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7 7 /

A CANADIAN HISTORY

FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

EMILY J'. \V]':AVKR.

ILLUSTRATED h' V A, E. WEAVER.

TORONTO:

WILLIAM BRIGGS.

THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED.

1900

Entered, according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand
nine hundred, by The Coi>p, Clakk Company, Limited, and William
Briggs, at the Department of Agriculture.

PREFACE.

Thf: arrano^ement of this history is generally chronological.
There are a few exceptions to avoid unnecessarily breaking
the narrative. The book is divided into three parts in order
to mark changes of great importance. The First Part deals
with the period of French rule; the Second with that of
English rule till 1867 ; and the Third with the History of the
Dominion since Confederation. These great divisions have
been subdivided into Books, with the object of emphasizing
the importance of different epochs in the history of the country.
At the close of each Book is a chapter upon the Social
Conditions of the period.

At the end of the volume are placed lists of important
dates and of the more difficult proper names used in the
History, with the pronunciation indicated as closely as
possible by phonetic spelling. For this guide to the pro-
nunciation of foreign proper names I am indebted to the
kindness of Archibald MacMechan, Esq., B.A., PhD., now of
Dalhousie University, Halifax.

I have endeavored to tell the story of Canada simply, and
to choose subjects for illustration which would help boys
and girls to understand the conditions of life prevailing in
former times and in different parts of our widely-extended
country.

During the preparation of this little book I have received
much help and courtesy from the librarians of the Public

rKKFACE.

Libraries of Toronto and Halifax, the Normal School,
Toronto, Dalhousie University, and the Legislative Library,
Halifax.

I have also to thank the following gentlemen for their
coiirtesy in allowing my sister to copy or adapt illustrations
from books published by them : — Judge Prowse, St. John's,
Newfoundland, for illustrations fiom his "History of New-
foundland " of Eskimos (p. 20 of this volume), A Newfound-
land Fisherman (p. 68), Cod Fishing (p. 236), and Laying an
Atlantic Cable (p. 265) ; Messrs. Charles Scribners' Sons,
New York, Washing for Gold (p. 297), from Palmer's ''In
the Klondike"; the editor of "The Canadian Magazine,"
The Sick Children's Hospital (p. 302) ; Messrs. George Bell
and Sons, London, for drawings (on pp. 16, 47, 82, 125 and
154) from Fairholt's "Costume in England"; Messrs.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, for illustrations from
VVinsor's "Narrative and Critical History of America,"
Queejiston Heights (p. 160), Fort Nelson ({). 63), Fort Doir^laSy
(p. 177), Fort Garry (p. 273), A French Gentleman of the
Seventeenth Century (p. 19), A Ship of the Seventeenth
Cetitury (p. 29), Canadian Soldier (p. 53), French Soldier,
(p. 85), English Soldier (p. 93). For several pictures we
are indebted to Catlin's "North American Indians." Two,
The Indian Mask (p. 140), and The Bison (p. 176), are
copied by permission from the Reports of the United States
National Museum at Washington. Many other people have
most kindly aided us in the illustration of the book by
lending photographs, sketches, and old books.

E. P. W.

t
a
11
h
a
C

THH STRUGGLE FOR POSSKSSION,

IXTRODUCTION.

The history of Canada, from the close of the six-
teenth century to the year i;6o, is the story of a Ion-
stru--le between the French and ]• nc^dish for the posses'^
sion of a great part of this continent. It became more
mtense as the colonies of the rival nations grew stronger,
and it was embittered by the quarrels of the Mother-
countries in the Old World, and by the plan, followed
alike by French and English, of using the warlike
Indians as a weapon against their foes. The Indians
were gradually driven northward and westward, and
became of less importance as constant warfare drained
away their strength, and the number of the luiropeans
in America increased. The rivalry of France and Eng-
land is, therefore, the great central fact round which
are grouped all the lesser incidents of the story of
Canada, from the founding of Quebec in 1608 to the
surrender of Montreal a century and a half later

ROOK I.

TIIK RULK OF TIIK TRA1)IN(; COMPAXIKS.

CIIAPTRR I.

THE NATIVE RACES.

The Old and ^^" ^^ know that the continents of
the New Europe and America are divitled from

each other by the great Atlantic Ocean.
We still sometimes call luirope the Old, and America
the New World, but the ease with which we can send
news, or travel from one to the other, prevents our
thinking much of the great distance between them.
Swift steamships cross the ocean in less than a week,
and every day messages are telegraphed from one side
to the other, so that we can read in the newspapers of
events that happened in London or Paris only a few
hours before.

An Unknown ^ little more than four hundred years
'-■"*'• ago, however, the people who lived in

Europe did not know that there was such a continent
as America. If one of them had been asked to draw
a map of the world, he would have drawn it something
like the sketch shown on page 8. Vhat lay beyond the
great ocean to the west no one knew. There were
traditions, indeed, from very early times, that sailors

CANADIAN HISTORV FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

from Iceland and other places had discovered strange
countries beyond the ocean ; but most people had never
heard these stories, and very likely those who had did
not believe them.

Meanwhile, on the other side of the
wide Atlantic, the black-haired, copper-
coloured people of America were hunting and fishing
and fighting in their woods and wilds, probably

The Indians.

AT L ANT/

POR

OC£

thinking that they were the only people in the world.
These Indians, as they were afterwards called, were
thinly scattered all over America, but in this chapter
I shall tell you only a little about those who lived in
what is now Canada and the United States.
«. They were divided into many tribes,

having different languages and customs.
These wasted their strength in constant fighting, each
tribe making war upon its neighbours. The)' did not

THE NATIVE RACES.

-1^

often make alliances with one another, but the five
kindred "nations" of the Iroquois wisely ai^reed to
help each other, and thus becanie so strong that they
were a terror to all within their reach.
Mode of Hunting and fighting were the chief em-

^'^®' ployments of the men, and all hard and

heavy work was left to the women. Most of the
Indians lived entirely on fish, wild creatures, and the
fruit that they could gather in the woods ; but a few
grew Indian corn and kept pigs.
Some tribes lived in pointed tents
covered with skin. Others built
long bark houses, large enough to
shelter ten or twelve families at
once. They did not understand
how to make iron tools, but used
clumsy stone hatchets and shell
knives. With such tools it was
difficult to work in wood, but some
tribes made beautiful canoes and
other articles of bark, whilst others
made rough boats of great tree-
trunks, hollowed out by burning. The women of some
of the tribes wove mats of rushes, spun twine fnjm
hemp, and made bowls and pots of clay.
Dress '^^^^ warriors, as well as the women, gener-

ally allowed their hair to grow long, plait-
ing it in many little tails, or dressing it in some still
odder fashion. In winter they wore leggings and short
loose dresses of deerskin, and robes of beautiful fur. In
war-time the men decked their heads with feathers and
painted their faces and bodies in strange patterns.

Indian I'isii-Hooks.

Records.

Wampum Belt.

10 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR I?OV$ AND GIRLS.

Both men and women adorned themselves with beads,
which were made from shells and bones, until Europeans
brought glass beads into the country.

The Indi ms did not know how to write,
but some of the shell-beads, called wam-
pum, were made into collars and belts of curious pat-
terns, and were used as
reminders of important
events. For instance, when
one tribe made a treaty
with another, a belt of
wampum was given at the
end of each clause ; and
these belts were put into
the charge of old men, who were expected to remember
and explain their meaning. To a certain extent, the
Indians also used picture-writing, — that is, they made
rough sketches instead of writing words.
Super- The Indians had very

strange ideas about God
and religion. They believed in a
great Good Spirit and a great Bad
Spirit. They did not pay much at-
tention to the Good Spirit, but tried
to frighten the Bad Spirit by wear-
ing charms, and to put him in good
humour by making strange sacrifices
to him. They believed, also, that a'
host of unseen beings peopled the ^'^'^'^'^ Med.c.ne-man.
woods and mountains and streams, and affected their
fate for good or ill. The " medicine-men," who professed
to be able to make rain and to control evil spirits, had

••

TlIK NATIVE RACKS.

great influence. When a man fell ill he was thought to
be possessed by a dcnon, and was often cruelly tortured
in the attempt to drive it out. The good, after death,
were supposed to go to the "hnnpy hunting-grounds";
but the journey thither was held to be long and peril-
ous. Food and cooking-pots, weapons and garments
were laid beside the dead, with the idea that his spirit
would need the spirits of these things.
Indians of The Indians living now are few in number,
0-day. ^j^^.|^ jj^ Canada, are found chiefly on lands

set apart for them b}^ government and in the unsettled
regions of the north and west.

Near the Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay
live the Eskimos, who are of a different
race from the Indians. Their habits have probably
changed little since America was discovered. They are
said to be honest and good-humoured, but very dirty.
They live by hunting and fishing, often eating their food
raw. They dress from head to foot in fur. In winter
they live in houses half underground, made of earth,
turf, or even bones ; but when they need shelter sud-
denly they build a round hut of snow.

The
Eskimos.

CHAPTER II.

A CENTURY OF DISCOVERY.

European Though the people of Europe knew
Traders. nothing of what lay beyond the great

ocean to the west, they did know a little about the
countries to the east. In those days people were more
ready to travel by land than by water. For hundreds
of years traders had brought gold, gems, and rich stuffs
overland from India. But there were many difficul-
ties and dangers in this long journey, and at last adven-
turous men began to seek a new way to the countries
of the east. A Portuguese seaman sailed along the
coast of Africa, rounded the cape of Good Hope, and
thus found a way to India by sea.

Christopher Meanwhile it had occurred to an Italian,
Columbus. Christopher Columbus, that India might
be reached by sailing due west. But he had neither
ships nor money, and several years passed before he
could persuade an)'one to help him to try his plan.
At last, in 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella, the king
and queen of Spain, gave him three small ships and
promised to make him governor of any new countries
he might discover. His troubles were not at an end,
however. As they sailed over the unknown ocean,
farther and farther from home, his men became so
frightened and angry that they threatened to kill him.

J
C

r
I

A CENTURY OF IMSCOVERY.

md
•ies
|nd,
[an,
so
iim.

John and

Sebastian

Cabot.

At lencrth thev reached one of the islands now called
the West Indies, and Columbus carried back to Spain
six Indians, a little gold, and some strange plants and
animals, lie was received with great honour, but was

m afterwards used ungratefully, lie made three more

I voyages, but till the day of his death, in 1 506, he

^ thought that he had only f(jund a new way to India,

and had no idea that he had discovered a new con-
tinent.

Other navigators now turned towards the
west. In 1497, the year before Columbus
first visited the mainland of America,
John Cabot, a Venetian, who had settled at Bristol,
explored some part of the coast of North America.
Upon this England afterwards grounded a claim to a
large part of the continent. With Cabot sailed his son
Sebastian. He was then only twenty years of age, but
in the following year he set out to search for a north-
west passage to India.

French About this time vessels from France and

Explorers. other countries began to visit the shores of
Newfoundland for the sake of the fisheries. Frenchmen
also explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and in 1524
their king, Francis I, sent out an Italian, Verrazano,
who sailed along part of the coast of North America,
and gave to a great stretch of country the name of
New France.

Jacques Ten years later Francis sent Jacques

Cartier. Cartier, a hardy Breton sailor, to seek a

passage to Asia. He sailed through the Straits of
Belle Isle and landed at Gaspe, where he set up a
cross bearing the words, " Long live the King of

14 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

France !" He took back with him two young savages.
The next year Cartier again set sail for the New World
from his native town, St. Malo. Before they started he
and his crew confessed their sins in the cathedral, and
were solemnly blessed by the bishop. This time he

OC£/IN

made his way far up the St. Lawrence, which the Indians

called " the Great River of Hochelaga."

Donnacona ^"^ Indian village, Stadacona, stood at the
foot of the rock now crowned by the build-
ings of Quebec. Its chief, Donnacona, was

friendly ; but when Cartier wished to go higher up the

river, some of the Indians pretended to be bad spirits,

and His
People.

A CENTURY OF DISCOVERY.

lans

:the

■%'

thinking to frighten him from liis purpose. Rut Cartier
laughed at them, and pushed on. Soon he reached
another Indian town, defended by a tall fence, called
a palisade, and surrounded by fields of ripe corn.
Behind it rose a great hill, which he named " Mont
Royale." The Indians had never seen white people
before, and Cartier said they watched him as if he
"had been going to act a play." And he really did
some very strange things. He touched and prayed
over the sick, who had gathered round, and read aloud
some portions of the gospels in French, which of course
the Indians could not understand. But, to their delight,
after the reading there was a great giving of presents
and blowing of trumpets. The h^renchmen now returned
to Stadacona, where they spent a miserable winter.
They lived in constant dread of the Indians, whose
friendship they had lost, and many fell sick and died.
When spring came Cartier deceitfully beguiled Donna-
cona and nine other Indians on board his ship, and
sailed away to France, where the poor savages soon
died.

Five years later Cartier agreed to help a
French nobleman, the Sicur de Roberval,
to found a colony in Canada. Cartier went on first, but
again he and his men suffered much during the winter ;
and, when spring opened, they set sail for France. On
the way they met Roberval. He ordered them to
return to Canada, but they escaped in the night, and
though Roberval w^ent on, he soon had to come back.
For many years after this no one tried to found a colony
in Canada, but the fishermen still sailed regularly to
Newfoundland.

Roberval.

l6 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR HOYS AND GIRLS.

Sir

Humphrey

Gilbert.

A GEIilTLEMAN OF

Elizaueth's keign.

In the }'car 1583 Sir Hum-
phrey Gilbert set up the
royal banner of England

on a hill overlocjking St. John's harbour,

Newfoundland, and took possession of

the island in the name of his queen,

Elizabeth. But on his return voyage

he was lost in a storm, and for forty

years no settlement was made.

The Exiles ^^Y ^^^'^^ time people had

of Sable discovered that they could

Island. , , . ,

make much money by trad-
ing in the furs of the beavers and other
wild animals, which were then so plentiful in Canada.
In 1598 the Marquis de la Roche, another l'>ench noble-
man, engaged to found a colony in return for the sole
right of trading in furs. It was difacult to persuade
people to go to Canada, however, and criminals were
taken from the prisons to make up the required number.
They were carried across the ocean in a ship so small

that it was said they could
wash their hands in the water
from its sides. Forty of these
men were landed on Sable
Island, while their compan-
'■£^ ions went to explore the
neic^hbourincf coasts. But the
ships were driven back to
France by terrible storms. La
Roche was cast into prison
by his enemies, and for five years the wretched exiles
were left on their lonely island. They lived on wild

Beaver.

A CENTURY OV 1)IS(( )VI:KY.

MAN OF
S KEIGN.

an ad a.
noblc-
le sole
rsuade
were
umber,
small
could
water
these
Sable
mpan-
the
Jut the
Lck to
ns, La
prison
exiles
n wild

cattle and berries. But they quarrelled and fought with
one another, and when a ship was sent to rescue them,
all but twelve had died or been killed. These twelve
were taken before the king in their shaggy garments
of fur, and in pity for their sufferings he pardoned all
their offences, and gave them money to start in the fur
trade.

Discoveries ^^ ^^^^ meantime explorers made their
In the West, way round Cape Horn, and the Spaniards
took possession of Mexico and California. In 1578
Sir Francis Drake, an Englishman, followed them into
the Pacific Ocean, doing their towns and ships as much
damage as he could. He sailed northward along the
west coast of America, claiming it for Elizabeth, but it
is uncertain how far he went. Fourteen }'ears after-
wards Juan de Fuca, a Greek in the service of the
Spaniards, visited the coast of what is now British
Columbia ; but for nearly two hundred years little
was learned about that country.

CHAPTER III.

THE SETTLEMENT OF ACADIA.

Samuel de About the year i<^03, a company of
Champlain. Frenchmen banded together for the coloni-
zation of Canada and the conversion of the Indians to
Christianity. In return the king gave them a monopoly
of the fur trade — that is, he said that they, and no one
else, might buy and sell furs in Canada. One member
of this company did so much for Canada that he has
been called the Father of New France. His name
was Samuel de Champlain. He was now thirty-six
years of age. He had been a soldier, a captain in the
Royal Navy of France, ?nd a traveller. On his jour-
neys he Jcept a diary in whiv h he drew curious pictures
of the things he saw.

Champlain was chosen to explore the country, so he
crossed the ocean in a tiny vessel, and sailed up the St.
Lawrence as far as Cartier's Mont Royale. He found
no trace of the Indian towns Cartier had described.
He tried to make his way up the rapids above Mont
Royale, and eagerly questioned the few Indians he met
concerning the country beyond. But several years
passed before he was able to make use of what he
learned about Canada.

;-3

TIIK SKTTM'-MKNT OF ACADIA.

my of
coloni-
lian.s to
)nopoly
no one
ncmbcr
he has
5 name
irty-six
in the
IS jour-
Dictures

so he
the St.

found
jcribcd.

Mont
he met

years
hat he

. _ In 1604 a nobleman named I)e Monts be-

A Settle- , , r t I 1 r

ment in came head of the compan}'. Instead 01

Acadia. senfUiiL; settlers to the St. Lawrence, he

wislied to found a colony in Acadia, as the country
now formin^^ Nova Scotia, New lirunswick, and part of
Maine was then called. The rival fur-traders were in-
vited to join the comi)an\', but if any dared to trade on
their own account their ships were seized or driven away.

After exi)lorinL: the 15ay of I'undy, De
St Croix 10 y • '

Monts set his men to make a garden and
to build houses and a chapel on
a little cedar-covered island at the
mouth of the River St. Croix, which
takes its name from that given to the
settlement. ^Xs winter came on it
ap|)eared that the post had not been
wisely chosen. On the island there
was neither wood t(3 burn nor water
to drink, and in stormy weather it y-,
was often impossible to cross to the
mainland. DurinLr the winter nearly

*^. -^ A rHENCII (.KMI.EMAN,

half the settlers died, and many of »6oo.

the rest suffered terribly from a painful disease called

scurvy.

In the spring forty new settlers arrived,
and De Monts moved to Port Royal, a
beautiful spot which he had granted to Baron de Pou-
trincourt. The new buildings were scarcely well begun
when De Monts was obliged to return to P^rance, but in
the following year he sent out a number of lab(nirers
and skilled workmen. Port Royal was healthier than
St. Croix, and the winter passed cheerfully. All was

Port Royal.

20 CANAIHAX IIISToKV I OK ItOYS AND CiRLS.

floun'shiii^^ wluMi I )c' MoiUs lost his inonopol)' of the
fur trade. W'itlioiit it he coukl not afford to support

mtmey

ANTIC
C EAN

the colonists, so they were suddenly obliged to leave
Port Royal.

The neighbouring Indians were deeply grieved at

' nf the

support

Till-: SKTTLKMKNT Ol A(\\r)lA.

to leave
ieved at

this, for the Frenchmen had treated tlieni with unfailing
kindness, and h.id ^iveii them man\- ,1 meal w hen hiin^M-\-.
in fact their old chief, Memhertou, had been a daily
j^ucst at I'uutrincourt's table.

For three }'ears the buildiiif^s were deserted. T^ut
they were not destro\'ed, and in 1610 I'oiitrincourt
returned to Port Ro)'al, brin^diij^^ with him a |)riest to
teach the Indians. They received the l^'rench joy-
full)', and several soon consented to be l)apti/,ed.
l'\)rem.ost ainoiij^^ these was Membertou, who was
called Henri after the kin^^ of I"'rance, whik: liis
squaw (as the Indians call their wives), received the
name of Marie in honour of the queen. The old
chief even wished to <;() to war with the neighbouring^
tribes to force them to become Christians too
The A short time later several Jesuit mission-

Jesuits, aries were sent to Acadia. Their order

was at this time in high favour at the court of France.
The king and queen and other noble persons gave them
money for their work, but the\' had man)' difficulties
in their way. For instance, the Indians misled them
when they were learning the language, by telling them
wrong names for things ; and they could not agree
either with Poutrincourt or his son, 15iencourt, who was
left in charge at Port Royal. Poutrincourt himself had
much trouble, and at last was thrown into prison in
France, while his unfortunate people were almost starv-
ing in Acadia.

About this time the English, who had
settled farther south, in Virginia, suddenly
bethought themselves of an old claim to Acadia, and
sent a man named Argall to drive away the French.

Port Royal
Attacked.

22 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

He first attacked a little settlement at the mouth of the
l^enobscot, and carried off a number of prisoners ; but,
on a second journey, he fell upon Port Royal itself,
which proved an ea-sy prey. Its owners, unaware that
any foe was near, were all busy gathering in their har-
vest, and before they returned their houses were in
flames. Poutrincourt, w^ho had regained his liberty,
made one more journey across the ocean with supplies,
but returned to France in despair when he found the
buildings in ashes. His son refused to leave Port
Royal, and led a wild life in the woods till he died,
eight or nine years later. Charles de la Tour, a Hugue-
not, or P'rench Protestant, of noble famil}^, became
rfovernor of Acadia in his stead. He soon moved from
Port Royal to a spot near Cape Sable, where he built
the Fort of St. Louis.

_ ,. . In the meantime Kincf Tames I of Encr-

English =* •' ^

Grant of land had granted the whole of Acadia to a

Acadia, 1621. g^Q^^I^ knight, Sir William Alexander.

He called it Nova Scotia, and the king allowed him to
give the title of baronet to gentlemen willing to help in
colonizing the country. A number of men accordingly
received titles and large grants of land, but few settlers
were brought out.

In the year 1623, Lord Baltimore took a
number of people to Newfoundland, set-
tling them at a place called Verulam, or*
Soon afterwards a few Frenchmen settled
near, but they acknowledged that the country belonged
to the English, and paid a small sum for leave to fish.

The New-
foundland
Colony.

Ferryland.

1 of the
•s ; but,
,1 itself,
ire that
eir har-
were in
liberty,
upplies,
unci the
e Port
le died,
Hugue-
became
ed from
he built

)f Eng-
dia to a
xander.
him to
help in
)rdingly
settlers

took a
id, set-
am, or
settled
^longed
fish.

Quebec

Founded,

1608.

CHAPTER IV.

CANADA UNDER CHAMPLAIN.

We must now go back to the year 1 60S,
and see what Cham plain was doing. De
Monts had r ^gained his monopoly for one
year, and, in the hope of making larger profits than
before, turned to the St. Lawrence. The task of ex-
ploring was again given to Champlain, while another
man traded with the Indians.

Champlain sailed up the river till he came to rugged
Cape Diamond — so called from the glistening bits of
quartz found there. At this place he decided to settle,
and during the hot July days his wooden houses and
fortifications rose quickly on what is now the market-
place of the lower town of Quebec. He was untiring
in his labours, but some of his men wearied of their
hard work and poor food, and plaimed to murder him.
Fortunately for New France, one of them betrayed the
plot, and the ring-leaders were punished.

The French managed to make their quarters warm
and comfortable, but knew of no remedy for the dread-
ful scurvy, and before spring two-thirds of their number
were dead. During the winter bands of Algonquin
Indians camped beside the little fort, hoping perhaps
for help against their terrible enemies, the Iroquois or
Five Nation Indians. The Algonquins never sowed
corn, so were generally short of food in the cold season.

fli

24 CANADIAN HISTORV FOR BOVS AND GIRLS.

Indian Wars.

When the snow melted, Champlain set out
to explore the country to the west. He
hoped to find an easy way to China, which he thought
much nearer than it really is. But the war-parties of
the Iroquois forced him to turn back, for, though
their homes were in what is now New York State,
they made cruel raids every spring on the weak Algon-
quins, and even on the Hurons, who were of the same
race as themselves. To the great delight of the tribes
near Quebec, Champlain offered to help to fight their
dreaded foes ; but the Iroquois never forgave him, and
in after years the PVench colonists suffered terribly at
their hands.

Champlain took v/ith him eleven Frenchmen and a
number of Indians. For many days they marched
through the wilderness. At last they came upon a
party of Iroquois who carried shields of skin and wore
curious armour of twigs interwoven with cords. But
it was of no use against the French bullets, and,
terrified by the dreadful smoke and noise of the guns,
they fled, leaving their dead and wounded behind
them. Champlain tried to prevent any cruelty, but,
as usual, the Indian victors scalped and tortured their
helpless foes.

Champlain's In the midst of all his other business.
Difficulties. Champlain was often obliged to go to
France. He was beset with difficulties, arising chiefly
from the state of the fur trade, which was sometimes
free to everybody, and sometimes under the control of a
single man or company. At this time the king gener-
ally put some great noble, who was called the viceroy,
in charge of the colony. There were many different

LS.

CANADA UNDER CHAMPLAIN.

I set out
:st. He
thought
irties of
though
k State,
: Algon-
le same
le tribes
^ht their
lim, and
•ribly at

n and a
marched
upon a
nd wore
s. But
:ts, and,
le guns,
behind
ty, but,
ed their

(usiness,
go to
chiefly
netimes
rol of a
gener-
nceroy,
ifferent

viceroys within a few )'ears, and though Champlain
acted as governor under them all, the frequent changes
added to his troubles.

In the year 161 3, Champlain made a journey up the
Ottawa River, hoping to reach " the Northern Sea." lie
tcjok as guide a ycnnig l^>cnchman who professed to
have found his way to this sea before, but it soon
appeared that he had not told the truth, and Champlain
turned back.

Henry Probably the man had

Hudson. heard from the Indians

of Hudson Bay, as we call it. It had
been discovered three years earlier
by an English seaman, Henry Hud-
son, who lost his life there. After
s})ending a winter in the bay, some
of his men became so angry with ^
him that they set him adrift in an
open boat with his son and several
sailors. They were never heard of
afterwards, and their murderers had great difficulty in
reaching England.

1-.- r- X All the men who had undertaken to colo-
The First

Missionaries, nize Canada professed to be anxious that

1615

the Indians should become Christians.

Yet, of the two hundred Frenchmen at this time in the
country, most cared only for making money, and not
one was a missionary. At last a new trading company
agreed to send out teachers for the savages, and in
161 5 four Franciscan friars, or Rccollcts, came with
Champlain to Canada. Some of them at once began
to hold services at the trading posts, and one travelled

RECOLLET F ATI IKK.

26 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

SO far north that he fell in with some wandering Eski-
mos, while another carried the Gospel into the countrs'
of the Hurons, near the Georgian Bay.

Chartiplain This missionary, Le Caron, was the first
Tries to Form ^^|^j^ ^^ ^^ j^j^ ^^ Hurons ; but

an Indian *

League. the governor soon followed him, journey-

ing as much as possible by lake and stream, to avoid
the untracked woods. Champlain tried to persuade
the Canadian Indians to give up fighting amongst

themselves, and to help one an-
other against the warriors of the
Five Nations, But though the
Hurons and Algonquins liked
him, he could not induce them
to follow his advice.

After staying some time
amongst them, Champlain led
the Hurons into the Iroquois
country. They were more than
a month on the march, and when
they attacked one of the pali-
saded towns of the Iroquois, they were beaten off.
Champlain himself was hurt, and being unable to walk,
was packed into a basket like the rest of the wounded,
so that he could be carried on the back of one of his
Indian friends. He was obliged to spend the winter
with them. His people in Quebec gave him up as
dead, so there was great rejoicing when he returned
early in the following summer, alive and well.
Ch' f E nts "^^^^ history of the next twelve years may
1616-28. be summed up very briefly. The growth
of the colony was slow, owing to the greediness and the

Eskimos.

.s.

CANADA UNDER CIIAMPLAIN.

g Eski-
countr\'

he first
IS ; but
ourney-
D avoid
ersuade
.mongst
one an-
s of the
ugh the
IS liked
:e them

e time
ain led
roquois
)re than
id when
le pali-

en off,
o walk,
)unded,
of his

winter
up as

iturned

rs may
growth
md the

quarrels of the rival fur-traders. The chief events were
the first attacks of the terrible Irocjuois on the l^Vench
themselves, and the coming of the Jesuits to help the
Recollcts to teach the savages.

A Time of Champlain made several voyages to France
Scarcity. during this period. But in spite of all

he could do, Canada was neglected, and the colonists
suffered gre-^.ly, as they depended almost entirely on
supplies from home. There was indeed but one farmer
amongst them — Louis Hebert. During the winter
of 1627-8 they were allowed only a few ounces of food a
day. When spring came they were forced, like the
Indians, to live on what they could find in the woods,
and we can fancy how anxiously they must have looked
down the river for the yearly ships from France. I'-ut
no ships came, and they seemed to be utterly forgv»cCen
in their lonely wilderness.

The Hundred The king of France was engaged in a
Associates, fierce conflict with his Huguenot or Pro-
testant subjects, but his great minister, Cardinal Riche-
lieu, was forming a new company at this very time to
colonize and govern Canada in return for a monopoly
of the fur trade. It was called the Company of New
France, or the Company of the Hundred Associates.
Under its rule none but Roman Catholics were to be
allowed to come to Canada.

CHAPTER V.

THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH AT WAR.

Kirke's
Fleet.

In 1628 Charles I of England began to

help the Huguenots to fight against their

king. He sent a fleet, under Sir David Kirke, to attack

the French settlements in America. Kirke captured a

small fleet, took Port Rowil, and sailed for the St.

Lawrence. At first the P^rench mistook his vessels

for the long-expected ships from P'rance, but they

were soon undeceived. Kirke demanded the surrender

of Quebec. Champlain had few men, and only fifty

pounds of powder in the place, but he answered so

boldly that Kirke, instead of attacking the town, merely

tried to prevent PVench vessels going up the river. One

small ship contrived to pass, however, carrying the bad

news that there was no hope of help from France for

many months to come. The people of Quebec were

worse off than before, but Champlain did not lose heart.

He set his men to sOw what little land was cleared, and

to catch fish and game to cure for the coming winter.

He also tried to get food from the Indians, but in this'

hour of trial many of them threatened and insulted him.

^ ^ A miserable year went by. Then the

Surrender ....

of Quebec, English ships again sailed up to Quebec,
1629. ^j^^^ Champlain sorrowfully surrendered.

Louis Kirke, a brother of the English admiral, now
became governor. He was much liked, even by the

THE FREN'CII AND KNdLISII AT WAR.

egan to

1st their

o attack

Dtured a

the St.

i vessels

ut they

urrender

rily fifty

ered so

, merely

er. One

the bad

ance for

»ec were

e heart.

red, and

^ winter.

t in this

ted him.

len the

Quebec,

:;ndered.

al, now

by the

French, and many remained in the town, though some
chose to live with the Indians in the woods. Champlain
and some others were taken as prisoners to England,
but they were socjn allowed to go back to their own
ccjuntry. On their way down the St. Lawrence they
must have been very sorry to be present at the capture
of a ship, which, too late, was bringing them help.
Claude Meanwhile, in Acadia, the ICnglish were

de la Tour, getting the worst ff the struggle. An
English fort on Cape Breton Island, but lately built,
was captured by the French, whilst a plot to get hold of
the French fort of St. Louis
came to nothing. Claude de
la Tour, who had been made
prisoner by Kirke, and had
been sent to England, so
pleased his captors that hc,^
was soon set free. He mar--
ried an English court lady, a s.u.. (..- thk time.

and the names of himself and his son Charles were put

on the roll of baronets of Nova Scotia. In return

Claude promised that Fort St. Louis should be put

into English hands ; but Charles, who was in command,

firmly refused to play the traitor. Claude then tried to

take the fort by force, but in 'spite of all he could do

the French flag still floated over St. Louis. He did

not now know where to turn, but at last made friends

with his son.

Treaty of Some of his countrymen thought Canada

St. Germain- ,, . ,. , .

en-laye, worthless, but Champlain was very anxious

1632. that it should be restored to France, and

Cardinal Richelieu agreed with him. At length Charles
I, who had quarrelled with his Parliament and was in

30 CANADIAN IIISTOUy FOR 150VS AND GIRLS.

woeful need of money, consented, by the Treaty of
St. Germain-en-Laye, to give up Canada, Acadia, and
his claim on the Hudson hiiy territory. In return f(jr
this he was promised the payment of some money
which had long been owing to him.
Champlain's A year later Champlain returned to Quebec
Return, 1633. ^^j|.|-^ ^ number ot fresh settlers sent out by

the Hundred Associates. He was received with the
greatest joy. His first task was to regain the goodwill
of the Indians, for upon their friendship depended the
success of the fur trade, which was still the life of the
colony. With this object he attended many feasts and
councils, some of which lasted for several days. In the
following summer five hundred Hurons came down
to Quebec, bringing a hundred and fifty canoes laden
with furs. They were followed by Indians of other
tribes. Trade was good, and many colonists were
attracted to Canada.

His Last Champlain now gave much of his time to
Days. religious duties. Life at Fort St. Louis,

where the black-robed Jesuits were always welcome, was
very quiet and orderly. But as much could not be said
for the out-lying posts. The traders, who themselves
drank too much brandy, gave the Indians " fire-water "
for their furs, and soon they liked this payment better
than any other. Champlain and the missionaries set
their faces against this wicked way of trading, but they
could not put it down. The raids of the Iroquois also
caused anxiety, and Champlain was planning another
attack on them when he was struck by paralysis, and,
after lingering for ten weeks, died on Christmas Day,
1635. His death caused general mourning in Quebec,
and he well deserved the love and honour of his people.

.s.

eaty of

Ha, and

:urn ff)r

money

Quebec

out by

'ith the

oodvvill

led the

of the

sts and

In the

: down

3 laden

other

s were

ime to

Louis,

le, was

De said

iselves

,vater "

better

es set

t they

s also

lother

5, and,

Day,

uebec,

eople.

CIIAPTKR VI.

THE INDIAXS AND Till': MISSIONARTES.

The After Champlain's death the Iroquois be-

Iroquois. came more and more daring. Indeed it

seen.ed for a time as if they mi^dit utterly destroy the
colony. They lay in wait for travellers ; they killed
men at work in the fields ; they carried off children ;
and they ruined the fur trade by preventing other
Indians from coming to Uuebec.

The new governor, Montmagny, a brave soldier,
begged for help from France, but the Hundred Asso-
ciates would not listen to him. Their great object was
to make money, and, in spite of their promises, they
neither sent out fresh settlers nor took care of those
already in the colony.

The religious people of France, however,
took a great interest in Canada. During
these years of danger and misery many
priests and nuns crossed the sea and came to live in the
wilds. One rich lady, Madame de la Peltrie, brought
out six nuns at one time. Three gave themselves to
teaching, and three to looking after the poor and the
sick, beginning their noble work when smallpox was
raging amongst the Christian Indians near Quebec.

Meanwhile, far in the wilderness, the
Jesuits were labouring to win the war-like
31

The

Religious

Orders.

The Jesuits.

32 CANADIAN HISTORY 1 OR I50VS AND GIRLS.

IIiirr)ns to C'hristi.init}'. At first they treated the mis-
sionaries kindl}', buiUh'ng tliein a lon^,^ bark house, which
was (hvided into chapel, store-room, and hving-room.
Vur a time the priests were followed [dl day \on^ by
curious crowds who wished to sec their handmill grind-
ing corn, or to hear the ticking of their clock. They
patiently taught all who would listen, bribing the chil-
dren with peas-porridge to learn hymns nnd the cate-
chism ; but it was slow and painful work. The "medi-
cine-men," or "rainmakers," hated them. In times of
drought or sickness they pretended that the crosses of

*' the black-robes " fright-

*^^^^V ^^^^ ^'''''^y '"^^^^ ^^'''^' ^^
^-f Thunder," and that their

witchcrafts brouu;;ht the
•' smallpox. If the priests
st^~ baptized a dying child, as
they often did, the " medi-
cine-men " said that they
had charmed away its life. Many a time they were in
danger of being t(jrtured to death, but at length they
gained the love of the savages, and made many con-
verts.

-- . , About this time, the town of Montreal was
Montreal '

Founded, founded by a society formed for the con-'
version of the Indians. When the new
settlers arrived at Quebec, the people there begged
them to go no farther. ]^ut they believed that they
had been commanded by God to go to Montreal, so
they pressed on under the leadership of Sieur de
Maisonneuve. The new settlement was named Ville
Marie, in honour of the Virgin Mary. Happily it was

HuKoN House.

f'!

:ls.

the mis-
sc, which
n^-rooni.
long by
ill t^rind-
c. They
the chil-
thc cate-
c "mcdi-
timcs of
rosses of
" fric^ht-
Bird of
lat their
^dit the
3 priests
child, as

" medi-
lat they

were in

th they
my con-
real \\'as
the con-'

he new

begged
lat they
treal, so

ieur de
Id Ville

V it was

TIIL: INDIANS AND Till: MISSION AKIKS.

not discovered by tlie Irocjuois till the colonists had
had time to fortify it. The savages were tiien afraid
to attack the place, though the}' lingered near it for
months, kiUiiig an)' one who ventured outside the gates.
One day Maisonneuve, who had been unjustly accused
of cowardice, led a party of men to hunt the Indians
from their lurking-places with dogs. The I'rench were
driven back with loss ; but Maisonneuve, with a pistol
in each hand, covered the retreat of his men, and was
the last to re-enter the gates. This took place on the
spot, now in the heart of Montreal, called the Place
d'Armes.

Fear of the One of the Iroquois nations, named the
Iroquois. Mohawks, now began to obtain fire-arms
from the Dutch colony on the Hudson, and of course
its warriors were more to be dreaded than before. To
guard against them, the I'Vench built a fort at the
mouth of the Richelieu, and tried to persuade some of
the friendly Indians to settle near Quebec. They
also gave guns and gunpowder to those who became
Christians, l^ut the fear of the Iroquois had broken
the spirit of the Algonquins. Nothing could overcome
their terror, though they told stories of old times when
they had driven the Iroquois southward. The Hurons
boldly continued the struggle ; but their cunning foes,
not content with battle and murder, tried to set them
and the French against one another, and to ruin both
by deceptive treaties.

Father At last the Five Nations made peace for a

Jogues. short time, and the Mohawks even con-

sented to receive a Jesuit missionary. Father Jogues,
though he had suffered cruelly whilst a prisoner in their

34 CANADIAN IIISTOKV lOR' I5()VS AND (ilKLS.

The Huron
Missions.

hands, iindcTloDk the flanj^^crous task. For a little while
he was kiiully treated. But when a terrible disease
attacked the tribe, and a plaijiic of caterpillars destru)'ed
their crops, he was accused of havinj^ caused these evils
by witchcraft, and was cruelly murdered. Then the
younfj braves took the war-path, and once more French
settlements and Indian villai^es ran red with blood.

During these trying years of warfare the
Jesuit missions to the Ilurons had done
well. Fi{^hteen priests, besides a num-
ber of la)'men, laboured amon^^st them.
The inissions were like well-stocked
farms, with f^ood buildini^s, herds of
cattle, and fields of Indian corn. At
one of them the fathers had been able,
in a time of famine, to feed three thous-
and people. But though every-
thing seemed so bright, a terrible
^^j^_jj^ blow was about to fall, fatal alike
Jesuit Missionakv. to the savagcs and their instructors.
In July, 1648, during the absence of the
warriors of the village, St. Joseph was at-
tacked by an Iroquois war-party. Young
and old were mercilessly slain. Amongst them fell tl>e
Jesuit, Feather Daniel, in the act of baptizing a dying
convert. Late in the following winter the Iroquois
destroyed the missionary villages of St. Louis and St.
Ignace, putting their people to death with frightful
cruelty. The fathers Brc^bceuf and Lalemant suffered
with their flock, bearing agonizing tortures with a
patience and courage that seemed wonderful even to
their murderers. The horrid work was scarcely done

^^>

Mission
Villages
Destroyed.

IRI.S.

TIIK INDIA'XS AM) IIIi: MISSloNAKII.S.

Ittlc while
lie disease
(lestro)'ecl
lh(^se evils
Then the
)re 1^'rcnch
iiood.
arfare the
had done
L\s a num-
lij^st thcin.
ill-stocked

herds of
corn. At
been able,
rec thous-
Ljh every-
a terrible
fatal alike
istructors.
ice of the
3h was at-
Young
m fell tl>e

a dying

Iroquois
s and St.

frightful
t suffered
with a
1 even to
:ely done

when a panic seized the Inujunis. They lied in haste,
hotly pursued by Huron warriors from other villages.
Hut the latter were too late to save their friends or
overtake their foes.

I'llghtof the I he proud spirit of the llurons was almost
Hurons. bn)ken by these disasters. The}' fled in

terror from their homes ; and, with sad hearts, tluMr
priests burnt the mission village of Ste. Marie, which
had not fallen with the others, and went with them.
Som.e sought shelter with neigiibouring tribes, and about
seven thousand found a refuge on St. Joseph's Island in
Lake Huron. Here a strong fort was built. lUit there
was not food for so great a multitude, and they died by
hundreds from hunger. Then a terrible disease broke
out among them. Still their cruel enemies did not
leave them. They hovered in the neighbourhood, shoot-
ing or carrying off the poor wretches who ventured to
the mainland in search of food. In the s[)ring the
Jesuits led some of the survivors to Quebec, and they
settled on the island of Orleans, whilst others fled
toward the north.

The Iroquois had not yet had enough of
cruelty and slaughter. After ruining the
llurons they fell savagely on other tribes of Indians,
and attacked the P^rench more fiercely than before. In
all this fighting they lost many men ; but they had a
curious plan for supplying themselves with fresh war-
riors, by adopting their conquered foes, whom they
afterwards treated as if they really belonged to their
tribes. Some of the Hurons were thus adopted.

The different governors of New France, who at this
time rarely held the position long, were often at their

Other Wars.

36 CANADIAN HISTORY i-OK liOVS AND GIRLS.

wits' end to protect the colony. The settlers were too

few to hold the savages in check, and their earnest

entreaties for aid from France were not heeded. Year

after year the merciless raids went on, though the

cunning Iroquois often tried to deceive the French, as

they deceived their Indian foes, by pretending to wish

for peace.

_ ^ Once, for instance, one of the Five Nations,

Teachers

Sent to the the Onondagas, asked for teachers to show

Onondagas. ^hem how to do different kinds of work.
Their request was granted, but it was only a plot to get
some of the French into their power. The Onondagas
had hardly left Quebec with their teachers when the
Mohawks, another Iroquois tribe, carried off some
Hurons, and plundered several houses near Quebec ;
but the townspeople dared not fire a shot lest their
countrymen should be murdered. The latter soon
discovered their danger, and made a plan to escape,
secretly preparing some boats for the purpose. A
Frenchman then pretended to be ill, and, according to
a strange Indian custom, invited the Onondagas to a
" medicine feast," which was supposed to cure the sick
man if each man ate all that was set before him. This
time each guest was provided with an enormous quan-
tity of food, and long before the feast was over the
French got out their boats and slipped quietly away.
When morning dawned, and the Indians discovered that
they had gone, they were far on their way towards Que-
bec and safety.

_ _ - Several \'ears after this it was rumoured

Defence of ^

the Long that the Iroquois, many of whom had
Sault, 6 O. ^yiiitei-ed on the Ottawa, were preparing
to attack the French from several points at once. But

URLS.

THE INDIANS AND THE >nSSIONARIES.

rs were too
eir earnest
ded. Year
:hough the
French, as
ng to wish

ve Nations,

srs to show

Is of work.

plot to get

Dnondagas

when the

off some

r Quebec ;

: lest their

atter soon

to escape,

rpose. A

:cording to

iagas to a

re the sick

iim. This

lous quati-

over the

^tly away.

vered that

ards Que-

rumoured

horn had

preparing

ince. But

Laval.

the danger was turned aside by the heroism of sixteen
young Frenchmen, under one named Dollard des Or-
meaux. They were joined b}' a few Indians, but some
of these went over to the enemy. Before leaving
Montreal the young men made their wills, took the
sacrament, and bade their friends farewell, for they
believed that they were going to their deaths. And so
it proved. For eight terrible days they held a rough fort
at the foot of the rapids, called the Long Sault, against
many hundred Iroquois. At last they were overpowered.
Not a single Frenchman lived to tell the talc, which
was carried to Montreal by three Indians. But they
had not died in vain, for the Iroquois had lost so many
of their braves that they put off their intended attack
on the colony.

In 1659, Francois de Laval, afterwards the
first bishop of Quebec, came from France
to be the head of the Roman Catholic Church in
Canada. He agreed with the Jesuits in many of their
ideas, and was a man of strong will and great influence
over others. He was exceedingly anxious that both the
French and Indian children of the colony should be well
taught, and that young men should be properly trained
for the priesthood ; and for these purposes he founded
a school or seminary at Quebec, giving up several large
grants of land to help in its support. In private he lived
a simple, self-denying life; but in public he insisted on
being treated, as head of the Church, with more honour
than the governor. This gave rise to many quarrels.
The Brandy Another long-standing cause of dispute
Traffic. ^^g ^j^^ g^j^ ^^ "fire-water" to the In-

dians. When once the passion for drink seized them
they would part with all they had to obtain it. Some

38 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

ii'

even sold their children for the sake of getting " French
milk," as they called it. When drunk they often com-
mitted the most dreadful crimes, but the traders insisted
on giving them brand)', declaring that without it they
would not sell their furs. The different governors
generally sided with them, though they were openly
breaking the law ; but Laval did his utmost to force
them to obey it.

The dispute was at its height when one day there
was a severe earthquake, l^ells rang, walls cracked,
and houses and steeples swayed to and ho like trees in
a strong wind. The people were terribly frightened.
They thought it a token of God's anger, and went in
crowds to confess their sins. But they were soon at
their old work of selling brandy again.
A Change of Laval had gone to France to beg the
Government. ]^i^g ^q ^i^^p ^he brandy traffic, and when

Louis XIV heard how poorly the Hundred Associates
had kept their promises, he decided to break up the
company, and to take the government of New France
upon himself

GIRLS.

ing " French
often com-
bers insisted
lout it they
t governors
ere openly
^st to force

day there
Is cracked,
ike trees in
frightened,
id went in
re soon at

^ beg the
and when
Associates
ak up the
cw France

CIIAPTRR VII.

EVENTS IN ACADIA FROM 1632 TO 1667.

Boundary
Quarrels.

While the Iroquois were trying to ruin the
French colony on the St. Lawrence, excit-
ing events were taking place in Acadia. When the
iMiglish gave up that country, by the Treaty of St.
Gcrmain-cn-Laye, no boundary line was agreed upon,
and the French and iMiglish colonists quarrelled bitterly.
Twice within a very short time the FngHsh traders were
robbed and driven from Penobscot, and the second time
the French kept the English fort.

In 1632, Isaac de Razilly, who had been
sent out by the Hundred Associates, took
possession of Port Royal. A few of the Scotch settlers
remained in the country, and .lOon becam.e almost as
r^rench as the French themselves. De P.azilly brought
with him a number of skilled workmen and labourers.
He worked hard for the good of Arcadia, but did not
live lor.g.

Strife for After his death two mc^i at once began a
Power. violent struggle for the chief pov/er. One

was Charles de la Tour, who has already been men-
tioned. The other was D'Aulnay Charnisay, a relation
of de Razilly's. Both were fur-traders and lieutenants
of the king, and each held a grant of land under the
government of the other. D'Aulnay, who had most

40 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR JiOYS AND GIRLS.

influence at court, obtained an order for La Tour to
go to France, but he refused to obey. At last war
broke out between them. D'Aulnay almost ruined
himself by borrowing large sums of money to fit out
vessels for the destruction of his enemy, and La Tour
obtained help from Boston.

Lady La Tour's wife, a brave Huguenot lady,

La Toui*. made a perilous journey to France to get
assistance for her husband. On her return voyage
D'Aulnay boarded the vessel, but she hid in the hold
and he did not find her. A short time later, during
the absence of her husband, he attacked Fort la Tour.
For several days Lady la Tour held out against him.
At last he induced her to oper the gates by promising
that her men should go free. But he basely broke his
word. He ordered all to be killed except one, whom
he obliged to hang the rest, while ^ ^dy la Tour stood
by, with a rope about her neck, forced to watch the
cruel deed. Three weeks later she died in prison.
D'Aulnay robbed the fort of all it contained, and
La Tour gave up the struggle and went to Quebec.
D'Aulnay D'Aulnay now ruled Acadia as if he were
its king. He would have no rivals, so he
drove out of the country a fur-trader named
Denys, who had once been his friend. Nevertheless, he
did some good things for Acadia. He built several
mills and small vessels, and, by making dykes or banks
of tree-trunks and eartn along the marshes to keep out
the water, he won two large farms from the sea. He
did not long enjoy his power, however, for in 1650,
about three years after he took Fort la Tour, he was
drowned in the river at Port Royal.

sole
Governor.

■'i

[RLS.

I Tour to

last war

St ruined

to fit out

La Tour

not lady,
ce to get
I voyage
the hold
r, during
la Tour,
inst him.
romising
)roke his
e, whom
ur stood
Itch the

prison,
ed, and
lebec.
le were

:, so he .

named
less, he
several

banks
ep out
I. He

1650,
le was

EVENTS IN ACADIA FROM 1632 TO 1667.

Le Borgne.

La Tour soon afterwards became governor of Acadia
in his stead, and married the widow of his rival. Dcnys
also returned. But they were not long left in peace.

In 1654 a man named Lc Borgne, to whom
D'Aulnay had owed large sums of money,
claimed the whole of Acadia. He brought with him.
several armed vessels, and was threatening to use
force, when an English fleet suddenly appeared on the
scene and obliged both La Tour and Le Borgne to
surrender.

The English England, when at war with Holland, had
'^'®®** sent this fleet to aid the people of New

England in an attack on the neighbouring Dutch
colony, afterwards known as New York. But peace
was declared before the attack could be made. Wish-
ing to fight some one, the colonists then proposed to
attack the French instead of the Dutch. France and
England were at peace, but perhaps an excuse was
found for the invasion in the old quarrel over the
boundaries. The whole of Acadia was soon in the
hands of the English.

La Tour's Having again lost his property, La Tour
Last Days. bethought himself of the title and lands
that had been offered to him by the English in his
father's lifetime, and, in spite of his former refusal of
these favours, he now requested that they might be
given to him. Accordingly a portion of Acadia, larger
than Great Britain, was given to him and two English
gentlemen. One of these, Sir Thomas Temple, spent
large sums of money on improving his lands ; but
La Tour soon sold his rights, and from that time till
his death lived quietly at St. John.

42 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR T.OVS AND OIRLS.

Acadia
Restored
to France.

For twelve years Acadia was under Enrr-
lish rule ; but during this time nothing
remarkable hapj^ened, and in 1667 the
country was restored to France by the Treaty of Breda,
p . Four years earlier, the Company of the

Edward Hundred Associates had granted Prince

* " ' Edward Island, then called Isle St. Jean,

to a captain in the navy. He started a few fishing
stations, but did little or nothing for the regular settle-
ment of the island.

Newfound- Many years earlier, the larger island of
land. Newfoundland had enjoyed a short period

of prosperity under the wise rule of Sir David Kirke.
By this time, however, a number of wealthy merchants,
who made much money from the fisheries, had begun to
think that Newfoundland would be spoiled as a fishing
station if colonists were allowed to go there, so they
did everything in their power to keep it wild and
unsettled.. Meanwhile the little French settlement at
Placentia was growing stronger every day.

IKLS.

nder Enr^-
le nothing-
1667 the
' of ]^recla.
ny of the
ed Prince
i St. Jean,
:w fishing
alar settle-
island of
Drt period
/id Kirke.
nerchants,
begun to
a fishing
, so they
wild and
emcnt at

CHAPTER VIII.

SOCIAL CONDITIONS UNDER THE COMPANIES.

The
Population.

Throughout this period, as vvc have seen,
nearly all the early attempts at settlement
were made by trading companies. This plan was fol-
lowed by other nations as well as by France. But the
companies did not keep their promises to bring out
settlers. Twenty years after the foundation of Quebec
there were only two hundred white i)eople in Canada.
The Hundred Associates began well, but when the
company was broken up, in 1663, the whole white
population of Canada numbered about 2,500, and could
easily have found shelter in one small tcnvn.

At first only fur-traders and missionaries came to
New France, but after a while a few families settled in
the country. Most of the people belonged to the lower
classes, but a few were untitled noblemen, who in
France had many privileges. Some of these "gentil-
hommes " did good duty as soldiers and explorers, but
others were useless and idle. Many were exceedingly
poor, but thought it beneath them to trade or work with
their hands. At last the king gave them leave to open
shops without losing their rank, and in time many
ceased to pride themselves upon being noblemen.

During this period the few private houses
were small and mean. They were roofed
with pine boards or thatched with grass, and were
often surrounded with palisades as a defence against

Buildings.

44 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR . OVS AND GIRLS.

the Indians. In spite of j^rcat fire-places they were
very cold. The snow drifted throujrh the cracks in
the \og walls, and sometimes had to be shovelled out
of the sleeping-rooms. The beds of the nuns at Siller)'
were " closed up with boards, like great chests." When
they arrived at Quebec, the only furniture of their
lodgings was a rough table and two benches. In
those days the tide washed nearly to the foot of the
rock at Quebec, and the religious houses, the hospital,
and the church were all on the heights. Amongst
them rose Champlain's turreted fort of St. Louis, built
of stone, with lime brought from France, and surrounded
by thick walls of logs and earth. In Montreal the mill
was fortified, and served to protect the settlement as
well as to grind its corn.

No doubt the cfovernors and their attend-
Dress.

ants tried to follow in their dress the ever-
changing fashions of the cities they had left. So we
may picture Quebec, on holidays at least, gay with
gentlemen in gorgeous silks and velvets ; Indians in
furs, wampum and feathers ; and traders in finery almost
as savage, contrasting sharply with the black and grey
gowns of the missionaries.

The colonists, both in Canada and Acadia,

preferred hunting and fishing to farming.
It was indeed difficult to clear the land. Till 1628 chere
was not a plough in the country. Both bread and
vegetables were dear, and settlers were advised to bring
with them enough flour to last for two years. Near the
St. Lawrence, eels were much used, especially by the
poor. They sold in the market at about twenty-five
cents per hundred, and were often smoked in the Indian
fashion for winter.

Food.

^LS.

SOCIAL CONDITIONS UNDER TIIi: COMPANIKS. 45

iicy were
: racks in
died out
fit Siller}'
When

of their
:hes. In
3t of the
hospital,
"\mongst
uis, built
Ttjunded

the mill
ment as

■ attend-
ee ever-
So we
ly with
ians in
' almost
id grey.

A.cadia,
irming.
8 chere
d and
) bring
^ar the
:>y the
ty-five
ndian

Domestic
Animals.

A few sheep, cows and pigs were sent to
Canada in i6c8. Forty years later one of
the governors brought out a horse. For seventeen years
there was not another one in the country, so it must
have been regarded as a curiosity. As there were no
horses or raihvaj-s, the people travelled by canoes in
summer and on snowshoes in winter.
Money and All manufactured articles were sent from
Trade. France, and the only exports were furs and

fish. Gold or silver money was very scarce. Wheat
and beaver-skins were sometimes used in its place, but
people generally exchanged one kind of goods for
another. The wages of a man for a year equalled
about twenty dollars of our present money. There
were no female servants in the colony — indeed there
were very few women of any rank.
Religion The missionaries, who were the teachers of

and Morals. ^|-,g f^^y children in the colony, had also
great influence over their elders. The church festivals
were the great da)'s for amusement. For instance,
that of St. Joseph, the patron saint of New France,
was marked by a great display of fireworks. In
Quebec and Montreal the priests sternly put down
drunkenness and bad language, but the fur-traders in
the woods often led a wild, wicked life. It was easy
to commit crimes and to escape punishment. The
governor was supposed to have great authority, but
his power really dep'^r.ded on his own tact and good
sense. Under the rule of the different companies there
was no regular system of justice. Often terrible wrongs
were committed, and on this account alone it was well
that the king had at last decided on making a change
in the government.

BOOK II.
NEW FRANCE AND ITS ROYAL (lOVERNORS.

CIIAPTKR I.

J)E TRACY AND TALON,

The

Sovereign
Council,
1663.

Canada had now become a royal province,
and Louis XIV put the government into
the hands of a council which had to
account only to himself for its actions.
Its three chief members were the governor, the bishop,
and the intendant. The governor had control of the
soldiers of the colony, and was regarded as its head.
But the intendant had as much real power. It was his
duty to see that the public money was spent properly,
and that the laws were obeyed ; and he was allowed, if-
he chose, to try cases instead of leaving them to the
regular courts. The council was to be guided by the
French laws known as the Custom of Paris. From the
first the plan of dividing the chief power amongst
several persons caused bitter quarrels.

The Iroquois were as troublesome as ever ;
Marquis but Canada was no longer neglected and

de Tracy. forgotten. The king sent out two thou-
sand persons at his own cost, and the Marquis de Tracy,
the viceroy of all the colonies of France, himself came

DK TKACV AND TAI-()N.

RXORS.

province,
lent into
had to
actions.
: bishop,
I of the
ts head,
was his
roperly,
nved, if-
to the
by the
om the
Tior-gst

3 ever ;
:d and

thou-
Tracy,

came

Invasion
of the
Iroquois
Country.

to Canada in lOCi^, to force the savap^cs to submit. lie
is flcscribed as a tall, stout old ^^cntleman ; and was
remarkable for zeal and humility in religious matters,
lie brought with him a lar^^e number of pafjes and
youn^c; noblemen, i^c^r^cous Kace and ribbons, and

^cjreat flowin^i; wii^s." With him there came, too, the
Cari^man res^iment, the first rei^ular soldiers ever sent
to Canada.

l^efore winter set in three forts were built

on the Richelieu, or Iroquois River, by

which the Five Nations

generally made their way
into Canada. This frightened them,
and three o( the tribes sent chiefs to
beg for peace. But the Mohawks sent
no messengers ; and, to increase the
desire for peace, a strong force was
ordered to attack them. It was Janu-
ary when the little army left Quebec,
led by the new governor, de C(jurcelle.
The soldiers, who had lately arrived a GkiTTi.e.m
from France, suffered terribly on the
march. Heavily burdened with provisions, unused to
walking in snowshoes, and too thinly clothed, many fell
behind to die. The rest pushed on. After weeks of
hardship they came upon the English, who had lately
made themselves masters of the Dutch colony — from
that time called New York — and were forced to turn
back without striking a blow. Later in the year de
Tracy led a larger force into the Iroquois country. The
march was difficult ; and the viceroy, too old to walk,
and unable to ride for want of roads, was carried in a

C.MAN Ol-'

TiiK Time.

CANADIAN HIST(JRV lOR 1K)VS AND OIRLS.

1 ^i;

chair at the licad of hi^ troops. The Mohawks fled
into the woods, but to show them that they were not
beyond the reach of punishment, the I'Vench burnt their
houses. Soon they sent to be^^ for peace, and a treaty
was made, which was kept for many years, though the
In(Hans still (juarrelled amongst themselves.
The First 1 he first intendant of New I'rancc was
Intendant. named Jean Talon. lie worked hard, visit-
ing the settlements and hearing all about the " little
affairs" of the colonists. In this way he learned
much which he turned to account for the j^ood of
New France. 1 le also examined the wootls and plants
and minerals of the country, i^-id sent specimens home
to France. Another (^ond thinj.; was th:<t he made
it easier than before for rich and poor alike to obtain
justice. But both he and his master, Colbert, the
chief minister of France, held ideas that would be
thoug^ht very strange n(3w-a-days. They did not believe
in giving the colonists more freedom than they could
help, but took care of them and their country as if they
were children.

Many of the soldiers who had served under dc Tracy
were persuaded to settle in the country, so that they
might act as a check on their old enemies, the Iroquois;
and the king continued to send out settlers at his own
expense. Amongst them came several large parties of
young women to be wives for the colonists ; and some-
times thirty marriages took place at Quebec in a single
day.

Seigneurial The king gave large grants of land to gen-
Tenure, tlemen, and sometimes to companies of
traders or churchmen, who held them by what wsls

iwks fled
were not
irnt their
I a treaty
(ju^^h the

nice was
;ir(l, visit-
le "little

learned
jTood of
id plants
ns home
ic made
[:> obtain
jert, the
ould be
t believe
ly could

if they

Tracy
at they
3quois;
lis own
rties of

some-
L single

to gen-
lies of
it was

I)K TKACV AM) TALON.

called Scigneurial Tenure. It was something like the
old Feudal System, which had once been followetl in
Europe. The gentlemen receiving grants were called
seigneurs. In return for them they undertook to clear
their lands in a certain time, and, gt)ing through a curi-
ous ceremony known as paying homage, promised to
be true to the king. Instead of cutting down the trees
and clearing the soil themselves, they divided their
land amongst men willing to work it and to pay a
small rent. Sometimes this rent was paid in money ;
oftener in grain, or live fowls, or some other farm pro-
duce. The seigneur might al.so demand a certain por-
tion of the fish caught by his tenants, and might require
them to use and pay for the use of his mill and oven.
But if the tenants paid the rent and kept to their agree-
ments, the seigneur could not oblige them to give up
their farms ; while if he did not see that his grant was
cleared in proper time, it might be taken away from
him.

The First The lands along the St. Lawrence were
Settlements, settled first, as the colonists all preferred
farms bordering on the river ; and the grants were gen-
erally divided into narrow strips, which often were ten
times as long as they were broad. The tenants usually
built their houses close to the water, in a row, like a
straggling village ; but in places exposed to the attacks
of the Indians, the cottages were clustered together, and
were surrounded by a palisade.

Generosity At this time the king's generosity knew no
of Louis XIV. |3Q^^j^ He gave the new settlers food
and tools, and cattle to stock their farms. He also
encouraged the colonists to start factories by granting

50 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR r.OVS AND CIRLS.

them money, or by giving orders that the goods when
finished should be used in the royal service. In this

HiJjDSom^^,

way ship-building was begun, and the making of cloth,
salt, rope, hats, and other articles ; but the people be-
came almost too ready to run to the intendant for help.

DE TRACY AND TALON.

The Fup
Trade.

The fur trade was still the most important

business in the colony. About a }'ear after

the Company of the Hundred Associates was broken

up, another company obtained a monopoly. But it was

soon taken away, for the plan, as usual, failed.

^ . Talon did his utmost to strenc^thcn New

Talon ^

and the France in every possible way. He tried to

Explorers. persuade the king to buy New York from
the English, and planned to make a road between the
settlements on the St. Lawrence and those in Acadia.
But neither of these ideas bore fruit. He also sent
explorers to seek an overland route to Hudson Bay.
Meanwhile the fur traders and missionaries were push-
ing their way westward, and in 167 1 the French form-
ally took possession of the region of the Great Lakes,
planting a cross at Sault Ste. Marie.

Talon was eager to send explorers farther into the
wilds, but his health failed, and in 1672 he returned to
France, De Courcelle, with whf)m he had always been
on good terms, left Canada at the same time.

Count de

Frontenac,

1672.-

CHAPTER II.

FRONTENAC AND LA SALLE.

Louis de Buade, Count de Frontenac, now
became governor. He had been a soldier
since he was fifteen, and was poor, proud
and hot-tempered. He quarrelled constantly with those
whose duty it was to help him to govern Canada, but
he showed a wonderful talent for managing the savages.
Soon after his arrival at Quebec, Frontenac formed a
little parliament or assembly, chosen from the three
different classes of clergy, nobles, and commons. He
also set the people to elect a mayor and two aldermen
for the government of the city. But Louis XIV did not
like these proceedings at all. He forbade the count ever
again to call the assembly t )gether, and said that "it,
was important that no man should speak for all, but
each only for himself."

Fort at By this time the Indian^:- had found that

Cataraqui. they could get better prices for their furs
from the English than from the French. They had
therefore begun to carry them to Albany ; but Fron-
tenac thought that if a French fort were built at Cata-
raqui, where Kingston now stands, much of the old
trade might be regained. He accordingly required
Quebec, Montreal, and Three Rivers each to provide
him with a certain number of labourers, and in July he

rswrWI

FRONTENAC AND T,A SALLE.

went to meet the Iroquois at Cararaqui. He took with

him four hundred men, two gorgeously painted boats,

and a great number of canoes. He called the Indians

"children," threatened them with punishment if they

dared to disobey him, and delighted their hearts with

presents. Then he set his men to build, and before he

left, only a few days later, a strong wooden fort had

risen in the wilderness before the wondering eyes of the

savages.

_^ The French were forbidden

The

Coureurs de to cfo into the woods unless
they had received from the
government special leave to trade with
the Indians • but many cared nothing
for the law. Perrot, the governor of
Montreal, w^as one of these. He em-
ployed a number of coureurs de bois^ as
the men who traded without leave were
called, and he even sold brandy to the
Indians with his own hands. There
were great disorders in Montreal, and
at last Frontenac threw Perrot into
prison. When this came to the ears of the king, he
blamed Perrot, but also blamed the governor for being
too high-handed, and sent out a new intendant, Duches-
neau, to be a check on him.

This only made matters worse. Duchesneau and
Frontenac each accused the other of unlawfully emplo}--
ing coureurs de bois, and found numberless other causes
of dispute, in which Laval sometimes joined. Amongst
these was the old question of the brandy trade, which
the governor would not put down.

iO'K?^.

A Canadian
Soldier.

54 CxVNADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

Explorers.

I ■

La Salle.

Frontenac wris as anxious as Talon to en-
courage the explorers. During his rule
many discoveries were made. Louis Joliet and the
Jesuit Marquette found their way to the Mississippi ;
and Du Luth, the daring leader of a band of coureiirs
de bois, explored the regions about Lake Superior.

A still more notable discoverer was La
Salle. He belonged to a rich old French
family, and was educated in the schools of the Jesuits.
He came to Canada at the age of twenty-three, and
received a grant of land near Montreal, which, in allusion
to his hope of finding the long-sought western passage
to China, was named *' La Chine." He soon wearied
of improving his grant, and went exploring and trading
instead. Then the governor gave him another grant at
Cataraqui, where he built a stone fort in place of Fron-
tenac's wooden one. A little later he went to France
and obtained leave to build forts in the west, and to
search for a way to Mexico by the Mississippi. For his
expenses he was to have the sole right of trading in'
buffalo hides.

From the first La Salle was unfortunate. He tried
to build a fort at Niagara and failed ; his vessels were
wrecked, and his creditors, pretending to think him
dead, seized his property at Fort Frontenac. He was
so much disappointed that he gave the name of Creve-
coeur, or Heartbreak, to a fort which he built on the
Illinois. From that place he made a terrible journey
on foot, through spring floods and half-melted snow, to
obtain* fittings for a ship he was building. He was
si::ty-five days in reaching Fort Frontenac. Soon after-
wards he heard that his own men had destroyed Fort
Crevecoeur and carried off his goods.

■«ui^

FRONTENAC AND LA SALLE.

Still La Salle kept on trying to make his way to the
mouth of the Mississippi. At last, in the sprin<; of 1682,

after a toilsome journey down the river, he Lad the joy
of standing on the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. He
claimed the country for the king of France, calling it

56 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

Louisiana in his honour, the name afterwards used for
the whole region lying between the Rocky Mountains
and the Alleghanies,

_ Meanwhile great changes were taking place

Recalled, in Canada. Tired of their quarrels, Louis
XIV recalled both Frontcnac and Duches-
neau. The new governor, La Barre, proved a bitter
enemy to La Salle. He seized Fort Frontenac, and
gave the Iroquois leave to kill the explorer.
La Sfille's But La Salle again went to France, and
Colony. ^^g p^^ jj-^ command of an expedit'on to

plant a colony on the Mississippi. Unhappily every-
thing went wrong. The leaders of the party quarrelled,
and missing the mouth of the river, sailed far past it.
At last La Salle built a fort on the coast of Texas, but
afterwards he tried again and again to reach the Mis-
sissippi. In the meantime his ships were lost, and, after
three years of misery, he set out by land to try to bring
help to his colonists from Canada. Once he was forced
to return. On making a second attempt he was mur-
dered by his men, whom he had sometimes treated
harshly. But two or three of his companions managed
to reach Canada, and Tonty, one of his few faithful
friends, made a brave attempt to rescue the unfortunate
colonists on the Gulf of Mexico. He failed to reach
them, however, and they were all murdered or made
captive by the Indians.

^dt

I seel for
>untains

Jg place
', Louis
3uches-
i bitter
ac, and

ce, and
t'on to
every-
rrelled,
3ast it.
as, but
le Mis-
1, after

bring
forced

mur-
reated
naged
uthful
unate
reach
made

La Barre
and the
Iroquois.

CHAPTER III.

LA BARRE AND DENONVILLE,

La Barre, the new governor, seems to have
hoped to make a fortune from the fur
trade. Soon he had a number of coiireurs
de bois in his own service. He used the king's canoes
to carry his goods, and left Fort Frontenac so defence-
less that the Iroquois robbed it of all it contained. The
Indian wars still continued, and La Barre did not try to
stop them so long as they did no harm to the fur trade.
But when the Iroquois attacked a party of his own
traders, and seized their canoes, he raised a great for».e
to punish them. A large number of Indians joined him,
some of whom travelled hundreds of miles in the hope
of seeing the Iroquois humbled. Dongan, the gover-
nor of New York, warned the Five Nations of the
intended attack, but offended them by claiming that
they were under his government.

After working hard to get ready for war. La Barre's
courage all melted away. Without striking a blow, he
made a disgraceful treaty with the Iroquois, leaving at
their mercy the tribes living near the Illinois River, who
looked to the French for protection. Upon this !iis
Indian allies went home in disgust. The colonists were
no better pleased, and in the following year La Barre
was recalled and his treaty declared not binding on the

French.

S8 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR I50YS AND GIRLS.

Denonville.

Tlic Marqui; dc Denonville, who was
appf)intcd go -ernor in 1685, appears to
have been really anxious fo,- the good of Canada. He
did not soil his hands with unlawful trade, but was too
ready, like the Indians themselves, to try to gain his
ends by cunning. Soon after his arrival he
met some of the Iroquois at Cataraqui, hop-
ing to per uiade them to make peace with the
Illinois Indians. They refused, so he
^, aslicd for more troops from France. In
the meantime he sent the Jesuit Lamber-
ville to the Five Nations to talk of
peace, deceiving him as well as
them.

A short time later Denonville
committed a shocking act of
treachery. He invited nearly a
hundred of the Iroquois living near Cataraqui, wh(j had
taken no part in the war, to a feast at Fort Frontenac.
On their arrival they were bound to posts in the court-
yard, and after being kept for several days without food
or shelter, were sent in chains to France to work as
slaves, rowing the king's great boats.
Lamberville'sLamberville, who was still living with the
Eficape. Onondagas, was now in great danger, but

he had won the love of the old men, and it is said that
this saved his life. The young warriors were absent
when the news of Denonville's treachery reached the
tribe, and their eldciS sent Lahiberville b-ick to i.'s own
people in haste, lest on their return the hot-blooded
young braves should slay him for the v/rong in which he
had had no hand.

Peace Fife.

:ls.

'ho vvas
pears to
da. He
vvas too
?ain his
rival he
|ui, hop-
vvith the
, so he
ice. In
^amber-
) talk of
U'ell as

lonville
act of
-arly a
'"lo had
itenac.
court-
It food
Jrk as

^h the
;r, but
1 that
.bsent
d the
! own
)oded
:hhe

LA I^ARRE AND DENONVILLE.

Invasion of
the Seneca
Country.

Denonvillc, at the head of a host of TVcnch
soldiers, coureiirs de hoisy and wild Indians
from the west, now pushed into the Iro-
quois country. But Donj^an had again put them on
tiieir guard. The Senecas fled to the woods, and the
French destroyed theii dwellings and their crops of
growing corn, in the hope that hunger would force them
to submit. The other Iroquois nations and the luiglish
* supplied them with food, however, and Dongan, declar-
ing that Denonville had invaded English territory, pre-
pared to help the Senecas to defend themselves.
Iroquois But merely defending themselves did not

Outrages. ^^j^ ^|-,g Iroquois. For two terrible years

they prowled through the country, preventing the
western Indians bringing down their furs to Moii.real,
and murdering and scalping the settlers who ventured
into the fields. It was impossible to till the ground.
Food was iiold at famine prices. New France was
threatened with ruin, and Denonville's courage failed.
He agreed, like La Barre, to a treaty in which his
Indian allies were not mentioned. But a Huron chief
named Kondiaronk, or " The Rat," found a way, as
he said, " to kill the peace."

The Rat's He lay in wait for a party of Iroquois, and
°** slew several, pretending tliat he had never

heard of the treaty, and was acting by Denonville's
orders. When told of the treaty, he professed the
utmost horror at the governor's treachery, and set all
his captives at liberty except one, whom he said he
intended to adopt. But instead of adopting him, he
took him to the fort at Michillimackinac, and he was
shot by the French, who really had not heard of the

60 CANADIAN IIISTORY FOR llOVS AND T.IRLS.

li-

peace. The wil\' Rat next scut home an old Iroquois
who had been imprisoned in the fort, bidcHnj^ him tell
his people what he had seen of the treachery and cruelty
of the I'^rench. lie obeyed, and his countrymen pre-
pared in silence for a friirhtful revenge.

.- . On the niidit of Aui^ust 4th, 1680, the people

Massacre of ^ . . !

Lacriine, o{ the long, straggling village of Lachine
went quietly t{j rest, little thinking tiiat
under cover of the darkness and of a raging storm fifteen
hundred Senecas were gathering about their homes.
Before morning dawned a terrific war-whoop rent the
air. Doors and windows were battered in, and a hor-
rible slaughter began. Strong men, gray-haired women,
and little children were heartlessly slain. The Indians
maddened themselves with the brandy they found in the
village, and after robbing its houses of all they contained,
they set them (mi fire. For seven miles and a half a line
of blazing buildings lit the dark waters of the St. Law-
rence, while the people of Montreal looked on help-
lessly, in agonizing fear and rage. At da)'break a
French officer, Subercase, started in pursuit of the
savages, but Denonville sent after him in hot haste,
forbidding him to attempt the rescue of the wretched
prisoners. Unopposed, the I rnr)Uf)is now spread them-
selves over twenty miles of open country, slaving and
destroying without hindrance. For weeks they lingered
in the neighbourhood. At last, after burning five pris-
oners opposite Lachine, where the fires could be seen
by the friends of the sufferers, they paddled past
Montreal uttering frightful yells to tell the number of
their captives. Two hundred are believed to have
peiished In the massace, while one hundred and

KLS.

LA I'.AKkl': AM) DKNONVILLl-:

Iroquois
; liim tell
iH cruelty
men pre-

fie people
Lachijie

>n|:j tiiat

m fifteen *
homes.

rent the

I a hor-
women,
Indians

fl in the

ntained,

If a line

t. Law-

n help-

•reak a

of the
haste,

'etched
them-

ly^ a/ id

iigered

- pris-

e seen
past

ber of
iiave
and

twenty were captured alive, to endure untold tort

ures

<.n reachin^r the Indian villages, or to bee
bond-slaves of the savaj^^es.

The people had lost all faith in Dc

oine the

all taith ni Uenonville, and in
October Frontenac again took the reins of government
from his feeble hands.

ciiAPrr.R IV.

STRIFE JN ACADIA AND ON HUDSON HAY.

St. Castin.

'oir Thomas' 'riioiirrh Ac.'ulia had been ^n'vcn up t(t
lemple. I<'raiicc by the treaty of Breda, in 1667, Sir

Tlioinas 'rein[>le tried hard to keep the ^rant on wliich
lie had spent so much money. He was forced to loose
his hold, however, and in 1670 lie left Acadia a ruined
man.

At this time there were only 450 white
people in Acadia, and Penobscot was the
onl}' fortified place. Once it was taken by the Dutch,
but it was afterwards held for many years by a French-
man of good family, the Haron de St. Castin. He mar-
ried an Indian princess, and became rich in the fur trade.
He was chief of a band cjf conrcurs de bois, who made
his house their head-quarters. He kept a priest or two
to teach the Indians, over whom he had great influence,
but he himself led a wild, savage life.
_. At this time the governors of Acadia were

Governors so anxious to make money that they took
o ca la. j^^ notice of the laws. Perrot, formerly
governor of Montreal, was one of them. They unlaw-
fully sold brandy to the Indians, and fishing licenses to
the PLnglish. As a rule the French government left them
to do as they liked, only now and then troubling them
by a sudden and inconvenient interest in their doings.

STKii'i: IN ac:ai)Ia and on HUDSDN l^AV.

Attacks on
Penobscot.

Ill 1688 Penobscot was taken by the g«)V-
eriior of New York, who held that it was
within the ICn^^lish boiiiulan' Hne. St. Castin fled to
the woods, and appealed for lielp to his Indian friends.
Some }ears earlier a terrible war had ra^ed betweeii
them and the peoi)le of New I'jij^land. It had left be-
hind a feelinij of bitter hatred, so the Indians were read)-
enoii^di to fi^dit. The\' retook Tenobscot, killini; a num-
ber of persons who gave themselves up on promise of
mere)', and for many months th(n' marie frecjuent raids

on the ICnglish borders.

During these

The English

at Hudson )'ears

Bay.

the

I'OKT NEI-SON.

traders near
Hudson Bay had led an ^
exciting- life. Though the
country had been given
to I'Vancc by the Treaty
of St. Germain-cn-Layc, Charles II, king of England,
granted it in 1670 to some of his subjects, who formed
the famous Hudson's Bay Compan\', which is still in
existence. Prince Rupert, the king's cousin, vas its
first head, and in his honour the country was called
Rupert's Land. The company built several little forts
on the shores of the great bay, and the Indians began
to carry their furs to them instead of to the French
trading-post at Tadoussac.

Radisson Upon this the French remembered their
and des lon;^-neglected claim to the Hudson I^ay

country, and formed what was called the
Company of the North. In 1682 this company sent
two vessels to the Bay, commanded by Radisson and

r)4 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

I !

des Groselliers, two Frenchmen who had been in the

service of the EngHsh traders. They built a fort, which

they called Bourbon, robbed and burned one of the

EngHsh trading-posts, and returned to Canada with

a great quantity of furs. Not being pleased with the

treatment they received, however, they again deserted to

the English, putting Fort Bourbon into the hands of the

latter as a peace-offering.

1-1. f ■• 1. A little later two Frenchmen found their
The English

Driven from way by streams and lakes from Hudson
the Bay. -g^^ ^^ ^^^ Ottawa, and thence to the St.

Lawrence. The French and English were supposed to
be at peace, but a force was promptly sent by this new
route to attack the English posts on the Bay. Taken
by surprise, their garrisons were easily overpowered,
and were packed off to England in a small vessel.
They were very angry, but James II, then king of
England, was so taken up by a struggle with his own
subjects that he had no wish to quarrel with the French.
Thus for several years they were left in undisturbed
possession of the forts.

The Soon, however, James II was driven from

in^Engiand ^^^^ throne of England, and was succeeded
1688. by his son-in-law, William of Orange, the

untiring foe of the French king. Louis stirred up a
rebellion in Ireland, and made plans for wresting New
York from the English ; but they were no longer ham-
pered by the indifference of their king, and the strife
was fierce and long.

CHAPTER V.

COUNT DE FRONTENAC AGAIN.

New France When Frontenac returned to New France
In Danger. -^^ 1689, the colony seemed to be on the
brink of destruction. England was at war with France,
the Iroquois were as insolent as ever, and the Hurons
and Ottawas were threatening to desert the French,
and to make a treaty with their foes.

Frontenac had brought back all of Denonville's cap-
tives who were still alive. He succeeded in winning
their friendship, but they could not persuade their kins-
men to lay down their arms.

The Three Determined to regain the respect of the
War Parties. Indians, Frontenac followed their own sav-
age plans and made up three war parties, of I-^rench-
men, Canadians, and Indians, to attack the border
villages of New England.

After a toilsome winter march of seventeen days,
one of these parties reached Schenectad}-, near Alban\'.
Finding it unguarded they waited till dark, then stealth-
ily surrounded the houses and shrieked the war-whoop.
The defenceless people started from their beds to be
brutally murdered or carried away captive. A few in-
deed escaped to Albany, but before they could bring
help Schenectady was in ashes. Many of the prisoners
died on the hurried niarch through the snow. The
S 65

66 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

Other war parties followed the same plan. They spared
neither young nor old, and took many prisoners, a
number of whom they gave to the Indians ; but later
they bought back some of them and treated them
kindly.

Effect of These cruel raids restored Frontenac's in-
the Raids. fluence over the Indians. The Iroquois
became less insolent, and in the .'•ummer the tribes of
the upper lakes brought down to Montreal an immense
quantity of furs. A great Indian council was held.
Frontenac loaded the chiefs with presents, and himself
led the war-dance and song. A solemn feast followed,
of dogs' flesh, beef, and prunes, all boiled together.
Both the Indians and the colonists were now in high
good humour with the governor, and his council bow^d
slavishly to his will. But his war parties had enraged
the English, and, expecting an attack, he strengthened
the defences of Quebec.

Invasion of It was not a moment too soon. A fleet
Acadia. from Boston had already taken all the

French forts in Acadia, and had made the settlers swear
to obey King William III. It was commanded by Sir
William Phips, who had made a fortune by recovering
the cargo of a Spanish treasure-ship sunk fifty years
before. He now carried back to Boston enough plunder
to pay the cost of the expedition, and the Englifh col-
onists proudly planned to conquer Canada,

The Attemot -^^^^P^' ^^'^^^^ ^^^^ fleet, was ordered to attack
on Canada, Quebec, while a land force marched on

1690 ^

Montreal. But the \\hole scheme failed.
The army, rendeied powerless by smallpox, bad man-
agement, and the squabbles of its officers, never reached

•<

COUXT Die iR(.)NTi;NAC A(.;AIN.

Montreal ; and though Phips sailed up to Quebec, and
summoned P^'ontenac to surrender, he met with such a
hot reception from the great guns of the town that he
quickly made his way home again.

Had Phips sta}'ed a little longer, hunger would have
forced the P^rench to sur-
render. As he sailed
down the river the }'early
store-ships from P^'ance
were sailing up ; but un-
der cover of a fog they
escaped up the Saguen-
ay, where the luiglish
dared not follow. There
was great rejoicing when
they arrived at Quebec.
A flag, shot from Phips'
mast-head, was hung in
the cathedral, and the
church of "Notre Dame
des Victoires," as it is
now called, was built in
memory of the defence
of the town.

Church of Notre Damk uks Victoires.

Villebon.

A little after this a clever Canadian named
Villebon was appointed governor of Aca-
dia. Pie soon regained Port Ro}'al, but built a new
fort for himself some distance up the St. John River.
Thirteen Indian chiefs had made a treaty with Phips;
but Villebon persuaded them to break it, and many
limes during the next six years they cruelly raided the
New England borders.

CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOVS AND GIRLS.

Iroquois
Raids.

f i

On the other hand, even Frontenac could
not put a stop to the attacks of the Iro-
quois. But his stern spirit seemed to move his people,
and more than once fortified houses were boldly
defended by women and children, who had learned in
those trouWous times to use fire-arms almost as well
as their brothers and fathers.

The Defence For several days a large fortified house at
Vercheres. Vcrcheres was held by a girl of fourteen,

with a garrison of two women, two
little boys and two men, who had
only been anxious to escape till em-
boldened by Madeleine's courage.
Outside prowled a host of savage
Iroquois ; but through the long dark
nights the cry of " All's well ! " rang
from bastion to bastion, and the
Indians dare not try to enter.
The Fup For three years after the

Trade. great council held at

iMontreal, the western Indians d'l
not venture to bring dew:" their fur...
At last Frontenac engaged a great
company of coureurs de bois to protec. them on their
journey, and thus two hundred fur-laden canoes reached
Montreal. Some time later frontenac again invaded
the country of the Iroquois, and destroyed their crops,
but as usual they fled before him.

In the same year the French tried to drive
the English from Newfoundland. Le
Moyne d' Iberville, a Canadian of noble birth, burnt
St. John's, and destroyed most of the settlements along

Newfoundland Fisher-
man.

D'Iberviiie.

COUNT I)E l-RONTENAC AGAIN.

at
d'-l
ur...
rcat
heir
hed
ided
ops,

the coast, depri\ ing the flsh.crmen of food and shelter in
the bitter winter weather,

In the following spring he sailed to attack the English
forts on Hudson Bay. They had already changed hands
many times ; and d'Iberville, who had himself captured
them twice, wrote to King Louis that he " was tired
of retaking them every year." This time the P>ench
had a bad voyage. Their store-ship sank, and their
other vessels were separated in the ice, but d'Iberville
again succeeded in driving the
English traders from the Bay.

The Treaty ^ ^^^'^^^^ ^^ P^^'^^^
of Ryswick, between France and

* England was now

signed at Ryswick, but this was
not known in America till 1698.
Much to the disgust of the Hud-
son's Bay Company, the French
were allowed to keep the forts they
ha J taken.

Frontenac's The Iroquois were

Death. losing their strength in the long wars, and

were at last beginning to wish for peace ; but before a
treaty could be made, Frontenac fell ill and died. He
was nearly eighty, but to the end his mind was clear
and his energy untiring.

p Soon afterwards peace was made with the

with the Five Nations, and in 1701 another great

lro(|uois. council was held at Montreal. To it came
Indians of many different tribes, and instead of writing
their names their chiefs signed the treaty with totems
or rude drawings of birds, animals, and trees.

Inupan Totems.

it !; fl

70 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND CURLS.

Ml
Nil

No one denounced the war more earnestly than old
Kondiaronk, the Rat, who had once " killed the peace."
But he was very ill, and died the ni^ht after the treaty
was concluded. He was buried with greet ceremony,
and was followed to the grave by a long procession of
Indians and Frenchmen, including the governor and all
his attendants.

^ th f Louis XIV seems to have thought that
French New France was becoming too large, for

Possessions, ^^ ^^^^ ^-^^^ j^^ ordered his subjects to

leave the forts in the west. But he did not insist on
this, and his dominions went on growing.

About the year 1700 d' Iberville founded a colony
near the mouth of the Mississippi. His people suffered
woefully from disease, famine and the enmity of the
Indians, but they stayed in Louisiana ; and, as we shall
see, the founding of this colony had an important effect
on the history of Canada.

To strengthen their hold on the Great Lakes, the
French built a fort at Detroit in 1701, though both the
Iroquois and the English tried to prevent it.

CHAPTER VI.

QUEEN AXNE'S WAR.

Outbreak
of War.

the
the

In 1702 France an:l England again went
to war, for reasons that did not concern the
American colonies. But the latter immediately joined
in the strife, which is known in Canadian history as
" Queen Anne's War," because it raged throughout her
reign.

De Vaudreuil, the governor of New France, afraid of
provoking the Iroquois, sent no war parties against New
York ; but he stirred up the Abenaki tribes to desolate
the New England borders with fire and sword. In
revenge a fleet from Boston destroyed the villages, and
broke down the dykes on the Bay of Fundy. But all
the while the English colonists continued to trade with
the Acadians and to catch fish along their coasts.

In 1707 the people of New England tried twice to
take Port Royal. Neither soldiers nor officers, however,
knew anything of war, and they were easily beaten off.
But they only planned greater things.

p. . Once more they proposed to conquer Can-

Attack ada, if only to stop the dreadful Indian

anada. raids. England promised a fleet, and the

different colonies engaged to raise men and money.
Some of the troops were sent at once towards Lake
Champlain to be ready to attack Montreal. But they

72 CANADI\N IIISTORV VQR ]50VS AND CURLS,

passed several dreary weeks cooped up in a hastily-built
fort where many sickened and died. At last they were
obliged t(3 return ht)me without doing anything. Meati-
while the rest of the forces idled away their time in
Boston, till in the autumn came news that the prom
ised fleet had been sent elsewhere. The colonists wer,^
vexed and disappcjintcd, but asked that they might ^.j
aided to capture Port Royal in the following year.
Port Royal Again help was
Taken, 171C ^ -omised, but delay
folk^-; .•-! c. :ia/, and autumn had
onc" »73.>re come round before
the Enghsh iii\.i sailed into the
harb(jur of Port Royal. The
garrison was small and the forti-
fications poor. It surrendered in
a week. Its name was changed
to Annapolis Royal in honour
of the queen, and with it the
whole country came under the
rule of England.
... . Next year a large force was sent from

Canada, England to conquer Canada. Counting

the colonists, twelve thousand men sailed
from Boston to attack Quebec, while a smaller force
again marched towards Montreal. De Vaudreuil had
less than three thousand five hundred fighting men, and
all Canada waited in breathless anxiety. But the Eng-
lish leaders had been chosen, not because they were
good soldiers, but because they were in favour at court,
and they met with nothing but disaster and disgrace.
A storm overtook them in the St. Lawrence, and through

An English Gentleman of
THE Time.

,«,

QUEEN ANNES WAR.

carelessness ten vessels were shattered on the rocks and
nine hundred men lost their lives. Still the Kn^Hish far
outnumbered the detenders of Quebec ; but their dis-
heartened leaders would go no farther. On hearing- this
nev;s the troops on the way to Montreal angriT re-
turned hom'\ for they could do nothini^ alone, 'i > the
Canadians their deliverance seemed almost miraculous,
and every month for a year the priests of Quebec
chanted the song of Moses on the overthrow of the
lilgyptians in the Red Sea.

p , In Europe the English Duke of Marl-

Utrecht, borough had won a number of splendid

victories. Louis T i v 'lad at last become
anxious for peace, and in 171 ' tl. Treaty of Utrecht
was signed. By it the Erenc^" ^'^ "o gave up all claim to
the Hudson Bay territory, TTev oundland and Acadia,
but kept the little uninhab' ^^ Island of Cape Breton.
It was also agreed that the French might catch and dry
fish along the shores of Newfoundland. This afterwards
gave rise to trouble. So did the want of a clear boun-
dary line between the French and English provinces.
The French said that the name Acadia only meant the
southern part of Nova Scotia, while the English claimed
that it stood for the whole of what is now Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick, and part of Maine.

» '

Louisbourg

Founded,

1713.

Acadians.

CIIAI'TICR VII.

TROVliLOUS TIMES IN ACADIA.

Tlic French l<in<^, who had been most iin-
wiUini,^ to <^ivc up Acadia, evidently meant
to take the first chance of ^ettin^ it back.
On the south-east of his little Island of Cape Hreton was
a harboin* where a whole fleet of men-of-war could ride
safely at anchor. On this was built a strongly fortified
town, which was called Louisbour<T.
The The Acadians were now much to be pitied.

They were simple, hard-working folk, living
on the low-lying coast-lands,
which at high tide had been
covered with salt v/ater, till
great banks of tree-trunks and
clay were built to keep it out.
There is little doubt that, left to themselves, they would
have contentedly obeyed their new rulers. This, how-
ever, was not what their former governors wanted.
They tried to induce the Acadians to leave their rich
farms and go to Louisbourg ; but they would not.
The Oath of In 1714, when George I came to the throne
Allegiance, ^f England, the Acadians were required to
take the oath of allegiance to him — that is, to swear to
obey him — but de Vaudreuil threatened to set the In-
dians upon them if they did so. Accordingly they re-
fused to take the oath, and the governor of Nova Scotia,

Old Lamp ikom Louisboukc;.

TROU15LOUS TIMi:S IN ACADIA.

The

Debatable

Lands.

having few KtiL^lish soldiers or even colonists at his back,
was too weak to force tiiem to obey. Anollier governor,
riiilips, had no better success; and soon they refused to
sell food to the garrison. In i/JO they began to make
a road by which to take their cattle out of the country;
but Phlli[)s stoj)ped the work, and forbade any family to
take away more than two sheep. ;\t last a few of V\j
people near iAnnajjolis consented to take the oath on
condition that tiu'\' were not to be asked to fi<'ht for
King George. The rest refused to do e\en this, and
some left their homes and accepted grants of land fn un
the French in the country north of the iiay of J'undy,
which was claimed both b}- h'rance and ICngland.

Meanwhile l^nglish colonists were pushing
into other parts of the debatable lands, and
de Vaudreuil, not caring to attack them
openly in time of peace, hounded on the Indians against
them. He gave the warriors guns and gunpowder, and
provided food for their families while they were away.
On the other hand, the assemblies of the English
colonics grudged the cost of defending the outlying
settlements, and it was only ^\ hen roused by some
unusually horrible outrage that they made any serious
attempt to check the raids. At last the Indians them-
selves grew tired of war and made peace.

In the )-ear 1725 the P^rench built a fort

New Forts. ^ xr. n r. 1 ^1 i- i- 1

at iSiagara. boon alterwards the J^^nglish

built one at Oswego, on Lake Ontario, in the hope of

increasing their trade with the western Indians. Not to

be outdone, the French next built a trauing-post

where Toronto now stands, and another, some time

later, at Crown Point, on Lake Chaniplain.

76 CANADIAN niSTOKV lOR HOVS AND (JIRLS.

La Verendrya About the s.iine year (i/jl) Si'c'iir de la
and hia Sons. VY-rcndryc set out with three of liis sons
to trade and to seek a way to tlie western ocean. They
explored a wide stretch of country, two of the young
men even reaching the Rocky Mountains ; and they
built trading posts on Lake Winnipeg and Lake Atha-
basca, and at other places in the wilderness. But they
were all unfortunate, and received little reward fur their
toil.

CIIAI'TKR VIII.

THE WAR or THE AUSTRIA A' .SUCCKSSION.

War in In 1741 tlic War of ih.e Austrian Succos-

Europe. j,j,),^ broke out in luiropc. Franrc aiul

England took opposite sides, though they did not f rni-
ally declare war upon each other till 1744. Their
colonies in America then tried to settle the vexed cjues-
tion of the boundary line by force of arms.

_. _ . News of the declaration of war reached
The French

Attack Louisbour^ before it reached l^oston, and

ova CO la. ^ strong force was quickly sent to attack
Nova Scotia. The fort at Canso was taken and burnt.
The invaders next turned to Annai)olis, expectinj^ an
easy victory, for its defences were crumblini,^ into ruins,
its garrison was weak, and the I'Vench thouj^ht that the
Acadians would rise and help them. But the Acadians
did nothing, and the governor held out till a force from
Boston came to his aid.

g. - In return the English colonists boldly

Louisbourg, decided to attack Louisbourg, which was
now the strongest fortress in America.
The town was surrounded by great stone walls and a
wide, deep ditch.

The expedition was planned b)' Shirley, the governor
of Massachusetts, but it was led by a merchant named
William Pepperell. He was brave, sensible, and a
favourite with his men, but had never seen a cannon
fired

" in anger."

78 CANADIAN IIISTORV TOR liUVS AND GIRLS.

Pcppcrcir.s force consisted of about 4,000 untrained
men. His guns were small, but trusting to obtain more
fn MTi the enemy, he carried balls to fit heavier c:,nnon.
lie re-took Canso, and waited there, drilling his raw
troops on the shore, till he was joined by a small Engl'^h
fleet under Commodore Warren.

Louisbourg was garrisoned by 2,000 soldiers, but was

GULF

O F

ST LAWREHCE

PRINCt£OWAR

{■ , [« Y/\f»n.NcETr«.'N ISLAND',.

New

ill-supplied with food, and its commander was unequal
to his task. Almost before a blow had been struck, he
ordered a large battery to be given up. His enemies
thus obtained thirty heavy guns, and found a use for
their large cannon balls. The unskilful gunners burst
many of the cann(jn, but kept up a brisk fire. At last,
to the great joy of the colonists, Louisbourg surrendered.
Feppereli was made a baronet, and England paid the

THE WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION.

fe^

qual
<, he
mi OS
'2 for
3urst
last,
:red,
the

cost of the expedition. But the garrison left in the

shattered town suffered cruellv from cold and liuncrcr.

, . In the followinfj year, 1746, the New Imii^-

Invasion ^ -^ » / ^ > t>

of Canada landers raised a large force, hoping with

E3l ^% n n ^k #4

help from Tjigland to conquer Canada.
But no help was sent, and news came that a French
fleet was crossing the ocean, so the colonists stayed at
home to defend their own shores.

The Krench But this I'^rench fleet was tcrril)ly unfortu-
Fleets. nate. It was delayed first by contrary

winds, then by a calm. A fearful tempest sank some
o^ the shi})s and disabled others. Tn)()d fell short, and
many of the sailors became ill. On reaching Nova
Scotia, the admiral died suddenl\', the .second in com-
mand killed himself, and La Jonciuiere, upon whom the
leadership now fell, returned to l^Vance in despair, though
he had been appointed governor of Canada.

Next year La Jonquiere sailed from h>ance with
another fleet, but had hardly put to sea when he was
met and defeated by the I^nglish inider Anson. Many
of his ships were captured, and he was made j)risoner.

T-i. r I- I. Durinc]^ this year, however, a body of Cana-
The English *^ -^ ' ' -'

Surprised by dians, after marching for eighteen days
e renc . throygi^ deep snow-drifts, surprised a large
party of New Englanders encamped at Grand Pre, killed
many, and forced the rest to leave the province. This
made the Acadians more difficult to inanaLre than
before. But the Briti^.h rulers still neglected to
strengthen their governor's hands, and the assemblies
of New England to(jk little trouble to prevent the
raids c^f the French and Indian scalping parties, which
were again causing frightful misery on their borders.

8o CANADIAN HISTORY FOR 150VS AND (JIRLS.

William The French tried to persuade their old

Johnson. enemies, the Iroquois, to take part in these
raids ; but they were held firm to the English cause b\'
a young Irishman, William Johnson. He was a great
favourite with them, and the Mohawks adopted him as
a chief.

Treaty of At last the war came to an end, but, to
ciraDeMe ^^^ great vexation of the English colon-

1748. ists, Louisbourg was restored to France

by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.

r)ld
hesc

reat
n as

:, l:o
lon-
mce

CHAPTER IX.

THE BOUNDARY QUARRELS.

La During La Jonquicrc's captivity, Count

Galissoniere. ^^ \^ Galissoniere, also a naval officer,
acted as governor of Canada. He made collections of
the products of the country, encouraged La Vcrendrve's
north-western explorations, and tried to take possession
of the Ohio valley for France. He begged that forts
might be built and colonists sent to people the great
west. The forts were built, but they only provoked the
English, and the colonists ntver came.

La Galissoniere also tried to persuade or to frighten
the Acadians to move into the debatable land which we
now call New Brunswick. One of his most active agents
was a Jesuit named Le Loutre; but many of the Roman
Catholic fathers had a higher idea of their dut\'. The
priest at Grand Pre, for instance, refused to mix him-
self up with the governor's plots.

The British During these years, though the P>ench
Government, -^y^j-e so eager to regain the country.
Nova Scotia was utterly neglected by its l^ritish rulers.
But at last they suddenly became anxious to make it
into a British province in fact as it was in name ; and
soldiers, farmers, merchants, and skilled workmen were
persuaded, by the offer of free lands and free living
for a v^hole year, to go out thither.
6 8i

I-

82 CANADIAN IIISTORV FOR I30YS AND GIRLS.

Halifax

Founded,

1749.

In the summer of 1749, 2,500 English col-
onists entered Chebucto Harbour. Land-
ing at the foot of a hill, so thickly wooded
that *'no clear spot was to be seen or heard of," they
br jan to cut down the trees and to put up shelters for
themselves. Most of these were rude log huts, but
amongst them were a few frame houses built of boards
brought from Boston. Numerous as they were, the

colonists suffered from the
ill-will of the Indians.
Every night some men had
to mount guard while the
others slept, but before
winter their dwellings were
securely enclosed by a
strong wooden palisade.
The town was named Hali-
fax, and from the first was
the seat of government for
the province.
Colonel Edward Cornwallis, the new Eng-
lish governor who came out ^vith the set-
tlers, was energetic and painstaking. During his three
}'ears in Nova Scotia he built forts, formed a militia, and
set up courts of justice. He also tried to persuade the
Acadians to take the oath of allegiance, but the agents
of the French governor were still busy amongst them, and
they refused. When the English built Fort La vrence,
at Beaubassin, Le Loutre persuaded the Acadi.ins to
flee to the French fort of Beaus(^jour, on the opposite
side of the River Missiguash, and to prevent their return
he set fire to their houses. The men of the two forts

A Lady ok the Time.

Cornwallis.

Mj(-

Till-; UOL'NUAKV i^i C A K R IC LS.

were constantly coming to blows. Indeed the French
and TjiLjlish quarrelled where\er they met in America,
for, thou^i;h the home governments tried to decide on a
boundary line, they could not agree, and both French
and ICnglish culunies took by force as much land as
thev could.

The French, though neither so rich nor numerous as
their rivals, acted with decision, for all (nvned one head,
l^ut the luiglish colonies
wove so jealous of one
another that none would
put forth its full strength,
and often all seemed
powerless.

In 1753 the

Marciuis Du- ._^

i III

quesne, who had latel\'
become governor of j
Canada, sent a strong
force into the Ohio val-
ley. They drove off the luiglish t'-aders and built several
forts.

George I'l th<^ following } car the governor of

Washington. \'j,-^inia sent troops ' ito the valley. They
were led by George Washington, - lO afterwards became
so fam(jus, but were beaten ii a skirmish and were
obliged to retreat. The Indiai alwa)'s anxious to be
on the winning side, now tried * make friends with the
French. Meanwhile the mot' _ countries continued to
talk of peace, but were reall)- ^jrcparing fur war.

Duquesne.

»-,

Olij St. Paul's Chikiii, IFalhax.

CHAPTER X.

THE FOURFOLD PLAN OF ATTACK.

English On hearing of Washington's defeat the

Plans, 1755. j^j-it-jg]^ Government did not declare war.

but sent to the aid of the colonists Major-General
Braddock and two regiments of soldiers. It was decided
to attack the French at four different points. One force,
led by Braddock himself, was to march into the Ohio
valley; two others were to attack the forts at Niagara
and c^xi Lake George; and a fourth was to drive the
French from the St. John. But scarcely any part of
this plan was successfully carried out.
General Braddock was a hot-tempered man, and

Braddock. before enough horses and wagrons could
be got together to carry the supplies for the army, he had
lost all patience. He would not listen to the warnings
of the colonial officers, but pushed forward without
proper care, hoping to reach Fort Duquesne before its
garrison could be strengthened by the French.

He was close to the fort when he was surprised by a
body of Frenchmen and Indians, who, from behind
rocks and trees, poured a merciless fire upon his men.
At last, in spite of all Braddock could do, they broke
their ranks and fled. The general received his death-
wound, many of his officers were slain, and a quantity
of valuable stores was left on the field. Worst of all,

THE I'OURl'OLU PLAN OF ATTACK.

this disaster exposed the frontier settlements of the
English to the fury of tlie Indians.

France, like England, had sent aid to her
Reinforce- colonies, and the Marciuis de Vaudreuil,
ments. ^ Canadian who had become governor of

Canada, was thus able to send more troops to some im-
portant posts. The garrison of Niagara was strength-
ened, and the English force sent to attack it turned
back on reaching Oswego.

ilohnson's Meanwhile Johnson, with a body of back-
Victory, woodsmen and Mohawks, was
advancing towards Crown Point. But before
he reached it he was attacked by the TVench
in his camp on Lake George. After a long,
fierce fight they were beaten off, and their
general. Baron Dieskau, was wounded and
made prisoner. Johnson built a fort on Lake
George, which he called Wi'iiam Henry, but
did not venture to attack Crown Point. Never-
theless he was rewarded for his victory with
the title of baronet and a grant of ;^5,C)00.

^. . . We must now turn to Nova Scotia. Its
Discontent

in Nova new governor, Major' Lawrence, a stern,

**** '*' strong-willed man, found the Acadians

most troublesome. Some Germans who had settled
at Lunenburg were also dissatisfied and uneasy.
Fail of In June, with the help of a small force

Beausejour. ^^^^ Massachusetts, the English attacked
Beaus6jour. The shells thrown into tl. : fortress fright-
ened the Acadians. IVIany deserted, and in a few days
the commandant surrendered. Soon afterwards the
French from the St. John retired to Louisbourg.

French
Soldier.

86 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR I50YS AND GIRLS.

_ . At last the whole country was in the hands

Removal r - • i i \ •

of the of the I'Jiglish, and the Acadians were told

Acadians. ^Yia.t they must take the oath of alk\L,n*ance
or leave the province. Judijin^ by the way they had
been treated before, they thou<;ht this an empty threat,
and aj:^ain refused. Upon this the men were ordered
to come tf) the churches to hear a messac^e from the
governor, and they and tlicir fjimilies were put on board
ships and were carried off to the other English colonies.

They were allowed to take their.
m(jney and a little furniture, b' t
not their cattle. Some escaped, but
several thousands were exiled. The
other colonies received them with
anything but pleasure, and they must
have suffered grievously, es[)ecially
during the first winter. In the end,
however, nearly two-thirds of them
came back to Nova Scotia. They
were much to be pitied, though to a
great extent they had brought this
Acadian GiR... ^^^^^ treatment on themselves by

their self-will and uilruliness.

The First Lawrence now had a struggle with the
Assembly. English settlers. They had been prom-
ised a representative government, that is, that they
should be allowed to choose men from amongst them-
selves to help to make the laws and govern the country.
Lawrence did not want their help, but at last the
British Government ordered him to tell the colonists
to choose representatives, and a House of Assemtbly
met at Halifax for the first time in October, 1758.

CIIAPTKR XI.

0J^K\'7NG OF THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR.

Declared.

>i *•

bly

In 1756 a ^rcat war broke out in Europe.

France, Spain, Russia, and Austria banded
together a<;ainst iMigland and Prussia. To make matters
worse for En<^land, the king's ministers were not ready
for the struggle, and they put poor officers in command
of the British armies. In America, Shirley, the gover-
nor o\ Massachusetts, was again preparing to attack the
French f\\>m several points at once, but before he could
carry out his plans Lord Loudon, a most undecided
man, was made commander-in-chief.

Meanwhile the Marquis de Montcalm had
arrived at Quebec to take command of the
French regular soldiers. Strangely enough, the Indians
and Canadians were still left under de Vaudreuil's con-
trol. Montcalm was a small, lively-looking man of
forty-four years of age. He had a quick, eager temper,
and found it difiicult to live at peace with the vain and
selfish goverror. A few more soldiers and several clever
officers came wich him to Canada.

At this time the Canadians were in a most miserable
condition. They were shamefully cheated by the gov-
ernment officials, and were nearly starving. De Vau-
dreuil did not himself rob his king and his country, but
he took little pains to prevent others doing so.

CANADIAN HISTOKV lUR JJ(JS'S ANU GIRLS.

Bigot.

One ()( the worst of these cheats was the
intendant, Bi^^ot. 1 le was a clever man,
with a witty tonj;ue and a gracious manner, and the
people liked hiin ; but his devices for makinj^ money
were endless and shameless. He bribed the oflficers
at different posts to say that the\' had received goods
which he had really taken for his own use ; he bought
up the king's stores at a low price, and sold thcin back
for the })ublic service at a high one ; he forced the
farmers to sell their wheat to nim below its value, and
then sold it at an immense profit. While those he
robbed were starving, he lived like a prince and wasted
his ill-gotten gains in gambling. lUit after Canada was
lost to France, Bigot was tried by the French authori-
ties and was put in prison for his crimes.

The first thing Montcalm did was to attack
Oswego, which after a few days' siege he
took, with a large number of prisoners and much " 3oty.
To please the Iroquois the fort was pulled down, and
Johnson had great trouble to prevent their going over
to the French.

Fort William Fort William Henry was the next to fall.
Henry. Early in 1757 the French tried to take it

oy surprise, but failed. Its defenders asked for help,
but Loudon, busy getting ready for an attack on
Louisbourg (which was never made), sent few troops to
their aid. Wlien the French returned small-pox had
broken out at Fort William Henry, and its commander
surrendered on condition that his men should be allowed
to go to another British fort. But with Montcalm were
many hundred Indians, and they fell suddenly on the
disarmed Englishmen and brutally murdered more than

Oswego.

oi'ENiNc; UK niiK si:vi:n vkars war.

»9

fifty of them. Montcalm cVu\ his utmost to save them,
but he lias been much blamed for not ^'iviui; the Hrilish
a strong guard of his own suldicrs.

Distress in In spite of Montcalm's successes Canada
Canada. ^^g becoming more wretched every month.

British ships cut off supplies from France, and trade was
ruined. By the end of 1757 no flour could be bought
in Montreal. Both townsfolk and soldiers, to their

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90 CANADIAN IIISTORV FOR HOVS AND CURLS.

intense dis^^ust, were fed on horse-flesh, and at one
time there was dani^er of a serious rising against the
government.

Pitt.

England

amongst

there liad been changes
the king's ministers, and the
affairs of the colonies were now managed by a great
statesman named William Pitt, afterwards Earl of
Chatham. He gave the army in America good leaders,
and soon the fortunes of war turned. General Amherst
was made commander-in-chief, and, with Admiral
Boscawen, was ordered to attack Louisbourg.
James Under Amherst served James Wolfe, after-

Wolfe, wards famous for the capture of Quebec.

He was a tall narrow-shouldered young man, with red
hair, a pale skin, and a receding chin and forehead. His
body was weak, but his will was firm and strong.
Capture of After some difficulty the English succeeded
Louisbourg. j^ landing at Gabarus Bay. Wolfe was
amongst the first to go ashore, and armed only with
a cane led the way up the rocks against a hot fire of
bullets. Louisbourg was well manned, but the fortifi-
cations were unfinished and badly built. The English
soon surrounded the town, destroyed the ships in the
harbour, and shattered the houses with shot and shell.
But the garrison held out gallantly till a breach was
made in the walls. Then the commandant surrendered,
his soldiers became prisoners of war, and the whole of
Cape Breton Island and Isle St. Jean (Prince Edward
Island) submitted to the English.

A French Meanwhile another British force was slowly
Success. making its way towards Lake Champiain.
But its general, Abercrombie, was no match for Mont-

OPENING OF THE SEVEN VEARS' WAR.

calm. In trying to drive him from his camp at Ticon-
deroga, on I>akc George, Abercrombie lost many brave
n\en, and was at last obliged to retreat.
English The next events of the war were in favor

of" the British. Colonel Bradstreet cap-
tured Fort Frontenac and destroyed a number of
French ships on Lake Ontario. At the same time
General Forbes was marching on F(jrt Duquesne. He
took a different way to that by which Braddcjck had
travelled, and in spite of the attacks of the French and
Indians safely reached his journey's end. He found the
fort deserted and partly destroyed. He rebuilt it,
naming it P^ort Pitt, after the great statesman, and the
city which now stands on the spot is called Pittsburg.
This success inclined the Indians to make friends again
with the British.

CHAPTER XII.

English

Plans,

1759.

At Quebec.

THE FALL OF QUEBEC.

It was now planned that General Amherst
should take Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and
Montreal, and should then join Wolfe be-
fore Quebec. But the French did not mean to give up
Canada without a struggle; and, though Niagara, Ticon-
deroga, Crown Point and several other forts were soon
in the hands of the English, Amherst spent so much
time in repairing the old forts and building new ones
that he did not reach Montreal that year.

Wolfe, with a force of eight thousand five
hundred v/ell-trained soldiers, sailed up the
St. Lawrence towards the end of June, 1759. He was
aided by a powerful fleet under Admiral Saunders.
The troops landed on the Isle of Orleans, a little below
Quebec. On the following night a fearful storm sank
some of the smaller vessels, and the French vainly
tried to set the rest on fire by sending burning ships
down the stream. Soon afterwards Wolfe began to
throw shells and red-hot shot into Quebec. They set
the Lower Town on fire, but did not harm the fortifi-
cations.

Montcalm Some of Wolfe's men encamped just below
on Guard. ^he Falls of Montmorenci, but they could
not land anywhere near Quebec. For a long distance
above the city the banks of the St. Lawrence are high
and rocky, while below, Montcalm, with fourteen thou-

THE FALL OF (^UFHEC.

sand men, was grimly watching cvcr>' movement of his
foe. At last Wolfe tried to land his men in spite of
him, but they were beaten back with terrible loss. The
summer dragged slowly on. Montcalm was never off
his guard. Wolfe had begun to fear that bad weather
would drive him home before Quebec was taken, when
one of his officers suggested that part of the army
should try to land above the town while the rest pre-
tended to attack Montcalm's camp. Wolfe thought this
a good plan, and immediately set to work
to carry it out.

The French By the night of September
Deceived. ^^ih all was ready. Wolfe,
though he had been very ill, himself led
the troops. They went a little way up the
river in ships which, several weeks earlier,
had managed to pass the guns of Quebec.
When darkness fell the rest of the fleet
began to fire upon Montcalm's camp, and a
number of men pretended that they meant
to land below the city.

It was a little after midnight when Wolfe and his
men got into the boats that were to carry them ashore.
The night was fine; the sky starlit; the muffled oars
made no sound in the water. The soldiers did not
speak a word, but Wolfe repeated in a low voice some
r les from Gray's "Elegy in a Country Churchyard."
As they dropped down the river a soldier on guard
spoke to them, but an officer who knew French an-
swered his questions, and he let them pass, thinking
that the boats carried food for the city.

They landed at a spot now called Wolfe's Cove in
memory of that night, and made their way quietly up a

English Soldikr.

!i|i

Tin: FALL OF (^UEI'.EC.

narrow sloping ravine to the top of the cliffs. Some
French soldiers who ought to have been on the watch
were surprised and overpowered ; and soon a little army
of four thousand five hundred men had gathered on the
Plains of Abraham, within a mile of the city.

When daylight broke the French were
horrified to see the English there. In hot
haste a messenger galloped to M(jntcalm, and he hurried
to the Plains with all the men he could muster. As
they came near the French fired again and again, but
the British waited till their foes were close at hand.
Then they fired all together, and in a few moments more
the battle was lost for Montcalm.

Wolfe's Wolfe was terribly wounded, but tried not

Death. ^^ ^^^ j^j^ soldiers know. As he lay gasp-

ing for breath some one cried out, " They run, they run!"
** Who run ?" asked Wolfe. " The enemy, sir ; they give
way everywhere." The dying general roused himself to
give one last order, then saying, " Now God be praised,
I die in peace," he passed away.

Montcalm's His gallant enemy, Montcalm, had also re-
Last Hours, ceived his death wound. His last act was
to write begging the English general to show mercy to
the French prisoners and to the Canadians. He died
early on the morning after the battle, and was buried at
night beneath the Ursuline chapel, in a hole made by
the bursting of a shell.

Surrender of A few days later Quebec was given up to
Quebec. ^j^g English. All over the British colonies

there was wild rejoicing, but luigland hardly knew
whether to triumph over the victory or to sorrow at its
cost, for the gallant yc.ung general, Wolfe, was the
favourite hero of the nation.

CIIAPTKR XIII.

THE CAPITULATION OF CANADA.

The English When the English fleet sailed for home
in Quebec, seven thousand men under General Murray
were left to guard Quebec. They suffered much from
cold. Many fell ill, and by spring only half of them
were fit for duty. Murray treated the citizens well, and
many became British subjects.

The war had prevented the Canadians gathering in
their crops, and many died of want. De Vaudreuil, in
Montreal, found it difficult to get food for the soldiers
whom he had gathered there to be ready to fight the
English in the spring.

In April ten thousand of these men, under
Battle for ^^ L6vis, marched towards Quebec. Its
the City. defences on the land side were crumbling
away, and Murray came out to meet the French, though
he had but one man to their three. For an hour and a
half the battle raged, then the English were driven back
into the city. But their courage did not fail, and even
the wounded tried to help in the defence. For several
days the roar of the cannon scarcely ever stopped.
Then some British ships sailed up the river and took or
burned a few French vessels that were helping de Levis.
He was in despair, and when night came he hurried off
towards Montreal, leaving guns and tents and food

TIIK CAriTUI.ATIUN OF OUEUEC.

behind. Murray marched after h'ni, but could not
overtake him.

France now sent a fleet to aid the men who were
tr\'ing so bravely to save Canada for her, but it was
met and utterl}' defeated by an English fleet in the Buy
of Chaleurs.

MONTREAL IN 1760.

^ . Meanwhile Amherst from one side, and

Surrender

of Canada, Murray from the other, were marching on

1760. Montreal. De Vaudreuil's men were fast

deserting him, the fortifications were poor, and knowing

that an attempt to defend the town would only cause

a useless waste of life, he gave up Montreal and all

Canada on September 8th, 1760. Thus the long struggle

between France and England came to an end at last.

The regular soldiers became prisoners of war, and,

after promising not to fight any more during the war,

were sent back to France. The militia-men were also

allowed to go home. A few Canadians belonging to

the upper class chose to go to France, but the rest, on

receiving a promise that their property should not be

98 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR HOYS AND (IIRLS.

taken from them, and that they should be allowed to
worship God in their own way, became British subjects.
General Murray now ruled Quebec and its neij^hbor-
hood with the help of his chief officers, and other
officers became governors of Montreal and Three Rivers.
Murray took j^reat pains to follow the TVench customs
as far as possible, and the Canadians liked him.
Nova Till Quebec was taken the Acadians and

Scotia. Indians on the borders of N(na Scotia

were exceedingly troublesome to the English governor.
But when they knew that they could expect no more
help from Canada, they settled down and soon became
happy and contented under British rule. A little earlier
than this a great many people from Ireland and New
Engl.'nd had come to live in Nova Scotia, and the
country was improving fast.

C'HAPTKR XIV.

Education.

SOCIAL COXDIT/OXS rXPLR TIIF. 1-REXCII

k'lXGS,

The Nearly .1 hundred years had ^nnc by since

Population. |.|^^^. l<in|^ of France took the government of
C'anada ujion himself. During this time great changes
had taken place. Instead of only two thousand five
hundred white people, there were in 1760 about sixty
thousand in what was then called Canada, and perhaps
twenty thousand more in the rest of the country now
forming the Dominion.

Few of the Canadians could either read or
write, and hardly any had studied iiistory
or geography. The priests and nuns were still the only
teachers. There was no printing press in Canada, and
even the laws made by the governor were written out by
hand.

Manners The people had free-and-easy manners ;
and Dress, i^^^ children were spoiled and unruly. All
classes were fond of gaiety, and there were many public
holidays. New Year's Day and the seven following
days were spent in visiting. The ladies were bright and
clever, and when in company wore very fine clothes.
At one time it was the custom for both men and women
to cover their hair with white powder, so that even young
people looked as if they had grey heads,

i< s-X

100 lANAhlAN IllSlOia lok I1()\S AND (ilKI.S.

(N^

Servants.

Roads.

The Priests.

No one niii,ht keep a servant witliout leave
from the fjt)vernment, and if the servants
displeased their masters or nn'stresscs they had to beg
for pardon on their knees. Instead of servants some
people kept ne;s.^ro or Indian slaves.

As soon as roads were made, drivinf:^ in
caleehes, or low carriages, became a favourite
amusement, 'i'he roads were at first so narrow that a
pair of horses was harnessed one before the other
instead of side by side; and it was not till 1734 that
a wheeled carria<^e was driven all the way from Montreal
to (.)uebcc.

The priests were alwa\-s travelling about,
by canoes in summer and on snowshoes in
winter, and they did not often have houses of their own.
They tried hard to teach the Canadians to lead better,
purer lives, and to i)ersuade them to t;ive up drinking, of
which there was a great deal. In 1682, when there were
only twenty-five houses in Three Rivers, brandy could
be bought at eighteen of them.

Louis XIV gave much money for mission
work, but many parishes had tumble- down
wooden churches, or none at all. The town churches,
however, \\'ere decorated with richly worked cloths and
imitation flowers made by the nuns, and with wood-
work carved by the boys of Laval's seminary.
Work and Till 1705, except for a short time under
Trade. Talon's rule, the Canadians manufactured

scarcely anything ; but in that year a store-ship was
lost on its way to Quebec, and the people set about
makin!:jf clothes and other needful thincrs for themselves.
About 171 3 the Canadians began to send to other

Churches.

•>.

SOCIAL CDNDITloNS VNDr.U ! KKNCII KINC.S. lOI

t leave
;rvant.s
to be^

suine

\n^ in
louritc
that a
other
14 that
jiitreal

about,
IOCS in
ir own.
better,
diY^, of
•c were
could

lission
:-do\vn
irches,
IS and
wood-

under
:tured
3 ^^'as
about
selves,
other

countries wheat, fish, and lumber, as well as furs. The
fur trade was still very badl)- iiianai^ed, and nian\' people
were ruined by it. The ^^oxernnient fixed the prices
at which ^oods were to be sold. This sometimes pre-
vented their selliuL,^ at all, and more than once a j^^rcat
qujuitity of furs had to be burned.

ICarly in the century a labourer's wa<;es w(Me twent\'-
five sous (or cents) a day, but with this as much could
be bou^dit as with seventy-five cents now. Sometimes
the .settlers were obli^^(;d to fii;ht or to work for the
<,ajvernment without pay, thoui^h they received food.
Taxes and They paid few
Money. taxes, however,

and if the government had
managed trade and money
matters better the)' would not
have been badly off. Playing
cards, cut into four and
marked by the g( )veru(jr, were
used for money instead of ^^
gold or silver. It was prom-
ised that real money should
be given for these bits of card, but it was so difficult to
get that the people were afraid to sell their gO(xIs.

The towns, which were often visited by
smallpox, were dirt)'. In Montreal the
earth from making new cellars, and far worse rubbish,
was left in the streets till at last the citizens were set to
work with horses and carts to clear it all away. Many
fires took place, and when the alarm scjunded pc( pie ran
with buckets from all parts of the town. But ti e burn-
ing of the old buildings was not an unmixed evil, for

Oi.u Fkencu House.

The Towns.

iiH

I02 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND (ilRLS.

■i^"

much ucttcr ones were often put up in their places.
After a great fire in Montreal the governor ordered that
only stone houses should be built, and that if the owner
could only afford one storey at first he must add a
second within two )'ears. '

Courts of The laws against evil-doers were terribly
Justice. severe. Death was the punishment for

many small offences. The accused person was not tried
by a jury, but was completely at the mercy of the judge.
He had no lawyers to help him, and sometimes men
were cruelly tortured to make them confess their guilt.

.LS.

* places,
red that
e owner
t add a

terribly
lent for
lot tried
e judge,
es men
ir guilt.

^art II.

THE GROWTH OF THE PROVINCES.

INTRODUCTION.

During the century following the downfall of French
rule, the several pnn'inces now forming the Dominion
of Canada took shape, and gradually increased in popu-
lation, wealth, and imp(jrtance. The revolt of the older
British colonies, which are now the United States, had
a great influence on the growth of those which remained
under British rule.

Perhaps the most marked characteristic of the time v/as
the earnest and unceasing struggle for political liberty,
not in one province only, but in all. At last the people
gained control of their own government. But unforeseen
difficulties arose in the working of the new constitution;
and it seemed as if Responsible Government would prove
a failure. Troubles and quarrels, however, only led to
the union of the British American colonies under one
flag and one government.

BOOK I.
FRENCH AND ENGLISH LAWS.

CMArTKR I

THE INDIAN WAR AND CHIEF PONTIAC.

Treaty of
Paris, 1763.

In 1762 the Seven Years' War came to an

end. By a treaty signed at Paris early in
the following year France gave up to Britain all claim
upon Canada and Acadia, and at the same time ceded
Louisiana to Spain, keeping of all her North American
possessions only two little islands near Newfoundland —
St. Pierre and Miquelon — as fishing stations. EjigJand
was now mistress of the eastern part of North America
from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.

The people of Quebec and Montreal were well satis-
fied with their new rulers, but the P>cnch at Detroit and
the other western forts were angr)^ when they had to
give them up to the English, for they had hoped that
Canada would be given back to France when peace was
made. Some wise Frenchmen, however, pleased them-
selves with the thought that England's own colonies
would soon break away from her now that they no
longer needed her help against New France.

The Indians in the west were also disappointed, for

105

I06 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND (IIRLS.

Indian Souaw.

ij !

they did not like the English as well as the French.

The EngHsh treated them roughly and settled on their

hunting-grounds, but the French treated

them like equals and sometimes lived

in the Indian way and married Indian

women.

_. About this time a Delaware

The

Delaware Indian, claiming to be a

Prophet. prophet, tried to rouse his

countrymen to fight the British. He

cried shame on all who folkjwed the

customs of the white men, or even used

white men's tools or arms. The British

soon found out that the Indians were plotting to take

different forts, but they toolv little trouble to prevent a

rising.

The Indians at this time had a very clever
leader, an Ottawa chief, named Pontiac.
Other tribes besides his own looked up to him. But he
was a-thorough savage in his way of thinking and acting,
and, like the prophet, hated the c'- toms of the white
men. When news of the treaty came, he sent the war-
belt to many tribes, and by the end of April, 1763, a
host of warriors had gathered near Detroit.

Detroit then contained about a hundred
houses, a church, and two or three other
buildings, surrounded by a palisade. To defend the
place there were only one hundred and twenty soldiers
and a few fur-traders, mostly PVench ; but Major Glad-
win, who was in command, was a good and clever officer.
Several times Pontiac tried to take the town by cun-
' le could not cheat Gladwin. At last, after

Pontiac.

Detroit.

*t»>

itui

THE IXhIAX WAR AND CIIIF.F I'ONTIAC.

107

murdering a number of white people who lived outside
the palisade, the Indians attacked the town openly,
though they were generally afraid to attack any kind of
fort. They could not force their wa\' in, but they sur-
rounded it on all sides, and the British were nearl\'
starved. They themselves were short of food, but they
kept Gladwin shut up in Detroit till cold wintry weather
forced them to give up the siege.

The Western During that sunuuer the Indians attacked
Forts. Qj-j^^ l^ritish fort after another. I'^ort Pitt,

like Detroit, held out, but no less than nine trading
posts were destro\'ed, and a ])art\' of one
hundred soldiers was sur|)rised and cut to
pieces near Niagara. Then the Indians, still
thirsting for blood, turned savagely on the
border settlements.

Colonel 'i '1*-' ICnglish colonies, as usual.

Bouquet. were slow to raise men for their
own defence, and even General Amherst, at
New York, could not believe that the rising
was dangerous till he heard that fort after fort
had fallen. Then he spnt men in all haste to
relieve Fort Pitt. They were led by Colonel Bouquet,
a Swiss who was used to the Indian wa\' of fiohtiiiix.
He defeated a great host of savages and saved P^ort Pitt.
This greatly discouraged the Indians.

In the spring, however, Pontiac again besieged De-
troit. But the scarcity of bullets and gunpowder, and
the bad effect of the war on the fur trade, made his
Indians half-hearted, and before the end of June Pontiac
gave up the struggle. Three or four }'ears later he was
murdered when drunk by another savage.

Indian

McJSSDAG.

I08 CANADIAN IIISTOKV FOR P.OVS AND ClIRLS.

Peace, 1764.

Meanwhile Sir William Johnson, the
adopted chief of the Mohawks, had been
trying to persuade the Indians to lay down their
arms, and two large bodies of troops under Brad-
street and ]^(juquet had marched into the wilds to
frighten them into peace. Bradstreet was deceived by
the promises of the wily redmen ; but Bouquet marched
through deep forests, far beyond Fort Bitt, and without
needing to fight, forced the Indians to give up all the
prisoners they had taken. Strange to say, man)' of them
were unwilling to go back to their white friends, especi-
ally those who liad been captured when children, and
had married Indians. The families who had adopted
them were equally unwilling to part with them, and
when they had to go the Indian women wept and wailed
as if some great trouble had befallen them.

In the following year British troops took possession
of Fort Chartres, on the Illinois River, till the'"- held by
Frenchmen, and from that time the Indians in the west
were less difficult to manage.

CIIAPri'.R II.

THE KLWrS rRiXJl.AMAl'lOX A XI) THE
QUE TEC ACT.

^ . Duriti'T the three \-cars since the surrender

Canada ^

under of M(Mitreal, Canada had been under mar-

Martial Law. ^j^i j^^^,^ ^|^^|. jj^ ^^^ ^.^^^.^ jj. |^,^j.| \y^.Qy^ governed

by officers of the army without the help of any parlia-
ment or judges. The officers had been so kind and fair
to the Canadians that they did not wish for any change.
But when France gave up her claims on Canada, (jeorge
III and his advisers felt that the country ought to have
a more settled form of government, and judges and
courts of justice.

Accordingly King George made what was
called a proclamation, giving many orders
with regard to America. Amongst other

The

Proclama-
tion, 1763.

things, he commanded that Canada, or the Province (;f
Quebec as it was now named, should have a new govern-
ment, and that the islands of Cape Breton and St. J(jhn
should be put under the government of Nova Scotia.
He also forbade people to drive the redmen from tiieir
hunting-grounds, and ordered that when lands were
needed for settlement, the governments of the diMcrent
colonies should buy them fairly from the Indians.
The _ General Murray, who was made governor

Assembl/r of ^he new province of Quebec, soon found

109

no CANADIAN I1I.ST(JKV J(JR IJOVS AND GIRLS.

that a hard task had been laid upon him. He ap-
pointed a CDuncil to help him to govern, but did not
call toi^ether an assembly, as he had been told to do,
because all the Canadians were Roman Catholics, and
under the luii^lish law of that time no Roman Catholic
might sit in parliament. If he had called an assembly,
a very few iMiglish traders and government officials
would ha\e had pcnver to make laws fcjr the Canadians,
whose language and customs they did not understand.
As it was, Murray was obliged by the laws against
Roman Catholics to chotjse all magistrates and other
public officers from the I'^nglish Protestants ; and he
complained th£it so many of them were ignorant or
wicked that it was difficult to find men fit for such
positions On the other hand, the Juiglish-speaking
people, or "old subjects" as they were called, declared
that they would never have settled in the country if
they had not been promised an assembly. They wrote
again and again begging the king to give them one,
and insisted that the orders of the governor and his
council ought not to be obeyed.

Bi't though the English people gave the
Canadian governor a great deal of trouble, they did
Newspaper. gQ^^e good things for Canada. Most of
the French Canadians had been quite content without
books or newspapers — indeed many could not read —
but the " old subjects " had only been a short time at
Quebec when some of them set up a printing press
and began to publish a newspaper called T/te Quebec
Gazette. The printers came from Philadelphia, and the
type and press were brought from England. Halifax,
however, had had a newspaper for over ten years,

.»

TIIK KINd'S PROCLAMATION AND TIIK (,>UI':HI':C ACT. 1 1 1

Discontent.

Meanwhile there was cnrlless trouble over
the laws. After the kind's proclamation,
the new judf^es followcfl ICnf^Hsh laws for a while ; but
though the Canadians were satisfied with the laws
against crime, they did not like the civil laws, as those
were called which had to do with property, marriages,
wills, and such matters. They objected to the plan of
having a jury of twelve men, who had not been specially
trained in law, to decide cases about land and money,
and preferred to trust U) the wisdom and honesty (jf the
judge alone. Then he plan was tried of following the
English laws in some things and the French in others ;
and at last the judges went by whichever laws hap-
pened to suit their fancy. Of course this uncertainty
was very bad for the people in general, and very good
fc r cheats and rogues ; but it was allowed to go on for
years.

_ ^, . While there was all this difficulty in Can-
Trouble in -^

the Older ada, trouble was also brewing in the older
Colonies. British provinces. At that time the states-
men of England tried to make the colonies bring in
money to the mother-country in ways that would now
be thought very unwise. For instance, they forbade the
making of certain articles in America so that the colon-
ists would be forced to buy from British merchants, and
ordered that goods must always be carried to and from
America in British ships. Besides having to obey these
unfair laws, the colonists had been greatly offended by
the rude and scornful bearing of the British officers
who had fought in America.

To make matters worse, in 1765 the English parlia-
ment passed a law, called the Stamp Act, taxing the

112 CANADIAN HISTOKV FOR I5()\S AM) OIKLS.

colonics in a way to which they had never been used ;
and, thou^di tiic tax was stjon taken off, it caused bitter
anger and excitement in most of the colonies. The
people of Canada and Nova Scotia paid it (piietly,
however.

A New Soon after this, to the delij^dit of the Vavj,-

Governor. jj^j^ settlers in Quebec, Murray was recalled;
but the new [governor, Sir Guy Carleton, who was also a
soldier, pleased them no better. He too was determined

that the French Canadians should be
treated well. Fortunately he under-
stood their lan<,aiage. He tried to
put a stop to some of the evils which
had arisen out of the confusion about
the laws, but could do little to im-
prove matters as long as it was not
decided which laws were to be fol-
lowed.

The English still continued to de-
mand a share in the government ;
A Lady ok the Time, ^yt Carlctou, who had as bad an
opinion of them as Murray, set his fac^ against it.
They then once more petitioned the king to give them
an assembly, to restore their old laws, and to enlarge
the boundaries of Canada to v/hat they had been under
French rule.

The At last, in 1 7/4, the affairs of Canada were

Quebec Act. ge^tie^^ for the time by the passing of the

Quebec Act. An assembly was not granted, but the
government was placed in the hands of the governor and
a council to be chosen from the people in Canada by the
king. This council was to be allowed to make laws, but

THK KIN(;',S rUOCLAMATlON AND Tin: QUKMKC ACT. I 13

vyas not to lay taxes on the people. By the same act
the laws a-ainst Roman Cathohcs were made milder'
and they were allowed to sit in the council ; the judges
were ordered to guide themselves by the ICnglish crim-
inal and the French civil laws ; and the country between
the Mississippi and the Alleghany IVIc.untains was put
under the Canadian government. The French seigneurs
were much pleased by this act, but the British settlers
were both angry and disappointed.

ciiAr'n-.k III.

THE AMERICAN IXl'AS/OX,

War with
England.

il3

III

A party in the dUUt IJrilish cf)lr)nic.s liarl
loii^r bcvn (lis[)lcast'(l at tlu nav in which
thty were pjovcrncd, and soon after the p.issin^'' of the
(Jiicbec Act they be.i^an to fi.^ht for their ri^dits. (";m-
atla was forcerl to take part in the war, and, as we siiall
see, it had a marked effect c)n licr history. \\'e must
therefore <^n back a h'ttle to see how it be^.ui.

After the l^ritish ministers had found that the Amer-
icans would not submit to the Stamp i\ct, tiic)' tried
putting a small duty or tax upon tea and some other
articles entering- the country. Ikit man\' of the colonists
said that while their representatives were not allowed to
sit in the British parliament, they would not j;ay taxes
ordered by it ; and they banded toL,^ether not to buy
floods sent from England till the taxes were taken off.
Several times and in different ])laces the people became
so ani^ry that they mobbed the government officials,
broke the windows of those who sided with them, and
did other lawless things.

The "Boston At last the British parliament took the
Tea Party." (Juries off all kinds of goods excejit tea, but
left it on that to show that luigland had a right to tax
her colonies if she chose. This made the colonists more

angry than before ; and when, in the last month of 1773,

114

Tin: .wfiiac.w iwasiox.

ts
to
:.s

tliroc ships l.ultMi with tea snilol into Hoston harbour,
the tf)\vnN-{Hoj)lt! !iul tn-^fthcr and declared tliat tl\e tea
should not be landed. Hut the shij)s did not ^o baek,
and two or three evenin^^s later fifty men, dressed and
painted like Iiullans, went nn board the vessels, broke
open the chests, and Hun;^- the tea into the saltwater.
This has been called the " H(jston Tea Party." When the
Kn-'iish ministers heard of this thev were furious ; and to
punish lioston the\' passed several severe acts which
nearly ruined the trade of the town, and
caused much .suffeiin;.; to many poor
people who had had no hand in throw-
ing away the tea. Both sides now pre-
pared for war. "I'he liritish government
sent more soldiers to Boston, and the
anL;ry colonists miide L,auipowder and
practised shcjoting.

The Siege of A few months later the war
Boston: be^an with a skirmish at

Lexington, in which the colonists were
victorious. Soon afterwards a terrible
battle was fouL,dit on liunker's Hill, near
Boston, where tlie Americans were then besiej^dng the
British.

Throughout the war the British had very poor leaders.
Their ill-success seems to have been chiefly owing to
this, for their soldiers were better trained, better armed
and better clothed than the ragged, shoeless American
armies who never could be made to see the necessity
for obedience.

The siege of Boston lasted all winter. The British,
through carelessness, were short of food and of wood to

En(;i.isu .Sv)r.uii;i<.

■

(■ ■

li'll

Il6 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

burn. George Washington, who had been chosen com-
mander-in-chief of the revolutionary armies, soon gained
control of the country round Boston. But the English
had plenty of ships in the harbour, and at last they
sailed away to New York, leaving behind food and
guns and horses, which all became very useful to their
enemies.

Invasion of While the siege of Boston was still going
Canada, ^^^ ^^^^^ forces were sent by different ways

to invade Canada. In spite of the unkind things the
Americans had said of the l^Vench Roman Catholics,
they seem to have expected diat when their army
entered Canada the people would flock to join it.
Montgom- One force, aiming at Montreal, went by
ery s Army, ^j^^ ^|^ Iroquois way up Lake Champlain.

This had been opened to the invaders by the daring
of Ethan Allan and his " Green Mountain Boys," who in
the spring had surprised and taken the forts at Ticon-
deroga and Crown Point. The Americans were led by
General Montgomery, an Irishman \\'ho had fought
under Wolfe at Quebec.

In this time of danger the Canadian seigneurs and
priests stood firm for the British. But the lower classes
did not wish to fight on either side ; and when Sir Guy
Carleton called on them for aid only a few hundred men
came forward. With these few, however, and a handful
of British soldiers, Carleton gallantly prepared to fight
to the last.

Montgomery was at first successful. He captured the
forts on the Richelieu at Chambly and St. John's,
though the latter held out against him for forty-five
days.

THE AMERICAN INVASION.

117

Ethan Allan had been sent forward to try to persuade
the Canadians to join the army, but instead of beinc;
content to do as he was told, he tried with one hundred
and fifty men to take Montreal, which contained twelve
.thousand people. Allan himself was captured and was
sent in chains to England to be tried as a rebel.
Arnold's Meanwhile another body of American

Force. troops was slowly marching through the

wilds from Casco Bay towards Quebec. FcK)d was
scarce, and the men suffered terribly. Their leader was
Benedict Arnold, who
afterwards turned traitor
to the colonies. When
the Americans came
within sight of Quebec
thev still had to cross
the St. Lawrence before
they could attack the
city. But their enemies

had taken away all the boats from the south bank
of the river, and for several days Arnold could do
nothing. Meanwhile a hundred Newfoundland men
had come to help the ICnglish, who were strengthening
themselves all the time. At last the invaders were
joined by some Indians who had a few birch-bark
canoes, and in these they all paddled across to Wolfe's
Cove. Arnold boldly demanded the surrender of the
town, but his message was' treated with scorn, and as he
had no cannon he decided not to attack the city till
Montgomery could join him.

Montreal By this time Quebec was the only strong-
Taken. \io\A in Canada left in British hands.

Fort Cua.mui.y.

IJ8 CAN/VOIAN IIISTORV for 150VS AND (URLS.

When Montgomery advanced towards Montreal, Carle-
ton and his s(jldiers left the cit}', for they knew that they
could not hope to defend it. They sailed down the St.
Lawrence as far as S(jrel, but there they were stopped
by the Americans ; and the soldiers, with their ships,
arms and provisions, were obliged to surrender. The
night before, however, Carleton himself had slipped
quietly down the river in a boat rowed with muffled
oars, and he reached Quebec in safety.

He turned everyone out of the city whom he thought
likely to wish to hf^lp the Americans, and he did his
utmost to put all his defences in good order. ]\Iany of
Montgomery's men had only promised to serve in the
army for a short time, and some of them refused to go
to Quebec ; but the rest sailed down the river in the
captured English vessels, and early in December the
siege began in earnest.

_.. o- Carleton would nc^t listen to anvthinc: the

The Siege -^ ^

of Quebec, Americans had to sa\', for he counted them
. all rebels, so Montgomery set his Indians
to shoot arrows into tlie town with letters tied to them
advising the citizens to rise against the governor. The
ground was frozen hard, and though Alontgomery made
batteries of ice and snow, his guns were too small to
damage the walls. Soon many of his troops lay dying
of smallpox, others deserted, and IMontgomery, fearing
that his army would only become weaker every day, de-
cided to try without delay to force a way into the towm
by a night attack from several points at once.

The time fixed for the attempt was the first hours of
1776. The troops left their camp just after the city
bells had rung out the Old Year, and a wild blustering

THE AMKRIC.W IWASroX.

119

le-

W •HUJ^.'^.»«i

nic^ht it was. T\Tontf^omcry, at tii? IkvuI of one party,
eagerly hurried along a narrow path between the rocks
and the river. It was almost blockerl up with drifted
snow, but the attacking force reached the first defences of
the lower town without mishap. A breach was made in
the barricade, and the general pressed forward, sword in
hand, cr\ing, "Push on, m\' brave lads. Quebec is ours!"
But the surprise was not so complete as he thought. At
that instant there was a
terrible volley of bullets
from behind another bar-
ricade a few yards farther
on. Montgomery himself
fell dead. The two officers
next in command were
also shot down, and the
soldiers had to retreat.
Meanwhile Arnold's men
had forced their way into
the lower town, but their
leader was wounded, and they too were obliged to
retreat, leaving behind many dead and many {jriscjners.
Montgomery was buried by his enemies within the
defences.

Beaten, wounded, and short of money, Arnold dog-
gedly continued the siege all through the long cold
winter. In April he went to Montreal ; but another
general took his place at Quebec, and more American
troops arrived. Soon afterwards they tried to set fire to
the British vessels by sending burning ships amongst
them. They intended to try to climb the city walls in
the confusion, but the fireshios did no harm, and the
whole plan was a failure,

O1.U

CiATi:, (^ri-.m-

':!i

120 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

'I ,11

Retreat
of the
Americans.

A few days later several British ships hav-
ing many soldiers on board sailed up to
Quebec, and the Americans retreated in
such haste that they left their sick and v/ounded behind
them. Carleton treated them kindly, however.

The American leaders had many difficulties in carry-
ing on the war. One of the worst was the want of
money. They found it almost impossible to get sup-
plies, for the Canadians became less and less friendly
towards them. In trying to re-take Three Rivers, which
was again in the hands of the British, the Americans
were defeated and one of their generals and many sol-
diers were taken prisoners. Soon the rest of the army
retreated to Crown Point. Carleton followed. After
much fighting Arnold was driven to Ticonderoga, and
after this the United Colonies sent no more armies to
invade Canada.

CHAPTER IV

THE END OF THE WAR.

♦skf

The Deelara
tion of Inde-
pendence.

On July ith, 1776, the Thirteen Colonies
then fighting against iMigland made a
Declaration of Independence — that is, they
declared themselves to be entirely free from their mother-
country — and since then they have been called the
United States of America. The British, however, re-
fused to recognize their independence, and the war was
continued for some years longer.

Events in The Revolutionary War, as it is known in
Canada. history, delayed the trial of the new plans

laid down in the Quebec Act for the government of
Canada. In 1777 the legislative council (as it was called
because it had the power to legislate or make laws)
sat for the first time ; the English trade laws came into
force ; and courts of justice were set up. The people
were told that when they were not satisfied with what
the judges of these courts had done, they might ask the
legislative council to try their cases again. But the
councillors knew so little of the French laws that they
were not fit to decide difficult cases ; and sometimes
even yet there was great confusion over the two kinds
of law, French and English.

Burgoyne's A British army was sent from Canada to
Surrender, invade New York. The command was

given to General Burgoyne, who had lately come from

121

122 CANADIAN IllS'lOkV lOR HOWS AND fllRT.S.

luiglatul. He was a brave man, but not a ^ood leader.
At first, however, he had a Httle success. I le took Ticon-
dero<^a. After this he pushed on fir into the cnem\''s
country, hoping to be met b}- General I [ov»e with a British
army from Nev/ York. But Ilowe did not come, and
l^urf^oyne, when tryin<^- to retreat, was hemmed in by his
enemies at Saratoga, ruid he and all his troops were
forced to yield as prisoners of war. So(jn afterwards
]Cn<;land sent out men to try t(j make up the cjuarrel
witli the Americans, but it was too late. The colonies
would be satisfied with nothiuL;' less than complete
freedom, though they had great difficulty in continuing
the war.

]kit France had not forgiven the loss of Canada, and
now she began to help the Americans w ilh ships, men
and money. A little later Spain and Holland joined in
the war against England.

Governor In June, I77P>, Sir Guy Carleton returned
Haldimand. ^^ England, and General ilaldimand, a
Swiss, became governor of Canada. Some people
thought him harsh, but he was obliged to be strict, for
the province was in danger both from within and with-
out. When France joined in the war, papers were fixed
on the doors of the churches throughout Canada urging
the French Canadians, by their love for France, to rise
against their English rulers. On the other hand, the
luiglish-speaking people were still angry about the
Quebec Act, and Americans from the revolted colonies
were trying to stir them up to rebel. Ilaldimand built
several new forts to guard Canada from invasion, and
put in prison a number of persons suspected of plotting
against England. He obliged the JiabitcDits to work

'TIIK i:\P OV TllK WAR*

123

:hc

lies

lilt

Incl

for the government, as in Frcncli lime-., l^iit paid tlicm
for their labour. So that the people niiL;ht travel more
easily up the St. Lawrence, he made several small
canals by which boats could pass the rapids ahoxe
Montreal. Tiiese were the first canals made in Canada.
The End of After the loss of l^uri^oyne's army I'.ni;"-
the War. j^^^^j ^^^^^ ^^^^ fifteen thousand more men to

America. The war was

now raging most fierccK' ..,1^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

in the south, where the gy-fl^S^^'^?*^!^

Royalists were very "*"" ^- ■ -

Takin(; a l< \ 1 1 Ai' ui' I'lii'.
Sr. LA\\ki-.NCii:.

strong. The Americans

suffered one misfortune

after another, and their

cause seemed nearly

ruined. But Wash in";-

ton's courage and patience did not fail, and his hour of

triumph came at last. ,

Lord Cornwallis, with a strong British force, had
entrenched himself at Yorktown, in Virginia, l^ut
Washington, with the help of a I'^-ench fleet, surrounded
the town and obliged him to surrender with all his
men.

This was a hea\y blow to I-lngland. The people were
tired of the war, and in 1783 peace was niade. By the
Treaty of Versailles England acknowledged the inde-
pendence of the United States, and gave U[:) to the new
nation the Ohio valle\', that had been put, in 1774, under
the government of Canada. The boundary line between
Canada and the United States was not clearly drawn,
however, and in after years this nearly caused another
war.

CIIAPTKR V.

EVENTS IN NOVA SCOTIA,

Unfair The people of Nova Scotia were true to

Trade Laws. Great Britain all throu^di the war, though
they were closely connected with New England and
suffered much from unfair trade laws. For instance, the
British government forbade the working of the coal

mines in Cape Breton
Island for fear that English
merchants might lose some
of their profits. At one
time, indeed, no grants of
land were given in the
island lest some one should
dare to dig up the coal.
About the time when the
passing of the Stamp Act
caused so much trouble in
Boston, the governor of
Nova Scotia wrote to Eng-
land, as if it were something to be proud of, that though
some of the people made coarse cloth, and linen and
yarn for their own use, no one in the country made a
trade of weaving. In our times most governors would
feel sorry to have to say such a thing.

124

SriNNiNc; Whhkl.

i:\i:nts i\ nova scotia.

125

in
of

gh
nd

When the war be^.in the gcn-ernor forbade his people
to send away fire-arms without special leave, or to have
anything to do with the rebels. Meanwhile American
vessels sailed along the coast doing much mischief »md
capturing many small ships. At last a few liritish war-
ships were sent to drive them away.

The Island In 1 767 almost the whole Island of St.
of St. John. j,,i^,^ (afterwards Prince ICdward Island)

was divided in one day amongst a few persons in luig-

land to whom the government

wished to give something.

Many of these people never

even came to see their lands ;

and though they promised to

send out one settler for each

two hundred acres, and to

pay )'early to the government

a small sum of money called

a quit-rent, few kept their ^

word. A little land was

held back for the support of

, , 111 Settlkus 1 ko.m Kn(;i.am).

churches and schools.

- -^ ^ Thoucfh there were only about one hundred

A Separate '^ -^ .

Govern- and fifty families in the island, they wished

ment. ^^ have a government of their own instead

of being under that of Nova Scotia. In 1769 Captain
Walter Patterson, a large landowner, became governor
of the island, and four years later the people were
allowed to choonte members for a Mouse of Assembly,
but at first it did not meet very often.
An _ In 1776, during the war, a few Americans

Pjijd^ landed at Charlottetown, and after robbing

, "i

126 CAN.\I)1.\\ IIIsroKV lOK I'.ONS AM) (ilKI.S.

it of ever)' tliiiiL; the}' fjuicicd, carried off the government
officials. 1m )rtiinjitely General Washini^ton heard of the
raid and obliged the robbers to give up the stolen
gf-ods and to set their prisoners free. Nearly all the
men had gone to the wa.r, so after this a few soldiers
were sent from New York to guard the island, and the
Americans disturbed its peace no more.
Newfound- The war brought much trouble on New-
'*"**• foundland. Armed American vessels

prowled along the coasts and destro\ed the goods and
houses of the fishermen. Food, U>o, was scarce, for the
war stopped the usual supplies from New luigland. In
1775 a terrible storm added to the misery of the people
by wrecking numbers of boats and sweeping away the
houses and the raised wooden platforms or stages built
along the shore for drying fish.

li!

en \rri:R vi.

THE IX IT ED EMPIRE LOYALISTS,

The
Loyalists

The Americans who f<ni^ht on the British
side WLM'c afterwards named the United
ICmpire Loyalists, because they liad been true or lo)-al
to the Idni;-, and liad tried to i)revent any cHvision of tiic
British empire. But their enemies called them traitors,
and passed laws durinir the war takinsx awa\' their lands
and goods, and even orderin<^ that they siiould be put to
death. It is onl\' fair to sav, however, that some of the
loyalists, when the\' had the chance, were just as cruel
to the men who foii'-ht against ]^n<dand.
Their When peace was made Kni^land tried to

Losses. niake an agreement that the loyalists

should be paid for what they had lost. Ikit instead of
doiuL,^ this, most of the states used them very harshi)'.
They would not e\en allow them to collect money that
had been owing to them for years. Many of the loyal-
ists became very poor, and their neighbours were so un-
kind to them that, even while the war lasted, hundreds
left the country to seek happier h'jmes in Canada and
other places. After peace was made still larger num-
bers left the United States.

They Come Many went to Nova Scotia, travelling in
to Canada. ij|-|-|^. uncomfortable trading-ships. Others
went to Canada, often spending two or three months on

127

128 CANADIAN HISTOkV lOR P.OVS AND C.IKLS.

'^ll

' I

iiM.

the j()iirm\\'. Some walked all the way throufjh New
York State, which was then almost a wilderness, driving
sheep and cattle and carryinj^ a few household ^oods on
the backs of pack-hf)rses. Others came by lake and
stream in flat-bottomed boats. Still others, waitinj^
till the ^^round was covered with snow, brought their
goods and their little ones in long, narrow sleighs, with
horses harnessed one before the other.

lUit the liard journey was only the beginning of
their troubles. Men and women who
had once been rich went about half-
starved and in rags. They came so
suddenly and in such numbers that the
earlier settlers were quite unable to help
them all. Churches and school-houses
were used as shelters, and rough huts
were quickly built, but during the winter
many suffered terribly from cold and
hunger.

A l<Ai)Y OK THE Time.

Helped by
England.

To make up in part for
their losses the British gov-
ernment gave the loyalists thousands of acres of land
and about fifteen million dollars in money, but it took
a very long time to decide what sum ouHit to be given
to each. When they were settled on their farms the
government helped them for a little while with food,
tools, clothing and other things, but in spite of this they
were very poor.

Good Their coming strengthened Canada greatly.

Settlers. ^j^^^j ^\^^^y actually founded two provinces

of the Dominion, New Brunswick and Upper Canada, or
Ontario. In many ways they were good settlers for a

TIIK rMTMl) KMI'Iki: LOYALISTS.

129

|iy.

:cs

lor

new coiintr)'. Thc\' li.id plcnt)* of coura^^c and strcMi^th

of character, as they had shown b\' ch()«»sin^ to suffer

great hardships ratlicr than do what thc\' thou^dit wron^;

and on the whole they knew better than most C(jlonists

from the ( )ld World how to meet the difficulties of life

in Lhe woods. lUit they were of all classes — cleri^ymen,

doctors, teachers, soldiers, and backwoodsmen ; and

some who had been brou^dit up in the cities of the

older colonies found the chani^e to the loneliness and

rou^diness of their new surroundini^s almost

unbearable.

_.^ Amon<Tst the loyalists caine

The '^ ^

Mohawk the Mohawk Indians, who had

Loyalists. ^^^^^^ faithful to Kn^dand (dl

throucfh the war and had suffered like the
rest. They had a ^^ood and clever chief,
Thayendanegca, or Joseph Brant, as the
ICnglish called him. He had been so well
educated that he helped to translate the
New Testament into Mohawk, and he did
his best to stop the cruel Indian wa)' of
fi<^diting. A large grant of land was given
to the Mohawks along the Grand River, and George III
gave money towards building them a church near where
the city of Brantford now stands. It was the first Prot-
estant church built in Upper Canada. It had a bell to
call the people to service, and a set of silver communion
vessels given by Queen Anne to s(jme Mohawk chiefs
who had once visited her.

Land In these early days the government gave

Grants. away thousands of acres of wild land to

many people besides the loyalists who had Ir^st their

A LOYALIST
(JL.NTl.E.MAN.

I ''n

130 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

homes. Large grants were made to all officers who had
fought under the British flag in the Revolutionary war,
and also to many friends of the government officials.
Many of these people really cared little for the land.
Sometimes it was hard even to find out who owned it.
At times grants were sold for almost nothing. One, for
instance, was sold for a saddle, and an(jther for a quart
of rum ! Some men bought up large quantities of land
and kept it unused for years, till they could sell it at a
large profit. This was soon found to be very bad for
Canada. Blocks of this land which could not be used
came between the lands open to settlement, often oblig-
ing the colonists to live far apart. This made it difficult
for them to build schools or churches, or even to make
good roads.

CIIAPTRR VII.

THE FOUNDING OF NEW liRUNSWlCK

Parrtown.

In Nova Scotia many of the loyalists
settled aloni^ the St. John River, perhaps
because a few families who had left Boston before the
war had founded a thriving little colony there. The
chief settlement was at the mouth of the river, on a
rocky point of land, almost surrounded by salt water.
At first it was called Parrtown, in honour of the governor
of Nova Scotia, but soon its name was changed to St.
John.

Poor as the loyalists were, their coming did
much good to the thinly settled British
But it also caused some difficulties and dis-
In Nova Scotia they quarrelled with the
early settlers, and complained of the way in which the
governor treated them.

They wished to be allowed to send mem-
bers of their own to the assemblx-, and when
Governor Parr said that he had no power
to order the election of more members,
they asked the British government to divide the prov-
ince, and to give them an assembly for themselves.
This was done ; and in 1784 the country north of the
Bay of Fundy became the Province of New Brunswick.
At the same time Cape Breton Island, where many

131

Disagree-
ments.

provinces,
turbances.

New

Brunswick
Founded,
1784.

111

132 CANADIAN IIISTORV FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

The

Govern

merit.

loyalists had settled, was also put under a government
of its own; but in 1820 it was again joined to Nova
Scotia.

The first governor of New Brunswick was Colonel
Thomas Carleton, Sir Guy Carleton's brother. He had
fought in the American war, and this inclined the loyal-
ists to like him.

The governor was to be helped by a council
of twelve members and an assembly of
twenty-six But it soon appeared that
all the real power had been given to the council, and
though the assembly was allowed to give advice, no one
paid much heed to it. Twenty-three members of the
first assembly were lo)'alists ; but they were not men to
be satisfied with a mere pretence of having a share in
the government. Very soon there began a hard
struggle for power between the assembly and the council.
It lasted for many }'ears, and in the end, as we shall see,
the council had to give way.

In 1788 the little inland village of St.
Ann's, now called Fredericton, was made
the seat of government instead of St. John. A number
of disbanded soldiers had settled there, but the new
capital grew very slow''y.

The Island Several hundred loyalists went to the
of St. John. Inland of St. John, and were settled on
certain lands which had been taken from their former
owners because they had not paid the quit-rents.

The population was still very small, for hardly any
colonists had been brought out even yet ; and a violent
quarrel had sprung up, in which Governor Patterson,
the assembly, and the former land-owners all took part

Fredericton.

Hi,

THE FOUNDINC; OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 13^

The latter wanted to have their lost grants given back
to them. They had powerful friends in England, and at
last the king was persuaded to listen to their complaints.
He ordered the governor, who seems to ha\e acted un-
fairly, to leave the island, but would not give back the
land to its old owners, for it was quite clear that they
had broken thei*- agreement. Meanwhile other land-
owners who had not been obliged to give up their great
estates continued to cause tremble. Many lived in Eng-
land, and most of them did nothing for the country.
They let their land lie waste, and prevented its settle-
ment by those who would have made good use of it.

CHAPTER VIII.

CANADA DIVIDED.

Loyalists
in Canada.

'%'

A large number of loyalists settled in Can-
ada ; but they much disliked being under
French laws and havini{ no share in the frovernment of
the country. Soon they joined the other luiglish-speak-
ing people in demanding an assembly, but for a long
time no change was made.

Lord At last Sir Guy Carlcton, or Lord Dor-

Dorchester. Chester, as he had now become, was made
governor-general of all the I^ritish provinces of Nori.i
America. He returned to Canada in 1786, and received
a warm welcome fr(jm all classes. He at once tried to
find out what reason there was for the complaints of the
people.

A Bad State Lord Dorchester soon saw that there was
of Affairs. gcod reason for complaint. It was difficult
to obtain justice. There were no schools, for, when
Canada became part of the British Empire, those of the
Jesuits were closed, and none had been opened in their
place. Trade was seriously injured by unwise laws and
by the uncertain state of the government, and was very
bad. But though most of the people were dissatisfied,
they had different opinions as to what sho-.ld be done.
Some wanted an assembl}- ; others thought it better
not to have one. Both parties besieged the king with

CANADA DIVIDED.

135

petitions, and took every

IS in their

po\v

mean
the question of government settled as they wished

er to have

The

Province

Divided.

The British ministers at last saw that it

was needful to make some change. In
1 79 1 they advised the king to divide the
old province of Quebec into two, and to fix the boun-
dary line between the new provinces in such a way that
most of the French people should be on one side and
most of the English on the other. Some clever men
thought it a mistake to make this division, but Lord
Dorchester and William Pitt, who was the son of
the famous I^^arl of Chatham, and was himself a great
statesman, thought it the best way of preventing quar-
rels between the French and English Canadians.
Th C f- -^^^^"^^^ t^^^ province was actually divided
tutional Act, the British parliament passed what is
called the Constitutional Act, arranging
for the government of the new provinces.

In imitation of the government of Great Britain, the
new governments were each to consist of a governor, to
represent the king ; a legislative council, to take the
place of the House of Lords ; and an assembly, instead
of the House of Commons. The legislative councillors
were to be chosen by the governor, and were to hold
their seats for life ; but the members of the assembly
were to be elected by the people, and a new assembly
was to be elected at least once in every four years. No
member of the legislative council or minister of any
church might sit in the assembly ; but under the new
law Roman Catholics were as free as Protestants to be-
come members or to vote for them.

The governor in each province was to have the right

i!n

I ■ I • ■

136 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR IJOYS AND GIRLS.

to call the assembly together, but was never to allow
more than twelve months to pass between its sessions,
as the times of continu(nis sitting day after day are
called. He might also prorogue the assembly, or put a
stop to its sittings till he chose to call its members to-
gether again ; or he might dissolve it — that is, he plight
order a new election of its members before the four
years had passed.

Making Before a bill, as a proposed act is railed,

Laws. could become law, the members of the

legislative council and the assembly were to vote upon
and agree to it three times, and the governor had also to
agree to it. In most things the new Canadian govern-
ments tried to follow the same plans as the British
government ; but it soon appeared that they were not
nearly so like it as seemed at first.

Many Gov- After the division of Canada there were six
ernments. governments in British North America, not
counting Cape Breton Island. The governor of Lower
Canada was called the Governor-General, and was sup-
posed to be the head of all, but each province had its
own lieutenant-governor, and was practically independ-
ent of the rest. This was bad for trade, for most of the
provinces tried, by putting duties on all goods coming
into the country, to keep out what their neighbours made
or grew. Fortunately, however, an arrangement was
made which prevented either Upper or Lower Canada
charging duties on the goods of the other.

The few English people of Lower Canada were much
displeased by the division of the province, for though
the long-desired house of assemibly had been granted,
they were so completely outnumbered by the French

ill

CANADA DIVIDED.

The Clergy.

that they had no power in it. On the other hand, in the
legislative council they outnumbered the French.

Under the Constitutional Act the Roman
Catholics continued to pay tithes for the
support of their priests as before ; while one-seventh of the
lands not yet granted to settlers was set apart as Clergy
Reserves for the benefit of the Protestant clergy. This,
with the large grants given earlier to persons who made
no use of them, prevented the settlement of much good
land, and in after years was the cause of much trouble
and discontent, especially in Upper Canada.

CIIAPTICR IX.

KXPLORERS AND FUR-TRADKRS.

The

North -West

Passage.

Cook and
the Traders.

While the American war was raging, ex-
plorers were searching in the north for a
way by water between the Atlantic and
I'acific Oceans. But the North-West Passage was not
found for over fift}' years, and it is so blocked with ice as

...^r_-^_. -"-.:— f- — .. to be useless.

In 1778 Cap-
tain Cook, a
famous explorer, sailed
along the coast of what is
now British Columbia and
Alaska. He hoped to dis-
cover the North- West Pas-
sage, but was stopped in
his voyage by ice. The
Indians of the Pacific coast
were anxious for beads, knives and such things, and
soon after Cook's visit fur-traders flocked to this new
region, where some of them made large sums of mone}-.
In 1788 one of these traders, Captain Meares, brought
out ninety men to Nootka, on the west coast of the
island we call Vancouver. He built and fortified a
house large enough for all his men. But his defences
were not strong enough, and in the following summer a
Spanish war-ship took both his house and his ships.

1.^8

Ship Amongst Iceuekgs.

EXrLORKRS AND FUR TRADERS.

139

Spanish
Claims.

Spain claimed tlic whole Pacific coast,
thou'^h her nearest settlement was man\'
hundred miles south of Nootka. hut the iMiglish were
very an<rry, and talked of war till the Spaniards promised
to give up Nootka atid to pay Captain jMeares for his
losses. It was also agreed that either Spaniards or
P2nglishmen might settle on an\' unoccupied lands.

In 1792 the British government sent Captain Van-
couver to explore the Pacific C(Kist. lie gave the names
which they still bear to many capes, ba\ s, and inlets ;
and Vancouver Island is called after
him.

The During these \'ears the

Fur-traders, fur-traders from Mont-
real were pushing their wa}' west-
ward and northward. Six or eight
men generally went together. They
were supplied by Montreal merchants
with goods, for which they paid on
their return. They usually sta\'ed
away a year or longer, and often spent
the profits of their journeys in drinking and gambling.
The Hud- Meanwhile the traders of the Hudson's Bay
son's Bay Company were also pushing farther into
Company. ^j^^ ^^^j|j^ q^^^ ^^ ^j^^^^ Samuel Hearne,

went by the Coppermine River to the Arctic Ocean
in 1 77 1. A little later he travelled far west up the
Saskatchewan.

Here and there the ;e adventurous traders built little
forts. Some were nothing more than small log-houses ;
others were groups of buildings surrounded by high
palisades, wath bastions or low towers of squared logs on
which small cannon were mounted. A mere handful of

A Tkai'IKK.

140 CANADIAN lfI.ST(jRV lOR I'.(JVS AND C.llU.S.

iipi

i'l*

11!

men coiilfl holfl one of these forts against a whole tribe

of an^r}' Iiuh'ans, l^ijt as a rule the Hudson's Bay

officers mana^^'d the re(hnen so well that the strength

of their defences was not tried.

jj,^ About 1783 the fur-trading merchants of

North-West Montreal formed the North-West Corn-
Company. 1 'i. u

pany, and it soon became very nnportant.
Its tradinrr.posts were often built close beside those of
the olfler compan)', and its traders also did good service

in exploring tlie country,
Alexander A not:ible man amongst
Mackenzie, ^hem was Alexander
Mackenzie, a Scotch Highlander. In
1789 he made a journey of over two
thousand miles from FortChippewyan
on Lake Athabasca to the Arctic
Ocean and back. He travelled with
a few Indians in a birch-bark canoe,
by Slave Lal'c and the great Mac-
kenzie River (called after him), and
Indian Mask i rom tiik was away Icss than four months.

Pacimc Coast. h t 1 • 1 1 • • 1

Mackenzie n(jw made up his mind
to cross the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, but
before starting he went to London to learn how to find
the latitude and longitude of the unknown places he in-
tended to visit. Late in the autumn of 1792 he reached
the source of the Peace River, and there he and his men
spent the winter in a hastily-built little fort. In the
spring they succeeded in crossing the trackless moun-
tains. When they reached the Pacific they made a sort
of paint of soot and grease, and their leader wrote on a
rock, "Alexander Mackenzie, from Montreal by land,
July 22nd, 1793." Afterwards he was knighted for his
services.

riTAP'II'.R X.

SOCIAL coxnirioxs Anour lygi.

Population.

In 1791 there were about twelve thousand
people in Lj)per, and nearl}' (jne hundred
and fifty thousand in Lower Canada, of whom less than
one-tenth were of British descent. The ptjpidation had
much more than doubled since 1760; while that of the
Maritime Proxinces (as Nova Scotia, Xew iMnmswick,
and I'rincc Edward Island arc sometimes called) had
also greatly increased.

The French Canadians disliked chan<^e. Their man-
ners and customs had altered little durini^ the thirty
years of British rule, and this chapter will deal chiefly
with those of the loyalists.

After the government ceased to help them most of
the loyalists, in the countr)- at least, made almost every-
thing for themselves. When heav)' work had to be done
neighbours helped one another, holding what was called
a " bee."

In this way a rough log house was often
built in five or si.K days. The flcjor was
made of logs split and laid flat side uppermost. Instead
of a stove was a "fire-back," o^- wall of small boulders
or stones, built with clay for mortar, and a hearth of
flat stones upon which great logs were burnt. The

chimney was made of round poles plastered with mud,

141

Houses.

142 CANADIAN HISTOKV 1 UR JUjVS AND (ilKLS.

:t :

Dress.

or «)f .1 flour h.'int'l witli the bottom knocked out.
Often i'le furiiitiiie was alsf) home-made, down to the
spoons moulded of pewter or cut out of basswood.
Sometimes no barn was put u]j for )ears, and the j^^rain
hafl to be stacked and threshed outside on ^Tound
beaten hafd and smooth.

The women learned to weave anrl spin as

.soon as they could ^^et sheep and ^rc:)w
flax, but even then deerskin was used for blankets and
for all sorts of garments, from coats and dresses to cov-
crinLjs for the feet. It wore well and was cheap, whilst
the poorest stuffs and calicoes were too dear to buy
except perhaps for a we(l(lin<;-dress. A j^lain white
muslin cost at least two d(jllars a \'ard. Son/^ of the
loyalists had indeed a few remains of former splendour,
such as feathered hats, gowns of brocaded silk, and
shoes with silver buckles ; but these were carefully saved
for very great occiisions.

For )-ears the people

lived almost entirely on
fish, game, and wild fruits, which
were all plentiful. Wheat was not
much grown, for without proper mills
it was difficult to grind, and pounded
Indian covn was used instead of
flour. Real tea was dear, but people
drank tea made from sassifras or the
"tea-plant," and sw^eetened it with
maple sugar from the trees growing
on their owai land,
boiled down in big black kettles, hung over great fires in
the open air, and the boys and girls of those old days

Food.

Handmill for Grinding
The sap was Corn.

iia.

SOCIAL CONDITIONS AIIOUT 179I.

»43

Makini; Mai'I.k Sugar.

seem to have thought sugar-niaking one of the best
frolics of the )-car.
The Hungry Soon after
^•■''' tlu' comiiiLj

of the lo\-ah"sls the crops
failed, aiul in Upper
Canada tliere was such
terribli" distress that
178.S was lon^^ called
"the hungr)' )'ear." Sev-
eral people died of star-
vation, and others were
poisoned h)' eatiiij^" roots
unfit for food. A (c\v people, better supplied than
the rest, made lar^e profits, but others at the risk of
their own lives shared all they had with their starving

neighbours.

In parts of
Canada rat-
tlesnakes were common ;
and soon after this a re-
'1 ward was offered of four
w/ dollars for each wolf and
ilf, two dollars for each bear
killed in the Upper Prov-
ince.

In the newly-
Roads. , , ,.

settled dis-
tricts footpaths were
marked through the woods by " blazing " the trees or
chopping bits of bark off them. Later, roads were cut
through the forests, rough wooden br^'dges were thrown

Wild
Beasts.

Ratti.i:snakk.

lli'U-

Education.

144 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR ]',OVS AND GIRLS.

across the streams, and logs were laid in marshy places
to m^ke them firm if not even. There were not many-
wheeled carriages, and oxen were generally used instead
of horses.

Amuse- The young people were fond of dancing,

ments. generally to the music of a fiddle. "Quilt-

ing- bees," "barn-raisings," and other gatherings for work
oRen ended in regular merry-makings, and after a
wedding the festivities lasted for several days. Unfor-
tu lately, at these times especiall}', there was much
drunkenness amongst both French and English, and
too often the feast closed with a fight.

Books were scarce ; but there were few
schools in Cai.ada, and many of the people
could not read. In this way the Maritime Provinces
were better off. Schools had been started many years
earlier by an English missionary society, and in 1788
a college for young men was founded at Windsor.

At this time there were few ministers be-
longing to any Protestant church in British
America, and as late as 1794 only two or three had
found their way farther west than Montreal. By the
kindness of the priests the first regular services of the
Church of England in Canada were held in a Roman
Catholic chapel at Sore). The government was at first
inclined to favour the Church of England more than
other Protestant churches. For instance, no Protestant
minister except a clergyman of the Church of England
was allowed to perform the marriage ceremony. This
was very inconvenient; and in 1793 magistrates also
received permission to marry people. But still a
wedding-party often had to ride fifteen or twenty miles
chrcueh the woods.

Religion.

BOOK II.

few

THE STRUGGLE FOR RESPONSIBLE
GOVERNMENT.

CHAPTER I.
THE ASSEMBLIES AND THEIR WORK.

Lower Can'
ada. The
New Gov-
ernment.

The first parliament of Lower Canada met
at Quebec in December, 1792. Some of its
members spoke only English, others only
French, and every man wished all business
to be done in his own language. But at last it was
decided that members might speak m cither language
but that motions or questions t(. be decided must be
read in both before being voted on.

Under the wise rule of Lord Dorchester the new
government worked sm.^othly. During these years the
money received from the taxes was not nearly enough
to pay the expenses of government, but the British
government paid what was short.

FranrJ**" ^'' ^^^^ ^ '"'''" ^'""^^ """^ between France
and England. The assembly sent an
address to the king, assuring him of the loyalty of his
Canadian subjects. A French fleet was at New York
and It was feared that Halifax would be attacked The

♦ „■.:

»45

146 CANADIAN IIISTORV i'OR 1K3VS AND GiKLS.

militia from all parts of Nova Scotia hurried to defend

the town, but the French ships sailed away without

doing any mischief.

Meanwhile the fjovernment of Upper Can-

Canada. ada was gettmg well under way. Lolonel

Simcoe. Simcoe, who had commanded a body of

loyalists during the American war, was appointed

lieutenant-cfovernor. There were no towns in the

province, and only two villages, Newark and Kingston.

As governor, Simcoe liked ceremony, but in private he

lived simply. His house at Newark, Navy Hall, was a

small wooden building

which had been intended

for a storehouse.

The First In Septem-
Parliame.it. i^^^.^ j^^^^ ^j^^

first parliament of Upper
Canada met at Newark,
now Niagara. It was har-
vest-time, and only eight
members altogether were present. But Colonel Simcoe,
dressed in silk and attended by fifty soldiers, opened
parliament with much ceremony. The first session was
short, but several useful acts were passed. The first
declared British laws "with regard to property and civil
rights " to be in force. The next year the little parlia-
ment passed an act forbidding slavery in the province.
It had the honor of being the first assembly in the
British Empire to forbid this terrible wrong.
Preparation Simcoe, expecting another war between
for War. England and the United States, did his

utmost to strengthen Upper Canada. He formed com-

whkrk the ul'.f.r canadian
Parliament first met.

THE ASSEMBLIES AM) THEIR WORK.

147

icoe,
encd
was
first
civil
rlia-
nce.
the

ken
his
)rn-

panies of militia to defend the country, and equipped a
small fleet with which he hoped to keep control of Lake
Ontry- J. He tried, too, by the offer of free grants, to
persuade the loyalists who had remained in the United
States to come to Canada. Many came, and Simcoc
settled them along the frontiers to defend the country
in case of need. A number of loyalists and other new-
comers also took up land in the eastern townships of
Lower Canada.

The British still held several forts in the western ter-
ritory now belonging to the United States, on the ground
that the American government had not kept its promise
to see that the property of the loyalists was restored
to them. This made the Indians hope for help from
the British, and at last they took up arms to prevent
American settlers pressing into their hunting-grounds.
But to their disappointment the British did not jom
in the war. Indeed, at this time both they and the
Americans seemed anxious to be at peace.
The Jay In 1/94 an American statesman named

Treaty. j^y ^^^nt to England, and many matters

were settled over which there had long been disputes.
The United States government promised to pay some-
thing towards the losses of the loyalists, and in return
the British gave up Niagara and the other western forts
in 1796. Men were appointed by both nations to decide
on a boundary line between Maine and New Brunswick,
but they could only agree upon part of it, and later the
question, caused much trouble.

A New After Fort Niagara was given up, Simcoe

Capital. wished to remove the government from

Newark, which was within range of the American

iii

Indian Wigwam.

148 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

guns. At last it was decided to build a town where

Toronto now stands, though the ground was swampy

and only a solitary Indian wigwam

stood on the spot. During the

first winter Simcoe lived in a

tent once belonging to Captain

Cook, but soon a little village,

named Y(jrk in h(jnor of one of

the king's sons, sprang up by the

lake.

Simcoe set his soldiers to cut
roads through different parts of
the province, but several of those
he planned were never finished. He also tried to
encourage the people to farm in a better way, and to
break up more land.

He wished the children to be well taught,
but the schools, with the exception of one
at Kingston, were very poor. Often the teacher was a
disabled soldier who himself knew little, and some-
times the only books used were a New Testament and a
spelling book.

In 1796 both Lord Dorchester and Colonel Simcoe
left Canada. They had done their utmost for the good
of the country, and had won the love and respect of the
people.

Prince At this time Prince Edward, the father of

Edward. Queen Victoria, was commander-in-chief

at Halifax. He found the soldiers there disorderly, and
soon obliged them to behave better; but in spite of
his strictness he was well liked. The Island of St. John
changed its name to Prince Edward in his honor.

Schools.

CHAPTER II.

THE GROWING POWER OF THE COUNCILS.

The governments of Great Britain and her colonics
were sometimes said to be on the same plan. I^ut, as
we shall see, there was a great difference between them.
The British The head of the British government under
Government. ^^ sovereign is called the prime minister,
and he chooses other statesmen, who arc called his
cabinet, to fill the great offices of government. It is the
duty of one, for 'nstance, to plan how money is to be
raised for the expenses of government, of another to
look after the navy, and so on. These ministers are
responsible — that is, are obliged to account for dieir
actions — to the sovereign and the people. A prime min-
ister resigns, or gives up his office, if the sovereign
refuses to take his advice, or if he fails to carry some
important bill through the House of Commons. Some-
times, however, he may think that the people in general
approve of his actions, even though the members of
parliament have voted against him. He then asks the
sovereign to dissolve the house, and does not resign
until the people have elected new members. But if the
majority (that is, more than half) of these new members
are against him, he and his cabinet resign. The
sovereign then asks the leader of the opposite party to

form a governmicnt.

149

I50 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR r.OVS AND GIRLS.

p . ,. The prime minister cannot ^o on governing

House of against the will of a majority in the House

ommons. ^^^ Commons, because it has the power of
stopping the supplies of money, and no g(wernment can
be carried on without money. On the (jther hand, to
prevent ministers continuing to rule by means of a
majority in parliament against tiic will of the people,
there is a rule that a general election must take place
every seven years. Sometimes, however, one party
has a majority in several successive elections, and so it
governs the country for many years. The present
Canadian system of government is founded on the
British plan, but the old Canadian system was very
different.

y. The place of the prime minister and his

Executive cabinet was taken in Upper and Lower

ounci s. Canada by an executive council, whose
duty it was to see that the laws were executed or
carried out. The councillors were appointed by the
governors, and stayed in office even if the assemblies
disapproved of all they did. Many of them also
obtained seats for themselves and their friends in the
legislative councils. Thus the two councils generally
worked together, while in each of the Maritime Prov-
inces there was only one body, which did duty both
as a legislative and an executive council. In conse-
quence, the assemblies and legislative councils were
always quarrelling. The latter voted against the bills
passed by the assemblies, and they in return tried to
stop the supplies of money ; but at that time only a
small part of the money needful for the government
depended on their votes.

THE GROWING POWER OF THE COUNCILS. I5I

The Gover-
nor and the
Councils.

The governor generally acted as his coun-
cillors wished, but if there was a difference
of opinion between him and them, he
usually had to give way. A new governor naturally
looked to his councillors — who had, perhaps, spent most
of their lives in the country — for information ^ind advice,
and thus often fell completely under their control. To
make matters worse, the councillors generally had influ-
ence with the British Government, and so were able to
prevent inquiries into their doings.

New The struggle began early in New Bruns-

Brunswick. y^yld^^ There was a long fight over the
question whether or not members o{ the assembly should
be paid, but at last the assembly carried its point.

In 1803 Carleton returned to England, and for a
number of years the government was very unsettled.
Carleton had spent nineteen years in New Brunswick,
and had seen great changes. Shipbuilding and the
trade in lumber w^ere becoming important. But churches
and schools were scarce, and there were no good roads.
Little land was farmed and food was dear. The moose-
deer, which had been most useful to the early settlers,
were nearly all killed.

Nova Nova Scotia was now under the rule of Sir

Scotia. John Wentworth, and he strongly objected

to the people holding meetings or discussing the affairs
of the country. During the French war privateers did
some mischief along the coasts, but at Halifax the
coming and going of troops and fleets made trade brisk
and money plentiful.

Lower Meantime, in Lower Canada discontent

was slowly rising, for the French com-

Canada.

I.,i!

152 CANADIAN IIISTORV I'OR liOVS AND GIRLS.

II;-

i ' '

plained that tbcy had few members in the legislative
and none in the executive council. ]3ut ii, spite of their
grievances the French Canadians were very loyal to the
king.

During this time a number of good measures were
p.issed, including acts to improve the prison and postal
systems. In 1800 Judge Osgoode declared slavery con-
trary to British law, and three hundred slaves were
accordingly set free.

In Upper Canada the executive and legis-
Canada and Native councillors were beginning to take

Peter advantaife of their position to obtain larfjce

Russel'.

grants of l;.nd. Peter Russell, who had

char; e of the government for three )'ears after Simcoe's
departure, sev a ^-^cry bad example. He granted lands
to his friends, and even to himselt i

There were now in the province five or six times as
many pe(^ple as in 'ygi. Some had come from the
United States, some from England and Scotland, and
many from Ireland, where there had recently been
terrible troubles \\hich drove the people to seek new
hoLy.es in Upper Canad.',.

CI I AFTER III.

POL I TIC A L S TRIFE.

Sir James
Craig.

Judges in
Parliament.

In 1807 Sir James Craig became governor-
general, lie was a good soldier, but his
manners were harsh, and he took no trouble to please
the l^>ench Canadians. This widened the division
between them and the English.

Soon after Craig's coming there was a
bitter struggle as to the right of judges to
sit in parliament. It was thought their decisions were
less likely to be ^air if they mixed in party strife ;
but judges sat in the assemblies of both Canadas. In
1808 a bill was brought into the assembly of Lower
Canada to shut out the judges. They fought fiercely
for their seats. Crai^" twice dissolved the assembU', but
the people would not give way. At last the British
government declared that the judges were not to sit
in parliament.

Payment of While the quarrel about the judges was
the Officials. ^|-j|j going on, Craig asked the assembly to
provide more money for the expenses of government.
It promptly offered to pay the government officials,
hoping thus to gain control over them. But the offer
was not accepted, and the salaries were paid, as before,
from money received fn^m the sale of wild lands and
from duties placed by the British government on goods

»53

154 CANADTAX TTIf^TORV FOR r.OVS AND (;IRT«.

brought into Canada. With this the assembly could
not intLM-fcrc, but to meet the cost of niakini^ bridges
and roads, and putting up public buildings, it was
allowed to tax the people.

Craig's Craig thought that it would l^e less difficult

Suggestions. ^^^ ^ove'-n Canada if tiie T^rench Canadians
had less instcarl of more power. He therefore suggested
a plan by which fewer French Canadians would be able
to vote for or to become members of parliament. He

also advised that the gov-
ernor should be allowed to
appoint new priests to vacant
parishes and to stop the print-
ing of anything whicli he
thought likcl)' to do harm.
" Le Cana- In 1806 the pub-
**•«"•" llcation of the

first entirely French news-
paper, Le Canihiien^ was be-
gun at Quebec. It never
ceased to criticize the govern-
ment, and in 1809 Craig sent
soldiers to seize both the printer and his type. He also
arrested several leading French Canadians wlio had sat
in the assembly. But he was blamed for this, and was
obliged to set them free without trying tlieni. Soon
afterwards he left Canada.

Sir George He was succeeded b}' Sir George f'revost,
Pr'^vost. ^^,jjj, ^^.^y ^i^j^ ^ soldier, but was a very

difffjrent man from Sir James Craig. He had spent
some time in Nova Scotia, where he was very popular.
He did his utmost to soothe and please the French

I.AUIKS OK A HUNUHKIJ ViCARS AgO.

roMTir.M, STkllE.

t55

tlic

Dcws-

bc-

icver

/crii-

seiit

;ils(j

1 sat

was

nf)n

^ost,
^ery
)cnt
Ular.
inch

Canadians. Tf) tliosc who had been harshlv treated he

showed special kiiuhiess, and lie addetl several I'Vei'.ch

Canadians to the number of his executive councillors.

The officials of Upper Canada were still
The Govern- , . . . , . , ,

ment of doin<^' their utmost to get rich. At one

Upper time it was not an unusual thin*' f(^.r a

Canada. i r i -i i •

memi)er ot the executive council to obtain

a grant of 5,000 acres for himself and 1,200 f(jr each of
his children ; but in 1807 ^^^^ British government for-
bade this.

The officials were often related to each other or con-
nected by marriage, and at a later time they were called
"the h'amily Compact." Most of the judges, lawyers,
bankers, and rich merchants belongeil to it, and they
held together so closely that to interfere with (mic was
to provoke the anger of all. Some, no doubt, were able
and respectable men, but most were blinded by self-
interest to all considerations of justice and honesty, and
hotly resisted all attempts at reform.
Judge In 1805 Robert Thorpe, an iMiglishman,

Thorpe. ^y.^^^ appointed to a judgeship in Upper

Canada. J^y his fair decisions he wcmi the confidence
of ihe people, and he tried to persuade the governor to
look i.tto the many grievances of which complaints were
made. But he "/ould not listen, and Th(jrpe was dis-
mi.ssed from his office. One or t^vo other officials also
got into trouble through protecting against the wrong-
duinLT of their class.

CHAI'TICR IV.

THE WAR U'lTlf THE UNITKD STATES, 1S12.

Two Kinds Wc h.ivc now comc to a time when the
of Strife. stru^^glc for political liberty was interrupted
b)' a more dreadful kind of strife. While the people and
the officials, the TVench and the ICnglish, were stru^^j^linj,^
f')r power in Canada, some of the Americans were pre-
paring^ to take their country from them altoj^ether. The
attempt was partly due, as we shall see, to anjj^er at
Great ]3ritain.

A great war had been raging in Europe. Napoleon
Bonaparte, a Corsican of humble birth, had raised lum-
self through his wonderful talents for managing men
and leading armies, to the position of Emperor of the
Erench. He had a passion for conquest, and soon a
great part of Europe was at his feet. England, how-
ever, strained every nerve to overthrow him, and do
what he would he could not force her to her knees. He
tried to cripple lier trade by ordering the seizure of all
ships that carried British goods or had touched at any
port under British rule. In return the English govern-
ment issued what were called orders-in-council, forbid-
ding any nation to trade with Erance or her dependencies.

The effect of all this was to damage the trade, not only

of the countries actually at war, but of others which had

156

THK WAR WITH TIIK UMTKD STATKS.

'57

Icon
him-
mcn
: the
on a

lOW-

1 do
He

f all
any
ern-

Ibid-

:ies.

)nly

Ihad

taken no part in the (luarrel. Many of the ships of the
United States were seized. At last the American gov-
ernment forbade all trade with either I'Vanceor I^n^dand.
This made things worse than ever for the American
merchants.

The Right The ill-feelinj; of the Americans towards
of Search. ^j^^ British was increased by the latter's in-
sisting on their rii^ht to search all American vessels,
except those belon<^n"ni,r to the navy, for runaway sail(^rs.
In 1807 the commander of a British ship, the Leopard^
when refused leave to search the
United States frit^ate Chesapeake, fired
upon it, killed several of its crew and
carried off three or four deserters
by force. The British government
promptly tried to make amends for
this act, but the Americans naturally
felt very angry.

In June, icSi2, war was declared
against Great Britain, professed]}' on
account of the injustice done to neu-
tral nations by the orders-in-council.
But the New England States did not wish to go to war,
and in Boston harbour the flags on the vessels were
hung half-mast high as a sign of disapproval.
Canada Three armies were quickly prepared to

Threatened, ^.j-qj^^ ^|-jg border, and to many peo{)le it

seemed that Canada must be conquered. The popu-
lation of the United States was about fifteen times that
of Canada, and England, still engaged in her life and
death struggle with Napoleon, was not at first able to
send much help to her colonies. On the other hand, the

l';N(il.ISIl SaII.dK.

15? CANADIAN IIISTOKV lOR HOYS AND CIRLS.

United States had only a small i avy, and her armies
consisted chiefly of new soldiers, who were neither well-
trained nor well-armed.

Canadians Misled, perhaps, by the noisy struggle for
Read - to political I'borty, the Americans expected
'^ ■ that many of the Canadians would join their

armies. But they were grievously disappointed. In
Upper and Lovver Canada alike the different parties
ceased to quarrel, and turned with one consent upon
the common enemy. The assemblies voted supplies of
money, and everywhere men offered themselves for the
defence of the country. The Maritime Provinces and
Newfoundland also raised men and money. Had it not
been for the courage and pr^-mptness of her own people,
Canada must have been lost to the British Empire, for
in all the provinces at the outbreak of the war there were
less than 4,500 regular soldiers.

Sir George Prevost, who with all his good qualities
was not a clever general, was commander-in-chief. But
the troops in Upper Canada had an excellent leader in
Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, who also had charge of
the civil government. He was born in the Island of
Guernsey in 1769. He had fought in the European
wars ; but the force at his command was altogether too
small for the defence of the long frontier of Upper Canada.

- . Shortly after the declaration of war an

Americans ^

Cross the American force led by General Hull crossed
Border. ^|^^ Detroit river into Canada. Hull tried

to persuade the people not to defend their country, even
if they would not help him. But they scorned his threats
and his promises, and flocked to Brock's banner in such
numbers that he could not find arms for all.

THE WAR WIT!' THE UNITED STATES.

159

were

ilities

But

ler in

|ge of

rid of

(pean

;r too

lada.
ir an

>ssed
Itridd
Icvcn
Ireats

such

Fall of

Michilli-

mackinac.

The Indians.

The first blow was struck in the far west.
Fort MichilHmackinac, on a Httle island in
the strait between Lakes Huron and Michi-
gan, was an important American trading post, but its
commandant was not informed of the outbreak of war
till a British force from a little post forty miles away
suddenly appeared before his gates. Not being ready
to fight, he was obliged to surrender.

The western Indians now took up arms for
the British. Hull had declared that no
mercy would be shown to white men fighting b\' the side
of Indians. But Brock replied that they had a right to
defend their homes from invasion, and gladly accepted
their offers t)f service, though he tried to prevent their
committing any cruelty.

On August 4th a party of Americans carrying pro-
visions to Hull's camp was surprised in the woods near
Detroj^ and put to flight by a band of warriors under
the Shawanoe chief, Tecumseh. This noted chief clung
in many things to the old habits of his people, but he
was honourable and merciful, and tried to prevent his
followers ill-using their wounded ^oes.
Hull's After spending nearly four weeks on Cana-

Surrender. ^jj.^,^ ^^jj ^j^^.} (Joj^g nothing, Hull retreated

to Detroit. Brock followed, and was preparing for an
attack on the fort when, to his great surprise, Hull
surrendered with all his force, which had been proudly
named " The Grand Army of the West." He also gave
up the whole territory of Michigan. His angry country-
men afterwards had him tried by court-martial — that is,
by the officers of the army — and he was condemned
to be shot for cowardice, but was pardoned by the
!)resident.

«'

l60 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

'li:l

Upper Canada was still in danger, however,
for another American army, as large as that
which had surrendered, had gathered near I.ewiston, and
invasion again seemed threatening. But before this
force had crossed the river, Sir George Prevost and
General Dearborn, the commanders-in-chief of the Brit-
ish and American armies, agreed upon a truce. It
appeared that the orders-in-council had been withdrawn
just before war was declared, and it was though c that
the Americans might wish to withdraw their declara-
tion of war. But the two nations could not come to
an agreement, and in October the fighting began again.
Queenston The Americans, who had been waiting so
Heights. \ong at Lewiston, now tried to force their

way into Upper Canada. Before daybreak on October
13th, a body of their troops crossed the Niagara river,

and after a sharp fight took
possession of Queenston
Heights. General Brock,
at Fort George, seven miles
away, heard the firing, hur-
ried to the scene of action,
and rallying the retreat-
'. ing British, led them up
the hill again to the charge.
The Americans were
forced to the edge of the
precipice above the roar-
ing river. " Push on, brave York volunteers ! " cried
Brock, but at that instant he fell mortally wounded, and
h'"r men were driven back to tho shelter of some houses.
A lofty stone pillar in memory of the hero now marks

^^■■^'X'^

Queenston Heights.

^ /

THE WAR WITH THE UNITED STATES.

I6l

the field of battle on the Heights. A few hours later a
fresh body of British troops arrived, under the command
of General Sheaffe, and there was another hot fight.
This time the Americans were beaten, and Sheaffe took
so many prisoners that he hardly knew how to keep
them safely.

took
iston
rock,

iles
hur-
tion,
reat-

rge.

ere

the
toar-

ied
land

ise.s.

irks

THE " CHES/VPEAKt ' AND THK "SHANNON.

Invasion of

Lower

Canada.

A month later General Dearborn, who
had been inactive all summer, crossed the
boundary as if to march upon Montreal.
But the Canadian militia sprani^ t(-) arms, and after a
few skirmishcb Dearborn retreated to IMattsburg.
Smyth's In the same month the Americans again

Failure. tried to get a footing in Canada, this time

near Niagara. They were now under the command of
a general nam-^d Smyth, who boasted loudly ff the
great things he would do. But he succeeded in

162 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR ROYS AND GIRLS.

nothing ; his men lost faith in him, and he was at
length dismissed from the army in disgrace,
British ^"^ though the British were victorious

Losses at on land, they had been beaten at sea.
**■ Several battles had taken place between

single ships, and in each the British had to .strike their
flag, for their ves.sels were not so well armed, nor so
good in any way as those of the small American navy.
At last the British ministers saw that they must fit out
better ships. '

A Navai The English commanders were eag_i co re-

'^"•'- gain their lost laureLs. In June, i^^is, the

British ship SJiannon challenged the Chesapeake, then
in Boston harbour, to come out and fight. The battle
was short but terrible. In less than half an hour the
Chesapeake was taken by the English Its captain died
soon after the battle, and was buried by his foes at
Halifax with military honours.

!n;i,

CHAPTER V.

IVA/? WITH THE TTNITED STATES, rSrj.

Frenehtown.

At the end of 1812 there was a short
breathing-time, but both sides used it to
make preparations for going on with the war. Before
the close of January an American army advanced
towards Detroit. Colonel Proctor, in command thei?,
marched out to meet it, and attacking the Americans
suddenly when they were resting at Frenehtown,
captured their general and five hundred men. This
saved Michigan to the British for a time.
Ogdensburg During the winter, parties of Americans
Attack<&d. often crossed the St. Lawrence on the ice
and plundered the Canadian settlements. On one
occasion a party from Ogdensburg burnt several houses
in Brock ville, ind carried off fift\' of the townspeople
as prisoners. Determined to repay them for this, a
body of the militia called the Glengarr)- Fencihles
crossed the ice to Ogdensburg. and in spite of a hot
fire from the Americans, struggled up the slippery
bank. They then swept their foes from their position,
burnt the barracks, and returned to their own side of
the river with a train of sleighs laden with captured
arms and stores.

Help from ^'"'^i-^h ships were now regaining the
the Maritime control of the ocean, and the Maritime
Provinces, fearing no attack more serious

1" . 'I

Provinces.

164 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

I I

»►

!!i!

than the raids of privateers along their coasts, sent both
men and money to help in the defence of Canada. In
March a few regular troops, raised in New Brunswick,
marched on snowshoes through the wilderness that lay-
between the settled parts of thr t province and Lower
Canada. A short time later, seamen from Nova Scotia
took the same way to Canada. New ships had been
lately built, and a few British sailors came out to
Canada with a naval officer, Sir James Yeo.
York In April an American fleet under Corn-

Cap m red. modore Chauncey bore down on York,
which was then a village of only a thousand inhabitants.

The Americans landed close
to a little fort west of the
town, and were pressing
eagerly forward to drive out
its defenders, when a great
store of powder exploded
and killed a number of men
on both sides. General
Sheaffe was at York, but after destroying the military
stores he retreated with the few regular soldiers to
Kingston. York then surrendered. The Americans
plundered it of everything of value, set its public build-
ings on fire, and then sailed away.

A little later their fleet joined with Dearborn's forces
in an attack on Fort George. The British under
General Vincent resisted doggedly, but were at last
forced to leave the Niagara frontier in the possession of
the enemy.

- . While Chauncey and his fleet were at Fort

Sackett's George, Prevost and Yeo attacked Sackett's
Harbour. Harbour, the great stronghold of the

Martello Tower, Halifax.

WAR WITH THE LNITKU STATES.

165

;ral

tary
to
:ans
lid-

brt
tt's
the

American navy on Lake Ontario. Tiicy buccccdcd in
forcing a landing, and the Americans, thinking that all
was lost, set fire to everything likely to be of use to the
British. But to the disgust of his soldiers, Prevost
suddenly ordered a retreat, and the Americans tried {n
put out the fires that they had kindled. The British
leaders were blamed for bad management, but soon the
hearts of the Canadians were cheered by better fortune.
Stoney On the night of June 5th, a stiong body

Creek. ^^^ Americans, on the way to attack Vincent

in his camp on Ikirlington
Heights, rested at Stoney
Creek ; but before dawn
they were surprised by a
small British force under
Colonel Harvey. After a
brief and C(^nfused fight,
over a hundred Americans,
including two generals,
were taken prisoners. The
rest fled towards Fort George, and on the following day
many of them were captured by Sir James Yeo as they
were trying to carry off some stores in flat-bottomed boats.
Beaver This success was quickly followed by an-

other. The Americans were much annoyed
by small parties of British troops who attacked their
foraging parties and advanced posts. At last Colonel
Boerstler was ordered to surprise one of these parties
posted at Beaver Dams and commanded by Lieutenant
FitzGibbon. But the surprise was on the other side.
Laura Rumors of the intended attack reached

Socord. ^j^g g2_j.g q|- ^ wounded militiaman at

1 uKI ( il nKi.K.

i ^1

l66 CANADIAN mSToKV loR HUVS AND llIKLS.

Qucenston named Sccorrl. He could not walk the
lonp^ distance to Ficavcr Dams, but his wife determined
to warn I'itzGibbon. For a whole day she toiled
through the woods, afraid of being stopped or cjucs-

:i);

'*■ HI

1 II !

I it!

tioned, but reached her journey's end in time to put
FitzGibbon on his guard. Boerstler's men had been
sorely harassed on the way by a band of Indians under
Captain Kerr and a son of Joseph Brant, and as they
neared Beaver Dams musket shots, shouts, and terrible

WAR WITH THK UNITEn STATES.

167

war- whoops sounfled from every side. They fancied
themselves surrounded by a superior force, and when
FitzGibhon rode out to reconnoitre he f<iund them
drawn uj) in an open sj)ace in the wo(xls, uncertain
whether to advance or retreat. Though he had less
than i\(\.v men, FitzOibbon boldh' summoned the five
hund.ed Americans to surrender, and in a panic they
aid down their arm;-, without striking a blow. Fortun-
atel>', rei :rr)rcements came before the prisoners dis-
covered how ^reatl)' they out-numbered the British.
This was one of the most brilliant exploits of the war.
Durinf;^ the summer there w^as no impor-
tant battle, but raids were ma' . -i both
sides which caused much loss and suffering Y k was
again plundered. On the same day a Bri*>li ^tjrce was
doing as much mischief as possible at Flatts.urtj.
Fighting on The Americans, intending t' attack Mont-
the Lakes. j.^,,j^ |^,^^j beoun to build hospitals, store-
houses, and barracks for the soldiers on Lake Champlain,
but British vessels captured their ships and destroyed
their buildings. This delayed the invasion of Lower
Canada. British fleets had now blockaded the American
seaports, and the government, instead of keeping their
sailors idle on board the ocean vessels, sent them to
man the lake boats. The American vessels on Lake
Erie w^ere cooped up in IVesqu'ile Harbour by an Fng-
lish fleet ; but at last the commander, Barcla\', carelessly
allowed them to escape, and soon they captured or
disabled all his ships.

Loss of Proctor, at Detroit, fearing that his supplies

Michigan. vvould be cut off, now retreated up the
river Thames. He was hotly pursued by an American

l68 ( ANADIAN HIST(JRV KOR HUVS AND (3IULS.

army, but did not even try to prevent their following

him by breaking; down the brid,c;cs over which he passed.

Moravian- At last, amon^i^st tlie woods and swamps

*°^"' near the huHan villa^^e of Mnraviantnwn,

he turned to bay. The ground was hardened by a

frost, and at the first chartj^e of a troop of American

horsemen the weary, dispirited Britisii surrendered or

fled. Hut a number of Indians under Tecum.seh fou^^ht

on till the ^reat chief himself and mr)re than a hundred

of his warriors lay dead upon the field. Proctor escaped

to Burlington, but was disgraced for this disaster.

, IVTcanwhile two American forces, under

Lower

Canada Generals Hampton and Wilkinson, were

rea ened. p,-eparing to make a combined attack on
Montreal. Fortunately their plan of meeting mis-
carried, but in this hour of danger the Canadians rose
loyally and bravely to defend their country. Hampton
crossed the boundary at Odelltown, but the road to
Montreal lay for fifteen miles through a dense swamp,
and it was so well guarded that he quickly recrossed
the boundary and moved westward. A body of French
Canadians, the Voltigeurs, led by Colonel de Salaberry,
moved westward also.

Battle of Several weeks later General Hampton

Chateauguay. ^gain crossed the bjrder near the river
Chateauguay, but soon discovered that this road to
Montreal was also well defended. De Salaberry had
chosen a ver)- strong position in the woods, and when
the Americans appeared in sight, on the morning of
October 26th, he posted his men so cleverly that his
enemies never guessed how few they were. When the
fight was hottest he ordered ten or twelve buglers to

WAR WIIH THE L'NIIKD STATES.

169

sound the advance in different parts of the woods, and
the Americans tlioiij^ht tliat rcinforccinenls were gatlier-
ing against them from all '^ides. At last the\- retreated
in confusion, and so(jn afterwards went into winter
quarters at Plattsburg.

Dton
iver

to
lad
len

of
his
the

Chrysler's On November ist Wilkinson's army set
Farm. ^..^j] f^^m Sackctt's Harbour and landed on

the Canadian shore below Prescott. Hut the\' were
followed by Colonel Morrison with a small British
force, and on Chrysler's farm, a few miles above
Cornwall, a fierce battle took place. The Ikitish,
though far outnumbered, in the end drove the
Americans to their boats, and when Wilkinson heard
of Hampton's defeat, he also gave up the attempt to
reach Montreal.

170 CANADIAN HISTUKV MjK HuVS AM) dlKLS.

Newark Karly in December (ieneral Drummond,

Burnt. ^i^^^j^ commaiidin^f the troops in l.'pper

C'anafla, sent a force to attack I-'ort (ieor^^c. \\u\ the
America!! ^^ciieral retreated tn Niagara, after ordering
Newark to be set on fire, though it was bitter wintry
weather. A Httle later the British surprised I-'orl Nia-
gara, drove the Americans from Black Rock and Buffalo,
and in cruel revenge for a cruel (\ccc\, burnt ever\' house
along the frontier from Niagara to Buffalo. Then
Drummond declared that he would not in future make
war upon those unable to fight, unless the Americans
again set the bad example of burning villages and
homesteads.

'4'

\
111

ill

r-it

i'tl

(11 AI'TF.K VI.

THE EM) OE THE WAR. iSi^.

1 he people of Lower r an.ifla were over-

Laooll* Mill. . , , . I 1

joN'ed with their success in clnvin^r i)acK

the imarliM's, and the assembly {promptly voted supplies
to carr\- on the war. l^ut the Americans still hoped to
conquer Canada. In March an arm)' a^ain cmssed the
frontier, and tried io take LacoUe
Mill, a stron^^ stone buildin^^ de-
fended by 500 men. But their
guns were too light to batter
down the walls. They were
beaten off with loss, and soon
recrossed the boundary.
Oswego The Americans :^'}

Captured. h^<j collected great ':2?
quantHies of stores at Oswego
for the supply of their fleet on
Lake Ontario, but in May the
British naval commander, Yeo, attacked and to(jk the
fort. The Americans, however, had put most of the
stores beyond his reach.

England was at last able to send out large bodies of
troops to "anada, for Napoleon had been beaten and
was shut up \\\ the little island of Elba. The Americans
were again tiireatening the upper province, and rehi-
forcements were most sorel)' needed there.

171

?*'?i'

rKicNCH Canadians uk int.

Tl.MK.

1/2 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR bOYS AND GIRLS.

Battle of
Chippewa.

-I

\ »

Mi *! :

ifi^^

Early in July an American army crossed

the Niagara River and took possession of

Fort Eric, which the British did not try to defend.

They then marched towards Chippewa Creek, but were

met by a body of British troops under General Riall,

and a fierce fight took place. Both sides lost many

men, and General Riall, whose force was the smaller,

was obliged to retreat towards Fort George. The

Americans followed him, but after this both amies

received reinforcements, and the Americans in their turn

retreated towards Chippewa Oeek.

. _ The British marched after them, and took

The Battle

of Lundy's up a strong position at the end of a narrow

Lane. j-q^^j called Lundy's Lane, near the Falls

of Niagara. Their guns commanded the lane, but Gen-
eral Drummond had hardly placed his men when they
were furiously attacked by the enemy. The battle
began at six in the evening, and raged unceasingly for
three hours. Charge followed charge. The British closed
around their guns, and the Americans brought up theirs
so near that the opposing cannon were almost mouth to
mouth. About nine there was a lull in the fight, and
the roar of the great waterfall close at hand sounded
through the glof)m. Suddenly the battle began again,
and now black darkness added to its horrors, save when
a fitful gleam of moonlight broke through the heavy
clouds. Till midnight the struggle went on, but the
British could not be forced from their position. Finally
the Americans retreated to their camp beyond the
Chippewa. In this battle more lives were lost and
more men wounded than in any other during the war.

TWE END OF THE WAR.

173

Siege of
Fort Erie.

The Americans, after throwing some of
their heavy baggage into the rapids above
the falls, retired to Fort Erie. Drummond then besieged
the fort. He battered it day after da}' with his cannon,
and one August morning, before it was light, a number
of his men forced their way into the fort. The}- were
beginning to fire upon the Americans with their own
guns when a powder magazine blew up beneath their
feet and wrought terrible destruction among them.
Their comrades, pressing forward ta join in the attack,
fled in dismay. After this the Americans tried to break
through the British lines whilst a dreadful storm was
raging ; but they were driven back into the fort, and
Drummond did not give up the siege till his batteries
were almost washed away by the heavy autumn rains.
A little later the Americans blew up the fortifications
and returned to their own country.

- . During this year Washington, the capital

the United of the United States, was captured by a
a OS. British army. Several towns in Maine

were also taken, and part of that state, once belonging
to Acadia, was declared to be under British rule.

In September Prc\ost attacked Plattsburg. He had
13,000 men under his command ; but after a hard fight
his fleet vas defeated on Lake Champlain, and he thought
it wise to order a retreat. His officers were very angr\',
and a court-martial was appointed to enquire into his
conduct. But he died a week before the dav fixed for
his trial. As a general, Prevost was unfortunate ; but
there is little doubt that his gracious tact and good
sense strengthened the loyalty uf the French Canadians

174 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

and made them all the more willing to give their money

and their lives for the defence of their country.

The End of The attack on Plattsbu**g was almost the
the War. |^g^ ^^^ j^^ ^j^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ Christmas Eve,

1 8 14, a treaty of peace was signed at Gheni., in Holland.
By it everything was arranged, as far as possible, as it
had !^en before the war. The peace was hailed with
eqUf^l joy by the Canadians and by the many Americans
who had thought the war wrong and unjust from the
first. Help was sent from England, Nova Scotia, and
other parts of Canada to the people of those towns
which had suffered most grievously during the war, but
nothing could make up for all the misery it had caused.

CHATTKR VII.

LORD SELKIRK'S SETTLEMENTS.

Lord Selkirk.

While the war witli the United States was

still going on, the foundations of a new
British colony were being laid in the far west by a Scotch
nobleman, the Earl of Selkirk. In 1803 he had brought
out eight hundred Highlanders to Prince Edward Island,
where they did well. He had also settled a number of
families in Upper Canada, near where Chatham now
stands ; but the land was swamp\', and the colony did
not flourish.

_ _ Intending t(j plant a colony on the Red

Rjv-sr River, Selkirk obtained a large tract of

Colony. \:^x\(\ from the Hudson's Ba)' Company, of

which he was a member. But the rival fur-traders of
the North-West Company declared that tlie English
company had no right to this land, and a bitter quarrel
broke out between them. No doubt both were in fault,
but the Nor'-westers, as they were often called, used
Selkirk's unfortunate ccjlonists most cruelly.
First Late in 181 1, ninety Scotch and Irish set-

Colonists. ^i(^j-^ .sailed into Hudson Ba}'. They spent
the winter at a trading-post on its dreary shores, and in
the spring pushed on to the Red River. They quickly
built a little fort named Douglas, for fear of the Indians.
but the Nor'-westers were really more to be dreaded.

»75

176 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

I f'ii

They tried to frighten away the new-comers by every
means in their power. It is said, for instance, that they
drove away the herds of bisons, or buffaloes, as they
are generally called, upon which the settlers at first
depended chiefly for food. They were thus obliged to
follow them to their distant pastures, but returned in
the spring to the Red River.

Buffalo When fresh meat was not to be had they

ate " pemmican." This was buffalo meat

dried, ground to powder.

Meat.

^_^*«i\>^.

A Buffalo.

and made solid with melted
fat. Stored in bags made
from skins of the beasts,
it was often kept for years,
and thouc^h it .sometimes
.- tasted like " bad tallow,"
it was said to be whole-
some. It was easily car-
ried and convenient for
travellers, and was very useful in the early days of

the colony.

Though the life was hard, more settlers,
ar s ips. jj^chuling a few women and children, soon
joined the little colony. The\' were ill-provided with
tools for working the soil, but managed to break it
up with hoes, and in 18 14 sowed a little wheat.
Soon afterwards the Nor'-westers persuaded or forced
thcni dW to leave the country, but some came back
with another band of settlers who reached the Red
River in 1815.

With them came Semple, who had been
appointed governor of the country by the

Serr>i)lek

LORD SELKIRKS SETTLEMENTS.

i;;

FuKT l)(lUt;i.AS.

Hudson's Bay Company; but the Nor'-westers would
not obey him. At last the}- shot him and twenty of his

men, took possession of
^) Fort Dr>i!-^las, and once
A<dl(^jtt|l more drove the settlers
from their h<jmes.

Selkirk's When Sel-

Vislt. i^irk heard

of this disaster he was on
the way to visit his colon)'.
Having with him a large body of canoe-nien and dis-
banded soldiers, to whom he had promised grants of
land, he went at once to Fort William, an important
post of the North- West C(jmpany on Lake Superior,
and seizing several leading officials, sent them to be
tried in Upper Canada. Upon this the colonists again
returned to the Red River. Selkirk made trea^'cs with
the Indians, planned for roads to be made, and tried
to settle his people comfortably, but for many years
they had a hard struggle. On returning to Upper
Canada, the earl was tried and fined for having im-
prisoned the Nor'-westers, but the men who had killed
Semp'.e went unpunished. In 1821 the rival companies
united under the old* name of the Hudson's T' ly Com-
pany, and in 1838 Selkirk's heirs gave U{) t' he con-
trol of the Red River colony.

i.'J

llj'!

("IIAPTKR VIII.

77/A' MARITIME PROVIXCES Al'TKR THE WAR.

"The Great
Immigra-

Duriiiff the twenty-five years following; the
war, thousands of immigrants, or new set-
tiers, poured into the ' British provinces.
The change from war to peace caused great distress in
England, for many soldiers were disbanded, and num-
bers of men who had long been making guns and other

things needed in war were
thrown out of work. To
help these people to make
a living, the government
now began to send them
out to British America.
Year after \'ear they came
from I'Lngland, Scotland,
and Ireland. By 1841 the
population was three times
what it had been in 18 15, and the conditions of life had
greatly improved ; but at first the peace hardly seemed
an unmixed benefit to several of the provinces,

„ ^ -. ^ 111 Nova Scotia many people were thrown
Bad Trade ^ ^ *

in Nova out of work, and trade general !)■ became

'*• ver\' bad for a time. A number of work-

men left the countr\-, and the farmers were greatly dis-
tressed. As a class they were verv ignorant, and slow

'178

Setti.kk's Hit.

'own
:amc

rork-
dis-
Islovv

Tin: MAKITIMK !'K(>\IN( KS AFTER TIIK WAR. 179

to adapt thcinsclves to ch.'in^in^ circumstances. To
njiisc them John Youni;, a Scotchman, caUin^^ himself
" Agricohi," wrote letters to the i)af)ers, and in 1S18 an
aj^ricultural societ)' was formed to hrin^ in better plans
of farming.

Lord I'lc Marl of l)alht)iisie, now lieutenant-

Dalhousie. <rovernor, was eai^^T to encourage improve-
ments in education and road-making, as well as in farm-
ing. During his rule a large sum of money, obtained
from duties collected
during the war at the
American town of Cas-
tine, was set apart to
found Dalhousie Col-
lege.

In Nova
Quit-rents.

Scotia, as

in Prince Edward
Island, some lands had
been granted on ccmdi-
tion of the paxinent of

a small quit-rent. But it had not been collected, and
now claims were made for the rent of man\- \'ears
together. This caused great discontent, but after a
long dispute the government gave up the claim and
promised that quit-rents should not again be demanded.
At the same time the assembly and the
council were quarrelling bitterly. In /Eng-
land, when the House of Commons passed a bill f«.v .'he
raising or spending of money, the House of Lords might
either pass (jr reject, but could not alter it. The same
rule was supposed to hold good in Nova Scotia, and the

UAKVKsriN<i Scene.

Money Bills.

l8o CANADIAN IIISTOKV FOR HOYS AND GIRT.S.

I> I

!•!

assembly sometimes forced the council to pass a clause
that they did not like by puttinj^ it in the same bill with
something that they could not well reject. At last the
councillors insisted that they had the right to make
changes ; and in 1830, as the assembly would n«'t admit
this, they refused to pass the money bills, and road-
making, bridge-building and other improvements came

to a standstill. \ext
)'ear, however, they
gave way and passed
the bills unaltered.

., In New

New

Brunswick's l^runs-

Trade. ^^.j^,,^ ^j^^

change from v/ar to
peace had no ill effect.
Many ships were built,
and for a \\ hile there
was a great trade in
lumber with luigland. lUit from various causes it soon
became less profitable, and the governor, Douglas, tried
to induce the people to pa\' more attention to farming.
The Mira- The summer of 1S25 was very hot and dry,
michi Fire, ^^j^^j jj-j ^\^^. autumn a frightful fire swept

through the forests along the banks of the Miramichi.
It left behind thousands of square miles of black
desolation, killing the fish in the smaller streams, and
utterly destroying many flourishing little towns and
villages. Worst of all, nearly two hundred people per-
ished in th'^ flames or were drowned in flvin"" from them.
Most of those who escaped had lost everything, but the
people of England, the United States, and the neigh-
bouring provinces came gcnerousl}- to their help.

1)U1V1NU Luos.

THE MARITIME I'KOVTNCKh Ah 1 Kk THL WAK. l8l

Prince

CdwMrd

Island.

ling,
dry,
uept
ichi.
lack
.'ind
and
por-
lem.
: the
:igh-

At this time Prince Edward Island had a
governor named Smith who wished to
have his own wa)' \n everything. I * the
assembly (h'splcased him he promptl)' dissolved it, and
indeed for several \'oars he ruled \vitht)Ut calling the
assembly together at all. lie also caused much distress
by trying to cc^llect from the tenants the large sums due
on the quit-rents which ought to have been paid years
before b\- the owners of the land. At last the peoj)le
met together and begged the king to recall the t\'ran-
nical governor. Much alarmed, Smith tried to arrest
the bearer of the petition, but he reached iMigland safely
and Smith was iwalled. After this no attempt was
made to enfor<.v the payment of cjuit-rcnts.
Newfound' iHu'ing the war-time the people of Nev/-
'■"**• found! xUtl had had the fisheries all to

themselves, and had obtained good prices for their fish.
But whon [>oace was made the French and Americans
attain took txirt in the fisheries, wai'es fell, and the
island'oi'x suffered so teri*ibl\' that some were sent to
Halifax and some to Ireland. To make matters worse,
tl«Kx^e very bad fires occurred at St. John's in less than
two years. In 1832 the people were allowed, after a
long struggle for a share in the government, to elect an
assemblv.

Laws on About this time the laws preventing Roman

eiigion. Catholics baring an\' voice in the govern-
ment of the Maritime Provinces were repealed. In 1S29
Nova Scotia gave them the same right to vote and hold
offices under government as Protestants, and a year
later Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland followed
her example.

CHArTKR IX.

ii*'

UrPi:R CANADA AFTER IlIF WAR.

Since the bct^innin^^ fjf tlic war Ui)i)cr Cati.ula had
had mail)' fhlTcreiit governors, hut most of tlicin had
tjuickl)- fallen under tlic inlluuncc of the l'\'unil>' ('oni-
pact, and every year the people {.^rew more discontented
with their rulers.

Robert In 1S17 Robert (iourlay, a Scotcliman,

Goiirlay. i^oinj^- into business as a land ai^^ent, sent a

number of questions to the principal [people in each
township of Upper Canada. The answers showed how
badl)' the country was ^(jverned, and (iourlay beL,^in to
stir up the people to demand reform. At last he called
a meeting at York to petition the British L^overnment
to look into the matter. This was more than the Com-
pact could bear. Twice they had Gourla\' tried for
libel, but each time he was declared not ^uiltw Then
they thought of an old law called the Alien Act, by
which foreigners suspected of plotting against the gov-
ernment could be forced to leave the province. Gourlay,
though a British subject, was ordered to leave Ujiper
Canada. Not obe\'ing, he was arrested and kept for
over six months shut up in Niagara jail. Then he was
brought to trial, but the hardships he had suffered had
broken his health and bewildered his mind so much
that he was utterly unable to defend himself A jury,

unfairl)' chosen by the men in power, declared him

1S2

ui'I'i:k ( avada ai ii.k tiik war.

1H3

puilt)', and he w.is ordered, 011 pain of leatli, to leave
l^ppcr Can.ida within twenty-four hours. This time
he obe)'cd, but thou^^h the officials were rid of him,
they could not lon^' silence the anj;r\' people.
Oppressive While (jourlay was in prison a letter
'^®**' from him was published in the Niagaput

Spectator, but for daring to print it the editor was
sentenced to be heavily fined and imprisoned. At this
time tlic officials, who had many wa\'s of influencing
the elections, were suj)ported In* a majority in the
assembl)', and if old laws would not serve their turn,
tliey pas«;ed new ones. I'or instance, the\' made a
new law so as to force Hid well, a member of the
assembly who had offended them, to <^\\c uj) his seat.
A Reform In 1818 an Act had been j)assed i^ivini^
Assembly. power to the magistrates to fijrbid the
holding of meetini^s f(jr the discussion of ^^riexances.
It was repealed in i(S20, but such laws as this only
made the people more ca<.jer for some chanL;e, and in
the general election of 1824 a majority of Reformers,
as the people who wished to improve the government
called themselves, was sent up to the assembl\'.
William Lyon A Ref(.)rmer who, though not in Parliament,
Mackenzie. ^^,,^j^ beginning to attract attention, was a
wiry, eager, restless little man named Williain Lyon
Mackenzie. He earned the hatred of the officials by
bringing out a newspaper which never ceased to criticize
them and their doings. It was a costly undertaking,
and he was in great difficulties about money when a
number of young men, related to the officials, broke
into his office at York in Inroad daylight, injured his
press, and cast his type into the bay. The culprits were
not punished, and when Mackenzie went to law and was

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184 CANADIAN HISTORY I<JK I50VS AND GIRLS.

awarded a large sum as damages, their friends, including
some of the officials tliemselves, subscribed to pay it.
This enabled Mackenzie to continue the publication of
his pajier.

A short time later Judge Willis, an English-
man, publicly accused a leading official,
named Robinson, of neglecting his duty. Robinson was
one of the cleverest members of the Compact, and in after
years won the respect of all parties as a wise and upright
judge. Willis was soon dismissed from his position, and
though he had given the officials just cause for complaint,
the people regarded him as a mart}T to their cause. In
some other cases arising at this time, however, there is
no doubt that they were grievously in the wrong.
The Canada A great number of the incoming settlers
Company. chose Upper Canada as their new home ;
and in 1826 some rich men in England formed what was
called the Canada Company. It bought from the govern-
ment over 2,000,000 acres of wild land in Upper Canada,
and engaged to make roads and build mills. Much of
the land was quickly resold to new colonists ; but for
many years an immense block of land known as the
Huron tract, which belonged to the company, remained
unsettled.

In 1 832 an emigrant ship brought to Quebec
the dread disease of cholera. It swept
through the Canadian towns and villages, carrying off
thousands of victims. Two years later there was a
second terrible outbreak. This checked the coming of
new settlers for a while.

The Clergy In 1819 the Presbyterian Church was
Reserves. allowed to share with the Church of Eng-
land in the benefit of the clergy reserves, but still the

The Cholera.

UPPER CANADA AFTEK THE WAK.

i8s

for

the

ined

ng.
the

other churches received no share, and the Reformers
began to press for a fairer division of the proceeds of
these lands.

Dr. On the other hand, Dr. Strachan, an ener-

Strachan. getic clergyman of the Church of England,
and a leading member of the Family Compact, did his
best to prevent any division at all. I le held that the
reserves had been set apart for his own church and no
other. He was a Scotchman, born and educated at
Aberdeen. He had come to Canada when a very young
man, and before becoming a clergyman had kept a
school at Kingston. He afterwards became the first
Anglican bishop of Toronto.

Egerton Dr. Strachan sometimes gave grievous

Ryerson. offence by fiercely attacking other churches ;
and on one occasion a young Methodist minister, Eger-
ton Ryerson, answered his sermon by a long review,
which was very widely read. He was the son of a
United Empire Loyalist, and, like Dr. Strachan, took
much interest in all the affairs of the country. He wrote
a " History of the Loyalists of America." He had great
sympathy with their devotion to the king and the
British Empire, but he was anxious to see a reform of
the many abuses in the government of Upper Canada.
Religious The Methodists, Lutherans, and other dis.-
Reforms. senters now joined in the effort to pass
laws authorizing the use of the clergy reserves for the
support of schools instead of churches ; but the question
remained unsettled for years, and again and again gave
trouble. In 1831 a law was passed allowing the min-
isters of all Christian sects to perform marriages ; and,
a little later, the right was given to all the churches to
hold lands for burying grounds and other purposes.

CHAPTKR X.

MACKENZIE AXD COLIiORAE.

ii '

'I.

iii

:-!^l •

The New
Governor.

Mackenzie.

Sir John Colborne, who became Heutenant-

L^overnor of Upper Canada in 1 828, had won

honour as a solcHer, but his temper was so stern that he

was unfitted to make the people think better of their

government. Soon after his arrival a great number of

pe(jple begged him to })ardon an editor named Collins,

who had been fined and thrown into prison for having,

as it was said, libelled one of the officials ; but Colborne

was most unwilling to show him any mercy.

William Lyon Mackenzie now had a seat

in the assembly. With untiring zeal he

dragged to light abuses in the government, small and

great, and as a rule he was supported by a great

majority. But the executive councillors, having no

need to ask the assembly for money, held calmly on

their w^ay, and the governor, when begged to dismiss

them, disdained even to answer. On the death cjf the

king (according to an old English custom) tlu^ house

was dissolved, and the officials made a great effort to

secure a majority in the next election.

The violence of some of the Reformers had alarmed

many sober people, who hated disorder even more than

oppression, and many Reformers lost their seats. But

Mackenzie was elected by the town of York, and con-

186

M Al . K K N / 1 !•: A N I ) ( < » L BO K N K.

IS;

tinned to call attention to all kinds of grievances. The
officials, thorou^dil\- tired of him, al last accused him of
libelling the assembly, and a majority voted that he
should be expelled from it. This made the people very
angry. York prom})tly re-elected him. .Again he was
expelled ; but York would have no other member. He
now visited iMigland, and the colonial secretary promised
certain reforms. The councillors managed to g(j on in
their old ways, however, and soon there was a new colonial

seat
he
and
reat
no
on
niss
the
ID use
t to

"ned
lan
But
on-

TORONTO IN i8,H-

secretary, who was inclined to uphold them. Mackenzie
found that a third time his seat had been declared vacant,
and a third time he had been re-elected ; but when he
took his place in the house ho was dragged from his seat
by force.

In 1834 York was incorporated as a city, under the old
Indian name of Tf)ronto, and Mackenzie was elected as
its first mayor. In the same year there was another
general election, and as the Reformers now had the
majority, Mackenzie was at last allov/ed to take his .seat.

l88 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

.\ i

Report of

Grievancesi

1036.

This assembly drew up a long report con-
cerning the bad government of Upper
Canada, complaining that it was due to the
system which enabled the Compact to rule the country
year after year without regard to the wishes of the people.
When the report reached England a reform was promised.
Coiborne's To smooth the way for a change Colborne
Last Act. ^y^^ recalled. His last act added to his un-
popularity. Though at this very time a hot dispute was
going on concerning the use of the clergy reserves, he
suddenly set apart seventeen thousand acres of land for
the support of forty-four rectories. By the Constitutional
Act he had a right, as governor, to do this, but the use at
such a time of a power which had never been acted on
before enraged the Reformers.

_. .. Thouf3fh in those days communication be-

Sympathy ^ ^ -^ _

between the tween the different provinces was slow and
rovinces. difficult, they had much influence upon one
another. This was the case especially with Upper and
Lower Canada. To strengthen the tie between them,
Mackenzie had lately visited Lower Canada. At the
same time the Reformers of Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick were struggling for responsible government ;
but they did not approve of the violence of Mackenzie
and other Canadian Reformers.

CHAPTER XI.

STORMY YEARS IX LOWER CANADA.

Hard Times.

In Lower Canada the period after the war
was dark and stormy. At first trade was
bad and the harvests were poor, while for man)' years
abuses of all sorts flourished under the rule of the Com-
pact. The wild lands had been largely taken up by men
who only hoped to make money by selling them, and so
took no trouble to clear or improve them. This made it
difficult in many parts of the country for useful settlers
to obtain good land. Some of the judges were accused
of breaking the laws, and many of the officials did little
to earn their salaries.

Strife for The assembly, composed chiefly of French-
Power, men, was eager for reform, but the officials,
nearly all of whom were English, were determined to
keep their power. The struggle between them took
different forms, but raged longest and most fiercely
over the question whether the officials or the people's
representatives Mere to control the supplies, — for whoever
had command of the money really ruled the country-.

Little by little the assembly obtained more power.
The number of officials gradually increased, and the gov-
ernor was obliged to ask for extra grants of money. But
the assembly would give them only on condition of being

informed how they were to be used.

1S9

; 1

190 CANADIAN IIISTOKV FOR H< )VS AND GIRLS.

I*'

)

:i'i

■|

1 :'

Reform
Leaders

\ Icadinj^^ spirit amongst the Reformers
was p \oung Frencli Canadian barrister
named Louis Joseph Papineau. lie was fine looking
and a brilliant speaker, and had great influence upon
other young men.

Another notable Reformer, Wolfred Nelson, was a
wealthy doctor of English descent ; he joined heartily
with the French Canadians in the struggle against the
tyranny of the officials. Both he and Papineau had
served against the Americans in the war of 18 12.
The In 1 8 16 Sir John Sherbrooke, who had ruled

Governors. Nova Scotia for five years, became gover-
nor-general. By his wise management he calmed, to
some extent, the strife between the two political parties,
but his health failed, and, at his own desire, he was
recalled. The next governor, the Duke of Richmond,
though courteous and hospitable, had high ideas of his
rights as the king's representative, and thought the
assembly altogether in the wrong. In his time, when
asked for an unusually large grant, the assembly tried
to lower the salaries of the officials, and voted the grant
in such a way that the council angrily rejected the bill.
The governor took the side of the council, and sharply
rebuked the lower house.

Lord Soon afterwards the duke died of a terrible

Dalhousie. illness brought on by the bite of a tame
fox ; and in 1820 the Earl of Dalhousie took his place.
The dispute about the supplies still continued, and when
the two chambers could not agree upon a bill arranging
for the payment of the officials, the governor used the
public money without their leave.

:■ 1 i

STORM\ VF.ARS I\ LoWKR CANADA.

191

English
Laws for
Canada.

Besides these difficulties within the province,
a (juarrel had lon^ been goin^ on with
Upper Canada concerning the (kities col-
lected in the lower province. Upper Uanatla complained
that for }ears it had not received a fair share of this
mone)'. in 1822 a bill was brought into the British par-
liament for reuniting the two provinces, but the sugges-
tion did not please either. Indeed it raised such a storm
of opposition in Lower Canada that the idea was given up.
In the following year, however, the l^ritish parliament
passed the Canada Trade Act to settle the dispute about
the duties. It also ordered that certain taxes, levied by
the parliament of Lower Canada for a term of years,
should be continued for five years longer. If they had
ceased to be paid the governor would have been unable
to lay his hands on any fund for the payment of the
officials when they quarrelled with the assembly. In
any case he had no right to use the public money with-
out the consent of the assembly, and his doing so in-
creased the bitterness of the quarrel so much that for
several years scarcely any bills of any kind were passed
by the parliament of Lower Canada.

One event after another added to the ex-
citement in Lower Canada. In 1825 it was
found that one of the officials, named Caldwell, had
robbed the country of many thousands of pounds. Two
years later the assembly refused to grant supplies, and
Lord Dalhousie dissolved parliament with angry re-
proaches. All over the country the excitement was
intense. Papineau and his friends held up the governor
to the scorn of the people, and in the general election
scarcely any supporters of the officials were chosen.

Excitement.

! '

192 CANADIAN IIISTcRV FOR HOVS AND GIRLS.

Papineau,
Speaker.

|| i'

:< , i

Papincau, who had bcon speaker of six

parliaments, was a<^^ain elected to that

(office. This anno)'ed the governor so much that he

prorogued or dismissed the assembly for the time,

without allowing it to do any business. Many editors

were tried about this time for libel, but the newspapers

onl)' became more violent, and petitions were sent to

London signed by a vast number of people begging

for a new s)\stem of government.

^ The British ministers were at last alarmed

Grievances

Inquired at the disturbances in all the different North

Into. American colonies. Lord Dalhousie was

recalled, and Sir J;.mes Kempt was sent from Nova Scotia
to govern Lower Canada in his stead. A committee was
also appointed by the Imperial parliament to inquire
what reason there was for the complaints of the colonists.
It advised a number of reforms ; and the British govern-
ment promised, on certain conditions, to give up to the
assembly the control of almost all the public money.
Meanwhile Kempt tried in every possible way to soothe
the Canadians. Papineau was allowed to act as speaker,
and a number of useful acts were pas.sed during the ses-
sion. But an address was sent to the British parliament
asking for greater reforms.

Control of Late in 1830 Lord Aylmer was made gov-
the Supplies, -rnci. A few months afterwards the British
government offered to give up to the assembl\^ all control
of the revenues of the province, on condition that it
should vote what was called a civil list, that is, a fixed
sum for the salaries of certain officials. The sum asked
was not large, and the moderate Reformers wished to
accept the offer, but Papineau and his party would have

STORMY YEARS TN LOWER CANADA.

»93

The

Ninety-two

Resolutions.

nothing to do with it, because other reforms were not
granted also. For several years after this no supply
bills were passed, and as the governor had now no funds
at his command, the judges and other officials received
no salaries. This was called the "Officials' Famine."

In 1834 ninety-two resolutions were passed
by the assembly, repeating the old com-
plaints against the officials, and urging, as it
had been urged many times before, that the members of
the legislative council should be elected by the people,
which would, of course, have put them under the power
of the people. In the debate which followed, Papincau
and many of his followers spoke most wildly and reck-
lessly. The house voted money for local improvements
and charitable purposes, but none for the expenses of
government, and at last the members went home with-
out waiting for the governor to dismiss them.
General Lord Aylmer had declared that the people

Agitation. were quiet, and that the members of the
assembly were to blame for all the trouble ; but soon the
whole country was in a blaze of excitement. Committees
were formed in all the towns to keep up the agitation
and to correspond with the Reformers of the other prov-
inces, and the people were urged not to buy British
goods. But this violence alarmed the more moderate
Reformers, and the official party still petitioned the king
to allow no change to be made.

A Royal The British ministers decided, however, to

Commission, ggricj out men to Canada to inquire into the
cause of all the trouble. One of them, Lord Gosford,
was made governor in place of Lord Aylmer. He
appointed several moderate Reformers to government

194 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR HOYS AND C^IRLS.

■iii.

i I

:■!■ ,

offices, and tried generally to calm and please the
people, but the legislative council rejected nearly every
bill sent up by the assembly, and again no supply bills
were passed. Moreover, the rej)()rt of the commissioners,
as they were called, was most disappointing to all the
Reformers. When it was received by the im[)erial par-
liament, early in 1837, Lord John Russell passed resolu-
tions refusing to make the legislative council elective, or
the executive council res[)onsible to the assembly, and
threatening, if the assembly of Lower Canada did not
vote the desired grant for the officials' salaries, to em-
power the governor to use the public money for the
expenses of government and for paying what was then
owing to the officials, without reference to the assemblx'.
In those days, though little more than half a centun-
ago, few British statesmen thought it possible to give
to colonists the same privileges of self-government as
those enjoyed in the Motherland ; and men who, had
they been colonists, would have been amongst the lead-
ing agitators for reform, were inclined to think that the
desire of the Canadians to control the public money
showed a want of loyalty.

Increased As it was thought likely that the passing
Excitement, of these resolutions might raise a storm in
Canada, Lord Gosford was directed to draw troops from
the Maritime Provinces. The news did raise a storm.
Papineau and many of the newspapers recklessly stirred
up the people, and the whole country seemed rushing
into rebellion. But Lord Gosford still tried to preserve
the peace. Once more he called the assembly together,
but it was in such an angry temper that he was obliged
to prorogue it in a week.

STOKMV VFAKS IN I.()\VL:K CANADA.

'95

the

Preparing
for the
Struggle.

Some of the agitators began to drill and to
make other prej)aratioiis (nr risi^}^^ but
Papincau, alarmed at the flames he had
done so much t(> kindle, ik^w tried to discourage the
violence of his followers. Meanwhile Sir John Colborne,
who hail been governor of Upper Canada and was now
commander of the forces, was also preparing for the
struggle. He sent to New Brunswick for soldiers, and
armed a number of Canadian volunteers. In this time
of danger the Roman Catholic clergy came to the help
of the government, as they had done twenty-five years
earlier, and induced many of their people to remain
quiet. Their bishops also tried to persuade the execu-
tive council to join in asking the imperial government
for changes which would satisfy the moderate Reformers,
but in this they were not successful.

)liged

h i r

ii'

CHAPTER XII.

UPPER CANADA ON THE BRINK OF REBELLION.

Sir Francis
HeHd.

Late in 1 83 5 Sir Francis Bond Head was
made lieut-cnant-governor of Upper Can-
ada. He had been a soldier, and had written several
amusing books of travel, but boasted that he knew no
more of politics than the horses that drew his carriage.
The Reformers had fancied that he would sympathize
with them, and were grievously disappointed to find
vhat he did not. In his speech on opening parliament,
he declared that no change would be made in the Cana-
dian system of government, and he soon fell completely
under the influence of the Fa mily Comp act.
Paplneau's Sir John Colborne had said that the agita-
Letter. ^^^^^ jj-^ Lower Canada was injuring the

countrv, and Papineau wrote to the speaker of the
assembly of Upper Canada defending those who had
taken part in it. Upon this the supporters of the gov-
ernment accused him of trying to stir up strife in the
upper province, where bad harvests and bad trade had
lately added to the discontent of the people.
The Execu- Early in 1836, however, the Reformers
tive Council, began to think that better days were
dawning, for three of their number were invited to enter
the executive council. But it soon appeared that the

governor did not think it necessary to consult his coun-

196

UPPER CANADA ON THE BRINK OF REBELLION. I97

LION.

d was
Can-
everal
ew no
rriage.
)athize
o find
iment,
Cana-
Dletely

agita-
ig the
of the
o had
c gov-
in the
ie had

Drmers
were
enter
at the
coun-

cil, and a few weeks later all its members, Tories and
Reformers alike, resigned their seats. Sir Francis chose
new councillors belonging to the Compact, and the
assembly, in its anger and disappointment, refused to
grant supplies for carrying on the government. Head
soon dissolved it and, forgetful that as governor he had
no rieht to mix him-

self up with party
strife, used every
means in his power
to influence the elec-
tions in favour of the
official party. The
result was that the
Compact again had a
majority in the as-
sembly, and many
well-known Reform-
ers, including Mac-
kenzie, lost their seats.

Mackenzie Unable
at Work. ^o rest at

this exciting time,

MackerA:ie began to

publish a newspaper which he called The Constitution^

and again the province was stirred from one end to the

other by his wild appeals to the people in the name of

liberty.

In the summer of 1837 he began to form societies to
work against the government and to keep in touch with
the Reformers of Lower Canada. He threw prudence
to the winds, and openly ventured to discuss whether

Queen Victoria.

I 1

l! 1

II )

198 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND CARLS.

\'U I

" the Canadians should shoulder their muskets and
declare independence."

A Rising Soon afterwards some of the more violent
Threatened. Reformers secretly drew up and signed a
Declaration of Independence. Lord John Russell's
resolutions roused as much anger in Upper as in Lower
Canada, for they were held to threaten the liberty of
both alike; and a number of the people began to prepare
in earnest for a rising. They had no arms except those
used for hunting, buic a number of pikes were rriade, and
shooting at marks becam.e a popular amusement.

In spite of the many signs that trouble was brewing,
Head sent all the troops out of the country to help to
keep order in the lower province. This, he explained,
was to test the loyalty of the people of Upper Canada.
Queen A few months earlier, in June, 1837, VVil-

Victoria. jj^^^ jy j^^^] died, and his niece, our good

Queen Victoria, then a girl of eighteen, began her long
and glorious reign over an empire upon which it is said
the sun never sets.

and

CHAPTER XIII.

THE REBELLION, 1837.

Riot in
IVIontreal.

Early in November, 1837, there was a fight
in the streets of Montreal between some of
Papineau's followers, calling themselves "Sons of
Liberty," and a club formed to support the government.
Several people were wounded, and the office of a violent-
Reform newspaper was attacked ; but the soldiers dis-
persed the rioters before very much mischief was done.
Other The government now offered large rewards

Outbrealcs. f-Qj. ^\^q capture of Papineau, Nelson, and
other leading Reformers. Dr. Nelson took refuge in
a strong stone building at St. Denis, and managed, after
several hours' hard fighting, to beat off the soldiers who
came to take him, though most of his followers were
armed only with pitch-forks or thick sticks.

This success encouraged the rebels, but two days
later a number of half-armed countrymen, who had
occupied a large house at St. Charles, were attacked by
a few British troops and some loyal volunteers. Many
were killed or wounded, and the rest fled. Nelson's
followers then deserted him, and the doctor was captured
before he could cross the boundary. Papineau had
already left the country. Other bodies of rebels had
gathered at different places, but were easily dispersed.

Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward

199

■■(li .

'ii 1

200 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

.;f:

I! I

l\ '

1! I

ii
I II

Nl? I

Island all offered help to the government in putting
down the rising in Lower Canada. But in Upper Can-
ada it was the signal for a general movement of the
disaffected.

-.. _. . The first object of the leaders was to obtain

The Rising ■'

In Upper arms, and Sir Francis Head's imprudence
Canada. j^ having sent away the troops seemed

likely to render this easy. A quantity of muskets lay
unguarded in the City Hall at Toronto, and a night
attack was planned for the seizure of these arms and of
the governor and his advisers.

A few days earlier Mackenzie had published in his
paper a plan for a " Constitution for the State of Upper
Canada." But though the officials liad been ready
enough to proceed against him in days when his loyalty
was unquestioned, they now seemed determined not to
interfere with his plans till he had led his followers into
open rebellion. He professed to believe that the govern-
ment could be overturned and a new one set up without
bloodshed ; but many of the moderate Reformers would
have nothing to do with his schemes.
Toronto The plans of the rebel leaders were not

Threatened, ^^^n j^id. It was first decided that
Toronto should be attacked on December 7th ; then the
day was changed to December 4th. This caused great
confusion, and by the 4th so few men had gathered at
the place of meeting (Montgomery's tavern, a few miles
north of Toronto), that the attack had to be put off
again.

Late that night Colonel Moodie, a supporter of the
government, was fatally wounded while trying to force
his way through the rebel guards to carry news to

It off

THE REBELLION.

201

Toronto. One of the insurgent leaders was also shot
by a prisoner whom he was taking to the tavern.

Colonel Van Egmond, an experienced soldier who
was to lead the attack on the city, had not arrived, and
the excitable Mackenzie undertook to lead it himself.

Meanwhile great confusion reigned within Toronto.
On December 5th Head put his family on board a
vessel in the bay, and then to gain time sent Mr.
Baldwin and Dr. Rolph with a flag of truce to ask the
demands of the rebels. Both were well-known Re-
formers, and Rolph is said to have been mixed up in
the plot. The insurgents demanded nothing less than
the independence of Canada.

When night fell Mackenzie marched on the city. But
after a slight skirmish with a little company of its de-
fenders, his ill-armed, undisciplined force fled in a panic
back to Montgomery's tavern. Next day they captured
a mail coach, but, waiting for reinforcements which did
not appear, made no further attempt on the city. On
the other hand, many men came to the support of the
government, and on the 7th Sir Francis ordered an
attack upon the rebels, which was led by Lieut. -Colonel
FitzGibbon, the *' hero of Beaver Dams."
The Rebels The insurgents had taken up a position on
Defeated. Gallows' Hill, at a little distance from the
inn, but after a few minutes* fighting, in which one man
is said to have been killed, they .gave way and fled from
the field. Many of the prisoners taken that day were
pardoned on the spot, but their leaders were hotly pur-
sued. With great difficulty Mackenzie escaped to the
United States,

A few days later some rebels who had gathered at

:i',V

II I.

m i

202 CANADIAN HISTORY KOK BOYS AND GIRLS.

St. pAistache were beaten by Sir John Colborne. He

had a force of 2000 men and several small cannon. On

his approach many of the rebels deserted, but the

rest obstinately defended themselves in the village

church and some other buildings for two hours. To

punish the rebels Colborne ordered the villages of St.

Eustache, St. Denis, and St. Benoit to be burnt.

The prisons in both provinces were soon crowded

with men suspected of plotting against the government.

The first effect of the revolt was to strengthen the hands

of the Compact ; and the loyalty of all the Reformers

was doubted, in many cases most unjustly.

-- . . Meanwhile Mackenzie and a few kindred
Mackenzie

on Navy spirits, who had received a warm welcome

* *" ■ from some American sympathizers, were

collecting men in the United States for the invasion of
Canada. In less than a week after his flight from
Gallows' Hill, Mackenzie ventured again into British ter-
ritory, taking possession of Navy Island, in the Niagara
River. He set up what he called " a provisional govern-
ment " for Canada, offered a reward of $500 for the
capture of Sir Francis Head, and promised land and
money to all who would help to conquer Canada. The
" Patriot army," as Mackenzie called his force, was left
in undisturbed possession of the island for several days,
but Colonel MacNab with a band of loyal volunteers
closely watched it from the Canadian shore.
The To carry their supplies the rebels had

Caroline." hired from an American a well-built little
steamer called the Caroline, and MacNab determined
to capture it. Accordingly, after dark on December
29th, a f«^vv bold Canadians crossed the dangerous

THE REBELLION.

203

He
On

: the

llage

)f St.

river to the wharf where the Caroline lav moored.
They forced its crew ashore, set fire to the vessel,
and towed it out into the current. For a time it
blazed up brij^htly, casting a red light on the rushing
waters, then it sank suddenly, and all was black again.
Colonel AlacXab was knighted for this exploit ; but it

caused a great outcry in the United States, and if
England had not apologized for the deed there v/ould
probably have been another war between the two
nations.

The rebels left Navy Island after holding it for a
month, for Sir John Colborne had sent up heavy guns

' 111

m;J|

204 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

from the St. Lawrence, and they knew that the woods,
which had been a good protection against musket shot,
would be useless against cannon-balls and bomb-shells.
Van Rensselaer, whom Mackenzie had engaged to act as
general, was arrested on his return to his own country
for breaking the neutrality laws, which forbade anyone
living in the United States to make attacks on a friendly
nation ; but when allowed to go free on bail he again
emplovcd himself in trying to disturb the peace of
Canada.

Attacks In Some signs of discontent amongst the
the West. people in the west of Upper Canada led
the rebel leaders to make a feeble attempt at invasion
in that quarter. They tried to get a foothold at
Amherstburg, Sandwich, and Point Pelee Island, in
Lake Erie, but the loyal militia were as ready to defend
the country now as in 1812, and the invaders, most of
whom were rascals and vagabonds of the lowest kind,
were drive., back with :eavy loss.

CHAPTER XIV.

LORD DURHAM.

New
Governors.

On the outbreak u/ the rebellion the con-
stitution of Lower Canada was suspended,
that is, the power of the assembly was for a time taken
away, and the government was put into the hands of
the governor and a special council. Lord Gosford had
resigned, ana Sir John Colborne took his place, while
Sir Francis Head was succeeded by Sir George Arthur,
lately governor of Van Dieman's Land, where criminals
were sent for punishment. Both men were stern and
harsh, and their appointment alarmed the Reformers.
But the British Government had begun to believe that
the Canadians must have some real grievances, and they
soon afterwards sent the Earl of Durham to inquire
into the reason of the trouble, appointing him Governor-
General of the British North American colonies and
Lord High Commissioner.
The In both provinces the jails were crowded.

UoDcr*''' '" ^^ Upper Canada the judges were busy for
Canada. weeks trying the prisoners, though Sir

George Arthur was empowered by parliament to pardon
persons asking for mercy on such conditions as he
thought fit. A number of persons were condemned to
death, but the stern sentence was carried out only in

the case of Lount and Matthews. After the fight at

205

' I

206 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

I I

I:)

i :;

I! . ; '< I

i I

-•

H «

The

Governor

General.

Gallows' Hill, Matthews had hidden for two wintry days
and nights in the ravines of Rosedale, near Toronto, and
Loiint had tried to cross Lake ICric in an open boat,
but after suffering terribly from cold and hunL;cr had
been driven back by the wind to the Canadian shore.
The governor was besieged with petitions in their
favour, but nothing moved him, and in April they were
hanged at Toronto.

Lord Durham reached Quebec in May,
1838. He had great abilities, but was hot-
tempered, irritable, and fond of pomp and
show. He held office for only six months, but no
governor-general has done more for Canada. He at
once set ' 's secretary and several other gentlemen to
make careful inquiries concerning the condition of the
people and the state of the country.

Scarcely a week after his arrival a little
Canadian steamer, calling for wood at an
island in Lake Ontario, was attacked at night by a g'xng
of ruffians. They robbed all en board, set fire to \he
vessel, and took refuge amongst the Thousand Islands
of the St. Lawrence, sallying forth now and then to rob
some lonely farm-house. Others followed this bad
example, keeping the Canadian borders in alarm, but
the watchfulness of the government prevented any
great mischief.

The In Lower Canada the captured rebels had

Prisoners. been kept in prison till Lord Durham ar-
rived. He was most unwilling to treat them harshly,
and at last decided to let most of them go without further
punishment than the imprisonment they had already
suffered. Accordingly, on June 28th, 1838, the day of

Raids.

iftx..

ttle
an
-ing
\he
arids
rob
bad
but
any

had
ar-
;hly,
ther
ady
of

LORD DURHAM.

207

Lord

Durham's

Advice.

Quren Victoria's coronation, he proclaimed a p^encral
pardon, but excepted from its benefits a few of the
leaders. Papineau and several others who had esca|)ed
from the province were forbidden to return without leave
on pain of death. The rest, including iJr. W'olfred Nel-
son, were still in prison, and, with their own consent,
were banished to Ikn'muda.

But in I^ngland there was a loud outcry against Lord
Durham for having banished these men on his own
authority. This made him so angry that he refused to
govern Canada any longer, liefore returning homi; he
pardoned all the men whom he had excepted from his
fcjrmer pardon.

Angry as he was. however, the earl was most
anxious that all the colonics should be gov-
erned on a better plan. He laid before the
British parliament a full account of their many grievances,
and declared that to grant responsible government would
be the best and simplest way of curing these evils and
satisf)'ing the just demands of the Reformers.

He also advised uniting the two Canadas under one
government. He had at first thought of a confederation,
or union under one central government, of all the British-
American colonies, and had even held a meeting of the
lieutenant-governors at Quebec to discuss the plan ; but
at that time it did not seem possible to carry out the idea.

Early in 1839 a bill was brought into the British par-
liament for the reunion of Upper and Lower Canada ; but
it was not passed during that session, so that there might
be time to gain the consent of the people.
Hunters' While Lord Durham was trying to lay a
Lodges. f^^^ foundation for the peace and good

208 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOVS AND GIRLS.

'^ ^ ^

!!■'

iii.'i

Outbreaks.

government of Canada, the enemies of the country were
busy on the other side of the boundary. They formed
many secret societies, called "Hunters' lodges," profes-
sedly with the object of setting up a republican form of
government in Canada. But many of the members
were of bad character, and probably their real object
was plunder.

Fresh After Lord Durham's sudden departure

there was another attempt at revolt. On
the first Sunday in Novem-
ber a party of rebels tried to
seize some arms and stores
at the Indian settlement of
Caughnawaga, but the war-
riors, rushing out of church,
. took sixty prisoners and put
the rest to flight.

Dr. Robert Nelson, a
younger brother of the rebel
leader, had gathered a num-
ber of insurgents at Napiers-
ville, but Colborne's troops
soon drove them across the
boundary. Many persons were arrested, some without
much reason, and their property was destroyed by the
troops.

The members of the Hunters' lodges now

Von Schultz. ., . , ^, , , ..rr ^

threatened Canada at amerent pomts. On
November nth about two hundred men crossed the St.
Lawrence and took possession of a strong stone windmill
near Prescott. They were led b)' a Pole named Von
Schultz, who thought that the Canadians were terribly

An Old Winumu.l.

LORD DURHAM.

209

now
On
lie St.
dmill
Von
ribly

oppressed. They held out bravely for several day«^, till
the walls of the mill were shattered with cannon balls.
They then surrendered, and Von Schultz was tried and
hanged at Kingston with several of his companions. lie
was defended by a young barrister, John Alexander
Macdonald, who afterwards became famous in the history
of the Dominion.

The Last Early in December several hundred men
crossed from Detroit to Windsor, murdered
four men, burnt a steamer, and did (jther mischief Hut
they were soon defeated by a body of militia under Col.
Prince. He ordered four of the prisoners to be shot with-
out trial. For this he was severely blamed. This was
the last raid on Canada. The invaders were becoming
disheartened, for the British forces had lately been
strengthened, and the United States government was at
last taking s.rong measures to prevent such outrages.

- .. I^i^it war with the United States itself seemed

The Maine i ^ rj., . -

Boundary threatenmg. 1 here were several causes of

Dispute. dispute. Amongst them was the still un-

settled boundary line between Maine and New Bruns-
wick. At the beginning of 1839 a few lawless fellows
from the British province began to cut timber in the
debatable land. Men were sent from Maine to drive
them away, and from New Brunswick to protect them.
Next, troops were ordered into the country. Some
people on each side clamoured for war, but happily
those in authority were anxious to keep the peace, and
three years later the boundary question was settled.

CHAPTER XV.

THE UNION OF UPPER AND LOWER CANADA.

.§i!

m. "

ti ?

m\ ■

Charles
Poulett
Thompson.

In the autumn of 1839 Sir George Arthur
and Sir John Colborne were both recalled
to make way for a new governor-general,
the Hon. Charles Poalett Thompson. He has been de-
scribed as a clear-sighted business man, clever in man-
aging those about him, and for this reason was sent out
to obtain the consent of the Canadians to the union of
the upper and lower provinces.

Responsible The British government had decided to
Government, follow Lord Durham's advice and grant the
colonies responsible government. Lord John Kassell
accordingly instructed the governor to take as council-
lors those who were trusted by the people. A little later
the members of the executive councils in the different
provinces were informed that they were no longer to hold
office for life, but might be removed if a change seemed
for the public good. This, of course, opened the way for
their removal whenever they lost the confidence of the
assembly. The judges, however, were still lo be appointed
for life.

But some time passed before the governors and officials
in the different provinces settled down to follow the new
plan, and in Upper and Lower Canada much had to be
done before it could even be fairly tried.

• ; . t

210

THE UNION OF UPPER AND LOWER CANADA. 211

Union
Agreed to.

ADA.

Arthur
ecalled
general,
2en de-
1 man-
511 1 out
lion of

ded to
nnt the
vussell
ouiicil-
le later
fferent
o hold
eemed
lay for
of the
ointed

fficials

le new

to be

Thompson tried earnestly to gain the good-
will of the French Canadians, but they
looked on him with suspicion. There was, however, no
assembly to oppose the union of the Canadas, and the
special council readily gave its consent to the plan.

In Upper Canada the Family Compact stoutly objected
to the proposed change, fearing that it would undermine
its power. But when the assembly passed a bill asking
for union, Thomp'son persuaded the legislative council to
agree to it as a matter of loyalty.

The Act of The British parliament then passed an Act
Union. ^yf- Union, and in February, 1841, the two

provinces became one.

The Act provided that Upper and Lower Canada
should each be represented in the assembly by forty-two
members, and in the legislative council by ten members,
appointed for life by the governor.

All the public money of the province was to be under
the control of parliament, except ;i^75,ooo, which was to
be used for the payment of certain officials. To prevent
grants being given recklessly, a rule was made that only
members of the government might bring in money bills.

The new province was made responsible for the debts
of both the old ones. That of Lower Canada was small ;
but Upper Canada had borrowed large sums for making
canals and other improvements. These canals were of
some benefit to the lower province, but the French
Canadians naturally objected to sharing debts for works
about which they had never been consulted ; and they
thought it unfair that the lower province, with a much
larger population than L^pper Canada, should have only
the same number of members in the new parliament

m. =

The

Executive

Council.

212 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

They were also annoyed because all the records of the
parliament were to be kept in English. In fact they did
not like the Act of Union at all.

There were to be eight members in the new
executive council, and those having seats
in the assembly were to follow the English
plan and to be re-elected after taking office.

Thompson, or Lord Sydenham, as he had lately
become, chose his first executive comicil from all the
different political parties, of which there were five or
six. William Henry Draper, a member of the Family
Compact, and Robert Baldwin, the leader of the Re-
formers of Upper Canada, both had seats, but the latter
soon resigned.

The First In June, 1 841, the first parliament of united
Parliament. Canada met at Kingston, which had been
chosen as the capital.

During its first session it passed a number of useful
bills. One of the most important was a Municipal Act,
as it was called, giving power to the towns and town-
ships of Upper Canada to elect councils for the manage-
ment of their local affairs. This plan saved the time of
the assembly, and the local councils knew better than
the assembly what roads and bridges, for instance, were
needed in their own districts.

While parliament was still sitting. Lord Sydenham
was thrown from his horse, and soon afterwards died
from the effects of the accident.

.s.

of the
ley did

»■

he new
5 seats
inglish

lately
all the
five or
Family
he Re-
e latter

' united
d been

useful
a.\ Act,

town-
lanage-
time of
ir than
e, were

enham
Is died

CHAPTER XVII.

STRUGGLE FOR REFORM IN THE MARITIME

PROVINCES.

Need for
Reform.

During the years of agitation and revolt
in Canada the battle for liberty was also
being fought, though rather less fiercely, in the Maritime
Provinces. The selfish tyranny of the officials and the
mismanagement of the public lands and public money
caused endless complaints.

The assembly of New Brunswick
had no control over the revenue or
government money, for the large sums
derived from the sale of the crown
lands were more than enough for the
payment of the governor, judges, and
other officials. In 1832 it demanded
an account of the way in which this
money was spent, but the governor-
general. Sir Archibald Campbell, was
opposed to reform, and no account
was given.

New In 1833 separate legislative and executive

Brunswick, councils were formed in New Brunswick.
But as all the members of the new executive council
belonged to the Family Compact, this step neither
satisfied the Reformers nor gave more power to the,

assembly.

213

.\ Judge.

CANADIAN HISTORY lOK BOYS AND GIRLS.

i;i

Lemuel

Allan

Wilmot.

About this time a lawver named Lemuel
Allan Wilmot entered the assembly and
became the leader of the Reformers,
though he was related to some of the officials. He
belonged to a loyalist family, and was well educated
and a brilliant speaker.

In 1836 the assembly again demanded an account of
the public money. It was again refused, and Wilmot
and another member of parliament named Crane were
sent to England to appeal to the colonial secretary.
The Civil The result was that the revenues from the
List Bill. crown lands were put under the control of
parliament on condition that it should vote certain sums
to be paid yearly to the officials for their services. This
Civil List Bill, as it was called, was passed both by the
assembly and the legislative council. The governor,
disliking the reform, refused his assent, and secretly
sent a messenger to London to try to bring over the
colonial secretary to his way of thinking. But the
assembly, finding out what he had done, again sent
Crane and Wilmot to England, and the governor was
recalled.

Sir John He was succeeded by Sir John Harvey,

Harvey. ^^le victor of Stoney Creek, who did much

to calm the strife between the different parties, but
earned the dislike of the extreme Tories by his desire
for reform. On receiving Lord John Russell's despatch
in favour of responsible government, he at once read
it to the assembly. But, strangely enough, a resolution
to adopt the plan was defeated by the casting vote of
the speaker.

KEJrURM IN THE MARITIME PROVINCES. 21$

The Com- ^^ Nova Scotia the council was even more
pact in out of sympathy with the people than in

NovaSootla. ^^^^ Brunswick. All the councillors lived
in Halifax, many of them were related, and nearly all
were chosen from the Church o^ England, though a
great many of the pci^ple belonged to other churches.
Joseph As in Upper Canada, the people found a

Howe. leader in the editor of a newspaper, but

Joseph Howe was not so imprudent and excitable as
Mackenzie. He was the son of a loyalist. At the age
of thirteen he was apprenticed to a printer, and a few
years later began to publish the Nova Scotian news-
paper. He provoked the wrath of the Compact by
finding fault with its doings, and in 1835 was tried for
libel. But he was acquitted, and soon afterwards was
elected to the assembly.

The Council He had not been long in parliament when
Condemned, j^g brought in twelve resolutions, which
were passed by the assembly, accusing the council of
being self-interested, and opposed to liberty and the
education of the people.

The council angrily threatened not to pass the supply
bills unless these resolutions were withdrawn. The
assembly gave way, but afterwards prepared an address
to the king complaining of the council, and begging
that it might be made elective, or be reformed in some
way.

The British Government would not make the council
elective, but promised to divide it, as in New Brunswick,
into executive and legislative branches, and to give the
assembly control of the revenues on the condition it
should vote a fixed sum for the payment of the officials.

'ill

2l6 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

h i

■ ,

Sir Colin At this time Nova Scotia was ruled by a
Campbell. stern old soldier, Sir Colin Campbell. Like
his namesake in New Brunswick, he strongly disap-
proved of reform, and was determined to support the
Compact.

On the outbreak of rebellion in Canada, the Reformers
of Nova Scotia took great pains to show their loyalty,
but they shared in the fruits of the rising. They hailed
with delight Lord Durham's report and the promise of
responsible government in Lord John Russell's de-
spatches. But Sir Colin Campbell took no notice of
the latter, and in the next session of the assembly
Howe and his friends passed resolutions declaring their
firm belief in the principle of responsible government
and their want of confidence in the executive council.

Campbell calmly replied that he was satisfied with his
advisers if they were not. This caused the wildest
excitement all through the country. The Reformers
petitioned for the recall of the governor, and held meet-
ings to stir up the people to insist on responsible gov-
ernment, and the Tories held meetings in support of Sir
Colin and the old order of things.

-. In July, 1840, the governor-general visited

Governor- Halifax. To the satisfaction of the Re-
General, formers, he dismissed four members of the
executive council who had no seats in parliament, and
appointed Howe and several other Reformers in their
stead, to hold office as long as they had the confidence
of the people.

B . The agitation for the separation of the

Krince ,

Edward legislative and executive councils, and for

responsible government, had begun in

Island.

REl'ORM IN THE MARITIME PROVINCES. 21 7

Prince Edward Island some years earlier. In 1839 the
council was divided, and the chief justice retired from
political life, but responsible government was not
granted. Some reform was greatly needed, for money
matters were very badly managed ; but the islanders
had to persist in their demands for several years longer
before the desired change was made.
Newfound- Meanwhile, Newfoundland had its own
land. political troubles. The quarrels between

the legislative council and the assembly were fierce and
constant. But the agitation for responsible government
did not begin there till some time after the principle
was generally followed in the other provinces.

1. 1

CHAPTER XVIII.

SOCIAL CONDITIONS, i7gi-i$4i.

\ ! 1i

Number of
People.

During the lialf century following the pass-
ing of the Constitutional Act, the popu-
lation had greatly increased. In 1841 there were abjut
630,000 people in Lower Canada, 470,000 in Upper
Canada, and rather more than 400,000 :n the Maritime
Provinces.

Their In the latter the people gained their living

Occupations, chiefly by fishing, mining, or lumbering, but

in Canada their chief oc-
cupation was farming. In
a great part of Lower Can-
ada the farmers were poor,
for so many crops had been
raised in the same fields,
and so little had been done
to improve the soil, that
it was almost exhausted.
In Lower Canada, New
Brunswick, and Nova Scotia much ship-building was
carried on. In 1841 sixty-four sea-going vessels were
built at Quebec alone. There were hardly any other
important manufactures.

The fur trade, though no longer the chief source of
wealth in the older colonies, still held its own in the
-1 218

Lu.MiiKR Boom.

SOCIAL Conditions, 1791-1S41,

-Mt)

I were
other

northern and western wilds, and the traders were the
unwilHng means of opening new regions to settlers.

One of the chief exports of Upper Canada was potash.
It was obtained from the ashes of trees burnt to clear
the land, and was almost the only article which could be
sold for cash in the new settlements.
New In the older towns and villages many of

Settlers. ^^^ people lived in great comfort. But the
newcomers, pushing on into the uncleared forests, had
to depend nearly as much
on making what they need-
ed for themselves as had
the loyalists before them.
Some, indeed, unused to
hard work, ill-provided
with food, and living in
rough, badl\'-built little
shanties, suffered grievous-
ly during the first winter
or two.

Means of The roads were generally poor. Indeed,
Travelling, ^.j^g "main streets" of some towns were so
badly made that, in the spring, oxen were often hired
to help to draw a heavily-laden waggon over a muddy
spot. In 1 8 16 the stage-coach leaving Toronto on
Monday was thought to have made good speed if it
reached Niagara on Thursday. In the same year a
coach began to run between Halifax and Windsor in
Nova Scotia. It took nearly a month to send letters
from Halifax to Toronto, so it is not surprising that the
news published in the paper was sometimes several
weeks old. . . . .

^z.^^m ...- -J -I -Jr . .

Old Staoe Cuach.

1, !■

220 CANADIAN HISTORY lOK BUYS AND GIRLS.

iil ■!

FiHST Railway Engine used in
Nova Scotia.

The people, however, were trying to improve the
means of travelling. Before 1830 the Welland Canal,
between Lakes Erie and Ontario, the Rideau Canal,
from the Ottawa to Lake Ontario, and several other
canals, had been made. They were a great benefit to

many of the farmers, ena-
bling them to send their
grain to better markets
than they could reach by
road.

In 1836 the first Cana-
dian railway, fourteen miles
long, was opened between Laprairic, near Montreal, and
St. John's, on the Richelieu. Three years later a steam
engine was used to draw coal from the Albion mines to
New Glasgow. These two little lines were then the only
railways in British North America.

But though steam engines were so little used on land,
many steamboats were al-
ready afloat. The second
steamboat ever seen in
America was launr-hed at
Montreal in 1809. About
twenty years later the
Royal William^ which was
the first ship to cross the
Atlantic under steam dur-
ing the whole passage, was built at Quebec, and in 1 840
Samuel Cunard, a native of Nova Scotia, established a
line of mail steamers bet\/een England and America.
Schools and In Lower Canada few of the habitants
Churches. could read or write, and sometimes even

The "Royal William."

SOCIAL CONDITIONS, 179I-I84I,

221

the school trustees were unable to sign their names. In
the other provinces things were not so bad as this. Rut
not one of them had a really good system of schools
such as we have now.

Many places of worship had been built in all the
provinces, but the outlying settlements, as in the
present day, were greatly in need of both ministers and
churches.

Punish- AH over the country there was much

ments. drunkenness, but great efforts were being

made to check it, and many temperance societies were
formed. In the early years of Toronto, or York, drunk-
ards were punished by being made to dig up one of the
stumps which disfigured the main street.

The punishments of those days were often very severe.
In 1826 a lad was hanged in New Brunswick for stealing
a few pence. In 1834 Mackenzie put a man in the
stocks at Toronto for being drunk and disorderly.
This was the last time that they were used.

The prisons generally were badly managed. For
instance, boys undergoing punishment for some trifling
offence were often locked in with hardened criminals,
who soon taught them to be as bad as themselves. The
jail at Toronto was wretchedly dirty, cold, and damp.
There was, indeed, no plan for warming it, even in the
bitterest weather ; yet lunatics as well as criminals were
sometimes ^hut up in it.

f,\

>M\

I^ODK III.

STITS TOWARDS C0NFE1)I<RATI0N.

CHAPTER I.

THE WORKING OF THE NEW PLAN OF
GOVERNMENT.

\ '

Sir Charles
Bagot.

In I CS42 Sir Charles Bagot became governor-
general. He encouraged all improvements,
such as road-making, and soon won popularity with
French and English alike. Though a Conservative at
home, he made no attempt to go back to the old v/ay of
governing. During this year the Reformers passed a
vote of want of confidence in the ministry or exe-jutive
council, and its members resigned, liagot then invited
Baldwin and Lafontaine, a French Canadian Reformer,
to form a ministry.

Soon afterwards Bagot asked to be recalled, on
account of ill-health, but died at Kingston on his way
home.

Sir Charles The next governor, Sir Charles (afterwards
Metcalfe. Lord) Metcalfe, thought responsible govern-
ment in a colony a mistake. He paid little heed to the
wishes of his councillors, and made appointments to

government offices against their advice. At last all

222

WORKING OK THE NEW I'LAN OK GOVERNMENT. 223

rds
rn-
:he
to
lall

except one resigned. As they had a majority in the
assembly, the governor found it difficult to fill their
j)laces, and for several months ruled without an>' regular
council. This caused great excitement, but the Re-
formers were beaten in the elections of 1844.

The new parliament met at Montreal instead of
Kingston. Amongst its members was John A. IMac-
donald.

During the following summer two fires at Quebec
rendered twenty thousand people homeless. Lord Met-
calfe, and other persons in ICngland, Canada, anfl the
United States, gave generous help to the sufferers.

Metcalfe was slowl)' d)'ing from a dreadful disease,
and he left Canada in 1H45. In private life he was kind
and generous, and had made many friends, in spite of
his attack on the hard-w(jn liberty of the colonists.

Meanwhile a struggle of the same kind
was going on in the Maritime Provinces.
Viscount Falkland, the new governor of Nova Scotia,
was determined not to give way to the will of the
people; but his councillors, chosen from both parties,
disagreed amongst themselves, especiall\' on certain
important questions of education.

One party wished parliament to continue
the old plan of giving grants to colleges
controlled by the Baptists, Presbyterians, R<jman Catho-
lics, and Church of England ; the other wished the
money to be used for one provincial university for
students of all religious opinions. In the midst of the
dispute Lord Falkland dissolved the assemblv, and a
small majority was returned in favour of the Conserva-
tives and separate colleges.

Nova Scotia.

Education.

224 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

! i

"1
i!

The New
Councillor.

Falkland followed Metcalfe's example, and
appointed a new member to the executive
council without consulting his advisers. Upon this
Howe and the other Reformers angrily resigned. The
Conservative majority in the assembly was so small,
however, that it was difficult to pass any bills, and soon
most of the Reformers were asked to re-enter the coun-
cil. But they refused. Falkland blamed Howe for all
the trouble, and Howe insulted the governor.
Sir John At last the great peace-maker, Sir John
Harvey. Harvey, was sent to take Lord Falkland's

place. But he could not persuade the Reformers and
Conservatives to work together, and the latter remained
in power till the election of 1847 gave the Reformers a
great majority. This forced the Conservatives to resign,
and at last responsible government was fairly launched
upon its way.

New We must now turn to New Brunswick. In

Brunswick. 1842 the Conservatives were in power, and
the governor, Sir William Colebrook, like Falkland and
Metcalfe, thought it his right to give government offices
to whom he chose. But when he made his son-in-law
— an Englishman — provincial secretary, several of the
councillors resigned. In 1848, however, the Reformers
gained a majority in the assembly, and both parties
agreed to be guided by the principles of responsible
government.

Prince Td- In 1 847 several people were killed in an
ward Ssl&r^d. election riot in Prince Edward Island.
Elections were then held on different days, in different
places, and rough, disorderly men often went from one
to another. To prevent this an Act was passed in 1 848,

.s.

Die, and
:ecutive
Dn this
I. The
► small,
id soon
e coun-
for all

ir John
Ikland's
lers and
;mained
rmers a
) resign,
unched

ick. In
er, and
nd and
offices
-in-law
of the
ormers
parties
onsible

in an
Island,
fiferent
)m one
1 1848,

WORKING or THE NEW PLAN OF GOVERNMENT. 22$

ordering all elections to be held on the same day. In
the previous year a similar Act had been passed in
Nova Scotia.

Responsible The people continued to ask for respon-
Government. gible government, but it was refused on the
ground that it was only suited to richer and more popu-
lous countries. At the same time the islanders were
asked to pay all the government expenses except the
governor's salary. But the assembly would agree to this
only on condition that the public money and crown
lands should be put under
its control, and that re-
sponsible government
should be granted. The _-^.;
British Government still
refused responsible gov-
ernment, but agreed to
the other conditions. The
Reformers persisted, how-
ever, and after their leader,
George Coles, had mo\ed a vote of want of confidence
in the executive council, the assembly refused to go on
with the ordinary business of the session. The result
was that responsible government v/as granted in 185 1.
Newfound- The people of Newfoundland began to
'*"**• agitate for responsible government about

1847, and obtained it in 1855. In 1846 there was a
terrible fire at St. John's. A few weeks later a fiightful
storm caused the loss of many lives, and wrecked ships,
fish-stages, and houses along the shore.

Drying Cod.

ii.

jiM

I' t

Difficulty
with tlie
States.

CHAPTER II.

£0 UN DA R V TRO UBLES.

About 1 84 1 serious disputes arose between
England and the United States. England
clair^ed the right of searching slave-ships
from Africa, even if they ran up the American flag ; the
Americans insisted that the British ought to give up
run-away slaves who had taken refuge under the Union
Jack ; and the Maine boundary question had again
become troublesome.

The Ashbur- But instead of going to war, the two nations
ton Treaty. wisely settled these disputes peaceably by
the Ashburton Treaty, signed in 1842. It was agreed
that the African slav^e trade should be put down, and
that persons suspected of certain crimes, who escaped
from one country to the c her, should be given up ; but
Great Britain would not promise to give up runaway
slaves. It was also decided that the disputed territory
should be divided between Maine and New Brunswick
in such a way that the larger and more valuable portion
fell to the former.

Western Another boundary quarrel soon occurred,

Boundaries, however. The dividing line between Brit-
ish territory and the United States was only settled
as far as the Rocky Mountains, and a great part of

the Pacific coast was claimed by both nations, though

226

BOUNDARY TROUBLES.

-'-/

5etween
England
/e-ships
ag ; the
^ivc up
i Union
1 as^ain

nations

ibly b}'

agreed

vn, and

escaped

ip ; but

inaway

srritory

nswick

Dortion

curred,
n Brit-
settled
3art of
:hough

for many }'ears it had been occupied only by Indians
and the Hudson's Bay Company's traders. Their forts
were widely scattered through the wilderness ; and in
1S39 a few Scotch and Canadian farmers were brouglit
out to supply the traders with necessaries, hitherto
brought across the Rockies from Canada or round b}'
Cape Horn from England.

By and by, however, American, settlers pushed across
the mountains, and the
United States demanded
the whole Pacific coast.
" Fifty-four fo:'t\',or fight!"
was the popular cry. This
meant that the Americans
wanted fifty-four degrees,
forty minutes, north lati-
tude, to be the boundary.
Their territory would
then have touched Alaska
• — at that time belonging
to Russia — and the British
would have had none of
the .sea-coast at all. Upon
this the British Government prepared for war, and sent
Lord Cathcart, an experienced soldier, to take Meicalfe's
place. ♦

_. _ ^ Ikit acrain the two countries made a peace-
The Treaty ^ '■

of Oregon, ful agreement instead of fighting, l^y the
Treaty of Oregon it was decided that the
forty-ninth parallel, which \\as the dividing line across
the prairies, should also be the boundary from the
mountains to the sea ; but tii-it \''ancou\er Island

Ciiiek's HoLSh, J'iKhimi Collmiua.

\'\

■1'

.1.

228 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

should belong to the British. This obliged the Hudson's
Bay Company to give up some of its southern posts.

In 1845 and for several successive years
the potato crop failed in Ireland, causing
a dreadful famine amongst the poor. This and other
reasons induced the British government to take off the
taxes on grain in 1846, so that foreign nations might

Trade Laws.

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

send larger quantities to England. This displeased the
colonies, and injured their trade for a time ; for, as a
lower duty had been charged on their grain than on
that from foreign countries, they had been able to sell
cheaper than the latter, and British merchants had con-
sequently bought from them rather than from foreigners.
On the other hand, the imperial government gave
the colonies leave to put what duties they pleased on
both British and foreign imports. From this time they
were also allowed to pay their officials what they
thought right.

BOUNDARV TROUBLES.

22y

Education. '" ^^4^ a new system of education was
given to Upper Canada. It was planned
by Dr. Egerton Ryerson, after he had carefully studied
the systems of r.thcr countries. Three years later the
University of Toronto was opened to }'oung men of all
churches.

Immigrants, ^"^i"^' ^^le last few }-ears many new set-
tlers from the British Isles had come to
British America. After the potato famine thousands of
people left Ireland for Canada and the other provinces.
Hundreds died at sea of a terrible fever, hundreds more
sickened on reaching land, but in the end many made
for themselves happy homes in the New World. '

CHAPTER in.

THE REBELLION LOSSES BILL.

! I

iii'

li": !

nor-general

Earl of Elgin became gover-
He had married a daughter
of the Earl of Durham, and agreed with his views on
colonial p;overnment.

A Reform In 1 848 the Conservatives were beaten in
Government. ^^ general elections, and the Reform lead-
ers, Lafontaine and Baldwin, again formed a ministry.

In 1849 a bill was passed for the pardon of those
concerned in the rebellion of 1837. Mackenzie now
returned to Canada, but nearly all the other leaders had
already received special pardons. While in the United
States Mackenzie had suffered much. He had been
exceedingly poor, and had spent many months in prison
for breaking the neutrality laws.

Rebellion The rebellion had caused great loss of pro-
Losses, perty both in Upper and Lower Canada.
Acts had been passed authorizing the government to
pay for the losses of the people of Upper Canada ; but
little had been done for the sufferers in Lower Canada.
At last, in 1849, the Reform government brought in a
bill proposing to raise ;^ 100,000 to pay for the destruc-
tion of property in the lower province. Rebels who
had been sent to Bermuda or convicted of high treason

were to rece' -e nothing, but the loyalty of other losers

230.

THE REBELLION LOSSES BILL.

231

J gover-
aughter
iews on

^aten in
m lead-
istry.
)f those
ie now
srs had
nited
been
prison

of pro-

anada.

ent to
but

anada.
t in a
struc-
who
eason
losers

was not to be questioned. This bill met with fierce
opposition. " No pay to rebels ! " was the cry. The
Reformers answered with fiery speeches, and the whole
country went wild with excitement.

But the bill was passed by both chambers, and Lord
Elgin was urged in vain to refuse his assent, for he held
that it was a matter on which the parliament of Canada
had a right to decide. As he left the parliament build-
ings in Montreal, after assenting to the bill, a mob flung
stones and rotten eggs at his carriage.

That same night a great crowd gathered in
ment Build- the Champ de Mars. At last some mad-
ings Burnt, j^g^^^ raised the shout, "To the parliament
buildings ! " and the mob rushed thither, and threw
sticks and stones into the hall where the assembly was
sitting. The members fled in dismay, as hundreds of
ruffians burst into the building, shattering lamps, smash-
ing furniture, and at last setting all on fire. A valuable
library and all the public records of the province were
destroyed by the flames.

Next day the assembly met in Bonsecours Market,
and, while the mob hooted and howled outside, passed
resolutions approving of Lord Elgin's action.
Doings of Later in the day an angry crowd again
the Mob. j^g^ Qj^ ^YiQ Champ de Mars to petition the

Queen to disallow the bill and recall the governor.
When night fell bands of ruffians broke the windows of
the Reformers' houses, and destroyed Lafontaine's
library, out-houses, and fruit-trees ; but fortunately sol-
diers arrived in time to save the house.

A few days later Lord Elgin was again mobbed.
The back of his coach was broken in with stones, and

11.

23-2 CANADIAN lllSTURV FOR liOYS AND GIRLS.

some members of his party were wounded ; but he

tre.itcd the rioters with great forbearance, though hc^

would not give way to their demands.

r,. . . The same violent spirit was shown in

Disturbances '

In Upper Upper Canada. Mobs broke the windows
*"" "■ of well-known Reformers, and burnt stuffed

figures representing them in great bonfires. Some of
the Conservatives, who had loudly accused others of
disloyalty, now talked of making Canada part of the
United States. Others joined a league of which one
object was to break up the union between the two
provinces. Amongst other schemes, a confederation
of all the provinces was suggested, but the league soon
fell to pieces.

vH.

Ih:

LS.

but he
ugh h?.

)wn in
endows

stuffed
ome of
hers of

of the
ch one
le two
eration
le soon

CHAPTER IV.

TRADE AND RAILWA YS.

Trade Laws.

Railways.

In 1849 the British parHament repealed
the navigation laws, giving the colonies
liberty to trade in any part of the world. In the same
year control of their postal arrangements was given up
to them. Some of them wished to have free trade
amongst themselves ; but for several \-ears longer each
little province continued to lay import duties on the
goods of its neighbours.

The improvement of the canals was still
going on, but people were beginning to
think of making railways ; and from this time, as we
shall see, they play a most important part in the history
of our country. Many were planned, both in Canada
and the Maritime Provinces. In Canada several lines
were in working order by 1853, and the people vere so
e^ger to have more that, through making them, many
towns and townships burdened themselves with debts
that hung like a weight on tliem for yeais. In 1855 a
railway was opened from Halifax to Windsor, in Nova
Scotia. One was also begun in New Brunswick between
St. John and Shediac.

Meanwhile a plan for a great railway to connect
Canada and the Maritime Provinces was being eagerly
discussed. Lord Durham had advised the building of

233

l,',t

234 CANADIAN 111ST(;KV lOR H(nS AND (ilKLS.

this *' Intercolonial Railway," as it was callcrl, and the
Imperial gr)\ernment held out hr)pcs of aid. Rut from
various causes no help was ^iven, and for many years
the plan could not be carried out.

Divided VVe arc now corning to a time when re-

Parties, sponsible government seemcrl almost a

failure. The difficulty arose from the number of parties
in the assembly, all wanting different things. Vor in-
stance, the ideas and plans of the Reformers of Upper
Canada were often quite unlike tiiose both (jf the Con-
.servatives and of the Reformers of Lower Canada.
Besides this, there were extreme Reformers and moder-
ate Reformers, and extreme Conservatives and moderate
Conservatives. Now, any one of these parties, if it
stood alone, was certain to be outvoted b}- the others ;
and it sometimes happened that sev^eral parties would
join to turn out a government, but would not join to
support a new ministry. Upon the whole, the Lower
Canadians agreed better amongst themselves than the
Upper Canadians, and this gave them greater power.

In 181; I Francis Hincks and Auofustin
New Leaders. ^

Morin became leaders of the ministry,
instead of Baldwin and Lafontaine.

Several great questions — amongst them that of the
Clergy Reserves — were agitating the people. It will be
remembered that in earlier years the Reformers had
been chiefly anxious to obtain a fair division of the
funds from the reserves amongst the different religious
bodies ; but now a large party demanded that the
reserves should be sold, and that the money should be
used, not for the support of churches, but for education
and public improvements.

TRADK AND KAILWAYS.

^35

George Brown, a Scotchman, was the leader of this

party. lie had lived in Toronto for a number of years,

and in 1844 had betjun to publish a Reform r. per

called the Globe. His forcible articles [^ave him ^n*eat

influence, but he made many enemies, especially amoni^st

the French Canadians. He entered parliament in 1S52.

_ , In 185 s the number of members (jf the

Representa- -^-^ . r r

tion by assembly was mcreased from f()rt)'-two to

Population, sixty-five for each of the old prcninces of
Canada. Brown and his followers opposed this act on
the ground that Upper Canada, which now had a larger
population than Lower Canada, ought to have more
members. Thus began an agitation, which lasted for
years, for representation by population, or " rep. by
pop.," as it was often called. The French Canadians
naturally thought that a change would not be fair, for at
first they had outnumbered the people of Upper
Canada. .

The Crimean Early in 1854, for reasons not belonging
to this history, England, France, and
Turkey began to fight against Russia, a great grain-
growing country. This interfered with England's usual
food supplies, and caused a great demand for colonial
farm produce. The result was that prices rose high,
and trade prospered in all the provinces.
Th Re"- ^" ^^^ same year, 185 a, the Recip»-ocity
procity Treaty, as it is generally called, was ar-

rea y. ranged between the United States and

Canada. Its chief provisions were that each country
was to admit from the other farm produce, fish, and
certain other articles, duty free ; that both Americans
and Canadians might fish on the sea-coasts of both

».!

236 canadi.aN iiistorv kok luns and (.IKLS.

■»>

countries, anrl lantl to dry their nets and cure their fish;
and that British ve^'sels miglit pi)- on Lake Michigan,
and American vessels use the St. Lawrence and the

canals connected with it.
The treaty was to remain
in force for ten years, but
after that cither nation
mi<;ht end the arrange-
ment, on giving a year's
notice to the othrr. The
Earl of Elgin did much
to bring about this
treat}'. The Canadians
were much pleased with it, but the people of the Mari-
time Provinces thought that the Americans had received
the right of fishing in their waters too cheaply.

A little later the Hincks-Morin ministry resigned. It
had passed many useful acts, including one, in 1853,
ordering that money should be reckoned by the decimal
system, that is, in dollars and cents instead of pounds,
shillings, and pence.

Con risii?Nr,

.s.

c^ir fish;
iciiigan,
nd the
with it.
remain
ars, but
nation
rran^c-
. year's
'. The
I much
t this
larh'ans
I Mari-
jceivcd

id. It

1853,
Lximal

Dunds,

CHAPTFR V.
TROUBLOUS TIMES.

1-^ .« .. The Conservatives and tlie moderate Re-
The Macnab-

Morin formers, or Liberals, jomed, m i«S54, to sup-

Ministry, p^^j.^ ^ government of wliicli the lieads were
Sir Allan MacNab and Au^ustin Morin. Hut its leading
spirit was John A. Macdtjnald.

The Clergy The new ministry promptly brouc^lit in a
Reserves. ^m j^ithorizing <he sale of the clergy
reserves, and arranging that, after provision had been
made for certain clergymen who had special claims, the
money so raised should be divided amongst the town-
ships according to their population.
Seigneuriai In the same )'ear an act
Tenure. ^^,^^ passed to bring an-

other great grievance to an end. As
Lower Canada became more settled,
the seigneurs charged their tenants
higher rents, and many of the latter
became exceedingly anxious to buy
instead of renting their farms. At
last, in 1854, a bill was passed to
abolish certain feudal rights and
duties bearing both on seigneurs and habitants ; and
parliament voted a large sum to make up t(j the fcjrmer
what they would lose by this act It was arranged,

237

A HAiiiiANr.

23«S CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

tii:

moreover, that the habitants were to be allowed to buy
their farms at any time on paying a fixed sum to the
seigneurs. But the tenants did not all take advantage
of this, and in many cases the annual rent is still paid.

Lord l^^lgin left Canada in the last month of 1854.
He was afterwards made viceroy of India, where he
died in 1863. Sir Edmund Head, the lieutenant-gover-
nor of New Brunswick, became governor-general in his
place.

DcMhie During the next three years there were

Majorities, many changes in the ministry. The union
of Upper and Lower Canada had made it difficult to
follow the rule of responsible government. Some people
said thill a ministry need not resign unless it were out-
voted by a majority of the whole house. Others said
that it ought to resign if outvoted by a majority of
the members representing the half of the province (either
Upper or Lower Canada) which would be most affected
\..y the motion in question. As a rule, the government
did not resign so long as it was supported by a majority
of the whole house ; and the Upper Canadians com-
plained that measures which concerned them alone were
forced on them by the votes oi Lower Canadians. For
instance, a number of separate schools for the Roman
Catholics were then firmly established in Upper Canada.
A Gicomy One of the last events in the Crimean war
^®*''' vvas the brilL'ant defence of Kars by

General Williams, a Nova Scotian. He was at length
obliged to surrender, but Russia had suffered severely
in other quarters, and peace was made in 1856.

Iii Canada the peace brought hard times. The high
prices of the war-time had caused general extravagance,

.s.

TROUBLOUS.TIMKS.

239

to buy
to the

I'antage
ill paid,
.f 1854.
lere he
-gover-
.1 in his

e were
s union
icult to
people
ire out-
ers said
-ity of
(either
ffected
nment
ijority

com-
e were
For

oman
inada.
n war
by

^ngth

erely

high
ance,

The Capital.

and when they fell many people were ruined. In 1857
a bad harvest and two terrible disasters added to the
general gloom. Seventy people lost their lives in a
railway accident between Toronto and Hamilton. It
was caused by the breaking of a bridge over the Des-
jardins canal. A few weeks later two hundred and fifty
people perished in the burning of a boat on the St.
Lawrence.

After the riots at Montreal in 1849, it was
arranged that the government should be
carried on at Quebec and Toronto, turn about, for four
years each. But this plan was costly and inconvenient,
and, in 1857, the Queen was asked to name a permanent
capital. She chose Ottawa, but her choice did not
please the Canadian Reformers.

The Double Soon afterwards the Macdonald-Cartier
Shuffle. ministry, which was then in power, resigned,

though it had a small majority in the assembly, and
George Brown was asked to form a government. But
after holding office for only two days he was forced to
resign, and the former ministers again took the reins of
government. They ought now to have gone back to the
country for re-election, but there happened to be a rule
that a minister who resigned one office and accepted
another within a month might retain his seat, so they
all took different offices ^rom those which they had held
before. A little later they changed again to get back
to their former positions. The rale was clearly not in-
tended for a case like this, and it was afterwards altered
to prevent another "double shuffle," as it was called.
New Plan of The Reformers complained that the union
Government, ^f ^j^^ ^^.^ Canadas caused waste of the

i-i

240 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

l< >

public money. When a grant was made for some public
work in one province, an equal amount, whether needed
or not, was generally voted to the other. In fact the
government was in a very bad state altogether. It was
at last suggested that Upper and Lower Canada should
each have a government to make laws on local matters,
while the parliament of united Canada should still con-
trol all affairs in which both were interested.

It will be remembered that at first it was the French
Canadians who had objected to the union ; but the
tables were turned, and it was now the people of Upper
Canada who were eager for a change.
A Larger Several years before this some people, both
• in Nova Scotia and Canada, had begun to

think of a larger plan. This was the confederation, or
union, of all the British American colonie;s under one
central government, which should manage matters
common to all, while all local business should still be
left to the provincial governments. Both Canada and
Nova Scotia had lately sent representatives to England
to discuss the plan with the British government, but they
were told that the colonies must themselves agree on
some plan of union before England could do anything ;
and nothing was done for several years. Meanwhile the
state of affairs in Canada became worse and H'orse.
The Prince In i860 the Prince of Wales, then only
o a es. nineteen years old, came to open the great
Victoria Bridge, which had been built across the St.
Lawrence at IMontreal. He recei\ed a loyal and heart}^
welcome in all the British provinces. He next visited
the United States and met with a most cordial reception
from our kindred across the line.

hi ■:
liii'i

.s.

TROUBLOUS TIMES.

241

; public
needed
iact the
It was
should
aatter^,
ill con-
French
)ut the
Upper

le, both

;gun to

tion, or

der one

natters

still be

da and

ngland

Lit they

ree on

thir.g ;

ile the

only
great
le St.
leartv
/isited
eption

The American A .'.vv months later a terrible war, which
Civil War. lasted for four years, broke out between
the Northern and Southern States of the Union.

In Canada it raised the prices of all farm produce,
and trade prospered. But there was danger that Eng-
land might be drawn into the conflict, and in that case
Canada would almost certainly have been the battle-
ground. Early in the war the captain of a Northern
man-of-war forcibly took two Southerners, on their way
to England, from a British ship. Upon this British

...^^j^UmC -

VICTORIA liRIDGK, MONTREAL.

troops were promptly sent across the Atlantic, but

before they landed the American president, Lincoln,

gave up the captured Southerners.

On the other hand, some of the Americans were very

angry with Englard because she had not prevented the

escape of the Alabama and several other vessels from

her ports, where they had been fitted up by Southerners

to injure the trade o^ the Northern States. Again, in

the autumn of 1864, some Southerners who had taken

refuge in Canada attacked two American vessels on

Lake Erie. A little later the)- made a sudden raid on
16

!:■!!'

..ia

242 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

St. Alban's, in Vermont, and robbed several banks.
They returned to Canada with their plunder, and as
they were not punished it is not surprising that the
Americans were indignant with Canada for sheltering
them.

The danger of war inclined the British provinces to
think all the more seriously of union ; but before we go
on with the story of how Confederation came about, w^e
must turn our attention to the west.

f J

RLS.

il banks.

, and as

that the

iheltering

)vinces to
)re we go
ibout, we

CHAPTER VI.

VANCOUVER AND BRITISH COLUMBIA.

Governors.

The Hudson's ^^ ^^49 ^^ Hucison'.s Bay Company re-

^■y ceived a grant of the Island of Vancouver,

Company* ... _ ,. . , . -

on condition of setthng it within five years.

But instead of trying to bring in colonists the compaii)'
tried to keep them away. It set so high a price upon
the land that hardly anyone would buy. In 1854 only
five hundred acres had been broken up, and there
were scarcely five hundred white people in the island,
counting the fur-traders. Nevertheless the company
was allowed to keep it for some years longer.

The first governor, Blanshard, finding that
all power was in the company's hands, soon
left Vancouver. He was succeeded by James Douglas,
an ofificer of the company. The new governor was
ordered to call an assembly of seven members, and with
some difficulty he found seven men qualified to become
members. But the House did little except provide for
its own expenses. There was also a council of three
members.

Gold In 1857 gold was discovered along several

Discovered, j-jy^j-s in New Caledonia, as British Colum-
bia was then called. The news spread quickly, and
in the spring thousands of gold seekers arrived in

243

'• '

J'' '

|< I

ti'lisi "

244 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS \ND GIRLS.

Vancouver. The little town of Victoria was soon
surrounded by a huge encampment of rude huts and
tents. But the new comers did not stay there. They
swarmed across to the mainland in bo?ts of all sorts

and sizes. Some tried to
cross in wretched make-
shift contrivances and were
drowned. Numbers of
store-keepers and adven-
turers followed the miners,
and often managed to pos-
sess themselves of the lion's
share of their earnings, for
it was difficult to carry
necessaries into the moun-
tains, and everything was
dear. Soon after the rush
began the government
tried to open roads to the
gold-fields, but the work was slow and costly.
A New In 1858 the British government bought

Colony. back Vancouver and took away the privi-

leges of the Hudson's Bay Company in the country
west of the Rocky Mountains, and New Caledonia be-
came the province of British Columbia. Its first ruler
was the governor of Vancouver, James D(juglas, who
now broke off his connection with the Hudson's Bay
Company. Money was raised for the expenses of
government and for road-making and other public works
from the sale of crown lands. In 1859 the first buildings
were put up in the capital, which was afterwards named
New Westminster.

Mountain Road in liuriisii Columbia.

VAxNCUlVER AND llKlTISll LULUMlilA.

245

; soon
ts and

They
1 sorts
ried to
make-
id were
ers of
adven-
miners,
to pos-
e lion's
igs, for
i carry
moun-
\g was
le rush
iment

to the

DOUght

privi-
ountry
"lia be-
: ruler
>, who
s Bay
ses of

works
ildings
named

Justice.

At this time life in the colony was rougli
and wild. In tlic mining camps there was
much drinking, gambling, and cjuarrening, and many of
the white men were as lawless as the Indians, who tried
to prevent their going up the rivers. But in 1S58
Matthew Begbie was appointed chief justice of British
Columbia, and by Ins fairness and firmness soon taught
the people to respect the law. .

Lisappoint- A season of disappointment followed the
'"'*''^ ' first great excitement, though a few men

made fortunes. Within six months a number of the
adventurers had left British Columbia ; but the roads
made to the mining camps opened up the countr}',
which is rich in many things besides gold. In 1861 the
discovery of new gold-fields revived the excitement.

Another boundary dispute had arisen be-
tween England and the United States.
The Treaty of Oregon had left uncertain the ownership
of the little island of San Juan, between Vancouver and
the mainland. Several attempts to settle the questi(Mi
had failed ; and in 1859 the quarrel of an American and
an Englishman over a trespassing pig nearly brought
on war. American soldiers were landed on the island,
and several British wirships appeared on the scene.
But at last the commanders agreed to occupy the island
joindy until its ownership could be .settled. This was
not done till 1872, when Emperor William of German)-,
who had been asked to arbitrate concerning it, decided
in favor of the United States.

The Red Meanwhile the Red River Colony, in the

iverColony. |^g^j.^ Qf ^\^q continent, had been growing

slowly stronger. Since Selkirk's time the seti-lers had

San Juan.

246 CANADIAN HIST JRY KUK HOYS AND GIRL.>.

several times suffered severely from sudden floods and
plagues of grasshoppers, and wars had raged on their
borders amongst the Sioux and other neighbouring
tribes ; but they had lived in peace. At last, largely
through the efforts of a newspaper editor, William
Macdougall, the people of Canada sudder:<ly awakened
to the value of the country. Remembering that it
vi'as said in French times to be part of their province,
they sent Chief Justice Draper to England to claim it.
But though the settlers on the Red River would rather
have been under the governmefit of Canada than that
of the Hud ion's Bay Company, no change was made
for many years.

i-^

iU,

>cl3 and
n their
souring
largely
Villiam
akened
that it
•ovince,
laim it.
rather
m that
) made

CHAPTER VII.

DEAD-LOCK

Party Strife.

In 1 86 1 a census was taken in Canada,
that is, the people were counted ; and it
was found that the upper province had 300,000 more
people than the lower province. The Reformers now
agitated more strongly than before for " rep. by pop."
In the summer there was a general election, but the
Reformers and Conservatives were still nearly equal in
number, and the government was as difficult as ever.
The next two years and a half were a gloomy time in
our history. But when the prospect seemed blackest a
new light dawned, and out of the darkness and con-
fusion sprang the beginnings of a truer national life.

•In October, 1861, Lord Monck, an Irish
nobleman, was appointed governor-gen-
eral. When he reached Canada the danger of war
between the United States and England was very
great.

A Gfoomy Meanwhile the bitter though bloodless
Outlook. strife between the political parties of Can-

ada g**ew ever hotter. In 1862 the Conservatives
resigned, after being defeated on a bill providing for the
defence of the country. Then the Reformers tried to
carry on the governmer;, but, after a few troublous
months, during which parliament was dissolved, though
it had not sat out half its time, they in their turn were

driven from power.

247

Lord Monck.

2f8 CANADIAN IHSTOKV \()\i IU)VS AND (ilRI.S.

At the beginning of 1864, Sir ICtienne Tach6 and
J(.hn A. Maccli)nai(l formed a Conservative government.
But even at first their supporters barely outnumbered
those against them, and in a very shcirt time thoy were
outvoted by a niajorit}' of two. Hie ministers did not
know what to do, for it seemed that a regular dead-hjck
had been reached. It was almost certain that if they
resigned, any government which to(jk their place would
soon be in the same helpless position.

At last they decided to ask Lord Monck to dissolve
parliament, in the faint hope that though scarcely a
year had passed since the l.hst general election, they
might this time gain a majority strong enough to
enable them to carry on the government.
Q Happily a better way out of the difficulty

Brown's appeared. Seeing that the long-continued

roposal. strife threatened the ccnuitry with ruin,
George Brown came to the re.scue, anrl promised for
himself and his followers that they would support the
Conservative ministers if they would set themselves
earnestly to find some way of removing the jeaKjusy
between Upper and Lower Canada, which lay at the
root of all the trouble.

Macdonald and his brother ministers met their r)ld
enemies half-way. Brown and two of his supporters
were invited to enter the government, and it was decided
to try to form a federal union, either between the two
pro»'ir>ces of Canada or between all the British North
American provinces. This, as already explained, would
leave each province free to manage its own local affairs.
At this time the people in the east were
thinking of a union amongst themselves.
No doubt the speeches and writings of

The

Maritime

Provinces.

IRI.S.

DEAn-IXK'K.

249

'ach^ and
vernmcnt.
numbered
they were
•s did not
dead-l(jck
at if tliey
ice would

o dissolve
scarcely a
tion, they
nough to

difficulty
continued
.ith ruin,
nised ff)r
pport the
lemselves

jealousy
ly at the

thoir r)ld
upporters
s decided
the two
sh North
id, would
al affairs,
ast were
^mselves.
itings of

statesmen in one province in '"avonr of union influenced
public opii.lon in the others. Hut while Canada was
almost driven into Confederation b\' the storm\' current
of events, the wish for union in the Maritime Provinces
arose chiefly from a sense of the weakness and incon-
venience of so man\' small governments.

CHARI.OTTKTOWN, P.E.I.

Th»

Charlotte-
town Con-
vention.

In September, 1 864, delegates from Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Ed-
ward Island met at Charlottetown to talk
over iLiic union of the three provinces. Thinking that
when hot! groups of colonies were considering a change
of government the time must be ripe for a larger plan,
the Canadian ministry sent a deputation to this con-
vention. The result was that the delegates (.>f the
Maritime Provinces, instead of going on with their own
scheme, promi-sed to go to Quebec a few weeks later to
discuss the Confederation of all the provinces.

Before leaving the provinces " down by the .sea " the
delegates and Canadian visitors were royally feasted at
Charlottetown, Halifax, and St. John. At each place
they spoke of Confederation and gradually roused the
interest of the people in the great scheme.

CHAPTER VIII.

7V/£ QUEBEC SCHEME OF CONFEDERA TTON.

m
11'

'HI

The Meeting Early in October, 1864, thirty-three gentle-
at Quebec, men, representing the provinces of Canada,
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island,
and Newfoundland, gathered in the picturesque old city
of Quebec to discuss plans of union. They met day
after day for nearly three weeks. At the end of that
time they had prepared a scheme of Confederation to
lay before the parliaments of the different provinces.
No outsider had been allowed to listen to their discus-
sions, and it was intended that the plan should be kept
secret till the several parliaments met. But in some
way the secret escaped, and soon the people everywhere
were talking of Confederation.

The Pia ^'^ ^^^^^ history it is impossible to give more

than a very short account of the plan (jf
union. It was proposed that there should be one central
I)arliament to control matters in which all the provinces
were interested, and that each province should also have
a parliament to control its own local affairs. To improve
the communication between the provinces, which was
most important if there was to be any true union, it was
agreed that the much talked of Intercolonial Railway
should be built.

250

III:

THK gUEHEC SCHEMK OV CONFEDERATION. 25 1

Th« Central Tlic central parliament was to make laws
Parliament. ^^^^ ^j^^ whole country concerning trade ;
the raising' of money for expenses of [Tovernmcnt by
flulies or taxes ; defence ; the postal service ; railways,
canals, and other public works for the general benefit ;
marriaj^e ; the prevention and punislunent of crime;
Indians and their lands ; and ^^encrallv, all matters not
put specially under the control of the provincial parlia-
ments. In this last particular there is a marked differ-
ence between the government of Canada and that of the
United States; for in that country the central govern-
ment has a right onl}' to make laws on matters specially
put under its control, and the governments of the
several states deal with all other affairs.

_. o • The provincial parliaments were to make
The Provin- ' *

cial Parlia- laws concerning the raising of money for
men s. provincial purposes by direct taxes; educa-

tion; public lands; projjerty and civil rights; courts of
justice; local public works, and a number of other
matters.

_, , So that there miL^ht be no more trouble

Representa- ^ *=•

over the question of " representation by
population," it was proposed that in the
assembly, or House of Commons, of the united prov-
inces, a fixed number of members (sixty-five) should be
given to Lower Canada, and that each of the other
provinces should have a number of members which bore
the same proportion to their popiwation as sixty-five
bore to the population of Lower Canada. Every ten
years a census was to be taken, and if the population of
any f)ther province had increased faster than that of
Louder Canada, it was to have an additional number of
members.

tion in
Parliament.

I >

i :

252 CANADIAN illSTORV FOR lUJVS AND (URLS.

A different plan was to be followed in the upper
house, or Senate. Its members were to be appointed
for life b the t^overnor-gcnt ral ; and 24 were to be
chosen from Upper Canada, 24 from Lower Canada,
and 24 fn m the Maritime Provinces, taken together,
without regard to population.

•*'^»» ^ rrr.

■liillSJi...-

^=^ „ -jST- "'".-..J-ii'lM.../ „■' •'"l'-ii«-'

QUEBEC.

Money It was proposed that the central govern-

Matters. ment should undertake the debts of each

province, and that it should make an annual grant for
the expenses of the provincial governments. The two
provinces of Canrda were more deeply in debt than the
others, and the question of money was hard to arrange ;
but at last the delegates hoped that they had found a
way out of all difficulties.

Receptioii The Quebec conference was followed, like
of the Plan. ^^^^ ^^^ Charlottetown, by banquets and

speeches, in which the delegates set forth many good
reasons for Confederation. The people of Canada were
generally in favour of it ; and in the last month of the
year the unionists were gladdened by the news that the

le upper
ppointcd
re to be
Canada,
together,

govern-
or each
rant for
"he two
lan the
•range ;
bund a

xl, like
ts and
y good
a were
of the
)at the

THE QUEBEC SCHEME OF CONFEDERATION. 253

British government approved of their scheme. But it
stil] had Lo be laid before the parliaments of the
provinces.

In February, 1865, the parliament of Canada met,
and after a long debate resolutions in favour of the
Quebec scheme were passed through both houses by
large majorities.

]^ut the scheme was not received so well in the other
provinces. The delegates from Newfoundland could
not persuade the islanders to take any interest in the
plan ; and the assembly of Prince Edward Island de-
clared against it by a vote of more than four Ui one.
New Brunswick also seemed stron";lv a<j;ainst Confedera-
tion, for in the general election, which occurred in March,
before the plan had been submitted to the assembly,
most of the men in favour of union lost their seats, and
an " anti-confederate government " was formed. All
this chilled the enthusiasm of Nova Scotia, which had
once .seemed so eager for union ; and the assembl\',
instead of supporting the Quebec schem", passed reso-
lutions in favour of going back to the plan of a union of
the Maritime Provinces alone.

But Canada was determined to carry out the .scheme
if possible; and earl>' in 1865 four of the ministers,
Macdonald, Gait, Brown, and Cartier, went to I'Lngland
to make arrangements for Confederati(jn. The British
government u.scd every means in its power to persuade
the Maritime Provinces to consent to the plan. The
lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, wIkj had been
strongly against it, was recalled. In liis stead was
appointed the gallant soldier Sir Fenwick Williams, and
he used all his influence to convince his countrymen of
the wisdom of Confederation.

CHAPTER IX.

A WAITING TIME.

:n \)

End of the

American

War.

The terrible civil war in America ended
early in 1865. The Northern States were
victorious, the Union was unbroken, and
the fearful curse of slavery had been swept from the
land ; but a few days after the Southern States laid down
their arms. President Lincoln was basely murdered. In
Canada bells were tolled, and flags hung half-mast high,
in token of sympathy for the sorrowing nation.

Nevertheless, the relations between Canada and the
United States were still not altogether friendly. The
claims of the Americans against Itngland for injuries
done to their trading ships by the Alabama and other
piratical vessels were still unsettled, and there was some
danger that war might result.

No doubt it was partly owing to anger
against P^ngland that the American gov-
ernment now gave notice of its wish to put
an end to the Reciprocity Treaty, which had been in
force since 1855. A great trade between the United
States and the British provinces had -^^prung up, and the
threatened change seemed Hkely to have a most dis-
turbing effect on the business of the latter. Some people,

indeed, talked as if it meant utter ruin. But, though the

254

The

Reciprocity

Treaty.

A WAITING TIME.

25s

a ended
tes were
en, and
'om the
id down
ed. In
St high,

md the
The
n juries
other
s some

anger
gov-
:o put
en in
■nited
id the
t dis-
eople,
h the

The Fenians.

governments of the British provinces joined in an attempt
to obtain a renewal of the agreement, they were not suc-
cessful, and in March, 1866, the treaty came to an end.
Owing to a difference of opinion with the other
ministers in connection with this matter, George Brown
resigned his place in the government in 1865.

Meanwhile, a number of Irishmen in the
United States, who belonged to what was
called the Fenian Brotherhood, were drilling and making
other preparations for the invasion of Canada. They
believed that their country had been cruelly wronged b}'
England, and in revenge determined to conquer the
British American colonies. When the civil war ended,
a number of restless, lawless men, who had been in the
American armies, found themselves out of employment ;
and many of these joined the Fenians in the hope of

more fighting.

Rumours of intended attack kept the Canadian
borders in alarm. St. Patrick's day, 1866, was to be
marked, it was said, by a great invasion of Canada, but it
never took place ; and when, a week or two later, a few
Fenians crossed the boundary into New Brunswick, they
fled as soon as they heard that troops were advancing
to meet them.

In another quarter there was a more serious
raid. In the early summer nine hundred
Fenians crossed the Niagara river and took possession
of the village of Fort Erie, tearing up the railway tracks
and cutting the telegraph wires in the neighbourhood.
A few regular soldiers, and several companies of the
" Queen's Own " and other volunteers, were sent from
Toronto and Hamilton to drive back the invaders.

Ridgeway.

V'i

256 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.

Through some mistake or bad management, the volun-
teers were hurried forward too quickly, and before the
regular troops could come up they fell in with the
Fenians at Ridgeway, and were ordered to
attack them. Under the first fierce on-
slaught of the Canadians the Fenians
wavered. Then they rallied and poured
upon their assailants a hot fire, which killed
nine, wounded thirt\', and forced the rest
to retreat. But when O'Neil, the leader of
the marauders, heard that the regular troops
were close at hand, he fell back to Fort
s^^ Erie, and that same nicrht he and his armv
made the best of their way out of Canada.
Soon afterwards a monument was put
up in Queen's Park, Toronto, in memory
of the gallant young volunteers who died in defence
of their country.

A " Ql r.KN's Own "
V()i.i'nti:i:k.

CHAPTER X.

CON FE PER A TJON ACCOMPLISHED.

New While the events recorded in the last

runswick. chapter were taking place, the people of
New Brunswick were beginning to look with more
favour on the idea of Confederation. The governor, as
well as the legislative council, desired a union of the
provinces, but the governor's advisers still strongly
objected to it. Under these circumstances it was diffi-
cult to carry on the government. Early in 1866 the
ministers resigned, and Mr. Leonard Tilley, who had
been one of the representatives of New Brunswick at
the Quebec conference, formed a government. Soon
a.te''-,vards there was anjther general election, and the
people who had entirely changed their minds since the
election of the year before, .sent up to parliament an
overwhelming majority of unionists.

A few weeks later the as.sembly of Nova
Scotia passed resolutions in favor of union)
but as there had been no general election since the
question arose, the action of parliament in this case did
not show the real feeling of the people; and afterwards
there were loud complai'.its that Nova Scotia h^id been
forced into Confederation. Joseph Howe, though he
had once been inclined to approve of a union of all the
provinces, took this view.

17 -^57

Nova Scotia.

2KS CANADIAN HISTORY I- OR BOYS AND GIRLS.

Meanwhile, Prince Edward Island steadilx- refused

to be drawn into the scheme on any consideration

whatever.

-. Th6 statesmen of Canada, however, were

The '

Provincial already making arrangements for v.he pro-
Parliaments. YJi^cial parliaments which were to control
the local affairs of Upper and Lower Canada after Con-
federation. It was decided that Upi^er Canada should
be governed by a lieutenant-governor and a legislative
assembly only, and that Lower Canada should have in
addition a legislative council of twenty-four members.
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were, of course, already
provided with provincial parliaments. New Brunswick
afterwards abolished its legislative council, and now
Quebec and Nova Scotia are the only provinces of the
Dominion which have two chambers in their local
parliaments.

The B.N. A. Before the close of the year delegates from
'^®** Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Canada

met in England to help to frame a bill for uniting the
several provinces. Howe also went to England to pro-
test against the passing of any act of Confederation.

After "weeks of constant and anxious labour," the
delegates drew up a bill, founded, with little alteration,
on the Quebec scheme of 1864, of which an account has
already been given. This bill was passed by the Im-
perial parliament without change, and became law on
March 29th, 1867. It is called "The British North
America Act," or sometimes "The B.N. A. Act."

July 1st, 1867, was named by a royal
Dominion proclamatitjn as the day on v/hich the
^•y* several provinces were to unite as the

RLS.

y refused
•ideration

ver, were
v.he pro-
3 control
fter Con-
la should
igislative
have in
nembers.
!, already
runswick
nd now
is of the
lir local

tes from
Canada
ting the

to pro-
ion.

ur," the
eration,
unt has
he Im-
law on

North

royal
ch the
as the

CONIEUERATION ACCciMPLrSHED.

259

Dominion of Canada. To prevent confusion, the new
names of Ontario and Quebec were given to Upper and
Lower Canada.

Lord Monck, who had laboured earnestly in the cause
of Confederation, was sworn in as governor-general of
the Dominion, and Sir John Macdonald (as he now
became) was the first prime minister.

THE DOMINION OF C ANADA IN 1807.

A great effort was made to prevent jealousy between
the different parties. Of Macdonald's colleagues, or
brother ministers, some came from each of the four
provinces, and half were Liberals and the other half
Conservatives. The same j^lan was followed in choos-
ing the senators — half were from each party. Had it
not been for one or two little clouds in the sky it might
have seemed that the happ\' r'ay had dawned when
" none was for a party," and " all were for the state."

26o CANADIAN HISTORY KOR BOYS AND CTRLS.

Hji;;

Conservatives and Reformers alike may look back with
pride to that first Dominion Day — the birthday of our
nation. Hap])icr than many countries, she came into
bring, not by war, but by peace ; and she owes her pre-
sent strength and her hope of future greatness to the
fact that in the hour of trial her public men set aside
party differences, and worked shoulder to shoulder for
the common good.

CHAPTER XI.

SOCIAL COXDITIONS, 1841-67.

Defence.

p I . During the last quarter of a century the

number of po(jple in the British provinces

had more than doubled. The population of the four

provinces which first entc '^1
Confederation was nearly tbiCt
and a quarter millions in u*^/,
while that of all the prv^vi-r^.s
which now form the Do ninion
of Canada was not very fa ^llort
of three and a half millions.

In case of war, ac-
cording to George
Brown's reckoning, half a million
men would have been ready and
willing to defend their country.
Ri* Regiments of volunteers had
A ladyui tiikConfkueration been formed in the different

I'eriod. . , ... , ,

provmces, and military schools

had been founded for the instruction of their officers.

_.. , .. The number of Indians in the four con-
The Indians.

federated provinces was believed to be

increasing slightly, and, owing chiefly to the faithful

labours of missionaries from the different churches, their

habits were becoming more civilized. Their dwellings,

261

202 ( ANADIAN 111S'IX>KY lOk HuiS AND CJlkl.S.

food, and clothing all showed signs of innprovement.
In the far North-VVest, however, the Indians still fol-
lowed their old customs, though missionaries, travelling
by canoes in summer and dog-trains in wintet, were
finding their way to the haunts of the wildest and most
savage tribes.

Farming. ^^ ^^^ the occupa*-ions of the people, farm-
ing was the most important. During this
period the government, instead of giving enormous

,!>'■

m ■

Rfh^i

ft;-]-;

t^"--

A DOCTRAIN.

grants of land to persons who let it lie idle, had gener-
ally followed the better plan of giving small farms to
men who intended to cultivate them. In most places,
the system of farming was poor and careless, but it was
improving, and agricultural papers and fairs (large and
small) were doing good service in calling the attention
of the farmers to wiser ways of working.

The habitants in Lower Canada generally disliked
change, and lived in many respects as their fathers had
lived before them ; but the homes of the settlers of

SOCIAL < ONI )I'I IONS, 1S4I-67.

263

Upper Canada were luxurious compared to what they
had been twenty-five years earlier. Wages were high
and labourers scarce, however, so that it was still the
custom for the farmers and their families to do all that
they could for themselves.

Other This state of things caused a great demand

Industries, ^^^j. labour-saving machines, and soon many
factories for making them were set up in different parts
of the country. Woollen and other manufactures were

:!'■ ;^' //;^'^-v.

<'//••'• ?... . -

i^m^^§MT'-'^^^^^^^^

y/f

'^^

SUSPENSION BRIDGE AT ST. JOHN'S, N.li., BUILT 185a.

also becoming important ; and in most of the provinces
ship-building was carried on. In the year 1863 no less
than six hundred and twenty-eight ves.sels of various
sizes were built In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
fishing and lumbering held the front rank in the occupa-
tions of the people, though in the latter province much
new land had lately been broken up for farming.

Trade, both with other countries and amongst the
British provinces themselves, had wonderfully increased
during these years.

I w

2O4 ( ANADIAN IlISTOKV lOK I'.OVS AND (ilKLS.

-- , One rcasoti for this increase was the iin-

Meana of

Communioa- provcmcnt in the means of travelling, and
**"* of sending- news from one place to aniithcr.

Instead of one railway line sixteen miles lon^, as in
1 84 1, there were now fourteen railways, which, taken
tonrether. were nearl)' two thousand three hundred miles
lon<^r. Steam vessels of all sizes plied on the ^^reat lakes
and crossed the ocean. The Allan Line, which began
with four ships in 1S56, had twent)'-threc in 186S.

The postal service had greatlv improved. Before
185 1 half-ounce letters were carried at the rate of 14
cents for one hundred miles; but at that time it was
a<^reed that letters should be carried in Canada, Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Kdward Island, at
the rate of 6 cents for any

\^-

distance within those prov-
inces. This soon increased
the number of letters three-
fold.

In 1847 the telegraph
was first used in Canada,
and by 1867 there were
telegraph lines in every
province. After many dif-
ficulties and failures, a telegraph cable was laid across
the Atlantic in 1858. Unhappily this cable broke soon
after its first trial ; but in 1866 another was laid, and
since then telegraphic communication between the New
and the Old Worlds has never been broken.

Lavish; an Atlantic Caiile.

the iin-
liI1^^ and

another.
i^S as in
h, taken
"ed miles
eat lakes
:h began
58.

Before
te of 14
e it was
la, Nova
sland, at

across
\C soon
lid, and
le New

|3nrt III.

THE GROWTH OF TfH- NATION.

iXTRonrcTiox.

Though Confederation was a most imi:)()rtant step in
the progress of our countr)', a glance at the map will
show that the Dominion of Canada was small in 1S67
compared to what it is in 1900. How the North-West,
British Columbia, and I'rincc Mdward Island became
part of it reinains to be told, and is of deep importance,
for the contiol of the fertile and boundless West has
increased immeasurably the possibilities that lie before
" the youngest of the nations."

Something must also be said of Canada's growth in
self-government, wealth, and social advantages ; but we
stand too near the events of the last few years to see
them clearly in I'icir bearing on one another. It has
seemed best, therefore, to touch on them very briefly.

265

ilp^

it-

THE GROWTH OF THE NATION.

DOMINION PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, OTTAWA

CHAPTER I.

THE RED RIVER REBELLION.

The

Dominion

Parliament.

The first Dominion parliament was opened
at Otta\\a on November 6th, 1S67. Sir
John Macdonald was supported by a strong
majority, and set to work at once to make certain need-
ful changes in the laws concerning the government offi-
cials, the import duties, the post office, and many other

matters. Resolutions were also passed asking the British

267

ii i

I 1

II *■

,1"

I-

IJ! J .

268 CANADIAN IIISTORV FOR ISOVS AND f.IRLS.

government to add to the Dominion the great regions in
the north and west, then ruled by the Hudson's Bay
Company.

Nova Scotia Meanwhile Xova Scotia was exceedingly
DissatisTied. anxious to withdraw from Confederation.
Of her nil teen members in the Dominion Mouse of
Common.s, Dr. Tu[)per was the only unionist ; and one of
the first acts of the provincial assembly was to send
Joseph Howe and three other gentlemen to England
with a petition for the repe-il (A the union so far as Nova
Scotia was concerned. The request was refused, but
shortly afterwards a larger yearl}' allowance for provin-
cial expen.ses was promised to N(n'a Scotia. This did
much to satisfy the people, and early in 1869 Joseph
Howe became a member of the Dominion ministry.
Four years later he was appointed lieutenant-governor
of Nova Scotia, but died at Government House, Halifax,
after holding office for about a month.
The In 1869 the Hudson's Ba}' Company con-

North-West, sented to give up its trade monopoly and
its right to govern Rupert's Land and the North-West

Territory for ;!^300,ooo in
money and many thousand
acres of land.

There were now about
10,000 persons, most of whom
were half-breeds, settled in
the Red River country. But
their wishes were not consulted about the change of
government, and when men from Canada began to sur-
vey the land, the lialf-breeds concluded that their farms
were to be taken from them, and became wildly excited.

Red RiviiK Cakt.

RLS.

'egions in
oil's Bay

:cpdingly
:derati')n.
^oiise of
id one of

to send
Eng^land

as Nova
iscd, but
■ provin-
riiis did
) Joseph
Ti in is try.
governor
Halifax,

ny con-
Ay and
i-West
ooo in
ousand

about
whom

led in
But

nge of

:o sur-
farms

^cited.

THE RED RIVER REMELLION.

2^9

Louis Riel.

Louis Riel, a youncj man of mixed blood,
who had been educated at Montreal, had
great influence over his countr\'men, and was soon their
recognized head. Under his leadership the half-breeds
stoptxid the work of the surveyors, and drove out of the
country the Hon. William Macdougall, who was to be-
come governor of the colon}' as soon as it should become
part of the Dominion of Canada.

At this time, however, the Hudson's Bay Company
still ruled the land, but its officers unresistingly allowed
Riel to take possession of Fort Garr)' and the stores
there, and looked calmly on while he set up a " pro-
visional government," of which he had himself chosen
president. Macdougall, who had taken refuge at I^cm-
bina, just within the boundary of the United States,
tried to raise a force of loyal colonists to put down the
rebels. In this he failed, and soon he returned to
Ottawa in disgust.

Meanwhile a few loyal Canadians, under a doctor
named Schultz, who afterwards became governor of Mani-
toba, had been captured b)' Riel and imprisoned in Fort
Garr)'.

Shortly afterwards the Dominion government sent
commissioners to inquire into the grievances of the half-
breeds, and the latter were invited to send delegates to
Ottawa. Delegates were accordingly chosen, and anew
" provisional government " was formed, with Riel at its
head, to keep order in the country till a settlement C(juld
be arranged.

F»y this time Dr. Schultz had escaped from Fort
Gr^rry, and after some delay Riel released most of his
comrades, but directly afterwards captured another

270 CANADIAN IIISTOKV FOR BOVS ..iND GIRLS.

^ >

party of Canadians who had marched towards the fort
intending to force Riel to set his prisoners free.

Amont^si i' e nev. prisoners was a young man from
Ontario named fhomas Scott. He offended Riel by

RLS.

•s the fort

from
el by

THE RED RIVER REUELLIUN.

271

*^.:-l"li

KoKi Gakkv.

his plain speakin«^^ and at last, after a pretended trial, was

cruelly shot.

Bishop A few dav« later the Roman Cathoh'c bishop,

I acne. Tach6, who had great influence with the

half-breeds, returned to his diocese after a visit to Rome.

He had been asked by the Canadian government to trv

to restore peace, and had

been authorized to promise

a free pard(jn to all who 4^

would lay down their '\''ijTj}7^Z^,-^i\ '' " '»x^[^Ci

arms. This was before ^^^^^.--Siif^iiljj^

cotts murder, but Bishop __■ ?^.^^_^:^
Tach6 promised pardon
even to the murderers,
and under his influence the half-breeds quickl)' cahiied
down.

Wolseley's The news of the murder roused a storm of
Force. indignation in Canada, and a force, com-

posed of regular troops and militiamen, was hurried
forward under the command of Colonel Tnow Lord)
Wolseley. But the journey was so difficult that, though
these troops started in June, they did not reach T'ort
Garry till August. Riel fled on their approach, and the
regular soldiers soon returned to Quebec ; but the mili i-
men spent the winter in Manitoba, and many fii ly
settled there.

y. Meanwhile an act had been passed 1 ;he

Manitoba Dominion parliament making the Rerl iviver

® ' ' colony and the surrounding count into

the new province of Manitoba. It was to be represented
in the Dominion parliament by two senators and four
members of the House of Commons, and its local affairs

ii'

ll!

272 CANADIAN UISTOKV FOR HOVS AND C.IKLS.

were to be managed by a lieutenant-governor, a small
legislative council, and an assembly of twenty-four mem-
bers. The lieutenant-governor, with the help of a council,
was also to govern the North-West territories.
The Fenians In Ma}', 1870, the Fenians had made a raid
®^®'"' into Lower Canada, but were easily driven

back across the border. In the following year they
threatened Manitoba. The governor, Mr. Archibald,
who had no tnxjps at his command, feared that the
half-breeds might again revolt ; but, strange to say, Riel
offered his services to defend the country. The gov-
ernor judged it b( st to accept his offer, but there was no
fighting after all ; and the Fenians, as they retreated, were
taken prisoners by American officials for breaking the
neutrality laws.

B}' this time Canada was thought able to provide for
her own defence, and in 1870 all British troops except
a small force at Halifax were withdrawn from the
country.

iH*

t ,

CHAPTER II.

FROM EAST TO IVKS7\

Disputes
with the
United
States.

Though the Americans harl refused to renew
the Reciprocity Treat}', inany (){ tlicm con-
tinued to catch fish along the shores of the
Maritime Provinces, as if the treaty were still in force.
The Canadians naturally objected to this, and there were
many quarrels amongst the fishermen. At last the Brit-
ish and Canadian governments sent armed vessels to the
fishing grounds, and several American boats were seized.
A number of other questions also caused troi'hle be-
tween the British and American governmen.- The.
Alabama claims and the ownersliip of San Juan were
still un.settled, and there was a dispute concerning the
right of the Americans to use the St. Lawrence and the
Canadian canals.
Th T at f ^^ ^^^^ commissioners were appointed by

Washington, the British and American governments to

18T1 •

settle all the.se matters, and in 1871 a treaty

was arranged at Washington. Sir John Macdonald was
one of the British commissioners, though a Canadian
had never before been asked to help to make a treaty
with a foreign nation.

It v/as agreed th<it for ten vears the fisheries of the
United States and Canada should be open to the people
of both countries, but as the Canadian fisheries were the

■li '

■ If 1

I .1

2/4 C.WADIAN IIISTOKV FOR F'.()VS AND (".IKLS.

more \aluablc, the Americans should pa)' in addition a
sum of money, whicli was fixed later at $5,500,000. The
navi^rjiticjii of Lake Michigan, the St. Lawrence, and the
Canadian canals was declared free to the inhabitants of
both countries. It was also a^n-eed, as has alread\- been
inentioned, that the lunpcror of German)' should be asked
to decide the San Juan dispute, and that the Alahamia
claims should be settled hy an arbitration board, which
met in Switzerland in the foUowin^^ year and awarded
to the United States a sum of over $15,000,000.
British I n 1 866 the two provinces of Vancouver and

Columbia. British Columbia had become one. But the
united province had no as-

sembly, and th'- people
soon Dei^an to a^^itate for
some change which would
^ive them a larger share in
the ^ ernment. Man)-,
indeed, wished for a union
with Canada, in spite of
the immense di^innce be-
tween British *. /r)lumbia
and the older provinces,
and late in 1870 delegates
were sent \.o Ottawa to dis-
cuss terms of union. Tiie result was that British
Columbia was admitted into Confederation in July,
1871.

One of the conditions agreed upon was that the
Dominion government should build a railway across
the continent to the Pacific coast. This great work
was to be begun within two years, and finished within

A Saw-A1u.l in liKinsii C'ui.umuia.

Iditinii a
X). The
and the
itaiits of
id)- been
be asked
Aialuviia
d, which
awarded

uver and
Hut the

. DI.LMUIA.

British
in July,

hat the
/ across
it work
within

I- RUM i:ast tu west.

275

ten; but many people shook their heads and declared
that it was impossible.

The new province was to oe represented in the Cana-
dian j)arliament b)- three senators and six members
in the House of Com-
mons ; and shortly be-
fore the union its local
affairs were put under
the control of an assem-
bly elected by the ^x^o-
ple, in place of the legis-
lative council, which had
ruled since 1866.

British Columbia has
many sources of wealth
in its coast fisheries, its
rivers swarming with
salmon, and its forests
of giant trees, 3ts ^xjll as
in its coal miv>es and
gold-fields : but i"n 1871
there were only 36,000
people in the province,

and of th)ese two-thirds were India: is. Since that time,
howe^'er. the population has increased with great
rapidity.

Lord In 1872 Lord Lisgar, who had been g(jver-

Dufferin. nor-general of Canada since 1868, returned
to England, and his place was taken b\' the ICarl oi
Dufferin. Lord Dufferm was an eloquent speaker, and
fee tcK)k a warm interest in all that c<jncerned the
welfare of Canad ■

nim^z

A OlANT TkKK.

276 CANADIAN IIISTDRV I'OH IJOVS ANH (;IKI,S.

l^^

lil!

Prince ^'^ J"^^ ^^'^' ^^^3' ^^'''"c^' Kdvvard Island,

Edward after lon^ resisting all invitations to join

* "" ' Confederation, became part of the Domin-

ion, The provincial government had grievously bur-
denerl itself with debt in building a railway, and union
with ( 'anada seemed the best way out of the difficulty.
A large sum of money was n(jw g-.anted by the
Dominion parliament to help to settle tlic land question,
which had troiibled the island for over a hundrod years.
P>om time to time the government had bought the
estates of large owners ; but few were willing to sell,
and all attempts to change the s)'stem had hitherto
fnilcd. At last in 1 875, an act was passed obliging
the estate-owners to .sell at a fair price, and arrange-
ments were made by which tho.se who held rented
farms could become their owners on easy terms.
Since that time Prince Edward Island has prospered
greatly.

(LS.

1 Island,
I to join

Domin-
isly bur-
ici union
lifficulty.

by the
question,
?d years.
i^ht the

to sell,
hitherto
obliging
arrange-
l rented
terms,
ospercd

the Pacific
Railway.

('II.\;^TKR III.

THE MACKENZIE MIXISTRY.

\\\ 1S72 there was a general election. Sir
John iMacdonakls majorit)' in the 1 louse
of Commons was much Ics.sened, and, in i*S73, during
the first session of the new parliament a storm arose
which wrecked his government altogether.

Several different companies had been anxi(^us to
build the raihva\- to Ikitish Columbia. At last the
contract had been given to i company formed b)- Sir
Hugh Allan, the head of the great steamship line. Hut
a member of the Hcnise suddenly accused the ministers
of having taken bribes from this com{)an\', and it was
found that, whether or not any wrong agreement
had been made, some of the ministers had certainly
received large sums from Sir Hugh Allan for "election
expenses," upon which both pt^litical parties often spent
vast amounts of money. All summer this affair kept
the country in excitement, and in the autumn Sir John
Macdonald resigned.

Alexander Alexander Mackenzie then formed a gov-
Mackenzie. ernment. He was born in Scotland in
1822, and from the age of fourteen, when he was left an
orphan, had had to depend entirely on his own exer-
tions. He learned the trade of a stonemason, and after-
wards became a builder and contractor. He came to

277

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23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716)872-4503

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■1:::H

278 CANADIAN HI.STORY FOR P.OVS AND C.IRLS.

Canada when \v' ^\•as twenty, entered parliament in
1S61, and six years later became leader of the Liberal
party.

Early in 1^/4 there was an^tlier general election.
" The Pacific Railway scandal " was the all-important
subject of discussion, and Sir John Macdonald received
a crushing defeat. Riel was elected as one of the
members for Manitoba, but was not allowed to take
his seat.

British Meanwhile, British Columbia was very

Columbia angry, and threatened to withdraw from
Dissatisfied, ^j^^ ^^^j^^ j^ ^^^ building of the railway

was not speedily begun. At last, in 1875, the Domin-
ion f^overnment began itself to build the railway ; but
some people complained that the work was badly
managed, and it went on far too slowly to suit the
western province. In 1876 Lord Dufferin visited British
Columbia, but even his tact and eloquence could not
charm away the discontent of its people.
Work of the An act was passed in 1 874 requiring that the
Government, voting for members of parliament should
be secret, or by ballot. In the following year the
Supreme Court of Canada was established as a court
of appeal for persons dissatisfied with the decisions
of the provincial courts. In 1878 an important
temperance law was passed. It is generally known
as the " Scott Act," and it provides that any munici-
pality may forbid the sale of intoxicating liquors
within its bounds.

, In 1875 an act was passed giving a government,
separate from that of Manitoba, to the North-West
Territories. About this time, too, a number of treaties

(

:LS.

THE MACKKNV.IE MINISTRY

279

imcnt in
) Liberal

election,
mportant

received
2 of the
i to take

i^as very

aw from

railway

Domin-

^ay ; but

IS badly

suit the

d British

Duld not

that the

should

^ear the

a court

ecisions

iportant

known

munici-

liquors

rnment,
:h-West
treaties

An Indian Ti<avv;i.i.in(

were made with the Indians of a part of those regions,

by which they gave up their claims to the soil in return

for supplies of food and

certain annual sums of

money. A vast quantity

of fertile land was thus

opened for settlement, but

large " reserves," as they

are called, were set apart

for the Indians. Very recently (in 1899) the Indians of

Athabasca have entered into " treaty."

.. -. .-II During the years while Mackenzie was
Macdonald's .^ -^

Return to premier trade was bad, not only in Canada
Power. ^^^ ^ij Qygj- ^Yie world, and his ministers

found it exceedingly difficult to raise sufficient money
for the expenses of government. Upon this Sir John
Macdonald began to talk of a plan, which he called the
" National Policy," for putting heavy duties on all im-
ported manufactured goods which could be made in
Canada. This, he said, would bring in more money for
carrying on the government, and would encourage
Canadians to manufacture goods for themselves.

Having lasted its full term of five years, parliament
was dissolved in August, 1878, and the electi(jns turned
in favour of Sir John Macdonald and his " National
Policy."

A little later Lord Dufferin and his equally popular
wife left Canada. The Marquis of Lorne, who had
married the Queen's daughter. Princess Louise, then
became governor-general, and he and his royal wife
received a warm and hearty welcome from all classes
of the people.

CHAPTER IV.

UNDER LORD LORNE'S RULE.

f I. ,>;

tii^i

Closer
Relations
with
England.

Council,
passed a

During the summer (3f 1879 Sir John
Macdonald visited England and was sworn
in as a member of the Imperial Privy
In the following year the Canadian parliament
bill providing for the appointment of a high
commissioner, or agent for Canada, who was to live in
England. Sir Alexander Gait was the first to fill this
office.

During this year Mackenzie resigned to Mr, Edward
Blake the leadership of the Liberal party. A few days
later Mackenzie's old friend and former leader, George
Brown, died from the effects of a wound received at the
hands of a printer whom he had dismissed for some
misconduct.

Work upon the great railway was going
on slowly, but in 1881 a charter was given
to a new Canadian Pacific Railway Com-
pany. All that part of the line already built was handed
over to it. It was also to receive large grants of land
and money, and in return was to complete the road
within ten years. Three years later the Dominion gov-
ernment lent the company a large sum (which was duly

repaid) to enable it to finish the road in a shorter time.

280

A New
C. P. R.
Company.

UNDER LORD I.ORNK'S RULE.

281

Forest Fires.

Mr John
'as sworn
al Privy
irliament
)f a high
to live in
fill this

Edward

few days

George

d at the
or some

is going
as given
ly Corn-
handed
of land
he road
on gov-
as duly
er time.

Prosperity.

The summer of 1881 was hot and dry, and
terrible forest fires bn^-e out in the dense
woods of Muskoka and the wild country north of
Kingston. The people of the more fortunate districts
gave generous help to the sufferers. At the same time
there were even more dreadful fires in Michigan, which
caused great loss both of life and property.

A time of prosperity fjllowed the l(^ng
years of bad trade. The harvest was
plentiful, and the work on the Canadian Pacific Railway,
which was at last being
pushed on quickly
enough to please even
British Columbia,
caused the spending of
large sums in Canada,
and made business
brisk. The Conserva-
tives declared the im-
provement in trade was
due, partly at least, to

the " National Policy," and for several years the revenue
of the country was more than enough to meet the ex-
penses of government. This surplus, as it is called,
was often spent in helping to build new raihva}s.

During this year and the previous one
there was a great rush of people from the
older provinces to Manitoba and the North-West.
Numerous towns were laid out on paper, and some
people rashly paid high prices for lots in them. Wages
were high, and for a while business was exceedingly
good. Then a period of disappointment followed, and

Making a Tunnel on the C. i'. R.

Manitoba.

282 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR HOYS AND GIRLS.

somo mcMi who had li(»pcfl to make fortunes returned to
the eastern provinces poorer than when they left them.
Hut many stayed on, and soon won a good living from
the rich wheat-lands of the new province.

In 1 88 1 the Dominion parliament had added to
Manitoba a large district to the east. But this land
was claimed by Ontario, and a hot dispute arose
betvv-een the two provinces. Both appointed magistrates
and constables for the same district ; and the latter, it is
said, chiefly employed themselves in arresting each
other. At last, however, the two provinces agreed to
ask the Imperial Privy Council to decide between them,
and the disputed district was given to Ontario.

An unusually large number of settlers
came to Canada in 1883, but the season of
prosperity was nearing its end. The harvests of 1883
and 1884 were poor, and the country was beginning to
suffer from the rash speculation of the last few years.
Several banks and many business houses failed.

In October, 1883, the Marquis of Lansdowne suc-
ceeded the Marquis of Lome as governor-general.

Bad Trade.

RLS.

turned to
eft them,
'ing from

idded to
:his land
te arose
Lgistrates
tter, it is
ng each
greed to
en them,

settlers
leason of

of 1883
nning to
w years.

/ne suc-
il.

CH APT KR V.

THE NORTH- WEST REBELLION.

Discontent
of the
Half-breeds.

We must now turn our attention to events
in the North-VVest. After the Red River
rebellion, many half-breeds had left Mani-
toba and had settled in the territories further west, but
for some time they had been growing restless and un-
easy.

The making of railways in the United States had
opened the country to white hunters and settlers. The
result was that the buffaloes, upon which both Indians
and half-breeds largely depended for food and clothing,
were slaughtered by thousands. The half-breeds re-
ceived neither presents nor reserves to reconcile them
to the settling of white men on their hunting-grounds ;
and the arrival of surveyors in the country caused the
same alarm as in Manitoba fourteen years earlier. The
half-breeds had asked the government to give them
legal titles to their lands, but no notice was taken of
their request, and, after some months of agitation, they
invited their old leader, Louis Riel, who was living in
the United States, to come to their help.
Riel, At first Riel merely held meetings and

aided the half-breeds to draw up a petition
to government asking that they should be allowed to
elect an assembly, that legal titles to their lands should

283

284 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR HOVS AND GIRLS.

he granted to all actual settlers, that the Indians should
he better provided for, and that lands should be set
apart for the supp(irt of schools and hospitals.

But the government at Ottawa still paid no heed to
their desires, and in the spring of i<S85 Riel set up a
" provisional government " at Batoche. He began his
rule by plundering a store in the village and imprison-
ing several loyalists.

Not content with rousing
the half-breeds, who were
comparatively few, Riel did
his utmost to persuade the
Indian tribes also to rebel.
Their warriors might still
be counted by thousands.
Happily most of them re-
fused to rise at Kiel's bid-
ding, or it would have gone
hard with the scattered
settlers, whose only pro-
tection was about 500 men
of the Mounted Police force, which had been formed in
1873 to keep order in the North-West.

Riel had given the command of his follow-
ers to a half-breed named Gabriel Du-
mont, and towards the end of March this man seized
the government stores and the Indian agent at a little
settlement called Duck Lake. A day or two later a few
Mounted Policemen and volunteers, who had been sent
too late to guard the stores, fell in unexpectedly with
Dumont's men. Twelve of the loyalists were killed,
and the rest, many of whom were seriously wounded,
were forced to retreat.

A Mounted I'oliceman.

'! ill.

THE NORTH-WEST RERELLION.

285

The Indian
Rising.

The success of the rebels had a bad effect
on the Indians. On April 2nd a band of
Cree warriors cruelly shot ten peopKi at Frog Lake and
took a number of prisoners.
About the same time several
settlers were murdered at
other places.

The Indians next marched
on Fort Pitt, which they
hoped to plunder easily, for
its defences were weak. B'lt
they found the stores guarded
by a few determined Mounted
Policemen, who beat them off
after a hot fight and then de-
stroyed the stores and retreat-
ed to Battleford.

Several hundred men,
women, and children, leaving
their homes to be robbed (^r
burned by the Indians, had
fled for refuge to the fort at
Battleford. But even there
they were in great danger,
and as the rebels had de-
stroyed the telegraph wires,
the settlers seemed terribly
cut off from the outside world.

To the But help was on the way. A fi^w days

Rescue. after news of the outbreak reached the

older provinces, 2,000 volunteers, under the command
of a British officer, General Middleton, were readv to

Indian WAK-C'i.uuh.

286 CANADIAN IIISToKV H)\< BOVS AND (.IRI.S.

po tf) the front. Quebec, Kingston, Toronto, Winnipeg
and many other places sent their citizen-soldiers. The
Maritime Provinces also offered men, and the lo^al
enthusiasm of all proved once more that the sons of
Canada arc ever ready to defend her in time of need.
Though the North- West could he reached far more

[ f

l-l

J'^'^CuitnE,,

quickly than in the days of the Red River rebellion,
there were long gaps in the still unfinished railway,
and the volunteers were obliged to tramp many weary
miles through fast-melting snow. The last part of the
journey was the worst. Batoche, to which the main
body of troops was bound, was over two hundred miles
from the railway, and the prairie trails were almost im-
passable with mud.

\t(\

innipcci^
s. The
ic lf)yal
sons of
iced,
ir more

TIIIC N(JKTII-\Vi:ST REr.KLLION.

287

^llion,
ilway,
A'cary
f the
main
miles
t im-

After a toilsome marcli of many days, the volunteers
came suddcnl)- upon a body of half-brccds posted in a
ravine called I'^ish Creek. Both sides fought obstinately.
The volunteers, who had never before been under fire,
lost a number of men, and General I\Tiddleton waited
two weeks for supplies and reinforcements before attack-
ing Batoche.

Cut Knife On the day of the fight at I'ish Creek an-
Creek. other body of troops, under Colonel Otter,

reached Battleford, where they found the half-breeds
plundering and burning the houses in the village. After
resting his men for a day or two, Colonel Otter, believ-
ing that the Cree chief, Poundmaker, was preparing tc
attack the white settlers, marched against him. Pound-
maker had hitherto taken no part in the rising, but when
he was attacked he defended himself bravely and beat
off his assailants with heavy loss.

Five days afterwards. General Middleton
left Fish Creek for Batoche, and on May
9th attacked the rebels in their camp. They were so
strongly posted that he could not dislodge them for
three days, and in the long fight nine of the volunteers
were killed and thirty wounded. But Batoche was
taken at last, and its fall put an end to the rebellion.

o . i. J. Dumont escaped to the United States.
funisninent ^

Riel also fled, but was captured three days
later and was tried and hanged at Regina
for his crimes. Eight Indians who had taken part in
the Frog Lake murders were also hanged. A number
(jf other Indians and half-breeds were imprisoned, but
most of the rebels, on laying down their arms, were
pardoned.

Batoche.

of the
Rebels.

CHArricR VI.

THE CLOSING YEARS OF MACDONALD'S

MINISTRY.

1 ; *

I: :

if. i

■ i '■

-ru /^ D D The builders of the Canadian Pacific Rail-

I no V* • "• H t

Finished, way h.id bci^un to work at the same time

from its eastern and western ends, and on
November 7th, i8<S5, Sir Donald Smith (now Lord
Strathcona) dnn-c in the last spike to join the two parts.

The company had fin-
ished the work five years
before they had engaged
to do so. The line from
'^{^ Montreal to the Pacific
J.4,-.. Qcean is nearly three

■I?'~.« i.1 1 :i.., 1 , „ J

Jlr'r thousand miles long, and
-^* in man)' districts the
nature of the country
through which it passes
taxed to the utmost the
skill of the engineers.
Tunnel after tunnel was
bored through the grim
rocks along the north shore of Lake Superior, and in
the Rocky Mountains chasms were bridged with miles
of trestle work, and zigzag grades were cut up the steep

2S8

ic Rail-

ne time

and on

^ Lord

D parts.

id fin-

e years

igaged

c from

Pacific

three

g, and

the

)untry

masses

St the

ncers.

-1 was

grim

nd in

miles

steep

riX)SIN(^, VF.AKS OF MAClH )\ AI.H'S MIMSTKV. 289

sides (if mountains, whose towering heads arc ever
crowned with snow.

Tliis Hne helps to hind together the whole British
I**miMrc, for it has strangely riilfilled the dreams of the
old explorers In- njjcning a new pathway from luuwpe
to China and India.

All along the railwa\' littK- towns and villages si)rang
up as if by magic. Hut the people of Manitoba were
angry because the Dominion government had engaged
to forbid, for . I term of N'ears, the building of railwa\'s
which nn'ght interfere with the trade (tf the (". V. R.
The\' kept up an unceasing agitati(jn against this re-
striction, and in 188S ihc Dominion government made
a new agn-ement w ith the C. !'. R. Company by which
it was removed.

The Since the arrangement under the Treaty of

Fisheries. Washington had come to an end, fresh dis-
putes had ari.sen concerning the right of the Americans
to fish along our shores.
In 1887 a new fisheries
treaty was drawn up at
Washington, but the Sen-
ate of the I'nited States
refused its assent to it, and
for a time the American
fishermen caused much
trouble. .\t length, how-
ever, the Canadian govern-
ment decided that until
another treaty coukl be
made American fishermen should be charged a small
sum for a license.
19

A Seal.

290 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR BOYS AND f.IRLS.

WiM

I'M

f^^U

W^mm

■ u

1; . i . ■

_. At the same time another dispute was

Behring Sea going on between Canada and the United
ispu e. States. The Canadians claimed a right to

catch seals in the Behring Sea ; but the Americans said
that the sea belonged to Alaska, and that only Ameri-
cans had the right to take the seals found there. They
even seized several British sealing ships, and there was
great danger that the quarrel might lead to war ; but
instead of fighting, the two nations agreed to submit
the dispute to arbitration, and, in 1893, it was decided
that the Behring Sea did not belong to the Americans
and that they ought to pay for the ships they had
seized. The money was paid in 1898. Meanwhile, so
many seals were being killed every year that it was
feared they would all soon be destroyed, and represent: -
tives of the two powers met several times to try to agree
on some plan of protecting them ; but the question has
not yet been finally settled.

The Jesuits' In 1888 the parliament of Quebec passed
Estates Bill. ^ ^jjj granting $400,000 to make up to the

Roman Catholic Church the loss of lands which had
been taken from the Jesuits of Canada in 1760. This
bill was hotly discussed in the other provinces, and in
1889 a motion was brought forward in the Dominion
parliament asking Lord Stanle}-, who had latel)- become
governor-general, to disallow the bill. But the majority
thought it a case which concerned Quebec alone, and
Lord Stanley refused to interfere.

-J . . Early in 1891 there was another general

Sir John election. Sir John Macdonald, though

ac ona . ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ man, addressed one political

meeting after another, and once more the people sent

RLS.

pute was
e United
I right to
cans said
Y Ameri-
^. They
here ^vas
var; but
) submit

decided
nericans
ley had
'hile, so

it was
resent: -
•o agree
ion has

passed
) to the
:h had
This
and m
ninion
'ecome
ijoritv
e, and

CLOSING YEARS OF MACDONALD'S MINISTRY. 291

up to parHament a majority of Conservatives. A few
months later Sir John fell ill, and, after lingering be-
tween life and death for eight days, breathed his last on
June 6th, 1891.

^ He has well been called the '' Father of Confedera-
tion," and though there must be differences of opinion
concerning many of his actions, even his rivals admit
that through his long political life he showed an untir-
ing "devotion to Canada's welfare, Canada's advance-
ment, and Canada's glory."

Sir John Abbott now became head of the government.

eneral
lough
litical
: sent

CHAPTER VII.

RECENT EVENTS

r?i

Dishonesty
in HigFi
Places.

In 1 891 it was discovered that, in order to
obtain contracts for public works, certain
unprincipled men had given large sums for
election expenses to supporters of the Dominion gov-
ernment, and the laws were speedily altered so as to
prevent such iniquity.

A little later it was found that the province of Quebec
was being cheated in much the same way. Several of
the cabinet ministers were so mixed up with the wrong-
doing that the lieutenant-governor, Angers, dismissed
them from office, and, as the next general election
showed, the people approved of his course.
Explorations In 1 893 an expedition was sent out by gov-
in Canada, ernment to explore the unknown country
lying between Hudson Bay and the Mackenzie River
basin. The explorers travelled over three thousand
miles in canoes and on foot, and discovered several lakes
and a river as large as the Ottawa. The interior of
Labrador was explored by another party about the
same time.

In September, 1893, the Karl ^A Aberdeen became
governor-general.

The Colonial In June, 1 894, delegates representing Great
Conference. Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Cape

Colony, and Canada met at Ottawa to consider plans

292

KKCEXT EVENTS.

293

order to
, certain
sums for
on gov-
30 as to

'Quebec

^veral of

wrong-

ismissed

election

Dy gov-
country
e River
lousand
al lakes
erior of
out the

became

e Great
Cape
plans

for improving trade and the means of communication
between the different parts of the British Empire.
jj . . Late in 1894 Sir John Thompson, who had
Sir John become prime minister in 1892, \isitcd

ompson. i£ngland and was sworn in as a member of
the Imperial Privy Council, but died suddenly while in
Windsor Castle. The news caused general sorrow
through(Hit the Dominion. Mis body was sent back to
Canada in the war-ship " Blenheim," and he was buried
at Halifax with public honours.

Sir Mackenzie Bowcll took his place as first minister.
Newfound- The rights granted to the French fisher-
'*"**• men on the coasts of Newfoundland in

1763 had grievously hindered the progress of the whole
island. At the best of times many of the people were
poor, and in 1895 one business house after another
failed, and there was terrible distress. In that \'ear the
island ministry began to think of entering Confedera-
tion, but they and the Dominion government could not
agree upon terms of union.

Since that time a railwa}' has been opened across
Newfoundland, which is rich in copper and other valu-
able ores, and the people are now (in 1900) enjoying a
season of prosperity. There is good hope, too, that
some arrangement may soon be made with France that
will settle forever the vexed question of the " French
shore."

M ■* b ^°'' ^^^^ years the question of separate

Separate schools for the Roman Catholic children
Schools. jj^ Manitoba was a source of trouble to
the Dominion government. When the province was
founded, a great proportion of the people had belonged
to the Roman Catholic Church, and at first there were

294 CANADIAN HISTORY lOR BON S AND GIRLS.

!h;i

separate schools for the children of Roman Catholics
and of Protestants. But after a time the latter far out-
numbered the former, and an act was passed by the
provincial parliament in 1890 providing for one general
system of public schools, without regard to difference
of religion. The Roman Catholics objected to the
change, and asked the governor-general to interfere.
His ministers tried in vain to persuade the provincial
assembly to alter the law, then brought a bill into the
Dominion parliament to give back to the Roman
Catholics their separate schools. Parliament had sat
for ver)' nearly its full term of five }'ears, however, and
before the bill could be passed the House of Commons
had to be dissolved. Sir Charles Tupper became prime
minister instead of Sir Mackenzie Bowell ; but in the
general election of 1 896 the Conservatives were defeated
and the leader of the Liberal party, Hc:i. (now Sir)
Wilfrid Laurier, became head of the government. Soon
afterwards an arrangement was made by which, though
there were to be no separate schools, ^uch religious
teaching as the parents of the pupils approved was to
be given in the public schools of Manitoba.

In 1897 great changes were made in the
tariff, that is, in the rates of import and ex-
port duties. On many imported articles the duties were
lowered, and as far as possible lower duties were laid on
goods coming from Great Britain than from foreign
countries.

On June 20th, 1897, Queen Victoria had
reigned for sixty years. This was longer
than any other British sovereign. Her
"Diamond Jubilee," as it was called, was hailed with
rejoicing in every part of her vast empire, and it had the

The Tariff.

"The

Diamond

Jubilee."

LS.

RECENT EVENTS.

295

'atholics
far out-

by the

general

Tfcrcnce

to the
Qterfere.
ovincial
into the
Roman
had sat
ver, and
)mmons
e prime
t in the
lefeated
)w Sir)
Soon

hough

igious
was to

m the
nd ex-
■s were
aid on
oreign

had
onger
Her
with
.dthe

■?^'--

Washing for Gold.

good effect of drawing closer the tie that binds the mother
country to her colonies, and the colonies to each other.
New For years the gold-seekers in the far west

Gold Fields. \^^^ been slowly pushing northward, and in
1896 gold in large quantities was discovered along the
Klondike river, in the Yukon district, north of British
Columbia. The new gold-
fields were almost within
the Arctic circle. But in
spite of the great distance
from more habitable lands,
and in spite of all the ter-
rors of its drear\' climate,
thousands of miners hurried
into the country, and with-
in a few months after the
news of the first great finds of gold reached the outer
world, a little town of log huts and canvas tents,
called Dawson City, had risen in the swamp beside the
river. In 1898 gold to the value of about $10,000,000
was brought out of the country, and the rush of fortune-
seekers still continues.

The boundary line between the Dominion of Canada
and Alaska is unfortunately open to question, but in
1899 a temporary boundary was agreed upon.
The High In August, 1898, commissioners appointed
Commission, j^y ^y^^ British and American governments
met, first at Quebec and afterwards at Washington, to
try to arrange all disputes between the two governments.
The commission had to adjourn without acccomplishing
this, but the attempt to reach a peaceful settlement of
all difficulties has not been given up.

|: :f;

296 CANADIAN HISTORV FOR HOVS AND GIRLS.

In November, 1898, the Earl of IVIinto became
governor-general.

War in South In October, 1899, war broke out between
Africa. Great Britain and the South African Re-

publics of the Transvaal and the Orani^^c Free State.
Canada now showed that she was ready to prove her
loyalty to the {^reat Empire of which she forms a part,
by offering men to help the British soldiers. The
Australian colonies and New Zealand did the same.
These offers were accepted, and a Canadian contingent
was speedily equipped and placed under the command
of Colonel Otter. It numbered 1,000 men, recruited
from all parts of the Dominion, and hundreds of volun-
teers had to be refused. The Canadians reached Cape
Town before the end of November, and received a most
enthusiastic welcome.

In DeceiTibcr the offer of a second Canadian . ontin-
gent was accepted by the Imperial government; and
now (while this book is in the press) 1,000 artillerymen
and mounted riflemen are on their way to South .\frica.
They are soon to be followed by a troop of mounted
men from the West, raised and equipped by Eord
Strathcona. Whatever the result in South Africa may
be, this war will always be looked upon as a most
memorable event in British history, for it is the first
time that the daughter-nations (^f the Empire have
given their sons to fight the battles of the Queen in
distant lands.

ILS.
became

between
ican Re-
ic State,
rove her
s a part,
;. The
e same,
iitingent
)mmand
ecruited
fv'olun-
^d Cape
a most

^ ontin-
it ; and
erymen

. Africa,
lounted
^ Lord
ca may
a most
he first
2 have
leen in

Population.

Trade-

CHAPTF.R VIII.

SOCIAL C0NDIT10.\S.

When the last census was taken, in 1 89 1 , the
population of the DcMninion was 4,833,000.
Thus it had increased by rather more than a million
since Confederation. Many immi^^rants have, however,
recently come to Canada, and it is expected that the
next census will show a very lar^;e increase in the
population.

Since 1867 the trade of the country has in-
creased (proportionatel}-) faster than the
population. The value of the exports and imports, taken
together, was nearly twice as great in 1897 as in 1868,

and a great quantity and
variety of goods are now
manufactured in Canada.

At the Centennial Ex-
position, held at Philadel-
phia in 1876, Canadians
won a number of prizes,
but their success was much
more marked at the
., o «T o •■ World's Fair in Chicago,

Modern Steamship 'The Bavarian. *=» '

in 1893.

In spite of the advance in mining and manufactures,

agriculture is still the most important industry. To

297

298 CANADIAN HISTORY FOR bOYS AND GIRLS.

■il

i vilii

improve the system of farming five farms were estab-
lished by government in 1886, for the purpose of trying
new kinds of seed and different plans of draining and
working the soil. Four years later a commissioner was
ap{X)intcd to lecture in different parts of the country on
dairy work, and to show the people how butter and
cheese should be made.

There rs a large British market for these dairy
products if they arrive in prime condition ; so in 1897
the Canadian government arranged to have certain
warehouses, railway cars, and compartments in the
steamships kept ice-cold for storing and carrying these
and other perishable articles. The resu't is a very
largely increased sale in Great Britain of Canadian
farm and dairy produce.

A great increase has taken place since Con-
federation in the number of vessels entering
Canadian ports, but fewer ships have been built in the
Dominion since iron and steel vessels came into use.

Sin^e 1867 muc^ work has been done in deepening
the canals and navigable rivers, and in making new
canals. Ocean steamers

now come up the St.
Lawrence as far as Mont-
real, instead of being
obliged to stop at Que-
bec, and large vessels can
come down to the sea
from Port Arthur on
Lake Superior. Between
the depth of the canals,
has lately been increased from nine to fourteen feet.

Navi^tion.

A Lock at Sault Ste. Marie.

Lake Erie and Montreal
in the shallowest places,

Ih"

SOCIAL CONDITIDNS.

299

new

Railways.

This is a ^reat advantage in shipping grain from the
west, and vessels 255 feet long may now be built at the
ports on Lakes ICrie and Ontario, and taken by these
canals to the ocean.

To make the navigation of our rivers, lakes, and coast
waters safer, more than five hundred lighthouses have
been built during the last quarter of a ccntur)', and
numbers of light-ships, fog-
horns, and bell-buoys have been
provided to warn sailor of
sunken rocks or other dangers.

Throughout this

period Canada has
spent over one hundred and
forty million dollars on building
railways. At Confederation
there were, it will be remem-
bered, about 2,300 miles of railway lines in working
order; in 1898 there were over 16,700.

Letters are now carried at a very low rate. For two
cents a letter can be sent to any part t)f Canada, the
LTnited States, the British Isles, India, and the British
colonies in Africa.

Many thousand miles of teler^raph lines and
Electricity. "^ . 1 , , u 1 •

submarme cables have been made smce

1867. In July, 1894, a new Atlantic cable was laid

between Newfoundland and Ireland. In 1877 the first

telephone ever used for business purposes was put up in

Hamilton, Ontario ; and now telephones are in use all

over the country. All the chief towns and many villages

are now lighted with electricity.

300 CANADIAN III8TUKV FOR HOYS AM) GIRLS.

m :

i'i'

Social Im- During the last thirty years there have been
provementa. ,„.^,^^, improvements f)f another kind. The
census of 1891 showed that a far larger proportion of
the people were able to read and write than in 1S71,
and the .system of education is still improving in all
the province.s. The University of Manitoba and a
large number of .schools and colleges have been
founded since Confederation.

The Royal Canadian Academ\' to encouraire art, and
the Royal .Society to encourage science and literature,
were founded by the Manjuis of Lorne.

In many branches of science, art, and literature, Cana-
dians have done excellent work ; and Canada, though
so young a country, has already some names on the roll
of fame.

S' .CO 1867 man}'
churches have been
built, and many soci-
eties founded to help
the poor, the weak,
and the outcast.

Of late years fewer
persons, in propor-
tion to the popula-
tion, have been con-
victed of crime ; and efforts to further the cause of
temperance have met with much success. Late in
1 898 the people of the Dominion were asked to vote
on the question as to whether the sale of intoxicating
liquors should be prohibited or forbidden throughout
the countr)', and of those who voted the larger number
were in favour of prohibition.

Sick CHiLURiis's Hosi-itai., Tokonio.

LS.

ivc been
1. The
rtioii of
n iS;f.
: in all
and a
2 been

irt, and
.mature,

, Cana-
thoLigh
:he roll

SOCIAL CONDITIONS. 30I

The Honour ^^ ^^'^ ^^^^ ^^^^' Confeflcration has done
of our much to strcn^^then the Dominion and to

Country. u- *. 1 1 •

cultivate broader views amongst its states-
men, and a national spirit in its people. But the story
of Canada has its \varnin<i^s as well as its encouratre-
ments. Dishonesty, briber}', and violent party spirit
have at times had a place in our annals; and it is still
true that only "righteousness exalteth a nation."

We should never forget, moreover, that the history of
the nation is coloured by the lives of its people, and that
each son of Canada may ilo his part to bring shame or
honour on his motherland. If Canadians are honest,
truthful, brave, and pure, the Dominion of Canada will
be honoured wherever her name is heard, or the flag of
her united provinces i3 carried.

NTO.

ise of
ite in
) vote
rating
ghout
imber

1 '

1 i

§i

HATRS TO BE HEMIvMBEHET),

rolnmbiis disoovor« America • • . . .
Cabot visits America . . . . .

C.uticT j'Mtors tho St. Lfiwroru'H . . . .
I'oit Royal (ArinapoliH) foiMKhid . . , <■ ,
(^it)l)()c f()nn<l.'(l l>y Chiuiipliiin . . . .

Company of tlio FfuiKhed Assoointos form««d •
Port Royal taken by the English • . , ,

Quebec taken • » •

Treaty of St. fJormain-en-Layo . . .

Montreal founded

Jesuit Missions among.st the Hurons destroyed
English take possession of Acadia - - . .

Defence of the Long Sault

Peace of Breda • . . ,

Hudson Hay Company formed , . .

Frontenac becomes governor of New Franco -
La Salle readies mouth of the Mississippi

Massacre of Lachine

Raids of Frontenac's war parties ....
Port Royal captured and Quebec attacked by Pliips
Treaty of Ryswick - . .

Port Royal again taken - . .
Treaty of Utrecht - . . . .
Louisbourg captured by Pepperell . ...
Treaty of Aix-laChapello - ...

Halifax founded

Halifax Oaze'fe first published ....
Braddock's defeat - - - ,

Acadians exiled -

Louisbourg taken again - . . . .
Meeting of first Assembly of Nova Scotia
Capture of Quebec -

Montreal and all Canada surrendered to the English
Treaty of Paris • . ...

303

1492
1497
l')34, ir)3r)
1(505
IHOH
1027
I02H

ic.ao

1G3>J
lfl42
• 1648 9
I6r)4
H)()0
1607
1670
1072
1082
1089
1090
1090
1097
1710
1713
1745
1748
1749
17r.2
1755
1755
1758
1758
1759
1760
1763

304

DATES TO BE REMEMBERED.

ti> ;

'"i:
•M

Pontiac's war

Island of St. John (P. FlI.) becomes a separate Province

Qiu'l)eo Act passed --...-..

Ainoiican Invasion and Siege of Quebec . - - -

Treaty of Versailles .......

Coming of many U. PI Loj-alists

Province of New Brunswick founded ....

Mackenzie reaches the Arctic Ocean by the Mackenzie River

Constitutional Act passetl ......

^Mackenzie crosses the Rocky Mountains

The .Jay Treaty ..--....

First (,'anadian steamboat launchetl ....

Selkirk's settlement on Red River founded

War with the United States, British capture Detroit, Battle
of Queenston Heights .-....-

York captured by Americans ; battles on Lake Erie and at
Stoney Creek, Moraviantown, Chateauguay, and
Chrysler's Farm ; Americans surprised at Beaver Dams

Battles at Lacolle Mill, Lundy's Lane, and Plattsburg

Treaty of Ghent

First Canadian Railway opened

Queen Victoria's accession

Kebellion in Canada ....

Lord Durham's report ....

Upper and Lower Canada united

Ashburton Treaty - . . - .

Treaty of Oregcjn

Reciprocity Treaty

Gold discovered in l^ritish Columbia

Conventions at Charlottetown and Quebec

Battle of Ridgeway ....

Atlantic cable laid ....

Confederation of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia

Red River rebellion ....

Province of Manitoba formed -

Treaty of Washington ....

British Columbia enters Confederation -

Prince Edward Island enters Confederation

The North-W'est rebellion

The Canadian Pacific Railway completed

Gold discovered on the Klondike

Outbreak of the South African ^Var

1703-4
1769
1774
1775
1783
178 i
1784
1789
1791
1793
1794
1509
1812

1812

1813
1814
18U
1S36
1837
1837-8
1838
1841
1842
1816
1854
1857
1864
1806
1806
1807
1 809-70
1S70
1871
1871
1873
1885
1885
1896
1899

m u

1703-4
1769
1774
1775
1783
178t

1784
1789
1791
1793
1794
1809
1812

1812

i 1813
1814
181 4
1836
1837
1837-8
1838
1841
1842
1846
18o4
18o7
1864
1866
1866
1867
J 869-70
1870
1871
1871
1873
1885
1885
1896
1899

AN AID TO THE PRONUNCIATION OF 80MB
DIFFICULT NAMES.

NOTE. — It is (if course only possible to give the pronunriation of foreign nnmes
approximately t)y means of phonetic spelling ; A stands for the nasal n, and where nn
syllable is specially marked, all the syllables of a word should be accented about
equally.

Aix-la-Chapelle (Aiks-lah-sha-pel
Algonquin (Al-gong-kwin).
Augustin Morin (0-goo-stau-mo

ran).
Bagot (Bagg-ett).
Batoche (Ba-t6sh),
Beaust'jour (Boh-say-zh6or).
Behring (Bear-ing).
Bigot (Bee-g6).
Bonsecoiirs (Bon-seh-co6r).
Bouquet (Boo-kay).
Biebauf (Bray-beff).
Cabot (Ka-b6).
Caleche (ca-laysli).
Carignan (Car-ree-nyofL).
Cataraqui (Cat-ar-ac'k wee).
Chaleurs (Shall-eur).
Chanibly (Shon blee).
Champ de Mars (Shofi-duh mar).
Champlain (Shan-plafi).
Chartres (Shartr).
Chateauguay (Shat-o-gay).
Colbert (Col-bair).
Coiireurs de boia (coor-eurduh-

bwaw).
Crdvecceur (Krave-kyoor).
D'Aulnay Charnisay (l)ole-nay-

7,har-nee-zay).
De Buade (Duh-bwad).

T)c! Courcello (Duh-coor-aell).

De la Wrendrye (Duh-lali-vair-

ofi-dree).
De Lt^vis (Duh-lay-vee).
De Monts (Duh-mon).
Denonvdle (Duh-nofi-veel).
Denys (Duh-nee).
De Razilly (Duh-ra-zeel-yee;.
Des (iroseilliers (Day-groz-ayl-

yay).

De Vaudreuil (Duh-vah-drail).

Dieskau (Deeess-ko).

Dollard des Ormeaux (Doll-ar-

days-or-mo).
Donnacona (Don-a-con-a).
Duchesneau (Du-ahay-no).
Du Luth (Du-luh-t).
Dumont (Du-mofl).
Duquesne (Du-k^in).
Etienne Tache (Ay-tyen-ta-shay).
Francois de Laval (Fron-swaw-

didi-luh-vall).
Froutenac (Fronie-ndc or Fron-

te-ndo).
Oaspt^' (Gaspay).
Cieutilhomme (zhon-teel-um).
C rat id I'ri' (Grofi-prdy).
Hu(^helaga (Hosh-eh-lah-gah).
Huguenot (Huh'-genoh).

305

306 AID TO THE rRONUNriATION OF NAMES.

■•,;j.-:

Iroquois (EOr-o-kwaw).

Isle St. Jean (Eel-saft-zhofl).

Jean Talon (Zhofl-ta-lofl).

Jogues (Zhog).

Joliet (Jo'le-et or zhol'-e et).

Juan de Fuca (Hwan-de-fooca).

Kondiaronk (Kondee-a-ronk).

La Chine (La-sheen).

La Fontaine (Lah-fon-tdin).

La Galissonniere (Lah-gal-eess-

oii-yair).
La Jonquiere (La-zhoft-kee-air).
Lalemant (Lall-man).
Lamborville (Lofi-bair-vcel).
La Roche (Lah-rosh).
La Tour (La-t6or).
Le Borgne (Luh-born).
Le Caron (Luh-ka-roii).
Le Loutre (Lu-lootr).
Le Moyne d'Iberville (Luh-mwen-

dee-bair-veel).
Louis Hubert (Loo-eoz-ay-bairj.
Marquette (Mar-ket).
Maisonneuve (May-zofi-nyuve).
Membertou (Meni'-ber-to).
Michilliniackinac (Mik'-il-i-mak'-

in-aw).
Miquelon (Meek-lofl).
Miramichi (Mir-a-ma-sh^e).
Missiguash (Miss i gwAsli).
Moi\tniagny (Mouma-nyt ••).
Montnioreiici (Moii-mor-on-see).
Mont Royale (Mofi rwa-yal).
Notre Dame des Victoires (Notr-

dam-day-vic-twfir).
Onondagas (On-on-day-ges).
Orleans (Orlay-on).
Papineau (Pa-pee-no).
Penobscot (Pen-6b-8cot).
Perrot (Per-o).

Place d'Armes (Plass-darm).

Placentia (Pla s^n-shee-a^.

Poutrincourt (Poo-tran-coor).

Presqu'Isle (Presk-eel).

Radiason(Ra-dees-son).

R(5collects (Ray-coll-ay).

Richelieu (Reesh-lee-yu).

Riel (Ree-el).

Ryswick (Rice-wik).

Saguenay (Sig en-ay).

St. Benoit (San-ben-w.iw).

St. Castin (San-kas-tafl).

St. Croix (Safi-krwaw).

St. Denis (San-den-ee).

St. Eustache (San-teua-tdsh.

St. Germain-en-Laye (Safi-zhair-

man-oulay).
St. Ignace (San-teen-ydss).
St. Malo (Safi-mal-o).
St. Pierre (San-pee-err).
Sault (So).

Schenectady (Sken-ek-ta-dee).
Seigneur (Say-n-yure).
Shawanoe (Shdw-wan-oh).
Sieur de Roberval (8ee-yure-de-

ro-bair-val).
Strachan (Strawn).
Tadousac (Tad-oo-sdck).
Tecumseh (Te-kiimseh).
Ticonderoga (Ty-con-dercV-ga).
Van Egmond (Van-egg'-mond).
Van Rensselaer(Van renn'-sell-er).
Vercheres (Vair-shair).
Verrazano (Verrat-saQo).
Verulam (Vt'r-u-lam).
Villebon (Veel-bofl).
Ville Marie (Veel-nia-r6e).
Voltigeurs ( Vol-tee-zhyure).
Von Schultz (Fon-shoolts).
Utrecht (Od-trekt).

5S.

arm).

-coor).

>).

INDEX.

w).

tdsh.
'Safi-zhair-

ss).

a-dee).

-vure-de-

•■(V-ga).

Tiond).

'-sell-er).

Ye).
).

Abbott, Sir John, 291.

Abercrombie, General, 00 ; defeated at
Ticonderopa, 91.

Aberdeen, Earl of, 20i*.

Abraham, Heights of, battle on, OS.

Acadia, first colony in, 19 ; English grant
of, 22 ; events in, 39-42 ; restored to
France, 42, 62 ; English invasion, (56 ;
ceded to England, 73. (See \ova Scatia.)

Acadians, habits of, 74 ; refuse oaths, 74,
75 ; unruly, 79 ; stirred up by French,
81, 82; expulsion of. 86.

Alabama, 241, 254, 273, 274.

Alexander, Sir William, 22.

Algonquins. 23, 33. (See Indianx. )

Alien Act, 182.

Allan, Ethan, 116, 117.

Allan, Sir Hugh, 277.

Amherst, General, 90, 92, 97, 107.

Amusements, 45, 99, 100, 143.

.\ngers, Governor of (Quebec, 292.

Annapolis, attacked, 77. (See Port Jioyal.)

Archibald, A., 272.

Argall, attacks French in Acadia, 21, 22.

ArnoUl, B., besieges (Quebec, 117-120.

Arthur, Sir George 205, 200, 210.

Assembly, petitions from Cana^la for, 110,
112; granted, 135, 136; first in Nova
Scotia, 86 ; in Prince Edward Island.
125; in New Brunswick, 132; in Lower
Canada, 145 ; in Upper Canada, 146 ; in
Newfoundland, 181 ; of United L'anada,
212. (See Comtcilg )

Aylmer, Lord, 192, 193.

Bagot, Sir C, governor, 222.
Baldwin, Robert, 201, 212, 222, 234.
Baltimore, Lord, in Newfoundland, 22.
Barclay, Commander, 167.
Batoche, rebels at, 284, 28C, 287.
Battleford, 285, 287.
Beausejour, fort, 82 : full of, 85.
Beaver Dams, Americans captured at,

165-167.
Begbie, Chief Justice, 245.
Behring Sea Dispute, 290.
Biencourt, 21, 22.
Bigot, Francis, 88.

Blanshard, Ooverrior of Vancouver, 248.

Blake, Edward, 280.

Boerstler, Colonel, 165-167.

Boscawen, Admiral, 90.

Boston, siege of, 115.

Boundaries, quarrels over, 83 ; Acadian,
39, 75; Maine, 147, 209, 226; Western,
226, 227, 245 ; Manitoba, 282 ; Alaskan,
295.

Boutjuet, Colonel, 107, 103.

Bowell, Sir Mackenzie, premier, 294.

Braddock, Gen., defeated, 84.

Bradstreel, Colonel, 91 ; deceived by In-
dians, 108.

Brandy trade, 30, 37, 38, 53, 62.

Brant, Chief. 129.

Br^beouf, Father, 34.

British Columbia (New Caledonia or Pa-
cific Coast), visiltvd, 17 ; rival claims on,
139, 226, 227; inmiit.ration into, 227, 245 ;
gold discovered, 243; new government,
244; Vancouver joined with, 274 ; enters
Confederation, 274, 275 ; ditficulties
about C. P. R., 278.

British North America Act, 258.

Brock, Sir I., I.'i8-160.

Brown, George, 235, 239, 248, 253, 255 ;
death, 280.

Buffaloes, 176.

Burgoyne, Gen., surrenders, 121, 122.

Cabot, John and Sebastian, 13.

Campbell, Sir A., 213.

Campbell, Sir Colin, 210.

Canada (New France), early settlements

in, 23 ; change of government in, 38, 46 ;

invasion threatened, 72, 73, 79; distress

in, 87, 8:>, 90 ; ceded to England, 97.

105 ; divided, 135, 136. (See Province

of Quebec. )
Canada Company, 184.
Canada, Lower ((Quebec), first parliament

of, 146; discontent in, 151-154 ; struggle

for reform, 189-196; union with Upper

Canada, 207, 210-212.
Canada, Upper, 146; new capital, 147,

148 ; land grants, 152, \h?t\ settlers in,

147, 152, 175, 184 ; discontent in, 182-188;

307

3o8

INDEX.

iH ■

I' '

union with Lower Canarla, 207, 210-212 ;
riots, 232.

Canaflian Pacific Railway, soe liailwai/s.

(JanalH, 123. 211, 220, 233', 274, 298.

Causo, 77, 78.

Cape Breton Island, 73, 74 ; Buhniits to
Kn^flanfl. 90; changes of |;jn\f'rnmcnt,
109, i;il, 132; coal mines of, 124.

("ariniiaii regiment, 47.

Carleton, General, see Lord Dorchenter.

Carleton, Thomas, 132, 151.

Caroline, destruction of the, 202, 203.

Cartier, Jacques, 13-15.

('artier. Sir George, 253.

Ca.stine, 179.

Cathcart, Earl, 227.

Chaniplain, Samuel do, 18, 23-30.

Charloltetown, P. E. I., raid on, 125, 126;
convcTition at, 249.

Charles I, of England, helps Huguenots,
28 ; renounces c'aims on Acadia, etc. , 29.

Chatcauguay. battle of, 168, 109.

Chatham, settlement at, 175.

Chenapeake, Leopard and, 157 ; Shannon
and, 162.

Chippewa, battle of, 172.

Cholera, 184.

Chrysler's Farm, battle of, 169.

Churches, treated unecpially, 1S4, 185.

Clergy Reserves, set apart, 137 ; agitation
against, 184, 185, 188, 234 ; seculariza-
tion of, 237.

Colbert, colonial policy o^ 48.

Colborne, Sir John, 186, 188, 195, 190, 202,
208, 210.

Colebrook, Sir William, 224.

Coles, George, 225.

Collins, editor, 186.

Colonial Conference, 292.

Columbus, Christopher, 12, 13.

Company of Hundred As-sociates (of New
France), 27, 30, 31, 38, 42, 43.

Confederation, suggested, 2U7, 232, 240,
248; Charlottetown Conycntion, 249;
Quebec scheme, 250, 253 ; uccomplislied,
2.')7-260; Nova Scotia dissatisfied with,
2.58, 208 ; British Columbia enters, 274 ;
Prince Edward Islrnd enters, 270; New-
foundland and, 293.

Constitutional Act, 135-137, 188.

Cook, Captain, 138, 148.

Conuuission, higii, 295.

Cornwallis, Col., 82.

Council, Sovereign, 40; Canadian Legis-
lative, 121, 135, 130; Reformers enter
Upper Canadian executive, 196, 197.

Councils, legislative and e.vecutive, tpiar-
rel with assemblies, 150-152, 179, 180 ;
separated in New Ihunswick, 213 ; in
Nova Scotia, 215; in Prince Edward
Island, 217 ; changes in executive coun-
cils 210

Craig', Sir J., 153, 154.

Crown Point, fort at, 76, 86, 92.

Ounard, S., 220.

Cut Knife Creek, flght at, 287.

Dalhousie, Earl of, 179, 190-192.

D'Aulnay Charnisay, 39, 40.

Dawson City, 295.

Dearborn, Gen., 160, 161.

De Courcelle, 47, 51.

De la VtSrendrye, explorer, 76, 81.

De Levis, 96, 97.

De Monts, Sieur, 19, 20, 23.

DenonviJle, Marquis de, 58-61.

Denys, 40, 41.

De Razillv, Isaac, 39.

De Salaberry, Col., 168.

Des Groselliers, 63, 64.

Desjardins canal disaster, 239.

De Tracy, Viceroy, 46-48.

Detroit, fort at, 70, 105, 100 ; surrendered

to British, I'M; abandoned, 167.
De Vaudreiiil, Marquis, 72, 74, 75.
De Vandreuil, Marquis (son of preceding),

85, 87, 90, 97.
D' Iberville, Le Moyne, 68, 69, 70.
Dieskau, defeated, 85.
Dollard des Ormeaux, defends the Long

Sault, 37.
Dominion Day, first, 258.
Dongan, Gov., New York, 57, 59.
Donnacona, Chief, 14, 15.
Doichester, Lord (Gen. Carleton), 112,

116, 118-120, 122, 134, 135, 145, 148.
Double ShufHe, 239.
Douglas, Sir James, 243, 244.
Drake, Sir Francis, 17.
Draper, William, 212, 246.
Dress, Indian, 9 ; early French, 44, 47, 99;

loyalists', 142.
Druinmond, General, 170, 173.
Duchesneau, Intendant, 53, 56.
Duck Lake, fight at, 284.
DufFerin, Earl of, 275, 278, 279.
Du Luth, explorer, 54.
Duquesne, Marquis, 83.
Dumont, Gabriel, 284, 287.
Durham, Lord, 205-207.
Dutdi Colonies, 41,47.
Duties, imj>ort, 294.
Dwellings, Indian, 9; Eskimo, 11 ; French

Canadian, 43, 44 ; loyalists', 141, 142.

Earth(|uake, 38.

Education, in early da\s, 45, 99 ; in Can-
ada, 134, 144, 148, 22(1, 221, 229 ; in New
Brunswick, 151 ; in Nova Scotia, 179,
223 ; in Manitoba, 293, 294 : general
improvement in, 300.

Elgin, Earl of, 230-232, 236, 238.

Eskimos, 11, 26. *

E,vplorers, early, 12-17 ; encouraged by
Talon, 51 ; bv Frontenac, 54 ; in west,
70, 138-1411.

Falkland, Lord, 223, 224.
"Family Compact," 155,
197, 213.

182, 189, 196,

|iit;j

INDEX.

309

>2.

.81.

lurrenderert
167.
75.
preceding),

ro.

1 the Lonjr

)9.

eton). 112,
5, 148.

44,47,99;

1 ; French
tl, 142.

; in Can-
) ; in New
otia, 179,
: fe'eneral

raged by
in west,

1S9, 196,

Farmer, the first, 27.

Farming, in early times, 44, 4;'! ; in Nova
.S(;i)tia, 178, 17'J ; in New Mninswiik,
1»0 ; in Canada, 218, -J-iO ; improvements
in, 262, 297. 298.

Fenians, 2m, '.]iit>, 272.

Fires, 101 ; .Miraniirhi, IV) ; St. .John's,
22.T ; (Quebec, 223 ; Montreal parliament
buildings, 2;il ; forest, '2sl.

Fish Creek, battle of, 2S7.

Fisheries, Newfoundland, 181 ; imjmrtance
of, 218 ; trouble with Americans over,
273, 289 ; Hritish Columl>ia, 275.

FitzGibbon, Colonel, 165-167, 201.

Food, in early times, 44 ; ol loyalists, 142,
143.

Forbes, General, 91.

P'ort Douglas, 175, 177.

Fort Uuijuesne (afterwards Pitt), 91, 107.

Fort Krie, 173.

Fort Frontenae (Catara(|ui), 52. 54,58, 91.

Fort Garry, 269, 271.

Fort George, 160, 164, 170.

Fort Lawrenee. 82.

Fort Pitt, N. W. T., 285.

Furl .St. Louis, Cape Sable, 22, 29.

Fort .St. Louis. Quebec, 30, 44.

Fort Vercb^res, 68.

Fort William Henry. 85, 88, 89.

Francis I., of France, 13.

Franciscans, .see RiicoUets.

Frederlcton, 132.

Frenchtown, battle at, 163.

Frontenac;. Count de, .52-54, 56, 61, 65-69.

Fuca. Juan de, 17.

Fur trade, monopolies of, 18, 19, 20, 23.
24, 27 ; flourishmg, 30, 51, 68 ; (!ompeti-
tion between French and English in,
52 ; in west, 138-140, 218, 219.

Gallows Hill, flight at, 201.

Gal„, Alexander, 2.Vi, 280.

George IH., 109.

"Gentilhonuues." 4.3.

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 16.

Gladwin, Major, 106, 107.

Gold, in British Columbia, 243-24,^ ; in the

Yukon district, 296.
Gosford, Earl of, 193. 194. 205.
Gourlay. Robert, 182. 183.
Government. British plan. 149. l."))*, 179;

colonial plan, 150. 151.
Grand Pr(5. English surjirised at. 79.
Grievances, Canadian, 112.

Halfbreeds, discontented, 268. 283.

Haldimand, General, 122, 12;>.

Halifax, founded, 82 ; in war time, 145. 1,")1.

Hampton, General. 168, 169.

Harvey. Sir John (Col.), 165, 214, 224.

Head, Sir Edmund, 238.

Head, Sir Fran<;is, 196198, 200-202. 205.

Hearne, Samuel, 139.

Hincks, Sir Francis. 234, 236.

Hochelaga, River (St. Lawrence), 14.

Howe, Joscjth, 215, 216, 224. 257, 258, 26a.

Hudson Bay, discovered, 25.

Hudson P.iiy Territories, HmU claims on,
30, 63, (it; ceded to Eng.and, 7;i; ex-
plorations in, 292.

Htulson, Henry, 25.

Hudson's l?.\v Company, 63, 139, 140, 175;
in British ('olumbia, 227, 22.S, 243; gives
up Nancouver, 244; surrenders trade
monopoly in North-west, 268.

Huguenots, 27, 28.

Hunters' lodges, 20S.

Hurons, 24; missions to, 26, 32, .34, 35;
tro(juois attack, 33, 34; liigbt of, 35.
(.See /ml inns.)

Immigration, 229. 282. 297. (See Popula-
tion.)

Indians, customs, 8-11, 36 ; villages, 14, 15 ;
revolt of, 105-108 ; in older provinces.
261, 262; treaties, 278, 27'!.

Intendant, duties of. 46.

Iroquois, alliance, 9; attacked by Cham-
plain. 24. 26; attack French, 30, 31;
ol)tain firearms, 33; destroy .lesuit mis-
sions, 34, 35 ; raids, 36, 37, 46. 65. (iS ; La
Barre's treaty with. 57; Denonville's
trea<'herv towards. .58; peace with. 69 ;
loyalist (.Mohawk). 129.

I.sle St. Jean, see J'riuri- Kdicard Inland.

.fames II. of England. 64.

Jesuits, arrive in .Acadia, 21; arri\e in
Canada, 27; at (Quebec, 30 ; missions to
Hurons, 31, 32, 34, 35; to Irocjuois, 33,
34; murdered, 35; inHuenco of, 45;
Estates Bill, 2!*(».

Jogues, Father, 33, 34.

Johnson, Sir William, SO, 85. 108.

Joliet. explorer. 54.

Judges. 189. 210.

Jury, tri.-il by, 111.

•histice, administration of, 102.

Kempt, Sir James, 192.
Kingston, 14(!. 148, 164, 212.
Kirke, Louis, 28.
Kirke, Sir David, 28, 42.
Klondike, 29.5.

Labrador, explorations in, 292.

La Barre, 56, 57.

Lacliine, 54 ; m.as.sacrc of, 60, 61.

Lacolle Mill, battle at, 171.

Lafontaine, L., 222, 230, 234.

La Gallissoni6re, Count de. 81.

La Jonquiiire, 79.

Lalemant, Father, 34.

Lamberviile, Father, 58.

Land grants, reckless. 129. 130, 156, 189.

Languages, French and English, in parlia-

tnent. 145.
Lansdowne, .Marquis of, 282.
La Salle, explorer. 64-56.
La Tour, Charles de, 22, 39-41.

310

INDEX.

La Tour, Claud dt, 29.

La Tour, Lady, 40.

I^aurier, Sir Wilfrid, 294.

Laval, Rihhop, 37, 53.

Ijawrt'Mce, Governor, 85, 8fl.

Laws, Frcmh and Knfflish, in Quebec,
110-113, 121.

Le Borime, claims Acadia, 41.

L('C!aron, Father, 2fi.

Lo Loutre, Father, 81, 82.

Lighthouses, 2!>9.

Lis^rar, liOrd, 275.

Long Sault, defence of, 36, 37.

Lome, Manjuis of, 270, 282.

Loudon, Lord, 87.

Louisiana, 56, 70, lOft.

Louisbourg, founded, 74 ; captured, 77-79;
restored to France, 80; again captured,
90.

Louis XIV, 38, 40, 49, 52, 64, 70, 73, 100.

Lount, hanged, 206.

Loyalists, I'nitetl Empire, 127-134 ; com-
pensation to, 128, 147; settle in Nova
Scotia, 127, 131 ; in Canada, 127, 128, 141 ,

Lundy's Lane, battle of, 172.

Macdonald, Sir John, 209, 223, 248, 253,
269, 267, 273, 277-280 ; death, 290, 291.

MacDougall, William, 246, 269,

Mackenzie, Alexander, explorer, 140.

Matskenzie, Alexander, premier, 277-279.

Mackenzie, W. L., 183, 184, 186-188, 197,
198, 200204, 230.

MaoNab, Sir A. (Col.), 202, 203, 237.

Maisonneuve, Sieur de, 32, 33.

Manufactures, earlv, 50, 100; forbidden,
111, 124; few, 218; increasing, 263, 297.

Manitoba (see Red River Colony); province
set apart, 271 ; settlers in, 281 ; bound-
ary di.sjjute, 282 ; railway question, 289;
separate schools, 293, 294.

Marquette, Father, explorer, 54.

Matthews, hanged, 206.

Meares, Cai)taiii, 138, 139.

Membertou Chief, 21.

Metcalfe, Lord, 222, 223.

Michigan, surrendered to British, 159;
abandoned, 167.

Michillimackinac, 159.

Middleton, General, 285, 287.

Militia, organized in Nova Scotia, 82; in
Upper Canada, 147; defends country.
204. (See War of 1812 and Fenians.)

Minto, Earl of, 296.

Mi(iuelon, 105.

Mississippi, explored, 54-56.

Mohawks, 33, 47, 48, 80, 85, 129. (See
Iroquois.)

Monck, Lord, 247, 259.

Money, substitutes for, 46, 101 ; decimal
svstem of, 236; control of public, 145,
189-192, 194, 211, 213, 214, 225.

Montcalm, Marquis de, 87-95.

Montgomery, General, 116-119.

Montgomery's Tavern, 200.

Montmagny, Charles do, 31.

Montreal (.Slont Royale),Cartier visits, 15
Champlain visits, 18; city founded, 32
33 ; mill at, 44 , disorders in, .'');{ ; threat
ened attack on, 71,72; surreriflcr of, 97
I'ondition of, 101, 102 ; taken l)y Ameri-
cans, 118; parliament at, 22.'5; riots at,
2;<1.

Monn, A., 234, 236, 237.

Morrison, Colonel. 169.

Mounted F'olico, 284, 285.

Municii)al Act, 212.

Murray, General, 96-9>i, 109, 110, 112.

National Policy, 279, 281.

Navigation, safetv of, 299.

Navy Island, 2(Jk!-"2(>4.

Nelson, Dr. Robert, 208.

Nelson, Dr. Wolfred, 190, 199, 207.

Neutrality Laws, 204, 272.

Newark, first capital of Upper Canada,
146, 147 ; burnt, 170.

New Brunswick, Acadians in, 81 ; province
created, 131, 132; trade, l.M ; political
strife, 213, 214 ; against Confederation,
253 ; in favor of, 257.

New England, raids on, 07, 71, 75, 79 ;
objects to war of 1812, l.'i7.

New'/oundland, England take possession
of, 16; settlers in, 22, 42; fisheries. 13,
15, 73 ; raids on, 68, 69 ; distress in, 126,
181 ; political strife, 217, 225 ; against
Confederation, 253, 293 ; progress in,
293.

Newspapers, earlv, 110, 154 ; criticize gov-
ernment, 183, i92, 194, 197, 235.

New Westminster, 244,

New York, English at, 47, 64.

Niagara, fort at, 75, 85 ; taken, 92 ; given
up to Americans, 147.

Nootka, 138, 139.

North-West Company, 140; opposed to
settlement, 175-177.

North- West Territories, separate govern-
ment, 278 ; settlers in, 2S1 ; rebellion
in, 283-287.

Nova Scotia, early settlements in, 19-22;
baronets of, 22 ; ceded to England, 73 ;
French invade, 77 ; settlers arrive in, 81,
82, 98 ; discontent in, 85 ; prosperity,
151; land grants in, 179; bad trade,
178; quarrels in legislature, 179, 180,
215, 216; against Confederation, 253,
257, 258 ; reconciled to it, 268.

Nuns, Hospital and Ursuline. 31.

"Officials' Famine," 193.

Ogdensburg, 163.

Ohio Vallev, 81,83, 84, 123.

" Old Subjects," 110,

Onondagas, teachers sent to, 36.

Ontario (see Upper Canada), 269 ; bound-

arv, 282.
Oswego, fort at, 75, 88, 171.
Ottawa, capital, 239.

IM)KX.

311

Riven

Ottawa, River, Champlain explores, 25.
Otter, Colonel, 2s7, 2Ut).

P.'ipineau, L. J., 100-105. 199.

Parliament, Dominion, 251, 252 ; first, 267.

Parr, (Jovernor, L'il.

Patterson, (iovernor, 125, 132, 133.

Peltrie, Madame de la, 31.

Pennnican, 170.

Penobscot, 22, .SO, 62, O:?.

Peppercll, William, 77, 78.

Perrot, (iovernor, 53, 62.

Philips, Governor, 75.

Phips, Sir William, tJti, 67.

Pitt, W. (Karl of Chatham), 90

Pitt, W. (son of preceding), 135.

Placentia, 42.

Plaltshur-,', British attack, 167, 173.

Populat ion , 43, 62, 09 141, 178, 218, 261, 297.

Pontiae, Chief, IHO, 107.

Port Royal, 10-22, 39, 67, 71, 72. (See
A )ina])(ilin. )

Past Olhce, 219, 233, 264, 299.

Poundmakir, Chief, 287.

Poutrincourt, Baron de, 19, 21, 22.

Premier (prime minister), duties of, 149,
150.

Prevost, Sir r.eor},'e, 154, 155, 158, 160, 173.

Prince Kdward (Duke of Kent), 148.

Prince Edward Island (St. Jean or St.
John), fishing station in, 42 ; submits to
England, 90; annexed to Nova Scotia,
109 : separate government, 125 ; quit-
rents, 125, 132, 1.33, 181, 276; name
changed, 148 ; immigration to, 175 : elec-
tion riots, 224; enters Confederation,276.

Prinoe of Wales, visit of, 240.

Printing, introduced into Canada, 110.

Proctor, Colonel, 103, 167, 168.

Punishments, 221.

Quebec, founde<l, 23 ; scarcity in, 27 ;
surrenders to England, 28 ; attacked by
Phips, 66, 07 ; siege of, 92-06 ; French
try to retake, 90, 97 ; besieged bv Ameri-
cans, 118-120 ; fires at, 223.

Queboc, Province of, set apart, lOl' : diffi-
culty of governing, 11011,3.

Quebec Act, 112, 113, 121, 122.

Queenston Heights, battle of, 160.

Quitrents, in Prince Edward Island, 125,
132, 133, 181, 278; in Nova Scotia, 179.

Rat, The (Kondiaronk), 59, 60, 70.

Radisson, (j:'>, 04.

Railways, first, 220, 233; Intercolonial,
234, 250; Canadian Pacifi(,' promised,
274 ; scandal, 277 ; government begins
to build C. P. R., 278; new C. P. R.
company, 280, 281 ; C. P. II. completed,
288, 289; at Confederation, 264; in
Prince Edward Island, 270 ; increase in
mileage, 290.

Rebellion of 1S37-S, 19d'208 ; Losses Bill,
230-232.

Rebellion, North-west, 283-287.

Rebellion, Red River, 268.271.

R(5collets, missions of, 25, 26.

Red River Colony, 175-177, '.'45, 246. 268.

Representation by pnp\ilation, 2.35, 247.

Resolutions, Ninety-two, 193.

Resjionsible goveriuncnt, struggle for, in
Lower Canada, 180-106; in Upper Can-
ada, 182-188, 22'i, 223; in Nova Scotia,
179, 1811, 223; in New Brunswi<'k, -'2» ;
reconimende(l bv Durham, 207; granted.
210, 214, 216; refused to I'rince Edward
Island, 217; granted, 225; in Newfoind-
land, 225 ; ditliculty in working, 238.

Riall, (Jeneral, 172.

Richelieu, Cardinal, 27, 20.

Richelieu, Itiver, forts on, 47.

Richmond, Duke of, 100.

Ridgewav, battle of, 255, 2.56.

Riel, Louis, 260-272, 278, 283, 284, 287.

Right of Search, 157.

Roads, 100, 143, 148, 151, 219, 244, 245.

Roberval, Sietir de, 15.

Robinson, Chief Justice, 184.

Roche, Marquis de la, K!.

Rocky Mountains, reached, 70; crosse«l,
140.

Rolph, Dr., 201.

Roman Catholics, laws against, 110; re-
pealed, 181 ; position in Quebec, 113,
135, 137.

Rupert's Land, 63.

Russel, Lord John, despatches of, 194,108,
210, 214, 216.

Ryerson, Egerton, 185, 229.

Sable Island, exiles of, 16, 17.

Sackett's Harbour, 164, 165.

San Juan I, 245, 274.

Sault Ste. Marie, claimed by France, 51.

Saunders, Admiral, 02.

Schenectady, massacre o', 65, 66.

Schultz, Dr., 209.

Scott Act, 278.

Scott, T., murdered, 270, 271.

Secord, Laura, 165.

Seigneurs, privileges of, 49. (See Tenure
i of Land.)
I Selkirk, Earl of, 175-177.

Semple, murdered, 177.

Senecas (IrocpioiH), .50.

Sheaffe, General, 161, 164.

Sherbrooke, Sir J., 190.

Ship-building, 218, 263, 298.

Shirley, (Jovernor, 77, 87.

Simcoe, Colonel, 146-148.

Slaves, 146, 1.52 ; trade in, 226.

Smith, Governor, 181.

Smyth, (ieneral, 161.

Stadacona, 14, 15.

St. Alban's, raid on, 242.

Stamp Act, 111, 112.

Stanlev, Lord, 290.

St. Benoit, 202.
' St. Castin, Baron de, 62, 63.

II f

312

INDEX.

; 3 ■ ->

U ! -

..'ii

St. Chatlcs, IM.

Sb. Croix, settlement at, 1ft.

St. Denis, 199, 202.

SteainhoatH, 220, 204, 298.

St. EuHtache, 202.

Stoney Creek, battle of, Ifif).

St. Pierre. lOf).

St. John, N.n. (ParrtnwM), 131.

St. John's, Ncwfoundlan.1,16,68, 181,225.

Strathcona, Lord, 288, 29C.

Supremo Court, 278.

Sydenham, Lord (C.P.Thompson), 210-212.

Tachd, ni8l\op, 271.

Tach(5, Sir K., 248.

Todoussac, 6.'}.

Talon, Intendant, 48, 61.

Taxation of Hriti^h Colonies, 114, 116.

Tecumseh, 159, 168.

Telegraph lines, 264, 299.

Telephones, 299.

Temperance (see brandy trafflc), 100, 221,
278, 300.

Temple, Sir Thomas, 41, 62.

Tenure of land, 48, 49, 237, 238.

Thompson, C. P. (See Lord Sydenham.)

Thompson, Sir John, 293.

Thonie, Judge, 1.^)5.

Tioonderoga, 91, 92.

Tilley, Sir Leonard, 257.

Tonty, 56.

Toronto (York), fort at, 75 ; capital of
Upper Canada, 148 ; taken by Ameri-
cans, 164, 167 ; incorporated, l'<7 ;
threatened by rebels. 2(Kt, 201.

Trade, in early times, 44, 100 ; unfair laws,
124, 134 ; in New Brunswick, 151, 180;
in Nova Scotia, 178; in Lower Canada,
189, 196 ; in Upper Canada, 219 ; Bona-
parte interferes with, 1,')6, 157 ; greater
freedom of, 228, 233 ; increase in, 263,
209.

Travelling, means of. 100, 128, 143, 219,
220, 298, 299.

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapello, 80.

Treaty, Ashburton, 226.

Treaty (Peace), of Breda, 42, 62.

Treaty (Peace), of Ghent, 174.

Treaty, Jav, 147.

Treaty of Oregon, 227.

Treaty of Paris, 105.

Treaty, Reciprocity, 235, 236, 254, 2J5, 273.

Treaty (Peace), of Ryswick, 69.

Treaty of St. Oermain-en-Lavo, 30, 39, 6.'?.
Treaty (Peace), of Ulrfi'lit, 73,
Treaty of Vcrsiiillcs, 123.
Treaty of Washington, 27.3.
Troops, British, withdrawn, 272.
Tapper, Sir Charles (Dr.), 268, 294.

Union, Act of, 211, 212.

United States, independence of, 121, 123;

west given up to, 147 ; trouble with,

226, 227, 247, 273, 289.

Vancouver, Captain, 139.

Vancouver Island, 138, 139, 227, 243, 244.
(See liritinh Cvhunbia.)

Van KensKclaer, "(Jeneral," 302.

Verrazano, explorer, 13.

Viceroys, 24.

Victoria, (^ueen, 198, 207, 294.

Victoria, F?. C, 244.

Villebon, (;7.

Vincent, (Jenoral, 165.

Voltigeurs, UW.

Volunteers, C^fueen's Own, 25.", 2.'')fl; regi-
ments of, 261 ; in North-west Uebellion,
285-287; in South African War, 296.

Von Shoullz, 208, 209.

Wampum, 10.

War, American Civil, '',41, 242, 254.

War, American Kcvolutionary, 114-123.

War, Crimean, 235, 238.

War of Austrian Succession, 77-80.

War, Queen Anne's, 71-73.

War of 1812, 156-174.

War, Seven Years', 87-98.

War, South African, 296.

War, with Fr.incc, 145, V,C>.

War-parties, Frontenac's, 65, 66.

W.irren, Commodore, 78.

Washington, George, 83, 116, 123.

Wentwortb, Sir J., 151.

Wilkinson, General, 168, 109.

William III (of Orange), 64.

Williams. Sir W. Fenwick, 238, 253.

Willis. Judge, 184.

Wilmot, Lemuel, 214.

Wolfe, General, 90, 92, 95.

Wolscley. Lord (Colonel), 271.

Yeo, Sir J., 164, 171.
York, see Toronto.
Young, John, 179.

! ■' i

■jit i'

e, 'M, ao, 6.'{.

, 204.

>f, 121, 123;
>ul)le with,

!7, 243, 244.

12.

2r)fl; regi-
Ilebellioii,
r, 296.

154.
114-123.

BO.

53.