gray with brown spots. 
 It fre(nients meadows and pastures and attacks horses and luTued cattle in sultry 
 weather before rain, nor does num escape. Although the woui'd it intiicts is sharp, 
 it does not produce any lasting itching or burning. 
 
 This statement regarding the injury caused does not agree entirely 
 with the statements of other authorities, for in Kirl)y and Spence'a 
 Entomology (p. 93) we find a quotation from MacLeay which reads as 
 follows : 
 
 I wont down the other day to tlie country, and was fairly driven out of it by the 
 Hdmatopolii iiliirialis, which attacked me with such fury that, althoii;jh at last I did 
 not venture beyond the iloor witluuit a veil, in,v face and hards were swollen lo that 
 <legree as to be scarcely yet recovered from the ell'ects of their veiu)ni, I was 
 obliged on my return to town to stay two days at honu?. Wlienever this insect bites 
 lue it has this elVect, and I have never been able to discover any remedy for the tor- 
 ture it ])uts nie to. 
 
 Also, in Linna'us under tlie description of the species: 
 
 Like '/'. civcnth'HH, this little insect fixes on tlie hands, face, and legs, exciting a 
 painful iutlamniation in the part where it has drawn blood. 
 
 ' t/n' gad- 
 
 esome to 
 
 r, p. (57), 
 
 TlIK \')Ml Flv. 
 
 (Chrynopn vittiiliiii Wied.) 
 
 t 
 
 This is a rather small species, yellow in color, with black strii)es and a 
 broad, smoky band across the nuddle of c-ich wing. It was described 
 in 1821 by Wiedemann, but without reference to its habits. 
 
70 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 It is said to l)e very troublesome in tlie wooded regions of the Mis- 
 sissippi "V'alley, directing its attacks particularly upon horses' ears, in 
 consequence of Avhicli it is coniujonly called the 
 '•car-liy.'' 
 
 ('lirii>«>i>n iitiirittnliin 'Mnr(\, 
 
 This is a c(nnnion species in the ])rairie region and 
 is recorded from District of Columbia, Maryland, 
 Connecticut, >'ow Jersey, and Kentucky by Osten 
 Sacken. It appears to be the most common species 
 at Ames, Iowa. 
 
 ChrjisopH niger Maccj. 
 
 A similar species, black in color; also vc^y com- 
 mon. 
 
 (Iirjisopn iiiKidriritliiliin Say. 
 
 Say described this species in I.Sl'l! as inhabiting 
 the rejiion near the Kocky IMountains. It is of a 
 gray color, with four longitudinal brown lines on the 
 thorax. The wings have a large brown spot on the 
 front margin. It is neaily two-lifths of an incii iu 
 length. 
 
 I'hrysopx voHlainx Kali. 
 
 Occurs in Scmth America and the West Indies. 
 
 Oifjisops /iitia.r (>. iS. 
 
 FlO. 'd[i.— ('iii!ltl(lli,1 vif 
 
 tatxis : liii'vu (alfer 
 Hart). 
 
 Tliis species, easily recognized from the figure, is widely distributed. 
 Osten Sacken rcc«n'ded it from Maine, New Hampshire, Canada, Idaho, 
 
 Flo. .'U. — Chriisop* iiniviltatvs <(iriginnl, from i1rawiii|; liy M1b« L. Siilliviiii). 
 
 Montana, and Yukon River. It occurs at Ames, Iowa, and doubtless 
 throughout the northern Mississippi Valley at least. 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 71 
 
 'v^y <^om- 
 
 t™ 
 
 The llll'l'OBOSOID-LIKE Tauanid. 
 
 ((loviojtx hippohoncoiden Aldrich.) 
 
 rnder tlie above luiine Mr. J. M. AUlricli has dcscrilu'd a very peca 
 liar fly, that has the structure of the 
 tabanids, but the j>eneral appearance 
 of a liippoboscid, although it is not 
 known bi.t only surmised that it may 
 have a i)arasitic or semiparasitic 
 liabit. 
 
 Sinc«^ nothing is known as to the 
 
 •■ajBgSNi, 
 
 k 
 
 liabits or the early stages ot the i'"o. 35.-h-gini..sH<.i <hn,,oj,^a-iti,„„nivom 
 
 ',, , /. Hint). 
 
 spoi'ies, and it wouhl seem to be ot 
 
 very rare occurrence, it will sufli«"e for tiie purpos of this paper to 
 
 Flii. '.\i\, —i 'li iiiKiij'x noiiix ("litiiiiiil, (riini dniwiii}; liv Miss I.. Siilliviiiil. 
 
 simply refer to the original description and figures ( Psyche. \'ol, VI, 
 
 pp. 2;;«;,L».'i7). 
 
 F:miilv T.KPTIl ).i:. 
 
 (Snipe Flics.) 
 
 ]\[ost .)f the sjiecies in this family are of medium size, with rather 
 slender bodies, and the abdomen generally somewhat tapering. They 
 are sparsely haired : tlie head short; the eyes in the males set ch>se 
 together; the aiiienna' short, and the third Joint with a terminal bristle 
 or slendcf style. 
 
 The larva- are carnivorous and live in the ground or else in decaying 
 Mood, in sand, moss, or water. 
 
 The sjiecies generally prey upon other insects, but according to Dr, 
 S. W. Willistou "some Western species of Symphoromyia suck blood. 
 as do the horse-Hies." 
 
 As he does not particularize as to the species observed, the animals 
 attacked, or the method of attack, we must let this brief mention sutlice. 
 
72 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Faiuil>' (KS'ITMl KK. 
 
 (Bot-ilic's, P,i'<'(>x<> F]i«>s.) 
 
 The bot-tlies loiin a distinct tainily, easily rccojiiiized in larval or adult 
 staties. The adults are heavy-l)()died insects, generally rather hairy, 
 and characterized by the small eyes standing at the sides of the head, 
 the small antenna' sunken into deep pits on the front of the head and 
 by the rudimentary mouth parts. 
 
 The larva' aie thick. Heshy grubs living parsisiti<'ally iu various por- 
 tions of the bodies of uiammals, the alimentary canal, the subcutaneous 
 tissue, nasal passages, etc. The tracheal openings are located at the 
 posterior extremity and protected by horny i)lates. 
 
 Frequently the segments are provided with rows of spines which 
 serve to assist the animal in locomotion. The pupa stage is ]»assed in 
 the grouiul, the i)arasite leaving its host and entering the gnmnd for 
 this purpose upon attaining its full larval growth. 
 
 From the manifest economic; imimrtance of the ditlereiit species and 
 the great interest attaching to the hsibits of the species, which depart 
 widely from oven the most nearly related forms, they have been the 
 subjects of investigation from the earliest jveriods of scientitic work. 
 The habits in general of the mere common species were known more 
 than a century ago and stated iu the works of Linna'us, DeGeer, 
 Keaunuir, and others, while the Liter studies, early in the present cen- 
 tury, by Clark and afterwards by Joly, Urauer, and others, have, cleared 
 up most of the essential points in their life history. 
 
 For the most part, these must be stated in detail for each species, 
 since the habits are very ditt'erent anu)ng the difllerent species, and i)ar- 
 ticularly so iu the ditt'erent genera. 
 
 In all cases the eggs are deposited on the animal to be infested, 
 either where the larva' will gain acj-ess to the })roper part, or in direct 
 contact with the jiarts to be invaded. 
 
 In one case, at least — the sheep bottly — the eggs may have already 
 hatched and the free larva' be deposited by the female. 
 
 Studies of the young larva have been attemled with some ditticulty, 
 tlumgh iu the later stages they are well known and were accurately 
 described at an early day. The full life of the larva has been a sub- 
 ject of study by .loly and esi)e(!ially by IJrauer, who presents iu his 
 "Monographic der Oestriden" a veiy careful discussion of the subject. 
 A translation of this i)art has been i)ublislu'd by Mr. B. IMckmanu 
 Mann (Psyche, Vol. IV, pp. 305-310), and the following extracts from 
 this translation will be of such service in gaining a full understanding 
 of the early life of the bot-Hies in general that it seems desirable to 
 include them : 
 
 Tlio larva- of the (Estridii-, although in many cases (luito peculiarly sliiijied, are so 
 nearly related to the larvir of the rest of the Miiseid.e-calyittra that it has not yet 
 been possible to discover for them a constant distinijnishinji character founded npoii 
 their structure. The reason of this lies iu part in the lestrid larvie themselves, since 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 78 
 
 tlicy iin- very dilVcri'iit iiiiioii!j tlieiiwelves, iiml in jmrt also in our flofertivo knowl-, 
 cilyo of till) iiiuscid liirvir. 
 
 At ]>reseiit, it is true, no real inuscid larvic nre known with liir>;e thorn-warts — as 
 [will call the dermal formations which occur in many icstrid larva", which are con- 
 ical, soft at the Itaso. Meshy, and corneous at the tip — also none with the character- 
 islii' stijfinatal ])late of the (iastrophilus larva-; ou the other hainl, very many are 
 known with thorns, like those of Derniatoliia, or naked, like those of the young 
 llyixxlernia, or with horny stiginatal ]>lates, like those of ('c])henoniyia. The 
 rcniarkalile |iarasiti(; method of life in niaiumals can prohably be looked upon aa 
 peculiar to the (Kstridie. I leave it, therefore, to a future observci to establish a 
 character for the u-strid larva' whereby they niiiy lie distinifuishiHl irom all other 
 nniscid larva-, and limit myself here to the description of the larva- ac(-ordiuf^ to 
 j^cncra and 8jtc<-i(-s. 
 
 The o-striil larva- beloni; io tin- ;rreat division of those di])terou8 nuigtjots which 
 ha\ebeen called headless. sinc(- they are sej^meuted throu<rhout and the usual rej^ious 
 of the iu8e(-t body an^ not separated. Only a C(-}dialic and an aunl end, therefore, 
 can be distinj^nished on the annulate body of such larvie. In j^encraltlie following 
 common cliarac-ter-* and peculiarities of the lestrid larva- can bi; s])e(-itied. 
 
 (1) 'I'he body of all o-strid larva- is really conipos(-d of twelve rings. The lirst 
 two are, however, not always distinctly separated, so that I take them together in 
 the description, and designate them both by the name of ceithalic ring, on whi(-h in 
 many (-asesan anterior ami ]>ostt-rior section is (-learly to be distinguished. On that 
 a(-count I assume only elev(-n segments, as earlier authors have done. Only the new- 
 born larva- of (iastrophilns make an excejttion to this number; they, if ,I(dy's state- 
 ment is (-orrect, ])osse8sing thirteen segments. 
 
 (2) Two anterior, external breathing organs are always to b»> distinguished ou the 
 larva-, between the tirst and second segments of the body, and two posterior, exter- 
 nal breathing organs ou the last ring. The former are very small and ajipear either 
 as points, knobs, or lissures, or th(^ anterior ends of the trachea- are hidden entirely 
 in a cylindrical in\agination of the skin ((iastrophilus). Tim ])08terior breathing 
 organs are either breathing tubes which are protrusileand retractile (new-born Oas- 
 trophilus larva- [p. 3()] and Cephenomyia larva-), or large stigma tal i)late8 which are 
 constructed ai-cording to two kiiids of types. One of these types is represented in 
 OastropliiluH and Dermatobia, the other in the rest of the genera. The stigmata! 
 jdates are mon^ or less jirotected by lip-like organs on the last ring or by withdrawal 
 into the pre(-eding ring, and are in this way cleaned from substances which adhere 
 to them. 
 
 I have des(-ribed in detail under that genus the strui-turi! of the posterior stigmata! 
 plates in Gastrophilr.s, Th(- majority of the g(-uera jtossess, however, two stigmata! 
 plates in a real sense, consisting of corneous chitinous substam-e ou the last ring. 
 Each ring is usually cr<-scent-shaped or reniform, in younger larva- even (piite cir- 
 cular, and appears when magnilied eith(-r as latticed with (-oarse meshes, tinely 
 ponuis or almost snu)otli, sometimes radially furrowed. On the inner l)order of each 
 plate is in all larva- in the third and in nmny in tin- second stage a thinner, mem- 
 branous or kiiob-lik(i plat-e suj)erposedor embedded, sometimes inclosed in the jilate 
 itself. The attacdiinent of the trachea corrcsixmds to this place on the inside. Since 
 it usually has the appearance of an opening, and also has been taken for sm-h, 1 call 
 it the false stigmatal oi>eniiig It has not yet been ascertained without doubt that 
 breathing goes on in such stigmatal i)lates, but it jjrobalily takes ])lace through 
 pores of the plate. It seems to me as if the plates were penetrable especially at the 
 circumference of the attachment of the trachea-. 
 
 (3) The new-born larva- all possess external mouth parts; in the later stages 
 larva- with oral hooks and those witliout tht-m are to be distinguished. An internal 
 pharyngeal framework of various development always occurs; this incloses the 
 nienibranoiis gullet and by its muscular structure is of essential service in the siu-lv- 
 iug of the larva. If oral hooks are present, they are connected with this by a, joint. 
 
74 
 
 liNSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Usually ii U'^^l'^P'"-''' ''unt chitiiKius jilati' is to lio seen, wIionc open sidt- looks up- 
 wjird; t'roni tho sidf it liim tlie sbii])^ of a Kittiii!; biitterlly wlumo liirgo upper winy 
 reaches far back and has the smaller, narrow under wiujj; under it. Since tho win>;8 
 of the two sides are j;rown together (irmly nnduriicath, tho whole pharynj;eal frame- 
 work ajjpears like a liyinj; insect, when the winjjs are bent ajiart from above, and 
 with the l/isc in a i>lane. The part lyin<j more or less in front, wliich is to }n\ fou&d 
 in the middle betwet-n the iv.ti;;s, and which really ratliates out into these, or is united 
 with them like a li<;ament, is what Schroeder van der Kolk calls tho tongue boue. 
 
 In the ])haryn,neal franu-work, therefore, there can bt; reco{i;nized a body (Sehroeder's 
 tongue Itone) and four wing-like ]irocess«H, wh U'h often, again, consist of several parts. 
 The body is connected with the wings i» .steri'irly. It is always bent in a U-sha]>e, 
 and so that the o|ien end look ii'Vt. '. e.. if other soft jiarts of its vicinity which 
 
 also close this are disregarded ^ », ;• 't Hat, it shows a more or less distinctly 
 Hshaped ciiitinous plate, with ^ ,; broa(. si ''» parts, which — in full-grown larva' •- 
 become conllnent behind into a simple, br'" i idate, and only lea\ e an oval hole lu 
 flout of them for tho passage of the tlischarge dnrt of the salivary glands, but jios- 
 teriorly bear the four wing-shap(!<l jirocesses (two large upper, lU' in tht! outspread 
 plate (Miter ones, and two smaller slenderer inferior or inner). On the anterior end 
 of the body, In many genera, oral hooks are Jointed to the short anterior side parts. 
 Ill the an*'' rior curved excavation of this lies in the membranous expansion a Binall 
 corneor.s chitiiioiis jdate which is iderced like a sieve and whose nature has not yet 
 been more closely investigated. It seems to iiie as if this jilato l.iy at the outlet of 
 the salivary ducts. It is especially distinct in Cephenomyia larva-. It is wanting 
 in several others. 
 
 Ill young larva-, the ]iliaryngeal framework consists only of two ciiitinous rods, 
 which are united in front by a ciiitinous band. These ciiitinous rods radiate out 
 behind in little wings. A (similar) jtharyugeal framework occurs in ail other muscid 
 larva', and corres]ionds in tho pcr'ect insect to the ciiitinous frame of the proboscis. 
 I have repeatedly convinced myself that such is rtally the case, since I have opened 
 the coarctate piijia' of ('e]tlieiiomyia and (iastrophilus before the emergence of tho 
 tlies. Since, in these genera, as we will see later, the nymjdi is tiglitly iiiclose<l by 
 the puparium, it can be noticed how the already fiH'cd jdiaryngeal fiaiuework, which 
 reinaius attached to the puparium, rests in the month tissure of the nymph, aud is 
 drawn out of it as soon as the iiym]>h is taken away or the lower lid is lifted otf. 
 It is also easy to form an idea that the piiaryngeal 'ramework, together with its 
 internal parts, corresponds to the proboscis of the *'y if it is observed liow other 
 muscid or syrphid larva' while alive iiro.ject and withdraw this exactly as the lly 
 does its jiroboscis. 
 
 lu Hyi>oderma, the month jiaits undergo a retrograde metamorphosis fnnn the 
 second stage (after tho tirst molt); the oral hooks disappear, and therewith all the 
 external moiitli ])arls, but the internal pharyngeal frt.iuowork remains. 
 
 (1) The o'strid hirva' show ; iitenna' (at least rudimentary ones) above the mouth 
 parts; these have the appearance of c(U'ueoiis or usually membranous knobs, and in 
 the latter case are provided with one or two ocelli-like points. Subiilaie, iiiany- 
 Jointed antenna', such as occur in iiiaiiy muscid larva', an^ never found. 
 
 (5) All possess an anus, which lies on the last ring, under the stigmatal jtlate.s, 
 and is very small. 
 
 (ti) They molt twice while they are ])ara8iti<'. I have oliserved most closely the 
 molting in llypoderma larva' of tho second stage. In //. (/i«»(«, tho passage from 
 this stage (p. SS) to the last one takes place about tho beginning of February. If 
 ill a cutaneous muscle which is richly larded with cMch larva' the capsules of 
 those larva' whose hinder stigmatal jdates have; the shape of the third stage, but 
 are still clear yellowish-brown, are carefully slit open, tho skin characteristic of 
 the preceding stage, with tho many little thorns heaped in groups, will be found 
 either still partly att.'iclu'd to the front end of tl'.e larva or entirely dependent from 
 the cephalic end or folded together along the dorsal side. The process of molting 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 75 
 
 si'i'iiiH to l>t» cntirt'ly Biinilnr to tliiit in the Mclopliafjiis liirvii- ; at loiist Tieiickart 
 >t;ili'8 that the <)1<1 Hkin in tlieso is Mbovcd together toward the eeiihaliu end of the 
 liirvn', and there n-niains attaeho<l. The Hyitoderina larva, inunediately after the 
 iriolt, is pnre white, very sol't, and appears naked, since tlie thorns do not become 
 iliirk and distinctly separated from tlieir surronndings until tJiey liarden. 
 
 Three forms or stages are to be distingnished, cdrrespondiiiij to the molts, which 
 luvnis in Hypoderma, (iastro]iliilns, and nermatohia show great diti'erenees. In the 
 iliird stage tlie larva- reach their full size, usually change their color, anil that often 
 very considerably, and then lirst leave their host animal, crawl away and pupate, 
 after the nninner of tlie .Muscicbe. 
 
 (7) This pupation must be considered as a third molting, in which, however, the 
 skin is only detached around the ])iil>a, but is not strip]ied otV, an<l remains in con- 
 nection with it by means of four traclieic. The hardtuied larval skiu, or puparinin, 
 is l)nrsto]icn at the cephalic en*l by the emerging ily by nu-ansof the frontal bladder 
 liiled with lluid, in the direction of the arcnate sutures in adouble manner. Although 
 ilic ])upation resembles herein that of the Muscida' in general, yet there occurs m 
 line part of the (Kstrida', i. e., in Hypodernni, a peculiarity which has not l)eeu 
 (iliserved before, namely, that tlm larva translorms in th(^ ]inparium in a comi)letely 
 outstretched condition, an<l this, therefore, is far larger than the insect which comes 
 I'orth from it. 
 
 (8) So far as they have been observed, they lead a i)araaitic life in mammals, and 
 Iced ujion tin; juices of these* animals. In Hypoderma. a blood-red intestine often 
 sliiiws through, and it is likely that these sometimes suck up blood in addition i'> 
 the exudation wiiich immediately snrronnds them. 
 
 (fl) The closely observed larva- all sliow at lirst a slow and linally a rapid devel- 
 opment, so that tliert! occurs a resting stage, which often lasts seven months, between 
 the swarming of the imago and the lirst visible appearance of the larva-. 
 
 The larva- of the flCstrida- were formerly divided into two groups — into larva- 
 with oral hooks and those without external mouth jiarts. Such a si-paration is of 
 service in distinguishing the full-grown larv;e, but scientitically unnatural and 
 incorrect, since in the lirst jilace this jiecnliarity of the full-grown larva* corre- 
 sponds to no similar degree ot relationship of the j>erl'e<'t insects, and in the second 
 place it is (Uily teiiipiu'ary (p. I{!h. since all o-strid larva- possc-ss oral hooks when 
 they are ((uite young. Such a division also as Clark attenii)ted to make into cari- 
 voUv, ciilicohr, and (lUHlrirohv, is inade(|iiate, fur wiiib- the species of a genus do, 
 indet-d, tilways agree in life history so far as their occurrence as parasites in a deter- 
 minate organ is concerned, nevertheh-ss the larva- of very ditl'erent genera may also 
 share this same manner of life with others; for instance, Hypoderma. Cuterebra, 
 Dcrmatobia, among which there is far more dittercnce between one and two than 
 lietweeu Cuterebra and Cephenoniyia. if the imagoes are considered. Such a divi- 
 sion is, therefore, likewise not a initiiral one, since it disturlis the natural n-lations 
 of albuity. Two cleinents must be considered in order to bring about an appioxi- 
 iiialely natural division : In the lirst place, the organization of the larva-, and. in the 
 Si ^-ond place, their manner of life, and the latter in a subordinate degret;, though 
 this is here more important than in other animals, sin(-e as yt-t there is no example 
 iif two species of (Kstrida- of one genus having been found parasitic in dilferent sys- 
 tems of organs. Thus the Cophenomyia larva- bi-long to the (esophagus, tin- Cepha- 
 loinyiii and (Kstriis larva- to the nasal and frontal cavity, those of (Jastrophilns to 
 the intestinal tract, and those of Ilyjioderma to the subcuticular cellular tissue. 
 
 Although it is stated that the larva of (iastrophilns has been found in the (esoph- 
 agus, this is one of the exceptional cahes which are not authenticated. Of course, 
 only the full-grown larva is meant ht-re. since young larva- nniy always be found in 
 other places during the immigrations. So, for instance, the young (Kstrus and Cephe- 
 noniyia larva- both immigrate in like manner through the nose, and their roads do 
 not separate until they get there, but the former migrate into the frontal cavity and 
 the latter into the tesophageal cavity. 
 
76 
 
 INSr.CTS AI'KKCTINIi DOMKSTK" ANIMALS. 
 
 <M ilif orf^jiiis ill wliiili (I'.si riihi' nci 
 
 the Hkii]. or iriillv till' Hulii'iitiriiliir t'i'lli 
 
 lar ti>siic, is thai wlii<'ii is tlic riuist Mlr(iii>;l\ ;il liickrd ; tlif liiiv;i' ol' lour unifia- 
 ll,v|Miili'niia, (Kstroiiivia, Dcrniiitiiliia, Ciiti-ri'lirii — Ii\'i' in it, 'I'lio nasal ami I'loni;! 
 I'avitv arc iiiiialtitcd liy tlii< ficiii'iii Ct'idialoia.via and <l'',>tniH, tlii' nasal and ii'soiili 
 
 d 
 
 iiK''iil cavity liy llic j^cniis Ccplicnoiny ia, llic intestinal canal l>y the f;cniis ( iaslrn 
 |i1iiliis. Ill 
 
 le iransrorniatiDiis cii' tlie otiier ueiicia i)i' d'.striila' arc unknown 
 
 It is interesiinif. t'lirtlicr. that many f;enera occur only as )iarasites ol' certain I'anii 
 
 lies of niammals. while others have a sHiiiewhat wiiler o 
 
 •rv w ide ranjic of distri 
 
 hution, and so have fur hosts the dilfei'cnt niiimnials. yet ncd ijiiite without clioiii 
 
 and often even scidi man foi their hreed 
 
 iiiji jdaccs 
 
 Thus, until now, the larva' of ('e|ihunomyia lia\)' only lieeti found in the throats ol 
 I'LTvina, tlio>i' of the ircimra ('ejdialoniyia and (I'.slriis only in tiihipoila and < ttricuriiin. 
 tliotii; of till' ncnii8 (iastro|diiliis in Hiil'uhinijulu and iiiiilliniiinlii { Hhiiiiiirni'i'i, lnit 
 lly|M>dernia, on the other hand, in (■iiiiciiriiiti i Hos. Cajira. Antilopei, ccriMi/ (( erviis. 
 Moschus). ami tiiiiiiln. Ciiteridira lai \ a' in liodenlia and Marsupial ia. and linally those 
 of I )oriiiatolda in dons, oxen, horses, and even upon man. 
 
 ( 1>. lOl Another picture is formed if the pci I'ect i usee Is are divided accord in;; to a 
 jK'culiar characier int(» those with pectinat<> aiileiiiial Irrislles i Cnteiehra, Dernia- 
 toldai. and Ihost-with naked antennal liristles ( lly|)oderma, (iaslrophilns, Ccjihe- 
 iioniyia, ( Ophalomy ia ). sini'o tlii> larva' of the former are parasitic In ungulate 
 nuimals as well as csjiecially in K'odeiitia and .Marsnpialia, hut tlioso of tlm latter 
 only in Un;;ulata, This hitherto so con\'enient and practical division likewise can 
 not ln) relied upon tor an inference, wince (KhIvhh liiiurhiiin hel(iny;s to the f;roii|i of 
 (I'".strida' with naked hristle, Inil its larva Ine.s ujion :i rodent. It is set«n that such 
 divisions are only ;irtiticial and .servo for orientation, hut that nevertheless nature 
 can not he forced into tln-iii. Such divisions are therefore oiil.\ tcinjiorary, and only 
 too oi'tcn hueonie nntruu mo soon as new dis<'overie.s ai'<i piihlished. It is therefore 
 best to troat of the larva' accordin;i; to their geiu^ra, and to limit these as natually 
 a.s jiossihle, since it ha.s thus far heen found constantly in this family that the lar\a' 
 of one j;eniis all liaxc a like life liistorv , and eonversidv the jnenerie characters of the 
 imagoes can scarcely lead us astray if we wish to draw an inferenc(> as to the life 
 history <d' a larva perliajis not yet investi^jated. In tln^ case of a new ycnus, how- 
 ever, we can infer its lite history with very little certainty. l'',xperience alone 
 teaches this. 
 
 The tlies are seldom observed ex('ei)t in open smiiiy places and secrete 
 tlieiuselvcs mostly in low Iierbaj^e, {jrass. aloiiji' roadsides, and other 
 situations where they may j^ain ready access to their victims, Mo.st or 
 all of them live in this stage strictly without I'ood, the mouth ])arts, 
 except in a tew, beiiifj very rndimentiiry or entirely wanting. All are 
 eonlined in their attacks to vertebrates, and all, so far as iiositively 
 known, to mammals. 
 
 The species are qnite numerous, about sixty beino- known in the adult 
 form, Imtoidy tiie more common ones have been thoroughly studied, and 
 in our detailed discus.sion of the s])ecies we will give particular atten- 
 tion only to those affecting the common domestic animals. 
 
 TUK IloUSi; IJOT-ILV. 
 
 A; 
 
 ( liantrophiliin njiii l'"al). i 
 
 Bets in boige.^ have been a familiar form of i>arasite to farmers, 
 stockmen, and veterinarians for we know not how long. Whether they 
 were familiar to the ancients has been a matter of discus.sion among 
 
Bui. 5, now serius, Div. of Entonnology, U, S Dopt ■ f Agncultuii 
 
 Plate 
 
 I iiiii'iiliir t'l'lli 
 ii' Ibiir liciifra 
 :is;il mill truiilii 
 ismI mill <i'.so])|i 
 I' ficiius (instill 
 kiiiiwii. 
 
 Ill' rrltilili Imiiii 
 IMIl;j[<' lit" (listii 
 w iliiiMlt elinirr 
 
 II till' tliriiiitM III 
 n iiinl ((iriiiiriiiii. 
 'ilii>liiffri)y), I lilt 
 
 ■I rfiiiii ( ( rrviis, 
 Mil liiiiilly liiosr 
 
 1 arriiliiilio- to a 
 tiTlllIM, DlTllia- 
 
 ■|i|illiln^, Ci'idir- 
 tii' ill iiii^iilali' 
 )M) nf tll<! latter 
 inn likcwisi- ran 
 I tit tlic )fri)ii|) of 
 s si'iMi that siicli 
 rtlii'lcss natni'i' 
 lorary, and only 
 It is tlicrcl'iiri- 
 |lirHi' as iiatiially 
 y that tlio larva' 
 ?liaiarter.s«if'the 
 ii'i' as to the litV 
 lew Kt'uus, hi)\v- 
 lxiu'ricnc«< alone 
 
 e.s iiiul setrreto 
 es, jind other 
 iins. Most or 
 
 inoutli ])arts, 
 -iny. All are 
 
 its positively 
 
 n ill the iidult 
 ►'stiulled, iiiid 
 tictilar atteii- 
 
 B t() fanners, 
 Whether tliey '* 
 issioii among 
 
 '.>.. 1. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 Gastrophilus equi in Stomach of Horse. 
 
 t'"l(i. I. -Hols oil till" Willis of a lioi'si's stoiiiacli. il'"riiiii a plioio^vapli liy tlii' aiithor. i 
 l''iG. 'J. I'orliniiot' stoiuiii'li wall showing iinliitsof attacliiiii'iit of hots. iFroiii a plioto- 
 Ki'uiili li.v llii' aiitlioi', I 
 
liiiriK'tl iiu'i 
 ii> hiiWits is 
 1 iipiibU'ol' I 
 
 led to SOIIH 
 IIM'IIH iii»i»<'i» 
 I lie lattor a 
 iiirmorrlioiil 
 .1 (li.sciissi<»i 
 tonus \vi'i( 
 a;,'(> as wril 
 tlic stattMiK 
 follows: •• 
 pints \vlii( 
 in tlio i'iiii < 
 and passiii 
 tlicduufr."' 
 ISi:. Mr. IJ 
 animals pr 
 intt'iostin^i' 
 in laif,'0 i>a 
 
 DilVrnMit 
 
 injury <lu»' 
 
 tliu opinion 
 
 presence ol 
 
 normal act 
 
 and soiiiet 
 
 orji'ans, or 
 
 The injii 
 
 attachmeii 
 
 interfere! \\ 
 
 ulandular 
 
 walls of tl 
 
 acli itself: 
 
 they serve 
 
 ach to int 
 
 theniselve 
 
 Some cont 
 
 presence (i 
 
 in larfi'e d 
 
 ing no €ip] 
 
 seen then 
 
 must cans 
 
 sufficient 
 
MIITKHA. 
 
 77 
 
 Ifiinu'd iiMMi, but tlic ilu'iiiion in ancient writin)4:s nt' the (Kstnis imd 
 ii> liiihits is now jjentTiilly «'ttnsi(U'n'(l us n'toraltU! t(» sonic <»l" the Hich 
 I jpahleot' iiicrcin<;', sncli as t lie •^ailllic," or horse lliesand not iiie l)ots. 
 'i'lie occniiciice of two or ilnci^ siinihir species all'cj'tinf;' tiie horse has 
 led to some confusion in tlicir names. Tiiiis tlie iKslriix njui of Lin- 
 iiii'UM appears to correspond wiiii tlu' illntrns ritnli of Falnicius, wliilo 
 ilic latter autlior inchnles in (h'stnis ciiiii tiie (l\.slnis nannlis, (EntruH 
 liii morrlioiiliilis, mu\ U-!sln(s rtttriinisot' I/wumvws. Witiiout fjoinj;' into 
 .1 discussion of tliis synonymy iicie, it will he seen Unit all of these 
 loriiis w«'re apparently familiar to scientilic writers more than a century 
 ;i<;o as well as the more strikiii}: features <A' their life history. Thus 
 the statement made by Linineus (Turton's translation, p. 5X1,') reads as 
 follows: "neposits e<;:jis on the hairs of horses, and always on those 
 parts which are most liabh' to be licked by the toii<;ue; these, eitli<'r 
 in the ejijif or larval state are conveyed by the tongue into the stonnu^h, 
 and passiii;;' through the intestines with the; food aic dischar^'cd with 
 the (binj;.'' These lai\ a- are commonly known by the name of bots. In 
 lSl,"i Mr. Ilracy Clark published his essay on bots of horses and other 
 animals i)resentin^' the results of thorough investij;ation upon these 
 iiiterestin;;' parasites, and subsetiuent investi}>ation has but contirmed 
 III hiviio part the conclusions reached by him. 
 
 NATUUK AM) KMKNI' ul IN.Hin. 
 
 I liferent writers have jdat'cd very dill'erent estimates upon the 
 injury due to bots, and as ;;ieat diveisity, or perhaps greater, exists in 
 the opinions (d' practical men and veterinarians, some holdin;^' that the 
 presence <d" the bot in the horse's stomach does not interfere with its 
 normal activities, while others look upon them as extremely dauf^erous 
 and sometimes refer almost any serious disturbance of the <lige8tive 
 or;ians, or death fnun unknown cause, to bots. 
 
 The injury to the horse from the larva' may take four forms : (1) The 
 attachment to tlie walls of the stomach causes an irritation which may 
 interfere with the normal action of the ji'lands or reduce the extent of 
 ;;landular surface; (2) the bots abstract some nutriment from the 
 walls of the stomach, or b absori)tion, from the contents <d' the stom- 
 ach itself; (3) by c(dlectiuj;. particularly in the rej-ion of the pylorus, 
 they serve as an «tbstruction lo the free passaj^e (d'food from tlu^Tstom- 
 lU'h to intestines; (I) in passajje through intestines they may attach 
 themselves at times to walls or in rectum and cause yreat irritation. 
 Some consider this as the source of most of the serious symptoms from 
 presence of bots. In any of these methods the extentof injury depends 
 ill larj-e dej^ree upon the number of bots present, a few probably caus- 
 ing no .appreciable damage, while larj-e numbers (sufficient, as vre have 
 seen them, to completely cover large patches of the stomaidi walls) 
 must cjiuse serious disturbance and loss of nutrition and would seem a 
 sufficient cause to produce fatal results. From the nature of the ttase 
 
78 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 no (leflnito statistics can be given lor tlie losses incurred. It is prob- 
 ably safe to say that nine-tenths of all colts and horses that are i)as- 
 tured during summer, and a smaller proportion of driving and work 
 horses, become infested with bots each year. Aside from the injuries 
 inflicted by the larva', we must consider the excitement produced by 
 the flies wiien depositing the eggs as a sourceof loss, and this in many 
 cases is by vo means insignificant. 
 
 LIFE HISTOKV AM) IIAHITS. 
 
 Adults of this species are about three-fourths of an indi in length, 
 the wings are transparent with dark spots, those near the center form- 
 ing an irregular, transverse band. The body is very hairy, the head 
 brown with whitish front, thorax brown, abdomen brown with three 
 rows of blackish spots, which are subject to considerable variations. 
 In the females the segments are often almost entirely brown with sim- 
 ply u narginal series of yellowish spots, while in males the abdcmien 
 may be almost entirely yellow or very light brown, with brown or dark 
 
 Fio. H7. — tiantinplilliifi rijii! : n, t'jii;— onlarsod ; h. cii;— iiutiiral h'i/.v . c ynuiiu Imvii : (/, vdiiii}? Inrvn — 
 inuoli i'iilary;i'il, Mlmwiii;; Mpiiiv uriiiatiirr: .•. mal liooks: /', body siiimx: ;/, liiH-j;ro\Mi larva— twice 
 natural Hi/.)'! Ii. mliill t'oiiialc loriiriiiali. 
 
 spots very distinct. The males are rarely seen, fur while it is one of 
 the most common occurrences to witness the female around the horses 
 depositing their eggs, the males evidently hold aloof. They are readily 
 distinguished by the foini of the abdomen, which lacks the two tubular 
 segments at the end, and is provided on the under side of the last seg- 
 ment with ; of dark-brown, or black hooks, or clasping organs. 
 Otherwise, c the color of the abdomen, alrerdy mentioned, they 
 resemble very closely tiie females. The eggs (fig. .'?7, a and h) are light 
 yellow in color and will be found attached to the hairs of the shoulders, 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 79 
 
 forelegs, under side of body, and sometimes even tlie mane and other 
 parts of the body, most commonly, however, on the forelej^s and shoul- 
 ders. The method of deposition has been frequently observed. The 
 female hovers near the horse in a ]M)sitioii which appears to be nearly 
 v«'rticiil, since the body is bent downward, and the extended abdomen 
 is thrust f(U'ward under the body to its full extent. The tly then darts 
 toward the horse, the eyjjf is glued to the hair in an instant and the tly 
 retreats a yard or two to hover till another egg is ready to be deposited. 
 Tlie operation is repeated at very short intervals, so that hundreds of 
 eggs may be <leposited upon a horse in a comparatively short time. 
 The eggs are held by a sticky tluid, which quickly dries and thus glues 
 them lirndy to the hairs. They are about one-sixteenth of an inch in 
 length, anil taper a little toward each end, thougii tlie attached end is 
 the smaller. The outer end is provided with a little cap (operculum), 
 Avliich is set (juite obliiiuely to the axis of the egg, though some authors 
 represent it as cutting the egg sipiare off at the end. This cap or 
 operculum breaks or is ])ushed otf when the grub hatches. Bracy 
 Clark wrote that the eggs do not hatch until twenty-tive to thirty days 
 old, while .loly found them to hatch in timr or five days. Verrill says: 
 
 The ogyH contain more or less pt-rfeotly developed larvii' when laid ; and when they 
 arc mature <ir have been a few days attached to the hair, they hurst open and allow 
 the young to escape alnu>8t instantauiMUJsly, when moistened. Thus, when the horse 
 licks itself or its companious, the nioistuie hatches the eggs an*l the young larva' are 
 transferred to the mouth l>y tiio tou^ue or lips, and thence to the stcuuach. where 
 they fasten themselves to the lining memhrane l>y their two hooks. 
 
 Evidently some such condition is essential to the hatching of the eggs, 
 as we have reiuoved haus containing eggs from tlie horse and keeping 
 them where not subject to moisture they failed entirely to hatch, and 
 even after a year's time do not appear greatly shriveled. Doubtless 
 they must hatch in a comparatively short time or lose their vitality, 
 for moisture does not etVect a hatching in those long kept away from 
 the horse. The empty egg shells may I'ling to the horse for some time 
 after the hatching of the larva' and give it the appearance of being 
 coated with eggs. I'^xaniination, however, will readily disclose the 
 absence <tf the opercnlum in the hatched eggs. 
 
 In order to determine more certainly as t<t the exact condition of 
 hatching and the time involved, I undertook in 18J)3 some observations 
 whi(!h were reported in ISiilletin No. '.V2 of the Division of Entomology 
 (pp. 40—1!)). I'jggs collected from a horse while tlies were depositing, 
 and therefore probably not long laid, were opened at ditl'erent times by 
 rubbing them with a moistened linger, simulating as nearly as possible 
 the action of the tongue in licking the body. While the larva' appeared 
 to be fully formed during the first three or four days after deposition, 
 the eggs hatched with ditliculty and the larva' seemed (|uite inactive, 
 and all I irva^ that were freed in this manner up to the tenth day were 
 hatched with diHiculty, though the larvae at the end of this time were 
 becoming fairly active. 
 
80 
 
 INSECTS AFrECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 \'\nn wi'cks aft«'r liiitrliiiij; the t'f^jjs ojitMird with tlio slijjhtt'st toiidi 
 of ii \v»'t iinjior, ami the hirvu' adhcrinf-' to tlic lin;;«'r were very active, 
 though in some east's they were inactive and apparently dead. Ahoid 
 live wceiis after eoilectiiif;" the e.n»s nearly all j^ave oidy inacliv*' oi' 
 iU'ad larva', thouj;h (>pen«'d with t'aseon hcinj;' louehed with the linj;er. 
 and in Ibrly days alter collect iiij;- no livinj;' larva- eonid he found in the 
 remaining' ('{ifis, 4'xcept one which had sncccctled in pnshinji'olV the cap 
 of the ciii; and partially enierjiinj;'. 
 
 In view of (lies<' resnlls, I concluded: 
 
 (1^ I'llilt thf t'liUS (if lIu'lliU'sc I'tll ll\ <ll> IlOl lllltrll, l'\CC|)l 1>\ Mil' !(ssiMliillc't' of tlic 
 
 liorsn's i()ii>fiu>. 
 
 ('-) riiiit hatcliiujj; ilocs nut in'ilinurily occur w li liiii ten or I w cl\ c duyn iiiul poHHi- 
 blv loiiffcr, or if diiriiifi tliis pcrioil, <nil\ on very coiiiinnons ^nd iiclivc liokint; Ity 
 tlio liiirsc. 
 
 (',i) Tlial tln> hatdiini; ol' lln'l:ir\ c talics jilaci' niosi icailily iliiriii!;: t lie third to 
 lifth wi'i'k after (lc|iosition 
 
 ,1) That the majority ol' I lie 1: 
 
 their \italit\ after lhirt\ tive to I'ortv 
 
 (Inya. 
 
 ('t) That larvM' may reiani llieir vitality and .show nreal ai'livit\ upon liatchin;; 
 
 atler till' eiius were denositi 
 
 as late as tliirt.\ nine d 
 
 (Ct) I'liat it is possilile, tliouuli not normal, I'or e!',ns to lialili without moisture or 
 friction. 
 
 (7> That in \ ie\\ ol' t licsc results, the scrajiiliuj olf of the e<;<i;s. or t lii'ir .enioval or 
 
 tlestrnetion li\ means ol' \v: shes will lie el'lective, even if not nse( 
 
 (1 oil 
 
 in two weeks dnrinu tl 
 
 period of ej^jj deposition, 
 
 ind 
 
 prolialily 
 
 ener than once 
 
 a smule 
 
 removal of the ojr^x al'tcr the period of ei 
 
 d. 
 
 losition 
 
 las p 
 
 that, 
 II pr. 
 
 it t 
 
 Iw 
 
 j;reat majority of hots Irom iiaiiiinj; access to liie slumaeh, oral least ho hufic a 
 priijiortion that little injnr\ is lil<el> to occur. 
 
 (Mill's 
 
 NVisliiiiii" to kno.v still more dcliintcly the period of most r«'ady liat-cli- 
 ini;', and the elVcct of ditVercnt washes for treatment, I siiofi'csted to a 
 veterinary student, Mr. Harry Shanks, a carclnl series of (thsei vatious, 
 which were carried throiijih dnriiij;' the siiimiu'r of IS'M. 
 
 l-'roin this study, which was made under my direction, and so that I 
 had fieiiuent opi.ort unity to note progress, a irimlx-r of points weie 
 j^ained. which are worth addiiij;' to the al»o\c record. Three hundred 
 were collected from a horse which had )>«'<>ii previously freed from 
 e'iii's, so that the exact date of deposition was as;-,, red. The eji'jjs were 
 tested every <lay. 
 
 On tlieday ot'collectioii tirstdayi the eci<;s;i])peaicd iiiimatuie. One 
 day later eiyht e^i'j^s opened by pickinj; the oia'tculum olV showed three 
 larva- with sliolit moveinenl. and li\'e '.mmovable. On the third day a 
 half hour of frictittn failed to hatch e^'j^s. but the larva- when treed by 
 piekinjLi (tif the o|)(i(-iilum showed two, slijiht mo\'ement; one. no move- 
 ment, and one sutlieicnt inovt'ineii^ t(» j;et out of the opened shell. 
 
 On the Iburtli day the larva- in (-leven I'fins were all active, but had 
 to be freed by jdekiiiii' otf the ojierculuni: the same was true np to the 
 seventh day, the only ditference beiny- noti-d in greater luiituriiy and 
 size of Uirvie. 
 
DIITKUA. 
 
 Hi 
 
 tt'sl toiicli 
 'ly iirlivc, 
 il. About 
 liiclivt' (»i' 
 !Im' liiij;tM', 
 iind ill Mu> 
 i>ll' tlic cap 
 
 ilaiii'o of til)- 
 M Mild poHsi 
 
 tli<' lliinl to 
 IVf III I'oity 
 
 oil llMlrllilll; 
 
 iiioistiiro or 
 
 I" .fiiioviil or 
 iT I hall oiK'i' 
 i.i!. a siiijilc 
 |irt>Miit; tlic^ 
 t HO lar{;»' a. 
 
 luly liiitcli- 
 :t'st('(l to il 
 st'i vatious, 
 
 I so til at 1 
 Hints were 
 ' Imiulred 
 IVced fVoiii 
 t'lifjs were 
 
 lire. One 
 wed tliree 
 lird day a 
 I treed by 
 , no iiiove- 
 diell. 
 
 ', Imt liad 
 np to the 
 iirity iiud 
 
 On tlie iiiiitlt day, or ulieii the larva' were, eij^lit «lay.s lion; deposi- 
 iuMi, one larva was I'reed by sev«uiteeii iiiiiintes of rnhbiii;;' with wet 
 liii;;er, anether in t wcidy two minnles; on the leiilli (hiy t wo ot iters, 
 oiie in loiirteiMi and tlie otiier in ei<4'::t ininiites; and on tin; eh>\('iith 
 (lay several wen^ liatclied. the, time varyiu;;' I'roni two to live iiiiniites ol 
 sahjeetioii to the Hali\a and I'rietioii. On the twelllh day it reijiiired 
 hilt one or two ininntes, and on the thirteenth e;;<;'s would hatch in 
 tilteeii to thirty seeinids. (hi the rourleent!i <lay a nniniier of e;;^s 
 weie tried, alioiit one tliird of wliieli hatched almost immediately upon 
 Iteinj;" touched with the moist linger, the others in from live to iuj;lit 
 seconds. On the, lifteeiilh day all ej^f^s seemed fully mature, and pnth 
 alily nine-tent lis would have hatched at oiic(> upon heiti;;' touched hy a 
 
 lorse's tonijfuu in theordinarv motion of li(;l;iii 
 
 From the si.\te<'iit h 
 
 (lay to the twenty-second the c;:};s would open with a tom-li of th<! 
 fiiifier, but tin' larva' would not adhere except with moistnie. On the 
 twenty-third day the first dead lar\a was noted, and a da.\- later four 
 out of eleven e;ii;s opened lia<l dead laiva'. On the twenty tbiirlh «b»y 
 all of theef;\us not previously <»peiie<l were examined with a lens, and 
 only one showed the cap rt'iuovecl. the larva beiii};' partly out, but dead, 
 'flie hatchiii};- of but one ef-fi' out of tliree hundred seems to me to 
 establish pretty fully my former opinion, that the ef^j^s recpiire moisture 
 or friction for the release ol the yoniifjf. 
 
 On the twenty-lifth day, out of 10 e;;};s three <'ontaiiie<l dead larva', 
 live j'oiild move sli;ihtly, and two were (piite active. On the twenty- 
 sixth day (!aps were removed iVoiii tiiirty li\<^ e;4;4S, twenty-seven larva' 
 heiiifj; dead, seven were capable of slij^ht inovement, and one was active 
 eiioujih to escape from the shell. 
 
 On the twenty-seventh day out (if fortytliice c;:jis ojicihmI only one 
 larva was alive and on the t went yciji lit li day ( ml v one out of sixty- live, 
 and on the, twciit.x ninth day all the icma.'niiijj^ e;^<;s, one hundred and 
 three, sliow<'d only dead larva-, 
 
 'i'he results of this study, it Will be seen, coiiliriii in tiie main the coii- 
 cliisi(Mi of the I'ormei- ol servations, the princii»al ditVereiice lyiiij; in the 
 fact that all the larva' were dead at a .somewhat earlier period. Ot 
 ciMirse it could not lie said that of the ej;',i:s opened in tlie earlier (biys 
 none would have survived loii,iier than Ibui- xvecks, Itut coiisiib riiij;- the 
 number used and that (iiie third of them were kept the full four weeks 
 and two-thirds nearly that loii.n' iielbre beiiiu oju'iied, the oiesiimption 
 is stroiijn' that that is the full normal jieriod of survival. 
 
 it is sale, I think, to siini up the matter by sayiny that the i/u's nor 
 iiially recpilre IVietion and moisture to permit of tlieir hatching; and trans- 
 fer to the horse's month, that hatchiii;;' occurs with dillicnlty before 
 the tenth day, and most readily alter the Iburteeiith day. and that they 
 ]ose^ itality at a period varyiii;^' betw<'en the f wenty-eijiiith and fortieth 
 days, the bulk not snrviviiiff more than four weeks. This jjives a solid 
 foundation u|mui which to base iccomiinMidations as to the time when 
 e{>fvs must be destroyed. 
 4(i.-,;5_>o. .") (} 
 
82 
 
 1N8ECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Tbe newly hatched larva ^flg. 37, c) is a slender, worm like creature, 
 so transparent that the internal organs are plainly visible. It grows 
 rapidly at first, its food consisting, probably, of the jnucous secretions ot 
 the month and (esophagus. When two days old it presents the appear- 
 ance shown in lig,37,(?. As soon as it reaches the stonuich it fixes itsell 
 to the walls by the hooks next tl;e mouth and .soon undergoes consider- 
 able change in its tbrm and appearance. The body becomes more con- 
 ical, but instead of the head end being widest this be(!onies more slender, 
 while the tail end broaden.s. The si)irach's at first exposed in two Hap- 
 like projections from the last segment are drawn more witiiin the body 
 and are protected by the development of a horny plate. T\w spines on 
 the segments following the head become more pronounced. When full 
 grown the laiva is three-fourths of an inch to one inch in length and of 
 the appearance shown in the accompanying figure (tig. 37, //). xVt this 
 time they occur in large clusters upon tlie walls of the stomach, gener- 
 ally more esi)ecially numerous at the i»yloric portion, where they serve 
 to retain the contents of tlie stomach. From the fact that the food 
 of the horse does not beconu' comi)letely reduced to fiuid, this obstruc- 
 tion may be considerably greater than if only fiuid matter had to pass 
 the pyh>rus. This growth has occupied fntni late in the fall, through 
 the winter, till late in the spring, and when fully developed the bots 
 loosen their hold and are carried through the intestines and, escapiiig 
 with the excrement, burrow into the ground to i)ass the pui)a stage. 
 This lasts for several weeks, thirty to forty days, according to .some 
 authors, when the fiy. which has been already described, issues and is 
 ready to proceed with the business of providing for another generation 
 of bots. 
 
 The larva of this species has been found i: ' lu stomach of the dog. 
 though it can not be considered a lun-nnd hah., at for it, and it is very 
 doubtful whether the young larva' cctuld survive in the stomach of 
 a carnivorous animal. Kailliet (Comptes Rendus des seances de la 
 Societe de Biologic, 1804) cites records by Colin and others of such 
 occurrences, and details experiments which show the possibility of the 
 survival of nearly mature larva' that a e swallowed with fragments of 
 the stomach walls attaching to the stomach of the dog and remaining 
 alive and healthy fifteen days after the ingestion. 
 
 PREVENTION. 
 
 ■ '1 dealing with bots in horses, by far the most important point is to 
 prevent the inf/luction of the larva-, and while we have no ojjpor- 
 tunity, as in the case of the ox bot-fiy, to completely v xterminate the 
 pest, it is certain that proper att 'ution to preventive measures would 
 in a few yeais greai'y reduce the numbers of the insect and procure 
 comparative freedom. The better care usually accorded horses nuikes 
 it possible to deal with it in some respects more easily than the species 
 infesting :attle. The most vulnerable point of attack li«'s in the con- 
 8picu(;us position of the eggs. No horseman, probably, can overlook 
 
J*'.'. 
 
 DIPTERA. 
 
 83 
 
 li creaturo. 
 
 rliese <>bjects wlu'u occurring on the horse lie is earing f(H', iind eolts in 
 pasture sometimes become so covered with thpm as to give a decided 
 ciiauge in color to tlie parts most att'ected. It is evident that removing 
 or destroying these eggs previous to hatching is all that is necessary 
 to prevent '"bots" in the horse. With horses kept in stables or used 
 daily there is little trouble; the Hies have less opportunity to deposit 
 eggs upon them, and the ordinary grooming of the animal serves to 
 remove some of the eggs, or being constantly under observation the eggs 
 attract the attention of *^he person in charge and he removes them, if 
 not to i)revent bots at least to avoid the unsightly or ill-kept ai»pearan«e 
 they give the aninmi. With colts or horses in i)asture, however, the 
 case is very dilVerent. i!iot knowing the currycomb or card through the 
 whole summer, and perhaps hardly seen from one week's er-d to the 
 other, the eggs dejxtsited on them by hundreds have every possible 
 chance to transmit larvic to the alimentary canal where they connnence 
 their growth. During "uly, August, ami September, or as lat«! asejjigs 
 ajjpear on the horses, those kept in jtastures should be examined once 
 every two or three weeks and the eggs destroyed or removed. This can 
 be accomplished in several ways. By using washes of dilute carb<dic 
 acid, about one part carbolic acid to thirty parts water, or rubbing the 
 affected parts over lightly witli kerosene, by (!lii)ping the hair or by 
 shaving the eggs off" with a shari> knife or razor. Our own experience 
 leads us to prefer the last. Witli a very sharp knife or razor (a dull one 
 will glide over tiie eggs) the atl'ected parts can l)e very (piickly run 
 over without removing much, if any, «»f the hair. This method leaves 
 no doubt as to whether or not the eggs have been touched, as in washes, 
 and subsequent examinations are not complicated l)y a lot of dead eggs 
 or shells. Perform once every two weeks, and there can be very few of 
 the larva' which gain entrance to the stomach. Will it pay, may natu- 
 rally be asked by the man who has. say, from twenty-live to a hundred 
 colts in the jtasture. I'ossibly not, il' but a single season is considered, 
 but the loss of a single horse, or the poor condition (»f a number, result 
 ing from bots, or the fretting of the whole number in i)asture, would 
 inore than ecpial all the cost of removing the eggs from the entire lot. 
 But when the presence on the farm of the pest year after year is consid- 
 ered with all its attendant evils, we believe most emphatically that it 
 will pay. 
 
 (i?uite frequently the tlies will be observed at work depositing eggs 
 on the legs or body of a hmse at work or in carriage. If not noticed 
 at once the nervous stamping, biting, or oftt'u greater excitement of 
 the horse will ajjprise the driver of their presence. Although the Hies 
 are pretty wary m\C. dart away when approached, a fewsecouds' watch- 
 ing will enable •..('•, hy striking them down to the ground with hand or 
 hat, to capture and kill the Hy and thus stop the deposition of eggs 
 and annoyance to tii>, litrse. AVhether the larva' of this si)ecie8 can 
 mature excei)t ui>oii gn-'iiing access to eavth seems not to have been 
 determined, and for all the time the horses are in the held or on the 
 
 A f'^:-^ 
 
84 
 
 INSECTS AFFtCTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 voiid they luive ready access to eartb. But as some other forms can 
 inipate snccessfally in the duii;^- heap, it would seem worth wliihi to 
 subject the droppiujjs of horses known to contain L-ots to some process 
 that wouhl d"str( y them and thus ])revent maturity of the tiy. 
 
 KEJIEDIKS FOW «OTS. 
 
 The prcvscription of druj;s for the reiuoval of hots from the stomach 
 when their presence is known or susjiected l»eh>n}>s ratlier t(» the vet- 
 erinarian than to tlie entomologist, but it nniy not be out of place here 
 to call attention to a few of tliem. It is of course not an ea-y matter 
 to determine during the life (»f the horse whether any ])articul:ir dis- 
 turbance of the digestive organs or lack of nutrition is due to the 
 presence of bots or to sonu; other agency producing similar symptoms, 
 and even a competent veterinarian may be pn//Ied in diagintsis. If 
 occasional bots are nctticed in the excrement of tlie animal together 
 witl; j)oor condition, tlieii presence in numbers nniy be inferred. It 
 must be remeinbeicd tliat the bots are capable of withstanding almost 
 any substance that the walls of the stomach can endure, ami tlu' safest 
 ]>lan, if intending to dose for them, is to employ a veterinarian. Tur- 
 pentine is perhaps most generally given, but must be used with care. 
 
 TilK Il.ll.MOKUIIOIDAL Itoi-FLi. 
 
 (>ianlri>jtliiliix hii ifKin hiiiilalis Linn.) 
 
 While it is common to speak of tin horse bot tly, it should not be in- 
 ferred that there is but one kind paiasitic upon the horse. Take the 
 world over there au- at least six well detined sj»ecics occniring on tiic 
 horse, ass, or mule, and any ui these are liable to be introduced into this 
 country with imported animals. The alioveiiamed species is juobably 
 next to <(iiii, the most generally distributed in this country. Witii the 
 other allied specie it wuf well known in Murnpe during the last cen- 
 tury and received mention (U' more elaborate (lescrii>tion tVoiii Liniia'us, 
 iJeGeer. Fabiicins, .md other leading writi'rs on entoniohigw 
 
 Exii.-iT ;'i' iN.irm. 
 
 The losses ti> be reterreu to this species are similar to those of the 
 other species, but iVom tlie aciounts ol' various authors and what we 
 have heard I'roiii person^ who were plainly describing the actions of 
 this particular toiiii, it is I'vident tiiat llie excitement and coiisciiueiit 
 l(»ss due to the iitacks of tlie adult liy are much worse with this species 
 than the common one. This is described by Clark as foll(»ws: 
 
 At till) sij^lil dl' tlii.s ll.v tile liorso a|)iiciirs miirh a;;it!Ui'<l, and moves !iis \n\nd liack- 
 wartl anil I'urward in tlio air to l)allv its touch ami incx eni its ilartinji on the lips; 
 but tlitHly, wait mi; for a favorable oiijtortnnity, ('(nitiiuifs to repeat the operation 
 iVoni time to tune; till at len>ttb, liiulin^ this mode dt'dereiiHe iiisiiDicient, the eiirajied 
 animal endeavors to avoid it by Kallopiiiji' away to a distant ))art of tlie liebl. If it 
 still eontiniies to follow and lease him, bis las) resource is in the water where the 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 86 
 
 (Kstni.s is injvcr obscrvt'd to follow him. At other tiiiit'>- tliis <Kstru8 fjt'ts between 
 the forelegs of the liorse whilst ht- is yniziiig, anil thus makes its attack on the ' jwer 
 lip. TIk! titillatioii Ofcasioiis the horse to staiii]) violently with his forefoot ajijaiust 
 the ground, and often strike with his foot, as if aiming a blow at the lly. They 
 also sometimes liide themselves in the grass and as the horse stoops to graze, they 
 dart on the month or lips and are always observed to i)oise themsehes during a few 
 seeonils in the air, while tlie egg is ]ire]iaring on the jioint of tlie {ilidomen. 
 
 I.I IK IIISTOKV AM) U A 111 IS. 
 
 • 
 
 Hii\iiiff (list'ussed juTtty fully the habits of the (•(•imuoii .species, it 
 will be nil necessary to ^o into details that are .similar in other species, 
 but simply call attention to distiiijiuishinji' characiters and such differ- 
 ences in habit as may be of economic importanci . 
 
 Prof. A. 1'-. N'criill (Keport on ICxternal and I'.fciiial Parasites of 
 ]Man and Domestic Animals. ]). 21)) o'ives the followinjj condensed state- 
 ment of its life history and habits: 
 
 The liastrDjihiliiK lui niiirrliniildHs, or red-tailed bot-lly, is a small species, easily dis- 
 tinguished by the bright oiaiige-icd tip of tlie abdomen. The thorax above is olive 
 gray and hairy, with a black band behind the suture. The base of the abdomen is 
 whitish and the middle blackish, in strange contrast with the orange red of the end. 
 'I'he hirv;c Inive the sann- habits anil are found in the sann> situations with those of 
 the common bot-lly, which they much resemble, excejit that they are whiter and 
 smaller, their len.uth not exceeding one-half or lixe-cightlis of an inch. They change 
 to ]ini)a' witliin two days alter leaving iiic horse, and th<> ])up!e are deep red. They 
 remain in the ]iupa state about two months, and the tlies appear from tin' last of 
 .lune till tlie cool weatlier of autiunn. In deposit iiig tlu 
 
 :s til! 
 
 leniale ditVers in 
 
 habit from the common bot-l 
 
 slie selects tlic lip,^ and nose of the h 
 
 orse as 
 
 the 
 
 most suitaldi- place for thi^ jjurpose. The e^gs are darker colored [some authors say 
 Idack] than those ol' the common bot-lly, and ciuitaiu a luarly develo]ied embryo, so 
 that they very soon hatch, .iml the young larvic are transferred to the mouth by ihe 
 tongue, and thence gel into tlie sioniacli. 
 
 i;i;:\ii;iiii;s. 
 
 On account of thc^ shorter time b<'t\v«'cii deposition < if cogs and hatch- 
 ing- of larxic. it is evident that the removtil of eggs as for that spc'iies 
 would be less successful, ("or Inu'ses in use. immediiite attention when 
 they give signs of the presence of the lly. the ctipture of the insect 
 and the removal of eggs tilready attiichetl wouhl be Itnt tlie natural 
 method suggested by a knowledge of *lie insect. I'or horses in pasture, 
 if e\liil»itiiig signs of molestation liy this insect, the stiine attiMitioii 
 Avould be iidvisable whenever the nature of the ctise w ill i>ermit. It 
 wouhl be worth while to try the application of some oil or tar to the 
 hairs of tiie lips as a ])revi'ntioii to the faslening of the eggs to them. 
 
 lloijsi; Hot i'L\ oil >-('iiiN V].\." 
 
 ('i((.s/;'((///u7».s /i((.s((//« I, inn.) 
 
 As already stated, this sjn'cies litis been more or less confused 
 with ft/Hi in scientilic writings tind doul.ttless still more so in general 
 ob.servation. 
 
86 
 
 INSKCTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 It was (loscribed as U'^ntnis iia.st(lis by Liimu'ius (Fauna Sium'. ) and 
 iMvii!^ :?lso yivi'U the name of rctfrinus by (.'lark. It was incliuU'd by 
 Fabricius with li<niiorrhoi(l(ili.s under (Kstnis nfiii. The description in 
 Systenia Natura' (Turton's translation) is as tblhnvs: 
 
 W'iiifjs iiiiiiiiu'iiliiti', body t't'iTiigiiioiis, Midi's of flic thorax iiiid Itasi- of the alidoiiuMi 
 with white hairs. Deposits its t'i;jj;.s on liorsr.s and cattle, the larva' jindialdy pass 
 thi'Diifih the stouiach like tlic I'oniicr one. 
 
 Less tlian f/'.'»fn(/) ((/»/. IiiHcrtion ol' the \v inns and liast^ ol' ihe ahdoiiieii covered 
 with«whiti8li hairs; sei'oinl seu'iiieiit of the abdomen with two liairv tnbereh's. 
 
 r> 
 
 itl 
 
 ieneatli and leirs rus 
 
 I U 
 
 ^tv ) 
 
 trown. 
 
 1' 
 
 ernale with sometimes a Idaekish abdomen. 
 
 Of thir species Verrill writes (l')xt. and Int. I'arasites. p. L'S): 
 
 The (liiKlr<>i>liilitn luimilin is a smaller si>ecics. densely hairy, with the thorax yel- 
 lowish red or rust-c(dored. The abdomen is either whitish at base, with the middle 
 black ami the apex yellowish brown and hairy; oi- the base is whitish and all tho 
 rest brown : or the middle i.s black, with the base and apex whitish, with jiiayish 
 
 muih like those of the precedinj^ 
 
 hairs. Th 
 
 , ii.y;s are nnsootted. The larva' 
 
 [Inemorrhoidalis], except that they are smaller, and also live in tlu' stonnich of horses. 
 They clianjje to pupa' beneath the manure, and the llies appear from . I un»' to !>ej)- 
 tenilier. It also inl'esis the ass and mnle. and some anthors say that it li\es even in 
 cattle. 
 
 Ztuii ■ ascribes this parasite to hor.ses. asses, nmlcs. and ji'oats. and 
 says the ej;j;s. 1 mm. lonji', are laid on th.' lips and mar;;iii of nostrils. 
 He describes the full-urown larva as l.» to 14 mm. loni;. deep yellow or 
 yellow brown, thicker behind thai- before, and the seyinents "J to it aliove 
 and 2 to 10 bel(»w with a sinylc row of yellowish, iirowu lipped si»incs. 
 
 The pupa he described as dark brown or Itlack. tlu' sejiinents witii 
 only a single series of liorny spines, its len.utli of life in tins stage 
 from thirty to fort,' wo days. 
 
 Professor (iarman- in a recent itaper on th«' std\iect yives a recoi d of 
 the occurrence of tiiis species in Kciitiiclvy. 
 
 Fr(un this record it would ai»pear that the species i.s somcw liat 
 common and troublesome in that region, and as the species has been 
 recorded from many places in this country, it may be looked upon as 
 liavinj; (piite a general distribiition. 
 
 The most essential point in hai>it ol' this species is tiic fact that the 
 eggs are laid on the lips or nostrils, within easy reach of the tongue, 
 and as it is (piitc juobable that tln-y hatch more pronii)tly than tiiost^ 
 of <</«/, it is more ditlicult to adojit measures of preventi«»n. .Measures 
 nmst consist in ])reventing as far as possible the deposition of eggs, for 
 which purpo.se the application of a Utile tar and lish oil to the haiis of 
 the under lip may be of service, and where <'ggs are suspected, the use 
 of a wash of carbolic acid to the lips and nnirgin of nostrils. 
 
 According to (iarman. the eggs are white, and are attached to the 
 hairs of the lip and throat by the greater part of one side. The species 
 occurs in Europe and has been observed in New lOngland, New York, 
 Ohio, Kentucky, Kiin.sas. I tah, and probably elsewhere in this country. 
 
 ' Die tierischen I'arasiten, p. 100. 
 
 ■^The Bot Flics of the Horse, Seventh An. Rep. Ky. Ag. Exp. 8ta.. p. xxvil. 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 87 
 
 fPW 
 
 I'lol'ossor (iarmaii {jives tho tbllowiiij^- key by whieli tlie diflereut 
 si>eeies of bot-tlies uiiiy be (li.stiiifjfuisbed: 
 
 1. i(i) Discoidiil fell closed by croHS vtiii. 
 
 ■J. (!{) VViug8 imuked witii hrowii a. ei/ui. 
 
 ;!. (2) Wings not nmrUi'd with brown. 
 
 I. (.' ) Anturior basal coll iKMirlyorqiiitueiiiial totliotliscoidalcell inlfiijrtli. (1. miHalifi. 
 '.. I () Anterior biisal cell markedly whortcr than tliediseoidal cell, (i.homorrhoiilallx. 
 t|. (I) Discoidal cdl tipen (I. jieconim. 
 
 itfislrn/iliihiH iniiiriim I'ab. 
 
 \N\' art' not awiue that this s|)e('ies lias been encountered in the 
 I'nited States, and if so it is evidently latlier rare. The t'oMowing 
 paraj-rapli from I'rofessor Verrill's report would seem to indicate au 
 ac(|uaiutauce with speeimens eolleeted in this country: 
 
 The (inalr<tj)hilnx piconim is densely covered with yellow hairs, with a band of 
 black hairs on the thorax behind the sntiire in the male. The t'einale is yellowinh 
 brown, the abdomen blaek, with yellowish hairs at its base, as well as on the 
 thorax. The winj;s are grayish or light lirownish, clonded witli yellowish lirown. 
 The larva- are similar to those of the more comnmn <l. I'liiti, and have similai' habits. 
 The tli<'8 appear at the sami- time. 
 
 Osten Sacken's list of Anieriean D'j'iera records it only from .binuiica 
 i<\[ (lie aiitlioritv of Walker. 
 
 TiiK Hot Fi,ii:s of ('AfTLK: Wak'Iilk 1"lii;s. 
 
 I'nril a lew years ayi* it Wiis assumed that the common bot lly atlect- 
 ing cattle in this country was tlie sanu^ as the oiu' most common in 
 Kuropean countries, and tlu' same specillc name was api>licd to it with 
 apparently little careful examiiiiUion of either larva- or iidults to deter- 
 mine the ([iicstion with certainty. 
 
 Following tli«' announcement oi Dr. Curtice, tliiit the larva- reached 
 the backs of the animals tliroiijih rhe (csophatius, a (careful review of 
 all available material was made (K'iley, Insect Life, Vol. IV, p. .'JbL'), 
 which indicated that the species nxist abundant, if not the only com- 
 mon form, was not the lioris of Kurope, but lincnta. which is likewise 
 Huropeait iti distribution. 
 
 There is .so miu'li in common, however, in the habits and iiiiture of 
 the injury of the two siiecies thtir it seems appropriate to discuss some 
 of these {general features for the two s])e(!ies. and then to yi\e the dis- 
 tinctive features lor the two forms with reference t(» such differences of 
 habit or treatment as may be necessary. 
 
 A considertible portion of this yenertil matter was ])repare(l i)rior to 
 the discovery of the identity of our species with linetdd, and, while 
 written with hovix in mind, applies properly to the former species. 
 
 Historically, hovis has been recognized the longer, having doubt- 
 less been known from earliest times, and the larva often mentioned in 
 writings from 171(» on as, possibly, also lineuta, but bovus was described 
 
88 
 
 iNsr.iris ai'I'Fa'TIncj domkstic ammai.m. 
 
 by I>«'(itM>r in 177(» niidtT tin' iiiinic of (I\sfnis Inn-is, liitcr cliiiii);*')! I»\ 
 ].i)trii'II*' to ll/ipoilrniKi horis. 
 
 Ill ISITt l>»iit\\ Cljirk. in liis Kssny on lii«> llols ol' llorsrs iintl Otlit-i 
 Aniiiiiils, |)i'(>s(>iit«Ml prolmhiy llir lirst ciircrnl shnly ol' its lilo liistoiy 
 iiini Iniltils. ant] InU'v tlic li'soiin-ln's of Mrancr, 'rasrlicnlxM'^. /nni. ami 
 otluTs lijivr adtU'il to onr know It'(lt;o (»f tlic species. 
 
 More recently Miss V). A. Onnerod. i'nnsnltini; eiitonnthtyisl of Hie 
 IJoyal Atiiiciilliiral Society of lOn^ilaiul. lias iiiililislied results of a niiiii 
 bor of reixnh'd and personal observations on its habits, injuries, etc.. 
 and dnrinj; the sniiiiner of ISS'.t the l'"aiiners" I.N'view, in this eoniitiy. 
 iindertooK an investi<:atioii on iiiiich the same pl;in. 
 
 The species are, so far as we Unow. closely coiilined to the In. vine 
 race or nearly related species, limntd l»ein^ re^iardcd as a parasite of the 
 biilValo as well as tho o\. Kollar (Treatise on liisecis) speaks of Inu'is 
 as all'octin^- besides cattle, the si an', roe. and camel, but no aiitheiitic 
 record of such occmri'nce lias i>e«'ii noted, and he ina.\ lia\e had as a 
 basis for the statement the related species occiirriii^i norinally on these 
 animals. There are, iinU'cd, records of the rare occurrence of these 
 parasites on man. bnt such ar(> e\c(>ptional. and the species should be 
 considered as restricted, primarily, to bovine animals. On account of 
 this restriction, the insect is kni>wn in the larval stajic ludy wliere eat- 
 tle are kepi, and can b»> introduced in a new country only in the larval 
 staye with the animals. It is in this manner and this alone that they 
 havo been scattered over the world with domestic breeds ol Catth'. 
 
 EXTKM AM) MANM'.U <>I I.N.Hin. 
 
 The resi 
 nation are 
 
 :ivi»riiK<' l<'f<^ 
 \ |l(\v I'n^"" 
 
 liiin :■■<■ ^' 
 
 Iiiii'ii. 
 
 .11- in 
 Scvi 
 ii|nri(liil. I.ii 
 /iii/iiiiiii. I' 
 
 iriM'(//i»iii. 
 
 Minin'iiri. 
 liiiiiKiix. S 
 liiiihifkfi. 
 Ill Miiiiiifo 
 
 •liir rcMl li ■! 
 
 Ill Mi<lii;i'ii 
 III llio mill 111! 
 Miiiinl Oll'H 
 
 '\'\w iiinoi 
 
 .IfllHCll llllll 
 
 tlif l!ui"ii 
 
 hlOlltllH IVllI 
 
 it is fstiiiia 
 ol' a hido i> 
 tlu' iiMial < 
 lh:m oiif-ll 
 wiis 1, :(:!."),() 
 til lliiH is II 
 
 tin- lllllllllll 
 
 iiiiiiHiils I'll 
 
 The losses from warble llies must bo considered from three distiiu't 
 lioints. only one of which can be estimated with any ^reat accuracy. 
 They are (1 > the loss incurred on the hidi's pertbrated by the maji'fiots, 
 subjectiiifx them to discount or rejection in the markets; (L») the loss in 
 milk and beef supply caused by the frettiiifi' and stuinpedinji'diie to the 
 presence of the tlies wlvn layinji' ej>'}>s. ami (li) the loss to the vitality 
 of the animal, its weakened condition, and coiise(|iient loss in milk or 
 beef -ue to the ))resence ot" the warbles, with accoinpaiiyiii}>' ulcers in 
 the back, sometimes, it is asserted, resulting in the death of the animal. 
 
 LOSS ON IIIDKS. 
 
 This will vary in ditVerent countries, both from the actual dillerences 
 in abundance of warbles and coiisei|ueiit perforation of the hides and 
 from the dit^erei't rates of discount applied by ditt'erent dealers. That 
 it is by no means InsigniHcant will appear from the following eondensed 
 statements of statistics and evidence on the subject: 
 
 As a result of many inquiries and testimony from numerous sounjes, 
 Miss Onnerod estimated the loss in England at $5 i)er head for cattle. 
 
 i,t 
 
 In rryi 
 
 fronted I 
 
 source o 
 
 wild frei 
 
 and not 
 
 useless i 
 
 other ti 
 
 shade ol 
 
 partiall; 
 
 tunity f 
 
 It is, of 
 
 Hy, and 
 
 ligures 
 
 perhapi 
 
 tbis losi 
 
 Wc al 
 tbe catt 
 huzz an 
 out (pii' 
 
DII'IKUA. 
 
 89 
 
 'PIm^ results ohtsiiiHMl l»y tlir l-'iininTs' Ifcvicw in it.4 iccrnt iiivrsti 
 ^iiitioii iiiT siiniiiiiiri/.«'(l ns lollows i Insect fjilc, \'(»l. II. p. I."i7|: 
 
 l'"riiiii Mm ii'|i<irlM rrrcivnl llii> ii|i|)ri)\iiii.'ili' iit'icriitaj^)- of mimIiIiv ciittli' :iii<l (lie 
 ivi'iii^r liiMN on i^riililis liiili's till' till' |ii ill! ipnl hIih k raising' SImIch oI' IIh< Mi>>iHHi|i|ii 
 \ lli'.v linvc liiM'ii <<Nliiii:ili'il iiH I'ollowH (AiiuiiHtT, IXH'.i): 
 
 mill ..1. S( \i'iily tliiii' |iiT ii'iil III' IImi I'liltlf iiiiuUiImI In llii' i;ii;lili\ siiisiin iirr inCiitnl « illi 
 ):r''>H. ', ill' iivrraui' Iihh ihi ii unililiv liiili- U nni' lliinl. 
 
 Iiiii'ii. St'Vi'iilv mil' pi'i ii'iil III llir riilllr III I III' iii:i|iiill> nl riiiiiilji'H iiii' l:iiiIiI<v III till' m'li-x'li 
 H|il'l'llii'll. I.IIHM nil unillliy Ililli'N lillr lllil'll. 
 
 Iiiiliiiiiii. I''iii'l,\ i'i);lil |n T ri'iit III llii' I'lillli' uriililiy. I.iih'< mi IihIi'n imi' iliiril. 
 
 II ifi'iiiiiiii. 'I'll ills llin I' |iri' > rill nt' i ill lie L:riilili\ . l.ii'<-4 nii IiIiIim iiiii' lliiril. 
 Hhin. I''iri> hW lii'f i'I'IiI III' I'lillli' i;rillili\ I.iinm iiii lilili'i nnr I lillil. 
 l/iiKMiii'i. I''iriy Mi'Vi'li |ii'i' mil III ml 111- i;i ililiy. I.ins mi liiili -i nni' llilnl. 
 hiiiiKiiK. Sixty pi'i' < Till III' I'lillli' i:i'iilili,\ . I.imm ihi liiili'^ uiii' lliinl, 
 
 /ii /I'lii'A//.— Kill V Mi'M'ii pit' I'i'iil III' riitllii (jriililiy. l.iihN iiii |ilili"< mii' ilmil 
 
 III Miiiiimnlii mill Ihikiiln jinilm iirr pnirtlriill,\ iiiiktiiiwii iiiiiiiIil: I'lilllr. 
 
 Ill Sihriiikii liny mil iii»l very Imil wlini' loiiiiil; Iwi'hr <'oiiiilii"< iipnit iiii iiviTimi' i>( 4ii pnt'CMit. 
 Till' i'i'hI Iii'iii'iI Irmii iiri' Irri' iil Ilir pi'sl. linililiy liii|i"< iiri' ilurki'il niii' lliinl nl tliiir Miliii'. 
 
 Ill Miihiiinii in pr I' I I'll I III' Mil' rill III' nil' iiiIi'mIiiI with <:nili-i In Ilir -tiiiilliii'ii iiiiil iiiiilillr riiiiiilii"< 
 III llii> iiiirllii'i II riiiiiitii'M lliry all' iiiiUiiiiwii iir M'ly hiiii'i'i'. (iriililiv liiili'M hi'II I'm mii tliiril IrHs lliiiii 
 xiiinil mii'H. 
 
 'Till' aiiiiiiiiit III' tins loHH riin \n\ licttiT ii|i|ii'('('iiiti>i| pi'i'liapM )iy ri'|ii'ii<liii'iii;; in rnii- 
 ili'llHi'il liiiui till' ii|ipi'n\illlilli' I'Htilllllli- III' till' IdHS nil lilt' liii|i>s iif (;attli' litrcivi'il lit 
 Mir I'niiiii Slock ^al'(ls nl' Cliira^o iliirin^ Mio ^I'litiliy Ni-:isiin, wtiii'li iiiclinlcs tli)> 
 iiioiiMis ri'oiii January to .hin(\ I'Hiii^ Mm- riipnrtH liv Sfatt-.s iilmvc K'^'en iih a basis 
 it is cHtinialt'il llial ."iH prrccul nf tin- raltlo riM't'ivi'd arr frriililiy. 'I'lio aviTay;" value 
 ol" a lii(l« in put al +;i.!MI; anil while rnuii (he re|i(ii't rel'eried to (ilie-tliii'd value in 
 the Usual ileiliietion I'm' ninhliy hides in this estiiiiate, Inif fl is (UMliieted, ur less 
 ih.'iii line-third. I'lie niimlier nl' ratthi received in issii (nr the six iiioiitli> indicateil 
 was l.Itltri.OL'li, >;ivinK a Inss nn the "ill jier cent nf f^inhliy animals nl' 4''ili7..'"iK!. \Vlien 
 to this is added the loss t'lnin depieeiatnd \ aine and lessened i|nantity of the lieet, 
 the aiiiniint t'nr each inlested animal is |int at ^.'i, indieatin<;a total Inss nn these 
 animals rrnni tin' attack nf the lly ni ^;|!,;i;{7,'"iti'''. 
 
 Loss IN MIMv AND IlKHI KKdM ATIACK nl- ItO'J -FLIKS. 
 
 In rryinji' to present nny estimate of loss fVoni tiiis source we are con- 
 fronted by the tact that nianyotlier llies with these serve as a constant 
 source of annoyiince to cattle in pasture, excitinj;" them at times to a 
 wild frenzy, when they {i'o chasiii{f about trying' to avoid their enemies, 
 and not only losinji' the opportunity to feed peaceably, but usinj; up in 
 useless activity the untrinieii) which should j^o to f( i m milk or Hesh; at 
 other times drivin;^' them into ponds or streams ol water or into the 
 shade of trees or sheds, where they remain for hours at ii time, only 
 partially relieved from the torments of their foe and losinji the oppor- 
 tuTwty for feediufi' which is essential to growth or protluction of milk. 
 It is, of course, impossible to separate the losses due to each kind of 
 fly, and even if it were ])ossib]e it would be ilitlicult to state in exact 
 iigures the sum lost. The following note, ipioted bj' Miss Ormerod, is 
 I)erhai)S as good an illustration as we can select to show ai»i>roximately 
 this loss as estimated by a practical breeder and dairyman : 
 
 We all know, to our cost, how greatly these irritating tlies tnrnient and madden 
 the cattle, causing fheni tn ijallnp or run as if for their lives to li'et away from the 
 Imzz and presence of their tormentors. Feedinj; cattle can not i;rnw iu llesh with- 
 out (luiet and rest, and inilkinjt cows must suffer to a greater extent than we are 
 
■,% 
 
 % 
 
 o ' V^. 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 10 "ii- IIM 
 
 — .5« 112 oo 
 
 I.I 
 
 «.bi|^ 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 11.25 ill 1.4 jjjii 1.6 
 
 V 
 
 <^ 
 
 /2 
 
 ^ 
 
 ''W 
 
 °^i ./ 
 
 
 .>/ 
 
 PhotDgrapMc 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716)872-450? 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 tv 
 
 '-5.. 
 
 
 

 
 
 '7 
 
90 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 .:ll 
 
 aware of. To use ii cominon remark, they soon "bate" — i.e., give less milk. To 
 drive a cow fust or cause her to be exritetl reduces the quiMitity and quality of tlic 
 milk. Without perfect quiet and rest they can not do their best for us. This leads 
 me to one important point. What is our loss in the cheese tub caused by the warble 
 and gad flies? I have tried to estimate the loss during the four or five summer 
 months or even tlie eight months that a cow is supposed to be in profit. There are 
 certain times of unrest when the cow will give about half of her usual flow of milk. 
 These tormenting flies and the presence of th(N iirickly-coated warble maggot nnist 
 keep uj) a perpetual uneasiness and retard the growth of our feeding cattle, to our 
 loss, it may be, of £2 per head. In the dairy ccws the loss will be greater. The 
 daily loss of milk may make a ditference of a hundredweight of clieeso per cow per 
 annum. Half a hundredweight, or 12 per cent of milk less in a dairy, making 1 
 hundredweight at 70 shillings, conies to S5 shillings, liut 1-' per cent is too low an 
 estimate. It may in some cases be i»ut at £3 ]ier head, and in a dairy of 100 cows 
 would show a loss of £300. 
 
 Tliis source of injury, however, lasts but a few weeks during summer, 
 and probably does not compare with the loss due to the presence of the 
 maggots. This must be a constant source of irritation to the animal 
 and a drain upou its energies from the time the warble begins to grow 
 UTitil the sore heals after the departure of the maggot. It extends 
 through at least one-third of the year, while the whole period of inva- 
 sion probably lasts for eight or nine months. Imagine some fifteen 
 or twenty boils or carbuncles located along the back producing a reg- 
 ular supply of muco-pnrulent matter due to the iiiriammati(m and sup- 
 plying nutriment to a healthy grub which grows to be three-fourtiis of 
 an inch in length, and suppose, if possible, that these are no discom- 
 fort or cause of loss to the creature aft'ected witli them. 
 
 The occasional attaclis of one or more species of bots upon man and 
 tne di.sconifort caused by them in sudi cases would seem to be sutticient 
 proof of the irritation caused in the low«'r animals, even it we aliow 
 something on the ground that these lower animals are less sensitive to 
 pain. Omitting, however, tlie creature's comfort as a matter of mere 
 sentiment and considering the question from the practical standi»oint 
 of money returned, it requires only the very nu>dest estimate of tlie loss 
 of 81 per head to the cattle of the United States to show a loss of about 
 $30,000,000 sustained by the country on the basis of the census of 1880 
 (doubtless between fifty and sixty millions at the present time). Young 
 animals are injured more tlian old ones, and many writers assert that 
 deaths are not infrequent from the effects of warbles. 
 
 Without consideri;ig the lessened quantity, the inferiority of the beef of animals 
 infested by tlie grub is strikingly shown in an article on the subject in which the 
 testimony of retail butchers and buyers of meat in Chicago and other cities is given. 
 It is shown that the buyers of the highent class of meat, wlio supply hotels and res- 
 taurants, will not on any account purchase carcasses showing traces of warble attack. 
 Such beef has to be sold, therefore, at a price below that obtainable for good beef, 
 free from grub damage, and the lessened value per animal was put at from $2 to $5. 
 
 The appearance known as licked-beef, which, resulting from the presence of the 
 grub, may be described as a moist or running surface of a greenish-yellow color, is 
 certainly unwholesome in look, if not in fact. The description of such meat ns given 
 in the Farmers' Keview, quoting again largely from Miss Ormerod, is almost sufficient 
 to turn one against beef altogether. — (Inhkct Life.) 
 
DIPTETIA. 
 
 91 
 
 rt" we take the estimates as a whole, some of •which have been pub- 
 lished since the first writing of this chapter, it is evidently a modest 
 estimate to consider the losses from the diflferent sources of injury to 
 hides, loss in milk and beef, and lessened Aitality to be $2.50 per head of 
 cjittle for the whole United States, making a grand total of $90,000,000 
 on the basis of the census of 1880. Were this loss something unavoid- 
 iible or requiring the expenditure of much time or money to prevent, 
 there nught be some excuse for its continuance, but since it can by 
 simple and inexpensive methods be not only wholly prevented from 
 year to year, but practically exterminated from tlie country, thereby 
 avoiding both the loss and the trouble of applying remedies in the 
 I'utiire, it would seem of the greatest utility to adojjt those necessary 
 measures without further delay. The preventive measures necessary 
 bi'conte at once apparent by knowledge of the life history and habits of 
 tiie insect. 
 
 OOOITRRBNCE OF WAKBLKS IN MAN. 
 
 There are many instances of tlie occurrence of the warble in man, and 
 these records contain instances which are to be referred to both of the 
 species. Dr. Riley having i)ositively identified one such case at least 
 tor Unenia, and Dr. William Schoyen being authority for tlie European 
 records of hovis. 'u all these cases there seems to have been a large 
 amount of migration on tlie part of the larva and usually an emergence 
 Irom the skin before complete maturity, which wouhl suggest that the 
 liirva does not find the conditions exactly normal. The following 
 instance observed by a physician who is also a trained ent(miologist is 
 (»f special value as showing the conditions of such an occurrence: 
 
 Several years a^o I saw, professioniiUy, a boy years of age wbo liatl lieeii suft'eriug 
 l'(ir sonic luouths from the glaiuls on one side of his neck bciu;jf swollen and a fetid 
 ulceration nronnd the back teetli of the lower Jaw of the same side. Three months 
 treatment was of no avail, and tho end seenu'd near; one day a wliite object, which 
 wjis seen to move, was observed in tlie ulcer at the root of tho tongne, which ou 
 licing carefnlly extracted proved to be a large grub, which, from having frequently 
 seen them, I recognized as a full-growu larva of Hypoderma. It was of the usual 
 tawny color, about half an inch long when contracted, about one-third that thick- 
 ness, and (juito lively. The case ended fatally. This boy had been on a farm in 
 Illinois the previous fall, where probably the egg was in some way taken into his 
 mouth, and the Lirva found between the base of tho tongue and tho jaw suitable 
 tissue in which to develo)), coming to maturity at tlio same time with those bred iu 
 cattle. (Dr. John Hamilton, in Entomologi(;al News, V(d. IV, p. 219.) 
 
 LIFE HISTOKV AND IIAHITS. 
 
 In certain points of life history and habit the two species agree. The 
 adult flies are about half an inch in length and bee-like in appearance, 
 the two species separated easily by characters to be detailed later. 
 
 They appear during the summer months and deposit their eggs upon 
 cattle, the act of oviposition being frequently accompanied by a great 
 amount of annoyance to the animals, iu some cases inspiring tbem with 
 
92 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 
 |i 
 
 such terror as to result in costly stami)edes, preveutiou of feeding, and 
 nervousness that is very injurious to the animal. 
 
 The flies probably nuite in the vicinity of their pupation, an<l the 
 females seek the cattle in open pasture for the jiurpose of depositinii' 
 their eggs. It is claimed by goo<l observers that they will not fly over 
 water or follow cattle when they seek ]>rotection in ponds or otlui 
 bodies of water, .and also that they do not enter sheds or trouble cattle 
 in the shade. The method of deposition has been a subject of mucli 
 discnssion. The earlier writers asserted that the insect punctured the 
 skin an<l laid the egg beneath, basing the assertion, it would seem, on 
 the great terror and apparent i)ain of the animal when attaiiked and the 
 position o. the grub when rtrst <listinguislial)ie. KN'aumur even describes 
 the boring apparatus by means of which it is able to pierce the tough 
 hide of the ox. Clark and otiiers, however, held with eipuil strength 
 to the view that the eggs are simply dei>osited on the skin, and the 
 larvic begin at once upon hatching to burrow beneath. Willistoii 
 (Stand. Nat. Hist., Vol. II, p. 427) saj's: "'The eggs of llypodermaare 
 deposited on the hairs about the front shoulders, neck, and groins of 
 artiodactyls <mly. It was thought for a long while that the female 
 thrust the eggs within the skin, but sm-h is now known not to be tlie 
 case.'' ]Miss Ormerod, after careful study of the very y<mng larva' and 
 course of their channels, says: "From the i)resence of these small cav- 
 ities just l)elow the cuticle, aiul the rtne canal running <lownward tVom 
 them or from the surface, as the case may be, to the young warble cell 
 beneath the hide^ 1 think we shall And that the egg is fixed just beneath 
 the cuticle and that the young maggot works its waj' through the hide 
 to where we And it in the early stage. It does not seem possible to me 
 that the fly could pass the egg through the hide by means of her egg- 
 laying api)aratus (or ovijiositor ), because, as observed, the i)assage down 
 the maggot cell is sometimes of a shape that could not have been caused 
 by the ovipositor." It seems hard to believe that all the fright and 
 apparent pain exhibited by the cattle is due simi)ly to the alighting of 
 the flies and deposition of the egg on the hair. They can not bite, fiu". 
 • as already stated, tlu'ir month parts are rudimentary, and to suppose 
 that the cattle are aware of the true nature of the pest and exhibit 
 fear simply because of a knowledge that tliey will cause them future 
 trouble is to accredit them with a wisdom rather beyond that usually 
 granted to any of the lower animals. Neitlier does it seem that all this 
 fright could be due simi)ly to their resemblance to bees, for cattle are not 
 so freipiently stung by them as totlevelop such an intense fear of them. 
 
 The stnictiu'e of the ()vi])Osit()r dearly <>xcliul«'S the jtoH.sihility of imiictiire, for, 
 though horny, it has a hluiit, trilid tip, and is beset at the end with eertain iiilnuto 
 hairs, and strnoture of this eharaeter is a very safe guide to hahit. (Riley.) 
 
 Until recently it was assumed as a matter of fact that the larva' 
 entered through the skin, but the discoveries of Dr. (Untice have 
 proven, for Hneata at least, that the normal course is by way of the 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 98 
 
 f feeding, ami 
 
 Fio. 'iS.—Il!)iwdenna Uiienta: 
 ovipusitorof feiiinlp : a, from 
 sidf; 6, tip, from below — 
 enlarged (from Insect Life). 
 
 iimiith and alimentary canal, as will be discussed more fully under lin- 
 (vln. While from analogy it seems very probable that a similar habit 
 will be proven for hoi'is I know no positive obser- 
 vations, but Miss Ormerod adheres to the belief 
 tliat the entrance for that species is through the 
 >Uiii. 
 
 In either case the maggots, as a rule, must be 
 within the animal as early as Octobei' (for Inmiia 
 iiiiich earlier), and by January the lumps or swell- 
 ings ahnig the back denoting their pi'esence be- 
 come appreciable, and growth continues as late 
 as April and possibly May, varying with latitude. 
 We have «juite fully developed s])ecimens (of 
 //Hmffl) taken March 25, from the backs of cattle 
 at Ames, Iowa, at which time they were mostly 
 well grown and some of them apparently about 
 leady to escape from the ulcer. After working 
 their way through the oi)eniug in the hide, in 
 which they ar^ assisted by the prickly tubercles 
 <overing the body, they drop to the ground. The full process is thus 
 described by Dr. Williston (Stand. Nat. Hist., pp. 427-428): 
 
 Tliey have the peculiar ability to contract either end into an elonjrate cylindrical 
 torm, which not only serves them in their egress, but also t() bore into the ground. 
 A few days before they are ready to emerge tiiey begin to enlarge the opening by 
 this expansion and contraction; when tliey have enlarged it sufficiently, a ring-like 
 contraction of the body that begins at the posterio" 'tart and progresses toward the 
 head enables them in a few minutes to *'ree themselves, which they usually do in the 
 morning hours. Upon the ground they creep about until tliey meet some obstruc- 
 tion, when they burrow from 1 to 2 inches tdow the surface, and remain as in the 
 Gastrophilus sjtecies. 
 
 They reuuiin in the ground as papa* i;»r about a month and then issue 
 as Hies. 
 
 KEMEDIAL MEASUUKS. 
 
 Knowing that the insect occurs, during nearly three months of the 
 year at least, in no other ]>lace than in the backs of cattle, it is evident 
 that the destruction of all the grubs in the back of every animal 
 between .lanuai-y and April must result in tlie extermination of the 
 pest. That there are measures sutticient to accomplish this destruction 
 is certain, and at an outlay of time and trouble that makes them prac- 
 ticable with every man who owns cattle, whether one or ten thou.sand. 
 
 Indeed the insect is open to attack in at least three different w.ays: 
 (1 ) Measures to prevent the deposition of eggs; (2) measures to destroy 
 the eggs or young grubs; (.?) measures to destroy the grubs after 
 passing under the hide. 
 
 To ])revent the deposition of eggs the application of some persistent 
 sticky substance may be recommended, or this may be combined with 
 some substance of obnoxious smell. 
 
94 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 % 
 
 i 
 
 Coating the back from neck to loins with tar or with a mixture of 
 sulphur, 4 ounces; spirits of tar, 1 gill; train (whale) oil, 1 quart, oiico 
 a week. Train oil alone two or three times in the season and one 
 application of spirits of tar, carbolic, acid, sulphur, and linseed oil 
 combined, are reported in Miss Ornterod's pamphlet as eftective for 
 boi'ifi. 
 
 Ainmals that are lioused are said not to be attacked, and furnisli- 
 ing sheds in pastures or access to shade of trees or to bodies of water 
 is considered as heli>ful. 
 
 "VVe doubt, however, if these measures can be used as satisfactorily 
 in large her^. j of cattle or on the ranches of the ^Vestern States as 
 measures directed against the grubs. And unless the substance serves 
 to catch and kill the fly it will of course simply seek animals not pro- 
 tected or i)os8ibly be driven to deposit eggs on some other part of the 
 body. 
 
 In January the warbles become large enough to be detected by pass- 
 ing the hand idong the back, and at this time a little kerosene rubbed 
 into each one or the application of mercurial ointment will destroy the 
 grub, which rests with the breathing pores directed toward the surface, 
 securing its supply of air through the small channel connecting the 
 cavity with the outer surface. The sore heals u]) and the hide in a 
 short time becomes perfect, so no loss need be incurred if the animal 
 is to be slaughtered in late winter or early spring, and for nulch cows 
 the drain upon their vitality and productiveness is stopped. 
 
 Even if these measures have been adopted every aninml should be 
 examined during March and any grubs found should be destroyed. 
 
 They are by this time quite conspicuous, being felt by running the 
 baud along the back, or in many cases can be distinctly seen as promi- 
 nent lumps. The hole through which they breathe and flnalJy escape 
 is now large enough, so that by careful pressure the maggot may be 
 forced out unbroken. If necessary, the opening may be enlarged a 
 little by using a round stick bluntly pointed, as a probe. If late in the 
 spring, all grubs pressed out should be crushed to prevent possibility 
 of their getting into suitable places to pupate and finally reach the 
 adult stage. For cattle in stables it is a very simple matter, while 
 handling or feeding them, to run the hand .along the back, and on 
 detection of a grub to press it out, and all farm hands should be 
 instructed to lose no opportunity to relieve the cattle from these 
 annoyances. 
 
 While it is (certain that this insect could be practically exterminated 
 in the United States in a single year, we realize fully the great difli- 
 culty in getting every person owning cattle to know or apprecisite the 
 need of using the necessary means; and two or three scrub cows in a 
 county uucared for will of course perpetuate the species. Nevertheless, 
 this should not debar anyone from attending to the matter with his 
 own stock, for, since the flies travel but short distances, every farmer 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 95 
 
 iiiiiy secure practical immunity in his own herds, and after the first 
 year's tliorougli work have scarcely any trouble in attending to them. 
 Ho should, of course, examine carefully every animal brought to his 
 farm, and rid it of grubs before the time of their maturity. Many 
 liirmers are careful to attend to this matter already, but there is uo 
 systematic ivttention to it, and the only permanent check to their 
 increase j>t present lies in the ftact that millions of them infesting cattle 
 slaughtere<l between October and April perish with their hosts, and 
 hence only those in cattle kept over from year to year survive to con- 
 tiiuie the species. 
 
 We can not close this sketch of remedies without presenting a plan 
 which, though it may be styled fanciful or ideal, must if carried out 
 result in the extermination of the pest and a saving, we believe, of not 
 less and probably more tlian $5(),(H)0,(KK) per year to the farmers of the 
 United States. 
 
 Let every man owning kine of any grade be posted by a general proc- 
 lamation inserted in every newspaper in the land that in a certain 
 winter, say 1900, he is to examine every anin.al in January and api)Iy 
 kerosene or mercurial ointment to all lumps discoverable on the back 
 from the neck backward, and down halfway on the ribs; that in 
 March or at latest before the middle of April he must go over every 
 animal again, and ju'ess out and destroy anj' warbles remaining. Then 
 the following winter if any warbles whatever are to be found to rei)eat 
 the processes. This, with the destruction of grubs in all cattle imported 
 from other countries, must prove successful. Even if a few escaped 
 by the neglect of some shiftless stock owner, or by accidental oversight 
 in searching for them, the result would rei)ay over and over again, and 
 for many years, the grand ettbrt of that year. 
 
 Ox lUvriiA' OR Warulk Fly. 
 
 (Ulipoderma liorix l)e(i.) 
 
 As previously stated, this species was formerly supposed to be dis- 
 tributetl over America, but the utter fail- 
 ure to find a single specimen of the larva 
 or adult in the mass of material that has 
 been examined in the last few" years 
 makes it doubtful if even the earlier 
 records of its occurrence in this country 
 can be relied upon, and therefore it seems 
 necessary to define its distribution as 
 covering the countries of the Old World 
 surrouiiding the Mediterranean. Brauer 
 gives its European distribution as from 
 Scandinavia to the southernmost por- 
 tions, and also says it is distributed over Asia, Africa, and North America. 
 
 Fio. 39. — II;ii)odenna hovii - 
 (after Brauer) . 
 
 • enlarged 
 
96 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANL>rAL8. 
 
 The lulnlt riy, sliown eulaitfed in t!ie aeconipaiiying figure, is lialf a j. 
 iucli t)r a little more in length au«l not very ditt'erent in general appear 
 anee from a honeybee. It is c[uite hairy, and, although the surface of i 
 the body is black, except the front of the face below the eyes, the color 
 of the hairs gives it a banded appearance, the face white, the front parti 
 
 I'm. W.—lliilioili'nnit bvvi'i: n, e^jt; '>. lull-grown Inrva. vriitnil viowj c, ]iii]mriuiii. ventral view; 
 (/. newly hntclii'd larva. Hiile view; «•, iiiial sti][;iiinla nl' larva — all onlariicd (alter llriiupr). 
 
 «>'■ the thorax yellow, middle of the tliorax black, hind part of the 
 r '.orax whitish, base of sibdonieii whitish, middle of abdomen black, 
 and apex of abdomen orange red. 
 
 The eggs are elongate oval, with an appendage for attachment to the 
 hair (tig. M,<t). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ...v 
 
 .■/.;i.^..v.^;;/;.- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t •* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .V.%'..'.....- :.-.•/ 
 
 •..' ' .■.*.". ,'••• ,• 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K. 1 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 II 
 
 Via. 41. — Iljiiioilfniiii Ikii^I.i: diajirnni of wpiny armature (alter Urniier, from Insect Life). 
 
 The larva of this species is only known in tlie later stages, thait; of 
 the first stage not being described. Brauer describes the sec</nd and 
 third stages, the latter form being carefully figured, and the figure is 
 here reproduced from an illustration in Insect Life. 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 97 
 
 iieiit to the 
 
 Thia larva is thick and fleshy, of a yellowish white color, becoming 
 (1, nicer ns it aiiproaclies maturity, but the most distinctive cliarai'tera 
 lue lound in tlie disi^sition (»t' tlie spines which cover most of the sur- 
 face of the body. Tlie last two scfjments are 
 entirely naked, and also the dorsal and lateral 
 prominences of the ninth sej^ment are free from 
 spines. 
 
 This arrangement of spines is clearly shown 
 in the diagram, which is a device adopted by 
 Braner to indicate the ditl'erence in spine dis- 
 tribution in the different species. Oomparisoii 
 of l;his figure with that for linetita will serve to 
 determine at once the identity of a specimei'. 
 The wide spaces represent the dorsal (the 
 left) and the ventral (the right) surface, and 
 the rnirrow spaces the three rows of lateral protuberances. The 
 si»ines on the upper aiul lower border of the segments are represented 
 by dots. 
 
 The pupa is an oval dark body formed from the contracted larva, the 
 anterior end of which is removed when the imago issues. It is clearly 
 illustrated in the annexed ligure (fig. 42). 
 
 The treatment of the species is discussed under the general treatment 
 for both species. 
 
 Ov Bot-fly or Heel Fly. 
 
 I III. i".— Ilillioih'niiii liiii'h: a, 
 Illl|llll'illlll, t'rillil HJlll'; h, Hllllli', 
 
 I'lnm liolow, Hhiiwiii^ t'xit liolu 
 i)f iiiliilt ; c, Clip which HplitH 
 (iirtoalhiw the iidiilt toissiic 
 natunil hIzc (at'tfr Clnrk). 
 
 {Iliipoderma Uiivata Villers.) 
 
 The synonomy and distribution of this species has been very fully 
 discussed by Dr. Itiley in Insect Life( Vol. IV, p. 302), along with a dis- 
 cussion of the distinctions of the species and T shall extract largely 
 irom this article as well as from the one by Dr. Curtice, (Journal Com- 
 parative Medicine and Veterinary Archives, Vol. XII, pp. 205-274, 
 June, 1891). 
 
 The species was described in 1789 by Villers (Ent. Tjinn., Vol. Ill, p. 
 249), and later (from larva) by Brauer as bonnssi. 
 
 ]Much confusion has existed, particularly because of the assumption 
 that the common warble of this country should be referred to hovis, 
 but the matter has been definitely set to rest by the researches de- 
 tailed in the above-mentioned papers, which may be consulted for full 
 uetiiils. 
 
 Aside from the occurrence in the butfalo, which appears to have been 
 not uncommon, it is evidently a parasite normal to cattle. Which of 
 these aninuils, if either of them, was the primary host of the species 
 can not be stated, although the evidence seems to me to favor the 
 opinion that it was primarily a parasite of tht ox and that its occur- 
 rence on buffalo followed the introduction of cattle into this country. 
 4653— No. 5 7 
 
98 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Ill Fiiiropo it is said to (mtuv in Swit/orlaiul, Norway, Criinoia, tin* 
 Balkans, tlio (^aurasns, Kiit^Jand, Lower and ITppor Austria, etc., but 
 it has not hcun noted in Htyria or Ilunpiry. In America it is known 
 from all parts ol" the United States, hut is esperially abundant in the 
 Honthorn portion and extending; iiortit to Illinois, Iowa, aiul Nebraska. 
 
 The amount of terror inspired by the a<lults is sometimes very jvreat, 
 and the followinjjf jjraphiti aeeount of its iittaeks in Texas by a jfcntle 
 man who has jjiveii nuieh time to them will serve to show its manniT of 
 work and the loss entailed: 
 
 I l)('li<^vt< tliiit Iioro till* ll,v iiiviiriably (l(>|)ositH Uh (^^k** on tlio liiiir iiror.iul t)ioh)n«l, 
 iilthoii^li tlio ]>i)|iiiliii' notion in Mint i\w tly iictiially Htiii^rs tin* iiiiinial. 'I'lio ciittio 
 lick tluMiiHi-lvus, thiiH ronvryin^r tho i'^^h into tlio ntoutli, lliu larvii' making tliuir 
 wny in betweon lb(< wiilltt of tlio giillot. Hero tli<\v runiain Honio niontliH, when 
 tboy finally niakii tliuir way up to tlio Hkin alonj; tiio back, whero they horetliroiigli, 
 renniininjj in tlio liolo a liltlo ovd- two niontliH. When they Hint reaclithe skin they 
 are (|uite while, but g.adnally color an<l become a tlark brown or bla(;k,an*l forcing 
 themselves ont of their sacks fall to the gronud. The skin of tlie larva becomes dark 
 an<l shell-like, and at the end of about six weeks tho perfect lly emerges. 
 
 Although I know that in Pennsylvania tin* backs of the cattle are often badly 
 infested with these larva-, showing that tho lly is by ni» means rare, yet 1 never saw 
 that its i)resenee caused any fright or even uneasiness, while here it is so dreaded by 
 the cattle as to cause at times heavy loss to stockmen. Tho tinu; of the tly begin- 
 ning and ending its attack is very variable. I have secMi cattle running from It as 
 early as December, while this year up to date (I'ebrnary !">) I have seen no indica- 
 tion of its pre8enc(\ 
 
 Cattle seem to l))>(U)nu) absolutely frantic from terror; a steer will be quietly graz- 
 ing, when suddenly he will spring forwani, head eieet. tail arched, and in a moinoiit 
 he will be madly rushing across the ])astur(\ jirobably t(» the creek, into which he 
 will plunge, remaining for hours. If the streams running through the pasture havo 
 muddy bottoms nuuiy weak aninmls become mired and perish miserably unless dis- 
 covered and pulled out. As tho tly generally appears toward the close of winter, 
 when <attl«> are often conn)aratively poor and weak, the loss in this way wouhl bo 
 very serious but that stocknuni ha';e their men riilo daily along the banks of any 
 boggy streams in order to rescue mired animals. 
 
 ^Vhen a cowboy finds one unable to get out Ik* uncoils his lariat, deftly thows it 
 over the horns, gives a turn or two around the pommel of his saddle, and calling on 
 his pony, tho animal, unless very badly mircil, is soon on the bank and in safety, and 
 horoaftor often comes tho most dillicult part of the business — the letting go. In 
 getting hold the cowboy has it all his own way, but once the animal is on solid earth 
 ngaui it forgets its former peril, remembering only the terrible wrench to head and 
 neck, and i)rocoeds to get even with its tormentor, with the result that the man has 
 sometimes to drop his rope and ride off trusting to its becoming loosened and drop- 
 ping otf. (/'an any ono suggest the reason why the lly has such terrors for a Texas 
 cow, whilst in rennsylvania she cares nothing for it? — (George W. Holstein, iu 
 Entomological News, Vol. IV, p. 2t)9.) 
 
 LIFK HISTORY. 
 
 The egg. — Tho egg, ircluding the iiedicel or clasping base, is 1 mm. long and 0.2 
 mm. wide at tht? greatest diameter. In color it is dull yellowish white, and the 
 surface is smooth and shining. As may be seen by the illustrations (tig. 43, a, h, c, d, 
 the egg consists of two distinct iiarts, viz., the egg proper and the clasping base, which 
 firmly secures it to the hair and connects with the egg proper by a thin but rather 
 wide pedicel. This base is made up of two lips or valves, which close over the hair 
 
niPTEKA. 99 
 
 iiiiil tliiiH (five a vory Honiro iiltticliiiKMit. 'I'liit i^nn m iiaiTow, nvoid, broailoat at itH 
 iiiidillo, hikI 1ai'^«tr at tlio Iiuhi' lliaii i.t. tint tip, \vlii(;li Ih innriMir Iihs alirii]itly itiid 
 iililii|iiitl.v tniiicatt! (Ii}r. Iltr/). 
 
 'riio striking' results of tlio I'eseiirclicH of Dr. diirlicc, wluch sli<»\v«?(l 
 lliiittlHi liirvic iirti laktMi into tliu nioiitlis (»t' tlt<> iiniiiiiilH aiHl pass by 
 wiiyof tlui (i'S(>|>lia;;iis to tlio siilM-utaiMMnis tissue aloiij,' the back, liave 
 iilreadybeeii ineiitioiK'd, and it now renniins to j,nve in (h^tail the 8taj?es 
 of the hirva, (biring this siranjfe eaicer. The time occupied by tlie 
 larva is sometimes <|iiite Jon^;, occupying several months in reaching 
 tlie skin, whilu the development aCter reaching* this loeuth>n is more 
 nijiid. 
 
 
 Fill. 411. — 7/w"<f<'i'iHrt Ihii'ala: ri, ogs^ iitliwlictl to liiiirj h, <\ il, dorsal, \(irilnil, unci latcnil view of 
 ''HSi <'i uiiil)ryoiiii!or(iist liirvii, im hocii in tim Cjiii; J\ ij, iiioiilhidiils iirsaiiie- t'liliuycil ; A, aiiiilHcg- 
 ineiita of aiuuo— Htill iiichk «<iilai'Kuil (t'roiii Iiisni't Lil'u), 
 
 The larra,Jirnl utmjc. — 'I'his stajjt' (lig. 1:{, <;) whoii ready to Icavo tlii' t^aii, <>r whou 
 lirst hiitcb»!<l, is O.OS niiii. long by 0.02 iiiiii. in wiiltli, tapt'iinji; aliove. Witliin tho 
 ogg it lilla tbo cavity and may l»o seen throngh tlm hIioH and (|uito readily removed. 
 It is dull white in color, with the surface I'rom the Hocond to the, twelfth Joiuts dis- 
 tinctly and deuMcly spinose. The armed area occupies the entire surface of these 
 joints, excejtt a narrow lateral free space. The arrangement of the spines ou these 
 joints, excejit the last, is uniform, with iterhaps a slight increase in the size of the 
 spines from the second to the eleventh joint. 'I'ho arnuituro of these joints and of 
 the anterior half of the twelfth consists of a rather ])romiaent and posteriorly 
 directed row on the anterior margin of each joint, I'ollowed by numerous suuiUer 
 prickles, which decrease in size and abundance toward the posterior margin of the 
 joint. The posterior half of the terminal joint is armed with very much larger and 
 slightly curved jtrickles or spines, which point posteriorly on o!ie side and anteriorly 
 on the other(see fig. 43, h). The anal spiracles are rejiresented by dark circular sj^its, 
 and terminate in two prominent spines. The anterior spiracles api)ear as two minute 
 elevations, and the month parts consist of two dark crescent-shaped hooks, the 
 upper extremity of which projects, and two long supporting rods which furcate 
 basally, aud ou the tips of which the hooks articulate (tig. 43,/, g). 
 
i^^ 
 
 100 
 
 INSKCTS AFFECTINQ DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 I 
 
 '3 
 
 i| 
 
 itit'i 
 
 Scronil tla(ie,—]\\ tlio aliMoiuo of any knowlcdKoof an iiitcrniciUHfo form, tli« larv i 
 fonnil ill tlio irNoi.liaKim may li« cousitlcn'd »» tlio Hucotnl Htago (11^. 41). Tho inili 
 viiUiald vury inlunKth from II to U min. and ar<' ijiiitit smooth anil ilovoid of pricklcM, 
 rsccpt Honio minnir ouch, wliicli appear liko lilat'K npockH purtl.v 
 Miirronnilinji; tint unal Hpiriiclcs (ti); 11.'/) and a few cNtrtmicIv 
 minntfoiirs jiiNt aliovc tluunoiitli parts ((!(;. II, c). Tlmforint'i, 
 oi' llioMo aroiinil tli(< anal HpiraclcH, aro of peculiar Htrmtiirr. 
 and coiiHist id' a rirciilar, IirowniHh-ldack, nli);iitly cii'vatiil 
 liaM', in tlio I'fiiti-r of \vliirli arisi-n aHliort, Htont, poHterioriv 
 nuvfd \riv minnto Hpini', Itmh than onr-lialf tho diameter ol 
 the hase in length. The month jiarts iire more ]iroiiiiiient than 
 in the first Ntaj^e, and the apical (lortion Ih liroadeiicd and fiir- 
 riite near the hane (li;;. II. h, c). ThiH Ntaye doos not dill'er in 
 any esHential \va.\ from the Nta^e I'irHt found niider the Hkin in 
 the hark heforc tho )ierforation to tiie nnrfaee is made. (Sec 
 
 liir. I" 
 
 /', <:) 
 
 Km. U. — Ihjimdfi 
 
 I'liirtl xliiiii'. — In thiH staHo, which is the second form of the 
 
 l>llUKilH 
 
 lii 
 
 li. 
 
 limata: Srioiiilslajjc laiva fouiid in the hack (fin.l'i, (/ «,,/'), the larva a;;ain diverges 
 (if larva from (ino markedly from tho second ori)reeodiii]L;Htafi;o am' acquires many 
 of the characteristics of tho mature larva. It tapers, however, 
 coiisideraldo toward tlie i)osterior extreiiuty, rather than the 
 revcrst>, and tho spinous arniaturo varies considerahly in ditl'er- 
 ent specimens, hut veiitrally is similar to that of the adult, tho 
 
 (•iiliir^i'iiieiit III c(']ili 
 
 iili 
 
 r Sr^'im'Ilts, 
 
 I'llll 
 
 view ;i', iiiiiiitli |iarts: 
 (/. I'lilnitrrd ciiil viiw 
 
 of iiiiiil Hi'K'iiiiit. s|iiiies1ieing, however, moronumeroiisand less iirominent. Tho 
 
 nIiiiwihk Hpirai'lcH 
 ami s| iiM'H (Iriiiii Ii 
 
 HCCt I. ill'). 
 
 lateral ,'iriiiatiire is sometimes iilinostwauting, liiitix^casioually 
 occurs to the amount shown in the tigure (lig. -l."), rf). Tho dor- 
 sal armature is much nioro scantv, aiul is either limited to the 
 
 (irst and second Joints or frequently outiroly wanliiif;'. 
 
 Fourth kIivjc — The fourth and last larval stage is shown with characteristie arnui- 
 ture at, tig. !."> tj, i, dorsal and hitenil views. Its chief dillcrenco from tho larva of 
 bovis (as shown in the diagram) is that tho pounltimate segment ventrally and also 
 
 
 
 
 ¥l(i.45.— n>i]io<lerma Hiieala; a, Kcoonil ntngo of liirva from back; bum] e, cnlargeiiieiit of extremi- 
 ties ; rf, ventral view of fliinl sta^c, with ilrtails of extremitiPM at c and/,- a, dorsal view of mat are 
 larva, with eiilarsemeiit of anal spiracles at h; i ditto, lateral view— natural sUe indicated liy side 
 lines (from Insect Life). 
 
 dorsally is spinose, as the preceding ones on the posterior margin, while in hovin it is 
 distinctly unarmed. Tho full-grown larva when escaping i'rom the back is of a gray- 
 ish-white color aud rauges in length from 22 to 25 mm, 
 
 a hand aero 
 covered wit 
 thoracic rci! 
 men aliove, i 
 are more or 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 101 
 
 I'liparhim, — Oiico out of tlio back tlio liirva rapiilly (liirkciiM iiiwl contriiPtH, and tho 
 |iii|iuriiiiii, wliicli is iinT<ly tlm roiitnu'tcil utnl liMnlciiril liirvii, liiTiimtM <liiik liinwn, 
 iiliiiDMt liliick, lull. otlit'i'wiHo poHttcsHi'H nil tliu (;liiirii<'lrrlHli('s nC I ho laivii. 
 
 /iH((;/o (FiK. '")•— ''•'"kHi, oiiu-hivlf iiicli (flv('-oinlith« with nvipoNitor uxtunilud); 
 l;. iiiTiil color, liliick; body iiioio or Ichm clotlit'd with yi'llowiNli-wliilf. ri'ildiMh, and 
 Iiiii\vni8ii-hliit'k hail's. Tlir Cront. HidfH, and liack of tiic head, Iht; nidt'ei ol' the Ihi^ax, 
 
 1 form ol' tint 
 uiii div('rji;os 
 if<|nirfH many 
 xTs, howcviT, 
 thiT tlian the 
 iihly in did) r- 
 tho adult, the 
 niinont. Tlio 
 toccaHKuuilIy 
 d). Tliodor- 
 liniitod to tile 
 
 storiBtic aiina- 
 u tlie larva of 
 rally and also 
 
 rrmrrrr 
 
 *^ 
 
 t^^lm^iMJ* t i ' I I I 
 
 v.u.v, 
 
 i .i, i ': i i . 'i .. I 
 
 • ^.1 
 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 S 
 
 6 
 1 
 $ 
 
 f 
 
 11 
 
 Frii. 4n. — lt!i)ioiieri)ialiiii'ata: <liiii;riiiii of spiny nniinliiri>. 
 
 a hand ai-ross tlu< haso ol" tho scuttdluni, anil tho lia«al Hoijuiont of tho ahdouioii are 
 covored with lonjj yollowi.sli-wliitc, alnioHt whito, hairs. Thi' hoad ahovo, <'0Dtral 
 thoracic ro^ion, including jMotborax and nicsothorax, niiddlu HO^nionts of t\w alido' 
 nionnhove, and I«f,'H, clothed with hrownish-bhn k bairn, whiiluui tho iioad and thorax 
 arc more or loss intorniixed with whitish hairs. The oov(<riuy' of hairs in sliorior and 
 
 lent (if extromi- 
 view of iiiiitare 
 tlicnted liy Hide 
 
 Fio. il.—Tfjiiniih'rma lini-ata: fi.miilo— nntariil bI/.c iniliciitiMl liy sidr line (fruni Tiiscct Life). 
 
 scantier on the bead and thorax, an<l Ibo tip of the scutelluui and followin^i i>arta of 
 the thorax, togethor with four pronunent lines on tho thorax, indicated in tho draw- 
 ing by the liigb light, are snumtb and higbly polished. Tho hairs of the terminal seg- 
 ments of tho abdomen are reddish-orange, wliich color also predominates on the bind 
 tibiw. 
 
102 
 
 insects affecting domestic animals. 
 The Sheep Bot-fi.y or Head Maggot. 
 
 {(Estrus oris Linn.) 
 
 This insect, like tlie other ii)(3inbers of the family, has been known for 
 centuries, and lias been e(iiially dreaded by the animals it infests. It 
 was mentioned by the ( Jreek physician, AU'xander Trallian, as far back 
 as the year r)(»0. Notwithstanding- tiiat it has been so well known, very 
 different estimates have been placed ujioii the injury it may cause. 
 Indeed, some writers have gone so far as to claim that no injury results 
 from its ju-esence, and to ridicule the idea that sheep die of " grub in 
 the head." Even so high an authority as Mr. Youatt declares: 
 
 It is int'oinpatiblt) with the wisdom and goodness that aro everywhere evident, in 
 proportion as the ]dicnoniena of natnre arc chisely examined, that the destined resi- 
 dence of the (J\striifi oris shonld hv. i)rodnctiveof pontinued inconvenience or disease. 
 
 Mr. liandall is ciurect in saying that " this is as farfetclied as a con 
 elusion as the reasoning on which it is founded." If the grub in the 
 head is not productive of inconvenience or disease, whence the suffer- 
 ing condition, the loss of appetite, the slow, weak gait, the frequent 
 co^ighing, the purulent matter, sometimes so ])rofusely secreted as at 
 times to almost prevent the animals breatliing? Whence the tossing 
 and lowering of the head, and the fits of frjnzy to which so naturally 
 quiet and gentle an animal as the sheep is subject ? All these symptoms 
 result from grub in the head, and the animal frequently gets too weak 
 to rise, ami finally dies. These effects of the grub were well recognized 
 and understood by such old writers and close observers as lieaumur 
 and KoUar, while numerous flock nnisters of close observation who have 
 sutt'ered from this pest agree in ascribing these symptoms to this car'«e. 
 It would be as reasonable to believe that those parasites are beneficial 
 which are so injurious to man either internally or externally, or those 
 which prey ui)on on: (iaterpillars and other insects, and invariably 
 destroy them. For although when theie are but few grubs in the head 
 the ijijury may not be perceptible, they can never be beneficial, and 
 when numerous will undoubtedly cause death. They can uot live in the 
 head of tlie shecj) without causing great irritation by the spines with 
 which the ventral region is covered and theho(iksA\Ith which they cling to 
 such a sensitive membrane as that which lines the sinuses. IMoreover, 
 when numei (US enough to absorb more mucus than the sheep secretes the 
 grubs MiU iced on the membrane itself, and (according to the evidence of 
 pome pracitical sheei)men) will even enter the brain through the natural 
 I)erforations of tiie ethmoid bone, througii wliich pass the olfactory 
 nerves, in either of which cases they must cause the most excruciating 
 pain. The natural fear also which the sheep have of the fiy and the 
 pains they take to prevent its access to tlu; imsr3 are of themselves i)roof 
 that it is obuoxious to them. The pest appears to have been more abun 
 
 ' Adapted in part m Riley's Mo. Rep. I, pp. 161-165. 
 
DtPTfiftA. 
 
 103 
 
 (laiit in the Mississippi Valley than in the Eastern States, ac limes grubs 
 being found in the head of almost every sheep that di< While it is 
 possible that the disease produced by this insect may be confused with 
 the " gid " or " staggers " produced by an entozoan parasite, the Tcvnia 
 riinurufi, it is doubtless true that many cases of death from these bots 
 ;uv, assigned to other causes. And, on tlie other hand, undoubtedly 
 many other diseases are cloaked by the popular verdict of " grub in the 
 Iiead." 
 
 The Hies whi(!h are represented in figure 48, 1 and 2, life size, make 
 tlioir appearance in June and July, and deposit living maggots in the 
 nostrils of the sheep. 
 
 This point may be considered as well established by competent 
 observers, although the older authorities all speak of the de])osition of 
 an egg. It may be possible, however, that eggs are deposited in cases 
 where the flies are ])articularly fortunate in finding their victim with- 
 out delay, but in such (rases the 
 eggs doubtless hatch almost im- 
 mediately after <leposition. Tiie 
 larva; at once commence to work 
 their way up the nostrils and nasal 
 ])assages, causing great irritation 
 on their way until they reach the 
 frontal sinuses, cavities located be- 
 tween the two i)lates of the skull 
 and lying one on each side of the 
 central line of the head and be- 
 tween and a little above the eyes. 
 There they attach tliemselves by 
 the little hooks or tentacuhi, placed 
 each side of the head, to tlie mem- 
 branes which line the cavities, 
 feeding on the mucus which is always to be found in them. Until they 
 attain their growth they are of a creamy white color with two brown 
 spots i>laced side by side on the posterior segment. These spots (fig. 
 48, 0, e) are spiracles or stigmata, through which the worm breathes. 
 The seguu'nt with these two spiracles is retracjfile, and can be drawn 
 in and hidden at the worm's i>leasure. When full grown the grub 
 be(!omes darker, particularly toward the tail, the white of the first two 
 or three segments becoming dirty white on the fourth or fifth, and 
 growing darker on each successive segment until the last, which is a 
 very dark brown. (See 4 and 5 of fig. 48.) It has two small parallel 
 hooks or tentacula at tlie head {a), and above these two very small 
 tubercles, not very easily shown in the engraving. It also has small 
 brown elevated round spots on each of the segments along the sides, 
 which might at first be taken for spiracles, but which are not, and 
 also two small corneous appendages (5, h, and 0, < of flg. 48) on each 
 side of the anus. The ventral region has a band of small elevated 
 
 3fiM«t«««v 
 
 Fio. iS.—<Kiilni» ovis: 1 and 2. Ailiilt lly. 3. 
 1*111)11. 4. FuUurown larva, dorsal view. H. 
 Siiiiic, vi'iifral view. C. Young larva. 1 and 2 
 natural lizi", the others enlarged (from Kiloy). 
 

 104 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 dots niniiiiifjf the breadth of each segment in tlieir middle, which, 
 uuder the maynitier, appear to be minute brown spines all pointing 
 posteriorly (tiy, 48, 5). These aid the maggot in its movements. When 
 ready to contract into a pupa it passes down the nasal passages o\' 
 the sheep and falls to the ground, where it quickly buries itself, and 
 in about forty-eight hours contracts to half its former size, and becomes 
 smooth and hard and of si black color, tapering, as in the larva', toward 
 the head. It remains in this state from forty to fifty d.'iys or more, 
 according to the weather, when the Hy pushes oi)en a little round cajt- 
 piecc at the head and thus arrives at maturity. In this stage it looks 
 something likt^ an overgrown house tly. The ground color of the upper 
 part of the head and thorax is dull yellow, but they are so covered with 
 little round spots and atoms (scarcely distinguishable without the aid 
 of a magniticr) that they have a brown appearance. The abdomen con- 
 sists of five rings, is velvety and variegated with dark brown and straw 
 color. On the under side it is of the same color, but not variegated in 
 the sanu', way, there being a dark s\)ot in the middle of each ring. The 
 feet are brown, the under side of the head is i)utted out and white. 
 The antenna' are extremely small and spring from two lobes which are 
 sunk into a (lavity at the anterior and under part of the head. The 
 eyes are purplish brown, and three small eyelets are distinctly visible 
 on the top of the head. It has no nmuth and can not, therefore, take 
 any nourishment. The wings are transparent and extend beyond the 
 body, and the winglets (calypteres), which are (piitc large and white, 
 cover entirely the poisers. Its only instinct .seems to be the continua- 
 tion of its kind. It is <piite lazy, and « xcept when attempting to 
 deposit its eggs its wings are seldom used. 
 
 PREVENTION AND REMEDY, 
 
 To prevent it from depositing its young, different means are resorted 
 to. Mr. Randall says " some farmers turn up the soil in portions of 
 pasture so that the sheep may thrust their noses into the soft ground 
 on the apiu'oach of the tly, while others smear their noses with tar or 
 cause tliem to do so themselves." But as the Hy is very i)er8evering, 
 and generally attains her object, the nutans to be most depended on is 
 the dislodging of the larva' or grub, and so far lime has been thought 
 the most effectual and should be given them so thai by snifling it they 
 maybe made to sneeze, and thus dislodge the grub in many cases. Some 
 sheep keepers even shut their sheep up for several nights in a tight 
 barn when first taken up in the fall, believing that the close and 
 heated atmosphere induces the grub to descend, and is therefoie more 
 easily dislodged, and that the inju-y accruing from such foul air is 
 trifling compared to the benefit received from dislodging the grubs. 
 Other sheep breeders are in the b t'>it of fixing salt logs in their pas- 
 tures, of sufficient length to enable all the sheep to get at them. Into 
 these logs, at intervals of 5 or 6 inches, holes are bored with a 2-inch 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 105 
 
 ;iii|{'cr, and during the season a little salt is kept in these Iioles, while 
 every few days a little tar is smeared around them with a brush. The 
 siieei) in obtaining the salt tar their noses and the odor of the tar 
 keeps tlie fly away. In severe cases, where the grubs are already in 
 lie head, they may be dislodged in a measure by a feather dipped in 
 turpentine, whieli should be run up the nose and quickly turned. 
 This, of course, (^an be but partially effective, as it is diflicult to reach 
 tiie extremity of the tortuous canals, and it is in such localities that 
 tiiey must cause greatest dilliculties. For the same reason and on 
 account of the great i)ain caused the animal the use of a wire to remove 
 tlie larvic as recommended by some should be discountenanced entirely. 
 The burning of sulphur or other destructive substances in a closed 
 mom is liiiely to l<ill the sheep before reaching the larvae m their 
 retreats. In w<mhl be interesting, however, to determine what effect 
 pyrethrum would have upon them. Valuable animals may be treated 
 by trephining, to remove the grubs from tlie sinuses — an operation 
 that should be jterfornied by a veterinarian or skdled operator. 
 
 The IvEINDeeu Bot. 
 
 {tKilrnuujvnn tarandi Linn.) 
 
 This s])ecies is reeorde<l as a parasite of the reindeer in Europe and 
 North America and is doubtless of no little economic importance where 
 tliis animal is an essential domestic species. Its habits are similar to 
 those of llypoderma, and it is reeorde<l that the presence of the para- 
 sites is a source of great annoyance to their hosts. No observations 
 have been made, so far as 1 know, to determine the manner of intro- 
 duction, but there would seem to be the same probability of their 
 introduction by the mouth as exists for the species of llyiwdernui. 
 
 Deer Bots. 
 
 Species of bots are recorded from deer, elk, and antelopes, the flies 
 being included in the genus Cephenomyia. Two species of this genus 
 are credited to America, but it is probable that careful collecting from 
 these animals would increase the number. 
 
 TiiK Emasculating Bot-fly. 
 
 {Ciiierebra emasculator Fitch.) 
 
 In the supplement to his third report as State entomologist of New 
 York Dr. Fitch ])resent8 the history of a bot-fly which is of remarkable 
 interest, and though it does not affect any domesticated animal (except 
 as squirrels may be kept as pets), the subject is of such interest that 
 we can not pass it unnoticed in this connection. It would be interest- 
 ing to reproduce Dr. Fitch's notes entire, but they are too lengthy for 
 anything but a brief synopsis. 
 
106 
 
 INSECTS APPECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 He reared the fly from which his description is made from a larva 
 obtained from tlie striped squirrel or chipmunk {Tamias striatits lysteri). 
 The larva occurred in the scrotum, causing it to become unnaturally 
 enlarged, and when found lay with tail end next a small opening 
 "larger than the head of a large pin, the testicles being entirely con- 
 stuiied." This larva buried itself August 13, 18r)6, and issued as fly 
 .Inly 21», IS.")?. So far as we know, this is the only adult of the species 
 which has ever been reared. 
 
 Sonje notes upon the species were published by Riley and Iloward 
 in Insect Life (Vol. I. p. 214), with flguj' s of the larva, a few paragrai>h8 
 of wliicli we reproduce here, with the flgnres. 
 
 
 
 
 Fia.id.—Cuterebra einasculator: a, full-grown larva from abovo; h, Rnmo, from Itolow— enliirgod; c, 
 hca<l of sumt;; (/, aual cud of Maine; e, portion of inU'guiiieiit of huiiiu — Btill moru enlarged (from 
 Insect Life). 
 
 Dr. Fitch imhliBliod a painetakinfj description of the differont stajj;e8 and gave the 
 Bpecies Wub unnu^ ^>( Cutvrvbra cintinciila'lor from tho hirval Ixahifc ■which he snitposed 
 characteristic. Ho mentions tho fact thathuntirain the vicinity of I-akeville, N. Y., 
 where the lirst specimen sent him was found, liad long heen familiar with the fact 
 that at least one-half of the male gray squirrels shot in that vicinity were found to 
 be castrated, and that it was the opinion of hunters that tho deformity was caused 
 by the squirrels seizing and biting out the testicles of their comrades. In support 
 of this idea he gives tho testimony of Mr, Ilurst, taxiilermist of tho New York State 
 Cabinet of Natural History, who claimed to have seen a half dozen red scpiirrels 
 unite in mastering a gray one and castrating him. Dr. Fitch queries whether the 
 bot-fly may not be attracted by the wounds so made, if tiiis habit prove common, 
 b;>t conclud(!s that the object of the joint attack of several ujton oue is ruther to 
 kill tho grub wliich is engaged in omasculatiug hiui. 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 107 
 
 Tn fortunately there is yet Bome doubt as to whether Fitch's species -will hold, 
 lirauc:-, iu his Monograph of the G-'strida', page 232, quotes Fitch's description at 
 1( iigth, and states that he can not separate the species from Cuterchra scuMlaria 
 LocAV, a North American species, the hahits of whicli do not soem to ho known. 
 
 If this interesting insect has not attracted much attention of late years from 
 entomologists, it lias not failed to lie noticed hy zooloijists and taxidermists, although 
 we arc not aware that observations have been published. The following statoment 
 was written at our request by Dr. Merriam, the ornithologist of the Department, as 
 we had learned by conversation that he had made notes some years ago on the ahiiu- 
 dance of the insect in New York State : 
 
 "In reply to your inquiry concerning the occurrence of Cuterobrie iu 8<iuirrels, I 
 would state that during many years collecting in the Adirondack region of northern 
 \ew York, particul.arly along its western border, in the Black Kiver Valley, I fre- 
 ([Uently found Cuterebra". in or near the scrotum iu the gray scpiirrcl (.%(■«>•?/(( carolhi- 
 ciisia IciicoUa), red squirrel {Sciurua hudaoniiiH), and chipmunk ( Tamias slriattia lyateii). 
 I have observed the same thing at East Hampton, Mass., and in other locilities. 
 The most extraordinary instance of the prevalence of this disgusting parasite that 
 has fallen under my observation was at the south end of Lake Champlain, New 
 York, in October, 1J<85. On the 7th and Jlth of that month I killed more than fifty 
 chipnniuks (Tamiaa striaius hjateri) within a few miles of old Fcrt Ticonderoga and 
 on the rocky 8i<le hill behind the town of Whitehall. ( »f these a very large percent- 
 age— I think fully one-half— were infested with "wabbles" (Cnterelira'). More 
 females than males were thus alllicted. The " wabbles" Avere usually situated near 
 the median line, and anywhere from the umbilical region to the genitals. In a few 
 cases they were in the axilla, and iu one or two instances i!i the upper part of the 
 foreleg. In a number of individuals two Cutorebrie were found and in a few cases 
 as many as three. 
 
 "Dr. A. K. l-isher tells me that he collected a number of chipmunks about the 
 south end of I-ake (Jeorge, Warren County, N. Y., during the latter ]iart of August 
 and first of September, 1882, a considerable proportion of which were infested with 
 Cutercbrju. As many as three were found, in ditlerent stages of developmeut, in 
 one animal. A gray squirrel killed .at Sing Sin'i, Westchester County, N. Y., con- 
 tained a Cuterebra in the left pectoral region.'' 
 
 It is very possible that the larvae of more tlian one species of the genus Cuterebra 
 were concerned in the cases noticed by Drs. Merriam ami Fisher, but this point can 
 not he decided at the present time. • * * 
 
 Concerning the capture of the specimen, which was from a fenuile cliipmunk, Mr. 
 Starkweather wrote, October Ii», 1888: 
 
 "About noon on the 13th my children's pet kitten came iu from the grove near 
 our house, in the Rock Creek region, with a 'chippy' iu its mouth. They rescued 
 it at once, Liit, although warm, life was extinct. The strange appendage, ov abnor- 
 mal growth which they noticed tm the under side, caused them to lay it away care- 
 fully iu an empty covered cigar box 'to show papa.' 
 
 "My attention was called to it twenty-four hours later, when the dark-colored 
 maggot was found in one corner of th<! box nearly motionless. Tliey described the 
 'swelling' as about an inch long and of the shape of a mulberry. There seemed to 
 1 e a natural opening at its apex over a sixteenth of an inch in diameter with a tinge 
 of a dark liquid about it." 
 
 Subseciuent inquiry has revealed the fact that squirrel hunters iu this vicinity 
 rei)ort that these grubs are very abundant around Washington in the common gray 
 squirrel, one gentleman, with that freedom from fact-bias characteristic of the 
 ani-'eur hunter, stating that he never shot a squirrel which was not infested by 
 grubs. We will doubtless, therefore, have opportunities for maring the ailult and 
 comparing it with Loew's acutellaria. 
 
 The larva has already been well described by Fitch, and our figures will illustrate 
 its appearance. The specimen from which they were drawn was evidently full- 
 grown, and has entered the earth in a breeding jar. 
 
108 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 l'"lo. !iO, — ('vti'rrbra cunieiiH: ndnlt; Rid 
 .sliiiws iialiirni li'D^lli (original). 
 
 line 
 
 It will be noted that all the cases so far cited show the larva' to be 
 mature in the latter part of suinnier or in fall, and in tin* specimen reared 
 by Dr. Fitch pupation lasted through the winter and until the follow- 
 iufj- July, which is quite ditlerent from the i>eri(!d of pupation in most 
 
 of tiie hot-tlios, (U'diniiiily the pupa 
 stajje lastiny but n few weeks and 
 tiie winter beinf;]>assed in the larval 
 staji'e in the bodies of the host ani- 
 mal. It IS hardly to be supjiosed 
 that eggs laid by an adult the last 
 of July could mature by the middle 
 of August, so we nius*; infer more 
 than one yearas necessary t<» the life 
 cycle of the insect, in some cases 
 at least. 
 
 July .'U, 188"), Mr. ( '.eorge K. Ciier- 
 rie, then astmlent in the Towa Agri- 
 cidtural College, took two larvae 
 from thc! scrotum of a chipmuidv, tlie testicles being entirely consumed. 
 These be placed in ahrohol, and the specimens now in hand correspond 
 perfectly with the description of larva given by Dr. Fitch, exce))t that 
 Dr Fitch states that the head end presents no appearance of .jaws or 
 other appendages, while in these spc<v 
 
 imens the hook-like appendages are * ~~^ 
 
 distinct. These nughtbe so retracted, 
 however, as to be inconspicuous and 
 easily overlooked. 
 
 The figures here presented (tig. 49) 
 were drawn from specimens i-eceived 
 through the kindness of Mr. (leorge 
 B. Starkweather. The details con- 
 cerning their (capture, etc., we repro- 
 duce (see ]). i07) from Insect Life 
 (Vol. II, p. 216). 
 
 If it is allowable to detail a life 
 cycle from the records at hand it would seem that full-grown larva' are 
 found from the 1st of August until in October, and that within this 
 time, probably, they esc^ape fror.i the host and burrow in the earth to 
 pupate, renmining in the i)upa stage until July of the following year, 
 eggs then deposited icquiring at least one full year for the growth of 
 the larva', and the life cycle being completed in not less than two full 
 years. 
 
 The llAniuT Bot-fly. 
 
 (Cuferehra ciinivuli Clark.) 
 
 Rabbits are infested with a very large bot, which attracted attention 
 a century ago, the fly being named (Estrus euniculi by Clark, and later, 
 
 Fid. 51. — Ciiti'rehra ciniiciili: 
 (oriiriiii'l). 
 
 side 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 109 
 
 
 .?*^" 
 
 hr-.s^ 
 
 ill tlio I'iSsay» 1S15, referred to the genus Cuterehra, while at the same 
 
 time he described aiiotlier tonu as horripiltim. The adults of these 
 
 two forms are so nearly alike that 
 
 r.iiiuer believes them to be the same, 
 
 lilt" niiiiciili being deseribed from a 
 
 slijilitly di'imded spcc^iinen. Without 
 
 ;itt('m;>tliig to settle this question, we 
 
 may |)i'o(t'ed on the Hupi)08ition that 
 
 ilicre is but one speiiies and then 
 
 (all attention to the specimens which 
 
 liiive exaet eorrcs|)ondenee with the 
 
 description of liorripilnni. 
 
 The adult is a large lly, almost as 
 large and having some resemblance 
 to u bumblebee. The head is black, 
 the thorax above covered with a 
 yellow-bi'own hair, the (irst segment 
 of the abd<»men with yellow hair, an*^ 
 the rest of the abdomen of a blue- 
 black color. 
 
 The egg and early stages of larva are unknown, but the full-grown 
 larva is a large, black, spiny creature, found under the skiu of the 
 rabbit, where it, tbrms a large tumor. 
 
 
 CO 
 
 l'"in. 52. — Cuteri'hra cumctiK: a, larva, ventral 
 ft»l»'i't; b, pupa, liitcral viewj c, anterior ox- 
 Ironiity; (f, hooks and iintcrior spiracles of 
 larva— nil enlarKed (original) 
 
 Kio. h'.i.—f!iio<n<bra liorriiiiliim .- ailiiU- natural size (original). 
 
 Tue Department records show these larviB to have been collected 
 at Oracle and Khu-euce, Arizona; Tuscola, Fla.; iSavauuah, Ga.; Itiv- 
 
 Tm. M — Vvtfrfhrn larva, collected nt Ames: a, ventral; 6, lateral; c, dorsal aspect (original). 
 
 erside, Oal., and Estes PuiUv, Colo., while specimens from St. George, 
 Fla., referred doubtfully to this species, were taken from the necks 
 of rats. 
 
110 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 ■I'll 
 
 Til tho- a<u'()ini)jiiiyiug fi{,'iires, aO and HI, from Hpeciiiieus boloiifjing to 
 the National ]\[nsenui, the adult is shown in dorsal and side view, whiU; 
 ligiire rhi represents a spet'inien captured at Ames, Iowa, and whicli 
 agrees perfectly Avith the form described as horripilnm. The i)oiiits nf 
 diflerence will be noted as pertaining to the fullness of the liead in 
 front of the eyes and in the form of the abdomen. 
 
 The larva shown in figure .IL* is from a piirtially contracted specimen, 
 which probably accounts lor the difference between them and the fuller 
 specimens shown in figure 54. The latter figures f.,re from specimens 
 collected by Mr. George K. Caerrie from the common rabbit at Ames, 
 Iowa. 
 
 While the material at hand so far favors the belief that we have here 
 but one species, it is desirable that a hirger number of both larva*- and 
 adults should be examined, and e: 'socially that more specimens be bred 
 in order to establish beyond doubt the connection between certain 
 forms of larvae and the adults. 
 
 The Cotton tail Bot. 
 
 (Ciitvrelira fonthiella Clark.) 
 
 This species was originally described by (Mark from specimens taken 
 in Illinois, but it remained practically unknown until the descriptions 
 by ToAvnseud in Insect Life (Vol. V, pp. 317-320). It is a large species, 
 the flies being four-fifths of an inch and larviii an inch in length. (See 
 the full description by Townsend already noted.) 
 
 r 
 
 OTHEU SPECIES. 
 
 Outerehra huceata Fab. is another species that has been recorded at 
 various times iu this country (Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Carolina, Mas- 
 sachusetts, Washington, D. 0.) and is doubtless a fairly common para- 
 site of squirrels and possibly other small mammals. 
 
 Aside from these that have been mentioned there are a number of 
 species in the genus (Juterebra from America which are known o"ly in 
 the adult stage, and to discuss them here would not only too greatly 
 extend the paper, but would be of little value, since for monographic 
 pur])oses the student will naturally refer to the v^orks of Clark and 
 Brauer. 
 
 Bot-fly of Man, Monkeys, Dogs, etc. 
 
 (CEstrus hominia L.) 
 
 The question whether there is a bot-fly peculiar to the Muraan species 
 has been much discussed, but the burden of evidence at present avail- 
 able leads to the view that the species occasiorally infesting niiu 
 occurs also on dogs, monkeys, etc., and we therefore consider the 
 species under the above heading. 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Tlio flrst record tliat can be considered as referring to this form Is 
 the description of Linnicu^, Syst^ma Natura, and which in Turtou's 
 translation, 1802 (Vol. Ill, p. 583), roads as follows: 
 
 I fomin'm. —]i>n\y entirely brown 
 
 Iiilialiits South Aiiicricii. Lining ap. Pftll. Nor. 1. neytr.,p. 157. Depositn its e>?K8 
 iiiMlrr tlieHkiuoii thohoUie.sot'tlio uativos; the larva, it'distiirbud, puatttrutes deeper 
 ;iii(l i»roiluco9 an uIcit, which Crtiiiiiently becomes fatal. 
 
 Siibseqnent authors failed to verify Lin n;«Mis's account and concluded 
 it was a myth, thouffh Clark (llees, Cyclopa.dia, article Bots), while 
 (•on>'iderinj; it probably a spurious species, at'i inpts to account for 
 the record by sayin}? that it is "perhaps merely an accitleutal deposit 
 of (Estrus bovxH in the human body, of which there are numerous 
 instances." 
 
 Fabricius ijjnored it entirely in the Systema Antli{itorum,and Latreille 
 considers tlni' the larvie referred to were those of Musva carnaria or 
 some analaj?ous species. 
 
 Say, however, in 1822 described specimens which he had received 
 from South America, and gives <iuite a detailed account of the habits 
 as detailed by Dr. Harlan, who sent the specimens. (Jour. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci. Phil., Vol. II, pp^ 353-3(i0; Complete Writings, Vol. II, pp. 32-38.) 
 
 To the account published in Say's Writings Dr. LeCoute adds a 
 (le.scription of his own experience with the in.sect and states that it is 
 supposed to be the Dermutohia noxialis of (ioudot. 
 
 Previous to this Kefer.stein (Uber (Estrits /K...<mjs, Verh. Zool.-P>otan. 
 Gesse^ls. in Wien, 1850, p. 637) had collected all the known foots regard- 
 ing the bots infesting the human body, and Coquerel in 1859 had 
 described larvse taken from the human body in Cayenne, Mexico, aud 
 New Orleans (Revue et Magas. Zool., ser. 1859, T. 11, pp. 350-361), 
 and with Salh3 (361-367) aud Labonlbene in 1861 a similar larva from 
 Cayenne. Other authors mentioning it are Hill (N. T.), account of the 
 larva of a sujiposed (Estrm hominis or gad-tly, which deposits its eggs 
 in the bodies of the human species (Edinb. new Phil. Jour., 1830, pp. 
 284-288; Isis, p. 917, 1832), and Goudot (Observations sur un diptere 
 exotiqne dont la larve nuit aux bteufs. Cuterehra noxialis. Ann. Sci. 
 Nat., ser. 3, 1845, T. 3, pp. 221-230. Extr. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 2, 
 1844, T. 2, Bull., pp. 40-42.) 
 
 Brief mention is made of this species in the American Entomologist 
 (Vol. I, p. 86) under the name of (Estrus homuus Gmelin, and in Pack- 
 ard's Guide (p. 406) occurs the following condensed paragraph on the 
 subject accompanied by figures : 
 
 The genus Dermatobia includes the Ver macaque, of Cayenne and Mexico, found 
 beneath the skin of man in tropical America, and it is disputed whether it be a true 
 indigenous " ffi«<r«» /lominis" or originally attacks the monkey, dog, or other ani- 
 mal. In Cayenne the species attacking man is called the f'er Macaque; in Brazil, 
 (Para) Ura; in Costa Rica, Tor eel ; in New Grenada, Guaano peludo or Muche. The 
 D. noxialis Goudot? Ver moyocuil lives on the dog and is found in Mexico aud 
 New Grenada. The larvio are long, cylindrical, S-shaped, differing greatly from 
 others of this family in form. The flies aie closely allied to those of the preceding 
 genus. 
 
■ill*' 
 
 112 
 
 IN8ECTB AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALB. 
 
 Professor Verrii". (Kxt. iiiid Int. I'anisites I)oh liiimis, j). 24) inon 
 tioiis JJcnudtohid iio.ridlis UH liiyiiiff ejjjjfs in tht, Us nl" slii'cp aiul 
 cattle, an<l that 'Mt also attacks nioii in tlie saiiio way, torinin;>' paiiit'ul 
 tumors beneath the skin. The same or a simihir species also atl'ectN 
 the (lofjs in tn)|)ical America.'' 
 
 In a not«^ appi'nded (o I'rofessor Verrill's report tliei-e is a record of 
 the occurrence of what is conjectured to be larvaM)!' the same insect, 
 taken from a yonuj, \\(»man iit Mississippi. 
 
 And,<|uit«' recently, in an interestin;- article by Dr. Matas, imblished 
 in Insect Life (Vol. I, pp. 7(» and SO), we have an account of the extra(! 
 tion of threes parasites tVom a man wlio was oviposited iu while bathing 
 during a trii> in Spanish liondurus. Tlic account aj^rees in all |)artic- 
 
 Fio. 65. — I'l'niinliiliia noxialiii: liii'vii; n, ventral nHiicrt ninlniiponi'itiicror ('I'lilialicnnilcaiulalRxtrem- 
 itioH, uIhii till' thi'ci' riiwH I if s|ijiii's. single liiliiw. unci iIm' piiini wlit'ii' t!io tluiiliUt (liirHiil rows t^nil; 
 fc, tlcpi'Kiil viiw slniws that the tlitvd rows ol' Hpiiics MJiiglti Ih'Iiiw aio iloulilo above— (greatly cnlar^iMl 
 (IVdin lusiict Life.) 
 
 ulars with previous a<'connts of infection from this ]»est and emphasizes 
 the fact of its injurious nature. 
 
 We do not wish to attempt here a solution of the mixed synonomy of 
 this species, or nuike Jiny do}»inatic assertions as to the accounts, all 
 referring to one and the same insect. That should be demonstrated by 
 the n'aringof Hies in the region where bots abound. It maybe said in 
 passing, however, that when occurring in man the larva must iu the 
 great nuijorityof cases be killed betbre matuiing, and hence the multi 
 jdication of the species be acconii)lished by the infection of some of the 
 lower animals. 
 
 Treating the accounts in a body, there is certainly no d(mbt as to the 
 injurious nature of the pest, for, while most reports are devoted natu- 
 rally to presenting its injuries to man as of greater^ interest, enough is 
 said to prove that dogs and other animals are greatly troubled by them. 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 113 
 
 TTpon man, »ill a«'coui»tM, except tliat of Dr. LeCoiite, reiuuseiit tliem 
 lis setious aiiiioyaiice.H and some of tliem as fatal. Dr. licContu Hays in 
 ilio infested natives tliey seeined to prodneo hnt little nneasiness, and 
 iliat the parties were not aware of tlie time wlien the vgfxn were depos- 
 ited. He admits tliat "theyi)ro«lnee a swelling liavinjj the apjiearance 
 III' iin ordinary boil, in which at times is felt for a few seconds an acnte 
 |i;iinwhen the worm moves." 
 
 Apparently no one has as yet obtained the adnlt fly from larvae infest- 
 injif man, either by rearin;; them from larva- e.\traete«l or eseapinj^ from 
 beneath the skin or by eaptnrin}; them when depositinj; ejjgs. Lin- 
 niens's description refers to tlui larva. 
 
 In many accounts there is no reference to adistiin't sting at the time 
 of egg deposition, this being determined by 8id)se(|uent lo(>ation aiul 
 development (»f tumors; but Dr. r^eOonte, already cited, remarks espe- 
 cially upon the victims not being aware wlien the eggs were laid, and 
 this might give color to the existence of more than one species. 
 
 Fio. 5(1.— n, Hrnm'f's tlniiro cif ••ntiif Dcniinfoliiiv larva, Riippimeil to bo rlnsely allied to sprrimpiig 
 Hlinuii In i'lii. 55; h. ci'iiliiilic rxlruiiiit.v; c, caudal cxtreniity uf giiiiiu s|ii'('iiiu'n ; d, D(>niiuliil>iu larva 
 tit;»n'd by Coqurrt'I, niid rlimcly relatud to, if iiut identical with, proci'diiig only suuu iiiidt-r lower 
 power and purliaiia in earlier period of duvelopuieut — enlarged (from luHect Lite). 
 
 It appears (|uite certain that m some cases at least the eggs are so 
 fastened to the skin that the deposition is attended with pain. 
 
 The larva' evidently hatch very soon after and tlevelop with consid- 
 erable rajudity, but since in all recorded cases tlie larva has been 
 extracted before maturity nothing is known of its pupation. The form 
 is quite i)eculiar and renders the accounts at least all referable to one 
 genus of (Estrida'. 
 
 We reproduce from Insect Life the tigures presented in the paper by 
 Dr. Matas. 
 
 The usual remedy consists in the forcible expulsion of the larva, 
 sometimes assisted by incisions, the application of tobacco ashes, etc. 
 
 In a recent paper Blanchard ' gives an extended account of the 
 
 >R. lilanchard, Siir lea CEstndes amdricaines dont la larve vit dans la peau de 
 rhonime. AiiiialoH de la Soci<St6 entomol. de Frauce, Vol. LXI, p. 109, Vi92. 
 4653— No. 5 8 
 
114 
 
 INSECTS APFKCTINO DOMKHTIO ANIMALS. 
 
 ^ffil 
 
 s|M'«'i«'SiUV«'('tinf; iiiiiii, und it'lers to two Hpcrit's, Itennatithin iio.ii<iliHmu] 
 />. t'lfniiiniitris, the spiicio.s (otniiioii tliroujflnmt tiopiiiiil Aiiiorini. In 
 tlio foriiicr tito sccoiiil iiiitl third H(';;;iiH>iitsaro])roviiluil witli lltiespiiuvs, 
 wliilo in tlio latter tliow scjjnuMits iirr smooth; ami in th(* fonurr, also, 
 the i)ost<'iior border of st»<«;nients 1 to 7 are without a ranp< of hooks 
 ilorsally, while ci/onin'niriH has tlu'se sejjnients and al<o the eij^hth, 
 sonieliiues, with a row of erooked hov>kH pointing' forward on the pos- 
 t«'ri(U' border dorsally. 
 
 I'ailliet speaks of these liotsas at times a veritable si-ourj^e to cattle, 
 usidc from tlieir attattks on man and do^:s. 
 
 l'\uiiily Ml >« 'II >.<-:. 
 
 (IIous<> KlicH and Alli«'s.) 
 
 These are robust-bodied, usually hairy llies, the larv;e of wliieh aro 
 lleshy, lb(»tless majjj^ots, livinj; in deeayin^' nmtter, ordure, ete. 
 
 TiiK Iloim I'LV. 
 
 ( Ifnuiatoliiit Hirnilii Wiil».-I><mv. ) 
 
 In the introduirtion and I'apiil sprt'ad of this insect we have an excel- 
 lent illustration of the importance <tf jiivin;;- altenti(Mi to the injurious 
 insects of other countries and of takinj;- all i)ossible means to prevent 
 their importation. 
 
 Fl(«. 57. JfteiiKiliihiii Hrrriila: a, t'Bti! }>, liirva; c, piipnriuiu . il, atliilt In billiid ]ioHitiun — all enlarged 
 
 (friiiii Hili'v iinil Ilowiinl). 
 
 The species in hand has been a common insect in Europe, and with 
 other members of the same j»enus recognized as a troublesome insect, 
 though apparently no careful study of its life history has been made 
 there. 
 
DIPT KB A. 
 
 llf) 
 
 It >viiH lirst noticed an troiiblwNoinu to rattlo in tliiM country in 1887, 
 anil while wo van not Hiiy with curtiiinty JuHt when it wiis introdnccil 
 uc may bo pretty Huro tlnit it was dnrinjr tin? year I8S«;, or at most not 
 larlicr tinin ISHfi. It is oven possible that it nniy liuve been broii^rlit 
 over in tlie sprinj; of 1887, as its jiowers of reproduction an' sn(!li tliat 
 ,i few weeks wonld suHlce to nialie it a conspicuous pest in a limited 
 ;ir(MI. 
 
 Within two years from the tinm when it was first reiioj^ni/ed in seri- 
 ous numbers it had become so numerous and had spread over ho lar^e 
 ,\ region that it was nnide the subject of u very careful and successful 
 study by Messrs. Howard ami Marlatt of the Division of Entomology. 
 The results of these investitjations were ])ublished in Insect Life (Vol. 
 II, p. !>.'() and in the Annual KepiU't of the Commissioner of Agricul- 
 ture for i881>. 
 
 It was also made a subject of study at the New Jersey l<]\perinn'nt 
 Station, and Professor Smith's report in Jhilletin <!2 of that station gives 
 the results of the season's observations ami trials of remedies. Since 
 these papers appeared the insect has spread over practically all of the 
 United States east of the Itot^ky Monntaii s, and also into a large por- 
 tion of Canada, and numerous articles have appeared in the bulletins 
 of experiment stations and in agricultural journals with reference to 
 it, the greater portion of them being based on the original studies above 
 meutioiu'd. 
 
 INTUODUOTION AND Sl'HKAD IN AMEIMOA. 
 
 All accounts agree in pli'.cing the first serious oircurrence of this 
 insect in the vicinity of Philadelphia, and it apitears probable that it 
 was at that port that the flies first landed. 
 
 From there as a center it spread in all directions, though at first 
 nniinly southward, and by 1889 it had covered most of the State of 
 New Jersey, portions of eastern Pennsylvania, a considerable area in 
 Maryland, and also a portion of northern Virginia. 
 
 In IStH It had been reported from New York, Ohio, Kentucky, 
 Georgia, Florida, and jVIississippi, and in 1892 from Connecticut, 
 Massachusetts, Ciinada, Michigan, Imliana, Iowa, Louisiana, and 
 Texas. 
 
 More recent records refer more particularly to its increase and local 
 distribution in the various States, but it may be said to occupy now 
 practically all of the United States east of the Rocky ^Mountains and 
 the Provinces of Ontario and (Quebec in Canada. 
 
 NATURK AND KXTENT OF INJURY. 
 
 As witli most new pests, the nature and amount of damage caused 
 by the inse<!t was the subject of much exaggeration and wild specula- 
 tion. As usual in such cases extreme views were taken, both of which 
 were erroneous, TUose who asserted that no damage whatever resulted 
 
116 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 from its iircscMice ■were soon in'oven to be »vi(le of tlie truth, wliilo- the 
 tixiiygcratod tah'.s of death to animals, the destruction of horns, and 
 many other wihl statements were easily reeognized as imaginative. 
 
 Tliat the loss fntiii their presence is very eonsidersiblo is recognized 
 by most i)riictieal stock breeders who have everyday association witli 
 the allect«id animals, the loss showing in reduced vitality, lack of 
 growth, or in loss of milk. 
 
 Mr Fletclur, the entomologist of the l>«tminion of ('aiuMla, (estimated 
 the loss in Ontario and (^)nel)e(! at one-half the producit. 
 
 The loss is the direct result of the irritation to cattle, which keeps 
 them in a ])erpetual worry and interferes with their fee<ling and witii 
 the normal digestion of food, and to some extent from the loss of blood, 
 \\hich, when the Hies occur by the thotisaiuls on a single animal, is an 
 item not to b(^ ignored. When at rest .ipon the horns, at whi(di time 
 tliey are most eonsiiicuons, they are in reality the least harmful, as they 
 then cause '-.either irritation nor loss «tf blood. 
 
 The larva- are of (!ours»\ entirely hartnless and it is oidy the adults 
 that atfect the animals. 
 
 Injury to other animals than catth^ seems to be very slight, and while 
 a number of records ha\ c been given of the insect occurring upou 
 horses these seem to be exceptional. 
 
 TOPILAH NAMES AM) POl'ULAU EKROBS. 
 
 l'l»on tliis subject liiley and Howard ray: 
 
 Till' iM)])ul;!i- inline which is hero atloptcd — th« "lioni-lly" — has tho sanction of 
 popular use. It, is siilliciciitly distinctive, and wo therel'oro I'tM'oiiinieiid its ad(i2)tii>n. 
 The name (if "'rcNas lly" and ''ImlValo-lly " and "biifValo-^iiat" aro also in iiHe iu 
 some .scctiims and indicate an impression that the insect came from the West. Dr. 
 Lintner uses tlie term "'cow -li(irn /ly." Objections may bo urged to all of those. 
 
 The most ]iniiiiinoiit of (lie ]iiipnlai' err^irs is the beliel' that the lly damages the 
 
 horn, cats into its snbstai , canses it to rot, and even lays eggs in it which hatch 
 
 into maggots and m;iy ]ieiietrato to the brain. There is no foundation for tnese 
 beliefs. As we, sli.ill show later, the Hies congregati' on the bases of the horns only 
 to rest where they are not liabhi to bo disturbed. While they are there they are 
 always fonnd in the ciiaracteristic resting position, as shown in fig. (51), and described 
 later. Where they liavo bi-en clustering thickly on the horns, the latter become 
 "tlysjiccked " and apjiear at a little distaiii'c as though tlicy might be damaged, and 
 it is doubtless this fait which has given rise to the erroneous opinions cited. 
 
 IIAHITS AND LIM; HISI014V. 
 
 The adults of the horn-iiy are about Inilf as large as the common 
 house (ly and very much like it in sliapi^ and color. The accompanying 
 tigures will serve to distinguish it, while the following technical descrip- 
 tion by J)r. Williston shotdd be used for the exact discrimination of 
 the species: 
 
 Male. — Length, 3.5 to I mm. Sides of the front gently concave, its least width 
 e<innl to one-fourth of the distance from the foremost ocellus to the liase of the 
 antenna;; in tho middle a narrow dark-brown stripe; a single row of sleuUer 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 117 
 
 '■^ 
 
 ■••^ 
 
 .^ 
 
 Fill. 58. 
 
 bristles on eaeli side, Antonna) brownish red; second Joint slijjhtly tninid; third 
 joint a little htnger thiin broad, with its inferior iin;;le rectiiiif^iiliir; arista swollen 
 Mt the base (which is black), tlio ])e(tin!ition lonj;. Tlie na' »w sides of the front 
 and the still narrower facial and genal orbits silvery {Jfray, with a .slij^htly ycUow- 
 isli cast; facial fovea' and cln^cks 
 Idacki.sli, the latter clothed with 
 yellowish hair. I'aliii black, the 
 inner surface and iniiiicdiatc base 
 more yellowish ; {gently spatnlate 
 ill shape, nearly as Ion;? as the 
 ])r<d)oscis and exl('n(liii;f two- 
 thirds of llieirlen^fth beyond the 
 oral niar;?in. Mesonotiini sub 
 shining black in groniid color, 
 hilt mostly concealed beneath a 
 brownish dust, which, on the 
 ])leiira', is more grayish. Alido 
 men with similar dust; in the 
 middle with a brownish, more 
 siibinterrn])ted stripe and nar- 
 row darker ]tostcrior niar^jins to 
 the segments. Fc-mora black or 
 very deep brown, lirst two pairs 
 of tibia) and tarsi brownish yel- 
 low or Intt'Oiis, the hind tibi;c 
 and tarsi blackish brown; hind 
 tibia) on the posterior surface 
 with a noticeable, erect, aiibai)- 
 ical bristle; hind tarsi about as 
 long as their tibia-, the first three, joints widened from their base to tip, so as to form 
 a distinct serration on their inner, acute angles, each of which terminates in a long 
 hair. Wings with a light blackisli tinge (due to microscoiiic pubescence}, the imme- 
 diate base yellowish, the lirst posterior cell rather symmetiically narrowed to 
 terminate broadly at the extreme tip of the wing. 
 
 Female. — Front straight on the sides, its width about 0(|nal to one-half of the dis- 
 tance from the foremost ocellus to the base of the antenna' ; the median dee[) brown 
 stripe about as wide as the iirninose sides. I'alpi yellow, with the margins and tip 
 blackish. liC^gs more yellowish; limd tarsi regular; i)iilvilli and claws small. 
 
 The flies are observed in fjreatest imiiiber in July, but appear as early 
 as May, aiul remain till cold weather, the I'lill time depending upon the 
 season or latitude. 
 
 The characteristic habit of clustering about the base of the horn seems to exist 
 only when the flies are (iiiite abundant. When they average only a hundred or so to 
 a single animal, comparatively few will be found on the horns. MoriMiver, as a gen- 
 eral thing the horn-clustering habit seems to bo nitu'e predominant earlier in the 
 season than later, although the tlies may seem to be nearly as numerous. 'I'lie clus- 
 tering upon the horns, although it has excited considerable alarm, is not prodnctive 
 of the slightest harm to the animal. Careful study of the insects in the field shows 
 that they assume two chara<teristic positions, one while feeding and the other while 
 resting. It io the resting position in which they are always found when upon the 
 horns. In this position the wings are held nearly flat down the back, overlajiping at 
 base and diverging only moderately attip. (See (ig. 58). The beak is held in anearly 
 horizontal position and the legs are not widely spread. In the active sucking posi- 
 tion, however, the wings are slightly elevated and are held out from the body, not 
 
 llmmatohiii nerrata: iicliilt in rcHtini; iidsilion- 
 I'lilarj^cd (I'liiiii In.sfcl I.it'i'i, 
 
11^ 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 at right angles, but ap]>roachiug it, approximately un angle of 60° from the abdomen. 
 The lege are spread ont widely, and tlie beak, inserted beneath the skin of tiie animal, 
 is held in nearly a perpendicular position, approaching that in figure 59, c. 
 
 The tly before inserting its beak has worked its way througli close to the skin. 
 While feeding, however, the hairs which can bo seen over its body do not seem to 
 interfere with its speedy (light when alarmed, for at a fling of the tail or an impa- 
 tient turn of the h<'ad the Hies instantly rise in a cloud for a foot or two, returning 
 again as <xuickly and roauming their former positions. 
 
 FlO. 59.—II(einatobia gerrata: a, lipnd of female, front view ; h, liead of raalo, front view ; c, liead from 
 
 sido— nil eulargt'd (fuim Insect Life). 
 
 The horns are not their only resting places, for with the horns black for 2 inches 
 above their base we have seen the Hies toward nightfall settle in vast numbers upon 
 the back between the head and foreshoulders, where they can bt^ reached by neither 
 tail or head. When feeding they are found over the back and ilanksandon the legs. 
 During a rain storm they flock beneath the belly. When the animal is lying down 
 a favorite place of attack seems to bo under the thigh and back belly, around tlie 
 bag. With certain animals the dewlap seems to be badly attacked, while with others 
 this portion of tlie body is about exf^mpt. Certain cattle, iigaiu, will be covered with 
 flies ai; 1 will lose condition rapidly, while others are troubled but slightly. 
 
 FlO. SO.— fJaemafnhin serrafa : cow liorn showing band of resting (lies— reduced (from Insect Life). 
 
 On the borns the flies settle thickly near the base, often forniiug a complete band 
 for a distance of 2 inches or more, (See fig. 60.) They seen t.^ ;)refer the concave 
 side to the convex side of the curve of the horn, probably foi .,ne reason tliat the 
 cow can not scrape them olf so readily, and Oi.e cow was noticed in which they 
 reached nearly to the tip of the horn on the concave side of the curve only. 
 
DIPTEBA. 
 
 119 
 
 V ; I', lieail from 
 
 The time and method of the deposition of the eggs were for some 
 time a pnzzle, but it was clearly shown in the investigations of the 
 Division of Entomology that the eggs are placed in fresh cow manure 
 in daytime, mostly between 9 a. m. and 4 p. m., and that in laying them the 
 females dart only for an instant from the cattle, immediately after the 
 (lung is passed, and that within a little more than a minute afterward 
 all had returned to the animal. They are laid singly, and never in 
 clusters, and usually on their sides on the surface of the wet dung; 
 seldom inserted in cracks. (Fig. ^>~, n.) 
 
 Egg. — Length, 1.25 mm. to 1.37 mm.; width, 0.34 mm. to 0.11 mm. .Shape, 
 iriogtihir oval, nearly straiglit along one side, convex along the other. General 
 color, light reddish brown, lighter after hatching. General surface covered with a 
 hexagonal, epithelial-like sculpture, each cell from 0.027 mm. to 0.033 mm. in length 
 liy about half the width. In the unhatched egg, even in those Just deposited, a 
 long, rather luurow, rihbon-liko strip is noticed along the entire length of the tliit- 
 teiied side, rather spatuloid in shape. In hatihing this strip splits oft", romaiuing 
 attached at one end, and the larva emerges from the resulting slit. 
 
 Larva. — After the eggs hatch, the larva- descend iuto the dung, remaiuing, how- 
 ever, rather near the surface. 
 
 Newly hatclud tarra. — Length, 2.4.5 mm., and greatest width, 0.48 nun. Color, pure 
 white. Joints of segments rather i>lainly marked, venter with slightly elevated 
 ridges at ends of abdominal segments, the ridges with delicate 8i)ar8o rugosities. 
 Resembles in main full-grown larva. 
 
 Ftill-groivii larra. — Length, 7 nnn. ; greatest width, 2 to 2.5 mm. Color, dirty 
 white. Antenna', 3-joiuted, last Joint pointed. Head with a lamellar or ridged 
 structure shown in figure; divided by cleft at tip; skin behind lanu-llar struc- 
 ture coarsely granulated, while that of thoraiic and abdominal Joints is nearly 
 smooth. Thoracic stigmata itedunculat(i with six ])edunculate orifices. Kidges on 
 venter of abdominal joints not strong, fainter than in young larva. Anal stigmata 
 large, slightly protriuling, very dark brown, nearly round, llattened on proximal 
 borders, slightly longer than broad, 0.14 mm. in length, with one central round 
 opening, and a series of very delicate marginal tufts of cilia, iour tufts for each 
 si)iracle, each issuing from a cleft, but none on the i)roximal edge. Anal segment 
 below with a dark yellow chitinous plate showing six irregular ]»aired tubercles; 
 the surfaceof the skin surrounding the i)late ratlu^r coarsely grauulated (lig. 57, b). 
 
 The larval stages are passed in from four to six days. 
 
 Pi(j)arJHW(. — When ready to transform, the liirva- evidently descend from the dung 
 into the ground below from a half to three-ijuarters of an inch. Actual observa- 
 tions were made on larvie in dung iu breeding cages where the soil was line sand, 
 affording ready entrance to the larvie. Where the dung has been dropped upon hard 
 ground the i)robabilitie8 are that they will not enter so deeply, and nuiy indeed 
 transform upon the surface of the grouiul at the bottom of the dung. 
 
 De»cripi\on. — The puparium is from 4 mm. to 4.5 mm. in length, by 2 mm. to 
 2.5 mm. iu width, regularly ellipsoidal, the head rather more pointed; dark brown 
 in color. The segnusnts are plainly separated. The anal stigimita are darker in 
 color than the rest of the skin ; are slightly protruded and preserve the same shape 
 as in the larva. The central opening is still visible, as are the slight indentations 
 of the border. The ventral plate, noticed at the base of the anal segment of the 
 larva is still noticeable as a series of tubercular elevations. (See fig. 57, o.) 
 
 The pupa stage may last from Ave to eight or ten days, so that the 
 full time from egg deposition varies from ten to seventeen days, esti- 
 mated for the average as about two weeks. As the Hies doubtless 
 
120 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 begin egg laying soon after issuing from the pupa stage, there is room 
 for a uumber of generations during even a northern summer, i)robably 
 from sis to eight being common. 
 
 REMEDIAL MEASURES. 
 
 While the injuries of this pest have abated after the first two or 
 three years in all localities where it has appeared, it is doubtless here 
 to stay, and must be lool.ed upon as a pernument stmrce of damage, 
 the amount of injury varying with favorable or unfavorable conditions. 
 
 For its treatment two lines should be Ibllowed, one directed toward 
 the protection of the cattle from the direct attacks of the Hies, the other 
 to the destruction of the larvic, with a view to lessening the number 
 of flies. 
 
 '^ A 
 
 Fia. 6\ .—Hcematohia scrrata : a, side r'ow of head of larva; h, ventral view of head of larv«, show- 
 ing aututiiiic and thoracic stigmata; e, dorsal view of anal end of larva, nlu)\viiii; anal stigmata; d, anal 
 plate of ])u,iariiiui ; e, voutrul view of anal end of larva, showing anal i)lato — still moru enlarged 
 (from lusect Life). 
 
 For the direct protection of cattle, the remedy most generally adopted, 
 and which can be strongly recommended, is the daubing of the parts 
 most affected with some sticky, otfensive substance to repel the flies. 
 Of these, a mixture of fish oil and tar, equal parts, is found one of the 
 most permanent and effectual. Axle grease is used with good results. 
 Spraying the animals with kerosene emulsion has been recommended, 
 and if adopted should be applied at evening when cattle are yarded, a 
 convenient method being to drive them through a gate at emth side 
 of which stands a man with spraying nozzle, so as to spray the flies of 
 both sides at once. If only one nozzle is available the original sug- 
 gestion of driving the cattle through a gate and then immediately 
 back, so as to get the flies on the unsprayed side, may be adopted. 
 
bIPTERA. 
 
 121 
 
 A plan whicli li.as been going the rounds of the agricultural papers 
 is to arrange a trap in the doorway to a stable, the cattle, after passing 
 thi! doorway, going through a set of brushes which dislodge the flies, 
 which, with a properly arranged window above the door, collect at the 
 liiilit, and are here trapped aiul die. 
 
 A recent number of the Denver Field and Farm mentions a similar 
 device being patented. It is intended for thecai)t.i.e of all tiles gath- 
 I'lingupon cattle, but would be especially useful for tliis species. The 
 principle has been used so generally that there may be doubt as to its 
 being patentable. (See chapter on remedies.) 
 
 For the destruction of the larva', which is i)robably the more effective 
 way of preventing damage, two }M,inciples have been estabfished. The 
 lirst involves the killing of the maggots by introdnction of sonu^ 
 destructive agent; the other, the prevention of their maturity by the 
 nil)id drying of the mass of dung which supplies their food. The use 
 of lime, as origiimlly suggested in Insect Life, is a very elfective plan, 
 and where not prohibited by expense should be generally adopted. 
 Professor Smith's suggestion to spread out the droppings of nmnure 
 so that they may dry rapidly is ai)plicable during dry weather and In 
 some localities is accomplished by drawing brush across the fields, a 
 method which nuist necessarily fail to be complete in its operation, but 
 much less exx)ensive than the use of a shovel by hand. 
 
 The Flesh Fly. 
 
 (Sarcophaga mrnaria Linn.) 
 
 While this species is perhaps better known as a household pest 
 attacking fresh meat, the fact that it often dejjosits its eggs in the 
 wounds of living animals uuikes it an important ])est of domestic 
 animals. 
 
 It has been a familiar insect probably ever since man began to 
 appreciate the insect foes to his com- 
 fort, and has been a (ionnnon subject of 
 treatment in writings upon insects i'rom 
 a very early date. 
 
 It was technically described by Tiin- 
 na'us in 17(51, aiul its habits were already 
 doubtless well known. 
 
 Its life history is easily told, and to 
 some extent juobably familiiir to every- 
 one who has had to do with the handling 
 of fresh meats. 
 
 Living larvae are deposited by. the 
 females ui)on any available bit of fresh meat, including wounds of 
 animals, and these feed and develop with astonishing rapidity, soon 
 consuming large quantities of flesh and, upon attaining their growth, 
 crawl away, secrete themselves in the first ( on veuient shelter, renuiiu a 
 few days in the pupa stage aud issue as U' its. 
 
 Fia, 62.— Flesh fly, Sareophaga camaria 
 (reilriiwn from Van Ueiiedeu.) 
 
1')0 
 
 1 ad W 
 
 1?,SKCTS AFFECTING DOMKBTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 It is cviilont thiit in Mie priinitivit coiHlitioiis of iiiitiirr, or in lociili 
 tics whore poopio uro indilVfrtMit to tlu' ^'xposllI•(^ of llio cnn'assrs df 
 (load iiniiiiiils, tlioso oioatiiros may poit'ortii an important I'linctioii, ilis 
 pDsin;;' of oarca8sos in a short tiiiio whioh othor^vis(^ \voul<l containinali' 
 tho atinosphoro for many days, 
 
 WlM'n infostiii}; tho stoiciionso, howovor, or attacking;' tiio wounds 
 of thnnostii^ animals, tlio oaso is vory dilVoront and tho insect roipiins 
 prompt snbjootion. 
 
 I'\)r stock it is important to pn^vont, as far as possible, the oc<*nrrenn 
 of cnts, brnisos, or wonnds of any kind which may fnrnisli an attraction 
 tor the iiios, and to yimrd ajjainst injury from l>arb«'d-wir<^ tenoesor iiic 
 liorns of cattle. Wounds when formtnl should iMMlrossed with dilute 
 carbolic acid and coated with tar to prevent deposition of o.ii^^s, whileil' 
 already infested with tln^ larva' the woiuuls should bo carefully ('leaned, 
 washed out with the carbolic acid solution and dressed with tar to pre 
 vent further ej>:i; deposition. 
 
 Probably tho juost comnuMi AnuM'iean species is N. sarrdrniiir Kiloy. 
 
 TiiK Staulk Kly. 
 
 (Stovio.Vjis calcitfdiis Linn.) 
 
 This well known species is widely distrii)uted and a familiar pest in 
 nujny countries. It was described by liinna-us in 17t»I (Syst. N'at., li, 
 1(K)4) ami lias been nienti(Miod in numerous works since then, (JeolVroy, 
 J>e(ioer. l-'abricius, and many others noticiuj;- it, and it is unuetiossary 
 to go into detail with re<>ard to its biblioj-raphy here. 
 
 Its bite is severe and it causes a f^reat amount of annoyance to 
 cattle, horses, and other domestic animals, and it is frequently vory 
 troublesome to people working; in idaoes where it alKumds. It is 
 not coiilincd to stables «u' the tiuarters of domestic animals, but occurs 
 frtM|Uontly in shady i)lacos, groves, and in dwollin;;s, especially in 
 cloudy weather, and puts the occupants to j;reat inconvenience. Its 
 bite is not poisonous, and aside from tho pain {iiven and tlu^ possibility 
 of it disseminatiiij;' disease, it is loss injurious than some other nioin- 
 bers of the jironj). When al)iindant, however, this annoyance may be 
 very jiioat, and tiioy all deserve attention. Indeed, it is especially 
 charj^ed ajiainst this species that they have been tho means of trans- 
 mitting ji'landers from diseased to healthy horses and anthrax among 
 cattle, a charge which ai)pears very reasonable from the fact that it 
 intlicts a deep bite and does not gorge itself at a single animal, but 
 may tly trom one to another in securing a meal. 
 
 It does not appear that the life history of this species has been fully 
 recorded, although it has been stated that the stages are probably passed 
 in dung. In connection with the studies of the horn-tly by the J)ivision 
 of ICntomology this sjjecies was reared with others from horse manure, 
 and it may be considered as established tliat the eggs are laid iu dung 
 aud the larval stages passed there, requiring greater or less time for 
 
bll-TKUA. 
 
 123 
 
 '. <»!• ill hx'iiii 
 ciircjissrs (,f 
 
 '■"IH'Moil, (lis 
 
 »'«»llfil|||i|l;||,. 
 
 <li<^ Wounds 
 sect i('(|iiiic,s 
 
 ''•M'ciincin I 
 III :ittriicti(Mi 
 (i'licj'Hor i\w 
 Willi dilute 
 \i:HX, wliiliN'l' 
 'I'y <'i<'an('»l, 
 li till' ((> |»i«' 
 
 '<-niiir litilov. 
 
 iiiiir pest in 
 y^t. Niit., 2, 
 II. (icoU'roy, 
 iiiiieccssaiy 
 
 IIO.VillKMI to 
 
 u'litly v«'ry 
 litis. It is 
 
 l»nt occurs 
 peciiiHy ill 
 
 i«'iieo. Us 
 
 possibiliiy 
 Oier iiiciii- 
 ICO iiiiiy hv, 
 
 •'specially 
 s of truns- 
 iix among 
 u't til at; it 
 iiiinal, but 
 
 iH'eii fully 
 >Iy passed 
 J J >i vision 
 3 manure, 
 I in dung 
 s time for 
 
 llicir (Icvoloptneiit, a nimilM'r ol' <;(;n<>ratioiiN hcin;;- iirodiiccd cacli yaiv. 
 '\'\h> |)i'oiiipt disposal of dung would tlicrelbrc help greatly in rediuung 
 I he niltlllK^rs of I Ills pest. 
 
 TiiK Mkat l'l,^ OK I'll.OW l''l,Y. 
 
 (t'dllipliorii riniiiliirid I, inn.) 
 
 Tills lly agrees (|nite closely with lluitlesh tly in haldts, excu^pt that it 
 deposits eggs instead of living larvn'. 'I'lui eggs, h(»w<'V<u', liatcii very 
 ijiiieUly alter deposition, so the cl1e<'t is very much the same. iJUe 
 lliat spcM^ies it lias long heeii known as a troui)iesome iiise<'t .iiid was 
 descrilied by liiniia-us. It is a large. s|>e<:i<is and familial' as the largo 
 liliui tly whi(di so noisily fie(|ucnts the window or secdis «intraiic<^ to pan- 
 tries, ('(illars, ami stor«Mooms wIhm'o eatables are kejif. 
 
 With that species also it. is<M'edited with atta<'.king fiesh woiind.s, an<l 
 raekai'd staft's that during tim war of the relKdlion they were griev- 
 ously tormenting to our siddiers, laying their oggs in the. wounds, 
 esiM'eially (d" those lelt oii the field ovor night. 
 
 On domestics animals wher*' these "lly blows," as they are ccuumonly 
 called, occur, the same treatment suggested lor the lh\sli tly may bo 
 prai'liced. 
 
 ULiTK-no'i'Tr,!', Ki,Y. 
 
 ( /.iiiiliii ciiiKir I, inn. ) 
 
 In history and haldls this species is very similar to the preceding 
 specries and it is unin'cessary to go into d<'tail with regard to it. It is 
 ono of tli(^ first to put in its ajjpearauco in s])ring, having livc(l through 
 winter in soim^ sheltering ccuner. Its eggs are. deposited upon any 
 available tleshy matter ami the larva' mature rapidly. 
 
 Packard, iii mentioning its habits, says: 
 
 Dr. ('hapiMiiii, of Apidacliicnla, w rites to .Mr. Sjinhorn tiiiit tliin lly, attriict(Ml by 
 llir stoiii'li of ii niiisH of deriiyiii;;- luHcrtH wldi'li liavti ]>('rislM'd in tii!' Iciif of Siirra- 
 <'«^niii, vciitnrt's in :in<l <l('i)o,sits its cff^s, and Mic larvj' dtsvonr tlio festering- lina)!. 
 'I'licHo in turn, on licrondnv; tiles, are unable to ;;etont of tludi' jiri.son, ]ierisli, and 
 ai'c adtled to the |>utrofyin<; mass tli.'it hiid nonrislied them, ((innle, p. 1(1 1 ) 
 
 TllK SCUKW-AVOUM I'l.Y. 
 
 {('ompHomfi'iK miirilUir'nt I''al).) 
 
 The screw-worm is uii(|uestioiiably ono of the most important of all 
 the insoots that alfoct domestic iinimals, and while the literature of the 
 subject deals largely with its attacks upon man, on account of its very 
 general fatality when gaining entrance to the oi)enings of the face, by far 
 the greater number (»f its attacks are upon the lower animals, and it is 
 princiitally in this connection that we purpose to discuss it here, includ- 
 ing such reference to its hominivorous attacks as may furnish aid in 
 understanding its mode of work. 
 
124 
 
 INSECTS APFECTINO DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 The re(!Oyiiitioii of the injurious nature of tlie inst-t-t appears to have 
 been in the early days:, of American settlement, and its description li;is 
 occupied the attention of numerous naturalists. Indeed, it has nn 
 appalling synonymy, no less than twenty-six names havingbeen appli((l 
 to forms which are considered by };ood authorities as representativi s 
 of this si)ecies. 
 
 It will be useless to attempt here a discussit>n of this synonymy, but 
 I may(piote from an article by Dr. Williston' the more imi)oitant points 
 in this connection, alonj^' with an extract from a Spanish article on llic 
 subject, and simply add here that valuable contributions have been 
 made to the knowledge of its attacks on domestic animals by Prof. II. 
 E. ^Yeed,- of the Mississippi l'iXi)eriment Station, and Dr. M. Francis, 
 of the Texas Station, whose papers will be dirtwn from in discussinj^ 
 certain phases of the subject. 
 
 Dr. Williston's article is as follows: 
 
 In coimectioii with I'rofcssor Snow's article on this fly ' it scoiiis worth while to 
 give it, brief .synopsi.s of papers piiltlishcd in thti past low years Ity the alile (lii»terol- 
 ogist of South .Vnieriea, l>r. E. h. Arriliiilzaga, of liuenos Ayres. From his studies 
 ho has aseertainod no less than twenty-six ditl'erent spoeilie, names that this lly had 
 received. It is possible that some of these names would apply to distinct s])(>cies 
 were their types examined, Imt it is a thankless task to endeavor to make order out 
 of the chaos in which Walker, Maeqnart, and Kobineau-Mesvoidy have involved the 
 subject, and the results of Arribalzaga's thorough studies can with i)roi>rioty be 
 adopted. To these results, however, Mr. .1. Uigot, of Paris, has recently taken 
 exception in a note '• on Professor Snow's i>apcr. This author's pene'iant for making 
 synonyms 1. imself may perhaps have something to do with his wishing to pn'serve 
 species founded on inade(inate grounds. His argument that " il me semblo fort 
 hasardoux d'avaueer i|u'un seulo et meme ospeee so retrouve, en ])ermanen('e, depuis 
 les confins <le la I'atagonio jusnu'au dela des provinces centrales de rAmeri<iue dn 
 Nord, vivant iudillereinment sous lea zoiujs torrides, temperc'^es et memo froides!" 
 is of little value, when the author him- hould know that other American Hies do 
 
 have a similar range of habitat, to say nmliing of the nearly allied Miinca (loiiKxHra. 
 
 The specimens which Professor Snow sent me for examination, although somewhat 
 injured, certainly seem to mo to bo CompHomjiia macelhuia (Fab.) I'. Lch. A. The 
 species may, with tolerable certainty, be recognized by its having a bright metallic 
 green or coppery color on the abdomen and thorax, the latter above with three black 
 stripes; the bristle of the antenme feathered to the tijt, and the head, except the 
 eyes, chiefly yellow. In size it varies from 7 to 10 millimeters. 
 
 However, these systematic details will bo of l(!ss interest than the following, which 
 I translate from tin; Spanish of Arribalzaga:" 
 
 "During the pleasant days of spring or tlio hotter (moa of summer, those flies may 
 be seen covering in great numbers, now umbellifennis tlowers, now all sorts of filth; 
 or, resting, there glistens in the sunlight the iridescent surface of their half-opened 
 wings, and the bine, tho green, the violet, the copi)er, and tho gold of their metallic 
 colored bodies. 
 
 ' Psyche, Vol. IV, pp. 112-111. 
 
 - Bulletin No. 14, Mississippi Experiment Station (1891). 
 
 ^ Bulletin No, 12, Texas Experiment Station (1890). 
 
 ^ Psyche, Mar.-Apr., 1883, Vol. IV, pp. 27-30. 
 
 ■Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 12 Sept., 1883, No, 17, pp.l.")4-155. 
 
 '' Analea do la SocCientifica Argentina, Vol, X, pp. 80-84. 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 125 
 
 •'('ur lly ilt'poHitH itH cgjj;, cuniiiioiily called "i/uereHa,'' in doiid liodicH, in innnnrc, 
 ill irehli nwiit reserved lor Cood, and soon there appear ininMinisi) niini))ers of voracious 
 |;ir\M> tlint rapidly conHnniu tliu ohjocts in wliieli lias begun tlieir aelivu life. Not 
 (diitont with tbes<i habits, common to all tlic Bpeeies of tho f^roup to which it ])er- 
 t lias, it d<'po8itH the j^erms of its posterity in the wounds of man and of animals, at 
 the entrance of openin';8 of the human face, and, in its anxiety for ]>ropaffation, will 
 (1< posit them ii: tho wool of sheep. 
 
 •A/ara was, I believe, the lirst observer who noted cases of human myiasis in 
 Siiutli America. ('oi]iierel, nian.\ years later, called the attention of physicians and 
 iiaiiiralists to the freiiueiit and fatal accidents which this evil lu'odnces among the 
 ( \iles of Cayenne. According to this author, l>r. ('hajiuis, physician in chief of tho 
 !'i-eiicli marine, attended one case in which tin? larva' of C. uuicvUnviii had penetrated 
 Id the frontal sinusi^s, causing the death of tho patient; also one very niichian jterson 
 ;iltacked in the nasal fossa" and the i)harynx, who siiccninbed after ho had ejected one 
 hiiiidred and twenty larva'. There were, as XI. St. Pair observed, in the same country, 
 .-■ix similar cases, of which three teriniuated in tho death of the patients after cruel 
 siilVeiings; in two the noso was destroyed, and in the last there was a deformation 
 of the olfactory "rgan. In another case observed by M. St. I'air there were removed, 
 liy means of iii,i»>ctions, more tlian three* hundred larva-, but he was not able to obtain 
 I liem all, and the ri'inainder soen ])enetratod the ball of tho eye, destroying the lower 
 eyelid in conse(|iieiiee of gangrene, invaded tho month, corroiied the gums, and laid 
 li.'ire the inferior maxillary. The victim died seventeen days alter his entrance into 
 \\w hos)iital," 
 
 After giving records of nnmeroiis other cases, ho further adds: 
 
 "To Dr. hesbini, of Cordova, are due the better observations ujjon cases of myiasis 
 produced by ('. iii(tc('lhn-i<i. The lirst case presented itself in an old foreigner who 
 liail an iilcer in his leg iilled with these larva' ; the second case occurred in Cordova, 
 ill a boy of 7 years, attacked in tho left ear; tho third and last case was in a girl of 
 K! years, also of Cordova, atVected in tho nasal fossie by tho i)re8once of two hundred 
 and lifty larva'. All these jiatients were saved. 
 
 "It is itrobablo that, attracted by the fetid odor of nnelean individuals, these Hies 
 hover over tho month or the nose, and thus deposit their eggs. Some atlirm that 
 they at times enter the jiassages for this purpose. 
 
 "The area of distribution of Compaoiiiyia viarellaria is very great, and will be, I 
 believe, yet greater with tim(>, since their habits facilitate their transportation l)y 
 man from onii region to another. Hitherto they have been observcel in the following 
 countries: Islands of America (Miiaca macellaria V.), North America (C/u'i/somi/irt 
 tihialin, C. I'livrminuTi, ('. cirnilcscena, ('. decora, (', phii If.-Desv.), Mexico (Liirilia 
 liomiiiiroraj), Cuba, Colombia, N'enezuela, Cayenne, IJrazil, Peru, Chile, Uruguay, 
 Argentine Hepublic, and New Holland." 
 
 Jwing. which 
 
 DISTKIUCTION. 
 
 U will bo noted in tlie i»reee(liiij^' parafjrapli that the species is 
 cietlited to all of America between Patagonia and Canada, but the 
 territory Avithin which the greatest damage occurs is within the tropical 
 and subtropical belt. Weed states that the tly is killed by cold winters, 
 which, if correct, means ii barrier to its northward extension beyond 
 what is possible in each season by migration of tlie Hies. 
 
 HABITS AS A PEST OF MAN. 
 
 In discussing the habits of the species it will be convenient to discuss 
 it with reference to the attacks upon the human species and domestic 
 animals independently. 
 
126 
 
 INSECTS ArrECTINO DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 The attacks upon mail arc usually <lue to deposition of o;>'jufs in ili(> 
 nostrils or nioutlis of slcopinj; or unj'uaiih'd individuals. tlion<;li im 
 doubt expostMl sores or bruises liaviiif; a bloody surface w<nild boe(|niilly 
 attriU'tive. 
 
 Professor Snow ' inis j-ivou a very «'areful des»'ripti(»ii (»f the iiltinks 
 and results in a nnndu'r of j'ases, and it will be useful lu'ri; to extnn t 
 from his paper some of tluf especially typical cases as showinj;' tlic 
 mode of attack, the ellecis of the presence of the larva-, and the treiil- 
 nient resorted to: 
 
 I liav<< I'l'Diii tiiiu> to tiiiir liiid ot'timioii tuiiotii tlio iluprodiitiiiiiH ot'tlio Ncrcw-woriii 
 upon liorst'H and cuttle in tliis Stiitc, lint until rcct-ntiy have nut received iiositivc 
 c\ idunco of its attaiUs njion hnniiin Hubjects in iiny locality so I'ar iiortli as Kansas. 
 lint early in Scptenilicr, ISSL', I recci\t'd I'linn .Mr. S. 1). Osliorn, the postniasttsr al 
 \iirck, in sontlicaslcrn Kansas, specimoiis "ol' tlio worms which canu^ I'nnn the nos- 
 trils of Milton Carter." These jiroved to he tin* lar\ :e of I.uvUia mnvflUtv'ui Fall., the 
 Ho-callcd "scnnv-worni." U]ion further inijuiry, I learned that iipwanl of one hun 
 dred l'nll-;;ro\vn niajjj^ots csca])ed from the nose of this {latient. who finally rc<'overc(l 
 from the serious illness eonsequent upon their ravai^cs. 1 also ascertained that .Mr. 
 Carter had lonjf heen alllicted with an olfensive nasal catarih, which made his nos- 
 trils an attractive jtlace for the oviposition of the lly, and that he had fallen asleep 
 in the woods in the day time only a lew days before the lirst appearance of the symp- 
 toms ])roducod liy the presence of the larva'. 
 
 Several other instances of the attacks of l.iirilia upon man soon came to my knowl- 
 ed;;e, most of which led to fatal results. Anmn;;? thes() I will seltict the case ;'.ttende(l 
 l>y Dr. .). It. Mritton.of Mapleton. in southeastern Kansas, who reported It in full at 
 the session of the Sonthcast Kansas l>istrict Medical Society, in .Fannaiy, ISS:!. 
 From this report I eond(!nse the followiuf; account : 
 
 "On tlio eveniu-; of Auj;''<t 'J'2, ISSi', Mr. M. 1'.. Hudson complained of a peculiar 
 sensation at the base of the noso and alon;; the orbital processes, which was first fol- 
 lowed by inordin.'ite snt^e/.iiijf, and later by a most excruciating pain over the os 
 Irontis, also iuvolviujj; the left suiiorior maxillary. This p.icient also had sutl'ered, 
 and was still sutferinij, from an ajij^ravatcd form of nasal catarrh. The discharyo 
 was quite ]nirulent, ol' a yellowish color, frciiiicntly tiiijred with blood, with a disa- 
 grcealde odor and at times intolerably olfensive. On the 21th there was a profuse 
 dischar;:;e of much purulent matter from the nostril and mouth, when all pain 
 instantly subsided. 'J'liis discharge continued for three days, during which time as 
 much as Id ounces escaped, increasing in consistcni^v until it was purti pus. The 
 odor becoming much more ((tVensive, his cough was more troublesome, and fever 
 increased to such an extent as to produce slight delirium for twelve hours. What 
 was thrown olf was with much dilllculty expectorated, and was sanious, containing 
 microscopic jtarticlcs of tisseons matter, together with Hakes of jdastic exudation. 
 The OS hyoides was evidently dtsstroyed. TIk; patient had spokiMi with dilliculty for 
 thirty-six liours and there was much trouble in swallowing. The soft p.ibite had 
 evidently given way. and there was an eutiire in.ability to protrude the tongue or use 
 it in speech. 
 
 ".About this time a worm similar t'*. a M'aggot drojiped from his nose. That was 
 the lirst indic.'ition or suspicion that tii<u>j wasanythingof the kind present. 'I'here 
 was not, as in some other cases rejiorted, any swelling, or movements traceable under 
 the skin, nor was there at any time any complaint of the patient calculated to load 
 to a knowledge of their presence. After the i])pearanco of the lirst I expected 
 more, and was surprised to see them dro]) from the nostrils and wiggle from the 
 month without any discomfort to the jiatient until they came in contact with the 
 
 ' Psyche, Vol. IV, p. 27 (1883). 
 
 i;,liiieideri«i 
 „„ 111-* part t 
 iiiiiil unothe 
 ,.,,\,.r them i 
 ;um1 the i)al 
 i.\;iiaiiiation 
 tiiir fascia, 
 
 ini.iily 'l''*** 
 III. .mil ami i 
 ill- forty-eif 
 1„ 1 cxccedec 
 imiient live 
 
 • I iiiit liv 
 (Inipped froi 
 
 • Upon a 
 fnid that all 
 llirowiiig 111 
 vertebra- ex 
 The OS liyoi' 
 sapci'licial I 
 
 " My own 
 |,i-obably th 
 (if. At that 
 Willi the stn 
 I hat alVcctc* 
 liirthcr troi 
 In the I'ei 
 Moravia, lo 
 I make the 
 -' While ti 
 had the mis 
 been tronbl 
 Inmie a few 
 cold. (Irov 
 his ai»peari 
 gestion of 
 and he com 
 the head, 
 liiiu again, 
 symptoms 
 intense niii 
 for in hast 
 a mass of t 
 South) col 
 retreat en 
 sweet mil 
 away a la 
 I5y Wednc 
 ]>ortious ( 
 a str-Mig t 
 acid w». h 
 their waj 
 were una 
 which iiv 
 o])en up 
 literally 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 127 
 
 >%i lini'i<lt>rian iimiiiliraiio, wlutii thoy iiiiiioyed liiia ^roatly, and evrry KtViirt wuh iiiadu 
 oil Ins part to ox|ii'l thniii ; but so hooii aH uxpollud no t'lirtliir troiililtt was iiiaiiiittHtod 
 iiiiiil another would ;;ntlnto tlio iiOHtril. Kvmy clloit was iiiadu cii iny jiart to dis- 
 (iiM'i tliuiii under tliu tiHoiio, but tint Huft pahito bein;; deHtroynl to a ^nal cxti^it, 
 ami tliu palatitio arch apparuntly lowered, it was witli nincli dinicnlty tliat an 
 I \:iiMination iiould lie inado. Tim worniM were evidently burrowing; under tlio jiala- 
 tiiir I'liscia, an it , resented a Inmeyeoinbed appearanee and in places patches w(>ro 
 iiii.illy d((stroyn(l as larj^e as a dime [IM nini.|. They continued t" 4lrop Ironi the 
 iiKiiih and nose, forced IVtini the nostrils by the ellortsof tin* patient, lor thc^ I'ldlow- 
 iii:; I'orty-eight hours, duiin;; which time L'U'T were counted and lli<' estimated mini- 
 liii ixceeded ilOO. At this time tin* whole of the soft palate was ilestroyed. 1 he 
 pill ii lit live.l four days after the last worm canu- away. 
 
 " I put live of the worms in dry earth, and in fourteen days I'rom the time tiiey 
 ilicipped from the nostril there hat<hed out three Hies. 
 
 " Ijion a vtu'y minute and careful examination after death I was astonished to 
 liiid that all the tissue coverin;^; the cervical vertebra', as far down as I could see by 
 tlirowin<; the h(>ad liaek and compressing; the ton<;iie, was wlndly destroyed and the 
 \erte1ir:e exposed. The iialatine bones br(d\e with the slightest jiressureof the linger. 
 I'lie OS liyoides was destroyetl and the niiHal bones loose, only held in jiositiunby the 
 sii|ierlicial fascia. 
 
 " My own theory is that the tly deposited the eyj?s whih* the jmtient was asleep, 
 liKibaldy the day previous to the peculiar sensation and sneezing tirst c(nnidained 
 1)1'. At that time they had aciiiiired vitality enough to annoy hiin while in coninet 
 with the sound tlesh. So soon as they came in c<nitact with the unsound llesh, or 
 I hill alVected with the catarrh, being, as it must have been, gangrenous, they gave no 
 liirther trouble."' * " ' 
 
 In the I'eorla, (111.) Medical Monthly for February, ISXIJ, Dr. .losliua Hieliardson, of 
 Moravia, Iowa, has an article upon "The Screw Fly and its Ravages, "' from which 
 1 make the following extracts: 
 
 " While traveling in Kansas in th.. latter put i/ ut last Augnst, a citizen of this place 
 had the misfortune to receive while aslt^ep a deposit of eggs from this fly. Ho had 
 been troubled for years with catarrh, hence the attraction to the tly. He returned 
 home a few days after the accidtuit and shortly after began complaining of ii bad 
 cold, (irowing rapidly worse, I was called to attend him. ^Monday, my tirst day, 
 his ajipearance was that of a nniii laboring under a severe cold. Had slight con- 
 gestion of the lungs, and moderate grade of fever. His nose seemed greatly swollen 
 and li<> complained of a smarting, uneasy feciing in it, and general misery through 
 the htsad. (iave him treatment to relieve the congestion and fever. Tuesday, saw 
 him again. His nose and face were still more swt>llen, and in addition to the other 
 symptoms he was be(u>miiig slightly delirious and complained a great deal of the 
 intense misery and annoyance in his nose and heao. A few hours after, 1 was sent 
 lor in haste with the word that something was in his nose. I found on examination 
 a mass id' the larva' of this lly (or "screw-worms, " as they are commonly called in the 
 iSonth) completely blocking np one nostril. On touching them they would instantly 
 retreat en masse np the nostril. Making a '20 jier cent s<dutioii of chloroform in 
 sweet milk I made a lew injections up both nostrils, which immediately brought 
 away a large number, so that in a few hours I had taken away some 125 of them. 
 I?y Wednesday evening erysiptdas had begun, implicating the node and neighboring 
 l»ortious (d' tlui face. Another physician was called. Hy continual syringing with 
 a Btr'>ng antiseptic solution of salycilate of soda, bicarbonate of soda, and carbolic 
 acid Wi. l">ped to drown out the remaining larva-. Hut they had by this time cut 
 their >vay iiro so many roce.sses of the nose and were so lirmly attached that we 
 wore unable to accomplish much. Finally we resorted to the chloroform injections, 
 which immodiately brought away a considerable number. Friday I was able to 
 ojien up two or three canals that they had cut, extracting sevor.il more that had 
 literally packed themselves, one after another, in these tistulous channels. His 
 
128 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 I" '^, 
 
 ■fll 
 
 ttpttocli lHU(>iiiin){ HiuUluiily much wHixt^ I uxaiiiinoil tlio interior of IiIh iiioiitli .md 
 IoiiikI tliiit' a i'l(Mtr-<!iit opoiiliiK '"■*! ''•'**i> iiintlu riitii'i'ly tliroiiKli tlio roI'j ]iuliito \i.\n 
 his iiioiitii and lai');ii 4>iiou;;ii to iuHert tht« ciitl of a cuuinion loml iicncil. Satnnl.iy 
 thu fuw roinainin); larvae be^an (^Itangin^ color and ouo by ono dropjiod iiway. nn 
 Sunday for tlio lU'Ht time h('nlo^rhllK(^ IVoin lioth nostrils took place, vlilcli coiitiiiii> i| 
 ivt intervals for tlirt^o days, Imt was not .it any tinio Ncvcrc. On this day the patient 
 bogaii to improve, tho delirium and <>rysipelas havin)r Hnl>Hide<l, leaving hut little hi 
 no annoyance in his heail. In n few days he liecanie alile to go al>onl home, iiinl 
 even to walk a distance of half a mile to \ isit a friend and return. Knt whil<< tlii'ir 
 he liegan com|ilaining of a pain in the neigliliorhood of his left car, ap[>arenlly whci. 
 the eustachian tuhe connects with tho middle car. It proved to ho an ahscos. 
 Heiug alrt'iidy so rotlnced hy tho tirst attack, ho was uuuhio to withstand the secomi, 
 ami died after an illness of nearly thr«M) weeks, comphdely exhausted liy his prn- 
 longed sull'criugs. Three days hofore his death the abscess discharge d its conleul> 
 by the lel't nostril. The <iuantity of pes fornuid was about 1'] ouni^os [IX gramsj. 
 
 "In all aliout'_'r>() larva- were taken away from him iluriug the lirst attack, and, 
 us the visildu results, not only had they cut the hole through thu Hoft palate, bni 
 had also eaten tho cartilagu of tho septum uf tlio nose ho nearly through as to giv< 
 him the appearance of having a broken nosis Tho case occupied, from the tirsi 
 invasion <d' the lly to its liiutl result, nearly tsvo months, lie doubtless would have 
 recovered but for the formation of the abscess, which, from all tho symptoniH, was 
 caused by ono or nu)re of the larvae having found their way up tho left euHtachiaii 
 tube." 
 
 Dr. Hiehardson also i|uotes tho Hev. William Dixon, of (ireeu. Clay County, Kans., 
 as giving the following ac(!ount (d' his own experience: 
 
 '•While riding in his buggy a few years ago in Texas a screw fly attacked him. 
 Hying up one nostril. Ho blew it out, when it dashed up tho other anil deposited its 
 eggs before ho was able to expel it. Not realizing the danger, ho did nothing for 
 about three days, when the jjain became so great that he hastened to Austin to con- 
 sult a i)hysi(dan. His soft palate was ahnost destroyed before tho larva*, over 200 in 
 nnmlior, were expelled." 
 
 This Avas the only one of twolvo eases known to Dr. Richardson in which tho 
 patient recovered. 
 
 AS A PKST OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Until recently the references to the attiick.s of thi.s .species on domes- 
 tic aniniiils have been of a very fraginentiiry character, Imt the papers 
 by Weed and Francis have brought its triu; importance into prominence. 
 
 Its greatest injuries for the United States have occurred in Texas, 
 and the Texas Experiment Station early began tho study of its habit.s. 
 Prof. G. W. Curtis, formerly director of that station, wrote to mo at 
 considerable length regarding the pests, kindly sending mo specimens 
 of the vari(ms stages, and I can hardly better present the relation of 
 the pest to the stock industry of that State thau to extract from a 
 letter dtited December l."), 1888: 
 
 I am sorry I have not more time to answer your quostionH about the so-callod 
 "screw- worm" of Texas. 
 
 I have been closely interested in practical stock raising in this county for nearly 
 six years; always in charge of tho college stock and part of tho time privately with 
 stock of my own, and I am free to confess that the man who can find a cheap, expe- 
 ditious, and effective preventive or remedy of the screw-worm will confer a blessing 
 fitly measured by the enormous iiuaucial beuetit which would accrue. 
 
DIPTEUA. 
 
 129 
 
 County, Kdtis. 
 
 a iu which tho 
 
 the H(>-caIIo(l 
 
 My ohHorviitioiiH hiivo Imitn initiiily tMincernud with the practiciil mkIo of tli« Hiih- 
 Ji'i I, mul not until tiio |iiist your or two have I tiii<i>n nniiii ttuiihlo tu iiivfHti>{iito 
 Ihr lift) hintory of tho ioHt'ct, 
 
 Ami riih), tiio lly Ix'giiiH itH worl{ in Juno, bnt nothing iiko vigoruim linHinu'N ii<;tiv- 
 iiy in ruiichcd until July, whtMi for throo ur four nionthH the time ot thu Mto( kinan ih 
 k> |it, conHtiintly al)soi'1iu(l in iittondinK to aniiiiuls with " wormy" sores This ytstr 
 I I^SH) tlimnost trouUlo was (tKporieui'i'il ilnriti;{ Soptcuilier and Ortolior, and out of 
 --uiiiit 1.'(I0 licad of cattlu and t!l) or 70 head of hoK^* ^VI1 liad as nian,v aH l.'i or 'JO cnHcH 
 iiiidfr trt!atnionl In a Hpacn of h'HS tinin two wuelis. 
 
 Ihr trouble starts usually liy Htnuit littlo H(;rati'h, porhapH caiiHtMl Ity barlitMl wire 
 I.I liy a Htridvu from a horn; Honiotinu-s, fr»i|u<'ntly in fact, it Niarts liy an undue 
 .ii'i'umulatiou of licks and conHi'i|Ui>utruliliin;; (d' tho anitual, wliicli, wliilu rtunoving 
 smiio of the ticks, leavcH an o|i(>uing in thu Hkiii lhroii;;h which a little blood will 
 lAiido. In eitlinr case tho hasiH of tlic o|'ieratiou himmiih to l>ti a raw or slightly Moody 
 Mirfacc, and the rapidity with which tho work is carriiMl on is wonderful. Thu <'f,gs 
 :iio dcpoHitcd and tho larvae a]>|icar iu a very Hhort time; from what I have noticed I 
 siioiilil Hay in less than thirty-six hours after the egg itt deposited. 
 
 I have been told, tinio ami again, by those who assume to know, that the "screw- 
 worm lly" does not deposit the eggs— that they are hatched within the body and the 
 young larva deposiftid after hatching. Thert^ is a gray lly which does tins, but the 
 female deposits only a few larva-, iinil they are not by any means to be dreaded so 
 much as tlm green lly (brown head), which <leposit8 eirgs by the wholesale. 
 
 I have never Hi'cn a "Hurew-worm" (larva) which I could trace directly to a gray 
 il,\ . All of the worms which I have bottled up and hutched under jiositive giianl 
 against error have turned into the same kind of ily, specimens of which (m alcohol) 
 are herewith transmitted for your exainiiiatioii. 
 
 It IS said, however, that tlm gray lly works earlier iu the season. TliiB may b<< true, 
 as the Hies I have hatched out have been from worms taken from sores during 
 September and October. 
 
 In October of this year a house cat which I have ha<l his foot injured, piesnmably 
 by lighting. When we next saw h.m, about three days later, his foot was swollen 
 and tilled with screw-worms. We tocdv out over (iO screw- worms from his foot within 
 six days. All of the.se were placed in a liottle with a little earth and covered by a 
 wire screen. 
 
 The worms pupated and transformed iu twtdve days, about 30 Hies coming out; all 
 like the Hies sent you. 
 
 Dnring the fi^w days that the worms were in the cat's foot they divested the bone 
 of almost every ]iarticle of tlesh and caused one of the ]dialangeal bmies to come out 
 entire. 
 
 About a week after this I bought a thoroughbred Hereford calf and had him 
 shippe<l down from the northern part of the State. On arrival 1 found screw-worms 
 in the cleft of the right front foot (between the toes), produced by some tly in Dallas, 
 as he was shipijcd directly from that point, and had been there for two weeks or 
 more prior to date of Bhipmeut. I took out some 12 or 15 of these worms and 
 "planted" them very carefully. I did not know but tho lly in north Texas might 
 prove to he the gray one, and I was anxious to satisfy myself on this point. 
 
 Some 10 or 12 of the number "plautetl" transformed and the tlies appeared in 
 eleven days from date of ])lanting, all green with brown heads, exactly like the 
 ones I had found in tho cat's foot, and which must, of course, have been deposited by 
 tlies in this immediate vicinity. • - » 
 
 Dr. Francis (Bull. 12, Tex. Exp. Sta.) states that no cases in raau 
 
 have fallen under his notice, and says : 
 
 Of all our domesticated animals cattle suffer the most from its ravages. They 
 occur in wounds from horns, castrating, spaying, branding, dehorning, barbed-wire 
 injuries, and often where ticks have hurst on the brisket, tlank, or juet behind the 
 4653— No. 5 9 
 
130 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ^:Li^IMAL8. 
 
 udder Oj cows. They often occur in the vulviu of fresh cowa, especially if there has 
 been a I'oteution of the ]tla<enta or afterbirth. Younjjf calves are almost invariably 
 aflfectetl in the navel, .-ind often in the mouth, causinjy the teeth to fall out. One 
 case occurred in the first stomach (paunch or rumen) that is worthy of mention. 
 Last Sci>tember the writer had occasion to kill a .Jersey bull calf probably two mouths 
 old tiiat ha<l screw- worms in both hind le;;s,ju8t above the hock .joint. On ojjening 
 the abdiiincii I found hi ir balls in the stomach (ruiuen), and, to my surprise, aliout 
 twenty-live fully matured screw-worms alnu)8t buried in the wall of that organ. I 
 placed soiue of the worms in moist earth, and in ten or twelve days they hatched 
 out genuine screw- worm Hies, llow did they come tlK'ref My opinion is that the 
 calf licked the sores on his legs, and in doing so took some eggs that hatched and 
 devolo[)ed in the slomach. 
 
 Horses and mules are not so often attacked. In them they are usually found in 
 barbed-wire injuries, nnd occasionally in the sheaths of horses and the vaginro of 
 marcs and tiie navels of colts. 
 
 Hogs are mor« liable to become affected than horses. 'I'hey are frequently wounded 
 by dogs and by fighting, or there may be barbed-wir»! itijiiries, wounds from castra- 
 tion, etc. 
 
 Sheep arc comi)arativoly free from the attacks unless injured by dogs. 
 
 Weed considers that next to the attacks upon man those upon cattle 
 are of most importance, and he estimates that half of the cases in cat- 
 tle occur where ticks have been crushed. He also states that "sheep 
 are attacked when injured by dogs, or when the sheep are in poor con- 
 dition the eggs ar laid upon the wool and when the larva' liatch they 
 immediately bore into tlie skin. In many cases the sheep are attacked 
 within the nasal cavities and the worms eat into the head." On hogs 
 he says the favorite seat of attack is upon the ears. 
 
 LIFE HISTORY. 
 
 The fly which produces all tliis trouble is a small species less than 
 half an inch iu length (10 mm.) and of a bluish green color with metal- 
 
 Fio. d'.l.—Onmptnmtjia mafrllaria: iidiilt, wings pxi)nn(lp(l— enlnrfjed (after Francis). 
 
 H :> ■ 
 
 lie reflections. It is particularly distinguished from related forms by 
 the presence of Ihree longitudinal black stripes on the thorax. The 
 head is reddish or yellow and the body is covered with stiff black hairs. 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 131 
 
 The fly appears in early sammer (June or July for Texas), the time 
 doubtless dept'iuling on the latitude, it having i)assed the winter as 
 iidult presumably either in a latitude free from extreme cold or apro- 
 ti'cted location in houses. There is no imi)ossibility of the miyratiou 
 
 ^'"^^ 
 
 .^^ 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 Fid. 64. — ('iiini)soiii Ilia iniiivWi rill: iidnlt, wings iii rf«t — eiilnrjiwl (iil'ti'i- Knincis). 
 
 of tliese flies from h)calities sevenil hundred miles sonth of the place of 
 flieir appearance in early sumi.u'r, as aside from the powers of flight 
 they (!ouhl easily W. transportetl on boats or cars. I know of no obser- 
 vations, however, to establish such a means for tlieir distribution. 
 
 In depositing its eggs it selects some wound or decaying matter and 
 lays a mass of eggs at once; at least three or four hun- 
 dred may be deposited by a single female within a space 
 of a very few moments, and the same fly may oviposit 
 at dift'erent times and in different places hundreds or 
 even tlnmsands of eggs. 
 
 The eggs are cylindrical, like those of other flies, 
 about 1 mm. in length, white. 'Tmler the microscope 
 the eggs show a prominent ridge on one side.'' (Weed.) 
 
 The eggs hatch within a few lumrs. Francis says: 
 
 r I 
 
 Flo. 05.— C inaecl- 
 laria : lieail, side 
 V i (• \v— ciilarguil 
 (after Francis). 
 
 My present opinion is tlint if tbo ejigs are laid in ii luniHt place 
 and on a warm day it requires less than one. hour; whereas if laid in a dry place 
 they Heeni to dry up and lose their vitality. 
 
 Weed considers the time required for hatching about nine hours. 
 The idea that they may be deposited in living condition is combated 
 by all careful observations. The larva, or maggot, is a whitish footless 
 grub, rather slender and (luite active, burrowing into the tissues of the 
 aflected animal or into the mass of putrid flesh or decaying matter that 
 furnishes it food. They grow rapidly and mature in Ave or six days 
 (Weed) or about a week (Francis). When mature they escape from 
 tlie wound they have infested or wriggle away from the mass of matter 
 
132 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 ■if 
 
 in wliicli (hoy liav*' <l»^velo|MMl, juid biuy tlieiiis«'lv«^s in t.lio }>romi<l to 
 trinislonii. 
 
 Tlu' impiuiii iiiv brown in «'»»lt»r, cylindricMl, roiindril at tlioends, and 
 abont twolil'tlis ot' an inch in lonji'di. (See liji'. (»!).) 
 
 Tlio lenjith of time passed in thr pupa, staj^e appears to vary, but 
 obsorvi'rs ajiicc on tVoin nin«' to twelvtMlays as tin^ nsual time; Francis 
 says nine lor tiu' shortest and I'onrteen lor tlie lonj^est jx'riod observ<'d 
 by him. l-'rom this liistory it is evident that llierc may be a succession 
 of many {•ein-i ations during ii season, whiiih for ditlerent individuals so 
 
 Kid. (iti. - Kjiii of (\ 
 
 iiKicillai ill 
 Iv cnliiiuoil 
 Kriincis). 
 
 l''ln.<iH l.arxiiiir ('. inacfllnrid cnliirycil (iil'lor 
 
 I'lilllciH). 
 
 KKi. ti". - K.ns; iiiiiss of O. inacellnilii (al'liT l'"iiim'is). 
 
 overlap and eond)ine tlnit tlu>re are liosts (»r the insects in idl stajjes, 
 I'roni tlieir api>earance in tiie early pait of the season till cheeked by 
 return of cold weather. As Francis says: 
 
 While tile liirv:i' ;ii'o lims (li>\ olopinjj, tlif llins al•<^ t'onstautly layiiiiu; fresh euKs '" 
 the woiindis. so tliat tlii^ yomijf worms take tlit< places of the iiiatureil oiie.s, aixl thiiH 
 keep up a constant and proyiessive loss of tisstu^. 
 
 KKMEDIKS. 
 
 It is evident from the above accounts that the fatal cases in man are 
 due to the di'position of egys, mainly in the nostrils, sonu^times in the 
 
 I'lci. OS). - I'ii|i;n iiiin cil' (' nKictlltiriii—i^u- 
 l:iiHi'(l (iil'li'i- l''r;iii(i.s). 
 
 Vw. Til. I'liiiiiiimii lit' <'■ iiiiieilliiriii, Khm\iuji 
 liniki'U ciiil wlicrt^ll.v 1ms ciiiitk»h1— i'iiliiry;t'(l 
 (after Fimii'is). 
 
 mouth, and that such deposition is most liiible to occur to persons sleep- 
 ing in the open air or to those sutfering from catarrh. The evident 
 precaution is t(» avoid these stuirces of danger by the use of mo8(iuito 
 netting or wire gauze for sleeping rooms and of a ])rotection for the 
 nostrils when exposed in places where the Hies are common. 
 If once infested, medical attention should be sought at the earliest 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 133 
 
 ffrouml to 
 
 <'iiliir(;«il (aClor 
 
 possible iiionuMit, and in case of delay a ])r<tiiipt syriiif;in};' out of the 
 nasal passajyes with dilute <'arl)oli(! acid, 1 i)!irt arid to -'(>(» piirts water, 
 should be, resorted to to dislodj^e or kill tlu^ worms. 
 
 I'\)r the }jfeu<'ral abatciint^nt of the pest, attention to the destruction of 
 f;arba^e, car<Msses, or liltli of any kind is to be (toniincndcMl, wliile prc- 
 Ncntion of bruises, cuts, barbed -wire scratches, and especially the 
 j)unctni'es of ticks, are anion*;' the most important I'K'asures. Weed 
 and I''raiH*is aj^rei^ that ticks furnish the j;reat«!st nnmb(;r of cases, and 
 tiie former advocates tiie feedinji <>' f^^^dt and suii)liur as a preventive 
 of ticks on this account. Francis, however, considers tiie sulpiiur trc^at- 
 ment of no avail, but dep<Mids upon killing ticks with dipping', a prot;- 
 ess which ninst serve to kill ticks, lice, sitrew worms, and all external 
 parasit<'s at once. (S«'e section on dip])inj;' methods.) 
 
 As a direct applicration for the sores infested with worms, a wash of 
 carbolic a-cid is advised. The acid should be diluted with thirty times 
 its bulk of water, and its value w<nild, I suspect, be enhanced if a little 
 glycerin were a<lded. A final dressing' of pine tar or in dee|> sores a 
 I>ackin;;' wMtli oakum and coating witli tar ar<i recommended. 
 
 Dr. Francis writes me that sinj^o the publication of his liiilletin on 
 screw-worms they have found a very practical method «d" applying sub- 
 stances to destroy tiie larvic. It is to use creoline, or any of the car- 
 bolic sheep dips, in a nnuihinist's oiler, by which niciins one can deliver 
 a few drops in th(! holes without waste. They nse an ordinary (MUiical 
 zinc oil can of about 4 ounces capacity, and liml it very satisfactory. 
 
 SITMMAKY. 
 
 In brief, it maybe said that the screw-worm fly, whi<'h is distinguished 
 by blue body, red front to head, and three bla(;k lines on tlic thorax, is 
 distributed through all of tropical and much of temjicrate America; 
 that it deposits eggs (not living young) in refuse matter, (tarcasses of 
 animals, tlesh woumls, or even minute drops of exuded l)lood, and the 
 exposed openings of the body; that the eggs hatch within a very 
 few hours at most, au«l larva' grow to maturity rajtidly, consuiniiig 
 all tissues adjacent to them, and in cases of attack upon the limbs 
 often laying bare the bones; that pupation lasts about ten or twelve 
 days aiul is i>assed underground; that adults are found through nearly 
 all the summer months, but tor the southern United States more par- 
 ticularly from. I uly to October; that for prevention and remedy reliance 
 must be placed upon the prevention, as far as possible, of all wounds 
 and filth on animals, and when infested, prompt treatment with washes 
 of dilute carbolic acid and subsequent coating Avith pine tar. 
 
 Tub Tsetse Fly. 
 
 (Glossina morsitatia Westw.) 
 
 This famous fly of the central plains of Africa can hardly be omitted 
 from a work of this character, especially since there is a possibility of 
 
134 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 its distribution to othor countries. I'iVen uow it is thought to exist in 
 Austral iii. 
 
 Its iittiu'ks upon (tattle, liorses, mules, slieep, as well as nunierons 
 wild animals — /ehras, antelopes, buH'aloes, etc. — are saiil to be most 
 deadly in result, and even man is attacked with severity, tlu)nj;ii it is 
 clainu^l that tiiese attacks are less injuiious to man than to animals. 
 
 Other species <)t' tiu>. }>enus have similar habits, but are less known. 
 
 The Hii'PKLATKS Kr.iKS. 
 
 {Hip}wlatin N|>i>.) 
 
 Under the title of The llippelates ria}j;iu^ in Florida' Mr. E. A. 
 Schwarz has called attention to a juroup of inst'cts thiit nnist have a 
 very imimrtant place in the list of animal pkijuues, though they seem 
 to have been pretty generally negh'cted. II is treatment of the pest is 
 
 Fm. "1. — ////'/'(''(I'i'K ilavii'm - luiuli cnlarp'il ( from Schwiirz). 
 
 almost entirely from the standpoint of their attacks upon human 
 beings, but it is clearly shown that they must be a dangerous pest to 
 domestic animals as well. There can be no doubt that these insects 
 have been commonly met with and noticed as a source of annoyaiu-e, 
 but no one seems to have nnule a study of them from the economic 
 standpoint before Mr. Schwarx. 
 
 The species especially mentioned are : Ifippclati's plchejus Loew, ^flavi- 
 pes Loew, Aiulpusio Loew, two of which are figured and the figures are 
 here reproduced. 
 
 The annoyance caused by the flies is due to their darting into the 
 eyes and other parts of the body after the moisture or [lerspiration, 
 and also by a constant humming. They prove very iiritable. Further, 
 
 ' Insect Life, Vol. VII, pp. 374-379. 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 135 
 
 l>( to oxist ill 
 
 its minicroiis 
 '<» 1»<' most 
 tlioii{>|i ii is 
 
 O illljlllills. 
 
 K'ss known. 
 
 Afr. K. A. 
 
 imist liavo ji 
 'i thoy seem 
 t' the jifst is 
 
 they attack sores, scrutches, ulcers, etc., and by passinff from one per- 
 son to another, or from <logs, cats, or other animals witli sores to 
 healthy individuals, become a most dangerous source of disease 
 contagion. 
 
 So far as doscribcMl the plague is greatest in the Southern States, 
 especially Florida, Alabama, and Texas, an<l as similar species are 
 common to many parts of the (country, there is little doubt tliat when 
 investigated many of the annoying gnats will be Ibund to come within 
 this group. In»le<'d, I feel conJident that in years past insects of this 
 character iiave been often encountered in the Mississippi Valley, as the 
 hard bodies and persistent elforts to ent<'r eyes have been noted, when 
 no attempt was made to collect specimens or place them entomologi(;alIy. 
 
 Tho (lies aro stiii'tly diiiriiiil, and <i>iititiiio to lio tioubloHoiiui from early morning 
 till near sunset, hein;; most, iij^f^ressivo ilnring the Dot and Miiltry hours of tlirafttT- 
 noon. They prefrrubly freijnent open and snnuy plac-es, wliile in the shade of deuHO 
 
 'Oil human 
 ons pest to 
 Bse insects 
 innoyance, 
 s economic 
 
 oew, Jfavi. 
 figures are 
 
 g into the 
 
 •spiration, 
 
 Further, 
 
 Fici. T.'. — lliiiiii'Uili's iilebrj 118— imu-h enlarged (from Schwiir/,). 
 
 forests their ])re8ence 's not notieeabio. They are e'lnally troublesome in th<' conn- 
 try away from human habitationc^, and l:i tho streets of small towns, but I do not 
 recollect having seen them in any number ou the streets of the larger cititjs. They 
 enter the howoes, but evidently do not feel at ease in the loouis, for they do not attack 
 people, but cctngregate on the ])unos of windows, if these happen to bo closed. 
 
 The life histories are unknown, but Mr. Schwarz suggests the stems 
 of reedy iilants or the piles of decaying reeds along shores of lakes or 
 marshes iis possible breeding grounds. 
 
 With regard to remedial measures Mr. Schwarz says: 
 
 Until some light is thrown on the life history of the Hies it is impossible to sng- 
 gest any remedial measures to be adopted for the general abatement of this pest in 
 a given region. Very little can be said regarding protective measures. To kill the 
 flies, as we instinctively do the mosquitoes, by a slap of the hand, is of no avail 
 against the Ilippelates, because they are too numerous and for other obvious reasouu. 
 
136 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 A closo-fittlng veil would no doubt protect the eyes, but in the hot days of a sontli 
 em summer the weariug of a veil is a torture almost e(iual to that of the Hies. For 
 the same reasou applications of oil of tar, oil of pennyroyal, and similar suli- 
 stauces, which are more or less satisfactorily used in the North against the mo8(ini- 
 toes, black flies, and sand Hies, is hardly bearable iu the South. Smokinj; cigars or 
 a pipe offers a good ])rotectlou to tlioso who ind\ilgo in tliis vice, but even an invet- 
 erate smoker can not sniolie constantly when he is out of doors. A good smudgt 
 also drives away the Hies, but of course can not l)o classed among tlie remedies that 
 are handy and available at every hour and at every place. Sprinkling the coat collar 
 and other parts of the clothing with Eucalyptus oil (and no doubt, also, other 
 strongly smelling etheric oils), as lately recommended as a good r<'pellent against 
 house Hies, should be tried, and promises, in my opinion, good results. 
 
 It is 
 but Dr. 
 ]nodnc( 
 the mu 
 ubumlii 
 
 This ::\^tch of the iiies is natur.ally very incomplete, as, were the 
 attempt made to include all that may at times aimoy domestic animals, 
 it would require a volume by itself. The common house fly, for instance, 
 may often prove a serious pest to domestic animals, and its annoyance 
 in houses is too well known to need any comment. The effort has been 
 to give a fairly adequate treatment of those species which are of greatest 
 concern to the stock raiser, especially iu the United States. 
 
 Family HIPPO BOSOID^E. 
 
 (Forest Flies, Ticks.) 
 
 This remarkable and interesting group of insects contains two species 
 of special interest to the stock breeder, both of which are old and 
 familar pests. 
 
 The si...cies of the family at large occur on a number of animals, but 
 the greater number occur on b'rds, and especially upon birds of prey, 
 and therefore have no relation to our present discussion. 
 
 They are horny bodied, Hatteued flics with tubular mouth parts fltted 
 for suction, and having, except the sheep tick, well-developed wings. 
 They are therefore somewhat migratory in their habits. 
 
 They are especially remarkable and abnormal in their method of 
 reproduction, the eggs hatching and the larva? developing within the 
 body of the adult, so that when extruded they have almost reached 
 the pupa stage. The extruded larva changes almost inunediately to 
 the pupa, the larval skin forming a hard pupa case, and in this con- 
 dition they resemble seeds. This stage is quickly passed, and the adult 
 ai)poars, assuming at once its mature form. 
 
 Williston <r marks that the genus Lii)optena is remarkable in that in 
 the earlier state the flies have wings and live on birds, but later they 
 seek quadrupeds, where they remain, and having no further use for 
 their wings, they lose them. It must be inferred that the young flies 
 issuing on mammals migrate by means of their wings to birds and later 
 return to a mammal host. 
 
DIPTEBA. 
 
 137 
 
 It is comnumly stated that these flies produce but one or two young, 
 but Dr. (Jurtico is autliority for the statement that the sheep tick may 
 ])roduce from five to eight young, one after another, which wouhl malie 
 the multiplication more rapid, and better account for the occasional 
 abundance of this pest. 
 
 The Bird Ticks. 
 
 The s])ecies occurring on birds are included in the genera Olfersia 
 and Ornithomyia, the former being distinguished by the absence of 
 ocelli and the presence of two teeth under each claw. 
 
 Ol/crsia americana Leach is a rather common species on owls and 
 other raptorial birds and also the partridge or ruffed grouse. It ia 
 described and flgured by Packard as Ilippohosca huboniH, in the Guide, 
 p. 433. 
 
 0. alhipt'unis occurs somewhat commonly on herons, and (irdece is 
 recorded fiom the same class of birds. Other si)ecies listed by Osten 
 Sackon are hrnnnen,mexicann, propinqua, and suIcijVons. 
 
 Ornithoniifia contsiins eight species, of which ncbnlosa is recorded 
 from an owl, JStru' nebidosa; and paUida Say from Sylvia sialis. 
 
 The Deeu Tick. 
 
 {Lipoptenn dcitrvana Say.) 
 
 This interesting form was described by Say from specimens taken 
 from the common deer {Cerrns rmjinianns). It is wingless, as usually 
 found on this host, but according to Williston is provided with wings 
 and occurs on birds during the early period of its existence. At this 
 time the wings are weak, the veins slender. 
 
 The h'oKEST Fly or Horse Tick. 
 
 {llippohoKca eijuhia Linn.) 
 
 Linnams described this species in 1701, but it must have been a 
 familiar form to observers of insects long prior to that date. Since 
 then it has received frequent 
 notice, and mention of it occurs 
 in numerous general works and 
 in all treatises on Diptera or on 
 the parasites of the horse. 
 
 Its injuries consist in the irri- 
 tation i)roduced by the move- 
 ments among the hairs, their 
 punctures of the skin, and loss 
 of blood occasioned when occur- 
 ring in numbers. j.,q ^z.~mvpohosca eqidna (copied from Packard). 
 
 It would seem to be far less 
 common in this country than in the Old World, and 1 have yet to hear 
 
138 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 of a case where it has occurred in serious luuiibers. It is list»'d liy 
 Osteii Sacken, on autliority of Kirby and Loew. 
 
 It is of course i)ossible that the species may multiply so as to becoinc 
 a pest, and this possibility sliould be recofjnized. It might, from tlic 
 ability to i\y, be more ditlicult to handle than the sheei) t'wk, but doubt 
 less the careful grooming of horses aftected would prevent undue 
 increase. Dusting pyrethrnm in the hair would be useful, and tliis 
 could be resorted t(t with horses in pasture as well as those that aic 
 stabled. 
 
 Thk Shekp Tiok. 
 
 i«!'4. 
 
 a": 
 
 J^- 
 
 m0tsm 
 
 JiC^* 
 
 {Mehtphagns iiviniix Linn.) 
 
 Linnanis described this spe(!ies in 1701 under the nsime of ITippohoscd 
 oriniiN, but in the later division of this genus, which at lirst covered 
 all the forms included in the family, this species was assigned to tlir 
 genus ]Melophagus. 
 
 It ditt'ers from the other members of the family in never possessing 
 wings. The head is small and sunken into the i)rothorax. The middle 
 
 portion of the thorax is rather 
 slender, contrasting with the 
 development of this region in 
 the winged forms. 
 
 It is of a reddish or gray 
 brown color, about one-fourtli 
 of an inch long, and easily 
 detected when i)resent in any 
 numbers on sheep. They never 
 migrate from the original host 
 ex<!ept it be to attach to an 
 other animal of the same spe 
 cies,and ]trobably the principal 
 movement is that which occurs 
 after sheep are sheared, when 
 the ticks tend to migrate to 
 lambs. On the sheep, if abundant, they may cause considerable dam- 
 age, indicated by lack of growth or poor condition, and when nuissing 
 upon lambs they may cause great damage, resulting in the <leath of the 
 victims if not promptly relieved. 
 
 They are distributed over the world generally where sheep are kept, 
 and are too well known by sheep breeders to make it necessary to 
 emphasize the injury they may cause. All breeds of sheep seem alike 
 subject to attack, but I know of no record of their occurrence upon 
 other animals. 
 
 Curtice has determined that each female may produce from five to 
 eight young, the seed-like brown puparia of which are often to be met 
 with among the more numerous adults that adhere to the wool or skiu. 
 
 
 Fio. 74. 
 
 a 
 
 -Meloiihaijiit <ivi)ius ; a, iidult; />, piipnriiim- 
 I'lilurgetl (orijiinnl). 
 
blP'iERA. 
 
 130 
 
 EEMKDIKS. 
 
 While the ticks may bo {•rcatly lessene<l in number by the vij^oroiis 
 use of pyrcthriim — a most avaihible remedy during winter — the njost 
 lira<*tieal i>hni to adopt, and one which it'tlioroughly followed will make 
 iill otliers unnecessary, is to dip the sheep each year after slieariuff. 
 
 Of the numerous dips wliich are in use, and which are discussed 
 iiM»re fully in the <'hai)ter on remedies the kerosene en)ulsion is recom 
 mended for this fcn'in, and several of the patented dips on the mark 
 are good, while tobacco dips, tar dips, etc., may be used, if preferred. 
 
 It is of (bourse desirable to use a dip that will etfectually destroy not 
 only these ticks but the two forms of lice and the scab mites, in 
 case any of these are present. A dipping tank is an essential part of 
 the e(piipment for sheei) raising, and its construction is described in the 
 chapter on remedies. 
 
 A Hock once freed from the pests will not be again infested except by 
 the introduction of infested animals; htace care should be taken in 
 making additions to t lie Hock to free the newcomers from parasites. 
 It is also well to keep the sheep for a few days after dipi»ingin a ditfer- 
 ent indosure from what they occupied before, to avoid possible infes- 
 tation from any stragglers that may have been caught on wool upon 
 posts or brush, and if the wool is charged with them when clipped it 
 should be stored where the ticks could not easily return to the sheep. 
 The ticks can not travel any distance independently, and will soon die 
 when removed from the sheep, but proper care here will assure success. 
 With due care to have an eliicient dip one operation should suffice, but 
 it is a good plan to examine the herd a week or ten days after dipping, 
 and if any parasites are found to have es(;aped, or to have issued from 
 pupaj that survived, to repeat the operation. 
 
 A Bat IIippouoscid. 
 
 Under the title of " A remarkable new hippoboscid from Mexico," 
 Mr. C. II. T. Townsend describes a species which he names Trichohiua 
 duyenii and which he received from Dr. J)ug('8, of Guanajuato, Mexico, 
 taken i'rom a bat, OlosHnphaga sorichia. (Entom. News, Vol. II, pp. 
 lOo-lOG, 181)1.) 
 
140 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESIIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Family NYOTKHIJ U II ).K. 
 
 (Bat Flies.) 
 
 These very reniurkable Diptera seom to have none a step farther excii 
 than the lli]>p()l)<>s('i(la' i.i their adaptation to 
 parasitic; lite, the kiutwn forms bciiij^- t')tally mIii^ 
 less and eoiistantly eondned to their l.osts. Tlic 
 latter are vaiious speeies of bats, and the spt'cits 
 have been observed in various parts of the worM, 
 three only beinj; recMtrded for this (Mtuntry, tlic 
 iStrvhlit rrspct'tilionis Fab., credited to .Taniai( a. 
 San Doniinyo, Cuba, and South Aiiieriea; tlic 
 Mvtji.stopi>tlif pilatei, from Cuba, and an unuanieil 
 speeies of Xycteribia, from California. 
 The Sirehht rrspcrtilifniis is credited with occuf- 
 
 Fio. 75.— NycioriMn sp. j.j„jr (,„ i)jcr(.())is aiul parrots, but considcrinff tlic 
 
 nornnu habits ol all the known species these 
 
 must be looked upon as strayglers. 
 
 N:r 
 
CIIAITKU III. 
 
 SIPHONAPTERA. 
 
 Fleas. 
 
 Tliis j;-i'<»iii) of iiiso(its, iiifliidiii}:f tlie well-known tieas, has by nniny 
 wiiters hi't'U consiikM'tMl as lolateil to the DipttMa, bnt in most recent 
 witiks on systeniatie eutoniology it is };iven separate rank un<ler the 
 above nan»e. It is unnecessary here to discuss the (piestion of their 
 /(M»h)}jrical positi(»n, bnt it may not be ontof phu'c to remark that, wliilo 
 tliey are a very distinct yroui) and doubtless well de^-ervo to have this 
 distinction indicated systennitically, there is nuich to in<licivte that they 
 liave had a remote relationship to the dipterous branch. This is shown 
 not only in the m<)nth itarts and feet of the adults, but in tiie larvie, 
 wliieh are footless, slender, worm-like creatures. 
 
 The insects of this <;roup are characterized by the entire absence of 
 wings, by haviny the bodies compressed, the legs long and stout, tne 
 
 Fill. 7tl.— /'»Jir iiiiliiiiii : II. liiivii; h, \n{\>n; c, iniajio— all ciliary:''! (IVoiii Vai, Itnicilcii). 
 
 coxai being lennirkably developed, giving them great leaping power. 
 Tiie mouth parts are well developed a"- adapted for suction, all the 
 species in tlie adult stage feeding upon the blood of mammals or birds. 
 The antenme are small, usually sunken in a pit or groove in the side of 
 the head and of peculiar form, the third, or terniinal, segment being 
 annulated, or, in some cases, even divided into leaf-like plates. The 
 eyes are simple when present, but in many cases they are reduced to 
 mere rudiments or even completely wanting. The tarsi are 5-Jointed. 
 
 They undergo a complete metamorphosis, the early stages being 
 passed in phues adjacent to the resorts of the host. The eggs, while 
 sometimes laid upon the hairs of the bost animal, are loosely attached 
 
 141 
 
142 
 
 INSKCT8 AFFECTING DOMKSTIC ANIMALH. 
 
 mid imiHt oidiiiiirily be scattenMl in placos wIumo tlu' liost forms sh-cp 
 or lU'st. 'I'lic liiivii', so I'lir as kn()\v!i, livo In dust or litter in siinilin 
 locations. Tlicy iir<^ slender, worm-like, footless objcets, with a spiUM' 
 covering; of hairs. The pupa* form in similar locations, inclosing' them 
 selves in eoeoons. \Vestwoo«l says: 
 
 Wlieu full >{r(>\vii, wliicli occiirH in Hiiiiiiiier in iilxiut twolvr diiys, tlio larvii' incloHr 
 tlien)H('lv(>H in u Nuiall rocoon of hiIU, ol'tcu Cdvurnl with (IuhI, nn<l iittticlu'il to hiii- 
 roundin^ HnliHtaiiccM, I{<")hcI, li(>\v*>V('r, ohsorvcil that Hoino <>!' tiio liirvii' uiiiU^rwviit 
 thoir tianHt'orinatiiius withinit t'orniin^ n.iy cocoon. 
 
 Ill nittst of the avaihibU' works the j^roiip is mad«^ to eoiitain but ii 
 sinpfle fimily, the rulieida-, but more reejMit systemati*'. works sepa 
 rate them into three families, the Sareo|)syllida', including' the small 
 forms, with large heads, whieh are eontined to the host animal while in 
 the firavid condition; the Vermipsyllida*, in which the gravid females 
 are not stationary, but the alMlomen becomes swollen, and in whieh the 
 labial palpi are 10-J(»iuted; and the I'lilicuhe, including moMt of onr 
 common forms, in which the female abdomen does not become Hwollen, 
 and the labial palpi are from 3 to o jointed. 
 
 While the fleas are essentially parasitic in the adult stages, they are 
 by no means so strictly eontined to the host as are the Pediculida- or 
 most of the Mallophaga, but wander from the host at times, and may 
 even be found on dilVereut spei'ies of animals than those which are evi- 
 dently their normal hosts. Probably these stragglers do not, as a rule, 
 maintain a permanent habitat upon the new host, and therefore, with 
 the exception of one or two species, little attention need be given to 
 prevention of migration or of transfer from one animal to another. 
 
 In the further discussion of species, which will be limited mostly to 
 the American forms of economic interest, we will disregard these 
 divisions and treat the species simply under their respective genera. 
 
 Thk Ji(}(}ER Flka, on Chigok. 
 
 (SarcopHj/lla pfiittraiin liinn. ) 
 
 Linnu'us described this specir^s more than a century ago (17<»7) under 
 the name of Pulex peitetrans., and it has been treated in many ditterent 
 woi'ks since that time. The various names of "jigger," ''jigger tlea," 
 "chigoe," and ''chicpie," applied to it in various localities, are evidently, 
 in part at least, associated with its annoying habit. In distribution it 
 covers all of tropical and subtropical America. Baker says "this tlea 
 is undoubtedly found throughout the tropical and subtropical regions 
 of both hemispheres." 
 
 Kailliet states that it was Introduced into Africa about the year 1872, 
 and that it has propagated there with astonishing rapidity. 
 
 While most of the re(!ords of its injuries have been with reference to 
 its occurrence on man, it is a notable pest of inftTior animals, and 
 doubtless occurs much more frequently as a parasite of some of these 
 than of man. 
 
Sll'HONAPTKUA. 
 
 143 
 
 V Itirvii' iiiclip-. 
 It.'iclu'd to Niir 
 rv.i' imiltM'wt'Mi 
 
 je8, they arc 
 tMlieulidii' or 
 es, aiul insiy 
 1 1 it'll are evi 
 ot, as a rule, 
 iiretbie, with 
 be given to 
 another. 
 3d mostly to 
 egard these 
 ve genera. 
 
 leyear 1872, 
 
 reference to 
 ninials, and 
 me of these 
 
 Tlie dog and rat are among the species that are spechilly Hnbjeet to 
 it> attack, Ixit other mammalia are alt'e(;tcd, and Railiittt mentions 
 slit'cp, goats, cattle, horses, asses, and males, and even birds as hosts, 
 ainl cites particularly a case wher(^ a hog was very serionsly infested. 
 I he foot examined by K, HIamthard had been obtained from ljil)cria 
 
 Vw.n .— SarciiiiKylla penelrans : 1, egg; 2, embryo; 3, larva; 4, cocoon ; 5, impii; 6 fcciiiidatcilfcinalo; 
 7, tlicgniiic on the third day from its cntraiiic iiiidcr tlic skin of its liiiiiian liost; 8, the saiiic alter 
 scvcraldaye rcnidoiicciii tliOHkiii of its lioat ; 9. fully (jrown fcinalc— magnified four times; 10, head 
 of sanio still more onlarge<l; 11, female before entering skin; 12, mouth partti much enlarged, 
 m, mandibleH; </, maxillary palpi, «, labium (after Karston and Guyon.) 
 
 by J. Jullien, and after the extirpation of the fleas i)re8ented tbe 
 appearance of the cells of boiieycomb, so thickly had the parasites 
 been crowded together. 
 
 The adult fleas aflfect their hosts as in other species, but the females 
 after impregnation burrow into the skin of the host, especially under 
 
144 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 the toe iiiiils, and produce a swelling and later a distinct ulcer, some- 
 times so serious as to result fatally. With the development of the 
 eggs the body of the female becomes greatly distended, so as to lose 
 all semblance to the original insect, the head and legs appearing as 
 little appendages upon a large round body the size of a pea. 
 
 The larva' must normally escape from the body of the adult and issue 
 from the opening of tlie tumor to v. dergo development after the ordi- 
 nary habit of their relatives, but the crushing of tlie body of the adult 
 ii' the tumor may result in their lilieration in the tissues surrounding 
 the body of the adult, and if they are not promptly expelled from the 
 S(.re they may increase the injury caused by the adult. 
 
 The remedy most recommended is the extraction of the female as 
 soon as the jiresence of a swelling or tumor indicates the presence of 
 the parasite. This is accomplished by the introduction of a sharp knife 
 point, the effort being to withdr nv the insect entire, as the bursting 
 of the body and discharge of the eggs in the sore is likely to result 
 seriously. 
 
 For the prevention of the attacks upon domestic animals it would 
 seem that attention to the infested animals and the destruction of the 
 adults whenever detected, along with the liberal use of pyrethnun in 
 the localities where the larva; develop, would be of some service, though 
 it can easily be seen that an insect with so large a number of hosts 
 stands a very good chance of survival. 
 
 regioni 
 
 The IIen Flea. 
 
 (Sarcopsylla nallinacea Westw.) 
 
 Westwood ' described this species from specimens brought by the 
 famous Challenger expedition from Ceylon and collected by Mr. H. N. 
 Mosely from the domestic hen. Taschenberg- gives his acccount of it 
 from type examples in the collection of Dr. Bitzema Bos. The first 
 record of its occurrence in America is a note in the Proceedings of the 
 Entomological Society of Washington ^ ujion specimens from (laines- 
 ville, Fla., sent to the society by Judge Lawrence C. Johnson, who 
 later * jiresented the society with an account of the habits of the insect. 
 These specimens were identified by Dr. A. S. Packard,'' who also pre- 
 sents a review of the history of the species. 
 
 Baker '^ infers its occurrence in Texas from an account of injury to 
 fowls reported in Bulletin 30, Texas Experiment Station, and records 
 itfrom specimens furnished by the Division of Entomology from Florida; 
 Fl>resville, Tex.; Hockley, Tex.; and Meridian, Miss. 
 
 » The Entomologists' Monthly Magazine, Vol. XI, p. 246 (1874-75). 
 
 « Die Flctlu", p. 55, PI. I, figs. 5, 5a. 
 
 » Vol. I, p. 59. 
 
 * lot. cit., pp. 203-205. 
 
 6 Insect Life, Vol. VII, pp. 23-24. 
 
 " Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXVII, pp. 19, IH. 
 
SIPHONAPTERA. 
 
 145 
 
 Packard mentions receiving specimens from Dr.Wagner, of St. Peters- 
 burg, labeled "Strix sp., Murgab, Suirau-Beir, 3, v, 1893," and calling 
 attention to this widely diflerent host suggests that the species lias been 
 curried from one region to another by means of birds. 
 
 From what has so far appeared it would seem that this pest is likely 
 to become a very important one, at least through tropical and subtropical 
 
 This species differs from penetrans in having the hind angles of the 
 metatlioracic scales angled instead of rounded and the eyes and 
 antennae in the posterior half of the head. It is from 1 to 1^ milli- 
 meters in length. But little is known as to its life history, and the 
 following observations by Judge Johnson include all that I have 
 )uet with in regard to this phase of the subject and methods of 
 treatment: 
 
 "Like all fleas, it abounds mostly in shady places, under old houses, 
 on earthen floors, and in all 
 dusty, untidy spots. Hence 
 from analogy when some 
 years ago my attention was 
 called to the subject by poul- 
 try breeders, I advised to have 
 all such places i'losed up, and 
 to deprive the fowls of all 
 shade except such i)la('cs as 
 could be rained upon. Those 
 who acted ui)on this advice 
 were rewarded. Losses fiom 
 tins cause were reduced to a 
 minimum. It was also seen that animals frequenting wet si)ots in 
 summer were exempt from the pests. 
 
 "First ol)served to infest young animals, such as chickens, turkeys, 
 kittens, puppies, and even calves and colts and children. I proposed 
 for it the name of I'idex palUdorum; but whilst it is true the young 
 sutfer most, because possibly less able to defend themselves, it is by no 
 means confined to them. 
 
 "In general appearance, size, color, and form greatly resembling a 
 flea, popular observation notices one considerable ditt'erence — it does 
 not hop. Closely examined, wo find the femoral portif^n of the third 
 pair of legs but slightly developed. Hence its motions resemble more 
 the crawling of a wingless fly than that of our well-known active 
 jumper. 
 
 "In its habits of feeding it differs from the ordinary flea. Instead of 
 making an incision at which to lap blood, and from which it may 
 quickly remove to another spot, our Florida variety plants itself where 
 it intends ^o stay, like a tick. As to the males I can not say. Much of 
 my information is second hand. The notion that these do not bite, 
 which prevails with some persons, or at least that they do not stick, 
 4653— No. 5 10 
 
 Via. 76. — (Si .opgylla galUnace.a: mnlo, enlarged, ant, 
 antcnniK; m, palpi, iimio culargoil (from Insect Life, 
 drawn by Packard). 
 
146 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 may be an error. Of the females, however, it is certain that they bury 
 themselves in the skin of their victims. From the first they hold on 
 with such tenacity that no ordinary brusliing will remove them. It 
 seems to be at this stage in their existence that impregnation takes 
 place. The males now are often seen in copula with them, and so 
 remain apparently for days, or until the tumefaction of the skin excited 
 by the embedded female closes arouiul her so as to shove liim ott". Here 
 ends about all actually knowi of this history. From analogy we may 
 infer tliat the licnod of gest;iiion being completed, the gravid female 
 lays her eggs in this well-prepared nidus, or, more particularly, that 
 they remain and are hatched in lier distended stomach, after which 
 
 they crawl out and drop to the 
 ground. If in a dry, shady 
 si)ot, they undergo transforma- 
 tion to the perfect form; if in a 
 wet spot or in the sun, they 
 perish. 
 
 "Upo.i man I have never 
 heard of the process continuing 
 to the end. ilm itching caused 
 by it generally attracts atten- 
 tion sufticieutly to have the in- 
 truder hunted out. With the 
 lower animals it is difterent, 
 most notably with chickens. 
 Spots bare of feathers, or near- 
 ly so, are selected in preference. 
 A small knot resembling a wart grows over the insect, and so numerous 
 and large at times as to spread over the eyes and into tlie jaws, and, 
 blind Jind famished, the victim dies. In cases not fatal, after a month 
 or two these knots or warts drop off, leaving a scar resembling a burn. 
 With very young chickens or ]»uppies death generally comes in the 
 first stage, when every portion of their bodies is covered with innumer- 
 able enemies." 
 
 While some portions of this account would seem to refer to the chigoe 
 or i'^nr('02)syUa penetrans, vsl^e^'ia.Uy thai portion referring to the attacks 
 upon man and other maumials, it no doubt includes about all that is 
 known regarding tlie actions of this pest, and no one, probably, is better 
 ac(iuaintcd with the habits of the insect. There is also opportunity 
 for confusion with the work of some of the Sarcoptes infesting fowls 
 in cases where the observer cited was unable to make personal investi- 
 gations. 
 
 Opossum Flka. 
 
 (Pulex Himnlans IJaker.) 
 
 This species, described from the opossum, is said to be closely related 
 to irritans and distinguished from it by the nmndibles and hypopharynx 
 being very short, not reaching one-half the length of the anterior coxte. 
 
 Fill 
 
 77. — Sa rcoi)siiUa ijaUhiaeen: feiiialo— enlnrgfrt 
 (IimiM't Lili', (li'iiwn hy r.-n'kanl). 
 
SIPHONAPTERA. 
 
 147 
 
 TlIK IIoiTSK 1^'lba. 
 
 i chickens. 
 
 {Piilex irrilaus Linn.) 
 
 This, perhaps the best known species of tteii, was described by Lin- 
 iiicns in 1740. It is distributed widely over the globe, and often 
 biicomes a serious pest in houses, sometimes even in spite of the most 
 careful attention and cleanliness. 
 
 It is easily distinguished from the common Hea affecting dogs and 
 cats, and which is almost as fre(iuent an inhabitant of houses, by the 
 lait that there are no combs of spines upon the borders of the head or 
 pronotum. From the nmch less common species just mentioned which 
 occurs on the opossum, and which is most nearly allied to it, it is to 
 be separated by the greater length of the mandibles and hypopharynx, 
 which reach more than halfway the length of the anterior coxa', by the 
 the single row of bristles on each abdomi- 
 nal segment, the large male claspers, and 
 the dark-reddish or piceous color. 
 
 The habits and life history of this spe- 
 cies have long been known and freiiuently 
 described. They occur i)articularly in 
 houses, secreting themselves in be<lding 
 and clothing, and, especially at night, 
 make their attacks on their human vic- 
 tims lor the purpose of drawing blood. 
 
 Their eggs are deposited in out-of-the- 
 way ])laces, in the dust or lint under car- 
 ])ets, and the larva' are said to feed upon 
 the particles of organic matter whhh may be found in such localities. 
 
 Hailliet states that each female deposits 8 to 12 eggs, which are 
 whitish and ovoid and 0.7 mm. long by OA mm. thick; further, that in 
 summer tiie larva- issue in four to six days, become pupa' eleven days 
 later, and after about twelve days in this stage become adult; the 
 time for development from egg to adult being, therefore, about four 
 weeks, wliile in winter, in a warmed room, it occupies about six weeks. 
 
 While no amount of personal cleanliness will protect an individual 
 from their attacks in a building wliich is infested by them, careful 
 attention to the removal of all dust and refuse which may harbor the 
 larva' will assist in keeping them in check. The use of pyrethrum is 
 very effectual in destroying them, and nuiy be dusied in places which 
 liarbor them. (See also remarks under "The Dog and Oat Flea.") 
 
 Via.l^n.-Piilf.r irrtlans: lii'iul mid pro- 
 iiotiiiii Blidwing I'oirii iiikI alisi'iiic ut' 
 ('(iiiil)s ((iriyiual). 
 
 The liiBi) Fi.EA. 
 
 {Pnlex avium 'rasch.) 
 
 Ac<;ording to Taschenberg, the common fleas, aflfecting a great variety 
 of birds, including the domestic fowls, are all representatives of a 
 single species, and although some of the forms were described as early 
 
i^l 
 
 148 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 as 1832 to 1835 he brings them all together, and, discarding the various 
 names refei'ring to particular hosts, as f/alUnw Houcln', columbw Gov. 
 vais, hirundinis Sam., sturni Dale, and fringillw Walk., proposes a new 
 name, avium, to stan<l for the species. 
 
 It belongs to the series with no comb of spines on the head, but 
 with a comb on the i)ronotum. The mandibles arc short, not reaching; 
 to the ends of the anterior coxa^, and there are 24 to 20 spines in the 
 pronotal comb. The liind femora have a row of minute bristles on tlic 
 side, and the first two of the abdominal segments have minute tet i i 
 on the disk above. Length, 3 to 3J mm. Dark brown in color. 
 
 Kt' 
 
 li 
 
 The Eat and Mouse Flea. 
 
 (Pitlex fanciatiiH Bosc d' Antic.) 
 
 This species seems to have received pretty general recognit^ • ,and 
 has been recorded from (luite a number of different hosts. Whether itfc 
 can be said to be primarily a parasite of the rat and mouse I do not 
 pretend to say, but since if has been noted a number of times from these 
 aiiimals, and so far only from these in this country, I have assigned 
 it here. 
 
 Nothing has been recorded regarding its life history, but doubtless 
 it is like its congeners. 
 
 The a<lults are elongate, witli the head evenly rounded in front, with- 
 out any couib of spines on the lower border, while the hind border 
 of the pronotum bears a comb of strong spines, IS in number. The 
 mouth parts are of normal length, not extending beyond the anterior 
 coxa', a character which will separate it from its nearest allies, tlic 
 scinrornm and arium. Tascheiiberg has collected a list of the known 
 hosts, and enumerates Myoxus, Cricctus /rnmrntariKfi, Mns musculus 
 (mouse), ^fllli (JcciouaiiKs (rat), and Cani,s fa(/i>piis; and adds that he has 
 also two examples from the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. I have col- 
 lected it from Mils <lc('iim(uni.s at Ames, I<)wa, which api)ears to be the 
 only record from a definite host in America, but it is doubtless of com- 
 mon occurrence. 
 
 Squirrel Fleas. 
 
 Several spetdes of fleas have been described from the squirrels, and 
 while they do not occur Indiscriminately on all sjtecies it will serve 
 our pui'i)()se here to consider them together, referring for full descrip- 
 tion to the technical papers of Taschenberg and r>aker. 
 
 Puh'.r .sciurorinii Bouche, the flea which infests s(|uirrels in Fnroi)e, 
 has not been found to occur on our American species of S([uirrels. 
 
 Ftilex houmnU Baker, recorded from the red squirrel, Ithaca, N. Y., 
 " squirrel," Tallula Falls, Ga., gray or fox squirrel and nest of field 
 mouse, Lincoln, Nebr., is apparently the most generally distributed of 
 the American species. 
 
SIPHONAPTERA. 
 
 149 
 
 There are no spines upon the head, but a comb of 18 spines is on 
 tlie pronotuni. The in.ilc daspers are armed with short, black teeth 
 wliich very readily separate this species from its nearest allies. 
 
 Specimens frcmi fox 8(iuirrel, Caddo, Ind. T., sent to nie by Prof. W. 
 W. Cooke, probably belong to this species, as Baker mentions several 
 specimens in my collection without host, and as several of these speci- 
 mens were sent him the labels of which may have been lost. The speci- 
 mens being remounted I can not positively recognize them now. 
 
 Jiaker also describes Pulex icickhami from the flying squirrel (;Sf(fiM- 
 ropterns volans), at Iowa City; I'lilex (fillettel from the red s(iuirrel 
 {Scinrus cfmatJcnsis), Portland, ^Nlich.; Pulex coloradcmis from Fremont's 
 chickaree, Creorgetown, Colo. ; Pulex hirsututi, from prairie dog ( Cynomys 
 
 nt doubtless 
 
 Fia. 81. — Pulex howartU: a, fiMiiiiln; h, nenitiiliiiofiiiale— jjrisitly ciilargod (orijiinal). 
 
 ludovicianifs), Stove Prairie, Larimer County, Colo.; P. lonf/isphnts, 
 from Fremont's chickaree, Colorado, undJ'nk'x montanHs, from the large 
 gray squirrel (Seiurus alberti). foothills west of Fort Collins, Colo. 
 
 The Spermophile Flea. 
 
 { Pnlex hrinicri liaikfiT.) 
 
 The common spermophiles, ^permophihiH 13-Uucatus and S. franlclini, 
 are very commonly infested with a. large reddish-bi'owu flea which has 
 been recorded so far from Lincoln. Nebr., .ind Fort Collins, Colo., as 
 well as Ames, Iowa, where I have taken it Irequently during ajuimber 
 of years past. 
 
 The head is without spines beneath, but the pronotuni bears a comb 
 
 of about 16 spinea. Baker describes it as follows: 
 
 Apical spines on joint 2 of hiuil tarsi long as joints 3 and i together; anteunal 
 roovo in middle of head; maxillary palpi iu female with joint 2 throe-fourths of 4, 
 and 3 two-thirds of 4, labial jialpi reaching to one-third of anterior femora; pro- 
 notal comb of 16 spines; in anterior tarsi joint 2 longer than 1 and one-third longer 
 than 3; iu middle tarsi joint 1 equals 3 and 4 together and shorter than 5, while 5 is 
 
150 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 twice 1 ; in postorior tarsi joint 1 equals 2 iiud 8 together, "> ii little longer than ',< 
 and less than one-half ol' 1, while 2 is three times t aii<l less than I and "> togemer: 
 hind femora with a row oC bristles on the side; color, light reddish brown, darker 
 dorsally on the abdomen; length, 2 to 2.5 nun. 
 
 /A'^ 
 
 Fill. S2.— Pulfx hriinrii: iiiale — onliirjieil (nri^iniil). 
 
 While this specio.s lias been noted as so coiuinoii on its ordinary hosts 
 it has never been observed as Oiumrriny upon any of the domestic 
 animals. 
 
 The Do(^ and ('at Klka. 
 
 {Pulex Hirraticepa (ierv.) 
 
 The common flea, aflfecting the dog and cat, was described by Duges' 
 under the name of Pulcv cams in 18.'i2, and by BoucIk' ■^ nn<ler the name 
 of rnle.vf(ii.s in 1835, these names referring to the forms infesting the 
 dog and the cat, respectively. The reference of the two to one species 
 under the above name by (lervais ' was made in 1S44. 
 
 It is onc^ of the most al)undant species known, and is distributed 
 practically over the entire world. As a house pest it rivals the irritam, 
 and in many idaces even seems to be about the only species occurring. 
 Howard states that from the specimens sent to the Division of Ento- 
 mology it is this spe(!ies rather than irrifans that is usually troublesome. 
 
 It may be easily distinguished from that species by the presence of 
 the combs of spines on the border of the head and pnmotum, those on 
 the head being usually G to 9 in number and those on the hind border 
 of the pronotum 14 to 18 in number. 
 
 The adults seem to adhere (piite closely to their hosts, as cats and 
 dogs infested by them will be found to carry them (juite constantly, 
 
 ' Ann. des Sciences Natnrolles, Vol. XXVII, p. 157. 
 "Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. Carol., Vol. XVII, i, p. 505. 
 "Hist. Nat. des Ins. Apt , Vol. Ill, p. 371. 
 
SIPHONAPTERA. 
 
 151 
 
 and their egjis maybe found adhering very loosely to the hairs of these 
 animaKs. They drop oif, however, at the slightest touch, and must 
 therefore be distributed in a groat variety of'nlaces besides the sleep- 
 ing places of their hosts, which would naturally receive the greater 
 number. Dr. How.ard suggests that for exi)erimenter8 who may wish 
 to follow cmt for themselves the life history of the species an easy way 
 to collect tlui eggs is to lay a strip of cloth or carpet for the animal to 
 lie and sleep upon, and afterwards to brush the cloth into a receptacde, 
 in which the eggs will be found in numbers if the animal is infested. 
 
 Verrill gives the following condensed account of the life history of 
 this species: 
 
 Tho fomiilo cat Hoa layH her oggs among tljo fur of the cat, to whifh they are but 
 sliglitly attached. These eg^^s aro very Hiiiall, white, and long oval. As the cat 
 WiilkH t>r runs about, the eggs are constantly 
 being Hcattered around, often in great numbers. 
 On one occasion I was able to collect fully a tea- 
 Bpoonful of these eggs from the dress of a lady in 
 whose lap a half-grown kitten had been held for 
 a short time. The places wLere cats sleep lie- 
 come well tilleil with eggs. These liatch in about 
 two weeks into little, white, footless, nuiggot- 
 liko larva', whi<hhave small tufts of hairs along 
 the sides. They are at first about one-sixteenth 
 of an inch long. The head is pale yellow and 
 the i)08terior end of tlie body bears two spines. 
 These larvae feed upon decaying i)artieles of ani- 
 nuil and vegetable nuvtter always to be found in 
 the <lirt where they live. They move alxuit by 
 nu>ans of their hairs and spines. Tliey grow 
 rajiidly in wjirm weather, ami in aiiout twelve 
 days, when they mature, sjtin a slight silken 
 coeiion an<l change to a i>upa, which is inactive. This looks more like the mature 
 ilea and has the legs fret;. In a. short time, varying from ten to sixteen days or more, 
 aeeording ti> the temjierature, tiu^ pupa nuitures, and the full-formed Ilea comes forth 
 from the cocoon, ready and willing to take care of itself. * * * They pass the 
 winter both in tlie mature and larval states, and perhaps also as eggs and pupte. 
 There are several broods each season. 
 
 Flo. S:i.—rttlex terraticeps: front part 
 of l)ody, showing coniba on head and 
 jironotum — enlarged (original) . 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 A very concise statement of the remedies to be applied for fleas is 
 given in circular No. i;], by Dr. T (). Howard: 
 
 The larva' of the dog and cat Ilea will not develop successfullj' in situations where 
 thoy ar(< likely to be disturbed. The use of carpets and straw nnittings, in our 
 oi)inion, favors their develoi)ment, since the young larvae can penetrate the inter- 
 stices of either sort, of tloor covering and lind an abiding'place in some crack where 
 they are not likely to be disturbed. It is comparatively easy to destroy the insect 
 in its early stages (when it is noticed), as is shown by the ditliculty of rearing it, 
 but the adult fleas are so active and so hardy that they successl'ully resist any but 
 tho most streniu)us lui-asures. Even the persistent use of California buhach and 
 other pyrelhrum powde i. was ineft'ectual in i.ne case of extreme infestation, as was 
 also, and more remarkably, a free sprinkling of floor mattings with benzine. In 
 this instance it was finally necessary to take up the floor coverings and wash the 
 
152 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 floors down with hot soapsuds iu order to secure relief from the flea plajjuo. In 
 auother case, however, a single liberal ai>i>li(ation of hnhiich was perfectly success- 
 ful, while in a third a single thorough a))plication of hen/ino completely rid an 
 infested house of lloas. 
 
 To sum up: Every house where a pot dog or cat is kept may become seriously 
 infested with fleas if the proper conditions of moisture and freedom from disturbance 
 exist. Infestation, however, is not likely to occur if the (bare) floors can be Ire 
 (jueiitly and thoroughly swept. When an outbreak of fleas comes, however, the 
 easiest remedy to apply is a free sprinkling of jiyrethrum j)owder in the infosted 
 ••oonis. This failing, benzine may be tried, a thorough spraying of carpets and floors 
 being undertaken, with the exercise of due precaution in seeing tliat noliglitsor 
 fires are in the house at the time of the ap))lication, or for some hours al'terwards. 
 Finally, if the ])l:)gue is not thus abated, all floor covt^rings must be removed and 
 the floors Avashed witli hot soapsuds. Tliis is a useful inecautiou to take in any 
 house which it is proposed to close for the summer, since even a tiiorough sweeping 
 may leave behind some few flea eggs from which an all-pervading swarm nniy develop 
 before the house is riM)pened. * * » 
 
 Provide a rug for the cat or the dog to sleep on and give this rug a fre(]Uent shak- 
 ing and brushing, afterwards sweeping up and burning the dust tlius removed. As 
 •ill the flea eggs on an infested aninnil will not, however, drop off iu this way, and 
 those which remain on it will probably develo]) successfully, it will be found wise 
 to occasionally rub into the hair of the dog or cat a (juantity of i)yrethrum powder. 
 If thoroughly applied, it will cause the fleas to fall ofl' in a half stupefied condition, 
 when they, too, may be swept up and burned. 
 
 In the observations made at this Department upon this species of flea during the 
 summer of 1895, some dillicnlty was found in preserving Just the right degree of 
 moisture to eut'ible tlie insect successfully to transform. An excess of moisture was 
 found prejudicial to the development of the species, as was too great dryness. The 
 observations showed, however, that at Washington in summer an entire generation 
 may develop in a little more than a fortnight. Hence a housekeeper shutting up 
 her house in .June, for example, with a colony of fleas too small to be noticed inside 
 it need not bo surprised to And the establishment overrun when she opens it up again 
 in September or October. 
 
 Kabbit Fleas. 
 
 1 1'-'' 
 
 m 
 
 The difterent kinds of rabbits are very abundantly supplied with 
 
 fleas, as doubtless any one who has handled 
 these animals will willinj«ly testify. According 
 to authorities, lK)wever, there are at least three 
 different species of fleas which may infest them. 
 The species infesting the European hares is 
 known as Vulex goniocephalns Tasch., and this 
 has not as yet been recognized in America. 
 Pnlex gujixH of Kirby was originally described 
 from Canada, and Baker has recorded it from 
 the cottontail rabbit, at Lansing, Mich. It is 
 described as having the head rather evenly 
 rounded in front, the ej'es in the anterior half of 
 the head, mandibles reaching two-thirds of the 
 coxa;, the comb on the bordf^r of the head of one or two spines, pro- 
 notal comb of 20 spines, light reddish-brown, the female 4 mm. long. 
 
 Fio. H. — I'idez inneqnalit— 
 head and forepart of body — 
 eularged (original). 
 
SIPHONAPTERA. 
 
 155 
 
 rnlcv inaequalin leaker, described from cottontail and ja<;k rabbits 
 near the Grand Canyon, Arizona, is thouglif by Baker to be the North 
 Aiaeiican rei>resentativc of (foniocephaluH, It is distingnished from 
 (j\(l(tH by liavinjj i\w, head obtnsely angulated in front, the liead spines 
 r» or <» in number and pronotal spines 1(5. Length of tlie mah% 1.5 nnn. ; 
 female, 1.75 to 2.25 mm. A variety called simplex is indicated as 
 liiiving H spines in the head comb, 14 in the pronotal comb, and being 
 slightly larger in size, 2.5 mm. in length. This variety seems to be 
 tlie common fm-m on lAjnts sylraticiin in Towa. 
 
 Pulcv (fouiovephnhis has sharply angnlated forehead and prom)tal 
 (!omb of 14 spines. It has a length of 2 mm. 
 
 The Mole Flea. 
 
 ( 7'i/7)7i/»/>»////rt iiHHimHiH Tiiscb.) 
 
 This species, destaibed by Taschenberg from the European mole in 
 1880, appears to be identical with the species found on our common 
 moles Sadojhs (uinatieus and aryentatus. 
 
 Fl(». ^r^.—Tii/ililotimilla amimilis: a ami h, lioatl and tormiiial Hcj;moiit of ft>iii«le; c, malt' — enlarged 
 
 (uri;;iiml). 
 
 The eye is very rudimentary, scarcely visible under the microscope, 
 the head with a comb of 3 spines on the lower border and thepronotum 
 with a comb of 7 to 9 spines on each side. "Male claspers boot-shaped, 
 the sole turned up." Color rather dark brown, more intense along the 
 dorsum. Length 2.5 mm. 
 
 It is recorded from Sorex vulgaris, Talpa curopea, Mus syliuUimis, and 
 Arvicola arvalis by Taschenberg, and Baker records it from the mole, 
 Lincoln, Xebr., and the "common garden mole," Lansing, Mich. I 
 have taken it repeatedly from the prairie mole {Scalo2)s argentatus) at 
 Ames, Iowa, and have specimens from I'rof. A. W. Bitting from Scalops 
 aquoticHs, Lafayette, Ind. 
 
 From these records it would appear to be quite closely confined to 
 the mole as its particular host, and the rudimentary nature of its eyes 
 might be looked upon as a parallel adaptation with that of its host. 
 

 154 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 The Pocket (Iopiikb Flea. 
 
 {Tyithlofninlla amertvana Hiikor; ftlHo Piilex iijiiola Milker.) 
 
 Tliis species, (lesciib«',<l by Ilakei- (Caiia«lijiii Knt(mn)lo{ji8t, Vnl. 
 XXYII, ]). 1S(!), 1 liave taken repeatedly from our coininon pocket 
 
 Fid. Mil. — l)iiMopiiyHa attierieana : main; n, antiMiim— <'ii1arg<'il (orifjiiial). 
 
 gopher {(iromyn hnrmriuN) diiriiijj^ the past ten years, and it must be a 
 common resident of their burrows. j\Ir. Baker records it from a '' large 
 
 Fio. S7. —Typhlopgylla americana: female — enlarged (origir il). 
 
 brown mole," and states that lie has seen specimens cjllected by Pro- 
 fessor (xillette on the pocket gopher at Fort Collins, Colo., and by 
 Professor AMrich at Moscow, Idaho, on Thomomys talpoides. 
 
SIPHONAPTERA. 
 
 156 
 
 "oloyist, V„i. 
 "irnon pocket 
 
 ertex evenly rounded from (H'oipnfi to month, Hlifrlitly llattonod above in mule; 
 lii'iid with very weak liriHtles; liristleB on Joint 2 of antonnii- Inn^ur than third, joint, 
 uliich if* without bristleH; nmn<iil>lt'H attaining tiin^e-fonrlhs of anterior coxii'; pro- 
 iiotiil comb of 18 to 22 npines ; legs with Htrong spines on tibiir and hind tarsi ; hind 
 fiinora with a row of bristU's on the side; in midillo tarsi joint 2 is longer than 5; in 
 liind tarsi, joint I is about as long as 2 and 3 together, wliiir 5 is shorter than !t; 
 .'ibdominal segments each with two dorsal and two ventral rows of nnmerouH bris- 
 tles, the seeond dorsal row wi(h 12 to 14 bristles, tlio ventral row with nearly as 
 many, ventral bristles not stronger than dorsal ; male elasiters long, linear, edges not 
 parallel, end sonu^what ol>li<|uely ent off, rounded; <'olor, brown; length of male, 
 L'.2r> nnn., of female 'A to ;<,2ri mm. (Haker. ) 
 
 Tlie form described sis I'uhw ujnota by Baker is evidently ii I'eiiiale 
 of this species, iuid, since it appears to bo a Typlilopsylla, the nauie 
 mnvrivunn liad better be retaine<l. 
 
 Aside from the species mentioned above in the geiins Tyi)hh)psylla, 
 Kolenati has described octavtinnsj hcxnctenvs, poitdctcnus, and divtrnm 
 occurring on bats in llurope, Taschenberg nmiuetinuta on bat in Europe, 
 muHculi i'voui rats and mice in Kurope, eaucanica on SpdJa.r ti/phlnn in 
 the Cau(;asian Steppes, firavilis on Talpa europea and Sorer nih/aris in 
 Europe, and Uaker has described alpiini from mountain vat, (leorge- 
 town, Coh>., iUu\/r)iU'nn( from garden mole, Lansing, ^Mich., and Jirook- 
 iiigs, S. Dak, host unknown. 
 
 mil). 
 
 it nuist be a 
 "roma^largo 
 
 id by Pro- 
 0., and by 
 
liisectH 
 wiuitiiiff 
 
 llllS»'S. 
 
 wiiiRH. 
 procure 
 
 This s 
 bei'ii ii I 
 quite tli 
 
 says: 
 
 Its iiiti- 
 was well 
 (Hist. All 
 
 that it ^ 
 iuontioii> 
 fiict, am 
 little kii 
 occnrB ii 
 onyJiiDUi 
 LettiTS, 
 
 It is 
 this in 
 com to 1 
 obsciii 
 
 As! 
 parasi 
 attacl 
 other 
 autho 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 HEMIPTERA. 
 
 Bugs an'? Lice. 
 
 SITIU)RDKK UKIKKOPTKItA. 
 
 Insects with suctoiiiil iiiouth imrts; tour Aviiifjs, unless nltogetlior 
 wiintiiig, t\w upper or front pair l)iMn{;" thickoiiod or leathery at the 
 l)as»'s. The younj; resemble the adults excoi)t in si/.e and in wantinjif 
 \\ iiifjs. They live upon the juices of plants or aninuUs, which they 
 procure by suction. 
 
 Fajuily A(^ANTTlin ).K. 
 
 (1J<h1 Huj^ iuid Alli(Ml Foi'iiiH.) 
 
 TiiK Common Ukd Biuj. 
 
 (Arantliia lectularia Liiiu.) 
 
 This species, desciibed by Linna-us a century and a half ago, has 
 been a most familiar insect to man, though for how long a. time it is 
 quite diflicult to determine. Westwood (Introduction, Vol. II, i>. 475) 
 says: 
 
 Its introduction into this conntry (Kngliiiid) liiis Leon tv snbjoct of discnsflion. It 
 was well known to I'liny (lli»t. N., 2!), 17), Hioscoriik's. ArisiopliaiioM, and Aristotle 
 (Hist. An. Kd. Uok., p. Its, 12); bnt it has been gtMierally assc^rtcd to liavo been 
 broufjht from America to England, wiiencti it jiasscd to tiie Continent of Kuroi)e, and 
 that it was not known here until 1G70. MonflFet. liowcvrr (Ins. Tlieatr., p. 270). 
 mentions its havinfr been seen in l,">'>;-t. It has, however, been noticed as a singular 
 fact, and as showing that this disgusting visitant must have been comparatively 
 little known in tlie days of "(iood Queen Mess,'' that, although tlio word "bug" 
 occurs tive or six ditVerent times in Shakspeare's i>lays, iL is in every instance syn- 
 onyinons with bugbear, and iloes not designate this insect (Patterson's Shakspeare 
 Letters, p. 59). 
 
 It is by no means easy to estimate the amount of injury caused by 
 this insect, tor so far as num is concerned it consists of loss of tiiue and 
 comfort, while its eltects upon other animals arc involved in too much 
 obscurity to allow of any estinuites being formed. 
 
 As found in houses infesting man it can only be considered as semi- 
 parasitic, living for the most ])art secreted in cracks and crevices and 
 attacking its victims dnring the night. Probably its attacks upon 
 other animals are of a similar nature, although it is referred to by some 
 
 authors as a parasite of domestic fowls. 
 
 157 
 
158 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 1- 
 
 Tlie ej;j;8 are oval in shape, of a whitish coh)r, slightly naiTowed :it, 
 cue end, and will be found in great numbers in the cracks which furnish 
 slielter for the adults. The young bugs escape from the eggs by pusli 
 ing oil' a circular lid at one end. Tiiey are similar to the adults exceiit 
 in color and in the i)roportions of the body regions. At first nearly 
 white, they gradually assume the reddish and finally the dark reddisli 
 brown «'olor of the adidts. The body is at first more slender and tin- 
 head larger in proportion to the rest of the body, but gradually tlic 
 abdomen wi'kiis untd the insect acquires the shape and si/.e indicated 
 in the figure. 
 
 Professor Uhler says (Standard Natural History, Vol. II, p. UOa): 
 
 This H|)c('ii's lias been diatrilintud over most jiarts (if tlu) world, fhiolly l)y tlio 
 agency <•!' iiiaii, and, as iiiii^lit he oxpcctiMl iiiidcr siicli ciiTiiiimtanccs, is subject to 
 >^ iiiiicb varlatiiiii in the relative size, 
 
 projiortioiis, and forms of most 
 parts of (lie body. Full- favored 
 gross specimens are often ijnitc 
 coarsely punctured and hairy, 
 while their half-starved brethren 
 have a nnich tliinner outside integ- 
 ument and iiner jiunctures, with 
 less conspicuous jiubescencf. Some 
 spccinn-ns have the wing pads hang- 
 ing loose as if ready to change into 
 wing covers, but generally these 
 are run together into one piece on 
 the middle line. Thus far no indi- 
 viduals of this ins(!ct have been met 
 with fully winged. 
 
 There is sonie confusion its concerns tae attacks of the bedbug or its 
 parasitism on other animals than man. Packard (Guide to tlie Study 
 of Insects, p. ."i.")! ) states that ^''It lives as a parasite on the domestic 
 birds, such as the dove," and further, same book and page, that "i\Ir. 
 James ]\Iac Donald writes me that he has found a nest of swallows on a 
 c<mrt-house in Iowa swarming with bugs." In the American Ento- 
 mologist (V(d. 1, p. 87) the following statement occurs: 
 
 Ordinarily the bed-bug is confined to the dwelling places of num, and lives on the 
 blood of v.s grc it lonls of crealion, but we have known it to awarni in prodigious 
 numb'iis in a ch^ken house, wher<i it must have fed exclusively upon chickens' 
 blood, and it is said to occur also in European pigeon houses. 
 
 As other species of the same gemis have been described as infesting 
 pigeons, swallows, and bats, resj)ectively, it nught be that these state- 
 ments are based upon observations wliich did not take into considera- 
 tion tne specific distinctions. Still another source of confusion exists 
 so far as birds arei'onceriicd, and that is the occurrence upon the swift 
 (67trc<«»v(j)e///.s///'»,), frequently called "swallow "or "chimney swallow," 
 a species of louse {Nitzschia pulicaria) which, though smaller, has so 
 much of a reseu'.blance to the bed bug as to mislead an observer not 
 familiar with the characters separating the divisions of insects to which 
 these belong. 
 
 Fm. 8S.— .t('aJif/iin7cc^Kl(irm.n,.vouiig;&, a<bill— fiiliir;;iil 
 (liom Kik'.v). 
 
HEMIPTERA. 
 
 159 
 
 narroAved nt 
 which lurnisli 
 B^^rs by pusli 
 Kliilts (\\f.ept 
 f iirst nearly 
 lark ictldisli 
 •<ler and (i„. 
 Jiadually the 
 ize indieati'd 
 
 1>. -'Oo) : 
 
 clli.'dy by tiio 
 '«, is siilijoct to 
 10 rclativosizo, 
 
 )I1U8 of ,„„8t 
 
 Full-favored 
 o ofton (jiiito 
 "I'l hairy, 
 rved Idt'threii 
 outside inte"-- 
 incturcs, with 
 sceucc. Some 
 iugpfidNhiinj,''- 
 U) change into 
 aiiorally these 
 p one piece on 
 us far no indj. 
 have been met 
 
 Hlbnf? or its 
 > the Stndy 
 !«' dituHvstic 
 , that '<j\Ir. 
 allows on a 
 ■ieaii Ento- 
 
 l lives on the 
 n prodijriouN 
 »u <hieken8' 
 
 s infesting 
 icse state- 
 considera- 
 iion exists 
 I tlie swift 
 swallow," 
 Br, has so 
 lerver not 
 i to which 
 
 
 Whatever its foundation, there is a widespread belief that birds and 
 bats carry bed-bugs from place to place, and considering the suddenness 
 with which they appear in new buildings and sometimes in buildings 
 never used for dwellings, it seems hard to otherwise account for their 
 appearance. Still, to those fa- 
 iiiiliar with the habits of the 
 bed-bug and its opportunities 
 tor transportation, there will be 
 no insuperable ditliculty in ac- 
 counting for all such appear- 
 ances. 
 
 Another impression seems to 
 l)e that bed-bugs occur in the 
 woods and under bark. A foot- 
 note in West wood's Introduc- 
 
 lion (Vol. II, J). 475) reads: Fm. so. — icantkia leclularia: lirad mi.l iirollmrux— 
 
 imich ciiliirgod, sliowiii;^ form ami olothiug (origi- 
 Soutliall states that its lirst ap- ,,^1). 
 
 pearauee took phice after the great 
 
 fire in 16()(!. " Learned men," says lie, "united in thinliing they were imported with 
 the new deal timber, as the bugs were naturally fond of turpentine woods." It is 
 certain that they swarm in the American timlter employed in the construction of 
 new houses; and it is said that they feed upon the sap of that wood. 
 
 We fail to find, however, any authentic record of such occurrence 
 from pers(mal observation, and since we have never met it in collecting 
 under the best conditions for observing it we are inclined to think that 
 the impression is due entirely to other insects closely resembling the 
 bed-bug having been mistaken for it. In 183".) Mr. Leonard rienyns 
 published a paper in the Annals of Natural History (Vol. .5, pp. L'41-l.'4t) 
 oil three undescribed species of the genus Cimex, closely related to 
 the comnjoii bed-bug (C. columharius, hirundinis, pipistrelM). These 
 are stated to infest, respectively, the pigeon, the swallow, and the bat. 
 The occurrence of any of these but hirundinis has not yet been re- 
 corded in the United States, although, for reasons already stated, they 
 might fail to be recorded even were they fairly common, 
 
 PREVENTION AND BKMEDY. 
 
 Cleanliness and the ai»plication of the common remedies, such as ben- 
 zine, corrosive sublimate, and hot water will usually sutlice U keep 
 these i)e8t8 reduced in ordinary dwellings, but in large buildings more 
 general measures may sometimes be necessary, and iu such cases there 
 is probably nothing more eflectual, when it can be done, than thorough 
 fumigation with sulphur, brimstone, or i)erhaps bisulphide of carbon. 
 "I have known a house which had long stood empty, and yet 
 swarmed with them, thoroughly cleansed by fumigation with brim- 
 stone" (Westwood). 
 
 We know personally of an instance where a large building, badly 
 
160 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 infested with this pest, on being thoroughly fumigated with sulphur as 
 a disinfectant against scarlet fever remained for some time compara- 
 tively free from bugs. 
 
 Attention to the cracks in the walls and around casings, as well as 
 to the joints of bedsteads, will do much to keep pests under control. 
 
 For immediate relief in a sleeping room pyrethrnm is most sn ;iilabl('. 
 since it can be used while a room is occupied, l^usted between tlic 
 sheets of a bed, it will protect the sleei^er from the most voracioii> 
 hotel bug. 
 
 The "Coruco," or Mexican ('hicken Bug. 
 
 {Acanthia inodora Dugts.) 
 
 In 1892 Dr. Alfredo Duges, of Guanajufita, Mexico, described ' and 
 figured a species of bed-bug infesting poultry, and the same, or a very 
 closely related form, is recorded from southern New Mexico by Prof. 
 C. H. Tyler Towusend, who says: 
 
 There exists in sontliern New Mexico a Cimicid, known by tbo Mexican name of 
 coruco, which is au uuuiitigated pest of poultry in this region. When the insect 
 
 once gains access to the hen- 
 house it soon swarms in great 
 numbers, infesting the inmates 
 and roosts, and covering the 
 eggs with the excrementa, 
 which sliow as black specks. 
 It is a very dilliciilt pest to 
 exterminate, and has been fre- 
 (jiicntly known to spread from 
 roosts to dwelling houses, 
 where it pioves more formida- 
 ble than the bed-bug. This 
 insect also exists in western 
 Texas. * * » 
 
 Dr. Duges mentions applica- 
 tions of vinegar as a remedy, 
 doubtless to be applied to the 
 poultry to alleviate the bites, 
 as well as to deter the corucos 
 fnun biting. Here burning of 
 sulphur in the, henhouses and 
 spraying of kerosene have been 
 tried with doubtful results. 
 About the only way to keep 
 poultry uninfested is to keep 
 them entirely out of doors and not to house them at all. The corucos infest and 
 stick to the houses and roosts, awaiting the return of the hens at night. They 
 began to appear in Las Cruces the present year (1893) before the middle of April. 
 
 lam informed that the corucos often swarm in inunense numbers in houses, com- 
 ing up through the floors and cracks. In such cases it is almost impossible to get 
 rid of thtan, the easiest and most economical Avay lieing to desert the house. They 
 
 Fio. QO.—Acanthia inndora'. femnle; n. outliiii! nC n;:);— en- 
 larfji'd 'origintil). 
 
 have been 
 times in soi 
 and formed 
 as^ainst an i 
 plastered th 
 
 I have 
 sent me 
 (hawing 
 distinct fr 
 tion of th( 
 not projec 
 
 ■ La Naturaleza, 2d series, Vol. II, 1892, PI. VIII, 8 ligs. 
 
 This 8p( 
 mon barn 
 fessor Gil 
 writer in 
 
 The bu! 
 
 parts of t 
 
 to them, 
 
 served on 
 
 barn nea 
 
 ground. 
 
 abundant 
 
 lows had 
 
 and spec 
 
 bottle cor 
 
 stopper V 
 
 lowing SI 
 
 be an eas 
 
 to surviA 
 
 iu crack 
 
 the builtl 
 
 during t 
 
 of the ] 
 
 containe 
 
 bers of 
 
 showing 
 
 deposite 
 
 would a 
 
 WhiU 
 
 safe to ( 
 
 the SUB 
 
 spring, 
 
 It is' 
 
 4 
 
HEMIPTEBA. 
 
 161 
 
 have been known, according to one informant, to swarm in military posts in former 
 times in southern New Mexico to such an extent that the soldiers wore ordered out 
 and formed in two linos, one line with brooms to sweep the corucos en masse up 
 HLjainst an adobe wall, where the other line stood ready with trowels and mud and 
 phistered them into the wall alive — a novel but effective means of riddance! 
 
 I have not seen Dr. Diijjes's original article, but bo has very kindly 
 sent me specimens of the insect, and from these the accompanying 
 (hawing has been piepared. It will be seen that the form is <iuite 
 distinct from that of the ordinary house bug, esi)ecially in the excava- 
 tion of the prothorax in front, which is very slight, the lateral angles 
 not projecting forward on the sides of tlie head. 
 
 The IJaun-swallow Bug. 
 
 (JeaHthia hirundinis .lenvns.) 
 
 This species has occurred in great numbers in the nests of the com- 
 mon barn swallow at Ames, Iowa, the occurrence being noted by Prof- 
 fessor Gillette (Entomological News, Vol. I, pp. 20-27) and by the 
 writer in the Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXIV, p. LMJl. 
 
 The bugs appear to be conliued to the swallow nests or upon the 
 parts of the barn adjacent 
 to them, some being ob- 
 served on the sides of the 
 barn nearly down to the 
 ground. They were very 
 abundant after the swal- 
 lows had left in autumn, 
 and specimens kept in a 
 bottle corked with a rubber 
 stopper were alive tlie fol- 
 lowing summer. It would 
 be an easy matter for them 
 to survive in the nests or 
 in cracks and corners of 
 the building near the nf sts 
 during the winter absence 
 of the hosts. The nests 
 contained immense num- 
 bers of empty eggshells, 
 showing that the eggs were 
 
 Fio. 91 Aoanthia hirundinis— frnhxTgeA (orlgiual). 
 
 deposited directly in tlie nests, and where the young bugs in hatching 
 wotdd at once gain access to the birds. 
 
 While it is impossible to say at just what time the eggs were laid, it is 
 safe to conjecture that they are laid some time during the early i)art of 
 the summer, probably soon after the appearance of swallows in the 
 spring, and that the young become partially grown at least before fall. 
 
 It is of course possible that they may use other food than the bloo4 
 4653— No. 5 11 
 
162 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 of tlie swallows, but it is evident that they are closely associated witli 
 tliis bird as a host. Tlie li{jiire will indicate the distinctive chai-acters 
 of the 8pe<'ies, and comparison with the levtiiltrria and Inodora will 
 reveal suflllcient basis for considering it a distiui-t form. 
 
 The species occnirrin};- upon the pijjcon and the bat have not been 
 recorded for America so far as I am aware, but it is (juite i)robable that 
 they may occur. They are evidently (piite distinct species, and it would 
 be a matter of interest to determine their occurreiute here. 
 
 Avanthin columbaria -lenyns is spetiially characti^'i/.ed by the rounded 
 form of the abdomen, the slijjfhtly excavated prothoriiX, and the third 
 joint of the antenna' being longer than the fourth. 
 
 Acaiithia piplstreUi Jenyns has the abdomen naiTowed. the i)rothorax 
 moderately deeply excavated, the antenna' intermediate, between kctv- 
 laria and columbaria. 
 
 -^ 
 
 Fio. 92.— Aiitt'iinir, Hhowiii}: lompariitivo Iciijttli (if .joints in k, Aniiilhia 
 Ithundinit: b. A.U'ctularki; c, A . iitiiiliir(i—i;nUiv<ivi\ (original). 
 
 Considering the inaccessibility of the original description.-t to many 
 students, it may be useful to rei»eat here tiui full technical descriptions 
 as given by Jenyns (Annals of Natural History, 1839, Vol. Ill, pp. 
 241-244) : 
 
 C. Icctiilariiix: .Ferriij^iiieo-ocliracous; tliorace ])rofiin(l(' ciiiiir^inati), latorilms 
 rotlcxiH; alidoininu Huhorliiciilato. apice aciito; aiiteiinis articiilo turtio <[uarto loiigi- 
 ore. Long, 1.'^ liii. llab. lu tioiiiibus. 
 
 C, coliimhariiiH : Fernioiueo-oeliraceiis; tbitraco ]tri>l'un(li' I'luar^inato, latorilms 
 rellexis; ahiloiiiinoorhiciilato, apico .siiba<'iito; aiitcniii.s artii'iilo tcrtiii i|iiarto paiilo 
 b)iigiore. Long, vix '2i lin. llab. lu coliiiiibis. 
 
 ('. hinindhii. ■ Kuwco-lerrngineiis; tliorace^ leviter oniargiiialo, latiU'ibiiH planiR, 
 abdonihio ovato, apicc siibacnto; antennis brcvUms, articulo tortio ct ([iiarto siib- 
 ue(|naHl>iiH. Long. \'i lin. Hab. In nidis lliriiiHlini.'' iirbi(;a>. 
 
 ('. ])iinntrcni : Ferniginoo-ocliraceus, nitidiis; tboracti |>r()f'iindtM^iiiarginMto, latori- 
 bns paiilo rellcxis; abdoinino ovato, poistico attennato; antt^niiJH articulo tertit* 
 quarto lougiore. Long. 12 lin. llab. lu VcHpertilionc pipiistrtdhi. 
 
 C.cithiiiiharhis: On comparing this species with the coninion house bug it will bs' 
 found to be smaller and oC a morr circular form. The antenna- are shorter and the 
 joints are not ciuite so slender, and the dilVerence in length between the third and 
 fourth Joints i , not so considerable. The thorax is rather less hollow(Ml out in front, 
 the anterior angles less produced, and the sides less rellexod. The abdomen more 
 nearly approaches the round, the lateral margins being very niuch curved and the 
 greatest breadth exactly in th(* middle ; whereas in the house bug the lateral margins 
 are at first but little curved, and the greatest breadth rather behind the middle. 
 The colors as well as the degree of the pubesueuce are similar in the two species. 
 
HEMIPTERA. 
 
 163 
 
 C. hirnndinis: This Hpeoies is rather less than C. columbariux ana in respect to form 
 (liferent from both this and the C. lectnlartiiH. Tlie antnniiii- are coinparativoly short, 
 :iii<l the tliird Joint is scarctOy if at all longer than the fourth. The eyes are not so 
 jiroHiinent, the thorax is mnch loss hollowed ont in front, the anterior angles but 
 little produecsil, and the sides scarcely at all rellexed. The scntelluin is wider at the 
 liase or more, transverse and does not jirojeei, so far backward; the elytra are less 
 coarsely pnuctnretl ; the abdomen is not ko broad, and mure ronnded at the apex, 
 the sides regularly curved. The wiiole insect is more pubescent. The color is f(!rru- 
 !;iuoiis, inclining to testaceous, darker than ia Iheeommon bed-bug, and the head and 
 tlioraiv are much clouded with fuscous. In one specimen the legs are spotted at or 
 near the Joints with this last color. There are also some fusc(>ns spots on the abdo- 
 men. The young or pupa" have the abdomen much narrower than tlio jierfect insect, 
 inclining to oblong. 
 
 C. pipislrelli: The antenme of this S|>ecies are of an intermediate l«!ngth ' ♦^^ween 
 those of the ('. Uctniarins and those of the V. (utliimbarins, and the third Joint is 
 obviously longer than the fourth. The eyes are prominent. The tlior . has a mod- 
 erately deep excavation in front, and the sides arc partially rellexed. The abdomen 
 is narrower than in either of the above-named spe(Me8, and much more attenuated 
 posteriorly, the greatest breadth being rather before the middle. The thighs are 
 more incrassated. The wlioh* insect is more ]>ubesceut, approaching to his])id, and 
 rather coarsely punctured. The color is dark ferruginous ochre, glistening with a 
 faint metallic or subaeneous hue, not j)erceptible in any of the otuer species. The 
 legs and antenna- are a shade paler than the abdomen, and, as well asthislatt, with- 
 out spots. 
 
 Fjimily 1 1 Kr> I T VITD^K. 
 
 This fainil.y contains a lar{?e variety of bugs, tho majority of which 
 appear to be strictly carnivorous in habit, many of them beinji' of uo 
 little service in destroying injurious insec^ts. They are provided with 
 stout curved beaks; the antenna' have the terminal Joints smallest; 
 the head is cylindrical, the neck usually long and the bodies generally 
 slender, while the legs are strong and often armed with spines. Many 
 species are capable of inflicting severe wounds, but probably very few 
 of them do so except in self defense. One sj)ecies, however, has been 
 so many times reconled as attacking individuals of the human species 
 for the purjiose of sucking blood for food that it should be mentioned, 
 at least, in this c(mnection. 
 
 The BLooi)-SuoKiN(f C(>ne-no«e. 
 
 {ConorhiniiH HangiiisHtjit lioc.) 
 
 Tiiis species, sometimes called the " big bed-bug," is distributed 
 throughout the southern United States and has been reported as fre- 
 quently occurring in be«ls, attacking the sleepers and sucking their 
 blood. The following from the American Entomologist (Vol. I, j>. 88) 
 sums up its habits: 
 
 While taking his meal, as we are informed, he fairly spraddles himself out, and 
 seems to enjoy it hugely. In the more southerly parts of Illinois, namely, in Madi- 
 son, .Fersey, and Union counties, we know of no less than eight specimens having 
 been found in beds, and it must also occur as far north as Adams Count,y, for we saw 
 it in a collection of insects made at C^nincy and exhibited at the Htate fair in 18()8. 
 Mr. Uhler, as he informs us, formerly received a specimen from southern Ohio, near 
 Marietta, at which place it was said to be occasionally found in beds, and to cause 
 
164 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 severe infliimniation by its puncturing. Dr. E. S. Hull, of Alton, 111., was once, aslio 
 tells us, bitten in three places in the arm by one of these creatures, and the arm 
 became so inflamed in conso(|uence that for three days afterwards he almost lost tlic 
 use of it. In the northerly parts of tlie United States, so far as wo are aware, it 
 does not occur. Like many of it.s allien it jjasses the Avuiter in the perfect state, for 
 we have ourselves captured it in south llliDuis under loose bark in November, in 
 company with its pupa (lig. 93, b). 
 
 m 
 
 Tia.93.— f'onorliinus,ian(iuUnfia: a, pupa; 6, itrtult (from Anier. Kiitom.). 
 
 All the species of this jjenus, most of which are South American, fly into houses by 
 night, according to Hiirmeister, and live upon tlie blood of mammals, tho jmucturo 
 of their beaks causinj; great jiaiu. In the larval and impal states they probably 
 suck the juices of insects; for being wingless in those states they would have no 
 means of reaching the larger animals. Tho single jjupa that wo found under bark 
 in winter time occurred in a place that was about half a mile from tho nearest house; 
 so that at all events it certainly could have had no chance there to suck bumau 
 blood. 
 
 SUBOKDKIJ PARASITA. 
 
 This group includes the sucitorial lice, confined to mammals; tliey are 
 strictly parasitic insects, being coufiued to their hosts constantly and 
 deriving all their nourishment from them. They are wingless, and the 
 mouth parts consist of a tubular suctorial organ. 
 
 This subordsr contains but two families, the first of which, the Poly- 
 ctenidic, contains, so far as known, but two species, both of which are 
 confined to bats, one in Jamaica aiul the other in China. These do not 
 projterly fall within the province of this ])aper, and it will not be neces- 
 sary to give them further consideration. 
 
 Fjiinily Pltll )ICn ILIl ).K. 
 (The Suetoi'ial Lice.) 
 
 This family includes nearly all the species of the suborder and all 
 that come within the limits of this i>aper. 
 
 We need only add to the character above given the short rostrum 
 without joint and the tarsi adapted to clasx)ing and holding to hairs. 
 
HEMIPTERA. 
 
 165 
 
 The eggs — "iiita" — are attached to hairs by a glue-like substance, and 
 the young lice when hatched resemble the adults except in size. As the 
 ciitin^ life of the parasite is passed upon the same animal or on another 
 animal of tl»e same kind, its range of habit is easily stated. 
 
 Hut very few of the species are ever found upon any other species of 
 animal than that whic^li they normally infest, and if so nlways upon 
 very nearly related species. Whether this is due 
 todirt'erences in (lie thickness of the skin, of tem- 
 [icrature, of the size of the hair to which they must 
 adhere and to which their feet are adapted, or to 
 some subtle difference in the odor or taste peculiar //] 
 
 to their particular host which leads them to dis- 
 card all others, we are unable to say. 
 
 The mouth parts are necessarily capable of great 
 extension in order to reach the blood of their 
 hosts. Uhler says (Standard Fat. Hist., Vol. II, 
 p. 209): "A fleshy unjointed rostrum, capable of 
 great extension by being rolled inside out, this 
 action serving to bring forward a chapletof barbs 
 wliich emlx'd themselves in the skin to give a lirm 
 hold for the penetrating bristles, arranged as 
 chitinous strips in a long, slender, flexible tube, 
 terminated by four very minute lobes, which i)robe 
 to the cajnllary vessels of a sweat pore. The blood 
 being oncie reached a current is maintained by the 
 pulsations of the pumping ventricle and the per- 
 istaltic movements of the stomach." 
 
 The species infesting nnin are so nearly related 
 to the others that we can not well pass them by 
 without notice. 
 
 The Cuau Louse. 
 
 {/'hlliiriiiH inffiiinulia Leach.) 
 
 (ler .and all 
 
 / 
 
 Fig. 94.— Month-parta of 
 
 ['ediculua vfstiiiienti., 
 sliowing rostrum ami ex- 
 tcnsili! tube — greatly en- 
 largi'tl (after Si'biodte). 
 
 If we may depend upon ancient writers, this 
 si>ecies has long been a companion of man. Ac- 
 cording to Denny it is recorded by Herodotus, and 
 atrctmling to IMaget was referred to in the writings 
 of Aristotle. Some of tlie ancient accounts treat 
 of it as occurring in the most prodigious numbers 
 and causing most serious ailments to the infested parties. The disease 
 produced gained the name of Phthiriasis, though doubtless this term 
 has been api)lietl also to the attacks of the other species of parasites 
 infesting man. 
 
 Its attacks are said to be more severe than those of the other forms 
 of lice, although it is quite probable that in the worst cases reported the 
 
16fi 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 diftereiit species have, been jn-esent, since tlie conditiuni^ favoriiifj tin- 
 in<Teiise of one will also liivor the others. The reports, especially <it' 
 the earlier writers, have many of them doubtless been subject to {jieai 
 exafjfjcration, tor while the normal rate of increase will account for the 
 sudden app«ai;i nee an<l ■ oid multiplication of the li(!e under certain 
 
 conditions, it is not equal to the marvel 
 ous stories which are to be met with 
 even in some works that lay claim to 
 iU'vin H y. 
 
 -"r (. ,.-ab louse infests ])articularly the 
 jie . e. 'ons, but occurs also amon{^ the 
 sii.i hair.- * der the arms, in the beard, 
 antl it is said also among the hairs of 
 the eyebrows. It does not live in the 
 line hair of the head. 
 
 It is very distinct from the other 
 species, the body being nearly as wide 
 as long, \\hile the strong legs spreading out laterally very greatly 
 increase its apparent width and give it the form of a crab in miniature, 
 thus winning for it the name of (irab louse. It is of a whitish color, 
 with a dusky i)atch on eju'h shoulder, and with the legs slightly tinged 
 with re<ldish, the claws having this color more pronounced. It is nearly 
 one-tenth of an inch in length. 
 
 The remedies adopted for the head louse are applicable to this sjie- 
 cies, altlumgh if is said they are less ettw-tual and must be i)eraisted in 
 more vigorously. lied precipitate is probably most freijueutly used. 
 
 Fici. It'i. — I'litliiiiiis i-.iiii/iialix 
 (iil'te'- iH'iinv.) 
 
 •iiliir;;t'il 
 
 The Head Louse. 
 
 (I'ediciiluH rapitix Di'G<'<m-. ) 
 
 This louse has been I'ecognized under one name or another as far 
 back as we have history. While very generally (lonfused with the 
 following species, it is probably the one most (icuumoidy known, th<nigh 
 perhai)s not the one which has caused the greatest amount of annoy- 
 ance or that has occurred in the greatest nuTubers. The two species 
 were not clearly defined till comparatively recent tinu',s. 
 
 Elaborate writings upon the louse Avere given by Swammerdam, 
 Leeuwenhoek (IfiOS), and descriptions of it by Redi, DeCleer, Linmeus, 
 (leottroy, liurmeister, Leach, and others, besides innumerable brief 
 mentions and a goodly number of elaborate memoirs upon its embry- 
 ology, etc. In later days, while a most annoy in j' pest, it does not 
 appear to have caused such serious results as th body louse or the 
 crab louse. 
 
 It is confined to the flue hair of the head, rarely occurring on other 
 parts of the body. 
 
 The eggs (nits) are white and glued to the hair at some distance 
 
 c 
 
HEMIPTERA. 
 
 1()7 
 
 from the lieiul, and are most abuudaiit, wo have observed, ba(^k of the 
 
 cars. When miiiierous they form quite conspicuous objects. The 
 
 young, upon hatchinj; from these, resemble the adults, except in size 
 
 iind in beinjj less distinctly nnirkcd. The proportions of 
 
 tlie body are also somewhat ditferent. the abdomen beiiifj 
 
 smaller than after it has bccoine enlarged by a stciidy 
 
 did upon hunnin bhxul. The full-grown lice are whitish, 
 
 with faint, dark nmrkings at llie sides of the thorax and 
 
 iibdomen. The last segment of the abdomen in the 
 
 female is bih)bed. 
 
 Murray has shown tlnit the (liferent races of man har- 
 bor ditl'eri'ut varieties of this species <»f louse, the ditler- 
 ence in the varieties being jtarticularly in color aiul in the VM.w.-reincuiuK 
 form of the claws. In color they differ from the nearly <|'/''''''' (ait.<r 
 whit(^ infesting the Caucasians to the black infesting the 
 African. The claws dilVt'r sonu'what in proportions, and Murray thinks 
 these dilferences constant, but they can at most be considered oidy us 
 varietal dilferences. 
 
 IJemedies are white precipitate, suli)hur ointment, and especially 
 cleanliness. 
 
 TiiK Body Lousk. 
 
 (I'fdinilHn ventimrnti Leiinh.) 
 
 As with the preceding species, the history of this parasite is lost 
 in anticpiity, and most of the early accounts failed to indicate any dif- 
 ference in the two forms. In the works of DeGeer, Leach, Denny, and 
 others they ani distinguished and well characterized. 
 
 This form is most common where opportunities for good sanitation 
 are wanting, as in armies, prisons, and all places where attention to 
 
 bodily cleanliness from choice or necessity is neg- 
 lected. 
 
 It is not km>wn to infest animals, though we 
 have seen specimens that were said to have been 
 taken from cattle. 
 
 Until fully grown there is not nnich difierence 
 to be noted in tiie appearance of this and the pre- 
 ceding species, though the nnirkings at the sides 
 are less distin(;t. In the adult form, however, the 
 dorsal surface is marked with dark transverse 
 bands. 
 
 Tlie insect secretes itself in the folds of the 
 clothing, oidy penetrating the skin when in want 
 of food. The long, slender sucking tube, by 
 means of which it reaches the small blood vessels near the surface, is 
 shown fully extended in figure 94. 
 
 iiii-nii (iii"li'r Di'iiii.v). 
 
108 
 
 INSECTS AKFKCTINO l)OMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 ft 
 
 Tho t'jjfys iirc^ (lopositod in folds of the <1l()tlliIlJ,^ and, uccordiiip to tlio 
 estiuiati's of liOcuwtMiliovk, a sinifle adult fcnialo may liavo a i)rogt>iiy 
 of r>,<)(M) in (>i}r|it wi'oks, and lie adds tliat in tlut lioat of suniiner this 
 estimate niiyht ho very ffieatly exceeded. This will readily ac<!()unl 
 foi- all the autlientic repoits of snddeu and numerous appearauees <it' 
 this pt'st. 
 
 A )-eady nu>ans of «'(Mid)atin^' this pest is to thoroughly bake the 
 elothiii};' infested witli it, or, to he fully as elVeetual with less heat, This 
 niijuhf l»e accompanied by fumigation with sul|>hnr or tobacco smoke. 
 A repetition of this pioccss two or threes times at intervals of a few 
 days, along with strict perscuuil cleanliness, should overeouie the most 
 seiions attack. 
 
 Alt (lescribe«l, uiuler the iuiiiu> of I'rdiciihis tnhcaccntittniy the louse 
 which hcM'onsideied as the cause of phthiriasis, but later authorities 
 consider this as simply tiie re-stiincnfi present in aggravated numbers. 
 Properly speaking, this atfection should be termed |)ediculosis. and the 
 term phthiriasis rtserved for the attacks of I'htkiriuti iiKjuinalM. 
 
 LoiTSK OF THE Ape. 
 
 (rcdiviiliin riiiimthriiiiiH I'iiijjet.) 
 
 Closely related to the hunnin lice is a species described by Piaget 
 occurring upon the Ateles ape [Atclcs iieniadactylns). It resembles 
 especially tile I'eilivulKs nii>His, but ])resents sonuMlill'erences in form of 
 heatl and structur(H)f alxlominal ai»|)endages which have led this author 
 to establi>h the separate species. It appeals to differ less, in general 
 appearance, from typical capifi-s than tho varieties of capitis oceurriug 
 on ditVerent races ditfer annuig themselves. 
 
 Though there is t'onsiderable dilVereiu'e in the drawings, this is prob- 
 ably the same species that is ligured by Murray (Keonomie Entomology, 
 p. .'}S!M under the name of Pediculns quad nun an us and said to be taken 
 from the Ateles ape. 
 
 Lice JNi'ENTiN(r the iMonkev. 
 
 Three species of lice are found ui)on monkeys, all being generically 
 distin«rr fnun those inte.stiig other aninuils. They form the genus I'cdi- 
 cinus, the most essential character of which is the presence of but three 
 Joints in the anteuiue. 
 
 The species are tlie Pedicinus curyj/asicr Gervais, which occurs upon 
 the maca(iues, Macacxs nemcsfrinns, cynomohjUH, and radiaius, accord- 
 ing to Piaget, and Macacus sinicus, according to (liebel; the Pedicimts 
 longiceps Piaget occurring, ai^cording to its author, upon the Macacua 
 cynomo}(fUHii\\([ tho Seninopithccus pruinosm; and the Pedicinus breviceps 
 Piaget infesting the Cercopithecus monas. 
 
HEMIPTKRA. 
 
 169 
 
 Aside from those species of INMli(!iii(i.-.,(J«M'vaiH describes ii species of 
 Ilifinatopiiius, If. ohtmim, from tiie SeinnopitlieruH maitruH. 
 
 Tlie abiin<liinc(i of tlieso vermin upon moni\eys can be attested l>y all 
 visitors of z(M»lojjical gardens or menageries, and the ready means 
 adopted by tlie iiosts for their siil>inpition are equally familiar — a 
 method of destruction whicli, by the way, is said to be adopted by 
 many tribes of inferior races belon^^ing to the human species. 
 
 THK SUCKINCr I)()(l liOUHK. 
 {Hitmatititinun pH'tferuH Hiiriii.) 
 
 Althouffh the do}j has been the closest <'ompauion of nian amonjj the 
 domestic animals from very early times, and (u>nsequently this para- 
 site, in all pnibability, was well known to keepers of dofjs, it was not 
 technically descrilied until about the yeai' 1S3.S. 
 
 It does not appear to have been a very numerous or injurious para 
 site, apparently nuicii less so than the TrivhodevteH latus infesting the 
 same aninnil, and less annoying than eitlier ticks or 
 fleas. Denny says (Monog. Anop. IJrit., p. 20): "I 
 have found it upon dogs two or tiiree times, but it 
 is by nt) means of connnon occurren<*e." We have 
 examined nmny dogs in quest of it, but only a single 
 specimen so far has been our reward. Denny says 
 (loc. cit.): "I also received specimens from the fer- 
 ret.'' It can hardly be inferred, however, that tiiis 
 animal is consequently a normal host for the s])ecies, 
 as such an instaiu.'e might occur entirely from a(!ci- 
 dent, the louse having been transferred from some 
 dog to a ferret associated witii it. 
 
 This species is somewhat similler than the lice 
 infesting most of the larger mammals, tiie full-grown 
 individuals being nearly one-tenth of an inch long. 
 It is described generally as of a light-red or ashy flesh color, but evi- 
 dently varies as the other species, according to the condition of the 
 body as well as the age of specimens. In preserved specimens these 
 colors become lighter, assuming a yellowish hue, the abdomen, except 
 where darkened by the intestine and its ccmtents, appearing a shade 
 lighter than the front part of the body. Tlie abdomen is ihickly cov- 
 ered with tine hairs and minute warty ennnences, these latter when 
 magnified about 300 diameters appearing like the scales of a lizard or 
 fish. 
 
 Specimens from different breeds of dogs do not appear to have been 
 noticed as dirtereut, altliough a form describe<l as //. bicolor by Lucas 
 may iierhaps bt found to present race characteristics. 
 
 Fio. 9S.—Ua!matopinus 
 liiliJiTuii (uiitliur's il- 
 lustration). 
 
170 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 THK liOUSE «»K TUK CAMEL. 
 
 (Ilomatopiniia intntli Keili.) 
 
 Wo 'How (liobel and Piiif^ot in luliuittiii^ this spocies, nlthonjfh it 
 (Iocs ii< appoiir to liiivc heoii observed by :in,v nioduni iiatiiralist. 
 
 I*ia}>t'i says (Ia's IN'-dic, ]>. i\\\): " l^a lij^nni (luo donuji iJodi, le seiil 
 (|ui ait obs«M'V('' (H'tto cspna^ se nipprociio bt^aucoiip dti ctdlo de Vuriun" 
 
 lilCK iNI'KSTINC} TIIK (llltAPFK, 1)EEI{, AND ANTIXOI'E. 
 
 ( IlivmatopinHH «j)i».) 
 
 ( /losely it'lated to tlie lice intestiiij; tlie otlier lioofcd (piadruiu'ds arc 
 those inlestiiiy rcspectivoly tiie jjiratl'e, deer, and aiiteh)i>e. Tiic hjic- 
 (ies infeatin}; tlie j-iratl'e {VduivlopardoliH iiirnlTa) was described by 
 Giebel under tlu^ name llwmntnpinus hrevirornis ; tliat infestin{f the 
 deer was Urst mentioned by Rcdi and described an<l iianu'*! by Nitzadi 
 ii» JI<rm<(topiinis rvnssirorniti; it is recorded I'roni tlie red deer (Ccrr».>( 
 cUiphtis). The niviniitopiniis tihialis Piajjet, from Aiifilopa wmorj, is, 
 according to its anthor, represented by varieties on t\w Aiitilopa sp. 
 and the AntUopo subi'Utiurosa,'A\n\ he considers it jiossible that the //. 
 cerncapnc Lucas, from Antilo^ht vcnHcapra, is also a variety of this 
 same speiaes. 
 
 The SuoivTN*; TiOiisE of tiik Goat. 
 
 {IIwinatopiniiH slenupnis Kiiriii.) 
 
 We have no record of this si)ecies having been observed in this coun- 
 try, and judging by the references to it in standard works it must be 
 of rather rare ocu'urrence in countries where these animals are kept in 
 greater abundance than here. 
 
 The species is not, so far as sit present known, transmissible to any 
 other domestic animal, and if ever becoming abundant, will doubtless 
 yield to the treatment used for the other species, though the long hair 
 would Tnake some of them niore diftl(!ult of application. On this account 
 pyrethrum would seem to be most practicable. 
 
 The Sheep Foot Louse. 
 
 {Ha'tnatopinim peduHH ii. sp.) 
 
 We would hardly expe<!t to find an entirely new form of louse on so 
 common a domestic animal as the sheep at this late period of investi- 
 gation of <anima} parasites. I sim able to announce, however, a species 
 which seems to have entirely escaped observation heretofore, and, more- 
 over, to describe a habit of distribution of the parasite on its host which 
 has, so far as I know, no parallel among the related species. This 
 suctorial louse of the sheep occurs only, as all examinaticms so far indi- 
 cate, upon the legs and feet below where the long wool is found. It is 
 
HEMII'TERA. 
 
 171 
 
 ospeeially coiiiinon to Mmi region of \hv 'm1»'\v «-,lii\vrt," wlit'H' tin' i'ligs 
 uppuiir to l)u most (totiiiiioiily dcposih'tl. 
 
 It is of about tliu Hiiiiio ^<'ii(>ral Hlia|io as tlic sliort-noMi-d ox loiis(>, 
 thoii^li Mcarcoly so l»roa«l and rather siiiallci. Tlic dark, cliiliiioiis 
 portions of the body arc inucli restricted, so tliat it lias a more imma- 
 ture look than the viinjNteninH. Its maturity, liowevcr, is tally shown 
 by tlie developuH'nt of the neiiital or},'aiis. 
 
 It no doubt passt's throui^fh its various staj^es of development just as 
 the related spe<'ies, an<l so far nothing <'an be said as to the exact time 
 re(piircd in n'aehin;;' maturity. Efftjs ami adults were collected in 
 January, but e<>°^s carried in a vest pocket in a small vial so as to be 
 
 I maori, is, 
 
 ■~' nT|'\'\^'^^' 
 
 W; 
 
 
 Flo. 09 — llirnitttii/iiaiis fii'daUii: n. uiliilt IV'iimli'; (/, vuntriil view of tuniiiiial Hi'giiiPiitH of simin, 
 sliowini; liniHhitH; c, tcRmiiiiil Hcumciits of iiialo; tl, cgj;,— all ('nlar};<Ml (nrijiiiial). 
 
 kept warm did not hatch. T <■ tigure will show the characteristic form 
 and stru(!ture. 
 
 The fact that this species is confined to the lower i)art of the lejis and 
 does not occur on the parts of the body covered by long wool is a very 
 important one, and one which makes it an easy matter to treat the pest 
 at any season of the year. The feet and lejjs can be washed with any 
 of the ettectivo dipi)ing solutions, or the sheep may be driven into a 
 shallow vat of the solution with enough of tin' solution to reach up to 
 tlie body without wetting the wool. Dii)ping at shearing time for ticks 
 and biting lice will destroy these also, so that if the ])racti(!e of an 
 annual dip is followed there should be no troubhi from this new pest. 
 
 Homaloimius pedalis n. sp. Female : Head and thorax comparatively small ; abdo- 
 men fusiform, tapering. Length, 2.20 mm. ; width of abdomen, 1 mm. 
 
172 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Head abort, as wide as long, blnntlj' contracted in front of the antennip, with fow 
 hairs. Antennie large, annulate with reddish-brown, terminal joint with three or 
 fonr bristles. Occiput uicrging into thorax, with jjromiuent reddish oblique bands 
 either side, becoming approximate on the thorax. Thorax wider than long, with 
 anterior faint and posterior distinct band not meeting on median line of dorHuni. 
 Legs not ditVeriug nuirkedly in size, but anterior smallest and posterior largest ; mid- 
 dlo and posterior tibial with very prominent, spoon-shaped process opposed to tarsal 
 claw, marked with red-brown bands. 
 
 Abdcmien oval, i'ui-ji'orm, thick, rising high above the thorax, sparsely set at base 
 with irregularly scattered small hairs, those at mrrgiu a little longer and more regu- 
 larly placed; Npiracles inconspicuous, pleural, not marked by chitinou.i tubercles; 
 brush organs on seventh segment rather small, L-shaped, th<i bristles on cho end very 
 small; terminal segment set with a duster of small spines cither side, ventrally. 
 
 Male: l?roi',der and flatter than tlie femule. Two brownish lines on posterior ven- 
 tral segments, converging to tip of abdomen ; forked genitalia, showing through the 
 transparent body wall. 
 
 P3ggs attached on hair of lower log and foot a short distance from the skin, of 
 about the usual form, rather long, surface shining, minutely punctured. 
 
 Collected .it Ames, Iowa, from domestic sheep {Ovh arien). These sheep had been 
 recently im^ ' rted from Canada. Tlie lice did not occur on more than a few animals. 
 
 The Shoet nosed Ox Louse. 
 
 
 {Hnmatopinua eurysternits Nitzsch.) 
 
 This is probably the species that has been familiar from early time 
 as the louse infestiiiff cattle, though since this species and the following 
 one have been generally confused, it is impossible to say which has 
 ' fttn most common. It was first accurately described by Nitzsch under 
 the name of redicnhis eurystcrmis in 1818 (Germar's Mag., Vol. Ill, 
 p. 305^. and has received jnention in every important treatise on para- 
 sites since that date, as well as innumerable notices under the head of 
 animal parasites, cattle lice, etc. As with other species, the disease 
 produced has been termed phthiriasis, and as treated by KoUar and 
 other writers, it has been recognized as a most serious pest and numer- 
 ous remedies tried for its suppression. 
 
 Since it has been very generally confused with the following species, 
 we shall give more particular description and show as clearly as possi- 
 ble how to distinguish them. The following quotation from Mr. C W. 
 Tcnney (in Iowa Homestead for August 18, 1882) will show that this 
 difference is not without interest or value as viewed by a practical 
 breeder: ''Then there is a blue slate colored louse and a larger one of 
 the same color that vaiy somewhat in their habits, and the last men- 
 tioned is the hardest to dish)dge." Evidently it is the species under 
 discussion to which Mr. Tenney refers as the "larger one." It infests 
 particularly the neck and shoulders, and these parts are frequently 
 worn bare by the efforts of the animal to rid itself of the irritation i)ro- 
 duced by these u v ome visitors. Still, some cattlemen say that 
 these parasites • no consequence, and that they never pay any 
 
 attention to them. 
 
 The full-grown females are about one-eighth to one-flftli of an inch 
 
HEMIPTERA. 
 
 173 
 
 I the skin, of 
 
 long, aud fully half that in width, wliile tlie males are a little smaller 
 and proportionately a little narrower. Aside from the difference in 
 size th.e sexes differ very decidedly in the markings and structural fea- 
 tures upon the umler side of the body. The males have a broad black 
 stripe running forward from the end of the body to near the middle of 
 the abdomen, as shown in figure 100, c. 
 
 The females have no indications of this stripe, but the black, broken 
 bund of the U[)per side of the terminal segment extends slightly 
 around on the under side. The most important character, however, is 
 the i)re8ence of two little brush-like organs on the next to the last seg- 
 ment, as shown in figure 100, d. 
 
 The head is bluntly roumled in front, nearly as broad as long, and 
 with the anteume sitiratcd at the sides midway from the posterior to the 
 anterior borders; behind these are located slight eminences upon which 
 may be found the small eyes, which are seen with considerable ditticulty. 
 At the front of the head may be seen the small rostrum or beak, the 
 
 Fo. \W^.—TTti'iiiatoiiinuseiini.<!trriiiis: n, fi'inuli' ; h, rostrum; r, vpiilrul surl'aitMtf tlio liist sppmonts 
 of male; (/, sami) iil' I'omale; c, iij;^; .'', surfaio of Hamo groatly I'lilargfl (author's illu.stratioii). 
 
 end of which is usunlly at or near the surf ice, bnt which is caiMble of 
 extension and retraction. The end of this beak is armed with a double 
 row of recurved hooks (see iig. KM), h). The function of these hooks is 
 doubtless to fasten the beak firmly into the skin of the host, while the 
 true pnmping organ must consist, as in the Pediculi, of a slender pierc- 
 ing tube, thcmgh we can see only slight in<u<'ations of this tube within 
 the head, and we have not seen it nor do we find iiny recordof its hav- 
 ing been seen fully extended in this species. Professor Marker says 
 the rostrum can be pushed out, but his ligure shows oidy the basal 
 portion with the crown of hooks and nothing of the tubular parts 
 inclosed within. 
 
 The thorax is wider than long and widest at the posterior margin 
 where it Joins the abdomen. Tlie legs project from the side, are long 
 and stout, and especially adapted to chki jig and clinging to the hair. 
 
174 
 
 TNSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 An exfni jn'ovisioii for this purpose coiisists of a double i)]iit.e haviiiji- 
 flue transverse ri(l{;es in the basal Joint of the tarsus. This structure 
 appears t() have been first described by Professor llarker (Aj^ricniUnral 
 8tiulents' (razette, Vol. 1, p. 1(>2). The abdomen differs <>'reatly in form 
 and size, aecordinjf to the dejjreo of distention, which ac(U)unts for the 
 discrepancies in the ditlerent tij^urcs of this s[>ccics. It may be called 
 llask-shaped and more or less flattened according to the amount of 
 matter contained in it. There is a row of luuMiy tubercles along each 
 side and a row of ehitinous plates along each side of the upi)cr surface 
 of tlie abdomen. Tiie spiracles are located in the tubercles at tiie 
 sides, and tliere is one to each of the last six segments, omitting the 
 terminal one. Jn <!olor there is some variation, as w<mld be surmised 
 from a c;»mparison of descriptions by different authors. The general 
 color of the head and tiiorax is a light brown approaching to yellow- 
 ish, with touches of bright chestnut on the head and legs and margins 
 of the tliorax, also touches of dark brown on these parts, more par- 
 ticularly on tlie dorsal portion of the thorax. Tlie abd<;mcn in fresh 
 specimens has a geneial bluisii asi)ect, not so noticeable in ])reserved 
 specimens, besides its color depends evidently in large degree upon 
 its contents. Denny says "grayish-white or ocliraceous gray," whicii 
 would apply well t<» pieserved specimens, but his ])late shows it a bl;.e- 
 gray. Ilarker says brownish gray. It appears to ns that the term 
 used by Mr. Tenney, blue slate ctdored, t'omes quite as near describing 
 the average appearunce as any that we have seen. The tubercles at 
 the side of the abdonuni and the ehitinous plates are chestniit-colo'-ed, 
 while the most of the upper surface of the terminal segment in the 
 female and the ventral stri]te in the male are black. 
 
 The females deposit their eggs on tlie hair, attaching them very near 
 the skin. Figure 100, c reinesents one of the eggs, siiowing its attach- 
 ment to the hair and the distances from the root of the iiair in the speci- 
 men drawn. The adluisive substance evidently invests the egg during 
 ovii)Osition and is touched to the hair, the <'gg then slightly drawn 
 along so as to leave the glue-like mass to form a firm union around the 
 hair and t() the egg. The egg is elongate-oval, taperini': at the lower 
 end, and having a cai)-like covering at the upper end. Ttie surface is 
 set with ery minute points Just visible under an im^h objective, but 
 showing clearly with a power of .'tOO diameters. At the surface no coi - 
 nection is to be seen between different points, but focusing a little below 
 the surface brings into view what appear to be minute threads or chan- 
 nels running from point to point and giving a reticulate appearance to 
 the eggshell. The points can not correspond to fli«' circular bodies rep- 
 resented in Denny's figure (E, IM. XXV, Monog. Anop. Urit.), which 
 have nuich more the jippearance of ])rotoplasmic granules of the egg 
 contents. The shape of the i'ji;g in his figure Is also entirely different 
 from that of the specimen from whi(;li (mr figure is drawn. 
 
 The young louse e8ca[)es from the outer or unattached end, whether 
 
 phur, 
 
HEMIPTEBA. 
 
 175 
 
 by pushiuf? off the ciip-Iike portion or by »iru[)ly pusbiug tbrou,uh this 
 portion, whi(;h ;ip[)ears to be thinner than the rest and may be simply 
 laombranous, is not, so far as we know, derermiiied. Xo mnrked 
 ( hanjj^es, except in size and. the develoi)ineut of the chitinous patches 
 occur from hatdiiny to maturity. 
 
 This is one of tlie most dillicult parasites to destroy, an<l once settled 
 iipou an animal should receive pr<»mpt and (horonjih treatment, 'riie 
 main relianct' of veterinarian.'* seems to b(; stavesacre, and this can 
 doubtless be depended upon to accomplish the desired end. !M r. Tenney 
 rccontmends the seed of common larkspur steeped, and the animal 
 thorou^^hly w.islied witii the liquid. He says: •• I have known one 
 application to destroy every insect and ejjfg; two will sutlice it' done 
 tliorouj;hly." Of course this and tiu^ stavesa''rt^ are nearly identical, 
 both plants belonginj'' to the genus I>eli>hinium. Washes of carbolic- 
 acid soap or (►f tobacco infusion are also etl'ectual, but waslies of any 
 kind are of course illy adapted to use in midwinter, tlu'. time when there 
 is frecpiently most nciiessity fur treatment. ^Mercurial ointment, sid- 
 phnr, < r tobairco smoke, kerosene and lard, or kerosene emulsion, road 
 dust, ashes, etc., may be resorted to, according to the circumstances. 
 Infested animals sliouhl, if possible, be placed apart from the others, 
 and nnicii trouble may be saved by this precaution. 
 
 Kxpcrinients witli fumigation have shown this to be a nu^thod avail- 
 able when (»ther plans are undesirable, though from the etpiipment 
 necessary, and the fact that it requires some tinu' in application, it may 
 not prove of as general service as the; washes. 
 
 The method may be said in brief to consist <>f a tight box stall Just 
 large enough to admit tiie largest animals to be treated, one end having 
 a close-titting door to admit the animal, the opposite, end a stanchion 
 in which the animal is fastened, and covering the oi)en part of tliis end, 
 and made to lit tightly around the head just in front of the horns, is 
 a canvas sack open at both ends, tlu^ inner one nailed to the stall and 
 the outer with a running coi d to <lraw it down to the animars head, thus 
 leaving the eyes and nose in open air. An opening at the bottom of 
 one side admits the fuiuigating substance, sulpiiur or tobacco, the latter 
 a|)pareutly the most elfective. In burning this we used a wire .screen 
 to sjjread the tobacco, placing this over a tin trough containing a small 
 (]uantity of alcohol. It should be burned, however, with coals or by 
 using a small ([uantity ot kerosene. The time of exitosure *ssary 
 will vary some with the strengtii of lunies, but I to '.' ounces of toi.;icco 
 and exposure of twenty to thirty minutes was found ellective. I'yre. 
 thrum might be better even than tobacco. 
 
 This species has been said to occur akso on horses; but if this is the 
 case it nuist be in rare instances, and there need be little apprehension 
 of horses becoming infested with it by transmission from cattle Avith 
 which they may be associated. 
 
176 
 
 INSECTS AFVECTINO DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 The Long-nosed Ox Louse. 
 
 {lIwmatoiiiniiH rUiili IJmi.) 
 
 In couuectiou with the preceding species this h)use, as already stated, 
 lias K)iig been fainihar to cattlemen; it has also been known to eiito 
 iiiologists for a considerable time, but its history from the entoiuolo;; 
 ical side is not entirely (dear. It seems to have been (list technically 
 described by Linna-us under the name of PfnlicHlus rituli, which iianic 
 has been followed by Fabricius, Berkenhout, Stuart, and Turton, and, 
 with the exception of tln^ change in the generic name, by Stephens, 
 Denny, and English and American authors generally. N itzsch described 
 it under the name of Pedieiilns <>.i'i/rhi/iicliKs, wliich name was Latini/ed 
 by Burmeister to tcniiirostris. Tiiis designation has been Ibllowed by 
 Giebel and Piaget, but wliy the earlier name of LinnaMis was dro])ped 
 we fail to discover. It seems more proper to retain the name given by 
 Linna'us. 
 
 Denny describes and figures tlie species and says that it has been 
 found only on tlie calf, (liebel also ligures and describes it, giving a 
 very characteristi(! figure, though deficient in some details. Piiiget 
 admits the si)ecies provisionally, but questions it being sei)arable from 
 enry,sterniis from the fact that descriptions have been l)ased only on 
 female specimens or on those in which the sex was not distinguished, 
 and he seems to think it probable that immature specimens of eiirys- 
 ternus may have furnished the basis for this form.' 
 
 From material in hand there can be no (piestion whatever as to there 
 being a distinct form corresi)niiding with the descriptions above cited, 
 and, while there are some details still to be cleared un, we propose to 
 show as fully as jiossible the dilferences. Whileoiir •■iifiar^ does not 
 include any siiecinien tluiL can be re(M»gniz«'d as a ina;i i, does include 
 enough specimens of the early stages and females of both this species 
 and the cxrystcrnus to entirely set at rest any (piestion as to immature 
 forms of ciiry.sternus having been described as vifitU or f)nuiro.sfrin. 
 
 In this s])ecies the body is about one-eighth of an inch long and not 
 more tlian one third of that in width (see fig. 101). The head is long 
 and slender, the anteniiie set near the middle each side; there is but a 
 very slight protuberance behind the antenna' and no eyes visible. The 
 bead sets well back into the thorax, torming an acute angle behind; 
 the thorax is longer than wide, and has a distinctly visible sjuracle 
 above the scjond pair of legs; the abdomen. is elongate, without cliiti- 
 
 ' Siiicd tlio j)r<'|);ir!iti(Hi of '".'is section iiiid tlie ri<j;iiroH illiistratiiifi; tli»> Hpeeies I 
 Lave seen the HiipnlcMiieiit to riaj^ot's Les Pt'diciiliiies ami lind tliiit lie no\'' iidniits 
 tluH a.s a j^ood spccioH ai'.d j^i ve.s a figiiro of tlio fe aalo, without, however, any special 
 details of ej.'iiitiire. 
 
 ^ A series of jiarasites kindly lo.iued to me liy Dr. A. W. Hii.ting, of I'urduo Uni- 
 versity, Indiana, contains a set of rituli aiiioug which I lind a male. It agre(!S with 
 females in general ^'jape and external characters, except brushes, but is considerably 
 smaller. Length, 1.7" mm. ; »vidth, 0.50 mm. 
 
 I10U3 pll 
 scgmeiJ 
 thcuiK^ 
 scgmenp 
 In all 
 Iroin cii 
 men. c»| 
 s[)eciesi 
 mens oi 
 cvideiul 
 If, lio4 
 point 
 gives ( 
 very ; 
 tuberc 
 inclosii 
 seen, a\ 
 tionate 
 in lenj 
 vituUf 
 UrnuN. 
 move n 
 forcnce 
 rather ' 
 specim 
 hue is 
 been d 
 The y( 
 The 
 eflectu 
 form. 
 
HEMIPTERA. 
 
 177 
 
 Fin. \U\. — ll(einatoj)iinin vitiili: 
 t'('llj:llr, limlff Hlirt'lU't) of lu8t 
 SfJilllt'llls (if lllllllllllC'II of SllIlU', 
 
 .sliowiiiy •iish-liUe oi'^riins— en- 
 lar^fd (iiMthor .s illiistriitioii). 
 
 nou3 plates and devoid of any tubercles along tbe sides; the terminal 
 segment is also devoid of a bhick lioniy baiul; the bi'ush-like orjjiin on 
 I lie under side of the abdomen (see ii<;. 101 ) is slender, while the terminal 
 se<iinent is set with nmuerous rather lonj;" hairs. 
 
 In all of tliese [toints it will be observed there is a distinet diflerence 
 troni rurijNti'nniN. The brush-like oriian on under surlace ol tlie abdo- 
 men, common to the adult females of related 
 species and which is wantinj^ in y<mnj; speci- 
 mens of all species, must be tuken as distinct 
 evidence of the maturity of the specimens* 
 If, however, there were any doubt on this ^ 
 point a stiuly of the youu<i' of ciiri/sicrxus 
 •lives eijualiy conclusive testinu)ny. In the 
 very y()ungest eHri/stcrniis, the <^hitin(uis 
 tubendes alonj-' the sides of tiu'- abdomen 
 inclosing the sjuracles are distinctly to be 
 seen, while the head, though longer j)roiN)r- 
 tionately than in adults, is by no means ecpml 
 in length to that of adult riluli, A young 
 ritiili, found, it is true, associated witli cKri/s- 
 ti'mu-s, shows this elongation of the head still 
 nu)r(^ nmrkedly. In color tiu're is little dif- 
 ference in the two forms, this species having 
 rather duUei' ( alors njjon the head and thorax. The abdomen of young 
 specimens, when full of blood, appears dark red. but the bluish-gray 
 hue is more prominent in adults. Tlu^ eggs of this species have not 
 been described, and we have not had the g(»od fortune to discover them. 
 The young are even more slender than the adults. 
 
 Tlie remedies that are available for the pre(H'<ling species will prove 
 
 eft'ectual for this, and it is evidently less dillicult to subjugate than that 
 
 form. 
 
 The Huffalo Loi se. 
 
 This s])ecies was d(^scribed by liurmeister ((ien. Ins.) under the name 
 of lUdicidus tuhcrcnhdiis. 
 
 It is described in Giebel's Kpi/.oa, page 4(5, and described and figured 
 by Piaget (Les Pedic, p. «»."»(), pi. .">;$, lig. 2). It is compared by (iiebel 
 with the hog louse and by IMaget with the //. ciiriislcniK.s, which from 
 his figure it seems nn)st nearly to resend)le. According to Piaget, this 
 species is probably identical witli the I'cdicnhis (11.) jflithiriopsls of 
 fJervais (Apti'res, I II, ,'{()(») from the lias cd/'cr nud with the Pnlicuhis 
 {II.) hiijali of Dedeer >lem., VII, (iS), in which case tlu^ name givn 
 by DeGeer slnmld b' .iopt-'d for tlu^ species. Pndow (Zeits. f. <1. ges. 
 Naturw., XXXIV, l*i7^ dci^iibes a species under thenanu> of Ilivmitto- 
 piuiis piincfatiis, from tin !u», fjruiinieuN, whicli [tossibly wdl be found 
 referable to this same species. 
 4053— No. ."» 12 
 
178 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Whether the same species occurs on our American bison is not 
 known, but the unfortunate extermination of this animal renders the 
 (juestion, from a prac-tical standpoint, of little importan(!e. Lucas 
 describes and ligures the species in the Annales de la Soci;''te Entom. 
 de France (185L', ser. 2, torn. X, j). 't'M, pi. 11, No. II), referring it to the 
 species described by I'urmeister in J83S in the "(lenera Tnsectorum." 
 Specimens, he says, occurred in immense numbers on a Bos buhaius in 
 the Museum of Natural History. 
 
 The IIo(r Louse. 
 
 (Ilwmatophntii iirui8 Nit/.scli.) 
 
 Occasionally tliis species appears in formidable numbers, since wo 
 often hear of swine badly affected witli lice, and no other species is 
 known to attack this animal. 
 
 (liebel credits this species to Monfet, citing the Theatrnm Insector 
 (1034, 2')(i), while Piaget states that it is cited by Monfeton the author- 
 ity of Albertus (IV, C. 205), which would carry its recognition back to 
 tiio thirtcentli century. Linna'us described it under tlie name of Ped- 
 ienlHS ,sui.s, which name has been most conunonly followed, but Nitzsch 
 revived the name of uriiis and tliis name has been foHowed by (liebel 
 and Piaget. Along with other ]tavasites it received fivquent nu'ntiou 
 by botli early and modern v.riters. Denny speaks of it as rare in Hng- 
 laiid, but common in Ireland. He says {^Nlonog. Anop. Brit., p. 35): 
 
 'riiiHK])e('ies is found in i^rcat iminhersoii swine, lint it does not iijipi-arso yenorally 
 spread as niiglit lio expected I'roni llie (liv:_s lial)it> ol' tlieaiiinialB. It i:iost I'reiinently 
 occurs oil those fresh imported from tlie, sister isle. It was many months Vieforo I 
 could obtain a sinjilo example. J h.id .iiiplied to hotli farmers and j>i^ InUchi'rs, 
 neither of whom seemed to approve of the idea wliieli I had conceived, that of their 
 l)ii;s lieinji; lousy, hut relerred mo to those of the Emerald Isle as hein;; sure to 
 gratify my Avisbes (foijitttlii;;-. I suspect, that the Irish ]iij>s coiiio to this niarl;et to 
 meet i'liiilish huyers). I i>ec()rdiuj.'ly visited a colony, just arrived, where I most 
 ce.'.ainl.v met \\ ith a read.N oUjiplv; hut liere they Avere coiilined almost entirely to 
 le ..'I animals, and \\ii<u'e\er I found a jiii;; fat or healthy no jfauio wen* to be seen 
 
 ^lost stock breeders ii,; ve probably seen instances of its abundance, 
 and li'oiii the fre(|uent meiilio:! of -t in Tlie agricnltural pa])('rs it would 
 seem to be (juite coninioii tlironehonf the coniitiy, aii<l wliile, jjcrhaps, 
 less generally <listributed than the >'\ hmse, to multijily sonu'tinies so 
 as to cause miu;h more apparent damage to its host. The iact that 
 they are niorecomtiioiily found on poor or iiiiitv animals should not he 
 taken as evidence tlcit they have a preference lor such animals, hut 
 rather that the aniinals n[)on which they have nudtiplied rapidly h.ave, 
 in conse(inence, become emaciated and unhealthy. That they do not 
 increase more raiiidly and become a much greater nuisance n>;y be in 
 part because the majority of hogs are sold and slaughtered at a compara- 
 tively early age, and with each one slaughtered must perish the ]»ara- 
 sites which have beou snpjioited by it, unless, perchance, an occasional 
 
HEMIPTERA. 
 
 179 
 
 one escape the scalding trough and succeed in finding anotiicr liust. 
 Of the vast nuuibei- of hogs shipped to nmrlvct and shiiiglitered at the 
 great packing hoiKses, none can beiiueatli the iiisccts Ihcy liave nurtured 
 to their foIh)\vers. The amount of injury and tlie consequent need ot 
 precautionary measures are therefore niucli less for t!;is sj)ecics than 
 lor many others. 
 
 This is one of the largest species of the family, full grown individuals 
 measuring a fourth of an inch or more in length, it is of a gray color, 
 with the margins of the head and thorax and nu)st of the abdomen 
 dark. The head is (piite h)ng, the sides nearly parallel, with strong 
 eminences Just back of the antenna', which are set on tho sides of the 
 iiead, midway from rostrum to occiput; the legs are li',iiter, Avith dark 
 bands at the joints; the spiracles are inclosed hy a black chitiuous 
 
 Klti. 102. IliViiiitti'iiiiiiis iiiIkx: II. I'l'iiiiilr: li. vi'iitnil \ ii'W <il' pnnKMior sr:;niriils of iii;il<»; c, li'j;, hIkiw- 
 iiiir iinilraclilc diriU nC tiliiu i'iil;ni;cil cmthcir m illll^itl■illil)n). 
 
 emiiuMU'c, aiul there is a broad bhick band on tlie last segment, broken 
 near the middle. (See tig. 102.) 
 
 The male has the abdomen marked beneath with a large black area 
 extending forward from the end >>f the terminal segment, so as to occupy 
 tlie cciitral |iortion of the last tiiree segments. 
 
 There is a cniions ]»ro\ ision in the feet for strengthening the hold 
 U])on the hair, which does not seem to have been hitherto described. 
 It consists of a (circular ])ad-like organ or disk in the miter portion of 
 the tibia, which is received in a conical cavity in the end of the tibia, 
 and which can be forced out so as to press upon the hair held between 
 the (rlaw of the tarsus and the end of the tibia. Ordinarily, and always 
 
180 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 in the dead spocimcMis, this is withdrawn so as to a])i)ear sinii)ly as a 
 part if thp tiMl of th»' tibia, and tlie spines located on its margin appear 
 to belong to the tibial rim, but if examined with suilicientmafjfnificatioi! 
 when the louse is alive it is easy t<> observe the «'.\trusion of the organ. 
 
 Whether similar organs exist in related s|)»'«'it's is yet undetermined, 
 but it seems (piite piobable that they should, since in the specimens 
 examined microscopically we have usually to deal with dead and ])re- 
 served individuals in which this 8tru(^ture woidd almost certainly 
 escai)e notice. 
 
 The eggs are one millimeter and a half in length (0.0(> imjii) by three- 
 fourths of a miliinu't« i in width ((>.(>."» inch). Tlu'y are light yellow or 
 dusky whitish in color, and taper slightly to the i»oint of attachment. 
 The circular lid-like portion is hirge, occui)ying nearly all tlu^ suiface 
 of the free end of the egg. They art> attached usually near the base of 
 the hairs. 
 
 On account of the thinness of the hair the appli(!ation of remedi«'s, 
 where necessary, is quite easy. Washes of tobac(!o water or dilute 
 carbolic; acid, and the api)lieation of kerosene in lard, or kerosene 
 enuilsion by means of a Ibrce pump, sulphur, ointment, etc., are recom- 
 mended. The a])pli('ation of liiu' dust may be provided Ibr naturally 
 by allowing the hogs a chance to i-oll in a roadway or any place 
 well supplied with line <lust. Where this is imjiracticable the dust, 
 ashes, or ])owdcred charcoal may be applied directly to th»> neck and 
 back of the infested animal. The species is not known to attack any 
 other of the domestic animals, and hence no precautionary measures in 
 this direi'tion are nece.ss.irv. 
 
 The Si'CKiNtr House Lotsk. 
 
 (11(1 malonhnin aniiii Liuii. matrDcejilialiin IWiriii.) 
 
 ]S'otwithstaudiiig the probable freciuent occurren<H' of this s|>ei'ies, we 
 liave as yet failed to meet with it in any abundance. 
 The biting lice from horses have been secured in 
 great numbers, Imt we have searched in \iiin for 
 this one, and but lew liave come to hand. 
 
 It is figured by b'edi (Mxp., PI. XXII, fig. I), 
 and was described by binnans under the name of 
 l'<')lici(lii,s osiiii; presumably his s])ecimens were 
 taken from the ass. Later Ibirineister desciibed 
 specimens from the horse under the name (»f' Pcdi- 
 cuhiN )ii<icr()<'('i)Ju(lus. Denny retains the name 
 given by Linna'us and states that it is common 
 upon the ass, and that he also had specimens from 
 the hors"; . from which cii-cumstam-e lie sasi)ected 
 Hurnieister's macroccphalux to l»e the same (lie- 
 bel and I'iaget both follow the minu^ of liurmeis- 
 
 ter, and Piaget 8ei>arates as a variety the form occurring on tlie ass, 
 
 and gives it the name of eoloraUi. 
 
 I 
 
 Fio. lo:i. — Ihvmatiiiiiniis 
 asini (Irdiii ('miistoi'ki. 
 
HEMIPTERA. 
 
 181 
 
 nMiiedii's, 
 
 Tt seems hardly i)robable tliiit it occurs in tliis country in sullicient 
 numbers to cause much trouble on liorses. Possibly exiimination of 
 mulfcft, asses, or donkeys would show {greater abundance tr(Mu the fact 
 that horses in geiu'ral are more ciirefully groonu'd than tlieir somewliat 
 despised relatives. Tlu^ size is about the same as that of the ox louse, 
 but it differs very decidedly in tlie form of the head, which is long, 
 slender, and the sides of the heiul nearly i)arallel, as shown in the hyure 
 (fig-. Jb.'{), talien from Tomstock's Introduction to Kntoinology. 
 
 Careful gi<K;ming may be looked upon as at least favorable to the 
 reduction of nund)ersiii thissi)ecies. In case they become too numerous, 
 the applicati«)n of a little kerosene to the card or currycond) used in 
 grooming the animals will be found of value. Where more vigorous 
 treatment is net-essary, the measures recommended for the(»\ louse may 
 be adopted. 
 
 Sur;Km(} Liok of Rodents. 
 
 ( Iliimatopiniis »\t\i). 
 
 Belonging to the same genus of suctorial lice as those previimsly 
 mentioned, we have a number of species common to the smaller mam- 
 mals, p.uticnlaviy thos(M)flhegroupof gUiNving mammals, tlu^liodentia. 
 
 These smalh'r mammals, though peiiiaps never strictly domesticated, 
 Muve tiie rabbit, iire very often kept in a semidomestiiated state, either 
 as pets ill zoologiciil gardens, or, in I'ase of rats iiiid mice, (jnite involun- 
 tarily l)e(ause of our inibility to i^itirely rid ourselves of them. A few 
 notes on the liiu' Infesfing thi'm will therefore be <d' interest here. It is 
 desirable to be able to identity them in case of their accidental occ.ur- 
 renct^ on other niiimnials, and thus be able to determine whether, in 
 such cases, we have to <leal with a species likely to prove troublesome. 
 
 Loi'HK OF THE KAT. 
 
 The common rat [Miis decumnnus) supports a species. H(vmatopimiH 
 npiinilosiis, whii^h, with its host, must be distributed over most of the 
 world. It has been taken at An\es, Iowa, though in small nund)ers, and 
 it seems to be rathei- scarce. 
 
 It is a small species of a light-yellow c(dor, the head projecting very 
 little in front of the antenna^ and the thorax very short. The mice are 
 said to harbor a distinct species, but there seems to be some doubt as 
 to its being a genuine species. 
 
 Louse of the Fii;li> Mouse. 
 
 {Iliimiilopiniis acanthopus IJuriii.) 
 
 Ai)parently common on our species of Arvicola, and does not appear 
 to vary in any important particular from the descriptions of European 
 specimens. 
 
 It has been taken at Ames from a species of Arvicola. It resend)les 
 the preceding in color and form, but is somewhat larger. The sternal 
 
182 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 ]>Jiitois kito-slmped, tlu' iintcrior iind postiMior aiifjles ju-nte, th« lateral 
 
 iuinlcs rnuiidcd. Tlu' body is quite elongate, 
 the posterior le}{s iiineh larjjer than the ante 
 rioi' or middle ones. ^Fig. 101.) 
 
 r^ir 
 
 m ^^ 
 
 !*■ 
 
 'l'li(M<j;g ill this s|»'<'i(^H, iiiiliki^ tliosc of otli. r forniR 
 wo liavi- mot, im attach<'(l to a liiiiiillo of hairs iiiHti';i(l 
 of to on<>, our spuciiiii'ii thus having attaclinu'iit to 
 four iiaiiH, as siiown in tig. 101. Tliis would Hrciii lo 
 1)0 ail oxccllciit )irovisioii v- iioro the iiair is ho hue as 
 ill tlu>so iniiinals. 
 
 The ojiji' in <!li)tigato oval, broad, and Homowhat trim- 
 catoat the attached oiid ; tlio surfaco s Kiiighoncd, 
 ru<;'ulost;, or fovoolate, appearing ii<|uaiiioii,s in ]>lacos, 
 and in section Hhowing rouudod pits on thoHiirfaco; 
 tho iiivostin<{sul»Htanct' at base is liyhtly corrugated. 
 (Sec fi«. 104, f.) 
 
 The larva is much shorter and thicker in iirojior- 
 tioii than the adult, the spiny liairH of the abdomen 
 wantinj;, but with one or two long, Hlender hairs ex- 
 tending back from tlio terminal portion. 
 
 Kid. 1(14. - //<»'Hl(l^l/l,■)^'» actnitlio- 
 pxi.i: (I, (1(i1m;iI \ irw ; h, liiiid : C, 
 Htcriiiil pliilr; >/. iKisti'iicirli'i;: >'. 
 i'llii—nW ciiliii'Ki'il (iiiitlior'H illim- 
 
 tl'Utioll). 
 
 Louse of the Rahhit and Hare. 
 
 {/lirmaloihniix ntilrhomiH Denny.) 
 
 In this chai»ter, tirst published in Hulletin 7, it was stated that 
 the rabbit louse had not been observed in this country; but .shortly 
 after speeiniens were received from .Mi'. A. llassall, of IJaltimore, and I 
 have sinee taken the speeies on the prairie hare ( Lcpns cdnipcstris), 
 and it most likely occurs on the various species of rabbits native to 
 America. 
 
 It is a thick-bodied species, the abdomen almost {jlobular, the leys 
 quite short. It is not known from any other animals. 
 
 Louse of the Flying Squirrel. 
 
 (IIwmatopinuH Hciiiropteri Osb. ) 
 
 Body slender, light yellow, head as broad as long, ex[>!inding latoriilly nt the pos- 
 terior bordi 1 above and wilii an aciit(! angle behind ; bcncatli triaugiilai and running 
 back to a sharp angle lietween the anterior legs, the front projecting very slightly 
 beyond the antcnmc, very slightly convex, tlie rostrum located back of the anterior 
 border; tiie tropin jiiainly visible, jtassing back into the prothorax ; the antenna' 
 very large and strong, lirst joint much the largest, occupying in its attachment half 
 the lateral margin of tlie head; second joint ordinary, third Joint very short, but the 
 anterior ]iorti<)ii extending to more than usual lengtli and ajipearing like a process 
 and bearing a stiH' hair and two or three tooth-like spines ; the fourth joint attached 
 a]))iarently very ntsir the base of the third on ]>osterior side and of usual length ; the 
 tilth joint sliurt, the teniiiual jut with two or three short hairs; the postero-lateral 
 angles of the liead armed with a long, still hair. 
 
 Thorax widening fr«m before backwar<l, longer than its greatest width, lateral 
 hordj'rs irregular, tlie posterior border concave; the sternal plate is very large, 
 euarginate in front and a large emarginatiou corresponding to each leg, deeply 
 
HEMIPTEKA. 
 
 183 
 
 bllobeA postorlorly ; anterior lejjs not half tho size of the others, claws weak; pos- 
 terior lej;« liirgeHt. Tlioso and sreond i'Iu-h provided with Htroiig claapiug claws, or 
 teruiinal joint of tarsuH, opposinj^ ImHiil Joint 
 of tarsus, which is providi-d with conii^jattMl 
 idate; tibia at aju-x internally provided with 
 a short toothed npine. 
 
 Al.domon of eight Hegmcnts, elongiitc, ouch 
 seguu^nt parsely set with rthort, very stilF 
 haiiM, those at lateral angles Hpine-like; penis 
 distinct, of ordinary form. (S«^o lig. 105.) 
 
 Kgg eloiiiiate ovate, attenuated tow;ird the 
 attaehniont, tho Kurfaee with faint reticula- 
 tions having form of scales; the liasal half of 
 the egg has the walls beautifully corrui;atcd. 
 (See fig. 105,/.) 
 
 Lenuth, 1.20; head, 0.27; thorax, 0.27; ab- 
 domen, 0.7H; antcnnie, (». lOmni. Width, 0.U3; 
 head, 0.2(1; tbora.T, O.lfO; abdomen, 0.3:J mm. 
 
 I'oHterior lemur, length, 0.10. I'oslerior 
 tibia, length, 0.10. Kgg: J.ength, O.HO; width, 
 0.18 mm. 
 
 
 This s]»tM'ie.'*, in the form of tlic hciul 
 and tho. chiiractcr of the antenniP, dif- 
 
 FlO. 10,'!. — Iliriiialopinii$ uciuroplcH: a, 
 tiinle, (lor.sal view; 6, head, ventral view; 
 c, Hiermil idiite; (/, Icjr; «>, teniiiiiiil ncjr- 
 iiieiits; /, eg;; — all enlarged (autliur's 
 illuHlratiun). 
 
 fers very deiiidedly from most of the 
 other members of the. jfeuus and is readily distiii{;uished bythe.se char- 
 acters, as al.so by tho form of the sternal i>late. 
 
 One specimen male and one egjj taken 
 from different vspecimens of the llyinj^ 
 sijuirrel, Sc'mropierm roluccUa, but un- 
 doubtedly belonging to the same species. 
 
 Collected at Ames, Iowa; also repre- 
 sented in the Burnett collection of the 
 Boston Society of Natural llistory from 
 the same host. 
 
 Louse of the Fox Squiurbl. 
 
 {IIomatopbuiH anivntintua Osb.) 
 
 I5ody long and slender, the .-ibdomen pro]>or- 
 tiopately large. 
 
 Female, — Head narrow and rounded iu front, 
 widening decidedly behind the anteiui.e, deeply- 
 hollowed beneath the lateral margin, the postero- 
 lateral margin subacute, bearing a short spiuo- 
 liko hair and a long stift" hair, the posterior border 
 with an acute angle behind; beneath broadly 
 keeled, keel behind narrow, expanding in front 
 to width of head between the antonme. Antenna' very different from other mem- 
 bers of the genus; the first joint large with a short process on the posterior 
 border bearing a sharp inwardly curved tooth; other joints ordinary, second joint 
 loagest. Thorax short, widest behind, sternal plate ovate, broadest in front, lega 
 
 Flo. 106.— Iltrtnatopiiuit axtninatus: 
 a, dorsal view; h, liead, ve;:lral 
 view; c, antenna; (/, lej;; c, sternal 
 ]ilate; /, egg— all enlarge<1 (author's 
 illustration). 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 '^ 
 
 // 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 A 
 
 f/. 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 
 I. 
 t. ^ 
 
 U IIIIIL6 
 
 V] 
 
 <^ 
 
 /^ 
 
 /: 
 
 
 7 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 ^^^•^^^^ 
 
 
184 
 
 INSECrr AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 as with iillied i'oniiH, the posterior pair strongest. Ahdomeii lon<r, lateral tingles pro- 
 tliiced, bearing a sliort H))ine or tooth, a sliort still' hair and along hair; a tnft of 
 hairs on lateral angles of the eighth segment. Egg elongate ovate, surface smooth 
 thr(mghoiit except at the cap, whicii is strongly convex and has a row of perfora- 
 tions near the attachment to tlie body of the shell. 
 
 Leii'^th, l..">5 and 1.6."); head. 0.85; thora.v, 0.13; abdomen, l.liO; antenna-, 0.20 mm. 
 Width, 0.50; head, O.'.'O; thorax, 0.22; abdomen, 0.50 mm. 
 
 Egg: Length, 0.7:?; width, 28 nnii. 
 
 Th's s|)ecies i.s iit once (listingui.slied from all others known by the 
 peculiar structure of the anteniue, no other .specie.s desiU'ibed possess- 
 !»}•• the proce.«<s and curved tooth of the bas.d joint. In form of head 
 it approaches (H-aiitliopii.s, but is larjfer than that species and has the 
 sternal i)late of different form. The egy is longer, more atteuucated at 
 the base, and devoid of the surface markings charat'teristic of that 
 species. Collected from a fox s«|uirrel, Sciunis cinercm var. ludovicianus, 
 at Ames, Iowa. 
 
 Louse of the Guay St^uiuREL. 
 
 (Ila'malopinuH montaniis n.sj).) 
 
 Head rounded in front, projecting well in front of aiitennse ; antennic strong, basal 
 
 Joint without liooked tooth, a bristle at eacli side 
 behind Sternalplatevery broad in front, contracted 
 behind i'or lialf its length, almost fungiform. Ab- 
 domen broad; hairs long, those on dorsTim slightly 
 irregular, mostly longer than length of segment, 
 those at lateral angles longer. Length, 1.40 to 
 l..')0 mm. 
 
 On Western (Iray Sciuim.'l, Fort Collins, 
 Colo. (Baker). 
 
 I have still another form sent me by Dr. 
 A. Ilassall, of Ualtimore, which seems to 
 dirter from both this and the antennatun and 
 to approach the Iffriocephalm of Europe, 
 FiaAoi.-ncematnpbvis tnimtanuK- but I liave Hot been able to Satisfy mysclf 
 
 enlarged (oriKm.d,. ^^,j^j^ ^^^,^^^y ^^ -^^ relationship. 
 
 Louse of the White footed Mouse. 
 
 (Hwinatopinus henperomydiH Oshorn.) 
 
 Body elongate, general color golden yellow. 
 
 Female. — Head sub(|iiadrate, rounded in front, a concavity for the rostrum, obtusely 
 angnlated on the posterior border; antenna' set near the front , (irsi joint large, short; 
 second longest, the rest nearly e(|ual; fourth with a small tooth on the posti^rior 
 border, terminal pit with several short hairs. Thorax sliorter than the head, small, 
 sternal plate cuneiform, obtusely angular, irregularly or obli<|nely truncate in front 
 and sharply pointed behind; anterior legs small and weak, the middle ones some- 
 what larger, the posterior ])air much the largest, flattened; terminal joint of tarsus 
 very broad and curved, opposing basal joint of tarsus and meeting tibial spur in 
 such manner that tho three form almost a complete cylinder; abdomen oval elon- 
 
HEMIPTERA. 
 
 185 
 
 )iiiif((, 0.20 null. 
 
 gate, sparsely set with short spiny hairs, one or two hmg hairs at hittrul angles of 
 sixtli and sev<Mitli segiiiuiitH. 
 
 Male, more .slender, head lou;;er and tapering somewhat 
 toward the front. (See lig. 108.) 
 
 F.gjjf, as H<M!n in the Lody of adult female specimen, is 
 elongate oval. 
 
 Length, 0.7') to 0.90; head, 0.1.S to 0.16; thorax. 0.10; 
 al»doinen, 0.,'iO to O.tiO mm. Width, 0.J8 to O.IW; head, 0.10; 
 thorax, 0.13 to 0.15; ahdonien, 0.28 to 0..33 mm. 
 
 This species approiiclies tho acanihopiiN, resem- 
 bliiijj it ill the ionn of tlie sternal plate, the char- 
 acter of the lejis, and the };eiieral form of the body. 
 It differs, however, in haviiij; the sternal plate less 
 narrowed posteriorly, more obtuse, or even trim 
 cated in front; more decidedly still in the form of 
 the head, which is lonj;er and less excavated for 
 the insertion of the antenna'. It is also smaller, 
 and the egg, if we may judge by what we can see 
 through the walls of the female, is more ehmgated. 
 
 It has been collected from the white-footed or (le«'r immm^ {llcspennnys 
 leuco2>us) at .Vines, Iowa. 
 
 Via. 1(IH lliriiialdiihniii 
 he.spcf 1)111 iiitit : II, ihiPMal 
 vimv : h, luiul ; c, stemnl 
 pliitf. (/. |ic)Nti'ri()r 1(1^; (', 
 ternii iial sejimonl 8, iiiii It' — 
 all rnlnrticd (author » il 
 liiHti'Utioii). 
 
 LOUSK OF TIIK (rllOUND St,»UniKi:LS AND CHIPMUNK. 
 
 (Hmnatopiniia suliiraliH ( >sliorn. ) 
 
 Body short, hro'id; color, golden yellow. 
 
 Head oviil, roniide<I an<l detlected in front; a large chitinoiis ring inclosing the 
 hase of the rostrum; a vny distinct transverse suture hehind th** autennii>; sides 
 
 slightly convex ; lateral angles obtuse, without hairs; 
 posterior angh* acnte, and passing well hack upon the 
 thorax ; antenuat sini))le, located anterior to the muldle 
 of the sides ; joints nearly equal in size Thorax short, 
 
 j{^-p>jO xf^^^f^^^tOi convex .at sides, widest behind, sternal plate nearly 
 
 whr""^ ■^/fltljU|tt\ circular, surface roughened; anterior and middle legs 
 
 '" ' ' ' slender and nearly equal in size; claws slender and 
 
 sharjt ; itosterior legs very thick, claw strong and l)road. 
 Alulomen short, ovate, broadest near the front, sutures 
 inconspicuous, hairs long; some of those on sides and 
 posteriorly very long. Males and females are very 
 similar, and distinguishable only by genital armature 
 of male. 
 
 Length, 0.75 to O.SO; head, 0.27; thorax, 0.13; abdo- 
 men, 0.15 to 0.18 mm. Width, 0.35 to 0.40; head, 0.13; 
 thorax, 0.18; abdomen, 0.35 to 0.40 mm. 
 
 KlO, XOO.—IIiruialiipiniiK lutur- 
 (lit*: n, (lotHiil view ; h, licud ; c, 
 Htnriial jilatc; i/, ]M)Ht<^rior ]t'ji; 
 e., t(!rniinal sc;;iiit'iit». male — 
 all eiilarjijoil (a'lthor'H illimtni- 
 tion). 
 
 This si)ecie8 is particularly well marked by 
 the general form of the body and especially by the conspicuous trans 
 verse suture back of the antenna'. It differs further from most of 
 the species in the genus in having both the anterior and middle legs 
 slender and of nearly the same size, while the posterior legs alone are 
 especially modified as clasping organs. 
 
186 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Althoufrii weliave not seen Midrtendorf's description and flfjnrn of 77. 
 Itt'rhisciilnii from iSpcrmoplnlus crcrsmanni, there can be scarcielya possi 
 bility of this being identical witli it, siiure thiA ditters in abnost every 
 particuhir as compared witli the diagnoses of tlnit species given liy 
 (liebel and by Piaget. We therefore describe it withont hesitation as a 
 new species. 
 
 It lias been fonnd i>lentiful on SpcrmophHus franldini and 8. 13-lim:- 
 atuH at Ames, b)\va. An immature specimen from Tainias .striatiis ]nv- 
 sents the charac^ters of tiie species so plainly that there can belittle 
 doubt that it is identical. 
 
 lIu'inatopinuB erraticiiH n.sp. 
 
 Approaclics n<vniafopiiiiifi liixpironiydia. Abdomen broad, niiddlo and hind legs 
 larger than front. Stt-rnal plate circular incised at sides behind and prochued 
 medially. Head nearly as broad as lonj;, rostrum slij^ihtlv iiroduced. Antennic 
 large, first joint thick, second longest. Fore legs rather small, middle legs (ionsid- 
 erably larger, liind legs laigest. All tibiae widened, front tarsal claw sharp, 
 middle and hind claws broad, llat. Sternal plate rather wide, circular in front, 
 slightly sinuate at sides, excised behind tor insertion of posterior coxa-. Median 
 portion ]irodnced, subtrnncatt!, reaching about halfway between hind coxa'. Abdo- 
 men broad, lateral margins rather broadly corneous, disk with still" hairs. 
 
 From " Larus bonapartii" in the Burnett collection. This reference 
 seems very doubtful as the actual host of the s])ecies, and I 8usi)ect 
 that it was taken from the gull after contact with some other aninuil 
 in .a game bag or otherwise. It seems to come most nearly to the type 
 infesting rodents and family Murida^, and I would predict that the 
 species will be Ibnnd on some mammal, probably a rodent. If actually 
 I>ara8itic on Larus it is a remarkable exception to the rule for Pedicu- 
 lida' and should be regarded, I think, as a form, but recently estab- 
 lished on an avian host and derived from a mammal-infesting species.' 
 
 A REMAKKABLE PEDICULII) PARASITE OF THE MOLE. 
 
 While these pages have been passing through the press, I have 
 encountered upon a mole, IScalops argentatus. collected at Ames, Iowa, a 
 very peculiar species of i)e«liculid, and in order to bring it to notice 
 In coiniection with the other si)ecies described here, I give a brief diag- 
 nosis of its distinctive features. It difiers so decidedly from typical 
 species of Ibematopinns in (iliaracters given generic value tiiat it will 
 have to be ]>la('ed in a new genus or else form a subgenus and the 
 characters of Haniatopinus be enlarged. I will call it Euhtematopinus 
 
 Antenuu' three-Jointed; posterior pair of legs greatly modified and bearing on the 
 femora and tibiat stalked, disc-shaped appendages, iirojeoting at right angles from 
 these parts. 
 
 ' After the above paragrajjh was written I fonnd slides of tbe same species from 
 Pfcromjis rohiirlla, where it was mounted witli one female specimen of £r. sduropteii, 
 and also specimens from Arvioola pennaylvanica and Sciuriia atriatua. 
 
HEMIPTERA. 
 
 187 
 
 EuhicmatopinuM abnormia u. sp. 
 
 Head nearly twico us long as broud, tlie anterior portion narrowing to a Itlnnt 
 point and tins iiosterior portion scarcely longer than wide — nearly (jiiadratc, siinlitly 
 narrowing behind. Antenna; three-Jointed, the lirst Joint large, articnlate with 
 iiiiterior half of head; second and third Joints (Mpial insi/e; the third as long as 
 tirst and ntsarly twice as long as second, and having on its apical enil a slight con- 
 stri<'tion, which in sonx; speciniuns ai)))ears almost like an indistinct Joint. 
 
 Thorax wider than long, liroadeneil behintl; sternal plate rounded in front, ox(;ised 
 slightly at si<les and produce. I Ixdiind into a strong spur, ending in a sharp ])oint, 
 which rests bctwetin the hind pair of coxa-. Anterior an<l middle legs of the usual 
 ty])e; the middle a trille larger than the front; the posterior ]»air greatly moilitied, 
 shortened, thickened, and incurved ajtparently incapable of being fully extended 
 and hidden from above by the margin of the; abdomen, so that the insect a])pears to 
 have but four li'gs institatl of six. The femur and tibia are each provided with a 
 stalked a])pendage which extends at right angles fiom the exterior margin and con- 
 sists of a short stalk bearing a flattened, circular, disc-like structure. These discs 
 may evidently be o])posed to the alMlomen or to the tibia; of middle legs and servo 
 as clasping organs. 
 
 Hotly much <lepressed, sides of abdomen subparallel. Length l.tOmm., width of 
 abdomen 0.<i.'> nun. 
 
 Hiinuttopinoidtg < )sboru. 
 
 AiiteiuiJi' c()nii)<)8o<l of three Joints, terminal Joint deei)ly excavsited 
 on the jiosteiior side; abdoiniiiiil segments at hitcial margins broadly 
 chitinons, with ii strono' tubercle and a semicircular plate above and 
 below lapping over the ciiitinous portion of the succeeding segment. 
 
 SU0K1N(} Lot SK OF THE PoCKET (lOPIIEB. 
 
 (Ihvmatopi. 
 
 «7Hamo8H«Osb.) 
 
 Head small, longer 
 
 R(»ily oblong, broadly tiattened; general <!(dor, dark yellowish, 
 than liroad, narrowly rounded in front, widening 
 behind the antenna-; lateral a^igles rounded, pos- 
 terior margin acutely pointed ', eneath, with two 
 large hairs ."^et, between the bases of the antenna; 
 and directed outward; antenna' coiuposed of but 
 three Joints, these being nearly ecpial in size, the 
 first short, stout; the third longest and with a 
 deep excavation on the posterior side. Thorax 
 suiall, broader than long, margin irregular, sternal 
 l)late obtusely angled in fi'ont; lateral margins 
 ])arallel, passing liy obtuse angles into an acutely 
 angled po8teri(U- extremity ; immediately back of 
 tlni sternal i)late are two irregularly triangrilar 
 ehitinoiiB jtlates, occupying the region of the m(!ta- 
 thorax and extending each sidi-. so that their bases 
 reach to the bases of the coxa-. Anterior and 
 middle legs of nearly the same siz*;; hind legs 
 larger, stouter, and bettei- fitted for clasping. 
 Abdomen largo, oblong or elliptical, broadening 
 very rapidly at base and terminating abrui)t1y; 
 lateral margins of segments broadly chitinous, n 
 strong tubercle directed jjosteriorly and a semicircular plate above and below lap- 
 ping over the chitinous portion of the succeeding segment, spiracle located at middle 
 of lateral margin ; median portion membranous, apx)earing minutely stiuainous. The 
 
 Fid. 110. — IIa'iiiatoi)iniiiilessquamntii.i: 
 a. fciiiiili' ilorsiil view; b, iinteuna; 
 c, head; t/, .stcniiil plute; e, f >storior 
 It'jj; /, l)or(li'r ()l' iibilonum — uU cu- 
 largeil (autlior'H illu.stnitioii). 
 
188 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 suturoB of the Hegnients faintly iudicnted, a few long hairH ncattored over tho lutMliin 
 portion of the dorHiil siirfiice, two liuirH on each lateral tubercle, tiieist; iiinch cUiii- 
 f;ate»l on Heginfi>tH <! and 7; the cifjlith witli a tuft of hairs. 
 
 Length, 1.20; head, 0.127; thorax, 0.13; abdomen, 0.87; antenna-, 0,10 mm. Wiiltli, 
 0.50; head, 0.13; thorax, 0.20; abdomen, 0..'>0 mm. 
 
 J This sptM'ii's depjirts so remarkably from others of the sroup that it 
 seems necessary to erect for it a new genus. The most imi)ortaiit 
 characters and tliose which seem of jieneric vahie are the three.jointcd 
 anten'ia' and the semicirciihir jjlates on n)argfins of th(^ abdomen. Tlic 
 sternal structure is also different. In general aspect, however, ii 
 a])i)roaches the "enus Ila'matopinus. 
 
 T\>o specimens, botli females, collected from the i)Ocket or pouched 
 gopher, Geomys Im r sarins, at Auiet>; Iowa. 
 
 TiiK Elephant Louse. 
 
 (I/wmatomjiziiH jiroboacidviia I'iaget.) 
 
 This louse, infesting the elei)hant, is about as (exceptional in its way 
 as the animal which harbors it. It appears to be of (piite recent 
 
 notice, though it is not unlikely that it has been 
 known in countries where the elephant has been 
 domesticated for an indefinite length of time. 
 
 it was described by Piaget (Tijdschr. voor Ent., 
 2il series, IV, 254) in 18()J), under the name of 
 Hwniatotnyzm elephantis. The same author, how- 
 ever, in his elaborate monograph, Les I'rdiciilines, 
 changes the name to Jf. proboscideus. This louse 
 differs from the others of the family in having 
 a slender prolonged snout extending in front of 
 the head. The antenna^ are located at the base 
 of this snout, and, according to Murray, are lenticuhir in form. In 
 riaget's lignre, however, they appear of nearly equal thickness. "Color 
 reddish, madder brown, smooth, shining, impunctate" (Murray). 
 
 Fio. 111.— Ilreintitomi/ziiii 
 2>rolnitcidi'iiii - cr.liirgeil 
 (after Miirra.v). 
 
 The Lou«e of the IIarhor 8eal. 
 
 (EchinojMhiriuH setosux Lneati.) 
 
 This louse was collected in considerabh', numbers from a seal in the 
 aquarium at New York last year (1895). Specimens forwarded to me 
 by Professor Bean were accompanied by the statement that they were 
 infesting the harbor seals there and it was feared they would prove 
 troublesome. Later it was stated that they almost entirely disappeared 
 during the molting of the animals. 
 
 The species is distingtiished by having the body covered with numer- 
 ous small spiues, aud the autenua) are but four jointed. 
 
 \^:l 
 
>.10uiin. Widii 
 
 (^HAPTElt V. 
 
 et or poucliod 
 
 SUBORDER MALLOPHAOA. 
 
 Bird Lice. 
 
 This group iMiibraces all the bitiufj lice inrestinghirds and niainiuiils. 
 They are very <listiiict, indeed, from the precedinjf jiioup, althoiigli fre- 
 quently placed with them under such unnatural divisions as Anoplura, 
 Pedi<nxlines, etc. 
 
 Their b()dies are usually hard and .lorny and much flattened. They 
 possess mandibulatc mouth parts adapted to <-utting and bitin;.; the 
 hairs, feathers, epidermal scales, or excretions on the bodies of their 
 hosts. They are said also to have a 8uctori;il organ by means of which 
 they may at times draw blood from the host animal. The mandibles 
 are situated in most forms underneath the head and near the center, 
 the clypeus projecting and forming the most anterior portion of the 
 head. The labrum is present and the maxillary palpi are ])rominent in 
 a part of the group. The eyes when visible are located bnck of the 
 antenna'. The antenna' are tive-Jointed except in Trichodc(!tes. The 
 thorax is generally narrow and fretiuently but two divisions are appar- 
 ent. The legs are adapted to clasping (IMiih>pterida') or to rnnniug 
 (Liothei(he), the tarsi in the first case being short and fitted for folding 
 against the tibia', and in the second case being long, well adapted to 
 running, and provided with two claws. The members of the first divi- 
 sion occur on both nuimnuils and birds, th()se of the second, except 
 (lyropus, are limited to birds. Wings are entirely wanting, and the 
 abdomen contains niiui or ten segments and is usually oval in ahape. 
 
 In life history this group agrees with the i)receding. The eggs are 
 ghied to the hairs or feathers of the host iinimal and open with a <'ir- 
 (iular cap or lid at the free end. The larva' are less flattened, shorter 
 in proportion, and without the hardened i)arts common to tlie adults 
 covering a part or all of the surface. The length of life and rapidity 
 of multiplication has not been determined for any species so far as we 
 know, and the habits of the insects make any such determinatiim a 
 matter of great difticulty. 
 
 While it is, of course, very desirable that a more complete knowl- 
 edge of the life history of the species be secured, it nuiy be considered 
 as already established that all the species, with no known excei)tion, 
 pass their transformations on the body of the fowl, and that, unlike 
 
 189 
 
100 
 
 INSKCTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMAL8. 
 
 the initoH, they may be attiicktMl with the asanraiico that ejigs iind 
 newly-hatched youufi- are not dcvclopiiijf in some oiitol'tlie-way conicr. 
 
 Moreover, tlie ohservatious iinuU^ on the h'lijjftli of time recitiired lor 
 the hatchiiiff of the eggs imlieate that they require a immber of (hiys 
 at least, ho tiiat in repetition of treatments intended to kill individ 
 uals hatciied since a former treatment a jteriod of ten days to twc 
 weeks nniy be counted on as probably short enou'^h. 
 
 Even were we able to keep the eggs under suitable conditions au<l 
 determine its exact perio<l of incubaticm for all the si)eeies. we wc.'uhl 
 not know tliat this would hold for all times of the y«'ar. nor could we 
 assume results as to the nunijer of eggs laid by one feiriale and length 
 of life of the nuiture louse to be uniform under all conditions. For 
 practical i)uri)oses, therefore, it muII be best to work on the facts already 
 known, using, where possible, measures that will destroy «'ggs attaclieil 
 to hairs or feathers as well as the lice, and to discrinunate between tl>e 
 lice and the mites or ticks which breed away from the fowls, and must 
 therefore be fought with a little different jirinciple in mind, though 
 often the same measures may be adopted for both. 
 
 It should always be borne in mind that lice must grow from eggs 
 laid by the adult louse, and can never originate from tilth or other 
 matter. Chickens hatched in an incubator should be absolutely free 
 from lice and remain so until brought in contact with a lousy hen or 
 jmt in a lousy house. 
 
 The effect of these lice may be less im])ortant than the :<uctoriai lice 
 or the sucking ticks or nutes; but Judging from the serious results lol- 
 lowing the elforts of the animals to rid themselves, and from the known 
 irritation due to auything crawling among the hairs or feathers, it can 
 not be doubted that they cause much annoyance and inconvenience to 
 the creatures that become their involuntary supporters. 
 
 A writer in the Poultry World gives the following stateujent as to 
 the symptoms of lice in fowls; 
 
 Bowel (llHeaHt) in Hiiiuiuer is a Hi<rii of lico; the ^loopy diHeuHe, in wliicli tlit; cbicka 
 arc sleepy or ilrowwy. is ii sign ; refusal to eat; imuy-lookiii.n' body iuid slow ;;rowtb; 
 sudden deatbs ; gradual wasting away; constai't crying; Iosh of featbers on tbe iioad, 
 and otber Byiuptonis tbat appear 8uri>rising or remarkable. Even in tbe (deanest of 
 houses, when not a sigu of lice can l)e seen, look on tbe chick for tlu^ large lice. Not 
 only on the cliicks, liut tbe large liody lice are lu-arly always on tbe a<lults. A cbick 
 will 1 ^ve^ get lousy unless tbe (dd fowls are near, and that is why brooder ('hioka 
 grow laster than tbost; under lunis. 'Ibc large liee will kill ducks suddenly. Tbcy 
 kill nearly all tbe young turkeys that die. Whenever you notice a sick fowl dust- 
 ing itself look lor lice. No doubt a majority of our readerh full,\ understand bow 
 to get rid of lice, but tbe fact is Ibat they will not believe that lic.e are jjresent, 
 and ascribe the results of tin; work of lice to some disease, thus doctoring tbe liirds 
 unnecessarily. First, we wish to say that while you nniy easily discover myriads 
 of little red mites in the poultry liouso, yet tbe real enemy is the large gray body 
 louse which works on the heads, necks, and vents, .and which uaver leaves the birds. 
 To find this louse a very close search must be made, as he lurks <lown on the skin, at 
 tbe base of the feathers, and hides from view. A single one of these voracious fel- 
 lows on the head or throat of a young chick will sometimes cause the chick to droop 
 and die. 
 
SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA. 
 
 191 
 
 enicnt as to 
 
 Mr. E. W. Pai'ker, in Poultry WorM, gives ii good idea of how iadif- 
 fereut one may be. Me says: 
 
 In July and An^nst oHpfiially (but iit nil tinioH of the year) lice nbuiind ninro than at 
 any other time, iind ehickH will hecnnu' infoHted with thorn unless niem fure is taken. 
 Many persons wonder why thrir young chicks droo}) and die, niopcnroniid for a wocTv 
 (II two, all the time getting thinner and weaker, tinally becomo iniahlo to Htiiud, and 
 (lie — these pcrHons claiming all the time that " liee is not tli(» cause of it" liecanse 
 Iliey have searched under the wing i'or the red or yellow louse, on tie head Cor the 
 large head louse, and in t'a(;t have looked them from top to bottom for ])ara.HJtes and 
 have found none. I wonder if they have ever looked on tint throat, or at the side 
 lielow thi» ears, for the large liead louse. I wonder if it entered into the brain of such 
 breedera that the head louse could destroy the life of chicks from two to six weeks 
 ohl by sucking the lifchhiod from tlie throat and under the lu^ad. If it has not, I 
 can tell rhemthat such 's the case, and I say without fear of contradiction tliat when 
 the chick appears weak, growing weaker and thinner, the skin seems to shrink upon 
 tlie body, and theni is a slimy discharge from the body, and when the el i' k eats it 
 is usually with dilheulty, and as the supposed disease advances ii seems almost 
 impossible for the chick to swallow, tinally refusing to eat; when any or all of these 
 .symptoms appear then eramine the niaierpart of the head and the throat and at 
 the sides for the head louse, and nine timesout of ten he will be found snugly at home 
 among the down or sprouting feathers; then apply two-thirds glycerin, one-third 
 carbolic noid, and five times as nuieh water as the above mixture. 
 
 The order may readily be separated into two families upon cliaracters 
 a part of which have already been mentioned, namely, the structure of 
 the mouth parts and the feet. The latter, which is the most readily 
 observed, can be easily told from the mode of locomotion, the members 
 of the first group being incapable of rapid movement, but well adajjted 
 to clinging to the hairs or feathers, the latter running freely and swiftly, 
 but having less power tc- clasp. 
 
 Family PIIIL( )P TF.RIDyK. 
 
 Infesting houses, cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, chickens, turkeys, pigeons, 
 ducks, etc. 
 
 The members of this family have the mouth parts on the undei" side 
 of the head. Mandibles strong; maxillte wanting; tarsi short, of one 
 or two joints, the claw meeting a tooth at the apex of the tibia; meso- 
 thorax apparently wanting; abdomen having nine segments. 
 
 The group is a large one, the species being so numerous that there is 
 scai'cely a bird but harbors one, and sometimes several, species of this 
 family. 
 
 The genera are, for the most part, easily separated ; Docophorus, by 
 the presence of a movable appendage (trabecula) in front of the anten- 
 nse; Nirmus, by tlie presence of an immovable tooth in front of the 
 antennjc and the genersilly entire terminal segment of the abdomen of 
 the female. Goniocotes and Goniodes are robust forms, usually with 
 large heads stroujrly curved in front. They ditf'er by the former having 
 simple antennjc in both sexes, while in the latter they are modified in 
 the male. The former are also usually much the smaller. In Lipeurus 
 the body is generally long and slender, the antennas of the m^^Jes large 
 
192 
 
 INSECTS AFFF.CTINO DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 and often with a coinplicatud structure, while the tei miiuil Heguicnt of 
 the female is biU)bed. The species of Ornithohim are white or trans- 
 parent and especially characterized by having sliarp curved append 
 ages meeting in front of the clypeus. TrichothctcN is at once kn«>\vii 
 by the three-jointed antenna'. Otiier genera of the family do not «'on 
 tain species infesting domestic animals, and hence need not be noticed 
 here. 
 
 LOUSK OK DUOKS AND GEEHE. 
 
 (DocophoruH iclerodea Nitzsch.) 
 
 This 8])ecies has been recorded from so many different members of 
 the order of birds containing the ducks and geese that it n>ay be con- 
 siilered as common to the order. It was described by Fitzsch in 1818, 
 and has been mentioned by most writers on parasites since that time. 
 It is about 1 mm. in length, and has the head and thcnax of a bright 
 reddish color with darker bands. The abdomen is white in the center, 
 with broad, dark reddish, horny bands at the sides, with a darker spot 
 at the margin. It occurs conunonly on our native ducks. 
 
 Little Red Swan Louse. 
 
 {Doeophonia cyi/ni Denny.) 
 
 Notwithstanding the apiiarent abundance of this species, it does not 
 a])pear to have been described before 1842, when it was described and 
 rtgured by Denny (Mouog. Anop. Hrit., p. 95, jd. 1, tig. 1), but accord- 
 ing to tills author it was figured by Re«li (Exper., 
 PI. IX, tig. inf.), which would carry its recognition 
 back two hundred years. It is common on both 
 the wild and domesticated swans, and Denny states 
 that he has received it from the bean goose. 
 
 II IS 1 mm. in length, of a robust form, the head 
 decidedly rounded in front, except at the extreme 
 tip, where it is slightly excavated. In color the 
 head, thorax, .and legs are bright reddish brown, 
 while the abdomen is white in the center and dark 
 brown at the sides, the brown occupying hard plate-like portions at the 
 side of eacli segment. 
 
 Tlie form and the distribution of these plates are shown in the accom- 
 panying figure. 
 
 Lesser Chicken Louse. 
 
 (Goniocotes holofiaakr Nit/sch.) 
 
 This common species which lives upon the domestic fowl wjis recog- 
 nized by DeGeer and by Nitzsch. It has been generally confused with 
 another form, or rather another larger and perhaps more common form 
 
 Fio. 112. — Docojihonit 
 cyijni (autli(ir'» illiis 
 tratiiiii)- 
 
SUUORDEU MALLOPHAOA. 
 
 193 
 
 1 the acconi- 
 
 lias boun generally aciiuptutl by En^liHli uiid American writers us the 
 hologOMtir^ this buiiif; duo to the desiuiptitm and llguro given by Denny, 
 who does not seem to liave seen the true holoijnHfcr, but described for 
 it, according to I'iaget, an immature HiK;cinten of the hirger Hpecies since 
 de'icribed as GoniocntcH idxloininalis Piaget. 
 
 The holofjaHtir is only about I mm. in length, whereas the abilominalis, 
 or Denny's holoijaHtn'^ is about .'{ mm. In general ibrm ttie sjiecies are 
 somewhat simihir, the hnloijaHtrf being less constricted at the thorax 
 and more regularly ta])ering to t\w 4'nd of the abdomen. Tiie head is 
 more nearly quadrate; the ab(h)men not so conspicuously marked, the 
 incurved margins of the segments not extending so decidedly upon the 
 disk and presenting the distinct lines seen as a border to the fasciie iu 
 ahdominalin. 
 
 liAUaK (JiriOKKN IjOUHE. 
 
 {llonioculen abilomiiialia I'iiiget; -= (!. giga» TiiHchnnberg.) 
 
 This is probably fully as c(unmon as the precotling species. As 
 already stated, it is the form which has been commonly 
 referred to in Knglish and American works as the-O'o/t/o- 
 cotes holoffmtcr, which d<)ubtless accounts for its not 
 having been des(!ribed until (juite recently. 
 
 It is a large, conspicuous species, about 3 millimeters 
 iu length, quite broad, the head nearly cinmlar in front 
 
 and constricted behind, 
 the thorax small, the 
 abdomen widening to 
 near the end and termi- 
 nating abruptly. The 
 head, thorax, and legs 
 are yellowish, with dark 
 margins and spots; the abdominal seg- 
 ments bear lateral whitish fasciie bor- 
 dered with black. 
 
 It appears to be much less common 
 than some other species of chicken lice, 
 notably Menopon iniUidum and L'qteu- 
 rus variabilin. 
 
 Vin. 113. — Ooni'o. 
 
 riilct abiliimiiialis 
 (uftor Dfuuy). 
 
 Via, Hi.— Ooniocotfn cowpar— enlargud (au. 
 thor's illiiHtratioii.) 
 
 PiciEON Louse. 
 
 {(ioniocotea vompar Nitzsclx.) 
 
 A species which has been familiar for a long time and generally 
 common, along with other lice, on domestic pigeons. It is a rather 
 
 4653— No. 5- 
 
 -13 
 
194 
 
 INSECTS AFFKCTINQ DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Biiiiill-Hi/od sptiiHes, ii littU^ ni<>i-» than a inilliinoter in ltMi};th. Tlic 
 liuiul is i'ouimIkI ill front, niirriiwcr Ittitwuen ttuMintunmr, hroiidt'Ht uoiir 
 tlu^ posterior niiir;;;in. Tlio thoi'ax is narrower, tiui alxloincn in the male 
 broadest near tlie po8terior end and H<|uarish behind; in tiu^ fouialc 
 more rej^ular and broadest near tlie middle. It is wiiitish, with a 
 ratlier broad brownisli nnir^in, iVoni whieii prohnigatiuus extend 
 iuward upuu thu sutures. 
 
 Tm; l*KAC(M!K OoNIOOOTES. 
 
 {lloiiioooliH riolannulatiiH Nit/.Hcli.) 
 
 This speeies, which shares witli tlie (lonioiiiH /alfh'ornin the hospi- 
 tality of the peaco(!k, was lirst described by Nitzscli 
 ((ierniar's Ma;>'., Ill, L'04). It is u small species, about 
 the si/e of the holoijantcr, which it resembles quite 
 closely. The head is squarish, stmiewhat rounded in 
 front, while the thorax and abdomen are short ami oval. 
 While less noticeable than the larger species associ- 
 ated with it, it is probably no less abundaut. 
 
 GoMO(!()TES (»F THE IMlEASANT. 
 
 Fifi. 115.-(,(.;i/oco/,« ( (loiiiiwoten vhryHovvi>haUtH (Jieb«)l. ) 
 
 an:e. (aitei a- ']^\^\^ puTasito of tlic plieasaut was first described by 
 
 Giebel in 18(U> under the name of (Joniocotes volvhieiy 
 
 which he afterwards chauged to the above. It is said to resemble the 
 
 //oZof/a.s7c*' which affects the domestic fowl. Jt has not been recorded 
 
 from America, but will i)robably be found on imported birds. 
 
 BUKNETT'S GONIOCOTES. 
 
 (iioiiiocoten burneltii Pa(^k.*) 
 
 A species described by Dr. A. S. Packard (Am. Nat., Vol. IV, 
 p. IH) is apparently much less common than some of 
 the other species common to the sadly infested barn- 
 yard fowl. According to Dr. Packard's description, it 
 differs from the 0. holoijasier of Euroi)e, whicb lives 
 on the same bird, in the short second Joint of the 
 antennae, which are also stoutei', and in the long 
 ■lead, the clypeus being much longer and more acutely 
 rounded, while the head is less hollowed out at the 
 insertion of the antenna'. The abdomen is oval and 
 one-half as wide as long, with transverse, broad, irreg- 
 ular bands along the edges of the segments. The 
 mandibles are short and straight, two-toothed. The body is slightly 
 yellowish and variously streaked and banded with pitchy black. This 
 
 Fia. 116.— Oonioco(c« 
 burni-tlii — oulurKed 
 (nftor Puckard). 
 
 'Probably identical with lApeurua heterographns Nitzsoh. (See p. 231.) 
 
HUUURDER MALLOIMIAOA. 
 
 195 
 
 proves to bo a Lipennm, or at least it a;;reew with A. hvtvroijrnphuH in 
 most particulars. Occurs also oil diiclis. (See L. htkronntphm, ulsu 
 tcchuiuul uotus.) 
 
 The (!nH!KEN (Joniodes. 
 
 ((SouiodcH ilinHiiiiiliH Nit/.srli.) 
 
 Althou);1i this sptM-ios lla^ been known for a consiibMiible time, it 
 seems not to luive been abnnihmt e'iou|;h to 
 receive frequent notice. 
 
 Denny says: 
 
 I Himpi^i^t tliiH Hpeoi«!H of \wiug of rar<^ occurrence, iih 
 the only speiinicn which I huvo exiiniintMl wim coni- 
 ninniciitud by Mr. Thoiii)mnn from ItelfitHt, lunl tliiit 
 bein){ ii feinuht I am procIiMlcd from dcHcribiug the chur- 
 aoteriHtii't) of tlio niulu. 
 
 It is a lar^^e species, 2 to L'^ mm. in length, 
 an<l Denny describes it as tawny in coh>r, 
 Buiootli, shilling;, and pubescent, with lar^v) 
 Bubquadrate liead, a short transverse pro- 
 thorax, and a hir^^e abdomen with tlie side 
 nnirkin^s couliuent, and the sutures with 
 deep tiliestnut bauds. It has not as yet been 
 recorded for this country that we are aware 
 of, though iu all probability it occurs here as well as in Europe. 
 
 Kit). in.—Uiiiiiintin ilittiiailit— 
 dulargcd (ul'tur IH>nii,v). 
 
 Guinea Fowl Goniodes. 
 
 (doniodiH numidianun Donuy.) 
 
 Wg have only the record given by Denny (Mouog. Anop. Brit., p. 
 103, PI. XUl, tig. 7) as authority for this species. His diagnosis of 
 the species is as tbllows: '* I'ale straw-yellow, shining and smooth, 
 margined with black; head suborbicular; abdomen acuminate, with 
 pitchy brown, interrupted transverse bands." tie states that "the 
 only 8i)ecimens of this species I have seen are two males, which I took 
 from oti" a pintado {Xumida meleatjris).^^ We have not had the oppor- 
 tunity to search for this species and can not say whether any effort has 
 been made in this country to obtain parasites from the guinea fowl. 
 It is most likely that a careful examination of a number of the fowls 
 would furnish examples of this species and possibly still others not yet 
 recognized. 
 
 The Pigeon Goniodes. 
 
 {Goniodes damicornia Nitzsch.) 
 
 According to Giebel, this species was first described by Nitzsch, and 
 his reference is " Zeitschrift f. ges. Naturwiss., 1866, XVII, 119." It is 
 
196 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 m 
 
 \:i-:' 
 
 *l 
 
 a rather large si)ecies, a little more than 2 mm. in length ami of .1 
 bright-brown coh)r. The head is very iinwh rounded in front and 
 
 .strongly angular behind. It occurs only on 
 pigeons, but upon these appears to be rather 
 conmion, though not yet met with in our own 
 collecting. 
 
 The Littlk PirKON Goniodes. 
 
 {(lonlinhn minor Piagot.) 
 
 Piaget (Les IN'dieulines, j). i'r»C) has described 
 as a distin(!t species, under the above name, a 
 form quite simihir to the preceding but smaller 
 and pr<»senting some differences »»f the antenuic 
 and form of the head. According to this 
 author, it is found on the domestic pigeons and 
 also on Columba tigrina, C. rifioria. and C. hitor- 
 qitnta. It has in)t to our knowledge been re- 
 corded in this country as yet, lji;t is lilcely to be found along with the 
 other I'orms. 
 
 LorsE OF Turkey. 
 
 (doiiiodea stiilij'er yi'it/.sch.) 
 
 Nitzsch describes this species in (lermar's Magazine (111,204), and it 
 has been l're(|uently mentioned since that time. It was also described 
 by Schrank under the name of PcdieiilKs weh'tufriN {F-duu. Ins. Aust., 
 504). It is a large species, 3 mm. or more in length, u^l (piite readily 
 
 Fi(i. 118. — tr'oHwdc*' damictir- 
 ni»— milargt.il (author's il- 
 luBtrutiun) . 
 
 Fl(i. V9.—<i(iiU<iiti'ii xtjili/cr: a, inoiiMi parts; It, aiilt ..iin'— cularRCil (iiner Ciivier). 
 
 <li8tinguished fnun other common spe(;ies by the hind angles of the 
 head, wliich are extended backward into long styles, from the ends of 
 winch extend strong bristles. The tiiorax is angular, with a black mar- 
 gin, and the abdomen is pale, with transverse band.^ :)f dark color. 
 
 The specie; probably has a distribution eipial to that of the turkey 
 itself, and with the other species common to this fowl render it pretty 
 thoroughly infested. 
 
1 and of !i 
 front and 
 
 rs only on 
 be latlicr 
 
 111 our own 
 
 DES. 
 
 described 
 >ve name, a 
 
 nt smaller 
 le antenna! 
 f,' to this 
 >i^eons and 
 nd C. hitor- 
 te been re- 
 \g with the 
 
 SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA. 197 
 
 The Teaoock Go> >des. 
 
 {GoiiiodcB falcicorniH Nitzscli.) 
 
 Tbis large find commwi species appears to have been first recorded 
 by liedi, who flgured it under the name of I'nle.v paronis. Since tliat 
 time it has engaged the attention of Linna'us, Frisch, 
 Olfers, Fal)ri('iiis, Stephens, Schrauk, Nitzsch, Bur- 
 nu'ister, Stewart, Panzer, Denny, Giebel, Piaget, and 
 numerous other wrifers, who have described, figured, 
 and discussed it under one name or another, from 
 which we would infer that it must have been <uie of 
 tlie most common and frequently met with of any of 
 tlie parasites of oiir domesticated fowls. 
 
 ll is a large species, .'5 to 4 mm. in length, of a 
 brigiit reddish-yellow color, with a large head, the 
 liind angles of which are acute .and prominent. 
 The first Joint of the antenna in the male is large 
 and bears a prominent tooth. The abdomen is broad, 1 ight yellow, with 
 prominent transverse lateral bauds extending nearly to the middle line. 
 It has been taken repeatedly in America. 
 
 l'T(i. 120. — lliijiiotli's fill- 
 ci'co/HiK— enlarged (af- 
 
 ter Denny). 
 
 204), and it 
 
 o described 
 
 Fns. Aust., 
 
 lite readily 
 
 
 rior). 
 
 lies of the 
 lie ends of 
 black mar- 
 (!olor. 
 ;lio turkey 
 r it pretty 
 
 Thk I 'he as ant Goniodes. 
 
 (doiiiodvg coIchiciiH Deiniy.) 
 
 This specief. is not likely to prove of any special interest in this 
 country, except where pheasants have been introduced, and we will 
 simply menriou it and repeat the diagnostic description gi \ en by Denny : 
 
 Uright clifstuiit- yellow; Lead iulKimuli'ate, leiiiporal angles obtiiso, thorax with 
 a broad ieiriigiiions margin; abdomen i)ale, yello\v-whit«, nearly orbicular, each 
 Hegnieut, excejitiug tlio first and last two, with a pitchy black arcuate fascia. 
 
 He refers this s])ecies to the insect nientioned uiuler the name of 
 redknduH phusUmi by Fabricius, with a (^uestiou as to their identity. 
 
 (lonlodes gigaa Tascli (?). 
 
 Professor Coinstock. lii liis Introduction to Entomology, first ed., 
 Pt. I, p. SO, names this as a parasite of the hen, but he states no author- 
 ity for the sjjccies, and we are unable to find any other reference to it, 
 unless it be intended for Goniocotes glgiiN Taschenberg. 
 
 LiPKUltUS OF THE CHICKEN AND PHEASANT. 
 
 (LijKuriin hetfrofjraj)hun Nitzsch.) 
 
 This species, first recorded by Niizsch, wouhl appear from the writ- 
 ings of European naturalists to be rather common, but it has seldom 
 
i 
 
 m 
 
 
 198 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 been taken in this country, a fact which nuiy be due to the little atten. 
 tion that has been given to collecting these insects here, rather than t<i 
 their absence. 
 
 I have taken it t'ronv the chicken at Ames, Iowa, and from the cTiar 
 acters which it presents F believe that Packard's (hmiocotcs hurnellii 
 was described from a female of this spe(!i«'S. 
 
 According to tlie figures given by I'iaget, it differs decidedly frcMii 
 the vnriahUiH, with which it is most likely to le confused, in having the 
 head rather narrowed in front instead of intlated, and the body is much 
 stouter. 
 
 Besides ocunirring upon the common d«)mcstic fowl it is said to occur 
 upon pheasants of certain sjjecies. 
 
 Guinea Fowl I.ipettrus. 
 
 {LipeuruK numidw Denny.) 
 
 Denny described this species under the name of Xirmus numidw^hiit 
 riaget refers it to the genus Lipeurns. 
 
 It is characterized by Denny as " livid yellow, shining and smooth; 
 head subpanduriform, lateral margin black; abdomen with twoluscous 
 interrupted dorsal fasciae" 
 
 As he states that he found " t^\o specimens,'' it would appear not to 
 have occurred in great abundance. 
 
 4 
 
 LousK OF THE Sheldrake. 
 
 (lAjiriiriiH tndormr Dcnny;.^ /,»/)<■«>•«»( lavtviin Gieliel.) 
 
 Denny <lescribed this species tVoin specimens taken from the shel- 
 drake, and cites also a manuscript name of Leach. Ornithobius ta<lorna\ 
 which he assumes to be the same and which applied to specimens in the 
 IJritish ^Museum. The species was later described by (liebel witli the 
 name lavtens, though he at the same time tpiotes Denny's name without 
 stjitiug any reason for tiu-i change. 
 
 Piaget states that he prefers the name chosen by (liebel to that of 
 tadornw in order to avoid as much as possible the names of birds upon 
 which the parasites have been found. If this princijtle were carried out 
 it would involve the change of hosts of names applied to members of 
 this group of insects, and as it is directly opi)osed to the well-established 
 principle of priority we believe the luime applied by Denny slu>uhl be 
 restored. 
 
 The insect is characterized by a ndlky-white cohu-, the surface smooth 
 and shining, the head, thorax, and abdomen with bhick marginal spots; 
 it is elongate in form and the head heart shaped. 
 
 Professor Oomstocl > itcs it as occurring also ujion the goose, but upon 
 what authority we are unable to say, as the authorities consulted mention 
 it only as a parasite of the sheldrake. 
 
SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA. 
 
 199 
 
 J'ttle atteii. 
 htlier tlmn to 
 
 jojii tlio cLar 
 \>ff'fi burncffii 
 
 icidedly from 
 
 I liaviii^r f|,(. 
 
 *o(\y is mncli 
 
 <uid to occur 
 
 mmiaw, but 
 
 'xi 'Smooth; 
 two tuscous 
 
 I>eur not to 
 
 i the sliel 
 
 •leiia ill the 
 '' witli the 
 lie without 
 
 f'> that of 
 "rds upon 
 JTiied out 
 ambers of 
 itabh'sJied 
 iliould be 
 
 !e smooth 
 a' si)ot8; 
 
 '»it uj^on 
 mention 
 
 The Pigeon Lipeurus. 
 
 {LipeiiruB hacttlus Nitzscli.) 
 
 This is another of the species that was jjiven a name and figure in 
 the work by Kedi more than two liundred years ago. It was also 
 described briefly by Linnanis under tlie name of Pediculus columhv; but 
 since the description by Nitzsch in 1818, under the name of Lipvurns 
 bacillus, this has been the accepted name, and has been used by nearly 
 all writers since that time." It is not strange that it attracted the 
 attention of early naturalists, as it occurs in wonderful abundance on 
 almost every pigeon that may be examined, and its striking a])pear- 
 auce, due to the extreme slenderness of the body, would at once catch 
 the eye of the observer. 
 
 It is about 2 mm. in length, the body very slender; the head and 
 thorax are of a bright reddish-brown color, while the abdomen is 
 rather dusky, with a series of patches of a brown color corresponding 
 with the segments of the abdomen. 
 
 So far as known, this species is confined to pigeons, and there seems 
 no danger of their being transmitted to other fowls 
 with which they may associate. 
 
 Piaget states that he has found the females astray 
 up(m a Sula alba, ujmn a Totanus filottis, and upon a 
 Charadrius minor, only in the last case the appendages 
 of the clypeus wanting; the last segment had the 
 lobes more acute and the dimensions were less. 
 
 Denny described, under the name of Xirnius elavi- 
 forniis, what appears to be the young of this species, 
 though he gives measurements for males and females, 
 whiiili would seem to indicate that he was able to see 
 the sexual organs. In all the specimens we have 
 examined that agree with his ligureand description of 
 this form we have been unable to discover the genital 
 organs, which makes it appear that tliey are immature, 
 and they are in all cases associated with the haculus, with which they 
 seem to agree in all structural characters. The body is shorter, the 
 niarkings less distinct, ami the rudiment of a trabecula is more promi- 
 nent than in the adults. 
 
 It seems best, therefore, at least till well-marked males and females 
 can be found, to consider these as inunatuie bacnlus, 
 
 Piaget does not discuss this matter, but in his index to "Les Pedic- 
 ulines" he gives N. elari/ormifi as a synonym of L. baculus. 
 
 Fio. 121. — Lipeurui 
 hacidus — enlarged 
 (author'a illuatra- 
 tioii). 
 
 'Oiebel names and descriltcH two specioH, baciUnH and oaculuft, Telertiug both to 
 NitzHch, and ])lacin<; under hacilliis tlie form which all other authors refer to baculm, 
 and referriufj to haciiliin a form not separated by other authors, but which ho de- 
 scribes as dirt'ereut from tlw other form. It seems undesirable to add names without 
 a nM)ro detuded diifereuce in form, and wo agree with I'iaget in uniting both under 
 the old name. 
 
200 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTINd DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 rt- 
 
 iie.i 
 
 The Sqitalid Duck Louse. 
 
 (lApeitrKH Hqualidim Nit/Hrli.) 
 
 Accordinff to Benny, tliis species was referred to l)y Fabrioiusnniloi' 
 tlu', name of Peilindns onatis, and it ^oeiiis extremely probable tliat it 
 was referred to under other names by nuiny of tlie 
 early writers, sinee it is so <'onunon on many species 
 of ducks that it is hardly i>os.,ible that it should 
 liave been entirely overlooked. Tlie first deliuite 
 r»'fe Mice to it, liowever, is the description by 
 Nitzsch in 1818; and, more fortunate than some of 
 the related species, this has been allowed to hold in 
 all snbse(iuent works, and so far as we know there 
 are no syiuHiyms for its specific name. 
 
 It is a very abundant and common spec-ies and 
 o(!curson.i f^reat many different species of ducks, 
 both wild and domesticated; indeed, so generally 
 does it occur on the different species of the genus 
 A tins and related genera that we may alnu>st say 
 that it is common to all species ()f the family includ- 
 ing th(^ ducks. 
 
 It is (jnife (iharacteristic in ai)pearance, and not 
 likely to be confused with other species on the same 
 birds. It is about 4 mm. (one-sixth inch) in length, 
 elongate in form, and of a light yellowish color, with 
 dark border to the head, thorax, and abdomen. On 
 the latter this border is broken into a series of quad- 
 rate patches corresi>onding with the segments. The 
 young lack the definite markings of the adults, but have nearly the 
 same general outline of body. The annexed figui*^ will doubtless enable 
 anyone to detennine with certainty as to specimens taken from ducks. 
 
 I.iprnriix (UiHcris Gurlt. 
 
 TTiidei- this head is recognized a species which is said, to differ from 
 the «».sr//.s of Linna'us and other authors, which is referrt'd to jcjunuH 
 of Nitzsch. It was described from specimens taken from the domestic 
 goose, but would api)ear to be rather a rare species since it has not been 
 generally recognized. We insert it ui)on the authority of Piaget, who 
 seems to consider it as iiiKiuestionably distinct from related species, 
 though apparently in doubt as to the real form from which the descrip- 
 tions were made. 
 
 TnK Lii'KURUS OF THE Goose. 
 
 ( LipenriiH jejunuH Nitzscli. ) 
 
 It is generally accepted that Redi had this species in hand as one 
 of the different parasites which he figured, and it has certainly been 
 
 Kin. 122.— T.ipi'v riit 
 xijiiiiliiliiii—rii 1 a I'm- 1 1 
 (aiitlmr's illiistiiilicuii. 
 
 referred 
 by Nitzsi 
 would se 
 taken fro 
 beau g()< 
 
 goose, a« 
 Itise^ 
 
 of tbe g( 
 We hi 
 
 pale yell 
 
 abdoniei 
 
SUHORDER MALLOPHAGA. 
 
 201 
 
 >ricius nndoi 
 
 ^"'''« tliiit; it 
 
 J">aiiy of f i,,' 
 
 jMfUjy SlH^cies 
 
 m it siioiiM 
 Jiist (leJiuife 
 l<'>il)tioii by 
 I'iin some of 
 f<I to boJ(i ii, 
 know there 
 
 referred to by Linnteus, Albiii, Olfers, and otiicrs, but the description 
 by Nitzsch may be taken as the first strictly technical description that 
 would separate it certainly from related forms. Dcuny records it as 
 taken from the white-fronted {^oose, the brent, the wild jioose, and the 
 bean goose, and Piaget adds the gray ^oose, Canada goose, domestic 
 goose, and the nujypilcuH, 
 
 It is evident, therefore, tliat it is generally distributed ui»on members 
 of the goose family. 
 
 We have not had specimens in hand, but it is described its slender, 
 pale yellow-white, with a iMtcthy margin, the lirst <'iglit segments of the 
 abdomen with (juadrangnhir bands, and tlie legs dusky above. 
 
 TiiK Turkey Louse. 
 
 pe(!ies and 
 '•■^ of ducks, 
 <> goneiiiJIy 
 
 the geiiiis 
 almost say 
 nilyinclud- 
 
 <«, .'ind not 
 "» the same 
 "» loiigth, 
 color, with 
 f>uu'ii. On 
 PS of quad- 
 ants. The 
 nearly the 
 «ss enable 
 >ni ducks. 
 
 iffer from 
 
 domestic 
 not been 
 «'et, who 
 8j)ecies, 
 descrip 
 
 as one 
 ly been 
 
 ( l.iiifitniH poliitntjivziiiH Nit/.scli.) 
 
 This, like the niriahilin, apptiars to iiave been one of the earliest 
 species to receive recognition, as Linna-us cites liedi (10xi»er., t. II, fig. 
 2) with the name Pi'diciilns nvcipitris, while he himself uses the name 
 Pediculuft mi'leatfridis, and gives a brief description, wiiich i)robably 
 refers to this species. Authors have 
 (juite generally, however, foUowed the 
 name given by Xitzsch, as above. It 
 has d(mbtless been common wherever 
 this fowl has been kept and is one of the 
 familiar species. 
 
 It is of rather large size, ^ to 3i mm. 
 (an eighth of an inch) in length, of an 
 elongated form, having a pale, yellowish 
 white coh>r, and with a black margin 
 arouiul the body. The abdomen is long, 
 and all the segments but the last are 
 marked with agrayish brown trapezoidal 
 spot on each side. According to Denny: 
 
 Tlieiriiio(l(< of profrressioii is rather siiif^iilar, 
 as well as rajdd. They slidt-, as it were, side- 
 wise extremely (piick from oiio side of tlio tiber 
 of ii feather to tlio other, and move e(iiially 
 well ill a forward or retrograde direetioii, which, 
 together with their Hat, jiolished bodies, ren- 
 ders them extremely dilliciilt to eateli or hold. 
 1 have observed that where two or more genera infest one bird, they have eaeb their 
 favorite localities; for, while the (loniodes ali/lifer •\\U\ ho found on the breast and 
 neck of the bird, the Lipeiim/i pohjtrapez'tHx will be conij;regatod in numbers on the 
 webs and shafts of the ]>rimary wiiiu; featlnrs. 
 
 Veryconnuonon turkeys, and I have specimens from tlie wiUl turkey 
 as well. 
 
 laiKi'il (alter l'iaj;i'l). 
 
202 
 
 INSECTS APPECTlNa DOMESTIC ANIM\LS. 
 
 'II r 
 
 I 
 
 Km. 124.— /,i'- 
 
 jifvni.1 vari- 
 ahilit — oil- 
 lar{;i'<l (after 
 Dfiiuy). 
 
 Br 
 
 The Vauiable Chicken Louse. 
 
 {Lij'curua variahilia Nit/sch.) 
 
 Tliis species appears to have been reeoide*! as early as 1668 by Kedi. 
 later by Fristjli, unless these both refer to Mciiopon jKillidiim, and to 
 have receiveil a brief (leseription by Linna-us ( FaM»/( Sue 
 viva. No. 1!)6()) under the name of Pedivulnx caponis. The 
 nana' by which it is now universally known, however, was 
 {jiven with descriptiori by Nitzsch in 181S (dennar's Mag., 
 Ill, 2\)'2), While no very extensive literature seems to 
 have accumulated in reference to this particular speciies, 
 it is of course included in the many articles referring to 
 jxiultry lice in general. It does not seem, however, to be 
 so abundant as some of the other species infesting the 
 c(mimon domestii* fowl. 
 
 11 is abimt 2 nun. (one-twelfth of an inch) in length, the 
 body elongated, of a whitish color, and smooth and shin- 
 ing. The margins of the body are black ; the head is large, 
 rounded on the anterior margin, and the whole appearance 
 sufiiciently distinct from any of the s.pecies infesting the 
 chicken, so that, with the ai«l of the ttgure, there can be lu) difficulty in 
 distinguishing it at a glance. Denny says: "Common ou the domes- 
 tic fowl, preferring the prinniry and secondarj* 
 feathers of the wings, among the webs of which ""ic^^*^ 
 
 they move with great celerity." 
 
 Thk Whitk Swan Loise. 
 
 (^Orn'ilhobiun vjKini l>cimy; O. hiicephahia (Jioliel.) 
 
 This large and handsome si)ecies was (juite 
 certainly recogni/e«l by liedi and ligured by him 
 and has received frecpient mention since. It is 
 a conspicuous species, and appears to occur in 
 great abundance on different species of swans, 
 so that it is readily obtained. It has be^n re- 
 corded as occurring on the domestic and wild 
 swan of the old world as Avell as the wusicns 
 and heirichii, and we have taken it in great 
 abundance from the common swan of tliis coun- 
 try, probably the Tiumpeter Swan. 
 
 The body in this species is whitish, but so 
 transparent that all the internal organs are 
 easily seen through the body walls. There are 
 black points .at the outer hind margins of about four of the abdominal 
 segments, as shown in the figure, and the last segment in dusky or 
 uearly black. It is 4 mm. long (one-sixth of an inch), and t^ e body is 
 
 l''l(}. \2!>. — t>niithol)iu.i ci/'/iii — 
 •'iilarjiiMl (aiitlior'H illimtra- 
 tioii). 
 
 rather slen 
 to be almoj 
 which harl 
 contain bh 
 blood fron 
 deep enoUi 
 may have 
 bird. 
 
 While i 
 cius abou 
 certain re 
 in 1818. 
 on the CO 
 know the 
 eut stage 
 tantdepa 
 thorough 
 It is « 
 has muc 
 other d(j 
 larly by 
 and the 
 out in a 
 will oftc 
 a hair i 
 what di 
 insect. 
 
 Then 
 on any 
 observi 
 When 
 a wasl 
 be alio 
 slowly 
 
 Son 
 site c 
 referi 
 of Pi 
 uude 
 
SUnORDER MALLOPHAGA. 
 
 203 
 
 rather slender and decidedly flattened. Altojyether this species seems 
 to be almost as beautiful and as j?raceful iu its movements as tlie bird 
 which harbors it. Some of the specimens we have secured appear to 
 contain blood, and wliile these jiarasites are not supposed to extract 
 blood from their hosts, it is possible that they may at times burrow 
 deep en<mfih to secure access to th«^ ciipillaries or feed upon blood that 
 may liave exudeil from wounds upon the surface of the body of the 
 bird. 
 
 THK LoilSK OF THK ('AT. 
 
 «»gth, the 
 Jmd shin- 
 id is large, 
 Ppearance 
 esting the 
 ifficulty in 
 he doiues- 
 
 :^. 
 
 Ml 
 
 {TrU'hodevliH mibroniraliin NilZHcli.) 
 
 While it is jiossible that this parasite was referred to by Otto l^'abri- 
 cius about the year 17S() under the name of PeMcnluH c((nis, the first 
 certain referen»'e to it app^-ars to have been the description by Kitzsch 
 in 1818. Since that time it has been referred to by nearly all writers 
 on the common ]>arasites of animals, but so far as we 
 know there has been no special description of the differ 
 ent stafi'es, and we must asstune that there is no impor 
 tant departure from the habits of species that are more 
 thoroughly known. 
 
 It is a little more than a millimeter in length, and 
 has much the appearance of tlie species occurring (►n 
 other domestic aninuds, but is distinguished parti<'U- 
 larly by the form of the head, which is (piite pointed, 
 and the under part of the front of the head is hollowed 
 out in a furrow about the size of a hair. The insect 
 will often be found adhering by the mouth parts with 
 a hair so «^losely hehl in this groove that it is some- 
 what difli<;ult to tell where the hair begins as sej)arate from the 
 insect. 
 
 There is no re(!ord that we have seen that indicates its presence 
 on any other animal than the domestic cat, and. Judging by my own 
 observatiim, it is oidy occasionally that cats become infested with it. 
 When they <h) the usual remedies may bo administered, especially 
 a washing with kerosene emulsion, after which the animal should 
 be allowed to dry in a warm i)lace, as the fur is so line that it dries 
 slowly. 
 
 TiiK liTTma LoTTSK <»K THE l>oa. 
 
 l-'ui. V26. — Trieho- 
 di'ctes luhrciitratuii 
 — eiilarj;iMl (aii- 
 tlitir's i 11 II Ht ra- 
 tion). 
 
 '« illiistra- 
 
 lominal 
 iisky or 
 body is 
 
 {Ti'ichodcclfK latiiH Nit/.st^li.) 
 
 Something over a century ago DeCieer mentioned a species of para- 
 site on the dog under the nante of Ricinus cams, which probably 
 referred to this species, and another mention by Olfers under the name 
 of Pediculns sefosiis probably preceded the descriution by l!fitz8ch 
 under the name which the insect has borne since 1818. 
 
i' 
 
 
 1; i 
 
 ■*■ "■ '< 
 
 i' 1 
 
 ■■;r ■■'■r 
 
 204 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMATES. 
 
 ■ft 
 
 •Ii 
 
 Prohably everyone who has had mucli to do with dojjs is aware to 
 what an extent this parasite may nudtiply and how troublesome it is 
 to this Iriend of man. It is generally believed that the liee are niovf 
 troublesome to pupiiies than to old dojjs, and it is not 
 at all unlikely tiiat the insects mi}>rate when iiossibic 
 from older to youn<«er aninuds. 
 
 In color this species agrees i)retty closely with tlic 
 other species, and it is of about the same length as 
 the cat louse, a little more than I mm., but it is miicli 
 broader in ]iro])oriion, being more than half as wideiis 
 long, an<l the head is short and the frcMU but slightly 
 <-nrved. 
 
 Fki. \21.—lrirhnihcten 
 liitiiH — <• II 1 II r {;<'''. 
 (iiftor Oriiiiy). 
 
 Tin; i^oTTSE OF vuk I>kai{. 
 
 {Trivhtxin tin itiiiiiiiis Nit/scli. ) 
 
 Inasmuch as tiie common brown bear has been to a considerable 
 extent domesticated, and indee<l furnishes a means of sui)p(U't to a 
 certain class of peojyle. it seems jn-opi'r to introdnci^ menticm of its 
 common parasite here. The species was described by N^itzseh, and 
 apparently later authors have done little more than quote his deserip 
 tion. To what an extent bruin sulfera from the company of his guests 
 we are not aware, but they probably multiply upcm him as i)n other 
 aninnds and cause him the same amount of annoyance. 
 
 It is described as <;haracterized by the form of the head, which is 
 sulxpiatlrangular. It is nearly 2 mm. in length. 
 
 TlIK liOT'KE OF Till', T^LA^fA. 
 
 
 (Trichntlectcs hnrirt'im Ifmlow.) 
 
 In some parts of S>)uth America the llanni is a very important domes- 
 tie animal, and oonseciuently this parasite has a place with the other 
 species included in this work. 
 
 This species was described by liudow in 1S(»(), \)ut as we h.ive not 
 seen specimens we must leave it with the mere PKMition. It is said to 
 be 1 mm. in length, ami (bmbtless agrees closely with tiie .)ther spociea 
 of the genus in appearance. 
 
 TlIK liOrSK OF TllK (loAT. 
 
 (Triclioilecti'K rlimax NitzHch.) 
 
 Since this species was described by Nitzsch in llie early part of the 
 present century it does not seem to have received very frequent notice, 
 and Denny does not appear to have fount^ it in England. 
 
 It is described as having the head wider than long, (juadrangular in 
 shape, and the body in the female nearly two-thirds as wide as long, 
 the length being about 1.^ mm. 
 
SUHOUDER MALLOPHA(}A. 
 
 205 
 
 18 aware td 
 )le.somo it is 
 ico aio nioK' 
 and it is noi 
 Jieii possible 
 
 'I'lui rricli<nl<Ttr.s ciiftnv of (Jnrit Ih considt'rjMl l>y Piiijjet as identitial 
 with dim<i.r, wliilo +he Tr. cajiinr of i'ackard is not nientiou^d l»y him, ' 
 
 (^^ 
 
 c<^^ 
 
 ^ '' 
 
 Kio. Vi.'A-trkhodccUn cUmax : a, iiia'..; /-, f.nml.v c, c;:^'-"!! greatly eulurfe'tU (ori«iimI). 
 
 but J'roft'ssov Venill hiis exjnessi-d tiie opinion tluit it is eciuivalent to 
 ImlxttiiK, mention of which follo'vs. It nuiy l)e stated liere, however, 
 
 %^:ii0 ] 
 
 FlO. 129.— rrichudecleslimbatus: a, tViiiiiU<; h, malt!— lareatly cnlarstxl ((irigiiiiil). 
 
 that the figure given by Packard agrees well with Piaget's figure of 
 climax. . It lias been colleeted from goats at Baltimore by Dr. A. 
 Hasaall. 
 
20fi 
 
 INSECTS AFFEf'TiNO DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Trivho 
 
 limhiiliiii (jurvaiH. 
 
 This spccios is ivfcrrtMl to tlm Angora (lout, aiul in lecogiii/.ed as a 
 distinct hiu'cIcs by (iiolnO, Pia;;ut, and otiiers. It is the spi'i^ies to wliicli 
 I'rof'essor \''.Mrill tiiinks Dr. I'acliaril's caiira- belongs. Dr. I'aclianl 
 (Iocs not slate uiion wlii(th sperics of goat lio tbund his specimens, l>iit 
 it is [trobablu tliat tiiey were fnun the common species, and if so, ami 
 inasmmth as his lignre agrees fairly well with climu.r, 
 it wouhl se«'m as likely to belong there. 
 
 In a recent bulletin from the Bureau of Animal In 
 (lustry, Dr. Cooper Curtice describes these forms and 
 endeavors to establish their specihc identity. The 
 principal points urged are a proportioinil difference 
 in si/e between nniles and females, a difference in 
 nmrkings, and dift'ereuce in size of eggs, but those are 
 all variable, and the dittereuces, as shown in the ex- 
 fki. r.m. ^Trieiioiieohii eelleut ligures a<'companying the report, are so slight 
 
 iiirg.,a(uit.ri)..niiv). *'''*^* ^^^ •"■^' *^"® "'^''^ impressed with the view that 
 they are only varieties, and unless it be shown that 
 they do not interbreed nor survive if changed from one host to the other 
 we should be inclined to use the two names as synonyms. 
 
 Thk Lottsk of the Subkp. 
 
 ^Trichvdevlea M2>l"''*'ootl>li<iliix Nit.y.Bcrh.) 
 
 ^gI?5S2gD s 
 
 ^^-^^t^ 
 
 Fio. \31.—Tnehodeetes sphcerocephalut: a. female; 6, antoiiiiai e, d, <1orHal and ai<Ie nspottt of leg— all 
 
 enlarged (original). 
 
 Redi Ls credited with the recognition of this spet'ies, and following 
 him Liunseus described it under the name of Pediculus ovis, and later 
 
 still it was 
 reference to 
 occurrence, 
 would be in 
 of the host. 
 It has he 
 from (5air.u 
 useful in tl 
 The 11.11" 
 head. Tb( 
 Where i 
 destroying 
 few in 11" 
 appUwi^^^" 
 
 Tl 
 
 The or 
 
 under th 
 
 Trkhodcf 
 
 sioii thatj 
 
 as Trichi 
 
 and wide 
 
 as tlie 1 
 
 insect i 
 
 the 8'«i> 
 
 form un 
 
 taiuly !^ 
 
 the fan 
 
 andwei 
 
 by one 
 
 regard! 
 
 duce tl 
 
 ever, l< 
 
 ence I 
 
 equall 
 
 the l« 
 
 Linno 
 
 on te< 
 
 willt 
 
 and i 
 
 jiaui 
 
SrnORDER MALLOPHAOA. 
 
 207 
 
 (^'•- ''uckar.l 
 r'i'iu'ns, 1,1,1 
 
 r '^" «<>, iiiKl 
 
 JAiiiiujii Id 
 jo forms and 
 l"^'ty. Tilt! 
 |1 (litteroii('<> 
 jiftereiice in 
 lit thoiso jue 
 ' in the ax. 
 i« so .slight 
 ^ view tluit 
 ''•own that 
 to the other 
 
 ir. 
 
 "f leg-all 
 
 lowing 
 d later 
 
 still it WHH deseribed in detail uikUt the niiiiie fjfivj'n above. Denny's 
 reference to it would indicate it as ran^ in lOngland. It is of rather nire 
 occurreiu'c, M'hich may be considered as fortunate, for, if abundant, it 
 would be ratlier dillicult to contend with on account of th«' lout; wool 
 of the host. 
 
 It has been fairly plentiful at Ames on sheep widrh eaine orijjinally 
 from Oanada, and proved quite troublesome, ryrethrum proved most 
 useful in the long wool in winter. 
 
 The name indicates its charattteristie feature, namely, the rounded 
 Leiwl. The color agrees closely with the related spetiies. 
 
 Where it occurs it will be the best plan to pay close attcution to 
 destroying them at the tinu< of clipping the sheej) even if they are but 
 few in number, as at any other time the labor of making thorough 
 applicutions for laem is greatly increased. 
 
 The 1Utin(^ Lk'k ok ITousks, Miilks, Amsks, v.vc. 
 
 ( Trichoileetm ei/ui anct.) 
 
 The original reference by liiuiueus to the lice of horses and asses 
 under the name of Pediculus aiui most certaiidy refers to the common 
 Trk'hodectex infesting these aninmls, but IMaget has reac. A the conclu- 
 sion that this reference is to the form subsequently desc.ibed by (liebel 
 as Trichodevtea piloaua, and that the form described by Denny as equi, 
 and which has since almost universally been tieated 
 as the Linnu^an species, was in reality a different 
 insect from that described by Linnanis under 
 the same name. He therefore describes this 
 form under the name of parumpilomts. It is cer- 
 tainly somewhat confusing to be obliged to drop 
 the familiar designation for so common a species, 
 and were it not that this conclusion has been reached 
 by one who is probably the highest living authority 
 regarding these insects we should hesitate to intro- 
 duce the change. The figures given by Piaget, how- 
 ever, leave no question that there is a decided differ- 
 ence between jnlosus and parumpilosus, and it is 
 equally certain that o'.r common species belongs to 
 the latter form; so, if there is no question as to 
 Linnaeus having the form pilosun in hand, we certainly have no right 
 on technical grounds to apply the term cqui to our common form. We 
 will therefore introduce descriptions and comparisons of the two forms 
 and adopt, for the present at least, and on the authority of Piaget, the 
 nam "3 given in his Les P^dicvdines. 
 
 Fici. i:i2. — Triehoilecteg 
 ]iHo»u I — e II 1 a r g ed 
 (after IMaget). 
 
208 
 
 INHECTH APFIXTFNO DOMKSTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 
 -i 
 
 'tVUhodevtvH jtilimiia UMn>l. 
 
 ThiH, iicc()riliii|>- to iMii^'ttt, is the t'oriii ori^niially dcsi^Miiitrd by ],iii. 
 iiii'us :i.s iiiiii, iiiid wliicli, it' tliiit is correct, wuh tliu biisis for u iiaiin' 
 wliicii has been widely uhc<1 to (Icsi^iiatc tlu^ biting' licoot* tli(niieiiibcr> 
 of the liorsc laiiiily. 'I'lic ori;;iiial rct'crcncc dates baciv <'-onwitlcrabl,\ 
 nion^ tiitiii a century, and doid>th'ss tlie ins«>ct was familiar many <-en 
 tiiries betbi'«^ that, as tiie horst^ and ass have been too tUmiliar a> 
 domestic aninnds to allow of the parasites common to them eHcapiii;; 
 entirely llu^ notice of man. 
 
 According' to IMaj^ct this occurs upon both the ass and thu Iuumc, 
 while the followin^^ species he has found only on the liorHc. 
 
 ^Ve have not be«'ii fortunate »'nouj>h to secure examjdes of this form, 
 thou;;'h we have tlie other in ^reat abundance, so we art^ compelled in 
 
 describing;' to depend upon tlu^ excellent descri|>- 
 tion and lij;iiresof IMa;;et, the latter beiny; repro- 
 duced hert^ for comparison. The head in this 
 form is shorter and less rounded in front, that 
 of the male ))ein;>' still less rounded than the 
 female, whih^ the abdomen is more slentlcr and 
 taperiii};'. The transverse bands are also repre- 
 sented as less conspi(;uous. Perhajis the most 
 striidiij;' point, however, is the position of the 
 antenna-, which stand well forwai'<l on the head, 
 so that the front border of the head and bas^e uf 
 the antenme are nearly in liiu'. 
 
 The habits of the species and the remedies 
 applicable to it are naturally identical with those 
 of the other related species. 
 
 Fio. inn, — Triehmleetet par. 
 uiiiliilum-ii (MiluiK<'<l (:tii 
 tbor'H llhiBtnitiiiii). 
 
 Trirho(lectc» paruiniiiloBiiH Piufj[et. 
 
 While it does not Heem possible that all the 
 writers previous to Denny should have over- 
 looked this form, which appears to be the more <'(»inmon one, at least 
 on the horse, it may be true that Denny was the lirst to pive it a tbor 
 ougli des(ri'iption and cand'nl drawinjj. lie speaks of it as common on 
 the horse and ass, but IMaj^et says he has never found it on the ass, 
 and there is of ccmrse a possibility that Denny did not distinguish 
 between this and tln^ preceding species. 
 
 In this Hpe(!ies the hea<l is decidedly rounded in front, the antenna' 
 inserted wm'II back, 8(» that the head forms a full senucircle in front of 
 the base of the antenna'. The abdomen is more slender and tapering 
 than in smlarls, but less so than in pHotitis, as shown in I^iaget's figures. 
 
 The color is much the same as in the allied species, the head, thorax, 
 and legs being a bright reddish brown, or chestnut, and the abdomen 
 of a dusky yellowish color, with about eight transverse <lusky bands 
 occupying the central or anterior portions of the segments and extend- 
 
 ing fnm> ^' 
 Tliey aie In 
 longer and 
 I'iaget d« 
 zi'bra (/•''/« 
 serie.t of ey 
 the snudl 
 th(^ tarsi p 
 respects ap 
 The habi 
 for nmiiy :\ 
 colts or ho 
 the latter 
 to cause g 
 particulail 
 base of th 
 rub bare p 
 from the ii 
 It is un 
 they nuisi 
 other spet: 
 Kven if 
 ordinarily 
 be policy 
 to associi* 
 ance as > 
 members 
 
 This s] 
 
 upon cat 
 
 to have 
 
 Linna'us 
 
 under tl 
 
 dently tl 
 
 name of 
 
 Notwith 
 
 which w 
 
 which i 
 
 (Gcrma 
 
 and it 
 
 subseqi 
 
 I' 
 
SUnORDKR MALLOI'IIAOA. 
 
 20!) 
 
 iiig fk'oin tiio iiiidillt^ lino a littlu iiioro tliuii liiilt'wiiy to tliu tiuirtjin. 
 Tliuy aril Ininlly mh cnnspiriioiiH as in mdhiris, iiiitl iippai'viitly ratliur 
 loii|(ut' iiixl innrr conspicuous tlian In piloNiiH.^ 
 
 I'iagi't tU'srribcs two Narii'tifs of this species, one tVoni i\w Uuiclieirs 
 zchia {{JiiuiiH hitrrliilli) wliicli lie calls var. nnUatn on account of a 
 Herie.-i of eye lil;*^ ninroloied spots on tlie alxloinen, iiiid tiiu other from 
 the snnill horses of .liiva, var. tnrxtiln, wiiicii has the seconil Joint of 
 tlu^ tarsi particularly <U>\<'lope<l, and whicli he mentions as in Home 
 respects approaching; /nlosiiH, 
 
 The hahits of this spe»'ies ar»^ well known and have received mention 
 for many years. They seem to accninuhite more particularly upon 
 colts or horses in pasture, but their pieseiice becomes most manifest in 
 the hitter part of the wintei-, when they may bec(Hne S(» numerous as 
 to cause jfreat initation to the aidmals infested. They oc,cuj)y more 
 particularly the i-e<;'ion of the neck, and also accumidate around the 
 basi' of the tail and between the le;;s, anil the animals will fro(|Uently 
 rub bare places in these regions in their atteniitts lo rid themselves 
 from the iiritation. 
 
 It is unne(!essary to give ^iny spcM-ial notice regarding treatment, aa 
 they must be attacked on the sannt plan as 
 other species. 
 
 Kveu if it proves that this species does not 
 ordinarily infest the mule or donkey, it would 
 be p«)licy not t • allow these aninnils, if inlested. 
 to associate with horses, as we have no assur- 
 
 anco as yet t!nit they can not thrive on any f^^~^iX!^ 'OCii-v ^ 
 members of the equim' family. 
 
 JilTlNlt lilOK OF (lATTI.K. 
 
 (Tv'tihoihcli s xi-alariH TS'it/.Hcli.) 
 
 This species, Mhich is a very abundant one 
 upon cattle ami occurs the world over, api)ears 
 to have been lirst technically described by 
 Lininens (System. Xatura', VII, p. 1017, 5o. !)) 
 under the name of Vedindm htH'is, and evi- 
 dently the same species is referred to under the 
 name of J'cdimlns la uri {Fauna ISucvini, 11)10). 
 Notwithstanding these descriptions, both of 
 which were under .i dillerent genus from that in 
 which it is now i)laced, the si)ecies was again described by Nitzsch 
 (Germar's ]\Iagazine, III, L'90) under the name of Tricliodrctcs scahiria, 
 and it has been known l)y this name in all of the numerous writings 
 subseiiuent to this description. It has been treated by all writers 
 
 V II I. \M. — 'J'tlcliiiitectftsealnriii~ 
 i'nlai';4('il (iiutlior's illuMtrit- 
 tion). 
 
 > Tho hair lintt iu tho tiguru is about oue-iifth longer than it Hbould be. 
 4053— No. o 14 
 
210 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 upon tlifi parasites of animals and is one of tlio best known species of 
 parasitic insects. The elfects upon the cattle infested are often cpiitc 
 serious on account of their jiveat nnnd)er, hut tiiey are ajipart'Utly h'ss 
 injurious than the siu^toiial species which infest cattle. This injury 
 depends, of course, upon the nunibers occurriiijif upon the indi\ idiial, 
 and somewhat up(»n the irritability of the animal infested. This 
 species nuwh resembles the form occurriiiy upon horses, but is some 
 what shorter, and the abdomen tapers less toward the extrenuty; the 
 dark bands across the abdomen are also more distinct. They are ^'en 
 erally found in greatest abundance in the sprinj;* of tlu^ yesir, at wliich 
 time adults and ejigs are discovered in yreat numbers. Their develop- 
 ment corresponds v-Mi the other species, and tliey are subjei^t to the 
 same methods <»f atca«'k. 
 
 They are very distinct from the su(!torial species in ap])earance, and 
 this ditference is reco<jnized by i)ractical men, who si)eak of them as 
 the ''little red lice," as contrasted with the "blue lice,'' and tln'y recog 
 nize, too, the ditference in the trouble caused by the two species. 
 
 The api)Iication of kerosen«>. enndsion or of tobacco decoction at sea- 
 sons when this is practicable is etVcctivt', and we have found the proc- 
 ess of fumigation described in the chai»tcr on remedies to be etVective. 
 This, of course, is applicabh". at all seasons of the year, even in cold 
 weatlier, Avithout danger to the animal. 
 
 Family LK >'ri[En).F.. 
 Loi sK OF I'liK Dove. 
 
 ( VenojWH jiiyanteiim 1 )('iiny.) 
 
 This species of hmse infesting doves is described by Denny (Anop. 
 Brit., 225, f. 2, \)\. 21). It does not appear to hav«* been commonly ob- 
 served since that time. A species is described under the name of 
 Menopon latum (Piaget, Les IN'dic., -t.lT). which is probably the same 
 as Mcnopon ffigantiiim. As the species is evidently not a very abun- 
 dant one, and the habits an<l remedies for this species are very similar 
 to those for the Mirnqxtn p<illi<li(m, it is not necessary to enter into 
 detail as to treatment. .' ccording to Denny, it is of a yeUowish-browu 
 color, shining, the head with a small brown patch on each side, the 
 prothorax Avith a cruciform depression and the lateral margin rellected. 
 
 The Common Hen liOi se. 
 
 
 {Mrnoiwu jiallidinn Nitzsch.) 
 
 This species, probably the most abundant of all the lice infesting 
 poultry, has been a familiar creature in the writings of entomologists, 
 and also in all the literature of poultry raising. 
 
 It was evidently recognized by Eedi (Exper., tab. IG, tig, 1), who 
 figured it under the name of Pulex lapi. Linnieus described it as 
 
SUI50HDER MALLOPIIAGA. 
 
 211 
 
 
 PcdivuluH //«7///t^r (Syst. Nat., lOL'0, 32), and it is also iiieiitioiied by Partzer 
 iiii(U'rtlic same iiaine. Olfers doy Tibed it iiiuler the name of .V/r/«Hs 
 Irij/oiiocepliahis, and Nitzs(!h, i('C(>{jfiiiziiij»' .ts true generic, relations, {•ave 
 it tlio name i)i Menopon paUUhitii. While Denny, <liebel, and Piajiv!; 
 nil iiinree in relerrinj;' the il'^iire by Kedi to this sj^'ciies, 
 liinnnMis ])la('es it under his PtdicnhiN vapoiiiN^ which 
 is (M|uivalent to Lifxiinis rnrldhHix X. 
 
 Tlie annoyance Ihat this one species causes poultry 
 is ]>robabIy e(puil to that oC all tht other si)ecies com- 
 liincd, for it occurs in j^reat abundiince, and almost 
 every low 1 examined will be found infested. Then, 
 too, it passes rea<lily to other species of Itirds, and 
 iiiany instaiu-es are recorded where horses kept near 
 licnroosts ha\e been very seriously troubled by them. 
 Some ol" these a(u;ounts seem hardly credible, taken Km. isn.-.Vc «<-;.»« 
 in connection with the hal»its of the insect. and we are /"<«"'"'" 'Miiucid 
 
 . (iiltiT lUiiiin ). 
 
 inclined to think tliat tlie worst cases, at least, may 
 
 have been due to I he presence of itch mites on the jxtultry and the 
 
 ndiiration of them to the h<»rses, 
 ^-^''^ Ihouyh in such case we shouhl ex- 
 
 pect the fowls themselves to show 
 more serious injury. It is, at any 
 rate, imjwrtant to keep lousy 
 chickens away from horses. 
 
 This louse is pretty easily dis- 
 tinj'uished from other common 
 species infesting the hen by its 
 light color and its great activitj^, 
 running with gieat celerity among 
 the feathers ami from them upon 
 the hands of i)ersons holding 
 fowls. It is from 1 to Ih mm. iu 
 length, rather slender, and of a 
 light straw-yellow colcu-, 
 
 Ifemedies for this species must 
 aim to reach the hiding places of 
 the lice on the roosts and in the 
 cracks of tlie walls of the hen- 
 house as well as to destroy those 
 (m the fowl. Thorough fumigation 
 and whitewashing, with careful at- 
 
 Kiri. VM—^hnopim Hm'rltitiim—viihirtxM {oriui- teutiou tO cleauliuess, will do UUlch 
 
 """ to keep them in check, I'yreth- 
 
 rum, kerosene, etc., may be used <lirect upon the fowls, and if they are 
 liberally supplied with ashes and road dust they will do much to i)ro- 
 tect themselves. 
 
 
 l(- 
 
 ■yi 
 
 ,, 'I'm 
 
 ' ''ililrm 
 
 /'Ill ['I 'nil Ml' \ 
 ^\\^ 'HliHjiiiV/y 
 
212 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Menopon hiaerialiim IMajjet;;^.!/. stratiiiiieum Nitzscli. 
 
 Uiuler tlio above naiuo l'iaj;t't(le8(!iilH's a. speciesof louse taken from 
 tbe (l(ill(>pJi((.si,s oiricri, and whieh lie speaks of as occurrinjii' also on 
 the (loiuestie fowl, tlie pheasant, and other birds, lie says: 
 
 Sur i\n (lallo/ihdnis (luiploiamiis) cuiiiii j'ai rctninvr- 1(< iih'iik^ parii.sito siir iin 
 (lullim (h)ni('nliritK, sur iiii I'liasidiiun nilchiciix, Mir iin I'uro .ijiicifcniH iiiiiUi »■( ffiiu'llc cii 
 asfst'/ yrand iionibn' I't (IcriiiinMiieiit aiissi siir iiiuv Mfhaijrix ijaUopavo. II sn i;i|i. 
 proclio I'videiiinient «]u d I ram in cum (hi N., iiroineiicnt iriiiin Mrlidi/rin (jiiilnjidn,^ 
 (loiiinia.ijo (jiio la diajiuosn iW (JiL'l)el (E])i/., p. L'!ll) Hoit lioji vaniM* iioiir ridfiitiiicr, 
 iiiais plus fiicDrc, dii I'vdU-iiUit iiiflc<i)iri<lin iW Panzer (."il. I'. L'O). rciit-i'trc fst-cf Ic 
 parasitf dc. Sdirauk NO. 1019, rociicilli Hiir Ic iiiriiic oiscau. 
 
 It seems very probable that the description of i'anziM'. Nitzseli, (licbcl, 
 and Piajiot all apply to the same insect, and if sucli is the case it wonld 
 carry the recojjnition of the species back to 171>.>, when it \»as described 
 by Panzer under the name of I'rtliviihis inelcofiridiN. 
 
 It wonld seem to be confined moie iiarticnhuly to the Phasianidic. 
 and of these io infest paiticulariy the peafowls and turkey, thouj;li its 
 occurrence on the hen is freipient. it would evidently i»ass rciidily 
 from any of these birds to others in tlie same family. I'^rom specimens 
 received it would seem tt» l»e rather common on chickens in the United 
 States. 
 
 The i'UEASA.NT Menopon. 
 
 m 
 
 (}fni(ii)oii fiilro-mdriilaliim |)cimv; M. prodiietiihi VUigi^t.) 
 
 Denny, in his mono<>'rapit ])ublished in 1842, describes and ligures. 
 ixinU'v ihi', nimm o( Menopon fnl ro- iiiHcii III I iim, a species (dhMiscoecnrrinj; 
 on tlie qiuiiland pheasant. Piagct describes also a species occurrinj.;' on 
 l)lieasants (I'lidsifunin inctus and /'. rolcJiirii.s), which lie considers as 
 probably the same as Denny's, tliouj;ii neitlier tlie description uor the 
 tigure i'uable liitu to determine certainly. 
 
 Aecordinf>' to Denny, •' it is I'ulvous yellow and pubescent; head semi 
 lunar, with a pitchy transverse spot on each side; abdomen clavate, 
 with pale spots on the lateral margin." 
 
 Plaget says it is very similar to M. pnUiilmn., though distinct, and 
 calls the color, ''jauiie ocre, fauve sur les cotes de Tabdomen." 
 
 Piaget also describes a variety [tuajor) taken from the Lopliophdni.s 
 resplcmkuH. 
 
 The l^EAcooK Louse. 
 
 (Menuiion iih(vntomum Nitzscli.) 
 
 This species is apparently confined to the i»eafowls, as sincie its descrip 
 tiou in 1S18 it has been taken oni irom these birds. Piaget states that 
 it occurs on three di'^erent species, I'<iro spici/mis, ]\cnsfaiu,s, and /'. 
 javanit'Ks. It lias not been recorded from this country, but is likely to 
 be found by searching these birds. 
 
SUnORDER MALLOPIIAGA. 213 
 
 Lou«E OF THE Guinea Uen. 
 
 ( Menopon it irm idtr ( i . ) 
 
 Giobel soeins to luivf been the first to li;ivo mcntioiuMl this species, 
 and we nuiy iiift!r tha*^ it is usually not abundant. IMa^et speaks of it 
 as siinihir to tiie Mriiopon jilittNtoiuinii X. 
 
 We have not lia<l opiM»rtunity to inak(^ careful search for it, but it 
 doubtless occurs on guinea fowls in this country. It would probably 
 l)e(lirticult for an or<linary observer to distln{;'uish between this and the 
 coinnion species infestinj;' liens, and even if noticed in abundance on 
 j;uinea Ibwls it would very ]ik«dy escape mention. 
 
 Ijoi'S]-: of Ducks. 
 
 ( Triiioliiii liiridiim Nit/sc-li.) 
 
 Redi seems to have been the fiist to f>ive mention of this very <'om- 
 mon species, it beinj^ lifiured in tiie Expcr., I'l. XII, iis the louse of the 
 teal, it is also liyured by Albin (i>l. 4(1) under the 
 sumo common nanui as quoted by J)enny. Nit/sch 
 described it in ISl.S under the name j;iven abov«', ami 
 the sjx'cies has been fortunatii enou,iL;h not to have 
 received any other designation since, although it has 
 been mentioned in most of the woiks referrinj;' to the 
 parasites of domestic fowls or tlu^ parasites of birds. 
 It is ji very common species and occurs on a great 
 many dill'erent sjx'cies of ducks, so that it is unm'<^- 
 essary to try to enumerate he hosts. So far as we 
 have seen or can learn from record, however, it is not 
 known to occur on birds outside of the <luck family 
 {Anatithv). 
 
 its nearest ally is the <>(>ove louse, to be mentioned 
 next, and il is easily distinj>uislied from that by the 
 ditference in si/e and the more distinct markings in 
 this species. The markings aie shown in the aecom- 
 l>anying figure, their distribution on the head, thorax, 
 and abdomen being clearly indi( ated. The abdomen 
 in the spe(!imeu tigure is a trille inirrower and the sides a little more 
 parallel than in some specimtuis observed. Jt is 4 to o mm. in leugth. 
 
 Louse or Tin-: (!oosk and Swan. 
 
 {TriiiDtoii conHpiifCHlitiii, Nit/.sdh.) 
 
 This .S])eeies was »>vidently recognized at an early date, and is said 
 to be ineutioned by kSulzer under the imme of Pedivulus anseris. Nitzsch 
 
 VviAVu. — Tiiiiolnnluri- 
 duiii t'iilar};iil (iiii- 
 IIkpi's illuslratioii). 
 
214 
 
 INSECTS AFPECTINQ DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 (Icscribod it in I.S18 under tho name wliicli lias b(M'n universally adojtlcil 
 since, and it has rcteived iVeciuent mention since that time. It is vci y 
 similar to the Trlnoion Iiirifhim, l)nt may {•enerally be easily separated 
 by the more dilVuse col<»rin}f and its larj^er size, beiiij;' (J mm. (.'i lims 
 aceordiiiff to Denny) in length. The two species are not known in 
 infest the same kinds of birds. Tliis louse oc<'urs on a number ^r 
 spec»'3S of geese and swans, and on om^ gnll; accordinj;' to Denny, on 
 the common tloniestie goose, on the l.niiis chhuh^ and Ciffjiinshcirichii; on 
 ('l/<linis (>l(n\ iU'ronVu\}>; to Ilurmcister; on T. m?^s•/c».s• and « /or, ace<ml in- 
 to IMaget; and on Aii.scr rnjicollis, a<'cording to (Irube. 
 
 While the Triiioion hiridiioi we liave found to be rather common in 
 America, the conspiircdtiini has not been met with, but tlu'. oi»portunitie> 
 for examining geese have been lindted. 
 
 liOlT.SI'; OF 'I UK (ioosK. 
 
 {Triiiolon litiirolinii Mt/scli.) 
 
 This quiti^ distinct spetMcs of louse has been known to (Mitomologists 
 since ISIS, when it was described by Nit/.sch. Denny, however, did 
 not recognize the a])i)lication of the des(;rii)tion to this form and rede 
 scribed it under tiie luime of Trinofmi s(jii(iliihnii. Later writers, how 
 _ ever, have adopted the earlier name, 
 
 and there will ]>iobably be no fur 
 ther confusion regarding it. 
 
 It is (piite easily distinguished 
 from the other species of TriiH)ton. 
 Ix'ing considerably shorti'r, smaller, 
 and of a nearly white color. 
 
 It occurs, according to Denny, on 
 Auficr alhi/ronN, \]n\ domestic goose, 
 arid on Anas clinx'tita. It is also 
 referred to tiie Smew, ;nd Piaget 
 states that it has been taken fiom 
 IhndrovjifiuK arhorcd ami Aiiser iilhi- 
 frons, 
 
 TlIK IMlJKON liOr.SK. 
 
 (l'i)lji(i(Tiihilhiiii loiiiliidiiilinil Nit/sell.) 
 
 Kid. KiS. — Tiiiinliin litiiniliim^v\\\i\r>i 
 (autliDi's illiiHlnitiiiiil. 
 
 Nitzs(^h desciibed this form, whicli 
 o<-curson ])igeons, in ISIS, but it was 
 again described by Denny in 184L', 
 who gave it the name of fiirhiiKitnni. (Jiebel retained both these names, 
 evidently considering that they referred to distinct species, but IMaget 
 has ]»laced them together. 
 
 The species would not seem to be so abundant as some of the other 
 
SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA. 
 
 215 
 
 of the other 
 
 species of pigeon lice, iuul it lias not been found as yet on pigeons that 
 we have had an opjxntnnity to examine. 
 
 It does not ai)pear to have been found on any other birds, but has 
 been taken from the common domestic pigeon and also the turbot. 
 
 The Swan TiOusE. 
 
 (Colpoccphdliim iiiinntiini K'lulow.) 
 
 Tlndow seems to have been tiie fu'st to recognize this s])ecies, though 
 its occurreiire upon tlie swan {dytiHus untsuiiis) malccs it rather strange 
 that it sliouhl liave escai)ed observation so long. It 
 is a very small species, as would be interred t'vom the 
 name, and this may account in part for its not luiving 
 been earlier n<»ticed. 
 
 It has not been recorded from this country, but 
 may be looked for ujjon our species of swans, as the 
 lice infesting these birds are generally widely distrib- 
 uted. 
 
 LOTISE OF THE (JUINKA I'lG. 
 
 (dyroiniH iiracU'm Nitzsch.) 
 
 The guinea pig is ])erhai)s a rather unimportant 
 factor among the domesticated animals, hut it sup- 
 ports its duo (piota of parasites nevertheless, and they 
 require a brief mention, at least. They are quite in- 
 teresting in strn(!tnre, differing largely from any of 
 the species considered hitherto. 
 
 The one to first receive notice, and probably the 
 one here given, was referred to by Schraidi under the 
 
 name of roiicitlus porcclli, 
 but Nitzsch, in 1S18, <le- 
 scribed it as (h/ropus gra- 
 cilis, a name which has 
 been used by all subsequent writers. 
 
 It is referred to generally by writers on the 
 subject, and would seem to be a fairly com- 
 mon species where guinea i)igs are kept. It 
 has not been met with in this country so far 
 as records show, but may l)e looked for with 
 great probability of success in any place 
 where guinea pigs are kept in numbers. 
 
 Denny characterizes it as "elongate, pale, 
 fulvous-yellow, finely pubescent; head and 
 thorax darker, segments of the abdomen 
 with transverse striated fas(3ia at the sutures; 
 tarsi and ungues \< i y short and minute." Collected at Baltimore by 
 Dr. A. Hassall. 
 
 Fia. 139. — ffi/yopwff 
 gracilis— i^nlii rged 
 (after ncuny). 
 
 Flo. '\M.—Gyr<>pu.i ovallii 
 lur^ixl (al'tt-T Douiiy). 
 
216 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 Gyropus ovalia Nitzsch. 
 
 This is a form closely related to the precediiifj species, and observed 
 aud described by Nitzsch at the same time. It ditlers from that species 
 ill the jmu'h sliorter and broader body, and is, according to Denny, 
 "pale yellow white; head and thorax bright ferruginous, the forme)- 
 transverse; temporal lobes produced; abdomen large, nearly orbicuhir; 
 legs thick, the two posterior pairs curved ; ungues long, curved, aud 
 strong." ('ollected at Baltimore by Dr. A. Ilassall. 
 
 The scanty hair of the guinea pig makes tlie application of washes 
 for the destruction of the lice a very simple matter, so that wherever 
 it is a matter of inii»ortauco there need be no dilliculty in ridding the 
 animals of the parasites. 
 
 APPENDIX TO IMALLOPIIAGA. 
 
 List of the species of Mallophaga recognized as belonging to the fauna of 
 the United States, with descriptions of new species. 
 
 Fainily PIIILOPTKKlJJyl^:. 
 
 Docophorus platystonius N. 
 
 I'.unueister, Iliimlbucli, Vol. II, p. 42fi, hj.. 1,'!; Denny, p. 108, PI. IV, flg. 7; Giebel, Epiz., p. 69, 
 Taf. IX, lig. 5; Tingct, ]i. 17, I'l. I, Ki^. J. 
 
 From sharp shinned hawk {Acvijntcr relo.v), Phode Island (II. C- 
 Bumpus), lititeo .sivatmonii,l{i\\ix{ ?)(H.O. collection,) . Aquilaimperialis 
 (Burnett collection). 
 
 Docophorus cursor N. 
 
 Uurnieistei-, Jliindbmli, Vol. II,p.426, up. 14; Donny, p. 101, I'l. II, Fig. I; Gicbel, p. 75, Taf. X, 
 
 fl^s. 5 ami ti; ria^ft, )). 24, IM. I, lif,'. r>. 
 
 From Asio irUsoniainiH, Ames, Iowa. Lincoln, Nebr. (Bruner). 
 
 Docophorus ceblebrachys \. 
 
 Denny, ]>. 92, I'l. I, fig. ;t ; Nitzsch MSS., Vol. IV, ji. 197 (liled by Denny), anil Zcit.s. fiir Niitur., 
 1861, Vol. XVII, 528; C.iebol, ji. 77, Taf. XI, liii. 13: I'iagct, p. 29, I'l. 1, fi,i;.8. 
 
 Fr<mi snowy owl, Iowa (II. (). collection; Cassiuo collection), Arctic 
 Am. (Stejneger collection and ^AIcKay collection). Also specimens in 
 Nat. Mus., Ace. No. 10827, and in Piley collection. It occurs very 
 abundantly on this bird, but so far there is no record of its occurrence 
 on any other sjiecies. 
 
 Docophorus superciliosus N. 
 
 Hunnci»tcr, llanilbucli, Vol. II, ji. 427, sp. 22; Denny, p. 09, i'l. HI, fig. 9; Giebol, p. 94, Tuf.X, 
 (ig. 3; ring.'t, p. ;i9, I'l. Ill, lig. 1. x 
 
 From hairy woodpecker [DrynhattiH villosus) (Cassiuo collection). 
 Docophorus communis N. 
 
 Kitzscli, Germar's Mag., Vol. Ill, ]>. 920 (290) (vitlc Giebol); linnncialor, IlaTidbucli, Vol. II, 
 p. 425, Hp. 9; Denny, p. 70, I'l. V, fig. 10; Giobel, i>. 85, Tuf. XI, fig. 11!; I'iaget, p. 54, I'l. IV, 
 flg. 5. 
 
 From Lanius boreuliH, Ames, Iowa. Shore lark Cassiuo collection). 
 
 t: :i 
 
SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA. 
 
 217 
 
 rielipl, Epiz., p. 69, 
 
 Docophonis compar Piaget. 
 
 riaget, p. 61, I'l. VII, lig. 1. 
 
 From Loxia e.-ininor, Ames, Iowa. 
 
 Docophorus bassaiiae Deuiiy. 
 
 MoiioK. Anop. Brit., p. 110, PI. VI, flg. 3, PI. VII, fig. 3. 
 
 Host uiiknown, probably the ganiiett (liurnett collection). 
 
 Docophorus flsBiformis Denny. 
 
 Miiiiofi. Anop. lirit., p. 84, IM. I, li(;. 2. 
 
 On "black-billed sandi)ii)er" (lUirnctt collection). 
 
 Docophorus testudinariuB Denny. {Vig. 1, I'l. II.) 
 npiiiiy, p. im, I'l. I, ti«. 0; I'iiip't, p. 8:!, I'l. VI, Ji^-. fi. 
 
 From curlew ^^Nnmeninn lonairostris,^^ Ames, Iowa. S])ecimens from 
 this bird aj^ree so closely with the liyuresand descriptions of the above 
 species occurring on the related Xiinteniiis (irtintitns of lOnrope that I see 
 no occasion to give it a separate description. On Burtraiuia loiujkamla. 
 (Burnett collection.) 
 
 Docophorus bisignatus N. 
 
 Insecta Kpiz., p. 106, PI. IX, lis. 9; Piaget, Li'.s I't'dic, p. 92. 
 
 On Ibis alba; collection of C. li. Cook. 
 
 Docophorus spheiiophorus Xitzsch. 
 D. phatttUm l)cini,\ , p. 100, PI. IV, lig, 0. 
 
 A specimen of this well-maiked species in the Cassino collection is 
 without indication of host or locality, but it is doiibtle.'^s American, 
 probably from spoonbill. 
 
 Docophorus pertusus Kit/sdi. 
 
 Eecorded by Kellogg, from coot (Fiiliea nmerlctout) at INIonterey, 
 Cal., and Lawrence, Kans.j also from ruddy duck {EviamcAura rubUla) 
 at Monterey, Cal. 
 
 Docophorus lari F.abr. 
 
 Pediculiia laH Otto Fal>ririns, Fauna (xroonlaiulira, p. 219. 
 
 Docophorus la lilh'miy, p. 89, I'l. V, lig. 9; I'liigct. Lvn I'C'.lic, p. Ill, I'l. IX, fijt.?. 
 
 From herring gull (Cassino collection) and Lnrnn iihilaiUJphia (Bur- 
 nett (collection). Also recorded by Ivellogg from several species of 
 gulls in Califor!,ia. 
 
 Docophorus colymbinus 1 )enny. 
 
 Monog. Anop. lirit., p. 80, PI. VIII, lig. 8, 
 
 On Vrinator himme (liurnett (collection). 
 Docophorus icterodes Nitzsch. 
 
 Nitzsch, Gorniar'sMag., V.il. Ill, ].. '^911 ; Ilonny. p-. 102, PI. V, Pig, 11; Ciohil, Vol. Ill, pi. 10. 
 fig. 8; Piaget, p. 114, PI. X, Pig, 1 ; ()sl)oni, Hull. 7, l)i\ . Kiit ,, 1'. S. Dept. Agr., ji. :il. 
 
 A very common species on many kinds of ducks. Si)e(dmens have 
 been noted in the Cassino, iJurnett, and Stejneger collections, and also 
 taken at Ames, Iowa. The Burnett specimen shows the clyixms more 
 quadrate than in othei' specimens, especially many specimens taken at 
 Ames in which the clypeus is cpiite decidedly rounded at lateral inar- 
 gin. Recorded also by Kellogg. 
 
 Docophorus cygiii Denny. 
 
 Denny, Monog. Anop. Brit., p. 9.''); (iieliel, Ejiiz. ; Piaget, Lew Pedie., p. 115, tig,;!, PI. X. 
 
 From swan {Olor buvcinator {i) ), Ames, Iowa. Very abundant. 
 
'.!18 
 
 INSKCTS AFFECTINO DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Docopliorus rostratiis Nit/.s< h. 
 
 I>iii'(iiili(inin riixli-alKn: r.iiriiii'i»l( r, JliindUiicli, VdI. T I, ji. 421; Itiiiiiy. )i. n7, I'l. I f, lly. I ; (iii'liil. 
 p. 7ir I'l, X, I'il;, 4 ri;i-rt. p 'JT. I'l. T liji. 7. 
 
 A specimen of tliis wellinaiked species JVom the b;ini owl (Strir 
 jyratincolii) in the colU'ctioii of Prof. Liiwreiice, Unuu'i'. Tliere is im 
 (lilTereiice ol" note between this iind the ICnro])ean foi ni as descvihed. 
 tii(»ujih it is iK'iliaps a little nioie slender and elon;i;ate than tlu^ li.uiircs 
 woiihl indicate. I'lven tliis is jjossiltly due to extension ot abdonien I'roni 
 l)ressui'e of cover ;;Iass in nn)untin;n'. 
 
 Docophorus melanocephaliis Iliinn. 
 
 In Hurnett <'oIlectioii. (Jicat Cayenne tern. I'eeorded by Kelloj;<;-. 
 New Malloiduijia. p. !•!), on royal tern (Stcnio nia.riiiKt). Monterey, Cal. 
 
 Docophonis buteonis l'a('l<. 
 
 I'iuU.inl, Am. Xitnnilist Vi.l I \. p. !(;, I'l f. II::.:!. 
 
 Pacdvurd's description ol this species seems not to have been a(!eessi- 
 ble to IMaji'et, or lie was unable to verify it. as he passes it with a mere 
 mention. ( Les Pcdic. ]>. L'l!.) 
 
 I have specimens from Hiiho liiivufiis, the hawk from wliiidi i'ackard 
 des<'ribed the s))ecies, sent me by Dr. ('. .M. Weed, of Hanover, N. II., 
 which a jiree entirely with Packard's descrii»tion. an«l they appear to me 
 to be snlliciently distinct iVoin other spi'cies to be retained. Packard's 
 description is as follows: 
 
 Tlu) Hi^'ciis of I »()i'i)i)li(»riis ii^nir(!il on I'l. 1, lijj; ;>. api>ravs to W iiiiil<;scri1)<!(l, ami 
 may l)is called I). IniltDiiix. It lives luMicatli the t'oallicrs iil" the reil-shoiiltlertMl 
 jiiiwk. It is honey vi'llow. and the aluhmieii is whiti-h with fiia i,i;iilar (diitiiiiiiis 
 plates oil eaih serine iit, the two on the seiinient next to the last f'ornim ;■ a eontinnoiis 
 l)antl. Tlu) head is lonjier than hroad, with the tralu'ciihe (or iiiovahle horny ]tro('ens 
 Just ill front of till) antenna') as Ion;;- as thi' two hasal Joints of the, aiit<>niia', and 
 exteiidiii;^ to the middle ot the second joint. The hasal Joint of the, autenine is rather 
 thick, iind the si inl Joint is as loiif? as the two terminal oik s. 
 
 Both desciipii(»n iind lij;nre are wiintinn' in reference to chiirjicters 
 which would most certiiinly distiiif'uish tlu^ species, and I may add that 
 the species is sepiiiiited from plati/stonnis by (ho deeper iiKiision of 
 the clyi»eus, and the more circular outline of the clear lateral dilation. 
 The jjeiiital jiatclies uro, appi'oximate and the i)roxinnil iiiiUfiins of the 
 ])atches denticulated ; the outer ]»ortion of the i)atches faint. 
 
 A specimen in the IJurnett collection from Ti/rtntnim (dm is refej-red 
 
 here. 
 
 Docophorus halieti n. s)). 
 
 Head a little wifler than hinj;, (dyi>ciis tajiorin'^' Imt ■with <lihit<'d ai)ieal ])ortion 
 eniarjiinate in front. 'I'lie tranH]),'irent(lil,itioii hut little in ad vaneocd" antenna 1 hands, 
 hilt cnrviiiff outward ho as to show as a clear jiart atsidi?s; cmarf;ination shallow and 
 reai'hinii; inner jiortion. Trahei'iihe .siinjile, hliintly yiointed, antenna' Hlender, eye 
 ])r(miineiit, elyi)eiis and temjioral liorders with few short hairs, ahdomen ovate in 
 female, round in male, sparsidy hairy ahove and helow, thickest on disk ahove; all 
 hairs rather short, (ienital lio<d<s, male sharply curved, lietween them several 
 prominent teeth, (ienital sjiot male, larjfe, distinct, the anterior lateral oval ])ortiou 
 wide apart connected to central jiortion hy intlattul band; central ])ortioii hroad, 
 widenin<f at middle, incised hy lateral bonier behind, the wider jiart with two 
 hair insertiims on [losterior half, extending to tip uf last segment. Genital spot 
 
BUBOROER MA.LLOPHAOA. 
 
 219 
 
 fciiialt', <Mirv»'(l, the iiimr convex inar>^lu approximate, the outer concave i)ortion 
 incloHin^ near (lie Cront an oval Hpot, Ap])i'oa(^heH xnlermnHuii I'ia<;t^t, which is 
 ilcscrihcd lioni lltil'iiihiH rooi/ir. Itilillcis i'roni (hat Hpccies in liavinj; the clyj)0U8 
 iii()recniai';;inate forthc transparent jxtrtion, tiiedensu jmrtion narrowcrai tip. 'I'hi; 
 i^enital IiooUh are dceiih'illy hooked, the genital jtateli of male heavier and the 
 ]iostei'ior portion broader. I'he ^^enital Hjiots of fenuile npproacii (do.sely to pattern 
 nl" pldtjiHtomiis. 
 
 I"'roni l»iil<l ciiji'lo (Ilaliains h'Kcocephdliin) colh-ctcd l»y Dr. ('. M. 
 Weed, ill I'loridn. 
 
 DocophoruB bubonis n. n|i. 
 
 (ieiieral appearance of /'. (rhlelirachjis, from wliich it dilVt^rs dJHtinctly in i'orm of 
 lii-ad and jjenital hooks, and in eyes lieini; very oliscnre. Head oval, narrowinjj 
 Ironi eyes to occiput, hroaih^st. at base of tralxM'ula', contractinjr sliari)ly to front: 
 eyes very obscure or wantin;;', scarcely any convexity indicaliii;; thcur |insition, and 
 no trace of pi;;iiieut iieneatli. Occiput slightly curved, temporal lobes narrow, Imijj, 
 contracted posteriorly ; nu'dian s]>ace lietween (xu-ipital liauds narrow beiiiiid ; anten- 
 nie situated slijjhtly in front of middle. I'rabecu];e siuali and rij;id, its in cihle- 
 hraclijis. A very hhort hair at eacii side of transparent portion (d' front, a longer 
 hair iit middle of external i lypeiis band, iind two hairs on maririii of temporal lol)e. 
 I'rotliorax siiort, nn-tathorax broader than basal segment of abdomen. Abdomen 
 widest l>eiijnd middle at fourth and lifth se^nuMit. Li^ht vtdlow bands, extending 
 nu)rii tliiiii lialf way t(> middle disk, hairy, seventh sejimcut with dorsal margin. 
 Male genital hooks jjroininent, long, heavy, sharjdy cur\ ed at toj). 
 
 Two siK'ciiiuMi.s, iiiiile iiiul fi'iiiiilc, ill Cassiiio ('olU'ctioii, from Buho 
 rirtjixidiiHs, Pcniisylviuiia. This is ii wt'lllimrkt'd species, altlioufjli 
 sliowiiij^- decided iiilinities to (rhhhravliys. Tlie form of head in narrow- 
 ness and lenjitli beliind tlie aiitennie will distin<i'nisl» it from almost any 
 desiuihed species, the redaction of the eyes is very marked, and the 
 form of the jicnital hooks j>ive it wellestablished characters. Tn form 
 of head and rij^idity of trabecuhe it approaches 2sirmus, but the charac- 
 ter of the clypcns tind the ^jeneral fcu'nj of 
 body, as well its its evident relationship to 
 echl('})n(vlii/s, would prevent its reference to 
 that fienns. 
 
 Docophorus syrini Packard — <!ited in IMaget, p. 
 ;{l-f!urlt. 
 
 I have not met with (his de.scrijjtion, nor 
 with any form which would seem to reju'e- 
 sent it. 
 
 Docophorus quiscali n. s]). 
 
 Clyjieus broad, lateral angles rounded, with front 
 slightly incurved, in some cases almost truncate, 
 nearly as broa<l at tip as at base of trabecnlie, 
 transparent foi about (uie-fonrlh <listance iVom ti]) 
 to trab(MMilie. Trabecuhe large, curved, and with 
 rather acute tip; margin of cly])eus and head with 
 scattering hairs; metathorax with a complete band 
 l)o8teriorly set with hairs; abdominal segments with 
 bands (extending about one-third across the posterior border of these hands, with 
 clear spots from which arise long, rather slender hairs. The eighth segment with the 
 brown bund extended entirely across. Beneath a large brown jiatch occupying the 
 
 l''i(). 141 — /)()(!o/)/iocu,s' ijuincali — en- 
 larged (Dfigiiial). 
 
220 
 
 IN8RCTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 \% 
 
 sixtli, suvoiilli, iiiwl toiii'liiii^ t1i<< eighth st<)j[iiiri)t, rc^iiliirly rouiulctl in front, rHiiglilv 
 cxeiaril lii^liinil: brown N]iiitN loeatctl near tlm innr^iii on t'iicli Hi'Knient liiick to tlii 
 ei^litli; tlioHi> on tlio Hixth Mc^niout Conn tliu outor jmrtion of IIki };unital iiatcli 
 LiMii>tli, - mm. 
 
 (it'iioral apiuMiniiioe of roiinititnis, of which it iiiifjht \h\ cronsidorcd n 
 varit'ly, but it is <niit(' distinct and constant in loiin of clyiuMis nm! 
 {jcnital |)atch,an«l sccnis to(»ccnronly on <^)iiiscahis, its nearest ally lieinu 
 a s|)«'ci«'s occuii'inj; on A<j(hi'n(s jtlia nirnis. 
 
 Froni crow bhickbird, colh'cted at Ames, b»wa. 
 
 Tliis is a very coiumon species on this liost, and I have not»'d it in 
 various collections. 
 
 Docophonis agelaii n. s|i. 
 
 .Similar to (/i(i.sc((/i, Imt wlijuhtly narrower. Tlit* clyix'us trunrato or sli^ililly 
 runntlcd, tlio Hides sloping; trabumla' <'iir\(Ml on tVoiit margin, Htrai};lil lichinii; lli> 
 apt^x Noniuwiiat aciimiiiati'; liaiuls on tlio alidomcn broad, ninili inciNed at insertions 
 ot till' iiairs; liand on llio <'i<i'htli H(>gnieiif ciintrai'lin;; in Ihr middle, almost broken. 
 Heneutli, the jfenital ]iatcli larjie, stronffly curved in front, di-eply and irreniilarlj 
 inciHed li(>liiiid : lateral sjiots small, rather elun^jated, obliipii', (^iiite close to i/iiiHctiH. 
 aud both iniuhl bo considered varieties of cummtinw, but seem well cstublislied. 
 Docophonis sialii n. sp. 
 
 Clypeus ta]ieriim, lateral aimles rounded, front convex, or very slivrhtly incurved 
 at extreme apex ; no tians])arriit jtortion in front of the diitinous bars; tralicciilie 
 strongly curved iu front, Blightly curved behind, acuminate at tiji. 
 
 On ISi<ili<( shilis, Merriain Coll. lielonys t(» roniiiiiiiiis yroup, but 
 separated by head cliaracters. 
 
 Doc phorus corvi n. sp. 
 
 Whitish, with black and fuscous bands and stripes. 
 
 Length of body, L'.."> iiiiii.; head, "5 mm,; abdomen, 1.17 mm. Width of head, 
 0.70 mm. ; abdomen, O.'.tS mm. 
 
 Head scarcely longer than wide, truncate in front ;cly])eus broad; clypoal signature 
 acuminate and elongate ])osterii!rIy ; iioBUrior part black; anterior ]iortion with a 
 
 broad t'uscous margin; aiitennal bands deep fiiseous; 
 trabecuhe strong, convex in front, slightly concave 
 iiehiiid, blackish band at liase extending along posterior 
 border; antc:in;c rat her. slender, basal Joint largest, with 
 a black band extending nearly around, deepest in front; 
 second joint slender, long, mostly idack, with a deep 
 incision of the lilack portion toward the tip, Joints Ij, 
 I, aud ."> nearly eijual, black, distal Joint scarcely as 
 dark as the othere; eyes prominent; temjioral lobes 
 clear, with black borJer, in which are three clear 
 ^l>ilCi■.>, irom which hairs arise; occipit.il bands very 
 black; occi]iiit slightly .""iinous. I'rotlioiax ii.-irrow, 
 with broad, black margin; nietathorax nearly twice as 
 wide i>s prothorax, lateral angles rounded, dee]tly mar- 
 gined, with black «^xtending medially aud nearly un;*^- 
 ing; each side set with about eight hair.s arising from 
 round, clear jiustules. Legs banded and striped with 
 black; abdomen oval, with broad fuscous m.irginal 
 bands extending well upon the disk ; the ])ostorior 
 margin set with Lairs which arise from circular pustules near the margin and 
 from notches in the band on the disk; large, clear, circular spots marking posi- 
 tion of spiracles; eighth se anient with a broad band extending clear across; ninth 
 segment with two triangular patches approximate anteriorly; Literal angles with 
 
 Fu). 142. — Doeophoi-us corvi- 
 eiilargud (origiiiul). 
 
HIJBORDKH MALLOPHAGA. 
 
 221 
 
 «"< I'iick tofi,.. 
 «<'mtiil inarli 
 
 •'oiisidorcrl ii 
 
 <''yii('ii.s nil, I 
 
 ii'»t('(I it ill 
 
 •' or Hii-iitly 
 
 ' '••■hilMl; lll'r 
 
 i ;il iiiNt-riioiis 
 
 llllONl, lilnkcii. 
 
 ml irivyiilnpi^ 
 tiil'lislu'd. 
 
 rliti.v inciirvcd 
 !■•><; tnihciiil.c 
 
 yi'«»ui>, l)iit 
 
 I'o.il Hi^iKiiiiro 
 
 Oltloil will, ji 
 
 Iwp Ciiscoiis; 
 li'ly I'oiicavi! 
 
 • iiiir j„),s(erior 
 Iiii«;est, with 
 
 pi'Ht ill ridiit; 
 witli ii deep 
 ''!', Joiiifslj, 
 
 ' •'<"'••• icely ii8 
 
 • i]ior;il ;„1„.H 
 threci clear 
 JiaiidH vtiry 
 
 nix narrow, 
 ily twice as 
 dcojily iiiar- 
 in'arly iin;«^- 
 ri.siii^r ironi 
 tripc'd with 
 « iiiar>riiial 
 1' l)ostorior 
 'aigin and 
 rking posi- 
 "<)8h; ninth 
 uglea with 
 
 two (ir thrco Ion-;, xloriihir liairH; ^nhi, with n fimcoiiH oatch )iroiliU'(><t im front; 
 Nti'rinim with ii mm.iII I'iihcoiis patch poiiitcil aiilrriorly ; ^mmiIiuI hands rouiidr<l in 
 front, Willi t \vi> rii'cuhir, ihar spots hi'liiiul tlio I'roiit honh r <'\t< idin^ to \u .if tb<! 
 iiiaruiii on the hImIi sc'^iiicnt, posteriorly proiliiccd ; a ratlicr n;i -row, roiijjh-eilLted 
 inoccss on tho «(>\ ('III h se'^inciit, a series of MiiUinar^inal spots o sennuMits il toit, 
 tliosi' on tiie rii^lilh II lid iiiiil li iiiri'K:i lit;' into a single t riradiali- spot. 
 
 ("oiiiiintii (III ('<>rnis (tnurhuiinis. AliU's, Iowa, This is |»r<»l»ai»ly Piick- 
 aiti's /,i]iinrits corri, wiiicii w as cvitltMitiy (It'scrilx'tl Irdiii an iiiiiiiatiiie 
 spcciint'ii, 
 
 DocophoruH ininuto-trabeculatiiBn, sp. 
 
 Head pointi'd, slron;;ly taiicriir^ lieloic anlt'iina'; clxpciis narrow, sliniil ly iinivex 
 ill Iront; aiilcrnir )iortioii transparent: clyiical mark roiindcd hihiiid, no hairs; 
 tniliccnla' very Htiiall, ;;iviiiL; apiicaranco ol'a Nirmiis to Hide of head; eye not pronii- 
 iicnt; antenna' short, rather strong, Joints eiiinil, two hairs on margin; temporal 
 lolies full; oceipital bands not eonsjiiciKMis; all hands on head Joint, occiput 
 Htrai<;lit ; prolhoias ahmit half the width of head, colored .it sides, central strijio 
 li;;lit; metathorax enrved liehind, coloreil at sides, ceiitr:il stripes continiionH, 
 with |)rotLora\ clear; colored portion incised Inr insert ioiit of hairs of posterior 
 iiorder; liiteral hiinds of ahdoinen \t'ry short, except on lir.si se;;nHMit, where they 
 (extend inward as far as colonul portion of thorax, litimis less ]iromincnt on ]ioh- 
 terior sei;iiieiits; eighth without ((duration; two faint spots on terminal; ninth 
 sey;ment, ulMhniieii, oval, nearly round ; a row of fonr hairs each on seifinents 15, I, .5, 
 andii, marginal htiiis on each seirnicnt luick of liftli ; lei's cidorcd yellow ; tilda' larjjer 
 tliiui femora; color lij;lit yellow lor colored portions, mostly wiiitish, possihiy not 
 fully mature, lint has ap]icarance uf adult. 
 
 Oil fiilini tdiin'ininx. 
 
 Dillcrs ill t'orm (»f clyiK'iis and alxloiiK^ii front any .s]»ocios known to 
 nie as o(;(!iin'iii,n' on related liiids. Collected fioin a stiin'ed biid in the 
 lunseum of the Iowa Ajiriciiltnral Collefje. Inline niimtteness of the 
 trabeeiila' this species iiiioht he taken for a Niriniis, but in the form of 
 the head tinii abdomen, and in yeueral jti>i)eariinee it is decidedly a 
 Docophoiiis. 
 
 Oocophorus fusco-ventralis n. sp. 
 
 (^nite nnil'orml.N chestniit hrown, rather slender. 
 
 1.en<rth, 1. I'll mm.; lead, 0.17 mm. ; ahdoinen, 0.()1 nini. Width id'hc.-id. 0. 10 iiimi. ; 
 ab(himen. 0. !7 mm. 
 
 Head lonj;er than wide; clyiieiiH, hroad, truncate, thin in front, and with a ventriil 
 notch at. tip; dypciil sij^nature stron;f, a lonjf, strong, dark-lirown spin() passing 
 backward to a ]ioiiit niidwtiy lietwecn antenna'; sides of (dypetis ii little concave; 
 traheciihe strong, forwiird margin curved (slnipe of cummiiitis] ; antenute slender, 
 light hrown; temporal lohes rounded; occipitiil hands running out Wiird to hases of 
 antenna' ; occijiiit netirly straight ; jiiiithorax small, siih-s straight, widening a little 
 heliiud, posterior border slightly convex; metathorax hroadi^, widening rtipidly, 
 distinctly tingled behind, hind liorder with a row of htiirs; iibdoinen tibovo brown, 
 liitertil biinds reaching in^tirly to center, letiving a narrow, whitish, nHMiibranotis stripe 
 from base to eighth segment ; eighth H(!ginent entirely corniMis and hrown, margin 
 with blackish line, a row of strong, gohleii Iniirs on posterior border of each seg- 
 ment to eighth; beneath nnifornily dtirk brown, obliterating genital bands; legs 
 sui- 11, (juite nniforin with body in color. 
 
 On wood ])ewee {Contopns r/rcH.s) Cornell I'niverHity collection: akso 
 in the Biunett eoli 'ctiou. 
 
222 
 
 INBKCTrt AFFE(rriNO DOMKHTK" ANIMALS. 
 
 2 1^ 
 
 ApproiK'lies communis typo in moiiio n^Mpccts, Itiit (lillui'H, I tliiiiK, 
 troiii any Viiricty of communis in upproxiiniition of hiiinlN on iihiloinni 
 
 and uniform hrown color of vcntiiil sui- 
 fiicc of alxlonu'ii iiinl si/tt of lt>;;.s. 
 
 DooopboruB cocoygi ii. n|i. 
 
 Ilt'iiil Imi';;o, ill iiiiilo iirai'lN lis liir^f hh alulo 
 iiii-ii, bright. l'i'i'ni;;iiiniiH; iiImIoiidii \vliitiH)i, f\- 
 )'t<|)t ill cciitri' mill rtii'iii'iiiis iMirtions, whirh i\tv 
 liiii'K, aliiioNt liliicki.sli, tuiil ^ivu aliiloiiiuii u 
 liiiii^li-lilac'. iiiMt. 
 
 I.Cllirtll, '_',,' llllll. 
 
 Ilciiil lar;;c, triangular; i'ly|i<MiH liroad, eiiiar- 
 ^iiiat<< ill t'roiit lictwi'i'ii prdtjiicnl ('liiliiiiiiiH roiU 
 and 'vitli tranxpan-nt fxpiinsion laterally, In ar- 
 in^ lliroe lon^r liiiirH nicli Hide, a ilt^pi't'SNol rxca- 
 \aliiiii aliovc, hilt with siiiiiatiirt' inrniiMpiciioiis; 
 triiltfiiil.r rathor Hiiiall, bluntly ciirvod toward 
 iip<>\ in Iriiiit, pnlnt acutely uii;;lcd; aiitt'iina' 
 Hlcndfr; i'vch not I'ouspicnuiiH; tciiiporal loboH 
 rrjj;ularly niiindcd; ]iin<l border of bead nearly 
 Htiaijibt. very Hli;;litly eoiicave; prothurav <iimd- 
 riite, slij;litly wideiiin^j behind ; nietiitli<n';i\ wid- 
 ened beliiinl, iKiHteriiir border rejiiilar'.y eiirved. 
 A traiiHverNe band iiidiind the middle I'aiiit in 
 front, diHtinet lieliind, and ^vith its liiiid liorder 
 incised Ity eironlar Hpott), t'roiii which ori^'inute 
 a HoricH of liairH. 
 Abdomen Hhort, broad, ncarc<'ly wider than head, montly covered with dark fascia', 
 but the membraiioiis portions whitish. Female be- 
 neath, with brown fasciic or circular spots formin^j ii 
 series around border, a pair on sixth sef^iuent extend- 
 ing farthest into disk, and on ui<;hth aet^ni' nt nearly 
 nicetiii<; on mudian line with denticulated Itordcr. 
 Male with a broad median ventral strip») riumin;; from 
 disk to margin of termiual Hegmcnt, and with liroad 
 lateral fascia lui the tliseal se<;mentH. 
 
 Flo. H;i.— /)(ir(i/iA(ini» ciirc.i/.'d"- cnlurHid 
 (iirj):iiiiil|. 
 
 On yellow-billed rnckoo, Lincoln, Nehr., col- 
 lected by Liiwiencc Hrnncr. Differs fi'ont />. 
 latifrons in Iniving nan-owed «'lypeuH and in 
 markings of ventral surface of abdomen. 
 
 Docophorus speotyti n. sp. 
 
 Head longer than broad, or in female almost as wide 
 as long, tapering with a little concavity to front, mar- 
 gin of clypeus in front truncate or slightly convex of 
 medium width; signature long, acute, but not deeply 
 colored ; trabecnbe short, acutely pointed, very slightly 
 swollen at base; antenna- slender, joints 1 and l! equal, 
 each nearly twice as long ms 3, 4, or 5, the latter equal 
 in length; temporal lobes narrow. 
 
 Body rather slender; jjrothorax (|uadrate; meso-mota- 
 thorax wider than basal segment of abdomen. Abdomen narrow in male, almost 
 parallel; in female widening to liftli segment, clothed with long hairs and with 
 dorsal fascia>, rather short in leiuale, longer in male; color, light brown. 
 
 Length, male, 1.70 mm. ; female, 2 mm. 
 
 wm 
 
 I'"i((. 144 . — Docophnnig tpeotyti— 
 enlargvtl (ori^iuitl). 
 
SUHOKDKR MALLOPIIAOA. 
 
 223 
 
 On hm'w\\Ui}H>\\\(Siiei)t!itoruni(iiliirin hifjmiiva) ; IVcmi I'rof. liiiwronw 
 lititiM'i', liiiK'oln, N(>l)i-., I iimic, 1 t'cuuilc, iiiid IVom <'. F. Baker, Fort 
 ColliiiM, Colo., L! iiiiiU's, L' tiuiialus. 
 
 OocophortiH oalvuR Killo^^. 
 
 N.H M,illc,|,li;i-;l, 1., 711 11 III, ll;; I. 
 
 (hi Ur'ia tioilr nilil'itniirti, Moiit«'r«'y, Cal. (K«'lloyg). 
 DoouphoruH fuligliioBUH Kello^K. 
 
 New MiillH|,li,.y.i |i. H(), I'l. Ill, liy. .'. 
 
 (Ml CliiirtitlriKN simufanild, linwrvurv, Kaiis. ( Kt^lloj-'g). 
 DooophoruB graviceps Kt'lln^^. 
 
 N< w MallupliiiL'ii, |i.M'J. n 111.11);. ;i. 
 
 Oil Fnlictt nnhricann, Monterey, (!al. (Kelloj,'*,'). 
 
 DocoplioiiiB ncutipectiiB Ktilo};);. 
 Ni'W .Mall<i|>liMKii.li HI. I'l III »i^ I 
 
 Oil (k't'ofhhu'a moiiiKwrtitti, Monterey, ('al. (Kellofjj^f). 
 DooophoriiB quadraticopB K(-llo){)r. 
 
 N.u M,ill(i|i|iiit;ii |(. H.^i. I'l. Ill, li(,'. ■'. 
 
 On /•"iilini 'tmiricanu, Monterey, Cul. (Ivellogg). 
 DocophoiiiB monteieyi Kdln;;^, 
 
 New Miilloiiliiina. |.. f7. ri lll.li;;. t!. 
 
 On Si/iitlililioi'luiitiiiliiis (t)iti<iitiis, Hrnvhjik'lKttiiphuH iiKirmoralXHy and 
 PtjfrliorlianipliUH ah uticnn, Monterey, ('al. (Kelloyy;). 
 
 DocophoruB occidentalia Ki-llo^^. 
 
 New Mallopliii;;!!, i..H!l, I'l III, lit;, 7. 
 
 On ruliiiars, Fiilniants, Monterey, Cal. (l\ello^{?). 
 DocophoruB kaiiBeusis Kelld^;;. 
 
 New Mallii|ilia;ii. p.!)l, I'l. I fl, 1i^', H. 
 
 On eared {jrebe, CoIjjiuOhn iiijirirollin c((li/ornivi(s, Lawrenee, Kaiis. 
 (Kellojiff). 
 DocophoruB atricolor Kcllo^jr. 
 
 NcwMalliiphiiKa. p. !»;t, I'l. III. lif;. !t. 
 
 On innneU'ts, Monterey, Cal. (Kellogji;). 
 
 DocophoruB iiisolitua Kclli)g<;. 
 
 >,'o\v Mal!opliii;:a, y !tl, IM. I V. ll;;. r.. 
 
 On Aleutian nmrrelet, I'tyrhonintpltiifi aintiirus, Monterey, Cal. 
 
 (Kelln^^jr). 
 
 Nirmns discocephalua N. 
 On HaVaius kucocephalns (Burnett eolleetion). 
 
 NirmuB euzonius NitzHih. 
 On (jlypdi'fnN barhatns (Hurnett collection). 
 
 Nirmua fuscus Nit/Hcli. 
 
 M,miis/iitciiH^H/MU MSS., Driin.v, p. IIH, I'l. IX, li^.S: (liplicl, p. 1'-';!, I'l. VITI, fig.2. 
 
 From Butvo swainsom, Ames, Iowa, Avcipiter relax (Merriam). 
 Nirmus brachythorax Giubcl. 
 
 Gifbel, p. i:!4 ; I'iaKct, p. ISO, I'l. X II, tig. 8, 
 
 From AmpeliH cedrorum, Ames, Iowa. 
 
 NirmuB submarginellus N, 
 
 Nitzsch, Zeit«ilir. Ciirg. NnturwlsBonsoh., 1800, Vol. XXVIII, p. 308; Glol)el,p.l48! I'ingot, p. 155. 
 Kirmwi mennralynr. Coiiido, lUillt'tin dti Moscoii, Vol. IV, p. 424. 
 
 From lyre-bird, Menura super ba, ( Museum specimen f ) Mich. ( C. B. Cook 
 collection). 
 
224 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 NirmuB fenestratus N. 
 
 On CovcyzHx crifthrophtlialmus (IJurnctt collection). 
 
 Nirmiis cyclothoiax Nit/.sc^h. 
 
 Biinmister, IlaiMllmili, Vol.11, p. •l'J9, lij,'. 10; Denny, ]>. 150, ]'|. XI, liji.O; (iiebol, p. 1;t7, TI. VI, 
 lifT. 0; riiiuot,]). 102. 
 
 From Eiifi'lish sparrow, PihsNcr (lome.sticiis (Lmirent collection), iiiid 
 Amnthis lin<iri<i (?) (C 15. Cook collection). 
 Nirmus candidiis Nitzscli. 
 
 On Milnneopvs varoliuua (Burnett collection). 
 
 Nirmus ornatissimus Gieliel. 
 
 r.ielK'l, I). 144; I'iasit,!). l«;i. 
 
 From AffclaniN pltaiiiceuN (Ciussino collection). 
 
 This hiindsome species cjin (piite certainly be referred to Giebel's 
 species, though his description is not very full. 
 
 Nirmus ornatissimus, viir. xaiithocephali, n. \ ar. 
 
 Ill the iiuile tlio ventnil inediaii iiatcli is cxtciKlcd to the tip from the sixth scg- 
 iiu'iit, there heinji cK'iir liitera! spaces on sefjiueiit (i, uiiil a hirjj;e, ch^ar median spaee 
 on 8ejj;iiients 7 and 8, and lines ot' dusky rnuning from this patch to nicargiu of 8og- 
 uienth posteriorly on fi and 7 and a small si)ot on S at sides. 
 
 On yeHow-headed bhickbird (Xtintliocephohis .*Y(w'/«>ce2>/<«/w«), col- 
 lected at Fairfax, Iowa (II. O. collectum). 
 
 Nirmus pileus, N. 
 
 Xitzsch, <ierniiir's Mag., Vol. Ill, )>. 291 ; Zcitsclir. I'iir k- NiiturwiNBiMisch., 1806. Vol. XXVIII, 
 )). ;t73; (liebcli). HW; I'la^r,.!, |,. ihl>. IM. XV.ti);. 0. 
 
 From stult'ed specimens of avoeet, in museum of Iowa Ajfricultural 
 College. A well-marked species, our si>ecimen agreeing perfectly with 
 description in European works. 
 
 Nirmus citrinus Nitzseh. 
 
 yininit fitrliuig Xitzscli, Zeit.sih. t'iii' (ifBaiiiint. Natiirwissriisch., 1880, Viil. XXVIII, ]>. ;I78. 
 
 Xirnnixttliuv Denny, ji. 1117, I'l. I.\, Kij;. I. 
 
 Xininm cilnniix (iiflicl, \.. 177; I'iafict, p. IflO, I'l. XVI. lln. 8. 
 
 From Aliens alle (Cassino collection), Simorhifuclms pijffnucns, 8. cHuiu- 
 tellus, S. punilhis, and Sifnthlihorlinmphns (Stejneger <!ollectioii). 
 
 Nirmus liiieolatus Nit/sch. 
 
 (18:i9) \ii iiiiin liiieiilntv.i }i\ly.>ic\\. llniiiH'i.><t<T, Handliiuli, Vol. II, p. 4:28. (XodeMcription.) 
 (18,51) Xiniiiiii iiiitatiis (irube. v. Middt'iiilorll's Sibir. I'eisc 477, Tat'. 1, liy;. 4 (viilo iiiebid). 
 (1860) Xiiiinm liiiecliitun Xitzacli. /eits. liir HKii. Naliirwis., Vol. XXVIII, p. 370; (iiebcl, 177, 
 Vol. IV, pp. 5, 0, 7, 8; Piajiet, 199, I'l. XVI, fij;. 3. 
 
 From herring gull, in collection of S. E. Cassino; Uaker collection, 
 Elkhart, Ind. ; also recorded by Kellogg, Now ?.!allophaga. So far as 
 I can discover, there is no description of this ajjecies prior to that (»f 
 Grube's in 1851, the name alone appearing in Burmeister. 
 
 Nirmus signatus Piaget. 
 
 I,es IVilic, p. 180, V\. XV, fi;;. 8. 
 
 From avoeet, collected from stuti'ed bird in museum of Iowa Agri- 
 cultural College. 
 
 This spe(!ies has so much the aspect of a Lipeurus that I fiiil to see 
 on what basis IMaget places it in Nirmus. It is readily characterized 
 by the prolonged point to clypeal signature. 
 
SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA. 
 
 225 
 
 '<! to (Jiebel's 
 
 iHfio. Vol. xxviir, 
 
 XXVIir, j,.;i78. 
 
 Nirmus gracilis N. 
 
 Xirmim ijracilig N'itzgrh. 
 
 Nirmiis eloiii/ntiis Denny, j). 140, PI, VII, fig, 4, 
 
 Mniiiin (jrncUin l'iaj;i!t, ji. 157, 1'l. Xlll, Ijg. 10, 
 
 Sniiill, light brown. 
 
 The licinl and body both l.incoolate in shape. Head abruptly lanceolate, the tip 
 narrow and rorcipatc^d; dypeal Hutiin* (airly distinct, a transparent anterior border 
 j)rojertin{5 Hliglitly in i'ront of Iho forcejis likci side pieces and involute, furrowed 
 beneath, and a narrow slit ])assing backward from this furrow to the mandibles; 
 tr.abcculu' in('oiis])icuous; antenna' short, first joint but little larger than the others; 
 temporal lobes curved on the lateral margin ; jiosterior angles abruptly rounded with 
 a single hair; occipital \ery slightly concave; prothorax constricted behind; nusta- 
 thorax much wider behind than tlio base of ab(b)nien, with a fringe of long hairs; 
 abdominal segments .about ecjual in length, light brown, with a central lighter 8trii)e 
 and sutural margins and a lighter submarginal space, giving a series of four (juad- 
 rate round margins to each 8(>gment; posterior margins of the segments without 
 hairs except a single one at the lateral angles of segments 2 to 5, two on segments 
 (! to 7, and several scattering hairs on terminal segment. 
 
 Described from one speciuien taken from the ]mrple martin [Progne 
 si(bi.s), Ames, Iowa, in company with numerous specimens of Meuopou 
 and Docophoius. 
 
 The lanceolate form of the head and the body and narrow torcipated 
 tip of the elypeus are the most distinctive characters of the s]tecies. 
 
 While evidently to be referred to the above species, the descrii)tion 
 will indicate the details of character iu our form. 
 
 Nirmus furvus Nitzsch. 
 Ninnim /iinuis Nilzsili. 
 Nirmus obtcvris Driiiiy, ]). 147, PI, X, f. 6. 
 Nirrniis/invu.i (liel.il, p. 10,"!, PI, V, t. 2, 3. 
 KirMim obiciinis l'tU'}»\, ]>. 10. 
 Xiimnsfurriia Piii.i;i'l, I.cm POilic, \>. 169, PI. XIV, f. 8. 
 
 lirown, with a distinct dark border. Head elongate; clypens tapering, with a dis- 
 tinct suture, circulai' in front and with a wide clear nuirgiu, a short hair on each 
 side; autonnal band heavy, internal band narrower, ajiproacliing tlie anteuual band 
 in i'ront of trabecular, a median light lino reaching the mandibles from tho clypeal 
 suture; trabecuhe sharj), conic, traus])arent; antenna' with second .joint as long as 
 the third and fourth; temporal lobes slightly widening behind, posterior angles 
 regularly curved; occiput slightly incurved; prothorax margined with dark brown, 
 wifloning behind; metathorax twice as long as prothorax, broadly margined with 
 brown, widening to behind the middle, where there ajtpears to be a pretty distinct 
 suture, as if the mcsothorax and metathorax we, o not fused, with two prominent 
 hairs on each lateral angle; legs brown; femora thick, paler on under side; abdo- 
 men with a broad, dark-brown or blackish margin, light brown in the disk, with a 
 light line on each segment from 2 to (>; the posterior end of tliis lino merging into a 
 dark circular spot open in front; segments 1 and 2 with two hairs each arising from 
 clear dots each side of t\u) central dark spot; segments H, 4, 5, and G with hairs 
 arising from light dots on ])osterior margin, two bordering the bhick central spot, 
 the others midway from the8<> spots to the margin; seventh segment with hairs near 
 the posterior angle; eighth with two lateral hairs each side; segments 2 to 7 with 
 short hairs on the outer angle. 
 
 Described from one female specimen, taken from Phalaro^us tricolor^ 
 iu the museum of the Iowa Agricultural College. 
 4653— No. o lo 
 
226 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 
 
 The species is specially marked by tlic presence of the central line 
 on the abdominal segments l* to C, wliicli, merging into the dark spots, 
 resemble a series ol' locks. The general agreement with descriptions 
 of fin'vm is very close and it is referred to this species. 
 
 Nirmus rotundatus n. sp. 
 
 Xary lnoiul iind coiisiiicuonsly markctl AvitU black and dark hrowu ; typo of lati- 
 J'asciaii. Head cordate, rcfiularly curved in front, very Hlij;hMy conic, the tip 
 barely truncate, tlui antenna' and internal bands broad and prominent and inclosing; 
 a broad lateral clear space; also a broad, clear furrow I'roni tip to mandibles, 
 broadening in front of mandibles to form a wide, clear arc; trabeenbe inconspicu- 
 ons, antenna' short, first two .joints thicker than otluTS, all but i'lrst annnbite with 
 black, last three nearly etiual; ocidput slightly inctirved, a long hair at posterior 
 angle of temporal lobe; i»rothorax widening behind, dusky at sides; metathorax 
 widening much behind, a blackish band running across a little behind the center of 
 posterior margin, obtusely angled, set with bristles; legs large, femora at base 
 above and tibia' on dorsal side heavily marked with black and dark brown; 
 abdomen ovate, vei'y wide, widest slightly in front of middle, with broad transverse 
 bands above and below, those above broken on disk except on eighth segment; 
 large, <'lear spaces surrounding spiracles; genital ban<l arched on eighth segment 
 and with slender, dusky strip(!s running forward and slightly outward on seventh 
 segment; ninth segment with short band or double spot. 
 
 This species is of the general type of variHs, bnt nnich broader. In 
 this respect it is siiuihir to latifasciatus I'iaget, described from Xulla 
 manfoht, but the clear spaces of the anterior jtart of the head are 
 broader, the abdomen wider, the lateral bands extending farther 
 toward the center, and circles around the spiracles larger, tlie head 
 much more decidedly rounded in front, the clear spaces of dypeus and 
 margin larger, and other characters indicating it to be a well-established 
 form. 
 
 Described from one specimen collected from crow {('Orrusamencanns)f 
 at Ames, Iowa. 
 
 Nirmus picturatus n. sp. 
 
 Head elongate <'ordate, one hair visible each side, margined with black, apex clear, 
 margin wi<lening to base of antenna-, and from this jxjint directed inward one-third 
 width of heatl and then liack to side of head; temporal lolies narrowly margined, 
 occipital bands not blackened, occijuit not margined; alltenua^ with Joints snb- 
 e(|ual, annulate; jirothorax or humeri in front and margin behind black; meta- 
 thorax with broad, black band widened at sides to form subnuirgin; logs strong, 
 femora al base and tij) and tibiae at tip broaiUy annulate with black or dark brown; 
 abdomen with lir()a<l, black margin on segmtmts 1 to 7, broad ventral median bands 
 on segnn;nts 1 to .'i, faint on 1 uudL', not sei)arated by mcMlian clear space, but with a 
 transverse liglit band it little behind the middle of csich dusky band ; on segments 
 6 and 7 a continuous black ])atch, narrowing to ]>osterior ])art of seventh, and contin- 
 neil as a narrow strijie to Join the arc on the <dghth segment in female and extended 
 to tip of body in male ; a lew scattering hairs at the t ip of the body, with some light 
 portions laterally on seventh segment; seventh and eighth segments with dusky arc 
 open in front, and eighth with a medial dusky si)ot and a marginal faint dusky sjiot; 
 ninth unnuirked, but indented at tip. The dorsal and ventral spots are not easily 
 distinguished on account of thinness and transparency of body. 
 
 Taken from SturneJla mafinn, Ames, Iowa. Very closely related to 
 
 ornatmimns, but dift'ers distinctly from species on Agelaius and 
 
SUBORDER MALLOPIIAGA. 
 
 227 
 
 tameriranns)f 
 
 Xantlioceplialus in being a little larger, the dypeus more romided inter- 
 nally, and in the absence of oc(!ii)ital bands, and in the median bands 
 of abdomen not shai'ply defintid. 
 
 Nirmus pallidus ii. Hp. 
 
 Almost ■\vliito thronglioiit. lle.id bluntly conic in front of antonna-, as long as 
 wide; clypeuH conciive, ii rather deep ventral furrow runuin,^ from tip to mandibles; 
 mandibles eliestnul, a sinyli', hair at posterior angle of temi)oral lobes, widening 
 behind; occiput I'onvex, slightly cmarginate in center; antenna' with basal joint 
 larger than others, but short; s(^eond Joint longest, fifth joint alnmst as long as second, 
 third and fourth ecpial; i)rothorax rathernarrow; metathorax broadened Avith lateral 
 angles but little behind ccntei- and bearing sc'veral stitf hairs; ]>osterior border sub- 
 angulate, a few hairs toward the outer margin: legs uncolored, claws tinged with 
 brown; abdomen elliptic, uncolored, sparsely hairy at si<l»is i>osteriorly. 
 
 Taken from rose-breasted grosbeak {Jlahla huloviciana), Ames, Iowa. 
 All specimens, fonr in number, show the jtallid character of immature 
 individuals, but as the largest shows no more coloring than smallest, 
 and all appear to have chitinous framework thonmghly developed, it 
 seems proper to consider them fairly mature, at least. 1 can not con- 
 nect them with any described species, and believe the above diagnosis 
 will serve to distinguish them even if additiomil material should bring 
 to light more mature specimens. 
 
 Nirmus secoudarius n. sp. 
 
 Type circiimfaHciati. Head longer than wide, rounded in front and slightly conic; 
 anteiinal band strong, thickened at marii'in ; trabecular conic; antenna- rather long, 
 first joint strong, second joint slender as long as third and fourtii togtsther; eyes 
 l)romiiient; temporal lolies narrowing behind, two hairs, one at middle of lateral 
 margin the other at ]iosterior angle; occiput slightly sinuous; thorax narrow; pro- 
 thorax slightly widened behind, a strong bristle at i)osterior margin; metathorax 
 contracted for one-third its length, widening behinil; posterior margin regularly 
 curved with stiff hairs set in ])air8; legs strong, anterior femora with a i)roniineut 
 {callosity at tip above; abdomen widest behind the middle, marginal bands strong, 
 l»rojecting deeply into i)recediiig segment, and recurved in segments 1 to T) and very 
 slightly in segment 0; genital spot running from sixth segment to the tip and 
 widening posteriorly. Color uiiiforiiily li,!;ht lirown, more prominent on margin of 
 head; thorax and abdomen se])arated by clear lines on the sutures aud by a median 
 light line longitudinally in the front portion of the disk. 
 On Comis amerieanuN, Ames, Iowa. 
 
 Nirmus orpheus n. sp. 
 
 Head large, rounded in front, with continuous marginal band; autonna' slightly 
 darker toward apex, eyes <listinct; temporal lolies wilii Idackish margin shading 
 gradually toward the disk, with two hairs; occiput sligiitly concave; ])rothora.i 
 short, transverse; metathorax more than twice as long as i)rothorax, enlarging 
 l)osteriorly ; a hair at lateral angles; bigs fuscous, somewhat more dusky on the 
 dorsal border of femur and tibia'; tii» (tf fiiinora siibannulate; abdomen enlarging 
 ](osteriorly, margin without det'ix'r bands, median bands broad se])arated by wide, 
 clear space on the sutures, those on the sixth, seventh, and eighth segments merging 
 into a median stripe. 
 
 Length. l.fiO mm.; head, 0.5 mm.; abdomen, 0.!> mm. Width, head, O.'M mm.; 
 abdomen, 0.!") mm. 
 
 Described from two niiih- specdmens, both of which appear to be 
 scarcely mature. 
 
228 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 I 
 
 J- 
 
 I ,)(■■;. 
 
 
 Oil (hilmsvopti's niroliiicitnis. IJiirnett collection. 
 
 Approiiclics the Xirmiis (iiiinilaiits, occiiriiiif'' on Ceopltlaiis pUmtus, 
 bnt lacks the annulations of tlie antenna-. The l»lack margin to the 
 abdomen and the median hands are dill'erently arranj?ed. 
 
 Nirmus tyraiinus n. sp. 
 
 Yellowish lirowii, witli duiker iiiiiriiin to iiietiiflioriix mid abdoiiieii. 
 
 Ileiid coiiii', tiipeiiiii^ Kliai'ply in I'roiil, hut with riilhcr hroiid tiiiiieuto rly])eiis; 
 anteniiie inserted midway, socoiid joint, ahoiit as Ion;:; ,is tliir(l, I'ourth, and lil'lli 
 ti)};ether; eyeH prominent; occiput eniarujinate ; tlioiax short; nictalliorax Imt 
 liltle longer than jnnthorax ; Icj^s lout;, middle and ]ios(cri(ir coxa' ehin^ale; 
 abdomen narrow, enlarninj; jtostei'iorly, miite uniformly yellowish brown, with 
 four hairs arising; iVoui minute, clear spots near the jiostciior nnir^in of sejijmeiits ;!, 
 4, .">, (i, antl 7. Also on the s;ime s.-^nuMits are hairs arisingjust within thi' niai<;inal 
 bund and one or two hairs at the lateral an<j;les; spiracles hx'Uted in clear Kpots Just 
 within th(< niar;;inal liand: einhth si';;mcnt a transverse band, incliidin<; two clear 
 spots from which hairs arisi-; ninth sej^inent very small. 
 
 l.enjffli, 2.('> nnn. to L'.S mm.; head, 0.7 mm.; abdomen, I.tts mm. Width, liead, 
 0..")1 mm. ; ahdomeii, O.tii! mm. 
 
 Described from two specimens (on 7'<//v««««.s) from the lUirnett col- 
 lection, both I'emah's. 
 
 Nirmus cordatus il'l. II, fif^. a). 
 
 Head cordate; ahdonien ON'ate. t.aiKTint; ]iretty shar]dy caiidally. Color fulvous. 
 Jlcad rcifularly ronmled in front; elypeal siniiatnre faint ; antenmc iusiTtcd in front 
 of the middle, rather thick ; eye.s lari^e, ]irominent ; occiput einarj;inattt, with black- 
 ish bonier; tciujioral lobes with two hairs; ]U()thorax short, a short hair on (he 
 anj>le; mctathorax obtusely iinuled on the abdomen, two hairs at tlwOateral auj^le; 
 logs Htroiij;, briii'lit fuhous without bands; abdomen ovate, v.ith transverse brown 
 bands separated by clear sjiaces at the sutures, most distinct on the disk, ii few short 
 liairs at the anjiles of the jiosterior segments. 
 
 Length, 2.1 1 nun.: head, o.iiti nnn. ; abdomen, 1.41 mm. Width, In^ad, (l.7:> nnn. ; 
 abdomen, I). (II mm. 
 
 On l/imosa iKVUidsticn, Ilnrnett collection. 
 
 Described from a single female specimen and an immatnre indi\ idnal. 
 The species, however, seems to be a well-marked one, and it .seems 
 proper to give it ;i descrijition. 
 
 Nirmus marginatus n. si>. tl'l. II, tig. h). 
 
 Head and body with a blackish nuiryin, gala with an inverted shield-sbajied 
 fuscous sjiot. 
 
 He,.(l longer than wide; e]y])ens broad, rounded with a wide <'ontinnons band; 
 antenna- with rather deep insertions ; second joint about twice as long as the others, 
 joints ;i to .") with dusky ainiulations; occiput transverse, straight; jtrothorax 
 short, rather deeply inserted in the head; nu'tatlioriix twice tln^ length of pro- 
 tborax ; jxisterior nuirgin straight ; lateral margin with blackish spot:< antt-riorly and 
 a larger fuscous jiati'h ]>osteriorly, with a jirolongation inward to near (ho center; 
 femora with a blackish dorsal sjiot extending into a jiartial annula; tibia' with 
 ajdcal external spot and an internal black strijie; abdominal segmiuits 1 to 7 with 
 a black border and more or less distinct median tr.'insvers(! fuscous bands; eiuhth 
 segment with a narrow fuscous band prodnee<l in front iind with two clear ]>nstnles 
 from which arise long slender hairs. 
 
 Length, 2 nnn. ; head, 0.")6 mm. Wiilth, head. 0.40 mm. ; abduiuun, 0.48 una. 
 
 On CenphlwuH pUeaUis, Burnett collection. 
 
SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA. 
 
 229 
 
 laiis pi lea I lis. 
 larjjiii to tlic 
 
 tllicuto clyin'us; 
 )lll'lli, anil lifti, 
 iiirtalhoiax liiit 
 coxa- t'lonjjatu; 
 sli brown, with 
 (if scijniciits ;i, 
 ill lli(^ iiiarirjiial 
 ■lear s])()ts Jiisi 
 Jidiiij; two clear 
 
 Width, hfad, 
 
 i>uril('tt col- 
 
 Color fulvous. 
 iStTtnl ill IVoiit 
 ate, with hlack- 
 Iiort hair on (he 
 Hi lateral aii<;l(!; 
 •aimvorst) brown 
 ilisk, a few short 
 
 head, (l.T.'i ?iini.; 
 
 re iiidividiiiil. 
 iiJid it seems 
 
 1 Hhield-shaped 
 
 iitimioiis band; 
 U' as the otlusrs, 
 ?ht; protliorax 
 h'liiith of ]iro- 
 •■i anteriorly and 
 ear the center; 
 hi; tibia- with 
 nts 1 to 7 with 
 I bands; eiyhth 
 ) clear jnistules 
 
 0.48 mm. 
 
 NirmuB abruptus n. sp. (PI. II, li}^. c) 
 
 Ilciid parabaloid, almost ecmical in front, with a distinct ventral furrow in front 
 of mandibles, outer iii:ir<j;in 'ileojily iiifuscated, beeoiiiiiij^ darker to the base of the 
 antiMina'; anteniial pits siirroniided by a broad, dark border, curved in front, 
 straij;lit behind, meryinjj into a Homewhat acute angle inwardly ; antenna- obscurely 
 annulate with I'uscomh, deepest on fourth and tifth Joints, lifth, joint nearly as b>ng 
 as third and fourth toi;ether; toiuporal lobes margined with a narrow black stripe, 
 a single hair at thii outer angle; occiput straight; protliorax small; metatiiorax 
 about as broad as head, with dw]t stripes set into margin ;iiid merging into a trans- 
 verse strijie ; ])OHterior margin set with a low of stilf hairs: legs robust; femur and 
 tibia- annulatii atdistal ends with fuscous and showing dori^'i-.lly and \(-ntrally deeper 
 blackish spots; abdoim-n. witli segments 1 to 7 with rather liroad blackish margin 
 within which the disk is light, clear, slightly ;ellowisli and with a central low of 
 transverse bands on ventral surface, those of the sixth and seventh segments merged 
 together and connecting with the transverse strijie on t Ik- eighth segnu-nt, the lateral 
 ])ortions of which an^ curved forwin-il ; tevminal segment slightly notched, a single 
 series of hairs on the posterior iiiargi:. ')f segments ."> toS and single hairs at the lateral 
 angles on segmt-nts ',\ to 7. 
 
 Length, l.Oilmm. ; head 0.;>!» mm.; abdomen, l.dS mm. Wiiltli, head 0..'{."> mm.; 
 abdomen, O.;")! mm. 
 
 On Coliinin rirf/iniamis, IlunietteoUectioii. 1 )escril)e(l from one mature 
 n(livi(ln;il, the slide, also contaiiiinj;' an immature one, wliieli ])iesents 
 th«^ same eliaiiicteiisties excei. in the intensity of the dark markings. 
 This species is of the jj'eneral aspect of orndfis.simus, ditt'ering' in the 
 intensity of tlie iilxhiminal niiirj^in and some ot the 1 ead markin<;s, and 
 as it occurs on so distinct a iiroii]) of birds it seems worthy (»f 8ei)arate 
 di'seription. 
 
 Nirmus parallelus n. sp. (I'l. II, tig. <f.) 
 
 T.ong and sh-nder, recalling the form of l.ifriiriin IkivkIiis. Head long, slightly 
 coni<'; clyjieus wide, slightly coinex; aiitenmc dusky at tip; forehi-a<l with a clear 
 spai'e in front of mandibles and a siibi|uadrate clear space between the internal 
 bands, but the anterioi' portion of cly])eus dusky; orbital and temporal lobes 
 strongly margined with black; protliorax i|uadrate, slightly narrowed in front; 
 mtUathorax lobcd at the sicb-s; mesosternum, with central fuscons ])ateli, cniarginate 
 in front, trunciite behind, connected at sides with ]iatches extending in from border; 
 abdomen elongale, sides jiarallel, margins black ; disk, with median brown patches, 
 •-marginate laterally, and separated at the sutures by transverse clear band; middle 
 and posterior iibia-, with a dark si>ot nearly encircling the tip, male similar to the 
 f<-iiiale; terminal segment of abd(mien rounded and dusky: genital hooks heavy, 
 incurved. 
 
 9 Length, L' mm. ; head, O.-lL' mm. : width, head, (>.L',"> mm. ; abdomen, 0.1^7 mm. 
 
 ,^ Length, 1.71 mm.; width, at)doiiien, 1.71 mm. 
 
 On .lujialitis roci/crn, Jiurnett collection. (Description writteii in 
 May, ISiVl.) 
 
 This s|>ecics is lemarkiibly like the Lipeuri in api)earance in the 
 slender body and p.uallel-sided abdomen and the character of the k'gs, 
 but there is no trace of a process npon the third Joint of the aiiteuuie 
 or of the notch in terminal sejiinent of male. 
 
 Kellogf^'s description of Xiriinis hoephlhiH from a female specimen 
 from same host agrees (piite closely in most res])ects, bnt differs in i^ro- 
 portioTis of head. The types for my description being now in the Boston 
 
230 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 w 
 
 Society of Xsitural History, a detailed coini.iirison is impossible. Com- 
 l)sirisous of a jjreiiter scries of specimens will very likely ]»rove their 
 identity, in which case Kcllojig's name will luive jiriority. Kelloj-y's 
 sujjjjestion that this rei>resents Packard's L'qtenrns (/racilis seems 
 ([uitt^ well lonnded. 
 
 Nirmus picestaiiB Kullt><;<;, 
 
 N.-w Miilli.pli.iKa. p. im, IM. V, (iyn 1 uihI 2. 
 
 On royal tern, Stmia Dia.rimd, jSlonterey, Cal, ( Kelloj^j;). 
 Nirmus hebes Kollogg. 
 
 N'.w Miilli.i>1i:i-ii. 11. inl. n V, iIl'. :i. 
 
 On royal tern, StcriKi maxiniK, ^Nlontiiniy, <"al. ( Kt'Iloj^j;). 
 
 Nirmus farallonii Kollof;;;. 
 
 \ow Mall(ii>1i;i(;ii. \\. lir., IM. V. li^' t 
 
 On J*hal(ict'o<'ora.r (liloplius <r//>o(;/7m7H.v. .Monterey, Cal. (i\elloyg). 
 Nirmus orariiis Keil )^g. 
 
 New Miilloiiliunii.i). nil. IM. V, liL' r.. 
 
 On Charath'ius domhiicus, Lawrence, Kans. (Kellojjjj). 
 
 Nirmus gigauticola Ki-llogg. 
 
 Xcw AIiilloiiliaKii. )i. 1115. IM. V, llg. li. 
 
 On Dlomvdea aUxilriis, Monterey, Cal. ( Kclloj^jn). 
 
 Nirmus boephilus Kellogg. 
 
 N.'W MiiUdpliajia, p. 107, IM. V, «■;. T. 
 
 On .T^gialitis rocifrra, Lawrenc*', Kans. ( Kelloj^j;). 
 
 Oucopborus minutus Nit/.Mch. 
 
 Xinnvt h(i')ih/i<.s' ( lii'licl, ji. I'd, IM. V. li);. 7. 
 (hicoplionii miimlti.t IMajjot, ]). 21.'>, IM. XVIII. Mi;. 2. 
 
 On Fulica amcricaua Ames, Iowa. 
 
 Qouiocotes rectangulatus Mt^^scli. 
 
 (ioniocoirt rcclnnirulntiia Nitzacli, rn'Miiar» Mag., Viil. Ill, p. 204; (liiibcl, Epiz., ji. IS!). 
 
 I have not seen s])eeimens of this s|)e('ies, but mention it here since 
 it is so certain to occur here as well as in Europe. 
 
 Qouiocotes hologaster Nit/.sch. 
 
 IHeiini.i(iallinifVi' (iecr. Vol. VII, I'l, IV, ti;;. 1.1. 
 
 Ooniocntf.i liiiUiijiDilir Kitzsch, (lentiRi's Maj; , Vol. Ill, )i 2!U; (iit'Iirl, Kpiz., p. 184; (lUrK, A'ol. 
 
 Vlir, IM. IV, tij;. 1 ; riuKct, t.o.s Vrdif., ji. 2:!1, IM, XI\', fl(;. C; Osliorii. litill. 7, Piv. Eiil., 
 
 Hi'pt. A;;r..p. :t'J. 
 
 This is not the (/. hologastrr of Denny and of Enjjlish and American 
 writt'rs generally, and I know of no positive record for America. 
 
 Gouiocotes abdominalis Tiaget. 
 
 Ooiii«e(itt:ili('li>iiast( }■ Dcniiv. ji. ir>;i, IM, XII, 11;;. 4. 
 ^ Oonioeiite.i ahiliiinliiitlis i'iaf^et. ]i.2'M^, I'l. XX. li^.-; Osborii. Hull 7. Div. Kiit., Pi'pt. Agr., p. ,'!2. 
 
 The species is usually known as hologastrr in Enj;lish and American 
 
 writings. 
 
 Goniocotes compar Nitzsch. 
 
 Opniiars Map., Vol. lU, p, 294; Henny, p. l.'>2, IM. XIIT, fig. 2; (iurK, Vol. VIII, p. 117, IM. 
 IV, lig. 2; r.iebel, p. 18.1, IM. XII, fig.s. 10 and 11, IM. XX, fig. 8; IMag.t, p. 2:i4, IM. XIX, 
 iig. 10: (Lsborii, Hull. 7, Div. Knt., Dept. Agr. p. 31), lig. 19. 
 
 From Columha liria, specimens in Burnett collection. 
 Ooniodes dispar Nit:',Bcb. 
 
 Gernmr's Mag., Vol. Ill, p. 294 ; Denny, p. 159, IM. XII, lig. 5; Giubol, Wpiz., p. liKt, PI. XH, figs. 
 12, 13. 
 
SUBORDER MALLOPIIAGA. 
 
 231 
 
 assibh). Com- 
 ly prove tlicii 
 ty. KoUoyn's 
 /raciliti seems 
 
 (Kt'Iloyg). 
 
 iz.. II. ]S5. 
 
 ■t liero since 
 
 >. 184; niirll, A'ol. 
 Hull. 7, Div. Kill., 
 
 1(1 Aiuerican 
 
 leriea. 
 
 I><'I)f. Agr., p. '.12. 
 
 (I Auierican 
 
 viir, p. 117, 1'l. 
 1>. 2:;4, T'l. XIX, 
 
 it:t, n. xn, flgs. 
 
 A specimen from the quail in tlu^ dassiiuxrolleetion is referred to this 
 species. 1 liave not heen able to <Titieally compare it with (>. orti/yis 
 of I'iafifet. 
 
 Goiiiodes cupido Gioliul. 
 
 Zt'ltHrli. f. K*'**- ^"'"''^*i'*>*'"«<'''-. IHIIfl, Vol. XXVIII, ]). ;tH7; IJiidow, Zdilscli, f. ^'OH. Ts'iitiirwiH- 
 HciiHih., 1H7(I, Vol. XXXV, |i..(H'J; I'hifjrl, T,cs I'MU-., )i. H.lil, I'l.XX, lit:.:!. 
 
 I^'ioni 'ri/mpainirliHs (ntwriranvs, (!. 1). Cook collection. 
 Goniodes nieniamaiiUB riirkuril. 
 
 .\iiiiuiil KciMirl. r. S. CcdI. jiiiil dco^'. Siii-vcy, lK7a, ]). 7111 : IMii'.'cl, I.cm IVMli<\, ].. 'J.'.'i (rilcili. 
 
 I know of no record of tliis species later tlian the original dcscrii)tion. 
 Goniodes dainicoriiis Nit/.Hcli. 
 
 /i'its<li. I', yrf., Niitiiiwissctiscli., IHlili, V<il. XVII, ji. 119; (iiflicl, Kpiz., p. lliV; I'iii;.;()t, p. li.lS, 
 ri. X \, (!■;. H; ()nlnirii, r.iill. 7, IMv. Kiit., Dipt,. Anv., ]>. :i."), li^'. L':!. 
 
 Specimens from tlie ])igeon in tlie (Jassino <;ollection. 
 
 Goniodes stylifer Nit/si li. 
 
 I'l'dlftiliig iiK'litvirin ScliniiiU, p. .M)!; (iimiodes styli/e r ^Mzwh, (Ifniiiii 'h Mag., Vol. Ill, ]i.294; 
 Dniiiy, p.irifi, I'l. Ml.lig.i;; (iiclid. Kpi/.., ji. liOO, IM. XIII, lig. 1; (Siirlt, Vol. VIII, p. 4:;i, 
 I'l. IV, liKs.7,«i I'iiiKi't, p.'JIil, \'\. XXII, (ig. 1 : OhIhifu. Hull. 7. Div. Eiit., Diiit. Apr., p. 
 :m, 11^. 24. 
 
 Specimens from the turkey {Mvlcat/ris (fallojinro), collected by Dr. 
 A. llassall, llaltimore, Md. 
 
 Goniodes ortygia 1'iaj.cet. 
 
 Les IVclic, p. 2H'_', ri. XX II I (in. fi. 
 
 On Colitnis rir;ii)iia)inii, (vide I'iaget.) 
 
 Goniodes falcicornis Nit/Hcli. 
 
 l'itli.r pai'iiiih Ucili, p. 14. 
 
 J'rdiciilii.s jnd'iiiiis I.iimr, \'ol. II, J). lOlit.nfif); Filuli, Ins., ].. VIIT, tab. 4; 17114 Fall., S.vHt. 
 
 Kilt. 71. 27 p.Hd!)- I'iili.,SpiM'. Ins. (i. II, ]i. artl ; F»l»., Manl. Iiih. I, II, p.:i7(); S.liraiik, Inn. 
 
 Aust.; I'anzer. II. 51, lig. 1!). 
 Nlriinii: tiiiiiiioiKiciiiIidlus ( )lft'rs, p. 9. 
 
 Giiiiiinli'.i/iilvienniiii Xil/.scli, (icriiiar .s JIng , A'ol. III. ]i. 203. 
 Wicinim pavniiii! Kiiliy \-. Siionciv Int. I'^nt , Vol. II, I'l. V, lig. :!. 
 Om)imlf:i/aU-ic(iriii» Dcntiy ji. 15.") PI. XII,fij;s. 1 anil 2; (lieliil, Kpiz.. !>. 108, IM. XII, fig.s, 14 nml 
 
 15; piiraiiU Drnning. rnic. IJ;iy. Sor. Kilinl)., 1871, p. VII; I'iagot, Les I'l'ilic, p. 275, I'l. 
 
 X XI I r. fig. 1 : OMliorn, Hull. 7, Div. Ent., Di'pt, A^'i ., j). 36, llg. 25. 
 
 Common on the pea fowl. 
 Goniodes niepliitidis r.'ickard. 
 
 lii'lil. V. S. (Ji'iil. Survi'y, l.'»72. p. 7:i'J. 
 
 Xot seen. Tt seems finite unlikely that a Goniodes should occur on a 
 mammal except as a stragjilcr, and I shouhl incline to believe that the 
 species is one of the fornix* occurring on the gallinaceous birds, and has 
 possibly migrated to the skunk from its normal host when the latter 
 Avas devoured. 
 
 Lipeurus hetercgraphus Mtzsrli. 
 
 Cnnliiriilin Intnii'tlt r;u'liaril. .\mi'ri<aii ^'aliiriillHl, Vol. TV, p. !I4; Oslmni, liull. 7, Div. Knt., 
 l)i!pt. Agr., ]i. ;i4, llg. 21. 
 
 In liiirnett collection I tind a spe(;ics which agrees witli Packard's 
 description and ligiire, ami which must, I think, be his hiinictti, but it 
 is not a (loniocotes, as I haAC specimens of lioth sexes, of Avhat is evi- 
 dently the same species, Avhich prove it to be a Lipeurus. 
 
232 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 
 Hody niiirgiiKMl distinctly with blink. lloii<l oloiigatc, cordatt); iuitonuin sot in 
 rather ik^'iily; oycH consnicuons; autonnal cavity aixl toiiiiioral lobes with black 
 bonier oxtciiiliiif^ inward to ninnilildcs, also a ]ironiinciit orbital band; occiimt sin 
 iioiih; iirotliorax Huban^ular, lateral anfflcs a little behind middle, with a siii;;ic 
 pronunent hair; iiietathorax short, ]>osterior border straiKhl, lateral angles with 
 three hairs, margin very black ; legs rather s]en<ler; abdomen with black margin, ami 
 more or less distinct median liainls, which ar(^ separated in nu'dian line and most 
 distinct at thi« anterior and ))osterior borders. 
 
 On doino.stit' fowl. IJiiruett coIU'C-tioii, aiHl Ames, lowii, Spociiiu'ii.s 
 from Prol'cs.sor r.niiK'raic troiii a yoniiin duel., aiul it sociiis jn'obahlc that 
 the species may (xu'iir on dilVeieiit doniestie I'owls wlieic oppoitimity 
 offers for its transfer from oiu^ to aiiotlier. 
 
 I'aekard's fiytire (lij>'. lltJ. ante) is fairly jiood, tlioiigli it hutksin detail 
 for the certain recojiiiition of the species. 
 
 LipeuruB baculua N'itzsch. 
 
 I'tiU:!' ci)hniih(V uiiijuris lirili, K\i>. jil. 2 (vide Dciiiiv); r.iiiisc iif I'iyiMiii. Alliiii, Aran. ))1.4;i. 
 
 I'lilii'nlir^ Cdliiiiilxv I.iniM'iis. 
 
 I'viiiiuliin fiiliiiiihii;Vtit>\]'r\\\i>\. II. ii. 7, p. "lit'.i; Scliniiik, |i. 1 14, ii. 4, 'riili. V., lit;. 3; l''iil)riciii» 
 Syst. Kill.. 11.31, S|MM'. IT,|i, 482. 
 
 \iniiiii- fiH/oniitf!: OH'crs '.Ml. 
 
 J.i}i('iirt(s hiifiilii.i, N'itzscli, (icrnini's Mil;:. \ ol. 1 11. p. 'J'.K) ; l.yoiiPl, p. 27;!, I'l. X III. lli;. 10; ISur 
 rai'isliT. lIiiiulliU(li.Vc>l.n,p,4:!4.S: Denny, p. 172, PI. XlV.lis. :!; C.urlt, Vol. VIII, p. 424, I'l 
 VII r, Ii",'. »: (ililiil. r,piz.,p. 21,'">, Till'. Xvi, lig. S. s<l,!», lal'. X.X.II;;. ;i; (iiniiKl, IluUctin (tola 
 Soc. Enl.. is.'i'.i; riiificl I.iB I'tilic.,;iu;i. I'l. XXV.lljr, -J. OslH.ni, Hiill.7, Div. Eut, Dcpt. Agr., 
 p. 38. 
 
 Very common on i)ij;eoiis ami evidently very "eneral in distribution. 
 Cassino collection, 11. O, colleeti«)n; llsissali collection, and C Ii. ('ook 
 C(dle(!tion. 
 
 Lipeurus hiridus Xitzsch (?). 
 
 Elongate, nearly )tarallel, general color dusky brown. 
 
 Head tai)cring in front <d'aiitenn:i' ; elyiteal suture indistinct, sides of'head broadly 
 margined; a large brown siiot extending forward iVoni theoccipnt, pointed anteriorly; 
 antenna- of male with a very larger liasal joint, a much-curved third Joint with the 
 fourth joint set upon the outside of the curve; thorax (juadrate, broadly margined 
 with brown; nietathorax trajiezoidal, with four hairs near the postcuior margin; 
 legslargo and strong; coxa' of second .-md third pair enlarged; abdomen widestabout 
 the middle, in the male light dusky bauds running from side to side, occu))ying full 
 length of the segments at margins; segments I, ,"». (i. and 7 with long hairs at lateral 
 angles, spiracles snrnmnded by a small, clear circle. 
 
 I tind it impossible to satisl'y myself of the identity of my S])ecirae 
 from the American coot with the liiridii.s of Enroiiean authors The 
 description given by Piaget and the figure (by Nitzsch) in (liebci are 
 neither of them in accord with my specimens, and while Denny's tigur 
 might be made to fit, his description indi(!ates blacker margin than in 
 my spe(dmens, and moreover, he does not seem to have been certain of 
 his species, assuming it to be hiritluH from occurrence on the same bird. 
 Therefore, Avhile retaining the name with s(mie doubt, I think it well 
 to .state the diagnostic features, and if additional material or compar- 
 ison with European s])eeimens prove it to be distinct, it will be time 
 enough to give it a separate description and luime. 
 
8UIJ0RDER MALLOPIIAOA. 
 
 233 
 
 Iii(;kH in dotail 
 
 Eurymetopus brevit Diifonr. 
 
 (I83."i) I'liUopteriiK hnviK Itiil'imr, AiiiiuIi'm dc la Sor. Kiil,, X'ol. IV, p. (174, I'l. XXXI.flf,'. 3. (vido 
 
 TIagi'l, I-t'H r6illc,). 
 (18:19) /,i'/<i'i,ri/* fcniH.v (^nn-i/.v (if Nll/Ntli MSS.) ItiiiimiHtfi' IIiiihIImiiIi. Vol II, 1:13. 
 J.iptvrut launm, Nitzwcli, Zn'tHclir. f. m^s. NiilurwiH.stMi.scli,, (18ti(l), \iil. XW'Ill, ]i. 1180 (vidti 
 
 lilclxd). 
 (18fil) IhiriiphoioiilfHhnviHViS^VuiW. (^Iiiiiil .lour. Micro, Sc, im!4, N'ol. I\'. |>. 18, I'l. I. 
 lAiiiunm liiurKH IMii^i't. I-'<'h IVdic , p. :i:i'J, I'l XXXI, tij; 3 
 
 Eiirytni'lKinmiiiuriig Nit/Hcli, 'riisclHMilieri;, l)ir MiillopliM^i'ii {IH8J), p. lH:i, I'l V, li(;H. 8,Hii. 
 Lipevrii)! InurvsiMmrw, I'nic. Nat. MiiHt>iiiii, Vol, XII, p. 
 
 It sj^eins to lue iiecessiiry to rcstonr the iiaino ot I )ut,)iir for tliis species, 
 as his description was publislied four years before u'ly by Nitzsch, and 
 in tlie lirst indication of tlie Nitzscii description (lluiincister, Ilandbuch 
 II. ]). 4.'5.'{) Dnfonr's name is{;iven,and it is simply stated in parentlu'sis 
 that it is the iaiwuNoi Nitzsch's MSS, On what ^roiimi (Hebel shonld 
 have resmre(!te<l tlie name ttinniN, or why Puifi'et shoiiM follow him in 
 it, I fail to see, as both w«'re familiar with Dnfonr's description. 
 
 Piaget considers the L. ju'dc^-i/nrniis of Dnfoiir an example ol' titurns 
 not fully developed (in way of development). ' 
 
 Lipeurus bifasciatiis Tiauot. 
 
 LcH I'Mlculiiics, p, :i42, ri XXVIIl, lii;. 1. 
 
 From I'chcdnns cri/tlirorhynchos, Davenport, Nebr. ; collection of Prof. 
 Lawren(!e IJruner. 
 
 LipeuniB forficulatus N. 
 
 Zcitsclir. fill' gcH. Xatmwiss(Miwcli. ((lioliol Kd.), IHfifi, p. '^>Ht■. (ijiilic^l, Iii,m«cta Kpizoa, |). 'j;!8. 
 
 From pelican, Ames, Iowa. I{e(!orded by Kellogg' tVoin I'dnuntits 
 nilifornicus (Monterey, (-al.), and PelemuHH erythrorlij/nclniii (Lawrence, 
 Kans.). 
 
 Lipeurus temporalis Niti^Hcli. 
 Recorded by Kellogg, from Mergansfr serratnr (Monterey, Cal.). 
 
 Lipeurus testaceus I'schh. 
 
 Recorded by Kellogg, from Vufiiuns opisthomeJos (Monterey, Cal.). 
 
 Lipeurus toxoceros N'it/.Hcli. 
 
 Recorded by Kellogg from Plialarrocoror tlHoplmn (tlhocUUitun (Mon- 
 terey, Cal.). 
 
 Lipeurus longicornis Pinget. 
 Albiii, pi, 4it(') (vidol'iaf;«'t). 
 
 ( ?) Lipi-uriis fc;.ii.ii)«i,v llonny, p. 181. Tnl>. XTII, ti;:, H. 
 LijifiiriisUiiirjifdniis ria^cl, Lcs redic, p. :i:i4. I'l XXVII. lii: :!, 
 
 This species occurred in great numbeis ni)on a cormorant {I'hdiacro- 
 forux (Ulophns), taken at Ames, Iowa. 
 
 Lipeurus squalidus Nit/ncli. 
 
 VedicuUig aiiatis Fal)., SvMt. Knt., p. 345. 
 
 lAjieunmefiiialidtii'SiViMh, Goniiai'sMaf;., V(d. Ill, p. 29'J; npiiiiv,]). 170, I'l. XVI, lig. 5; (inibp 
 
 Vol. II, p. 480; (iiobfl, p. 241, PI. XVI, ti{.. 1; I'iaget, p. 344, 1*1. XXX, liy. ">; Osborii, Bull- 
 
 7, niv. Ent., Dept. AiiT.,p. 39, fif;. 27. 
 
 Common to many kinds of ducks, si)ecimens in Cassino collection from 
 Merffanser serrafor. Stejneger Collection from I^nivonvtta stelleri. 
 (H. O. collection, N. M. coUectiou.) 
 
234 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 LipeuniB variabilis ^'it^Ht h. 
 
 7'i'i/iV(((iuf caiiviiin, IJniic, S hI. Niit., Vol. II, p. lOL'n, ttfj. 33; Faun. Suoc, lOflO. 
 
 Liin'iinis rari(i'<iiinXilzs<'li, "lonmir'H Mkk- \'"'' I'l. p-Hl'^; iH'iiiiv. |i, 1(14, I'l. XV, i\g. 0; (iirlM 1 
 Kpi/.., i> 21!t, IM. XVI, i\y, 3; ( iiirlt, V.il. VIII, p. 4-J'J, J'l. Vlll, llj;. 10; riajjef, !,!■» IVdi, , 
 1>. 304, IM. XXIX, l\n. 4; «»»borii, Hull. 7. Div. Kiit, Uept. Agr., p. 41 tig. 20. 
 
 A cominon species on domestic fowls. 
 
 Llpeiirus polytrapezitis Nitzscii. 
 
 I'f<liri(liis iiifletiiii-iilit l.iiiiir. S.vHt. Nnl., Vol. II, p 1020, fig. 31. Faun, Suoc, 10,'>8. 
 /.(/(('in-KA' y/(W,i;^ra//(-n(.v Nit/.scli, (irriii:ir'n Mag., \'(il. Ill, p 2!t3. Denny, p ltl,'i I'l, XV, llg ,'p 
 (iicidl, p 21H, ri XVII, li-s 1 and'J, (iurlt, Vol. Vlll.p 4j:i I'l IV llg.ll; I'iii^'i't p. :i(i7 
 I'l. XXIX. Ilg 0; (tsl.nrn. Hull 7. Div. Km , Dcpt Agi. p 41 tig 28. 
 
 The (iouuiion liiiMMirus of the turkey ( ,1/<7m//r».s (fdllo/ttiro). I have 
 specimens "oUected from the wihl turkey by I'rof. 11. W. Parker. 
 
 LipeuruB jejunus Nitzsdi. 
 
 On Anner alhifrons (jamheli (Cook collectiou). 
 Lipeiiriis leucopygus, \tir.f(ixnalHs. 
 
 On liotitKfiiN sj). (liurnett collection). 
 Lipeurus pustulatus. 
 
 On '•^ llalhvUiH hucocephaluN^^ (Burnett collectiou). 
 
 Lipeurus botauri, ii. m]>. 
 
 Slender, slij;litly iiiiirktil with hrownifili. clypens rugose. Head tapering; clypeus 
 eirt'iil.ir in front, with .surface distinc^tly roughened with pftj)iIose r'lgosities, two 
 hairs at the dypeal margin and two or three others on the margin of head in front ol 
 anteniiii' and two on teir^poral lohe; occijint slightly eoncave; |)rothorax slightly 
 wider hehind, tinged v, ith browu at sides; metathorax <|Uadrate, wider behind; 
 posterior margin eoncave; legs large, anterior femora incrassate; abdomen witli 
 faint brownish markings on each segment, most conspicuous on segments 4,5, and ti; 
 angles of segments I^, I, .">, ti. and 7 with short lintrs. 
 
 On bittern or stake driver, Botaiirm lcutif/i)io.su.s. 
 
 Lipeurus pullatus Xitzsch. 
 
 (1842) (.') /,i'jiii()»,'(»^(Ty//ii/?i'iin;(/r«I)rnny, M<mog.,p.l80, PI. XV, Ilg. 2. 
 
 (18t;C) r.ipiKiiiii iniHatits mt/.avh, Zditrtdir. 1". ges, Xaturwis.<<pnscli., Vol, XXVIII, p. 387. 
 
 (187'.') Lipi'idvi }iiilliitiisiiU\»\. Kpiz., ii. 236. 
 
 (188(1) 1.1/1111 rut pullatus riagct, Lcs r<'(lic.,p.339,pl. XXVII, Ilg. 9. 
 
 On Sula hassinia and Siihi ((lb<u Burnett collection (Nos. 91 and 02). 
 Specimens hibcled from )SiiIa alba lighter colored than those from Sida 
 hassana, but the latter agree iierfectly with Tiaget's excellent figure. 
 It would seem that Denny's sfaphj/Hitoides must come here, but the 
 specimens do not agree with his description or figure. 
 
 Lipeurus infuscatus n. sp. (I'l. II, figs. e. and/.) 
 
 I.,ight iuscons, ii tran.sverse clear space, just behind the clypens. 
 Female.— Head (luite unilormly fiiscons anil elongate cordate, the anterior portion 
 rounded, with a transverse clear space abontonc-third distance between the tip and 
 auteunie extending to margins; .antenna' nither long, second joint rather slightly 
 longer than the others, all slightly fuscous; temjioral lobes oval, narrowing poste- 
 riorly; occiput slightly <'oncave; prothorax enlarging slightly behind, slightly darker 
 at the margin.s, the usual bunds not very distinctly marked ; metathorax a little longer 
 than prothorax, widening behind ; legs nnicolorons, the anterior ones with more dis- 
 tinctly marked apical ring to the femur and external marginal stripe on tibia' ; 
 abdomen enlarging posteriorly, marginal biinds rather broad, median bands extend- 
 ing to the clear spiracular spaces separated from each other by distinct sntural 
 bands, a single row of hairs near the posterior margin and one or two hairs .at the 
 lateral angles of segments 4 to 8. 
 
SUBORDER MALLOPIIAOA. 
 
 235 
 
 tapering; clypeim 
 
 XVIII, p. 387. 
 
 Male. — Head rouniled in front, Hliglitly conic, transverse dear Bpacobchiiid clypcns; 
 iintonnn' .stronj;, tliird joint itrodnccd mi antfrior niii "in, lorniinK Hinall l)nt ratlior 
 nliarp ]iro('OHH; al)donK>n nirnioid; ir^s Htron^, 
 
 Head elonu;»to, Hlijjlitly conic, widest licliind antiT.iiii', front rounded, nearly par- 
 aliolic, tLo marKiiiN dense, a dear transverse l)and very distinct lidiind dypoiis, ono- 
 tliird distance from ti|i to l)as*^ of atitunnic, niandiblcM ( oiis]>iciioiiH itetween hasesof 
 antennie; antenn;e stroiij;, ])roxinial Jcunt enlar<;cd. tiiird Joint slender, jiroduied 
 oil anterior niar>j;ln forming; narrow rather acute process, distal Jidnt loiij;er tlian 
 fourtli, cylindric, I and 5 direcited hacUwanl, Iteinj? attached on caudad surface of 
 tiiird Joint; eyes black, teiii|ioral lolios rounded narrowin;; candad : occiput siiKhtly 
 eniarginate; protliorax (|uadrate and widening sli;;lilly ]ioHteriorl\ ; nietathorax 
 widening from jirolUorax to 1 ise of abdomen; anterior b'gs only alioiit half as 
 large us median i)air, middle ai d hind legs large, coxie no) sp(Hi;illy elongate but 
 (iiirly elongate ill hind jtair; abd(unen elongate ovate, widest segment beliiml the 
 middle, with transverse brown bands, terminal segment scarcely notched, genital 
 books slender. 
 
 9 Length, l.(!8 mm ; head, 0.18 niiu. ; abdomen, 0.98 nun. Width, head, 0.3(i mm. ; 
 abdomen, 0. 17 mm. 
 
 ^ Length, l.t>> mm. ; head, 0.47 mm. ; abdomen, 0.02 nmi. Width, head, O.'M mm. ; 
 abdomen, U.4lt mm. 
 
 This species, which is (ptite rcii<liiy distinpiished by the transverse 
 dear space in tlie forehead, is lepre.sentcd by two leiiuUcs, one from 
 Philohvla minor and one from lUirirdm'ut loiifiiniiithi and two males I'rom 
 Bartrmnia hmtjicawla and one from I'liilohcla minor, in the Burnett 
 collection. 
 LlpeuruB subangusticepa ri.aget. (PI. II, fig. g.) 
 
 Li'H rMiciiliiU'S. p. :i08, I'l. XXV, lin.r>. 
 
 Male closely rcseiiildes the lemale in shape, bnt is somewhat smaller. The clypous 
 is slightly iiiorc! pointed ; the antenmc have the lirst Joint very long, about as long as 
 all the rest together, st'cond Joint as long as the remaining Joints; third Joint very 
 short bnt with a distinct process on tlio anterior margin; fourth and fifth Joints 
 equal; termimil segment very slit;htly notched; genital hooks very long and slender. 
 
 (J Length, \i.'M niiii. ; head, 0.70 mm. ; thoiax, 0.56 mm. ; abdomen, 2 mm. Width, 
 head, 0.30 mm. ; abdomen, 0.33 mm. 
 
 9 Length, 4 mm. 
 
 Describ»'d from one specimen in the Burnett collection, from ThalJns- 
 
 shlroma irilsoni, which (lontains also several tine specimens of the female. 
 
 Heretofore only the female seems i o have been discovered, and the above 
 
 descripticm is {jiven to complete the description of the si)ecies. Some 
 
 sbght differences seem to exist when compared with the descriptions 
 
 of Denny and ' iaget, but these are only varietal at most. 
 
 Lipeurus densiis Kellogg. 
 
 New MiillDidiaKii, !>• 1 U, I'l. VII, flgs. 1 and 2. 
 
 On IHomedea alhatrus, Monterey, Cal. (Kellogj;^). 
 
 Lipeurus varius Kellogg. 
 
 Now ^T.-ilIoplinKn, p. llfi, I'l. VII, tigs. If and 4, 
 
 On Fuhnarits glaeiaUs glupisclia and rodgcrsii, Monterey, Cal. (Kel- 
 logg). 
 Lipeurus celer Kellogg. 
 
 New Mnllopliagn, p. 117, PI. VII, flgs. 5 and 0. 
 
 On Fulmarus gUicialia yhtpisoha and rodgersii, Monterey, Cal. (Kel- 
 logg). 
 
23(; 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTINO DOMLSTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 "I 
 
 
 i 
 
 LlpeuruB longipllus Kollof;^. 
 
 Ni'» Miill<>|iliiimi, |>. Ill), n. V 11. lit;. 7. 
 
 On Fulica amvrUnnn, MonttMt^y, ('iil. (Kdlo};};). 
 
 Lipeiiiiis picturatuB Kcllo^'^. 
 
 Niw MiiIIoiiIkiuii. |>. r. I'l. Vlll.lluh. I iiikI 'J. 
 
 Oil Fnlirii anu'rintna, Mcmteiey, (Jul. (Kt'llnjf;;). 
 LipeimiB diveiaiiH Kfllo^^. 
 
 Nt>\\ MllllnpliilKil. |l r.'l I'l VIII, llys .iMIIil I 
 
 On rii(liniis <>i>iNtlioiiicliiN, Moiiti-rey, Ciil. (Kellogg). 
 LipdiiruB limltatiis Kcllo^ir. 
 
 New Miill<.pliiin;i |.,I21 I'l V 1 1 1 (Ins .''. unit H. 
 
 Oil I'liffiniis {/risnis, Monterey, <'ul. (Kcllogy). 
 
 LipeuriiB constrictUB doling);. 
 
 Now Miilloiilinuii iLfJ.'., I'l VIII ll«H. Tiiiiil H. 
 
 On Oidemia pcfuitivUUttn ami (>.<h(/l<tn(li, Monterey, Cal. (Kcllogjj). 
 
 Oiebelia mirabilis Kolldi;);. 
 
 Now MiiU(i|iliiii:ii. p. i:iH. I'l. Nl tl<.M 7 nml H. 
 
 On Fulfinm opiHtliom^ilas, Monterey, Ciil. (KelloH:^). 
 Oncopl'iruB advena Kdlojrjr. 
 
 New Mallopliimii. i>. l;i:i, i'l. \ I llc« 1 nml "J 
 
 On Fiilivti (imtrinuia, Monterey, Ctil. (Kellogj'). 
 Ornithobius cygni liiiin. 
 
 I'uhx njiiiii Ki'dl, Ksp. tall. A, Opcr., full. 'JO. 
 
 LcmsiMil' lliii .swan. AUiiii. .\iiin. )i. "D tali 4H. 
 
 I'idlciiliit fiiiiiii IJmi^', SvMt. Nat., Vol. II. )) I11I8. 
 
 I'iiliriilii.<i cyiiiii l'"iib., Sy.-tl. ICiit , p. HOT tij;. 1H. 
 
 (hnllliohlu»rii;ini Penny, p 18;i. I'l NX III, tly. 1. 
 
 Liju'Hfus liiici jiliiihiK (iiili<>l. Kpiz., ]). -"lit. 
 
 ODtithiihinshuci'j'hahis Viujivi. I,cs I'cilii' , n. 377. I'l. XXXI. fi«. 4. 
 
 Oriiill((iliiiiii hiicijilKiliie ^}a\n>\u I'lill 7. l>iv. Kiit., Dept Ayr., p. I'J. II}.'. flO. 
 
 Collected in abniulanc'c from a swan, probably Olor hitrnnator, at 
 Ames, Iowa. 
 
 It seems to me necessary, on the groniid of |)riority, to rotain tlu^ 
 name given by Linna-ns, and while in my previous j)apers 1 have fol- 
 lowed Piaget in accepting (liebers name, it was simply to avoid con- 
 fusion and in deference to his authority. In the present paper, and 
 with tbe synonomy stated in full, it seems best to restore the early name. 
 While certainly recognized by liedi and Albin, Liiinu'iis was the lirst 
 to ])roperly describe it. 
 
 Ornithobius goniopleurus. 
 
 On lirauia canadeiisiN, Ibiniett colle<!tioii. 
 
 Trichodectes latus Nitzsch. 
 
 h'ii-iniin (•(litis !»<' (Jrcr. Vol. VII, Tali. IV, (ifi. 13. 
 
 Vfdiriiliis «cAi.s»f Olt'erw. i>. 84. 
 
 Trieliiidiclis l('tii.s Nii/.sili. (icriiiar's ^Inj;., Vol.III,p.296; nurmeister, Vol. II, p. 436; Donny,]). 
 
 18«. ri. XVII, lln. 1: (iurlt.Vul. IX, p. 2, I'l. I. tic. 1; (iielpiJ. p. 53, IM. Ml, Una. 2 and 3; 
 
 I'iaget, p. 384, 1*1. XXXI, fig. 0; Osboni. Hull. 7, Div. Eut., Dept. Agr., p. 43, Hr. 32. 
 
 A common species upon the domestic dog. It has had frequent 
 mention in general works upon parasites. Spei'imens in the llassall 
 collection, labeled 1884, may have been taken in England. 
 
BUnoitUEU MALLOPHAdA. 
 
 237 
 
 r hiircinHtor, at 
 
 Trichodectes Bubrostratua Xit^Mcli. 
 
 (irriiiin aMuu , Vol. Ill |i 'JIMI, liii'liil /litMihr, Vol. XVII. |>HM I'l. I. Hum. 4, A iumIA. (iiiilf. Vol. 
 IX.p.Oi Ulitlii'l K|ii/,. |i. M I'l. Ill, tltf S; I'iuui'l, !>. :<HU, I'l XXXl.llK.i'i OmIhiiii. IIiiII.T 
 niv. I'.iit , Ih'iit. Aur 11.42 n« 31 
 
 'IMic <'()iiiiii(>ii louse iitloffin;; donicstic cuts, oftcti ahnii<1iiiit. I liav 
 >|i('(;iiii('iiH troiii the l''itcli and various other Aiitericaii collui'tions. 
 Trichodcctes letusiiH Nit/sdi, 
 
 I'litiiiilut iimthhf .Siliriiiik. 
 
 7Vl(7/»(/l(•^.v ;i7i;»i/.'( Nil/.Hcli, riPriiiar ■> Mnn Vol 1 1 I p ■J'.Hl, 
 Tnvhi'tln'hi. (hihitin NiIzmi li, (iciliiiir .^ .Miii;., \ nl. 1 1 1 p. Jlltl. 
 riielioihrhK ihihiim Drimy. p. 1»" I'l \ \ 1 1. (iu. 'J. 
 7Vi(7("r/.i'/(K r.7i/»((» ( IIiiImI p r>'i. I'l. Ill llu 4. 
 '/'(•ii'/iim/((7i.v /itl»iiV/i'.v (ii((lirl p .'■)"i, I'l. 11 1 Ha 4. 
 '/ViV'/i.m/,'.7..vc.7»»(/* I'limcl. p .IM" I'l. \.\.\l lii; S. 
 
 Collected from a wea.sel at Ames, Iowa, .Inly, iss;{. 
 
 S|)eci<neiis evidently heloiij^iiiff here and taken from the mink Inivo 
 been examined in collections fioin I'rot'essor Hniner and I'roles.sor 
 Comstock. In the Urnner eolleetion thero is a very (Ine series of 
 Icinah's whi<h a^roe closely with di'senptions and fiffiires by IMajjet, 
 but, unfortunately, there appear to be no mature males. A vsinjile 
 mature male in the (^orn 11 colleciion, however, a}ire«'s with the male 
 from the weasel, and I tlierefore feel little hesitancy in referring all to 
 
 rctKNKS. 
 
 Trichodectes craesiis N'it/Hcli. 
 
 1 have referred here, with .some hesitation, a specimen from the rac- 
 coon {I'rocj/im lotor) (Burnett «'oliectiou.) The specimen was not in 
 condition for absolute itientilication. 
 Trichodectes climax Nit/»<('li. 
 
 Trioliiitlfftin cliiKii.c Nilz.sfli, (inriii.ii'.t Mn«., Vol. Iir, p. 'JOfi; (i<>rviiis, Vol. til, ]i. HIH. i)l. 48, 
 t\i;. 3; Gitlicl, /cilHihr., Vol. XVll, p. «1, pi. I, ll«.s. I uiid 'Ji (iiiliol, Kpi/,., p. .'.8, pi, XX, 
 llK. '2. 
 
 Triehoili'ctrs capr/e (iiirlt. Vol. IX, p. 3, PI. I, tlj;, 2; I'ackanl'a ftuiiln. p. 5li.5. 
 
 Trichmhcti.i climax riiiK't. p. ;101, I'l. XXXIl, li^. 1; Curtice, Aiiiin. I'lir. Slipcp, Hur. Aniiiiiil 
 ImliiMtry, IVpt. Am-., p. Iin, I'l, VI; OsImhii. Hull. 7, DIv. K.iit , llopt. \ni . p 44. 
 
 Infe.sts tlie common yoat. Specimens in llassall collection, collected 
 
 at lialtimore hSDl. This and the following one are very similar. 
 
 Trichodectes linibatus (icrvais. 
 
 Triflidilivlcii liiiihatiiii (ieTviu^, Aptciii, \ ol. Ill, ji. 313. I'l. \'II, lij;. 1, CiU'Wcl, Kpi/,., p F 
 
 I'illKt'l, l.cs I'ltlir., p, 31t,'>. 
 Trieliiidfetcs I'liiitdx var. VKijoi- i'ta^vt, I A^nVdihc, Suppl p 8t') I'l IX. fig. 5 
 Tfifliiiihctoi liiiihdtus ('urtice, Aiiini. Par. Slii'cp ISiii .\uiuinl Industry. Oopt. Agr. p 49, 
 I'l. VI; Osborn, Hull. 7, Oiv. Knt . Dipt. Agr,, n 44 
 
 This form so chi.sely resembles the ctiiniix that it has been a question 
 whether it is entitled to specilic rank. Specimens in llassall collection 
 taken at Haltimore in 1891. (See ligure, ante.) 
 
 Trichodectes sphaerocephalus NitzHcb. 
 
 Fiijur.tl Keili. I'l. 22. 
 
 i'f(/ic»!i(s i/iiV Liiiuii, Syst. Nat. II, p 1017; Sclirank, p. 502, PI T, figs. 8 and 9. 
 
 Trichudi'Ctisiiiihierucfplialiiii Nitzm'li Geiiuar s Mag., Vol, III J'.Ki Denny, p. 193, PI. XVII, fig. 4; 
 
 ;'.;rU, Vol. IX, p. ,'">; GielicI, Kpiz., p. 60; Pi;ig«t, p. 393, Pi. XXXII llg. 2, OurticK, Aulm. 
 
 Par. Slioep, Ihir. Animal Iiulustry, Dept. Agr.. p. 45, PI. V , Osborn, UuU, 7, Biv. Eut., p. 45. 
 
 A rather common parasite on sheep, though seldom in great numbers. 
 Specimens in H. O. collection from Canada and Iowa. Fas been quite 
 common on sheep at Ames, winter of 1895-0. 
 
238 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Trichodectes scalaris Nit/scb. 
 
 I't'ilicultit hovin Liniir, Syst. i-.at., II, p. 1017; Iduii I/ilinr. Kiiim. Siii-c, j). ]!)4fi; iauri Vnh., Spn , 
 
 Ins., Vol. II, ].. 477. 
 TricliiiJirtcs m-alarh Xit/.soli, (ieriiiiir'n Mag., Vol. HI, p. 'JDti; Dcip y, p. 191, I'l. XVII, iiji;.'J: 
 
 (iieiii'l, p. tiJ, I'l. Ill, lig«. 7 iiii.l 9; Piagrt, p. ;!9«, I'l. XXXIII, llg. 2. 
 
 A very common imrsisite on domestic cattU', and I have seen speoi- 
 mens in a luunber of c()lle<,'tion8. Althongh there can be little doubt 
 tiiat Linn.i'us referred to this form in his descriptions of 1*. hovis and 
 r. tauri, the mistaken geuericj reference and the indefiniteness of his 
 description may be reason to j-ive Nitzsch's name tlie ])recedence, and 
 I have followed all modern, authors in so referring it. 
 
 Pia{ 
 (■qnl b 
 
 Kid. H5.—Trichoileetes tetoHvt: a. teniiiiiiil HcgmciitM of iiiiili'; '<, Iciimle— fnlnrgoil (origiuiil). 
 
 Tfevs 
 
 Trichodectes parumpilosus Piiigel. 
 
 Trichoileetfs eipii Dciiiiy, p. 191, I'l. XVII, fig. 7. 
 
 Trichodectei paru inpihiims riiigrt, ]>. HOT, PI. XXXII, fig. ,5. 
 
 Trichodecleii panniijiUiisti^i i)n\)ovt\, Bull. 7, I)iv. Kiit., Dupf. Agr., p. 48, fig. 35. 
 
 This species is the common one of horses in this country, and is the 
 one which in En}>li8h and American works generally, since Denny's 
 monograph, has been known as Trichodectes cqui. 
 
 Specimens collected abundantly at Ames, Iowa, and 1 have deter- 
 mined it in a number of coUectious. 
 
SUBORDER MALLOPHAOA. 
 
 239 
 
 Hiiii (iiriKiiml). 
 
 ,.A;V'y* 
 
 Trichodectes pilosus Giebel. 
 
 I'edUului C'liii Linni'% Sywt. Nat. II, p. 1018; Gnrlt, Vol. IX, p. .'5 (vide Pincot). 
 Trichudecteii piloxus Glolit'l. ZoitHchr. f. ges. Naturwissoimcli., 1801, Vol. XVII, p. 80 ; niol)ol,£piz., 
 p. 59; riiiKCt, p. 395, I'l. XXVII, lig. 4; OMboru, null. 7, Div. Ent., Dipt. Agr., p. 45, (Ik.:I4. 
 
 Pinget holds that this is the form originally <les(!ribod as PefliculuH 
 (qui by Linnu'us, but retains the name projjosed by (iiebel. He records 
 it as occurring on both Equus cahaliun and Eijiim a.sinu.s. lam not 
 aware of any re(!ord of actual occurrence of this form in this ccmntry, 
 but it should be found on donkeys and horses, and it seems proper to 
 include it with such statement. 
 
 Trichodectes setosus Giobel. 
 
 Collected from i)orcupine {Ercthizon dorsatuin) by Prof. Lawrence 
 Biuner, Lincoln, Nebr. 
 
 Trichodectes geomydis Osborn. 
 
 lUill. 7, Div. Ent., Dept. A;:r., p. .14, fiR. 42. 
 
 A very common and abundant species on the pocket gopher {Geomys 
 bursariidi), and I have examined specimens in the 
 Cassino collection from 'Hiomomys. Also from T. 
 hotta; from California, in Johnson collection. 
 
 The original notice and de8crii)tiou sue as follows : 
 
 lielated to the Trichodectes infesting the larger 
 mammals is a species which has been taken in im- 
 mense numbers from the pocket gopher ( OeomyH bur- 
 •sarins), at Ames, Iowa. It was lirst taken in 1883, 
 and since then hat been collected from a great num- 
 ber of individuals, and I have also seen specimens 
 taken from the western gopher, Thomomi/s, in a col- 
 lection of parasites kindly loaned me by Mr. S. E. 
 Cassino. 
 
 Body robust and rather hairy. Anteimai very loiijj;, the basal soginent enlarged, 
 the head with a deep seniieircular incision in IVont. 
 
 The head is rather wider than long and the antennai are sitnatj^d somewhat pos- 
 terior to the middle and usually directed backward, very largo and long, the Joints 
 nearly equal in length, but the basal are much enlarged in the male. Head with a 
 deep semicircular incision on the otherwise semicircular anterior border, the posterior 
 border slightly trilobed. Thorax short and broad ; suture distinct; abdomen ovate, 
 tapering regularly and rapidly to the anal segment. Genital apparatus of male 
 distinct. The hairs are distributed evenly over border of head and sides of body; 
 four central segments of .abdomen with transverse rows of stronger hairs or weak 
 sjiines, and the lateral posterior angles of all segments Imt the iirst with long 
 I)ristle8. Length, 1 mm. 
 
 The antenna! in male and the deep frontal incision separate this from 
 any species known to me, and 1 think there is no question as to its 
 being a distinct species. 
 
 Fio. 146. — Trichodrctet 
 (fi'iimydis — en I a r god 
 (authur'HilliiHtnitioii). 
 
 have deter- 
 
t 
 
 240 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Trichodectes tibialis Piuget. 
 
 Los IVdiciilinoH, p. 3119, I'l. XXXH. flg. 6. 
 
 I have referred to tliis species some specimens from the bhick-tailed 
 deer (Baker collection). 
 
 J * 
 
 
 '^:C^'^A 
 
 Fin. 147 TrlclinilirtfK tihiali.f; a, fciiiiilo; i, ninlo— Piiliirged (orijiiiial). 
 
 They do nut agree absolutely with Piajjet's description or tijjnre, hut 
 until a more critical study can be made or 
 additional material collected it may rest 
 here. 
 
 Trichodectes parallelus n. s|i. 
 
 lleadliirKo, iihdoineii rather narrow, lii ml border 
 iiR'sothorfix and niotathorax Kfraijjht. 
 
 Head large, clypens slightly concavf, a low 
 short hairs on front liorder, anti'nnal anv,le>< very 
 lir.iniinent; antennii' long, reaching beyond liiiid 
 border of head, lirst Joint slightly enlarged, sec- 
 ond and third abont eijual, third slightly curved; 
 temporal lobes fjnadrate ; lateral anglen rounded ; 
 occiput straight; occipital bands ]iiirallel. 
 
 Prothorax and nietathorax eiiual in length, 
 nietathorax a little wider, prothorax with sides 
 curved; nietathorax with sides straight; in both, 
 posterior border straight. 
 
 Legs slender, claws long, slender. 
 
 Abdomen narrow, entirely corneous, segments 
 straight and equal, no dusky transverse bands, 
 spiracles conspicuous on 2 to 7, bordered especially ,,,„ m.-Tnchmlectei parallelus: 
 in front with dark brown or blackish ; hairs at female— enlarged (original;. 
 
 
-s. 
 
 SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA. 
 
 241 
 
 tlie bhick-tailed 
 
 tliiml). 
 
 II or fijjfiir<!, Imt 
 
 angles, short, a row of lino ciliate hairs near ])Ostei-ior border of nietatliorax iii'ul onvh 
 abdominal segment except last; cl.aspers or brushes small or wanting. 
 Length, 1.70 nun. 
 
 DescrilxMl froin three specimens (feiiiiiles) from deer, <H)lle('tioii (Cornell 
 riiiversity, kiudly loiined by Prof. J. 11. (k)mstock. Comes nearer to 
 tibialis Piaget than any other species, but differs from that in narrow- 
 ness of ab<h)men, lack of transverse bands upon metathorax, et<\, and 
 while possibly it couhl be referred to some of the si)e(!ies from deer of 
 
 
 s \ I J 
 
 \ectet parallelus: 
 rged (originul;. 
 
 Via. UO. — Triiiidilivlin castmin. it, male; h, iiiaU< teMiiinal scfiiiicnl and giiiilalia; (, t'rinali': il tcniiiual 
 
 M'giiicMl — ciilai'^i'ii (iirigiiuili. 
 
 Europe, it seems safer to give it a new descrii)tion than to increase the 
 confusion regarding the European species affecting deer. Species of 
 deer is not given, but pntbably Virginia deer {Cariarus virgiulaHns) is 
 meant. 
 
 Trlchodectes castoris, n. sp. 
 
 Short, broad; head wider than long. Antenna' of male enlarged. 
 
 Headwidt', antenna; deeply set, front border regularly convex, not hairy, apex with 
 shallow, curved iucision, with transparent space running backward. 
 
 Anteunie long, proximal joiut in male enlarged, distal Joint with sensory hairs on 
 outer tip; temporal lobes full, not augulate; occiput strongly convex; abdomen 
 4653— No. 6 16 
 
242 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 i" 
 
 uiembranons ovate, with slender, curved hooks on eigbtli sej^ment in female and 
 conspiciioiis genital apparatus in uiale. 
 1-eugtli, male, 0.i)5 mm. ; feuialc, 1.15 mm. 
 
 From beaver, collected by Prof. Lawrence Bniiier. This species sim- 
 ulates both f/eomj/dis and mcphiti<lis, and were it not for the wide sepa- 
 ration of the beaver and skunk I might be tempted to consider them 
 the same. There appears, however, some prr^-fy constant diflerences. 
 The shallowness of the frontal hollow sei»ariif ■- it easily from (jeomydis, 
 find the form of head and greater leugtii of female aiitenute from 
 mej)hitidis. 
 
 Trichodectes mephitidia n. sp. 
 
 Short and broad, male antenna' largo, front slightly excised. 
 
 Female, head wuha* than long, trausversily il, front regularly cnrved, slightly 
 excised at apex, the space directly behind the e ;. ion transparent, and the inte'-iial 
 bands coming to a prominent right angle at each mdo of liollowed ]>ortion. 
 
 Temporal lobes rounded posteriorly, no angle; occiput convex, a few short L.iirson 
 
 ■-^'^■"^x 
 
 
 tx"*^ 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■■I i 
 
 
 b S 
 
 
 Fio. \h^.—Trichiidfch'S wi'phitidiK: a, female-, h, tpi'iiiiiial HcjjiiH'iits, male; c, toriiiiiial sej^mont, 
 iemule; d miti'DUiu, femulo; c, autenuii', male; /, .vcniiiK— fiiilargtMl (iirigiiial). 
 
 posterior lateral liorder of liead, none on front; thorax very short; legs as usual; 
 abdomen without transverse bands or chitinous structures, except a pair of curved 
 hooks on eighth segment at outer margin; scattering hairs, thickest on central 
 portion. 
 
 Male with frontal incision doepur, some very minute hairs on front edge. Antenna! 
 much larger than in iemah;, basal joint «Mdarged, terminal joint curved, short hairs 
 on outer part near tip; abdomen tapering, membranous, not banded, stiff hairs at 
 angles and on the terminal segment, liner hairs on disk; genital apparatus conspic- 
 uous. Innnature specimens have the frontal incision more eouspicuous. 
 
 Length, female, 1.20 mm. ; male, 0.9.5 mm. 
 
 Collected from polecat {Spilogale interrupta), Tama County, Iowa. 
 Numerous 8i)ecimeus from the skunk {Mephith mephitica) collected 
 by Lawrence Bruuer, Holt County, Nebr.j also from Palo Alto, Cal, 
 
SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA. 
 
 243 
 
 it in female and 
 
 (.loliHsoii collection). Tliis species is allied to tlie 7'. retusutt occurring 
 on weasel, <'t(!., and also to 7'. (jeoinydiH on imcket goplicr, but ditlers 
 from the former in form of front of lieud, the absence of bands, size 
 of male antenmc, temporal lobes, and other chara(!ters whicli make 
 it easy of separation. Tiie same si)ecies, apparently, also collected 
 from the rinjjtail cat {lidnnarm-KH a.sfutn}, Lake County, Cal, (.lohnsou 
 collection). 
 
 Family T^K )'ri IP:I1 )^K. 
 
 Menopon rusticum (iicbel. 
 
 (iitbd, Kpi/.., ii.H.SH; I'higcl. I.cs IViIic, p. 14:1, I'l. XXX \'I, tiy. '2. 
 
 Occiin-ed in large nuMd)ers on a house martin [l'ro<iiic xiibh), at Ames, 
 Iowa. 
 
 Meuopoii pallidum Nitzscli. 
 
 /'«/('.r rfl/H Itcdi, 'I'lili. XVI, lii;. 1 (viiln l'ia(;nt). 
 
 rediexdua ijnlUniv'iAU\i(\ Sy»t. Niit. II. \t. l()2;i, priibiihly ; I'uii/.or, p. 51. fi^. -1 (vidd I'iagot) j 
 
 (iCdlVioy, Vdl. 11.]). fiiil. 
 \irmug tri;i(iiioccjiliiiliis OIUmh. p. !M). 
 Mi-ii(>iwii2)alll(liiiiil)tiuu\. ]). 'JIT, IM. XXI, lij;..">; Omit, Vol. VII I, ji. 4i;h, Tiif. IV.Hk. 1-1; Giobol, 
 
 p.2!ll,ri. XVII, «<;. U.iin.l PI. XIX.l' . li mid .">; I'iagot, p.-«V,l, PI. XXXVII, Ji^r. 7, Osbom, 
 
 IJull.7, Div.Eiit., Dopt. \'^r. 
 
 A universal parasite of the domestic fowl. I have examined many 
 
 specimens in diflerent collections, and have seen and collected it on 
 
 many occasions myself. 
 
 Menopon biseriatutn l'ia<;et. 
 
 l'iaj;it, Li'.s Peilii'. p. 469, I'l. X XXVII, flg. 2. 
 
 Collected at Baltimore, from domestic fowl, by Dr. A. TIassall. Also 
 in Cornell University collection. It appears to be less common than 
 the preceding, though often as. ociated with it, and jnobably generally 
 mistaken for large specimens of that species. 
 
 Menupoii titau Piiiget. 
 
 Lrs PiMliculliics, 18811, |i. ,".0:!, PI. XI. fiji. 7. 
 
 Tetraojilithalmim elillfiiKln ( Iros.sc. Zfit, f. w. Zool., 188:'), Vol. XIII, p. ri'.U). 
 
 Menopon titan Krllogj;. New Mallophaj;". !>• 16-'- 
 
 llecorded by Kellogg from VeJicnnns caii/ornivus. He ]M"oposes three 
 varieties to represent the species. 
 
 Menopon consanguineura I'iaget. 
 
 (,') Mimoiuin jn-inle hvu\\, Pnic. Acad. Nat. Sol. Pliila., 187S, p. 100. 
 Meiiojion coiiKdniftiiiKtun l'iaf;ft, I.cs Pidic, Sujjpl., ]i. lUi, PI. XII, lig. 7. 
 
 Ociairs in great nunibers in buccal cavity of peli<an. Mas been col- 
 lected at Ames, Iowa, and specimens examined in collections of Na- 
 tional .Museum, Kansas rniversity, Boston Society of Natural History, 
 etc. A re<'ord of its occurrence has been given in Insect Life, V, p. 28 1. 
 
 Also recorded by Kellogg as var. impar of iitan ( ?) New Mallophaga, 
 Proc. Ac. Sci. Cal., series 2, Vol. Vl (1S90). 
 
 It seems to ino the variations exhibited in this species maybe due to 
 
 its peculiar habit and the probability that this habit is of recent origin. 
 
 Menopon pallesceus Nitznch. 
 
 Menojnm jieriHeit Oeniiy, ^Ii)ii(»g., p. '22.'), PI. XXI, flg. 9. 
 
 Menopon pallencena ZtavLr. fiir ge». KaturwisBenacU., 1860, Vol. XXVIII, p. 391 j Giebel, Epiz., 
 p. 293. 
 
244 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 f 
 
 One male and one larva. Burnett collection. From '■^Perdijc ameri 
 cana''^ {Colinus riy(fini<(nusj. 
 
 Nitzsch described tlie sp 'cies fr«)m specimens taken from Caccahin ni/a. 
 Denny's desiTiption W(mld seem to have priority. He s.ays common on 
 the partridjje {Verdlr cinerva). 
 
 Menopon tridens Xit/.sch, 
 
 Mniopon tri tens' Itiiriiu'istcr, nauilbiii'li, Vol. II, ]>. 440. 
 
 Lwmolmthnuii tn'lenn Nilz.scli, Ztsc^lir. f. (;''«• ^'iHiirwiHst'ri.srli., IHiiti, Vol. XXVIII, p. ,i!Mi (viili- 
 
 (iii'lii'l). 
 MeiwiKiii gc'ipiilaconie I)<>nn.v,MonoK., p. 221, IM. XXVIII, !!;;.!(. 
 Sfetiopoii t i-!'l.'ii n i:\rUA. Kpl/...].. 2'."0, IM. X VI 1, lij;-. !». 
 Miiiopuii Iriilens I'iiii;ct, Lr.s I'c'di.'., p. 47i), I'l. XXXIX, lij;. 1. 
 
 From coot {Fiilica americaiid), Ames, Iowa. Agrees closely with 
 European description, except that abdomen appears broader than tig 
 ured. The peculiar structure running forward frotn occijjnt beneath 
 seems to be characteristic. Also in liurnett collectiv.'i. 
 
 Recorded by Kellogg, who suggests three varieties to include the 
 American forms, (New Mallophaga, p. Kio). 
 
 MenopoiA crassipes Piagot. 
 
 Li's IVaii'uliiK's, ].. 4r.(), I>1. XXXV, fit 7. 
 
 A specimen which I refer to thit: spec'ies is from the Jialtimore oriole, 
 {Icterus galbula) (Burnett collection). 
 
 Menopon carduelis Doniiy. 
 
 Monog. Alio]). lirit.. ji. 228, 1*1. XX, fiR. 7. 
 
 On Spimis tristis (Burnett collection). 
 Menopon fiilvo-fasciatum Piufrct. 
 
 Lo.s IVdirulitics, p. 417, I'l. XXXIII, lis. ;i. 
 
 Ou Milvus s^p. incog. (Burnett collection). 
 Menopon crocatum Nit/sch. 
 
 Gicbel, Tii.sectii i^pizoii, p. 295; Piatjot, Lps I'l'dic, p. 47, I'l. X XXIX, litf.:i. 
 
 On Phitohehi minor iiml Jjimosa hwinoxtica (Burnett collection). 
 Menopon navigans Kellogg. 
 
 New Malloiilindi,, p. l,-,(i, I'l. XIV, figs. 4 anil 5. 
 
 On short-tailed albatross, Monterey, Cal. (Kellogg). 
 Menopon indistinctum Kello^^. 
 
 New Mallopliagn, )). 157, I'l. .\IV, figs, li ami 7. 
 
 From American avoiiet (h'ecun'iroNtni aiiierictoid), Ijuwraiwe, Kans. 
 ( Kellogg). 
 Menopon numerosum Kollogg. 
 
 NowMalloiihaga. p. l.">9, I'l. XV, fig. 1. 
 
 From Pacific fiiliiiiirs (Fulmaruti (jUwiaUs gliqyischn and rodgerdi)^ 
 Monterey, Cal. (Kellogg). 
 
 Menopon infrequens Kollogg. 
 
 Now Mallophaga, p. Kil, I'l. XV, fig. 5. 
 
 On Larus glancesccns, Monterey, Cal. (Kellogg). 
 Menopon loomisii Kellogg. 
 
 New Alallojiliaga, p. lt>2. I'l. XY, fig. 0. 
 
 On white- winged scoter {Oidemia deglaudi). Bay of Monterey (Kel- 
 logg). 
 
SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA. 
 
 245 
 
 '•'■Perdix ameri 
 
 1 Caeca his ni/ii. 
 lys coiuinon on 
 
 :xviii, p. mm (viii.- 
 
 )8 closely with 
 oiidcr than fig 
 icipnt beneath 
 
 to include the 
 
 iltimore oriole, 
 
 llection). 
 
 wreiice, Kans. 
 
 and rod germ), 
 
 lonterey (Kel- 
 
 Menopon ezpansum n. sp. ( PI. 11, fig.,/). 
 
 AlKlDintm vory broad, ovate. Head with a sinuous margin and Vfry deeply emar- 
 ginato occiput; orbital sinus entirely covered; temporal lobes with two long bristles 
 and two or three short hairs; prothorax nearly as broad as head and closely fitting 
 into the occipital cavity, the lateral angles in cimtact with temporal lol»es; posterior 
 niargiu semicircular; metathorax short, roiin<le(l in front, with two bristles at the 
 lateral angles; legs robust, Ibmora very large, irregularly set with short hairs; 
 abdomen nearly as broad as long, uuitbrnily yellowish brown, margins of segments 
 above with a closely set series of hairs whicli are longer at the lateral angles ])oste- 
 riorly, and the entire ventral surface irregularly set with short hairs arising from 
 minute clear ])U8tules. 
 
 Length, l.m nun. ; hea<l, 0.18 nun. ; abdomen, O.HO mm. Width, head, 0.47 mm.; 
 abdomen, 0.80 n;m. 
 
 On DolU'honij.r oryzi ronts. Burnett collection (No. 07). Di.stiuguished 
 by the extreme width of the abdomen. 
 
 Meuopoii iuterruptus n. sj). (PI. II, fig. h). 
 
 Light yellow, with conspicuous dark-brown bands and Idack lines. Abdominal 
 bands of female broken and irregular near margin of segments ;{ and 5. Legs strong, 
 lined with black. 
 
 Head semicircular in front, a few hairs on margin, antenna' scarcely passing mar- 
 gin of head, orbital ]iits dee]), fringed with hairs behind; temporal lobes rounded, 
 three hnig bristles arising from circular clear spots, dark brown on front, each side 
 connecting with orbital black spot, teni]ioral margin deeply infiiscated occipitally; 
 l)rothorax with siiarp lateral angles broader than long, posterior nuirgin rounded; 
 metathorax broad and long, wich-iiing rapidly behind, ])ost(Tior nuirgin rounded, 
 produced over abdomen, sides deeji lirown; sternal markings, on prothorax a 
 brown patch broiulening in front, acute behind, and with the blunt ])roce88 behind 
 the posterior lateral ])ortion expanding and connecting with i'liscous bands that 
 extend latero-<'ophalad to the margin; on nicsothorax a central i)entagunal patch 
 extending in fuscous bands postero-laterally anil laterally; on metathorax a sub- 
 triangular i)atch acutely angled liehind, slightly convex in front; legs with enlarged 
 femora, l)lackish border externally on fcnu)ra and tibia', and blackish annuhe at the 
 cTpical end of tibia'; jiroximal Joint of tarsus with an enlarged membranous disk; 
 abdomen with sides somewhat i)arallel and heavy transverse bands, which in female 
 are interrupted and dislocated npou the third to tilth segments, but ))articularly 
 upon the fourth. 
 
 Apparently a very common s])eciea n])on the American (!row (CorvuH 
 amerieanus). A number of specimens in the llurnett collection. Also 
 collected at Ames, Iowa. 
 
 Meuopon fusco-margiiiatus n. sp. 
 
 Head with rather deep orbital sinus, a large fuscous patch beneath with bands 
 running h To-cephalad to the orbital sinus and jjosteriorly along the gular margin; 
 prothorax with a mi cer-shaped sternal ](late; abdomen with broad laterfil fuscous 
 margin, head rounded in front with scattering slender hairs, ])aliii reaching to the 
 margin of the head; antenna^ barely visible, the orbital sinus beneath margined 
 with still" hairs and with a dark-brown border; temporal lobes broad, bearing three 
 huig bristles, head beneath with largo brown patch forked in front, the branches 
 extending to th(^ orbital sinus and thence connecting with the brown 8i)ot8 at lateral 
 margin of clypeus; prothorax broad, closely joined to he.ad, posterior margin 
 rounded beneath with an acuminate miter-shaped sternal ])late and dark-brown 
 bands; metathorax enlarging behind, legs strong, marked with brown, the distal 
 portions of femora and tibiae annulate with dark fuscous; abdomen oval, margin 
 broadly fuscous, fuscous bands crossing the disk but uniting into a long brown patch 
 upon the seventh, eighth, and ninth segments; posterior margin of the segments 
 
246 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 m 
 
 
 with a row of short hairs ino.st coiiHpionoiis on tho lateral donso portion. Mali 
 80inewlititHiiiiiIur to tiio fuiiialM with a brown patch on thu abdouitni, iucluding only 
 thu eighth and iiintli Hej^inciits. 
 
 9 Loiigtb, 1. 73 nun; head, 0.32 nun; abdomen, 1.03 mm. Widtli, head, 0.50 nnii; 
 abdomen, ().(i3 mm. 
 
 (J Lengtli, 1.41 mm; head, 0.3") mm; abdomen, 0.70 iimi. Width, head, 0.47 mm; 
 abdomen, 0..'>1 mm. 
 
 On " Tiinlns minor^'' in Uurnott ooUectioii. This species approaclics 
 tlie Mcuopou iiittrniptnsow.nvi'Hig on the <'Oiinnon crow, but (litters (lis 
 tiiu'tly ill the patch on the under side of tlu' head, sternal i>late, and 
 especially the abdomiual bands, whidi are not interrupted as in that 
 8i)ecies. 
 
 Ancistrona gigas Pia<ret. 
 
 Li'S rrdiiiiliiics. Sniijil., 18S5, p. 117, I'l. XII, (!«.«: KcIIokk. Now Miilloplin(;ft. p. l.W. 
 
 This species is retjorded by Kellojjg, as (joilected from the Pacific 
 fulmar, Fulmanis yhicialis rothfcmii and {fliq)i,scliaj Bay of Monterey, 
 California. 
 Colpocephalum pustulosum Piag. 
 
 Lc» Pr'diciilincs p. O.W, IM. \ 1,VI tij,'. H. 
 
 On kingtisher, Cerylc iih-i/on (Burnett collection). 
 Colpocephalum subpachygaster Piagot. 
 
 LPS IVidicnliiios, p. 517, I'l. XLII I, fij:. 1!. 
 
 On Bubo virginianus (Burnett collection.). 
 Colpocephalum flavesceiis NitzHch. 
 
 NitZH<li, (Jeniiar s Miij;., Vol. Ill, p. 208; Lyoiiot, p. 262, PI. Xir,flg.2; Donny, p. 206, PI. XVIII, 
 lij;.'.'; (iicl)cl, p.262 Pi. XUl, tig. 10,iiiiii PI. XIX, flga.3,4,aii(I 7; I'laget, Lrs Pi'dic, p. ,j1.">, 
 Pl.XLlI.ii;:. 10. 
 
 A common species on various birds of prey. Collected from swallow- 
 tailed kite, Ames, Iowa. Other authors have cited it from a large 
 number of rapacious birds. 
 
 Colpocephalum longicau(3um Piagot. 
 
 Lcs Pt'MlifiiliiKv , p. f)34, PI. XLIV, lig.6. 
 
 On carrier pigeon (Burnett (!ollection). Also a specimen very similar 
 on Oallus galluH. (Burnett collection). 
 
 Colpocephalum ochraceum Nitzsch. 
 
 A siiecimen which agrees very closely with this species is credited to 
 Tringa maculata in the Burnett collection. 
 
 Colpocephalum assimile Piaget. 
 Lim P<''dii'iiliiies, ji. 544. 
 
 Described from specimens taken from Orus americann in zoological 
 garden at Botterdam. Also collected at Ames, Iowa (B. O. collection). 
 Also on whooping crane, Lamar, Colo. (Gillette). 
 
 Colpocephalum fuscipes Piaget. 
 I,e» PiMliculiiies, p.567,Pl. XLVlI. 
 
 From gull, Larus sj). in the (^assino c(>lle(!tion. 
 
 Colpocephalum unciferum Kellogg. 
 
 NewMnIloi)liiiga, p. 140. PI. XTI, ligs. l,2,nn(l 3. 
 
 On Pelecamis calif ornicus, Monterey, Cal. (Kellogg). 
 
iS. 
 
 SUBORDER MALLOPUAGA. 
 
 247 
 
 180 portion. Mali 
 UMi, iudiiding onl.v 
 
 til, liuad, 0.50 mm; 
 
 th, head, 0.47 mm; 
 
 icies approaclu s 
 , but ditibrs (lis 
 Binal i)lat(', and 
 pted as in tliat 
 
 ipa. p. mo. 
 
 <»in tlie I^acific 
 ly of Monterey, 
 
 niiy, i>. 206, Tl. XVIII. 
 i{;i't, Lis iVdic, ji. ul'i, 
 
 (1 from swallow- 
 it from a Iarj>e 
 
 len very .similar 
 
 58 is credited to 
 
 la in zoological 
 I. O. collection). 
 
 Colpooephalum unlforme Kollogg. 
 
 Now iliillopliiiga, p. 142, 1'l. XII, tl},'. 4. 
 
 On American avocet [liovurvirotttra americana), Lawrence, Kans. 
 (Kellogg). 
 Colpooephalum pingue Kellof^g. 
 
 Now Mallophaga, p. 144, 1'l. XII, !!«. 5. 
 
 On short-tailed albatross {IHomeiUa <(lbatrii.s) (Kellogg). 
 Copocephalum timidum Kullo^'^. 
 Now Mnllophaga, p. 145, PI. XII, (!«. 0. 
 
 On golden plover {Charaih-hm dominicKs), Lawrence, Kans. (Kellogg). 
 
 Colpooephalum latioeps Kello<rpr. 
 New Mall()i)haj;a, p. 149, 1'l. XII, lig. 8. 
 
 On Ardea egretta, Lawrence, Kans. (Kellogg). 
 Colpooephalum funebre Kellogg. 
 
 Nt'W Mallupliaga. p. 147. 
 
 From Lams glaucescens, Monterey, Oal. 
 
 NitzBchia pulicaria Nit/.sch. 
 
 NilZDchia hurmeislfii Ufiiny. p. 2,10, PI. XXII, lig. 5. 
 Menopon piilicare (riclicl, p. '.'90. 
 
 Aitztcliia ptilicaht Placet, ]>. r)74, PI. XLVIII, fig. 8; O.sborn, Can.,Eut. (rorord); Otiborn, Insect 
 Lift! (period of iiKMibatimi). 
 
 Common on chimney swift. Collected at Ames, Iowa. 
 
 Laemobothiium atrum Nitzsch. 
 
 I'ulex fitlic't; Uodi, Kxp., Table IV, fig. 1. 
 
 LouHG of tlio Coot, .Mbiii., Aran., pi. 44. 
 
 Lcemdbdthnurii utruiii Nit/.scli, GiTiiiar'.s Mug., Vol. TIT, p. 302. 
 
 Ltvmoliolhriuui niijrum IJnrnieirtter, Hnndbucli, Vol. II, ]i. 442. 
 
 Lfcmubothrium atrum Dt'un.v, i». 240 ; Giolicl, p. 253, PI. XVIII, flg. 5; Piaget, p. 586. 
 
 A specimen of this well-marked species was in a small collection of 
 Mallophagidic sent me for determination from Mr. Ph. Laurent, of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Also recorded by Kellogg (New ]Mallophaga, p. 155) as collected from 
 the coot, Fidica americana. 
 
 Lsemabothrium giganteum Nitzscb. 
 
 (1762) PedicuUis eiirci (ieoffrv, Hist, dea Ins., Vol. 11, p. 598, PI. XX, flg. 1, 
 
 (1763) Pedieuliis maniiiix Scopoli, Enl. Cam., pp. :i82, 1036. 
 (1781) I'ediculug btiteoni Fabriciii.s: l{iciniix nilttiris Lntrcille. 
 
 (1818) Ltemabothrium inimntium Nilzscb, (Jcniiar's ^lag., Vol. Ill, p. 301. 
 Lcemohothrium gigantium liurmeister. Vol. II, 441; Duuiiy, p. 240) Git'bel, p. 250; Piaget, Leg 
 PMic, p. 581. 
 
 A specimen of this large species is in my collection, kindly sent to 
 me by Mr. William l>eutenmueller. It was marked from harpy eagle. 
 
 Lsemobothrium hastipes Nitzscb. 
 Friscli, Vol. XI, flg 24; Redi, Tab., 13. 
 Pedieulus tinnunci lus Liuii., Syst. Nat., II, 1018. 
 Nirmus lianticfpn Olfors, p. 87. 
 
 Lcemohothrium hatticips Nitzsch, Gennar'a Mag., Vol. Ill, p. 302; Burmeister, Vol. II, p. 442; 
 Denny, p. 240 ; Ginbel, p.254; Piaget, p. 582. 
 
 Piaget questions the separation of this species from giganteum. Spec- 
 imens kindly presented to me by Dr. Merriam agree well with the 
 descriptions, and dift'er sufficiently from the giganteum in my collection 
 so that it seems proper to indicate the form, at least. 
 
248 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Laemobothrium similis Kellogg. 
 
 Now .Miillopliiitfu, I*. 1&3, PI XIV, Qg» 1 and 2. 
 
 On CohjmhuH nUjrivoUis valij'oruiounj Lawrence, Kans. (Kellogg). 
 
 Triiioton luridum Nitzs<>li. 
 
 FiKiircil ( ') Hfih IM. X (vido Pingct)! Albin., Arnn., pi. 48. 
 
 Triiiutiin luridum }i\V/,Hr\\ (iirmiir's M«){. Vol. lII.p.llOO; Slti])lion'n C!at., Vul.II, p, 334; Uiii 
 
 moistor, Uuiidbuch Vol II p. 441, Duuuy, p. 234, I'l. XXII, ll({.'.'; Gi.ibel, p. 258, ri.XVIU 
 
 flK-7. 
 ( 1) Ttiiiiiton grneile Oriilio MiildondortrH Koisn, p. 404. 
 
 (0 Tiinotoii cniitinircatumrtniM Vol. VIII p.438; I'l. IV, (Id. 1.1; I'l.TI.flK.O. 
 TriiKitnn luridiiiii I'iBiiet, |> ;')81 I'l XLIV, ll«. 3; OhIioiii, Hull. 7, I)iv. Kiit., l)«pt. Ajir. 
 
 This is a very coininon species on various kinds of ducks. 1 have 
 met with it a number of times myself, and have noted it in rollections of 
 the National Miiseuni, t lie Cassino collection, from the Meryiis nerrator, 
 Bruner collection, KeUogg collection, ct<;. 
 
 Kellogg records it from Sp((tHl<( cli/peata, Mcrf/atificr serrator, Anaacaro- 
 
 Hiieiinis, l>ajila acuta, Anas bosvhas, and Anas amcricana (Lawrence, 
 
 Kans.), and ErinmatHra rubida (Monterey, Cal.). 
 
 Trinoton lituratiim Nit/Hch. 
 
 Germiir'H .Mas.. Km. 181 H. Vol. HI, p. 300; Hiiriin>istor Ilandlmrh, Vol. If, p. 441; Oiobnl. Inapcta 
 Kplz., 1874. p. '.'.■><»; I'i;ii:i!t. Les I'udlc, 1880, p. .W', OMimrn, Hull. 7, Div. Kiit , I)«pt. Agr., p..')2. 
 TrinotiiH sii\nilii}iim Deuuy, Alouog. Auup. lirit.. 1842, p. 235, I'l, X^III. ilg. 3; (liobel, Iiisocta 
 Epi/,.. 1874, p. 2,11). 
 
 A specimen in the Cassino collection referred to this si)ecies is cred- 
 ited to the blue-winged teal. It has generally been credited to the 
 goose. Kellogg records it from JJaJila acuta and Merganser serrator, 
 Lawrence, Kans. 
 
 Trinoton minor, n. sp. 
 
 Light brown, with f'nscons markings, mncb smallor than other nioinbers of tbo 
 genus. Head snbtriangular, with obtuse clypoiis iind temporal h)be8 rounded in 
 front; autennal pits covered by rounded swelling; eyes divided, prominent; head 
 below the eyes heavily fringed with short hairs; toiiiporal lobes with four long 
 bristles, a bhickisli pateli in front of the orbital swelling, and a reddish-ltrown 
 patch just within and behind the eyes; oeeipnt with a blackish margin and two 
 diffuse brownish bands running forward to join the blackish patches in front; pro- 
 thorax with lateral angles produced anteriorly, narrowed behind, a fuscous submar- 
 ginal band laterally ; mesotliorax short, with an angular process in front ; metathorax 
 longer, margin curved; legs lobu.st: coxa' large; tarsal pallettes fully developed; 
 first and third pairs of legs wanting in specimen; abdomen rather narrow, tai)ering 
 posteriorly; lateral angles set with long bristles; eighth segment set at posterior 
 margin with two bristles at each side, which are longer and stronger than the others. 
 
 Length, 2.67 mm. ; head, 0.59 mm, ; thorax, O.'Jl mm. ; abdomen, 1.14 mm. Width, 
 0,84 nun. ; abdomen, 0.87 mm. 
 
 Described from a single specimen in the Burnett collection, No. 102. 
 
 " Butter-bill coot," ( Oidemia). 
 
 Pbysostomum frenatum Nitzsch. 
 
 Burineister, Handb4iidi, Vol. II, p. 442; Giebel, p. 25(1, PI. XVITT, fig. 6; Plaget, p. COO. 
 
 From golden-crowned kinglet, Laurent collection. Very similar 
 forms from Passerella iliaca Cassino collection, and Fipilo erytroph- 
 thalmus, from Dr. Merriam. 
 
 Physotomutn lineatum n. sp. 
 
 Light brown nnicolorous, except for brown lino parallel to sides of thorax and 
 abdomen. Small for the genus. 
 
 Head subconic, sides very slightly concave, front rounded with a few very short 
 
iS. 
 
 Bill ?. rnw STifs, D'V of Entpmnli'gy U S Dipt o' Agncuitii 
 
 Plate 
 
 I. (Kellogg). 
 
 It., Vol. II, p, 334; r.nr 
 sbol, p.-JSa, ri. XVIII 
 
 It., Dt'pl. Afjr. 
 
 (lucks. I have 
 ill collections of 
 MeryuH nerratot\ 
 
 rntor,Ana8caro- 
 ■ana (Lawreuce, 
 
 p. 441 ; Oiclipl, Insccta 
 
 . Kilt , Di'pt. Agr., p. .la. 
 
 tig. 3; (iiobol, luaorta 
 
 species is cred- 
 credited to the 
 i'ganser serrator, 
 
 icr nionibers of tho 
 1 lobes rotauletl in 
 il, ])r<>niinout; liotid 
 H'M with four long 
 a reddish-brown 
 4h margin nud two 
 telies in iront; pro- 
 , a fuscons snbmar- 
 1 front; metathorax 
 B8 fully developed; 
 er narrow, ta])ering 
 ent set at posterior 
 ger than the others. 
 , 1.14 mm. Width, 
 
 lection, No. 102. 
 
 PlngPt, p. 006. 
 
 Very similar 
 Fipilo erytro2)h- 
 
 iulea of thorax and 
 th a few very short 
 
 Species of Mallophaga. 
 
 Fipnii'Ort.iWcHiK.s cordriiiin ii. sp.; b, Niniiiis )ii(iiyiii<ihis ii. .sp.; c, yinmiD ahriipfu.i n. sp.; f^ Xininia 
 panilliliin n. sp. ; <■ fciimli', / iimlc. Lifi'iinis iiifiisnttnn n. sp.; f/. r.iiM'unin .iiiliaiiiiustirciiK DiMiiiy; 
 /I, Mvniinini inli'i-i 1(1)1 IIS ii. sp.; /. l>oii>iilwnis tvatudinarius Denny; J, MenopoH'e.nntnsum u. sp. 
 (From pliotOKrnpbs Dy the author.) 
 
hnJr 
 Biiiii 
 wi<h 
 \.i 
 form 
 and 
 (ill 
 
 I) 
 bin 
 loiii 
 
 I 
 in t 
 Qyx 
 
 S 
 act 
 Oyr 
 
 C 
 
BUHOHDER MALLOPIIAfJA. 
 
 24b' 
 
 hairs, pallettofi Btnall, bonoath with a <'<>ntral clt'TutPil rhlw! iMmti»rii>r c(l)je iibovo 
 HinuoUH, <liHtiii(;tly coiiciivi) tttirh Hide of occiput, liiltiiil aii^leH jirodiictiil; prothorax 
 wideniiiK a littlu Itchiiul, p<mt»rior luaigin conciivo. 
 
 l.flgH rather l<>nK< himl oiii^s reacliitiK ixiirly to viiil of uIxIoiiumi ; alxloiiii'U ol' iihiihI 
 form for ((ciiiih, Ni<lt<8 aliKlitly areiiatc Uiit nearly iiarallcl, of tlio Haiiii> color uh lirad 
 ainl thorax. A very narrow brown line ]iarallcl to Hiduit ol thorax anil iilidonien 
 (in lino of Hpirachm). 
 
 Described troiii three speciiiU'iis tVoin the ruhy-throattMl liuiiitniiij^ 
 bm\ {Tntrhi I UH cohihriH Linn.) in Cornell University eolleetion. kindly 
 loaned by Prof. .1. II. Conistoek. 
 
 It is quite (lifl'erent from auy other species of the genns known to me 
 in the nniform color. 
 OyropuB ovaliB Nit/.sch. 
 
 Qyroinii ovdliii }iit/Mv\i, (ici'iiinrM Miii;., \'iil. Ill,]), :i<)4; liuririi'iNtor, Iliinilliucli. Vol II. p. 443; 
 Denny, {i. 24r>. I'l. XXIV, lU;. I ; (ili'liil. Kplz.; IMiikiI. ]>■ •'*») I'l. I,, li^. Ti: OHliorn. Hull. 7, 
 niv. Ent., Di'pt. Aur. 
 
 Specimens received from Dr. A. Ilivssull, of lisiitiinore. Evidently 
 
 a common parasite of the (luinea pi^, its only host. 
 
 OyropuB gracilis Nitzscli. 
 
 reiliculiu jioredli Schiank, Ins. Aii.st., ji. 'ino, I'l. I, tl«. 1. 
 
 Gyruput ijranliH Xitzscli, (ii'imiir H Majj , Vol. HI, p. ;iii4; nnrmolnfor. Vol. II, p. 443; Honny, 
 p. •J4ti, \'\ XXIV, lln. •-"; I'iiiKcl, p. fill, I'l. 1., 11k. (1; OhIioiii, Hull. 7, I»lv. Knl.. Di^pl. A^r. 
 
 Common, aloiifj with precediny, upon the (Jniiiea pig. Numerous 
 specimens collected by Dr. llassall, IJaltimore, Md. 
 
not 
 man 
 inse 
 tica 
 inch 
 W 
 men 
 will 
 toiy 
 cout 
 
 Tl 
 
 mse( 
 
 sepa 
 
 and 
 
 eigli 
 
 are 
 
 tim€ 
 
 bitii 
 
 usni 
 
 skill 
 
 tiou 
 
 Ii 
 
 spe* 
 si tit 
 anc 
 A 
 irfi 
 por 
 an 
 Val 
 
CnAPTEli VT. 
 
 ARACHNIDA. 
 
 While ill tlie inoro restricted Heiise the iiniinals of this division are 
 not insects, they are coninionly hxiked upon in that light, and since 
 many of the parasitic forms have habits similar to those of the tnie 
 insects, and can in many instances be treated by very similar or iden- 
 tical measures, often at the same time, there is the best of reason for 
 including a «liscussion of them in a work having the scope of this jiaper. 
 
 While the group as a whole inchides the spiders, scorpions, harvest 
 men, etc., the parasitic forms are included m the order Acarina, and it 
 will be unnecessary to enlarge on what has been said in the introduc- 
 tory chapter relative to the characteristics of the group as a whole, but 
 confine what is said to the order Acarina. 
 
 Onlor ACARINA. 
 
 » 
 
 These are commonly known as mites, ticks, scan insects, mange 
 inse(!ts, etc., and are in general distinguished by having no prominent 
 separation between the difl'erent regions of the body, the head, thorax, 
 and abdomen, forming one closely connected structure. They have 
 eight legs, except in the early stages, when there are but six; the eyes 
 are often small or obsolete, the si)iracle8 reduced to one pair, some- 
 times apparently wanting; the mouth parts are fitted for piercing, 
 biting, or in some cases for combined biting and suction, there being 
 usually a pair of slender, sharp mandibles capable of penetrating the 
 skin of the host animals. Much variation of habit exists, and ranges 
 from free forms to strictly parasitic iorms. 
 
 Harvest Mites; Chiggebs. 
 
 In the ramily Trombidiida', which includes normally ]dant-feeding 
 species, we find a few species which have adopted a jdiase of para- 
 sitism which, though apparently abnormal, results in extreme annoy- 
 ance to the animals afi'ected. 
 
 Apparently the most abundant species in this country is the Leptus 
 irrifanx of Uiley, which is illustrated herewith. Tliis occurs in a large 
 portion of the United States and occasions during the summer months 
 an emu'mous amount of suffering. It ranges north in the Mississippi 
 Valley iuto central Iowa, at least, appearing there by the latter part of 
 
 251 
 
252 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 June or fore part of .hily, but becoming especially annoying dnritm 
 August. In the latitude of Washington it is very abundant early m 
 June, and farther south its season extends till, v' southern Mexi(<), 
 what is apparently the same species is abundant and equally annoyiiii>- 
 in January. 
 
 The form in which this pest is <>1 iv(m1 is invariably the larval or 
 sixleggcd form. It is nearly circular in oiMiiie, the legs extending 
 well bcyon<l the margins of the body, of a bright red color, and so 
 minute that it is only with the closest scrutiny that it can be detected. 
 
 It is brushed from tlie leaves of various plants on to the hands or 
 clothing of people and to the bodies of other animals, and the mito 
 then proceeds to burrow into the skin, notwithstanding the fact that, 
 so far as all evidence shows, this i)roceeding is absolutely fatal to it 
 and prevents any possibility of its maturnig or producing eggs. 
 
 at th 
 
 (XpO! 
 
 wate 
 parts 
 
 In 
 alcoh 
 
 \V 
 Ibun* 
 ccnte 
 nary 
 allow 
 an 1 
 
 
 ti^ 
 
 Fig. i5l. —Iji'ptiiii imtiiiDi ti) tlio right, anil aiiniicaiin to tli«> Irl't (from Kilcy) 
 
 Just who' form this creature <levelops into if unmolested and allowed 
 to pursue the even tenor of its w.'iy upon a vegetarian tliet seems never 
 to have been determined. It is assumed, however, that it changes into 
 one of the species of Trombidium. 
 
 A related form, L. amcricana, is figured also by Riley. 
 
 In Europe a similar pest, known as fjeptim aiituinnnliH, is said to bo 
 a great annoyance to man and domestic animals, especially dogs and 
 chickens. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 There is great difference in the susceptibility shown by different per- 
 sons to the attacks of this mite, some not seeming to be affected seri 
 ously by them, while others must submit to extreme torture every time 
 they happen to become attacked by them, even if but lew in number. 
 
 As the mites are invariably secured by working among raspberries, 
 currants, or other shrubbery which harbors them, or by walking in 
 grass or low herbage where they occur, sometimes even by sitting or 
 lying for a short time upon grass or clover, it is evident that the best 
 precaution for susceptible persons is to avoid all .such exposure. Where 
 such avoidance is impracticable, the clothing may be made to fit closely 
 
ARACHNIDA. 
 
 253 
 
 at the wrists and ankles, and then as soon as possible after having been 
 ('XI)osed to the mites make an entire change of ch)thnig, bathe in hot 
 water, and if any indications of mites are present wash the attected 
 parts with diluted carbolic acid, one part acid to 50 or 100 parts water. 
 
 In the Tropics nun or whisky is recommended as a wash, and diluted 
 alcohol can be used with good results. 
 
 With a little pains it is possible to locate the mites, as they may be 
 lounjl before they have iioiupletely buried themselves in the skin in the 
 center of the little red swelling that haa been raised by their prelimi- 
 nary irritation, and if they are removed at this stage instead of being 
 allowed to bury themselves in the skin the subse«iuent mtlammatiou 
 an 1 itching will be largely prevented. 
 
 Family GAM AST!) .1^1 
 
 The family Gainasidie contains a largo number of small mitea, most 
 of them being free, or semiparasitic in habit. 
 
 A large number occur as parasites on various species of insects, but 
 the two i.peciAs to be mentioned here occur on birds and are some- 
 times very troublesome. 
 
 TiiK r.iKi) Tick. 
 
 (PermniijiHsiiH nriiini Dwg.) 
 
 This is a very familiar form t(> keepers of cage birds, and is known 
 in many i)laces as the red mite, it occurs on a gieat variety of birds, 
 and has sometimes been considered to embrace the chicken tick, men- 
 tion of which follows, but that is now generally conceded to rei)iesent 
 a distinct form. The mites are easily seen with the naked eye and 
 appear as animated red specks running over the bodies of birds, or on 
 the perches, bars of cages, etc. The eggs -ire laid in cra<;ks or corners 
 of the cage, where may be found also the molted skins and often 
 nnmerons young and old mites. 
 
 The attacks on tlu^ birds are made, jn'obably, for the most part at 
 night, but the mites are usually well lilled with blood, which gives 
 theui their red c(>l<)r. 
 
 The use of perishes that are solid, smooth, and free from cracks, and 
 the freciuent dip])ing of these in hot water, and the thorough cleansing 
 of the entire cage, using boiling water if there are inaccessible cracks, 
 will serve to destroy the pests. 
 
 The Poultry Tick. 
 
 (DeminnyssKS fjallina' DoGeer.) 
 
 One of the most persisteiit and injurious of the pests of the hennery 
 is the little chicken mite, which gathers o\\ the fowls, especially at 
 night, and sut^ks their blood. It is a well-known form, and has been 
 
254 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 m' 
 
 described for many years, thongh in many works it is confused witli 
 the i)receding siieties or considered simply a variety of tliat form, lis 
 distribution seems to extend pretty generally over the world wheir 
 domestic fowls are kei»t. 
 
 The full-grown mites are about 1 mm. lonj;, of a liffht sray or whitisli 
 color, with daik patches showing through the skin, but when full ted 
 have a distinct red color. They swarm in cracks and corners of the 
 henhouse, and often, when numereus, over all surrounding objects, and 
 at such time are liable to become a great pest to man and such other 
 animals as they may get access to. 
 
 It is possible that the presence of fllth mny favor their increase, as 
 it would seem possible for them to use fluid matter as food aside from 
 
 Tia, 152,— Dermanyesua ijallince : o, adult; 6, tar.siiH; c, mouth-iMirta ; </ aud c, yuuug— all uulurged 
 
 (original). 
 
 the blood of their ordinary hosts. A writer in the Poultry World, evi- 
 dently a practical poultry keeper, says: 
 
 The mites will breed in the droppings. Rotten nest eggs arc good sources. TLcy 
 swarm in nivriads where an egg has been broken in the nest. Tue heat from the 
 body of the hon or, the nest hatches them by the millioiiH. Kvery crack and crevice 
 contains them. They come out ou the roost at night, like bed-bugs, and prey on the 
 birds. 
 
 The dust bath is considered of use in checking this pest, but wh^rc 
 there is a general infestation, 1 believe the best plan will be found to 
 clear the house, then spray well with kerosene or kerosene emulsion, 
 taking pains to reach the cracks; thoroughly drench the roosts with 
 hot water or kerosene, benzine, or gasoline, whitewash the house, or 
 dust with cai belated lime, and then daub the ends of the roosts, where 
 they come in contact with aupjtorts, with coal tar, so the mites will 
 have to cross it to reach the fowls. 
 
ILS. 
 
 is confused witli 
 
 )f that form. Its 
 
 the world wher( 
 
 it srayorwliifisli 
 but when full t'vA 
 id corners of the 
 ding objects, and 
 and such other 
 
 heir increase, as 
 s food aside from 
 
 youug— all oulargod 
 
 Itry World, evi- 
 
 r>t\ soiircoB. They 
 Tiie beat from tlie 
 cmck aiul crevice 
 ;8, aud prey on tlie 
 
 lest, but wliwre 
 i^ill be found to 
 isene emulsion, 
 ;he roosts with 
 I the house, or 
 e roosts, where 
 the mites will 
 
Bui, 5, now series, Div. of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture 
 
 ARGASIN/C. 
 
 Fio. y -Ripirhoprhim spinomini. <lorsal view ; Irr, vfiitral view ; 1?)-!/. details of sniiio. 
 Fid. 'i. — (iriii/lioili>ni.i iiiiierirKiiii.i, ddi'snl view ; s.V(, vi'iitral view ; •Mi-'ii (U'tiiils of same. 
 Kui a— l)r/<(.s nmfr/VrfjiK.s, dorsal view: Hn, ventral view ; ;^^, side view of ventral portion; 3c, larva, 
 dorsal view ; M, larva, veutral view ; 3i'-3fc, details of same-all lii(,'ldy magnified (.from Marx). 
 
Plate II 
 
 ARACHNIDA. 
 
 F.iiuilv 1X< )I>I1)/K. 
 
 255 
 
 
 Fiff.3 
 
 IMC. 
 
 liiine. 
 
 il iiortioii ; 3i', larva, 
 
 U'l'oin 3Iarx). 
 
 This family includes the ticks ]m)i)er, and tin; species are some of 
 fheni larjiB, and esj)ecialiy when gorj;ed witli blood, and the females with 
 oygs are quite bulky. !n sonu^ cases they reach a lenj-th of nearly half 
 an inch. The common dog ticks will serve as a good illustration of the 
 -;rOHl>. 
 
 They are onlj' semiparasitic, most species attaining some growth 
 l)efore attaching themselves to animals, and in many cases they move 
 to and from their hosts at will. 
 
 The .species of Argas, formerly included with the Gamasids, are now 
 included in this group as a subfamily. 
 
 KXl'LANATIOX OF I'LATE III. 
 
 V\^. 1. RhynchopriiuH Hpiiiosiim, dorsal 
 view, 
 la. Ventral view. 
 
 \h. Young, ciipitnlnni not redrawn. 
 Ic. Full sucked iiidividiiiil,ciipitulum 
 projected. 
 Capituluui, dorsal view. 
 Maxillii'. 
 Mandibles. 
 Stigma. 
 Front foot. 
 
 Fig. '2d 
 
 . Cai>ituluni, dorsal view. 
 
 2e. 
 
 Maxillif. 
 
 2/. Stigma. 
 
 2j/. 
 
 Female sexual orifice. 
 
 2h. 
 
 Front foot. 
 
 2i. 
 
 Mailer's organ of hearing. 
 
 Fig. -A. 
 
 Argas americaniis, dorsal view 
 
 3a. 
 
 N'eutral view. 
 
 3b. 
 
 Side view of anterior portion. 
 
 3c. 
 
 Larva, dorsal view. 
 
 3d. 
 
 Larva, ventral view. 
 
 He. 
 
 Capituliim, ventral view. 
 
 3/. 
 
 Mandibles. 
 
 3g. 
 
 Maxilla;. 
 
 3h. 
 
 Stigma. 
 
 3*. 
 
 Front foot. 
 
 3k. 
 
 Haller's organ. 
 
 Id. 
 le. 
 1/. 
 i'J- 
 
 n. 
 
 li. Haller's organ of hearing. 
 Fig. 2. Ornithodoriis americanus, dorsal 
 view. 
 
 2a. Ventral view. 
 
 2h. Side view of anterior iiortion. 
 
 2c. Position of capitulum in full- 
 sucked individual. 
 
 The Eak Mite. 
 
 {Sejus auria Leidy.) 
 
 In 1S72 Dr. Leidy, in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy, 
 described a nnte from the ear of an ox, which he referred to the 
 genus Gamasus, but Murray considers it a Sejus. It is evidently not 
 ;i common form, as I find no further menti(m of it in American litera- 
 ture and nothing to indicate an injurious attack from it. 
 
 The Pigeon Tick. 
 
 {Argas refleiua Fab.) 
 
 This is a common species in both the Old ana New World, and 
 occurs principally in the more southern latitudes, but in Europe extends 
 
256 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 north into Germany and Enyiand. In the United States it ia common, 
 I believe, as far north as St. Louis. 
 
 It is found mainly in itij>eon houses and sucks blood for nourish 
 ment, but it is capable of living an alnu)st incredible length of time 
 witlumt food, instances being on record when; it has been kept in con 
 finement without food for two years, (luring which time the molts recur 
 at frequent intervals. 
 
 The body is pvojected in front far in advance of the head, the color 
 is a deer> gray, the form ovate, and the length about one-eighth of an 
 inc 
 
 A itei pecies, Argan persicvfi, is said to be a pest in houses in 
 Persia, and An > • monhaia \\\ Angola, and Ahjus Udaje in Guatemala, 
 are equally annoying m their respective habitats. 
 
 The American Ae<}AS. 
 
 (JryaK amcricanux Pack.) 
 
 This species was described by Packard in the Report of the Geolog 
 ical Survey of the Territories for JS72 (p. 740), but rather oddly both 
 Murray and liailliet credit it to Kiley. Kailliet, however, cites Hope as 
 authority for its reference to rnMatns, 
 
 It is reported by Ur. Francis as destructive to chickens in parts of 
 Texas, and in the original description it is said to have been collected 
 with the cattle tick from cattle. 
 
 Paitkard's description reads: 
 
 Body very Hat .and thin, oval, with the liead and month parts concealed by the 
 overrea(bin<j[ dorsal ])ortion of the body, which is lient upward aroiintl the marfjin, 
 though the edge is not revoluto. Uody above covered witli very nunu-rous little 
 round pits, large in the nii'.dle and becoming smaller on the edge. There are two 
 large, conspituons pits on the middle of the anterior third of the body, just in front 
 of the middle transverse curved row of six smaller i)its, three on each side. Behind 
 are six proniin<!nt jiits, three on each side. t)n posterior thinl of the body are rows 
 of these punctures radiating outward. The edge of the body is roughly granulated. 
 Margin of the body beneat'i j)itted as above. Smooth between the legs and on the 
 head. I'alpi long jukI slender when stretched out, not reaching the edge of the body. 
 Legs large and stout, hind pair Just reaching edge of body. Claws long and curved, 
 as usual. 
 
 Length, 0.2(5 inch; breadth, 0.15 inch. 
 
 Shown in PI. Ill, fig. .'J, drawn by Dr. Marx, the figure, however, not 
 indicating the radiation of the pits on the posterior part of dorsal 
 surface described and figured by Packard, and which gives the name 
 radiatUH. 
 
 Two related species, t'e Rhj/nehoprinm sphiosnm Marx, from Texas, 
 and the Ornifhodorns americanus are illustrated in PI. Ill by the 
 lamented Ur. George Marx. 
 
 
LS. 
 
 lies it ia common, 
 
 lood for nourish 
 le length of time 
 jeon kept in con 
 e the molts recur 
 
 e head, the color 
 one-eighth of an 
 
 pest in houses in 
 ye in Guatemala, 
 
 257 
 
 rt of the Geolog 
 ather oddly both 
 j^er, cites Hope as 
 
 3kens in parts of 
 v& been collected 
 
 ■8 concealed by the 
 troijiid the marjjtin, 
 Hiy nuituTons little 
 l^e. There are two 
 body, just iu front 
 each Hide. liehiud 
 f the body are rows 
 oiifjhly graimlatod. 
 the le^H and on the 
 le cdf^e of the body. 
 V8 long and curved, 
 
 ire, however, not 
 • part of dorsal 
 gives the name 
 
 irx, from Texas, 
 PL 111 by the 
 
 AltACHNIDA. 
 
 Tkk Catj'le Tick. 
 
 ({{oophlliiH hoi'in Hiley.)' 
 
 This ia without question tlu; most important of the Ainoriciin speciies 
 of ticks and has a doubh' iuiportaruni since it has been detcnnincd that 
 it serves as a carrier of tiie destructive Texas fever of (tattle. 
 
 It was dcs(rribe<l in l.S«)*.) by Prof. C. V. Kiley ' and ti<;urcs extensively 
 in discussions of cattle pests since. Dr. Cooper Curtice Iwilds that the 
 Alf^erian tick, described by Me^i'uin as LmtUs tluijiiiii, is identical with 
 the Ainericiui form, with tlie ])robabdity tliat it was introduced into 
 America on imported cattle. 
 
 The elaborate report on this species by Dr. Curt' .v' will serve as a 
 basis for a sununary of the essential facts re^jtardin;. tli> ■(pccies, while 
 the nunu'rons experiments of Dr. M. rrancis,'of tl i Texa.. Experiment 
 Station, lurnish the most valuable guide in treatment. 
 
 The species is distributed certainly tliiough all of the wavmer por- 
 tions of the United States and (juite «'ertaiidy i.i Mexico, Central 
 Anu'rica, Scmth AnuM'icii, and Cuba, while, if ti 'i specu's occurring in 
 northern Africa is identical, it would extend its range tlinmgli Egypt, 
 Algeria, and i>robably all northern Afrii^a and some of the southern- 
 most parts of Europe. 
 
 Professor iJiley's (U'iginal description and remarks are as follows: 
 
 A i'»!ddi.sli, coriiict'oiis, tlattfiicd sjn'cics, with tln' liody oblong-oval, contracted. just 
 beliind tht^ middle, iiinl witli two longitudinal iniiirensions aliove tliis contraction 
 and tbrt'c below it, more especially visible in tlio (Iried sjiecimen. Head short and 
 broa<l, not sj>ined beliiii<l. witli twodeeji, round ))it8. rali)i and beak together unus- 
 ually short, tlic])alpi liciiig slender. Labium short and broad, densely s|iined beneath. 
 Mandibles smooth above, with terminal hooks. Tlioracic shield distinct, onc-tliird 
 longer than wide, smooth and polished; eoinex with the lyrate medial convexity 
 very distinct. Legs long and slender, pale testaceous red; coxa- not spined. 
 
 Length of body, 0.15 of an inch; width, 009 of an inch. 
 
 Missouri collection, ('. V. Kiley. 
 
 "This is the cattle tick of the ^Vestern States. Several hundre<l spec- 
 imens in diti'erent stages of growth have also been receive«l from Pul- 
 von, west coast of l^icaragna, taken from the horned cattle, and on a 
 species of Dasyproctti by Mr. J. McNeil. They preserve the elongated 
 tlattened form, with the body contracted behind the middle, by which 
 this species may be easily identified. The largest specimens measure 
 
 'If Curtice is correct in connecting this witli the African form iiihI Itailliet in referrinn it to Jiliipi 
 ci'jilialus naiujuinevn Liitr.. the svnoiioiiiy be<'oiiics quite coniiilicnted, esiiccially if Curtice's sti.spicion 
 tliat tlie rotea of Kn<'li and the aitniilatux of Sny also come liere. The whole synonomy would run 
 Konietliiiig as follows; Ixmleii naiiijiiineiiii Latr. (IHOti) ; Jxodi's amiiilatnii Say (1820) ; Ixodes phimhevs 
 Du^es (1834) ; /jot^c* (fwr/csi'i (Jervais (1844) : Ihniiaphysalit ri'ura Koch (1844); Hhipicephahi* sangui- 
 tieus and Hicxdax Koch (1847) ; Ixodes bovis Hilcy (IStiU) ; Jxodis duyesii ^6giiin (18 j9) ; Jioophilus hovU 
 Curtice (1890); Uhipicephalus languineua Railliet (1895). 
 
 'Government Report upon the Diseases of Cuttle by Gamgce (1869). 
 
 ^Bulletin 24, Texas Experiment Station. 
 
 4653— No. 5 17 
 
i: i 
 
 m 
 
 2'yS 
 
 INSECTS AKFECTINO DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 0.50 by (>.;{o of ail inch. Wlicii pormMl with hlnod tliey are nearly ns 
 tliic^k tliroiifjli as tlicy are broad. In tlie freshly hatched hexapod(>ii> 
 youiij;', and the youiif"' in the next sta;;o of jxrowth, tlie thoracic shielil 
 is one-third tlie size of tiie whole body, \vhi<'h is pale yellowish, witli 
 very distim-.t creniilations on the hinder edye. The fourth pair of le<>s 
 are added apparently at the first molt. It is called ';;ar apata' by the 
 inhabitants of Nicaragua." 
 
 Cnrtice <;ivea the life history in considerable detail, and the follow- 
 ing" extracts will show the essential jioints: 
 
 On OctolxT 10 I placiMl MHiH' ut" tbi'HO eg^'* (''!• ^ > ''K- •"•> ••' -^ Biiiull, ^lasB-covere<l 
 «lisli lillcd with (l.'iiiip 1111)1(1 and set it aside in tli(< iiicnliat iii^' nioiii ol' tlin lalioriitoiy. 
 On Ndvenilier 1 tho y<tiin>; ticks ( I'l. \', lijj;. (I) had hoyuii to cnii'ij;!', and by N(tveiiili(.'r 
 l.'i th«! liatclilii); was coni])1ctod, fiirh t'^jj; hiiviii<r jii-odiict'd a yoiiiig- tick. 
 
 At this time tlic ticks wcio takiMi to the ttiireaii cx]icrinii>iital fiiriii and put i>n n 
 ralfwLich w as coiilmcd in a sialile, whose tciiipcratiiro was niiiintainod at siiniiiicr 
 lit'iit througbdiit the cxpcriiiMiit. A call witli iv white alidonien was selected, tlirowii 
 on its backus])! iiikled with ticks directly on its tine, silky hairs, and time allowed lor 
 them to crawl into tin' skin. In this i^roccodinu tlie certainty of the young ticks 
 arriving at the most suitable snrroiiiidings was nsHiired. 
 
 It is well to state here that the iiareiita of these yonny ticks were the last seen at 
 the station on any of the cattle, and tliat the room of experimtiiit and the calf were 
 <|nit(( free from ticks before the exjieriinent began. The following table will serve 
 to illustrate the se(|iieiice of events in the experiment and present it in rough but 
 compact form : 
 
 I)utl^ 
 
 Stiii;t> Mlc\|)i riiiirnt. 
 
 Tinir coimunioil In vnrionn stncPs. 
 
 Oct . ;i Kirir l.iyiiii.' liejnn 
 
 (»cl. ill K^;; layiim lini^lml | Ovipositing 1 wpck, 
 
 Nov. 4 TicUs iippi- iumI j IlHtrliiii;; it diid 4 wcclis 
 
 Nov. l,"i lii'iiniig III), nil .... ! fiiiu'ct .■«siii\ inlcrvnl nl l week. 
 
 XiPV. "J'J I Kirst iiiiill, larvii til iiyiiipli bai vnl stiiye lastcil 1 wock. 
 
 \i)v. "Jii Srciinil limit, iiyiiipii 111 iiiliill l.iiMlidl wi-cU. 
 
 IUh'. 11 Friiiali' hah" i;i<>"ii with male A:ii)iil 'i weiks later. 
 
 Dec. in I'Api'riliiiiit rlii'-rtl .\ limit I wick 
 
 Kxpciiiiunt eiiiliiri'U • \ I unit 'J.J iimiitlis. 
 
 The egi^s were laid in a little mass, were siibovoid, dark brown and oiiaqiie, and 
 coated with some protective substance. In alcohol they show a thin, shell-like cov- 
 ering, with a dark, opai|iie ni:i.'~s within. In the latter stages of incnbation the form 
 of the young ticks beraiiie more and more a])|iaient until they emerged. The exit 
 from the shell Hcemed to be by the sliell ruptiiriiig and the inqirisoned occupant 
 thrusting it otf with its feet. The torn edges al'terwariisrolled inward and jnodnced 
 the apju'arance oi'clam shells, so rre(|iiently meiitioiied in wriliiius on this subject. 
 
 The larva is six-footed, ])08sesses no sexual organs, ;ind wants the large, single 
 stiiiinata found in later stages. 
 
 The next or nym]ilial stage, as seen through the skin of the larva, has added a jiair 
 of limbs behind the others and a pair of large stigmata behind them. The additional 
 legs lie along the sides in a loop w ith its convexity directed candally. The rontents 
 of the three front i>airs of li'gs litive withdrawn until only their white tips remain 
 in the testa itbout to be inolttMl. 
 
 The ditference between the ticks destined to become either male or female during 
 their final nndt is ns-t marked. The tiverage of the males is smaller, but a small 
 female may not be an.\ larger than an ordiiniry male. In each the nnnitli ring and 
 month jiarts, the shield-like headpiece, the breathing jtores, the limbs, aijd the body 
 are tilike. 
 
 After they emerge, however, the nniles (PI. IV, tigs. 1 to 3) can be quickly chosen 
 
L,8. 
 
 vy any iioarly :i^ 
 lu'd hexai)o(lmi> 
 '' tlioraric shield 
 yellowish, wifii 
 nth pair of Ic^^s 
 ar apatii' I)y tin- 
 
 , ami tilt' foUow 
 
 iiniil], fjliiss-covered 
 II ol tli« laliortitory. 
 1', and by Noveiiilior 
 ij;' tick. 
 
 I'anii and put on a 
 ntained at Ninnni)-i' 
 iiH solc'cti'd, tliiown 
 nd tinio allowid tor 
 111" the \onnj» tiiks 
 
 ere tin- last seen at 
 t and tlio calf were 
 iij; tabic will serve 
 nt It in roiijfh but 
 
 It'll in viirloim ntii 
 
 wock. 
 
 Ill 4 WCfliM 
 
 inliTviU 111 I week, 
 lusted 1 woi'lv. 
 
 k. 
 
 (,s hitrr. 
 
 ItllH 
 
 and (i|ia(ino, and 
 liii. sln'11-like cov- 
 ■ul>atii>n the form 
 iicigeil. 'I'lie exit 
 iiisoned (X'ciiiiant 
 i iird and ]>ri)dnced 
 
 on this subject. 
 
 the larj^e, siiif^lo 
 
 has added a )>air 
 
 Tlie additional 
 
 l.\'. The i<»ntcii)s 
 
 bite tips remain 
 
 or female during 
 iller, but ii small 
 
 month ring and 
 lbs, aijd tbo body 
 
 Bui. 5, ri'w soriea, Div. of Entomology, U S Dcpt. of Agriculture. 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
 
 The Cattle Tick (ffoo/i/u/Ks hm-ix Riiev.) 
 
 1, Mftle, seen from nimve: ^', K't'innle. seen from above; 3, JIale, seen from below; 4, Female, seen 
 from below; .">. Claw ami pnlvillus; 11, Lower surface of first, secoml, and third segment of leg; 
 7, Spiracle or peritreuie. (.From Curtice, Bui. ^4, lex. Ag. Ex. Sta.) 
 
 e <iuickly chosen 
 
Bui 
 
 r 
 
 < 
 
 3, 
 
 n, 
 
 V. 
 
 C 
 
Bui. S. now Mtios, Di». of Entomology, U S. Dept of A^'iculturn 
 
 Pirate V. 
 
 The Cattle Tick (/;<(()yi/<Wi(.s/)«r/.s'Kiii"y.t 
 
 1 Front foot, showiiiL' sintilf sour: In, Shiu'osimI s.misc crtfiiim: «'. Hind foot. sliowiiiK'loiilili>si>ur: 
 :[ Il"ul of tvIIiHle; I. la, 41>. l.-. Ke.naU- ticks, natunil si/,., sb..w.i at .liir.T-nt stap;s ot .v.linK; 
 .'i' Euk: ti, YouiiL'tiok: 7. Dorsal surfan- of tlm mouth |. arts of feiual.' a. niandiblo. 1), l|>iii-iim. 
 c-'. palpus .1, mouth riuK. e, sj.ots covi-r.'cl with papilla-: .s J.ul.mm and luandihU's; Ha, 1/'I'|I ' 
 ..iilmrfd: !l, .Mandihl.- X-Husic's ovRan, use unkuown; 10, Mouth parts ot yoimg tick. Urom 
 Curticv, Hul. -,'4, Tt-x. Ag. K.\. Sta.) 
 
ARACHNIDA. 
 
 259 
 
 l>y their smaller size, by the ahseutie of a well-defiued head shiehl, hy the extension 
 of the shiehl over the whole hack, aud by the two ])air.s of chitinous phites situated 
 on the abdomen behind and on eacli side of the auns. 
 
 Throughont life the male enlarj^es but little. Ho betomes a little broader, hmjicr, 
 .ind thickPT, but not markedly so. The female, on the contrary, grows to a conipar- 
 ativelj' inmicnse size (I'l. \', tigs. 4, •!«, 4h, Ac), swelling day by day, her body becom- 
 ing so rotund and replete with the food drawn from her host that she can scarcely 
 l)e recognized as of the same species as the males. While her body has inflated, how- 
 ever, her head, her legs, and breathing jiorcs have not undergone any changes. These 
 remain exactly of the same size as in the beginning, and, with the exception of the 
 head shield, arc '>ut little dill'erent from those of the male. The disparity in size 
 between th<j legs and the body of the fully-gorged female is so marked that the legs 
 aud head apjiear even smaller than at first. The comparatively small size of the male 
 has caused it to be overlooked or, if found, caused it to be classed among the young 
 of this sjTCcies. 
 
 After molting, the young fenuile again attiichesherself to her host and seems rarely 
 to change her positiou. AVhileshe may be able to do so at lirst with ease, she l)ec()mes 
 so heavy and logy later on that any < hange would cause her to fall to the ground 
 should she loosen her hold with her beak. The males, however, remain small and 
 light, and it is not impossible I'or them to change their position, and iio (loul)t do so. 
 After molting, they hunt for mates through the dense growth of cattle hairs and, 
 linding them, attach to their host so that they enu <'onveiiiently embrace them belly 
 to belly and bring their external genitals in apposition. 
 
 When fully gorged, when the organs of geneiaticui are fully prejjared, and either 
 the eggs within fertilized or a suHieient (luantity of senu'ti stored in the re<'eptac]e 
 for tlieir i'ertilization, the female (I'l. IV, fig. 4/)) loosens her bold on her host and 
 lulls to the ground. She must do tins to lay her eggs, (.'riiwling otV to some dark 
 corner, her work soon l)pgius. Any delay seems to me to Ix? caused by the tick not 
 being prepared to undergo the iinal act at the time of reuio\al from the cow. The 
 lemale nuiy, if detached, lay eggs any tinu; after it is half grown, (PI. V, fig. Ir'. ) 
 Most ticks under my observation ha\e waited ii day or two before commencing 
 ovipositing, and scmie e.en nwre. While the tick prefers to act in (juiet, she will, 
 if retarded long enough, show her secret method under almost any dillieulties. 
 
 1 must now draw attention to an (Ugan which, though accessory, jilays an impor- 
 tant role in ovijiositing. I'etween the nu)Uth ring and the head shield is u sjiace 
 which beeonu's very marked in the f'e( '.md tick. At this jioint o))en uliinds, wliich 
 are paired, riicemose, and situated Just under and within the head shield, Unring 
 the last dnys of tiie grow f h of tli<' ticks these glands lieconie distended w itli a viscous 
 fluid substance with whiili tlie eugs are to be co;ited for |iroteclion. 
 
 The lirst visible act in ovipositing is the witlnirawal of the moutii ring and .•i])iienil- 
 ages ajiparenfly into tlie body, fliereli.v le.'uini;' a (le|M('s>ion (ir]pn<'ket, ,\t the same 
 time the ovijiositer ])rotru(U's towartl the Imlging skin at the lunk of the month 
 ring until they touch. The head is now entirely eoneealec!, As soon ms the ovipos- 
 itor touches the o]>iM)sinL, or;;an at the slit whirh appears in ils middle, an egg 
 jiasses from it and is inunediately siii ronmltd liy the coating sac. 'I'his passage of 
 the egg is diflicnlt to detect, Imt if the jiassage is interfered with <'iin he nnide out 
 altera time. The ovipositor then withdiaws, the iinMith ]iarts a])]uar, and the egg 
 is pushe(l from its coating sac, which recedes from around it. As the mouth jiarts 
 are commonly known as the head, it ap^icars as though th(> femah ]iasse<l the eggs 
 over her head and laid theui from her neck, A eiuious affair, surely. 
 
 Th(! object of coafing fl..' egg has been clearly (lemonstrate<l by liertkau, who 
 found that eggs laid after destroying the coating s;i(^ and preventing the eggs I)eing 
 covered dried up and would not hatch, while others newly laid by tins same female 
 and coated hatched iTi di. , time. Kgg a<fer egg does the little creature lay, her ])ile 
 growing constantly largei while her body constantly contracts, until in about a 
 week little is left but a yellowisii, dried-up, shriveled skin, whence all life has 
 dejmrted. 
 
¥^ 
 
 260 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 RELATION OF TICKS TO TEXAS FEVER. 
 
 That ticks have a rehitiou to Texas fever was held many years ajjo 
 by people acquainted with Southern cattle, but no valid reason lor 
 such belief could be a<lduced, and the idea was looked upon by tin 
 scientific world as only one of the popular notions that come from 
 taking coincidences as meaning cause and ellect. 
 
 AVhen, however, the study of the disease wis entered upon from tlic 
 standpoint of modern bacteriology, it was leariicd that the ticks may 
 have a most important rolationshii) as carriers of the disease germ and 
 thereby serve as agents of infection, it is now generally acceptv^t! 
 that even if the ticks aic not an essential means of transmission, they 
 are so generally the scmrce of infection that their destruction constitute."^ 
 a most important factor in the [nevention of the disease. 
 
 PREVENTION AND REMEDY. 
 
 Since tlie ticks get access to the animals mainly by being brushed 
 upon them from the leaves of bushy i)lants or trees, the keeping ol 
 
 jz-r-r:::^ 
 
 Vmi. \'t^.~ Dfriiittci iiliir (iiiiirifiniun: nil If— t'liluruud (i)riuiii:ilt. 
 
 cattle away from wooded pastures is recommended as oneadvantag<'ons 
 nu'thod of ])reveiiting theii' injuries. Weed strongly recommends t lie 
 feeding of sulphur awA salt as a preventive. 
 
 For direct treatment there is probably nothing that ecpials the dip 
 ping process, by which the whole animal is completely drenched with a 
 dipping solution. Dr. Fn^ncis, alter using a sjiraying outfit for the 
 purpose, says that he has discarded it entirely for the more satisfactory 
 method of dipjung, special i>reference being given to a dip of cotton 
 seed oil. Full details of this process and the form of vat required are 
 giveu iu the chapter ou remedies and their application. 
 
ARACHNVDA. 261 
 
 The Don Tick oh Wood Tk^k. 
 
 ( htrmaeenior americunue I/iim.) 
 
 The most conimoii tick tliroush the Northern States, at least, is the 
 8o-(;alh'(l dv)g tieli, tlie name being" associated with its most common 
 host. It o(;cnrs, however, very frequently on other animals and on 
 mail. Wlien fully gorjied, the ticks are nearly half an inch long, and 
 they seem to favor the ears of dogs, or at least parts near the head. 
 
 The males, fig. 158, do not enlarge like the females, but are about the 
 size of the females before engorgement, and the body above as well as 
 the borders of the legs are marked with bright, silvery lines and 
 blotches, as shown in the figure. 
 
 As Avirh other species, the young clind> to the outer parts of leav^.-s, 
 from whence they are readily brushed to the bodies of passing animals. 
 
 TiiK LoNK S'l-AK Tick. 
 
 (Amhhiommn iinipiiHcta I'lick.) 
 
 This species, next to the cattle tick, is probably of the most imi)or- 
 tance in the !Sonthern States, siiaring with that species the hospitality 
 of cattle and also attacking 
 other domestic animals. It 
 is thought i)r«>bable that, 
 like btn-is, it may convey 
 Texas fever. 
 
 It is < asily known by the 
 single bright, silvery spot 
 on the b.'.ik. When fully 
 gorged, tlie female is about 
 eqiMil to the cattle tick in 
 si/e. 
 
 Measuresof treatment will 
 be till' sauu' as lor that 
 Hi>ecii's. 
 
 TiiK Hauhit Tick. 
 
 ( h'hiph into Ilia IfiioriH.) 
 
 ihUliiina Ifpiii-is- n, voiifrnl view of iiiuutli 
 '. b, larsiiH— L'Ularged (origiual)' 
 
 This is a rather common species on rabbits, and is Ibund i>erhaps 
 more commonly in the ear than elsewhere on the host animal. It is a 
 small species, and the tigure will indicate its form. 
 
^62 
 
 INSECTS AFrEOTING DOMESTIC AN3: .U-W. 
 
 m 
 
 |<i', . 
 
 /ro(1en ririiiiis Linn. 
 
 A very coininoii tick upon the little ground sciuirrels in tlie Missi-; 
 
 •sippi Valley is a speeies which Dr. Mar\ 
 has determined for nie as ricinn.s. li 
 this be identical with the Euroi)e;in 
 rft7HMN,its habits would seem to besonn' 
 what diti'erent, as there it is said to oc 
 cur on dogs and other large mammals, 
 but here it is apparently conliued jiretty 
 closely to small rodents. 
 
 The ti^ure will serve to distinguish it, 
 and it is hoped that it uiay receive tlie 
 attention of students, so that the full 
 <U'tails of its habits may be better 
 known. 
 
 /.I (hies reduriuH, crhiffceiis, and martji- 
 iuitiis, Hiinlomitut iv<ji!i>fi'mi and afri- 
 
 cunum, and Dermaventor rcHcuhttus are among the species recorded as 
 
 troublesome in the Old World. 
 
 15fi.— Ixodes rietvtis — enl.irfred (orig- 
 
 Ol 
 
 h 
 
 k 
 
 at 
 
 Fiunily SAI^( "( )I^TIT).K. 
 
 This .family includes s])('cies which are strictly i>iH'iisitic, and all may 
 be cousidered as normally infesting the skin, tliose species which occur 
 withiu the quills of feathers, in burro'.\s of the skin, ur in the subcuta- 
 ne<ms tissue, or on internal organs, being extreme forms and doubtless 
 iri all cases derivatives fV-M species that first lived on the surface. 
 In fact, the I'xtieme forn • .>i' mites in this family show in a beautiful 
 manner the gradual adaptalioii to difl'erent modes of living and lead to 
 the worm-like condition i)resented by Deuiodex. 
 
 The s])eci('s are all minute, often almost invisible to the naked eye, 
 the skin striated or furrowed, usually wl.dte or trans])arent, the numth 
 parts fitted for biting or suctu)n, the tarsi generally with sucking disks 
 for attaclnnent, itud tl'u eyes wanting. 
 
 Thk Pigeon I'mimk Mitk. 
 
 m 
 
 li- 
 
 These mites live in the feathers of the pigeon and other birds, atid 
 some very interesting facts have be>-i brought to light by the studies 
 of Megnin and Trouessart, which sli< w that the mite may undergo a 
 peculiar transtormation during the immature stages, whereby, instead 
 of veuiaining on the feathers outside the body, they migrate w-ithin the 
 skin and live in the subcutaneous tissue or attached to the blood ves- 
 sels of the neck. lu this form they are rather worm-like, and were 
 originally described as a distinct species, Uypoderas columbce. 
 
 
'^'-\W»"fi-V'' 
 
 ^ALS. 
 
 '.>«• '^''■■■A 
 
 ARACHNIDA. 
 
 263 
 
 irrels in the Missis 
 !ies wbieli J)r. Minx 
 me as rioinus. ii 
 itli tlic European 
 ildseeiii toltesoiiH' 
 ire it i.s said to oc 
 Br large mammals. 
 
 itly coiinued pretty 
 
 Its. 
 
 'e to distinguish it, 
 it may receive the 
 s, so that the full 
 s yiay be better 
 
 nacens, and mar<fi- 
 miif'rim and (ij'ri- 
 pecies recorded as 
 
 The same form occurs r\\ the bbie heron, and 1 have taken it in 
 immeiis-- numbers from tiie subcutaneous tissue of this bird at Ames. 
 
 In the genus Dermaleichus and albes we have an immense nund)er 
 (»f fornui occurring on various species of birds, scarcely any of which 
 have been studied in this country. 
 
 They will form a most interesting study, though, so *''>r as ])resent 
 knowledge indic^ates, there is little of e(;onomi(; importance to be 
 attached to them. 
 
 The Cvs'i'K! Fowl ]\riTK. 
 
 (Laminosioplcn cfistivola Vi/.ioli.) 
 
 This mite is described as living normally on tlu^ surface of the skin 
 or under scales, but commonly working into the subcutsineous connec- 
 tive tissue, more rarely to the d«'ei)er i)ortions, and on its death the 
 presence of the dead matter results in the formaticm of a calcareous 
 cyst or miliary body, which j;ave rise to the techniital name of the 
 species. 
 
 Chickens, pheasants, and geese nre iimong its hosts. I do not know 
 of its oci'urrence in the I'liited States. 
 
 isitic. and all may 
 )ecies which occur 
 or in the subcuta- 
 nis and doubtless 
 1 on the surface, 
 low in a beautiful 
 ivnigand lead to 
 
 () the nak<'d eye, 
 inent, the nnmth 
 ith sucking disks 
 
 L\TKKiNAL (3hi(MCi;n Mjtk. 
 
 {Cjltodih'H iiiidii-i Vi/idli.) 
 
 These are minute mites that live in the air passages of gallinaceous 
 birds i)articularly, and, according to Kailliet, they appear to thehakc*! 
 eye like minute active granules running over the surface of the walls 
 of the air cells and in the trachea and bronchi. They appear to suck 
 siujply the serosity of the tissues, and, .mless in great number, to 
 (!anse no great inconvenience to their hosts, but il in great numbers 
 to cause activt^ irritation and asphyxia. 
 
 The species has been observed in this country at Washington, 1). C.,' 
 and I have specimens from Dr. Hassall, of Ualtimore, taken from the 
 peritoneum of chicken. 
 
 MlTKS iNFEsriNO MlOK. 
 
 other birds, and 
 t by the studies 
 may undergo a 
 hereby, instead 
 ?rate within the 
 • the blood ves- 
 i-like, and were 
 umbte. 
 
 We may mention here two inteiesting little mites, Mifohia iiiKsciili 
 ;ind Mi/ocopies iiiKNcuUiiKs.wU'ivh infest mice. The former 1 have found 
 many times on mice at Ames, and have also received it tVoni Professor 
 .liii'.ner, of Nebraska University. 
 
 ' h'iley Am. Nat., Vol. WII, p. 422. 
 
 K'^M'^ 
 
 V, ■ 
 
' fj'r; 
 
 264 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 TiiK Ear Mite. 
 
 (Chorioplcn aiirinilariim Lucas ft Nicolet.) 
 
 This species, represented by viirieties canis,/t'H.s, rati, uiul fnronis, is 
 described as afl[eetiiij»' particnlarly the auditory canal of its liosts. 1 ;un 
 not aware of its recognition yet in America. 
 
 Fif). 150.— ,V )/..')('(> ','niiciil! : a, yoiiji!;: ^.fomalc: r.minitli am' IVotit lojrs iiinrr lii^ilily nmiiniliod; 
 (/, tiiiMis ami eliiw iii' ixi.sicriur It-;;- iill mii^iniliid (coi.iiil I mm M iii r;i\ .s tifiin'-* :iliii' ('lii|iai<^ili'i. 
 
 TiiK Chorioptks of the Horse am) Ox ani» (ioAT. 
 
 Tliis mite, unlike tlie itcli mite, doe ^ .lot burrow into tiie slvin, but 
 adheres to the surface or to hairs by means of reniiulvable suclnii<i' 
 orpins attached to tiie lej-s. I'rom this vantage ground it pierces tlie 
 skin and feeds ui)on tlie sei-tuis lluids. 
 
L8. 
 
 ARACHNIDA. 
 
 265 
 
 /, and fitronis, is 
 its hosts. 1 am 
 
 Iiisliiy inauniliod: 
 
 H illllT ('lilpillV'lk'l. 
 
 t (ioAT. 
 
 the skill, but 
 
 ~~|vablt' siuildiio- 
 
 it pierces the 
 
 The varieties occurrinjj on the liorse (<'7«/), on cattle {horin), and on 
 the goat (ctiprcv), are considiaed certainly as belonjiinj^' to the one 
 species, while tliere is some question as to the form occurring on sheep, 
 mentioned later, and on the rabbit. 
 
 d 
 
 1<'|(). I'l". — .l/.i/"i'ii;i'i'K iiiHtoiHiniK: fi.inali-; />. IV'iiiiilr; c, I'nmt vii'W; i/, iiii>iitl\ (('(ijiiiMl fnnii MiiiTuy's 
 
 lifinro alter Oiipartili'). 
 
 The variety occurring- on j;()ats is .'edited with havin<;- ravajjed the 
 goats, in the Grisons, m tlie vaUey of tlie I'rattigau, iSwit/erland, in 
 
 Fl(i. I.IK. — f7iii)i'n/ifc.v .■Jiiiiiliititc ■ i\i\»h'): a. antt'riof lou sliowiiit; surlici'M (at'liM- KiirstiMiluT:;. mpied 
 
 I'livm Murriivi 
 
 1851, 18.'»L', an<l 18."»,'}, when (»ut of 2,5(»(» animals half were attacked and 
 r»(H> died. 
 
 Evidently the dipj>ing treatnuuit will prove the most etfective for 
 these parasites. 
 
2G6 
 
 IN8KCTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Foot Scah op Siikkp. 
 
 This variety ol' kchI), \vhi«;li i.s (Iiic tit i'huriopten njimhiolcti Verheyoii, var. ((,'(.s, is 
 ol' rnro occiiiTi'iuc. Jt Las luu'H iiotired iiihI studied in (ieniiany Ly Zuni. 
 
 The seat of tlu' dis(;aso is in thu Iret and limhs. Tim dimuiHu iirojtresHi's \ci v 
 slowly from the I'cct, and little by little iiivadts the npiKr jtart of the lind)s and 
 ailjoiniii^ juirts. It is not readily coinnuuiicaMe to other Khecjt, and Hprcads slowlv. 
 
 In the heyinninji •I'i'* variety of scalt is characteri/od hy the reddenin^^, followcil 
 by the alinn<1ant scaliny: of the skin, and later by yellowish white crusts. Tlir 
 animals stani]), scratch, and bite the jtarts. showiiifj an intense itching. As (he d\- 
 ease jtrogresscs the crnsts liecome thicker, cracks (brni in the fidds of the ])UHtcni, 
 and the limbs become quite unsightly. Tb<' jiarasitesswarni Itcneath the crusts, and 
 when found form a certain symittoni of the character of the disease. 
 
 I'oot scab is not a serious malady, as it readily yields to treatment and is slow oi' 
 extension. Any of the remedies jtrojiosj-d for the treatment of common scab may be 
 used with jfood elVect. (Cni'tice.) 
 
 The S<ai{ ]\Iitk of Sjikki', Houses, and Cattle.' 
 
 (I'mniijifin ioniminih Fnrst.) 
 
 The (li.sease known as scab of slieej) is anion^' the few ])ai-asitic dis- 
 eases wl'icli is fnlly ai)i)r('('iatt'(l by tlic niajoiity of sliccp breeders, so 
 well known, indeed, that many of the States iiave strinjient laws in 
 foree for its (luarantine or extermination. Cnrtiee says: 
 
 (If all the diseases of sheep in this country scab is the most le.-ired by tiie llock 
 master. So insidious is its attack, so rajtid its course, so destructive its etVects, and 
 BO dillicult IS it to extcinuiiate that it has Justly eained tlie distinctutn of beiny more 
 injuriouM than any other disease causeil by external parasites. Seali alone of the 
 liar.'isitie diseases has lieeonu' llie subject ol' lejjislatiou in most countries, and yet, 
 il proper jirecautions were taken and a rational treatment followed, this disease 
 conid soor. be completely vnulieated. 
 
 The earlier writ injis upon the di.seas(> do not jiive its detinite infor- 
 mation a.s to the iiarasite in hand, but in ISU (iervais (Ann. Soe. Nat.) 
 gave the spet'ies a seientitic <leseri]»tion und»'r the name of Psoroi)t('s 
 I'lliii. and the later publications of (ierlach, Fnrst enberji', Murray, and 
 iVIeoniu contain detailed di.scussions of its habits, anatomy, etc. 
 
 ScAlt Mll'K OF SlIKKP. 
 
 ( \'ar. tiriH. ) 
 
 This is the vitriety which ]»rodiices the best Known form of disease; 
 indeed it iippetirs that (he <'lfects of this parasite Jir*' by no means so 
 much dreaded upon the other hosts, either because those animals are 
 not so seriously iiilbieneed by its preseiu-e or because their skins do not 
 
 'Then! has Iteeii considerable eoiifusion witli n^garil to the name of this species, 
 partly owing to the fact that some authors have given a name for each form occur- 
 riny oil the horse, sheep, and cow, jtartly because the earlier names have not been 
 rebjiected by later writers. The names adopted here are the ones that seem to be 
 the rightful ones, taking the; first for the species as a whole and using the varietal 
 niinies to indicate the host animal. 
 
ARACHNIDA. 
 
 267 
 
 furnish so favorable ii rosort for tlie inultiplir'sition of tlio pests. On 
 this iiccouiit the history of the species is more i)artieuhirlv the history 
 of this variety. 
 
 Its (listribntioii is at present i)ractically over the entire worhl where 
 sheep are bred, and while there may be practical ininiunity in some 
 States where viyilant attention has been in piactice, no sheep breeder 
 should negflect occasional examination for ir nor, esi)ecially, the most 
 careful scrutiny of all new animals introduced into his Hock. 
 
 ]''l(i. IM.— P.iiiroiiliiiciiiiiiiiiiiii': \nT. '■'/iii. K'niiicil IVcmi Murray's lij;iirr al'tii- Fi.rslriilMri:.) 
 
 The ell'ects of the parasitt' on tlic sheep and the appearances by 
 which it may be detected are here (pxotcd irom Curtice's Animal Para- 
 sites of Sheep: 
 
 Atteutioii to the disecTSo is first !ittriu'tc<l 1)y the infected sheej) ncratcliiiij; and bit- 
 iu{^ and rnbliiiif;' themselves. The <'oats ot the animals look i'on,u;li, taj^gy, and felted. 
 The ilebin<j is always most violent vhen tlie sheep have been heated by drivinji or 
 warmiuf;- in the stable. 
 
 l?y separating tbo wool and exaniiniuji; a recently infected spot ther(! can lie seen 
 some niinnte elevations which ditVer from the snrroiiiidiiig skin in being slightly 
 whiter or yellower and which have been i)rodu<'ed by the bites of the ])est8. The 
 
2(18 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Hi 
 
 iiiHoctN tln'iiiHclvcsniM l»ofouinl iinioii}; th« liiiirH at but litMiuliHtunco Croni tlieliii.-.. 
 Ah tiiii« ])iiNNi!.s and tlio iiiHuelH iiiiilti])I,v in nninlx-rs thrstt «>l*'Viiti<tnN Itfcoiint Ui«\<' 
 uiiil nioro nnnicicMiH and cIomci' and ilostT tiigftln r, until (lii-y llnally nnito over aciin 
 Nidi'ral)ii> oxt*>nt. From llio Huniinitot'oach elevation or ])a))nl« ii wntury, Huroim llnin 
 exndt'H and accuniiilatcs, wliich tranNlr uis them into vchIi I's and iMmtnlt^s, aii>! 
 wliitdi in drying cdvci thoni over with a tliiii i i ust. In ii lew days \h wli(d« mirCac. 
 irtcoveit'd \vitliay«'ilo\vi.sli, jrreMNy.Hcaly layor, niider wliicli tlio iiaraHitoH .fdliiddi-n. 
 Am tliti disj'ast^ )>ro<'('cds tiiin lay<T f^radnally incroatsis in tlii«d<nn.HM liy an incrraso i<\' 
 tln' serous I'xudiiii', and in iir( innt'crtMicr l>y llic cxtcnHion xt'inllaniination iiroduciil 
 hy th(Mivt'r-niulti|dyin;j, jiaraNitt's wldcli live lioncath it, rorniinjf sealy <T>iMts. 'i'licsc 
 <Tn8tM in lit'in;; toiii out, mainly by the rubbing with which Ihe Hheeji endeavor.H \i> 
 allay its intense itehinfr, ejiiiy with them the ta;;H«d' the wool, the loss of which i-- 
 an early symidoni of th<< diseii!*e. At a later period the crnstsare replaced by auoiJuM 
 set of thicker, lirnicr, adherent, scabs, which are still lurther cular);ed by theoul- 
 war<l mi;:ratiou of the ])araH;tes. As they abandon the center cd' the m abs thesis iiri' 
 again rejdaccd by a peelinjioll' (d" the external layers of the skin, wliicdi gradiuilly 
 heals, while the disease slowly proiiicHses at the outside, '^llt^ eem|ileto cure is very 
 slow, and tho skin renuiins thick and folded for ;i long time. In sheared sheep (he 
 skin becomes co\-ered by a thick, dry crust, like ])archnient, whilo beneath it reniaius 
 nuich swftUcn. 
 
 The lU'eco of scabby slu'cp jtrosents a churaeterislic roujjh look. In jdaccs the 
 wool is stuck tofiether in masses; in idlieis it tails, whiles in otlicrs, which aic 
 apj)arently sound, it- can be easily |dncked oil'. The rubbing and scratchiii;', 
 indulged in by the sheejt not oidy tend to tear awav tlu^ wo(d but increase tho irri- 
 tation of the skin, which m;iy be intensely iidlamed and tinally end in superficial 
 death of the part. Tnlike f"arcoi>tcH, tlie I'soruptt s seeks the longest, thickest ^^ ool. 
 It begins its attack along the back and extends to the neck, tlaiiks, a!id rump. The 
 l*8oro]des aie stddoni found in the region of the chest and abdomen. They are col- 
 le<'ted in masses on circumscribed surfaces. Tho scabs they itro<luco eonstantiv 
 increase at their edges, ami their i'und)er de])cnds on the number of ]daces invaded. 
 Owing to the closeness in which the sheep congregate and lo their violent scratch- 
 ing, the parasites become very generally ^cattered, aiul finally, the scabs nuiy run 
 together. 
 
 Wliile few ol' the parasites aic present in tho (d<lcr diseased parts, at the edges of' 
 
 look like little white points with a 
 
 the scabs they can be found in swarms. '1 luy loou iiKe iiiiicwnite points wiiu a 
 brownish extremity. If ]iicked up by the jioint of tin', knife or a sharp stick and 
 placed on tho hand they will bo seen to nu)ve. The six-legged young, tho eight- 
 legged adults, the sexes, coiijtlcs Joined together, and tho eggs of this interesting 
 insect can easily be identified 1)y tbti aid of a low-jtowcr nuignifying glass. 
 
 i)ES(n{ii'Ti(i:r and i.iik iiistouv. 
 
 The ejigs of this niitc are iiiiimte, ylisteiiiii.t' white specks, loiijijer thiui 
 broad, aiitl nearly tiiiiloriii in tbiekiie.s.s;. Tliey may be fouiid under 
 the scab.s as before mentioned, and their <h'te('ti()ii, even when mites 
 are not seen, may be taken as evidence of the di.seii.se. 
 
 Tho larvic htive nearly the same shape as the adults, but are to be 
 distinguished by the fact that only si.v legs are a[)parent. 
 
 The fuU-fiTown mites are nearly as broad as long, and are <'harac- 
 terized by their piercing mouth i)arts and the structure of the two 
 posterior pairs of legs (see flg. 159). In the male, the fcmrth is much 
 reduced, and the third bears ti long thread-like appendage passing 
 the sucker, Avhile in the female this leg carries two long, threadlike 
 organs and no sucker. 
 
AHACIINIDA. 
 
 2(;i) 
 
 The only trciitiiieiit for fVis KjMuiii'.s worthy of r<M'oj;iiiti(iii is tluit of 
 dippi !!;;•, and tliis, if jn-opeily dono, will sccmiit llir cxti'rniiniitioii of 
 tlie pest, and ii llock once Irct'd will n<»t beconic ii^iiiii infccti'd t'xrcpt 
 by cxpo.snre to iiitccted aninuils or by tin; introduction of Hcabby 
 individuals. 
 
 So imi)ortant is tin's i)araKit(> (U'cnicd that many of the Htatcs have 
 adojjted strinp-nt laws for tlic <|uarantin(' of iiilVctcd aiiiin:i!s :ind for 
 prcscribin;^ (lips that must be used. A summary of llu'se n'^-ulalious 
 and tho formula- for the various dips w ill be found in ('urti<-('V Animal 
 Parasiicsof SluM'p. which should be in tho hands of all sheep »)wn('r<. 
 
 The i)articulai' kind of <lip is (»f less importan<'e Ihan tin lhorou;;h 
 use of the one selected. The toba<-co dips, sulphur and liuu> dips, and 
 also several of the patent dips ])repai'ed by ieputal)le lirms, <'an be 
 recommended. The main objection to the hitter, ])erliaps, is the fact 
 that the user nuist ])a\ a rather exorbitant price for a few simple chem- 
 icals, and further, in the case of the arsenical dips, that he may not 
 know the in>;Tedients or their proportions and theieby endan;ier the 
 animals treated. (See details of dippinj; in chapter on remedies.) 
 
 fiiK I re II ."\Irn-. 
 
 The itch ndtc^ «»f num is ])erliaps bet^ondn^a pretty rare iM'stin <'ivil- 
 i7.ed i'ommunities, but since it occurs at times on domestic animals, and 
 in certain varieties beeonu's at times a serious pest to such animals, it 
 deserves tieatnuMit here. Authors ha\e diltered greatly in their treat- 
 
 but are to be 
 
 Fid. UW.—Snrcojites seal ifi: iiinlii ami Iriimli' (ii'ihutMl IVoiii FiirMleiiliiTii iit'tt'r Miiriiiv ). 
 
 ment of the species, some making a diti'erent species for each host 
 animal, believing that they could tind distinctive characters in the 
 size, arrangement of si)ines, etc., but IJailliet, who has published the 
 latest full discussion of the species, has combined most of these under 
 the one species scahiei^ though in some casea retaining the varietal 
 distinction for vncious hosts. 
 
■,*%* 
 
 ^ \%>'^ 
 
 .0^,. \%^..-.%, 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.1 
 
 u liiS 
 
 I, 
 
 40 
 
 1.8 
 
 1^ 111 U 11 1.6 
 
 — 6" 
 
 V] 
 
 <? 
 
 /J 
 
 /: 
 
 0% ' :» 
 
 
 ^ # ^ v> 
 
 vy ♦* 
 
 o;p 
 
 z;^ 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716)872-4503 
 
 V 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 \\ 
 
 >^^' 
 
 

ii 
 
 In 
 
 270 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS 
 
 m 
 
 ! si i 
 
 ll' = 
 
 
 The varieties so retained are hominis, infesting man ; xcabiei crMStofKc 
 Fiirst., for the so-called "^'orway itch;" equi, for the form infesting the 
 horse: oiv*.s, on the sheep; rrtjjm', on thegoat; mwic//, on the camel ; a«r/(- 
 enia; on the llama; ««/«, on the hog; nniiculi, for the rabbit and hare; 
 
 furonis, on the ferret; cnnis, on the 
 dog; lu})!, on the wolf; r«72)/.s, on the 
 fox ; Jeouin, on the lion, and iromhati, 
 on the wombat. 
 
 All stages of the parasite occur 
 on the host upon which it is abso- 
 lutely dependent for existence. (len- 
 eratiou after generation may occur 
 on the same animal. The mite bur- 
 rows into the skin, iu this respect 
 differing fnmi the scab mites. 
 
 The adult mites are flattened, 
 rather circular in outline, and may 
 be separated from related forms by 
 the character of the feet and by the i)resencc of six short spines or 
 thorns on the thoracic portion and fourteen on the abdominal po''aon of 
 the body. 
 
 Eggs are deposited along the burrow as the mite extends its channel 
 into the deeper portions of the skin, and as Ihcy hatch the young feed 
 ujjon the surrounding tissues, and it is said molt four times before 
 
 Fia. IGi.— Sarcujites tcaliiei; n, anterior leg; b. 
 iiiimtli parts (rt'diiced from Fnrstfiibcr;;, lifter 
 Miirniv). 
 
 l"l(i. H)2.— >Sttri^iijili n KciibU'i : (I, lioslerioi' 1. ys (if liiiili', li. |"iHleinii' lei;H ol leiiiale (alter KnrMleiilinf;.', 
 
 fniiM Munayi 
 
 maturity. When fully grown they wander around and mate on the sur- 
 face of the skin, aitcr which the fenmles begin a I'rcsh burrow. 
 
 Infection with this parasite is accompanied with intense itching dui- 
 ing the formation of pustules and inflanu'd areas, and while in man 
 it is usimlly confined to the base of the fingers ami between the knuckles, 
 in aggravated cases the whole hand and arm may become invaded. 
 
ARACHNIDA. 
 
 271 
 
 The "seven-year itch," "army itch," suul "Jackson itch" are simply 
 aggravated cases, where, from hick of good sanitation, tlie mites are able 
 to thrive better than usual. 
 
 Fio. ion. — r.urri)\v nf ilcli iiiitc in liiiiiiuii skin, with <'j;j;.s iinil mite— enlarged (after rurstmiberg, 
 
 t'niin itnrniy). 
 
 In the human subject the application of sulphur ointment, in addi- 
 tion to fiH'quent washing with soap and hot water, and for domestic 
 animals the use of washes or dii)s, as ior scab mites, are to be adoi)ted. 
 
 lT<Mr MiTK OF Tin; Cat. 
 
 ■ (alter I'liistenln'r; 
 
 (.Sarvoplin tali Ilcriiij; iiiid (ierliu-li.) 
 
 r am not aware that this species has been observed in this country, 
 but from the descri])lions of it in the Old World it nmst be a very 
 destructive species to tin* animal it inl'ests. Our account is takeu from 
 Murray: 
 
 On the cat niitl rabbit the sjiecies is a good dciil siiiiiUer than tho Sarcoples scahiei 
 Tho thorns or s|iinf8 on tlic back bcjrin to alter; on the tliorax they arc absent or 
 tnrncd into hairs, and tlicro are now twelve thorns on the back of the ab(b)nieu. 
 
 ])Oth in the cat and the rabbit this ]iarasite takes the luad as its point of attack, 
 and more particularly the base of tli(' nose, llic lips, the ears, and the eyes. I'.ven 
 ■when the animal is inoculated elsewhen.' by pntlinj;' mites ni>on other i)arts of the 
 body, and after they ha\ e actually taken iiossession and begun to burrow, theysoon 
 leave thest* ])arts and, makinu' for the hi'ud, establish themseht's about the nose and 
 the ears. lu its early stage the burrows, when sought for, can Ix^ easily seen, but 
 the obstruction caused by the numerous hairs makes them more tortuous and ol'ten 
 interrupteil. As the mites increase, so do the burrows and th(^ itching, and the cat 
 scratches itself mid tears the skin. Then the hairs fall oiV, and the jiai'ts around the 
 eyes, nose, and ears liccome covered with hard crusts s]>rcad oxer and adhering to 
 the sull'ering i)arts. The time that the mischief takes to reacli this stage varies 
 a(!cording to the age, strength, and <'ondition ol' the cat. As a rule, the young and 
 strong resist longer than the old aiul I'ceble. In Iheni by the twentieth or thirtieth 
 day it may have sprea<l over the head, cars, nose, slionblers, and even the l)ack 
 and loins. The crust becomes harder and gray and agglutinated to the hairs, and 
 under the crusts the sjieciniens »>f the Sartojites may be foiiml. liy decrees, as the 
 malady progresses and the auinuil becomes weaker, the skin increases in thickness, 
 becomes hard, stitf, and forms A'olnminous folds round the neck. The swelling 
 of the ti88U(!s increases anil their inflammatiott extends to the nostrils, obstructs the 
 respiration, and gives the liead of the cat that elephantiasian appearance that occurs 
 in the lion, and is indeed a constant ehara<'ter in cases of itch anions' feline animals. 
 
272 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS 
 
 I 
 
 £1- 
 
 
 r 
 
 IP! 
 
 !;■ ! 
 
 When it has completely covered the head, it extends by degrees over the wiml,; 
 body; it is theu impossible to describe the miserable condition of the poor amm i|. 
 which the parasites are devouring as if it were a dead carcass — the fecbleuesH in >•> 
 great that it totters on its limbs and can scarcely drag itself along. All its skin is 
 a focus of infection, where crusts and entangled hairs form pieces like hideous shells. 
 and which pieces tear ort in ]>lates. It is true that they rarely reach this extrcniu 
 stage, being usually destroyed before the disease passes through all the stagiis 
 of complication. Still i>lenty of dead cats that have had tlio disease bad eiiou<fli 
 may be seen in the dust carts and on the manure heaps of all great towns. The 
 most of them an; either killed or die in cellars of houses where they have taken 
 refuge. 
 
 In the country the complaint is mucli rarer, the opjiortuuity for contagion being 
 much less; but when it appears there it runs its course as rapidly as in towns. M. 
 Delwart, of Brussels, siiid, in 1830, that he had seen on large farms, where a great 
 many cats were kept, the malady spread itself with such rapidity that in four or 
 five weeks all the cats had been earned otf by the infection, and in W27 M. Sajous, 
 a Ncterinary surgeon, residing at Tarbes, related that a very intense epizootic itch 
 had raged in that district among the cats for 8(^veral years, and it proved so mur- 
 derous that entire villaj,es remained wholly deprived of cats. The malady seems to 
 vary in virulence at difl'eient times, and when very bad it is called epizootir-, when 
 milder sporadic; dilVercnces which may be due to the eharaiiter of the season or 
 general robustness of the animal's health at ditl'erent times. 
 
 The symptoms are the same in the rabbit when it is infected. 
 
 The remedies that are used for the itch in man should be iiseil for this variety, 
 and of course moditied in their administration to suit the different characters of 
 the patient. 
 
 In the country the cats may occasionally in autumn b»( seen sntl'ering from great 
 irritatiim, and ])eople are a]it to Jump to the conclusion tliat they have got the itch. 
 But it is always easy to tell whether it is so or not, for if the itch it shows itself 
 about the head an<l nose and ears, and if, iustead of tliat, the irritation is about tlie 
 feet, ten to one it is caused by the liarvest mite, Leplus antiimnaHa, which the cat 
 lias caught in wandering about the garden, and usually on examination the matter 
 can be ])ut beyond dtuibt l)y tiiiding the little red mite in the fur or between tiie 
 claws of the cat. If kept from getting a fresh supply, it will soon get better, for 
 the mites will soon leave it of their own accord; but if allowed to get a fresh 
 supply every day, it will of course get worse and worse as long as the supply is 
 renewed. 
 
 Another vaiiety of this si)ecie!S is the rabbit mite, var. (miiictdi, which 
 produces the same symptoms in rabbits aiul hares. 
 
 The Itch Mite of Fowls. 
 
 {Sarcopies miitana Robin and Lanq.) 
 
 This species is a jiarasite on the domestic fowl. We owe our knowledge of it to 
 M. Lanqiietan. M. Keynal, and Professor Koiiiii. A full description, with careful iig- 
 iires, will be found in the HuUetin of the Society of Moscow, 18fi0. It is a very Hat, 
 broad species, and the absence of spines on the back at once distinguishes it from 
 all the preceding. The ailment i»roduced by it is ol)serve<l most frecpiently on the 
 hen and cock, appearing lirst on the feet, on the comb, and about the beak. No pre- 
 monitory symptoms indicate its approach. The fowls jireserve their appetite and 
 liveliness, although sometiuies a careful observer may see that the sick animals shake 
 their heads, raise and stretch their legs in a convulsive manner. If the examination 
 is followed up some white points and lines traced in zigzag, covered by very small 
 scales, which the least rubbing knocks off, may be seen ou the comb. The skin 
 
ABACHNIDA. 
 
 273 
 
 t!8 over till' wimlc 
 f tLo poorauiiiiil, 
 HI feebleiiesH is mi 
 ^. All itsskiti is 
 ike liideuiiH shells, 
 •t'acb this extioiiie 
 i;1i all tlio 8ta;;('s 
 Ht-aso bad cnoiiirh 
 treat towns. The 
 ) they have taken 
 
 r contagion being 
 v as in towns. M. 
 ns, where a great 
 ty that in Ibnr or 
 I 1^!L'7 M. Sajous, 
 nso epizootie itch 
 it proved so nnir- 
 le malady seems to 
 ;d epizootie, when 
 r uf the season or 
 
 (I lor this variety, 
 r'^Mit characters of 
 
 1 tiering from great 
 have got the itch. 
 cli it shows itself 
 tation is about the 
 tlia, which the eat 
 ination the matter 
 fnr or between the 
 Kxni get better, for 
 ved to get a fresh 
 g as the supply is 
 
 . vumcuU, whit'U 
 
 tnowledgo of it to 
 II, with careful tig- 
 >. It is a very l!at, 
 tinguishes it from 
 
 freciuently on the 
 the beak. No pre- 
 bheir appetite and 
 sick animals shake 
 [f the examination 
 )red by very small 
 
 comb. The skiu 
 
 covered by them is lightly chagrined and of a brown color, which contrasts with the 
 red color of the rest of the comb. At that period no lesion of the tissues is observa- 
 ble. The malady remains stationary for fifteen days or even a month, at the end of 
 which time the base of the comb thickens and becomes darker, and the linear trac- 
 ings assume the appearance of true burrows of the itch insect, and at the bottom of 
 them the Sarcopies miitana is to be found. At a later period the feathers of the head 
 and about the beak undergo a remarkable change. They turn back, stand on end, 
 and lose their brilliancy ; they become white and atrophied, as if there were some 
 pex'version of the secretion of the skiu of the bulb. At the point where the feather 
 
 Flo. Ifi4 Sarroptin nmtimn: male anil female (copied from Murray's figures reduced from Robin). 
 
 detaches i'-"lf from the skin iuere is found a mass of epidermic matter in a bed of 
 the thickncBc of some millimeters, and all around are lines or burrows formed by the 
 raising of the skin. 
 
 An the malady proceeds the feathers of the head and upper part of the body 
 beome atrophied; their free extremity bends, twists, and rolls upon itself, and ends 
 by u'sappearing in the midst of the epidermal products accumulated at the base of 
 the quiii. The head and neck of the fowl have 
 at that period a very peculiar aspect. They are 
 despoiled of all the feathers that decorate them 
 in their nor^^ial state. Tho comb is brown, with 
 a ragged surface, drawn back upon itself, broad 
 at its base, and spotted with whitish, mealy 
 patches. On various parts crusts, of some lines 
 in thickness, appear, which when detached leave 
 a scaly surface, which recalls to mind the disease 
 named phthiriasis. The complaint does not 
 always begin on the head. It sometimes makes 
 its first approaches on the feet. Similar symp- 
 toms occur there, but they proceed more slowly, 
 but by and by the stales on the feet and legs 
 begin to come oft", and a crust forms upon them, 
 more especially between the toes. Sometimes 
 it envelops the whole of the foot and tibia, forming a crust a third of an inch in 
 thickness. Bits as large as a hazel nut or a walnut may be broken otf. This atfec- 
 tion has much analogy with the Norwegian itch above described. It can be com- 
 muuicated both to man and the horse. (Murray.) 
 4663— No. 6 18 
 
 Fio. 165 Sareoptcs mutant: side \iew 
 
 (copied from Murray's figure after 
 Kobin). 
 
It ^• 
 
 274 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 The Smooth Sarooptes. 
 
 {Sarcoptea lav'ia Uailliet.) 
 
 This species, described by Kailliet in 1885, is represented by several 
 varieties that live in the feather bulbs of birds, notably the pigeon and 
 hen. It has not been observed as yet in America, but it is quite likely 
 that it may be found to occur here. 
 
 Family DKMOOEOID^T]. 
 
 This family includes only one genus, the description of which will 
 indicate the family characters. 
 
 The Follicle Mite. 
 
 (Demodcx folHeiilorinu Simon.) 
 
 The follicle mites are rather degenerate worm-like forms that occur 
 in the hair follicles of different animals, the variety occurring on man 
 {hominis), producing the little specks or blackheads so frequent on the 
 
 face, and which are said to be almost uni- 
 versally present, though it is seldom they 
 cause any special irritation. The variety 
 occurring on dogs (Ca/m), produces a se- 
 rious disease, as does also the one on hogs 
 (iSuis). In both these animals the affected 
 parts are the face and nose and occasion- 
 ally larger tracts of the body. 
 
 The variety on cattle affects the body at 
 large and has a somewhat different inter- 
 est, as it is recorded as damaging the hides 
 for market. A record of its occurrence in 
 this manner is given by Walter Faxon and 
 also by Dr. C. W. Stiles. 
 
 The mites evidently undergo all stages 
 of development in the follicles, but doubt- 
 less migrate over the surface of the akin 
 when mature and before laying eggs. 
 The use of dips and washes would seem 
 to be the only sure treatment for domestic aniinals, and if it is thought 
 necessary a similar mode could h:* adopted for man. 
 
 m 
 
 Fio. 166 — Demodex follicvlnriim, vnr. 
 homiiiU: a, mite j;reiitl,v enlaiced; 
 b, mites iu hair tolliele and seba- 
 ceous gland— enlarged (eojiiod from 
 Murray). 
 
 Order LINGUATULINA. 
 
 This group, which includes a few species of remarkably modified 
 Arachnids, may be recognized by the worm-like footless condition 
 of the adult, two pairs of hooks at the sides of the mouth, and the 
 
LS. 
 
 ARACHNIDA. 
 
 275 
 
 lented by several 
 
 ly the pigeon and 
 
 it is quite likely 
 
 on of which will 
 
 forms that occur 
 centring on man 
 ) frequent on the 
 'o be almost uni- 
 it is seldom they 
 on. The variety 
 ), produces a se- 
 » the one on hogs 
 inals the affected 
 se and occasion- 
 ody. 
 
 fects the body at 
 it different inter- 
 inaging the hides 
 its occurrence in 
 '^alter Faxon and 
 
 idcrgo all stages 
 licles, but doubt- 
 face of the skin 
 aying eggs, 
 shes would seem 
 il if it is thought 
 
 rkably modified 
 
 •otiess condition 
 
 mouth; and the 
 
 rudimentary condition of the circulation and respiration. Only one 
 species need be mentioned here. 
 
 Litiguatiila rhivaria I'ilger. 
 
 The worm-like condition of this ])arasit(' may be inferred from the 
 fact that it was originally described as a tapeworm (Tiviita rhinaria)j 
 but its Arachnid allinitics were 
 early suspected, and with tlie de- 
 termination of the early stages 
 were proven beyond questi()n. 
 
 In the adult worm-like stage it 
 is a parasite in the nasal cavities 
 of various animals, especially car- 
 nivores, tlie most common host, 
 perhaps, being the dog. 
 
 Tlie larval state occurs in the 
 viscera of different animals, but 
 more particularly those which are 
 herbivorous — the horse, sheep, ox, 
 goat, and many others — as well as 
 man. 
 
 The migrations between these 
 hosts, which are evidently an es- 
 sential part of its existence, may 
 be stated in brief to be the discharge of numerous eggs in the nasal 
 cavitites of the dog or other host, which, in sneezing or coughing, spreads 
 them over vegetation that latei' is taken as food by some herbivorous 
 animal, and following this ingestion the embryos escai)e into the glands 
 and viscera of the new host, occupying especially the mesenteric glands, 
 liver, etc., wheve they remain in an inactive condition until fragments 
 
 of the viscera containing them 
 
 rt^\^\\^I^\\IliY^VTmvryw '"'*^ eaten by a carnivore, when 
 
 SlV' '* '^'M\VPrrrrwTcrwv<:<;VS^^^ they gain access to the nasal 
 
 cavities and become mature. 
 In case they have not the for- 
 tune to be eaten by a carnivore, 
 it is believed tlie^^ may migrate 
 within the body of their herbivore host, reencyst themselves in other 
 organs, and even in S(mie cases reach the nasal cavities by way of the 
 lungs and air passages, thus accounting lor the rare occurrence of 
 the adult form in a herbivorous host, 
 
 Curtice ^ records the occurrence of this species in America, the larval 
 stage (dcnticulatMni) having been taken from rabbits in two instances, 
 once by Dr. F. L, Kilborue, in 1887, and once by himself, in 1888. 
 
 Fi(». Ifi7. — Liii'ivatnla rhinaria: larva io ser- 
 rata Htajto— uiilarsed (copied from Van Ben- 
 idcii). 
 
 Fia. WS.—IAnqvatvla ihiiiaria: adult (after rn<kai(li. 
 
 ' Animal Parasites of sheep, p, 69. 
 
I: ! 
 
 1 
 
CHAPTElt yil. 
 
 RBMEDIES— PREVENTIVE TREATMENT.' 
 
 There are so iiuiny of the external parasites of (loniesticiited animals, 
 which, even thoujfh very widely ditlerent in structure and aftinities, 
 have very sinular liabit and can be readied by i)racti(!ally the same 
 treivtnient, that a chapter devoted especially to general treatment will 
 be of special importance. We may consider the subject under the 
 heads of "Preventive ineasures," " Insecticidal substances," and 
 "Methods of application of remedies." 
 
 PREVENTIVE MEASTTRES. 
 
 Prevention is for a large number of parasitic forms by far the most 
 desirable plan. For some it is the only plan that can be of any service 
 in avoiding injury. 
 
 The attacks of semiparasitic forms, as mosquitoes, flies, buifalo- 
 gnats, etc., iray be abated by operating upon their breeding places 
 and, further, their direct attacks upon animals, where the number to 
 be protected is not too great, may be prevented in some degree by 
 smearing the hair of the animfils with preparations of flsh oil, tar, train 
 oil, and axle grease. Pennyroyal is also recommended as beneficial. 
 
 For the bot-fiies it is important to destroy the eggs before the larvae 
 hatch by shaving or clipping off those noticed on horses, or washing 
 them with kerosene emulsion, carbolic acid solution, dipping solution, 
 or, if a dipping vat is available, by swimming the animals through the 
 vat. 
 
 For the constant external parasites, as lice, itch mites, etc., quaran- 
 tine of all animals introduced into a herd or thorough treatment of 
 such animals to prevent infection of a herd that is free cannot be too 
 strongly urged. It is the most practical protection against these pests. 
 
 INSECTICIDAL SUBSTANOES. 
 
 In this enumeration of substances which may be used in treating 
 insects affecting domestic animals, the aim siiall be to include all that 
 have a real value in this direction, either individually or in combination, 
 and to indicate their valuable properties and very briefly the forms to 
 which they may be applied. 
 
 Arsenic, a deadly poison, is used in some of the dipping solutions and 
 
 'Dr. D. E. Salmon, Chief of tho Biiropa of Auinial Industry, hiis very kindly read 
 and revised this chanter. — L. O. II. 
 
 277 
 
278 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 m 
 
 ll 
 m 
 
 [«!»' 
 
 kills (ixiickly when tsikcii into the iilinunitary cainil or penetrating tlic 
 tissues of Ihe insect. It is, however, too danjierons a poison to be used 
 except with the ;;ieat«'St care, and the possibility of tlu^ animal trcutcil 
 lickinjjf itself or catinj^ food npon which the solution has di-ipped to 
 snch an ext«'nt as to jjet a poisonons dose is too j^'reat to {ifive il strong 
 indorsement. It hiis its gri'atest value in this connection in treatment 
 of sheep scab, wliicli often resists more simpler renu^dies. 
 
 Carbolic acid, one of the jnost etl'ective of agents against ])arasites 
 and especially in certain combinations, is to be highly recommended. 
 In many cases the crude article can be used to as great advantage as 
 the relineil and at great saving in cost. Used externally without other 
 combination than with water, it shonhl have a dilution of about l()l> 
 times its bulk of water. If used too concentrated or npon very sus- 
 ceptible animals such as(h)gs, it may bo absorbed and cause poisoning. 
 Dr. Francis recommentls it very highly in combination for cattle ticks, 
 and the I'oultry World gives it the highest praise as a conddnation 
 witli slaked lime, to be used in buildings for I'hicken lice. 
 
 Calomel is used in some cases, but is for tiie most part superseded by 
 more satisfactory remedies. 
 
 linizine nuiy be used in the Ibrju of a spray or wash against bed-bugs 
 and fleas, and in chicken houses Jigainst ticks, though for this purpose 
 it Las no advjintage over kerosene emulsion. 
 
 OaHoline may bo used in the same way and for the same imrpose as 
 benzine. Both must, of course, be used with due regard to their 
 inrtamnnible properties. 
 
 Cotton-Nccd oil is strongly recommended by Dr. Francis for treatment 
 of ticks in the Southern States, especially in connection with dipping 
 solutions. Its a(!tion is similar to that of other oils, and while it kills 
 some of the ticks, there are others on the same animal which apparently 
 are not injured by it. In the States where cotton is jiroduced and the 
 oil can bo secured at low cost 't has special advantages, either alone or 
 combined with other remedies as an application for various external 
 parasites. 
 
 Kerosene has a wide range of usefulness in the treatment of parasites 
 notwithstanding the fact that it does not seem to have fultilled the 
 requirements for a good dipping solution. It may be used free for the 
 spraying of the interior of chicken hcmses, for tiie destruction of bed- 
 bugs, and for filming the surface of small i)onds, water tanks, etc., in 
 order to destroy mos<iuitoes or their larva' and abate the mosquito 
 nuisance. In emulsion it is very etfective against lice on cattle, killing 
 both adults and eggs, for use as a spray to kill horn-flies, and as a wash 
 to kill eggs of bot-flies or lice. 
 
 Emulsions iiay be made with either soap or milk and according to the 
 following well-known formuliw: 
 
 Milk emuhion. — To one part milk add two parts of kerosene, and churn by a force 
 pninp or other agitator. The creaniy emulsion which reaults is to be dilated with 
 water, using eight or ten times the bulk of water. 
 
LS. 
 
 KEMBDIES — PREVENTIVE TREATMENT. 
 
 279 
 
 penetratiii}; tin' 
 )()iHon to be used 
 o animal trcattd 
 
 has di'ipped to 
 to {fivtj it strong 
 ion in troatnifnt 
 
 'S. 
 
 gainst i)arasit('s 
 y rccoiiinuMKled. 
 at advantajje :is 
 ly witbont other 
 on of ahont lOO 
 
 upon veiy siis- 
 ijanse poison in<jf. 
 
 for eattle ticks, 
 s a eombination 
 ee. 
 •t sni>erse«le«l by 
 
 igainst bed-bngfs 
 for this pnrpose 
 
 «une jMirpose as 
 regard to then- 
 is for treatment 
 m with dipping 
 ul while it kills 
 hieh apparently 
 odnced and the 
 , either alone or 
 a'ions external 
 
 lent of parasites 
 ive fnltilled the 
 ise<l free for the 
 trnction of bed- 
 T tanks, etc., in 
 e the mosqnito 
 >n cattle, killing 
 s, and as a wash 
 
 iccording to the 
 
 d churn by a force 
 to be dilated with 
 
 Soap «mu{«ion. —DisHolve «>ii«-hulf pound hiird soap in 1 Kiillon of liot water, and 
 wliilu still at near Iioilinj^ point add 2 ^'alloiiH kt^roHonn, and emulsify liy use of 
 force pump or a^^itator of hoiiio kind. Dlluto with water one part eniulHiou to eight 
 or ten parts water, and uhu aHHpray, wanh, or dip. 
 
 Oil o/turiu'ittine is recommended as an application for external ])ara- 
 sites, bnt should not bo applied to the skin of horses, though when 
 suitably mixed it is sometimes prescribed for bots in these animals. 
 
 Coal tar is usefnl as a barrier to mites and lice in the poultry house. 
 
 DuHt and aslu's are natural remedies used by fowls. 
 
 lAme iu form of line slaked dust mixed with carbolic acid and scat- 
 tered throughont the buildings or applied as whitewash is one of the 
 best remedies for chicken pests, as well as for the lice and mange 
 insects of other f.iiintals wlii<*h infest stables and fences. It is also 
 used as one of the ingredients in sheep dips. 
 
 I'yrethruni poicdrr, known also as Persian insect powder, "JJuhach" 
 (the California brand), and Dalmatian insecjt powder, is a most excel- 
 lent parasiticide, anu the powder dusted in rooms troubled with fleas, 
 lice, or bedbugs, on dogs, eats, ehi<tkens, etc., is very effective. It has 
 been found to be the only satisfactory remedy for lice and ticks on 
 sheei) in winter, when the long wool prohibits other treatment. 
 
 Sulphur as a fumigating material or dusted on the skin, in ointments 
 and in dipping solutions, has a groat range of usefulness. 
 
 Tobacco is a very effective agent against i)arasites and in fumigation, 
 in dipping solutions, and in form of snuff dusted among hairs or 
 leathers is applicable to many external ])arasites. 
 
 METHODS OF APPLICATION OF BEMllDIKS. 
 
 In the treatment of the different i)arasites there is room for much 
 choice both as to the material used aiul the manner of its application. 
 Treatment that is possible on a few animals or in a (;losed room maybe 
 absolutely prohibited on a large scale, or with herds of animals in pas- 
 ture or ranch, and that which may be applicable in summer may be 
 dangerous or out of the question in winter; so it will be seen that in 
 giving methods it is expected that each individual is to study the 
 conditions and adapt the treatment to his particular case. 
 
 KIltElT C'APTIJIJK OR DKSTIU'CTIOX OF INSKCTS. 
 
 There are many occasions when the use of a little dexterity may 
 accomplish the destruction of an annoying bot-tly, horse-fly, or swarm 
 of mosquitoes. Picking the cattle tick by hand and burning it is the 
 most reliable method which has yet been proposed for its destruction. 
 A stroke of the hand or a wisp of grass, a strap or even a whip may 
 accomidish the desired end, wliile sprays of kerosene emulsion may be 
 used to destroy clusters of flies and mosquitoes on cattle as they come 
 from the pastures in evening. 
 
 A trap arranged at a stable door for catching flies from the backs of 
 cattle has been described in many agricultural papers, and the following 
 
280 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 m 
 
 (leHcriptioii applies evidently to u Huiuewhut more coujplUtiitcd arnviiin! 
 inent for tliiw puriMise: 
 
 A nmchino for cat'liing IlicH rroni tlio Itiif.kH of ciittlu, and ho uD'onliti^ tho iininijil-. 
 rpliof anil comfort, lian liccn iiivontrd by a farmer in MuiliHon County, Ky. 'I'lic 
 flycatflior i» ii kind of covcrod ]i(>n or ])aHHa>;i'\vay, tliron^li wliirh tlio animal niiisl 
 walk to HeiMiro ndiof. A fmv foct from tin* t'litranco tlioro in a cupola, or dome, in 
 tlio roof of tliu pasHa^jeway, madr of ^la^s and arran|;ed as a llytrap. Iloyond IIiIh 
 tint passaK*<way ih in darkness. Tlio ani'mil walks tliron^di tiio mii(Oiino, andjnsl i s 
 it jMiHHi'H the dome and enters tlie darkened jiart a set of ItruHhes Mwcejis olf tlu! Ilivs, 
 wiiieli naturally riso into the lighted dome, and tliosteor passes out at liie ofiierHidc 
 free from IlieH. The Hies are rotaineil in the dome trap. The in\entor has experi- 
 mented with his nnieliine,and finds that animals soon learn the value of the macliini' 
 ami know enough to walk thronjjii it when tlie Hies l)e;!;in to bile. 'I'hedeviee is saiil 
 to be patenteil, but a plan involving tiiu same ]irineipleM has been in ;iso amon;; 
 farmerH lor tho destruction of horn-llios for a year or two jiast, — Iteiinr I'lelil ami 
 Farm, .iptil .'■'>, isun. 
 
 According to The llomesteud, "the device above referred lo was 
 invented by a Canadian fanner named (inthrie in ISjtl and was 
 described very fully in the .luly number of the Canadian Live Stock 
 and Farm Journal. A description of it also a]»peared in these columns 
 in the same month, the horn-tly beinfjf a very serious pest that season." 
 
 KKNOVATION' or IIKNUoraKS, 
 
 The treatnjent of henlumses that have become infested with li<!e, 
 mites, and ticks is often a vexatious matter, and tho writer thinks that 
 if tho structure is not too valuable the best jdan would be to burn the 
 whole cmtfit, submit the fowls to a thorough (|uarantine, with apidica- 
 tions of i>yrethruin powder or other etfective iiisecti(!ido to free their 
 bodies, and build a new heidiouso on fresh {ground as far as may be 
 from the site of tho old one. Where such a method is injpracticable, 
 and of course it may usually be so, a thoroujih fiunifiation with sulphur, 
 if the walls are tight enough to retain the fumes, or the application ot 
 a spray of kero.sene or gasoline to the interior, the drenching of all 
 roosts with kerosene or hot water, followed by whitewashing, and the 
 use of tar on t'le ends of the poles and wherever they come in contact 
 with supports are pretty sure to bring success. The addition of 4 
 ounces of crude carbolic acid to the gallon of whitewa.sh increases its 
 eltiuiency for this i)urpose. Itepeated applieatuins may be necessary, 
 but due attention to reaching all points to which the pests resort will 
 keep the nuisan<e in (iheck at least. 
 
 In this connection, it may be well to include a paragraph from Poultry 
 World detailing a method which appears to be valuable, although the 
 writer has not personally experimented with it. 
 
 Dr. Spaulding says: 
 
 I promised you a spocific against all manner of miscbiovous insoetfl th.at infest 
 tlie poultry house and nests. Something surer auil nioro convenient than fnmiga 
 tion and whitewash, and so speedy and simple that when once employed the poultry- 
 man fuateus his hold upon it as an entirely satisfactory speciiic. I take for GOO 
 
REMEDIES — PREVENTIVE TREATMENT. 
 
 281 
 
 Htjiiure fnot of lioiino room onn-liiilf hiiHliil of liiiio, pliico it in ii liox in tho n]><>ii uir 
 an<l Hpriiiklo witli wator HndNcciiruconiiilt-topuIvt'rlxiitloii; in otb<-r \v(ii'<ls,slit('1( tiio 
 lini(> ]iorfect]y, let it tn't i<ntir*>ly n>o|, ami tlioii to tliis liiiif IhihIkI of ]Milvori/uil 
 linifl iiild 10 ponntlH of Hnlplinr and 1 ouikmi Ijiiid tarliolio atid, iin<l Ntir tliu wiiolo 
 witli M Htirk nntil wvU ndxod. Tlu-n it can litiHafoly liandlcd witli tiio liand. After 
 Nwui'])in); ont tlic licnlionso, drive out all tlio birdH, <'iosn all tho doors and windows, 
 and be^in at llio Itii'tlnT end and walk backward, NcattiTln!' tlin nii\tiin< fri'cly all 
 over tho lloor and tliroui;!! tho air onto tho porchcH and into tho nests e\erywliere 
 thoron^hiy, and it is dillienlt to eoneoiv o how dense tlieeloud of niodie.ittMl dnnt that 
 will han^ HnNpeiiiled through tlio wholu interior of the lioiiso. (iradnally it Huttles 
 ONcrywhere, in every eraek aiul erm ire, and wherever 't reacdies a hcnlonse or otluir 
 iiiHuet ho rotires from ImsinesH jx^rmaiuMitly. It ]inrilios as if by firv, I think there 
 is nothing; o<|nal to it for thoronfrhness, eheapncss, and oxjtuditiun. If thoeliieks 
 have ronp, leavo thom in tho hoiiHO and let them stem theNtorni; it won't kill nor 
 hnrt tliem, but 'tho Hiieit/iiifr will bo t(<rrilie, and ovory partielo of ninend that haa 
 aecunnilated in the air jiasHaKcs and throat will bo expelled. 
 
 Stockiii}^ the ixmltry yard at tho stiirt by reiiiiii}; offfjs in an iiicii- 
 batof ami nev«'r iiitiodtidu}^ a fowl to briup parasites, .should avoid 
 many of tlie worst poultry parasites. 
 
 KIMKIATION. 
 
 Fumifjatiou as a method of treatment Inis a limited value, but there 
 are circumstanees under whi(!h it may be of great service. It involves 
 too much exi>enditnre of labor and time to prove of general value. In 
 winter tiuu', when washes or dips are unsafe from dauger of eliilling 
 the animals, it <'an be used to advantage. As a general plan, liowever, 
 the writer wouhl recommend the use of other measures at times of the 
 year wlien this objection will not hohl. Kitlier sulphur or tobacco nuiy 
 be used, but the latter seems in some respects preferable, ruinigation 
 with sulphur is sometimes available in vacant buihlings or rooms to 
 clear them of bed-bugs, fleas, and other pests, and may be sidopted for 
 henneries that can be tightly closed. Sulphur should always be burned 
 in an iron vessel to avoid danger from fire, and if ]»reviously moistened 
 with alcohol nuich trouble will be avoided in causing it to burn. 
 
 A simple plan of fumigation for cattle ami horses is to covt r the ani- 
 mal with a blanket or air-tight canvas kept tis free from the body as 
 possible and to putt" fumes of tobacco from ii bee smoker under the edge. 
 
 A permanent box stall may be made just large enough to accommo- 
 date the larger animals, with an opening for the head, the animal 
 being held by a stancliion. The opening nuist be provided with a close 
 <'anviis, sirranged so that wlien the aninuil's liead is in place the edge 
 of the canvas can be drawn down tight just behind the eyes, thus 
 inclosing every part but the moutli, nose, and eyes. A tight door must 
 be arranged to close behind the animal, and the fumes nmy be Intro- 
 duced by i)ufling from si bee smoker or by burning tobacco or sulphur 
 in a tin or sheet-iron tube passed tlirough at someimint on the side, the 
 outer end being closed and the heat applied by using a small oil stove, 
 with due precautions to avoid communication of fire to the building. 
 It has been found that by this plan cattle lice could be killed by au 
 
282 
 
 INSECTS Ai^PECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 exposure of fifteen to twenty minutes, but in some trials on sheep it 
 was ineffective even with an hour or two of dense fumes, the lonj,' 
 matted wool evidently protecting the parasites. In the experiments the 
 sheep had wool G inches or more long. When out of the wool tin; 
 insects succumbed quickly to fumes. 
 
 SI'' 'I 
 
 ir;f 
 
 f' 
 
 I'll 
 
 WA8HKS AND DIPS. 
 
 Applications of liquid remedies are the main reliance in the treat 
 meiit of external parasites, ami the choice between methods depends 
 largely upon tlio amount of work to be done. 
 
 The most iivailable substances are the solutions of tobacco, diluted 
 carbolic acid, kerosene emulsion, infusion of stavesacre for lice, or souui 
 of the regular sheep dips. 
 
 For lice on cattle a wash of kerosene emulsion rubbed on with a raj^' 
 or tht, hands to the parts where eggs and lice are most abundant can 
 be used even in winter, with some care to avoid exposure, and while 
 not usually reaching every louse, wdl suffice to keep tlie pests in check. 
 
 Tobacco decoction. — A simple tobacco decoction is made by steeping 
 tobacco leaves and stems in water. Such decoctions are poison«ms to 
 most animals and should not contain more than 2 to 5 per cent of 
 tobacco. With horses they should only be ai)plied to a part of the 
 body at one time. 
 
 Tobacco and sulphur dip. — A combination especially favored in Aus- 
 tralia, given by Curtice, consists of tobacco and sulphur, of 1 pound ea(!h 
 to every 4 gallons of water to be used, the tobacco solution and sulphur 
 being stirred together till of a creamy consistency and then diluted with 
 required amount of water. 
 
 Sulphur and lime dip. — Flowers of sulphur 25 pounds, quicklime 20 
 pounds, water 100 gallons. Lime is first slacked in usual manner, then 
 the rest of the water and the sulphur are added. Boil for twenty min 
 utes and strain well. Hold the sheep in the mixture until the scabs are 
 thoroughly soaked. Immerse the head at least once. Use the dip at 
 100° to 110° F. Dip twice, with an interval of ten days. The ingredi 
 ents should be carefully sifted before mixing, and the sediment should 
 not be thrown into the tank. 
 
 Tobacco, sulphur, and hje dip. — Thirty pounds of tobacco, 7 pounds of 
 sulphur, 3 pounds of concentrated lye, dissolved in 100 gallons of water. 
 
 Lau''s dip. — Tobacco K5 })ounds, oil of tar 3 pints, soda ash 20 pounds, 
 soft s«)ap -k pounds, water .W gallons. Sufficient for HO sheep. The 
 tobaeco should be steeped, afterwards the other ingredients added at 
 70° F. 
 
 Cottonseed oil. — This is claimed by Dr. Francis to give on a large 
 scale the most satisfactory results for ticks. The oil is simply poured 
 on a vat filled with water, the cattle being drenched with it as they 
 emerge. 
 
 For a few animals a small vat is sufficient, and pigs, lambs, dogs, etc., 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 7 
 
REMEDIES — PREVENTIVE TREATMENT. 
 
 283 
 
 ds, quicklime 20 
 
 may be dipped in a b or barrel. There is a patented dipping device 
 for lowering animals into a tank. 
 
 \\ herever dipping is to be practiced to any great extent the con- 
 struction of a i)ermanent tank or vat for the purpose will be a matter 
 of economy.' 
 
 The following description of the method of constructing a dipjiing 
 vat is from an article in the Texas Farm and l^anch, by Dr. M. Francis, 
 of the Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College. It is so clear in 
 explanation that anyone should be able to construct a vat fitted for the 
 purpose. If the vat is intended for dii)i)ing sheep or small animals 
 only it may be made smaller, but it would evidently be in proportion, 
 and if it is intended to keep the vat constantly filled ready for use it 
 might be preferable to have one for horses and cattle and a smaller 
 sized one, with the proper dipping solution, for sheep, hogs, dogs, etc. 
 It is thought, however, that by the use of a false bottom, so as to i)re- 
 vent any possibility of the smaller animals i'ailing to get out of the 
 larger vat, that all animals could be treated in one of large enough 
 size to accommodate the largest animals. 
 
 Fio. 109, — Section of diijpiiij? vnt. 
 
 iimbs, dogs, etc., 
 
 Dr. Francis's description was in the form of a reply to Mr. James M. 
 Niall, Kockhampton, Queensland, xVustralia: 
 
 Mr. Jamics M. Niall, 
 
 Rovkhampton, Queensland, Australia. 
 
 Deak Sir: Yours of December 24 is before me. Ticks have becoine smili a curse 
 in this country that we have b<it'u compelled to devise some means for their destruc- 
 tion. After various unsuccessful attempts in this direction, we have adopted the 
 dipping process with very gratifying results. 
 
 We use a large vat of r),0(X) gallons capacity and force liie cattle to swim through 
 it. Without further remarks, I will now describe the arrangement and its operaticm. 
 (Seeflg. 169.) 
 
 ' Many of the patented or registered dips are valuable ami, if the user docs not 
 object to paying a higher price for the ingredients used, may be utilized. 
 
284 
 
 INSECTS AKFKCTINO DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Ill Holooliiift II Iticniiiiii Cor ii viit I woiilil iiilvimi a point to wliicli >viiti«r Ih ion 
 voiiiiMit. 'I'liiN limy Im« rnrniHluMl h,v li wind iiiiiiip, ]ioiiil, or Htrtniiii. I would iiAmd 
 wiitiM'H ('t)iittiiiiiiiK iiiiiii«i'alH or iilliali. I iviiow ol' no oliJtMition to Hiilt wator. 
 
 I'.xcavato a triMuli 7 toot, iloop, I tVid wido in Uottoin, and L'l Coot loiif{, in wliirh l<i 
 liiiiltl tln« val. 
 
 In doiii^ MiiH considoraldo ol' tlio work can lio <loiio liy plowing and Hi'rapin;r IIki 
 dirt, out at ono i>nd an<l dumping il. ho uh to lorin a iiiound on wliiidi lo liiiild (Im^ 
 dri|>piii;; platt'orin. 
 
 'I'liK tronch iniiHt. Iii< roniplt^tod liy liand lalior l>,v llirowiii^ tho dirt out in alxiiH 
 oipial i|uan(ili)H on oacli Hidu. 
 
 Lay in bottom of tr«Muli 2 ^doccM ol' I by I inciics by l.'l l'<M<t lon^ :il iiiclum aparl ; 
 lay llioni parallel and l«>v<'l. On tbcso nail cross pieces li liy I by 4IJ, IS inches rrom 
 centers bei;innin;j at Ni|naro end oflreiicli. 'I'liis will rciinire 17 pi»(c-eM '2 by l by Is. 
 Ciit'iM piecoM - by t by 10 for iipri<;lits. Nail lowor ends of iijtri^lits into Hills ami 
 eroNH |ii<<ces, and slant upper ends onl ward, making; upper ends S feet apart. 
 
 Having done this eontinne tlie I b\ I inch bottom sills It! f<<et up the incliiKwiml 
 make the outer imuIh <>'{ f(<et apart so that the uprights to be atlache<l will come in 
 line with those already in place. 
 
 Zl 
 
 ^ — "T^i^ia^x "»'^-":\ 
 
 
 
 
 I? 
 
 «* J 
 
 »• •■ 
 
 CU«tr 
 
 Ti :i 
 
 
 V.-» 
 
 -at-J^ 
 
 ».«■ 
 
 i''-t- 
 
 Vui. J70.— lUanram of slici'i) pens, Hliowiii^lncntionof <li])|ihit; vat Imlow. 
 
 Put cross pieces on sills as in bottom, Kach cross piece will be longer as you ^o 
 up. and uprights will be shorter. 
 
 Fill and tamp around the sills and cross jiieces thoroughly. For floor and sidiiif; 
 we use 1' by 4 by 10 pine, dressed and matched, laid in white zinc jiaint, both secret 
 and face nailed with sixteeupenny wire nails. 
 
 Mr. R. .T. Kleburg, who built tho first vat I know of, used 2 by 12 cypress floor 
 and siding, ami calked joints with oakum. 
 
 Extend the siding 8 feet high to prevent wa«te of dip from splashing. Box up 
 8»iuare eml of vat 6 feet, cleat the incline with 2 by 4 pieces 18 inches apart for cat- 
 
iLH. 
 
 RKMKDIHS — PRUVENTIVK TUKATMKNT, 
 
 285 
 
 which \vul.((r Ih com 
 
 tlllll. 1 NVOIllil ii\(ii,| 
 
 I) Hlllli waliM-. 
 
 Hvf. lon^, ill Wllirli In 
 
 11^ mill Hcrnpiii;; ^h<^ 
 I wliioh Id Itiiilil Uw 
 
 lio tlil'l. Dill, ill iiImiiiI 
 
 oii^ :il iiiilioH iipiirl ; 
 )y m, 1>< iiu'hi'H iVoiii 
 ' |iiiM!t'H li by 1 liy \x. 
 I'i^lits into Hills anil 
 S I'cofc II part. 
 it lip tlit> iiK'liiio anil 
 tiai'lutil will conic in 
 
 4''* 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 1 ** 
 
 J' 
 
 
 
 111 licliiw. 
 
 bo longer as you jin 
 
 'or lloor and Hidiii;^ 
 o ]iaiiit, both oecret 
 
 by 12 cypress floor 
 
 splashing. Box np 
 cheH apart for cat- 
 
 110 to Hociiro a CooUiik- Kraco l.ho vat ('IohhwIho liy iisinK ^ by '^ ''.V *>' hIuH', witlj 
 nailed into lop of II pright.H. 'I'IiIhIh very linportantaHif. iirovoiif.H Ini lf<iiif{ and <!ol lapse. 
 
 Tlio drip|dii){ lloor is built, at tlio oxit tVoiii \\w viit and Hlopcs I foot, diainiiij^ into 
 vat. ItHhoiild bo cloatod t(» prcvoiit Hlippin^ of cattb^ It Ih important tliiit tlio 
 exit and dripping idatfurni l)o 1 loot abovo wator lino to (diock wavcH and jirovcnt 
 wasto. 
 
 Wo liavn not found a draina)i;n ))ipo noccsHary. I''ill in around tlio vat np to gronnd 
 line and tamp well. lncloH(t drippin){ lloor with a Htroiig leiKto and provide a gate. 
 
 dhule and (mpiloor. — MaUea lonj; narrow elnite, It Cect wide, leadiii)^ to vat, and iiox 
 lip sidoH ti>;ht, no <'attlo can not see out. Hink two pimtH (! by (i liy K at end of cliiito 
 lis close toend of vat as ]iosHiblu and boru U inch aii){erliolcH tliroii){li the posts at 
 (ground line, and put a l]iii(di iron ]dpo through on which to balance tll(^ trapdoor. 
 
 Allow box iiifr<d' chute to project It fitet into vat. Make trapdoor of heavy material, 
 7 feet long, lij feet wide, and attach saiiio to axle ho iih to allow I feet to iiiii.jeet into 
 chute and U feet into vat. TIiiih arranged it will fall back into place after being 
 tilted. It is desirable, though not iieccHsary, to f.-ii^e trapdoor with boiler iron, as 
 it will caiiHo cattle to slip readily and becaime wooi! hooii wears out. 
 
 Coimtriict pciiH Honietlilng like diagram. (Sco tig. 170.) Vou may find <tvcr(low 
 pipes tlcsirablc in ciiho of heavyraiim. These coiiHist of l-ineli or l|-inch iron jiipc, 2 
 feet long, one el bow and another pipe, say, K or 10 inches. I'lit long end in vat and 
 short end through hole in side of vat about 5^ feet from bottom, or at water line. 
 
 111 caso of tloodiiig this will allow the water to cscajie and will hold the oil. 'I'liu 
 arrangoniunl'desctribed abovo has been in operation at this statirni two years and has 
 proved so satisfactory that I have no change to HiiggcHt. 
 
 (Jul' vut cost about$JUU. I think it ouuld bu duplicated almost anywhere for $150. 
 
f 
 
 ml 
 
 CHAPTER VTII. 
 
 LIST OF PARASITES ACCORDING TO HOSTS. 
 
 In the following list of insects affecting domestic animtils no atteinjit 
 is made to enumerate siilcU as lead an inde2)endent existence and niako 
 their attacks on a great variety of animals. 
 
 The moscjuitoes, flies, bugs, ticks, etc., which have no definite host 
 could be included under almost every species. 
 
 The only exceptions made are in cases where species of .special 
 imi)ortauce have a decided preference for certain animals, as the horn- 
 fly and cattle tick for cattle. 
 
 Further, the list is intended to be a key to the species treated in this 
 work and not to enumerate every species that has ever been recorded 
 on any species of animal. 
 
 AFFKCTINQ MAN. 
 
 The OX bot-flies (Uypoderma Uneata and 
 
 bovis) (accidental). 
 Bot-fly (Dermaiohia noxialis). 
 The bot-fly (Dermatobia cyanivcntrw). 
 The Bcrew worm ( Compsomyia macellaria). 
 The house ilea, (Piilex irritans). 
 The dog flea {Pulex serraticepa). 
 The jigger flea (Sarcopsylla ptnclrana). 
 The crab lonae {Phthiriua ingiiinalis). 
 The head louse {Pediciihis capitis). 
 The body louso {Pedictdua vestimenU), 
 The itch luite (Sarcoptea acabiei var. 
 
 houiinia.) 
 The follicle niito (Demodex folliculoriim 
 
 var homitiia), 
 
 AFKECTING APES AND MONKEYS. 
 
 The ape louse (Pcdiculiia conaobrinua). 
 The nionkt'y lico (Pedicinua spp.). 
 
 AFFECTING THE DOO. 
 
 Bot flies (Dermatobia noxialia and cyani- 
 
 rentris). 
 Screw-worm Hy (Compaomyia macellaria). 
 The dog flea ( Puhx aerrativipa). 
 The suckingdog louse {Hamatopitiiis pili- 
 
 ferua). 
 The biting dog louse ( Trichodectea latiia). 
 The dog tick or wood tick {Dermaveitlor 
 
 amcricanua). 
 The itch nnte (Sarcoptea acabieiviir. cania). 
 The follicle mite (Demodex folliculorum 
 
 var. cants). 
 Linguatula rhinaria. 
 286 
 
 AFFECTIN(i THE CAT. 
 
 Bot-fly (Dermatobia noxialia). 
 Screw worm ( Compaomyia viacellaria) 
 The dog or cat flea (Pulex acrraticeps). 
 The cat louso (Trichodevtia aubroalratnx). 
 The itch mite of the cat (Sarcoptea minor 
 
 var. cati). 
 The cat chorioptes or ear mite (C/iorio^'/'S 
 
 auriculorum var. felia). 
 
 AFFECTING THE FEIIRET, 
 
 Ferret louse ( TrichodecteaJ). 
 The ferret chorioptes (Chorioptea auricn- 
 lornmfuronia). 
 
 AFFECTING THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE. 
 
 Common bot fly (Oaatrophilua eqiii). 
 Ked-tailed bot fly (Gaatrjphilua hwmor- 
 
 rhoidalia). 
 The chin fly (Gaatrophilna naaalia). 
 Gaatrophilua jiecorum and Gaatrophilna sp. 
 The horse tick; forest fly (Hippoboaca 
 
 equina). 
 Tlio suctorial horse louse (Hmmatopinm 
 
 macrocephalus). 
 The biting horse louse (Trichodecten 
 
 parumpiloaiia). 
 Trichodectea piloaiia. 
 The itch mite or mange insect (Paoroptcn 
 
 communia, var. c^.J). 
 The itch mite (Sarcoptea acabiei,\a,v. equi). 
 The horse symbiote mite (Chorioptes 
 
 aymbiotea, var. equi). 
 Linguatula rhinaria larva, adult (occa- 
 sional). 
 
 Screw won 
 
LIST OP PARASITES ACCORDING TO HOSTS. 
 
 287 
 
 uo definite host 
 
 ecies of special 
 
 THK CAT. 
 
 IB I'KUKKT. 
 
 IE, ASS, AND MULE. 
 
 ilu8 nasalia). 
 
 nd Gastrophilua sp. 
 
 it fly {Hippobosca 
 
 )ii80 {HamatopinuH 
 
 luso {Trichodeciet 
 
 o insect {Paoropten 
 
 18 8ca6iet,var. equi). 
 mito {Chorioptes 
 
 rva, atlult (occa- 
 
 AKKECTINCJ CATTLE. 
 
 Ox bot-fly; warWe fly (Europe), Hypo- 
 derma bovia. 
 Ox bot-fly; warblo ily (in America), 
 
 llypoderma lincuta. 
 The horn fly (Homntobia Si-rrata). 
 The screw ■vvorni {Compmmy'm macel- 
 
 lariii). 
 Short -nosed ox louse {Hamatopinua 
 
 euryaternun). 
 Long-nosed ox hmse (Ifamatojiinua 
 
 tenuifoatrix). 
 Biting ox louse (Trichodcctea sralarla). 
 Itch mite of cattle (Choriopiea aymbiotea, 
 
 var. bovia). 
 Itch mite of cattle {SarcopU- acabivi, \iir. 
 
 bovia). 
 Scab mito of cattle {I'Horoptea communla, 
 
 var, bovia). 
 The cattle tick {Hoiiphihia bovis). 
 The lone star tick (Ambtyomma nnipunc- 
 
 tala). 
 Follicle mite {Demodex foUiviilorum, var. 
 bovia). 
 Linguatula rhinaria (larval stage). 
 
 AFFECTING SHEEP. 
 
 Sheep bot-fly ((IJatrua oria). 
 
 Screw worm {Compaomyia maceUaria). 
 
 Sheep tick (Mehphagua oriiiua). 
 
 Sheep foot louse (nirvaiopiiiua pedal in). 
 
 Sheep louse {Trichodcctea aphwrdcrphnliia.) 
 
 Sheep scab mito (Paoroptca covimunia, var. 
 
 ovia). 
 Sheep foot scab mite {Chorioptea aymbiotea, 
 
 var. oris). 
 Sheep itch mite (Sarcoptea acabiei, var. 
 ovia). 
 
 AFFECTING THE GOAT. 
 
 Goat louse {Ilmnatopinua atenopaia). 
 Biting goat louse (Trichodectea ditmi.r). 
 Louse of the Angora goat {Trichodectea 
 
 limbatua). 
 Goat scab mito {Paoroptea commitnia, \nr. 
 
 capru). 
 Goat itch mite (Chorioptea aymhiotex, var. 
 
 capro^). 
 Itch mite (Sarcoptea acabiei, var. caprn). 
 
 AFFECTING SWINE. 
 
 Screw worm (Compaoniyia inacellaria). 
 
 Hog louse ( JFwmatopinua uriua). 
 Follicle mite (Demodex folliculoriim, var. 
 
 8«i8). 
 
 AFFECTING RAUBITS AND HAUES. 
 
 Uabbit bot8(C'M/er«/>r« cuniculi, horripilum 
 
 iuid fontinella). 
 Ka)>bit fleas {Pulex yoiiiocephaUia, inw- 
 
 qiialia). 
 Kabbit lice {Hmnatopinua rentricoaua). 
 Itch mite {Sarcoptea acabiei, var. 8i(i8). 
 
 AFFECTING CHICKENS. 
 
 (,'liicken flea {Sarcopnylla yallinacea). 
 Flea ( lermipaylla alakurt). 
 Chicken bug {Acanthia inodora). 
 Chicken lice {Goniocotea gigaa, hologaater, 
 
 hurnetti; Goniodea diaaimilia; Lipeurna 
 
 rariabilia, heterographua; MenoponpMi- 
 
 diim, biaeriatum). 
 ■ Chicken tick {Dermanyaaua gallinw). 
 I Chicken tick {Argaa americanua). 
 Chicken mites {Cytoditea niidiia, Laminoai- 
 
 opteacyaticola, Sarcoptea mutaua, S. laevia 
 
 var. gallina). 
 
 AFFECTING TIIK TURKEY. 
 
 Turkey gnat {Slmulium meridioiiale). 
 Turkey lice {Goniocotea rectangulattts, 
 
 Goniodea atylifer, Lipeurua polytrape- 
 
 siua). 
 
 AFI'ECTING THE PEAFOWL. 
 
 Peacock louse {Goniodea falcicurnia). 
 
 AFFECTING PIGKONS. 
 
 Pigeon bug {Acanthia columbarina). 
 Pigeon lice {Goniocotea comi , Goniodea 
 minor auCi damicornia, Lipeurua baciilua). 
 IMgeon tick {Argaa rejlexua). 
 Pigeon plume mito {Falciger I'oatratua). 
 
 AFFECTING DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWAN. 
 
 Duck lice {Docophorita icterodea, Lipeurua 
 
 aqualidua, Trinoton luriduw). 
 Lice of geese ( Trinoton Jejunum, Trinoton 
 
 conapurcatum). 
 Swan lice Docophorua nigni, Ornithohiua 
 
 bucephalua). 
 Lice of the guinea hen {Goniodt-n nunii- 
 
 dianua). 
 
CITArTEK IX. 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 The following list of works upon the subject of parfisitism incliulos 
 those of greater importance, and esi)ecially those containing original 
 matter referring to American species. The enumeration of all papers 
 bearing on the subject whicli was at first contcmplateil would have so 
 enormously increased the si)ace required that it was deemed InexjM'- 
 dient. The titles coUecited in the progress of the work would alone iill 
 a volume. JVIoreovor, it is assumed that any student xeho would need 
 such a complete bibliography must have access to some of the general 
 records of zooh)gy and entomology which would answer his special 
 purpose : 
 
 Pauasxtks in Gknekal. 
 
 Ai.Hlx, Eleaza;:. — A Natural History of Spiders, and Other CiiriouH Insects. Lon- 
 don, Moiitajiu, 1730, ]i. 7(), p. 8. 
 
 Childukn, Joiix CiKi)K(iE. -Catalogue of Aracbnida and InBccts. liaek's Voyage 
 an polo dii nord. 1H36. Pg. 11. Appd., p. 532. 
 
 DesiTipticm of tlie nrtlculiitod aniiiiiilB collected in the iiortliwest expodiUon of Cnptnin Back. 
 
 ClTUTiCE CoOPEK. — Tho Aniiual I'arasitos ot Sheep. Bureau of Animal Industry, 
 U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890. 
 
 GuKLT, EuxsT ruiEDiJ. — Verzeichulss dor Thiere, auf welehen Sclnnarotzer-Insecten 
 leben. Wiegni. Archiv. 1857. T. 23, pp. 27*^311. 
 
 GuiiLT, E, F. — Die auf HauBvIigeln uud Siiugethleren hsbeuden Sclnnarotzer-Insec- 
 ten. Mag. f. d. gesainnite Thierheilkunde 18^2. Jah.g. YIII. St. 4, p. 109. 
 Jahrg. IX, St. 1, p. 1, tab. 1. 
 
 Geuvais, Taui,. — Hist >iro naturelle des insectes aptcrea. Paris, 1844. 3 vols. 
 
 KoLLAH, Vincent. — A Treatise on Insects Injurious to Hardeners, Foresters, and 
 Farmers. 1840. 
 
 C'li.i])tor oil parasites. 
 
 Ml^H.NiN, P. — Les Parasites et .^es Maladies Parasitaires chez I'honmie, los Animaux 
 
 donif stiques, etc. 478 pp., 65 figs., and 26 pi. Insectes, Arachnides, Crustac^s. 
 
 Paris, 1880. 
 Neumann, L. (1. — A Treatise on the Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of the Donu's- 
 
 catedAninuils. Translated by fieorge Fleming. London, 18!)2. 800 pp., 364 figs. 
 G.'iieral ivoik. Very complete. Less full 'ir inaects tliaii venues. 
 OsnoHN, II. — External Parasites of Domestic Animals, h'ept. Stock Hreeders' Assoc. 
 
 Reprint Hull. la. Ag. Col.; Dept. Ent. 1884. 
 Packauo, a. S. — Certain Parasitic Insects. (Hlustr.) Am. Nat., Vol. IV, i>. 83. 
 Packahd, a. S. — Our Coipmon Insects. 
 
 Includes mcmtion of many insects aft'ccliug d» .estic auimala. 
 
 Packaud, a. S.— Guide to Study of Insects. Fourth ed. Salem, 1874. 
 Tncludes mention of many species of insects affecting domestic animals. 
 288 
 
LITERATUSE. 
 
 289 
 
 Packaui), a. S. — llalf-llour RorreatioDs in Natural History. DiviHioii First — Half 
 Hours with Insects. JJoston, 1871-75. Relations of Insects to Mand)]). ()r)-it6, 
 flfjs. .')t-70). Unity of Creation: Act onnt of some Human I'arasites, some sting- 
 ing, some poisonous), and somti useful insects and Arachnids. 
 
 Haii.likt, a. — Traitc do Zoologio Mi'dicale et Agricole. I'aris, iirst ed., Part 1, 1885. 
 I'art II, 1880. Second ed., I'aris, 18!)5. Pj.. 1303. 
 
 UlLEY, V. V. — Insects in Ifelation to Attriculture. Stoddard's Encyclopedia Ameri- 
 cana, 188:^ Vol. I. Pp. 135-112, li^s. 1-L'!t. 
 
 Iimects injiiriiiiis to livestock; botfly of I'attlu (llyiioderma bovix); Hlieep botfly {(Ettrui 
 ovin); liorso hot fly ((insti'iphlliin njui). 
 
 Van Benedkn. — Atiimal Parasites and Messmates. International Science Series. 
 Vei'.uiij,, a. E. — The External and Internal Parasites (d" Man and Ponu'stic Animals. 
 
 Hartford, (.'onu., 1870, T- (?),!>• 140. Reprint from Report of Connecticut State 
 
 Board of Agriculture. 
 WiLUSTox, S. \V. — Diptera, Statidard Natural History, Vol. 11, pp 403-133. 
 DisciisMej' nuinuroiiM spocics of Diptern tliat iitft'cf iiiiiii and domeHtic niiinialH. 
 
 ZCrn, v. a.— IJio Schmarotzer aiif und in dem Korper unserer Haussiiugethiere. 
 Erstor Theil : Die thiorischen Parasiteti. Weimar, 1882. 
 
 IMl'TEIiA. 
 
 chmarotzer-Insecteu 
 
 COQUEUEL, CHARI.E8, — Nouveau cas do mort produite par la Lucilia homiuivorax et 
 
 description do salarve. Ann. .Soc. Ent. rr.,ser. 3. 1859. T. 7, pp. 233-237, fig. 
 KiLPATRic'K, A. R. — The Sere"- Worm. Am. Ent., Vol. III., j). 275. 
 Riley, C. V. — Screw Worm. Its jjarentage in doubt. Am. Ent., Vol. Ill, p. 203. 
 Riley, C. V.— Abnormal Prevalence of Plow Flies. Am. Ent., Vol. Ill, p. 21. 
 
 Note, and copy of account of injuries by blow flios. Referred to Lucilia maeellaria as 
 probable cause. 
 
 Riley, C. V. — Prevalence of the Strew Worm in Central America. Anier. Nat., April 
 (Mar. 15), 1883, Vol. XVII, p. 123. 
 
 Extract from letter of >T. < '. Zeledtm on tlio abundance and ravages of Lucilia maeellaria and 
 related flies in Costa IJica, 
 
 RlLEY, C. v., ami Howard. L. (».— The Horn Fly. Insect Life, \ol. II, pp. 93-103, 
 
 1889. 
 
 Full account tif life liistory, habits, and investigations as to renu'dies. 
 
 SIMULIID.i:. 
 
 Barnard, W. S. — Notes on the development of the Black Fly (Simiilinin), common 
 in the rapids around Ithaca, N. V. Am. Ent., Vol. Ill, p. 191, 1880. (Figure of 
 
 eggs.) 
 Dodge, C. R.— Field and Forest, Vol. I, ]>. 2, 1875-7t:. 
 
 Unusually great killing of horses and mules in the 8t)uth central TTnited States by "buffalo 
 gnats " in the si)ring of 187"). 
 
 Howard, L. O. — Notes on a Siniulium common at Ithaca. N. V. Insect Life, 1, 99-101, 
 
 Oct. 1888. 
 .McBride, Sara .T. — The so-called Web Worm of Young Trout. Am. Ent., Vol. II, 
 
 p. 365. 
 
 Followed by editorial note by C. V. Kiley. 
 
 OSTEN Sackkn. — On the transformations of Simulium. Am. Ent., Vol. II, p. 1'29. 
 
 Figures after Verdat anil Osten Sncken. Kef'erences to authorities. 
 RiLEY, C. V. — Report of Entomologist. Ann. Rept. IT. S. Comm. Agr. for 1880, pp. 
 459-592, 11 pi. 
 
 Buffalo gnats, etc. (pp. 492-515). Dctoilcd account of life history, habits, etc. 
 
 Riley, C. V. — The Southern BuH'alo-Gnat {fSimuUum pecuarum). Ann. Rept. Dept. 
 Agr. for 1884, p. 340-3-15. 
 
 4653— No. 5 19 
 
290 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Hi 
 
 h 
 
 KiiKV, C. V. — The nnllalo Onii t Problem In the Lower IMissiasippl Valley. Al).si i u, t, 
 Proc. Aincr. Assoc. Ailv. Sci. for 1««7, May, 1888, Vol. XXXVI, p. 362. 
 KcMultuf lute iiiri'stlgntiDiiH on Hp<«fit'H of SiiiiMliiiiii. 
 Rll.KY, C. V. — .Siiimliuiii Iroiii Lake Superior. Aiiier. \at., November (28 Oc^t.), 
 1881, Vol. XV, p. Kit!. 
 
 Niiti(')> (it'fiaiiiT liy II. A. Uikfjeii; larvii' iiiitl ]iiipii> Croni Luk« Siipcrinr NJiiiilar to tlioHc u\' 
 S. pictipes, liiit tint iiiinKo.s I'i'diii llio hiiiiii' localitins aio (lltrerciit. 
 
 Rir.KY, C. v.— Death ofMules Caused by Insects. Am. Ent., Vol. I, ]). 148. 
 Kii.r.Y, C. v.— The Death Web of Young Troiit. An;. Knt., Vol. II, j). 171. 
 ('(ipy of an irticlo from Wilkes's Siiirit of tlio Tiniea, wiUi ciiitoriul comnii'iit. 
 
 Rli.EY, C. v.— The Death AVeb of Young Ti mt. Am, Knt., Vol. II, p. 211. 
 KiLKY, C. v.— The Death AVcb ..f Young Tro it. Am. Knt., Vol. II, j). 227. 
 Kli.fiY, C. V. — Kditorial nota on article by 8ara .1. Mcllride, entitled "'The Ho-call(!(l 
 Aveb-worm oi young trout." Am. I'nt., ^'ol. II. i)p. 3(56-367. 
 Doscribt's siiiiuliiim iiiscifiiliiim. 
 
 Vekdat, G. ,1.— Meiuoire pour servir a I'histoire des Simulies, genru d'inseeto,-^^ ili' 
 
 I'ordre des Dipteres, famille des Tipulairea; lu a la reunion de la Soeif'tt- lielvi - 
 
 ti(i)io des Sciences naturellcs a Hale, le 25. .luillet 1821. 
 Vkkuat, («. J. — Gcsc hichted. Siiunlien in Naturwiss. Anz. d. allg. Schweiz, Gesellsch,, 
 
 1822, No. 9, and in Tium's archiv., Vol. II. 
 Wr.nsTKii, F. M. — Keport on ISull'alo Gnats. Huli. No. It, Div. Eut.U. 8. Dejit. Agric, 
 
 p„ 29. 1887. 
 
 <i;sTKii).i:. 
 
 Allkn, Ciiahlks II. — Dcmonstral ion of locomotion in the larva- of the (Kstrid;r. 
 I'roo. Amcr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. XXH', pp. 230-2.)6. 
 
 Staif it'iit of iv Ciim^ ill ■wliicli liiivir, of iirt)l)ably Ihjinnh'innt hnvii', iiiovod, n-Npcctivcly, I, fi, 
 ami 110 inclifx iintlrr tlio Nkiii of a boy. Notes on otber bir. i' of (Kstri(bi'. 
 
 Arture. — Observations sur I'espeee de ver nomm(^ Maea(iue {<I\8trHx). Mem. A.i'ad. 
 
 Paris, 17.53. Hist., p. 72, ed. in 8. Hist., p. 106 (cf. Percherou 1, p. 11). 
 BlocH, Maiu'IS Kmazau. — l?eitr."ige zur Naturgeschiehte der Wiirmer, wolche in 
 
 audern Thieren lebeu. ((Kstrus.) IJeschiifi. Kerl. Gesellsch. Natnrfor., 177!>, 
 
 pp. 531-561. 
 Braukr, F. — Die (Kstriden des Hochwildes, nebst einerTabelle zur Heatimmnng allev 
 
 europiiischen Arten dieser Faniile. Verhamll. AVien Zool. Hot. Gesellsch., 18,")8. 
 
 pp. 385-414. 
 Braukk, F. — Nene ISeitriige znr Keuntniss der europiiischen (Kstriden. Verhaudl. 
 
 AVien Zool. Hot. Gesellsch., 1858, i)i>. 44!»-478. 
 Brauer, F. — Monograpliie der (Kstriden. Ilerausgegeben von der K. K. Zool. Hot. 
 
 Gesellschaft in Wien. AVioi" 1863. 
 COfjl'icRKl,, Chahles. — Noti; sur une larve d'CKstride extraite du bras d'unhonmie h 
 
 Cayenne. Revue et Magaz. Zool., ser. 2, 1859, T. 11, pp. 3.56-361. 
 C()Qi;EUia,, CiiAHMCs. — Note sur les larves d'CKstrides dt'veloppees chez I'liomme an 
 
 Mexiijue et a la Nouvelle Orleans (avec SjiII^^). Revue et Magaz. Zool., ser. 2, 
 
 1859, T. II, pp. 361-3()7, iig. 
 Cl.ARK, Bkacy. — < )bservations <m the genus (Kstrus. Transact. Lin;.. See., Loudon, 
 
 1797,vol. 3, pp. 289-329. 
 Clark, Bkacy. — An essay of the Bots of liorses and other animals. London, 1815, 
 
 p. 72. Supplementary sheet. Discovery of the Fly of the White Hot, p. 4. 
 Clark, Bracy. — Of the Insects called (Kstrus by the ancients, and of the true spe- 
 cies intended by tliim under this appellation, etc. Transact. Linn. See., London, 
 
 1827, pp. 402-411. 
 Clark, Bkacy. — Note on (Jistrna equi; the Bot of Horses. Entom. Magaz., 1838. 
 
 Vol. V, pp. 336-338. 
 Clakk, Bracy. — An Appenuis or Supplement to a treatise on the (Estri and Cuterebric 
 
 of various animals. Transact. Linn. Soc, London, 1843, VI. XIX, pt. 2, pp. 81-91. 
 
I.ITEKATUR' . 
 
 291 
 
 nu «)f the (Entridii'. 
 
 C) ARK, Bracy. — Addondii 1848, 1 p., llg. (2 nov. Hpec). <>n tlm liirvti (»f (Kslrun 
 
 cirvi. Zoologist, 1«4»S, pp. lo(j))-1570, fig. 
 Davih, a. ir.— Vitiility of (I-Jstnin bovis. Entoni. Magii/., ISUf). Vol. Ill, p. lOU. 
 I'lTCii, A. — Kinasciilating hot fly (Ciiterehra emajvulalor). Tliinl l{«'pt. N. Y. Kiitorn., 
 
 p. 478, No. 210. 
 GoUDor, .Fi'siiN. — 01)serviitioiis «ur iin diiitt re ('xoti<|Uu dont In Jiiivo unit mix 
 
 hiwwi'H (('iilirehra iioxitillit). Ann. St;. Nat., ser. H, ISI,'), 'I'. li, pp. L'l'l-L'.'iO. 
 (lAHMAX, H.— ']'!io bot ilies of tlic I'liited States. Ann. Kept. Ktntiiclty Ag. ICxp. 
 
 Station. 
 (jHEEN, U.— Natnri.i History of tlic Hot Fly {(lagtrnn reterinim). New Kngland 
 
 Fanner, 1826, T. 4, pp. ;{»5-:M7. 
 llKNNKi,!'. l'\ — Uolier</'.8<)H8 ei/iii oris nnd cetri vaiireoli. Allgeni. Dcutseli. Natnrh. 
 
 Zeit,, 1855, T. 1, pp. 2!I7-:}0V, tab. 2. (irrstat( kor. Itoriciit, lS."iti, ]>. IK!. 
 Mil. I., Natiiamki. 'riK)MAS. — Accoiuit of till) larva of a hii])]io.simI (Kstrim huminis or 
 
 gad lly wliich dKj)o8itH its eggs in tlio body of the liiiuian species. Kdinb. Now 
 
 I'hil. .'jor.rn., I8:H0, pp. 284-288. Isis, 18:{2, p. J»17. 
 .loi.Y, N. — Kechcrclies /oologiqiios, anatoniii|ni>8, physiologiqucs, et niodicalcssur les 
 
 (Kstrides en general et partieuliercnient snr les (Fstnis (|ui attu(|uent riioniine, 
 
 le clieval, le boeiif, et lo raonton. Ann. Soe. d'Agric, Lyons, 184(5, T. it, pp. l.">7-30o. 
 
 Separate, Tonlonse, 184(i. 
 LABori.Bi;NK, Am'.xandkk. — Description et iignred'uiu^ lurvo d'd'atrido do Cayenne 
 
 extraitodc la]iand'nulioninie. Ann. Soc. F.nt. Fr.,ser. 4, IStil.T. l.jij). 24!)-2r>;j,lig. 
 liElOY, .losK.i'ii. — KeniarkH on the larva of a sjteiies of (I'.strus. Proceed. Acad. 
 
 Nat. Sc, I'hilad., 18r)7, p. 204. 
 OuMKUoi), Ei.KAXoij, — Observations on the Warble I'ly, or Ox Hot I'ly. Third ed., 
 
 London, 188;" 
 
 From Kopiiri on Iiijiirioiia IiiflectH for 1H84. 
 Uathvon, S. S.— The Sipiirrel Bot. Am. Ent., Vol. 1, p. 117. 
 
 Notes on ^l(^'^■('^^•a fc!icca<rt Fab. 
 Kii.KY, C. v.— The Sheep Bot Fly, or Horse Magg()t. I'irst Ann. liei)t. on the noxions, 
 
 beueticial, and other insects of Missouri, ]ip. l(il-l(>5, ligures. 
 
 ruuciD.K. 
 
 iLin:;. Soe., London, 
 
 litem. Magaz., 1838. 
 
 Bakkr, C. F. — Preliminary Stndies of the Siphonaptera. Canadian Entomologist, 
 
 Vol. XXVIl, 1895. 
 Bkrtoi.otto, L. — Histoire de la Puce, avec notes et observations precodee <^' e Migo- 
 
 nient, <ju'il a obtenu contre lo sieurMai'Strootsnivio deCadot-Biiterx it )'!';;'iibi- 
 
 tion des Puces industrieuse.s, Paris, 18154. Ed. II. Engl. Trausl. Thrt istory 
 
 of the Flea, with Notes and Observations. London, IKil, lig. 
 Bo.sc D'Antic, L. a. G. — Description d'uno Espice du Puce (/'. faaciaiua). Bull. 
 
 Soc. Philom., 1801, T. 2, p. l.-)t5. 
 BoucuK, Peter Frieorich. — Beitriige zur Insecten Kunde. 1. Benierkungen iiber 
 
 die Larven der zweifliigligen Insecten. 2. Bernierkungen iiber die Gattuug 
 
 Pulex. Fig. Nov. Acta. Acad. Leopold, 183"), T. 17, Pt. I. 
 BruMEisTER, Hermann Carl Conrad.— Ueber Puhx penvtrans. Lotos, 1854, T. 4, 
 
 pp. 167- .68. 
 Di;(ifc8, Antoine Louis. — Recherches sur les characteres zoologiciues du genre Pulex 
 
 et sur la multiplicitc des insectes qui'il renl'erme. Ann. Sc Nat., 1832, T. 27> 
 
 pp. 145-164. 
 DuFOUR, Leon.— Des cocons de la Pnco. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.. ser. 4, 1861, T. 1, 
 
 pp. 255-258. 
 HoWAEi), L. O. — The cat and dog flea (Pulex serraticejm Gerv.). Bull. 4, new series, 
 
 Div. Entom., U. S. Dept. Agric. (1896), pp. 24-31, 2 figs. 
 Taschenbero, Otto. — Die Flohe; Die Arten der Insecten Ordnuug Suctoria, nach 
 
 ihrem Chitinskelet mouogruphisch dargestellt. Halle, 1880. 
 
292 
 
 TSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 I'RDKiri.llM.; ANI> MALLOI'IIAOA (UCK). 
 
 ALnitKCiiT, .ToHANS rKTF.H. — D« podioiilis nbortiiiTi pricRagientlbuH. K]i1ioiii. Acml, 
 
 Nat. Curi.m., UiOO, I »«•<•. II, Aim. St, Ol.mjrv. 8H, pp. 151-151'. 
 Ai.T, IIkinuicii Ciikihtian.— Do IMitliiriiiHo disHort. iiiiing. Donn, l^lM, p. IH, tab. I. 
 HruMi;iHTKU, H. C. C— Hiinillmch drr Kntomoln^tic. Mi'iliii, 1HH2-1X55. 
 liiKMKisTKit, H. C. ('. — (ittiiom liiHcrtoriini iconiliiiH illiistravit et deticripHit II. Km 
 
 nwister. Vol. 1, liiiyiuhotii. Kerolini, IKW. 
 HiUNi'.TT, W. I, — On the reliition of the rediciiU ti) tlm dith-reiit I'miiiu'. I'lur 
 
 MoHton 8of. Nat. Hist., IH.')(), T. >'», pp. 324-H2<'.. 
 UruNKTT, W. I. — On tlic relation of tlio iliHtributioii of Lieu to the ditlorent ruiiii;i . 
 
 Proc. Aiiior, Ahmoc. Adv. Wei., 1H.")1, T. 4, pp. IIW-IIW. 
 CuiNDK, .1. I*. — Noti'H pour Burvir u I'liistoire des Kpi/oiqucB. Description dc 
 
 qut'liiUfB eHpi't't'H noiivclleH apparttMiant aiix ^curt-.s: D<>ro]ihoruH, Nirnius, 
 
 l.ipourns, c'tc. Hull. Moh.ow, lW!t, T. X', pi>. UK-ll'7. 
 Dknny, IIk.nkv. — Mono^rapliia Anopliirornin itritanniii', or an KsHay on tliu KritJNli 
 
 Hpeciua of Parasitic InNtutB. London, liohn, IM'J, ]>p. l'<)3. 
 Dknny, IIknhy. — UiHcription of hIx Hiipposed new spci-ies of imrusites (I I'ulex.i 
 
 Ann. of N. H., 1«4:», T. VJ, pp. •M2-M7. 
 DUKOUR, Lko.n. — DeHcription et niono^ra))hie de trois espicos nonvelloB du genre 
 
 Philoplfnis, paraHitt< d'Albatros. Ann. .Soc. Knt. Fr., 18H5, T, 4, pp. 669-68I. 
 Fl.A(i(i, GlUHKiK VV. — Lice on Sheep. No. !>. Trichodiclea sphnrocrphaliia {z=^Pediculiin 
 
 ovh): description, habit.s, remedies. UyphoboKia irina {-^IlippohoBca ovinaf): 
 
 habits, deBcrijition. N. K. Farmer, v. 53. 
 KEU,()(iO, V. \j. — New Mallo|)ini);a. Pioc. California Academy of Sciences, ser. 2, 
 
 Vol. VI, and I.eland Stanford, jr. Univ., 18!t«. 
 GlKUKL, CiimsToiMi.— Inseeta Kpizoa. Die auf Saiinetbiereu nnd Vogeln sehmarot- 
 
 zenden Insekten, naeh Zeichniingen von C. 1... Nitzseh's Nacblass bearbeitet. 
 
 Leipzig, 1874. 
 Van Leei'Wkniioek, A. — Pedicnlos nou esse berniaphroditos. Fornucro non eon- 
 
 strnuut luccam ; nou mordent ac puugunt. VI. Vervolg der Hrieveu, Delphis, 
 
 1697. 
 Lucas, II. — Deseriittion du Pedicnlus Phoea'. Guerin. Magaz. Zool., 1834, T. 4, 
 
 No. 121. 
 Lucas, H. — Notice snr uno nonvelle especo d'epizoique appurtenant an genre de 
 
 Hamiatopinus et (pii vit itarasite sur I'antelope des ludes. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 
 
 ser. 2, 1847, T. 5, pj). .531-540. 
 Lucas, H. — Description «'t figure de rHa^matopinus tuberculatum Burm., qui vit 
 
 parasite sur le bu-uf (f) d'ltalie. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 2, 1852, T. 10, Bull., 
 
 p. 5. 
 Murkay, Andrkw. — On the pcdlculi infesting the different races of man. Trans. 
 
 Roy. Soc. Edinb., 1860, T. 22, p. 3, p. 567. 
 NiTZ8(;ii, C. L.— Die Familieu nnd Gattungen der Thierinsekten (Insecta epizoica) 
 
 uls ein Prodroiuus der Naturgeschichtc derselben. Germar's Magaz. Entom., 
 
 1818, T. 3, pp. 261-316. Separat, Halle, 1818, pg. 58. 
 NiTZScH, C. L. — Anleitung ziir IJeobachtuug von Thierinaccten. Aus seinem Nacb- 
 lass v(m Giebel mitgethcilt. Jabresber. uaturw. Vereins in Halle, 1851, T. 4, pp. 
 
 113-135. 
 NiTZSLH, C. L.-^ZurGeschichteder Thior-Insecktenkunde. Zeitschr. f. d. gesamuit. 
 
 Naturwiss., Halle, 1855, T. 5, pp. 269-287. 
 NiTZScn, C. L. — Cbaracteristik der Federlinge Philoptorus von Giebel verofFent- 
 
 licht. Zeitschr. f d. gesamuit. Naturwiss., Halle, 1857, T. 9, pp. 249-263. 
 OsBOKN, Hrrkekt. — Notes on Mallophaga and Pediculidw. Canadian Entomolo- 
 gist, 1884, \ ol. XVI, pp. 197-199. 
 List of FodicuUdw aud MuUoi)hagidte. 
 
LITERATURE. 
 
 293 
 
 IH. K]ih(Mii. Aiatl. 
 
 of Sciences, eer. 2, 
 
 ForniicaB non roii- 
 
 ?H of mau. Trans. 
 
 OnnoRN, llKKiii'.itT. — Tho Pcdicnli and MiillopliiiKiv IiifeHtinK Man and tlin Lower 
 Auiiimls. Kiill. 7, Div. Knt., U. S. Dept. Aki'., ".ti pp., 42 liKiires, 1«U1. 
 
 Ti-riitH H|it<rlt'H III' I'eiliciilittiii mill Matlo|iliaea known to iill'i'it iiiiin ami iloiiirMtir anlnmlH, 
 with nii'iition III' HiiiiiK N|ii'riuH uoiirriu); un wilil auiiiiuU. UrHi'i'i|itUiuH nl mi-vituI uuW 
 HjH'cluH anil on« ni'w ^iniiit. 
 
 Ohdokn, lli'.ititKUT. — l.ireiitVoctiiit; (ImneHtic uiiiinals. Hiilh'tiii No, 16, lowii Kx])ori- 
 
 ni(<iit Stiition, AiiicH, la., 1H\V2. 
 OsitoiiN, IlKitiiKur. — Kc.vH to the (ioiiorii of rodiciilida' aixl Miillupha^ida'. Aiu. 
 
 Monthly Mi<ioH. Journal, \iA. XV, i>p. :UI-;M(J, Nov., ISlll. 
 O.siioiiN, Hi'.iiiii'.ur. — Note on the Period of Devclopiiieiit in Mallopliaga. Insect 
 
 Life, Vol. Ill, p. II."., Nov., 18!M». 
 
 OliHi'ivatlon on inruliativi« lu-rioil In Mtiirhia iniliearin. 
 
 PlAtiKT, K. — Li'H rrdicnlliicH. Loide, 1S80. SiippleiiienI, 1885. 
 
 Tli« niuHt ronipli'to work on t1ii< reiliriiliilii' nnil .Mallopliafsu |inli||Hliei1. 
 
 IJiLKY, (J. V. — AdiaastroiiH Hbcep parasite. Amer. Nat. (3), December, 1881, Vol. XV, 
 p. 1011. 
 
 A par«8ito [Trichotlectei i-rii/) doini; groat injury to Rlicop In lIllnolH. 
 
 TASCiiKNDKiui, 0.--J)ie MallopliaKcii, init iMMonden-r Heriuksiclitiginif; iler von Dr. 
 
 Meyer gesainiiielten Arten. SyNteniatisch liearbeitet. Malic, 1882. 
 Ulli.EK, P. n.— ParaNita. .standard Natural History, Vol. II, jip, 200-212. 
 
 DldcusHfs varions wpi'i'leu of pura«ltic ili'nilpti>ra I'arasita. 
 
 Uiii.KR, P. R.— Mallopliaga. Standard Natural II -ry, Vol. II, pp. 2!»4-21»fi. 
 Gt'uoral tri-atnii'ut of tli(> (irunp. 
 
 AltACIINIDA. 
 
 CsoKoR, .loiiAN.N.— I'ebcr Iliirsackinilben iind eine iieiie \arietiit dt^rsolben bei 
 Schweimn. (hemotivs ph;/lloidis.) Yerbandl. «l. >!ool.-bot. Oesellscb. in Wieu, 
 29 Pd. 1880. 
 
 Detnodex/ollieiiloriitn var. suis. 
 
 F1.XCIIKR. — Memoir on the Argas of Persia. Ito, with plate. Moscow. 1823. 
 Packaki), a. S, — A ('ha])ter on Mites. Am. Nat., Vol. Ill, p. UGl. 
 KIM.Y, C. v.— Vitality of the Sheep Scab. Am. Ent., Vol. I. p. 12() (note). 
 K11.EY, C. v.— An internal mite in fowls. Amer. Nat., Apr. (15 Mar.), 1883, Vol. XVII, 
 pp. 122-423. 
 
 LnngH. bronrhln.anil liningMortliorarlcanil alxloniinal cavities of a Hli'k chlckrn covenMl with 
 Cytoleiclitit narcdptinden Mognin ; liabitat of tliu 8aino in fowls In £uropo ; (liaeaHCM caiiHi-*l by 
 it. Cytoditi-iiniidiit'Vii. 
 
 Trouessart, K. L. — Les Sarcoptidcs Plnmicoles. Revision dti groupe des Analgesinte 
 et description des espt-ces ot genres nouveaux de hi collection du Musee d'Angers. 
 .lourual de Micrographie, T. VIII, 1884. p. 92, 150,211,257.331,380,428,527,572. 
 
 Walsii, B. D., and Riley, C. V.— Ticks and Texas Fever. Am. Ent., I, p. 28. 
 
 jchr. f. d. gesammt. 
 
 UEMEDIKS. 
 
 The New Encland Farmer. — No. 1. Means against wood lice; bots in horses, and 
 remedies. No. 5. Remedies for lice on cattle. No. 7. Disappearance of lice on 
 calves in presence of sheep. No. 10. Calomel as a cure for lice on cattle. Vol. 
 I (new series, Vol. XXIX). 
 
 FuANCi.'*, M. — Remedies for Ticks ( ?). Bull. Texas Exp. Sta. 
 
 OsiiOHN, Herih'.rt. — Methods of Attacking Parasites of Domestic Animals. Insect 
 Life, Vol. VI, p. 163. Paper read before Assoc. Econ. Ent., at Madison, Wis. 
 Smniuary of niuthiKls of attacking parasitic insects. 
 
 Riley, C. V. — Sheep Parasites : Pyrethrnni. Am. Ent., Vol. I, p. 278. 
 Note from letter from Alex. Mitcliell, iliscussing use of pyrctbrum. 
 
 Riley, C.V. — Pyrethrum for the screw worm. Amer. Ent., November, 1880. Vol. Ill, 
 p. 276. 
 
 Notice of paper by A. K. KIrkpatrick, directions for tbe use of pyretbruni powder against 
 the " screw wonu " (Liieilia maceUaria) ; objections to the use of other roiuedies. 
 
h? 
 
 
 Acniitliiiicii 
 lilriiiHlii 
 liiiitliira, 
 Itictiilon 
 |ii]iistrol 
 Aciiiitlilidii', 
 AniiitliisUii 
 Acrlplttir vc 
 Acnrldic, 14. 
 Aci)ritm,2r>l. 
 .KKinlitis vol 
 A|;rlaiiiM ]i1i> 
 Alloiifinllt', 'J 
 Anililyninniii 
 Anipt'llH coili 
 AuitH aiiicrlci 
 bimi'ImH. : 
 t'uruUni'ii 
 clyiKiHto, 
 AnciHtroiin u 
 Aimer nlliifni 
 Cnnili 
 TtltU'oUiH, 
 Aiitolo|)i> lice 
 Antllopaccn 
 itiai)ri, 17( 
 Hiibciittii 
 Apo loiiHu, lA 
 Appendix to 
 Aqiiila impel 
 Arachiiiila, l: 
 Arilea ogrott 
 ArgaH aniorii 
 inoubata, 
 perHicng, 
 radlatiis, 
 relU'xus,; 
 talivjii',25i 
 Arnouio, 277. 
 Arvicola arvi 
 peuiisjiv 
 Hpp, 181. 
 AaboB, 279. 
 Asio wilsouii 
 AsB, louse of 
 Avocett, 224. 
 Banded breez 
 Barn-8wallo\« 
 Bartramia loi 
 BassariBCus e 
 Bat hippoboB 
 
INDUX. 
 
 (NoTK.— SyiionyiiiH iirc i>\|iri>MHi'il in tlaltcXtUvn,] 
 
 Acanthia cnlnmlmrhiR, l.M), lO'J. 
 
 liiriiiHiinix. IM), tni, 102, lua 
 
 iiiiKliini, Kill. 
 
 ImtiilBna, \.<7 ina. 
 
 Iiiplstrelli. ir>U, 102, ion. 
 Armitliiidii', 1,'>7. 
 Acmitlilsliiiarlii '.".'4. 
 AtTlpittirvtlox,'Jl«,'J23. 
 At'arldii'. 14. 
 Ai'arlna,2ril, 
 
 .i;j{lallll8vo.lfera, 220, 2110. 
 AKi'laiii.'* pliii'tllreiiH, 220, 224. 
 Alloiigalli' 224. 
 Anililyoniiiiit iiiii|>iiii('tn,2fll. 
 Ampi'liH codriinim 22:i. 
 AnaN aiiKM-icaMii, 248. 
 
 hoHcliaM. 24H. 
 
 rurolini'imiH, 24H. 
 
 olypoata, 214. 
 AnciNtroiia Kiuai«,240. 
 AiiBor alliifrniiH, 214. 
 ):anilH'li, 2;i4. 
 
 rutlc'olliH, 214. 
 Ant(>lopi> lice, 170. 
 Antllopa c'crvlraprn>, 170. 
 
 nmori, 170. 
 
 Hiibciitlurnsa, 170. 
 Apo loiiHu, 108. 
 
 Appi'ndix to AIaUoplmga,210. 
 Aipiila iniporialiH, 210. 
 Aradmida, 11, 13,251. 
 Ardea cgrotta, 247. 
 ArgaH aniorioanuH, 250. 
 
 inuubata, 2.')6. 
 
 perHions, 256. 
 
 radiatiis, 256. 
 
 rolU'xiis, 255. 
 
 tulajii',250. 
 ArHouic, 277. 
 Arvicola arvalis, 153. 
 
 peunsylvauica, 180. 
 
 Hpp, 181. 
 AhIios, 279. 
 
 Agio wilsonianuH, 216. 
 A88, luuee of, 207. 
 Avocptt, 224. 
 Bauded breeze fly. 69. 
 Barn-Bwallow bug, 161. 
 Oartraniia lougicauda, 21, 236. 
 Bassarisciis astuta, 243. 
 Bat hippobosoid, 139. 
 
 Ilrar loimi', 2ii4. 
 
 Hid IdiK, 1.^7. 
 
 Ili>lnittoiiia aiiirrii'aiiiiiii, 13. 
 
 Ili'iiai'iiH uriHouH, 13. 
 
 Il<'ii/.iiii',278. 
 
 Bird Ilea, 147. 
 
 lioo, 180. 
 
 tiekH, 137.2.'i3. 
 Illark tlii'.s, 31. 4U. 
 
 gild lly.flO. 
 IIIiMid Hill king ciiiiii luiau, 103. 
 
 gnat, 30. 
 Itlow lly, 123. 
 ItlimbotllKtly, 123. 
 Itiiily liniHi'. 107. 
 Iliiopliilii.s liovis, 2,')7. 
 Hon buMali, 177. 
 
 catVr, 177. 
 
 griinnionR, 177. 
 Itot.|lien,72. 
 
 oloatfli>,R7. 
 
 of mail, nnmkoyg, dogs, otr., 110. 
 IlotauruH liMitigiiiosiis, 234. 
 ni'n<:iiyrlinni]))iiiH niannuratns, 223. 
 Ilranta rauudeimig, 230. 
 lircfzo tlios, 0(1, 72. 
 ImndtMl, 00. 
 Bubo vii'glniauuH, 210, 246. 
 Biill'a]iigiiatrt,31. 
 
 iiataral (>iii'iiiif.s of, 38. 
 
 loiiso of, 177. 
 Bugs, 157. 
 
 I'.uriiott'H gonincoteR, 104. 
 Biitoolin('atns,218. 
 
 swaliisonii, 210, 223. 
 Carcabi.sriil'a, 244. 
 (Jallii)liora vomitoria, 123. 
 Caloiiiol, 278. 
 Canu'l louHi', 170. 
 CaiiiolopardaliH girall'a, 170. 
 C'aiiiH lagopuH, 148. 
 Carbolic acid, 278. 
 Oariacus virginiantiR, 241. 
 Cat flea, 150. 
 
 roiModiea for, 151. 
 
 louse of, 203. 
 CattlP tick, 257. 
 Ceplialorayia, larvip of, 75. 
 Cophcnomyia, larva) of, 74, 76. 
 Ceopbleus pileatus, 228. 
 Ceryle alcyon, 216. 
 
 39tl 
 
296 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 m 
 
 ;%! 
 
 CerorhiDca monocerata, 223, 
 Cervus elophus, 170. 
 Cbtctiira pelnsgia, 158. 
 CharailriiiH dnniiuicus, 230, 247. 
 
 squatarolu, 223. 
 Chicken goiiiodva, 105. 
 
 lipourus, 197. 
 
 louHe, 202. 
 Cliiggere, 251, 
 Chigoe, 142. 
 Cluufly,85. 
 
 Cliiimiunk, louse of, 185. 
 Cliirononiidn', 30. 
 Clioloraan(lflie«,20. 
 Cborioptes auriculoriiiii, 284. 
 
 synibiotes, 284. 
 vt\r. ovis, 200. 
 Chrysops costaius, 70. 
 
 fiigax, 70. 
 
 nicer, 70. 
 
 quailrivittatus, 70. 
 
 Hiiivittntiis, 70. 
 
 vittatiis, 69. 
 Coal tar, 279. 
 
 Coccygiis erytlirophthalmuH, 224. 
 Colinus yirginianiis, 229, 230, 244. 
 Colpocephalum asHimile, 246. 
 
 flavesreus, 246. 
 
 fnnebre, 247. 
 
 fuscipes, 246. 
 
 laticeps, 247. 
 
 longicauiluiii, 214, 246. 
 
 niinuriim,215. 
 
 ochracpiira, 246. 
 
 pingue, 247. 
 
 puatuloRnin, 240. 
 
 gu'ipachygaater, 246. 
 
 timidum, 247. 
 
 nnciferuni,246. 
 
 uniforme, 247. 
 Columbalivia,230. 
 Coliimbacz midge, 38. 
 Colymbus nigricollm californicnB,223. 
 Corapsomyia macellaria, 123. 
 Conoirtiinus sangiiisuga, 103. 
 Coiitopns virens, 221. 
 Corvus araericanuB, 221, 226, 227, 245. 
 Corupo, 160. 
 Cotton-, ed oil, 278. 
 
 dip, 282. 
 Cottontail bot, no. 
 Crab louse, 165. 
 Cricetns frumentarius, 148. 
 Culex daninosus, 28. 
 
 excitans, 28. 
 
 excrucians, 28. 
 
 Impatlens, 28. 
 
 Implacabi'.is, 28. 
 
 molestus, 28. 
 
 provocans, 28. 
 
 pnnctor, 28. 
 
 pungons, 28. 
 CuUddas, 25. 
 Cuterebra buccata, 110. 
 
 cnnindi.lOS. 
 
 emascnlator, 105. 
 
 Cuterebra Tontinclla, 110. 
 
 horripiluni, 109. 
 
 noxialis. 111. 
 Cygnus bewickii, 214. 
 
 niu8icu8,214. 
 
 olor,214. 
 Cynomis ludovicianns, 149. 
 Cystic fowl mite, 263. 
 Cy1odite8nudus,203. 
 Datila acuta, 248. 
 Dcflnitions and arrangenii'nt, 9. 
 Dcmodocida!, 274, 
 Dcmwlex folliciiloruni, 274. 
 
 var. cani8,274. 
 Iioniinis, 274. 
 Buis, 274. 
 Dendrocygna arborea, 214. 
 Deor bote, 105. 
 
 lice, 170. 
 
 tick, 137. 
 Dermacentor aniericanns, 261. 
 
 reticulatns, 262. 
 DernianysHUs avium, 253. 
 
 giilllna>,253. 
 Dormatobia cyaniventris. 114. 
 
 DoxialislU, 114. 
 Diomi'dea albatrus, 230, 235, 247. 
 DiplydiuiU caninuni,20. 
 Dips, washes and, 282. 
 Diptera, 11,25. 
 Distribution of parasites, 17. 
 Docoplioroides brevis, 2311. 
 Docopliorns acutipectus, 223. 
 
 agelaii,220. 
 
 atricolnr, 223. 
 
 bassanas 217. 
 
 bisignatus, 217. 
 
 bubonis,2in. 
 
 buteonis, 218. 
 
 calvus,223. 
 
 celilcbrai'liys, 216. 
 
 cnccygi, 222. 
 
 colymbinus,217. 
 
 comniiinis, 216. 
 
 conipar, 217. 
 
 corvi,220. 
 
 cursor, 216. 
 
 cygui, 102, 217. 
 
 fissiforiiii,-, ?17. 
 
 fnliginoHus,223. 
 
 fus< oventralis, 221. 
 
 gravicp])s, 223. 
 
 hnlieti,218. 
 
 icterodi's, 192, 217. 
 
 iu8olitii8,223. 
 
 kanscnsis, 223. 
 
 larl,217. 
 
 mclnnorephalus, 218. 
 
 minutu-trabeculatiis, 221. 
 
 montercyi,223. 
 occidontalis, 223. 
 ])ertusus, 217. 
 
 plataleip, 217. 
 
 plat) stomns, 216, 218, 
 
 <|uadraticep8, 223. 
 quisoali, 219. 
 
JNDEX. 
 
 297 
 
 Decophomn rostratas, 218. 
 Bialii, 220. 
 Bpeotyti, 222. 
 Bphenophorus, '.'17. 
 supercilioHiis, 216. 
 syrini, 219. 
 testudinnrins, 217. 
 Dog flea, 150. 
 
 louse, suctorial, 169. 
 
 bitiug,203. 
 tick, 261. 
 Doliclionyx oryzivorus, 245. 
 Dove, loiiHeof, 210. 
 Dryobates villoHus, 216, 
 Ducks, lice of, 192, 213. 
 Duat, 279. 
 Ear fly, 69. 
 
 mite, 255, 264. 
 EchinophthiriuH setoans, 188. 
 Efl'ects of parasites on host, 18. 
 Elephant lou.se, 188. 
 Emasculating bot-fly, 105. 
 Eniconetta stellori, 233. 
 Equus asinus, 239. 
 burchelli, 209. 
 caballus, 239. 
 Eretbizon dorsatum, 239. 
 Erismatura rubida, 217, 248. 
 E Jboimatopinus nov, geii., 187, 
 
 abnormis. 187. 
 Euroi)enn gad fly, 68. 
 Eurymotopus brevis, 233. 
 Falciger rostratus, 262. 
 Field mouse, louse of, 181. 
 Fleas, 141. 
 Flesh fly, 121. 
 Fill's, 25. 
 
 Flying nquirrel, louse of, 182, 
 Follicle mito, 274. 
 Foot scab of sheep, 200. 
 Forest flies, 136. 
 
 fly or horse tick, 137. 
 Fox squirrel, louse of, 183. 
 Fulica amerieana, 217, 221, 223, 230, 2.30, 244, 247. 
 Fulmarus, 223. 
 
 glacialin glupischa, 235, 244, 246. 
 rodgersii,235,244,246. 
 Fumigation, 281. 
 Gad flies, 68, 08. 
 GaleoscoptCH carolinensis, 228. 
 GalluH gallus, 246. 
 Ganiasida', 253. 
 Gasoline, 278. 
 Gastrophilus cqui, 76, 86, 87. 
 
 life history and haltits of, 78. 
 nature and extent of iujury of, 77. 
 prevention of, 82. 
 remedies for, 84. 
 Laemorrhoidalls, 84, 85, 87. 
 extent of injury of, 84. 
 life history and habits of, 85. 
 remedies for, 85. 
 larvH) of, 73. 75. 
 nasalis, 85, 86, 87. 
 pecorum, 87. 
 yeterinuB, 80. 
 
 Geese, lice of, 192. 
 
 Geoiiiys bursarius, 154, 239. 
 Giebelia mirabilis, 230. 
 Girafl'e, louse of, 170. 
 GloBsina iik<)rsitaiis, 133. 
 Glossophaga soriciim, 139. 
 (Jiiat, blood-auckiug, 30. 
 Gnats, 25. 
 
 buffalo, 31. 
 Goat, louHe of, 170, 204. 
 GoniocotcH iilidouiinalis, 193, 230. 
 
 hurnettii, 194, 231. 
 
 clirysoceplialus. 194. 
 
 eompiir, 193, 230. 
 
 giijas, 193. 
 
 hologaster, 192, 230. 
 
 rcctaiigulatus, 194. 230. 
 Goniodes colcliit'Urt, 197. 
 
 cupido 231. 
 
 daniicornig, 195, 231. 
 
 dispar, 230. 
 
 dissiiiiilis, 195. 
 
 falcicornis, 197, 231. 
 
 f/i;;«». 197. 
 
 mephitidis, 23, 231. 
 
 merriamanuH, 231. 
 
 minor, 196. 
 
 nuMiidiauus, 105. 
 
 ortygis, 231. 
 
 styllfcr, 196, 231. 
 Goniops hippoboseoides, 71. 
 Go])h«r, pocket, louse of, 187. 
 (loose, Lipeurus, 2»0. 
 
 loose of, Trinoton, 213, 214. 
 Gray squirrel, louse of, 184. 
 (ireenhead horse fly, 83. 
 Grus amerieana, 246. 
 Guinea fowl, Gouiodes, 195. 
 louse of, 198, 213. 
 
 pig, louse of, 215. 
 Gypa'tus barbatus, 223. 
 Gyropus gracilis, 215, 249. 
 
 oralis, 216, 249. 
 H;.bia ludoviciana, 227. 
 Hivmiiphysali.s rosea, 257. 
 Uiematobia sorrata. 114. 
 Hiematomyzus ])rol)oscidou«, 188. 
 HiBuiatopinoides, 187. 
 
 squamosus, 187. 
 Ilaimatopinu.s acaiithopus, 181. 
 
 autennatus, 183. 
 
 atini, ISO. 
 
 brevicornis, 170. 
 
 caniell, 170. 
 
 ccrvicapno, 170. 
 
 crassieornis, 170. 
 
 erraticus, 186. 
 
 eurysterniis, 172. 
 
 hesperomydis, 184. 
 
 uiacroceplialuH, 180. 
 
 nuintaiius, 184. 
 
 pedalis, 170, 171. 
 
 piliferuB, 169. 
 
 Bciuropteri, 182. 
 
 spinulosus, 181. 
 
 stenopsis, 170. 
 
 Buturalis, 185. 
 
298 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 i 
 
 HiEmnto])inun tenuiroitris, 170. 
 
 tibialis, 170. 
 
 tiiberculatUH. 177. 
 
 uriua, 178. 
 
 ■ventricosurt, 182. 
 
 vitiili, 176. 
 HiT'iiia1o])ota pliivinlis, 69. 
 HiPiiiorrboidal hot-lly, 84. 
 HalietuH leucoeeplialus. 210, 223. 
 
 voi'it'or, 219. 
 naibor aenl, louso of, 188. 
 Hare, loiisf oi', 182. 
 Harvest iiiitfs, 251. 
 Head iiia^^ot, 102. 
 Heel tly, 07. 
 
 lilobistoryot', 98. 
 II(iiiii]iti>ra, 12. 157 
 lieu lli>a, 144. 
 
 luiisi', 21l>. 
 Hcsperoinys liMicopiis, 185. 
 Ht't«'ni|itcra, 157. 
 llexnpoila, 11. 
 Hipiielatcs (lavipes, 134. 
 
 flifs, 134. 
 
 ]il('hejii8, 134. 
 
 ])ii.><iii, 134. 
 llippolmscn ('(luina, 137. 
 Hipiioboai'id cit'bat, 139. 
 ]tippiib(isi'i(]lil<e tabanid, 71, 
 Ilippcilxist'ida', 12, 17. 130. 
 
 ilistrilmlioii of, 17. 
 Hop, louso of, 178. 
 Horn fly, 114, 
 
 liabits and life history of, 116. 
 iiitrodiu'tion and Hjiroad of, 115. 
 imtiiro and oxtciit of injury of, 115. 
 popular names of and i)opular errors, 116. 
 remedial measures for, 120. 
 Horse bottly, 70,85. 
 
 flies, .W. 
 
 louse of, 180, 207. 
 
 ticl<, 137. 
 House flea. 147. 
 
 flies, 114. 
 Hyalomnia a'gyptium, 262. 
 
 afrieanuni, 202. 
 nyineMo])1era, 11. 
 Hypoderas eolumbir, 262. 
 Hypodenna liovis, 88, 95. 
 
 larva' of, 74. 
 
 lineatn, 97. 
 Ibis alba, 217. 
 le.terus galbula, 244. 
 Tiiseets as aulliors of opidcraics, 10. 
 Inseetieidal substauees, 277. 
 Internal chlekon mite, 263. 
 Tntroduotion, 9. 
 Itch mite, 269. 
 
 of eat, 271. 
 of fowls, 272. 
 Ixodes annulntus. 257. 
 
 boviB, 2r)7. 
 
 dugesii, 2.')7. 
 
 erinacens, 262. 
 
 i..nrginatus, 262. 
 
 plumboua, 257. 
 
 Ixodes reduvius, 262. 
 
 ricinus, 262, 
 
 sanguineus, 257. 
 Ixodidrt,', 14, 255. 
 Jigger flea, 142. 
 Kerosene. 278. 
 
 for ino.squitoes, 29. 
 
 milk ennilsion, 278. 
 
 soap omnlsion, 279. 
 La'mobotbrium atrum, 247. 
 
 giganteum, 247. 
 
 hasfiiH's, 247. 
 
 luistice/is, 247. 
 
 nigrum, 247. 
 
 similis, 247. 
 
 trident. 244. 
 Lnminosio])tea eysticola, 263. 
 Laiiins borealis, 216. 
 Lams bona|)artii, ISO. 
 
 eanua, 214. 
 
 gbmeescens, 244, 247. 
 
 Philadelphia, 217. 
 
 sp., 240. 
 Law's dip. 282. 
 Lepidoptera, 11. 
 Leptida', 71. 
 Leptusamerieana. 252. 
 
 autnmiialis. 252. 
 
 irritans, 2.'il. 
 Lejius eami>eslris, 182. 
 
 sylvaticus, 1,">3. 
 Lesser cbiekeu louse, 192. 
 I.iie, 1,17. 
 
 Life histories of parasites in general, 14, 
 Lime, 279. 
 
 Liniosa binmastiea. 228, 244. 
 Linguatnla rhinaria, 275. 
 LIngnatulida', distriiiution of, 17. 
 Linguatulina, 274. 
 Liotlieda', 13,210,243. 
 Lipenrns anserls, 200. 
 
 I)arulus, 199,232. 
 
 bifasclatus, 233. 
 
 botauri, 234. 
 
 brevieornis, 233. 
 
 brevis, 233, 
 
 buee))lialus, 236, 
 
 eeler, 23,'). 
 
 con8tri<'tus, 236. 
 
 coi'Di, 221. 
 
 deiisus, 235. 
 
 diversus, 236. 
 
 forlieulatus, 233. 
 
 lieterographus, 197,231, 
 
 infuscatuH, 234. 
 
 .iejunua, 200, 234. 
 
 bii'tens, 198. 
 
 leucopygus var. fasciatus, 234. 
 
 Umitatus, 230. 
 
 lougieornis, 233. 
 
 longipllns, 236. 
 
 luridus, 232. 
 
 numidie, 198. 
 
 }i('dcr^for»i»», 233. 
 
 pictnratus, 236. 
 
 polytrapezius, 201, 234. 
 
 Lipenrus pti 
 squalidn 
 ttaphylln 
 subaugu! 
 tadomiB, 
 taunis, 
 temporal 
 testaceus 
 toxocero! 
 variabilis 
 varius, ; 
 Lipoptena de 
 Literature, 
 Little jiigeon 
 Lists of para 
 Llama, louse 
 Lone atartiel 
 LopbopharuH 
 Losses due t 
 Loxia e-minii 
 Lueilia ea-sa 
 Malacopoda, 1 
 Mallophaga, 1 
 appendix 
 distributi 
 Meat fly, 123, 
 Megistojioda 
 Melanerpes ei 
 Meleagris gal 
 Melopbagus < 
 Menojion lust' 
 cnrduelis, 
 conaaugu 
 crassipes. 
 crocatum, 
 expansun 
 fulvomaei 
 fulvofasei 
 fuseoniarj 
 giganteui 
 indistinct 
 iufre<iuer 
 interrupt 
 loomisii,^ 
 navlgana, 
 numorosi 
 nuniidie,! 
 pallescen 
 pallidum, 
 perale, 241 
 perdicix, ! 
 plnestom 
 rustieum 
 gciijmlaco 
 strnuiine 
 titan, 243 
 trideiis, 5 
 Menurasupi 
 Mephitis me 
 Merganser s 
 Methods of i 
 Mexican I'hii 
 Midges, 30. 
 Milvtis Bp.,5 
 Mite,ey8tie 
 ear, 264. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 299 
 
 ■J47. 
 
 I, 2«3. 
 
 12. 
 
 OS ill gciiornl, 14. 
 244. 
 
 ion of, 17. 
 
 31. 
 
 atu8,234. 
 
 LipeuruB pullatu!), 234. 
 squaliiliiB, 20U, 2:^). 
 tlaphylinoidet, 234. 
 
 Biibaiigu8tirep», 235. 
 tadorniB, 198. 
 
 tatirv.1,233. 
 tcmpornlia, 233. 
 te.staceiis, 233. 
 
 toxocoros, 233. 
 vniiuliilis, 202, 234. 
 viiriiis, SS.I. 
 Lipoptcnn (Icprcssa, 137. 
 Litfraturo, 2H8. 
 I.ittlo pigeon (loniddt's, 196. 
 I.iHts of para.sitos act .mliiij; to hosts, 28C. 
 I.lainii, loiiNC of, 2U4. 
 I, one sfartifk.'Jfil. 
 Lopliiipliai'iiR rosplciitleiia, 212. 
 l,n3.s('H due to ]i»raRiteH, 2U, 
 Loxia r.-iiiiiior, 217. 
 Liicilia cirsnr, 123. 
 Malacopoda, 11. 
 Mallopba(:a,13,17, 189. 
 
 appendix to. 216. 
 
 distrilmtion of, 17. 
 Meal ll> , 123. 
 Mcgistopoda pilatci, 140. 
 Melanerpeii carolinus, 224. 
 Meleagris {;allo|iavo. 231. 234. 
 McIopliapiR (iviiius, 138. 
 Monopon liiHciiatuni, 212, 243. 
 
 cardnclis, 244. 
 
 consangiiiiioiini, 243. 
 
 cra88i]M'8, 244. 
 
 cr(icatiini,244. 
 
 expanaiim, 245. 
 
 fiilvoinacnlatiitn. 212. 
 
 fiilvofaHi'iatiini, 244. 
 
 fiKsroniarginatus, 245. 
 
 gigaiitt'11111,210. 
 
 iiidistinctuni, 244. 
 
 iiifri'(iiien8,244. 
 
 intcrniiitns, 245, 246. 
 
 loiinii.sii, 244. 
 
 navigans, 244. 
 
 iiiimoroHuni, 244. 
 
 niimidip, 213. 
 
 pallt'scens, 243. 
 
 Iiallidiim,210,248. 
 
 perale, 243. 
 
 pertiieU, 243. 
 
 plia'stiinium, 212. 
 
 rii8ti(Miiii,243. 
 
 scdjiulacnrne, 244. 
 
 Rtraiiiinciiiu,212. 
 
 titan, 243. 
 
 tridons, 244. 
 MiMiura siiperba, 223. 
 Mi'pliitisnieiiliitica, 242. 
 iliTganstT st'iTator, 233, 248. 
 Methods of application of remedies, 279. 
 Mexican chicken bug, ICO. 
 M idgcH, 30. 
 Mi1viiHsp..244. 
 Mlte.cvstie fowl, 263. 
 
 ear, 204. 
 
 Mite, infesting mice, 263. 
 internal chicken, 263. 
 itch of cats, 271. 
 offovls,272. 
 pigeon plume, 262. 
 Mole, parasite of (Pcaiculirt), 186. 
 Monkey lice, 168. 
 Mosquitoes, 25. 
 Mouse, field, louse of, 181. 
 
 white-footed, louse of, 184. 
 
 Ilea, 148. 
 Mules, louse of, 20". 
 Mus decuiiiauiis, 181. 
 
 niuHCuIiis, 148. 
 
 sylvaticus, 153. 
 Mnseidas 12, 114. 
 Myoliia musciili. 263. 
 Myocoptes iiiusciilinus, 263. 
 Myoxus, 148. 
 Myriopoda, 11. 
 Neuroptera, 13. 
 Nirnius abniptiis, 229. 
 
 alctf, 224. 
 
 boiiphilus, 230. 
 
 brachytliorax,223. 
 
 candidiis. 224. 
 
 elariforniis, 199. 
 
 citrinus, 224. 
 
 cordatus, 228. 
 
 cyclotliorax,224. 
 
 di8co('e]ihalu8,223. 
 
 cu/.oniiis, 223. 
 
 faralhinii,230. 
 
 fonestrat 118, 224. 
 
 fili/onnit, 232. 
 
 furvus, 225. 
 
 fuaciis, 223. 
 
 giganticola, 2.30. 
 
 gracilis, 225. 
 
 hastierjin, 247. 
 
 bobes, 230. 
 
 lineulatus, 224. 
 
 marginatus, 228. 
 
 W(';iHrflB-/j/ra»,223. 
 
 minutiis, 230. 
 
 ohscnrus, 225. 
 
 ornati8Binius,224. 
 
 var. xanthocephalus. 224. 
 
 «f)inti(.if, 224. 
 
 orpliens, 227. 
 
 pallidu8,227. 
 
 paralleliis, 229. 
 
 pileus, 224. 
 
 liictiiratus, 225. 
 
 priestans, 230. 
 
 rotiindatiis, 226. 
 
 secundarius, 227. 
 
 Hignatus, 224. 
 
 siibmarginellus, 223. 
 
 telragtmocrphalus, 231. 
 
 triijonncephalut, 243. 
 
 tyrannus, 228. 
 Nitzscbia pulicaria, 1.5, 158, 247. 
 
 hurmeuteritUT. 
 Note prefatory, 4. 
 Nomenias arquatus, 217. 
 
u 
 
 300 
 
 Nninoniiis longirostris, 217. 
 Nyctoribiidip, 12, 140. 
 (Edeiiiagena tarandi, 105. 
 OEstriite, 12, 17, 72. 
 
 ■listribiitiuu of, 17. 
 
 larvic of, 73. 
 ffistruH }t<iminis, 110. 
 
 ovis, 102. 
 Oiili'iiiia, 248. 
 
 (loglamli, 244. 
 Oil i>f turpentine, 279. 
 Olor buccinator, 217, 230. 
 Oncoiilioriis ailvenn, 236. 
 
 niiuiitus, 230. 
 OpoHHuni Hoa, 140. 
 Ornithobius bneophalus, 202, 2,16. 
 
 cygni, 202, 236. 
 
 (jouioplcurus, 236. 
 Oruitboiiorus americanuH, 256. 
 Overtiows and bufi'alo gDats, 50. 
 Ox bot fly, 95. 
 
 louse, sbort-uoged, 172. 
 long-uo»ed, 170. 
 I'arasita, U, 164. 
 I'arasite!*, diBtribution of, 17. 
 
 eir»'<!t8 on iiost, 18. 
 
 Lost list, 286, 287. 
 
 poiMilar notions about, 21. 
 Parasitic babit, origin of, 16. 
 Parasitism, results of, 16. 
 Passer domesticus, 224. 
 Passerella iliaca, 248. 
 Pavo cristatus, 212. 
 
 javanicus, 212. 
 
 spiciferus, 212. 
 Peacock Goniocotes, 194. 
 
 Goniodos, 197. 
 
 Mcnopon, 212. 
 Pedicinus spp., 168. 
 Pediculidic, 164. 
 
 distribution of, 17. 
 Pcdiculus ana(i», 233. 
 
 bovis, 238. 
 
 capitis, 166. 
 
 caponU, 234. 
 
 cicci, 247. 
 
 consobrinus, 168. 
 
 ci/ynf, 236. 
 
 equi, 239. 
 
 ei(njtternu$,n2. 
 
 gallince, 243. 
 
 marinus, 247. 
 
 meleagris, 231. 
 
 oxyrhynelmt, 176. 
 
 setonn, 236. 
 
 <aH)-i, 238. 
 
 tinnuncvlvi, 247. 
 
 vestinienti, 107. 
 Pelecanus californicus, 243, 246. 
 
 orythrorliynchus, 283. 
 Pcrdix cinerca, 244. 
 
 Plialacrocorax diIo]ihus albociliatus, 230, 233. 
 Pbalaropus tricolor, 225. 
 Phanurus tabanivorus, 63. 
 Fhaslanus colchicus, 212. 
 
 pivtus, 212. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Pheasant Ooniocotos, 19i. 
 
 Ooniodus, 197. 
 
 Lipeurus, 197. 
 
 ^enopun, 212. 
 Pliilobela minor, 235, 244. 
 Philoptcridte, 13, liU, 210. 
 Fhilopterun brevis. 233. 
 riitbiriu.s inguinalis, 165. 
 IMiysostomum frenutum, 248. 
 
 liiu'atuni,248. 
 Pigeon Goniodes, 195. 
 
 Lipeurus, 199. 
 
 Iou80of,193,214. 
 
 plume mite, 262. 
 
 tick, 255. 
 l'll)ilo erythrophthalnuiH, 248. 
 Pocket gopher, louse of, 187. 
 Prefatory note, 4. 
 Preventive treatment, 277. 
 Procyon lotor, 237. 
 Prognt! subi.-j, 225, 243. 
 Proniacbus bastardii, 65. 
 Fsoroptes communis, 266. 
 var. ovis, 266. 
 
 equi, 266. 
 Ptycliorlianiphus alouticus, 223. 
 PuilinuR opistholnielas, 23::. 236. 
 Pulex avium, 147. 
 
 bruneri, 149. 
 
 canis, 150. 
 
 capi, 243. 
 
 coloradensis, 149. 
 
 columhce, 148. 
 
 majorit, 232. 
 
 cygni, 236. 
 
 fasciatus, 148. 
 
 /elit, 150. 
 
 fringillcv, 148. 
 
 fulicie, 247. 
 
 gallinw, 148. 
 
 gigas, 1!>2. 
 
 gillettei, 140. 
 
 ^•vniocephaluH, 152. 
 
 hirsutus, 149. 
 
 hirundimi, 148. 
 
 howardi, 148. 
 
 ignota. 154. 
 
 iniequalis, 153, 
 
 irritans, 147. 
 
 longispinua, 149. 
 
 raontanus, 149. 
 
 palhdonim, 145. 
 
 JIODOJltS, 231. 
 
 penetrans, 142. 
 
 sciurorum, 148. 
 
 serraticeps, 150. 
 
 sinuilauH, 146. 
 
 sturni, 148. 
 Pulicidiu, 12, 17. 
 
 distribution of, 17. 
 Pyrethrum powder, 279. 
 lUbbit flea, 1S2. 
 
 louse of, 182. 
 
 tick, 261. 
 Bat flea, 148. 
 
 louse of, 181. 
 
 iRrcnrvirostrtt 
 Tii.duvlidro, 16; 
 Ini'indeorbot, 1 
 , modies, 277. 
 i;. novation of 
 liipicophalus 
 llliipistonia It'll 
 p;liynchoprium 
 |l;i('inus cauis, 
 galHnw, 23( 
 pavouis, 23 
 todents, lieo of 
 sucophag.acar 
 psarcopsylla gal 
 l)eiu!trans, 
 J^arcoptcH eati, 
 Iwvis, 274. 
 mutans, 27 
 scabiei, 269. 
 var. cru 
 eqr 
 ovi 
 cap I 
 cam 
 auc 
 fun 
 can i 
 Icon 
 iupi 
 vul| 
 won 
 smooth, 274. 
 I .Sarcoptida>, 262. 
 distribution 
 I Scab mite, cattli 
 of horse 
 of sheey 
 I Scalops nrgenta 
 aquaticus, 1 
 I Soiuroptcrus vo 
 1 Sciurus alberti, 
 canadensis, 
 cinereua, 18. 
 var. ludi 
 Screw-worm tly 
 as i)est 
 distribv 
 habits, 
 life hist 
 renuMlif 
 summai 
 Sheep bot-fly, 1 
 pre 
 scab, 2C 
 louse of, 20( 
 tick, 138. 
 Slu^ldrake, loue 
 Sliort-nosed os 
 Sialia sialis, 22i 
 Simorhyuchus 
 pusiUus, 22 
 pygnircus, 
 Simuliida;, 12, 
 Simulium cane 
 columbatci 
 meridional 
 
INDEX. 
 
 • 301 
 
 iKrcnrviroatra americnnn, 244, 240, 247. 
 R((liiviidn), 163. 
 |l!('iudeor bot, 105. 
 cmedies, 277. 
 
 • ■novation of Iieiihousrs, 280. 
 hipicophalug saiiguiui'UH, 257. 
 [iliipistonialcporis, 261. 
 Ijyucliopritim Hpinosiini, 256. 
 CiciiniH cnuis, 236. 
 giiDintP, 230. 
 pavouis, 231. 
 iodeiits, lico of, 181. 
 iii'cophagacariiaria, 121. 
 iircopsjllagalliiiacea, 144. 
 l)eiiotran8, 142. 
 [Sarcopti'M cati, 271. 
 Irevis, 274. 
 nintanH, 272. 
 scubiei, 269. 
 
 var. crustosa', 270. 
 yqiii, 270. 
 ovis, 270. 
 capni', 270. 
 camel i, 270. 
 auchcDJii', 270. 
 fiinmis, 270. 
 can is, 270. 
 leoiiis, 270. 
 iiipi, 270. 
 vulpis, 270. 
 wombati. 270. 
 smootb, 274. 
 Sarcoptida', 262. 
 
 distribution of, 17. 
 .Scab mite, cattle, 266. 
 of horses, 266. 
 of sliee]), 266. 
 Scalopg argentatns, 1.53, 186. 
 
 aquaticus, 153, 
 Scinropterus volnna, 149, 183, 186. 
 Sciurus alberti, 140. 
 canadensis, 149. 
 cinereus, 184. 
 
 var. ludovicianus, 184. 
 Sorew-worm Hy, 123. 
 
 as post of domestic animals, 128. 
 distribution of, 125. 
 habits, as post of man, 125. 
 life history of, 130. 
 remedies for, 132. 
 summary, 133. 
 .Sheep bot-rty, 102. 
 
 prevention and remedy for, 104. 
 scab, 266. 
 louse of, 206. 
 tick, 138. 
 Slicldrake, louse of, 198. 
 Short-no.sod ox louse, 172. 
 Sinlia sialis, 220. 
 Simorhynchus cristatellus, 224. 
 pusilhis, 224. 
 pygmrcus, 224. 
 Simuliidfe, 12, 31. 
 Simulium canescen s " . 
 
 columbatozens. , 38, 39, 40. 
 meridiouale, 52. 
 
 Simulium molcstum, 40. 
 
 occidontale, 55. 
 
 ornatum, 30, 40. 
 
 pecuarum, 41. 
 
 pictipes, 32, 58. 
 
 piscicidium, 31, 56. 
 
 reptans, 39. 
 
 rivularo, 57. 
 
 sericeum, 40, 
 
 spp., 57, 58. 
 
 venustum, 57. 
 Slphonaptera, 141. 
 Snipe flies, 71. 
 Sorex vulgaris, 153, 155. 
 Southern butl'alo gnat, 41. 
 
 area infested liy, 42. 
 character of swarm, 48. 
 early history of, 41. 
 effect of bites of, 44. 
 habits of, 44. 
 lifo history of, 44. 
 losses by. 43. 
 mode of attaek of, 49. 
 remediea for, ■'9. 
 Spalax typlilus, 155. 
 Spatula clypeata, 248. 
 Speotyto cunioularia liyiioga-a, 223. 
 Hpermophilo tlea, 149. 
 Siieimophilus franklini, 149, 186. 
 
 13-liiieatus, 149, 186. 
 Spilogale iuterrupta, 242. 
 Spinus tristis, 244. 
 Squalid duck, louse of, 200. 
 Siiuirrel fleas, 148. 
 
 fox, louse of, 183. 
 
 flying, louse of, 182. 
 
 gray, louao of, 184. 
 
 ground, lice of, 185. 
 Stable fly, 122. 
 Sterna maxima, 218, 230. 
 Stonioxys I'aleitrans, 122. 
 Strix pratinrola, 218. 
 Strebla vespertilionis, 140. 
 Sturnelia magna, 226. 
 Sula alba, 234. 
 
 bassana, 234. 
 Suctorial lice, 161. 
 Sulphur, 279. 
 
 .md lime dip, 282. 
 Sythliborhamphus, 224. 
 
 antiijuus, 223. 
 Swan louse, 202. 
 
 little red, 102. 
 
 louse of (Triuotcm), 213. 
 Tal)anida>, 12, 58. 
 Tabanus annulatus, 66. 
 
 •itratus, 60. 
 
 bovinua, 59, 68. 
 
 costalis, 65. 
 
 lineota, 63,66. 
 
 molestus, 68. 
 
 stygiuB, 66. 
 Talpa europea, 153, 155. 
 Tamias striatus, 186. 
 Teraestlies torrens, 30. 
 Tetraophthalmiis chilensit, 243. 
 
302 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ft n 
 
 H 
 
 Thollasidronia wiUoui, 2.'<5. 
 Tberioplectcs cinctus, f 0. 
 Tliomomys, 239. 
 
 talpoidot), 154, 188. 
 Thysannra, 13. 
 Tick, Lono Star, 201. 
 
 of cattle, 257. 
 
 of (log, 261. 
 
 of rabbit, 201. 
 
 of sheep, 138. 
 Ticks, 25. 136. 
 
 prevention and remedy, 200. 
 
 relation to Texas fever, 260. 
 Tobacco, 279. 
 
 decoction, 282. 
 
 and 8ul|)Iiiir dip, 282. 
 
 snlphur, and lyo dip, 282. 
 Tricliobius diigesii, 139. 
 Trirliodectes breviceps, 204. 
 
 caprro. 205, 237. 
 
 castcris, 241. 
 
 climax, 204, 237. 
 var. ?/iajor, 237. 
 
 crasaus, 237. 
 
 dubitis, 237. 
 
 equi, 207, 238. 
 
 gponiydis, 239. 
 
 latua, 203, 236. 
 
 lii.ibatns, 206, 237. 
 
 niephitidia, ..'42. 
 
 parallelus, 240. 
 
 pnruniDilosus. 208, 238. 
 
 pilosus, 207, 208, 238. 
 
 pingiiis, 204. 
 
 putillut, 237. 
 
 rctasus, 237. 
 
 scalaris, 209, 238. 
 
 setostis, 239. 
 
 sphiuroiiephaliis, 206, 237. 
 
 Bubrostratus, 203, 237. 
 
 tibialis, 240. 
 Tringa nviculata, 240. 
 Triiiotou co)c8purcatani,2l3. 
 
 Trionton gracilo, 248. 
 
 Uturatum, 214. 248. 
 
 loridiim, 213. 248. 
 
 minor, 248. 
 
 squaliduni, 248. 
 Trocbilns cnlubris, 240. 
 Tronibididas 14. 
 Tsetso fly 133. 
 Turdtis minor, 246. 
 Turkey, Goniodea of, 19C. 
 
 gnat, 52. 
 
 life history of, 52. 
 
 lonao of (Lipeuru8),201. 
 Turpentine, oil of, 279. 
 Tynipauiichus aniuricaniis, 231. 
 Typlilopsylla alpiua, 155. 
 
 aniericana, 154. 
 
 assimilis, 153. 
 
 cancasica, l.'>5. 
 
 dii'tcnns, l.'iS. 
 
 fratt'rna, 155. 
 
 gracilis, 155. 
 
 hexiictonuH, 155. 
 
 octatciiiis, 155. 
 
 ]ientactenus, 155. 
 
 iinipectinata, 155. 
 Tyrannna atra, 21K. 
 Uria troilo callforuica, 223 
 Urinator lunime, .'17. 
 Variable chicken louse, 2U2. 
 W.irblo fly, 95. 
 Warble flies, 87. 
 
 extent and manner of in.iury of, 88. 
 loss on hides from, 88. 
 loss in milk and beef from, 89. 
 occurrence in man, 91. 
 remedial measures for, 93. 
 Washes and dips, 282. 
 Western buffalo gnat, 55. 
 White-footed mouse, 184. 
 Xauthocephahis xanthoceplialus, 224. 
 Xulla niautola, 226. 
 
9C. 
 
 52. 
 I), 201. 
 
 >niiH, 2U1. 
 55. 
 
 .'2:1 
 
 2U2. 
 
 uer of injury of, 88. 
 iiti, 88. 
 
 beef from, 89. 
 an, 91. 
 •es for, 93. 
 
 cephalus, 224.